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CLASSICAL DICTIONARY; 
 
 I 
 \ 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 \ 
 
 A COPIOUS ACCOUNT OF 
 
 ALL THE PROPER NAMES 
 
 MENTIONED IN ANCIENT AUTHORS ; 
 WITH 
 
 THE VALUE OF COINS, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES, 
 
 USED AMONG THE GREEKS AND ROMANS : 
 AND 
 
 A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE- 
 
 BY J. LEMPRIERE, D. D. 
 
 SECOND AMERICAN FROM THE EIGHTH LONDON EDITION 
 
 NEW-YORK 
 
 PIUSTXD AND PUBLISHED FOR A. T. GOODRICH, AND WILLIAM B. GILLEY, NFW- VOIRE 
 
 MATH£W CAR£Y, AND EDWARD EARLE, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 BY T. &L W. MERCEIK. 
 
 1816. 
 

/ 1 u 
 
 %s 
 
 TO ^ 
 
 RICHARD VALPY, D. D. F. A. S. 
 
 &;c. &C. (fee. 
 THIS SIXTH EDITION 
 
 A WORK UNDERTAKEN AND IMPROVED UNDER ffiS AUSPICES, 
 RESPECTFULLr INSCRIBED 
 
 THE AUTHOR, 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 In the following pages it has been the wish of the author to give the most ac- 
 curate and satisfactory account of all the proper names which occur in reading 
 the Classics, and by a judicious collection of anecdotes and historical facts, -to 
 draw a picture of ancient times, not less instructive than entertaining. Such a 
 work, it is hoped, will not be deemed an useless acquisition in the hands of the 
 public ; and while the student is initiated in the knowledge of history and my- 
 thology, and familiarized with the ancient situation and extent of kingdoms and 
 cities that no longer exis:.-,, the man of letters may, perhaps, find it not a con- 
 temptible companion, from which he may receive information, and be made, a 
 second time, acquainted with many important particulars which time, or more 
 laborious occupations, may have erased from his memory. In the prosecution 
 of his plan, the author has been obliged to tread in the steps of many learned 
 men, whose studies have been directed, and not without success, to facilitate 
 the attainment of classical knowledge, and the ancient languages. Their com- 
 positions have been to him a source of information, and he trusts that their la- 
 bours have now found new elucidation in his own, and that, by a due conside- 
 ration of every subject, he has been enabled to imitate their excellencies, with- 
 out copying their faults. Many compositions of the same nature have issued 
 from the press, but they are partial and unsatisfactory. The attempts to be 
 concise, have rendered the labours of one barren and uninstructive, while long 
 and unconnected quotations of passages, from Greek and Latin writers, disfigure 
 the page of the other, and render the whole insipid and disgusting. It cannot, 
 therefore, be a discouraging employment now, to endeavour to finish what 
 others have left imperfect, and, with the conciseness of Stephens, to add the 
 diffuse researches of Lloyd, Hoffman, Collier, &c. After paying due attention 
 to the ancient poets and historians, from whom the most authentic information 
 can be received, the labours of more modern authors have been consulted, and 
 eyery composition, distinguished for the clearness and perspicuity of historical 
 narration, or geographical descriptions, has been carefully examined. Truly 
 sensible of what he owes to modern Latin and English writers and commentators, 
 the author must not forget to make a public acknowledgment of the assistance 
 he has likewise received from the labours of the French. In the Siecles Payens 
 ofl'Abbe Sabatier de Castres, he has found all the information which judicious 
 criticism, and a perfect knowledge of heathen mythology, could procure. 
 The compositions of I'Abbe Banier, have also been useful ; and in the Dictio- 
 naire Historique, of a literary society, printed at Caen, a treasure of original 
 anecdotes, and a candid selection and arrangement of historical facts, have been 
 discovered. 
 
 It was the original design of the author of this Dictionary to give a minute 
 explanation of all the names of which Pliny, and other ancient geographer?, 
 make mention ; but, upon a second consideration of the subject, he was con- 
 vinced, that it would have increased his volume in bulk, and not in value. 
 The learned reader will, be sensible of the propriety of this remark, when he 
 recollects, that the naines of many plfices mentioned by Pliny and Pausania5> 
 occur no where else in ancient authors, and that to find the true situation ofan 
 insignificant rijloge, mentioned by StrabO; no olh<fr writet- but ^^tr^bo i--' to be 
 cdnstilted. 
 
ri PREFACE. 
 
 This Dictionary being undertaken more particularly for the use of schools, it, 
 has been thought proper to mark the quantity of the penultimate of every word, 
 and to assist the student who can receive no fixed and positive rules for pro- 
 nunciation. In this the authority of Smethius has been followed, as also Leedes's 
 edition of Labbe's Catholici Indices. 
 
 As every publication should be calculated to facilitate literature, and to be 
 serviceable to the advancement of the sciences, the author of this Dictionary did 
 not presume to intrude himself upon the public, before he was sensible that his 
 humble labours would be of some service to the lovers of the ancient languages. 
 The undertaking was for the use of schools, therefore he thought none so ca- 
 pable of judging of its merit, and of ascertaining its utility, as those who pre- 
 side over the education of youth. With this view, he took the liberty to com- 
 municate his intentions to several gentlemen in that line, not less distinguished for 
 purity of criticism, than for their classical abilities, and from them he received 
 all the encouragement which the desire of contributing to the advancement of 
 learning can expect. To them, therefore, for their approbation and friendly 
 communications, he publicly returns his thanks, and hopes, that, now his labours 
 are completed, his Dictionary may claim from them that patronage, and that 
 support, to which, in their opinion, the specimen of the work seemed to be en- 
 titled^ He has paid due attention to their remarks; he has received with grati- 
 tude their judicious observations, and cannot pass over in silence their obliging 
 recommendations, and particularly the friendly advice he has received from the 
 Rev. R. Vaipy, master of Reading school. 
 
 For the account of the Roman laws, and for the festivals celebrated by the 
 ancient inhabitants of Greece and Italy, he is particularly indebted to the use- 
 ful collections of Archbishop Potter, of Godwyn, and Kennet. In the tables 
 of ancient coins, weights and measures, which he has annexed to the body of the 
 Dictionary, he has followed the learned calculations of Dr. Arbuthnot. The 
 quoted authorities have been carefully examined, and frequently revised ; and^ 
 it is hoped, the opinions of mythologists will appear without confusion, and be 
 found divested of all obscurity. 
 
 Therefore, with all the confidence which an earnest desire of being useful can 
 command, the author offers the following pages to the public, conscious that thej 
 may contain inaccuracies and imperfections. A Dictionary, the candid reader 
 is well aware, cannot be made perfect all at once ; it must still have its faultfl 
 and omissions, however cautious and vigilant the author may have been, and in 
 every page there may be found, in the opinion of some, room for improve- 
 ment, and for addition. Before the candid, therefore, and the impartial, he lays 
 this publication, and for whatever observations the friendly critic may make, he 
 will show himself grateful, and take advantage of the remarks of every judiciou?^ 
 reader, should the favours and the indulgence of the public demaod a secoiid 
 edition. 
 
 PEMBROKE COLLEGE, OXFORD^ 
 NOVEMBER, 1788. 
 
PREFACE. Tii 
 
 THE very favourable reception which the first edition of the Classical 
 Dictionary has met from the public, fully evinces the utility of the perform- 
 ance. From the consciousness of this, the author has spared no pains to 
 render this second edition more deserving of the same liberal patronage. 
 The hints of friends, and the animadversions of critics, have been carefully 
 adopted, and almost every article has been corrected and improved. New 
 names have not only been introduced, but the date of events has been more 
 exactly ascertained ; and, therefore, to such as compare the two editions, 
 the improvements will appear numerous and important in every page. 
 
 In answer to those gentlemen who have objected against the smallness of 
 the print, and have recommended a larger type, the author begs leave to 
 observe, that it has been found impracticable to remove the inconvenience : 
 so much matter could not have been well compressed in one octavo ; and it 
 must be remembered, that the book is intended as a volume of occasional 
 reference, and, therefore, that it cannot long fatigue the eye. 
 
 It will be found not an unnecessary addition, to have an account of the 
 best editions of each classic at the end of the respective character of the au- 
 thors. Dr. Harwood's plan has in general been attended to, but the price 
 has not been inserted from its great fluctuation, which often depends more upon 
 the caprice of opinion than upon real value. 
 
 The chronological table prefixed to the Dictionary will, it is hoped, be ac- 
 knowledged universally useful. It has been compiled with great accuracy, 
 and chiefly extracted from " The Chronology and History of the World, by 
 Dr. J. Blair, folio edition, 1754;" and from Archbishop Usher's " Annales Veteris 
 et Novi Testamenti," printed at Geneva, folio, 1724. 
 
 BONDO^', JULY, 1792. 
 
 THE improvements introduced into this third edition will be discovered to 
 be numerous and essential. The author would have recommended his work to 
 the same liberal patronage which the public have already extended to the two 
 preceding impressions, without apology, did he not conceive that some answer is 
 due to the preface of the Bihlioiheca Classica, published at Daventer in Holland, 
 in the year 1794. The anonymous editor, whose language proves his abilities 
 as-a scholar, after reflecting with unbecoming severity upon the first edition of 
 this work, has not only been guided by the same plan, he has not only literally 
 translated and adopted as his own, verbatim, almost every article, but he has fol- 
 lowed the original so closely, as even faithfully to copy some of the errors which 
 the second edition, published in 1792, corrected, and which, in a composition so 
 voluminous and so complex, it is not possible for the most minute attention to 
 avoid. Such an attack must, therefore, be deemed as illiberal as it is unfriendly ; 
 but, however, far from wishing to detract from the merit of judgment and per- 
 severance in the translator, the author considers himself indebted to him for the 
 ele2;ance and the correctness of the languao;e in which he has made the Diction- 
 ary appear in a Latin dress, and consequently for the recommendation which 
 he has given to his labours among the learned on the continent. 
 
 ABINGDON, FEBBUARVj 1797. 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE, 
 
 From tht Creation of the World to the fall of the Roman Empire 
 
 in the west and in the east. 
 
 Before Christ.* 
 
 1 HE world created in the 710th year of the Julian period . . 4004 
 
 The deluge 2348 
 
 The to\rer of Babel built, and the confusion of languages . . . 2247 
 Celestial observations are first made at Babylon .... 2234 
 
 The kingdom of Egypt is supposed to have begun under Misraim, the son 
 of Ham, and to have continued 1663 years, to the conquest of Cambyses 2188 
 
 The kingdom of Sicyon established . 2089 
 
 The kingdom of Assyria begins 2059 
 
 The birth of Abraham 1996 
 
 The kingdom of Argos established under Inachus .... 1836 
 
 Memnon the Egyptian, said to invent letters, 15 years before the reign of 
 Phoroneus .......... 1822 
 
 The deluge of Ogyges, by which Attica remained waste above 200 years, 
 till the coming of Cecrops ........ 1764 
 
 Joseph sold into Egypt by his brethren 1728 
 
 The chronology of the Arundelian Marbles begins about this time, fixing 
 here the arrival of Cecrops in Attica, an epoch which other writers have 
 
 placed later by 26 years 1582 
 
 Moses born 1571 
 
 The kingdom of Athens begun under Cecrops, who came from Egypt with 
 a colony of Saites. This happened about 780 years before the first 
 Olympiad ......... 
 
 Scamander migrates from Crete, and begins the kingdom of Troy 
 The deluge of Deucalion in Thessaly . . . 
 The Panathenaea first celebrated at Athens 
 (^ Badmus comes into Greece, and builds the citadel of Thebes 
 The first Olympic Games celebrated in Elis by the Idaei Dactyli 
 The five books of Moses written in the land of Moab, where he dies the fol- 
 lowing year, aged 110 1452 
 
 1556 
 1546 
 1503 
 1495 
 1493 
 1453 
 
 In the following table, I have confined myself to the more easy and convenient eras o^ 
 before, (B._ C.) and after, (A. D.) Christ. For the sake of those, however, that do not wish 
 tJie exclusion of tiie Julian period, it is necessary to observe, tliat, as the first vear of the 
 Christian era always falls on the 4714th of the Julian yeai-s, the number required either be- 
 fore or after Christ, Avill easily be discovered by the application of the rules of subtraction or 
 addition. The era from the foundation of Rome (A. U. C.) will be found with the same 
 iacihty by recollecting that the city was built 753 years before Christ; and the Olvmpiads 
 can likewise be recurred to by the consideration, that the conquest of Corcebus (B. C. 776,) 
 lorms the first Olympiad, and that the Olympic games were eolebratea after the revolutien 
 91 four v^ars. 
 
X CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 
 
 Minos flourishes in Crete, and iron is found by the Dactyli by the acciden- 
 tal burning of the woods of Ida in Crete 
 
 The Eleusinian mysteries introduced at Athens by Eumolpus 
 
 The Isthmian games first introduced by Sisyphus, king of Corinth 
 
 The Argonautic expedition. The first Pythian games celebrated by Adras- 
 tus, king of Argos 
 
 Gideon flourishes in Israel ...... 
 
 The ThebaH war of the seven heroes against Eteocles . 
 
 Olympic games celebrated by Hercules .... 
 
 The rape of Helen by Theseus, and, 15 years after, by Paris 
 
 Troy taken after a siege of 10 years, ^neas sails to Italy 
 
 Alba Longa built by Ascanius 
 
 Migration to the ^olian colonies 
 
 The return of the Heraclid^ into Peloponnesus, 80 years after the taking of 
 Troy. Two years after, they divided the Peloponnesus among them- 
 selves ; and here, therefore, begins the kingdom of Lacedaemon under 
 Eurysthenes and Procles ..... 
 
 Sau! made king over Israel ..... 
 
 The kingdom of Sicyon ended .... 
 
 The kingdom of Athens ends in tlie death of Codrus . 
 
 The migration of the Ionian colonies from Greece, and their settlement in 
 Asia Minor ....... 
 
 Dedication of Solomon's temple 
 
 Samos built ........ 
 
 Divisions of the kingdom of Judah and Israel 
 
 Homer and Hesiod flourished about this time, according to the Marbles 
 
 Elias the prophet taken up to heaven 
 
 Lycurgus, 42 years old, established his laws at Lacedaemon, and, together 
 with Iphitus and Cleosthenes, restores the Olympic games at Elis, about 
 108 years before the era which is commonly called the first Olympiad 
 
 Phidon, king of Argos, is supposed to have invented scales and measures, 
 and coined silver at ^gina. Carthage built by Dido 
 
 Fall of the Assyrian empire by the death of Sardanapalus, an era placed 
 80 years earlier by Justin ........ 
 
 The kingdom of Macedonia begins, and continues 646 years, till the battle 
 of Pydiia .......... . . 
 
 The kingdom of Lydia begins, and continues 249 years 
 
 The triremes first invented by the Corinthians ..... 
 
 The monarchical government abolished at Corinth, and the Prytanes 
 elected ........... 
 
 Corcebus conquers at Olympia, in the 28th Olympiad from the institution 
 of Iphitus. This is vulgarly called the first Olympiad, about 23 years 
 before the foundation of Rome ....... 
 
 The Ephori introduced into the government of Lacedaemon by Theopompus 
 
 Isaiah begins to prophesy ........ 
 
 The decennial archons begin at Athens, of which Charops is the first 
 
 Rome built on the 20lh of April, according to Varro, in the year 3961 of 
 the Julian period ......... 
 
 The rape of the Sabines ......... 
 
 The era of Nabonassar king of Babylon begins ..... 
 
 The first Massenian war begins, and continues 1 9years, to the taking of Ithome 
 
 Syracuse built by a Corinthian colony ...... 
 
 The kingdom of Israel finished by the taking of Samaria by Salmanasar, king 
 of Assyria. The first eclipse of the moon on record, March 19, accord- 
 ing to Ptolemy 
 
 Candaules murdered by Gyges, who succeeds to the Lydian throne 
 
 Tarentuun built by the Parthenians , . 
 
 Corcyra built by thij Coriutliians 
 
 1406 
 1356 
 1326 
 
 1263 
 124S 
 1225 
 1222 
 1213 
 1184 
 1152 
 1124 
 
 1104 
 
 1095 
 1088 
 1070 
 
 1044 
 
 1004 
 
 986 
 
 975 
 
 9or 
 
 896 
 
 884 
 869 
 820 
 
 814 
 
 797 
 786 
 
 779 
 
 776 
 760 
 757 
 754 
 
 753 
 750 
 747 
 743 
 
 732 
 
 721 
 718 
 707 
 70? 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. ti 
 
 B. c. 
 The second Messenian war begins, and continues 14 years, to the taking of 
 Ira, after a siege of 1 1 years. About this time flourished the poets Tyr- 
 
 t£eus and Archilochus ......... 685 
 
 The government of Athens trusted to annual archons .... 684 
 
 Alba destroyed .......... 665 
 
 Cypselus usurps the government of Corinth, and keeps it for 30 years . 659 
 
 Byzantium built by a colony of Argives or Athenians .... 658 
 
 Cyrene built by Bottus 630 
 
 The Scythians invade Asia Minor, of which they keep possession for 28 
 
 years ........... 624 
 
 Draco establishes his laws in Athens ....... 623 
 
 The canal between the Nile and the Red Sea begun by king Necho . 610 
 
 Nineveh taken and destroyed by Cyaxares and his allies . . . 606 
 The Phoenicians sail round Africa, by order of Necho. About this time 
 
 flourished Arion, Pittacus, Alcaeus, Sappho, &c. .... 604 
 
 The Scythians are expelled from Asia Minor by Cyaxares . . . 596 
 The Pythian games first established at Delphi. About this time flourished 
 Chilo, Anacharcis, Thales, Epimenides, Solo, the prophet Ezekiel, 
 iEsop, Stersichorus . . . . . . , . .591 
 
 Jerusalem taken by Nebuchadnezzar, 9th of June, after a siege of 18 months 687 
 The Isthmian games restored and celebrated every 1st and 3d year of the 
 
 Olympiads 582 
 
 Death of Jeremiah the prophet • . . . . . . 677 
 
 The Nemean games restored ...,*.,. 56S 
 
 The first comedy acted at Athens by Susarion and Dolon . . . 662 
 
 Pisistratus first usurped the sovereignty at Athens .... 660 
 
 Cyrus begins to reign. About this time flourished Anaximenes, Bias, Anaxi- 
 
 mander, Phalaris, and Cleobulus ....... 559 
 
 Grffisus conquered by Cyrus. About this time flourished Theognis and 
 
 Pherecydes .......... 54§ 
 
 Marseilles built by the Phocaeans. The age of Pythagoras, Simonides, 
 
 Thespis, Xenophanes, and Anacreon ...... 539 
 
 Babylon taken by Cyrus ........ 538 
 
 The return of the Jews by the edict of Cyrus, and the rebuilding of the 
 
 temple . . . , . . . . . . . 536 
 
 The first tragedy acted at Athens on the wagon of Thespis . . 635 
 
 Learning encouraged at Athens, and a public library buijt . . . 526' 
 
 Egypt conquered iDy Cambyses . . . , . , . 525 
 
 Polycrates, of Samos, put to death ....... 522 
 
 Darius Hystaspes chosen king of Persia. About this time flourished Confu- 
 cius, the celebrated Chinese philosopher . . . . .521 
 
 The tyranny of the Pisistratidae abolished at Athens . . . .610 
 
 Tlie consular government begins at Rome after the expulsion of the Tar- 
 quins, and continues independent, 461 years, till the battle of Pharsalia 509 
 Sardis taken by the Athenians and burnt, which became afterwards the 
 cause of the invasion of Greece by the Persians. About this time flou- 
 rished Heraclitus, Parmenides, Milo the wrestler, Aristagoras, &c. . 504 
 The first dictator, Lartius, created at Rome ..... 498 
 
 The Roman populace retire to mount Sacer . . , , . 49S^ 
 
 The battle of Marathon 490 
 
 The battles of Thermopylee, August 7th, and Salamis, October 20th. About 
 this time flourished iEschylus, Pindar, Charon, Anaxagoras, Zeuxis, 
 
 Aristides, k.c. .......... 480 
 
 The Persians defeated at Plataae and Mycale on the same day, 22d Sepr 
 
 tember ........... 479 
 
 The 300 Fabii killed at Cremera, July 17th ..... 477 
 
 Themistocles, accused of conspiracy, flies to Xerxes . . . .471 
 
 The Persians Uefejited at Cyprus, and OQar the Eurymedon 47Q 
 
xii eHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 
 
 B. C. 
 
 The third Messenian war begins, and continues 10 years . . . 46S 
 
 Eo;y{.t revolts from the Persians under Inarius, assisted by the Athenians . 463 
 The Romans send to Athens for Solon's laws. About this time flourished 
 Sophocles, Nchemiab tlie prophet, Plato the comic poet, Aristarchus the 
 trasic. Leocroles, Thrasv'mlus, Pericles, Zaleucus, &c. . . . 454 
 The fiisl sacred war concernmg the temple of Delphi .... 448 
 The "tlienians defeated at Chreronea by the Boeotians .... 447 
 Herodotus reads his history to the council of Athens, and receives public 
 honours m the 39th year of his age. About this time flourished Empedo- 
 cles, HelanicuS; Euripides, Herodicus, Phidias, Artemones, Charondas, &c. 445 
 A colony sent to Thurium by the Athenians . . . . . 444 
 
 Comedies prohibited at Athens, a restraint which remained in force for three 
 years ............ . 440 
 
 A war between Corinth and Corcyra •. 439 
 
 Melon l/egins here his reign 1 9 years' cycle of the moon . . . 432^ 
 
 The Peleponnesian war begins, May the 7th, and continues about 27 years. 
 About this time flourished Cratinus,Eupolis, Aristophanes, Meton, Eucteon, 
 Malachi, the last of the prophets, Democritus, Gorgias, Thucydides, Hip- 
 pocrates, kc. .......... 431 
 
 The history of the Old Testament finished about this time. A plague at 
 Athens for five years ......... 439^ 
 
 A peace of 50 years made between the Athenians and Lacedaemonians, which 
 is kept only during six years and ten months, though each continued at 
 war with the other's allies . . . . . . . .421 
 
 The scene of the Peloponnesian war changed to Sicily. The Agrarian law 
 first moved at Rome . . . . . . . . . 41S 
 
 Egypt revolts from the Persians, and Amytaeus is appointed king . .414 
 The Carthaginians enter Sicily, where they destroy Selinus and Himera, 
 but they are repulsed by Hermocrates ...... 409 
 
 The battle of iEgospotamos. The usurpation of Dionysius . . . 40^ 
 Athens taken by Lysander, 24th April, the end of the Peloponnesian war, 
 and the appointment of 30 tyrants over the conquered city. About this time 
 flourished Parrhasius, Protagoras, Lysias, Agathon, Euclid, Cebes, Teles- 
 tes, &c. . . . . . . . . . . . 404 
 
 Cyrus the younger killed at Cunaxa. The glorious retreat of the 10,000 
 
 Greeks, and the expulsion of the 30 tyrants from Athens by Thrasybulus 401 
 Socrates put to death ......... 400 
 
 Agesilaus, of Lacedaemon's, expedition into Asia against the Persians. The 
 age of Xenophon, Ctesias, Zeuxis, Antisthenes, Evagoras, Aristippus of 
 Cyrene, and Archytas . ....... 396 
 
 The Corinthian war begun by the alliance of the Athenians, Thebans, Co- 
 rinthians, and Argives, against Lacedaemon ..... 395 
 
 The Lacedaemonians, under Pisander, defeated by Conon at Cnidus ; and a 
 
 few days after, the allies are defeated at Coronaea, by Agesilaus . . 394 
 The battle of Allia, July 17th, and the taking of Rome by the Gauls . 390 
 Dionysius besieges Rhegium, and takes it after 1 1 months. About this time 
 
 flourished Plato, Philoxenus, Damon, Pythias, Iphicrates, &c. . . 388 
 The Greek cities of Asia tributary to Persia, by the peace of Antalcidas, 
 between the Lacedaemonians and Persians ..... 387 
 
 The wai of Cyprus finished by a treaty, after it had continued two years . 385 
 The LacetJa^Jiionians defeated in a sea fight at Naxos, September 20th, by 
 Cbabrias. About this time flourished Philistus, Isaius, Isocrates, Arete, 
 
 Philolaus, Diogenes the cynic, &c. 377 
 
 Artaxerxes sends an army under Pharnabazus, with 20,000 Greeks, com- 
 manded by Iphicrates 374 
 
 The battle o) Leuctra, July 19th, where the Lacedaemonians are defeated 
 
 by Epaminondas, the general of the Thebans 371 
 
 The Me^enians, after a banishment of 300 years, return to Peloponnesgs . 370 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. xiii 
 
 B. c. 
 
 One of tbc consuls at Rome elected from the Plebeians , . . . 367 
 The battle of Mantinea, gained by Epaminondas, a year after tlie death of 
 
 Pelopidas 363 
 
 Agesilaus assists Tachos, king of Egypt. Some of the governors of Lesser 
 
 Asia revolt from Persia 362 
 
 The Athenians are defeated at Methone, the first battle that Philip of Mace- 
 don ever won in Greece ........ 360 
 
 Dionysius the younger is expelled from Syracuse by Dion. The second Sa- 
 cred War begins, on the temple of Delphi being attacked by the Phoceans 357 
 Dion put to death, and Syracuse governed seven years by tyrants. About 
 this time flourished Eudoxus, Lycurgus, Ibis, Theopompus, Ephorus, Da- 
 tames, Philomelus, &c. . . . . . . . . . 35 1 
 
 The Phoceans, under Onomarchus, are defeated in Thessaly by Philip . S5:> 
 
 Egypt is conquered by Ochus 330 
 
 The Sacred War is finished by Philip taking all the cities of the Phoceans 34B 
 Dionysius recovers the tyranny of Syracuse, after 10 years banishment . 347 
 Timoleon recovers Syracuse, and banishes the tyrant .... 345 
 The Carthaginians defeated by Timoleon near Agrigentum. About this 
 time flourished Speusippus, Protogenes, Aristotle, ^^schines, Xenocrates, 
 Demosthenes, Phocion, Mamercus, Icetas, Stilpo, Demades , . 34© 
 
 The battle of Cheronaea, August 2, where Philip defeats the Athenians and 
 
 Thebans 33S 
 
 Philip of Macedon killed by Pausanias. His son Alexander, on the follow- 
 ing year, enters Greece, destroys Thebes, kc. .... 336 
 
 The battle of the Granicus, 22d of May 334 
 
 The battle of Issus in October 333 
 
 Tyre and Egypt conquered by the Macedonian prince, and Alexandria built 332 
 
 The battle of Arbela, October 2d 33 1 
 
 Alexander's expedition against Porus. About this time flourished Apelles, 
 Callisthenes, Bagoas, Parmenio, Philotas, Memnon, Dinocrates, Calippus, 
 Hyperides, Philetus, Lysippus, Menedemus, &c. . . . . 327 
 
 Alexander dies on the 21st of April. His empire is divided into four king- 
 doms. The Samian war, and the reign of the Ptolemies in Egypt . 323 
 Polyperchon publishes a general liberty to all the Greek cities. Tfee age of 
 Praxiteles, Crates, Theophrastus, Menander, Demetrius, Dinarchus, Pole- 
 mon, Neoptolemus, Perdiccas, Leosthenes ..... 320 
 Syracuse and Sicily usurped by Agathocles. Demetrius Phalereus governs 
 Athens for ten years . . . , , . . . .317 
 
 Eumenes dehvered to Antigonus by his army SiTy 
 
 Seleucus takes Babylon, and here the beginning of the era of the Seleucidae 312 
 
 The conquest of Agathocles in Africa 309 
 
 Democracy established at Athens by Demetrius Poliorcetes . . . 307 
 The title of kings first assumed by the successors of Alexander . . 30G 
 
 The battle of Ipsus, where Antigonus is defeated and killed by Ptolemy, 
 Seleucus, Lysimachus, and Cassander. About this time flourished Zcno, 
 
 Pyrrho, Philemon, Megasthenes, Grantor, &;c 301 
 
 Athens taken by Demetrius Poliorcetes, after a year's siege . . . 29G 
 The first sun dial erected at Rome, by Papirius Cursor, and the time first 
 
 divided into hours . . . , 293 
 
 Seleucus, about this time, built about 40 cities in Asia, which he peopled 
 with different nations. The age of Euclid the mathematician, Arscesi- 
 laus, Epicurus, Bion, Timochavis, Erasistratus, Aristyllus, Strato, Zeno- 
 
 dotus, Arsinoe, Lachares, &:c. 201 
 
 The Athenians revolt from Demetrius 287 
 
 Pyrrhus expelled from Macedon by Lysimachus 280 
 
 The Pharos of Alexandria built. The Septuagint supposed to be translated 
 about this time ..,..,... ^C-> 
 
xiv €HRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 
 
 B. C, 
 
 Lysimachus defeated and killed by Seleucus. The Tarentine war begins, 
 
 and continues 10 years. The Achaean league begins . . . 281 
 
 Pyrrhus, of Epirus, goes to Italy, to assist the Tarentines . . . 280 
 
 The Gauls, under Brennus, are cut to pieces near the temple of Delphi. 
 About (his time flourished Dionysius the astronomer, Sostratus, Theocri- 
 tus, Dionysius, Heracleotes, Philo, Aratus, Lycophron, Persseus, &c. . 278 
 
 Fyrrhus, defeated by Curius, retires to Epirus 274 
 
 The first coining of silver at Rome 269 
 
 Athens taken by Antigonus Gonatas, who keeps it 12 years . . . 268 
 The first Punic war begins, and continues for 23 years. The chronology of 
 the Arundelian Marbles composed. About this time flourished Lycon, 
 Crates, Berosus, Hermachus, Helenus, Clinias, Aristotimus, &c. . . 264 
 Antiochus Soter defeated at Sardis by Eumenes of Pergaraus . . 262 
 
 The Carthaginian fleet defeated by Duilius ...... 260 
 
 Kegulus defeated by Xanthippus. Athens is restored to liberty by Antigonus 256 
 Aratus persuades the people of Sicyon to join the Achaean league. About 
 (his time flourished Cleanthes, Homer junior, Manetho, Tima?us, Callima- 
 chas, Zoilus, Duris, Neanthes, Ctesibius, Sosibius, Hieronymus, Hanno, 
 Laodice, Lysias, Ariobarzanes . . . . . . . 251 
 
 The Parthians under Arsaces, and the Bactrians under Theodotus, revolt 
 from the Macedonians . . , . . . . . . 250 
 
 The s^a-fight of Drepanum ........ 249 
 
 The citadel of Corinth taken by Aratus, 12th of August . . . 243 
 
 Ag is, king of Sparta, put to death for attempting to settle an Agrarian law. 
 About this period flourished Antigonus Carystius, Conon of Samos, Era-, 
 tosthenes, Apollonius of Perga, Lacydes, Amiicar, Agesilaus the ephor, &:c. 241 
 Plays first acted at Rome, being those of Livius Andronieus . . . 240 
 Amiicar passes with an army to Spain, with Annibal his son . . . 237 
 The temple of Janus shut at Rome, the first time since Numa . , . 235 
 The Sardinian war begins, and continues three years .... 234 
 
 Original manuscripts of iEschylus, Euripides, and Sophocles, lent by the 
 Athenians to Ptolemy for a pledge of 15 talents .... 233 
 
 The first divorce known at Rome, by Sp. Carvilius. Sardinia and Corsica 
 conquered ........... 231 
 
 The Roman ambassadors first appeared at Athens and Corinth . . 228 
 
 The war between Cleomenes and Aratus begins, and continues for five years 227 
 The colossus of Rhodes thrown down by an earthquake. The Romans first 
 pross the Po, pursuing the Gauls, who had entered Italy. About this time 
 flourished Chrysippus, Polystratus,Euphorion, Archimedes, Valerius Mes- 
 saJa, C. Naevius, Aristarchus, Apollonius, Philocorus, Aristo Ceus, Fabius 
 Pictor, the first Roman historian, Phylarchas, Lysiades, Agro, &,c. . 224 
 
 The battle of Sellasia 222 
 
 The Social War between the ^tolians and Achaeans, assisted by Philip . 220 
 Sagunlum taken by Annibal . . . . . . ' . .219 
 
 The second Punic war begins, and continues 17 years .... 218 
 
 The battle of the lake Thrasymenus, and next year, that of Canns, May 21 217 
 The Romans begin the auxiliary war against Philip, in Epirus, which is 
 
 continued by intervals for 14 years 214 
 
 Syracuse taken by Marcellus, after a siege of three years . . . 212 
 
 Thilopcemen defeats Machanidos at Mantinea 203 
 
 Asdrubal is defeated. About this time flourished Plautus, Archagathus, 
 Evander, Telecius, Hermippus, Zeno, Sotiqn, Ennius, Hieronymus of Sy- 
 racuse, TIepoleraus, i^picydes * . . 207 
 
 The battle of Zama , 
 
 The first Macedonian war begins, and continues near 4 years 
 The battle of Panius, where Antiochus defeats Scopas 
 The battle of Cynqsccphale. where Philip is defeated 
 
 202 
 200 
 193 
 197 
 
 ^"^ 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. xv 
 
 B. c. 
 
 The war of Antiochus the Great begins, and continues three years . .192 
 Lacedaemon joined to the Achaean league by PhilopcEmen . « .191 
 
 The luxuries of Asia brought to Rome in the spoils of Antiochus . .189 
 The laws of Lycurgus abrogated for a while at Sparta by Philopoemen . 188 
 Antiochus the Great defeated and killed in Media. About this time flourished 
 
 Aristophanes of Byzantium, Asclepiades, Tegula, C. Laeliusj Aristony- 
 
 mus, Hegesinus, Diogenes the stole, Critoiaus, Masinissa, the Scipios, the 
 
 Gracchi, Thoas, &c. . . .18,7 
 
 A war which continues for one year, between Eumenes and Prusias, till the 
 
 death of Annibal 184 
 
 Philopcemen defeated and killed by Dinocrates ..... 183 
 Kuma's books found in a stone coffin at Rome . . , . . 179 
 
 Perseus sends his ambassadors to Carthage , . , . . : l?* 
 Ptolemy's generals defeated by Antiochus, in a battle between Pelusiam and 
 
 Mount Cassius. The second Macedonian war 171 
 
 The battle of Pydna, and the fall of the Macedonian empire. About this 
 
 period flourished Attalus the astronomer, Metrodorus, Terence, Crates, 
 
 Polybius, Pacuvius, Hipparchus, Heraclides irneades, Aristarchus,&c. 16S 
 The first lii3rary erected at Rome, with books »o^tained from the plunder of 
 
 Macedonia ........... 167 
 
 Terence's Andria first acted at Rome . . . . . .161 
 
 Time measured out at Rome by a water machine, invented by Scipio Na- 
 
 sica, 134 years after the introduction of sun dials . . , .151 
 
 Andriscus, the Pseudophilip assumes the royalty in Macedon . * , 152 
 Demetrius, king of Syria, defeated and killed by Alexander BaJas . . 15<J 
 The third Punic war begins. Prusias, king of Bithynia, put to death by his 
 
 son Nicomedes , , . . . . . . , .149 
 
 The Romarjs make war against the Achseans, which is finished the next year 
 
 by Mummius . . . .143 
 
 Carthage is destroyed by Scipio, and Corinth by Mummius . . .147 
 Viriathus is defeated by Lselius, in Spain . . , , , . 14JJ 
 The war of Numantia begins, and continues for eight years . . .141 
 The Roman army of 30,000, under Mancinus, is defeated by 4000 Nuraan- 
 
 tines 132 
 
 Restoration of learning at Alexandria, and universal patronage offered to all 
 
 learned men by Ptolemy Physcon. The age of Satyrus, Aristobulus, Lu- 
 
 cias Accius, Mnaceas, Antipater, Diodorus the peripatetic, Nicander, 
 
 Ctesibius, Sarpedon, Micipsa, &c 137 
 
 The famous embassy of Scipio, Metellus, Mummius, and Panffitiu5, into 
 
 Egypt, Syria, and Greece \3Q 
 
 The history of the Apocrypha end^. The Servile War in Sicily begins, and 
 
 continues for three years . ]35 
 
 Numantia taken. Pergamus annexed to the Roman empire . . . 1^3 
 Antiochus Sidetes killed by Phraates. Aristonicus defeated by Perpenna 130 
 Demetrius Nicator defeated at Damascus by Alexander Zebina . .127 
 
 The Romans make war against the pirates of the Baleares. Carthage is re^ 
 
 built by order of the Roman senate . . . . . .123 
 
 C. Gracchus killed . .121 
 
 Dalmatia conquered by Metellus ] Ijj 
 
 Cleopatra assumes the government of Egypt. The age of Ery mnseus, Athe- 
 
 nion, Artemidorus, Clitomachus, Apollonius, Plerodicus, L. Ca^lius, Cantor, 
 
 Menecrates, Lucilius, &c . . HG 
 
 The Jugurthine war begins, and continues for five years . . .111 
 
 •The famous sumptuary law at Rome, which limited the expenses of eating 
 
 everyday HO 
 
 The Teutones and Cimbri begin the war against Rome, and continue it for 
 
 eight years j09 
 
 The Teutoiies defeat 8^>,000 Pomafls on the banks of the Rhone '. '. 1 Oo 
 
xyi CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 
 
 JB, c. 
 
 The Teutones defeated by C. Marius at Aquse Sextias . : . .102 
 
 The Cimbri defeated by Marius and Catulus 101 
 
 Dolabella conquers Lusitania 99 
 
 Cyrene left by Ptolemy Apion to the Romans . . . . , 97 
 
 The Social war begins, and continues three years, till finished by Sylla . 91 
 The Mithridatic war begins, and continues 26 years . . . . S9 
 The civil wars of Marius and Sylla begin, and continue six years . . 88 
 Sylla conquers Athens, and sends its valuable libraries to Rome . . 86 
 Young Marius is defeated by Sylla, who is made dictator . . .82 
 The death of Sylla. About this time flourished Philo, Charmidas, Asclepia- 
 des, Appellicon, L. Sisenna, Alexander Polyhistor, Plotius Gallus, Dioti- 
 mus, Zeno, Hortensius, Archias, Posidonius, Geminus, &c. . . .78 
 
 Bithynia left by Nicomedes to the Romans * 75 
 
 The Servile war, under Spartacus, begins, and two years after, the rebel 
 
 general is defeated and killed by Pompey and Crassus . . , 7S 
 
 Mithridates and Tigranus defeated by Lucullus 69 
 
 Mithridates conquered by Pompey in a night battle. Crete is subdued 
 
 by Metellus, after a war of two years 66 
 
 The reign of the Seleucidee ends in Syria on the conquest of the country 
 
 by Pompey 65 
 
 Catiline's conspiracy detected by Cicero. Mithridates kills himself 63 
 The lirst triumvirate in the persons of J. Caesar, Pompey and Crassus. About 
 this time flourished Apollonius of Rhodes, Terentius Varro, Tyrannion, 
 Aristodemus of Nysa, Lucretius, Dionysius the grammarian, Cicero, Antio- 
 chus, Spurinus, Andronicus, Catullus, Sallust, Timagenes, Cratippus, &c. 60" 
 Cicero banished from Rome, and recalled the next year . . . .68 
 Caesar passes the Rhine, defeats the Germans, and invades Britain . . 55 
 
 Crassus is killed by Surena in June , . 53 
 
 Civil war between CjEsar and Pompey . . . . , , .60 
 
 The battle of Pharsalia about May 12th ...... 48 
 
 Alexandria taken by Caesar ......... 47 
 
 The war of Africa. Cato kills himself. This year is called the year of 
 Confusion, because the kalendar was corrected by Sosigenes, and the 
 year made to consist of 15 months, or 445 days . . ; .46 
 
 The battle of Munda 45 
 
 Cffisar murdered ........... 44 
 
 The battle of Mutina. The second triumvirate in Octavius, Antony, and Le- 
 pidus. Cicero put to death. The age of Sosigenes, C. Nepos, Diodorus 
 Siculus, Trogus Pompey, Didymus the scholiast, Varro the poet, &c. . 43 
 
 The battle of Philippi 42 
 
 Pacorus, general of Parthia, defeated by Ventidius, 14 years after the disgrace 
 of Crassus, and on the same day ........ 39 
 
 Pompey the Younger defeated in Sicily by Octavius . . ; .36 
 
 Octavius and Antony prepare tor war . . . . . . .32 
 
 The battle of Actium 2d September. The era of the Roman emperors pro- 
 perly begins here . . . . . . • . . .31 
 
 Alexandria taken, and Egypt reduced into a Roman province . . 30 
 
 The title of Augustus given to Octavius .27 
 
 The Egyptians adopt the Julian year. About this time flourished Virgil, 
 Manilius, Dioscorides, Asinius Pollio, Maecenas, Agrippa, Strabo, Horace, 
 Macer, Propertius, Livy, Musa, Tibullus, Ovid, Pylades, Bathyllus, Va- 
 rius, Tucca, Vitruvius, &c. ........ 25 
 
 The conspiracy of MuraDna against Augustus ...... 22 
 
 Augustus visits Greece and Asia . . , . . . . .21 
 
 The Roman ensigns recovered from the Parthians by Tiberius . . 20 
 
 The secular games celebrated at Rome . . . . . . .17 
 
 Lollius defeated by the Germans ........ 16 
 
 The Rhseti and Vindelici defeated by Drusus 15 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. xvii 
 
 B. c. 
 
 The Pannpnians conquered hy Tiberius 12 
 
 Some of the German nations conquered by Drusus , . . . .11 
 
 Augustus corrects the calendar, by ordering the 12 ensuing years to be 
 without intercalation. About this time flourished Damascenus, Hyginus, 
 Flaccus the grammarian, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, and Dionysius the 
 geographer ......... .8 
 
 Tiberius retires to Rhodes for seven years ..... 6 
 
 Our Saviour is born four years before the vulgar era, in the year 4709 of 
 the Juhan period, A. U. C. 749, and the fourth of the 193d Olympiad 4 
 
 A. D. 
 Tiberius returns to;Rome ,.«.,.•. 2 
 
 The leap year corrected, having formerly been every 3d year . . 4 
 
 Ovid banished to Tomos . . . . . . . . .9 
 
 Varus defeated and killed in Germany by Arminius . . . .10 
 
 Augustus dies at Nola, August 29th, and is succeeded by Tiberius. The 
 age of Phaedrus, Asinius Gallus, Velleius Paterculus, Germanicus, Cor- 
 nel, Celsus, &c. .......... 14 
 
 Twelve cities in Asia destroyed by an earthquake . . . .17 
 
 Germanicus, poisoned by Piso, dies at Antioch . . . . .19 
 
 Tiberius goes to Capreae ,......,. 26 
 
 Sejanus disgraced . . . . . . . . . .31 
 
 Our Saviour crucified, Friday April 3d, This is put four years earlier by 
 
 some Chronologists .......... 33 
 
 Tiberius dies at Misenura near Baiae, March 16th, and is succeeded by Ca- 
 ligula. About this period flourished Valerius Maximus, Columella, Pom- 
 ponius Mela, Appion, Philo Judeeus, Artabanus, and Agrippina . 37 
 
 St. Paul converted to Christianity ....... 36 
 
 St. Matthew writes his Gospel ........ 39 
 
 The name of Christians first given at Antioch, to the followers of our 
 
 Saviour 40 
 
 Caligula murdered by Chaereas, and succeeded by Claudius . . .: 41 
 
 The expedition of Claudius into Britain 43 
 
 St. Mark writes his Gospel ......... 44 
 
 Secular games celebrated at Rome ,...«.. 47 
 
 Caractacus carried in chains to Rome * . . . . .51 
 
 Claudius succeeded by Nero .,,..,.. 64 
 
 Agrippina put to death by her son Nero .. . . . . .59 
 
 First persecution against the Christians . , . . . .64 
 
 Seneca, Lucan, and others put to death 65 
 
 Nero visits Greece. The Jewish war begins. The age of Persius, Q. 
 Curtius, Pliny the elder, Josephus, Frontinus, Burrhus, Corbulo^ 
 
 Thrasea, Boadicea, &c. 66 
 
 St. Peter and St. Paul put to deatli 67 
 
 Nero dies, and is succeeded by Galba 68 
 
 Galba put to death. Otho, defeated by Vitellius, kills himself. Vitellius 
 
 is defeated by Vespasian's army , , 69 
 
 Jerusalem taken and destroyed by Titus 70 
 
 The Parthians revolt 77 
 
 Death of Vespasian, and succession of Titus. Herculaneum and Pompeii 
 
 destroyed by an eruption of Mount Vesuvius, November 1st . 79 
 
 Death of Mitus, and succession of Domitian. The age of Sil. Italicus, 
 Martial, Apollon. Tyan^us, Valerius Flaccus, Solinus, Epictetus, 
 
 Quintilian, Lupus, Agricola, &c. 81 
 
 Capitoline games instituted by Domitian, and celebrated every fourth 
 
 year 86 
 
 Secular games celebrated. The war with Dacia begins and continues 15 
 
 years 88 
 
 Second persecution of the Christians .,.-.. ^ .. 95 
 
 3 
 
^iii 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 
 
 Domitian put to death by Stephanus, &c. and succeeded by Nerva. The 
 age of Juvenal, Tacitus, Statius, &c. ...... 
 
 Nerva dies, and is succeeded by Trajan 
 
 Pliny, proconsul of Bithynia, sends Trajan an account of the Christians 
 
 Dacia reduced to a Roman province . . . . 
 
 Trajan's expedition against Parthia. About this time flourished Florus, 
 Suetonius, Pliny junior, Philo Byblius, Dion, Prusaeus, Plutarch, &c. 
 
 Third persecution of the Christians . . . 
 
 Trajan's column erected at Rome 
 
 Trajan dies, and is succeeded by Adrian 
 
 Fourth persecution of the Christians 
 
 Adrian builds a wall in Britain .... 
 
 Adrian visits Asia and Egypt for seven years 
 
 He rebuilds Jerusalem, and raises there a temple to Jupiter 
 
 The Jews rebel, and are defeated after a war of five years, and all ban 
 ished .......... 
 
 Adrian dies, and is succeeded by Antoninus Pius. In the reign of Adrian 
 flourished Theon, Phavorinus, Phlegon, Trallian, Aristides, Aquila, 
 Salvius Julian, Polycarp, Arrian, Ptolemy, &c. .... 
 
 Antoninus defeats the Moors, Germans, and Dacians ... 
 
 The worship of Serapis brought to Rome ..... 
 
 Antoninus dies, and is succeeded by M. Aurelius and L. Verus, the last of 
 which reigned nine years. In the reign of Antoninus flourished Maxi- 
 mus Tyrius, Pausanias, Diophantes, Lucian, Hermogenes, Polyaenus, 
 Appian, Artemidorus, Justin the martyr, Apuleius^ &c. 
 
 A war with Parthia, which continues three years .... 
 
 A war against the Marcomanni, which continues five years 
 
 Another which continues three years ...... 
 
 M. Aurelius dies, and Commodus succeeds. In the last reign flourished 
 Galen, Athenagoras, Tatian, Athenaeus, Montanus, Diogenes Laertius 
 
 Commodus makes peace with the Germans . . . . . 
 
 Commodus put to death by Martia and Laetus. He is succeeded for a few 
 months by Pertinax, who is murdered, 193, and four rivals arise, Didius 
 Juhanus, Pescennius Niger, Severus, andAlbinus. Under Commodus 
 flourished J. Pollux, Theodotion, St, Irena^us, &c. . . . 
 
 Niger is defeated by Severus at Issus ...... 
 
 Albinus defeated in Gaul, and killed at Lyons, February 19th 
 
 Severus conquers the Parthians ^ . . .... 
 
 Fifth persecution against the Christians ...... 
 
 Severus visits Britain, and two years after builds a wall there across from 
 the Frith of Forth ......... 
 
 Severus dies at York, and is succeeded by Caracalla and Geta. In his 
 reign flourished Tertullian, Minutius Felix, Papinianus, Clemens of 
 Alexandria, Philostratus, Plotianus, and Bulas .... 
 
 Geta killed by his brother Caracalla ...... 
 
 The septuagint discovered. Caracalla murdered by Macrinus. Flour- 
 ished Oppian 
 
 Opilius Macrinus killed by the soldiers, and succeeded by Heliogabalus 
 
 Alexander Severus succeeds Heliogabalus. The Goths then exacted an an- 
 nual payment not to invade or molest the Roman empire. The age of 
 Julius Africanus ......... 
 
 The Arsacidae of Parthia are conquered by Artaxerxes king of Media, and 
 their empire destroyed 
 
 Alexander defeats the Persians ....... 
 
 The sixth persecution against the Christians . . . ; . 
 
 Alexander killed, and succeeded by Maximiuus. At that time flourished 
 Dion Cassius, Origen, and Ammonius .... 
 
 The two Gordians succeed Maxim inus, and are put to death by Pupienus, 
 
 A.D 
 
 96 
 
 98 
 
 102 
 
 103 
 
 106 
 107 
 lu- 
 ll? 
 118 
 121 
 126 
 130 
 
 131 
 
 138 
 145 
 146 
 
 161 
 
 162 
 169 
 177 
 
 180 
 181 
 
 192 
 194 
 198 
 200 
 202 
 
 207 
 
 211 
 212 
 
 217 
 218 
 
 222 
 
 229 
 234 
 235 
 
 2% 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE* xix 
 
 A.D. 
 
 who soon after is destroyed, with Balbinus, by the soldiers of the youn- 
 ger Gordian .......... 236 
 
 Sabinianus defeated in Africa 240 
 
 Gordian marches against the Persians . . . • . . 242 
 He is put to death by Philip, vvlio succeeds, and makes peace with Sapor 
 the next year. About this time flourished Censorius, and Gregory 
 
 Thaumaturgus . . . . . . . . . , 244 
 
 PhiJip killed, and succeeded by Decius. Herodian flourished . . 249 
 
 The seventh persecution against the Christians . . ► . 250 
 
 Decius succeeded by Gallus ........ 251 
 
 A great pestilence over the empire ....... 252 
 
 Gallus dies, and is succeeded by -S^milianus, Valerianus, and Gallienus. 
 
 In the reign of Gallus flourished St. Cyprian and Plotinus . 4 254 
 
 The eighth persecution against the Christians ..... 257 
 
 The empire is harassed by 30 tyrants successively .... 258 
 
 Valerian is taken by Sapor and flead alive . . . . . 260 
 
 Odenatus governs the east for Gallienus ...... 264 
 
 The Scythians and Goths defeated by Cleodamus and Athenseus . . 267 
 Gallienus killed, and succeeded by Claudius. In this reign flourished Lon- 
 
 ginus, Paulus Saraosatenus, Sic. ....... 268 
 
 Claudius conquers the Goths, and kills 300,000 of them. Zenobia takes 
 
 possession of Egypt . . . . . . . . . 269 
 
 Aurelian succeeds ......... 270 
 
 The ninth persecution against the Christians ..... 272 
 
 Zenobia defeated by Aurelian at Edessa ...... 273 
 
 Dacia ceded to the Barbarians by the emperor ..... 274 
 
 Aurelian killed, and succeeded by Tacitus, who died after a reign of six 
 
 months, and was succeeded by Fiorianus,and, two months after, by Probus 275 
 
 Probus makes an expedition into Gaul ..... . 277 
 
 He defeats the Persians in the east ....... 280 
 
 Probus is put to death, and succeeded by Carus, and his sons Carinus and 
 
 Numerianus .......... 282 
 
 Dioclesian succeeds ......... 284 
 
 The empire attacked by the Barbarians of the north. Dioclesian takes 
 
 Maximianus as his imperial colleague ...... 286 
 
 Britain recovered, after a tyrant's usurpation of ten years. Alexandria 
 
 taken by Dioclesian ......... 296 
 
 The tenth persecution against the Christians, which continues ten years 303 
 
 Dioclesian and Maximianus abdicate the empire, and live in retirement, 
 
 succeeded by Constantius Chlorus and Galerius Maximianus, the two 
 
 Caesars. About this period flourished J. Capitolinus, Arnobius, Gregory 
 
 and Hermogenes, the lawyers, ^lius Spartianus, Hierocles, Flavius 
 
 Vopiscus, Trebeliius Pollio, &c 304 
 
 Constantius dies, and is succeeded by his son ..... 306 
 At this time there were four emperors, Constantine, Licinius, Maximia- 
 nus, and Maxentius , 308 
 
 Maxentius defeated and killed by Constantine 312 
 
 The emperor Constantine begins to favour the Christian religion . .319 
 
 Licinius defeated and banished by Constantine .... 324 
 The first general Council of KSce^^ composed of 318 bishops, who sit from 
 
 June 19 to August 25 . 325 
 
 The seat of the empire removed from Rome to Constantinople . . 328 
 
 Constantinople solemnly dedicated by the emperor on the eleventh of May 330 
 Constantine orders all the heathen temples to be destroyed . .331 
 The death of Constantine, and succession of his three sons, Constantinus, 
 Constans, and Constantius. In the reign of Constantine flourished Lac- 
 
 tantius, Athanasius, Arius, and Eusebius 337 
 
 Constantine the younger defeated and killed by Constans at Aquileia 340 
 
XX CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 
 
 AD. 
 
 Constans killed in Spain by Magnentius . ..... 350 
 
 Gallus put to death by Constantius 354 
 
 One hundred and fifty cities of Greece and Asia ruined by an earth- 
 quake .......... . 358 
 
 Constantius and Julian quarrel, and prepare for war ; but the former dies 
 the next year, and leaves the latter sole emperor. About this period 
 flourished jElius Donatus, Eutropius, Libanius, Ammian, Marcellinus, 
 Jambiicus, St. Hilary, &c. ........ 360 
 
 Julian dies, and is succeeded by Jovian. In Julian's reign flourished Gre- 
 gory Nazianzen, Themistius, Aurelius Victor, &c. . . . 363 
 
 Upon the death of Jovian, and the succession of Valens and Valentinian, 
 the empire is divided, the former being emperor of the east, and the 
 other of the west ......... 364 
 
 Gratian taken as partner in the western empire by Valentinian . . 367 
 
 Firmus, tyrant of Africa, defeated ....... 373 
 
 Valentinian the Second succeeds Valentinian the First . . . 375 
 
 The Goths permitted to settle in Thrace, on being expelled by the 
 Huns ........... 376 
 
 Theodosius the Great succeeds Valens in the eastern empire. The Lom- 
 bards first leave Scandinavia and defeat the Vandals . . • 379 
 Gratian defeated and killed by Andrigathius . . . , * 383 
 The tyrant Maximus defeated and put to death by Theodosius . . 388 
 Eugenius usurps the western empire, and is two years after defeated by 
 Theodosius . . . . . . . . . • 392 
 
 Theodosius dies, and is succeeded by his sons, Arcadius in the east, and 
 Honorius in the west. In the reign of Theodosius flourished Ausonius, 
 Eunapius, Pappus, Theon, Prudentius, St. Austin, St. Jerome, St. 
 Ambrose, &c. .......... 395 
 
 Gildo, defeated by his own brother, kills himself . . : . 398 
 
 Stilicbo defeats 200,000 of the Goths at Fesulae . . . .405 
 
 The Vandals, Alanj, and Suevij permitted to settle in Spain and France 
 by Honorius ......*... 406 
 
 Theodosius the Younger succeeds Arcadius in the east, having Isdegerdes, 
 
 king of Persia, as his guardian, appointed by his father . . . 408 
 Rome plundered by Alaric, king of the Visigoths, August 24th . .410 
 
 The Vandals begin their kingdom in Spain ..... 412 
 
 The kingdom of the Burgundians is bugun in Alsace . . . .413 
 
 The Visigoths found a kingdom at Thoulouse ...... 415 
 
 The Alani defeated and extirpated by the Goths , . . .417 
 
 The kingdom of the French begins on the lower Rhine . . . 420 
 
 The death of Honorius, and succession of Valentinian the Third. 
 Under Honorius flourished Sulpicius Severus, Macrobius, Anianus, 
 Panodorus, Stobseus, Servius the commentator, Hypatia, Pelagius, 
 Synesius, Cyril, Orosius, Socrates, &c. ...... 423 
 
 Theodosius establishes public schools at Constantinople, and attempts 
 the restoration of learning ........ 425 
 
 The Romans take leave of Britain, and never return . . . 426 
 
 Pannonia recovered from the Huns by the Romans. The Vandals 
 pass into Africa .......... 427 
 
 The French defeated by iEtius . 428 
 
 The Theodosian code published . . . . . . . . 435 
 
 Genseric the Vandal takes Carthage, and begins the kingdom of the 
 
 Vandals in Africa ....'.... . . 439 
 
 The Britons, abandoned by the Romans, make their celebrated com- 
 plaint to i5Itius against the Picts and Scots, and three years after 
 the Saxons settle in Britain, upon the invitation of Vortigern . . 446 
 Aitila, king of the Huns, ravages Europe ...... 447 
 
 . Theodosius the Second dies, ai)d is succeeded by Marcianus. About 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. xxi 
 
 A. D. 
 
 this time flourished Zozimus, Nestorius, Theodoret, Sozomen^ 
 Olympiodorus, &c. . . . ...... 450 
 
 The city of Venice first began to be known 452 
 
 Death of Valentinian the Third, who is succeeded by Maximus for 
 two months, by Avitus for ten, and, after an inter-regnura of ten 
 months, by Majorianus ... . . .... 454 
 
 Rome taken by Genseric in July. The kingdom of Kent first estab- 
 lished ......*..... 455 
 
 The Suevi defeated by Theodoric on the Ebro ..... 456 
 
 Marcianus dies, and is succeeded by Leo, surnamed the Thracian. Vor- 
 
 timer defeated by Hengist at Crayford, in Kent .... 457 
 
 Severus succeeds in the western empire . . . . . .461 
 
 The paschal cycle of 532 years invented by Victorius of Aquitain . . 463 
 Anthemius succeeds in the western empire, after an inter-regnum of two 
 
 years . . . . . . 467 
 
 Olybrius succeeds Anthemius, and is succeeded, the next year, by Glyce- 
 
 rius, and Giycerius by Nepos ........ 472 
 
 Nepos is succeeded by Augustulus. Leo junior, son of Ariadne, though an 
 infant, succeeds his grandfather Leo in the eastern empire, and, some 
 months after, is succeeded by his father Zeno ..... 474 
 
 The western empire is destroyed by Odoacer. king of the Heruli, who as- 
 sumes the title of king of Italy. About that time flourished Eutyches, 
 Prosper, Victorius, Sidonius Appollinaris ...... 476 
 
 Constantinople partly destroyed by an earthquake, which lasted 40 'days 
 at intervals . . . . . . . , . / . 43O 
 
 The battle of Soissons and victory of Clovis over Siagrius the Roman gene- 
 ral , . . . .485 
 
 After the death of Zeno in the east, Ariadne married Anastasius, surnamed 
 
 the Silentiary, who ascends the vacant throne . . • . .491 
 Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths, revolts about this time, and conquers 
 Italy from the Heruli. About this time flourished Boethius and Symma- 
 
 chus 493 
 
 Christianity embraced in France by the baptism of Clovis . . . 496 
 The Burgundian laws published by king Gondebaud .... 601 
 
 Alaric defeated by Clovis at the battle of Vorcille near Poitiers . . 607 
 Paris made the capital of the French dominions .... 610 
 
 Constantinople besieged by Vitalianus, whose fleet is burned with a brazen 
 
 speculum by Procius . . . , . . . , .514 
 
 The computing of time by the Christian era, introduced first by Dionysius 516 
 
 Justin the First, a peasant of Dalmatia, makes himself emperor . . 618 
 
 Justinian the First, nephew of Justin, succeeds. Under his glorious reign 
 
 flourished Belisarius, Jornandes, Paul the Silentiary, SimpHcius, Dionysius, 
 
 Procopius, Procius, Narses, &,c. . . .... 527 
 
 Justinian publishes his celebrated code of laws, and four years after his di- 
 
 ^gest 529 
 
 Conquest of Africa by Belisarius, and that of Rome, two years after . 534 
 Italy is invaded by the Franks ........ 530 
 
 The Roman consulship suppressed by Justinian 542 
 
 A great plague which rose in Africa, and desolated Asia and Europe . 543 
 
 The beginning of the Turkish empire in Asia 545 
 
 Rome taken and pillaged by Totila 547 
 
 The manufacture of silk introduced from India into Europe by monks 651 
 
 Defeat and death of Totila, the Gothic king of Italy .... 653 
 A dreadful plague 'over Africa, Asia, and Europe, which continues for 
 ^0 years ^^^ 
 
 Justin the Second, son of Vigilantia, the sister of Justinian, succeeds 565 
 Part of Italy conquered by the Lombards from Pannonia, who form a kin<T- 
 ^oin there °. 5GB 
 
ijti CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 
 
 A.V, 
 
 Tiberius the Second, an officer of the imperial guards, is adopted, and, soon 
 after, succeeds .......... 678 
 
 Latin ceases to be the language of Italy about this time . . .581 
 
 Maurice, the Cappadocian, son-in-law of Tiberius, succeeds . . 682 
 
 Gregory the First, surnamed the Great, fills St. Peter^s chair at Rome. 
 The few men of learning who flourished the latter end of this century, 
 were Gildas, Agathias, Gregory of Tours, the father of French history, 
 Evagrius, and St. Augustin the Monk ...... 690 
 
 Augustin the Monk, with 40 others, comes to preach Christianity in England 697 
 About this time the Saxon Heptarchy began in England . . . 600 
 
 Fhocas, a simple centurion, is elected emperor, after the revolt of the sol- 
 diers, and the murder of Maurice and of his children . . . 602 
 The power of the Popes begins to be established by the concessions of 
 Phocas . . . . . . . . . " . . 606 
 
 Heraclius, an officer in Africa, succeeds, after the murder of the usurper 
 Phocas . . . . . . . . . ..610 
 
 The conquests of Chosroes, king of Persia, in Syria, Egypt, Asia Minor, 
 and, afterwards, his siege of Rome ...... 611 
 
 The Persians take Jerusalem with the slaughter of 90,000 men, and the 
 next year they over-run Africa ....... 614 
 
 Mahomet, in his 53d year, flies from Mecca to Medina, on Friday, July 
 
 16, which forms the first year of the Hegira, the era of the Mahometans 622 
 Constantinople is besieged by the Persians and Arabs . . . 626 
 
 Death of Mahomet 632 
 
 Jerusalem taken by the Saracens, and three years after Alexandria, and its 
 famous library destroyed ........ 637 
 
 Constantine the Third, son of Heraclius, in partnership with Heracleonas, 
 his brother by the same father, assumes the imperial purple. Constan- 
 tine reigns 103 days, and after his death, his son. Constantine's son 
 Constans is declared emperor, though Heracleonas, with his mother 
 Martina, wished to continue in possession of the supreme power . 641 
 
 Cyprus taken by the Saracens ....... 648 
 
 The Saracens take Rhodes, and destroy the Colossus . , . 653 
 
 Constantine the Fourth, surnamed Pogonatus, succeeds, on the murder of 
 
 his father in Sicily 668 
 
 The Saracens ravage Sicily ........ 669 
 
 Constantinople besieged by the Saracens, whose fleet is destroyed by the 
 
 Greek fire , . 673 
 
 Justinian the Second succeeds his father Constantine. In his exile of 10 
 years, the purple was usurped by Leontius and Absimerus Tiberius. 
 His restoration happened 704. The only men of learning in this centu- 
 ry were Secundus, Isidorus, Theophylactus, Geo. Pisides, Callinicus, 
 
 and the venerable Bede 685 
 
 Pepin engrosses the power of the whole French monarchy . . . 690 
 
 Africa finally conquered by the Saracens ...... 709 
 
 Bardanes, surnamed Philippicus, succeeds at Constantinople, on the murder 
 
 , of Justinian . . . . . . . . . .711 
 
 Spain is conquered by the Saracens. Accession of Artemius, or Anastasius 
 
 the Second to the throne 713 
 
 Anastasius abdicates, and is succeeded by Theodosius the Third, who, two 
 years after, yields to the superior influence of Leo the Third, the first of 
 the Isaurian dynasty < . . . . . . . . ,715 
 
 Second, but unsuccessful siege of Constantinople by the Saracens 717 
 
 Tax called Peterpence begun by Ina, king of Wessex, to support a college 
 
 at Rome 727 
 
 Saracens defeated by Charles Martel between Tours and Poitiers in October 732 
 Constantine Ihe Fifth, surnamed Copronymus, succeeds his father Leo 741 
 
 Prcadful pestilence for three years over Europe and Asia , , . 746 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. xxiii 
 
 A. D.. 
 The QGniputation of years from the birth of Christ first used in historical 
 writings ........... 748 
 
 Learning encouraged by the race of Abbas caliph of the Saracens . 749 
 
 The Merovingian race of kings ends in France .... 760 
 
 Bagdad built, and made the capital of the Caliphs of the house of Abbas 762 
 A violent frost for 150 days, from October to February . • . 763 
 
 Monasteries dissolved in the east by Constantino . .' . . 770 
 
 Pavia taken by Charlemagne, which ends the kingdom of the Lombards, 
 after a duration of 206 years ....... 774 
 
 Leo the Fourth, son of Constantine, succeeds, and, five years after, is suc- 
 ceeded by his wife Irene, and his son Constantine the Sixth . . 775 
 Irene murders her son and reigns alone.- The only men of learning in this 
 century were Johannes Damascenus, Fredegaire, AJcuinus, Paulus Dia- 
 conus, and George the Monk . . . . . . . 797 
 
 Charlemagne is crowned Emperor of Rome and of the western empire. 
 About this time the Popes separate themselves from the princes of Con- 
 stantinople 800 
 
 Egbert ascends the throne of England, but the total reduction of the Saxon 
 heptarchy is not effected till 26 years after ..... 801 
 
 Nicephorus the First, great treasurer of the empire, succeeds . , 802 
 
 Stauracius, son of Nicephorus, and Michael the First, surnamed Rhan- 
 
 gabe, the husband of Procopio, sister of Stauracius, assume the purple 811 
 Leo the Fifth, the Armenian, though but an ofiicer of the palace, ascends 
 the throne of Constantinople . . . . . . .813 
 
 Learning encouraged among the Saracens by Almamon, who made obser- 
 vations on the sun, &c. ........ 816 
 
 Michael the Second, the Thracian, surnamed the Stammerer, succeeds, 
 
 after the murder of Leo 821 
 
 The Saracens of Spain take Crete, which they call Candia . . 823 
 
 The almagest of Ptolemy translated into Arabic by order of Almamon 827 
 
 Theophilus succeeds his father Michael . . . • . . 829 
 
 Origin of the Russian monarchy ....... 839 
 
 Michael the Third succeeds his father Theophilus with his mother Theodora 842 
 The Normans get possession of some cities in France , . . 853 
 
 Michael is murdered, and succeeded by Basil the First, the Macedonian 867 
 Clocks first brouglit to Constantinople from Venice .... 872 
 
 Basil is succeeded by his son Leo the Sixth, the philosopher. In this cen- 
 tury flourished Mesue, the Arabian physician, Eginhard, Rabanus, Al- 
 bumasar, Godescalchus, Hincmarus, Odo, Photius, John Scotus, Anas- 
 tasius the librarian, Alfraganus, Albategni, Reginon, John Asser . SSQ 
 
 Paris besieged by the Normans, and bravely defended by Bishop Goslin 837 
 Death of Alfred, king of England, after a reign of 30 years . . 900 
 
 Alexander, brother of Leo, succeeds with his nephew Constantine the Se- 
 venth, surnamed Porphyrogenitus . . . , . .911 
 The Normans establish themselves in France under Rollo . . . 912 
 Romanus the First, surnamed Lecapenus, general of the fleet, usurps the 
 throne, with his three sons, Christopher, Stephen, and Constantine the 
 
 Eighth 919 
 
 Fiefs established in France ........ 923 
 
 Saracen empire divided by usurpation into seven kingdom? . . 936 
 
 Naples seized by the eastern emperors 942 
 
 The sons of Romanus conspire against their father, and the tumults this 
 
 occasioned produced the restoration of Porphyrogenitus . . . 945 
 Romanus the Second, son of Constantine the Seventh, by Helena, the 
 
 daughter of Lecapenus, succeeds 959 
 
 Romanus poisoned by his wife Theophano, is succeeded by Nicephorus. 
 Phocas the Second, whom the empress, unable to reign alone under the 
 title of protectres«3 of her young children: had married . . 963 
 
xxiv CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE, 
 
 AD. 
 
 Italy conquerecl by Otho, and united to the German empire . : 964 
 
 Nicephorus, at the instigation of Theophano, is murdered by John Zi- 
 
 misces, who assumes the purple . . . . » . . 969 
 
 Basil the Second, and Constantine the Ninth, the two sons of Romanus by 
 
 Theophano, succeed on the death of Zimisces .... 975 
 
 The third or Capetian race of kings in France begins July 3d . .987 
 
 Arithmetical figures brought into Europe from Arabia by the Saracens 991 
 
 The empire of Germany first made elective by Otho III. The learned 
 men of this century were Euedes de Cluni, Azophi, Luitprand, Alfara- 
 bius, Rhaze, Geber, Abbo, Aimoin, Gerbert .... 996 
 
 A general massacre of the Danes in England, Nov. 13th . . . 1002 
 
 All old churches, about this time, rebuilt in a new manner of architecture 1005 
 Flanders inundated in consequence of a violent storm . . . 1014 
 
 Constantine becomes sole emperor on the death of his brother . . 1023 
 
 Romanus the Third, surnamed Argyrus, a patrician, succeeds, by marrying 
 
 Zoe, the daughter of the late monarch . . . . . 1028 
 
 Zoe, after prostituting herself to a Faphlagonian money lender, causes 
 her husband Romanus to be poisoned, and, afterwards, marries her fa- 
 vourite, who ascends the throne under the name of Michael the Fourth 1034 
 The kingdoms of Castile and Aragon begin ..... 1035 
 
 Zoe adopts for her son Michael the Fifth, the trade of whose father (ca- 
 reening vessels) had procured him the surname of Calaphates . 1041 
 Zoe, and her sister Theodora, are made sole empresses by the populace, 
 but after two months, Zoe, though 60 years old, takes, for her third hus- 
 band, Constantine the Tenth, who succeeds ..... 1042 
 
 The Turks invade the Roman empire 1050 
 
 After the death of Constantine, Theodora recovers 'the sovereignty, and, 
 19 months after, adopts, as her successor, Michael the Sixth, surnamed 
 
 Stratioticus 1054 
 
 Isaac Commenus the First, chosen emperor by the soldiers . . . 1057 
 
 Isaac abdicates, and when his brother refuses to succeed him, he ap- 
 points his friend Constantine the Eleventh, surnamed Ducas . . 1059 
 .Jerusalem conquered by the Turks from the Saracens . . . 1065 
 The crown of England is transferred from the head of Harold by the battle 
 of Hastings, October the 14th, to William the Conquerer duke of Nor- 
 mandy ........... 1066 
 
 On the death of Ducas, his wife Eudocia, instead of protecting his three 
 sons, Micliael, Andronicus, and Constantine, usurps the sovereignty, and 
 marries Romanus the Third, surnamed Diogenes . . . 1067 
 
 Romanus being taken prisoner by the Turks, the three young princes as- 
 cend the throne, under the name of Michael Parapinaces the Seventh, 
 Andronicus the First, and Constantine the Twelfth . . .1071 
 
 The general Nicephorus Botaniates the Third, assumes the purple 1078 
 
 Doomsday-book begun to be compiled from a general survey of the estates 
 
 of England, and finished in six years ...... 108G 
 
 Alexius Commenus the First, nephew of Isaac the First, ascends the 
 throne. His reign is rendered illustrious by the pen of his daughter, 
 the princess Anna Commena. The Normans, under Robert of Apulia, 
 
 invade the eastern empire . .1081 
 
 Asia Minor finally conquered by the Turks ..... 1084 
 
 Accession of William the Second to the English throne . . . 1087 
 
 The first crusade .......... 1096 
 
 Jerusalem taken by the crusaders 15th July. The only learned men of 
 this century were Avicenna, Guy d'Arezzo, Glaber, Hermanus, Franco, 
 Peter Damiani, Michael Celularius, Geo. Cedrenus, Berenger, Psellus 
 Marian us, Scotus, Arzachel, William of Spires, Suidas, Peter the 
 
 Hermit, Sigebert 1099 
 
 Henry the First siiccecdl to the throne of England . .1100. 
 
 I 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE, xxv 
 
 A. D. 
 
 Learning revived at Cambridge lUO 
 
 John, or Calojohannes, son of Alexius, succeeds at Constantinople . 1118 
 
 Order of Knights Templars instituted 1118 
 
 Accession of Stephen to the English crown 1135 
 
 Manuel, son of John, succeeds at Constantinople .... 1143 
 
 The second crusade . . .1147 
 
 The canon law composed by Gratian, after 24 years' labour . . 1151 
 
 The party names of Guelfs and Gibbelines begin in Italy . , 1 154 
 
 Henry the Second succeeds in England . . . . . .1154 
 
 The Teutonic order begins ........ 1164 
 
 The conquest of Egypt by the Turks ...... 1169 
 
 The famous council of Clarendon in England, January 25th. Conquest of 
 
 Ireland by Henry II. 1172 
 
 Dispensing of justice by circuits first established in England . • 1176 
 
 Alexius the Second succeeds his father Manuel . . . .1180 
 
 English laws digested by Glanville . . . . . .1181 
 
 From the disorders of the government, on account of the minority of Alex- 
 ius, Andronicus, the grandson of the great Alexius, is named guardian, 
 but he murders Alexius, and ascends the throne .... 1183 
 
 Andronicus is cruelly put to death, and Isaac Angelus, a descendant of the 
 great Alexius by the female line, succeeds ..... 1185 
 
 The third crusade, and siege of Acre ...... 1188 
 
 Richard the First succeeds his father Henry in England . . .1189 
 
 Saladin defeated by Richard of England in the battle of Ascalon . 1192 
 
 Alexius Angelus, brother of Isaac, revolts, and usurps the sovereignty, by 
 putting out the eyes of the emperor . . . . . .1195 
 
 John succeeds to the English throne. The learned men of this century 
 were, Peter Abelard, Anna Commena, St. Bernard, Averroes, William 
 of Malmesbury, Peter Lombard, Otho Trisingensis, Maimonides, Hu- 
 menus, Wernerus, Gratian, Jeoffry of Monmouth, Tzetzes, Eustathius, 
 John of Salisbury, Simeon of Durham, Henry of Huntingdon, Peter Co- 
 mestor, Peter of Blois, Ranulph of Glanville, Roger Hoveden, Campanus, 
 William of Newburgh . . . • . . . .1199 
 
 Constantinople is besieged and taken by the Latins, and Isaac is taken from 
 his dungeon and replaced on the throne with his son Alexius. This year 
 is remarkable for the fourth crusade ...... 1203 
 
 The father and son are murdered by Alexius Mourzoufle, and Constanti- 
 nople is again besieged and taken by the French and Venetians, who elect 
 Baldwin, count of Flanders, emperor of the east. In the mean time, 
 Theodore Lascaris makes himself emperor of Nice ; Alexius, grandson 
 of the tyrant Andronicus, becomes emperor of Trebizond ; and Michael, 
 an illegitimate child of the Angeli, founds an empire in Epirus . 1204 
 
 The emperor Baldwin is defeated by the Bulgarians, and, next year, is suc- 
 ceeded by his brother Henry ....... 1205 
 
 Reign and conquests of the great Zingis Khan, first emperor of the Moguls 
 
 and Tartars, till the time of his death, 1227 .... 1206 
 
 Aristotle's works, imported from Constantinople, are condemned by the 
 council of Paris ......... 1209 
 
 Magna Charta granted to the English barons by king John . * 1215 
 
 Henry the Third succeeds his falher John on the English throne . 12 1 6 
 
 Peter of Courtenay, the husband of Yolanda, sister of the two last empe- 
 rors, Baldwin and Henry, is made emperor by the Latins . . 1217 
 
 Robert, son of Peter Courtenay, succeeds 1221 
 
 Theodore Lascaris is succeeded on the throne of Nice by his son-in-law, 
 
 John Ducas Vataces 1222 
 
 John of Bricnne, and Baldwin the Second, son of Peter, succeeded on the 
 throne of Constantinople ........ 1 228 
 
 The inquisition which had begun 1204 is now trusted to the Dominicans 1233 
 
 4 
 
xxri CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 
 
 AD. 
 
 Baldwin alone ,0 1237 
 
 Origin of the Ottomans 1240 
 
 The fifth crusade 1248 
 
 Astronomical tables composed by Alphonso the Eleventh of Castile . 1253 
 
 Ducas Vataces is succeeded on the throne of Nice by his son Theodore 
 Lascaris the Second ......... 1255 
 
 Lascaris succeeded by his son John Lascaris, a minor . . . 1259 
 
 Michael Palaeologus, son of the sister of the queen of Theodore Lascaris, 
 
 ascends the throne, after the murder of the young prince's guardian 1260 
 
 Constantinople is recovered from the Latins by the Greek emperors of Nice 1261 
 Edward the First succeeds on the English throne .... 1272 
 
 The famous Mortmain act passes in England . . . . 1279 
 
 Eight thousand French murdered during the Sicilian vespers, 30th of March 1282 
 Wales conquered by Edward and annexed to England ... 1283 
 
 Michael Palaeologus dies, and his son Andronicus, who had already reigned 
 nine years conjointly with his father, ascends the throne. The learned 
 men of this century are, Gervase, Diceto, Saxo, Walter of Coventry, 
 Accursius, Antony of Padua, Alexander Halensis, William of Paris, Pe- 
 ter de Vignes, Mathew Paris, Grosseteste, Alberlus, Thomas Aquinas, 
 Bonaventura, John Joinville, Roger Bacon, Cimabue, Durandus, Henry 
 of Ghent, Raymond Lulii, Jacob Voragine, Albertet, Duns Scotus, 
 
 Thebit 1293 
 
 A regular succession of English parliaments from this time . . 1293 
 
 The Turkish empire begins in Bithynia ..... 1298 
 
 The mariner's compass invented or improved by Flavio . . > . 1302 
 
 The Swiss Cantons begin ..*..... 1307 
 
 Edward the Second succeeds to the English crown , . . . 1307 
 
 Translation of the holy see to Avignon, which alienation continues 68 years, 
 
 till the return of Gregory the Eleventh . . > . . 1308 
 
 Andronicus adopts, as his colleagues, Manuel, and his grandson, the younger 
 Andronicus. Manuel dying, Andronicus revolts against his grandfather, 
 who abdicates ......... 1320 
 
 Edward the Third succeeds in England ..... 1327 
 
 First comet observed, whose course is described, with exactness, in June 1337 
 About this time flourished Leo Pilatus. a Greek professor at Florence, Bar- 
 iaam, Petrarch, Boccace, and Manuel Chrysoloras, where may be fixed 
 the era of the revival of Greek literature in Italy . . . . 1333 
 
 Andronicus is succeeded by his son John PaloBologus in the ninth year of his 
 age. John Cantacuzene, who had been left guardian of the young prince, 
 assumes the purple. First passage of the Turks into Europe . 1341 
 
 The knights and burgesses of Parliament first sit in the same house , 1342 
 
 The battle of Crecy, August 26 1346 
 
 Seditions of Rienzi at Rome, and his elevation to the tribuneship . 1347 
 
 Order of the Garter in England established April 23 . . . 1349 
 
 The Turks first enter Europe 1352 
 
 Cantacuzene abdicates the purple ...,».. 1355 
 
 The battle of Poictiers, September I9lh 1356 
 
 Law pleadings altered from French into English as a favour from Edward 
 
 III. to his people, in his 50th year 1362 
 
 Rise of Timour, or Tamerlane, to the throne of Samarcand, and his exten- 
 sive conquests till his death, after a reign of 35 years . . , 1370 
 Accession of Richard the Second to the English throne . . . 1377 
 
 Manuel succeeds his father, John Pala3ologU3 1391 
 
 Accession of Henry the Fourth in England. The learned men of this cen- 
 tury were Peler Apono, Flavio, Dante, Arnoklus Villa, Nicholas Lyra, 
 William Occam, Nicephoras, Gregoras, Leontius Pilatus, Matthew of 
 Westminster, Wickliff,Froissart, Nicholas Flamel, Chaucer . . 1399 
 
 Henry the Fourth is succeeded by his son Henry the Fifth . . 1415 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. xxvii 
 
 A. D. 
 Battle of Agincourt, October 25th * . 1415 
 
 The island of Madeira discovered by the Portuguese . . . 1420 
 
 Henry the Sixth succeeds to the throne of England. Constantinople is be- 
 sieged by Amurath the Second, the Turkish emperor . . , 1422 
 John Palaeologus the Second succeeds his father Manuel . . , 1424 
 Cosmo de Medici recalled from banishment, and rise of that family at 
 Florence .......... 1434 
 
 The famous pragmatic sanction settled in France .... 1439 
 
 Printing discovered at Mentz, and improved gradually in 22 years . 1440 
 
 Constantine, one of the sons of Manuel, ascends the throne after his brother 
 John ....... . y . 9 1448 
 
 Mahomet the Second, emperor of the Turks, besieges and takes Constanti- 
 nople on the 29th of May. Fall of the eastern empire. The captivity 
 of the Greeks, and the extinction of the imperial families of the Commenj 
 and Palaeologi. About this time, the House of York in England began to 
 aspire to the crown, and, by their ambitious views, to deluge the whole 
 kingdom in blood. The learned men of the 15th century were Chaucer, 
 Leonard Aretin, John Huss, Jerome of Prague, Poggio, FlaviusBlondus, 
 Theodore Gaza, Frank Philelphus, Geo. Trapezuntius, Gemistus Pletho, 
 Laurentius Valla, Ulugh Beigh, John Guttemburg, John Faustus, Peter 
 Schoeffer, Wesselus, Peurbachius, i^neas Sylvius, Bessarion, Thomas a 
 Kempis, Argyropulus, Regiomontanus, Platina, Agricola, Pontanus, Fi- 
 cinus, Lascaris, Tiphernas, Annius of Viterbo, Merula, Savonarola, Picus, 
 Folitian, Hermolaus, Grocyn, Mantuanus, John Colet, Reuchlin, Lyna- 
 cre, Alexander ab Alexandro, Demetrius Chalcondyles, ^c, , . 145f^ 
 
CLASSICAL DICTIONARY, 
 
 ire. i^C, <5"C. 
 
 AB 
 
 4 BA and Abse, atown of Phocis, famous for 
 A an oracle of Apollo, surnamed Abseus. 
 The inhabitants, called Abantes, were ofThra- 
 cian origin. After the ruin of their countiy by 
 Xerxes, they migrated to Eubcea, which from 
 them was called Abantis. Some of them passed 
 afterwards from Eubcea into Ionia. Herodot. 
 
 8, 0. S3.— Pans. 10, c. 55. A city of Caria. 
 
 Another of Arabia Felix. A mountain 
 
 near Smyrna.— P/in. 5, c. 24.Strab. 10. 
 
 Abacene, a country of Sicily near Messe- 
 nla. Diod. 14. 
 
 Abalus, an island in the German ocean, 
 where, as the ancients supposed, the amber 
 dropped from the trees. If a man was drowned 
 there, and his body never appeared above the 
 water, propitiatory sacrifices were offered to his 
 manes during a hundred years. Plin. 37, c. 2. 
 Abana, a place of Capua. Cic. contra Rull. 
 Abantes, a warlike people of Peloponne- 
 sus, who built a town in Phocis, called Aba, 
 after their leader Abas, whence also their 
 name originated: they afterwards went to Eu- 
 bcea. \yid. Abantis.] Herodot. 1, c. 146. 
 
 Abantias, and Abantiades, a patronymic 
 given to the descendants of Abas king of Argos, 
 such as Acrisius, Danae, Perseus, Atalanta, 
 he. Ovid. 
 
 Abantidas made himself master of Sicyon, 
 after he had murdered Clinias, the father of 
 Aratus. He was himself soon after assassina- 
 ted, B. C. 251. Plut. in Aral. 
 
 Abaktis, or Abantias, an ancient name of 
 the island of Eubcea, received from the Aban- 
 tes, who settled in it from Phocis. Plin. 4, c. 
 
 12. Also a country of Epirus. Pans. 5, c, 22. 
 
 Abarbarea, one of the Naiades, mother of 
 ^sopus and Pedasus by Bucolion, Laome- 
 don's eldest son. Homer. II. 6, v. 23. 
 
 Abarimon, a country of Scythia, nesu* mount 
 Imaus. The inhabitants were said to have 
 their toes behind their heels, and to breathe 
 no air but that of their native country, Plin. 
 7, c. 2. 
 
 Abaris, a man killed by Perseus. Ovid. 
 
 ^fet.6)V.86. A Rutulian, killed by Eury- 
 
 alus. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 344. A Scythian, 
 
 .son of Seuthes, in the age of Crcosus, or the 
 Trojan war, who received a flying arrow from 
 Apollo, with which he gave oracles, and trans- 
 ported himself wherever he pleased. He is 
 said to have returned to Ihe Hyperborean 
 countries from Athens witliout eating, and to 
 fiave made the Trojan Palladium with the 
 
 AB 
 
 bones of Pelops. Some suppose that he wrote 
 treatises in Greek ; and it is reported, that 
 there is a Greek manuscript of his epistles to 
 Phalaris in the library of Augsburg. But there 
 were probably two persons of that name. 
 Herodot. 4, c. 36.—Strab. l.—Paus. 3,. c. 13. 
 
 Abarus, an Arabian prince, who perfidious- 
 ly deserted Crassus in his expedition against 
 Parthia. Appian. in Parth.—r-iie is called Me- 
 zeres by Flor. 3, c. 11. and Ariamnes by Plut. 
 in Crass. 
 
 Abas, a mountain in Syi'ia, where the Eur 
 
 phrates rises. A river of Armenia Major, 
 
 where Pompey routed the Albani. Plut. in 
 
 Pomp. A son of Metanira, or Melaninia, 
 
 changed into a lizard for laughing .-^t Ceres. 
 Ovid. Met. 5. fab. 7. The 11th king of Ar- 
 gos, son of Belus, some say of Lynceus aud 
 Hypermnestra, was famous for his genius and 
 valour. He was father to Prcetus and Acrisius^ 
 by Ocalea, and built Abae. He reigned 23 years, 
 B. C. 1384. Pans. 2, c. 16, 1 . 10, c . 33.— Hygin. 
 
 I10,k.c.—Apollod.% c. 2. One of iEneas's 
 
 companions, killed in Italy. Virg. A^a. 10, v. 
 
 170. Another lost in the storm which drove 
 
 ^neas to Carthage. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 125. A 
 
 Latian chief, who assisted iEijeas against Tur- 
 nus, and was killed by Lausus. Virg. JEn. 10, 
 
 V. 170, &,c. A Greek, son of Eurydamus, 
 
 killed by j5]neas during the Trojan war. Virg. 
 
 JEn. 3, V. 286.— Homer. II. 5, v. 150. A 
 
 centaur, famous for his skill in hunting. Ovid 
 
 Met. 12. V. 306. A soothsayer, to whom the 
 
 Spartans erected a statue in the temple of A- 
 polio, for his services to Lysander. Pans. 10, 
 
 C.9. A son of Neptune. Hygin. fab. 157. 
 
 — -A sophist who wrote two treatises, one o^ 
 history, the other on rhetoric ; the time in 
 
 which he lived is unknown. A man who 
 
 wrote an account of Troy. He is quoted by 
 Servius in Virg. JEn. 9. 
 
 Abasa, an island in the Red Sea, near JE.\\\\ 
 opia. Pans. 6, c. 26. 
 
 Abasitis, apart of Mysia in Asia. St rah. 
 
 Abassena, or Abassinia. Vid. Abyssinia. 
 
 Abassus, a town of Phrygia. Liv. 38, c. 15. 
 
 Abastor, one of Pluto's horses. 
 
 Abatos, an island in the lake near Memphis 
 in Egypt, abounding with flax and papyrus 
 Osiris was buried there. Lucan. 10, v. 323. 
 
 Abdalonimus, one of the descendants of 
 
 the kings of Sidon, so poor, that to maintain 
 
 himself he worked in a garden. When Alex- 
 
 lander took Sidon, he made him king in the 
 
AB 
 
 loOBi of Strato, the deposed monarch, and en- 
 larged his possessions on account of the great 
 disinterestedness of his conduct. Justin. 11, c. 
 10,— Curt. 4, c. \.—Diod. 17. 
 
 Abd'^ba, a towTi of Hispania Baetica, built 
 "by the Carthaginians. Strab. 3. A mari- 
 time city of Thrace, built by Hercules, in me- 
 mory of 4bderus, one of his favourites. The 
 Clajzonienians and Teians beautified it. Some 
 suppose that Abdera, the sister of Diomedes, 
 buitt it. The air was so unwholesome, and the 
 inhabitants of such a sluggish disposition, that 
 stupidity was commonly called Abderitica 
 7)16713. It gave birth, however, to Democritus, 
 Protagoras, Anaxarchus. and Hecatasus. Mela, 
 2, c. 2. — Cic. ad Attic. 4, ep. 16 — Herodot. 1, 
 c. 186. Mart. 10, ep. 25. 
 
 Abderia, a town of Spain. Apollod. 2, c. 5. 
 
 Abderites, a people of Psonia, obliged to 
 
 leave their country on account of the great 
 
 imraber of rats and frogs which infested it. 
 
 Justin. 15, c. 2. 
 
 Abderus, a man of OpusinLocris, armour- 
 bearer to Hercules, torn to pieces by the mares 
 of Diomedes, which the hero had intrusted to 
 his care when going to war against the Bistones. 
 Hercules built a city, which in honour of his 
 friend he called Abdera. Apollod. 2, c. 5. — 
 Philoslrat. 2, c. 25. 
 
 Abeat^, a people of Achaia,, probably the 
 inhabitants of Abia. Pam. 4, c. 30. — Plin. 4, 
 0.6. 
 
 Abella, a toTivn of Campania, whose inha- 
 bitants were called Abellani. Its nuts, called 
 cveUancE, and also its apples, were famous 
 Plrg. JEn. 1, V. n^.~Justln. 30, c. ^.~Sil 8 
 V. 544. 
 
 Abelux, a noble of Saguntum , who favour- 
 ed the party of the Romans against Carthage 
 Liv. 22, c. 22, 
 
 Abenda, a town of Caria, whose inliabi 
 f ants were the first who raised temples to the 
 city of Rome. Liv. 45, c. 6. 
 
 Aeia, formerly /re, a maritime town of 
 Messenia, one of the seven cities promised to 
 Achilles by Agamemnon. It is called after 
 Abia. daughter of Hercules, and nurse of Hyl- 
 lus. Pam. A, c. 30.— S/ra6. Q.— Horn. 11.9, 
 V. 292. 
 
 Abii, a nation between Scythia and Thrace. 
 They lived upon milk, were fond of celibacy, 
 and enemies to war. Homer. II. 13, v. 6. Ac- 
 cording to Curt. 1, c. 6, they surrendered to 
 Alexander, after they had been iadependent 
 since the reign of Cyrus. 
 
 AbVla, or Abyla, a mountain of Africa, in 
 that part which is nearest to the opposite 
 mountain called Calpe, on the coast of Spain, 
 only eighteen miles distant. These two moun- 
 tains are called the columns of Hercules, and 
 were said formerly to be united, till the hero 
 separated them, and made a communication 
 between the Mediterranean and Atlantic seas. 
 Strab. 3.— Mela, 1, c. 5, 1. 2, c. G.—Plin. 3. 
 
 Abisaresj an Indian prince, who offered to 
 surrender to Alexander. Curt. 8, c. 12. 
 
 Abis'vris, a country beyond the Hydaspes 
 in India. Arrian. 
 
 Abisontes, sQrae inhabitants of the Alps. 
 Plin. 3, c. 20. 
 Aei.ktes, a j^eoplc near Troy. Strab, 
 Abnoba, a mountain of Germany. Tacil. 
 
 AB 
 
 Abobrica, a town of Lusitania. Plin. 4, c 
 20. Another in Spain. 
 
 Abcecritus, a Boeotian general, killed with 
 a thousand men, in a battle at Chaeronea, 
 against the j^tolians. Plut. in Arat. 
 
 Abolani, a people of Latium, near Alba. 
 Plin. 5, c. 5. 
 
 Abolus, a river of Sicily. Plut. in Timol. 
 
 Aboniteichos, a town ofGalatia. Arrian. 
 in Peripl. 
 
 Aboraca, a town of Sarmatia. 
 
 Aborigines, the original inhabitants of Ita- 
 ly ; or, according to others, a nation conduct- 
 ed by Saturn into Latium, where they taught 
 the use of letters to Evander, the king of the 
 country. Their posterity was called Latini, 
 from Latinus, one of their kings. — They assist- 
 ed ^-Eneas against Turnus. Rome was built in 
 their country. The word signifies without ori- 
 gin., or whose origin is not known, and is gene- 
 rally applied to the original inliabitants of any 
 country. Liv. 1, c. 1, ^c. — Dionys. Jial. 1, c. 
 10.— Justin. 43, c. I.— Plin. 3, c. b.-r-Strab. 5. 
 
 Aborras, a river of Mesopotamia. Strab. 16, 
 
 Abradates, a king of Susa, who, when his 
 wife Panthea had been taken prisoner by Cy- 
 rus, and humanely treated, surrendered him- 
 self and his troops to the conqueror. He W'as 
 killed in the first battle which he undertook in 
 the cause of Cyrus, aud his wife stabbed her-* 
 self on his corpse, Cyrus raised a monument 
 on their tomb. Xenopk. Cyrop. 5, 6, &.c. 
 
 Abrentius, was made governor of Taren- 
 tum by Annibal. He betrayed his trust to the 
 enemy to gain the favours of a beautiful wo- 
 man, whose brother was in the Roman army. 
 Polyccn. 8. 
 
 Abrocomas, son of Darius, w^as in the army 
 of Xerxes, when he invaded Greece. He was 
 killed at Thermopylce. Herodot. 7, c, 224.-;^ 
 Plut. in Cleom. 
 
 ABRODiiETus, a name given to Parrbasius 
 the painter, on account of the sumptuous man- 
 ner of his living. Vid. Pai'rhasius. 
 
 Abron, an Athenian, who wrote some trea- 
 tises on the religious festivals and sacrifices of 
 the Greeks. Only the titles of his works ai'e 
 
 p7'eserved. Suidas. A grammarian of 
 
 Rhodes, who taught rhetoric at Rome. An- 
 other who wrote a treatise on Theocritus. 
 
 A Spartan, son of Lycurgus the orator. Plut. 
 
 in 10. Orat. A native of Argos, famous for 
 
 his debauchery. 
 
 Abronycus, an Athenian very serviceable 
 to Themistocles in his embassy to Sparta. 
 Thucyd. 1, c. 9].— Herodot. 8, c. 21. 
 
 Abronios, Silo, a Latin poet in the August- 
 tan age. He wrote some fables. Senec. 
 
 Abrota, the wife of Nisus, the youngest of 
 the sons of ^geus. As a monument to her 
 chastity, Nisus, after her death, ordered the 
 garments which she wore to become the mo- 
 dels of fashion in Megara. Plut. Qucest. Grac. 
 
 Abrotonum, the mother of Themistocles. 
 
 Plut. in Them. A town of Africa, near the 
 
 Syrtes. Plin. 5, c. 4. A harlot of Thrace, 
 
 Plut. in Arat. 
 
 Abrus, a city of the Sapaei. Paus. 7, c. 10. 
 
 Abryi-oms, an ally of Rome, driven from 
 his possessions by Perseus, the last king of 
 Macedonia. Liv. 42, c. 13 and 41. 
 
 Abskus, a giant, son of Taitarus and T6rra. 
 Hygin. Pr^rf. fab. 
 
 i 
 
AC 
 
 Absinthii, a people on the coasts of Pon- 
 tus, where there is also a mountain of the 
 same name. Herodot. 6, c. 34. 
 
 Absorus, Absyrtis, Absyrtides, islands in 
 the Adriatic, or near Istria, where Absyrtus 
 was killed, whence their name. Strab. 7. — 
 Apollod. 1, c. 9. — Lucan. 3, v. 190. 
 
 Absyrtos, a river falling into the Adriatic 
 sea, near which Absyrtus was murdered. Lu- 
 can. 3, V. 190. 
 
 Absyrtus, a son of iEetes king of Colchis 
 and Hypsea. His sister MedeaJ as she fled away 
 with Jason, tore his body to pieces, and strewed 
 his limbs in her father's way, to stop his pur- 
 suit. Some say that she murdered him in Col- 
 chis, others, near Istria. It is said by others, 
 that he was not murdered, but that he arrived 
 safe in lUyricum. The place where he was 
 killed has been called Tomos, and the river 
 adjoining to it Absyrtos. Lucan. 3, v. 190. — 
 Strab. l.—llygin. fab. 2S.—j1pollod. 1, c. 9.— 
 Flacc. 8, V. 261.— Ovid. Trist. 3, el. 9.— Cic. de 
 mt. D. 3, c. 19.— Plin. 3, c. 21 and 26. 
 
 Abulites, governor of Susa, betrayed his 
 tiTistto Alexander, and was rewarded with a 
 province. Curt. 5, c. 2. — Diod. 17» 
 
 Abydknus, a disciple of Aristotle, too much 
 indulged by his master. He wrote some his- 
 torical treatises on Cyprus, Delos, Arabia, and 
 Assyria. Phil. Jud. — Joseph, contr. Ap, 
 
 Abydos, a tovv'n of Egypt, where was tlie 
 famous temple of Osiris. Plut. de hid. and 
 Osir. A city of Asia, opposite Sestos, in 
 Europe, with which, from the narrowness of 
 the Hellespont, it seemed, to those who ap- 
 proached it by sea, to form only one town. It 
 was built by the Milesians, by permission of 
 king Gyges. It i^ famous for the amours of 
 Hero and Leander, and for the bridge of boats 
 which Xerxes built there across the Hellespont. 
 The inhabitants being besieged by Philip, the 
 father of Perseus, devoted themselves to death 
 with their families, rather than fall into the 
 hands of the enemy. Liv. 31, c. 18. — Lucan. 
 2, V. 674. — Justin. 2, c. 13. — Musaius. in Her. «^- 
 Leand.— Flacc. 1, v. 285. 
 
 Abyla. Vid. Abila. 
 
 Abylon, a city of Egypt. 
 
 Abyssinia, a large kingdom of Africa, in 
 Upper .Ethiopia, where the jNile takes its rise. 
 The inhabitants are said to be of Arabian ori- 
 gin, and were little known to the ancients. 
 
 AcACALLis, a nymph, mother of Philander 
 and Piiylacis by Apollo. These children were 
 exposed to the wild beasts in Crete ; but a goat 
 gave them her milk, and preserved their life. 
 Faus. 10, c. 16. A daughter of Minos, mo- 
 ther of Cydon, by Mercury, and of Amphithe- 
 mis by Apollo. Pans. 8, c, 53. — Jlpollun. 4, v. 
 1493. 
 
 AcACESiuM, a town of Arcadia, built by 
 Acacus son of Lycatfn. Mercury, surnamed 
 Acacesius, because brought up by Acacus as 
 his foster-father, was worshipped there. Paus. 
 8, c. 3, 36, &.C. 
 
 AcAcius, a rhetorician in the age of the em- 
 peror Julian. 
 
 AcABEMiA, a place near Athens, surrounded 
 with high trees, and adorned with spacious 
 covered walks, belonging to Academus, from 
 whom the name is derived. Some derive the 
 word from •".-<< V":, removed from the people. 
 Here Plato opened his school of philosophy, 
 
 AC 
 
 and from this, every place sacred to learniiag 
 has ever since been called Academia. To ex- 
 clude from it profaneness and dissipation, it 
 was even forbidden to laugh there. It was 
 called Acadcmia vetus, to distinguish it from 
 the second Academy founded by Arcesilaus, 
 who made some few alterations in the Platonic 
 philosophy, and from the third which was esta- 
 blished by Carneades. Cic. de Div. 1, c. 3-^ 
 Diog. 3.—JElian. V. H. 3, c. 35. 
 
 Academus, an Athenian, who discovered to 
 Castor and Pollux where Theseus had conceal* 
 ed their sister Helen, for which they amply re- 
 warded him. Plut. in The.i. 
 
 Acalandrus, or Acalyndrus, a river falling 
 into the bay of Tarentum. Plin. 3, c, 11. 
 
 Ac ALEE, a daughter of Minos and Pasiphae. 
 Apollod. 3, c. 1. 
 
 AcAMARCHis, one of the Oceanides. 
 
 AcAMAS, son of Theseus and Phaidra, went 
 with Diomedes to demand Helen from the Tro- 
 jans after her elopement from Menelaus. In 
 his embassy he had a son, called Munitus by 
 Laodice, the daughter of Priam. He was con- 
 cerned in the Trojan war, and afterwards built 
 the town of Acamentum in Phrygia, and on 
 his return to Greece called a tribe after his 
 own name at Athens. Pans. 10, c.26— Q. Ca- 
 
 lab. 12. — Hygin. 108. A son of Antenor in 
 
 the Trojan wa^. Homer. II. 11, v. 60, &c. » 
 
 A Thracian auxiliary of Priam in the Trojan 
 war* Homer. II. 11. 
 
 AcAMPsis, a river of Colchis. Arrian. 
 
 AcANTHA, a nymph loved by Apollo, and 
 changed into the flower Acanthus. 
 
 Acanthus, a town near mount Athos, be- 
 longing to Macedonia, or, according to others, 
 to Thrace. It was founded by a colony from 
 
 Andros. Thucyd. 4, c. 84. — Mela, 2, c. 2. 
 
 Another in Egypt, near the Nile, called also 
 Dulopolis. Plin. 5, c.28. An island men- 
 tioned by P/iw; 5, c. 32. 
 
 AcARA, a town of Pannonla. Another in 
 
 Italy. ;: > 
 
 AcARiA, a fountain of Corinth, where lolas 
 cut off the head of Eurystheus. Strab. 8. 
 
 AcARNANiA, (anciently Curetis) a country 
 of Epirus, at the north of the Ionian sea, divid- 
 ed from ifc^tolia by the Achelous. The inhabi- 
 tants reckoned only six months in the year ; 
 they were luxurious, and addicted to pleasure, 
 so that porcus Acarnas became proverbial. 
 Their horses were famous. It received its 
 name from Acarnas. Plin. 2, c. 90. — Mela, 2, 
 c. S.--S[rab.7 and 9.— Paus. 8, c. 24.—Lucian. 
 in Dial. Meretr. 
 
 Acarnas and Amphoterus, sons of Alcmaeon 
 and Callirhoe. Alcmseon being murdered by 
 the brothers of Ali)hesib(Ea, his former wife. 
 Callirhoe obtained from Jupiter, that herchil-' 
 dren, who were still in the cradle, might, by 
 a supernatural power, suddenly gi'ow up to 
 punish their father's raurderei's. This wa<; 
 
 granted. Vid. Alcma3on. — Paus. 8, c. 24. 
 
 Ovid. Met. 9, fab. 10. 
 
 Acarnas and Acarnan, a stony mountain oi 
 Attica. Senec. w Hippol. v. 20. 
 
 AcASTA, one of tlie Oceanides. Ilesiod. 
 Theog. V. 356. 
 
 AcASTus, son of Pelias king of Thessaly, by 
 Anaxibia, married Astydamia or Hippolyte. 
 who fell in love with Peleus, son of ^acu'; 
 when in banishment at her husband's coui't' 
 
AC 
 
 Peleus, rejecting Ihe addresses of Hippolyte, 
 was accused before Acastus of attempts upon 
 lier virtue, and soon after, at a chase, exposed 
 to Avild beasts. Vulcan, by order of Jupiter, 
 delivered Peiens, who returned to Thessaly, 
 and put to death Acastus and his wife. Vid. 
 Peleus and Astydaraia. — Ovid. Met. 8, v. 306. 
 
 Heroid. 13, v. Ib.—Apollod. 1, c. 9, &,c. 
 
 The second archon at Athens. 
 AcATHANTUs, a bay in the Red Sea. Strah. 
 
 16. 
 
 Ace A Laurcntia, the wife of Faustulus, shep- 
 herd of king Numitor's itocks, who brought up 
 Romulus and Remus, who had been exposed 
 on the banks of the Tiber.— From her wjmi- 
 tonness, she was called Lt^^Jff, (a prostitute,) 
 whence the fable that Romulus was suckled 
 by a she-wolf. Dionys. Hal. 1, c. 18. — Liv. l, 
 4;. 4. — ^'iul. Gell. 6, c. 7. The Romans year- 
 ly celebrated certain festivals [vid. Lauren- 
 talia] in honour of another prostitute of the 
 same name, which arose from this circum- 
 stance : the keeper of the temple of Hercules, 
 one day playing at dice, made the god one of 
 the number, on condition that if Hercules was 
 defeated, he should make him a present, but if 
 he conquered, he should be entertained with 
 an elegant feast, and share his bed with a beau- 
 tiful female. Hercules was victorious, and ac- 
 cordingly Acca was conducted to the bed of 
 Hercules, who in reality came to see her, and 
 told her in the morning to go into the streets, 
 and salute with a kiss the first man she met. 
 This was Tarrutius, an old unmai-ried man, 
 who, not displeased with Acca's liberty, loved 
 her, and made her the heiress of all his posses- 
 sions. These, at her death, she gave to the 
 Roman people, whence the honours paid to her 
 
 memory. Plat. Qucpst. Rom. 4' "i Romul. 
 
 A companion of Camilla. Virg. ^n. 11, v. 
 820. 
 
 AcciA or Atia, daughter of Julia and M. 
 Atius Balbus, was the mother of Augustus, and 
 died about 40 years B. C. Dio. — Suet, in Aug. 
 
 4. Variola, an illustrious female, whose 
 
 cause was elegantly pleaded by Pliny. Plin. 
 6, ep. 33. 
 
 AcciLA, a town of Sicily. Liv. 24, c. 35. 
 
 L. Accius, a Roman tragic poet, whose 
 roughness of style Quintilian has imputed to the 
 unpolishe^I age in which he lived. He trans- 
 lated some of the tragedies of Sophocles, but 
 of his numerous pieces only some of the names 
 are know^i; and among these, his JVuptiae, 
 Mercator, Neoptolemus, Phffinice, Medea, 
 Atreus, he. The great marks of honour 
 which he received at Rome, may be collected 
 from this circumstance : that a man was severe- 
 ly reprimanded by a magistrate for mentioning 
 bis name without revereiice. Some few of his 
 verses are preserved in Cicero and other wri- 
 ters. He died about 190 years B. C. Horat. 
 2, ep. 1, v. 56.— Odd. Mi. 1, el. 15, v. 19.— 
 quinUl. 10, c. l.—Cic. ad Alt. ^ in Br. de 
 
 Oral. 3, c. 16. A famous orator of Pisau- 
 
 rum in Cicero's age. Labeo, a foolish poet 
 
 mentioned Fers. 1, v. 50. Tullius, a prince 
 
 of the Volsci, vcr>' inimical to the Romans. 
 Coriolanus, when banished by his country- 
 men, fled to him, and led his armies against 
 Rome. Liv. 2, c. 37. — Plut. in Coriol. 
 
 Acco, a general of the Senones in Gaul. 
 Cccs.bdl. Gail, 6; e,4and44. Anoldwojaan 
 
 AC 
 
 who fell mad on seeing her deformity in a look'^ 
 ing-glass. Hesych. 
 
 AccuA, a town in Italy, Liv. 24, c. 20. 
 
 AcE, a town in Phoenicia, called also Ptole- 
 mais, now Acre. C. JVep. in Datam. c. 5.—- — 
 A place of Arcadia, near Megalopolis, where 
 Orestes was cured from the persecution of the 
 furies, who had a temple there. Paus. 8, v. 34. 
 
 AcERATUs, a soothsayer, who remained 
 alone at Delphi when the approach of Xerxes 
 frightened away the inhabitants. Herodot. 8, 
 c. 37. 
 
 AcERBAS, a priest of Hercules at Tyre, who 
 married Dido. Vid. Sichseus. — Justin. 18, c. 4. 
 
 AcERiNA, a colony of the Brutii in Magna 
 Grajcia, taken by Alexander of Epirus. Liv. 8. 
 c. 24. 
 
 AcERR^, an ancient town of Campania, 
 near the river Clanius. It still subsists, and the 
 frequent inundations from the river which ter- 
 rified its ancient inhabitants, are now prevent- 
 ed by the large drains dug there. Virg. G.2, 
 V. 22b.— Liv. 8, c. 17. 
 
 AcERSEcoMEs, a sumame of Apollo, which 
 signifies unshorn. Jliv. 8, v. 128. 
 
 Aces, a river of Asia. Herodot. 3, c. 117, 
 
 AcESiA, part of the island of Lemnos, which 
 received this name from Philoctetes, whose 
 w-ound was cured there. Pkilostr. 
 
 AcESiNEs, a river of Sicily. Thusyd. 4, c. 25. 
 
 AcEsiNus, or AcEsiNEs, a river of Persia 
 falling into the Indus. Its banks produce reeds 
 of such an uncommon size, that a piece of 
 them, particularly between two knots, can 
 serve as a boat to cross the water. Justin. 12, 
 c. 9.— Plin. 4, c. 13. 
 
 AcEsius, a surname of Apollo, in Elis and 
 Attica, as god of medicine, Paus. 6, c. 24. 
 
 AcESTA, a tow^n of Sicily, called after king 
 Acestes, and known also by the name of Se- 
 gesta. It was built by ^neas, who left here 
 part of his crew as he was going to Italy, Virg. 
 JEn. 5, V. 746, he. 
 
 Acestes, son of Crinisus and Egesta, was 
 king of the country near Drepanum in Sicily. 
 He assisted Priam in the Trojan war, and kind- 
 ly entertained .^neas during his voyage, and 
 heljjed him to bury his ftither on mount Eryx. 
 In commemoration of this, iEneas built a city 
 there, called Accsta, from Acestes. Virg. JEn. 
 5, V. 746. 
 
 AcESTiuM, a woman w'ho saw all her rela- 
 tions invested with the sacred office of torch 
 bearers in the festivals of Ceres. Paus. 1, c. 37. 
 
 AcESTODORUS, a Greek historian, who men- 
 tions the review which Xerxes made of his 
 forces before the battle of Salamis. Plut. iip 
 Thcmst. 
 
 AcESTORiDES, an Athenian archon. A 
 
 Corinthian governor of Syracuse. Diod. 19. 
 
 AcETEs, one of Evander's attendants. Virg. 
 JEn.lhw'^O. 
 
 AciiABYTos, a lofty mountain in Rhodes, 
 where Jupiter had a teiuj le. 
 
 AcHiF.A, a surname of Pallas, whose temple 
 in Daunia was defended by dogs, who fawned 
 upon the Greeks, but fiercely attacked all 
 
 other persons. Arisioi. de .Mirab. Cere* 
 
 was called Achaea, from her lamentations (;'%*) 
 at the loss of Proserpine. Plut. in Isid. ^ Osir. 
 
 AcHiEi, the descendants of Achajus, at first 
 inhabited the country near Argos, but being 
 driven bv the Heraclidie 80 years after the Tro- 
 
 1 
 
AC 
 
 jan war, they retired among the lonians, whose 
 twelve cities they seized and kept. The names 
 of these cities arc Pelena, jEgira, iEges, Bura^ 
 Tritaea, .^gion, Rhypae, Olenos, Helice, Patrcc, 
 Dyme, and Phara}. The inhabitants of tliese 
 three last began a famous confederacy, 2S4 
 years B. C. which continued formidable up- 
 W'ards of 130 years, under the name of the 
 Jichtzan league, and weis most illustrious whilst 
 supported by the splendid viitues and abilities 
 of Aratus and Philopffimen. Their arms were 
 directed against the ^tolians for three years, 
 with the assistance of Philip of Macedon. and 
 they grew powerful by the accession of neigh- 
 bouring states, and treed their country from 
 foreign slavery, till at last they were attacked 
 by tJie Romans, and, after oneVear's hosiilities, 
 the Achaean league was totally destroyed, B. C. 
 147. The Achajans extended the boi-ders of 
 their country by conquest, and even planted 
 
 colonies in Magna Gra^cia. The name of 
 
 Achcti is generally applied to all the Greeks 
 indiscriminatelv, by the poets. Jld. Achaia. 
 Herodof. I.e. 145, 1. 8, c. 36.—Siat. Theb. 2, v. 
 164.—Polyb.—Liv. I. 27, 32, kc.—Plut. in 
 Pkilop.—Plin. 4, c. 5.~0vid. Met. 4, v. 605.— 
 
 Paiis. 7, c. 1, fee. Also a people of Asia on 
 
 tiie borders of the Euxine. Ovid, de Pont. 4, 
 «1. 10, V. 27. 
 
 AcH^iuM, a place of Troas opposite Tene- 
 dos. — Strab. 8. 
 
 AcH.EMEyES, a king of Persia, among the 
 progenitors of C\tus the Great; whose de- 
 seendants were called Acheemenides.and form- 
 ed a separate tribe in Persia, of which the 
 kings were members. Cambyses, sou of Cyrus, 
 on his death-bed, charged his nobles, and par- 
 ticularly the Achaemenides, not to suft'er the 
 Medes to recover their former power, and 
 abolish the empire of Persia. Herodut. 1, c. 
 125, 1. 3, c. 65, 1. 7, c. \\.—norcd.2. od. 12, v. 
 21.— — A Persian, made governor of Eg-j-pt by 
 Xerxes, B. C. 434. 
 
 AcH^sMENi.!, part of Persia, called after 
 Achffimenes. Hence Achamenius. Horat. 
 Epod. 13, v. 12. 
 
 AchjEmenides, a native of Ithaca, son of 
 Adi^amastus, and one of the companions of 
 Ulysses, abandoned on the coast of Sicily, 
 wiiere yEneas, on his voyage to Italy, found 
 him. Virg. JEn. 3, v. 624. Ovid. lb. 417. 
 
 AcMsoRUM LiTTUs, a harbour in Cyprus. 
 
 Strab. In Troas, In iEolia, in Pe- 
 
 Toponnesus; on the Euxine, Pans. 4, c. 34. 
 
 AcH.«:oROBi sTATio, a place on the coast 
 ©f the Thracian Chersonesus, where Polyxena 
 MTis sacrificed to the shades of Achilles, and 
 where Hecuba killed Polymnestor, who had 
 murdered her son Polydorus. 
 
 AcHTEL's, a king of Lydia, hung by his;sub- 
 
 .fects for his extortion. Ovid in lb. A son of 
 
 Xuthus of Thessaly. He fled, after the acci- 
 dental murder of a man, to Peloponnesus^; 
 where the inhabitants were called, from him, 
 AchaM. He afterwards returned to Thessaly. 
 airalj. 8. — Pans. 7, c. 1.-^ A tragic poet 
 
 of Eretria, who wrote 43 tragedies, of which 
 some of the titles are presei-ved, such as Adi-as- 
 ttis, Linus, Cycnus, Euraenldes, Phiioctetes, 
 Piritiious, Theseus, (Edipusjiic. ; of these only 
 one obtained the pviza. He lived some time 
 -after Sophocles. Another of Syracuse, au- 
 thor of ten tragedies. A rirer which fall* 
 
 5 
 
 AC 
 
 into the Euxine. Arrian in Penpl. • A rejs^ 
 tion of Antiochus the Great, appointed gover- 
 nor of all the king's provinces beyond Taurug, 
 He aspired to sovereign power, which he dis- 
 puted for 8 years with Antiochus, and was at 
 last betrayed by a Cretan. His limbs Avere cut 
 off, and his body, sewed in the skin of an ass, 
 was exposed on a gibbet. Polyb. 8. 
 
 Achaia, called also IIella.s, a country of 
 Peloponnesus at the north of Elis on the bay of 
 Corinth, which is now part of Livadia. It was 
 originally called ^-Egialus (short) from its si- 
 tuation. The lonians called it Ionia, when 
 they settled there ; and it received the name 
 of Achaia from the Achasi, who dispossessed 
 
 the lonians. Vid. Jlchizi. A small part of 
 
 Phthiotis was also called Achaia, of which 
 Alos vs^as the capital. 
 
 AciiAicuM BELLCM. Vid Achaii. 
 
 AcHARA, a town near Sardis. Strab. 14. 
 
 AcHARENSEs, a pcoplc of Sicily, near Syra- 
 cuse. Cic. in Ver. 3. 
 
 AcHARNJS, a village of Attica. Thiicyd. 2, 
 c. 19. 
 
 Achates, a friend of ^Eneas, whose fidelity 
 was so exemplary, that Fidus Achates became 
 
 a proverb. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 3 16. A river of 
 
 Sicily. 
 
 AcHELoiDEs, a patronymic given to the Si? 
 reus as daughters of Achelous. Ovid. Met. 6, 
 fab. 15. 
 
 AcHELORiDM, a rivei* of Thessaly. Po- 
 lyan. 8. 
 
 Achelous, the son of Oceanus or Sol, by 
 Terra or Tcthys, god of the river of the same 
 name of Epirus. As one of the numerous 
 suitors of Dejanka, daughter of CEneus, he en- 
 tered the lists against Hercules, and being infe- 
 rior, changed liimself into a serpent, and after- 
 wards into an ox. Hercules broke off one of 
 his horns, and Achelous being defeated, retired 
 in disgrace into his bed of waters. The broken 
 horn was taken up by the nymphs, and filled 
 u'ith fruits and flowers ; and after it had for 
 some time adorned the hand of the conqueror, 
 it Avas presented to the goddess of Plenty. 
 Some say that he Avas changed into a river afr 
 ter the victory of Hercules. This ri\er is in 
 Epirus. and rises in mount Pindus, and after 
 dividing Acarnania from iEtolia, falls into tlie 
 Ionian sea. The sand and mud Avhich it carries 
 doAAn, haAc formed some islands at its mouth. 
 This river is said by some to have sprung from 
 tiie earth after the deluge. Htrodot. 2, c. 10.- 
 — Strab. 10.— Ovid. Met. 8, fab. 5, 1. 9, fab. L 
 Amor. 3. el. 6, v. 35. — Apollod. 1, c. 3 and 7, 1. 
 2, c. 7. — Hygin.prcef. fab. A riA^r of Arca- 
 
 dia, falling into the Alpl^us. Another floAV- 
 
 ing from mount Sipylus. Pans. 8, c. 38. 
 
 AcHERous, a tribe of Attica ; hence AdiQr- 
 diisius in Demoxth. 
 
 AcHERiMi, a people of Sicily. Cic. 3, in 
 Verr. 
 
 Acheron, a river of Thesprotia, in Epinis, 
 falling into the bay of Ambracia, Homer call- 
 ed it, from the dead appearance of its Avaters, 
 one of the riA'ersof hell, and tiie fable has been 
 adopted by all succeeding poets, Avho make the 
 god of the stream to be the son of Ceres AAith- 
 ont a father, and say that he concealed himself 
 in hell for fear of the Titans, and wa--' changed 
 into a bitter sU'eam, over Avhicli the souls of 
 the dead are at li)*st conveyed. It receives,. 
 
AC 
 
 say the)'', the souls of the dead, because a 
 deadly languor seizes them at the hour of dis- 
 solution. Some make him son of Titan, and 
 suppose that he was plunged into hell by Jupi- 
 ter, for supplying the Titans with water. The 
 word Acheron is often taken for hell itself. 
 Jiorat. 1, od. 3, v. 3Q.—Virg. G. % v. 292. Mn. 
 2, V. 295, &c. — Stmb. 7. — Lucan. 3, v. 16. — 
 
 6i/. 9.. Silv. 6, V. 80.— Lu'. 8, c . 24. A river 
 
 of Ells in Peloponnesus. Another on the 
 
 Cliphaean mountains. Orpheus. Also a ri- 
 ver in the country of the Brutii, in Italy. Jus- 
 (in. 12, c. 2. 
 
 AcHKKOxNTiA, a town of Apulia on a moun- 
 tain, thence called JVidushy Horat. 3, od. 4, v. 
 14. 
 
 AcHERusiA, a lake of Egypt near Memphis, 
 over which, as Diodorus, /i6. 1. mentions, the 
 bodies of the dead were conveyed, and receiv- 
 ed sentence according to the actions of their 
 life. The boat was called Baris, and the ferry- 
 man Charon. Hence arose the fable of Cha- 
 ron and the Styx, &c. afterwards imported into 
 Greece by Orpheus, and adopted in the reli- 
 gion of tlie country. — — There was a river of 
 the same name in Epirus, and another in Italy 
 and Calabria. 
 
 AcHERusiAS, a place or cave in Chersonesus 
 Taurica, where Hercules, as is reported, drag- 
 ged Cerberus out of hell. Xenoph. Anah. 6. 
 
 AcHETus, a river of Sicily. Sil. 14. 
 
 Achillas, a general of Ptolemy, who mur- 
 dered Pompey the Great. Plui. in Pomp. — 
 Lucan. 8, v. 538. 
 
 Achillea, a peninsula near the mouth of 
 the Boiysthenes. Mela. 2, c. 1. — Herodot. 4, 
 
 c. 55 and 76. ^An island at the mouth of 
 
 the Ister, where was the tomb of Achilles, 
 over which it is said that bh'ds never flew. 
 
 riin. 10, c. 29. A fountain of Miletus, 
 
 whose waters rise salted from the earth, and 
 afterwards sweeten in their course. Allien. 2, 
 c. 2. 
 
 Achilleus or Ac^uileus, a Roman general 
 in Egypt, in the reign of Dioclesian, wiio re- 
 belled, and for five years maintained the impe- 
 rial dignity at Alexandria. Dioclesian at last 
 inarched against him ; and because he had sup- 
 ported a long siege, the emperor ordered him 
 to be devoured by lions. 
 
 AcHiLLEiEKsis, a ])8ople near Macedonia. 
 Xenoph. Hist. Grac. 3. 
 
 AciriLLicis, a poem of Statins, in which he 
 descnbes the education and memorable actions 
 of Achilles. This composition is imperfect. 
 The poet's immature de.'Uh deprived the world 
 of a valuable history of the life and exploits 
 of this famous liero. Vid. Statins. 
 
 Achilles, the son of Peleus and Tlietis, 
 was the bravest of all the Greeks in the Trojan 
 war. During his infancy, Thetis plunged him 
 in the Styx, and made every part of his body 
 invulnerable, except the heel by which she 
 held hi)n. His education was intrusted to the 
 centaur Chiron, wiio tau^hthira the art of war, 
 and made him master of music, and by feed- 
 ing him with the marrow of wild beasts, ren- 
 dered him vigorous and active. He was taught 
 eloquence by PhcEnix,w horn he ever after lov- 
 ed and respected Thetis, to {)revent him from 
 going to the Tiojan wai*, where she knew he 
 was to peiish, privately sent him to the court 
 of L}xomede£; where' he was disguised iu a 
 
 AG 
 
 female dress, and, by his familiarity with the 
 king's daughters, made Deidamia mother of 
 Neoptoleraus. As Troy could not be taken 
 w^ithout the aid of Achilles, Ulysses went to the 
 court of Lycomedos, in the habit of a mer- 
 chant, and exposed jewels and arms to sale. 
 Achilles, choosing the arms, discovered his 
 sex, and went to war. Vulcan, at the entrea- 
 ties of Thetis, made him a strong suit of ar- 
 mour, which was proof against all weapons. 
 He was deprived by Agamemnon of his favour- 
 ite mistress, Briseis, who had fallen to his lot 
 at tho division of the booty of Lyrnessus. For 
 tljis aflVont, he refused to appear in the field 
 till the death of his friend Patroclus recalled 
 him to action, and to revenge. [Vid. Patro- 
 clus.'] He slew Hector, the bulwark of Troy, 
 tied the corpse by the heels to his chariot, and 
 dragged it three times round the walls of Troy. 
 After thus appeasing the shades of his friend, 
 he yielded to the tears and entreaties of Pri- 
 am, and permitted the aged father to ransom 
 and carry away Hector's body. In the 10th 
 year of the war, Achilles was charmed with 
 Polyxena ; and as he solicited her hand in the 
 temi)le of Minei'va, it is said that Paris aimed 
 an arrow at his vulnerable heel, of which 
 wound he died. His body was buried at 
 Sigseum, and divine honours W'cre paid to him, 
 and temples raised to his memory. It is said, 
 that after the taking of Troy, the ghost of Achil- 
 les appeared to the Greeks, and demanded of 
 them Polyxena, who accordingly was sacri- 
 ficed on his tomb by his son Neoptolemus. 
 Some say that this sacrifice was voluntary, 
 and that Polyxena was so grieved at his death, 
 that she killed herself on his tomb. The Thes- 
 salians yearly sacrificed a black and a white 
 bull on !iis tomb. It is reported that he mar- 
 ried Helen after the siege of Troy ; but others 
 maintain, that this marriage happened after 
 his death, in the island of Leuce, where many 
 of the ancient heroes liv'ed, as in a separate 
 elysium. [Vid. Leuce.'] When Achilles was 
 young, his mother asked him wh ether he pre- 
 ferred a long life, spent in obscurity and re- 
 tirement, or a few years of military fame and 
 glory .'' and that to Iiis honour he made choice 
 of the latter. Some ages after tlie Trojan war, 
 Alexander, going to the conquest of Persia, 
 oftered sacrifices on the tomb of Achilles, and 
 admired the hero wiio hud found a Homer to 
 |)ublish his fame to posterity. Xenoph. de ve~ 
 tint. — Plut. in Alex. — De facie in Orhe Lim, 
 De music. De amic. mult. Qua:sl. Grac. — 
 Pans. 3, c. 18, k.c.—Dix)d. 17.— Stat. AchiL— 
 Ovid. Met. 12, fab. 3, &c. Trist. 3, el. 5, v. 
 37, k,c.— Virg. JEn. 1, v. 472, 488, 1. 2, v. 275, 
 1. 6, V. 58, k^c.—Apollod. 3, c. 13.— Hysin. 
 fab. 96 and 110.— Strab. 14.— Plin. 35, c. 15.— 
 Max. Tijr. Oral. 2't,—IlGrat. 8, 1, od. 1. 2, od. 
 4 and 16, 1. 4, od. 6, 2, ep. 2, v. 42.— Horn. II. ^• 
 Od.—Dictis. Cret. 1, 2, 3, he— Dares. 
 Phryg.—Juv. 7, v. 210. — Apollon. 4. — Ar- 
 gon. V. 869. There were other persons of 
 
 the same name. The most known were a 
 
 man who received Juno when she flod from 
 
 Jupiter's courtship the preceptor of Chiron 
 
 the centaur a son of .Tupiter and Lamia, 
 
 declared by Pan to be fairer than Venus a 
 
 man who instituted ostracism at Athens. 
 
 Tatius, a native of Alexandria, in the age of 
 ! the emperor ClaudiuS; but originally a pagan', 
 
 i 
 
AC 
 
 converted to Christianity, and made a bishop. 
 He wrote a mixed history of great men, a 
 treatise on the sphere, tactics, a romance on 
 the loves of Clitophon and Lucieppe, he. Some 
 manuscripts of his Avorks are preserved in the 
 Vatican and Palatinate libraries. The best 
 edition of his works is that in 12mo. L. Bat. 
 1640. 
 
 AcHiLLEUM, a town of Troas near the 
 tomb of Achilles, built by the Mityleneans. 
 Plin. 5, c. 30. 
 
 Ac HI VI, the name of the inhabitants of 
 Ai'gos and Lacedasmon before the return of 
 the Heraclidae, by Avhora they were expelled 
 from their possessions 80 years after the Tro- 
 jan war. Being without a home, they drove 
 the lonians from ..Egialus, seized their twelve 
 cities, and called the country Achaia. The lo- 
 nians were received by the Athenians. The 
 appellation olJlchivi is indiscriminately appli- 
 ed by the ancient poets to all the Greeks. Paus. 
 1, c. 1, he. Vid. Achaia, 
 
 AcHLAD^EUs, a Corinthian general, killed 
 by Aristomenes. Paus. 4, c. 19. 
 
 AciiOLOE, one of the Harpies. Hygin. 14. 
 
 AcicHilRius, a general with Brennus in 
 the expedition "which the Gauls undertook 
 against Peeonia. Paus. 10, c. 10. 
 
 AciDALiA, a surname of Venus, from a 
 fountain of the same name in Bcsotia, sacred to 
 her. The Graces bathed in the fountain. — 
 Virg. JEn. 1, v. 12.Q.—0vid. Fast. 4, v. 468. 
 
 AciDASA, a river of Peloponnesus, former- 
 ly called Jardanus. Paus. 5, c. 5. 
 
 AciLiA, a plebeian family at Rome, W"hlch 
 
 traced ifs pedigree up to the Trojans. The 
 
 mother of Lucan, 
 
 AciLiA LEX was enacted, A. U. C.556, by 
 Acilius the tribune, for the plantation of five 
 
 colonies in Italy. Liv. 32, c. 29. Another 
 
 called also Capurnia, A. U. C. 684, which en- 
 acted, that no person convicted of ambitus, or 
 using bribes at elections, should be admitted 
 in the senate, or hold an office. Another con- 
 cerning such as were guilty of extortion in the 
 provinces. 
 
 M. Acilius Balbus, was consul with For- 
 tius Cato, A. U. C. 640. It is said, that during 
 his consulship, milkand blood fell from heaven. 
 
 Plin. 2, c. 56. Glabrio, a tribune of the 
 
 people, who with a legion quelled the insur- 
 gent Javes in Etruria. Being consul Avilh P. 
 Corn. Scipio Nasica, A. U. C. 563, he con- 
 quered Antiochus at Thermopylae, for which 
 he obtained a triumph, and three days were 
 appointed for a public thanksgiving. He stood 
 for the censorship against Cato, but desisted 
 on account of the false measures used by his 
 competitor. Jiislin 31, c. 6. — Liv. 30, c. 40, 
 
 1. 31, c. 50, 1. 35, c. 10, he. The son of the 
 
 preceding, erected a temple to Piety, which 
 his father had vowed to this goddess Avhen 
 'fighting against Antiochus, He raised a golden 
 statue to his father, the first that appeared in 
 Italy. The temple of Piety was built on the 
 spot where once a woman had fed with her 
 milk her aged fatiier, whom the senate had im- 
 prisoned, and exchuled from all aliments. Val. 
 
 Max. 2, c, 5. The enactor of a law against 
 
 bribery. A pretor in the time tliat Verres 
 
 was accused by Cicero. ^A man accused of 
 
 i'xtorlion, and twice defended by Cicero. He 
 was proconsul of Sicily, and lieutenant to Cae- 
 gar in tU<; civil waj-j, Oes. Bdl. Civ. 3; c. Id. 
 
 AC 
 
 A consul, wliose son was killed by Doml- 
 
 tian, because he fought with wild beasts. The 
 true cause of this murder w^as, that young 
 Glabrio was stronger than the emperor, and 
 therefore envied. — Juv. 4, v. 84. 
 
 AciLLA, a town of Africa, near Adrumetum 
 (some read Acolla). Ccbs. Afr. c. 33. 
 
 Acis, a shepherd of Sicily, son of Faunus 
 and the nymph Simaethis. Galatea passionate- 
 ly loved him ; upon which his rival, Voly^he- 
 mus, through jealousy, crushed him to death 
 whh apiece of a broken rock. The gods chang- 
 ed Acis into a stream which rises from mount 
 .5:tna. Ovid. Met. 13, fab. 8. 
 
 AcMON, a native of Lyrnessus, who accorp- 
 panied ^Eneas into Italy. His father's name 
 was Clytus. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 128. 
 
 AcaioNiDES, one of the Cyclops. Ovid. 
 Fast. 4, v. 288. 
 
 AccETEs, the pilot of the ship whose crew 
 found Bacchus asleep, and carried him away. 
 As they ridiculed the god, they were changed 
 into sea monsters, but Accetes was preserved. 
 Ovid. Met. 3, fab. 8, &c. Vid. Acetes. 
 
 AcoNTEs, one of Lycaon'sSO sons. Jlpollod. 
 3, c. 8. 
 
 AcoxTEus, a famous hunter, changed into 
 a stone by the head of Medusa, at the nuptials 
 of Perseus and Andromeda. Ovid. Met. 5, 
 
 V. 201. Aperson killed in the wars of iEneas 
 
 and Turnus, in Italy. Virg. JEn. 11, v. 615. 
 
 AcoNTiuS; a youth of Cea, who, when he 
 Aventto Delos to see the sacrifices of Diana, fell 
 in love Avith Cydippe, a beautiful virgin, and 
 being unable to obtain her, on account of the 
 obscurity of his origin, wrote these A-erses on 
 an apple, Avhich he thrcAA'' into her bosom : 
 
 Juro tibi sanctce per mystica sacra DiancEj 
 
 Me tibi veniuram comitem, sponsamque fa- 
 turum. 
 Cydippe read the verses, and being compelled 
 by the oath she had inadvertently made, mar- 
 ried Acontius. Ovid. Her. ep. 20. A moun- 
 tain of Bosotia. Plin. 4, c. 7. 
 
 AcoNTOBULus, a place of Cappadocia, un- 
 der Hippolyte, queen of the Amazons. £pol- 
 Ion. arg. 2. 
 
 AcoRis, a king of Egypt, Avho assisted EA:a- 
 goras king of Cyprus against Persia. Diod. 15. 
 
 AcRA, a to wn of Italy , Eubcsa, Cy- 
 prus, Acarnania, Sicily, Africa, 
 
 Sarmatia, &c. A promontory of Cala- 
 
 bria, now Cape di Leuca. 
 
 AcRADiNA, the citadel of Syracuse, taken 
 by Marcellus the Roman consul. Plut. in 
 Marcel. — Cic. in Verr. 4. 
 
 AcR«, a mountain in Peloponnesus. Paus. 
 2, C.34. 
 
 AcRyEA, a daughter of the river Asterion, 
 A surname or Diana, from a temple built 
 
 to her by Melampns, on a mountain near Ar- 
 gos. A surname of Juno, Pa^is. 2, c. 17. 
 
 AcR^PHNiA, a toAvn in Bceotia; whence 
 Apollo is called Acra3phnius. Hcrodol. 8, c. 135. 
 
 AcRAGALLiD^, a dishoiiBst iiatioH living an<- 
 ciently near Athens. JEsch. contra Ctesipk. 
 
 AcRAGAS. Vid. Agragas. 
 
 AcRATUs, a freed man of Nero, sent into 
 Asia to plunder the temples of the gods. I'ac. 
 An. 15, c. 45, 1. 16, c. 23. 
 
 AcRiAs, one of Hippodamia's suitors. Paw^. 
 
 6, c. 21. Hebuilt Acriaj, atOAvn of Laconia. 
 
 M3, c. 21. 
 
 AcRiDopjucJ; im .Ethiopian uatiou; "nho 
 
AC 
 
 fcflupon locust,:^; and lived not beyond tlielr 
 40th year. At the approach of old age, swarms 
 of winged lice attacked them, and gnawed 
 their belly and breast, till the patient by rub- 
 bing himself drew blood, which increased 
 their number, and ended m his death. Diod. 
 S.—Plin. 11, c. 29.— Strab. 16. 
 
 AcRioN, a Pythagorean philosopher of Lo- 
 cris. Cic. defm. 5, c. 29. 
 
 AcRisioNEus, a patronymic applied to the 
 Argives, from Acrisius, one of their ancient 
 kings, or from Arisione, a town of Argoli-j, 
 called after a daughter of Acrisius of the same 
 name. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 410. 
 
 AcRisiONiADEs, a patronymic of Ferscus, 
 from his grandfather Acrisius. Ovid. Met. 5. 
 V. 70. 
 
 Acrisius, son of Abas, king of Argos, by 
 Ocalea, daughter of Mantineus. He was born 
 at the same birth as Proetns, witiiwhom it is 
 said that he quarrelled even in his mother's 
 womb. After many dissentions Prffitus was 
 driven from Argos. Acrisius had Danae by 
 Eurydice daughter of Lacedcemon ; and being 
 told by au oracle, that his daughter's son would 
 put him to death, he confined Danae in a bra- 
 zen to^ver, to prevent her becoming a mother. 
 She however became pregnant, by Jupiter 
 changed into a golden shower ; and though 
 Acrisius ordered her, aud her infant, called 
 Perseus, to be exposed on the sea, yet they 
 were saved ; and Perseus soon after became 
 so famous for his actions, that Acrisius, anxious 
 to see so renowned a grandson, went to Laris- 
 sa. Here Perseus, wishing to show his skill 
 in throwing a quoit, killed an old man who pro- 
 ved to be his grandfather, whom he knew not, 
 and thus the oracle was unhappily fulfdled. 
 Acrisius reigned about 31 years. Hygin. fab. 
 m.—Ovid. Mel. 4, fab. \Q.—Horat. 3, od. 16.— 
 Apollod. 2, c. 2, he— Pans. 2, c, 16, kc.—Vid. 
 Danae, Perseus, Polydcctes. 
 
 AcRiTAS, a promontory of Messenia, in 
 Peloponnesus. Flin. 4, c. 5. — Mela. 2, c. 
 3. 
 
 AcROATiiON or AcROTHoos, a town on the 
 top of mount Athos, whose inhabitants lived 
 to an uncommon old age. Mela. 2, c. 2. — 
 Plin. 8, c. 10. 
 
 AcRocERAUNiuM, a promontory of Epirus, 
 ■with mountains called Acroceraunia, which 
 project between the Ionian and Adriatic 
 seas. The Avord comes from afig^, high, and 
 v*eMiv(3i', thunder ; because, on account of their 
 gi'eat heiglU, they w^ere often struck with 
 thunder. Liicret. 6, v. 420. — Plin. 4, c. 1. — 
 Virg. JEn. 3, v. 506.— Strab. Q.-Horat. 1, od. 
 3,v. 20. 
 
 AcRocoRiNxnus, a lofty mountain on the 
 isthmus of Corinth, trdcen by Aratus, B. C. 
 243. There is a temple of Venus on the top, 
 and Corinth is built at the bottom. Strah. 8. 
 — jPaws. 2j C.4. — Plat, in Aral. — Slat. Thcb. 7, 
 V. 106. 
 
 AcRoy, a king of Cenina. killed by Romu- 
 lus in single combat, after the rape of the Sa- 
 bines. His spoils were dedicated *o Jupiter 
 
 Fereti'ius. Plut. in Romtd. A physician of 
 
 Agrigentum, B. C. 43i>, educated at Athens 
 witit JBmpcdocles. He wrote physical treatises 
 in the Doric dialect- and cured the Athenians 
 of a plague, by lighting fire near the houses of 
 the infected, riin. 29, c. 1. — Plut. in Isid. 
 
 AC 
 
 " One of the friends of ^neas, killed Ijy 
 
 Mezentus. Virg. ,j^n. 10, v. 7 19. 
 
 AcROPATOs, one of x\le|;ander's officers, 
 who obtained part of Media after the king's 
 death. Justin. 13, c. 4. 
 
 Acropolis, the ci(adel of Athens, built 
 on a rock, and accessible only on one side. 
 Minerva had a temple at the bottom. Paus. 
 in Attic. 
 
 AcROTATus, son of Cleomenes, king of 
 Sparta, died before his father, leaving a son 
 
 called Areus. Paus. 1, c. 13, 1. 3, c. 6. A son 
 
 of Areus, who was greatly loved by Chelidoni?, 
 wife of Cleonymus. This amour displeased 
 her husband, who called Pyrrhus the Epirot, 
 to avenge his wrongs. When Sparta was be- 
 sieged b}'- Pyrrhus, Acrotatus was seen bravely 
 fighting in the middle of the enemy, and com- 
 mended by the multitude, who congratulated 
 Chelidonis on being mistress to such a warlike 
 lover. Plat, in Pyrrh. 
 
 AcROTHoos. Vid. Acroathon. 
 
 Acta or Acte, a country of Attica. This 
 word signifies shore, and is applied to Attica, as 
 being near the sea. It is derived by some 
 writers, from Actasus a king, from whom the 
 Athenians have been called Actaei. Ovid. 
 Met. J, V. 'il^.—Virg. Ed. 2, v. 23. 
 
 Acta, a place near mount Athos on the 
 ^gean Sea. Thucyd. 4, c. 109. 
 
 AcT.'EA, one of the Nereides. Hesiod. TJi. 
 
 250. — Homer. II. 18, v. 41. A surname of 
 
 Ceres. A daughter of Danaus. Apollod. 2, 
 
 c. 1. 
 
 ActjEon, a famous huntsman, son of Aris- 
 taius and Autonoe daughter of Cadmus, whence 
 he is called Autoneius heros. He saw Diana 
 and her attendants bathing near Gargaphia, 
 for which he was changed into a stag, and 
 devoured by his own dogs. Paus. 9, c.2. — 
 
 Ovid. Met. 3, fab. 3. A beautiful youth, son 
 
 of Melissus of Corinth, whom Archias, one 
 of the Heraclidffi, endeavoured to debauch 
 and carry away. He was killed in the struggle 
 which in consequence of this happened be- 
 tween his fiither and ravisher. Melissus com- 
 plained of the insult, and drowned himself; 
 and soon after the country being visited by a 
 pestilence, Archias was expelled. Plut. in 
 Amal. 
 
 AcT.'Eus, a powerful person who made 
 himself master of a part of Greece, which he 
 called Attica. His daughter Agraulos married 
 Cecrops, whom the Athenians called (heir first 
 king, though Actaius reigned before him. 
 
 Paus. 1, c. 2 and 14 The word is of the same 
 
 signification as .dlticus an inhabitant of Attica. 
 
 Acte, a mistress of Nero, descended from 
 
 Attains. Sudan, in .Ver. 28. One of the 
 
 Hora\ Hygin. fab. 183. 
 
 AcTiA, the mother of .Augustus. As she 
 slept in the femple of Apollo, she dreamt 
 tliot a dragon had lalji with her. Nine months 
 after, she brought forth, haying previously 
 dreamt that her bowels were scattered all over 
 
 the world. Suet, in Aug. 94. Games sacred 
 
 to Apollo, in commemoration of the victory of 
 Augustus over M. Antony at Actium. They 
 were celebi'ated eveiy third, sometimes fifth 
 year, with great pomp, and the Lacedaemo- 
 nians had the care of them. Plut. in Anton. — 
 Strab. 7.— Virg. JEn. 3, v. 280. 1. 8, v. 675. 
 — —A sister of Julius Ciesar, Pint, in Qic: 
 
AC 
 
 AcTis, son of Sol, went from Greece Into 
 Egypt, where he taught astrologj", and foimd- 
 ed Heliopolis. Diod. 5. 
 
 AcTiSANES, a king of Ethiopia, who con- 
 quered Egypt, and expelled king Amasis. He 
 was famous for his equity, and his severe pun- 
 i&liment of robbers, whose noses he cut oif, 
 and whom he banished to a desert place, where 
 they were in want of all aliment, and lived on- 
 ly upon crows. Diod. 1. 
 
 AcTiuM, now Azio, a town and promontory 
 of Epirus, famous for the naval victoiy which 
 Augustus obtained over Antony and Cleopa- 
 tra, the 2d of September, B. C. 31, in honour 
 of which the conqueror built there the town of 
 IVicopolis, and instituted games. Vid. Actia. — 
 Plat, in Anton — Sutton in Aug. A promon- 
 tory of Corcjrra. Cic. ad Alt. 7, ep. 2. 
 
 AcTius, a surname of Apollo, from Actium, 
 where he had a temple. Virg. JEn. 8, v. 704. 
 
 A poet. Vid. Accius. A prmce of the 
 
 Volsci. Vid. Accius. 
 
 Actil'sNavius, an augur who cut a load- 
 stone in two with a razov, before Tai-quin and 
 the Roman people, to convince them of his 
 skill as an augm-. Flor. 1, c. 5. — Liv. 1, c.36. 
 Labeo. Vid. Labeo. 
 
 Actor, a companion of Hercules in his ex- 
 pedition against the Amazons. The father 
 
 of Mencetius by ^Egina, whence Patroclus is 
 
 called Adorides. Ovid. Trist. 1, el. 8 A man 
 
 called also Aruncus. Virg. JEn. 12, v. 93. 
 
 One of the friends of iEneas. Id. 9, v. 500. 
 
 A son of Neptune by Agameda. Hygin. 
 
 fab. 14. A son of Deion and Diomede. 
 
 ApolJod. 1, c. 9. The father of Eurytus, 
 
 and brother of Augeas. Apollod. 2, c. 7. 
 
 A son of Acastus, one of the Argonauts. Hy- 
 gin. fab. 14. The father of Astyoche. Ho- 
 mer. II. 2. — Paus. 9, c. 37. A king of Lem- 
 
 nos. Hygin. 102. 
 
 AcTORiDEs, a patronymic given to Patro- 
 clus, grandson of Actor. Ovid. Met. 13, fab. 
 
 1. Also to Erithus, son of Actor. Id. Met. 
 
 5, fab. 3. Two brothers so fond of each 
 
 other, that in driving a chariot, one generally 
 held the reins, and the other the whip ; 
 whence they are represented with t^vo heads, 
 four feet and one body. Hercules conquered 
 them. Pindar. 
 
 AcToRis, a maid of Ulysses. Homer Od. 
 23. 
 
 M. AcTORics Naso, a Roman historian. 
 Sueton. in Jul. 9. 
 
 C. AcuLEo, a Roman lawyer celebrated as 
 much for the extent of his understanding, as 
 for his knowledge of law. He W£is uncle to 
 Cicero. Cic. in Orat. 1, c. 43. 
 
 AcCpiiis, an ambassador from India to Al- 
 exander. Plut. in Alex. 
 
 AcusiLAus and Damagetus, two brothers 
 of Rhodes, conquerors at the Olympic games. 
 The Greeks strewed flowers upon Diagoras 
 their father, and called him happy in having 
 such worthy sons. Paus. G, c. 7. An histo- 
 rian of Argos, often quoted by Josephus. He 
 wrote on genealogies in a style simple and 
 destitute of all ornament. Cic. dt Orat. 2, c. 
 
 29. — Suidas. An Athenian who taught rlie- 
 
 toric at Rome under GaJba. 
 
 M. AcL'Ticus, an ancient comic writer, 
 whose ))lays were known under the names of 
 teones; Gerttmi, Anus, Ba'Otiti, kc. 
 
 AD 
 
 Ada, a sister of queen Artemisia, whd 
 married Hidricus. After her husbands death, 
 she succeeded to the throne of Caria ; but be- 
 ing expelled by her younger brother, she re- 
 tired to Alindae, which she delivered to Alex- 
 ander, after adopting him as her son. Curt, 
 2, c. 8.—Slrab. 14. 
 
 Adad, a deity among the Assyrians, sup- 
 posed to be the sun. 
 
 AciEcs, a native of Mitylene, who WTote a 
 Greek treatise on statuaries. At/ien. 13. 
 
 Adamant-ea, Jupiter's nurse in Crete, who 
 suspended him in his cradle to a tree, that he 
 might be found neither in the earth, the sea, 
 nor in heaven. To drown the infant's cries, 
 she had drums beat, and cymbals sounded, 
 around the tree. Hygin. fab. 139. 
 
 Adamas, a Trojan prince, killed by Me- 
 
 rion. Homer. II. 13, v. 660. A youth who 
 
 raised a rebellion on being emasculated by 
 Cotys, king of Thrace. Arist. Pol. 5, c. 10. 
 
 Adamastus, a native . of Ithaca, father of 
 Acha?menides. Virg. JEn. 3, v. 614. 
 
 Adaspii, a people at the foot of mount Cau- 
 casus. Justin. 12, c. 5. 
 
 Addephagia, a goddess of the Sicilians. 
 JEliun. 1, V. H. c. 27. 
 
 Addtta, now Ad4a., a river of Cisalpine 
 Gaul, falling into the Po near Cremona. Plin. 
 2, c. 103. 
 
 Adelphius, a friend of M. Antoninus, whom 
 he accompanied in his expedition into Par- 
 thia, of which he MTote the histoiy. Slrab. 
 11. 
 
 Ademo>", raised a sedition in Mauritania to 
 avenge his master Ptolemy, whom Caligula 
 had put to death. Sueton. in Calig. 35. 
 
 AdeS; or Hades, the god of hell among 
 the Greeks, the same as the Pluto of the La- 
 tins. The word is derived from m h siSt'i, 
 [yion viderel because hell is deprived of light. 
 It is often used for hell itself by the ancient 
 poets. 
 
 Adgandestrius, a prince of Gaul who 
 sent to Rome for poison to destroy Arminius, 
 and was answered by the senate, that the 
 Romans fought their enemies openly, and 
 never used perfidious measures. Tacit. An. 
 2, c. SB. 
 
 Adherbal, son of Micipsa, and grandson 
 of Masinissa, was besieged at Ciita, and put 
 to death by Jugurtha, after vainly imploring 
 the aid of Rome, B. C. 112. Sallust. in Jug. 
 
 Adherbas, the husband of Dido. Vid. 
 Sichajus. 
 
 Adiante, a daughter of Danaus. Apollod. 
 2, c. 11. 
 
 Adiatoris, a governor of Galatia, who, to 
 gain Antony's favour, slaughtered, in one 
 night, all the inhabitants of the Roman colony 
 of Heraclea, in Poutus. He was taken at 
 Actium, led in triumph by Augustus, and 
 strangled in prison. Strab. 12. 
 
 Adimantus, a commander of the ACnc- 
 nian fleet, taken by the Spartans. All the 
 men of the fleet were put to death, except 
 Adimantus, because he had opposed the de- 
 signs of his countiymen, who intended to mu- 
 tilate all the Spartans. Xenoph. Hist. Grar. 
 Pausanias says, 4, c. 17, 1. 10, c. 9, that the 
 
 Spartans had bribed him. A brother of 
 
 Plato. Lacrt. 3. .\ Corinthian gcnri*al, 
 
 who re-iiroached Themialocles with his c.\ile. 
 
AD 
 
 A king struck with thunder, for saying 
 
 that Jupiter deserved no sacrifices. Ovid, in 
 ibin. 337. 
 
 Admeta, daughter of Eurystheus, was 
 priestess of Juno's temple at Argos. She ex- 
 pressed a wish to possess the girdle of the 
 queen of the Amazons, and Hercules obtain- 
 ed it for her. ApoUod. 2, c. 23. One of the 
 
 Oceanides. Hesiod. jyieog. v. 349. 
 
 Admetus, son of Pheres and Clyraene, 
 king of Pherae in Thessaly, married Theone 
 daughter of Thestor, and after her death, 
 Alceste daughter of Pelias. Apollo, when 
 banished from heaven, is said to have tended 
 hii flocks for nine years, and to have obtained 
 froin the Parcoe, that Admetus should never 
 die, if another person laid dov»'n liis life for 
 him ; a proof of unbounded affection, which 
 his wife Alceste cheerfully exhibited by de- 
 voting nerself voluntarily to death. Admetus 
 v/as one of the Argonauts, and was at the hunt 
 cf thy Cdydonian boar. Pelias promised his 
 daughter in marriage*only to him who could 
 bring him a chariot drawn by a lion and a 
 wild boar ; and Admetus effected this by the 
 aid of Apollo, and oLtaiaed Aiceste's hand. 
 Some say that Hercules brought him back 
 Alceste from hell. Sene^in Medea. — Hygin. 
 fab. 60, 51, h 243.— Ovf. de Art. Am. 3.— 
 Apollod. \y c.Q h 9, ikz.—Tibul. 2, el. .3.— 
 
 F(cus. 5, c. 17.- A king of the Molossi, to 
 
 whom Themistocles fled for protection. C. 
 
 JVrp. in Them. 8. An officer of Alexander, 
 
 killed at the siege of Tyre. Diod. 17. 
 
 AduNia, festivals in honour of Adonis, first 
 celebrated at Byblos in Phoenicia. They 
 lasted two days, the first of v/hich was spent 
 in bowlings and lamentations, the second in 
 joyful clamours, as if Adonis was returned to 
 life. In some towns of Greece and Egypt 
 they lasted eight days ; the one half of whicii 
 was spent in lamentations, and the other iii 
 rejoicings. Only women were admitted, and 
 such as did not appear were compelled to 
 prostitute themselves for one day; and the 
 money obtained by this shameful custom was 
 devoted to the service of Adonis. The time 
 of the celebration was supposed to be veiy 
 unlucky. The fleet of JNlcias sailed from 
 Athens to Sicily on that day, whence many 
 lanfortunate omens were drawn. Plut. in M- 
 cid. — Ammian. 22, c. 9. 
 
 Adonis, son of Cinyras, by his daughter 
 Myrrh a, ft'irf. Myrrha] was the favourite of 
 Venus. He was fond of hunting, and was 
 often cautioned by his mistress not to hunt 
 wild beasts for fear of being killed in the at- 
 tempt. This advice he slighted, and at last 
 received a mortal bite from a M'ildboar which 
 he had wounded, and Venus, after sliedding 
 many tears at his death, changed him into a 
 fiower called ancmony. Proserpine is said to 
 have restored him to life, on condition that he 
 should spend six months v»ith her, and the rest 
 of the year with Venus. This implies the 
 alternate return of summer and winter. Ado- 
 nis is often taken for Osiris, because the fes- 
 tivals of both were often begun with mournful 
 lamentations, and finished vvitli arevival of joy, 
 as if they were returning to life again. Ado- 
 uis had temples raised to his meujory, and is 
 5-aid by some to have been l)eloved by iVpollo 
 and Bacchus. — Aj'ollod, 3; c. 14. — Fro^tcrt. 2. 
 
 AD 
 
 el. 13, V. 5S.—Virg. Ed. 10, v. 19.— Bion. in 
 Adon.—Hygin. 58, 164, 248, kc.—Ovid. Met. 
 
 10, fab. 10. — MuscBus de Her. — Paus. 2, c. 20, 
 
 1. 9, c. 41. A river of Phoenicia, which falls 
 
 into the Mediterranean below Byblus. 
 
 Adramyttium, an Athenian,colony on the 
 sea-coast of Mysia, near the Caycus. Strab. 
 Id.—Thucyd. 5, c. 1. 
 
 Adrana, a river in Germany. Tac. Arm, 
 
 1, c. 56. 
 
 Adranum, a town of Sicily near ^tna, 
 with a river of the same name. The chief 
 deity of the place was called Adranus, and his 
 temple was guarded by 1000 dogs. Plui. in 
 Timol. 
 
 Adrasta, one of the Ocean ides who nursed 
 Jupiter. Hygin. fab. 182. 
 
 Adrastia, a fountain of Sicyon. Paus. 
 
 2, c. 15. A mountain. Pint, in LucuL 
 
 A country near Ti'oy, called after Adras- 
 
 tus, who built there a temple to Nemesis, 
 
 Here Apollo had an oracle. Sirab. 13. 
 
 A daughter of Jupiter and Necessity. She is 
 called by some Nemesis, and is the punisher of 
 injustice. The Egyptians placed her above 
 the moon, whence she looked down upon the 
 
 actions of men. Sirab. 13. A daughter of 
 
 Melisseus, to whom some attribute the nursing 
 of Jupiter. She is the same as Adrasta. Apol. 
 I, c. 1. 
 
 AdkastiiCampi, a plain near the Granicus, 
 where Alexander first defeated Darius. Juslin. 
 
 11, c. 6. 
 
 Adrastus, son of Talaus and Lysimache, 
 was king of Argos. Polynices being banished 
 from Thebes by his brother Eteocles, fled to 
 Argos, where he married Argia, daughter of 
 Adrastus. The king assisted his son-in-law, 
 and marched against Thebes with an army 
 headed by seven of his most famous generals. 
 All perished in the war except Adrastus, who, 
 with a few men saved from slaughter, fled 
 to Athens, and implored the aid of Theseus 
 against the Thebans, who opposed the burjing 
 of the Argives slain in battle. Theseus went 
 
 to his assistance, and was victorious. 
 
 Adrastus, after a long reign, died through 
 grief, occasioned by the death of his son 
 .i-Egialeus. A temple was raised to his me- 
 mory at Sicyon, where a solemn festival was 
 annually celebrated. Homer. II. 5. — Virg. 
 JEn. 6, V. 480.— Apollod. 1, c. 9, 1. 3, c. 7.— 
 Stat. T/ieb. 4 and ^.—Hygin.fab. 68, 69, and 70, 
 —Paus. 1, c. 39, 1. 8, c. 25, I. 10, c. 90.— 
 Herodot. 5, c. 67, &:c. A peripatetic phi- 
 losopher, disciple to Aristotle. It is supposed 
 that a copy of his treatise on harmonics is pre- 
 served in the Vatican. A Phrygian prince, 
 
 who having inadvertently killed his brother, 
 fled to Croesus, where he was humanely re- 
 ceived, and intrusted with the care of his son 
 Atys. In hunting a wild boar, Adrastus slew 
 the young prince, and in his despair killed 
 himself on his grave. Herodot. 1, c. 35, Sac. 
 ——A Lydian, who assisted the Greeks against 
 
 the Persians. Paus. 7, c. 5. A soothsayer in 
 
 the Trojan war, son of Merops. Homer. II. 
 2 and 6. The father of Einydicc, who mar- 
 ried Ilus the Trojan. Apollod. 2, c. 12. A 
 
 king of Sicyon, who reigned 4 years B. C, 
 1215. A son of Hercules. Hygin. 242. 
 
 Adria, Adrianum, or Adruiticum mare, 
 a se^ lying between lilyricuHi and Italy, 
 
JEA 
 
 now called the gulf of Venice, first made 
 known to the Greeks by the discoveries 
 of the Phocasans. Herodot. 1. — Horat. 1, od. 
 33, 1. 3, od. 3 and 9,—Caiull. 4, 6. 
 
 Adrianopolis, a town of Thrace on the 
 
 Hebrus. Another in ^tolia, Pisidia, 
 
 and Bithynia. 
 
 Adrianus, or Hadriauus, the 15th em- 
 peror of Rome. He is represented as an ac- 
 tive, learned, warlike and austere general. He 
 came to Britain, where he built a wall be- 
 tween the modern towns of Carlisle and New- 
 castle 80 miles long, to protect the Britons 
 from the incursions of the Caledonians. He 
 tilled in battle 500,000 Jew^s who had re- 
 belled, and built a city on the ruins of Jeru- 
 salem, which he called iEiia. His memory 
 was so retenti%'e, that he remembered every 
 incident of his life, and knew aJl the soldiers 
 of his army by name. He was the first em- 
 peror who wore a long beard, and this he did 
 to hide the warts on his face. His successors 
 followed his example not through necessity, 
 but for ornament. Adi-ian w'ent always bare- 
 headed, and m long marches generally travel- 
 led on foot. In the beginning of his reign, he 
 followed the virtues of his adopted father and 
 predecessor Trajan ; he remitted all arrears 
 due to his treasuiy for 16 yeai's, and publicly 
 burnt the account-books, that his word might 
 not be suspected. His peace with the Par- 
 thians proceeded from a wish of punishing the 
 other enemies of Rome, more than from the 
 effects of fear. The travels of Adrian were 
 not for the display of imperial pride, but to 
 see whether justice was distributed impartial- 
 ly ; and public favomnvas courted by a conde- 
 scending behaviour, and the meaner familiarity 
 of bathing with the common people. It is said 
 that he wished to enrol Christ among the gods 
 of Rome; but his apparent lenity towards the 
 Christians was disproved, by the erection of a 
 statue to Jupiter on the spot where Jesus rose 
 from the dead, and one to Venus on mount 
 Calvaiy. The '^veight of diseases became in- 
 tolerable. Adrian attempted to destroy him- 
 self; and when prevented, he exclaimed; that 
 the lives of others were in his hands, but not 
 his own. He wrote an account of his life, 
 and published it under the name of one of his 
 domestics. He died of a dysentory at Baias, 
 July 10, A. D. 133,. in the 72d year of his 
 
 age, after a reign of 21 years. Dio. An 
 
 officer of Lucullus. Plut. in Luc. A rhe- 
 torician of Tyre in the age of M. Antoninus, 
 who wrote seven books of metamoiphoses^ 
 besides other treatises now lost. 
 
 Adrimktum, a town of Africa, on the 
 Mediterranean, built by the Phoenicians. Sal- 
 lust . in Jug. 
 
 An u AT AC A, a town of Belgic Gaul, now 
 Tongres, on the Maese. 
 
 Adula, a mountain among the Rhactian 
 Alps, near which the Rhine takes its rise, now 
 ijl. Gothard. 
 
 Adui-is, a town of Upper Egypt. 
 
 AnYRMACH!x>JE, a maritime people of Africa, 
 near Egypt. Ihrodot. 4, c. 163. 
 
 ^A, a huntress changed into an island of 
 the same name by the gods, to rescue her from 
 ihc pursuit of her lover, the river Phasis 
 
 iEC 
 
 •A fountain of Jta- 
 
 Thessaly. Of Africa.- 
 
 cedonia near Amydon. 
 
 iEACEA, games at .^gina, in honour of Ma- 
 cus. 
 
 -^AciDAs, a king of Epirus, son of Neop- 
 tolemus, and brother to Olympias. He was 
 expelled by his subjects for his continual w^ars 
 with Macedonia. He left a son, Pyrrhus, 
 only two veal's old, whom Chaucus king of 
 Ihyricum, educated. Paus. 1, c. 11. 
 
 ^'Eacides, a patronymic of tlie descen- 
 dants of iEacus, such as Achilles, Peleus, Te- 
 laraon, Pyriiius, k.c. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 103, 
 
 6LC. 
 
 ^Acus, son of Jupiter by angina daughter 
 of Asopus, was king of the island of (Enopia, 
 which he called by his mother's name. A 
 pestilence having destroyed all his subjects, he 
 entreated Jupiter to re-people his kingdom ; 
 and according to his desire, all the ants whlcU 
 were in an old oak were changed into men, 
 and called by .^acus myrmidons, from /^-jei^nr,, ait. 
 ant. — ^acus married Endeis, by whom he had 
 Telam.on and Peleus. He afterwards had 
 Phocus by Psamathe, one of the Nereids. He 
 was a man of such integrity that the ancients 
 have made him one of the judges of hell, with 
 Minos and Rliadarng^athus. Horat. 2, od. 13, 
 1. 4, od. Q.—Paus. 1, ^c. 44, 1. 2, c. 29.— OclJ, 
 Met. 7, fab. 25, 1. 13, v. 25.— Propert. 4, el. 
 12. — Plut. de consol. ad £poll. — ^pollod, 3, c. 
 12.— Diod. 4. 
 
 2Ej£, Mb., or JEsea, an island of Colchis, ia 
 the Phasis, Vid. JEa.. Apollon. 3. 
 
 JEma., a name given to Circe, because bora 
 atiEffi. Virg. Mji.S, v. 386. 
 ! .^ANTEUM, a city of Troas, where AJax 
 
 was buried. Plin. 5, c. 30. An island near 
 
 the Thracian Chersonesus. Id. 4, c. 12. 
 
 ^AXTiDEs, a tyrant of Lampsacus, inti- 
 mate with Darius. He married a daughter of 
 Hippias, tyrant of Athens. Thucyd. 6, c. 59- 
 One of the 7 poets, called Pleiades. 
 
 .SIantis, an Athenian tribe. Plut. Si/mp. 2. 
 
 JEas, a river of Epirus falling into the Ioni- 
 an sea. In the fable of lo, Ovid describes it as 
 falling into the Peneus, and meeting other riv- 
 ers at Tempe. This some have supposed to 
 be a a:eographical mistake of the poet. LucaR. 
 6, w^Sdl.—Ovid. Met. 1, v. 580. 
 
 ^ATus, son of Philip, and brother of Po- 
 lyclea, was descended from Hercules. Aii 
 oracle having said that whoever ot the two 
 touched the land after crossing the Achelous 
 should obtain tlie khigdom, I'olycle? pretended 
 to be lame, arid prevailed upon her brother to 
 carry her across on his shoulders. V^'h^n they 
 came near the opposite side, Pclyclea leaped 
 ashore from her brother's back, e,-;cla'r:)ing 
 that the kingdom was her own. ^'Eatuc joined 
 jier in her exclar-ation, and afierwaids maj'- 
 rici her, and rei.^ned conjointly with hrr. 
 Their son Ti^essahis gave his name to The.s- 
 saly. tolycRti. 8. 
 
 .t'EcH?.i>c:oKAs, a son of Hercules, by PhyJ- 
 lone, daugiiter of Alcimedon. V> hen the fa- 
 ther heaid that his daughter had had a child, 
 he exposed htr and the infant in Uie woods 
 to wild beasts, where Hercules, conducted by 
 the noise of a mag^)ic wiiich imitated the crie? 
 of a child, found and delivered thera. Pavi., 
 
 It 
 
 l)ada town called .-^Ca, which was the capital JS, c. 12 
 
 oi ColchI.<:. /7or«-. *,. v. 420. A town ol ' /Ecumis, succeeded his falher Polyranesto 
 
on the throne of Arcadia, in the reign of Theo- 
 pompus, of Sparta. Paus. 8, c. 5. 
 
 .^DEPSUM, a town of Euboja, Plin. 4, c. 
 12.—Sirab. 10. 
 
 -.Odessa, or Edessa, a town neap Pella. 
 Caranusking of Macedonia took it by follow- 
 ing goats that sought shelter from the rain, 
 and called it from that circumstance, (^'y^, 
 capras) i^Cgeas. It was the burying-place of 
 the Macedonian king? ; and an oracle had said, 
 that as long as the kings wei-e buried there, so 
 long would their kingdom subsist. Alexander 
 V;ras buried in a different place ; and on that 
 account, some authors have said that the king- 
 dom became extinct. Justin. 7, c. L 
 
 iEoicuLA Ridiculi, a temple raised to the 
 god of mirth, from the following circumstance : 
 after the battle of Cannae, Hannibal marched 
 to Rome, whence he was driven back by the 
 •inclemency of the weather ; which caused so 
 much joy in Rome, that the Romans raised a 
 temple to the god of mirth. This deity was 
 worshipped at Sparta. Pint, in Lye. Agid. 
 4' Cleom. — Pausanias also mentions a 3^f@' 
 
 iEniLES, Roman magistrates that had the 
 care of all buildings, baths and aqueducts, and 
 examined the v»'eights and measures, that no- 
 thing might be sold without its due value. 
 There were three different sorts ; the ^diles 
 PItbeii, or Minores ; the Majores ^diles, and 
 the ^diles Cereales. — The plebeian ediles 
 >vere two, first created with the tribunes ; they 
 presided over the more minute affairs of the 
 state, good order, and the reparation of the 
 sVeets. They procured ail the provisions of 
 the city- and executed the decrees of the peo- 
 ple. The Majores and Cereales had greater 
 privileges, though they at first shared in the 
 labour of the plebeian ediles : they appeared 
 ivith more pomp, and were allowed to sit pub- 
 licly in ivory chairs. The office of an edile 
 w«?s honourable, and was always the primaiy 
 step to greater honours in the republic. The 
 ediles w^ere chosen from the plebeians for 127 
 vcars. till A. U. C. 338. Vnro de L. L. 4, c. 
 U.—Cic. Legib. 3. 
 
 tEdipscs, a town in Euboea, now Dipso, 
 abounding in hot-baths. 
 
 Vm.. iEniTuus, a Roman poet before the 
 age of Cicero, successful in amorous poetry 
 and epigrams. 
 
 jS^don, daughter of Pandarus, married Ze- 
 thus brother to Amphion, by whom she had a 
 son called Itylus She was so jealous of her 
 sLster Niol)e, because she Ijad more children 
 than herself, that .'^he resolved to murder the 
 elder, who was educated with Itylus. She by 
 mistake killed her own son, and was changed 
 into a goldfinch as she attempted to kill herself. 
 flomcr. Od. 19, v. 518. 
 
 JF.nvi, or Hedui, a powerful nation of Cel- 
 tic Gaul known for their valour in the wars of 
 Cresar. ^^ hen their country was invaded b)'^ 
 thi^ celebrated general, they were at the head 
 of a faction in opi»osition to the Sequani and 
 their jiartisau'^, and they had establislied their 
 sujjcrinrity in frequent battles. To support 
 their cause, however, the Secpiani obtained the 
 assistance of Ariovistus king of Germany, and 
 soon defeated their opponents. The arrival 
 otCu\«ar changed the face of affairs, the y£dui 
 were restored t© the sovereignty of th« couu- 
 
 JEG 
 
 tiy, and the artful Roman, by employing one 
 faction against the otiier, Avas enabled to con- 
 quer them all, though the insurrection of Am- 
 biorix, and that more powerfully supported by 
 Vercingetorix, shook for a while the dominion 
 of Rome in Gaul, and checked the career of 
 the conqueror. Cces. i?i bell. G. 
 
 lEiivTA^ or -^etes, king of Colchis, son of Sol, 
 and Perseis daughter of Oceanus, was father 
 of Medea, Absyi'tus, and Chalciope, by Idya, 
 one of the Oceanides. He killed Phryxus son 
 of Athamas, Avho had fled to his court on a 
 golden ram. This murder he committed to 
 obtain the fleece of the golden ram. The Ai'- 
 gonauts came against Colchis, and recovered 
 the golden fleece by means of Medea, though 
 it was guarded by bulls that breathed fire, and 
 by a venomous dragon. Their expedition has 
 been celebrated by all the ancient poets. [Vid. 
 Jason, Medea, S^ Phry.xv.s.'] Apollod. 1, c. 9. 
 —Ovid. Met. 7, fab. 1, he— Paus. 2, c. 3.— 
 Justin. 43, c. 2. — Flacc. ^ Orpheus in Argon. 
 
 i^ETiAS, a patronymic given to Medea, as 
 daughter of .'Eetes. Ovid. Med. 7, v. 9. 
 
 ^OA, an island of the j^gean sea between 
 Tenedos and Chios. 
 
 ^TiGEAS, a town whose inhabitants are called 
 jSgeates. [ Vid. j^dessa.] 
 
 ^G^, a city of Macedonia, the .-same as 
 Edessa. Some writers make them different, 
 but Justin proves this to be eiToneous, 7, c. 1. 
 
 — Plin. 4, c. 10. A town of EubceajWhenca 
 
 Neptune is called jEgseus. Strab. 9. 
 
 -^G^^, a town aud sea port of Cilicia, 
 Lucan. 3, v. 227. 
 
 -/Eg^on, one of Lycaon'sSOsons. £poUod. 
 
 3, c. 8. The son of Crelus, or of Pontus 
 
 and Terra, the same as Briareus. [Firf. Bria- 
 reus.'] It is supposed that he was a notorious 
 pirate chiefly residing at JEga., whence his 
 name ; and that the fable about his 100 hands 
 ai'ises from his having 100 men to manage his 
 oars in his {)iratical excursions. Virg. JEn. 10, 
 V. 5G5.— //es?orf. Th. 149.— Homer. II. 10, v. 
 404.— Otic/. Met. 2, v. 10. 
 
 Mcrmyj^x mare (now Archipelago), part of 
 the Mediterranean, dividing Greece from Asia 
 Minor. It is full of islands, some of which are 
 called Cyclades, others Sporades, k.c. The 
 word jEga?um is derived by some from ^Egae, 
 a town of Eubo2a ; or from the number of 
 islands which it contains, that appear above 
 the sea, as ««>«>, goals ; or from the promonto- 
 ry iEga, or from JEgea., a queen of the Ama- 
 zons ; or from iEgeus, who is supposed to 
 have drovv'ned himself there. Plin. 4, c. 11. — 
 Slrab. 7. 
 
 Mgjevs, a surname of Neptune, from -Eg?e 
 
 in Eubcea. Strab. 9. A river of Corcyra. 
 
 A plain in Phocis. 
 
 .'EoALEOs, or itgaleum, a mountain of 
 Attica opposite Salamis, on which Xerxes sat 
 dunng the engagement of his fleet with the 
 Grecian ships in the adjacent sea. Hcrodot. 8, 
 c. 90.— TImcyd. 2, c. 19. 
 
 jEgaN, [GrCPC. a»j.ai, OF ouytem] tllC ^Egcau 
 
 sea. Stat. Thtb. 5, v. 56. 
 
 iEcAs, a place of Eubrca. Another near 
 
 Daunia in Italy. Polyb. 3. 
 
 iEcATES, a promontory of ^Eolia. 
 
 Three islands op}>osite Carthage, called Ar.'*^ 
 by Virg. JEn. 1, near which the Ronmns un- 
 der CsituliB, ia the first Punic war, defe&tciJ 
 
 i 
 
tUe Carthaginian fleet, under Hanno, 242 
 B. C. Liv. 21, c. 10 and 41, 1. 22, c. 54.— Mela. 
 2, c. I.—Sil. 1, V. 61. 
 
 ^GELEON, a town of Macedonia taken by 
 king Attains. Liv. 31, c. 46. 
 
 uEgeria. Vid. Egeria. 
 
 jSgesta, the daughter of Hippotes, and mo- 
 ther of iEgestus, called Acestes. Virg. JEn. 1, 
 
 V. 554. An ancient town of Sicily near 
 
 mount Eryx, destroyed by Agathocles. It was 
 sometimes called Segesta and Acesta. Diod. 10. 
 
 iEGEUS, king of Athens, son of Pandion, 
 being desirous of having children, went to con- 
 sult the oracle, and in his return, stopped at 
 the court of Pittheus king of Troezene, who 
 gave him his daughter iEthra in marriage. 
 He left her pregnant, and told her, that if she 
 had a son, to send him to Athens as soon as 
 he could lift a stone under which he had con- 
 cealed his sword. By this sword he was to be 
 known to jEgeus, who did not wish to make 
 any public discovery of a son, for fear of his 
 nephews, the Pallantides, who expected his 
 erown. JCthra became mother of Theseus, 
 whom she accordingly sent to Athens with his 
 father's sword. At that time iEgeus lived 
 with Medea, the divorced wife of Jason. 
 When Theseus came to Athens, Medea at- 
 tempted to poison him ; bat he escaped, and 
 upon showing ^geus the sword he wore, dis- 
 covered himself to be his son. When The- 
 seus returned from Crete after the death of 
 the Minotaur, he forgot, agreeable to the en- 
 gagement made with his father, to hoist up 
 white sails as a signal of his success ; and 
 .Sg^us, at the sight of black sails, concluding 
 that his son w^as dead, threw himself from a 
 high rock into the sea; which from him, as 
 some suppose, has been called the j^^gean. 
 ^geus reigned 4S years, and died B. C. 1235. 
 He is supposed to have first introduced into 
 Greece the worship of Venus Urania, to ren- 
 der the goddess prbpitlous to his wishes in 
 having a son. [Vid. Theseus, Minotaurus, S/- 
 Medea.] ^poUod. 1, c. 8, 9, 1. 3, c. 15.— 
 Paus. 1, c. 5, 22, 38, 1. 4, c. %—Plut. in Thes.— 
 Hygin. fab. 37, 43, 70, and 173. 
 
 >Egiale, one of Phaeton's sisters, changed 
 into poplars, and their tears into amber. They 
 
 are called Heliades. A daughter of Adras- 
 
 tus, by Amphitea, daughter of Pronax. She 
 married Diomedes, in V\'hose absence, during 
 the Trojan war, she prostituted herself to her 
 servants, and chiefly to Cosmetes, whom the 
 king had left master of his house. At his re- 
 turn, Diomedes being told of his wife's wanton- 
 ness, went to settle in Daunia. Some say 
 that Venus implanted those vicious and lustful 
 propensities in ^gialc, to revenge herself on 
 Diomedes, who had wounded her in the Tro- 
 jan war. Ovid, in Ih. v. 350. — Homer. II. 5, v. 
 412.— Apollod. 1, c. 9.— Slat. 3, Silv. 5, v. 48. 
 
 JEgialea, an island near Peloponnesus, in 
 
 the Cretan sea. Another in the Ionian sea, 
 
 near the Eciiinades. Plin. 4, c. 12. — llerodot. 
 4, c, 107. The ancient name of Pelopon- 
 nesus. Sirnb. 12. Mela. 2, c. 7. 
 
 jfEciALEuSi, son of Adrastus by Amphitea 
 orDemoanassa, was one of the Epigoni, i. e. 
 one of the sons of those generals who were 
 killed in the first Theban war. They went 
 against the Thebans, who Iiad refused to give 
 burial to their^ fathers, and were Victorion?. 
 6 
 
 MG 
 
 They all returned home safe, except ^gial6uSj 
 who was killed. That expedition is called the 
 war of the Epigoni. Paws. 1, c. 43, 44, 1. 2, c. 
 
 20, 1. 9, c. b.—Apollod. 1, c. 9, 1. 3, c. 7. ■ 
 
 The same as Absyrtus, brother to Medea. 
 Justin. 42, c. 3.— Cic. de Nat. D. 3.— Diod. 4. 
 
 JGgialus, son of Phoroneus, was intrusted 
 with the kingdom of Achaia by king Apis go- 
 ing to Egypt. Peloponnesus v/as called ^gia- 
 
 lea from him. A man who founded the 
 
 kingdom of Sicyon, 2091 before the Christian 
 era, and reigned 52 years. 
 
 .a^GiALus, a name given to part of Pelopon- 
 nesus. [Vid. x\chaia.] Paus. 5, c. 1, 1. 7, 
 
 c. 1. An inconsiderable town of Pontus. 
 
 A city of Asia Minor. A city of 
 
 Thrace near tlie Strymon. A mountain of 
 
 Galatia.- A city of Pontus. Another in 
 
 Ethiopia. 
 
 -^gides, a patronymic of Theseus. Hornet'. 
 II. 1, V. 265. 
 
 JEgila, a place in Laconia, where Aristo- 
 menes was taken prisoner by a crowd of reli- 
 gious women whom he had attacked. Paiis. 
 4,c. 17. 
 
 /Egilia, an island between Crete and Pelo- 
 ponnesus. A place in Eubcea. Herodot. 6, 
 
 c. 101. 
 
 4!^GiMius, an old man who lived, according 
 
 to Anacreon, 200 years. Plin. 7, c. 48. A 
 
 king of Doris, whom Hercules assisted to con- 
 quer the Lapithffi. ^pollod. 2, c. 7. 
 
 ^.GiMORiTs oriEGiaiuRUs, an island near Li- 
 bya, supposed by some to be the same which 
 Virgil mentions under the name of Arag. Plin. 
 5, c. 7. 
 
 ^GiNA, daughter of Asopus, had iEacu's 
 by Jupiter changed into a flame of fire. She 
 afterwards married Actor, son of Myrmidon, 
 by whom she had some children, who con- 
 spired against their father. Some say that she 
 was changed by Jupiter into the island which 
 bears her name. Plin. 4, c. 12. — Strah. 8. — ■ 
 Mela, 2, c. l.—Apollod. 1, c. 9, 1. 3.. c. 12.— 
 
 Paus. 2, c. 5 and 29. An island formerly 
 
 called (Enopia and now Engia, in apart of the 
 .Egean sea, called Saronicus Sinus, about 22 
 miles in circumference. The inhabitants were 
 once destroyed by a pestilence, and the coun- 
 tiy was repeopled by ants changed into men 
 by Jupiter, at the prayer of king ^acus. They 
 were once a very powerful nation by sea. but 
 they cowardly gave themselves up to Darius 
 when he demanded submission from all the 
 Greeks. The Athenians under Pericles made 
 war against them ; and after taking 70 of their 
 ships in a naval battle, they expelled them 
 from ^gina. The fugitives settled in Pelo- 
 ponnesus, and after the ruin of Athens by hy- 
 Sander, they returrted to their country, but 
 never after rose to their former power or con- 
 sequence. Herodot. 5, 6, and 7. — Paus. 2, c» 
 29, 1. 8, c. 44.— Sirah. S.—jj:iian. V. H. \% 
 c. 10. 
 
 ^GiNKTA Paulus, a physiciau born in 
 iEgina. He flourished in the 3d, or, accord- 
 ing to others, the 7th century, and first deserv- 
 e<l to be culled man-midwife. He wrote Dt 
 Re Medic/i, in seven books. 
 
 iEoiNETEs, a king of Arcadia, in whose age 
 Lycurgus instituted his famous laws. Paua. 
 I, c. 5. 
 
 /EciocKirs, asurusu^e of Jupiter, frara ki< 
 
Ueing brought up by the goat Amaltksga, and 
 ushig lier skin, instead of a shield, in the war 
 of the Titans. Diod.b. 
 
 iEciPAN, a name of Pan, because he had 
 goat's feet. 
 
 ^gIra, a town between ^tolia and Pelo- 
 ponnesus. A town of Achaia. Paus. 7, c. 
 
 26.~-Herodot. 1, c. 145. 
 
 ^GiROEssA, atoAvn of x^tolia. Herodot. 1, 
 ■c. 149. 
 
 yEcis, the shield of Jupiter, «^o t<k ««>-©-•; 
 a goat's skin. This was the goat Amalthasa, 
 with whose skin he covered his shield. The 
 goat was placed among the constellations. Ju- 
 piter gave this shield to Pallas, who placed 
 upon it Medusa's head, which turned into 
 stones all those who fixed their eyes upon it. 
 Virg. JEn. 8, v. 352 and 435. 
 
 iEoisTKus, king of Argos, was son of 
 Thyestes by his daughter Pelopea. Thyestes 
 being at variance with his brother Atreus, was 
 told by the oracle, that his wrongs could be 
 revenged only by a son born of hirassli and 
 his daughter. To avoid such an incest, Pe- 
 lopea had been consecrated to the service of 
 Minerva by her father, who some time after 
 met her in a wood, and ravished her, without 
 knowing who she was. Pelopea kept the 
 sword of her ravisher, and finding it to be her 
 father's, exposed the child she had brought 
 forth. The child was preserved, and when 
 grown up, presented with the sword of his 
 mother's ravisher. Pelopea soon after this 
 melancholy adventure, had married her uncle 
 Atreus, who received into his house her na- 
 tural son. As Thyestes had debauched the 
 first wife of Atreus, Atreus sent -Sgisthus to 
 put him to death ; but Thyestes knowing the 
 assassin's sword, discovered he was his own 
 son, and, fully to revenge his wrongs, sent 
 him back to murder Atreus. After this mur- 
 der, Thyestes ascended the throne, and banish- 
 ed Agamemnon and Menelaus, the sons, or 
 as others say, the grandsons of Atreus. These 
 children fled to Polyphidus of Sicyon ; but as 
 he dreaded the power of their persecutors, he 
 remitted the protection of them to ffineus, 
 king of ^tolia. By their marriage with the 
 daughters of Tyndarus, king of Sparta, tliey 
 were empowered to recover the kingdom of 
 Argos, to which Agamemnon succeeded, while 
 Menelaus reigned in his father-in-law's place, 
 ^gisthus had been reconciled to the sons of 
 Atreus ; and When they went to the Trojan 
 war, he was left guardian of Agamemnon's 
 kingdoms, and of his W ife Cl}i:emnestra. Jiu- 
 gisthus fell in love with Clytemnestra, and 
 lived with her. On "Agamemnon's return, 
 these two adulterers murdered him, and, by a 
 public marriage, strengthened themselves on 
 the throne of Argos. Orestes, Agamemnon's 
 son, would have shai'ed his father's fate, had 
 not his sister Electra privately sent him to his 
 uncle Strophius, king of Phocis, where he 
 contracted the most Ultimate friendship with 
 ^'his cousin Pj'lades. Some time after, Orestes 
 came to Mycenie, the residence of iCgisthus, 
 and resolved to punish the murderers of his 
 father, in conjunction with Elcctra, wiio lived 
 in disguise in the tyrant's family. To eftect 
 this more cirectually, Electra publicly declared 
 that her brotiier Orestes Avas dead ; upon which 
 .•']:)jj;isthus *nd Ciytemmsstra went to the temple 
 
 of Apollo, to return thanks to the god for iil? 
 death. Orestes, who had secretly concealed 
 himself in the temple, attacked them, and put 
 them both to death, afte/ a reign of seven 
 years. They were buried w^ithout the city 
 walls. [Vid. Aganiemtwn, Thyestes., Orestes, 
 Clytemnestra, Pylades, mid Ekctra.l Ovid, 
 de Rem. .^m. 161. Trist. 2, v. S96.~Hygin. 
 fab. 87 and S8.—JEHan. V. H. 12, c. 42.— Patw. 
 2, c. 16, &;c. — So'phocl. in Electra. — .JEschyl, 
 ^^ Senec. in ^9 gam. — Homer. Od. 3 and 11. — 
 
 Laclant. in T/ieb. 1, v. 684. Porapey need 
 
 to call J. Cffisar iEgisthus, on account of his 
 adultery with his wife Mutia ;wiiom he repu- 
 diated after she had borne him three children. 
 Suet, in Cces. 50. 
 
 ^^GiTUM, a town of ^Eolia, on a moun- 
 tain eight miles from the sea. Thucyd. 3, 
 c. 97. 
 
 Mgwu, a town on the Corinthian isthmus, 
 where Jupiter was said to have been fed by a 
 goat, whence the name. Strab. S.—Liv. 28, 
 c. 7. 
 
 JEgle, the youngest daughter of Jillscula- 
 
 pius and Lampetie. A nymph, daughter of 
 
 Sol and INeccra. Virg. Ec. 6, v. 20. A 
 
 nymph, daughter of Panopeus, beloved by 
 Theseus after he had left Ariadne. Pint, in 
 
 Tlies. One of the Hesperides. One of 
 
 the Graces. A pi'osiitute. Martial. 1, ep. 
 
 95. 
 
 ^GLES, a Samlan wrestler, born dumb> 
 Seeing some unlawful measures pursued in a 
 contest, he broke the string which held his 
 tongue, through the desire of speaking, and 
 ever after spoke with ease. Val. Max. ly c. 8. 
 
 -^GLETEs, a surname of Apollo. 
 
 McLOGT.) a nurse of Nero. Sueton. in 
 Mr. 50. 
 
 j3^gobplus, a surname of Bacchus at Pot- 
 nia, in Bceotia. 
 
 ^GocERos, or Capricornus, an animal in- 
 to which Pan transformed himself when fly- 
 ing before Typhon in the war with the giants. 
 Ju])iter made him a constellation. Lucret. 1,, 
 V. 013. 
 
 ^GON, a shepherd. Virg. Eel. — Tlieocril. 
 
 Idyl. A promontory of Lemnos. A 
 
 name of the JEgean sea. Flacc. 1, v. 628. 
 
 A boxer of Zacynthus, who dragged a large 
 bull by the heelirom a mountain into tlie city. 
 Theocrit. Idyll. 4. 
 
 iEcos POTAMOs, i. e. the goal's river, a town 
 in tiie Thracian Chersonesus, with a river of 
 the same name, Avhere the Athenian fleet, con- 
 sisting of 180 ships, was defeated by Lysander, 
 on the 13th Dec. B. C. 405, in the last yeai' of 
 tlie Peloponnesian war. Mela, 2, c. 2. — Pliv. 
 2, c. 6S.—Paus. 3, c. 8 and 11. 
 
 jEgosag.^, an Asiatic nation under Attalus, 
 with whom he conquered Asia, and to whom 
 he gave a settlement near the Hellespont. 
 Polyb. 5. 
 
 ^'Egus and JRoscilluS; two brothers amongst 
 the Allobroges, who deserted from Caesar t© 
 Pompey. Cess . bell. civ. 3, c. 59. 
 
 JCgusa, the middle island of the jEgate5 
 near Sicily. 
 
 iEcv, a town near Sparta, destroyed be- 
 cause its inhabitants were suspected by the 
 Spartans of favouring the Arcadians. Pa^is. 3, 
 c. 2. 
 
 .^GiTANE^; a nation in the middle of Afri- 
 
ta, whose body is human above the waist, and 
 that of a goat beloAV. Mela, 1, c. 4 and 8. 
 
 .^GYPsus, a town of the Getse, near the 
 Danube. Ovid, ex Pont. 1, ep. 8, 1. 4, ep. 7. 
 
 ^Egypta, a freedraan of Cicero, ad Attic. 8. 
 
 JEcYPTit, the inhabitants of Egypt. iVid. 
 .a:gyptus.] 
 
 tEgyptium mare, that part of tlie Mediter- 
 ranean sea which is on the coast of Egypt. 
 
 jEgyptus, son of Belus, and brother to 
 Danaiis, gave his 50 sons in marriage to the 
 50 daughters of his brother. Danaus, who 
 had established himself at Argos, and was jea- 
 lous of his brother, who, by following him 
 from Egypt into Greece, seemed envious of 
 his prosperity, obliged all his daughters to 
 murder their husbands the first night of their 
 nuptials. This was executed; but Hyperm- 
 nesti'a alone spared her husband Lynceus. 
 Even uEgyptus was killed by his niece Po- 
 lyxena. Vid. Danaus, Danaidcs, Lynceus. — 
 JCgyptus was king, after his father, of a 
 part of Africa, Avhich from him has been call- 
 ed iEgyptus. HyginAoh. 168, 170. — Apollod. 
 % c. \.—Ovid. Heroid. 14.— Pans. 7, c. 21.— 
 
 An extensive countiy of Africa watered 
 
 by the Nile, bounded on the east by Ai-abia, 
 and on the west by Libya. Its name is deriv- 
 ed from iEgyptus brother to Danaus. Its ex- 
 tent, according to modern calculation, is 180 
 leagues from north to south, and it measures 
 120 leagues on the shore of the Mediterranean ; 
 but at the distance of 50 leagues from the sea, 
 k diminishes so much as scarce to measure 7 
 or 6 leagues between the mountains on the 
 east and west. It is divided into lower, which 
 lies near the Mediterranean, and upper, 
 which is towards the south. Upper Egypt was 
 famous for the town of Thebes, but Lower 
 Egypt was the most peopled, and contained 
 the Delta, a number of large islands, which, 
 from their form, have been called after the 
 fourth letter of the Greek alphabet. Tliis 
 country has been th.e mother of ai'ts and 
 .sciences. The greatest part of Lower Egypt 
 has been formed by the mud and sand carried 
 down by the Nile. The Egyptians reckoned 
 tliemselves the most ancient nation in the uni- 
 verse, {Vid Psammetichus.) but some autliors 
 make them of Ethiopian origin. They are 
 remarkable for their superstition ; they paid as 
 much honour to the cat, the crocodile, the bull, 
 and even to onions, as to Isis. Rain never 
 or seldom falls in this country ; the fertility of 
 the soil originates in the yearly inundations of 
 the Nile, which rises about 25 feet above the 
 surface of the earth, and exhibits a large plain 
 of waters, in which are scattered here and 
 there, the towns and villages, as the Cyclades 
 in the ^Egeun sea. The air is not wholesome, 
 but the population is great, and the cattle very 
 prolific. It is said that Egypt once contained 
 20,000 cities, the most remarkable of which 
 were Tliebes, Memphis, Alexandria, Pelu- 
 giura, Coptos; Arsinoe, &.c. It was governed 
 by kings who have immortalized themselves by 
 the pyramids they have raised and the canals 
 they have opened. The priests traced the 
 existence of the country for many thousand 
 years, and fondly imagined that the gods v/erc 
 their first sovereigns, and thattlieir monarciiy 
 had lasted 11,840 years according to Hero- 
 )riotu5. Accordftig to the calculation of Cpn- 
 
 slantine ManasseSjtl'^piSbgdom of Egypt lasl-= 
 ed 1663 years from its ^|[ginning under Misra- 
 im the son of Ham, 218^^. (3. to the conq^iest 
 of Cambyses, 525 B. C. ^^I^j^t revolte,^^eri- 
 wards from the Persian pow'CT B. C. 414^nd 
 Amyrta}us then became king. After him 
 succeeded Psammetichus, whose reign began 
 408 B. C. Nephereus 396 : Acoris, 389 : 
 Psammuthis, 376 : Nepherites 4 months, and 
 Nectanebis, 375 : Tachos, or Teos, 363 ■ 
 Nectanebus, 361. It was conquered by Ochus 
 350 B. C. ; and after the conquest of Persist 
 by Alexander, Ptolemy refounded the king- 
 dom, and began to reign 323 B. C. Phila- 
 delphus, 284: Evergetes, 246: 'Philopater, 
 221 : Epiphanes, 204: Philomator, 180 and 
 169, conjointly Vv'ith Evergetes II. or Physcon, 
 for 6 years: Evergetes U. 145: Lathurus 
 Soter, and his mother Cleopatra, 116: Alex- 
 ander of Cyprus, and Cleopatra, 106: La- 
 thunis Soter restored, 88: Cleopatra II. 6 
 months, with Alexander the second 19 days, 
 81: Ptolemy, surnamed Alexander III. 80 : 
 Dionysius, surnamed Auletes, 64 : Dionysius 
 II. with Cleopatra III. 51 : Cleopatra III. 
 with young Ptolemy, 46, and in 30 B. C. it 
 was reduced by Augustus into a Roman pro- 
 vince. The history of Eg\^ptj therefore, can 
 be divided into three epochas : the first be- 
 ginning with the foundation of the empire, to 
 the conquest of Cambyses ; the second ends at 
 the death of Alexander ', and the third com- 
 prehends the reign of the Ptolemies, and ends 
 at the death of Cleopatra, in the age of Au- 
 gustus — Justin. l.-r-Hirtius in Alex. 24. — 
 Macrob. in somn. Scip. \, c. 19 &. 21 — HerO' 
 dian 4, c. 9.—Slrab. 17.—Herodot. 2, 3, & 7. 
 —TJieocrit. Id. 17, v.'79.—Polyb. l5.—Diod. 1. 
 Plin. 5, c. 1, 1. 14, c. l.—Marcell. 22, c. 40.— 
 Justin. 1. — C. JXep, in Paus. 3, i7i Iphic. in 
 Datum. ^. — Cu7't.4,c. 1. — Jiiv. 15, v. 175. — 
 Pans. 1, c. 14. — Plut. de Facie in Orb. Lim. dt 
 hid. Sy^ Osir. in Ptol. inAhx.—Mela. 1, c. 9. 
 
 — Apollod. 2, c. 1 & 5. A'minister of Mau- 
 
 solus king of Caria. Polyxn. 6. — The ancient 
 name of the Nile. Homer Od. ?, v. 258,-* 
 Paus. 9, c. 40. 
 
 jEgys. Vid. JF^gy. 
 
 ^gysthus. Vid. ^gisthus. 
 
 iELiA, the wife of Sylla. Plut. in 3yU. 
 — — The name of some towns built or repair- 
 ed by the emperor Adrian. 
 
 Mlix lex, enacted by JElius Tubero the 
 tribune, A. U. C. 559, to send two colonies 
 into the country of the Brutii. Liv. 34, c. 53. 
 Another A. U. C. 568, ordaiuing, that, 
 
 in public affairs, the augurs should observe the 
 appearance of the sky, and the magistrates be 
 empowered to postpone the business. Ano- 
 ther called MVia Sexta, by JElius Sexlus, 
 A. U. C. 756, which enacted, that all slaves 
 who bore any marks of punishment received 
 from their masters, or who had been imprison- 
 ed, should be set at liberty, but not rank as 
 Roman citizens. 
 
 tElia Petina, of the ftxmily of Tubero, 
 married Claudius Caesar, by whom she had a 
 son. The emperor divorced her, to marry 
 Messalina. Sueton. in Claud. 26. 
 
 .^^LTANus Claudus, a Roman sophist of 
 Pra^neste, in the reign of Adrian. He fir.^^t 
 taught rhetoric at Rome ; but being disgusted 
 with fais pr<*tV^'ion; hr becume author, and 
 

 .,.JS] 
 
 •publish edifrc.atii^-9 or 
 
 various/^dbtorv 
 lam 
 
 lis in J7 books, on 
 
 ^d t.(5Xati«. Ill his 
 Very fond of the 
 ijj -iVP-'IHj.UJ4y -UJ JiP*'' many stories which 
 
 Sier^tmEfV 'Brfmcl of elegance and purity of 
 styJfs'^^hbugh Philostratus has commended his 
 lali'iuage as superior to what could be expect- 
 ed from a person who was neither born nor 
 educated in Greece. iElian died in the 60th 
 year of his age. A. D. 140. The best editions of 
 his works collected together are that of Con- 
 rad Gesner, folio ; printed Tiguri,.1556, though 
 now seldom to be met wMth, and that of Kae- 
 nius, 2 vol. 8vo. Lips. 1780. Some attribute 
 the treatise on the tactics of the Greeks to ano- 
 ther iElian,. 
 
 JEhivs and ^lia, a family in Rome, so 
 poor that 16 lived in a small house, and were 
 maintained by the produce of a little field. 
 Their poverty continued till Paulus conquered 
 Perseus king of Macedonia, and gave his son- 
 indaw Ml, Tubero five pounds of gold from 
 the booty. VaL Max. 4, c. 4. 
 
 iELius Adrianus, an African, grandfa- 
 ther to the emperor Adrian. Galhis, a Ro- 
 man knight, the first who invaded Arabia 
 Felix. He was very intimate with Strabo the 
 geographer, and sailed on the Nile with him 
 to take a view of the country. Flin. 6, c. 28. 
 
 Publius, one of the first questors chosen 
 
 from the plebeians at Rome. Lii\ 4. c. 54. 
 
 Q. M. Paetus, son of Sextus or Publius. As 
 
 he sat in the senate-house, a w^ood-pecker 
 perched upon his head ; upon which a sooth- 
 
 words. Sextus Paetus, a lawyer, consul at 
 
 Rome A. U. C. 566. He is greatly commen- 
 ded by Cicero for his learning, and called cor- 
 datus homo by Ennius for his knowledge of 
 
 law. Cic. de Oral. 1, c. 48. in Brut. 20. 
 
 Stilo, a native of Lanuvium, master to N. Ter. 
 
 Varro, and author of some treatises. Lamia^ 
 
 Vid. Lamia. 
 
 ^Ello, one of the Harpies (from «\et<7» aja», 
 alienum tollens, or «!>.>.» lempeslas.) Flac. 4, 
 V. 450.— Hemd. Th. 267.— Ovid. Met. 13, v. 
 710. — One of Acta3on's dogs. — Ovid. Met. 3, 
 V. 220. 
 
 i^LURus, (a cat,) a deity worshipped by 
 the Egyptians ; and after death, embalmed, 
 and buried in the city of Bubastis. Herodot. 2, 
 c. 66, kc.—Diod. l.—Cic.de Nat. D. \.—Jl. 
 Gell. 20,c. I.—Plut. in Pr. 
 
 jEmathion, and .^mathia. Vid. Ema- 
 thion. 
 
 iEMiLiA LEX, was enacted by the dictator 
 .Emilius, A. U. C. 309. It ordained that the 
 censorship, which was before quinquennial, 
 should be limited to one year and a half. Lit. 
 
 9, c. 33. Another in the second consulship 
 
 of iEmilius Mamercus, A. U. C. 391. It gave 
 power to the eldest pretor to drive a nail in 
 the capitol on the ides of September. Liv. 7, 
 c. 3. The driving of a nail was a super- 
 
 stitious ceremony, by which the Romans sup- 
 posed that a pestilence could be stopped, or 
 an impending calamity averted. 
 
 ^MiLiANus, (C. Julius) a native of Mau- 
 ritania, proclaimed emperor after the death of 
 Decius. He marched against GaUus and Va- 
 sayer exclaimed, that if he preserved the bird, lerian, but was informed they had been mur- 
 
 '^ ^ ' dered by their own troops. He soon after 
 shai-ed their fate. One of the thirty tyrants 
 
 his house would fiourish, and Rome decay ; and 
 if he killed it, the contrary must hap[)en. 
 Hearing this, iElius, in the presence of the 
 senate, bit off the head of the bird. All the 
 youths of his family were killed at Cannaj, and 
 the Roman arms were soon attended with 
 
 success. Val. Max 5, c. 6. Saturninus, a 
 
 satyrist thrown doAvn from the Tarjjeian rock 
 
 for writing verses against Tiberius. Sej^nus, 
 
 Vid. Sejaaus. -Sextus Catus, censor with 
 
 M. Cethegus, He separated the senators 
 from the people in the public spectacles. Du- 
 ring his consulship, the ambassadors of the 
 ^tolians found him feasting in earthen dishes, 
 and offered hii;n silver vessels, which he refu- 
 sed, satisfied with the earthen cups, &ic. 
 which, for his virtues, he had received from 
 his father-in-law^, L. Paulus, after the conquest 
 of Macedonia. Plin. 33, c. 11. — Cic.de Oral. 
 I. Spartianus wrote the lives of the empe- 
 rors Adrian, Antoninus Pius, and M. Aure- 
 
 lius. He flourished A. D. 240. Tubero, 
 
 grandson of L. Paulus, was austere in his mo- 
 I'als, and a formidable enemy to the Gracchi. 
 His grandson was accused before Cassar, and 
 ably defended by Cicero. Cic. ep. ad Brut. 
 
 ' Verus Ciesar, the name of L. C. Com- 
 
 modui Verus, after Adrian had adopted him. 
 He was made pretor and consul by the em- 
 peror, who was soon convinced of his incapa- 
 city in the discharge of public duty. He killed 
 himself by drinking an antidote ; and Antoni- 
 nus, surnamed Pius, was adopted in his place. 
 .Slius was father to Antoninus Verus, whom 
 
 Pius adopted. A physician mentioned by 
 
 Galen L. Gall us, a lawyer, who wrote 12 
 
 books concerning the signification of all |aw 
 
 pro 
 
 who rebelled in the reign of Gallienus. 
 
 .^JULIUS. Vid. j^^mylius. 
 
 tEmnestus, tyrant of Enna, was deposed 
 by Dionysius the elder. Diod. 14. 
 
 iEiMON. Vid. Hajmon. 
 
 jflEMONA, a large city of Asia. Cic. 
 Flacc. 
 
 iEMONiA, a countiy of Greece, which re- 
 ceived its name from ^mon, or .Jj^rnus, and 
 w'as afterwards called Thessaly. Achilles is 
 called JEmonius. as being born there. Ovid. 
 Trist. 3. el. 11, I. 4, el. l.—Horat. 1, od. 37. 
 It w as also called Pyrrha, from Pyrrha, Deu- 
 calion's w ife, who reigned there. — The word 
 has been indiscriminately applied to all Greece 
 by some Avi-iters. Plin. 4, c. 7. 
 
 ^MuNiDiiS. A priest of Apollo, in Italy, 
 killed by iEneas. Virg.JEn. 10. v. 537. 
 
 ^Mus, an actor in Domitian's reign. Juv. 
 6, V. 197. 
 
 iEMYLiA, a noble family in Rome, dc 
 scended from Mamercus, son of Pythagoras, 
 who for his himianity was called Ai^j'Ci hlandus. 
 A vestal who rekindled the fire of Vesta, 
 
 which was extinguished by putting her veil 
 over it. Val. Max. 1, c. 1. — Dionys. Hal. 2. 
 The wife of Africanus the elder, famous 
 
 for her behaviour to her husband, when sus- 
 pected of infidelity. Val. Max. 6, c. 7. 
 
 Lepida, daughter of Lepidus, married Dru- 
 sus the younger, whom she disgraced by her. 
 wantonness. She killed herself when accuse^ 
 
 of adultery Avith a slave. Tacit. 6, c, 40. ; 
 
 A part of Italy called alsoFlaininia. Martini 
 6, cp. 85. A public roitd Reading isovo^ Pl^ 
 
 i 
 
JEN 
 
 ceiUa td Ariminum ; called after the consul 
 JEmylius, who is supposed to have made it. 
 Martial. 3, ep. 4. 
 
 ^MVLiANUS, a name of Africanus the 
 younger, son of P. j^^mylius. In hira the fa- 
 milies of the Scipios and ^mylii were united. 
 Many of that family bore the same name. Juv. 
 9, V. 2. 
 
 JEmylu, a noble family in Rome, descend- 
 ed from j^mylius the son of Ascanius. — 
 Plutarch says, that they are descended from 
 Mamercus, the son of Pythagoras, surnamed 
 iEmylius from the sweetness of his voice, in 
 JSlum. 4^ JEmyl. — The family was distinguished 
 in the various branches of the Lepidi, Ma- 
 merci, Mamercini, Barbulag, Pauli, and Scauri. 
 
 iEMYLius, a beautiful youth of Sybaris- 
 whose wife met with the same fate as Procris. 
 
 Vid. Procris. Censorinus, a cruel tyrant 
 
 of Sicily, who liberally rewarded those who 
 invented new ways of torturing. Paterculus 
 gave him a brazen horse for this purpose, and 
 the tyrant made the first experiment upon the 
 
 donor. Plut. de Fort. Rom. Lepidus, a 
 
 youth who had a statue in the capitol, for sav- 
 ing the life of a citizen in a battle. Val. Max. 
 
 4, c. 1. A triumvir with Octavius. Vid. 
 
 Lepidus. Macer, a poet of Verona in the 
 
 Augustan age. He wrote some poems upon 
 serpents, birds, and, as some suppose, on bees. 
 
 Vid. Macer. Marcus Scaurus, a Roman 
 
 who flourished about 100 years B. C. and 
 wrote tliree books concerning his own life. 
 Cic. in Brut. A poet in the age of Tibe- 
 rius, who wrote a tragedy called Athens, and 
 
 destroyed himself. Sura, another writer on 
 
 the Roman year. Mamercus, three times 
 
 dictator, conquered the Fidenates, and took 
 their city. He limited to one year and a half 
 the censorship, which before his time was ex- 
 ercised during five years. Liv. 4, c. 17, 19, 
 
 &-C. Papinianus, son of Hostilius Papinia- 
 
 nus, viras in favour with the emperor Severus, 
 and was made governor to his sons Geta 
 and Caracalla. Geta was killed by his brother, 
 andPapinianus for upbraiding himwas murder- 
 ed by his soldiers. From his school the Ro- 
 mans have had many able lawyers, who were 
 
 called Papinianists. Pappus, a censor, who 
 
 banished from the senate, P. Corn. Ruffinus, 
 who had been twice consul, because he had at 
 his table ten pounds of silver plate, A. U. C. 478. 
 
 Lit\ 14. Porcina, an elegant orator. Cic. in 
 
 Brut. Rectus, a severe governor of Egypt, 
 
 under Tiberius. Dio. Regillus, conquered 
 
 the general of Antiochus at sea, and obtained 
 
 a nav^al triumph. Liv. 37, c 31, Scaurus, 
 
 a noble, but poor citizen of Rome. His 
 father, to maintain himself, was a coal-mer- 
 chant. He was edile, and afterwards praetor, 
 and fought against Jugurtha. His son Marcus 
 was son-in-law to Sylla, and in his edileship he 
 built a very magnificent theatre. Plin. 36, c. 
 
 15. A bridge at Rome, called also Subli- 
 
 pius. Juv. 6, v. 32, 
 
 ^Enaria, an island in the bay of Puteoli, 
 abounding with cypress trees. It received its 
 name from iKneas, who is supposed to have 
 landed there on his way to Latium. It is 
 tailed Pilhecusa by the Greeks, and now 
 Ischia, and was famous once for its mineral 
 Tvatcrs. Liv. 8, c. 22.~Plin. 3, c. 6, 1. 31, e. 2. 
 T'Sta^.d. Si/lv.6,V. 104, 
 
 JEN 
 
 -^NATiiwM, a forest near Olenoa in Achaia 
 sacred to Jupiter. 
 
 iENAsius, one of the Ephori at Sparta. 
 Thucyd. 9, c. 2. 
 
 JEnea, or ^NEiA, a town of Macedonia, 
 15 miles from Thessalonica, fomided by 
 TEneas. Liv. 40, c. 4, 1. 44, c. 10. 
 
 ^NEAOES, a town of Chersonesus, built by 
 ^neas. Cassander desti-oyed it, and carried 
 the inhabitants to Thessalonica, lately built. 
 Dionys. Hal. 1. 
 
 JEt;'iljiJE, a name given to the friends and 
 companions of ^Eneas, by Virg. Mn. 1, v. 
 161. 
 
 M^i,A s, a Trojan prince, son of Anchises and 
 the goddess Venus. The opinions of authors 
 concerning his character are different. His 
 infancy was intrusted to the care of a nymph, 
 and at the age of 5 he was recalled to Troy- 
 He afterwards improved himself in Thessaly 
 under Chiron, a venerable sage, w^hose house 
 Avas frequented by the young princes and he- 
 roes of the age. Soon after his return home 
 he married Creusa, Priam's daughter, by 
 whom he had a son called Ascanius. During 
 the Ti ojan war, he behaved with great valour, 
 in defence of his country, and came to an en- 
 gagement \tith Diomedes and Achilles. Yet 
 Strabo, Dictys of Crete, Dionysius of Halicar- 
 nassus, and Dares of Phrygia, accuse him of 
 betraying his country to the Greeks, with An- 
 tenor, and of preserving his life and fortune by 
 this treacherous measure. He lived at va- 
 riance with Priam, because he received not 
 sufficient marks of distinction from the king 
 and his family, as Homer, II. 13, says. This 
 might have provoked him to seek revenge by 
 perfidy. Authors of credit report, that whea 
 Troy was in flames, he carried away, upon his 
 shoulders, his father Anchises, and the statues 
 of his household gods, leading in his hand his 
 son Ascanius, and leaving his wife to follow 
 behind. Some say that he retired to Mount 
 Ida, where he built a fleet of 20 ships, and set 
 sail in quest of a settlement. Strabo and others 
 maintain that ^neas never left his country, 
 but rebuilt Troy, where he reigned, and his 
 posterity after him. Even Homer, who liyed 
 400 years after the Trojan war, says, II, 20, v, 
 30, &.C. that the gods destined ^neas and hi.<5 
 posterity to reign over the Trojans. This 
 passage Dionys. Hal. explained, by saying iXmi 
 Homer meant the Trojans who had gone over 
 to Italy with ^neas, and not the actnal inhub 
 itants of Troy. According to Virgil and other 
 Latin authors, who, to make their court to the 
 Roman emperors, traced Uieir origin up to 
 iEneas. and described his arrival into Italy as 
 indubitable, he with his fleet first came to the 
 Thracian Chersonesus, wiiere Polymncsloj', 
 one of his allies, reigned. After visiting Dc- 
 los, the Strophades, and Crete, where he ex.- 
 pected to find the empire promised him by the 
 oracle, as in the place where hjs progenitor.s 
 were born, he landed in Epirus and Drejia- 
 num, the court of king Acestus jn Sicily, 
 wiiere he buried his father. From Sicily he 
 sailed for Italy, but was driven on the coasts of 
 Africa, and kindly received by Dido queen of 
 Carthage, to whom, on his first interview, he 
 gave one of the garments of the beautiful 
 Helen . Dido being enamoured of him, wisheej 
 to marry him ; but he left Cartilage by order 
 
't)f the gods. In his voyage he wa* driven to 
 SiciiV, and from thence he passed to Curaai 
 where the Sybil conducted him to hell, that 
 he might hear from his father th-e fates which 
 attended him and all his posterity. After 
 voyage of seven years, and the loss of 13 ships. 
 lie came to the Tyber. Latinus, the king of 
 the country, received him with hospitality, 
 and promised him his daughter Lavinia, who 
 had been before betrothed to king Turnus by 
 her mother Amata. To prevent this mar- 
 riage, Turnus made war against ^'Eneas ; and 
 after many battles, the war was decided by a 
 combat Ipetvveen the two rivals, in which Tur- 
 nus was killed. iEneas married Lavinia, in 
 "nrhose honour he built the town of Lavinium, 
 and succeeded his father-in-law. After a short 
 reign, ^neas was killed in a battle against the 
 Etrurians. Some say that he was droAvned in 
 the Numicus, and his body weighed down by 
 his armour ; upon which the Latins, not find- 
 ing their king, supposed that he had been taken 
 up to heaven, and therefore olFered him sacri- 
 fices as to a god. Dionys. Hal. fixes the arrival 
 of ^neas in Italy in the 54th olyrap. Some 
 authors suppose that ^neas, after the siege of 
 Troy, fell to the share of Neoptolemus; toge- 
 ther with Andromache, and that he was car- 
 ried to Thessaly, whence he escaped to Italy. 
 Others say, that after he had come to Italy, 
 he returned to Troy, leaving Ascanius king of 
 Latium. j^neas has been praised for his pie- 
 ty, and submission to the Vv'ill of ti:e gods. 
 Homer. II. 13 and 20. Hymn, in Vener. — Apol- 
 lod. 3, c. 12.— Diod. S.—Paus. 2, c. 33, 1. 3, c. 
 22, 1. 10, c. 25.— Plut. in Romnl. i/- Corol. 
 Qiiaist. Rom. — Val. Mar. 1, c. 8. — Flor. 1, c. 
 l.~Justi7i. 20, c. 1, 1. 31, c. 8, 1. 45, G. l.—Dic- 
 iys. Cret. 5. — Dares Phry. 6. — Dionys. Hal. 1, c. 
 il.—Slrab. 13.— Lit', i, c. l.— Virg. JEn.— 
 Aur. Victor.— JFMan. V. H. 8, c. 2%—Propert. 
 4, el. 1, V. 42.— Ovid. Met. 14, fab. 3, &c. 
 Trist. 4, V. 798. A son of iCneas and La- 
 vinia, called B3dvius, because his mothor re- 
 tired with him into the woods after his fat'ner's 
 depth. He succeeded Ascanius in Latiura, 
 though opposed bv Julius the son of his prede- 
 cessor. Virg. Ml. 6, V. 770.— Lm'. 1, c. 3. 
 
 An arabatsador sent by the L-dceda3mo- 
 
 iilans to Atliens, to treat of peace, io the 8t.h 
 
 year of ihe Peloponiicsian ^/ar. An ancient 
 
 author who. wiote on lactics, besides other 
 treatises, which, according to yElian, were 
 ♦epitomised by ri.ieas ihe friend of Fyrrhus. — 
 A native of Ga.'^a, who, from a platonic philo- 
 sopher became a christian, A. D. 4S5, and wrote 
 a dialogue called Theophrastus, on the immor- 
 lality of the soul, and the resurrection. 
 
 JiIneu, or .(Enia, a place near Rome, 
 
 sfferwards called Janiculum. A city of 
 
 'Iroas. Sfrab. 17. A city of Macedonia. 
 
 Dionys. Hal. 1. 
 
 j^NKiDJEs, a patronymic given to Ascanius, 
 ^5 son of iEneas. Firi>:. Mn. 9, v. 653. 
 
 -fiNEis, a poem of Virgil, which has for its 
 .subject the settlement of ^neas in Italy 
 The great merit of this poem is well known, 
 rhe author has Imitated Homer, and as some 
 s»y, Homer is superior to him only becau=;e he 
 is more ancient, and is an original. Virgil 
 died before he had corrected it, and at his 
 tieatli di': ired it might be burnt. This was 
 happily disobeyed, and Augustus saved from 
 the t^ajnc?, a ])oem which proved his family to 
 
 be dejG ended from the kings of Troy, The 
 ^neid had engaged the attention of the poet 
 for 1 1 years, and in the first six books it seems 
 that it was Virgil's design to imitate Homer's 
 Odyssey, and in the last tiie Iliad. The action 
 of the poem conjprehends eight yeai's,, one of 
 which only, the last, is really taken up by ac- 
 tion, as the seven first are merely episodes, 
 such as Juno's attempts to destroy the Trojans, 
 the loves of .^neas and Dido, the relation of 
 the faU of Troy, &c. In the first book of the 
 ^neid, the hero is introduced, in the seventh 
 year of his expedition, sailing in the Mediter- 
 ranean, and shipwrecked on the African coast, 
 where he is received by Dido. In the second, 
 iEneas, at the desire of the Phoenician queen, 
 relates the fall of Troy, and his flight through 
 the general conflagration to mount Ida. In the 
 third, the hero continues his narration, by a 
 minute account of his voyage through the Cy- 
 clades, the places where he landed, and tlie 
 dreadful storm, with the description of which 
 the poem opened. Dido, in the fourth book, 
 makes public her partiality to /Eneas, which 
 is slighted by the sailing of the Trojans from 
 Carthage, and the book closes with the su- 
 icide ox the disappointed queen. In the fifth 
 book, iEneas sails to Sicily, wiiere he ce- 
 lebrates the anni'^ersary of his father's death, 
 and thence pm-sues his voyage to Italy. In 
 the sixth, he visits the Elysian fields, and learns 
 from, his father the fate which attends him and 
 his descendants the Romans. In the seventh 
 book, the hero reaches the destined land of 
 Latium, and concludes a treaty with the king 
 of the country, which is soon broken by the in- 
 terfei-ence of Juno, who stimulates Turnus to 
 war. The auxiliaries of the enemy are enu- 
 merated ; and in the eighth book, vEneas is 
 assisted by Evander, and receives from Venus 
 a shield verought by Vulcan, on which are 
 represented the futui'e Riory and triumphs of 
 the Roman nation. The reader is pleased in 
 the ninth book, with the account of battles 
 between tlie rival armies, and the immortal 
 friendship of INisus and Euiyalaus. Jupiter 
 in the tenth attempts a reconciliation between 
 Venus and Ji'no, who patronised the opposite 
 parties ; the tight is renewed, Pailas killed, 
 and Tirnus saved from the avenging hand oif 
 /Eneas, by the intei-position of Juno. The 
 eleventh book gives an account of the funeral 
 of Pallas, and of the meditated reconciliation 
 between j$^neas and Latinus, which the sud- 
 den appearance of tlie enemy defeats. Ca- 
 mili.'t is slain, and the combatants separated by 
 the ni^iit. In the last book, .Fano prevents 
 the siiigle combat agreed upon by Turnus and 
 iEneas. The Trojans are defeated in the ab- 
 sence of their king : but on the return of .^Ene- 
 as, the battle assumes a different turn, a single . 
 combat is fought by the rival leaders, and the 
 poem is concluded by the death of king Tur- 
 nus. Plin. 7. c. 30, k.G. 
 
 iENE§iDKMns, a brave general of Argqs. 
 
 Lii\ 32, c. 25. A Cretan philosopher, who 
 
 v.role 8 books on the doctrine of his master 
 Pyrrho. Diog. in Pyr. 
 
 iENtsiufi, a surname of Jupiter, from 
 mount ^Bum. 
 
 iENKTi^s, a victor at Olympia, w)io, in the 
 moment of victory, died through excess of joy. 
 Pirns. 3, c. 18. 
 
 I 
 
MS- 
 
 be derived from m«(Ao;, various, because tue 
 winds over which he presided are ever vary- 
 ing. There were two others, ~a king of 
 
 Etruria, father to Macareus and Canace, and 
 a son of Hellenus, often confounded with the 
 god of the winds. This la^t married Enaretta, 
 by whom he had seven sons and five daugh- 
 ters. Apollod. 1, c. 7. — Homer. Od. 10, v. 1. — 
 Ovid. Met. 11, v. 478, 1. 14, ^v. 224.—Apollon. 
 4, Argon. — Fiacc. 1, v. 556. — Diod.4 and 5. — 
 Virg. ^n. 1, v. 56, k,c. 
 
 iEoKA, a festival in Athens, in honour, of 
 Erigone. 
 
 /Epliius, a king of Greece, restored to his 
 kingdom by Hercules, whose son ITylius he 
 adopted. Strab. 9. 
 
 aEpEA, a town of Crete, called Solis, in ho- 
 nour of Solon. Plul. in Solon. 
 
 JEiPxJLO, a general of the Istrians, who 
 drank to excess, after he had stormed the 
 camp of A. ifiaulius, the Roman general. Be- 
 iiig attacked by a soldier, he Qtid to a neigh- 
 bouring town, which the Romans took, and 
 killed himself for feai- of beiiig taken. Flor. 2, 
 c. 10. 
 
 JEpy, a town of Elis, under tlie dominion of 
 Nestor. Stat. 4, Theb. v. 180. 
 
 Mpytcs, king of Mycenaj, son of Chre^-' 
 phcnLes and ivierope, was educated in Arca-- 
 uia with Cypselus, his mother's father. To 
 recover his kingdom, he killed Polyphontes, 
 who had raaiiied his mother against her will,, 
 and usurpf'd the crown. Apollod. 2, c. 6. — 
 
 Faus. 4, c, 8. A king of Aixadia, son of 
 
 Elaius. *A son of Hippothous, who forcibly 
 
 entered the temple of iscptune, near Mauti- 
 uea; and was scruck blind by the suaden erup- 
 tion of salt waisr from the altar. He was kill- 
 ed Dj a serpent in hunting. Fau^. 8, c. 4 
 and 5. 
 
 M'^'s: or iEQ,uicuLi, a people of Latiura, 
 neai* Tybur; they were great enemies to 
 Rome in its infant state, and were conquered 
 with much diiSculty. Flor. 1, c. 11. — Liv. 1, 
 c. 32, i. 2, c. 30, 1. 3, c. 2, kc. — Plin. 3, c. 4. — 
 Virg. J£n. 7, v. 747, 1. 9, v, QS4.—Qvid. Fast. 
 3, v. ys.—Dtonys. Hal. 2, c. 19. 
 
 Mqvniihivii, a place in Rome where the 
 house of Melius stood, v/ho aspired to sove- 
 reign povi'er, for which crime his habitatioa 
 was levelled to the ground. Ldc. 4, c. 16. 
 
 ^^RiAS, an ancient king of Cypi-us, who, 
 built the temple of Paphcs. Tacit. Hist. 2» 
 c. 3. 
 
 ^K'jpEjWife of Atreiis, committed adultery 
 ^^oLiDEs. a" patronymic of' Uivsses, from I ^^"^^^ Thyestes, her brother-in-law, and had 
 lus; because Anticlea, his mother, was by him tv/ms, who were placed as ioodbetoro 
 
 Atreus. Oi'^U 2WW. 3, v.39l. A daughter 
 
 of Cepheus, ravished by Mars. She died iir 
 child-bed : her child was preserved, and called 
 jEropus, Paus. 8, c. 44. 
 
 iERopxTS, a genera] of Epirus, in the reign 
 
 of Pyrrhus. A person appointed regent to 
 
 Orestes, the infant son of Archelaus, king of 
 Macedonia. An officer of king Philip, ba- 
 nished for bringing a singer into his camp. 
 
 Puli/nin.4, c. 2. A mountain of Chaonia. 
 
 Liv. 31, c. 5. 
 
 iEsAcus, a river of Troy near Ida. 
 
 ^0 
 
 iENicTTs, a comic writer at Athens. 
 
 iENiocHi, a people of Asiatic Sarmatia. 
 Lucnn. 2, v. 591. 
 
 JEifOBARBUs, or Ahenobarbus, the surname 
 of Domitius. When Castor and Pollux ac- 
 
 Suainted him with victory, he discredited 
 lem : upon which they touched his chin and 
 beard i which instantly became of a brazen co- 
 lour, whence the surname given to himself 
 and his descendants. 
 
 iEsocLES, a writer of Rhodes. Aihen. 
 
 jUnos, now Eiio, an independent city of 
 Thrace, at the eastern mouth of the Hebrus, 
 confounded with ^nei'a, of which ..^neas was 
 tilie founder. Mela, 2, c. 2. 
 
 ^Enum, a town of Thrace — of Thessaly . 
 
 A mountain in Cephallenia. Strab. 7. A 
 
 river and village near Ossa. A city of Crete 
 
 built by JEneas. 
 
 ^nFra, a town of Thasos. Herodot. 6, 
 C.47. 
 
 jEolia, a nanje given to Arne. Sappho is 
 caWed ^F.oHajmella, and lyric poetry JEolium 
 carmen, because of .Alcceus and Sappho,, na- 
 tives of Lesbos. Horat. 4, od. 3, v. 12j and 
 od. 9, V. 12. 
 
 jEolia, or ^.olis, a country of Asia Minor, 
 near the ^-gean sea It has Troas at the 
 north, and Ionia at the south. The inhabi- 
 tants were of Grecian origin, and were mas- 
 ters of many of the neighbouring island.?. 
 They had 12. otlier; say 30, considerable ci- 
 ties, of which Cau~>ie and Lesbos Avere tba 
 most famous. Thev- received their name from 
 ^olus son of Hellenus. They migrated from 
 Greece about 1124 B C. 80 years before the 
 migraaon of the Ionian tribes. Herodot. 1, 
 c.2^, kc— Strab. 1, 2, andC— PZfn.5, c. 30.— 
 
 Mela, 1, c. 2 and 18. Thessaly has been 
 
 anciently called ^olia. Dffiotus, son of Pvep- 
 tune, having settled there, called his followers 
 Boeotians, and thsir country Bceotia. 
 
 JEjlije and tEolides, seven Islands be- 
 tween Sicily and Italy; called Lipai-a, Hiera, 
 Stroiigyle, Didyme, Ericusa, Phcenicusa, and 
 Euonymos They were the retreat of the 
 winds; and Plrg. Mn. 1, v, 66, calls them 
 jS^alia, and the kingdom of ^Eolus the god of 
 storms and vvinds They sometimes bear the 
 name of VidcanicB and Ilephasliadts, and are 
 known now among the moderns under the 
 general appellation of Lipari islands. Liican. 
 #, V. 609.— J«^//?i, 4, c. 1. 
 
 jEor.inA, a city of Tenedos. Another 
 
 near Therraopvlje. Herodot. 8, c. 35 
 
 M " 
 Mo 
 
 pregnant by Sisyphus, the son of iEolu5, when 
 she married Laerics. It is also given to Atba- 
 inas and Misenus, as sons of .S^olus. Ovid. 
 Met. 4, V. 511, 1. 13, v. ^l.—Virg. JEn. 6, v. 164 
 and 529. 
 
 iEoLus, the king of storms and winds, was 
 the son of I lippotas. He reigned over ^olia ; 
 «ud because he was the inventor of sails, and 
 a great astronomer, the poets have called him 
 llie god of tiie wind. It is said that he coniined 
 •in a baf^, and gave to Ulysses, all Uie winds tliat 
 •:ould blow against his vessel when he returned 
 to Ithaca. The companions of Ulyssoe untied 
 the bag, and gave the wind.s their liberty. 
 iEolus was indebted to Juno for his royal dig- 
 nity, according ty Viigii. The n»nie ."eem"? t<> 
 
 A son of Priam, by Alexirhoe ; or, according 
 to others, by Arisba. He became enamoured 
 of Hesperia, whom he pursued into the. .vood«. 
 The nymph threw he£self iiito tu^ sea, and 
 
MS 
 
 was changed into a bird, ^sacus followed 
 her example, and was changed into a cormo- 
 rant by Tethys. Qvid. Met. 11, fab. 11. 
 
 iEsAPus, a river of Mysia, in Asia, falling 
 into the Hellespont. Plin. 5, c. 32. 
 
 ^SAR, or iEsARAS, a river of Magna Grae- 
 cia, falling into the sea near Crotona. Ovid. 
 Met. 15, V. 28. 
 
 ^scHiNEs, an Athenian orator, who flou- 
 rished about 342 B. C. and distinguished him- 
 self by his rivalship with Demosthenes. His 
 father's name was Atroraetus, and he boasted 
 of his descent from a noble family, though 
 Demosthenes reproached him as being the son 
 of a courtezan. The first open signs of en- 
 mity between the rival orators appeared at 
 the court of Philip, where they were sent as 
 ambassadors ; but the chai'acter of ^schines 
 was tarnished by the acceptance of a bribe 
 from the Macedonian prince, whose tyranny 
 kad hitherto been the general subject of his 
 declamation. When the Athenians wished to 
 reward the patriotic labours of Demosthenes 
 with a golden crown, iEschines impeached 
 Gteslphon, who proposed it ; and to their sub- 
 sequent dispute we are indebted for the two 
 celebrated orations de corona. iEschines was 
 defeated by his rival's superior eloquence, and 
 banished to Rhodes ; but as he retired from 
 Athens, Demosthenes ran after him, and no- 
 bly forced him to accept a present of silver. 
 In his banishment, the orator repealed to the 
 Rhodians, what he had delivered against De- 
 mosthenes; and after receiving much applause, 
 he was desired to read the answer of his an- 
 tagonist. It was received with gi'eater marks 
 ©f approbation ; but, exclaimed jEscbines, how 
 much more would your admiration have been 
 raised, had you heard Demosthenes himself 
 speak it ! iEschines died in the 75th year of 
 his age, at Rhodes, or, as some suppose, at 
 Samos. He wrote three orations, and nine 
 epistles, which, from their number, received 
 the name, the first of the graces, and the last 
 of the muses. The orations alone are extant, 
 generally found collected with those of Lysias. 
 An oration which bears the name of Ddlaca 
 lex., is said not to be his production, but that of 
 ^schines, another orator of that age. Cic. de 
 Orat. 1, c. 24, 1. 2, c. 53, in Bnit. c. 17.— Plat, 
 in Demostli. — Diog. 2 and 3. — Plin. 7, c. 30. 
 Diogenes mentions seven more of the same 
 
 name. A philosopher, disciple of Socrates, 
 
 who wrote several dialogues, some of which 
 bore the following titles: Aspasia, Phasdon, 
 Alcibiades, Draco, Erycia, Polyaiuus, Telau- 
 ges, &,c. The dialogue entitled Axiochus, and 
 ascribed to Plato, is supposed to be his compo- 
 sition. T-lie best editions are that of Leovard, 
 1718, with the notes of Horraeus, in 8vo. and 
 
 that of Fischer, 8vo. Lips. 1766. A man 
 
 who Avrote an oratory. An Arcadian. 
 
 A Mitylenean. A disciple of Melanthius, 
 
 . A Milesian writer. ^A statuaiy. 
 
 jEscnRio>r, a Mitylenean poet, intimate 
 with Aristotle. He accompanied Alexander 
 
 in his Asiatic expedition. An Iambic poet 
 
 of Samos. Allien. A physician commended 
 
 hy Galen. A treatise of his on husbandry has 
 
 been quoted by Pliny. A lieutenant of Ar- 
 
 chas:athu9, killed by Hanno. Diod. 20. 
 
 ^scHVLiDEs, a man who wrote a book on 
 agriculture. JElian. H. Jia. 15. 
 
 .^scHYLus, an excellent soldier and poet 
 of Athens, son of Euphorion, and brother t» 
 Cynsegirus. He was in the Athenian army at 
 the battle of Marathon, Salamis, and Plataea. 
 But the most solid fame he has obtained, is the 
 offspring less of his valour in the field of bat- 
 tle than of his writings. Of ninety tragedies, 
 however, the fruit of his ingenious labours, 40 
 of which were rewarded with the public prize, 
 only seven have come safe to us : Prometheus 
 vindus, Septem duces apud Thebas, Persctt 
 Agamemnon, Chmphori, Eumenides, Suppli- 
 ces. iEschylus is the first who introduced two 
 actors on the stage, and clothed them with 
 dresses suitable to their character. He like- 
 wise removed mui-der from the stage. It is 
 said, that when he composed, his countenance 
 betrayed the gi-eatest ferocity ; and, according 
 to one of his scholiasts, when his Eumenides 
 were represented, many children died tiirough 
 fear, and several pregnant women actually 
 miscarried in the house, at the sight of the 
 horrible masks that were introduced. The 
 imagination of the poet was strong and com- 
 prehensive, but disorderly and wild ; fruitful 
 in prodigies, but disdaining probabilities. His 
 style is obscure, and the labours of an excellent 
 modern critic have pronounced him the 
 most difficult of all the Greek classics. A few 
 expressions of impious tendency in one of his 
 plays, nearly proved fatal to ^Eschylus ; he was 
 condemned to death : but his brother Amyni- 
 as, it is reported, reversed the sentence, by 
 uncovering an arm, of which the hand hat! 
 been cut off at the battle of Salamis in the ser- 
 vice of his country, and the poet was pardoned. 
 ^Eschylus has been accused of drinking to ex- 
 cess, and of never composing except when in 
 a state of intoxication. In his old age he re- 
 tired to the court of Hiero in Sicily. Being 
 informed that he was to die by the fall of a 
 house, he became dissatisfied with the fickle- 
 ness of his countrymen, and withdrew from 
 the city into the fields, where he sat down. An 
 eagle with a tortoise in her bill, flew over his 
 bald head, and supposing it to be a stone, 
 dropped her prey upon it to break the shell, 
 and j5]schylus instantly died of the blow, in 
 the 69th year of his age, 456 B. C. It is said 
 that he wrote an account of the battle of Ma- 
 rathon in elegiac verses. The best editions of 
 his works are that of Stanley, fol. London, 
 1663, that of Glasg. 2 vols, in 12mo. 1746, and 
 that of Schutz, 2 vols. Svo. Hal«, V7S2.—Ho- 
 rat.AH. Poet. 27S.—QuinliL 10, c. l.—Plin. 
 
 10, c. 3.— Val. Max. 9, c. 12. The 12tta 
 
 perpetual archon of Athens. A Corinthian, 
 
 l3rother-in-law to Timophanes, intimate with 
 
 Timoleon. Pluf. in Timol. A Rhodiaa 
 
 set over Egypt with Peucestes of Macedonia. 
 
 Curt. 4, c. 8. A native of Cnidus, teacher 
 
 of rhetoric to Cicero. Cic. in Brut. 
 
 ^EscuLAPius, son of Apollo, by Coronis, 
 or as some say, by Larissa, daughter of Phle- 
 gias, was god of medicine. After his union 
 with Coronis, Apollo set a crow to watch her, 
 and was soon informed that she admitted th« 
 caresses of Ischys, of .-Emonia. The god, in a 
 fit of anger, destroyed Coronis with lightning, 
 but saved the infant from her womb, and gave 
 him to be educated to Chiron, who taught him 
 the art of medicine. Some authors say, that 
 Coronis left h«r father to avoid the discovery 
 
 ll 
 
MS 
 
 of her pregnancy, an ; hat she exposed her 
 4;hild near Epidaurus. A goat of the flocks of 
 Aresthanas gave him her milk, and the dog 
 who kept the flock stood by him to shelter him 
 from injury. He was found by the master of 
 the flock, who went in search of his stray goat, 
 and saw his head surrounded with resplendent 
 rays of light, ^sculapius was physician to the 
 Argonauts, and considered so skilled in the 
 medicinal power of plants, that he was called 
 the inventor as well as the god of medicine. 
 He restored many to life, of which Pluto com- 
 plained to Jupiter, who struck ^Esculapius 
 with thunder, but Apollo, angry at the death of 
 his son, killed the Cyclops who made the thun- 
 derbolts. jEsculapius received divane honours 
 after death, chiefly at Epidaurus, Pergaraus, 
 Athens, Smyrna, fcc. Goats, bulls, lambs, and 
 pigs were sacrificed on his altars, and the 
 cock and the serpent were sacred to him. 
 Rome, A. U. C. 462, was delivered of a plague, 
 and built a temple to the god of medicine, who, 
 as was supposed, had come there in the form 
 of a serpent, and hid himself among the reeds 
 in an island of the Tyber. ^sculapius was re- 
 
 E resented with a large beard, holding in his 
 and a stafl^", round which was wreathed a ser- 
 pent ; his other hand was supported on the 
 head of a serpent. Serpents are more parti- 
 cularly sacred to him, not only as the ancient 
 physicians used them in their prescriptions ; 
 but because they were the symbols of })r«dence 
 and foresight, so necessaiy in the mcdicalpro- 
 fession. Ke married Epione, by whom he had 
 two sons, famous for their skill in medicine, 
 Machaon and Podalirus ; and four daughters, 
 of whom Hygiea, goddess of health, is the 
 most celebrated. Some have supposed that he 
 lived a short time after the Trojan war. He- 
 siod makes no mention of him. Homer. 11. 4, 
 V. 193, Hymn, in Mscul.—Apollod. 3, c. 10. 
 — Appollon. 4, Jlrgon. — Hygin,- fab. 49. — 
 Ovid. Mel. 2, fab. S.—Paus. 2, c. 11 and 27, I. 
 7, c. 23, kc.—Diod. 4.— Pindar. Pyth. 3.— 
 Lucian. Dial, de Saltat. — Val. Max. 1, c. 8. 
 — Cic. de JVat. D. 3, c. 22, says there' were 
 three of this name ; the 1st, a son of Apollo, 
 worshipped in Arcadia; 2d, a brother of Mer- 
 cury ; 3d, a man who first taught medicine. 
 
 iEsEPus, a son of Bucolion. Homer. II. 6, 
 V. 21, A river. Fi(/. .^Isapus. 
 
 ^SEKA^IA, a city of the Samnites, in Italy, 
 Liv. 27, c. 12.— *•(/. 8, v. 567. 
 
 iEsioN, an Athenian, known for his respect 
 for the talents of Demosthenes. Plut. in Be-, 
 most. 
 
 -ffisis, a river of Italy, which separates Um- 
 bria from Picenum. 
 
 iEsoN, son of Cretheus, was born at the 
 same birth as Pelias. He succeeded his fa- 
 ther in the kingdom of lolchos, but was soon 
 exiled by his brother. He married Alcimeda, 
 by whom he had Jason, whose education he 
 intrusted to Chiron, being afraid of Pelias. 
 When Jason was grown u]), he demanded his 
 lather's kingdom from his uncle, v.ho irave 
 him evasive answers, ami persuaded him to 
 go in quest of the golden fleece. [Fid. Ja- 
 son.] At his return, Jason found his father 
 very infirm ; and Medea [Vid. Meden,] at his 
 request, drew the blood fron) /Eson's veins, 
 and refilled them with the juice of certain 
 herbs which she had gathered, and immedi- 
 7 
 
 ately the old man recovered the vigour and 
 bloom of youth. Some say that Mson killed 
 himself by drinking bull's blood, to avoid the 
 persecution of Pelias. Died. 4. — Apollod. 1, 
 c. 9.— Ovid. Met. 7, v. 28b.—Hygin. fab. 12.- 
 
 A river of Thessaly, with a town of the 
 
 same name> 
 
 iEsoNiDES, a patronymic of Jason, as being 
 descended from iEson. 
 
 ^sopus, a Phrygian philosopher, who, 
 though originally a slave, procured his liberty 
 by the sallies of his genius. He travelled over 
 the greatest part of Greece and Egypt, but 
 chiefly resided at the court of Croesus, king of 
 Lydia, by \'^hom he was sent to consult the ora- 
 cle of Delphi. In this commission jEsop be- 
 haved with great severity, and satirically com- 
 ])ared the Delphians to floating sticks, which 
 appear large at a distance, but are nothing 
 when brought near. The Delphians, offended 
 with his sarcastic remarks, accused him of 
 having secreted one of the sacred vessels of 
 Apollo's teniple, and threw him dov/n from a 
 rock, 561 B. C. Maxiraus Plarmdes has writ- 
 ten his life in Greek ) but no credit is to be 
 given to the biographer, who falsely asserts 
 that the mythologist was short and deformed, 
 ^sop dedicated his fables to his patron Croe- 
 sus ; but what appeal's now under his name, is 
 no doubt a compilation of ail the fables and 
 apologues of wits before and after the age of 
 /Esop, conjointly with his own. Plat, in So- 
 lon.— Pliced. 1. fab. 2, 1. 2, fab, 9. Claudus, 
 
 an actor on the Roman stage, very intimate 
 with Cicero. He amassed an immense for- 
 tune. His son, to be more expensive, melted 
 precious stones to drink at his entertainments, 
 Horat. 2, Sat. 3, v. 239.— Val. Max. 8, c. 10. 
 
 1. 9, c. l.—Plin. 9, c. 35, 1. 10, c. 51. An 
 
 orator. Diog:- An historian in the time 
 
 Plat, in Solon. A river 
 
 -An attendant of Mi- 
 
 of Anaximenes. 
 
 of Pontus. Strab. 12 
 
 thridates, w^ho ^vrote a treatise on Helen, and 
 
 a panegyric on liis royal master. 
 
 iEsTRiA, an island in the Adriatic. Melaj 
 2, c. 7. 
 
 iEsuLA, a town on a mountain between Ty» 
 bur and Praneste. Horat. 3, od, 29. 
 
 ^SYETES, a man from whose tomb Polites 
 spied what the Greeks did in their ships dur- 
 ing the Trojan war. Homer. II. 2, v. 793. 
 
 ^sYMNETEs, a sumame of Bacchus. Paus. 
 7, c. 21. 
 
 iEsYMNus, a person of Megara, who con- 
 sulted Apollo to know the best method of 
 governing his country. Paus. 1, c. 43. 
 
 iETHALiA, or Etheria, now Elba, an 
 island between Etruria and Corsica. Plin. 3, 
 c. 6, 1. 6, c. 30. 
 
 -^THALiDEs, a herald, son of Mercury, to 
 whom it was granted to be amongst the dead 
 and the living at stated times. Apollon. Argon. 
 1, V, (yi\, 
 
 iExHioN, a man .slain at the nuptials of An- 
 dromeda. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 146. 
 
 .(Ethjupia, an extensive countiy of Africa, 
 at the south of Egypt, divided into east and 
 west by the ancients, the former division ly- 
 ing near Meroc, and the latter near the Mauli. 
 The country, properly now called Abyssinia, 
 as well as the inhabiiants, were little known 
 to the ancients, tliough Homer has styled 
 them the jnstest of men, «ud the favonj-itTs 
 
ef the gods. Diod. 4, says, that the zEthio- 
 pians wei-e the first inhabitants of the earth,— 
 They were the first who worsliipped the gods, 
 for which, as some suppose, their country has 
 never been invaded by a foreign enemy. The 
 inhabitants are of a dark complexion. The 
 country is inundated for five months every 
 year, and their days and nights are almost of 
 an equal length. The ancients have given the 
 name of Ethiopia to every country whose in- 
 habitants are of a black colour, Liican. 3, v. 
 '253, 1. 9, V. Qol.—Juv. 2, v. 2S.—Virg. eel. 6, 
 V. QS.—Plin. 6, c. 29. Pans. 1, c. 33.— Homer. 
 Od.l,y.22. //. 1, V. 423. 
 
 ^TiiLius, sou of Jupiter by Protogenia, 
 Was father of Endymion. JlpoUod. 1, c. 7. 
 
 ^THON, a horse of the sun. Ovid. Met. 2, 
 
 fab. 1. A horse of Pallas, represented as 
 
 shedding tears at the death of his master, by 
 
 Virg. Mn. II, V.89. A horse of Hector. 
 
 Homer. II. 8, v. 185. • 
 
 ^THRA, daughter of PItheus king of TrcB- 
 zene, had Theseus by iEgeus. [Vid. JEgeiis.'] 
 Slie was carried away by Castor and Pollux, 
 ■when they recovered their sister Helen, whom 
 Theseus had stolen, and intrusted to her care. 
 [Vid. Helen.] She went to Troy with Helen. 
 Homer. 11. 3, v. 144.— Pans. 2, c. 31, 1. 5, c. 19. 
 ■—Hygiii. fab. 37 and 79.— Plut. in Thes.— 
 Olid. Her. 10, v. 181. — One of the Oceanides, 
 Avife to Atlas, She is more generally called 
 Pleione, 
 
 JEthvsa, a daughter of Neptune by Ara- 
 phitrite, or Alcyone, mother by Apollo of 
 
 Kleuthereand two sons. Pans. 9, c. 20. 
 
 An island near Lilybffiura. Plin. 3, c. 8. 
 
 JEtia, a poem of Callimachus, in whicli 
 he speaks of sacrifices, and of the manner in 
 which they were offered. Mart. 10, ep. 4. 
 
 jE-noy, or Eetion, the father of Andro- 
 maciie, Hector's wife. He was killed at The- 
 bes, with his seven sons, by the Greeks. 
 
 A famous painter. He drew a painting of 
 Alexander going to celebrate his nuptials with 
 Roxane. This piece was much valued, and 
 v.as exposed to public view at the Olympic 
 games, where it gained so much applause that 
 The president of the games gave the painter his 
 daughter in marriage. Oic Br. 18. 
 
 jiilTNA, a mountain of Sicily, now called Gi- 
 bello, famous for its volcano, which, for about 
 31100 years, has thrown out fire at intervals. 
 It is 2 miles in perpendicular height, and mea- 
 .sures 100 miles round at the base, with an 
 ascent of 30 miles. Its crater forms a circle 
 about 3 1-2 miles in circumference, and its 
 top is covered with snow and smoke at the 
 same time, whilst the sides of the mountain, 
 from the great fertility of the soil, exhibit a 
 rich scenery of cultivated fielde and blooming 
 vineyards. Pindar is the first who mentions 
 an eruption of^i^tna ; and the silence of Homer 
 on the subject is considered as a proof that the 
 Jires of tiie mountain W'ere unknown in his age. 
 From the time of Pythagoras, the supposed date 
 of the first volcanic aj)j)earance, to the battle 
 of Pharsalia, it is computed that dclUm has bad 
 100 eruptions. The i)oets siipj)Osed that Ju- 
 piter had confined the giants under this moun- 
 tain, and it was rej>rese]jted as the forge of 
 Vulcan, where his servants the Cyclops fabi'i- 
 cated thunderbolts, &ic. Heslod. Theog. v. 860. 
 —Virg. JEtk. 3, v. olO.—Ovid. Met. 5, fab. 6. 
 I. 15, V. 340.— Hal 14, v. o9. 
 
 AF 
 
 iEToLiA, a country bounded by Epulis, 
 Acarnania, and Locris, supposed to be about 
 the middle of Greece. It received its name 
 from iEtolus. The inhabitants were covetous 
 and illiberal, and were little known in Greece, 
 till after the ruin of Athens and Sparta they 
 assumed a consequence in the country, and af- 
 terwards made themselves formidable as the 
 allies of Rome and as its enemies, till they 
 were conquered by Fulvius. Liv. 26, c. 24, 
 kc.—Flor. 2, c. 9.—Slrab. 8 and 10.— Mela, 2, 
 c,3.— P/m.4, c. 2.— Pans. 10, c. IS.— Plut. in 
 Flam. 
 
 ^ToLus, son of Endymion of Elis and Iphi- 
 anassa, married Pronoe, by whom he had 
 Pleiu'on and Calvdon. Having accidentally 
 killed Apis, son ot Phoroneus, he left his coun- 
 try, and came to settle in tliat part of Greece 
 which has been called, from him, ^Etolia. 
 ApoLlod. 1, c. 7 and 9. Pans. 5, .c. I. 
 
 iEx, a rocky island between Tenedos and 
 Chios. Plin. 4, c. 11. A city in the coun- 
 try of the Marsi. The nurse of Jupiter 
 
 changed into a constellation. 
 
 Afer, an inhabitant of Africa. An in- 
 former under Tiberius and his successors. He 
 became also knovv'n as an orator and as the 
 preceptor of Quintilian, and was made consul 
 by Domitian. He died A. D. 59. 
 
 Afrania, a Roman matron who fi-equented 
 the forum forgetful of female decency. Val. 
 Ma.v. 8, c. 3. 
 
 Luc. Afranius, a Latin comic poet in the 
 age of Terence, often compared to Menander, 
 whose style he imitated. He is blamed for the 
 unnatural gratifications which he mentions in 
 Jiis writings, some fragments of which are to be 
 found in the Corpus Poeiarum. Qui7it. 10, c. 1. 
 — Sueton. JVer. li.—Horat. 2, ep. 1, v. 57. — 
 Cic. defin. 1, c. 3.—^. Gell. 13, c.8. A ge- 
 neral of Pompey, conquered by Caesar in 
 
 Spain. Sueton. in Cas. 34. — Plut. inPomp. 
 
 Q. a man who wrote a severe satire against 
 Nero, for which he was put to death in the 
 Pisonian conspiracy. Tacit. Potitus, a ple- 
 beian, who said before Caligula, that he would 
 willingly die ifthe emperor could recover from 
 the di.^temper he laboured under. Caligula 
 i-ecovcred, and Afranius was put to death that 
 he might not forfeit his word. Dio. 
 
 Africa, called Libya hy the Greeks, one 
 of the three parts of the ancient world, and 
 the greatest peninsula of the universe, was 
 boimded on the east by Arabia and the Red 
 Sea, on the north by the Mediterranean, south 
 and west by the ocean. In its greatest lengtli 
 it extends 4300 miles, and in its greatest 
 breadth it is 3500 miles. It is joined on the 
 east to Asia, by an isthmus 60 miles long, 
 which some of the Ptolemies endeavoured to 
 cut, in vain, to join the Red and Mediterra- 
 nean seas. It is so immediately situate under 
 the sun, that only the maritime parts are in- 
 habited, and the inland country is mostly bar- 
 ren and sandy, and infested with wild beasts. 
 The ancients, through ignorance, peopled the 
 southern parts of Africa with monsters, en- 
 chanters, and chimeras ; errors which begia 
 to be corrected l)y modern travellci's. Vid. 
 Libya. Mela, 1, <;. 4, he — Diod. 3, 4, and 
 20.— Hcrodot. 2, c. IT, 26 and 32, 1.4, c. 41, 
 
 ^c. — Plin. 5, c. 1, &€. There is a part of 
 
 Africa, called Propria, which lies aboat the 
 
AG 
 
 middle, ©n the Mediterranean, and has Car- 
 thage for its capital. 
 
 Atricaxus, a blind poet, commended by 
 
 Ennius. A christian writer, who flourished 
 
 A. D. 222. In his chronicle, which Avas uni- 
 vereaily esteemed, he reckoned 5500 years 
 from the creation of the world to the age of 
 Julius Ceesar. ISotliing remains of this work, 
 but what Eusebius has preserved. In a letter 
 to Origen, Africanus proved, that the history 
 of Susanna is supposititious ; and in another to 
 Ainstides, still extant, he endeavours to recon- 
 cile t!ie seeming contradictions that appear in 
 the genealogies of Christ in St. Matthew and 
 Luke. He is supposed to be the same who 
 wrote nine books, in which he ti'eats of physic, 
 
 agriculture, uc. A lawyer, disciple to Papi- 
 
 nian, and intimate with the emperor Alexan- 
 der. An orator mentioned by Quintilian. 
 
 The surname of the Seipios, from the 
 
 conquest of Africa. Vid. Scipio. 
 
 Africum mare, is that part of the Mediter- 
 ranean which is on tlie coast of Africa. 
 
 Agagrian.^ port.e, gates at Syracuse, 
 near which the dead were buried. Cic. in 
 Tusc. 
 
 Agalasses, a nation of India, conquered by 
 Alexander. Diod. 17. 
 
 Agalla, a woman of Corcyra, who wrote 
 a treatise upon grammar. Athen. 1. 
 
 Agamedes and Trophonius, two archi- 
 tects who made the entrance of the temple 
 of Delphi, for which they demanded of the 
 god; whatever gift Avas most advantageous for 
 a man to receive. Eight days after they were 
 found dead in their bed. Plut. de cons, ad 
 JlpoL — Cic. Jmc. 1, c. 47. — Pans. 9, c. 11 and 
 37, gives a different account. 
 
 Agamemnon, king of Mycenae and Argos, 
 was brother to Menelaus, and son of Plisthe- 
 nes, the son of Atreus. Homer calls them 
 sons of Atreus, which is false upon the autlio- 
 rity of Hesiod, Apollodorus, tc. [Vid. Plis- 
 iJienes.'] When Atreus was dead, his brother 
 Thyestes seized the kingdom of Argos, and 
 removed Agamemnon and Menelaus, who fled 
 to Poh^hidus, king of Sicyon, and hence to 
 CEneus, king of ^tolia, where tliey were edu- 
 cated. Agamemnon married Clytemnestra, 
 and Menelaus Helen, both daughters of Tyn- 
 darus, king of Sparta, who assisted them to re- 
 cover their father's kingdom. After tlie ba- 
 nishment of theusui-jDerto Cythera, Agamem- 
 non established himself at Mycena?, whilst 
 Menelaus succeeded his father-in-law at Spar- 
 ta. AVhen Helen was stolen by Paiis, Aga- 
 memnon was elfected commander in chief of 
 the Grecian forces going against Troy ; and he 
 showed his zeal in the cause by furnishing 100 
 ships, and lending 60 more to the people of 
 Arcadia. The fleet was detained at Aulis, 
 where Agamemnon sacrificed his daughter to 
 appease Diana. [Vid. Iphigenia.'] During the 
 Trojan war, Agamemnon behaved with much 
 valour; but his quarrel Avilh Achilles, whose 
 mistress he took by force, was fatal to the 
 Greeks. [Vid. Briseis.] After the ruin of 
 Troy, Cassandra fell to his share, and foretold 
 him that his wife would put him to death. 
 He gave no credit to this, and returned to Ar- 
 ^os with Cassandra. Clytemnestra, with her 
 adullercr TEgisthus, [Vid. ^^isihus,] prepared 
 to murder hi^mj &ud as he came from i\v 
 
 AG 
 
 bath, to embarras him, she gave him a tunic 
 whose sleeves were sewed together, and while 
 he attempted to put it on, she brought him to 
 the ground with a stroke of a hatchet, and 
 iEgisthus seconded her blows. — His death was 
 revenged by his son Orestes. [Firf. Clytem- 
 nestra, Menelaus, and Orestes.] Homer. II. 
 1, 2, &c. Od. 4, he— Ovid, de Rem. Am. v. 
 Til.— Met. 12, V. 30.— Hytrin, fab. S8 and 97. 
 —Strab. S.—Tliucyd. 1, c "^.—JElian. V. H. 4, 
 c. 26. — Didys Cret. 1, 2, k:c. — Dares Phryg. — 
 Sophocl. in Elect. — Euripid. in Orest. — Senec. 
 in Jgatn. — Pans. 2, c. 6, 1. 9, c. 40, &ic. — 
 Virg. JEn. 6, v. 838.— .4/e/a, 2, c. 3. 
 
 Agamemnonius, an epithet applied to 
 Orestes, a son of Agamemnon. Virg. ,Sn. 4, 
 V. 471. 
 
 Agametor, an athlete of Mantinea. — Pans. 
 6, c. 10. 
 
 AGA5INEST0R; a king of Athcus. 
 
 Aganippe, a celebrated fountain of Bceotia, 
 at the foot of mount Helicon. It flows into 
 the Pei'niessus, and is sacred to the muses, 
 who, from it, were called Aganippedes. — Pam, 
 9, c. 29.— Propert. 2, el. 3.— Olid. Met. 5, v. 
 312.— Piin. 4, c. 7. 
 
 Agapjjsor, tlie commander of Agamem- 
 non's fleet. Homer. II. 2. The son of An- 
 
 ca?us, and grandson of Lycurgus, who after the 
 ruin of Troy, was carried by a storm into Cy- 
 prus, W'here he built Paphos. Puus. 8, c. 5.— 
 Homer. 11.2. 
 
 Agar, a town of Africa. Hirl. hell. Afr- 
 76. 
 
 Agareni, a people of Ai-abia. Trajan 
 destroyed then* city, called AgcU'um. Shah. 
 16. 
 
 Agarista, daughter of Clisthenes, was 
 courted by all the princes of Greece. She 
 married ^.legacies. Mlian. V.H.12,c.24. — 
 Herodol. 6, c. 126, fcc. A daughter of Hip- 
 pocrates, who married Xantippus. She dream- 
 ed that she had brought forth a lion, and some 
 time after became mother of Pericles. — Plut. 
 in Pericl. — Herodot. 6, c. 131. 
 
 AGAsicLEs, king of Sparta, was son of Ar- 
 chidamus, and one of tbe Proclidae. He used 
 to say that a king ought to govern his subjects 
 
 as a father governs his children. Pans. 3, 
 
 c. 7. — Plut. in Apoph.^ 
 
 Agassi, a city of Thessaly. Liv. 45, c. 
 27. 
 
 Agasthenes, father to Polyxenus, was, as 
 one o{ Helen's suitors, concerned in tlie Tro- 
 jan war. Homer. II. 2. — Apollod. 3, c. 11. 
 
 A son of Augeas, who succeeded as king of 
 Elis. Paus. 5, c. 3. 
 
 Agastrophus, a Trojan, wounded by Di- 
 omedes. Homer. II. 11, v. 33S. 
 
 Agasthus, an archon of Athens. 
 
 Agasus, a harbour on the coast of Apulia. 
 Plin. 3, c. 11. 
 
 Agatha, a town of France near Agde, in 
 Languedoc. Mela, 2, c. 5. 
 
 Agatharchidas, a general of Corinth in 
 the Peloponnesian war. Tliucyd. 2, c. 63. — 
 A Samian philosopher and historian, who 
 wrote a treatise on stones, and a histoiy of 
 Persia and Phcenice, besides an account ot the 
 Red Sea, of Europe, and Asia. Some make 
 him a native of Cnidas, and addtliat he flou- 
 rished about 177 B. C. Joseph, cont. Ap. 
 
 AcATiiAr>cuvs; an officer in tbe Sym- 
 
 I 
 
AG 
 
 c.osan fleet. Thucyd. 7, c. 25. -A painter 
 
 in the age of Zenxis. Phd. in Ptrid. 
 
 Agathias, a Greek historian of .^tolia. A 
 poet and iiistorian in the age of Justinian, of 
 whose reign he piil}{ished the history in five 
 books. Several of his epigrams are found in 
 the Anlhologia. His history is a sequel of thai 
 of Procopius. The best edition is that of Pa- 
 ris, foi. 1660. 
 
 Agatho, a Saniian historian, wlio wrote 
 
 an account of Scjdhia. A tragic poet, who 
 
 flourished 406 B. C. The names of some of his 
 tragedies are preserved, such as Telephns, 
 Thyestes, &c. — A comic poet who lived in the 
 
 same age. Plut. in Parall. A son of Priam. 
 
 Homer. II. 24. A governor of Babylon. 
 
 Cart. 5, c. 1. A Pythagorean philosopher. 
 
 JFMan. V. H. 13, c. 4. A learned and me- 
 lodious musician, who fii^st introduced songs ' 
 in tragedy. Arislol. in Poet. — -A youth of 
 Athens, loved by Plato. Dlog. Laert. 3, 
 c. 82. 
 
 Agathoclea, a' beautiful courtezan of 
 Egypt. One of the Ptolemies destroyed his 
 wife Eurv'dice to marry her. She, witli her 
 brother, "long governed the kingdom, and at- 
 tempted to murder the king's son. Plul. in 
 Clcon. — Justin. 20 yC. \. 
 
 Agathocles, a lascivious and ignoble 
 youth, son of a pottgr, v/ho, by entering in the 
 Sicilian army, arrived to the greatest honours, 
 and made himself master of Syracuse. He 
 reduced all Sicil^ under his power, but being 
 defeated at Himera by the Carthaginians, he 
 carried the war into Africa, where, for four 
 years, he extended his conquests over his ene- 
 my. He afterwards passed into Italy, and 
 made himself master of Crotona. He died in 
 his 72d year, B. C. 289, after a reign of 28 
 years of mingled prosperity and adversity. 
 'pint, in .^popth. — Justin. 22 and 23. — Polyb. 
 
 15. — Diod. IS, &c. A son of Lysimachus, 
 
 taken prisoner by the Getae. He was ran- 
 somed, and married Lysandra, daughter of 
 Ptolemy Lagus. His father, in his old age 
 married Arsinoe.the sister of Lysander. After 
 her husband's death, Arsinoe, fearful for her 
 children, attempted to murder Agathocles. 
 Some say that she fell in love with him, and 
 killed him because he sligiited her. When 
 Agathocles was dead, 283 B. C. Lysandra fled 
 toSeleucus. Strab. 13. — Plut. in Pyrrh. and 
 Demetr. — Pans. 1, c. 9 and 10. — A Grecian his- 
 torian of Babylon, who wrote an account of 
 
 Cyzicus. Cic. de div. 1, c. 24. A Chian 
 
 who wrote on husbandry. Varro. A Sami- 
 
 an wiiter. A physician. An Athenian 
 
 archon. 
 
 Agathon, vid. Agatho. 
 Agathonymus, wrote an history of Persia. 
 Plut. de Fluni. 
 
 Agathosthenes, a poet, ^c. 
 Agathyixus, an elegiac poet of Arcadia. 
 Dionys.Hal. 1. 
 
 Agathyrkum, a town of Sicily. 
 Agathyrsi, an effeminate nation of Scy- 
 thia, who had their wives in common. They 
 received their name from Agathyrsus, son of 
 Hercules. Uerodot. 4, c. 10, — Virg. JEn. 4, v. 
 146. 
 
 Agave, daughter of Gadraus <and Her- 
 mione, married Echion, by whom she had 
 Pcntheus, who was torn to pieces by the Bap- 
 
 AG 
 
 chanals. [Vid.Pentheus.'] She is said to have 
 killed her husband in celebrating the orgies of 
 Bacchus. She received divine honours after 
 death, because she had contributed to the edu- 
 cation of Bacchus. Theocrit. 26. — Ovid. Met. 
 3, V. 12b.—Lucan. 1, v. S14.—Stal. Theb. 11, 
 V. Sl8.—Jlpollpd. 3, c. 4. One of the Ne- 
 reides. Apollod. 1. A tragedy of Statius. 
 
 Juv. 7, V. 87, he. 
 
 Agaui, a northern nation who lived uppn 
 milk. Homer. II. 13. 
 - Agavus, a son of Priam. Homer. II. 24. 
 
 Agdestis, a mountain of Phrygia, whei'e 
 
 Atys was buried. Pans. 1, c. 4. A surname 
 
 of Cybele. 
 
 Agelades. a statuary of Argos. Pans. 6, c. 
 8, 1. 7, c. 23. 
 
 Agelastus. a surname of Crassas, the gi'and- 
 father of the rich Crassus, He only laughed 
 once in his life, and this, it js said, was upon 
 seeing an ass eat thistles. Cic. defin. b.—Plin. 
 7, c. 19. — The w^ord is also applied to Pluto, 
 from the sullen and melancholy eippearance 
 of his countenance. 
 
 Agelaus, a king of Corinth, son of Ixion 
 
 One of Penelope's suitors. Homer. Od. 
 
 20. ^^A son of Hercules and Omphale, from 
 
 whom Croesus was descended. — Apollod. 2, 
 
 c. 7, A servant of Priam, who preserved 
 
 Paris when exposed on mount Ida. Id. 3, 
 c. 12. 
 
 Agexdjcum, now Sens, a town of Gaul, 
 the capital of the Senones. Cccs. bell. Gail. 6, 
 c. 44. 
 
 Agenor, king of Phcenicia, was son of 
 Neptune and Libya, and brother to Belus. He 
 married Telephassa, by whom he had Cad- 
 mus, Phoenix, Cilix, and Europa. Hygin. fab. 
 Q.—Ital. 1, V. 15, 1. 17, V. oS.—/JpoUod 2, c. 1, 
 , c. 1, A son of .Tasus and father of Ar- 
 
 1 
 
 gus. 
 tus. 
 C.7.- 
 Id. 1 
 
 Apollod. 2, c. 10. A son of iEgyp- 
 
 Id. 2, c. 1. A son of Phlegeus. Id: 3, 
 
 A son of Pleuron, father to Phineus. 
 
 c. 7. — :^ — A son of Amphion and Niobe. 
 
 Id. 3, c. 4. A king of Argos, father to Cro- 
 
 topus. A son of Antenor. Homer. II. 21, v. 
 
 579 A Mitylenean,- who wrote a treatise 
 
 on music. 
 
 AoiiNORi'DEs, a patronymic applied to Cad- 
 mus, and the other descendants of Agenor. 
 Ovid. Met. 3, v. 8. 
 
 Agerjnus, a freed man of Agrippina, acr 
 cused of attempting Nero's life, Tadt. Ann, 
 14, c. 16. 
 
 Agesanrer, a sculptor of Rhodes under 
 Vespasian, who made a representation of Lao- 
 coon's history, which now passes for the best 
 relict of all ancient sculpture. 
 
 AgestaS; a platonic philosopher who taught 
 the immortality of the soul. One of the Pto- 
 lemies forbade him to continue his lectures, 
 because his doctrine w^as so jjrevalent that 
 many of his auditors committed suicide. 
 
 Agesilaus, king of Sparla, of the family 
 of the Agidffi, was son of Doryssus, and father 
 of Archelaus. During his reign, Lycurgiis 
 instituted his famous laws. Herodot. 7, c. 204, 
 
 — Pans. 3, c. 2. A son of Archidamus of the 
 
 family of the Proclidas, made king in prefer- 
 ence to his nephew Leotychides. He made 
 war against Artaxcrxes king of Persia with suc- 
 cess ; but in the midst of his conquests in Asia, 
 he W51S recalled home to oppose the AtheniEia§ 
 
AG 
 
 and Boeotians, who desolated his country ; and 
 his return was so expeditious that he passed in 
 thirty days over that tract of country which 
 had taken up a whole year of Xerxes' expedi- 
 tion. He defeated his enemies at Coronea ; 
 but sickness prev'ented the progress of his con- 
 quests, and the Spartans were beat in every 
 engagement, especially at Leuctra, till he ap- 
 peared at their head. Though deformed, small 
 of st&ture, and lame, he was brave;and a great- 
 ness of soul compensated all the imperfec- 
 tions of nature. He was as fond of sobriety as 
 of military discipline ; and when he went, in 
 his 80th year, to assist Tachus king of Egypt, 
 the servants of the monarch could hardly be 
 persuaded that the Lacedaemonian general was 
 eating with his soldiers on the ground, bare- 
 headed, and without any covering to repose 
 jipon. Agesilaus died on his return from 
 Egypt, after a reign of 36 years, 362 B. C. and 
 his remains were embalmed and brought to 
 Laceda3mon. Justin. 6, c. 1. — Phit. and C. 
 JYep. in vit. — Pans. 3, c. 9. — Xenop/i. Orat. 
 
 pro £ges. A brother of Themistocles, who 
 
 was sent as a spy into the Persian camp, where 
 he stabbed Mardonius instead of Xerxes. 
 
 Pint, in Parall. A surname of Pluto. 
 
 A Greek who wrote a history of Italy. 
 
 Agesipulis, 1st, king of Lacedasmon, son 
 of Pausanias, obtained a great 'victoiy over the 
 Mantineans. He reigned 14 years, and was 
 succeeded by his brother Cleombrotus, B. C. 
 380. Pans. 3, c. 5, 1. 8, c. 8.—Xenoph. 3. 
 
 Hist. Grotc. ^2d, son of Cleombrotus, king of 
 
 Sparta, was succeeded by Cleomenes, 2d, 
 B. C. 370. Pavs. 1, c. 13, 1. 3, c. 5. 
 
 Agesistrata, the mother of king Agis. 
 Pint, in Jigid. 
 
 Agesistratcs, a man who wrote a trea- 
 tise entitled, De arte machinali. 
 
 Aggrammes, a cruel king of the Ganga- 
 rides. His father was a hair-dresser, of whom 
 the queen became enamoured, and whom she 
 made governor to the king's children, to gra- 
 tify her passion. He killed them, to raise Ag- 
 grammes, his son by the queen, to the throne. 
 Cart. 9, c. 2. 
 
 Aggrin.^, a people near mount Rhodope. 
 Cic. in L. Pis. 37. 
 
 AgidjE, the descendonts of Eurysthenes, 
 who shared the throne of Sparta with the Pro- 
 clida3 ; the name is derived from Agis son of 
 Eurj'sthenes. The family became extinct in 
 
 the person of Cleomenes son of Leonidas. 
 
 Virg. JEn. 8, v. 682. 
 
 Agilaus, king of Corinth, reigned 36 
 
 years. One of the Ephori, almost murdered 
 
 by the partizans of Cleomenes. Pint, in 
 C learn. 
 
 Agis, king of Sparta, succeeded his father, 
 Eurysthenes, and after a reign of one year, was 
 succeeded by his son Echesitratus, B* C. 1058. 
 
 Pnus. 3, c. 2. Another king of Sparta, who 
 
 waged bloody wars against Athens, and re- 
 stored liberty to many Greek cities. He at- 
 tempted to restore the laws of Lycurgus at 
 Sparta, but in vain ; the perfidy of friends, 
 who pretended to second his views, brought 
 him to difficulties, and he was at last dragged 
 from a temple where he had taken refuge, to 
 a prison, where he was strangled by order of 
 the Ephori. Pint, in Agid.- — Another, son 
 of Archidam^s, who signalized himi-elf hi the 
 
 AG 
 
 war which the Spartans \vaged against Epldau- 
 rus. He obtained a victory at Mantinea, and 
 wasfiuccessfal in the Peloponnesian war. He 
 reigned 27 years. Thucyd. 3 and 'i.—Paus 3 
 
 c. Sand 10. Another, son of Archidamus. 
 
 kmg of Sparta, who endeavoured to deliver 
 Greece from the empire of Macedonia- with 
 the assistance of the Persians. He was con- 
 quered in the attempt, and slain by Antipater. 
 Alexander's general, and 5300 Lacedajrao- 
 
 nians perished with him. Curt. 6, c. L Diod. 
 
 n. -^Justin. 12, c. 1, he. Another, son of 
 
 Eudamidas, killed in a battle against the Man- 
 tineans. Pans. 8, c. 10. An Arcadian in the 
 
 expedition of Cyrus agfiinst his brother Arta- 
 
 xerxes. Polycen. 7, c. 18. A poet of Argos, 
 
 who accompanied Alexander into Asia, and 
 said that Bacchus and tlie sons of Leda A^ould 
 give vvay to his hero, when a god. Curt. 8, 
 
 c- 5. A Lycian who followed ^neas into 
 
 Italy, where he was killed. Virg. JEn. 10, 
 V. 751. 
 
 Aglaia, one of the Graces, called some- 
 times Paslphae. Her sisters were EuphrosjTic 
 and Thalia, and they were all daughters of 
 Jupiter and Eurynome. Pa.ns. 9, c. 35. 
 
 Aglaonice, daughter of Hegemon, was 
 acquainted with astronomy and eclipses, 
 whence she boasted of her power to draw the 
 moon from heaven. Pint, de Orac. defect. 
 
 Aglaope, one of the Sirens. 
 
 Aglauphon, an excellent Greek painter 
 Plin. 35, c. 8. 
 
 Aglaosthenes, wrote an history of Naxos. 
 Strab. 6. 
 
 Aglauros, or Agraulos, daughter of E- 
 rechtheus, the oldest king of Athens, was 
 changed into a stone by Mercury. Some 
 make her a daughter of Cecrops. Pid. Herst. 
 —Ovid. Met. 2, fab. 12. 
 
 Aglaus, the poorest man of Arcadia, pro- 
 nounced by the oracle more happv than Gyges 
 king of Lydia. Plin. 7, c. 46.—Val. Max. 7, . 
 c. 1. 
 
 Agna, a woman in the age of Horace, who 
 though deformed, had many admu-ers. Horaf 
 I, Sat. 3.V. 40. 
 
 ^ Agno, one of the nymphs who nursed Ju- 
 piter. She gave her name to a fountain on 
 mount LycoBus. When the priest of Jupiter, 
 after a prayer, stirred the waters of this foun- 
 tain with a bough, a thick vapour arose, which 
 
 was soon dissolved into a plentiful shower. 
 
 Pans. 8, c. 31, k,c. 
 
 Agnodice, an Athenian virgin, who dis- 
 guised her sex to learn medicTne. She was 
 taught by Hierophilus the art of midwifery, 
 and when employed always discovered her 
 sex to her patients. This brought her into so 
 much practice, that the males'of her profes- 
 sion, who were now out of employment. ac> 
 cused her before the Areopagus of cornjption. 
 She confessed her sex to the judges, and a law 
 was immediately made to empower all free- 
 born women to learn midwifery. Hygin. fab 
 274. 
 
 Agnon, son of Nicias, was present at the 
 taking of Samos by Pericles. In the Pelopon- 
 nesian war he went against Potida, but aban- 
 doned his expedition through disease. He 
 built Amphipolis, whose inh- Sitants rebelled to 
 Brasidas, whom they regarded as their founder, 
 forgetful of Agnon, thucyd, 2, 3, kc. A 
 
AG 
 
 writer. Qulntil. % c. 17. One of Alexan- 
 der's officers. Plin. 3J, c. 3. 
 
 AcNomDEs, a rlietorician of Athens, who 
 accused Phocion of betraying the Piraeus to 
 IVicanor. When the people recollected what 
 services Phocion had rendered them, they 
 raised him statues, and put to death his accu- 
 ser. Flut. ami jYcp. in Phocion. 
 
 Agunalia and Agonia, festivals in Rome, 
 celebrated three times a year, in honour of 
 Janus, or Agonius. They were instituted by 
 Pvuma, and on the festive days the chief priest 
 used to offer a ram. Ovid. Fast. 1, v. 317. — 
 Varro. dt L. L.b. 
 
 Agonks Capitolini, games celebrated eve- 
 ry fifth year upon the Capitoline hill. — Prizes 
 were proposed for agility and strength, as 
 well as for poetical and literary compositions. 
 The poet Statins publicly recited there his 
 Thebaid, which was not received with much 
 applauae. 
 
 AcoNis, a woman in the temple of Venus, 
 on mount Eiyx. Cic. Verr. 1. 
 
 Agonius, a Roman deity, who patronised 
 uver the actions of men. Vid. Agonalia. 
 
 Agofackitus, a sculptor of Pharos, who 
 made a statue of Venus for the people of 
 Athens, B.C. 150. 
 
 Agoranomi, ten magisti'ates at Athens, who 
 iratched over the city and j)ort, and inspect- 
 ed whatever was exposed to sale. 
 
 Agoranis, a river falling into the Ganges. 
 .^rrian. de Ind. 
 
 Agor^a, a name of Minerva at Sparta. 
 Tmis. ^,c.l\. 
 
 Agorsus, a surname of Mercury among 
 file Athenians, from his presiding over the 
 markets. Pnvs. 1, c. 15. 
 
 Agra, a place of Bojotia where the lllissus 
 yfees, Diana was called Agra3a, because she 
 
 minted tltere. 'A city of Susa — of Arcadia, 
 
 and Ara])ia. 
 
 Agr.ili and Agreksj:s. a people of Arabia. 
 Plin. 6. c. 23. Of jEtolia. Liv. 42, c. 34. 
 
 Agraga?, or AcRAGAs, a river, town, and 
 mountain of Sicily ; called also, Agrigentum. 
 The town was built by the people of Gela, 
 who were a Rhodian colony. Virg. JEn. 3, 
 \-.70S.—Diod. 11. 
 
 Agrarta i>ex, was enacted to distribute 
 among the Roman people all the lands which 
 they had gained by conquest. It was firet pro- 
 posed A. U. C. 268, by the consul Sp. Cassius 
 Vieollinus, and rejected by the senate. This 
 produced dissentions between the senate and 
 the people, and Cassius, upon seeing the ill 
 saccess of the new regulations he proposed, 
 offered to distribute among the people the 
 cioney which was produced from the corn of 
 Picily, after it had been brought and sold in 
 Rome. This act of liberality the people refu- 
 sed, and tranquillity was soon after re-estab- 
 lished in t'le state. It was proposed a second 
 lime A. U. C. 269, by the tribune Licinius 
 Stolo ; but with no better success ; and so great 
 were the tumults which followed, that one of 
 the Iribunesof the people was killed, and many 
 of the senators fined for their opposition. Mu- 
 lius SccHvola, A. U. C. 620, persuaded the 
 tribune Tiberiiis Gracduis to propose it a third 
 time ; and altho(j';h Octavius, his colleague in 
 the tribuneship, Oj)posed it, yet Tiberius made 
 it pass into a law? yfter jxiuch altercytion, and 
 
 AG 
 
 commissioner? were authorized to make adivi- 
 sion of the lands. This la^v at last proved fatai 
 to the freedom of Rome under J. Caesar. Ftor. 
 3, c. 3 and 13. — Cic. pro Leg. .^gr. — Liv. 2, 
 c. 41. 
 
 Agraule, a tribe of Athens. Plut. in 
 Tfiem. 
 
 Agraulia, a festival at Athens in honour 
 of Agraulos. The Cyprians also observed these 
 festivals, by offering human victims. 
 
 Agraulos, a daughter of Cecrops. -A 
 
 surname of Minerva. 
 
 Agrauonit^, a people of Illyria. Liv. 4o, 
 c, 26. 
 
 Agre, one of Actajon's dogs. Ovid. Met. 
 3, V. 213. 
 
 Agrianes, a river of Thrace. Herodot. 4, 
 c. 9. Apeo[)le that dwelt in the neighbour- 
 hood of that river. Jd.b.c. 16. 
 
 Agricola, the father-in-law of the histO'* 
 rian Tacitus, who wrote his life. He was em- 
 inent for his public and private virtues. He 
 was governor of Britain, and first discovered 
 it to be an island. Domitian envied his vir- 
 tues : he recalled him from the province he 
 had governed with equity and moderation, and 
 ordered him to enter Rome in the night, that 
 no triumph might l)e granted to him. Agrico- 
 la obeyed, and without betrajing any resent- 
 ment, he retired to a peaceful solitude, and 
 the enjoyment of the society of a few friends. 
 He died in bis o6tli year, A. D. 93. Tacit, in 
 Jjgric. 
 
 Agrigentum, now Girgcnti, a town of Si- 
 cily, 18 stadia from the sea, on mount Agra- 
 gas. It was founded by a Rhodian, or, accord- 
 ing to some, by an Ionian colony. The inhabi- 
 tants were famous for their hospitality and for 
 their luxurious manner of living. In its flom'- 
 ishing situation, Agrigentum contained 200,000 
 inhabitants, who submitted witii reluctance to 
 the superior power of Syracuse. The gov- 
 ernment was monarchical, but afterwards a 
 democracy was established. The famous Pha- 
 laris usurped the sovereignty, which was also 
 for some time in the hands of the Carthagin- 
 ians. Agrigentum can now boast of more ven- 
 erable remains of antiquity than any other 
 town of Sicily. Polyb. 9.—Strab. 6.~-Diod. 
 \3.—Virg. JEn. 3, v. 707. — Sil. It. 14, v. 
 211. 
 
 Agrinium, a city of Acarnania. Polyb. 6. 
 
 Agrionia, annual festivals in honour of 
 Bacchus, celebrated generally in the night. 
 They were instituted, as some suppose, be- 
 cause the god was attended with wild beasts. 
 
 Agriopas, a man who wrote the history of 
 all those who had obtained the public prize 
 atOlympia. P/m.8,c.22. 
 
 Agriope, the wife of Agenor, king of 
 Phffinicia. 
 
 M. Agrippa ViPSANirs, a celebrated Ro- 
 man, who obtained a victory over S. Pompey, 
 and favoured the cause of Augustus at the 
 battles of Acfium and Philippi, where he be- 
 haved with great valour. He advised his impe- 
 rial friend to re-establish the republican govern- 
 ment at Rome, but he was over-ruled by Me- 
 Cccnas. In his expeditions in Gaul and Germa- 
 ny he obtained several victories, but refused 
 the honours of a triumph, andtiu'ued his libe- 
 rahty towards the embellishing of Rome, and 
 the raising of magnificent buildings, one of 
 
 i 
 
AG 
 
 which, the Pantheon, still exists. After he 
 had retired for two years to Mitylene, in con- 
 sequence of a quai-rel with Marcellus, Augus- 
 tus recalled him, and as a proof of his regard, 
 gave him his daughter Julia in marriage, and 
 left him the care of the empire during an ab- 
 sence of two years employed in visiting the 
 Roman provinces of Greece and Asia. He 
 died universally lamented at Rome in the 51st 
 year of his age, 12 B. C. and his body was pla- 
 ced in the tomb which Augustus had prepared 
 for himself. He had been married three 
 times, to Poraponia daughter of Atticus, to 
 Marcella daughter of Octavia, and to Julia, by 
 whom he had five children, Caius, and Lucius, 
 Caesares, Posthumus Agrippa, Agrippina, and 
 Julia. His son, C. Cffisar Agi-ippa, was adopt- 
 ed by Augustus, and made consul, by the flat- 
 tery of the Roman people, at the age of 14 or 
 15. This promising youth w^ent to Armenia, 
 on an expedition against the Persians, where 
 he received a fatal blow from the treacherous 
 hand of Lollius, the governor of one of the 
 neighbouring cities. He languished for a little 
 time, and died in Lycia. His younger brother, 
 L. Cgesar Agrippa, was likewise adopted by 
 his grandfather Augustus ; but he w'as soon af- 
 ter banished to Campania, for using seditious 
 language against his benefactor. In the 7th 
 year oi his exile he w^ould have been recalled, 
 had notLivia and Tiberius, jealous of the par- 
 tiality of Augustus for him, ordered him to be 
 assassinated in his 26th year. He has been 
 called ferociousand savage ; and he gave him- 
 self the name of Neptune, because he was fond 
 of fishing. Virg. JEn. 8, v. QS2.—Horat. 1, od. 
 
 6, Sylvius, ason of Tiberinus Sylvius, king 
 
 of Latium. He reigned 33 years, and was suc- 
 ceeded by Ills son Romulus Sylvius. Dionys. 
 Hal. 1, c. 8. One of the servants of the mur- 
 dered prince assumed his name and raised 
 
 commotions. Tacit. Ann. 2, c.39. A consul 
 
 who conquered the iEqui. A philosopher. 
 
 DioiT. Herodes, a sou of Aristobulus, grand- 
 son of the Great Herod, who became tutor to 
 the grand-child of Tiberius, and w^as soon af- 
 ter imprisoned by the suspicious tyrant. When 
 Caligula ascended the throne, his favourite 
 was released, presented with a chain of gold 
 as heavy as that which had lately confined 
 him, and made king of Judaia. He was a po- 
 pular character with the Jews ; and it is said, 
 thatwliile they were flattering him with the 
 appellation of God, an angel of God struck him 
 with the lousy disease, of which he died, A. D. 
 43. His son, of the same name, was the last 
 king of the Jews, deprived of his kingdom by 
 Claudius, in exchange for other provinces. He 
 was with Titus at the celebrated siege of Jeru- 
 salem, and died A. D. 94, It w^as before him 
 that St. Paul pleaded, and made mention of 
 his incestuous commerce with his sister Bere- 
 nice. , Juv. 6, v. 156. — Tacit. 2. Hisl. c. 81. 
 
 Menenius, a Roman general, who obtained a 
 trium)))) over the Sabines, appeased the popu- 
 lace of Rojne by the well-known fable of the 
 belly and the limbs, and erected the new office 
 of tribunes of the people, A. U. C. 261. He 
 died poor, but universally regretted; his fune- 
 ral was at the expense of the public, from 
 which also hii daug.'iters received doneries. 
 Lu.2, e. 32. FLor. 1, c. 23. A mathema- 
 tician in the rei^ii of Doaiitian : he was a na- 
 tive of BiilivniH. 
 
 AG 
 
 Agrippina, a vnie of Tiberius. I'he em- 
 peror repudiated her to marry Julia. Sueion. 
 in Tib. 7. — —A daughter of M. Agrippa, and 
 grand-daughter to Augustus. She married 
 Germanicus, whom she accompanied in Syria ; 
 and W'hen Piso poisoned him, she carried his 
 ashes to Italy, and accused his murderer, who 
 stabbed himself. She fell under the displeas- 
 ure of Tiberius, who exiled her in aa island, 
 where she died, A. D. 26, for want of bread. 
 She left nine children, and was universally dis- 
 tinguished for intrepidity and conjugal affec- 
 tion. Tacit. 1, Ann. c. 2, ^c. — Sueton.in Tib. 52, 
 Julia, daughter of Germanicus and Agrip- 
 pina, man-ied Domitius TEnobai'bus, by wdiom 
 she had Nero. After her husband's death she 
 married her uncle the emperor Claudius, 
 whom she destroyed, to make Nero succeed to 
 the throne. After many cruelties and much 
 licentiousness, she was assassinated by order oF 
 her son, and as she expired, she exclaimed, 
 '• strike the belly which could give birth to 
 such a monster," She died A. D. 69, after a 
 life of prostitution and incestuous gratifications. 
 It is said that her son view ed her dead body 
 with all the raptures of admiration, saying, he 
 never could have believed his mother was so 
 beautiful a woman. She left memoirs which, 
 assisted Tacitus in the composition of his an- 
 nals. The tow' n which she built, where she w-as 
 born, on the borders of the Rhine, and called 
 Agrippina Colonia, is the modern Cologne. 
 Tacit. Ann. 4, c. 75, 1. 12, c. 7, 22, &c. 
 
 Agrisius. Vid. Acrisius. 
 
 Agrisope, the mother of Cadmus. Hygim 
 fab. 6. 
 
 Agrius, son of Pai'thaon, drove his bro- 
 ther (Eneus from the throne. He was after- 
 wards expelled by Diomedes, the grandsoa 
 of (Eneus, upon which he killed himself. Hy- 
 gin. fab. 175 and 242. — Apollod. 1, c. 7. — Ho- 
 mer. 11. 14, V. 117. A giant. A centaur 
 
 killed by Hercules. Apollod. 2, c. 5. ^Asoa 
 
 of Ulysses by Circe. Hesiod. T/ieog. v. 1013. 
 The father of Thersites. — Ovid ex Pont, 
 
 3, el. 9, V. 9. 
 
 Agrolas, surrounded the citadel of Atheris 
 with walls, except that part which afterwards 
 was repaired by Cimon. Paus. 1, c, 28. 
 
 Agron, a king of Illyria, who, after con- 
 quering the iEtolians, drank to such excess 
 that he died instantlv, B. C. 231. Polyb. 2, 
 c. 4. . 
 
 Agrotas, a Greek orator of Mai'seilles. 
 
 Agrotera, an anniversaiy sacrifice of 
 goats oiiered to Diana at Athens. It was in- 
 stituted by Callimachus the Polemarch, who 
 vowed to sacrifice to the goddess so many goats 
 as there might be enemies killed in a battle 
 which he was going to fight against the troops 
 of Dai-ius, who had invaded Attica. The 
 quantity of the slain was so great, that a suiB- 
 cient number of goats could not be procured; 
 therefoi'e they were limited to 500 every year, 
 till they equalled the number of Persians slain 
 in battle. A temple of .^gira in Pelopon- 
 nesus erected to the goddess under this name.- 
 Pulls. 7, c. 26. 
 
 Agylj«:us and Aoyiius, from ««>-«;« a 
 street, a surname of Apollo, becan.se sacrifices 
 were oifered to him in the public streets of 
 Athens. Hornt. 4, od. 6. 
 
 Agylla, a t<nvn of Etrmia, founded by « 
 colony of Pe!as;;icur-; and governed l>v' Me- 
 
AJ 
 
 zentlus when ^neas came to Italy. It was 
 afterwards called Ca^re, by the Lydians, who 
 took possession of it. Virg. Mn, 7, v. 652, 
 1. 8, V. 479. 
 
 Agyll/Eus, a gigantic wrestler of Cleonas, 
 scarce inferior to Hercules in strength. Slat. 
 Tlieb.Q, V. 837. 
 
 Agvrus, a tyrant of Sicily, assisted by Dio- 
 nysius against the Carthaginians. Diod. 14. 
 
 AayRiuM, a town of Sicily, where Diodo- 
 rus the historian was born. The inhabitants 
 were called Mgyrinemes. Diod. 14. — Cic. in 
 Verr. 2, c. 65. 
 
 Agyrius, an Atlienian general who suc- 
 ceeded Thrasybulus. Diod. 14. 
 
 Agyrtes, a man who killed his father. 
 Ovid. Met. 5, v. 148. - --A piper. Sil. 2, £ch. 
 r. 50. 
 
 Ahala, the surname of the Servilii at 
 Rome. 
 Ahexobakbus. Vid. -ffinobarbns. 
 AjAX, son of Telamon by PeribcKa or Eri- 
 boea daughter of Alcathous, was next to Achil- 
 les the bravest of all the Greeks in the Trojan 
 war. He engaged Hector, with whom at 
 parting he exchanged arms. After the death 
 of Achilles, Ajax and Ulysses disputed their 
 claim to the arras of the dead hero. When 
 they were given to the latter, Ajax was so en- 
 raged, that he slaughtered a whole flock of 
 sheep, supposing them to be the sons of Atre- 
 us, who had given the preference to Ulysses, 
 and stabbed himself with his sword. The 
 blood which ran to the ground from the wound, 
 was changed into the flower hyachith. Some 
 say that he was killed by Pai-is in battle, others, 
 that he was murdered by Ulysses. His body 
 was buried at Sigaevmi, some say on mount 
 Rhoetus, and his tomb was visited and honour- 
 ed by Alexander. Hercules, according to 
 some authors, prayed to the gods that his friend 
 Telamon, who was childless, might have a son, 
 with a skin as impenetrable as the skin of the 
 jS'emaean lion, which he then wore. His pray- 
 ers were heard. Jupiter, under the form of 
 an eagle, promised to grant the petition, and 
 when Ajax was born, Hercules wrap})ed him 
 
 AL 
 
 up in the lion's skin, v/hich rendered Jiis body 
 invulncralile, except that part wuich was left 
 uncovered by a hole in tho ski':!, through 
 which Hercules hung his quiver. This vulner- 
 able part was in his breast, or, as some pay, 
 behind the neck. Q. CaJab. 1 and 4. — Apol- 
 lod. 3, c. 10 and 13.— Philostr. in Heroic. <;. 12. 
 — Pindar. Is'hm. 6, — Homer. II. 1, ^c. Od. 
 11. — Didys Orel. 5. — Dares Phry. 9. — Qvid. 
 Met. 13.— Horat. 2, Sat. 3, v. VJ>7.—Hijgin. 
 
 fab. 107 and 242.— PaM5. 1, c. 35, 1. 5, c. 19. 
 
 The son of Oileus king of Locris, was surna- 
 med Locrian, in contradistinction to the son 
 of Telamon. He went with 40 ships to the 
 Trojan war, as being one of Helen's suitors. 
 The night that Troy was taken, he offered 
 violence to Cassandra, who fled into Minerva's 
 temple ; and for this offence, as he returned 
 home, the goddess, who had obtained the 
 thunders of Jupiter, and the power of tempests 
 from Neptune, destroyed his ship in a storm. 
 Ajax swam to a rock, and said that lie was safe 
 in sphe of all the gods. Such impiety offended 
 iScptunp, who struck the rock with his trident, 
 and Ajax tumbled into the sea with part of the 
 rock, and w as drowned. His body was after- 
 wards fouud by the Greeks, and black sheep 
 
 offered on his tomb. According to Virgil's ac- 
 count, Minerva seized him in a whirlwind, and 
 dashed him against a rock, where he expired, 
 consumed by thunder. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 43, &,c. 
 —Homer. II. 2, 13, ^c. Od. 4.—Hygin. fab. 
 116 and 213.— Philostr. ho. 2, c. \3.—Senec. 
 m Agam.— Horat. epod. 10, v. 13.— Pans. 10, 
 c. 26 and 31. — The two Ajaces wei'e, as some 
 suppose, placed after death in the island of 
 Leuce, a separate place reserved only for the 
 bravest heroes of antiquity. 
 
 AiDoNEus, a surname of Pluto. A kin**" 
 
 of tiie Molossi, who imprisoned Theseus, be- 
 cause he and Pirithous attempted to ravish 
 his daughter Proserpine, near the Acheron ; 
 whence arose the well-known fable of the de- 
 scent of Theseus and Pirithous into hell. 
 
 Plat, in Tiits. A river near Troy. Pam. 
 
 10, c. 12. 
 
 AisivLus, son of Ascanius, was, according 
 to some, the progenitor of the noble family of 
 the iEmilii in Rome. 
 
 Aius LocuTius, a deity to whom the Ro- 
 mans erected an altar, from the following cir- 
 cumstance; one ofthe common people, called 
 Ceditius, informed the tribunes, that as he 
 passed one night through one of the streets of 
 the city, a voice more than human, issuing 
 from above Vesta's temple, told liim that Rome 
 would soon be attacked by the Gauls. His in- 
 formation was neglected, but his veracity was 
 proved by the event ; and Camillus, after the 
 conquest of the Gauls, built a temple to that 
 supernatural voice which had given Rome 
 warning of the approaching calamity, under 
 the name of Aius Locutius. 
 
 Alabanda, ce, or oram, an inland town of 
 Caria, abounding with scorpions. The name 
 is derived fromAlabandus, a deity worshipped 
 there. Cic. de jYat. D. 3, c. lo.—Herodot. 7, 
 c. 195.— Sirab. 14. 
 
 Al ABA STRUM, a town of Egypt. Plin. 
 36, c. 7. 
 
 Alabus, a river 6f Sicily. 
 Alj^sa, a city on a mountain of Sicily. 
 Al.i;a, a surname of Minerva in Pelopon- 
 nesus. Her festivals are also called Aleea 
 Paus. 8, c. 4, 7. 
 
 Altei, a number of islands in the Persian 
 gulf, abounding in tortoises. Arrian in Perip. 
 ALa;us, the father of Auge, who married 
 Hercules. - 
 
 Alagonia, a city of Lac on ia. P(tus.Z,c 
 21 and 26. 
 
 Alala, the goddess of war, sister to Mars. 
 Pint, de glor. Mhen. 
 
 ALALcor.i£N.T., a city of Bojotia, where 
 some suppose that Minerva was born. Plut 
 Q,uast. Gr.—Slat. Tlieb. 7, v. 330. 
 
 Alalia, a town of Corsica, built by a co- 
 lony of Phocteans, destroyed by Scipio, 562 
 B. C. and afterwards rebuilt by Sylla. Hero- 
 dot. 1, c. IQb.—Flor. 2, c. 2. 
 
 Alam.vnes, a statuary of Athens, discipJe 
 of Phidias. ' 1 - 
 
 Alamanni, or Alemawni, a people of 
 Germauy, near the Hercynian forest. They 
 were very powerful, and inimical to Rome. 
 
 Alani, a people of Sarmalia, near the 
 Palus Mceotis, who were said to have 26 dil- 
 ferent languages. Piin. 4, c. 12. — "Strah. 
 
 Alares, a people of Pannonia. Tac. 15, 
 Jinn. c. 10. 
 Alaiuc us, a famous king of the Goths, 
 
 t 
 
AL 
 
 who plundered Rome in the reign of Hono- 
 rius. He was greatly respected for his military- 
 valour, and during his reign he kept the Ro- 
 man empire in continual alarms. He died after 
 a reign of 13 years, A. D. 410. 
 
 Alarouii, a nation near Pontus. Herodot. 
 3, c. 94. 
 
 Alastor, a son of Neleus and Chloris. 
 
 ApoUod. 1, c. 9. An arm-bearer to Sarpe- 
 
 don, king of Lycia, killed by Ulysses. Horn. II. 
 
 5, V. 677.— Ovid. Met. 13, v. 257. One of 
 
 Pluto's horses when he carried away Proser- 
 pine. Claud, de Rapt. Pros. 1, v. 286. 
 
 ALAUDiE, soldiers of one of Ceesar's legions 
 in Gaul. Sutton, in Jul. 24. 
 
 Alazon, a river flowing from mount Cauca- 
 sus into the Cyrus, and sepai-ating Albania 
 from Iberia. Flac. 6, v. 101. 
 
 Alba Svlvius, son of Latinus Sylvius, 
 succeeded his father in the kingdom of Latium, 
 and reigned 36 years. Ovid. Met. 14, v. 612. 
 
 Longa, a city of Latium, built by Ascani- 
 
 us, B. C, 1152, on the spot where .Eneas found, 
 according to the prophecy of Helenus, (Virg. 
 JEn. 3, v. 390, Sic), and of the god of the ri- 
 ver, {^a. 8, V. 43,) a white sow with 30 young 
 ones. It was called longa, because it extended 
 along the hill Albanus. The descendants of 
 iEneas reigned there in the following order: 
 
 1, Ascanius, son of jEneas, with little inter- 
 mission, 8 years. 2. Sylvius Posthumus, 29 
 years. 3. iEneas Sylvius, 31 years. 4. Latin- 
 us, 5 years, 5. Alba, 36 years. 6. Atys or Ca- 
 petus, 26 years. 7. Capys, 28 years/ 8. Cal- 
 petus, 13 years. 9. Tiberinus, 8 years. 10. 
 Agrippa, 33 years. 11. Remulus, 19 years. 
 12. Aventinus, 37 years. 13. Procas, 13 years. 
 14. Numitor and Amulius. Alba, which had 
 long been the powerful rival of Rome, was de- 
 stroyed by the Romans 665 B. C. and the in- 
 habitants were carried to Rome. Lrv. — Flor. 
 — Justin. &c. A city of the Marsi in Italy. 
 
 Pompeia. a city of Liguria. Plin. 3, c. 5. 
 
 Albani and Albenses, names applied to 
 the inhabitants of the two cities of Alba. Cic. 
 ad Her. 2, c. 28. 
 
 Albania, a country of Asia, between the 
 Caspian sea and Iberia. The inhabitants are 
 said to have their eyes all blue. Some main- 
 tain that they followed Hercules from mount 
 Albanus in Italy, when he returned from the 
 conquest of Geryon. Dionys. Hal. 1, c. 15. — 
 Justin.^, c. S.—Strab. U.—Plin. 8, c. 40.— 
 
 Mela, 3, c. 5. The Caspian sea is called 
 
 Albanam, as being near Albania. Plin. 6, c. 13. 
 
 Albanus, a mountain with a lake in Italy, 
 16 miles from Rome, near Alba. It was on 
 this mountain that the Latince ferice were cele- 
 brated with great solemnity. Horat. 2, ep. 1, 
 V. 27. The word taken adjectively, is applied 
 to such as are natives of, or belong to, the town 
 of Alba. 
 
 Albia Terentia, the mother of Otho. 
 Suet. 
 
 AlbIci, a people of Gallia Aquitana. Ca^. 
 Bell. Civ. 1, c. 34. 
 
 Albieta;, a people of Latium. Dionys. 
 Hal. 
 
 Albigaunum, a town of Liguria. Mela, 
 
 2, c. 4. 
 
 Alb INI, two Roman orators of great me- 
 rit, mentioned by Cicero in Bruk This 
 tiAme is common to manv tribunes of the 
 8 
 
 AL 
 
 people. Liv. 2, c. 33, 1. 6, c. 30. — Sallmt: de 
 Jug. Bell. 
 
 Albinovanus Celsus. Vid. Celsus. 
 Pedo, a poet contemporary with 0\id. He 
 wrote elegies, epigrams, and heroic poetry in 
 a style so elegant that he merited the epithet 
 of divine. Ovid, ex Pont. 4, ep, 10. — Quintil. 
 10, c. 5. 
 
 Albintemelium, a town of Liguria. Tadt. 
 2, Hid. c. 13. 
 
 Albinus, w^as born at Adrumetum in Af- 
 rica, and made governor of Britain, by Com- 
 modus. After the murder of Pertinax, he 
 was elected emperor by the soldiers in Bri- 
 tain. Severus had also been invested with the 
 imperial dignity by his own army ', and these 
 two rivals, with about 50,000 men each, came 
 into Gaul to decide the fate of the empire. 
 Severus was conqueror, and he ordered the 
 head of Albinus to be cut off; and his body to 
 be thrown into the Rhone, A. D. 198. Albi- 
 nus, according to the exaggerated account of a 
 certain writer, called Codrus, was famous for 
 his voracious appetite, and sometimes eat for 
 breakfast no less than 500 figs, 100 peaches, 
 20 pounds of dry raisins, 10 melons, and 400 
 oysters. A pretorian sent to Sylla, as am- 
 bassador from the senate during the civil wars. 
 He was put to death by Sylla's soldiers. Plut. 
 
 in Syll. An usurer. Horat. A Roman 
 
 plebeian who received the vestals into his cha- 
 riot in preference to his family, when they 
 fled from Rome, w^hich the Gauls had sacked. 
 Val Max. 1, c. I.— Liv. 5, c. 40.— Flor. 1, c. 
 
 13. A. Posthumus, eonsul with Lucullus, 
 
 A. U. C. 603, w rote an history of Rome in 
 Greek. 
 
 Albion, son of Neptune by Amphitrite, 
 came into Britain, where he established a 
 kingdom, and first introduced astrology and 
 the art of building ships. He was killed at the 
 mouth of the Rhone w ith stones thrown by 
 Jupiter, because he opposed the passage o£ 
 
 Hercules. Mela, 2, c. 5. The greatest 
 
 island of Europe, now called Great-Britain. 
 It is called after Albion, who is said to have 
 reigned there ; or from its chalky white (albus) 
 rocks, which appear at a great distance. Plin. 
 4, c. 16. — Tax:.it. in Agric. The ancients com- 
 pared its figure to a long buckler, or to the 
 iron of a hatchet. 
 
 Albis, a river of Germany falling into the 
 German ocean, and now called the Elbe. Ial- 
 can. 2, V. 52. 
 
 Albius, a man, father to a famous spend- 
 thrift. Horat. 1. Sat. 4. A name of the 
 
 poet Tibullus. Horat. 1. Od. 33, v. 1. 
 
 Albl'cilla, an immodest woman. Tadt. 
 An. 6, c. 47. 
 
 Albula, the ancient name of the river Ti- 
 ber. Virg. A^ln. 8, v. 332.— Lrv. 1 , c . 3. 
 
 Albunea; a wood near Tibur and the ri%er 
 Anio, sacred to the muses. It received its 
 name from a Sibyl, called also Albunea, wor- 
 shipped as a goddess at Tibur, whose temple 
 still remains. Near Albunea there was a small 
 lake of the same name, whose waters w-ere of 
 a sulphureous smell, and possess«^d some medi- 
 cinal properties. This lake fell by a smnil 
 stream called Albula, into the river Anio, with 
 whicli it soon lost itself in the Tiber. Horat 
 1. Od. 7, V. \2.— Virg. JEn. 7, v. 83. 
 
 ALBtrKNoS, a lofty mountain of Lucamia 
 
AL 
 
 iwITcrc the Tanager takes its rise. Vkg. G.% 
 V. 147. 
 
 Alb us Pagus, a place near Sidon, where 
 Antony waited for the arrival of Cleopatra. 
 
 Albutius, a prince of Celtiberia, to whom 
 
 Scipio restored his wife. Arrian. A sordid 
 
 man, father to Canidia. He beat his servants 
 before they were guilty of any offence, lest, 
 said he, I should have no time to punish tliem 
 when they offend. Horat.2,. Sat. 2. A rhe- 
 torician in the age of Seneca. An ancient 
 
 satirist. Cic. in Brut. Titus, an epicure- 
 an philosopher, born at Rome; so fond of 
 Greece, and Grecian manners, that he wished 
 not to pass for a Roman. He was made gover- 
 nor of Sardinia; but he grew oft'ensive to the 
 senate, and was banished. It is supposed that 
 he died at Athens. 
 
 Alc.eus, a celebrated lyric poet, of Mity- 
 lene in Lesbos, about 600 years before the 
 christian era. He fled from a battle, and his 
 enemies hung up, in the temple of Minerva, the 
 armour which he left in the field, as a monu- 
 ment of his disgrace. He is the inventor of 
 alcaic verses. He was contemporary to the 
 famous Sappho, to whom he paid his addresses. 
 Of all his works nothing but a few fragments 
 remain, found in Athenasus. Quintil. 10, c. 1. 
 —Herodot. 5, c. 95. — Hor. 4, od. 9. — Cic. 4. 
 
 Tusc. c. 33. A poet of Athens, said by Sui- 
 
 das to be the inventor of tragedy. A writer 
 
 of epigrams. A comic poet. A son of 
 
 Androgens, who went with Hercules into 
 Thrace, and was made king of part of the 
 
 countiy. Apollod. 2, c. 5. A son of Hercn- 
 
 les by a maid of Oniphale. A son of Per- 
 seus, father of Amphitryon and Anaxo. From 
 him Hercules has been called Alcides. .4po/. 
 2, c. 4.— Pans. 8, c. 14. 
 
 Alcamenks, one of the Agidas, king of 
 Sparta, known by his apophthegms. He suc- 
 ceeded his father Teleclus, and reigned 37 
 years. The Helots rebelled in his reign. 
 Pans. 3, c. 2, 1. 4, c. 4 and 5. — —A general of 
 
 the Achseans. Pans 7, c. 15. A statuary, 
 
 who lived 448 B. C. and was distinguished for 
 his statues of Venus and Vulcan. Pans. 6, c. 
 
 10. The commander of a Spartan fleet, put 
 
 to death by the Athenians. Thucyd. 4,c,5, &ic. 
 
 At.cander, an attendant of Sarpedon, kill- 
 ed by Ulysses. Ovid. Mel. 13, v. 257. A 
 
 Lacedaemonian youth, who accidentally put 
 out one of the eyes of Lycurgus, and was ge- 
 nerously forgiven by tiie sage. Plut. in Lye. — 
 
 Pans. 3, c. 18. A Trojan, killed by Turnus. 
 
 Virg. JEn. 9, v. 767. 
 
 Alc ANDRE, the wife of Polybius, a rich The- 
 ban. Homer. Od. 4, v. 672. 
 
 Alcanok. a Trojan of mount Ida, whose 
 .<«ons Pandarus and BriLias followed ii^neas into 
 
 Italy. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 672. A son of Pho- 
 
 rus,*killed by .■Eneas. Ibid. 10, v. 338. 
 
 Algatjioe, a name of Megara in Attica, 
 because rebuilt bv Alcathoos, son of Pelops. 
 Odd. Met. 8, V. 8.' 
 
 Alcathous, a son of Pelops, who being 
 suspected of murdering his brutlier Chrysip- 
 pus, camt' to 3Iegara, where he killed a lion, 
 winch had dc.«-troyed the king's son. He suc- 
 ceeded to the kingdom of ■Megara, and, in 
 oommem.oration of his services, festivals, call- 
 ed Alcalhoia, were instiliUed at Megara. Pnuf. 
 y, c. 4, i;c. A Trojan who married Hippo- 
 
 AL 
 
 damia, daughter of Anchises. He was killed! 
 in the Trojan war, by Idomeneus. Homer. 11. 
 
 12, v. 93. A son of Parthaon, killed by Ty- 
 
 deus. .Apollod. 1, c. 7, &.c.^ A friend of 
 
 ^neas, killed in the Rutulian war. Virs. JEn, 
 10, v. 747. 
 
 Aloe, one of Actaeon's dogs. Ovid. A 
 town of Spain, which surrendered to Grac- 
 chus, now Alcazar, a little above Toledo. L%v. 
 40, c. 47. 
 
 Alcenor, an Argive, who along with Chro- 
 mius survived the battle between 300 of his 
 countiymen and 300 Lacedeemonians. Hero- 
 dot. 1, c. 82. 
 
 Alceste, or Alcestis, daughter of Pelias 
 and Anaxibia, married Admetus. She, with 
 her sisters, pat to death her father, that he 
 might be restored to youth and vigour by Me- 
 dea, who, however, refused to perform her 
 promise. Upon this, the sisters fled to Adme- 
 tus, who married Alceste. They were soon 
 pursued by an army, headed by their brother 
 Acastus ; and Admetus being taken prisoner, 
 was redeemed from death by the generous of- 
 fer of his wife, who was sacrificed in his stead 
 to appease the shades of her father. Some say- 
 that Alceste, with an unusual display of conju- 
 gal affection.laid down her life for her husband, 
 when she had been told by an oracle, that he 
 could never recover from a disease except 
 some one of his friends died in his stead. Ac- 
 cording to some authors, Hercules brought her 
 back from hell. She had many suitors while 
 she lived with her father. Vid. Admetus. Jwv. 
 6, V. 651. — Apollod. 1, c. 9. — Paus. 5, c. 17. — 
 Hygin.fdb. 261. — Eurip. in Alcest. 
 
 Alcetas, a king of the Molossi, descended 
 from Pyrrhus, the son of Achilles. Paus. 1, 
 c. 11. A general of Alexander's army, bro- 
 ther to Perdiccas. The eiglitli king of Ma- 
 cedonia, who reigned 29 years. An histori- 
 an, who wrote an account of every thing that 
 had been dedicated in the temple of Delphi. 
 
 Athen. A son of Arybas, king of Epirus, 
 
 Paus. 1, c. 11. 
 
 Alchidas, a Rhodian, who became ena- 
 moured of a naked Cupid of Praxiteles. Plin. 
 36, c. 5. 
 
 Alchimachus, a celebrated peunter. Plin. 
 35, c. 11. 
 
 AkciBiADES, an Athenian general, famous 
 for his entei'prising spirit, versatile genius, and 
 natural foibles. He was disciple to Socrates, 
 whose lessons and example checked, for a 
 while, his vicious propensities. In the Pelo-- 
 ponnesian war he encouraged the Athenians 
 to make an expedition against Syracuse. He 
 was chosen general in that war, and in his ab- 
 sence, liis enemies accused him of impiety, 
 and confiscated his goods. Upon this he fled, 
 stirred up the Spartans to make war against 
 Athens, and when this did not succeed, he re- 
 tired to Tlssaphernes, tlie Pei-sian general. 
 Being recalled by the Afiienians, he obliged 
 the Lacedaemonians to sue for peace, made se- 
 veral conquests in Asia, and was received in 
 triumph at Athens. His popularity was of 
 .short duration ; the failure ot an expedition 
 against Cyme, exposed him again to the re- 
 sentment of the people, and he fled to Phar- 
 nabnzus, whom he almost induced to make 
 war upon Lecedajmon. This was told to Ly- 
 sander; the Spartan general, who prevailed 
 
AL 
 
 upon Phamabaztis to murder Alcibiades. Two 
 servants were seiit for that purpose, and they 
 set on fire the cottage where he was, and killed 
 him with darts as he attempted to make his 
 escape. He died in the 46th year of his age, 
 404 B. C. after a life of perpetual difficulties. 
 If the fickleness of his countrymen had known 
 how to retain among them the talents of a man 
 who distinguished himself, and was admired 
 wherever he went, they might have risen to 
 greater splendour, and to the sovereignty of 
 Greece. His character has been cleared from 
 the aspersions of malevolence, by the writings 
 of Thucydidesj Timaeus, and Theopompus ; 
 and he is known to us as a hero, who, to the 
 principles of the debauchee, added the intelli- 
 gence and sagacity of the statesman, the cool 
 intrepidity ofthe general, and the humanity of 
 the philosopher. Plut. &^ C. JVcp. in Alcib. 
 — Thucyd. 5, 6 and 7. — Xenoph. Hist. Crete. 
 1, k,c.—Diod. 12. 
 
 Alcidamas, of Cos, father to Ctesilla, 
 who was changed into a dove. Ovid. Met. 7, 
 
 fab. 12. A celebrated wrestler. Slat. Theb. 
 
 10, V. 500. A philosopher and orator, who 
 
 wrote a treatise on death. He was pupil to 
 Gorgiasj ajid flourished B. C. 424. Quintil. 3, 
 e. 1. 
 
 Algid AMEA, was mother of Bunus by Mer- 
 cury. 
 
 Alcidamidas, a general of the Messenians, 
 who retired to Rhegium, after the taking of 
 Ithome by the Spartans, B. C. 723. Strab. 6. 
 
 Alcidamus, an Athenian rhetorician, who 
 wrote an eulogy on death, &uc. Cic, 1. Tuse. 
 c. 4S.—Plut. de Orat. 
 
 Alcidas, a Lacedasraonian, sent with 23 
 galleys against Corcyra, in the Peloponnesian 
 war. Thucyd. 3, c. 16, &.c. 
 
 Alcides, a name of Hercules, from his 
 strength, «^-'f, or from his grandfather Alcffi- 
 
 us. A surname of Minerva in Macedonia. 
 
 Liv. 42, c. 51. 
 
 AicimcE, the mother of Tyro, by Sal- 
 moneus. JlpoUod. 2, c. 9. 
 
 Alcimachus, an eminent painter. Plin. 
 35, c. 11. 
 
 Alcimede, the mother of Jason, by .^son. 
 Place. 1, V. 296. 
 
 Alcimedon, a plain of Arcadia, with a 
 .cave, the residence of Alcimedon, \yhose 
 daughter Phillo was ravished by Hercules. 
 
 Pam, 8, c. 12. An excellent carver. Virg. 
 
 Ed. 3. A sailor, he. Ovid. Met. 4, fab. 
 
 10. 
 
 Alcimenes, a tragic poet of Megara. 
 
 A comic writer of Athens. An attendant 
 
 of Demetrius. Plut. in Dein. A man kill- 
 ed by his brother Bellerophon. Apollod. 2, 
 c. 3. 
 
 AlcTmus, an historian of Sicily, who wrote 
 
 an account of Italy. An orator. Diog. 
 
 Alcinoe, a daughter of Sthenelus son of 
 Perseus. Jpollod. 2, c. 4. 
 Alcinor. Vid. Alcenor. 
 Alcinous, son of Nausithous and Peribcea 
 was king of Phseacia, and is praised for his \oVe 
 of agriculture. He married his niece Arete, 
 by whom he had several sons and a daughter 
 Nausicaa. He kindly entertained Ulysses, who 
 had been shipwrecked on his coast, and heard 
 the recital of his adventures ; whence arose 
 the proverl^ ef the stories pf Alciu^aS; to de- 
 
 AL 
 
 note improbability. Homer. Od. 7. — Orpli. 
 in Argon. — Virg. G. 2, v. 87. — Slat. 1. Syl. 
 .3, V. 81.— Jut'. 5, V. lo\.—Ovid. Am. 1, el. 10, 
 V. 6Q.— Plato de Rep. 10.— Apollod. 1, c. 9. 
 
 A son of Hij)pocoon. Apollod. 3, c. 10. 
 
 A man of Elis. Pans. A philosopher 
 
 in the second century, who wrote a book, De 
 doclrina Platonis, the best edition of which is 
 the 12mo. printed Oxon. 1667. 
 
 Alcioneus, a man killed by Perseus. Ovid. 
 Met. 5, fab. 4. 
 
 Alciphroit, a philosopher of Magnesia, 
 in the age of Alexander. There are some 
 epistles in Greek, that bear his name, and 
 contain a veiy perfect picture of the customs 
 and manners of the Greeks. They are by 
 some supposed to be the production of a writer 
 of the 4th centur}^ The only edition is that 
 of Leips. 12mo, 1715, cum notis Bergleri. 
 
 AxcippE, a daughter of the god Mars, by 
 Agraulos. She was ra\'ished by Halirrhotius. 
 
 Apollod. 3, c. 14. The wife of Metion, and 
 
 mother to Eupalamus. Id. 3, c. 16. The 
 
 daughter of (Enomaus, and wife of Evenus, 
 
 by whom she had Marpessa. A woman 
 
 who brought forth an elephant. Plin. 7. ^ 
 
 A countrywoman. Virg. Eel. 7. 
 
 Alcippus, a reputed citizen of Sparta, ba- 
 nished by his enemies. He married Demo- 
 crite, of whom Plut. in Erat. 
 
 Alcis, a daughter of .^gyptus. Apollod. 
 Alcithoe, a Theban woman who ridiculed 
 the orgies of Bacchus. She was changed 
 into a bat, and the spindle and yarn with 
 which she worked, into a vine and ivy. Ovid 
 Met. 4, fab. 1. 
 
 Alcm^ox, was son of the prophet Amphia- 
 raus and Eriphyle. His father going to the 
 The])an war, where, according to an oracle, 
 he was to perish, charged him to revenge liis 
 death upon Eriphyle, who had betrayed him. 
 IVid. Eriphyle.'] As soon as he heard of his 
 father's death, he murdered his mother, for 
 Avhich crime the fuiies persecuted him till 
 Phlegeus purified him and gave him his 
 daughter Alphesibcea in marriage. Alcma^on 
 gave her the fatal cojiar which his motlierhad 
 received to betray his father, and afterwards 
 divorced h,er, and married Callirhoe, the 
 daughter of Achelous, to whom he promised 
 the necklace he had given to Alphesibaa 
 When he attempted to recover it, Alphesi- 
 bcea's brotliers murdered him on account of 
 the treatment he had shown their sister, and 
 left his body a prey to dogs and wild beasts. 
 Alcmeeon's children by Callirhoe revenged 
 their father's death by killing his murderers. 
 \_Vid. Alphesibcea, Amphiarus.} Pans. 5, c, 
 17, 1. 6, c. 18, 1. 8, c. 24.— Plut. de Exil— 
 Apollod. 3, c. 7. — Hygin. fab. 73 and 245. — Stat. 
 Theb. 2 and 4.— Ovid. Fast. 2, v. 44. Mei. 9, 
 
 fab. 10. A son of j^^gyptus, the husband of 
 
 Hippomedusa. Apollod. A philosopher, 
 
 disciple to Pythagoras, born in Crotona. He 
 wrote on physic, and he was the first who dis- 
 sected animals to examine into the structure of 
 the human frame. Cic. de Nat. D. 6, c. 27. 
 
 A son of the poet iEschylus, the 13th 
 
 archon of Athens. A son of Sylhis, driven 
 
 from Messenia with the rest of Nestor's family 
 by the Hcraclidai. He came to Athens, and 
 from him the 4^Icma;ouidae aro descended 
 Pans. 1, c. 18. 
 
AL 
 
 ALCM<^.osfip;E,. a noble family of Athens, 
 descended from Alcnieeon. They undertook 
 for olK) talents to rebuikl the temple of Del- 
 phi, which had been bm*nt, arid they finished 
 the work in a more splendid manner than 
 was required, in consequence of which they 
 gained popularity, and by their influence the 
 Pythifi prevailed upon the Lacedajraonian? to 
 deliver their country from the tyranny of the 
 Pisistratidffi. Herodot. 6 and G. — Thut.yd. 6, 
 e. 59. — Pint, in Solon. ' 
 
 Alcman, a very ancient lyric poet, born 
 in Sardinia, and not at Lacedaemon, as some 
 suppose. He wrote, iti the Doric dialect, 6 
 books of verses, besides a play called Colym- 
 bosas. He flourished B. C. 670, and died of 
 the lousy disease. Some of his verses are pre- 
 sened by Athenaeus and others. Piin. 11, 
 c. 33.— Pai/y. 1, c. 41, 1. 3, c. \b.—Arislot. 
 Hist.Jlnim. 5, c. 31. 
 
 Alcmena, was daughter of Eleetryon king 
 of Argos, by Anaxo, whom Plul. de Reb. 
 Gr(Ec. calls Lysidice, and Diod. 1. 2, Eury- 
 mede. Her father promised his crown and his 
 daughter to Amphitryon, if he Avould revenge 
 the death of his sons, who had been all killed, 
 except Licymnius, by the Teleboans, a peo- 
 ple of iEtoiia. While Amphitiyon was gone 
 against the .■Etolians, Jupiter, who w^as ena- 
 moured of Alcmena, resolved to introduce 
 himself into her bed. The more ettectually 
 to insure success in his amour, he assumed 
 the form of Arnphiiryon, declared that he had 
 obtained a victory over Alcmena's enemies, and 
 even pre.sented her with a cup, which he said 
 he had preserved from the spoils for her sake. 
 Alcpaena yielded to her lover what she had 
 promised to her future husband ; and Jupiter, 
 to delay the return of Amphitryon, ordered 
 his messenger, Mercury, to stop the rising of 
 Phoebus, or the sun, so that the night he passed 
 with Alcmejia was prolonged to three long 
 nights. Amphitryon returned the next day ; 
 and fifter complaining of the coldness with 
 which he Avas received, Alcmena acquainted 
 him with tlie reception of a false lover the 
 preceding night, and even showed him the cup 
 which she had received. Amphitryon w^as 
 perplexed at the relation, and more so upon 
 missing the cup from among his spoils. He 
 went to the prophet Tiresias, who told him 
 of Jupiter's intrigue ; and he returned to his 
 wife, proud of the dignity of his rival. Alc- 
 mena becaij.e pregnant by Jupiter, and af- 
 terwards by her husband ; and \\ lien she was 
 going to bring forth, Jupiter boasted in hea- 
 ven, that a child was to be born that day, to 
 whom he would give absolute power over his 
 neighbours, and even over all the children of 
 his own blood. Juno, who was jealous of 
 Jupiter's amours with Alcmena, made him 
 swear by the Styx, and immediately pro- 
 longed the travails of Alcmena, and hastened 
 the bringing forth of the wife of Sthenelus 
 king of Argos, who, after a pregnancy of 
 seven months, had a son called Eurystheus. 
 Oi'id. Met. 8, fab. 6, &:c. says that Juno 
 was assisted by Lucina to put ofT the bring- 
 ing fo'th of Alcmena, and that Lucina, in the 
 form of an old woman, sat before the door of 
 Amphitryon with her Ie;<s and arms crossed. 
 This postme was the cause of infinite tor- 
 ment to Alcaiena, till her servant, Galantbis. 
 
 AL 
 
 supposhig the old w'oraanto be a witch, and 
 to be the cause of the pains of her mistress, 
 told her that she had brought fortli. Lucina 
 retired from her posture, and immediately 
 Alcmena brought torth twins, Hercules con- 
 ceived by Jupiter, and Iphiclus by Amphitiy- 
 on. Eurystheus was already born, and there- 
 fore Hercules was subjected to his power. 
 After Amphitryon's death, Alcmena married 
 Rhadamanthus, and retired to Ocalea m Bce- 
 otia. This mamage, according to some au- 
 thors, was celebrated in the island of Leuce. 
 Tlije people of Megara said that she died in 
 her way from Ar-gos to Thebes, and that she 
 was buried in the temple of Jupiter Olympius. 
 Pans. I, c. 41,1. 5, c. 18, 1.9, c. 16.—Plut. in 
 T/ies. ^ Romul.— Homer. Od. 11, //. 19.— 
 Pindar. Pyth. 9. — Lucian. Dial. Deor. — 
 Diod. 4.—Hygin. fab. 29.— £pollod. 2, c. 4, 7, 
 
 I. 3, c. 1. — Plant, in Amphit. — Herodot. 2, c. 
 
 43 and 45. Vid. Amphitiyon, Hercules, 
 
 Euiystheus. 
 
 Alcon, a famous archer, who one day 
 saw his son attacked by a serpent, and aimed 
 at him so dexterously that he killed the beast 
 
 without hurting his son. A silversmith. 
 
 Ovid. Met. 13, fab. 5. xV son of Hippo- 
 coon. Pans. 3, c. 14. A surgeon under 
 
 Claudius, who gained much money by his 
 profession, in curing hernias and fractures.—— 
 
 A son of Mars. A son of Amycus. These 
 
 two last w^ere at the chase of the Calydoniaa 
 boar. Hygin. fab. 173, 
 
 Alcyone, or Halcyone, daughter o f 
 iEolus, married Ceyx, who was drowned as 
 he was going to Claros to consult the oracle. 
 The gods apprized Alcyone, in a dream, of 
 her husband's fate ; and when she found, oa 
 the morrow, his body washed on the sea- 
 shore, she threw herself into the sea, and was 
 with her husband changed into birds of the 
 same name, who keep the waters calm and 
 serene while they build, and sit on their nests 
 on the surface of the sea, for the space of 7, 
 
 II, or 14 days. Virg. G. 1, v. 399.— Apot- 
 lod. 1, c. 7.— Ovid. Met. 11, fab. 10.— Hygin, 
 
 fab. 65.- One of the Pleides, daughter of 
 
 Atlas. She had Arethusa by Neptune, and 
 Eleuthera by Apollo. She, with her sisters, 
 was changed into a constellation. Vid. Plei- 
 ades. Pans. 2, c. 30, 1. 3, c. 18. Apollod. 3, 
 
 c. 10.— Hygin. fab. 157. The daughter of 
 
 Evenus, carried away by Apollo alter hep 
 marriage. Her husband pursued the ravishep 
 with bows and arrows, but was not able to 
 recover her. Upon this, her parents called 
 her Alcyone, and compared her fate to that 
 of the wife of Ceyx. Homer. II. 9, v. 568. 
 The wife of Moleager. Hygin. fab. 174. 
 
 A town of Thessaly, where Philip, Alex- 
 
 ander's father, lost one of his eyes. 
 
 Alcyone us, a youth of exemplary vir- 
 tue, sou to Antigonus. Pluf. in Pyrrh. — 
 
 Diog. 4. A giant, brother to Porphyrion. 
 
 He was killed by Hercules. His daughters, 
 mourning his death, threw themselves into the 
 sea, and were changed into alcyons, by Am- 
 phitrite. Claudian. de Rap. Pros. — Apollod. 
 1, c. 6. 
 
 Alcvona, a pool of Greece, whose depth 
 the emperoi- INero attempted in vain to find. 
 Pans. 2, c. 37. 
 
 Aldescus; a river of European Sarmatia^ 
 
AL 
 
 rising from the Riphasan mountains, and fall- 
 ing into the northeni sea. Dionys. Per. 
 
 Alduabis. Vid. Dubis. 
 
 Alea, a surname of Minerva, from her 
 temple, built by Aleus, son of Aphidas at Te- 
 gaea in Arcadia. The statue of the goddess 
 made of ivory was carried by Augustus to 
 
 Rome. Pans. 8, c 4 and 46. A town of 
 
 Arcadia, built by Aleus. It had three famous 
 temples, that of Minerva, Bacchus, and Diana 
 the Ephesian. When the festivals of Bacchus 
 were celebrated, the women were whipped in 
 the temple. Pans. 8, c. 23. 
 
 Alebas, a tjTant of Larissa, killed by his 
 OWQ guards for his cruelties. Ovid, in lb. 323. 
 
 Alebion and Dercynus, sons of Neptune, 
 Tvere killed by Hercules, for stealing his oxen 
 in Africa, ^pollod. 2, c. 5. 
 
 Alecto, one of the furies, («, Myi^, non dt- 
 sino,) is represented with flaming torches, her 
 head covered with serpents, and breathing 
 V'engeance, war, and pestilence. Vid. Eurae- 
 nides. Virg. JEn. 7, v, 324, &:c. 1. 10, v. 41. 
 
 Alector, succeeded his father Anaxagoras 
 in the kingdom of Argos, and was father to 
 Iphis and Capaneus. Pans. 2, c. 18. — £pollod. 
 3, c. 6. 
 
 Alectryon, a youth whom Mars, during 
 his amours with Venus, stationed at the door 
 to watch against the approach of the sun. He 
 fell asleep, and Apollo came and discovered 
 the lovers, who were exposed by Vulcan, in 
 each other's arms, before all the gods. Mars 
 was so incensed that he changed Alectryon 
 into a cock, which, still mindful of his neglect, 
 early announces the approach of the sun. 
 Lucian. in died. 
 
 Alectus, a tyrant of Britain, in Dioclesian's 
 reign, &c. He died 296, A. D. 
 
 Aleius Campus, a place in Lycia, where 
 Bellerophon fell from the horse Pegasus and 
 wandered o^r the country till the time of his 
 death. Homer. II. 6, v. 201. — Dionys. Perieg. 
 872.— OritZ.'in Ibid. 257. 
 
 Alemanni, or Alamanni, a people of Ger- 
 many. They are first mentioned in the 
 reign of Caracalla, who was honoured with 
 the surname of Jilemanicus, for a victoiy over 
 them. 
 
 Alemon, thefather of Myscellus. He built 
 Crotona in Magna Graecia. Myscellus is 
 often called Alemonides. Ovid. Met. 15, v. 19 
 and 26. 
 
 Alemusii, inhabitants of Attica, in whose 
 country there was a temple of Ceres and of 
 Proserpine. Pans, in Attic. 
 
 Ai.ENs, a place in the island of Cos. 
 
 Aleon, or Ales, a river of Ionia, near Colo- 
 phon. Pavs. 7, c. 5, 1. 8, c. 28. 
 
 Alese, a town of Sicily, called afterwards 
 Ai'chonidion, after the founder. The Romans 
 made it an independent city. 
 
 AlIksia, or Alexia, now .^lise, a famous city 
 of the xMandubri, in Gaul, founded by Hercules 
 as he returned from Iberia, on a high hill. J. 
 Caesar conquered it. Flor. 3, c. 10. — Cocs. 
 Bell. Gall. 7, c. 68. 
 
 Alesium, a town and mountain of Pelo- 
 ponnesus. Pans. 8, c. 10. 
 
 Aletes, a son of j^gisthus, murdered by 
 Orestes. Hygin. fab. 122. 
 
 At-ethes, the first of the Heraclidae, who 
 was king of Corinth. He w«8 fou of Hip- 
 
 AL 
 
 potas. Paus. 2, c. 4. A companion of 
 
 ^neas, described as a prudent and venerable 
 old man. Virg. .Xn. 1, v. 125, 1. 9, v. 246. 
 
 Alethia, one of Apollo's nurses. 
 
 ^Aletidas, (from ^f^uo.uxi, to wander.) certain 
 sacrifices at Athens, in remembrance of Eri- 
 gone, who wandered with a dog after her fa- 
 ther Icarus. 
 
 Aletrium, a town of Latium, whose in- 
 habitants are called Aletrinates, Liv. 9, c. 42, 
 
 Aletum, a tomb near the harbour of Car- 
 thage m Spain. Polyb. 10. 
 
 Aleuad^, a royal family of Larissa in 
 Thessaly, descended from Aieuas king of that 
 countfy. They betrayed their countiy to 
 Xerxes. The name is often applied to the 
 Thessalians without distinction. Diod. 16. — 
 Herodot. 7, c. 6, 172.— Pau^. 3, c. 8, 1. 7, c. 10. 
 — JElian. Anim. 8, c. 11. 
 
 Aleus, a son of Aphidas king of Arcadia^ 
 famous for his skill in building temples. Pans. 
 8, c. 4 and 53. 
 
 At.ex, a river in the country of tlie Brutii. 
 Dionys. Perieg. 
 
 Alexamenus, an .^tolian, who killed Na- 
 bis, tyrant of Lacedffimon, and was soon after 
 murdered by the people. Liv. 35, c. 34. 
 
 Alexander Ist, son of Amyntas, was the 
 tenth king of Macedonia. He killed the Per- 
 sian ambassadors for their immodest behaviour 
 to the women of his father's court, and was the 
 first who raised the reputation of tlie Macedo- 
 nians. He reigned 43 years, and died 451 B. 
 C. Jiislin. 7, c. 3. — Herodot. 5, 7, 8 and 9. 
 
 Alexander 2d, son of Amyntas 2d, king 
 of Macedonia, was treacherously murdered, 
 B. C. 370, by his younger brotlier Ptolemy, 
 who held the kingdom for four years, and 
 made w^ayfor Perdiccas and Philip. Justin. 
 7, c. 5, says, Eurydice, the Avife of Amyntas, 
 was the cause of his murder. 
 
 Alexander 3d, surnamed the Great, was 
 son of Philip and Olympias. He was born 
 B. C 355, that night on which the famous 
 temple of Diana at Ephesus ^^as burnt by 
 Erostratus. This event, according to the 
 magicians, was an eai-ly prognostic of his fu- 
 ture greatness, as well as the taming of Bu- 
 cephalus, a horse whom none of the king's 
 courtiers could manage ; upon which Philip 
 said, with teai-s in his eyes, that his son must 
 seek another kingdom, as that of Macedosjia 
 would not be sufficiently large for the display 
 of his greatness. Olympias, during her preg- 
 nancy, declared that she was with child by a 
 dragon ; and the day that Alexander was 
 born, two eagles perched for some time on 
 the house of Philip, as if foretelling tliat his 
 son would become master of Europe and Asia 
 He was pupil to Aristotle during five years, 
 and he received his learned preceptor's in- 
 structions with becoming deference and plea- 
 sure, and ever respected his abilities. When 
 Philip went to war, Alexander, in his 15th 
 year, was left governor of Macedonia, whei-e 
 he quelled a dangerous sedition, and soon after 
 followed his father lo the field, and saved his 
 life in a battle. He v/ns highly offended when 
 Philip divorced Olympias to marry Cleopatra, 
 and he even caused the death of Attains, the 
 new queen's brother. After this he retired 
 from court to his mother Olympias, but w;i? 
 reculled } and when Philip was assassinated- 
 
 r 
 
he punished his murderers ; and, by his prn- 
 tlence and moderation, gained the affection of 
 his subjects. He conquered Thrace and Illy- 
 ricum, and destroyed Thebes ; and after he 
 had been chosen chief commander of all the 
 forces of Greece, he declared war against the 
 Persians, who, under Darius and Xerxes, had 
 laid waste and plundered the noblest of the 
 Grecian cities. With 32,000 foot and 5000 
 horse, he invaded Asia, and after the defeat of 
 Darius at the Granicus, he conquered all the 
 provinces of Asia Minor. He obtained two 
 other celebrated victories over Darius at Issus 
 and Arbela, took Tyre after an obstinate siege 
 of seven months, and the slaughter of 2000 of 
 the inhabitants in cool blood, and made him- 
 self master of Egypt, Merlia, Syria, and Per- 
 sia. FrorairEgypt he visited the temple of 
 Jupiter Ammon, and bribed the priests who 
 saluted him as the son of their god, and en- 
 joined liis army to pay him divine honours. 
 He built a town which he called Alexandria, 
 on the western side of the Nile, near the coast 
 of the Mediterranean, an eligible situation, 
 which his penetrating eye marked as best en- 
 titled to become the future capital of his im- 
 mense dominions, and to extend tlie com- 
 merce of his subjects from the Mediterranean 
 to the Ganges. His conquests v/ere spread 
 over India, where he fought with Porus, a 
 powerful king of the country ; and after he 
 had invaded Scythia, and visited the Indian 
 ocean, he retired to Babylon, loaded with 
 the spoils of the east. His entering the city 
 was foretold by the magicians as futal, and 
 their prediction was fulfilled. He died at 
 Babylon the 21st of April, in the 32dyear of 
 his age, after a reign of 12 years and 8 months 
 of brilliant and continued success, 323 B.C. 
 His death was so premature that some have 
 attributed it to tiie effects of poison, and ex- 
 cels of drinking. Antipater has been accused 
 ef causing the fatal poison to be given him at a 
 feast ; and perhaps the resentment of the Ma- 
 ecdor)ians, whose services he seemed to forget 
 hy intrusting the guard of his body to the 
 Persians, was the cause of his death. He was 
 so universally regretted, that Babylon was 
 filled witli tears and lamentations ; and the 
 Medes and Macedonians declared, that no one 
 was able or worthy to succeed him. Many 
 conspiracies were formed against him by the 
 officers of his army, but they were all sea- 
 sonably suppressed. His tender treatment 
 efthe wife and mother of king Darius, who 
 were taken prisonei's, has been greatly prais- 
 ed ; and the latter, who had survived the death 
 of her son, killed herself when she heard that 
 Alexander was dead. His great intrepidity 
 more than once endangered his life ', he always 
 fought as if sure of victoiy, and the terror of 
 his name was often more powerfully effectual 
 tlian his arms. He was always forward in 
 every engagement, and bore the labours of the 
 field as well as the meanest of his soldiers. 
 During his conquest in Asia, he founded many 
 cities, which he called Alexandria, after his 
 own name. When he had conquered Darius 
 he ordered himself to be worshipped as a god ; 
 and Cnllisthenes, who refused to do it, was 
 shamefully put to death. He murdered, at 
 a banquet, his friend Clit.us, Avho had once 
 saved his life in a battle, because he enlarged 
 
 AL 
 
 upon the virtues and exploit? of Philip, and 
 preferred them to those of his son. His 
 victories and success increased his pride ; he 
 dressed himself in the Persian manner, and . 
 gave himself up to pleasure and dissipation. 
 He set on lire the town of Persepolis, in a fit 
 of madness and intoxication, encouraged by 
 the courtezan Thais. Yet among all his ex- 
 travagancies, he was fond of candour and of 
 truth ; and when one of his oificers read to 
 him, as he sailed on the Hydaspes, an history 
 vvhich he had composed of the wars with 
 Porus, and in which he had too liberally pa- 
 negyrised him, Alexander snatched the book 
 from his hand, and threw it into the river, 
 saying, *' what need is there of such flattery ? 
 are not the exploits of Alexander sutficientiy 
 meritorious in themselves, without tlie co- 
 louring of falsehood ?" He in like manner 
 rejected a statuary, who offered to cut mount 
 Atlios like him, and represent him as holding 
 a town in one hand, and pouring a river from 
 the other. H» forbade any statuary to make 
 his statue except Lysippus, and any painter 
 to draw his picture except Apelles. On his 
 death -bed he gave his ring to Perdiccas, and 
 it was supposed that by this singular present, 
 he wished to make him his successor. Some 
 time before his death, his officers asked him 
 whom he appointed to succeed him on the 
 throne .'' and he answered, the worthiest 
 among you ; but I am afraid, added he, my 
 best friends will perform my funeral' obse- 
 quies with bloody hands. Alexander, with 
 all his pride, was humane and libei-al, easy 
 and familiar with his friends, a great patron 
 of learning, as may be collected from his 
 assisting Aristotle with a purse of money to 
 effect the completion of his natural histoiy. 
 He was brave often to rashness ; he frequently 
 lamented that his father conquered every 
 thing, and left him nothing to do ; and ex- 
 claimed, in all the pride of regal dignity, 
 Give me kings for competitors, add I will »n- 
 ter the lists at Olympia. All his family and 
 infant children were put to death by Cassander, 
 The first deliberation that was made after his 
 decease, among his generals, was to appoint 
 his brother Philip Aridajus successor, until 
 Roxane, who was then pregnant by him, 
 brought into the world a legitimate heir. Per- 
 diccas wished to be supreme regent, as Aridaeus 
 wanted capacity; and, more strongly to esta- 
 blish himself, he married Cleopatra, Alexan- 
 der's sister, and made alliances with Eumenes. 
 As he endeavoured to deprive Ptolemy of 
 Egjpt, he was defeated in a battle by Seleu- 
 cus and Antigonus, on the banks of the river 
 Nile, and assassinated by his own cavalry. 
 Perdiccas was the first of Alexander's generals 
 who took up arms against his fellow soldiers, 
 and he was the first who fell a sacrifice to his 
 rashness and cimelty. To defend himself 
 against him, Ptolemy made a treaty of alliance 
 with some generals, among whom was Anti- 
 pater, who had strengthened himself by giving 
 his daughter Phila, an ambitious and aspiring 
 woman, in marriage to Craterus, another oi 
 the generals of Alexander. After many dis? 
 sentions and bloody wars among themselves, 
 the generals of Alexander laid the foundation 
 of several great empires in the three quarters 
 of the globe. Ptolemy s»i5fed Egypt, wiierc h^ 
 
 / 
 
AL 
 
 firmly established himself, and where his suc- 
 cessors were called Ptolemies, in honour of 
 the founder of their empire, which subsisted 
 till the time of Augustus. Seleucus and his 
 posterity reigned in Babylon and Syria. An- 
 tigonus at first established himself in Asia Mi- 
 nor, and Antipater in Macedonia. The de- 
 scendants of Antipater were conquered by 
 the successors of Antigonus, who reigned in 
 Macedonia till it was reduced by the Romans 
 in tlie time of king Perseus. Lysimachus 
 made himself master of Thrace ; and Leona- 
 tus, who had taken possession of Phrygia, me- 
 ditated for a while to drive Antipater from 
 Macedonia. Eumenes established himself in 
 Cappadocia, but was soon overpowered by the 
 combinations of his rival Antigonus, and star- 
 ved to death. During his life-time, Eumenes 
 appeared so formidable to the successors of 
 Alexander, that none of them dared to assume 
 the title of king. Curt. Arrian. S^ Plul. have 
 written an account of Alexander's life. Diod. 
 17 and 18.— Paw*. 1, 7, 8,9.— Jicslin. 11 and 12. 
 — Val. Max. Strab. 1, fcc. A son of Alex- 
 ander the Great, by Roxane, put to death, 
 with his mother, by Cassander. Justin. 15, 
 
 c. 2. A man, who, after the expulsion of 
 
 Telestes, reigned in Corinth. Twenty-five 
 years after, Telestes dispossessed him, and put 
 
 hlna to death. A son of Cassander, king of 
 
 Macedonia, who i-eigned two years conjointly 
 with his brother Antipater, and was prevented 
 by Lysimachus from revenging his mother 
 Thessalonica,whom his brother had murdered. 
 Demetrius, the son of Antigonus, put him to 
 
 death. Justin. 16, c. 1. — Paus. 9, c. 7, A 
 
 king of Epirus, brother to Olympias, and suc- 
 cessor to Arybas. He banished Timolaus to 
 Peloponnesus, and made war in Italy against 
 the Romans, and observed that he fought with 
 men, while his nephew, Alexander the Great, 
 was fighting with an array of women (mean- 
 ing the Persians.) He was surnamed Molossus. 
 Justin. 17, c. 3. — Diod. 16. — Liv. 8. c. 17 and 
 
 27. — Strab. 16. A son of Pyrrhus, was 
 
 king of Epirus. He conquered Macedonia, 
 from which he was expelled by Demetrius. 
 He recovered it by the assistance of the Acar- 
 nanians. Justin. 26, c. 3. — Pint, in Pyrrk. 
 A king of Syria, driveu from his king- 
 dom by INicanor- son of Demetrius Soter, and 
 his father-in-law Ptolemy Philometor. Justin. 
 So, c. 1 and 2. — Joseph. 13. Ant. Jud. — Strab. 
 17.-— —A king of Syria, first called Bala, was 
 a merchant, and succeeded Demetrius. He 
 conquered jyicaiior by means of PtolemyPhys- 
 eon, and was afterwards killed by Antioclms 
 Gryphus, son of Nicanor. Joseph. Snt. Jud. 
 
 13, c. 18. Ptolemy was one of the Ptole- 
 
 mean kings in Egypt. His mother Cleopatra, 
 raised him to the throne, in preference to his 
 brother Ptolemy Lathurus, and reigned con- 
 jointly with him. Cleopatra, however, ex- 
 pelled him, and soon after recalled him ; and 
 Alexander, to prevent being expelled a se- 
 cond time, put her to death, and lor this unna- 
 tural action was himself murdered by one of 
 his subjects. Joseph. 13. Ant. Jud. c. 20, &.c. — 
 
 Ju.%lin. 39, c. 3 and 4. — Paus. 1, c. 9. 
 
 Ptolemy 2d, king of Egypt, was son of the 
 preceding. He was educated in the island of 
 Cos, and falling into the haiida of Mithridales, 
 escaped to Sylla, who restored him to his ting- 
 
 AL 
 
 dom. He was murdered by his subjects a 
 few days after his restoration, Appian. 1. 
 Bell. Civ. ■ 'Ptolemy 3d, was king of Egypt, 
 after his brother Alexander the last mentioned. 
 After a peaceful reign he was banished by his 
 subjects, and died at Tyre, B. C. 65, leaving 
 his kingdom to the Roman people. Vid. 
 ^gyptusSf PtolemcEus. Cic. pro Rail. • - 
 A youth ordered by Alexander the Great to 
 climb the rock Aaornus, with 30 other youths. 
 He was killed in the attempt. Curt. 8, c, 11, 
 
 An historian mentioned hy Plut. in Ma- 
 
 rio. " An Epicurean philosopher. Plvt. 
 A governor of ^olia, who assembled a 
 
 multitude on pretence of showing them an un- 
 common spectacle, and confined them till they 
 had each bought their liberty with a sum of 
 
 money. Polycen. 6, c 10. A name given to 
 
 Paris, son of Priam. — Pld. Paris. Jannseus, 
 
 a king of Judea, son of Hyrcanus, and brother 
 of Arutobiilus, who reigned as a tyrant, and. 
 died through excess of drinking, B. C. 79, af- 
 ter massacring 800 of his subjects for the en- 
 tertainment of his concubines. .A Paphla- 
 
 gonian who gained divine honours by his ma- 
 gical tricks and impositions, and likewise pro- 
 curied the friendship of Marcus Aurelius. He 
 
 died 70 years old. A native of Caria, in the 
 
 3d century, who wrote a commentary on the 
 writings of Aristotle, pail of which is still ex- 
 tant. Trallianus, a physician and philoso- 
 pher of the 4th century, some of whose works 
 
 in Greek is still extant. A poet of ^Eto- 
 
 lia, in the age of Ptolemy Philadelphus. A 
 
 peripatetic philosopher, said to have beea 
 
 preceptor to rs'ero. An historian, called 
 
 also Polyhistor, v/ho wrote five books on the 
 Roman republic, in which he said that the 
 Jews had received their laws, not from God, 
 but from a woman he called Moso. He also 
 wrote treatises on the Pytliagorean philoso- 
 phy, B. C. 88. A poet of Ephesus, who 
 
 wrote a poem on astronomy and geography. 
 
 A writer of Myndus. quoted hy" At hen^ 
 
 and JElian. A sopliist of Seleucia, in the 
 
 age of Antoninus. A physician in the age 
 
 of Justinian. A Thessalian, who, as he was 
 
 going to engage in a naval battle, gave to his 
 soldiers a great number of missile weapons, 
 and ordered tliem to dart them continuallv 
 upon the enemy, to render their numbers 
 useless. PoJycEn. 6, c. 27. A son of Lysi- 
 machus. Pulycpn. 6, c, 12. A governor of 
 
 Lycia, who brought a reinforcement of troop? 
 
 to Alexander the Great. Curt 7, c. 10. A 
 
 son of Polysperchon, killed in Asia by the Dy- 
 
 meeans. Diod. 18 and 19. A poet of Pleu- 
 
 ron, son of Satynis and Stratoclaa, who said 
 that Theseus had a daughter called Iphigenie, 
 by Helen. Paus. 2, c. 22. A Spartan, kil- 
 led with two hundred of his soldiera by the 
 Argives, when he endeavoured to jprevent 
 their passing through the country of^Tegca" 
 
 Diod. 15. A cruel tyrant of Pha2ra, in 
 
 Thessaly, who made wai* against the Macedo- 
 nians, and took Pelopidas prisoner. He wa? 
 murdered, B, C. 357, by his wife called Thebe, 
 %* hose room he cajefully guarded by a Thra- 
 cian sentinel, and searched every night, fear 
 ful of some dagger that might be concealed to 
 take ftway hi3 life. Cic. dt^ Inv. 2, c. 49. dr. 
 Off. a, c. 9.~Val. Aiaz:. 9, c. 13.— Plul. ^ ( . 
 J\>jt. in Pdojf. — Pa7ifr6,t 5.-*l»rf. 15 and 
 
AL 
 
 -Sevcrus, a Roman 
 
 J6.— Ovid, in lb. v. 821.- 
 emperor. Vid. Severus 
 
 Alexandra, the name of some queens of 
 
 Judaja, mentioned by Joseph. A nurse of 
 
 l^ero. Suel. in J\ er. 50. A name of Cas- 
 
 ^ndra, because she assisted mankind by her 
 prophecies. Lycophr. 
 
 ALEXA>fDRi ARj«, the boundarics, accord- 
 ing to some, of Alexander's victories, near 
 the Tanais. Plin. 6, c. 16. 
 
 Alexandria, the name of several cities 
 which were founded by Alexander, during 
 feis conquests in Asia ; the most famous are — 
 A great and extensive city, built B. C. 332, by 
 Alexander, on the western side of the Delta. 
 The iikistrious founder intended it not only 
 for the capital of Egypt, but of his immense 
 conquests, and the commercial advantages 
 which its situation commanded continued to 
 improve from the time of Alexander till the in- 
 vasion of the Saracens in the 7tli century. 
 The commodities of India were brought there, 
 and thence dispersed to the different countries 
 ai-ound the Mediterranean. Alexandria is fa- 
 mous, among other curiosities, for the large 
 library which the pride or learning of the Pto- 
 lemies had collected there at a vast expense, 
 from all parts of the earth. This valuable re- 
 pository was burnt by the orders of the caliph 
 Omar, A. D. 642; and it is said, that during 6 
 montlis, the numerous volumes supplied fuel 
 for the 4000 baths, which contributed to the 
 health and convenience of the populous capital 
 ©f Egypt. Alexandria has likewise been dis- 
 tinguished for its schools, not only of theology 
 and philosophy, but of physic, where once to 
 have studied was a sutficient recommendation 
 to distant countries. The astronomical school, 
 founded by Philadelphus, maintained its supe- 
 rior reputation for 10 centuries till the time of 
 the Saracens. The modern town of Scande- 
 roon has been erected upon the ruins of Alex- 
 andria, and, as if it were an insult to its former 
 greatness, it scarce contains 6000 inhabitants. 
 Curt. 4, c. S.—Strab. l7.~-PHn. 5, c. 10. 
 
 Another in Albania, at the foot of mount Cau- 
 
 cassus. Another in Arachosia, in India. 
 
 The capital of Aria, between Hecatompylon 
 and Bactra. Another of Carmania. Ano- 
 ther in CiIicia,on the confines of Syria. Ano- 
 ther, the capital of Margian a. Another of 
 
 Troas, kc. Curt. I.—Plin. 6, c. 16, 23, 5. 
 
 Alexandrjdes, a Lacedaemonian who mar- 
 ried his sister's daughter, by whom he had 
 
 Dorycus, Leonidas and Cleombrotus. 
 
 A native of Delphi, of which he wrote an 
 histoiy. 
 
 Alexandrina aqua, baths in Rome, built 
 by the emperor Alexander Severus. 
 
 Alexandropolis, a city of Parthia, built 
 by Alexander the Great. Plin. 6, c. 25. 
 
 Alexanor, a son of Machaon, who built 
 in Sicyon a temple to his grandfather ^scula- 
 pius, and received divine honours after death. 
 Paus.2, c. 11. 
 
 Alexarchus, a Greek historian. 
 
 Alexas, of Laodicea, was recommended to 
 M. Antony by Timagenes. He was the cause 
 that Antony repudiated Octavia to marry 
 Cleopatra. Augustus punished him severely 
 after the defeat of Antony. Plul. in .Anton. 
 
 Alexia, or Alesia. Vid. Alesia. 
 
 Alexicacus; a sarnarne givcB to Apollo 
 
 AL 
 
 by the Athenians, because he delivered them 
 from the plague during the Peloponnesian wai-. 
 
 Alexinus, a disciple of Eubulides the Mi- 
 lesian, famous for the acuteness of his genius 
 and judgment, and for his fondness for con- 
 tention and argumentation. He died of a 
 wound he had received from a sharp-pointed 
 reed, as he swam across the river Alpheus. 
 Diog. in Euclid. 
 
 Alexion, a physician intimate with Cice- 
 ro. Cic. ad Att. 13, ep. 25. 
 
 Alexippus, a physician of Alexander. PM. 
 in Mex. 
 
 Alexiraes, a son of Hercules by Hebe. 
 
 Apollod. 2, c. 7. A place Of Bceotia, where 
 
 Alexiraes was born, bears also this name. 
 Pans. 9, c. 25. 
 
 Alexiriioe, a daughter of the river Gran- 
 icus. Ovid. Met. 11, v. 763. 
 
 Alexis, a man of Samos, who endeavoured 
 to ascertain, by his writings, the borders of his 
 
 country. A comic poet, 336 B. C. of Thu- 
 
 rium, who wrote 245 comedies, of which some 
 
 few fragments remain. A servant of Asi- 
 
 nius Poliio. An ungrateful youth of whom 
 
 a shepherd is deeply enamoured, in Virgil'^ 
 
 Ed. 2. A statuary, disciple to Polycletes, 
 
 87 01ym. Plin. 34, c. 8. A school-fellow 
 
 of Attious. Cic. ad Attic. 7, ep. 2. 
 
 Alexon, a native of Myndos, who wrote 
 fables. Diog. 
 
 Alfaterna, a town of Campania, beyond 
 mount Vesuvius. 
 
 P. Alfjenus Varus, a native of Cremona, 
 who, by the force of his genius and his appli- 
 cation, raised himself from his original profes- 
 sion of a cobler, to offices of trust at Rome, 
 and at last became consul. Horat. 1, Sat. 3, v, 
 130. 
 
 Algidum, a town of Latium near Tuscu- 
 lum, about 12 miles from Rome. There is a 
 mountain of the same name in the neighbour- 
 hood. Eoral. 1, od. 21. 
 
 Aliacmon and Haliacmon, a river of Ma- 
 cedonia, separating it from Thessaly. It flows 
 into the iEgean sea. Plin. 4, c. 10. 
 
 Aliartum, a city of BoBotia, taken by M. 
 Lucretius. Liv. 42, c. 63. 
 
 Aliartus and Haliartus, a town of Bce- 
 otia, near the river Permessus. Another 
 
 in Peloponnesus, on the coast of Messenia. 
 Slat. Tilth. 7, V. 274. 
 
 Alicis, a town of Laconia. -A tribe of 
 
 Athens. Sirab. 
 
 Alienus CvEcina, a ■ questor in Boeotia, 
 appointed, for his services, commander of a 
 legion in Germany, by Galba. The emperor 
 disgraced him for his bad conduct, for which 
 he raised commotions in the empire. Tacit. 
 1, Ilist. c. 52. 
 
 ALiFiE, Alifa, or Alipha, a town of Italy, 
 near the Vulturnus, famous for the making of 
 cups. Horal. 2, Sat. 8, v. 39. — Liv. 8, c. 25. 
 
 AliljEi, a people of Arabia Felix. 
 
 Alimentus, C. an historian in the second 
 Punic war, who wrote in Greek an account of 
 Annibal, besides a treatise on military affairs. 
 Lir. 2 land 30. 
 
 AlindjE, a town of Caria. Arrian. 
 
 Alipheria, a town of Arcadia, situate on 
 a hill. Polish. 4, c. 77. 
 
 Alirrothius, a son of Neptune. Hearing 
 that his faflier had bceii defeuied by Minerva.- 
 
 ^ 
 
AL 
 
 i\i. his dispute about giving a name to Athens, 
 he went to the citadel, and endeavoured to cut 
 down the olive which had sprung from the 
 ground, and given the victory to Minerva ; but 
 in the attempt he missed his aim, and cut his 
 own legs so severely that he instantly expired. 
 
 T. Alledius Severds, a Roman knight 
 who married his brother's daughter to please 
 
 Agrippina. A noted glutton in Domitian's 
 
 reign. Jut?. 5, v. 118. 
 
 Allia, a river of Italy, falling into the Ti- 
 ber. The Romans were defeated on its banks 
 by Brennus and tlie Gauls, who were going to 
 plunder Rome, 17th July, B. C. 390. Pint, in 
 Camil. — Liv. 5, c. 37. — Flor. 1, c. 13. — Virg. 
 Mn. 7, V. 717.— Orirf. ^rt. Jim. 1, 413. 
 
 Allienos, a pretor of Sicily, under Cajsar. 
 Bin. Afric. 2. 
 
 Allobroges, a warlike nation of Gaul near 
 the Rhone, in that part of the country now cal- 
 led Savoy, Dauphine, and Vivarais. The 
 Romans destroyed their city, because they had 
 assisted Annibal. Their ambassadors w ere al- 
 lured by great promises to join in Catiline's 
 conspiracy against his country ; but they 
 scorned the offers, and discovered the plot. — 
 JDio.—Strab. 4.--Tacit. 1. Hist. c. 66.— Sal- 
 lust, in Jug. bell. 
 
 Allobryges, a people of Gaul supposed 
 to be the same as the Allobroges. Polyb. 30, 
 C.56. 
 
 Allotriges, a nation on the southern 
 parts of Spain. Strab. 2. 
 
 Allutius, or Albutius, a prince of the 
 Celtiberi,to whom Scipio restored the beauti- 
 ful princess he had taken in battle. 
 
 Almo, a small river near Rome, falling into 
 the Tiber. Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 387. — Lucan. 1, 
 V.600. 
 
 Almon, the eldest of the sons of Tyrrhus. 
 He wa.s the first Rutulian killed by the Tro- 
 jans; and from the skirmish which happened 
 before and after his death, arose the enmities 
 which ended in the fall of Turnus. Virg. ^^n. 
 7, V. 532. 
 
 Aloa, festivals at Athens in honour of Bac- 
 chus and Ceres, by whose beneficence the 
 husbandmen received the recompense of their 
 labours. The oblations were the fruits of the 
 earth. Ceres has been called, from this, Aloas 
 and Alois. 
 
 Aloeus, a giant, son of Titan and Terra. 
 He married Iphimedia, by whom Neptune had 
 the twins, Othus and Ephialtus, Aloeus edu- 
 cated them as his own, and from that circum- 
 stance they have been called Aloidts. They 
 made war against the gods, and were killed by 
 Apollo and Diana. They grew up nine inches 
 every month, and were only nine years old 
 when they undertook their war. They built 
 the town of Ascra, at the foot of mount Heli- 
 con. Pans. 9, c. 29. — Virg. JEn. 6, v. 582. — 
 Homer. II. o, Od. 11. 
 
 Aloides and Aloidje, the sons of Aloeus. 
 Vid. Aloeus. 
 
 Alope, daughter ofGercyon, kingofEleu- 
 sis, had a child by Neptune, whom she expo- 
 sed in the woods, covered with a piece of her 
 gown. The child was preserved, and earned 
 to Alope's father, who, upon knowing the 
 gown, orderful iiis daughter to be put to death. 
 Neptune, who could not save his mistress, 
 tthahgcd her into afou^Uain. The child railed 
 
 
 AL 
 
 Hippothoon was preserved by some shepherds, 
 and placed by Theseus upon his grandfather's 
 throne. Pans. 1, c. 5 and 39. — Hygin. fab. 187. 
 
 One of the Harpies. Hygin. fab. 14. 
 
 A town of Thessaly. Plin. 4, c. 7. Homer. 
 II. 2, v. 682. 
 
 Alofece, an island in the Palus Maeotis. 
 
 Slrab. Another in the Cimmerian Bos- 
 
 phorus. Plin. 4, c. 12. Another in the 
 
 uEgean sea, opposite Smyrna. Id. 5, c. 31. 
 
 Alopeces, a small village of Attica, where 
 was the tomb of Ancliimolius, Avhom the Spar- 
 tans had sent to deliver Athens from the ty- 
 ranny of the Pisistratids. Socrates and Aris- 
 tides were born there. JEschin. contra Ti- 
 march. — Herodot. 5, c. 64. 
 
 Alopius, a son of Hercules and Antiope. 
 .ipollod. 2, c. 35. 
 
 Alos, a town of Achaia. Strcd). 9. — Plin. 
 4, c. 7. 
 
 Alotia, festivals in Arcadia, in comme- 
 moration of a victory gained over Lacedaemon 
 by the Arcadians. 
 
 Alpenus, the capital of Locris, at the 
 north of Thermopylae. Herodot. 7, c. 176, &,c. 
 
 Alpes, mountains that separate Italy from 
 Spain, Gaul, Rhsetia, and Germany : consider- 
 ed as the highest ground in Europe. From 
 them arise several rivers which after watering 
 the neighbouring countries discharge them- 
 selves into the German, Mediterranean and 
 Euxine seas. The Alps are covered with per- 
 petual snows, and distinguished, according to 
 tlieir situation, by the different names of Cot- 
 tuR, CarniccR, Graice, JVoriccB, Julias,, Mariti- 
 me, Pannonio'., Pennince, PancB, RhceticcB, Tri- 
 deiUince, Venetce. A traveller is generally five 
 days in reaching the top in some parts. They 
 were supposed for a long time to be impassa- 
 ble. Hannibal marched his army over them, 
 and made his way through rocks, by softening 
 and breaking them with vinegar. They were 
 inhabited by fierce uncivilized nations, who 
 were unsubdued till the age of Augustus, who, 
 to eternize the victory he" had obtained over 
 them, erected a pillar in their territory. Strab. 
 4 and 5.— Liv. 21, c. 35.— ^uv. 10, v. 151.— //o- 
 rat. 2, Sat. 5, v, 41.— Lwan. 1, v. 183.— Tacit. 
 Hist. 3, c. 53. 
 
 Alpheia, a surname of Diana in Ells. It 
 was given her when the river Alpheus endea- 
 voured to ravish her without success. A 
 
 surname of the nymph Arethusa, because lov- 
 ed by the Alpheus. Ovid. Met. 5, y. 487. 
 
 Alphenoh, one of Niobe's sons. Ovid. 
 Met. 6, fab. 6. 
 
 Alphenus. Vid. Alfenus. 
 
 Alphesibcea, daughter of the river Phle- 
 geus, married Alcmaion, son of Amphiaraus, 
 who had fled to her father's court after the 
 murder of his mother. [Vid Alcmxon.] She 
 received as a bridal present, the famous neck- 
 lace which Polynices had given to Eriphyle, to 
 induce her to betray her husband Amphiaraus. 
 Alcmaeon, being persecuted by the manes of 
 his mother, left his wife by order of the oracle, 
 and retired near the Achelous, whose daughter 
 Callirhoe had two sons by him, and begged of 
 him, as a present, the necklace uhicli was 
 then in the hands of Alphesibcea. He endea- 
 voured to o])(ain it, and was killed by Tenic 
 neus and Axion, AJphcsiba?a-s brothers, who 
 thus revenged their si.>ler; who had been so iu- 
 
AL 
 
 flo6enlly abandoned. Hygin. fab. 244. — Pro- 
 pert. 1, el. 15, V. 15.— Pans. 8, c. 24. 
 
 Alphksiboeus, a shepherd often mention- 
 ed in Virgil's eclogues. 
 
 Alpheus, now Alpheo, a famous river of 
 Peloponnesus, which rises in Arcadia, and after 
 passing through Elis falls into the sea. The 
 god of this river fell in love with the nymph 
 Arethusa, and pursued her till she was changed 
 into a fountain by Diana. The fountain Aretliu- 
 sa is in Ortygia, a small island near Syracuse ; 
 and the ancients affirm, that the river Alpheus 
 passes under the sea from Peloponnesus, and 
 without mingling itself with the salt waters, ri- 
 ses again in Ortygia, and joins the stream of 
 Arethusa. If any thing is thrown into the Al- 
 pheus in Elis, according to their traditions, it 
 will re-appear, after some time, swimming on 
 the waters of Arethusa neai* Sicily. Hercules 
 made use of the Alpheus to clean the stables 
 of Augeas. Slrab. Q.— Virg. JEn. 3, v. 694.— 
 Ovid. Met. 5, fab. 10.— Lucan. 3, v. 176.— 
 Stat. Theb. 1 and 4.— Mela, 2, c. 7.—Paus. 5, 
 c. 7, 1. 6, c. 21.—Marcellin. 25.—Flin. 2, c. 103. 
 
 Alphius, or Alfeus, a celebrated usurer, 
 ridiculed in Horat. Epod. 2. 
 
 Alphius Avitus, a writer in the age of 
 Severus, who gave an account of illustrious 
 men, and an history of the Carthaginian war. 
 
 Alpinus, belonging to the Alps, Virg. 
 M,n. 4, v. 442. 
 
 Alpinus, (Cornelius) a contemptible 
 poet, whom Horace ridicules for the awkward 
 manner in which he introduces the death of 
 Memnon in a tragedy, and the pitiful style 
 with which he describes the Rhine in an epic 
 poem he had attempted on the wars in Ger- 
 many. Horat. 1, Sat. 10, v. 36. Julius, one 
 
 of the chiefs of the Helvetii. Tacit. Hist. 1, 
 C 68. 
 
 Alpis, a small river falling into the Dan- 
 ube. 
 
 Alsium, a maritime town at the west of 
 the Tiber, now Slatua. Sil. 8. 
 
 Alsus, a river of Achaia in Peloponnesus, 
 flowing from mount Sipylus. Pans. 7, c. 27. 
 
 A shepherd during the Rutulian wars. 
 
 Plrg. ^n. 12, v. 304. 
 
 Alth^a, daughter of Thestius and Eu- 
 rythemis, married Qilneus, king of Calydon, 
 by whom she had many children, among whom 
 was Meleager. When Althaea brought forth 
 Meleager, the Parcae placed a log of wood in 
 the fire, and said, that as long as it was preser- 
 ved, so long would the life of the child just 
 born be prolonged. The mother saved the 
 wood from the flames, and kept it very care- 
 fully •, but when Meleager killed his two un- 
 cles, Althi»a's brothers, Altheea, to revenge 
 their death, threw the log into the fire,.and as 
 soon as it was burnt, Meleager expired. She 
 was afterwards so sorry for the death which 
 she had caused, that she killed herself, unable 
 to survive her son. Vid. Meleager. — Ovid. 
 Met. 8, fab. ^.—Horner. 11. 9.— Pans 8, c. 45, 1. 
 10, c.31.—£poUod. 1, c. 8. 
 
 Alth^menes, a son of Creteus king of 
 Crete. Hearing that either he or his brothers 
 were to be their father's murderers, he fled to 
 Rhodes, where he made a settlement to avoid 
 becoming a parricide. After the death of all 
 Ms other sons, Creteus went after his son Al- 
 thsemcnes ; when he landed in Rhodes, the 
 
 AM 
 
 Inhabitants attacked him, supposing him to be 
 an enemy, and he was killed by the hand of hi^ 
 own son. When Altha;menes knew that h« 
 had killed his father, he entreated the gods to 
 remove him, and the earth immediately open- 
 ed and swallowed him up. Apollod. 3, c. 2. 
 
 Altinum, a flourishing city of Italy near 
 Aquileia, famous for its wool. Martial. 14, ep. 
 25.— P/wi.3, c. 18. 
 
 Altis, a sacred grove round Jupiter's tem- 
 ple at Olympia, where the statues of the 
 Olympic conquerors were placed. Paus. 6/ 
 c.20, &c. 
 
 Altus, a city of Peloponnesus. Xenoph.. 
 Hist. Grcec. 
 
 Aluntium, a town of Sicily. Plin. 5, c, 
 8. — Cic in Verr. 4. 
 
 Alus, Aluus, and Halus, a village of Ar- 
 cadia, called also the temple of iEsculapius. 
 Paus. 8, c. 25. 
 
 Alyattes I. a king of Lydia, descended 
 from the Heraclidae. He reigned 57 years.- 
 II. king of Lydia, of the family of the Merra- 
 nadse, was father to Crcesus. He drove the 
 Cimmerians from Asia, and made war against 
 the Medes. He died when engaged in a war 
 against Miletus, after a reign of 35 years. A 
 monument was raised on his grave with flie 
 money which the women of Lydia had obtain- 
 ed by prostitution. An eclipse of tlie sun ter- 
 minated a battle between him and Cyaxares. 
 Herodot. 1, c. 16, 17, kc—Strab. 13. 
 
 Alyb A, a countiy near Mysia. Homer. 11. 2. 
 
 Alyc^a, a town of Ai'cadia. Paus. 8, c. 
 27. 
 
 Alyc^us, son of Sciron, was killed by 
 Theseus. A place in Megara received its 
 name from him. Plut. in Thes. 
 
 Alymon, the husband of Ch'ce. 
 
 Alyssus, a fountain of Arcadia, whose wa- 
 ters could cure the bite of a mad-dog. Parn^ 
 8, c. 19. 
 
 Alyxothoe, or Alexirhoe, daughter 
 of Dymus, was mother of .Ssacus by Priam. 
 Ovid. Met. 11, v. 763. 
 
 Alyzia, a town of Acarnania on the wes- 
 tern mouth of the Achelous, opposite to the 
 Echinades. Cic. ad Fam. 16. ep. 2. 
 
 Amadocus, a king of Thrace, defeated by 
 his antagonist Seuthes. .^-istot. 5, Polit. 10. 
 
 Amaoe, a queen of Sarmatia, remarkable 
 for her justice and fortitude. Polycen. 8, c. 56. 
 
 Amalth^a, daughter of Melissus king of 
 Crete, fed Jupiter with goat's milk. Hence 
 some authors have called her a goat, and have 
 maintained that Jupiter, to reward her kind- 
 nesses, placed her in heaven as a constellation, 
 and gave one of her horns to the nymphs who 
 had taken care of his infant years. This horn 
 was called the horn of plenty, and had the pow- 
 er to give the nymphs whatever they desired- 
 Diod. 3, 4, and 5,— Ovid. Fast. 5, v. 113.— 
 
 Slrab. li).—Hygin. fab. 139.— Paus. 7, c. 26. 
 
 A Sibyl of Curaaj, called also Hierophile 
 
 and Demophile. She is supposed to be the 
 same who brought nine books of prophecies to 
 Tarquin king of Rome, &ic. Varro. — Tibul. 
 2, el. 5, V. 67. {Vid. Sibylla.^ 
 
 Amaltheum, a public place which Atti- 
 cus had opened in his country-house, called 
 Amalthea in Epirus, and provided with every 
 thing which could furnish entertainment and 
 convey instruction. Cic. ad. Mic. J, ep. 1?. 
 
 II 
 
AM 
 
 AmaNa or Am ANUS, part of mount Taurus in 
 Oilicia. Lucan. 3, v. 244. 
 
 Cn. Sal. Amandus, a rebel general under 
 Dioclesian, who assumed imperial honours, 
 and was at last conquered by Dioclesian 's col- 
 league. 
 
 Amantes or Amantini, a people of Illyri- 
 eum, descended from the Abantes of Phocis. 
 CaUimach. 
 
 Amanus, one of the deities worshipped in 
 
 Armenia and Cappadocia, Strab. 11. -A 
 
 mountain of Cilicia. 
 
 Amaracus, an officer of Cinyras, changed 
 into marjoram. 
 
 Amardi, a nation near the Caspian sea. 
 Mda, 1, c. 3. 
 
 Amartus, a city of Greece. Homer. Hymn, 
 in Apoll. 
 
 Amaryllis, the name of a country woman 
 in Virgil's eclogues. Some commentators 
 have supposed, that the poet spoke of Rome 
 under this fictitious appellation. 
 
 Amarynceus, a king of the Epeans, buried 
 at Buprasium. Strah. S.—Paus. 8, c. 1. 
 
 Amarynthus, a village of Eubcea, whence 
 Diana is called Amarysia, and her festivals in 
 that town Amarj^nthia. Eubcea is some- 
 times called Amarynthus. Paus. I, c. 31. 
 
 Amas, a mountain of Laconia. Paus. 3. 
 
 Amasenus, a small river of Latium, falling 
 into the Tyrrhene sea. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 685. 
 
 Amasia, a city of Pontus, where Mithri- 
 dates the great, and Strabo the geographer, 
 were born. Strab. 12. — Plin. 6, c. 3. 
 
 Amasis, a man who, from a common sol- 
 dier, became king of Egypt. He made war 
 against Arabia, and died before the invasion of 
 his country by Cambyses king of Persia. ^ He 
 made a law, that every one of his subjects 
 should yearly give an account to the public 
 magistrates, of the manner in which he sup- 
 ported himself. He refused to continue in al- 
 liance with Polycrates the tyrant of Samos, on 
 account of his uncommon prosperity. When 
 Cambyses came into Egypt, he ordered the 
 body of Amasis to be dug up, and to be insult- 
 ed and burnt ; an action which was very of- 
 fensive to the religious notions of the Egyp- 
 tians. Herudot. 1, 2, 3. A man who led 
 
 the I'ersians against the inhabitants of Bai-ce. 
 Herodot. 4, c. 201, &.c. 
 
 Amastris, the wife of Dionyslus the tyrant 
 of Sicily, was sister to Darius, whom Alexan- 
 der conquered. Strab. Also, the wife of 
 
 Xerxes, king of Persia. [Vid. Amesiris.] 
 
 A city of Paphlagonia, on the Euxiue sea. 
 Catuil, 
 
 Amastrus, one of the auxiliaries of Perses, 
 against .ft^etes, king of Colchis, killed by Ar- 
 gus, son of Phryxus. Flacc. 6, v, 644. A 
 
 friend of JUneas, killed by Camilla in the Ru- 
 tulian war. FiVg. ^n. 11, v. 673. 
 
 Amata, the wife of king Latinus. She had 
 betrothed her cjaughter Lavinia to Turnus, 
 before the arrival of jEneas in Italy. She zeal- 
 ously favoured the interest of Turnus ; and 
 when her daughter was given in marriage to 
 iEneas, she hujig herself to avoid the sight of 
 lier son-in-law, Virg. JEn. 7, he. 
 
 Amathus, (gen. untis) now Limisso, a city 
 on the southern side of the island of Cyprus, 
 jiarticularly dedicated to Venus. The island 
 is Eometimes called AraathuM^, a name not 
 
 AM 
 
 unfrequently applied to the goddess of the 
 place. Virg. Ma. 10, v. 6\.—Ptol. 5, c. 14. 
 
 Amaxampeus, a fountain of S^.ythia, whose 
 waters imbitter the stream of the river Hypa* 
 nis, Herodot. 4, c. 52. 
 
 Amaxja or Amaxita, an ancient town of 
 
 Troas.- A place of Cilicia abounding with 
 
 wood fit for building ships. Plin. 5, c. 9. — 
 Sirab, 14. 
 
 Amazenes or Mazenes, a prince of the island 
 Oractus, who sailed for some time with the 
 Macedonians and Nearchus in Alexander's ex- 
 pedition into the east Arrian. in Indie. 
 
 Amazones or Amazonides, a nation of 
 famous women who lived near the river Ther- 
 modon in Cappadocia. AH their life was em- 
 ployed in wars and manly exercises. They 
 never had any commerce with the other sex : 
 but, only for the sake of propagation, they vi- 
 sited the inhabitants of the neiglibouring coun- 
 try for a few days, and the male children which 
 they brought forth were given to the fathers. 
 According to Justin, they were strangled as 
 soon as born, and Diodorus says that they 
 maimed them and distorted their limbs. The 
 females were carefully educated with their 
 mothers, in the labours of the field ; their right 
 breast was burnt oflf, that they might hurl a 
 javelin with more force, and make abetter use 
 of the bow ; from that circumstance, thereforCi 
 their name is derived (» jion, m«^« mamma.) 
 They founded an extensive empire in Asia 
 Minor, along the shores of the Euxine, and 
 near the Thermodon. They were defeated in 
 a battle near the Thermodon, by the Greeks ; 
 and some of them migrated beyond the Tanais, 
 and extended their territories as far as the 
 Caspian sea. Themyscyra was the most capi- 
 tal of their towns. Smyrna, Magnesia, Thya- 
 tira, and Ephesus, according to some authors, 
 were built by them. Diodorus 1. 3, mentions 
 a nation of Amazons in Africa, more ancient 
 than those of Asia. Some authors, among 
 whom is Strabo, deny the existence of the Am- 
 azons, and of a republic supported and govern- 
 ed by women, who banished or extirpated all 
 their males; but Justin and Diodorus particu^ 
 larly support it ; and the latter says, that Pen- 
 thesilea, one of their queens, came to the Tro- 
 jan war, on the side of Priam, and that she was 
 killed by Achilles, and from that time the glo- 
 ry and character of the Amazons gradually de- 
 cayed, and was totally forgotten. The Ama- 
 zons of Africa flourished long before the Tro- 
 jan yvm', and many of their actions have been 
 attributed to those of Asia, It is said, that af 
 ter they had almost subdued all Asia, they in- 
 vaded Attica, and were conquered by These- 
 us. Their most famous actions were their 
 expedition against Priam, and afterwards the 
 assistance they gave him during the Trojan 
 war ; and their invasion of Attica, to punish 
 Theseus, who had carried away Antiope, 
 one of their queens. They were also con- 
 quered by Bellero{)hon and Hercules, Among 
 their queens, Hippolyte, Antiope, Lampeto, 
 Marpesia, &.c. ase famous. Curlius says, that 
 Thalestris, one of their queens, came to Alex- 
 ander, whilst he was pursuing his conquests in 
 Asia, for the sake of raising children from a 
 man of such military reputation ; and tliat af- 
 ter she had remained 13 days with him, sho 
 retiired into h(*r country. The .\vnazons wore 
 
AM 
 
 such expert arcliersj that, to denote the good- 
 ness of a bow or quiver, it was usual to call it 
 Amazonian. Vir^. Mn. 5, v. 311. — Journand. 
 de Reb. Get. c. 7. — Philostr. Icon. 2, c. 5. — 
 Justin. 2, c. 4:.— Curt. 6, c. 5. — Plin. 6, c. 7, 1. 
 34, c. 8; 1. 36, c. b.—Herodot. 4, c. 110.— Strab. 
 ll.—Diod. 2. — Dionys. Hal. 4. — Paus. 7, c. 3. 
 — Pint, in Thes. — Apolhod. 2, c. 3 and b.—rHy- 
 gin. fab. 14 and 163. 
 
 Amazonia, a celebrated mistress of the em- 
 peror Commodns. The country of the 
 
 Amazons, near the Caspian sea. 
 
 Atwazonium, a place in Attica, where The- 
 seUs obtained a victory over the Amazons. 
 
 Amazonius, a surname of Apollo at Lace- 
 dasmon. 
 
 Amearri, a people of Gallia Celtica, on the 
 Arar, related to theiEdui. Cces. bell. G. 1, c. 11. 
 
 Ambakvalia. a joyful procession round the 
 ploughed fields, in honour of Ceres, the god- 
 dess of corn. There were two festivals of that 
 name celebrated by the Romans ; one about 
 the month of April, the other in July. They 
 went three times round their fields, crowned 
 "with oak leaves, singing hymns to Ceres, and 
 pntreatiiig her to preserve their corn. The 
 w^ord is derived ab ambiendisarvis. going round 
 the fields. A sow, a &heep, and a bull, called 
 ambarvalice hostile., ^vere afterwards immola- 
 ted, and the sacrifice ha^ sometimes been call- 
 ed suovetaurilia from sus, ovi^, and taurus. 
 Virg. G. 1, V. 339 and Mb.— Tib. 2, el. 1, v. 19. 
 —Cato de R. jR. c. 141. 
 
 Ambenus, a mountain of European Sarma- 
 tia. Flacc. 6, v. 85. 
 
 Ambialxtes, a people of Gallia Celtica. Ccbs. 
 bell. G. 3, c. 9. 
 
 Ambianum, atown of Belgium, now Smiens. 
 Its inhabitants conspired against J. Cassar. 
 Cce.^.2,bell. G.c.4. 
 
 Ambiatinum, a village of Germany, where 
 the emperor Caligula was born. Sueton. in 
 'Cal. 8. 
 
 AiMBiGATus, a king of the Celtaj, in the time 
 of Tarquiniiis Priscus. Seeing the great popu- 
 iatioji of his country, he sent his two nephews, 
 Sigovesus and Beliovesus, with two colonies, 
 m quest of new settlements ; the former to- 
 wards the Hercynian woods, and the other to- 
 wards Italy. Liv. 5, c. 34, &;c, 
 
 Ambiorix, a king of the Eburones in Gaul. 
 He was a great enemy to Rpme, and was kill- 
 ed in a battle with J. Ca?sar, \n which 60,000 
 of his countiymen were slain. Cces. bell. G. 5, 
 c. 11, 26, 1.6, c. 30. 
 
 Ambivius, a man mentioned by Cicero de 
 Stnect, 
 
 Amblada, a town of Pisidia. Slrab. 
 
 A.MBRACiA, a city of Epirus, near the Ache- 
 ron, the residence of king Pyrrhus. Augustus, 
 after tlie battle of Actium, called it Nicopolis. 
 Mela, 2, c. S.—Plin. 4, c. l.—Polyb. 4, c. 63. 
 —Slrab. 10. 
 
 Ambracius Sinus, a bay of the Ionian sea, 
 near Anibracia, about 300 stadia deep, nar- 
 row at the entrance, but within near 100 stadia 
 in breadth, and now called the gulf of Larta. 
 Polyb. 4, c. 63.— Mela, 2, c. 3.—Flor. 4, c. 11. 
 —Strab. 10. 
 
 Ambri, an Indian nation. Justin. 12, c. 9. 
 
 Ambrones, certain nations of Gaul, who 
 lost their possessions by the inundation of the 
 sea, and Hved upon rapine and plunder, 
 
 AM 
 
 whence the word ambrones implied a disho- 
 nourable meaning. They were conquered by 
 Marius. Plut. in Mario. 
 
 Ambrosia, festivals observed in honour of 
 Bacchus, in some cities in Greece. They 
 were the same as the Brumalia of the Roman.s. 
 
 One of the daughters of Atlas, changed 
 
 into a constellation after death. The food 
 
 of the gods was called ambrosia, and their drink 
 nectar. The word signifies immortal. It had 
 the power of giving immortality to all those 
 who eat it. It was sweeter than honey, and of 
 a most odoriferous smell ; and it is said, that 
 Berenice, the wife of Ptolemy Soter, was sav- 
 ed from death by eating ambrosia given her by 
 Venus. Titonus was made immortal by Au- 
 rora, by eating ambrosia ; and in like mannei' 
 Tantalus and Pelops, who, on account of their 
 impiety had been driven from heaven, and 
 compelled to die upon earth. It had the pow- 
 er of healing wounds, and therefore, Apollo, 
 in Homer's Iliad, saves Sarpedon's body from 
 putrefaction, by rubbing it with ambrosia ; and 
 Venus also heals the wounds of her son, in 
 Virgil's iEneid with it. The gods used gener 
 rally to perfume their hair with ambrosia, as 
 Juno when she adorned herself to captivate 
 Jupiter, and Venus when she appeared to 
 iEneas. Homer. II. 1, 14, 16 and 24. — Lucian. 
 de dea Syria. — Calull. ep. 100. — Theocrit. Id, 
 lb.— Virg. JEn. 1, v. 407, 1. 1%, v. 419.— OwVf. 
 Met. 2. — Pindar. 1, Olymp. 
 
 Ambrosius, bishop of Milan, obliged the 
 emperor Theodosius to make penance for the 
 murder of the people of Thessalonica, and dis- 
 tinguished himself by his writings, especially 
 against the Arians, 'His 3 books de officiis are 
 still extant, besides 8 hymns on the creation. 
 His style is not inelegant, but his diction is sen- 
 tentious, his opinions eccentric, though his 
 subject is diversified by copiousness of thought. 
 He died A. D. 397. The best edition of his 
 works is that of the Benedictines, 2 vols. fol. 
 Paris, 1686, 
 
 Ambrvon, a man who wrote the life of The- 
 ocritus of Chios. Diog. 
 
 Ambryssus, a city of Phocis, which receives 
 its name from a hero qf the sEime name. Paus. 
 10, c. ;35. 
 
 Ambubaj^, Syrian wonaen of immoral 
 lives, who, in the dissolute period of Rome, at- 
 tended festivals and assemblies as minstrels. 
 The name is derived by some from Syrian 
 words, which signify a flute. Horat. 1, Sai. 2, 
 — Suet.inMr.21. 
 
 Abibulli, a surname of Castor and Pollux, 
 in Sparta. 
 
 Ameles, a river of hell, whose waters no 
 vessel could contain. Plut. 10, de Rep. 
 
 Amenanus, a river of Sicily, near mount 
 jEtna, now GuidictUo. Strab. 5. 
 
 Amemdes, a secretaiy of Darius, the last 
 king of Persia. Alexander set him over the 
 Arima.spi. Curt. 7, c. 3. 
 
 Amenocles. a Corinthian, said to be the first 
 Grecian who built a three-oared galley at Sa- 
 mos and Corinth. Thuryd. 1, c. 13. 
 
 Ameria, a cily of Umbria, whose o.5iers 
 (amerina, salices) were famous for the binding 
 of vines to the elm trees. Plin. 3, c. 14. — 
 Virg. G. 1, V. 265. 
 
 Amkstratus. a town of Sicily, near the 
 Halesus. The Romans besieged it for seven 
 
 i 
 
AM 
 
 montiis, and it yielded at last after a third 
 siege, and the inhabitants were sold as slaves. 
 Folijb. 1, C.24. 
 
 Amestris, queen of Persia, was wife to 
 Xerxes. She cruelly treated the mother of 
 Artiante, lier husband's mistresS: and cut off 
 her nose, ears, lips, breast, tongtie. and eye 
 brows. She also buried alive 14 noble Persian 
 youths, t\} appease the deities under the earth. 
 
 Herodof. 7, c. 61, 1. 9, c. 111. A daughter of 
 
 Oxyartes, wife to Lysimachus. Diod. 20. 
 
 Amida, a city of Mesopotamia, besieged 
 ^nd taken by Sapor, king of Persia. Atnmian. 
 19. 
 
 Amilcar, a Carthaginian general of great 
 eloquence and cunning, surnamed Rhodanus. 
 When the Athenians were afraid of Alexan- 
 der, Amilcar went to his camp, gained his 
 confidence, and secretly transmitted an ac- 
 count of all his schemes to Athens. Trogus. 
 
 21, c.6. A Carthaginian, whom the Syra- 
 
 cusans called to their assistance against the 
 tyrant Agathocles, who besieged their city. 
 Amilcar soon after favoured the interest of 
 Agathocles, for which he was accused at Car- 
 thage. He died in Syracuse, B. C. 309. Diod. 
 
 20. — Justiyi £2, c. 2 and 3. A Carthaginian. 
 
 surnamed Barcas, father to the celebrated 
 Annibal. He was general in Sicily during the 
 first Punic war ; and after a peace had been 
 made with the Romans, he quelled a rebellion 
 of slaves who had besieged Carthage, and ta- 
 ken many towns of Africa, and rendered 
 themselves so formidable to the Carthaginians 
 that they begged and obtained assistance from 
 Rome. After this, he passed into Spain with 
 his son Annibal, who was but nine years of age, 
 and laid the foundation of the town of Barcelo- 
 na. He was killed in a battle against the Vet- 
 tones, B. C. 237. He had formed the plan of 
 an invasion of Italy, by crossing the Alps, 
 which his son afterwards carried into execu- 
 tion. His great enmity to the Romans was 
 the cause of the second Punic Avar. He used 
 to say of his three sons, that he kept three 
 lions to devour the Roman power. C. JVep. 
 in Vit.—Liv. 21, c. l.—Polyb. 2.—Plut. in 
 Jlnnih. A Carthaginian general, who assis- 
 ted the Insubres against Rome, and was taken 
 by Cn. Cornelius. Liv. 32, c. 30, 1. 33, c. 
 
 8. A son of Hanno, defeated in Sicily by 
 
 Gelon, the same day that Xerxes was defeated 
 at Salarais by Themistocles. He burnt him- 
 self, that his body might not be found among 
 the slain. Sacrifices were offered to him. 
 Herodot. 7, c. 165, &c. 
 
 Aiviir.os, or Amilus, a river of Mauritania, 
 where the elephants go to wash themselves 
 
 by moonshine. Plin. 8, c. 1. A town of 
 
 Aj-cadia. Pans, in Arcadic. 
 
 Amimune, or Amymune, a daughter of Da- 
 naus, changed into a fountain which is near 
 Argos, and flows into the lake Lerna. Ovid. 
 Met. 2, V. 240. 
 
 Aminea, or Amminea, a part of Campa- 
 nia, where the inhabitants are great husband- 
 men. Its wine was highly esteemed. Virg. 
 G. 2, V. 97. A place of Thessaly. 
 
 Aminias, a famous pirate, who'm Antigo- 
 nus employed against Apollodorus, tyrant of 
 Cassandrea. Polycpn. 4, c. 18. 
 
 AminiuS; a river of Arcadia, Paus. 8, 
 c. 30, 
 
 AM 
 
 Aminocles, a native of Corinth, who flour- 
 ished 705 B. C. kc. 
 Amisjena, acountiy of Cappadocia. Stmb. 
 
 Amisias, a comic poet, whom Aristophanes 
 ridiculed for his insipid verses. 
 
 Amissas, an oificer of Megalopolis in Alex- 
 ander's army. Curt. 10, c, 8. 
 
 Amiternum, a town of Italy, where Sal- 
 lust was born. The inhabitants assisted Tur- 
 nus against ^neas. Virg. Mn. 7, v. 710. — 
 Plin. 3, c. b.—Lit. 28, c. 45. 
 
 Ar.iiTHAON, or Amythaon, was father to 
 Melarapus the famous prophet. Stat. Theb. 
 3, V. 451. 
 
 Ammalo, a festival in honour of Jupiter m 
 Greece. 
 
 Ammiaxus. Vid. Marcellinus! 
 
 Ammon, and Hammon, a name of Jupiter, 
 worshipped in Libya. He appeared under the 
 form of a ram to Hercules, or, according to 
 othei-s, to Bacchus, Avho, with his army, suf- 
 fered the greatest exti'emities for want of wa- 
 ter, in the deserts of Africa, and showed him 
 a fountain. Upon this Bacchus erected a tem- 
 ple to his father, under the name of Jupiter 
 Ammon, i. e. sandy, with the horns of a ram. 
 The ram, accordingto some, was made a con- 
 stellation. The temple of Jupiter Ammon 
 was in the deserts of Libya, nine days journey 
 from Alexandria. It had a famous oracle, 
 which; according to ancient tradition, was es- 
 tablished about 18 centm-ies before the time of 
 Augustus, by two doves, which flew away from 
 Thebais in Egypt, and came, one to Dodona, 
 and the other to Libya, where the people were 
 soon informed of their divine mission. The 
 oracle of Haramon was consulted by Hercules, 
 Perseus, and others ; but when it pronounced 
 Alexander to be the son of Jupiter, such flat- 
 tery destroyed its long established reputation, 
 and in the age of Plutarch it was scarce knomi . 
 The situation of the temple was pleasant ; and 
 according to Ovid. Met. 15, v. 31t> — Lucref. 
 
 6, V. 847. — Herodot. in Mclpom. — Ci'rt. 4, c. 
 
 7. there was near it a fountain, whose waters 
 were cold at noon and midnight, and warm in 
 the morning and evening. There were above 
 100 priests in the temple, but only the elders 
 delivered oracles. There was also an oracle 
 of Jupiter Ammon in .Ethiopia. Plin. 6, c. 
 29.— Sfrab. 1, 11 and 17.— Plut. cur orar. edi 
 desierint, 4-' wi Isid. — Curt. 6, c. 10, 1. 10, c 
 5— Herodot. 1, c. 6, 1. 2, c. 32 and 55, 1. 4, c. 
 44.— Paus. 3, c. 18,1. 4, c.2S.—Hygin. fab. 
 133. Poet, astr.2, c. 20.— Jusiin. i, c. 9, 1 
 11, c. II. A king of Libya, father to Bac- 
 chus. He gave his name to the temple of 
 Haramon, accordingto Diod. 8. 
 
 Ammok and Brothas, two brothers fa- 
 mous for their skill in boxing. Ovid. Met. o, 
 V. 107. 
 
 Ammonia, a name of Juno in Elis, as be- 
 ing the wife of Jupiter Ammon. Paus. 5, c. 15. 
 
 Ammu.mi, a nation of Africa, who derived 
 their origui from the Egj'ptians and JEih\o[n- 
 ate. Tiieir language was a mixture of that of 
 (he two people from whom they were descen- 
 ded. Herodot. 2, 3 and 4. 
 
 Ammonius, a christian philosopher, wh<? 
 opened asciioolof platonic philosophy at Alex 
 andria, 232 A. 1). and had among his pupils 
 Ori?en and Plotinus. His treati?;c ii»r« o.<.eiwK 
 
AH 
 
 was publishecl in 4to. by Vaclkenaer, L. Bat. 
 1739. A writer who gave an account of sa- 
 crifices, as also^ a treatise on the harlots of 
 
 Athens. Alhen. 13. An Athenian general 
 
 surnamed Barcas. Polnh. 3. 
 
 Ammothea, one of the Nereides. Hesiod. 
 Thedg. 
 
 Amnias, a river of Bithynia. ^pian. de 
 bell. Mithr, 
 
 AMKises, a port of Gnossus, at the north 
 of Crete, with a small river of the same name, 
 near which Lucina had a temple. The 
 nymphs of the place were called Aranisiades. 
 €allim. 
 
 Am(eb.«us, an Athenian player of great 
 reputation, who sung at the nuptials of Deme- 
 trius and Nicaea. Polycen. 4, c. 6. 
 
 Amometus, a Greek historian. Plin. 6, 
 |:.17. 
 
 Amor, the son of Venus, was the god of 
 love. Vid. Cupido. 
 
 Amorges, a Persian genei-al, killed in 
 Caria in the reign of Xerxes. Herodot. 5, 
 c. 121. 
 
 Amorgos, an island among the Cyclades, 
 wliere Simonides was bom. Strab. 10. 
 
 Ampelus, a promontory of Samoa. ^A 
 
 town of Crete, — ^Macedonia, — Liguria, — and 
 Cyrene. K favourite of Bacchus, son of a 
 
 satyr and a nymph, made a constellation after 
 death. Ovid. Fa^t. 3, v. 407. 
 
 Ampelusia, a promontory of Africa, in 
 Mauritania. Mela, 1, c. 5 and 6. 
 
 Ar^PHEA, a city ef Messenia, taken by the 
 Lacedaemonians. Paus. 4, c. 5. 
 
 Amphailaus, a famous dancer in the island 
 of the Phaeacians. Homer. Od.S. 
 
 AriPHiANAX, a king of Lycia in the time of 
 Acrisius and Prcetus. ^pollod. 2, c. 2. 
 
 Amphiaraus, son ofOicleus, or according 
 to others, of Apollo, by Hypermnestra, w^as 
 at the chase of the Calydonian boar, and ac- 
 companied the Argonauts in their expedi- 
 tion. He was famous for his knowledge of fu- 
 turit}', and thence he is called by some son of 
 Apollo. He married Eriphyle, the sister of 
 Adrastus king of Argos, by whom he had two 
 sons, Alcmason and Amphilochus. When A- 
 drastus, at the request of Polynices, declared 
 war against Thebes, Amphiaraus secreted him- 
 self, not to accompany his brother-in-law in an 
 expedition in which he knew* he was to perish. 
 But Eriphyle, wlio knew where he had con- 
 cealed himself, was prevailed upon to betray 
 liim by Polynices, who gave her, as a reward 
 for her perfidy, a famous golden necklace set 
 'wfth diamonds. Amphiaraus being thus dis- 
 covered, went to the war, but previously char- 
 ged his son Alcmson, to put to death his mo- 
 ther Eriphyle, as soon as he was informed that 
 be was killed. The Theban war w^as fatal to 
 the Argives, and ximphiareius was swallowed 
 np in his chariot by the earth as he attempted 
 to retire from the battie. The news of his 
 flcnth was brought io Alcmaeon, who immedi- 
 ately executed his father's command, and mur- 
 dered Eriphyle. Amphiaraus received divine 
 Jionours after death, and had a celebrated tem- 
 ple and oracle at Oropos in Attica. His sta- 
 tae was made of w hite marble, and near his 
 fomple v/as a fountain, whose waters were ever 
 ijcld sacred. They only who had consulted 
 Ills oracle, Oi* had been delivered from a dis- 
 
 AM 
 
 ease, werd permitted to bathe in it, after whicfe 
 they threw pieces of gold and silver into the 
 stream. Those who consulted the oracle of 
 Amphiaraus, first purified themselves, and ab- 
 stained from food for 24 hours, and three days 
 from wine, after which they sacrificed a ram 
 to the prophet, and spread the skin upon the 
 ground, upon which they slept in expectatioa 
 of receiving in a dream the answer of the ora- 
 cle. Plutarch de oral, defect, mentions, 
 that the oracle of Amphiaraus was once con- 
 sulted in the time of Xerxes, by one of the ser- 
 vants of Mardonius, for his master, who was 
 then with em array in Greece ; and that the ser- 
 vant, when asleep, saw in a dream the priest 
 of the temple, who upbraided him, and drove 
 him away, and even threw stones at his head 
 when he refused to comply. This oracle was 
 verified in the death of Mardonius, who was 
 actually killed by the blow of a stone he re- 
 ceived on the head. Cic. de Div. 1, c. 40. — 
 Philostr. in vit. ^ollon. 2, c. 11. — Homer. 
 Od. 15, v. 243, kc.—Hygin. fab. 70, 73, 128 
 and 150.— Diod. 4.~~0vid. 9, fab. 10.— Paws. 
 
 1, c. 34, 1. 2, c. 37, 1. 9, c. 8 and 19.— ^scliyl. 
 Sept. ante Theb. — Apollod. 1, c.^8 and 9, 1. 3, c. 
 6, k.c.— Strab. Q. 
 
 Amphiaraides, a patronymic of Alcmae- 
 on, as being son of Amphiai-aus, Ovid. Fcui. 
 
 2, V. 43. 
 
 Amphicrates, an historian who wrote th© 
 lives of illustrious men. Diag. 
 
 AMPHicTYorf, son of Deucalion and Pyr- 
 rha, reigned at Athens after Cranaus, and first 
 attempted to give the interpretation of dreams, 
 and to draw omens. Some say, that the deK 
 
 uge happened in his age. Justiii. 2, c. 6. r 
 
 The son of Helenus, who first established the 
 celebrated council of the Amphidyons, compo- 
 sed of the wisest and most virtuous men of 
 some cities of Greece. This august assembly 
 consisted of 12 persons, originally sent by the 
 following states ; the lonians, Dorians, Perhae- 
 bians, Boeotians, Magnesians, Phthians, Locri- 
 ans, Malians, Phociaus, Thessalians, Dolopes, 
 and the people of (Eta. Other cities in pro- 
 cess of time sent also some of their citizens to 
 the council of the Amphictyons, and in the 
 age of Antoninus Pius, they were increased to 
 the number of 30. They generally met twice 
 every year at Delphi, and sometimes sat at 
 Thermopylas. They took into consideration 
 all matters of difference which might exist be- 
 tween the different states of Greece. When 
 the Phocians plundered the temple of Delphi, 
 the Amphictyons declared war against them, 
 and this war was supported by all the states of 
 Greece, and lasted 10 year.?. The Phocians 
 with their allies, the Lacedaemonians, were de- 
 prived of the privilege of sitting in the council 
 of the Amphictyons, and the Macedonians 
 were admitted into their place, for their servi- 
 ces in support of the w'ar. About 60 years af- 
 ter, when Brennus, with the Gauls, invaded 
 Greece, the Phocians behaved with such cour- 
 age, that they were reinstated in all their for- 
 mer privileges. Before tiiey proceeded to bu- 
 siness, the Amphictyons sacrificed an ox to the 
 god of Delphi, andcuthisfiesh into small pie- 
 ces, intimating tiiat ufiion and unanimity pre- 
 vailed in the several cities which they repre- 
 sented. Their decisions were held sacred and 
 inviolable, and even aims were taken up tc 
 
 i\ 
 
Ail 
 
 ^kiorce them. Pans, in Phocii. ^ Schdic. 
 —Strab. S.—Suidas. — Hesych.—^diin. 
 
 Amphiclea, a town of Phocis, where Bac- 
 chus had a temple. 
 
 Amphidamus, a son of Aleus, brother to 
 Lycurgus. He was of the family of the Ina- 
 chidae. Paus, 8, c. 4. One of the Argo- 
 nauts. Flac. 1, V. 376. A son of Busiris, 
 
 killed by Hercules, ^pollod. 2, c. 5. 
 
 Amphidromia, a festival obser\'ed by pri- 
 vate families at Athens, the fifth day after the 
 birth of every child. It was customary to run 
 round the fire with a child in their arms ) 
 whence the name of the festivals. 
 
 Amphigenia, a town of Messenia in Pe- 
 loponnesus. Stat. 4. TVtet/. v. 178. 
 
 Amphilochus, a son of Amphiaraus and 
 Eriphyle. After the Trojan war, he left Ar- 
 gos,his native country, and built Amphilochus, 
 a town of Epirus. Strab. 7. — Paus. 2, c. 18. 
 
 An Athenian philosopherwho wrote upon 
 
 agriculture. Varro de R. R. 1. 
 
 Amphilytus, a sootlisayer of Acarnania, 
 who encouraged Pisistratus to seize the sove- 
 reign power of Athens, Herodot. 1, c. 62. 
 
 Amphimache, a daughter of Amphidamus, 
 wife of Eurystheus. Jipollod. 2. 
 
 Amphimachus, one of Helen's suitors, 
 son of Cteatus. He went to the Trojan war. 
 
 Apollod. 3, c, 10. — Hygin. fab. 97. A son 
 
 01 Actor and Theronice. Paus. 5, c. 3. 
 
 Amphimedon, a Libyan killed by Perseus 
 in the court of Cepheus. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 75. 
 
 One of Penelope's suitors killed by Tele- 
 
 machus. Homer. Od. 22, v. 283. 
 
 Amphinome, the name of one of the at- 
 tendants of Thetis. Homer. II. 18, v. 44. 
 
 Amphinomus, one of Penelope's suitors, 
 killed by Telemachus. Homer. Od. 16 and 22. 
 
 Amphinomus and A;?apius, two brothers, 
 who, when Catana and the neighbouring cities 
 were in flames, by an eruption from mount 
 jEtna, saved their parents upon their shoulders. 
 "The fire, as it is said, spared them Avhile it 
 consumed others by dieir side ; and Pluto, to 
 reviard their uncommon piety, placed them 
 after death in the island of Leuce, and they 
 received divine honours in Sicily. Val. Max. 
 5, c. 4.— Strab. 6.—Itat. 14, v. 197.— Seneca, 
 de Benef. 
 
 Amphion, was son of Jupiter, by Antiope 
 daughter of Nycteus, who had married Lycus, 
 and had been repudiated by him when he 
 married Dirce, Amphion was born at the 
 same birth as Zethus, on mount €itheron, 
 where Antiope had fled to avoid the resent- 
 ment of Dirce ; and the two children were 
 exposed in the woods, but preserved by a shep- 
 herd. [Vid. Antiope.'] When Amphion grew 
 up, he cultivated poetry, and made such an 
 uncommon progress in music, that he is said 
 to have been the inventor of it, and to have 
 built the walls of Thebes at the sound of his 
 lyre. Mercury taught him music, and gave 
 him the lyre. He was the first who raised an 
 altar to this god. Zethus and Amphion united 
 to avenge the wrongs which their mother had 
 suffered from the cruelties of Dirce. They 
 besieged and took Thebes, put Lycus to death, 
 and tied his wife to the tail of a wild bull, who 
 dragged her through precipices till she expired. 
 The fable of Amphion's moving stones and 
 raising the walls of Thebes at the sound of his 
 
 AM 
 
 pRKuaded, by his eloquence, a wild and ubgI- 
 vilized people to unite together and build a 
 town to protect themselves against the attacks 
 of their enemies. Homer. Od* 11. — Apollod. 
 3, c. oand \0.—Paus.Q, c.6, 1. 6, c, 20, 1. 9, 
 c. Sand 17. — Proper! . 3, el, 15. — Ovid. de Art. 
 Am. 3, v.S23.—Horat.S, od. 11. Art. Poet. 
 
 V. 394.--Stat. Theb. 1, v. 10. A son of Ja- 
 
 sus, king of Orchomenos, by Persephone 
 daughter of Mius. He married Niobe, daugh- 
 ter of Tantalus, by whom he had many chil- 
 dren, among whom was Chloris the wife of 
 Neleus. He has been confounded by mytho- 
 lo^ists witii the son of Antiope, though Homer 
 in his Odyssey speaks of them both, and distin- 
 guishes them beyond contradiction. The num- 
 ber of Amphion's children, according to Ho- 
 mer, was 12, six of each sex ; according to 
 Julian, 20; and according to Ovid, 14, seven 
 males and seven females. When ISlobe boast- 
 ed herself greater, and more deserving of im- 
 mortality than Latona, all her children, ex- 
 cept Chloris, were destroyed by the arrows of 
 Apollo and Diana ; Niobe herself was changed 
 into a stone, and Amphion killed himself in a 
 fit of despair. Homer. Od. 11, v. 261 and 282,- 
 —JElia?!. V. H. 12, v. 3Q.'—0vid. Met. 6, fab. 
 
 5, One of the Argonauts. Hygin. fab. 14. 
 
 A famous painter and statuaiy, son of 
 
 Acestor of Gnossus. Plin. 36, c. 10. One 
 
 of the Greek genemls in the Trojan war. 
 Homer. II. 13, v. 692. 
 
 Amphipoles, magistrates appointed at Sy- 
 racuse, by Timoleon, after the expulsion of 
 Dionysius the younger. The otfice existed for 
 above 300 years. Diod. 16. 
 
 Amphipolis, a town on the Strymon, be- 
 tween Macedonia and Thrace. An Athenian 
 colony under Agnon, son of Nicias, drove the 
 ancient inhabitants, called Edonians, from the 
 country, and built a city, which they called 
 Amphipolis, i.e. a town surrounded on all sides» 
 because the Strymon flowed all around it. It 
 has been also called Acra, Strymon, Myrica, 
 Eion, and the town of Mars. It was the cause 
 of many wars between the Athenians and 
 Spartans. Thucyd. 4, c. 102, he— Herodot. 
 5, c, 126, 1, 7, c. 114.— i>/o^. 11, 12, &c.— 
 C. JVep. in dm. 
 
 AiMPHiPYRos, a surname of Diana, be- 
 cause she carries a torch in both her hands, 
 Sophocles, in Track. 
 
 Amphiretus, a man of Acanthus, who 
 artfully escaped from pirates who had made 
 him prisoner, Polyan. 6. 
 
 Amphiuoe, one of the Oceanides. Hesiod. 
 Theog. v. 361. 
 
 Amphis, a Greek comic poet of Athens, 
 son of Amphicrates; contemporary with Plato. 
 Besides his comedies, he wrote other pieces, 
 which are now lost. S^iidas. — Diog. 
 
 Amphisb.«:na, a two-headed serpent iii 
 the desei-ts of Libya, whose bite was venomous 
 and deadly. Lucan. 9, v. 719. 
 
 Amphissa, or Issa, a daughter of Ma- 
 careus, beloved by Apollo. She gave her 
 name to a city of Locris near Phocis, in which 
 was a temple of Miner\'a. Liv. 317, c, 5. — 
 Ovid. Met. 15, v. 703.— Lucan. 3, v. 172. 
 A town of the Brutii on the east coast. 
 
 Amphissene, a country of Armenia. 
 
 Amphissus, a son of Dryope. Ovid. Met. 
 9, fab. 10. 
 
 \ ui'm>i«vvvc. a T :<r'>(1^rr)pnian, who 
 
AM 
 
 fell delirious in sacrificing to Diana. Pans. 3, 
 c. 16. 
 
 Amphistidks, a man so naturally destitute 
 of iutellects, that he seldom remembered that 
 he ever had a father. He wished to learn 
 arithmetic, but never could comprehend be- 
 yond the figure 4. Jlrisiot. probl. 4. 
 
 Amphistratus and Rhecas, two men of 
 Laconia, charioteers to Castor and Pollux. 
 Strab. 11. — Justin. 42, c. 3. 
 
 Amphitea, the mother of iEgialeus, by 
 Cyanippus, and of three daughters, Argia, 
 D'eipyle, and iEgialea, by Adrastus king of 
 Argos. She was daughter to Pronax. ^pol- 
 
 lod. 1. The wife of Autolycus, by whom 
 
 she had Anticlea, the wife of Laertes. Ho- 
 mer. Od. 19, V. 416. 
 
 Amphitheatrum, a large round or oval 
 building at Rome, where the people assembled 
 to seethe combats of gladiators, of wild beasts, 
 and other exhibitions. • The amphitheatres of 
 Rome were generally built with wood ; Stati- 
 lius Taurus was the first who made one with 
 stones, under Augustus. 
 
 Amphithemis, a Theban general, who 
 involved the Lacedaemonians into a war with 
 iiis country. Plul. in Lys. — Pans. 3, c. 0. 
 
 Amphjthoe, one of the Nereides. 
 
 Amphitrite, daughter of Oceanus and 
 Tethys, married Neptune, though she had 
 mads a vow of perpetual celibacy. She had 
 by him Triton, one of the sea deities. She 
 had a statue at Corinth in the temple of Nep- 
 tune. She is sometimes called Salatia, and is 
 often taken for the sea itself. Varro. de L. L. 
 4. — Hcsiod. Theog. 930. — AjwUod. 3. — Clau- 
 dian de Rapt. Pros. 1, v. 104. — Ovid. Met. 1, 
 V. 14. — One of the Nereides. 
 
 AaiPiiiTRYON, a Theban prince, son of 
 AlccEus and Hipponome. His sister Anaxo 
 had married Electryon king of MycenfB, whose 
 sons Were killed in a battle by the Teleboans. 
 Electryon promised his crown, and daughter 
 Alcmena, to him who could revenge the death 
 of his sons upon the Teleboans ; and Ara})hi- 
 tryon offered himself, and was received, on 
 condition that he should not approach Alcmena 
 before he had obtained a victory. Jupiter, 
 who was captivated with the charms of Alc- 
 mena, borrowed the features of Amphitryon, 
 when he wa? gone to tiie war, and introduced 
 himself to Electryon's daughter, as her hus- 
 band returned victorious. Alcmena became 
 pregnant of Hercules, by Jupiter, and of 
 iphiclus by Amphitryon after his return. 
 {Vid. Mcvicna.] When Amphitiyon returned 
 from the war, he brought back to Electryon, 
 the herds wiiich the Teleboans had taken from 
 him. One of tlie cows having strayed from 
 the rest, Amphitryon, to bring them together, 
 tlirew a stick, which struck the horns of the 
 cow, and rebounded with such violence upon 
 Electryon, that .he died on the spot. After 
 tills accidental murder,Sthenelus, Electiyon's 
 brother, seized the kingdom of Mycenaj, and 
 obliged Amphitryon to leave Argolis, and re- 
 tire to Thebes with Alcmena. Creon, king 
 of Thebes, purified him of the murder, .^pol- 
 lud. 2, c. 4.—Vir^. JEn. 8, v. 2l'3.—Properi. 
 4, el. 10, V. 1. — Ilcdod in Soiit. Ilcrcul. — Hy- 
 gin. fab. 29.— Pans. S, c. 14. 
 
 Ami'iiituyoniades, a surname of Hercules, 
 as the supposed sou of Amphitryon, lug. 
 JLn, 8, V. lua 
 
 AM 
 
 Atiiphitus, a priest of Ceres, at the court ol 
 Cepheus. Ovid. Met. 5, fab. 5. 
 
 Amphoterus, was appointed commander 
 of a Heet in the Hellespont by Alexander, 
 Curt. 3, c. 1. ^A son of Alcmaeon. 
 
 Amphrysos, a river of Thessaly, near 
 which Apollo, when banished from heaven, 
 fed the flocks of king Admetus, From this 
 circumstance the god has been called Am- 
 phryssius, and his priestess Amphryssia. Ovid. 
 Met. 1, V. 580. — Lucan. 6^ v. S67.~-Virg. G. 3, 
 
 v. 2. JEn. 6, V. 398. A river of Phrygia 
 
 whose waters rendered women liable to bar- 
 renness. Plin. 32, c. 2. 
 
 Ampia Labiena Lex was enacted by T. Am- 
 pius and A. Labienus, tribunes of the people, 
 A. U. C. 693. It gave Pompey the Great the 
 privilege of appearing in triumphal robes and 
 with a golden crown at the Circensian games, 
 and with a prastesta and golden crown at the- 
 atrical plays. 
 
 Ampracia. [Vid. Ambracia.] 
 
 Ampysxdes, a patronymic of Mopsus, son of 
 Ampyx. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 316. 
 
 Ampyx, a son of Pelias. Paus. 7, c. 18. 
 
 A man mentioned by Ovid. Met. 6, v. 184.—-— 
 The father of Mopsus. Orpli. in Argon. — Paus: 
 5, c. 17. 
 
 Ams ACTUS, a lake in the country of the Hir- 
 pini, at the east of Capua, whose waters are 
 so sulphureous that they infect and destroy 
 whatever animals come near the place. It 
 was through this place that Virgil made the 
 fury Alecto descend into hell, after her visit 
 to the upper regions. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 565.— 
 Cic. de Div. 1, c. 36, 
 
 Amulius, king of Alba, was son of Procas, 
 and youngest brother to Numitor. The 
 crown belonged to Numitor by right of birth ; 
 but Amulius dispossessed him of it, and even 
 put to death his son Lausus, and consecrated 
 his daughter Rhea Sylvia to the service of 
 Vesta, to prevent her ever becoming a mo- 
 ther. Yet, in spite of all these precautions, 
 Rhea became pregnant by the god Mars, and 
 bi-ought forth twins, Romulus and Remus. 
 Amulius, who was informed of this, ordered 
 the mother to be buried alive for violating the 
 laws of Vesta, which enjoined perpetual chas- 
 tity, and the two children to be thrown into 
 the river. They were providentially saved by 
 some shepherds, or, as others say, by a she- 
 wolf; and when they had attained the years 
 of manhood, they put to death the usurper, 
 Amulius, and restored the crown to their 
 grandfather. Ovid. Fast. 3, v. 67. — Liv. 1, c 
 3 and 4. — Plut. iji Romul. — F/or. 1, c. 1. — JD/o- 
 
 7iys. Hal. A celebrated painter. Plin. 35, 
 
 c. 10. 
 
 Amvci Portus, a place in Pontus, famous 
 for the death of Amycus king of the Bebryces. 
 His tomb was covered with laurels, whose 
 boughs, as is reported, when carried on board 
 a ship, caused uncommon dissentions among 
 the sailors. Plin. 5, c. 32. — Arrian. 
 
 Amvcla, a daughter of Niobe, who, with 
 her sister Melibcea, was spared by Diana, 
 when her mother boasted herself greater than 
 
 Diana. Paus. 2, c. 22. Homer says that 
 
 all the daughters perished. 11.24. [^7rf. JNi- 
 obe.] The mn-se of Alcibiades. 
 
 Amvci, ^:, a town of Ilaiy between Caieta 
 and Tarricina, built b}' the companions of Ca.s- 
 tur and Pollux. The inhabitant'? were blrict 
 
 1 
 
AM 
 
 followers of the precepts of P5rthagoras, and 
 therefore abstained from flesh. They were 
 killed by serpents, which they thought inripious 
 to destroy, though in their own defence. Plin 
 8, c. 29. Once a report prevailed in Amyclaj 
 that the enemies were coming to storm it; 
 upon which the inhabitants made a law, that 
 forbade such a report to be credited, and when 
 the enemy really arrived, no one mentioned 
 it, or took up arms in his own defence, and 
 the town was easily taken. From this circum- 
 stance the epithet of tacitK has been given to 
 Amyclae. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 564.— Sj7. 8, v. 529. 
 
 A city of Peloponnesus, built by Amyclas. 
 
 Castor and Pollux were born there. The 
 country was famous for dogs, Apollo, called 
 Amyclaeus, had a rich and magnificent temple 
 there, surrounded with delightful groves. 
 Pans. 3, c. IS.—Stat. Theb. 4, v. 223.— Strab. 
 S.— Virg. G. 3, v. 34o.— Ovid, de Art. Am. 
 
 a, V. 5. 
 
 Amycl^us, a statuaiy. Paus. 10, c. 13. 
 
 A surname of Apollo. 
 
 Amyclas, son of Lacedsem^on and Sparta, 
 built the city of Amyclag. His sister Eurydice 
 married Acrisius, king of Argos, by whom she 
 
 had Danae. Paus. 3, c. 1, 1. 7, c. 18. The 
 
 master of a ship in which Cajsar embarked in 
 disguise. AVhen Amyclas wished to put back 
 to avoid a violent storm, Caesar unveiling his 
 head, discpvered himself, and bidding the pilot 
 pursue his X^oyage, exclaimed, Ccesarem vehis, 
 Casarisque forlunam. Lucan. 5,y. 520. 
 
 Amycus, son of Neptune by Melia, or Bi- 
 thynis according to^others, was king of the Be- 
 bryces. He was famous for his skill in the ma- 
 nagement of the cestus, and he challenged all 
 strangers to a trial of strength. When the 
 Argonauts, in their expedition, stopped on his 
 coasts, he treated them with great kindness, 
 and Pollux accepted his challenge, and killed 
 him when he attempted to overcome him by 
 fraud. Jipollon. 2. Argon. — Theocrit. Id. 22. 
 
 —^Apollon. 1, c. 9. One of the companions 
 
 of iEneas, who almost perished in a storm on 
 i\\e coast of Africa. He was killed by Turnus. 
 
 Virg. Mn. 1, v. 225, 1. 9, v. 772. Another, 
 
 likewise killed by Turnus. lb. 12, v. 509. 
 
 A son of Ixion and the cloud. Ovid, Met. 12, 
 V. 245. 
 
 Amydon, a city of Paeonia, in Macedonia, 
 which sent auxiliaries to Priam during the 
 Trojan war. Homer . 11.2, 
 
 AmvmOne, daughter of Danaus and Europa, 
 married Enceladus, son of Egyptus, whom she 
 murdered the first night of her nuptials. She 
 wounded a satyr with an an*ow which she had 
 aimed at a stag. The satyr pursued her, and 
 even ottered her violence, but Neptune deli- 
 vered her. It was said, that she was the only 
 one of the 50 sisters who was not condemned 
 to fill a leaky tub with water in hell, because 
 she had been continually employed, by order 
 of her father, in supplying the city of Argos 
 with water, in a great drought. Neptune saw 
 her in this employment, and was enamoured 
 of her. He carried her away, and in the plaee 
 where she stood, he raised a fountain, by stri- 
 king a rock. The fountain has been called 
 Amymone. She had Nauplius by Neptune. 
 Propcrl. 2, el. 26, v. 4^.—Apollod. 2.— Strab. 
 a.— Paus. 2, c. 37.— Ovid. Amor. 1, v. 515.— 
 
 Hj/^in. fub. 169. A fountain and rivnlet of 
 
 10 
 
 AM 
 
 Peloponnesus, flowing through Argolis intX» 
 the lake of Lerna. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 240. 
 
 Amyntas, 1st, was king of Macedonia after 
 his father Alectas. His son Alexander mur- 
 dered the ambassadors of Megabyzus for their 
 w-anton and insolent behaviour to the ladies of 
 his father's court. Bubares, a Persian general, 
 was sent with an army to revenge the death of 
 the ambassadors ; but instead of making war, 
 he married the king's daughter, and defended 
 his possessions. Justin. 7, c. 3. — Herodot. 5, 
 
 7 and 8. The second of that name was son 
 
 of Menelaus, and king of Macedonia, after his 
 murder of Pausanias. He was expelled by the 
 lUyrians, and restored by the Thessalians and 
 Spartans. He made war against the Illyrians 
 and Olyiithians, ant! lived to a great age. His 
 wife Emydice conspired against his life ; but 
 her snares were seasonably discovered by one 
 of his daughters by a former wife. He hsui 
 Alexander, Perdiccas, and Philip, Alexander 
 the Great's father, by his first wife ; and by 
 the other he had Archelaus, Aridesus, and Me- 
 nelaus. He reigned 24 years ; and soon after 
 his death, his son Philip murdered all his bro- 
 thers, and ascended the throne. Justin. 7, c. 
 4 and 9.—Diod. 14, k.c.—C. Xep. 8^ Plul. inPe- 
 
 lopid. There is another king of Macedonia 
 
 of the same name, but of his life few particu- 
 lars are recorded in histoiy. A man who 
 
 succeeded Dejotarus in the kingdom of Gal- 
 logra3cia. After his death it became a Roman 
 
 province under Augustus. Strab. 12. One 
 
 of Alexander's officers. Another officer 
 
 who deserted to Darius, and was killed as he 
 attempted to seize Egypt. Curt. 3, c. 9. 
 A son of Antiochus, who withdrew himself 
 from Macedonia, because he hated Alexander. 
 
 An officer in Alexander's cavalry. He 
 
 had two brothers, called Simias and Polemon, 
 He was accused of conspiracy against the king, 
 on account of his great intimacy with Philotas, 
 and acquitted. Curt. 4, c. 15, 1. 6, c. 9, 1. 8, e. 
 
 12. A shepherd's name in Virgil's Eclog. 
 
 A Greek writer who composed severalv 
 
 works quoted by Athenaeus 10 and 12. 
 
 Amyntianus, an historian in the age of An- 
 toninus, who wrote a treatise in commenda- 
 tion of Philip, Olympias, and Alexander. 
 
 Amyktor, a king of Argos, son of Phras- 
 tor. He deprived his son Phcenix of his eyes, 
 to punish him for the violence he had offered 
 to Clytia, his concubine. Hygin. fab. 173. — 
 Ovid. Met. 8, v. 307.— Apollod. 3.— Homer. II 
 
 9. A general of the Dolopes. Ovid. Met, 
 
 12, V. 364. A son of .ffigj'ptus, killed by 
 
 Damone the first night of his marHage. Hy- 
 gin. fab. 170. 
 
 Amyris, a man of Sybaris, who consulted 
 the oracle of Delphi concerning the probable 
 duration of his countr}''s prosperity, kc. 
 
 Amykicus Casipus, a plain of Thessaly. 
 Polyb. 3. 
 
 Amyrius, a king by whom Cyrus was killeil 
 'n\ a battle. Clcsiaa. 
 
 Amyrus, a town of Thessaly. A river, 
 
 mentioned by Val. Flacc. 2, v. 11. 
 
 A.MYSTI9, a river of India, falling into the 
 Ganges. An-ian iyi Indie. 
 
 Amythaoji, a son of Cretheus, king of lol- 
 chos, by Tyro. He married Idomene, by 
 whom he had Bias and Melampus. After his 
 father's death, he e5t8L'?]i5hc!Li hijnself in Mcs- 
 
AN 
 
 seuia, with Lis brother Neleus, and re-esta- 
 Vlfshed or regulated the Olympic games. — 
 Melampus is called Amythaoriius, from his fa- 
 ther Amythaon. Virg. G. 3, v. 550. — Diod. 4. 
 
 Apollod. 1. — llomer. Od. 11. A son of Hip- 
 
 pasus, who assisted Priam in the Trojan war, 
 and was kiUed by Lycomedes. Homer. II. 17. 
 
 Amytis.. a daughter of Astyages, whom Cy- 
 
 r'us married. Ctesias. A daughter of Xerses, 
 
 who married Megabyzus, and disgraced her- 
 self by her debaucheries. 
 
 Anacks or Anactes, a name given to Cas- 
 tor and Pollux among the Athenians. Their 
 festivals were called Anaceia. Flut. in Thes. 
 Cic.^'. D. 3, c. 21. 
 
 Anaciiarsis, a Scythian philosopher, 592 
 B. C. who, on account of his wisdom, temper- 
 ance, and extensive knowledge, hasbeen called 
 one of the seven wise men. Like his country- 
 men, he made use of a cart instead of a house. 
 He was wont to compare laws to cobwebs, 
 which can stop only small flies, and are unable 
 to resist the superior force of large insects. 
 When he returned to Scythia, from Athens, 
 where he had spent some time in study, and in 
 tlie friendship of Solon, he attempted to intro- 
 duce there the laws of the Athenians, which so 
 irritated his brother, who was then on the 
 throne, that he killed him with an arrow. Aii- 
 acharsis has rendered himself famous among 
 the ancients by his writings, and his poems on 
 war, the laws of Scythia, &;c. Two of his let- 
 ters to Crcesus and Hanno are still extant. 
 Later auth?)rs have attributed to him the in- 
 vention of tinder, of anchors, and of the pot- 
 ter's wheel. The name of Anaciiarsis is be- 
 come very familial* to modern ears, by that 
 elegant, valuable, and truly classical work of 
 Barthelemi, called the travels of Anacharsis. 
 Ilcrodol. 4, c. 46, 47 and 4S. — Pint, in Conviv. 
 —Cic. Tusc. 5, c. 32.— Slrab. 7. 
 
 Anacium, a mountain with a temple, sa- 
 cred to the Anaces in Peloponnesus. Polycen. 
 3, C.21. 
 
 Anacreon, a famous lyric poet of Teos. 
 in Ionia, highly favoured by Polycra.tes and 
 Hipparchus, son of Pisistratus. He was of a 
 lascivious and intemperate disposition, much 
 given to drinking, and deeply ejiamoured of a 
 yor.th called Bathyllus. His odes are still ex- 
 tant, and the uncommon sweetness and ele- 
 gance of his poetry have been the admiration 
 of every age and country. Fie lived to his 
 Soth year, and after every excess of pleasure 
 and debauchery, choked himself with a grape 
 .stone, and expired. Plato says, tliat he was 
 descended from an illustrious family, and that 
 Codrus, the last king of Athens, was one of his 
 progenitors. Hi» statue Vvas placed in the ci- 
 tadel of Athens, i-epresenting him as an old 
 drunken man, singing, with every mark of dis- 
 :{ipation and intemperance. Anacreon flou- 
 rished 532 B. C. All that ho wrote is not ex- 
 Cant ; his odes wore flrst puhlished by fl. Ste- 
 phens, with an elegant translation. The best 
 editions of Anacreon are, that of Maittaire, 
 4to. London, 1725, of which only one hundred 
 copies wei-e printed, and the very correct one 
 of Barnes, 12mo. Cantab. 1721, to Vvhich may 
 be added that of Brunck, 12mo. Argentor, 
 •1778. Pans. 1, c. 2, 25.— Slrab. U.—.T.Uan. 
 r. //. 9, c. 4.— Cic. in Tusc. 4, c. 33.—Ifor(U. 
 epod. 14, V. 20.~P^w. 7, c. 7.— J/trurfo^. 3, c. 
 121. 
 
 village 
 
 of Atticai 
 
 The 
 
 vir- 
 
 AN 
 
 AxACTORiA and Anactoripm, a town of Epr' 
 rus, in a peninsula towards the gulf of Ambra- 
 cia. It was founded by a Corinthian colony, 
 ana was the cause of many quarrels between 
 the Corcyreans and Corinthians. — Augustus 
 carried the inhabitants to the city of Nicopolis, 
 after the battle of Actium. Strab. 10. — Thvcyd. 
 1, c. 55. — Plin. 4, c. 1, 1. 5, c. 29. An an- 
 cient name of Miletus. 
 
 Anactorie, a woman of Lesbos, wantonly 
 loved by Sappho. Ovid. Her. 15, v. 17. 
 
 Anadyomene, a valuable painting of Ve- 
 nus, represented as rising from the sea, by 
 Apelles. Augustas bought it, and placed it in 
 the temple of J. Caesar. The lower part of it 
 was a little defaced, and there were found no 
 painters in Rome able to repair it. Plin. 35, 
 c. 10. 
 
 Anagnia, now Jlndgni, a city of the Her- 
 nici in Latium, where Antony stixick a medal 
 when he divorced Octavia and married Cleo- 
 patra. Virg. JEn. 7, v. m^.— Strab. b.—Ital. 
 8, V. 392. 
 
 Anagogia, a festival celebrated by the peo- 
 ple of Eryx in Sicily, in honour of Venus. 
 JElian. V. H. 1, c. 15. H. A. 4, c. 2. 
 
 Anagyrontum, a small 
 Herodot. 
 
 Anaitis, a goddess of Armenia, 
 gins who were consecrated to her service, 
 esteemed themselv^es more dignified by public 
 prostitution. The festivals of the deity were 
 called Sacarum Fesia ; and when they were 
 celebrated, both sexes assisted at the ceremo- 
 ny, and inebriated themselves to such a decree 
 that the whole Avas concluded by a scene ot tlie 
 greatestlasciviousnessand intemperance. They 
 were first instituted by C}rus, when he march- 
 ed against the Sacje, and covered tables, with 
 the most exquisite dainties, that he might de- 
 tain the enemy by the novelty and sweetness 
 of food to which they were unaccustomed, and 
 thus easily destroy them. Slrab. 11. Dia- 
 na is also worshipped under this name by the 
 Lydians. Plin. 33, c. 4. 
 
 Ananias, an Iambic poet. Allien. 
 
 Anaphe, an island that rose out of the 
 Cretan «ea, and received this name from the 
 Argonauts, who, in the middle of astorm, sud- 
 denly saw the new rnoon. Apollo was wor- 
 shipped there, and called Anapha;us. Apol- 
 lonliis. 
 
 Anaphlystus, a small ijillage of Attica, near 
 the sea, called after an ancient, hero of the 
 
 same name, who was son of Troezen. A 
 
 small village near Athens. 
 
 Anapus, a river of Epirus. Thucyd. 2, 
 
 c. 82. Of Sicily, near Syracuse. Id. 6^ 
 
 c. 90. 
 
 Anartes, a people of lower Pannonia. C<rs. 
 6, bell. G. c. 25. 
 
 Anas, a river of Spain, now called Guadi- 
 ann. Sired). 3. 
 
 Anatule, one of tho Horaf. Hygin. fab, 
 
 183. A mountain near the Ganges, where 
 
 Apollo ravished a nymph called Anaxibia. 
 
 AjfAucHiUAs, a Samian wrestler. Pans. 5, 
 c.37. 
 
 Anaurus, a rive? of Thcssaly, near the foot 
 of mount Pelion, where Jason lost one of his 
 
 sandals. CaHim. in Dian. A river of Troas 
 
 near Ida. Colulh. 
 
 Anausis, one of Medea's suitoi'S, killed by 
 Sfyiust Val Place. 6, v. 43. 
 
 1; 
 
AN 
 
 AsAX, a SOB of Ccelu? and Terra, father to 
 Aslerius, from whom Miletus has been called 
 Anactoria. Pans. 1, c. 36, 1. 7, c. 2. 
 
 Anaxagokas succeeded his father Mega- 
 pentlies on the throne of Argos. He shared 
 the sovereign power with Bias and Melam- 
 pus, who had cured the women of Argos of 
 
 madness. Pans. 2, c. 18. A Clazomenian 
 
 philosopher, son of Hegesibulus, disciple to 
 Anaximenes: and preceptor to Socrates, and 
 Euripides. He disregarded wealth and honours, 
 to indulge his fondness for meditation and phi- 
 losophy. He applied himself to astronomy, was 
 acquainted with eclipses, and predicted that 
 one day a stone would fall from the sun, which 
 it is said really fell into the river -3]gos. Anax- 
 agoras travelled into Egypt for improvement, 
 and used to say that he preferred a grain of 
 wisdom to iieaps of gold. Pericles was in the 
 number of his pupils, and often consulted him 
 in matters of state ; and once dissuaded him 
 from starving himself to death. The ideas of 
 Anaxagoras, concerning the heavens, were 
 wild and extravagant. He supposed tliat the 
 sun was inflammable matter, about the bigness 
 of Peloponnesus ; and that the moon was in- 
 habited. The heavens he believed to be of 
 stone, and the earth of similar materials. He 
 was accused of impiety, and condemned to 
 die ; but he ridiculed tlie sentence, and said it 
 hadlongbeen pronounced upon him by nature. 
 Being asked whether his body should be car- 
 ried into his own country, he answered, no, 
 as the road that led to the other side of the 
 grave was as long from one place as the 
 other. His scholar Pericles pleaded eloquent- 
 ly and successfully for him, and the sen- 
 tence of death was exchanged for banish- 
 ment. In prison, the philosopher is said to 
 have attempted to square the circle, or deter- 
 mine exactly the proportion of its diameter 
 to the circumference. When the people of 
 Lampsacus asked him before his death, whe- 
 ther he wished any thing to be done in com- 
 memoration of him, Yes, says he, let the 
 boys be allowed to play on the anniversEiry of 
 my death. This was carefully observed, and 
 that time dedicated to relaxation, was called 
 Anaxagorsia. He died at Lampsacus in his 
 seventy-second year, 428 B. C. His writings 
 were not much esteemed by his pupil Soc- 
 rates. Dios. m Vila. — Plut. in JVlcia ^ Pericl. 
 
 —Cic. AcaJ^ q. 4, c^ 2S.—Tusc. 1, c. 43. 
 
 A statuary of jEgiYia, Pans. 5, c. 23. A 
 
 grammarian, disciple to Zenodotus. Diog. 
 
 An orator, disciple to Socrates. Diog. 
 
 A son of Echeanaxj Avho, with his brothers 
 
 Codrus and Dlodorus, destroyed Hegesias, ty- 
 rant of Ephesus, 
 
 Anaxander, of the family of the Hera- 
 clidai, was son of Eurycrates, and king of 
 Sparta. The second Messenian war began in 
 his reign, in which Aristomanes so egregi- 
 ously signalized himself His son was called 
 Eurycrates. Herodot. 7, c. 204. — Plut. in 
 
 Apoph. — Paus. 3, c. 3, 1. 4, c. 15 and IG. 
 
 A general of Megalopolis, taken by the The- 
 bans. 
 
 AnaxandrVdks, son of Leon, and father 
 to Cleomenes 1st, and Leonidas, was king of 
 Sparta. By the order of the Ephori he di- 
 vorced his wife, of whom he was extremely 
 
 »nd, on accoant of her barrenness j anel he 
 
 AN 
 
 was the iirst Lacedsemonlaa who had two 
 wives. Herodot. 1, Sand 7. — Plut.in Apoph. 
 
 1. — Paus. 3, c. 3, ^c. A son of Theopom-» 
 
 pus. Herodot. 8, c. 131 A comic poet of 
 
 Rhodes in the age of Philip and Alexander. 
 He was the first poetwho introduced intrigues 
 and rapes upon the stage. He was of such a 
 passionate disposition that he tore to pieces all 
 his compositions which met with no success. 
 He composed about ahundredplays, of which 
 ten obtained the prize. Some fragments of 
 his poetry remain in Athenajus. He was 
 starved to death by order of the Athenians^ 
 for satirizing their government. Aristot. 3, 
 RJiet. 
 
 Anaxarchus, a philosopher of Abdera, 
 one of the followers of Democritus, and tlie 
 friend of Alexander. When the monarch had 
 been wounded in a battle, the philosopher 
 pointed to the place, adding, that is human 
 blood, and not the blood of a god. The free- 
 dom of Anaxarchus offended Nicocreon at 
 Alexander's table, and the tyrant, in revenge, 
 seized the philosopher, and pounded him in a 
 stone mortar with iron hammers. He bore 
 this with much resignation, and exclaimed, 
 '- Pound the body of Anaxarchus, for thou 
 dost not pound his soul." Upon this, Nico- 
 creon threatened to cut his tongue, and Anax- 
 archus bit it otF with his teeth, and spit it out 
 into the tyrant's face. Ovid. ^in lb. v. 511. — 
 Plut. in Symp. 7. — Diog. in Vita. — Cic. in 
 Tusc. 2, c. 22.—— A Theban general. Thucyd, 
 8, c. 100. 
 
 Anaxarete, a girl of Salarais, who so ar- 
 rogantly despised the addresses of Iphis, a 
 youth of ignoble birth, that the lover hung 
 himself at her door. She saw this sad spec- 
 tacle without emotion or pity, and was chang- 
 ed into a stone. Ovid. Met. 14, v. 748. 
 
 Anaxenor, a musician, whom M. Anto- 
 ny greatly honoured, and presented ,with the 
 tribute of four cities. Slrab. 14. 
 
 Anaxias, a Theban general, Paus. 2> 
 c. 22. 
 
 Anaxibia, a sister of Agamemnon, mo- 
 ther of seven sons and two daughters by Nes- 
 tor. Paus. 2, c. 29. A daughter of Bias^ 
 
 brother to the physician Melarapus. She mar- 
 ried Pelias, king of lolchos, by whom she had 
 Acastus, and four daughters, Pisidice, Pelopea, 
 
 Hippothoe, and Alceste. ApoUod. 1, c.9. 
 
 She is called daughter of Dymas, by Hygin. 
 fab. 14. 
 
 Anaxicrates, an Athenian archon. Paus. 
 10,c.23. 
 
 Anaxjdamus, succeeded his father Zeuxi^ 
 damns on the throne of Sparta, Paus. 3, c, 
 7, 1. 4, c. 15. 
 
 AnaxTlas and AnaxYlaus, a Messenian, 
 tyrant of Rhegium. He took Zancle, and 
 was so mild and popular during his reign, 
 that when he died, 476 B. C. he left his in- 
 fant sons to the care of one of his servants, 
 and the citizens chose rather to obey a slave 
 than revolt from their benevolent sovereign's 
 children. Justin. 3, c. 2. — Paits. 4, c. 23, 1, 
 5, c. ^a.—Thucyd. 6, c. 5.— Herodot. 6, c. 23, 
 . 1. 7, c. 167. A magician of Larissa, banish- 
 ed from Italy by Augustus. A Pythagorean 
 
 philosopher. A physician. Plin. 19, c. 1. 
 
 An historian, who began his history with 
 
 hitter invectives against former writers. Dionys 
 
AN 
 
 ffal. A Lacedaemonian. PIvt. Alcib.——-' 
 
 A comic writer, about the 100 olympiad. 
 
 Anasilides, wrote some treatises concern- 
 ing philosophers, and mentioned that Pla- 
 to's mother became pregnant by a phantom of 
 fhe god Apollo, from which circumstance her 
 son was called the prince of wi§dom. Diog. 
 in Plut. 
 
 Ajvaximander, a Milesian philosopher, the 
 companion and disciple of Thales. He was the 
 first who constructed spheres, asserted that the 
 earth was of a cylindrical form, and thought that 
 men were born of earth and water mixed toge- 
 ther, and heated by the beams of the sun ; that 
 fhe earth moved, and that the moon received 
 light from the sun, which he considered as a cir- 
 cle of fire like a wheel about 28 times bigger than 
 the earth . He made the first geographical maps 
 and sun dials. He died in the 64th year of his 
 age, B. C. 547. Cic. Acad. Quatst. 4, c. 37.— 
 Diog. in Vit.—Plin. 2, c. 79. Plut. Ph. He 
 had a son who bore his name. Strab. 1. 
 
 Anaximenes, a philosopher, son of Era- 
 sistratus, and disciple of Anaximander, whom 
 be succeeded in his school. He said that the 
 air was the cause of every created being, and 
 a self-existent divinity, and that the sun, the 
 moon, and the stars, had been made from the 
 earth. He considered the earth as a plain, and 
 the heavens as a solid concave sphere, on which 
 the stars were fixed like nails, an opinion pre-, 
 valent at that time, and from which originated 
 the proverb, t« » supw©^ i/tmiroi, if the heavens 
 should fall ? to which Horace has alluded, 3 
 Od. 3, v. 7. He died 504 years B. C. Cic. Acad. 
 Qumt. 4, c. 37, de JVat. D. 1, c. 10. Plut. Ph. 
 
 — Plin. 2, c. 76. A native of Lampsacus, 
 
 5on of Aristocles. He was pupil to Diogenes 
 the Cynic, and preceptor to Alexander the 
 Great, of whose life, and that of Philip, he 
 wrote the history. When Alexander, in a fit 
 of anger, threatened to put to death all the in- 
 habitants of Lampsacus, because they had 
 maintained a long siege against him, Anaxime- 
 nes was sent by his countrymen to appease the 
 king, who, as soon as he saw him, swore he 
 would not grant the favour he was going to ask. 
 Upon this, Anaximenes begged the king to de- 
 stroy the city and enslave the inhabitants, and 
 by this artful request the city of Lampsacus 
 was saved from destruction. Besides the life 
 of Philip and his son, he wrote an history of 
 Greece in 12 boolcs, all now lost. His nephew 
 Lore the same name, and wrote an account of 
 ancient paintings. Pans. 6, c. 18. — Val.Max. 
 T, c. 3. Diog. in Vit. 
 
 Anaxipolis, a comic poet of Thasos. Plin. 
 
 14, c. 14. A writer on agriculture, likewise 
 
 of Thasos. 
 
 Anaxippus, a comic writer in the age of 
 ©emetrius. He used to say that philosophers 
 were v/ise only in their speeches, but fools in 
 their actions. Alhen. 
 
 Anaxirriiok, a daugh.ter of Coronas, who 
 married Epeus. Pavi. 5, c. 1. 
 
 Akaxis, a Boeotian historian, who wrote 
 an history down to the age of Philip son of 
 
 Amyntas. Diod. 25. -A son of Castor and 
 
 Hilaira. 
 Anaxo, a virgin of Trcezene carried away 
 
 by Theseus. Pint, in Thcs. A daughter of 
 
 Ulceus, mother of Alcmene by EIectr}'on. 
 A>'CiEUSj the son of Lycurgus anU Antinoe, 
 
 AN 
 
 was in the expedition of the Argonaufi!. He 
 was at the chase of the Calydonian boar, in 
 which he perished. Hygin. fab. 173 and 248. — 
 
 Ovid. Met. 8. The son of Neptune and 
 
 Astypalaea. He went with the Argonauts, 
 
 and succeeded Tiphis as pilot of the ship Argo , 
 He reigned in Ionia, where he married Samia, 
 daught(y of the Meeander, by whom he had 
 four sons, Perilas, Enudas, Samus, Alithersus, 
 and one daughter called Parthenope. Orpher 
 us Argon. He was once told by one of his ser- 
 vants, whom he pressed with hard labour in his 
 vineyard, that he never would taste of the 
 produce of his vines. He had already the cup 
 in his hand, and called the prophet to convince 
 him of his falsehood ; when the servant, yet 
 firm in his prediction, uttered this wellknowa 
 proverb, 
 
 Multa cadunt inter calicem suprcmaque labra. 
 And that very moment Anceus was told that a 
 wild boar had entered his vineyard ; upon 
 which he threw down the cup, and ran t» 
 drive away the wild beast. He was killed iu 
 the attempt. 
 
 Ancalites, a people of Britain near the 
 Trinobantes. Cas. Bell. G. 5, c. 21. 
 
 Ancarios, a god of the Jews. Vid. Ant 
 chialus. 
 
 Ancharia, afamily of Rome. The name 
 
 of Octavia's mother. Plut. in Anton. 
 
 Ancharius, a noble Roman killed by the 
 partizans of Marius during the civil wars with 
 Sylla. Plut. in Mario. 
 
 Anchemolus, gon of Rhcetus, king of the 
 Marrubii in Italy, ravished his mother-in-law, 
 Casperia, for which he was expelled by his fa? 
 ther. He fled to Turnus, and was killed by 
 Pallas, son of Evander, in the wars ofiEneas 
 against the Latins. Virg.JEn. 10, v. 389. 
 
 Anchesites, a wind which blows from 
 Anchisa, a harbour of Epirus. Cic. ad Attic. 
 7, ep. 1. Dionys. Hal. , 
 
 Anchesmus, a mountain of Attica, where 
 Jupiter Anchesmius has a statue. 
 
 Anchiale and Anchiala, a city on the sea 
 coast of Cilicia. Sardanapalus, the last king 
 of Assyi-ia, built it, witli Tarsus in its neigh- 
 bourhood, in one day. Strab. 14. — Plin. 5, c. 
 27. The founder was buried there, and had a 
 statue, under which was a famous inscription 
 in the Syrian language, denoting the great in- 
 temperance and dissipation which distinguish- 
 ed all his life. There was a city of the same 
 name in Thrace, called by Ovid the city of 
 Apollo. There was another in Epirus. Orid 
 Prist. 1, el. 10, V. 36.— Plin. 4, c. U.—Mela, 
 2, c. 2. 
 
 Anchialus, a famous astrologer. A 
 
 great warrior, father of Mentes, One of the 
 
 Phaeacians Homer. Od. A god of the Jews., 
 
 as some suppose, in JWarttar* epigrams, 11 ep. 
 95. . ^ 
 
 Anchimolius, a Spartan general sent a- 
 gainst the Pisistratidae, and killed in the expe- 
 dition. Herodot. 5, c. 63. A son of Rhcef 
 
 tus. Vid. Anchemolus. 
 
 Anchinoe, a daughter of Nilus, and wifa 
 of Belus. Apollod. 2, c. 1. 
 Anchion. Vid. Chion. 
 Anchise, a city of Italy. Dionys. Hal. 
 Anchises, a son of Capys by Themis, 
 daughter of Ilua. He was of sucU a beautiful 
 
 I 
 
AN 
 
 complexion, that Venus came down from hea- 
 ven on mount Ida, in ttie form of a nymph, to 
 enjoy his company. The goddess became 
 pregnant, and forbade Anebises ever to men- 
 tion the favours he had received, on pain of 
 being struck with thunder. The cJiild which 
 Venus brought forth, was called .Eneas ; he 
 was educated as soon as born by the nymphs of 
 Ida, and, when of a proper age, was intrusted 
 to the care of Chiron the Centaur. When Troy 
 was taken, Anchises was become so infirm that 
 ^neas, to whom the Greeks permitted to take 
 away whatever he esteemed most, cEirried him 
 through the flames upon his shoulders, and 
 thus saved his life. He accompanied his son in 
 his voyage towards Italy, and died in Sicily in 
 the 80th year of his age. He was buried on 
 mount Eiyx, by Mneas and Acestes, king of 
 the countiy, and the anniversary of his death 
 was afterwards celebrated by his son and the 
 Trojans on his tomb. Some authors have 
 Maintained that Anchises had forgot the in- 
 junctions of Venus, and boasted at a feast, that 
 he enjoyed her favours on mount Ida, upon 
 which he was killed with thunder. Others say, 
 that the wounds he received from the thunder 
 were not mortal, and that they only weakened 
 and disfigured his body. Virgil, in the 6th 
 book of the ^Eneid, introduces him m the Ely- 
 sian fields, relating to his son the fates that 
 were to attend him, and the fortune of his des- 
 cendants, the Romans. [Fid. JEnesis.'\ Virg. 
 JEn. 1, 2, kc.—Hygin. fab. 94, 254, 260, 270.— 
 Hesiod. Theog-. v. 1010.— .^pollod. S.—Ovid. 
 Fast. 4, v. 34.— Homer. II. 20. 4^ Hipnn. in Ve- 
 rier.— Xcnoph. Cyaeg. c. 1*. — Dionys. Hal. 1, de 
 Antiq, Rom. — Pausanias, 9, c. 12, says, that 
 Anchises was buried on a mountain in Arcadia, 
 which, from him, has been called Anchisia. 
 ——An Athenian archon. Dionys. Hal. 8, 
 
 Anchisia, a mountain of Arcadia, at the 
 bottom of which was a monument of Anchises. 
 Pans. 8, c. 12 and 13. 
 
 Anchisiades, a patronymic of iEneas, as 
 being son of Anchises. Virg. JEn. 6, v. 348, 
 he. 
 
 Anchoe, a place near the mouth of the Ce- 
 phisus, where there is a lake of the same name. 
 Strab. 
 
 Anchora, a fortified place in Gralatia. 
 
 AnchCrus, a son of Midas, king of Phry- 
 gia, who sacrificed himself for the good of his 
 country, when the earth had opened and swal- 
 lowed up many buildings. The oracle had 
 been consulted, and gave for answer, that the 
 gulf would never close, if Midas did not throw 
 into it whatever he had most precious. Though 
 the king had parted with many things of im- 
 mense value, yet the gulf continued open, till 
 Anchurus, thinking himself the most precious 
 of his father's possessions, took a tender leave 
 of hiswife and family, and leaped into the earth, 
 which closed immediately over his head. Mi- 
 das erected there an altar of stones to Jupiter, 
 and that altar was the first object which he 
 turned into gold, when he had received his fa- 
 tal gift from the gods. This unpolished lump 
 of gold existed still in the age of Plutarch. 
 Pint, in Parall- 
 
 Ancile and Ancvle, a sacred shield, which, 
 according to the Roman authors, fell from hea- 
 ven in the reign of Numa, when tlie Roman 
 people laboui'ed under a pestilence. Upon the 
 
 AN 
 
 preservation of this shield depended the fattj 
 of ti}e Roman empire, and therefore Isuma 
 ordered 1 1 of the same size and form to be 
 made, that if ever any attempt was made to 
 cany them away, the plunderer might find it 
 difficult to distinguish the true one. They 
 were made with such exactness, that the king 
 promised Veterius Mamurius, the artist, what- 
 ever reward he desired. [Vid. Mamurius.} 
 They were kept in the temple of Vesta, and 
 an order of priests was chosen to watch over 
 their safety. These priests were called Salii, 
 and were twelve in number; they carried eve- 
 ry year, on the first of March, the shields in a 
 solemn procession round the walls of Rome, 
 dancing and singing praises to the god Mars. 
 This sacred festival continued three days, dur- 
 ing which every important business was stop- 
 ped. It was deemed unfortunate to be married 
 on those days, or to undertake any expedi- 
 tion, and Tacitus in 1 Hist, has attributed the 
 unsuccessful campaign of the emperor Otho 
 against Vitellius, to his leaving Rome during 
 the celebration of the Ancyliorum festum. " 
 These two verses of Ovid explain the origin of 
 the word Ancyle, which is applied to these 
 shields : 
 
 Idque ancyle voccUj quod ah omni parte red' 
 sum est, 
 
 Quemque notes oculis, angulus omnis abest. 
 Fast. 3, V. 377, &c. 
 Varro de L. L. 5, c. 6. — Val. Max. 1, c. 1. — e 
 Juv. 2, V. 1M.—Plut. in mim.—Kirg. JEn. S, 
 V. 664.— Dionys. Hal. 2.—Liv. 1, c. 20. 
 
 Ancon and Ancona, a town of Picenum, 
 built by the Sicilians, with a harbour in the form 
 of a crescent or elbow, {»y/.<^) on the shores of 
 the Adriatic. Near this place is the famous 
 chapel of Loretto, supposed by monkish histo- 
 rians to have been brought through the air by 
 angels, August 10, A. D. 1291, from Juda?a, 
 where it w^as a cottage, inhabited by the virgin 
 Mary, The reputed sanctity of the place has 
 often brought 100,000 pilgrims in one day to 
 Loretto. Plin. 3, c. 13. — Lucan. 2, v. 402. — 
 Ital. 8, v. 437. 
 
 Angus Martius, tlie 4th king of Rome, 
 was grandson to Numa, by his daughter. He 
 waged a successful war against the Latins, 
 Veientes, Fidenates, Volsci, and Sabines, and 
 joined mount Janiculum to the city by a 
 bridge, and enclosed mount Martius and the 
 Aventine within the walls of the city. He, 
 extended the confines of the Roman territor 
 ries to the sea, where he built the town of 
 Ostia, at the mouth of the Tiber. He inherit- 
 ed the valour of Romulus with the modera- 
 tion of Numa. He died, B. C. 616, after a 
 reign of 24 years, and was succeeded by Tar-: 
 quin the elder. JDionys. Hal. 3, c. 9. — Liv. 1, 
 c. 32, kc.—Flor. 1, c. 4.— Virg. JEn. 6, v. 
 815. 
 
 Ancyr^, a town of Sicily. A town of^ 
 Phrygia. Pans. 1. 
 
 Anda, a city of Africa. Polyb. 
 
 ANDABATiE, certain gladiators who fought 
 blindfolded, wiience the proverb, Jlndabala- 
 rum more to denote rasli and inconsiderate 
 measures. Cic. 7, ad Famil. ep. 10 
 
 Andania, a city of Arcadia, where Aristo- 
 menes was educated. Pans. 4, c. 1, &.c. It 
 received its name from a gulf of the sani« 
 name. fd. 4j c. 33» 
 
Akdecavia, a country of Gaul, near the 
 Turones and the ocean. Tacit. Jinn. 3, c. 41. 
 
 Andera, a town of Phiygia. 
 
 Andes, a nation among the CeltaB, now 
 
 Anjou. CcES 2, Bell. Gall. c. 35. A village 
 
 of Italy, near Mantua, where Virgil was born, 
 hence AndiniLS. Ital. S, v. 595. 
 
 Andocides, an Athenian orator, son of 
 Leogoras He lived in the age of Socrates the 
 philosopher, and was intimate with the most 
 illustrious men of his age. He was often ban- 
 ished, but his dexterity always restored him to 
 favour. Plut. has written his life in 10 orat. 
 J'our of his orations are extant. 
 
 AND0MA.T1S, a river of India, falling into the 
 Ganges. Jlrrian. 
 
 Andr^mon, the fatlier of Thoas. Uygin. 
 
 fab. 97. The son-in-law and successor of 
 
 CEneus. Apollod. 1. 
 
 Andragathius, a tyrant, defeated by Gra- 
 tian, A. D. 383, &c. 
 
 Andragathus, a man bribed by Lysima- 
 ehus to betrav his country, &c. Polymi. 4, c. 
 12. 
 
 Andragoras, a mtm who died a sudden 
 death. Martial. 6, ep. 53. 
 
 AfTDRAaivLES, a king of Lydia, who cas- 
 trated women, and made use of them as 
 eunuchs. ..^Ihcn. 
 
 Andreas, a statuary of Argos. Paus. 6,. 
 
 c. 16. A man of Panormum, who wrote an 
 
 account of all the remarkable events that had 
 
 happened in Sicily. jWim. A son of the 
 
 Peneus. Part of Bceotia, especially where 
 Orchemenos was built, was called Jlndrtis af- 
 ter him. Pans. 9, c. 34, he. 
 
 ANDR1CI.US, a mountain of Cilicia. Slrah. 
 
 14. A river of Troas, falling into the Sca- 
 
 mander. Plin.b, c. 27. 
 
 Andriscus, a man who wrote an history 
 of Naxos. Allien. 1. — — A worthless person 
 called Pse.itdophilippu&, on account of the like- 
 «ess of his features to king Philip. He incited 
 the Zvlacedonians to revolt against Rome, and 
 ^vas conquered and led in triumph by Metei- 
 h\s, 152 B. C. Flor. 2, c. 14, 
 
 Androbiusj a famous painter. Plin. 35, 
 c. U. 
 
 Androclea, a daughter of Antipcenus of 
 Thebes. She, with her sister Alcida, sacrificed 
 herself in the service of her country, when the 
 oracle had promised the victory to her coun- 
 trymen, who were engaged in a war against 
 Orcho'nenos, if any one of noble birth devoted 
 liimself for the gloiy of his nation. Antipce- 
 nus refused to do it, and his daughters cheer- 
 fully accepted it, ;ind received great honours af- 
 ter death. Hercules, who fought on the side 
 of Thebes, dedicated to them the image of a 
 lion in the temple of Diana. Paus. 9, c. 17. 
 
 Anj)Rocles, a son of Phintas who reigned 
 in Messenia. Pans. 4, c. 5, fcc. ■ ■ A man 
 \vho wrote an history of Cyi)rus. 
 
 Androclides, a noble Theban who de- 
 fended the democratical, against the encroach- 
 ments of the oligarchical power. He was kill- 
 ed by one of his enemies. A sophist in the 
 
 age of Aurelian, who gave an account of phi- 
 losophers. 
 
 Androclus, a son of Codrus, who reigned 
 in Ionia, and took Ephesus and Samos. Paus. 
 7, c. 2. 
 
 AsDiiocvDEs. a physician, who wrote the 
 
 AN 
 
 following letter to Alexander. — Vmumpotalu^ 
 rus, Rex, memento te bibere sanguinem lerrm, 
 sicuti venenum est homini cicuta, sic et vinum. 
 Plin. 14, c. 6. 
 
 Androdamus. Vid. Andromadas. 
 Androdus, a slave knowrx and protected in 
 the Roman circus, by a lion whose foot he 
 had cured. Gell. 5, c. 15. 
 
 Androgeos, a Greek, killed by Mne^s and 
 his friends, whom he took to be his country- 
 men. Virg.ASn.2,v.S11. 
 
 Androgeus, son of Minos and Pasiphae, 
 was famous for his skill in wrestling. He over- 
 came every antagonist at Athens, and became 
 such a favourite of the people, that iEgeus king 
 of the country grew jealous of his popularity, 
 and caused him to be assassinated as he was 
 going to Thebes Some say that he was killed 
 by the wild bull of Marathon. Minos declared 
 war against Athens to revenge the death of his 
 son, and peace was at last re-established on 
 condition that .^geus sent yearly seven boys 
 and seven girls from Athens to Crete to be de- 
 voured by the minotaur. [Vid. Minotaurns.'} 
 The Athenians established festivals by order of 
 Minos, in honour of his son, and called them 
 Androgeia. Hygin. fsb. 41. — Diod. 4. — Vir. 
 JEn. 6, V. 20.— -P«w. 1, c. 1 and 27. — Apollod. 
 2, c. 5, 1. 3, c. 1 and 15.— Plut. in Thes. 
 
 Androgvn.^, a fabulous nation of Africa, 
 beyond the Nasaniones, Every one of them 
 bore the characteristics of the male and female 
 sex ; andoneoftheirbreasts wasthatof aman, 
 and the other that of a woman. Lucret. 5, v. 
 837.— P/?n, 7, c. 2. 
 
 Andromache, a daughter of Eetion, king 
 of Thebes in Cilicia, married Hector son of 
 Priam, king of Troy, by v/hom she had Astya- 
 nax. SheAvas so fond of her husband, that she 
 even fed his horses with her own hand. Dur- 
 ing the Trojan war she remained at home em- 
 ployed in her domestic concerns. Her parting 
 with Hector, who was going to a battle ;in which 
 he perished, has always been deemed the best, 
 most tender and pathetic of all the passages in 
 Homer's Iliad. She received the news of her 
 husband's death with extreme soitow; and af- 
 ter the taking of Troy, she had the misfortune 
 to see her only son Astyanax, after she had 
 saved him from the flames, thrown headlong 
 from the walls of the city, by the hands of the 
 man whose father had killed her husband. — 
 (Senec. in Troad.) Andromache, in the divi- 
 sion of the prisoners by the Greeks, fell to the 
 share of Neoptoiemus, who treated her as his 
 wife, and carried her to Epirus. He had by 
 her three sons, Molossus, Piclus, and Perga- 
 mus, and after^^ards repudiated her. After 
 this divorce she married Helenusson of Priam, 
 M ho, as herself, v.as a captive of Pyrrhus. 
 She reigned with him over part of the countiy, 
 and became mother by him ofCestrinus. Some 
 say that Astyanax was killed by Ulysses, and 
 Euripides says that Menelaus put him to death. 
 Hoiner. II. 6, 22 and 24.— q. Calah. l.— Virg. 
 JEn. 3, V. 486.~-IIygin. fab. l23.~Dares 
 Phnjg.—Ovid. Am. 1, el. 9, v. 35. Trist. 5, 
 el. tt, V. 43. — Apollod. 3, c. 12. — Paus. 1, c. 11. 
 ANDROMACHin.'R, a nation who presented 
 to their king all the virgins who were of nu- 
 bile years, and permitted him to use them as 
 he pleased. 
 AKDuoMACiirs, an opwlent person of Si 
 
AN 
 
 cUy, father to the historian Tlmsetis. Diod. 16. 
 He assisted Timoleon in recovering the liberty 
 
 of the Syracusans. A general ot Alexander, 
 
 to whom Parmenio gave the government of 
 Syria. He was burnt alive by the Samaritans. 
 
 Curt. 4, c. 5 and 8. An officer of Seleucus 
 
 the younger. Polycen. 4. A poet of Byzan- 
 tium. A physician of Crete in the age of 
 
 Nero A sophist of Naples, in tlie age of 
 
 Dioclesian. 
 
 Andkomadas or Androdamus, a native 
 of Rhegium, who made laws for the Thracians 
 concerning the punishment of homicide, fee. 
 
 Andromeda, a daughter of Cepheus, king 
 of iEthiopia, by Cassiope. She was promised 
 in marriage to Phineus, her uncle, w hen Nep- 
 tune drowned the kingdom, and sent a sea mon- 
 ster to ravage the counti'y, because Cassiope 
 had boasted herself fairer than Juno and the 
 Nereides. The oracle of Jupiter Ammon was 
 consulted, and nothing could stop the resent- 
 ment of Neptune, if Andromeda was not ex- 
 posed to the sea monster. She was accordingly 
 tied naked on a rock, and at the mouient that 
 tlie monster was going to devour her, Perseus, 
 who returned through the ah' from the con- 
 quest of the Gorgons, saw her, and was capti- 
 vated with her beaut}". He promised to deli- 
 ver her and destroy the monster, if he receiv- 
 ed her in maniage as a reward for his trouble. 
 Cepheus consented, and Perseus changed the 
 sea monster into a rock, by showing him Me- 
 dusa's head; and untied Andromeda and mar- 
 ried her. He had by her many children, 
 among whom were Sthenelus, Ancajus, and 
 Electryon. The marriage of Andromeda with 
 Perseus was opposed by Phineus, who after a 
 bloody battle was changed into a stone by Per- 
 seus. Some say that Minerva made Androme- 
 da a constellation in heaven after her death. 
 Vid. Medusa, Perseus. Hyi^in, fab. 64. — Cic. 
 de jYat. D. 2, c. 43.— .dpollod. 2, c. 4.—Manil. 
 6, v. 533. — Propert. 3, el. 21. According to 
 
 AN 
 
 sis IS eltant, the best€?dition of which is that of 
 
 Heinsius, 8vo. L.Bat. 1617. Plut. in Syll. 
 
 A Latin poet in the age of Caesar. A Latin 
 
 grammarian, w'hose life Suetonius has WTitten . 
 
 A king of Lydia, surnamed Alpvus. 
 
 One of Alexander's officers. One of the offi- 
 cers of Antiochus Epiphanes. An astrono- 
 mer of Athens, who built a marble octagonal 
 tower in honour of the eight principal winds, 
 on the top of which was placed a Triton with 
 a stick in his hand, pointmg always to the 
 side whence the wind blew. 
 
 Androphagi, a savage nation of Europejui 
 Scythia. Herodoi. 4, c. i8, 102. 
 
 Andropompus, a Theban who killed Xan-: 
 thus in single combat by fraud. Pans. 2, c. IS. 
 
 Andros, an island in the iEgean sea, known 
 by the different names of Epagrys, Antandro^, 
 Lasia, Cauros, Hydrussa, Nonagria. Its chiei 
 town was called Andros. It had a harbour, 
 near which Bacchus had a temple, with a foun- 
 tain, whose waters during the ides of January 
 tasted like wine. It received the name of An- 
 dros from Andros son of Anius, one of its kings, 
 who lived in the time of the Trojan war. Ocuh 
 Met. 13, V. 643.— F/V^. .¥.n. 3, v. SO. Jui\3y 
 V. lO.—Plin. 2, c. 103. Mda, 1 and 2. 
 
 Androstheses, one of Alexander's gene- 
 rals, sent with a ship on the coast of Arabia. 
 
 Arrian. 7, c. 10. Strab. 16. A governor of 
 
 Thessaly, who favoured the interest of Pora- 
 pey. He was conquered by J. Cajsar. Ctes. 
 
 3, Bell. Civ. c. 80. A statuary of Thebes. 
 
 Pmi.s. 10, c. 19. A geographer in the age of 
 
 Alexander. 
 
 Androtrion, a Greek, who wrote a his- 
 
 Pliny, 1, 5, c. 31, it was at Joppain Judaea that 
 Andromeda was tied on a rock. He mentions 
 that the skeleton of the huge sea monster, to 
 which she had been exposed, was brought to 
 Ronieby Scaurus and carefully preserved. The 
 feble of Andromeda and the sea monster has 
 been explained, by supposing that she was 
 courted by the captain of a ship, who attempt- 
 ed tocaiTy heraway, but wasprevented by the 
 interposition of another more faithful lover. 
 
 Andron, an Argive, who travelled all oyer 
 the deserts of Libya without drink. Arhtot. 
 
 1. de Ebriet. A man set over the citadel of 
 
 Syracuse by Dionysius. Hermocrates advised 
 him to seize it and revolt from the tyrant, 
 which he refused to do. The tyrant put him 
 to de:itli for not discovering that Hermocrates 
 had incited him to rebellion. Polyif;n.o,c. 
 
 2. A man of Halicarnassus who composed 
 
 some historical works. Plat, in Thes. A 
 
 nativeofEphesus, who v.Tote an account of the 
 
 seven wise aien of Greece. Viog. A man 
 
 of Argos. Another of Alexaiidria, ki:.Apot- 
 
 tim. Hist. Mirab. c. 25. — Athen. 
 
 a ureeic, who wrote a 
 tory of Attica, and a ti-eatise on agriculture. 
 Plin.—Paus. 10, c. 8. 
 
 Anelostis, a river near Colophon. Paits. 
 8, c. 28. 
 
 Anerastus, a king of Gaul. 
 
 Anemoha, a city of Phocis, afterwards 
 called Hyampolis. Strab. 
 
 Anemosa, a village of Arcadia. Paus. 8, c. 35. 
 
 A>iiNOMus and A>asias, rather Amphino- 
 nuis, which Vid. 
 
 Angelia, a daugliter of Mercury. 
 
 Angelios, a statuary, who made Apollo's 
 statue at Delphi. Paus. 2, c. 32. 
 
 Angei-ls, a son of Neptune, born in Chios, 
 of a nymph whose name is unknown. Paus. 
 7, c. 4. 
 
 AiCGiTES, a river of Thrace, falling into tht 
 Strymon, Jlerodvt. 7, c. 113. 
 
 A>'GLi, a people of Germany, at the nortk 
 of the Elbe, from whom, as being a branch ot" 
 the Saxons, the English have derived their 
 name. Tacit. G. 40. 
 
 Angrls, a river of Illyricum, flowing in a 
 nortliern direction. Herodoi. 4, c. 49. 
 
 Anguitia, a wood in the countiy of tilt? 
 Marci, between the lake Fucinus and Alba. 
 Serpents it is said could not injure the inhabi- 
 tants,- because they weredescendedfrom Circ(%- 
 whose power over these venomous creaturw 
 has been much celebrated. Slh 8. — Virg. 
 JEn. 7, v. 759. 
 
 Ania, a Iloraaa widow, celebrated for her 
 beauty. One of her friends advised hor Iv 
 No, said she, if I marry a man 
 
 Andkonicus Livius. Vid. Livius. 
 
 Anduonicus, a peripatetic philosopher of J marry again 
 Rhodes, wlio flourished 59 years B. C. He was | as allectionate a,s my Hrst hu.sbajid, I shall bt» ap- 
 the first who {..ihlished and revised the works } prclieusive for his deatli ; and if he h bad, why 
 of Aristotle and Theophraslus. His periphra- ' have him , after such a kind and indulgent pne * 
 
AN 
 
 AsicETCS. a son of Hercules, by Hebe the 
 
 godclesst)f youth. Apollod. 2. A freedman 
 
 who directed the education of Nero, and be- 
 came the instrument of his crimes. Suet, in 
 
 Anicia, a family at Rome, which, in the 
 flourishing times of the republic, produced 
 many brave and illustrious citizens. A re- 
 lation of Atticus. C Mpos. 
 
 Anicium, a town of Gaul. Cces. Bell. Gal. 7. 
 
 Anicius Gallus triumphed over the II- 
 lyrians and their king Gentius, and was pro- 
 
 praj^or of Rome, A. U. C. 585. A consul 
 
 with Corn. Cethegus, A. U. C. 594. Pro- 
 bus, a Roman consul in the fourth century, 
 famous for his humanity. 
 
 Anigrus, a rs\'er of Thessaly, where the 
 
 tjentaurs washed the Avounds which they had 
 received from Hercules, and made the waters 
 unwholesome. Owrf. Jlfef. 15, v. 281. The 
 nymphs of this river are called Anigriades. 
 Paus. 5, c. 6. 
 
 Amo and Anien, now Taverone, a river 
 ©f Italy, flowing through the country of Tibur, 
 and falling into the river Tiber, about live 
 miles at the north of Rome. It receives its 
 name, as some suppose, from Anius, a king of 
 Struria, who drowned himself there ^vhen he 
 oould not recover his daughter, who had been 
 carried away. Stat. \. Sylv.3,\.20.—Virg. 
 JEn. 7, v. 683.— Strab. 5.—Horai. 1, od. 7, v. 
 13.— Plut. de Fort, llorn.^ 
 
 Anitorgis, a city of Spain, near which a 
 battle was fought between Asdrubal and the 
 Scipios. Liv. 25, c. 33. 
 
 Anius, the son of Apollo and Rhea, was 
 king of Delos, and father of Andrus. He had 
 by Dorippe, three daughters, Oeno, Spermo, 
 andElais, to whom Bacchus had given the 
 power of changing whatever they pleased into 
 wine, corn, and oil. When Agamemnon went 
 to the Trojan war, he wished to carry them 
 with him to supply his army with provisions \ 
 but they complained to Bacchus, who changed 
 them into doves. Ovid. Met. 13, v. 642.— 
 Dionys. Hal l.—Diod. 6.—Virg. JEn. 3, v. 80. 
 
 Anna, a goddess, in w hose honour the Ro- 
 mans instituted festivals. She was, according 
 to some, Anna the daughter of Belus and sister 
 of Dido, who after her sister's death, fled from 
 Carthage, which Jarbashad besieged, and came 
 to Italy, where ^Eneas met her, as he walked 
 on the banks of the Tiber, and gave her an 
 honourable reception, for the kindnesses she 
 bad shown him when he Avas at Carthage. 
 Lavinia, the wife of Mneas, was jealous of the 
 tender treatment which was shown to Anna, 
 and meditated her ruin. Anna was apprized 
 of this by her sister in a dream, and she fled to 
 the river Numicus, of which she became a deity, 
 and ordered the inhabitants of the country to 
 rail her .^nna Perenna, because she would re- 
 main for ever under the waters. Her festivals 
 were performed with many rejoicings, and the 
 females often, in the midst of their cheerful- 
 ness, forgot their natural decency. They 
 were introduced into Rome, and celebrated 
 the 15th of March. The Romans generally sa- 
 €rificed to her, to obtain along and happy life : 
 and hence the words Jinnar& and Pertnnare. 
 Some have supposed Anna to be the moon, 
 fjuia memibus impleat annum; others call her 
 Themis, or lo, the daughter of Inachus, and 
 sQjnetimes Maia. Another more received 
 
 AN 
 
 opinion maintains, that Anna was an old in-* 
 dustrious woman of Bovillae, who, when the' 
 Roman populace had fled from the city to 
 mount Sacer, brought them cakes every day : 
 for which kind treatment the Romans, when 
 peace was re-established, decreed immortal 
 honours to her whom they called Perenna, 
 ab ptrennitaie cultHs, and who, as they sup- 
 posed, w^as become one of their deitiesj Ovid, 
 Fast. 3, V. 653, hc.—Sil. 8, v. Id.— Virg. JEn. 
 4, V. 9, 20, 421, and 500. 
 
 Anna Cobimena, a princess of Constan- 
 tinople, known to the world for the Greek 
 history, which she wrote of her father Alexius, 
 emperor of the east. The character of this 
 history is not very high for authenticity or' 
 beauty of composition : the historian is lost in 
 the daughter : and instead of simplicity of style 
 and narrative, as Gibbon says, an elaborate 
 affectation of rhetoric and science betrays in 
 every page the vanity of a female author. 
 The best edition of Anna Comraena, is tiiat of 
 Paris, folio, 1651. 
 
 ANNiEus, a Roman family which was sub- 
 divided into the Lucani, Senecae, Flori, k.c. 
 
 Annales, a chronological history which 
 gives an account of all the important events 
 of every year in a state, without entering into 
 the causes w^hich produced them. The annals 
 of Tacitus may be considered in this light. In 
 the first ages of Rome, the writing of the an- 
 naU was one of the duties and privileges of 
 the high-priest ; whence they have been called 
 Annales Maximi, from the priest Pontifex 
 Mazimus, who consecrated them, and gave 
 them as truly genuine and authentic. 
 
 Annalis lex settled the age at which, 
 among the Romans, a citizen could be ad- 
 mitted to exercise the offices of the state. 
 This law originated in Athens, and was in- 
 troduced in Rome. No man could be a knight 
 before 18 years of age, nor be invested with 
 the consular power before he had arrived to his 
 25th year. 
 
 Annianus, a poet in the age of Trajan. 
 Annibal, a celebrated Carthaginian ge- 
 neral, son of Amilcar. He was educated in 
 his father's camp, and inured from his eai-ly 
 years to the labours of the field. He passed 
 into Spain when nine years old, and at thft; 
 recjuest of his father, took a solemn oath he 
 never would be at peace with the Romans. 
 After his father's death, he was appointed 
 over the cavalry in Spain ; and some time 
 after, upon tiie death of Asdrubal, he was in- 
 vested with the command of all the armies 
 of Carthage, though not yet in the 25th year 
 of his age. In three years of continual success, 
 he subdued all the n'ations of Spain which op- 
 posed the Carthaginian power, and took Sa- 
 guntum after a .siege of eight months. The 
 city was in alliance with the Romans, and it? 
 fall w^as the cause of the second Punic war, 
 which Annibal prepared to support w-ith all 
 the courage and prudence of a consummate 
 general. He levied three large armies, one of 
 w hich he sent to Africa ; he left another in 
 Spain, and marched at the head of the third 
 towards Italy. This army some have calcula- 
 ted at 20,000 foot and 6000 horse ; others say- 
 that it consisted of 100,000 foot and 20,000. 
 horse. Liv. 21, c. 38. He came to the Alps, 
 which were deemed alnuist inaccessible, and 
 bad never been p8is.5e<i over before him but by 
 
 ift 
 
AN 
 
 Hercules, and after much trouble gained the 
 top in nine days. He conquered the uncivilized 
 inhabitants that opposed his passage, and after 
 the amazing loss of 30,000 men, made his 
 way so easy, by softening the rocks with fire 
 and vinegar, that even his armed elephants 
 descended the mountains without danger or 
 difficulty, where a man, disencumbered of 
 his arms, could not walk before in safety. He 
 was opposed by the Romans as soon as he en- 
 tered Italy ; and after he had defeated P. Corn. 
 Scipio and Sempronius, near the xlhone, the 
 Po, and the Trebia, he crossed the Apen- 
 nines, and invaded Etruria. He defeated the 
 army of the consul Flaminius near the lake 
 Trasiraenus, and soon after met the two con- 
 suls C. Terentius and L. JEmilius at Cannae. 
 His army consisted of 40,000 foot and iOjOOO 
 horse, when he engaged the Romans at the 
 celebrated battle of Canna?. The slaughtar 
 was so great, that no less than 40,000 Romans 
 were killed, and the conqueror made abridge 
 with the dead caixasses ; and as a sign of his 
 victory, he sent to Carthage three bushels 
 of gold rings which had been taken from 
 5630 Roman knights slain in the battle. 
 Had Annibal, immediately after the battle, 
 marched his army to the gates of Rome, it 
 must have jielded amidst the general conster- 
 nation, if we believe the opinions of some 
 writers ; but his delay gave the enemy spirit 
 and boldness, and when at last he approached 
 the walls, he was informed that the piece of 
 ground on which his army then stood, was 
 selling at a high price in the Roman forum. 
 After hovering for some time round the city, 
 he retired to Capua, where the Carthaginian 
 soldiers soon forgot to conquer in the pleasures 
 and riot of this luxurious city. From that 
 circumstance it has been said, and with pro- 
 priety, that Capua was a Cannee to Annibal. 
 After the battle of Cannae the Romans be- 
 came more cautious, and when the dictator 
 Fabius Maximus had defied the artifice as well 
 as the valour of Annibal, they began to look 
 for better times. Marcellus, who succeeded 
 Fabius in the field, first taught the Romans 
 tliat Annibal was not invincible. After many 
 important debates in the senate, it was decreed, 
 that war should be carried into Africa, to re- 
 move Aimibal from the gates of Rome ; and 
 Scipio, who was the first proposer of the plan, 
 was empowered to put it into execution. 
 When Carthage saw the enemy on her coasts, 
 she recalled Aimibal from Italy; and that great 
 general is said to have left with tears in his 
 eyes, a countiy, which during sixteen years 
 he had kept under continual alarms, and 
 which he could almost call his own. He and 
 Scipio met near Carthage, and after a parley, 
 m which neither would give the preference 
 to his enemy, they determined to come to 
 a general engagement. The battle was fought 
 near Zama : Scipio made a great slaughter of 
 the enemy, 20,000 were killed, and the same 
 number made prisoners. Annibal, after he 
 had lost the day, fled to Adrumetum. Soon 
 after this decisive battle, the Romans granted 
 peace to Carthage, on hard conditions; and 
 afterwards Annibal, who was jealous and ap 
 prehensive of tlie Roman po"\ver,fled to Syria, 
 to ki)ig Antiochus, whom he advised to make 
 war against Rome, and lead an army into the 
 
 n 
 
 AN 
 
 heart of Italy. Antiochus distrusted the lidcl» 
 ity of Annibal, and was conquered by the 
 Romans, who granted him peace on the con- 
 dition of his delivering their mortal enemy 
 into their hands. Annibal, who was apprized 
 of this, left the court of Antiochus, and fled 
 to Prusias, king of Bithynia. He encouraged 
 him to declare war against Rome, and even 
 assisted him in weakening the power of Eume- 
 nes, king of Pergamus, who was in alliance 
 with the Romans. The senate received intel- 
 ligence that Annibal was in Bithynia, and im- 
 mediately sent ambassadors, amongst whom * 
 was L. Q. Flaminius, to demand him of Pru- 
 sias. The king was unwilling to betray Anni- 
 bal, and violate tlie laws of hospitality, but at 
 the same time he dreaded the power of Rome. 
 Annibal extricated him from his embarrass- 
 ment, and when he heard that his house was 
 besieged on every side, and all means of escape 
 fruitless, he took a dose of poison, which he 
 always carried with him in a ring on his finger, 
 and as he breathed his last, he exclaimed, 
 Solvamus diuturnd curd populum Romanunij 
 quando mortem senis expectare longv.m ctnset. 
 He died in his 70th year, according to some, 
 about 182 years B. C. That year was famous 
 for the death of the three greatest generals of 
 the age, Annibal, Scipio, and Philopoemen. 
 The death of so formidable a rival was the 
 cause of great rejoicings in Rome ; he had al- 
 Avays been a professed enemy to the Roman, 
 name, and ever endeavoured to destroy its 
 power. If he shone in the field, he also distin- 
 guished himself by his studies. He was taught 
 Greek by Sosilus, a Lacedaemonian, and he 
 even wrote some books in that language on 
 ditferent subjects. It is remarkable, that the 
 life of Aimibal, whom the Romans wished so 
 many times to destroy by perfidy, was never 
 attempted by any of his soldiers or country- 
 men. He made himself as conspicuous in the 
 government of the state, as at the head of ar- 
 mies, and though his enemies reproached him 
 with the rudeness of laughing in the Cartha- 
 ginian senate, while every senator was bathed 
 in tears for the misfortunes of the country, 
 Annibal defended himself by saying, that he, 
 who had been bred all his life in a camp, ought 
 to be dispensed with all the more polished 
 feelings of a capital. He was so apprehensive 
 for his safety, that when he was in Bithynia, 
 his house was fortified like a castle, and on 
 every side there were secret doors, which 
 could give immediate escape if his life was 
 ever attempted. When he quitted Italy, and 
 embarked on board a vessel for Africa, he 
 so strongly suspected the fidelity of his pilot, 
 who told him that the lofty mountain which 
 appeared at a distance was a promontory of 
 Sicily, that he killed him on the spot ; and 
 when he was convinced of his fatal error, ho 
 gave a magnificent burial to the man whom he 
 had so falsely murdered, and called the pro- 
 montory by his name. The labours which he 
 sustained, and the inclemency of the weather 
 to which he exposed himself in crossing the 
 Alps, so weakened one of his eyes, that \\<i 
 ever after lost the use of it. The Romans 
 have celebrated the humanity of Annibal, who^ 
 after the battle of Canna", sought the body v.'<^ 
 the fallen consul amidst the heap? of slain, and 
 honoured it with a funeral becoming the di j- 
 
AN 
 
 iiity of Rome. He performed tbe same 
 fi-iendly offices to the remains of Marcellus 
 and Tib. Gracchus- who had fallen in battle. 
 He often blamed the unsettled measures of 
 his couatry; and when the enemy had 
 tlu'ovvn into his camp the head of his brother 
 Asdrubal, who had been conquered as he 
 came from Spain with a reinforcement into 
 Italy, Annibal said that the Carthaginian arms 
 would no longer meet with their usual suc- 
 cess. Juvenal, in speaking of Annibal, ob- 
 ser\'es, that the ring which catised his death 
 made a due atonement to the Romans for the 
 many thotisaad rings which had been sent to 
 Carthage from the battle of Cannas. Annibal, 
 when in Spaiu, married a woman of Cat-tulo. 
 The Romans entertained such a high opijnon 
 of him as a commander; that Sci|:io, who con- 
 quered him, calls him the greatest generalrfhat 
 ever lived, and gives the second raiik to Pyr- 
 rhusthe Epirot, and places himself the next to 
 these in merit and abilities. It is plain that 
 the failure of Annibal's expedition in Italy did 
 not arise from his neglect, but from that of his 
 countrymen, who gave him no assistance; far 
 from imitating their enemies of Rome, who 
 even raised in one year ISIegions to oppose the 
 formidable Carthaginian. Livy has painted the 
 chai'acter of Annibal like an enemy, and it is 
 much to be lamented that a great historian has 
 withheld the tribute due to the merits and vir- 
 tues of the greatest of generals. C. JVep. in 
 rila. — Liv. 21, 22, &c. — Flut. in Flamin, he. 
 — Justin. 32, c. 4. — Sil. Ital. 1, &.c. — Appi- 
 an. — Florus 2 and 3. — Polyb. — Diod. — Juv. 
 10, V. 159, &c. Val. Max.—Horat. 4, Od. 4, 
 
 Epod. 16. The son of the great Annibal, 
 
 >vas sent by Himilco to Lilyba3um, which was 
 besieged by the Romans, to keep the Sicilians 
 
 in their duty. Polyb. 1. A Carthaginian 
 
 general, son of Asdrubal, commonly called of 
 Rhodes, above 160 years before the birth of 
 the great Annibal. Justin. IS, c. 2. — Xenoph. 
 Hist. Grace. A son of Giscon, and grand- 
 son of Amilcar, sent by the Carthaginians to 
 the assistance of JCgista, a town of Sicily. 
 He was overpowered by Hermocrates, an ex- 
 iled Syracusian. Justin. 22 and 23. A Cai'- 
 
 thaginian, surnamed Senior. He was conquer- 
 ed by the consul, C. Sulpit. Paterculus, in 
 Sardinia, and hung on a cross by his countiy- 
 nien for his ill success. 
 
 AsNicERis, an excellent cliarioteer of Cy- 
 rene, who exhibited his skill in driving a cha- 
 riot before Plato and the academy, \\hen 
 the philosopher was wantonly .sold by Diony- 
 jjius; Anniceris ransonaed his friend, and he 
 showed further his respect for learning, by 
 establishing a sect at Cyiene, called aftt^- his 
 nanle, which supported that all good consis- 
 Ted in ))leasure. Cic. de Off. Z.^—Diog. in 
 rUd.^-Arbti.—JElian, V. H.2, c. 27. 
 
 A?i5ius Scapula, a Roman of gi*eat dig- 
 nity, put to death for conspiring against Caa- 
 sius. Hirt. Alt.r. 55. 
 
 A^KON and Hanko, a Csrthaginian gene- 
 ral conquered in Spain by Scipio, and .^ent to 
 Rome. He was son of Boniilcar, whom An- 
 nibal sent privately over to the Rhone to con- 
 quer the Gauls. Liv. 21, c. 27. A Car- 
 thaginian who taught birds to sing " Annon is 
 a god," afi-er which he restored them to 
 their native liberty ; but the bird? let with 
 
 AN 
 
 their slavery what they had been taugl^t. ^H' 
 
 an, V. II. ult. lib. c. 30. A Carthaginian 
 
 who wrote, in the Punic language, the account 
 of a voyage he had made round Africa. This 
 book was translated into Greek, and is still 
 
 extant. Vossius de HiM. Gr. 4.- 
 
 -AnotheJE" 
 
 banished from Carthage for taming a lion foi* 
 his own amusement, which was interpreted as 
 If he wislied to aspire to sovereign power, 
 Plin 8, c. 16. — Tliis name has been common 
 to many Carthaginians who have signaliced 
 themselves among their countrjTnen during 
 the Punic wars against Rome, and in their 
 wars against the Sicilians. Liv. 26, 27, k.c. 
 
 Anop.sa, a mountain and road near the ri- 
 ver Asopus. Herodot. 7, c. 216. 
 
 AifSER, a Roman poet whom Ovid, Trisf. 
 3, el. 1, v. 425, calls bold and impertinent. 
 Virgil and Propertius are said to have played 
 upon his name with some degree of severity. 
 
 AjrsiBARii, a pebple of Germany. Tacit. 
 Ann. 13, c. 65. 
 
 AifT^A, the wufe of Proteus, called also 
 Stenobasa. Homer. 11. A goddess wor- 
 shipped by the inhabitants of Antium. 
 
 Ant^as, a king of Scythia, who said that 
 the neighing of a horse was far preferable to 
 the music of Ismenias, a famous musician, who 
 had been taken captive. Plut. 
 
 Antaeus, a giant of Libya, son of Terra 
 and Neptune. He Avas so strong in wrestling, 
 that he boasted that he would erect a temple 
 to his father with the sculls of his conquered 
 antagonists. Hercules attacked him, and as he 
 received new strength from his mother as often 
 as he touched the ground, the hero lifted him 
 up in the air, and squeezed him to death in 
 his arms. Lucan. 4, v. 598. — Stat. 6. Theb. 
 
 V. 893. — Juv. 3, v. 88. A servant of Atticus. 
 
 Cic. ad Attic. 13, ep. 44. A friend of Tur- 
 
 nus, killed by -iEneas. Virg. Mn. 10, v. 561. 
 
 Antagoras, a man of Cos. Paus. 3, c, 5. 
 
 A Rhodian poet, much admired by Anti- 
 genus, Id. 1, c. 2. One day as he was cooking 
 some fish, the king asked him whether Homer 
 ever dressed any meals v>'uen he was recordin ^j 
 the actions of Agamemnon.' And do you think, 
 replied the poet, that be « ?^* t' nTunrcsi^xrxi xy,t 
 To-ru. uiuvii^^ ever inquired whether any indi- 
 vidual dressed fish in his army .' Plut. Symp. 
 4' Apoph. 
 
 Antalcidas of Sparta, son of Leon, was 
 sent into Persia, where he made a peace with 
 Artaxerxes very disadvantageous to his coun- 
 try, by which, B. C. 387, the Greek cities 
 ot Asia became tributary to tiie Persian mo- 
 narch. Pans. 9, c. 1, &c. — Diod. 14. — Plut. 
 in Artax. 
 
 Antander, a general of Messenia. against 
 
 the Spartans. Paus. 4, c. 7. A brotlver 
 
 of Agathocles, tyrant of Sicily. Justin. 24> 
 c.7. 
 
 Antastdrcs, now St. Dimilrl, a city <Jf 
 Troas, inhabited by the Leleges, near whick 
 j^jieas built his fleet after the destruction of 
 Troy. It has been called Edonis, Cimmeris, 
 Assos, and Apoilonia. There is a hill in it* 
 neighbourhood called Alexandreia, where 
 Paris sat, as some suppose, wlieu the tiiree 
 rival goddesses apj>eared before him when con- 
 tending for the prize of beauty. Strab. 13. — 
 yirg. JEn. 3, v. 6. — Mela, 1, c. 18. 
 
 AjTEKBPvOuir?, an afilbasjador to Ca;- 
 
 I 
 
AN 
 
 sap from the Rhemi, a nation of Gaul. Cces, 
 Bell. Gall?., c. 3. 
 
 ': Anteius Pubhus was appointed over Sy- 
 ria by Nero. He was accused of sedition 
 and conspiracy, and drank poison, which ope- 
 rating slowly, obliged him to open his veins, 
 
 ''■Tacit. An. 13, he. 
 
 AntemnjE, a city of the Sabines between 
 Bome and the Anio, whence the name (ante 
 amnem.) Virg. Mn. 7, v. 631 Dionys. Hal. 
 An'tenor, a Trojan prince related to 
 Priam. It is said that during the Trojan war, 
 he always kept a secret correspondence with 
 the Greeks, and chiefly wi*h Menelans and 
 Ulysses. In the council of Priam, Homer in- 
 troduces him as advising tha Trojans to restore 
 Helen, and conclude the war. He advised 
 Ulysses to cany away the Trojan palladium, 
 and encouraged the Greeks to make the 
 wooden hoi-se, Vv'hich, at his persuasion, was 
 brought into the city of Troy by a breach made 
 in the walls, ^neas has been accused of be- 
 ing a partner of his guilt ; and the night that 
 Troy was taken, they had a number of Greeks 
 stationed at the doors of their houses to pro- 
 tect them from harm. After the destruction 
 of his country, Antenor .migrated to Italy n^ar 
 the Adriatic, Vvhere he built the town of Pa- 
 dua. His children were also concerned in the 
 Trojan war, and displayed much valour against 
 the Greeks. Their names were Polybius, 
 Acamas, Agenor, and according to others, 
 Polydaraas and Helicaon. Liv. 1, c. 1. — Plin. 
 3, c. Vi.~Virg. JEn. 1, v. 242.— Tacit. 16, 
 c. 2\— Homer. 11. 3, 7, 8, 11.— OriU Met. 
 IS.—Didys. Cret. 5. — Dares Phryg. 6. — 
 Strab. 13. — Dionys. Hat. 1. — Paus. 10, c. 
 
 27. A statuary. Pans. A Cretan who 
 
 wrote a history of his countrj^ ^lian. 
 
 Antenoriues, a patronymic given to the 
 three sons of Antenor, all killed during the 
 Trojan war. Virg. JEn. 6, v. 484. 
 
 Anteros, (»ti iffs,, against love,) a son of 
 Mars and Venus. He vvas not, as the deriva- 
 tion of his name implies, a deity that presided 
 over an opposition to love, but he was the 
 god of mutual love and of mutual tenderness. 
 Venus had complained to Themis, that her 
 son Cupid always continued a child, and was 
 told, that if he had another brother, he would 
 grow up in a short space of time. As soon 
 as Anteros was born, Cupid felt his strength 
 increase, and his wings enlarge ; but if ever his 
 brother was at a distance from him, he found 
 himself reduced to his ancient shape. From 
 this circumstance it is seen, that return of pas- 
 .sion gives vigour to love. Anteros had a tem- 
 ple at Athens raised to his honour, when Meles 
 had experienced the coldness and disdain of 
 Timagoras, whom he passionately esteemed, 
 and for whom he had killed himself IVid. 
 Meles.] Cupid and Anteros are often repre- 
 sented striving to seize a palm-tree from one 
 another, to teach us that true love always en- 
 deavours to overcome by kindness and grati- 
 1 ude. They were always painted in the Gi-eek 
 academies, to inform tiie scholars that it is their 
 immediate duty to be grateful to tiieir teachers, 
 and to rew^ard their trouble with love and reve- 
 rence. Cic. de. JVat. D. 3, c. 23. — Pans. 1, c. 
 
 AN 
 
 AifTHEA, a town of Achaia. Paus. 7, c. 
 
 18. Of Messenia. Id. 4, c. 31. Of Trce- 
 
 zene. Id. 2, c. 30. 
 
 Antheas, a son of Eumelus, killed in at- 
 tempting to sow corn from the chariot of Trip- 
 tolemus drawn by dragons. Paus. 7, c. 18. 
 
 Anthedon, a city of Bcsotia, w^hich re- 
 ceives its name from the flowery plains that 
 surround it, or Anthedon, a certain nymph. 
 Bacchus and Ceres had there temples. "^ Paus. 
 7, c. 10, 1. 9, c. 22. — It w as formerly inhabit- 
 ed by Thracians. Homer 11.2. — Ovid Met. 13, 
 
 V. 905. A port of Peloponnesus. Plin. 4, 
 
 c. 5.— Stat. 9, V. 291. 
 
 Anthela, a town near the Asopus, near 
 which Ceres and Amphictyon had a temple. 
 Herodot. 7, c. 176. 
 
 Anthemis, an island in the Mediterranean; 
 the same as the Ionian Samos. Strab. 10. 
 
 Anthemon, a Trojan. Homer II. 4. 
 
 Anthejius, a city of Macedonia at The.r^ 
 ms. A city of Syria. Strab. * 
 
 Antkemusia, the same as Samos.' A 
 
 city of Mesopotamia. Strab. 
 
 Anthene, a town of Peloponnesus. Thii'- 
 cyd. 5, c. 41. 
 
 AxTiiERMus, a Chian sculptor, sonofMic- 
 ciades, and grandson to Malas, He and his 
 brother Bupalus made a statue of the poet 
 Hipponax, which caused universal laughter, 
 on account of the deformity of its counte- 
 nance. The poet was so incensed upon this, 
 and inveighed w ith so much bitterness against 
 the statuaries, that they hung themselves, ac- 
 cording to the opinion of sorne authors. P/w. 
 36, c. 5. 
 
 Anti-ies, a native of Anthedon, who first 
 
 invented hymns. Plut de Mus. A son of 
 
 Neptune. 
 
 ANTHESPnoRi.A, fcstivals celebrated in Sici- 
 ly, in honour of Proserpine, Vv^ho was carried 
 a.v,'ay by Pluto as she v/as gathering flou'ers. 
 
 Claudian de Rapt. Pros. Festivals of the 
 
 same name were also observed at Argos in ho- 
 nour of Juno, who was called Antheia. Paus. 
 Corinth. — Pollux. Onom. 1, c. 1. 
 
 AxTHESTERiA, fcstivals in honour of Bac- 
 chus among the Greeks. They were cele- 
 brated in the month of February, called An- 
 ihesterion, whence the name is derived, and 
 continued three days. The first w^as called 
 ntboytu, otrra -r.u TTs^-g o>Ktiv, bccause they tapped 
 their barrels of liquor. The second day was 
 called Xe f, from the measure %:«, because eveiy 
 individual drank of his own vessel, in commcr 
 moration of the arrival of Orestes, who, after 
 the murder of his mother, came without being 
 purified, to Dernophoon, or Pandion, king of 
 Athens, and w as obliged, with all the Atheni- 
 ans, to drink by himself, for fear of polluting 
 the people by drinking with them before he 
 was purified of the parricide. It was usual on 
 tliat day, to ride out in chariots, and ridicule 
 those that passed by. The best drinker was 
 rewarded with a crown of leaves, or rather of 
 gold, and with a cask of wine. The third day 
 was called Xurjo* from %ut(;«, a vessel brought 
 out full of all sort^ of seed and herbs, deemed 
 
 sacred to Mercuiy, and therefoi^ not touched. 
 
 The slaves had the permission of being merry 
 iiO, 1. 6, c. 23. — —A grammarian of Alexandria, I and free during these festivals ; and at the end 
 
 in the age of the emperor Claudius. Afree- of the solemnity a herald proclaimed, eot &, 
 
 ^^ of Atticiig. CiV. flrf .i?;ic. 9; ep. i4. 1K«{c, iw er' Av^,->;{«x: i. e. Bepart, ve Caiian 
 
AN 
 
 slaves, the festivals are at an end. Mlian. V. 
 H. 2, c. 41. 
 
 Antheus, a son of Antenor, much esteem- 
 ed by Paris. One of the companions of 
 
 iEneas. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 514. 
 
 Akthia, a sister of Priam, seized by the 
 Greeks. She compelled the people of Pallene 
 to burn their ships, and buikl Seione. Polyoen. 
 
 '7, c. 47. A toAvn. Vid. Jinihea. A 
 
 daughter of Thespius, mistress to Hercules. 
 ^jiollod. 2, c. 7. 
 
 Anthias. Vid. Antheas. 
 
 Anthippe, a daughter of Thestius. 
 
 Anthium, a town of Thrace, afterwards 
 
 called Apollonia. Plin. 4, c. 11. A city 
 
 of Italy. 
 
 Anthius, (flowery,) a name of Bacchus 
 worshipped at Athens. He had also a statue 
 at Patraj. 
 
 Antho, a daughter of Amulius king of 
 Alba. 
 
 Anthores, a companion of Hercules, who 
 followed Evander, and settled in Italy. He 
 was killed in the war of Turnus against .^ne- 
 as. Virg. JEn. 10, V. 'TIS. 
 
 Anthracia, a nymph. Pans. 8, c. 31. 
 
 Anthropinus, Tisarchus, and Diocles, 
 three persons who laid snares for Agathocles 
 tyrant of Sicily. Polycen. 5, c. 3. 
 
 Anthropophagi, a people of Scythia that 
 fed on human flesh. They lived near the 
 country of ;the Messagetee. Plin. 4, c. 12, 1. 
 6, c. 30.— .¥e/a, 2, c. 1. 
 
 Anthylla, a city of Egypt on the Cano- 
 pic mouth of the Nile. It maintained the 
 queens of the country in shoes, or, according 
 to Mhenoiiis 1, in girdles. Herodot. 2, c. 98. 
 
 Antia lex was made for the suppression of 
 luxury at Rome. Its particulars are not 
 known. The enactor was Antius Restio, who 
 afterwards never supped abroad for fear of 
 being himself a witness of the profusion and 
 cxtravffgance which his lav/ meant to destroy, 
 but without effect. Macrob. 3, c. 17. 
 
 Antianira, the mother of Echion. 
 
 AsTiAs, the goddess of fortune, chiefly wor- 
 shipped at Antium. — —A poet. Vid. Furius. 
 
 ANTicLJiA, a daughter of Autolycus and Am- 
 phithea. Her father, who \vas a famous rob- 
 ber, permitted Sisyphus, sonof JEolus, to en- 
 joy the favours of his daughter, and Anticlea 
 was really pregnant of Ulysses when she mar- 
 ried Laertes king of Ithaca. Laertes was 
 nevertheless the reputed father of Ulysses. 
 Ulysses is reproached by Ajax in Ovid. Met. 
 as being the son of Sisyphus. It is said that 
 Anticlea killed herself when she heard a false 
 report of her son's death. Homer. Od. 11, 19. 
 
 —Hygin. fab. 201, 24:6.— Pans. 10, c. 29. 
 
 A woman who had Periphetes by Vulcan. 
 
 Apollod. 3. A daughter of Diocles, who 
 
 married Machaon the son of jEsculapius, by 
 whom she had Nicomachus ?ind Gorgasus. 
 Pans. 4, c. 30. 
 
 ARTICLES, an Athenian archon. A man 
 
 who conspired against Alexander with Her- 
 
 molaus. Curt. 8, c. 6. An Athenian victor 
 
 at Olympia. 
 
 Anticlides, a Greek historian, whose 
 works are now lost. They are often quoted 
 by Athenxzus and Plui. in Mex. 
 
 Anticragus, a mountain of Lycia; oppo- 
 site mount Cragus. Utrab, 4, 
 
 AN 
 
 Anticrates, a Spartan, who stabbed Epa* 
 minondas, the Theban general, at the battle of 
 Mantinea. Phil, in Ages. 
 
 Anticyra, two toAvns of Greece, the one in 
 Phocis, and the other near mount Oeta, both 
 famous for the ellebore which they produced. 
 This plant was of infinite service to cure dis- 
 eases', and particularly insanity ; hence the pro- 
 verb JVaviget Anticyram. The Anticyra of 
 Phocis was anciently called Cyparissa. It 
 had a temple of Neptune, who was repre- 
 sented holding a trident in one hand and rest- 
 ing the other on his side, with one of his feet 
 on a dolphin. Some writers, especially Ho- 
 race {Art. P. 300), speak of three islands of 
 this name, but this seems to be a mistake. 
 Pam. 10, c. 36.—Horat. 2, Sat. 3, v. 166. De 
 Art. Poet. V. 300.— Persiius, 4, v. 16.— Strab. 
 9.— Mela. 2, c. S.—Ovid Pont. 4, ep. 3, v. 53. 
 
 ^A mistress of Demetrius. Plut. in D&- 
 
 metr. 
 
 Antidomus, a wai'like soldier of king Philip 
 at the siege of Perinthus. 
 
 Antidotus, an excellent painter, pupil of 
 Euphranor. Plin. 35, c. 11. 
 
 Antigenes, one of Alexander's generals, 
 publicly rewarded for his valour. Curt. 5, c. 14. 
 
 Antigenidas, a famous musician of The- 
 bes, disciple to Philoxenus. He taught his 
 pupil Ismenias to despise the judgment of the 
 populace. Cic. in Brut. 97. 
 
 Antigona, daughter of Berenice, was wife 
 to king Pyrrhus. Pint, in Pyrrh. 
 
 Antigone, a daughter of (Edipus, king of 
 Thebes, by his mother .Tocasta. She buried 
 by night her brother Polynices, against the 
 positive orders of Creon, who, when he heard 
 of it, ordered her to be buried alive. She 
 however killed herself before the sentence was 
 executed ; and Hiemon, the king's son, Avho 
 was passionately fond of her, and had not been 
 able to obtain her pardon, killed himself on 
 her grave. The death of Antigone is the sub- 
 ject of one of the tragedies of Sophocles. The 
 Athenians were so jileased Avith it at the first 
 representation, that they ])resented the author 
 with the government of Samos. This tragedy 
 was represented 32 times at Athens without 
 interruption. Sophod. in Antig. — Hygin. fab. 
 67, 72, 243, 254.— Apollod. 3, c. o.—Ovid, 
 Trisi. 3, el. 3.—Philostrat. % c. 29.— Stat. 
 
 Theb. 12, v. 350. A daughter of Eurjtion 
 
 king of Phthia in Thessaly. Apollod. A 
 
 daughter of Laomedon. She was the sister of 
 Priam, and was changed into a stork for com- 
 paring herself to Juno. Ovid. Met. 6, v. 93, 
 
 Antigon/a, an inland town of Epirus. Plin. 
 
 4, c. 1. One of Macedonia, founded by 
 
 Antigonus, son of Gonatas. Id. 4, c. 10. 
 
 One in Syria, on the borders of the Orontes. 
 
 Sfrab. 16. Another in Bithynia, called also 
 
 Nica3. Id. 12, Another in Arcadia, an- 
 ciently called Mantinea. Paus. 8, c. 8. 
 
 One of Troas in Asia Minor. Strab. 13. 
 
 Antigonus, one of Alexander's generals, 
 universally supposed to be the illegitimate son of 
 Philip, Alexander's father. In the division of the 
 provinces after the king's death, he received 
 Pamphylia, Lyciujand Phrygia. He united with 
 Antipater and Ptolemy, to destroy Perdiccas 
 and Eumcnes ; and alter the death of Perdicr 
 cas, he made continual war against Eumenes, 
 whom, aflcr three years of various foilunf^ hf 
 
AN 
 
 tWok prisoner, and ordered to be stai-ved. He 
 afterwards declared war against Cassander, 
 whom he conquered, and had several engage- 
 ments by his generals with Lysimachus. He 
 obliged Seleucus to retire from Syria, and fly 
 for refuge and safety to Egypt. Ptolemy, who 
 had established himself in Egypt, promised to 
 defend Seleucus, and from that time all friend- 
 ship ceased between Ptolemy and Antigonus, 
 and a new war was begun, in which Deme- 
 trius, the son of Antigonus, conquered the 
 fleet of Ptolemy near the island of Cyprus, and 
 took 16,000 men prisoners, and sunk 200 ships. 
 After this famous naval battle, which happen- 
 ed 26 years after Alexander's death, Antigo- 
 nus and his son assumed the title of kings, and 
 their example was followed by all the rest of 
 Alexander's generals. The power of Antigo- 
 nus was now become so formidable, that Pto- 
 lemy, Seleucus, Cassander, and Lysimachus, 
 combined together to destroy him ; yet Anti- 
 gonus despised them, saying that he would dis- 
 pei-se them as birds. He attempted to enter 
 Egypt in vain, though he gained several victo- 
 ries over his opponents, and he at last received 
 so many wounds in a battle, that he could not 
 sui'vive them, and died in the 80th year of his 
 age, 301 B. C. During his life, he was master 
 of all Asia Minor, as far as Syria ; but after his 
 death, his son Demetrius lost Asia, and estab- 
 lished himself in Macedonia after the death 
 of Cassander, and some time after attempted 
 to recover his former possessions, but died in 
 captivity, in the court of his son-in-law, Seleu- 
 cus. Antigonus was concerned in the different 
 intrigues of the Greeks. He made a treaty of 
 alliance with the jEtolians, and was highly res- 
 pected by the Athenians, to Avhom he showed 
 himself very liberal and indulgent. Antigonus 
 discharged some of his officers because they 
 spent their time in taverns, and he gave their 
 commissions to common soldiers, who per- 
 formed their duty with punctuality. A certain 
 poet called him divine ; but the king despised 
 his flattery, and bade him go and inquu'e of 
 his servants whether he was really what he 
 supposed him. Strab. 13. — Diod. 17, &c. — 
 Pans. 1; c. 6, k.c. — Justin. 13- 14, and 15. — C. 
 JS'ep. in Eumen. — Plvl. in Demelr. Eumev. &f- 
 
 Arat. Gonatas, son of Demetrius, and 
 
 grandson to Antigonus, was king of Macedonia. 
 He restored the Armenians to liberty, con- 
 quered the Gauls, and at last was expelled by 
 Pjrrhus, who seized his kingdom. After the 
 death of Pyrrhus, he recovered Macedonia, 
 &nd died after a reign of 34 years, leaving his 
 son Demetrius to succeed, B. C. 243, Juslin. 
 
 21 and 26.— Pol yb.—Plut. in Demetr. The 
 
 guardian of his nephew, Philip, the son of De- 
 metrius, who married the widow of Deme- 
 trius, and usurped the kingdom. He was call- 
 ed Doson, from his promising much and giv- 
 ing nothing. He conquered Cleomenes, king 
 of Sparta, and obliged him to retire into 
 Egypt, because he favoured the .^tolians 
 against the Greeks. He died B, C. 221, after a 
 reign of 1 1 years, leaving his crown to the la w- 
 ful possessor, Philip, who distinguished him- 
 self by his cruelties and the war he made 
 against the Romans. Jmdn. 28 and 29. — Po- 
 
 lyb. 2. — Pint, in Cleom. A sou of Aristobu- 
 
 lus king of Judiea, who obtained an army from 
 tile king of Parlhiaj by promising him 1000 ta- 
 
 AN 
 
 lents and 500 women. With these foreign 
 troops he attacked his country, and cut tliR 
 ears of HvTcanus to make him unfit for the 
 priesthood. Herod, Avith the aid of the Ro- 
 mans, took him prisoner, and he was put to 
 death by Antony. Joseph. 14. — Dion ^ Pint. 
 
 in Anton. Carj^stius, an historian in the age 
 
 of Philadelphus, who wrote the lives of some 
 of the ancient philosophers. Diog. — Athtn. 
 A writer on agriculture. A statuary 
 
 who wrote on his profession. 
 
 Antilco, a tyrant of Chalcis. After his 
 death oligarchy prevailed in tliat city. Arist. 
 5, Polit. 
 
 Antilibanus, a mountain of Syria oppo- 
 site mount Libanus ; near which the Orontes 
 flows. Strqb.—Plin. 5, c. 20. 
 
 Antilochus, a king of Messenia. The 
 
 eldest son of Nestor by Eurydice. He went to 
 the Trojan war with his father, and was killed 
 by Memnon, the son of Aurora. Homer. Od. 
 4. — Ovid. Heroid. says he was killed by Hec- 
 tor. A poet who wrote a panegyric upon 
 
 Lysander, and received a hat filled with silver. 
 
 Plut. in Lys. An historian commended by 
 
 Dionys. Hal. 
 
 x\ntimachls, a lascivious person. An 
 
 historian. A Greek poet and musician of 
 
 Ionia in the age of Socrates. He wrote a ti'ea- 
 tise on the age and genealogy of Homer, and 
 proved him to be a native of Colophon. He 
 repeated one of his compositions before a 
 large audience, but his diction was so obscure 
 and unintelligible, that all retired except Plato; 
 upon which he said, Legam 7iihilominus, Pla- 
 to enim mihi est unus instar omnium. He was 
 reckoned the next to Homer in excellence, 
 and the emperor Adrian was so fond of his po- 
 etry, that he preferred him to Homer. He 
 wrote a poem upon the Theban war ; and be- 
 fore he had brought his heroes to the city of 
 Thebes, he had filled 24 volumes. He was sur- 
 named Clarius from Claros, a mountain neav 
 Colophon, where he was born. Pans. 9, c.SS. 
 — Plut. in Lysand. 4' Timol. — Propert. 2, el. 
 
 34, V. 45. — Quintil. 10, c. 1. Another poet 
 
 of the same name, surnamed Psecas, because 
 
 he praised himself. Suidas. A Trojan 
 
 whom Paris bribed to oppose the restoring of 
 Helen to Menelaus and Ulysses, who had 
 come as ambassadors to recover her. His sons. 
 Hippolochus and Pisander, were killed by 
 Agamemnon. Homer. II. 11, v. 123, 1. 12, v, 
 
 188. A son of Hercules by a daughter of 
 
 Thestius. Apollod. 2 and 3. A native of 
 
 Heliopolis, Avho wrote a poem on the creation 
 of the world, in 3780 verses. 
 
 Antimenes, a son of Deiphon. Pans. 2, 
 V. 28. 
 
 Antinoe, one of the daughters of Pelius, 
 whose wishes to restore her father to youthful 
 vigour proved so fatal. Apollod. 1. — Paus. 8, 
 c. 11. 
 
 Antinoeia, annual sacrifices and quinquen- 
 nial games in honour of Antinous, instituted 
 by the emperor Adi'ian at Mantinea, where 
 Antinous was worshipped as a divinity. 
 
 Antinopolis, a town of B'gypt, built in ho- 
 nour of Antinous. 
 
 Antinous, a youth of Bithynia, of whom 
 the emperor Adrian was so extremely fond, 
 that at his death he creeled a temple to him, 
 and wished it to be believed that he had been 
 
AN 
 
 cliaaged "mto a. constellation. Some writers 
 Suppose that Antinous was drow"ned in the 
 IN'ile; while others maintain that he offered 
 himself at a sacrifice as a victim, in honour of 
 
 the emperor. A native of Ithaca, son of Eu- 
 
 peithes, and one of Penolope's suitors. He was 
 bnrtal and cruel in his manners, and excited 
 his companions to destroy Telemachus, wkosp 
 advice comforted Ids mother Penelope. When 
 Ulysses returned home, he came to the palace 
 in a beggar's dress, and beijged for bread, 
 which Antinous refused, nnd even struck him. 
 After Ulysses had di"covered himself to Tele- 
 machus and Eumseus, he attacked the suitors, 
 v.'ho were ignorant who he was, and killed 
 Antinous among the first. Homer. Od. 1, 16, 
 17, and 22.—FrGpert. 2, el. 5, v. 7. 
 
 Antiochia, the name of a Syrian pro- 
 
 ■^ance. Mela, 1, c. 14. -A city, of Syria- 
 
 once the third city of the world for beauty, 
 jrreainess, and population. It was built b}^ An- 
 tiochus and Seleucus pNicanor, partly on a hill 
 and pfiitly in a plain. It has the river Orontes 
 In lis lieighbourhood; with a celebrated grove 
 called Daphne; v.hence, for the sake of dis- 
 tinction, it has been called Antiochia near 
 
 Daphne. Dionys. Piereg. A city called 
 
 aisa Misibis, in Mesopotamia, built by Seleu- 
 cus, son of Antiochus. — —The capital of Pisl- 
 
 dia 92 miles at the east of Ephe.su.'?. A city 
 
 on mount Cragus.^ Another near the liver 
 
 Tigris, 25 leagues from Seleucia, on the west- 
 Another in Margiana, called Alexandria and 
 
 Seleucia. Anotlier near mount Taurus, on 
 
 t!i8 confines of Syria. Another of Caria, on. 
 
 the river .Meander. 
 
 Antiochis, the name of the mother of 
 
 Antiochus, the son of Seleucus. A tribe of 
 
 Athens. 
 
 A?fTiocuus, surnamed Sotcr, was son of 
 Seleucus, and king of Syria and Asia. Ke 
 made a treaty of alliance with Ptolemy Fhila- 
 delphus, king of Eg}^pt. He fell into a linger- 
 ing di.sease, which none of his father's physi- 
 cians could cure for some time, till it v.ns dis- 
 covered that his pulse ^vas mors irregulai'than 
 usual, when Stratonice his step-mother enter- 
 ed his roouijand that love for her '.vas the cause 
 of his illness. This was told to the father, who 
 willingly gave Stratonice to his son, that his 
 immoderate love might not cause his death. 
 He died 2i>l B. C. after a reign of 19 years. 
 Justin. 17, c. 2, Lc.—Val. Max. b.—Polyb. 4. 
 J9ppia77. The second of that name, surna- 
 med Tkeos (God) by the Milesians, because 
 he put to death their tyrant Timarchus, was 
 son and successor of Antiochus Sotcr. He put 
 an end to the war which had been begun with 
 Ptolemy ; and, to strengthen the peace, he 
 married Berenice, the daughter of the Egyp- 
 tian king. This so offended his former wife 
 Laodice, by whom he had two sons, that she 
 poi-oned him, and suborned Artemon, whose 
 features were similar to his, to represent him 
 a.s King. Artemon, subservient to her ^vill, 
 jn-etendcd to be indi5po.sed,and, as king, called 
 .'ill the ministers; -liud recommended to them 
 fceleucus, surnamed Callinicusjson of Laodice, 
 }\s his successor. Affr this ridiculous impos- 
 ture, it was made public that the king had died 
 a natural death, and Laodice placed her son on 
 the throne, iind dispatched Berenice and her 
 gen, 246 years before the christian era. .-???- 
 
 AN 
 
 pian.— — The third of that name, sumameS 
 the Great, brother to Seleucus Ceraunus. was 
 king of Syria and Asia, and reigned 36 years. 
 He was defeated by Ptolemy Philopater at Ra- 
 phia, after which he made war against Persia, 
 and took Sardes. After the death of PhUo- 
 pater, he eudeavom'ed to crush his infant son 
 Epiphanes ; but his guardians solicited the aid 
 of the Romans, and Antiochus was compelled 
 to resign his preiensions. He conquered the 
 greatest part of Greece, of which some cities 
 implored the aid cji Rome ; and Annibal, who 
 had taken refuge at his court, encounfged him 
 to make v^ar against Italy. He was glad to find 
 himself supported by the abilities of such a ge- 
 neral ; but his measures were dilatory, and not 
 agreeable to the advice of Annibal, and he was 
 conquered and obliged to retire beyond mount 
 Taurus, and pay a yeai'ly fine of 2000 talents 
 to the Romans. His revenues bei-ng unable to 
 pay the fine, he attempted to plunder the tem- 
 ple of Belus in Susiana, which so incensed the 
 inhabitants that they killed him with his follow- 
 ers, 187 years before the christian era. In his 
 character of king, Antiochus was humane and 
 liberal; the patron of learning, and the friend 
 of Baerit : and he published an edict, ordering 
 his subjects never to obey except his com- 
 mands were consistent with the laws of the 
 country. He had three sons, Seleucus Philo- 
 paterj Antiochus Epiphanes, and Demetrius. 
 The first succeeded him, and the two others 
 vcere kept as hostages by the Romans. Jusihu 
 31 and 32.— 5/ra6. 16.— Lir. 34, c. 50.—Flor, 
 2, c. 1. — Appian.BelJ. Syi\ The fourth An- 
 tiochus, surnamed Epiphanes, or Ilk:sirioi(Sf 
 was king of Syria, after the death of his bro- 
 ther Seleucus, and reigned eleven years. He 
 destroyed Jerusalem, and was so cruel to 
 the Jews, that they called him Epimanes, or 
 Furious, and not Epiphanes. He attempted 
 to plunder Persepoiis without effect. He 
 was of a voi-acious appetite, and fond of 
 childish diversions; he used for his pleasure to 
 empty bags of money in the streets, io see thft- 
 people's eagerness to gather it; he bathed in 
 the public baths with the populace, and Avas 
 fond of perfuming himself to e:icess. He invi- 
 ted all the Greeks he could at Antioch, and 
 waited upon them as a servant, and danced 
 \A'ith such indecency among the stage players, 
 that even the most dissipate and shameless 
 blushed at the sight. Polybius. — Justin. 84, c. 
 
 3. The fifth, surnamed Eupalor, succeeded 
 
 his father Ep/iphanes on the throne of Syria, 
 164 B. C. ■ He made a peace with the Jews, 
 and in tlie second year of his reign was assas- 
 sinated by his uncle Demetrius, who said that 
 the crown was lawfully his own, and that it had 
 been seized from his lather. Justiri. 34. — Jo- 
 seph. 12. The sixth, king of Syria, was sur- 
 named Entheus, or J\oble. His father, Alex- 
 ander Bala, intrusted him to the ckre of Mal- 
 cus, an Arabian ; and he received the crown 
 from Tryphon, in opposition to his brotlier 
 Demetrius, whom the people hated. Before 
 he had been a yeai* on the throne, Tryphon 
 murdered him 143 E. C. and reigned in his 
 
 place for three yeai's. Joseph. 13. The se-. 
 
 venth, called iiidefes, reigned nine years. In 
 the beginning of his reign, he was afraid of 
 Tryphon, and concealed himself, but he soon 
 obtained the means of destroying his enemy. 
 
AN 
 
 He made war against Phraates king of Parthia, 
 
 and he fell in the battle which was soon after 
 
 k, jfought about 130 years before the christian era. 
 
 Justin. 36, c. 1. — Appian. Bell. Syr. The 
 
 -eighth, surnamed Grupus. from his aqv.iline 
 nose, was son of Demetrius Xicanor by Cleo- 
 patra. His brother Seleucus Avas destroyed 
 by Cleopatra, nnt^ he himself would have 
 shared the same fate, had he not discovered his 
 mother's artifice, and compelled her to drink 
 the poison which was prepared for himself. He 
 killed Alexander Zebina, whom Ptolemy had 
 set to oppose him on the throne of Syria, and 
 was at last assassinated B. C. il2, after a reign 
 of eleven years. Justin. 39, &:c. — Joseph. — 
 
 Jlppian. The ninth, surnamed Cyzcnicus, 
 
 from the city of Cyzicus,wHere he received his 
 education, was son of Ardochus Sldetes, by 
 Cleopati-a. He disputed* le kingdom with his 
 brother Grypus, who ce ed to him C{closy- 
 ria, part of his patrira( ?y. He was at last 
 conquered by his nephi »v Seleucus near An- 
 tioch, and rather thar to continue prisoner 
 in his hands, he killed himself, B. C. 93. 
 "While a private man, he seemed v/orthy to 
 reign ; but when on the throne, he was dis- 
 solute and tyrannical. He was fond of n%e- 
 chanics; and invented some useful military en- 
 gines. Appian. — Joseph. The tenth, was 
 
 ironically surnamed Pius, because he married 
 Selena, the wife of his father and of his uncle. 
 He was the son of Antiochus ninth, and he ex- 
 pelled Seleucus the son of Grypus from Syria, 
 and was killed in a battle he fought against tlie 
 Parthians, in the cause of the Gaiatians. Jo- 
 seph. — Appian. After his death, the king- 
 dom of Syria was torn to pieces by the faotions 
 of the royal family or usurpers, who, under a 
 good or false title, under the time of Antio- 
 chus or his relations, established themselves for 
 a little time as sovereigns either of Syria, or 
 Damascus, or other dej^endent proviuces. At 
 last Antiochus, surnamed Asiaticus, the son of 
 Antiochus the ninth, w^as restored to his pater- 
 nal throne by the influence of Lucullus the Ro- 
 man general, on the expulsion of Tigranes king 
 of Armenia from the Syrian dominions; but 
 four years after, Pompey deposed him, and 
 observed, that lie who hid himself while an 
 usurper sat upon his throne, ought not to be a 
 king. From that time, B. C. 65, Syi'ia became 
 a Roman province, and the race of Antiochus 
 was extinguished. Justin. 40. A philoso- 
 pher of Ascalon, famous for his writings, and 
 the respect with which he w^as treated by his 
 pupils, Lucullus, Cicero, and Brutus. Plut. in 
 
 Lucull. An historian of Syracuse, son of 
 
 Xenophanes, who wrote, besides other w orks. 
 Sin history of Sicily, in nine books, in which he 
 began at the age of king Cocalus. Strab. — Di- 
 od. 12. A rich king, tributmy to the Ro- 
 mans in the age of Vespasian. Tacit. Hist. 2, 
 
 c. 81. A sophist Vv'ho refused to take upon 
 
 himself the government of a etate, on account 
 
 of the vehemence of his passions. A king 
 
 conquered by Antony, &,c. C(£S. 8, Bell. Civ. 
 
 4. A king of Meseenia, Paux. 4. A 
 
 commander of the Athenian fieet, under Alci- 
 biades, conquered by Lysander. Xenopk. Hist. 
 
 Orac. A writer of Alexandria, who pub- 
 
 lislied a treatise on comic poets. Athtn. A 
 
 sceptic of Laodicea. Dioy;. in Pyrrh. A 
 
 Icaropd sophist. Philostra.^—^X servant of 
 
 Atticus. Cie. ad Atlic. 3, ep. 33. A hair.* 
 
 dresser mentioned by Martial, 11, ep. 85. ^> 
 
 A son of Hercules by Medea, Apollod. 2, c. 
 
 7. A stage player. Juv. 3, v. 98. X 
 
 sculptor, said to have made the famous statue 
 of Pallas, preserved in the Ludovisi gardens 
 at Rome. 
 
 Antiope, daughter of Nycteus, king of 
 Thebes, by Polyxo, was beloved by Jupiter, 
 who, to deceive her, changed himself into a sa- 
 tyr. She became pregnaiit, and, to avoid ihf. 
 resentment of her father, she fled to mount Ci' 
 thxcron, where she brought forth twins, Ara- 
 phion and Zethus. She exposed them, to pre- 
 vent discovery, but they w^ere preserved. Af- 
 ter this she fled to Epopeus, king of Sicj-'on, 
 who married her. Some say that Epopeus 
 earned Jier away, for which action iNyctens 
 made war against him, and at his death Icit 
 his crown to his brother Eycus, intreating 
 him to continue the war and punish the ra- 
 visher of iris daughter. Lycus obeyed his in- 
 junctions, killed Epopeus, and recovered An- 
 tiope, whom he loved, and married, though 
 his niece. His first wife, Dirce, was jealous ol 
 his new connection ; she prevailed upon her 
 husband, and Antiope was delivered into her 
 hands, and confined in a prison, where she 
 was daily tormented. Antiope, after many 
 years imprisonmenijobtained means to escape, 
 and went after her sons, who mideilook to 
 avenge her wrongs upon Lycus and his wife 
 Dirce. They took Thebes, put the king to 
 death, and tied Dirce to the tail of a wild bull, 
 vvho draggedhertiil shedied. Bacchus changed 
 her into a fountain, and deprived Antiope of 
 the use of her senses. In this forlorn situa- 
 tion she wandered all over Greece, and at 
 last found relief from Phocus, son of Orny- 
 tion, who cured her of her disorder, and mar- 
 ried lier. Hyginxis, fab. 7, says that Antiope 
 was divorced by Lycus, because she had been 
 ravished by Epopeus, v;-hom he calls Epaphus«> 
 and that after her repudiation she became 
 pregnant by Jupiter. Meanwhile Lycus mar- 
 ried Dirce, who suspected that her husband 
 still kept the company of Antiope, upon which 
 he imprisoned her. Antiope however escaped 
 Ix'ora ner confinement, and brought forth on 
 mount Cithasron. Some authors have called 
 her daughter of Asopus, because she was 
 born on the banks of that river. The Scholi- 
 ast on Apollon. 1, v. 736, maintains that there 
 were two pei-sons of the name, one tlie daugh- 
 ter of Nycteus, and the other of A.sopu3, aiid 
 mother of Amphion and Zatlius. Pmfs. 2, "c. 
 6, 1. 9, c. 17.— CH^U 6. Met. v. WO.—.QpoUod. 
 3, c. b.—Pr&pcrt. 3, el. Ib.-^Hom. Od. 11, v. 
 
 269. — Hygin.iob. 7, 8, and 155. A daughtep 
 
 of Thespius or Thestius, mother of Alopius 
 
 by Hercules. Apollod. 2, c. 7. A daughter 
 
 of Mars, queen of the Amazons, taken prison- 
 er by Hercules, and given in marriage to The- 
 seus. She is alfo called Hippolyte. Vid. Hip- 
 
 polyte. A daughter of Jiolus, mother of 
 
 Bojotus and Hellen, by Neptune. Hygin. fab. 
 
 157. A daughter of Pilon, who manied. 
 
 Eurytus. Id. fab. 14. 
 
 Ai?TiaRi8, a son of Lycurgu5; Phtl. in 
 Lycurg. 
 
 Aifi'iPARoa, a aniall island in the ^g^aa 
 sea, opposite Poros- from wlii-Jli it j» abo'it six 
 mile? dinant. . 
 
AN 
 
 iiPATER, son of lolaus, was soldier un- 
 iing Philip, and raised to tiie rank of a 
 /eral under Alexander the Great. When 
 jxander went to invade Asia, he left Aiiti- 
 p^ter supreme governor of Macedonia, and of 
 all Greece. Antipater exerted himself in the 
 eause of his king ; he made war against Sparta, 
 and was soon after called into Persia with a 
 reinforcement by Alexander. He has been 
 suspected of giving poison to Alexander, to 
 raise himself to power. — After Alexander's 
 death, his generals divided the empire among 
 themselves, and Macedonia was allotted to An- 
 tipater. The wars which Greece, and chiefly 
 Athens, meditated during Alexander's life, 
 BOW burst forth with uncommon fury as soon 
 as the news of his death was received. The 
 Athenians levied an army of 30,000 men, and 
 equipped 200 ships against Antipater, who was 
 master of Macedonia. Their expedition was 
 attended with iriuch success, Antipater was 
 routed in Thessaly, and even besieged in the 
 town of Lamia. But when Leosthenes the 
 Athenian general was mortally wounded under 
 the walls of Lamia, the fortune of the war was 
 changed. Antipater obliged the enemy to raise 
 the siege, and soon after received a reinforce- 
 ment from Craterus from Asia, with which he 
 conquered the Athenians at Cranon in Thes- 
 saly. After this defeat, Antipater and Crate- 
 rus marched into Ba?otia, and conquered the 
 JEtolians, and granted peace to the Athenians, 
 on the conditions which Leosthenes had pro- 
 posed to Antipater when besieged in Lamia, i.e. 
 that he should be absolute master over them. 
 Besides this, he demanded from their ambas- 
 sadors, Deraades, Phocion, and Xenocrates, 
 that they should deliver into his hands the ora- 
 tors Demosthenes and Hyperides, whose elo- 
 quence had inflamed the minds of their coun- 
 trymen, and had been the primary causes of 
 the war. The conditions were accepted, a 
 Macedonian garrison was stationed in Athens, 
 but the inhabitants still were permitted the 
 free use of their laws and privileges. Antipa- 
 ter and Craterus were the first who made 
 hostile preparations against Perdiccas ; and 
 during that time, Polyperchon was appointed 
 over Macedonia. Polyperchon defeated the 
 iEtolians, who made an invasion upon Mace- 
 donia. Antipater gave assistance to Eumenes 
 in Asia, against Antigonus, according to Justin. 
 14, c. 2. At his death, B. C. 319, Antipater 
 appointed Polyperchon master of all his pos- 
 sessions ; and as he was the oldest of all the 
 generals and successors of Alexander, he re- 
 commended that he might be the supreme ru- 
 ler in their councils, that every thing might be 
 done according to his judgment. As for his 
 son Cassander, he left him in a subordinate 
 Jitation under Polyperchon. But Cassander 
 was of too aspiring a disposition tamely to obey 
 his father's injunctions. He recovered Mace- 
 donia, and made himself absolute. Curt. 3, 4. 
 ft, 6, 7 and 10.— Justin. 11, 12, 13, hc.—Diod. 
 17, 18, &.C. — C. JS'ep. in Phoc. ^ Eimien. — 
 
 Plut. in Eumtn. Mexand. &.c. A son of 
 
 Cassander, king of Macedonia, and son-in-law 
 of Lysimachns. He killed his mother, because 
 she wished his brother Alexander to succeed 
 to the throne. Alexander, to revenge the death 
 of his mother, solicited the assistance of Deme- 
 trius : but peace was re-estabHsbcd between 
 
 AN 
 
 the two brothers by the advice of Lysimacbill?, 
 and soon after Demetrius killed Antipater, and 
 made himself king of Macedonia, 294 B. C. 
 
 Justin. 26, c. 1. A king of Macedonia, who 
 
 reigned only 45 days, 277 B. C. A king of 
 
 Cicilia. A powerful prince, father to Her- 
 od. He was appointed governor of Judea by 
 Cajsar, whom he had assisted in the Alexan- 
 drine war. Joseph. An Athenian archon. 
 
 One of Al('"\ander's soldiers, who conspir- 
 ed against his life with Hermolaus. Curt. 8, 
 
 c. 6. A celel«rated sophist of Hieropolis, 
 
 preceptor to the children of the emperor Se- 
 
 verus, A Stoic philosopher of Tarsus, 144 
 
 years B. C- A poet of Sidon, who could 
 compose a number of verses extempore, upon 
 any subject. He ri>nked Sappiio among the 
 muses, in one of h ^ epigrams. He had a fe- 
 ver eveiy year on th.^ day of his birth, of which 
 at last he died. Hevflourished about 80 years 
 B. C. Some of his ^igi'ams are preserved in 
 the anthologia. Plin.l, c. 51. — Val. Max. 1, 
 c. 10. — Cic. de Or at. 3, le Office. 3, de Qucest. 
 Acad. 4. A philosopher of Phoenicia, pre- 
 ceptor to Cato of Utica. Plut. in Cat. A 
 
 stoic philosopher, disciple to Diogenes of Ba- 
 bylon. He wrote two books on divination, and 
 died at Athens. Cic. de Div. 1, c. 3. Ac. 
 Qucest. 4, c. 6. De Offic. 3, c. 12. A disci- 
 ple of Ai'Istotle, who WTote two books of let- 
 ters. A poet of Thessalonica, in the age of 
 
 Augustus. 
 
 Antipatria, a city of Macedonia. Liv. 
 31, C.27. 
 
 Antipatridas, a governor of Telmessus. 
 Polycen. 5. 
 
 Antipatris, a city of Palestine. 
 
 Antiphanes, an ingenious statuary of Ar- 
 
 gos. Pans. 5, c. 17. A comic poet of 
 
 Rhodes, or i*ather of Smyrna, who wrote 
 above 90 comedies, and died in the 74th year 
 of his age, by the fall of an apple upon his 
 
 head. A physician of Delos, who used to 
 
 say that diseases originated from tlie variety 
 of food that was eaten. Clem. Alex. — Athen. 
 
 Antiphatks, a king of the Laestrygones, 
 descended from Lanius, who founded Formiae. 
 Ulysses, returning from Troy, came upon his 
 coasts, and sent three men to examine the 
 country. Antiphates devoured one of them, 
 and pursued the others, and sunk the fleet of 
 Ulysses with stones, except tiie ship in which 
 
 Ulysses was. Ovid. Met. 14, v. 232. A 
 
 son of Sarpedon. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 696. 
 
 The grandfather of Amphiai'aus. Homer. Od. 
 
 A man killed in the Trojan war bv Leon- 
 
 teus. Homer. 11. l%x.\9\. 
 
 Antiphili portus, a harbour on the Afri- 
 can side of the Red sea. Strab. 16. 
 
 Antipiiilus, an Athenian who succeedeci 
 Leosthenes, at the siege of Lamia against An- 
 tipater, Dlod. 18. A noble painter who 
 
 represented a youth leaning over a fire and 
 blowing it, from which t)ie whole house seem- 
 ed to be illuminated. He was an Egyptian by 
 birth : he imitated Apelles, and was disciple 
 to Ctesidemus. Plin. 35, c. 10. 
 
 Antiphon, a poet. A native of Rham- 
 
 nusia, called Neslor, from his eloquence and 
 prudence. The sixteen orations that are ex- 
 tant under his name, are supposititious. An 
 
 orator, who promised Philip, king of Macedo- 
 nia, tiaat he would set on fire the citadel of 
 
AN 
 
 Athens, for which he was put to death at the 
 instigation of Demosthenes. Cic. de Div. 2. — 
 
 Plut. in Alcih. «^ Demost. A poet who 
 
 wrote on agriculture. Mhen. An author 
 
 who wrote a treatise on peacocks. A rich 
 
 man introduced by Xenophon as disputing 
 with Socrates. An Athenian who inter- 
 preted dreams, and wrote an history of his art. 
 
 Cic. de Div. 1 and 2. A foolish rhetorician. 
 
 A poet of Attica, who wrote tragedies, 
 
 epic poems, and orations. Dionysius put him 
 to death, because he refused to praise his com- 
 positions. Being once asked by the tyrant, 
 what brass was the best .' he answered, that 
 "With which the statues of Harmodius and 
 Aristogiton are made. Plut. — Jlnstot. 
 
 Antiphonus, a son of Priam, who went 
 with his father to the tent of Achilles to re- 
 deem Hector. Homer. II. 24. 
 
 Anti'phus, a son of Priam, killed by Aga- 
 memnon during the Trojan war, A son of 
 
 Thessalus, grandson to Hercules. He went 
 to the Trojan war in 30 ships. Homer. II. 2, 
 
 V. 185. An intimate friend of Ulysses. 
 
 Homer. Od. 17. A brother of Ctimenus, 
 
 was son of Ganyctor the Naupactian. These 
 two brothers murdered the poet Hesiod, on 
 the false suspicion that he had offered violence 
 to their sister, and threw his body into the sea. 
 The poet's dog discovered them, and they 
 were seized and convicted of the murder. 
 Flut. de Solert. Anim. 
 
 Antip(enus, a noble Theban, whose 
 daughters sacrificed themselves for the public 
 safety. Vid. Androclea. 
 
 Antipolis, a city of Gaul, built by the 
 people of Marseilles, Tacit. 2, Hist. c. 15. 
 
 Antirrhium, a promontory of ^tolia, op- 
 posite Rhium in Peloponnesus, whence the 
 name. 
 
 Antissa, a city at the north of Lesbos. 
 ——An island neai* it. Ovid. Met. 15, v, 287, 
 —Plin. 2, c. 89. 
 
 Antisthenes, a philosopher, born of an 
 Athenian father, and of a Phrygian mother. 
 He taught rhetoric, and had among his pupils 
 the famous Diogenes ; but when be had heard 
 Socrates, he shut up his school, and told his 
 pupils, " Go seek for yourselves a master, I 
 have now found one." He was the head of 
 the sect of the cynic philosophers. One of 
 his pupils asked him what philosophy had 
 taught him ? " To live with myself," said he. 
 He sold his all, and prescn-ed anly a very rag- 
 ged coat, which drew the attention of Socrates, 
 and tempted him to say to the cynic, who 
 carried his contempt of dress too far, "Antis- 
 thenes, I see thy vanity through the holes of 
 thy coat." Antisthenes tauglit the unity of 
 God, but he recommended suicide. Some of 
 his letters are extant. His doctrines of aus- 
 terity were followed as long as he was liimself 
 an example of the cynical character, but after 
 his death tii-^y were all forgotten. Antisthenes 
 flourislied 396 years B. C. " Cic. de Oral. 3, c. 
 
 35. — Dio^. 6. — Plut. ill Lye. A disciple of 
 
 Heraclitu.^. An historian of Rhodes. Diog. 
 
 ANTfsTins Lab7:o, an excellent lawyer at 
 Rome, who dcft-uded the liberties of his coun- 
 tiy against Augustus, for which he is taxed 
 with madness, by Horat. 1, Sat. 3, v. 82, — 
 
 niicton. in Ai'g. 64. Pcti'O of Gabii, was 
 
 ^'le author of a celebrated treaty between 
 \2 
 
 AN 
 
 Rome and his country, in the age of Tarquiu 
 
 the Proud, Dionys. Hal. 4. C. Reginus, 
 
 a lieutenant of Caesar in Gaul. Cces. Bell. G. 
 
 6 and 7. A soldier of Pompey's army, so 
 
 confident of his valour, that he challenged all 
 the adherents of Caesar. Hirt. 25, Hisp. Bell. 
 
 Antitaurus, one of the branches of 
 mount Taurus, which runs in a north-east di- 
 rection through Cappadocia towards Armenia 
 and the Euphrates, 
 
 Antitheus, an Athenian archon. Paus. 7, 
 c. 17. 
 
 Antium, a maritime town of Italy, built 
 by Ascanius, or, according to others, by a 
 son of Ulysses and Circe, upon a promontory 
 32 miles from Ostium. It was the capital of 
 the Volsci, who made war against the Ro- 
 mans for above 200 years. Camillus took it, 
 and carried all the beaks of their ships to 
 Rome, and placed them in the forum on a 
 tribunal, which from thence was called jRos- 
 trum. This town was dedicated to the god- 
 dess of fortune, whose statues, when con- 
 sulted, gave oracles by a nodding of the head, 
 or other different signs. Nero was born there. 
 Cic. de Div. 1. — Horat. 1, od.35. — Liv.8, c. 14. 
 
 Antomenes, the last king of Corinth. After 
 his death, magistrates with regal authority 
 were chosen annually. 
 
 Antonia lex, was enacted by M. Antony, 
 the consul, A. U. C. 710. It abrogated the Zea; 
 Aiia, and renewed the lex Cornelia, by taking 
 away from the people the privilege of choos- 
 ing priests, and restoring it to the college of 
 priests, to which it originally belonged. Dio. 
 
 44. Another by the same, A. U. C, 703. 
 
 It ordained that a new decury of judges should 
 be added to the two former, and that they 
 should be chosen from the centurions, Cic. in 
 
 Philip. 1 and 6. Another by the .same. It 
 
 allowed an appeal to the people, to those who 
 were condemned de majeslate, or of perfidious, 
 
 measures against tlie state. Another by the 
 
 same, during his triumvirate. It made it a 
 capital offence to propose ever after the elec» 
 tion of a dictator, and for any person to accepS 
 of the office. Jlppian. de Bell. Civ. 3. 
 
 Antonia, a daughter of M, Antony, by 
 Octavia, She married Domitius .Snobarbus, 
 and was mother of Nero, and two daughters- 
 A sister of Germaiiicus, A daughter 
 
 of Claudius and iii^lia Petina, She was of the 
 family of the Tu hero's, and was repudiated 
 for her levity. Sueton. in Claud. 1. — Tacit. 
 
 Ann. 11. The wife of Drusus the son ot 
 
 Livia, and brother to Tiberius, She became 
 mother of three children, Germanicus, Cali- 
 gula's father ; Claudius the emperor, and tjie 
 debauched Livia. Her hu^sband died very 
 early, and she never would marry again, but 
 sj)cnt her time in the education of he? chil- 
 dren. Some people suppose her grandson Ca- 
 ligula ordered her to be poisoned, A. D, 38, 
 
 VrJ. Max.4, c. 3. A castle of Jerusalem, 
 
 winch received this name in honour of M. 
 Antony. 
 
 Antonu, a patrician and plebeian family, 
 yv'li'ch were said to derive their origin from 
 Antones, a son of Hercules, as Plut. in AiUon,^ 
 informs us. 
 
 AuTONiNA, the wife of Bellisarius, Sic. 
 
 Antoninus, Tixus, surnamed PiuSf was 
 adopteil by the emperor Adri^^ to whom he 
 
AN 
 
 fjucceeded. This prince is remarkable for all 
 the vii'tues that can form a perfect statesman, 
 philosopher, and king. He rebuilt whatever 
 chies had been destroyed by wars in former 
 reigns. In cases of famine or inundation, he 
 reheved the distressed, and supplied their 
 wants with his own money. He suffered the 
 governors of the provinces to remain long in 
 the administration, that no opportunity of ex- 
 tortion might be giveii to new-comers. In his 
 conduct towards his subjects, he behaved w ith 
 atFability and humanity, and listened with pa- 
 tience to every complaint brought before him. 
 When told of conquering heroes, he said with 
 Scipio, I prefer the life and preservation of a 
 citizen, to the death of 100 enemies. He did 
 not persecute the christians like his predeces- 
 sors, but his life was a scene of univei'sal bene- 
 volence. His last moments were easy, though 
 preceded by a lingering illness. When consul 
 of Asia, he lodged at Smyrna in the house of a 
 sophist, who in civility obliged the governor to 
 change his house at night. The sophist, when 
 Antoninus became emperor, visited Rome, 
 and was jocosely desired to use the palace as 
 his own house, without any apprehension of 
 being turned out at night. He extended the 
 boundaries of the Roman province in Britain, 
 by raising a rampart between the Friths of 
 Clyde and Forth ; but he waged no wars dur- 
 ing his reign, and only repulsed the enemies of 
 the empire Avho appeared in the field. He died 
 in the 75th year of his age, after a reign of 
 23 years, A. D. 161. He w-as succeeded by his 
 adopted son, M. Aurelius Antoninus, sur- 
 named the philosopher, a prince as virtuous as 
 his father. He raised to the imperial dignity 
 his brother L. Verus, whose voluptuousness 
 and dissipation were as conspicuous as the mo- 
 deration of the philosopher. During their 
 reign, the Quadi, Parthians, and Marcomanni 
 were defeated. Antoninus wrote a book in 
 Gi-eek, entitled, r» -:*&' la-jTct., concerning him- 
 self, the best editions of which are the 4to. 
 Cantab. 1652, and the Svo. Oxon. 1704. Af- 
 ter the war with the Quadi had been finish- 
 ed, Verus died of an apoplexy, and Antoni- 
 nus survived him eight years, and died in his 
 61st year, after a reign of 29 years and ten 
 davs. Dio. Cassius. — —Bassianus Caracalla, 
 
 AN 
 
 Aktoniopolis, a city of Mesopotamia* 
 Marcdl. 8. 
 
 M. Antonius Gnipho, a poet of Gaul 
 who taught rhetoric at Rome ; Cicero and 
 other illustrious men frequented his school. 
 He never asked any thing for his lectures, 
 whence he received more from the liberality 
 
 of his pupils. Suefon. de Illust. Gr. 7. 
 
 An orator, grandfather to the triumvir of the 
 same name. He was killed in the civil wars 
 of Mariris, and his head was hung in the forum. 
 
 Val. Max. 9, c. tl.—Lucan. 2, v. 121. 
 
 Marcus, the eldest son of the orator of the 
 same name, by means of Cotta and Cethegus, 
 obtained from the senate the office of manag- 
 ing the corn on the maritime coasts of the 
 Mediterranean with unlimited power. This 
 ga\ e him many opportunities of plundering the 
 provinces and enriching himself. He died of 
 
 a broken heart. Sallust. Frag. Cains, a 
 
 son of the orator of that name, who obtai«ed a 
 troop of horse from Sylla, and plundered 
 Achaia. He was carried before the pretor M. 
 Lucullus, and banished from the senate by the 
 censors, for pillaging the allies, and refusing 
 
 to appear when summoned before justice. • 
 
 Cains, son of Antonius Caius was consul, with 
 Cicero, and assisted him to destroy the con- 
 spiracy of Catiline in Gaul. He went to Ma- 
 cedonia as his province, and fought with ill suc- 
 cess against the Dardani. He was accused at 
 his return and banished. Marcus, the tri- 
 umvir, was grandson to the orator M. Anto- . 
 
 son of the emperor Septimus Severus, was ce- 
 lebrated for his cruelties. He killed his bro- 
 ther Geta in his mother's arms, and attempt- 
 ed to destroy the writings, of Aristotle, ob- 
 .=erving that Aristotle was one of those who 
 sent poison to Alexander. He married his 
 mother, and publicly lived with her, which 
 gave occasion to the people of Alexandria to 
 s-ay that he was an OEdipu,=, and his wife a 
 .Tocasta. This joke v;as fatal to them ; and 
 the emperor, to punish their ill language, 
 slaughtered many thousands in Alexandria. 
 After assuming the name and dress of Achilles, 
 <»nd styling himself the conqueror of provinces 
 he had never seen, he was assassinated at 
 F.dessa by Macrinus, A\)v\\ 8, in the 43d year 
 of his age, A, D. 217. His body was sent to 
 his wife Julia, who stabbed herself at the sight. 
 
 There is extant a Greek itinerary, and , 
 
 another book called llcr Britannicum, which 
 
 :ome have attributed to the emperor Antoni- 
 
 ;uis, ihough it was more probably written by a 
 
 'person of that name whosre p.gG U unknown. 
 
 nius, andsoji of Antonius, surnamed Cretensis, 
 from his wars in Crete. He was augur and 
 tribune of the people, in which he distinguish- 
 ed himself by his ambitious views. He always 
 entertained a secret resentment against Cicero, 
 which arose from Cicero's having put to death 
 Corn. Lentulus, who was concerned in Cati- 
 line's conspiracy. This Lentulus had married 
 Antonius's mother after his father's death. 
 When the senate was torn by the factions 
 of Pompey's and Cajsar's adherents, Antony 
 proposed that both should lay aside tlie 
 command of their armies in the provinces ; 
 but as this proposition met not with suc- 
 cess, he privately retired from Rome to the 
 camp of Cajsar, and advised him to mai^ch 
 his army to Rome. In support of his at- 
 tachment ho commanded the left wing of 
 his army at Pharsalia, and according to a pre- 
 meditated scheme, oflered him u diadem in 
 tl:e presence of the Roman people. When 
 Ca3sar was assassinated in the senate house, his 
 friend Antony spoke an oration over his body; 
 and to ingratiate himself and his party with 
 the populace, lie reminded them of the libe- 
 ral treatment they had received from Ciesar. 
 He besieged Mutina, which had been allotted 
 to D. Brutus, for which the senate judged 
 him an enemy to the republic, at the remon- 
 stration of Cicero. He was conquered by the 
 consuls Hirtius andPansa, and by young Ca?- 
 sar, who soon after joined his interest with 
 that of Antony, and formed the celebrated 
 triumvirate, which was established with such 
 cruel proscriptions, that Antony did not even 
 spare his own uncle, that he might strike ofl' 
 the head of his enemy Cicero. The triumvi- 
 rate divided the Roman empire among them- 
 selves; Lepiduswas set over all Italy, Augus- 
 tus ha.d the west, and Antony returned into 
 
 ift^ 
 
 II 
 
AN 
 
 tke east, where he enlarged his dominions by 
 ditterent conquests. Antony had niarried Ful- 
 via, whom he repudiated to marry Octavia the 
 sister of Augustus, and by this connexion to 
 strengthen the triumvirate. He assisted Au- 
 gustus at the battle of Philippi against the 
 murderers of J. Caesar, and he buried the 
 body of M. Brutus, his enemy, in a most mag- 
 nificent manner. During his residence in the 
 east, he became enamoured of the fair Cleo- 
 patra, queen of Egypt, and repudiated Octavia 
 to marry her. This divorce incensed Augus- 
 tus, who now prepared to deprive Antony of 
 all his power. Antony, in the mean time, as- 
 sembled all the forces of the east, and with 
 Cleopatra marched against Octavius Cgesar. 
 These two enemies met at Actium, where a 
 naval engagement soon began, and Cleopatra, 
 by flying with 60 sail, drew Antony from the 
 battle, and ruined his cause. After the battle 
 of Actium, Antony followed Cleopatra into 
 Egypt, where he was soon informed of the 
 defection of all his allies and adherents, and 
 saw the conqueror on his shores. He stabbed 
 himself, and Cleopatra likewise killed herself 
 by the bite of an asp. Antony died in the 
 56th year of his age, B. C. 30, and the con- 
 queror shed tears when he was informed that 
 his enemy was no more. Antony left seven 
 children by his three uives. He has been 
 blamed for his great effeminacy, for his un- 
 common love of pleasures, and his fondness 
 of drinking. It is said that he wrote a book in 
 praise of drunkenness. He was fond of imita- 
 ting Hercules, from whom, according to some 
 accounts, he was descended ; and he is often 
 represented as Hercules, with Cleopatra in 
 the form of Omphale, dressed in the arras of 
 her submissive lover, and beating him with 
 her sandals In his public character, Anto- 
 ny was brave and courageous, but with the 
 intrepidity of Ceesar, he possessed all his vo- 
 luptuous inclinations. He was prodigal to 
 a degree, and did not scruple to call, from va- 
 nity, his sons by Cleopatra, kings of kings. 
 His fondness for low company, and his de- 
 bauchery, form the best parts of Cicero's Phi- 
 lippics. It is said that the night of Cassar's 
 murder, Cassius supped with Antony ; and 
 being asked whether he had a dagger with 
 him, answered, yes, if you, Antony, aspire to 
 sovereign power. Plutarch has written an 
 account of his life. Virg. ^m. 8, v. 685. — 
 Horat. ep. 9. — Juv. 10, v. 122, — C. Nep. in 
 Attic. — Cic. in Philip. — Justin. 41 and 42. 
 
 Julius, son of Antony the triumvir, by 
 
 Fulvia, was consul with Paulus Fabius Maxi- 
 mus. He was surnamed Africanus, and put 
 to death by order of Augustus. Some say that 
 he killed himself. It is supposed that he wrote 
 an heroic poem on Diomede, in 12 books. 
 Horace dedicated his 4 Od. 2, to him. Tacit. 
 4, Ann. c. 44. Lucius, tlie triumvir's bro- 
 ther, was besieged in Pehisium by Augustus, 
 and obliged to surrender himself with 3(K)mcn 
 by famine. The conqueror .spared his life. 
 Some say that he was killed at the shrine of 
 
 Caisar. A noble, but unfortunate youth. 
 
 His father, Julius, was put to death by Augus- 
 tus, for his criminal conversation with Julia, 
 and he himself was removed by the emperor 
 to Marseilles, on pretence of finishing his ed- 
 Wcqtion. TacU. % Ann. c. 41 — i^rclis, a 
 
 AO 
 
 freedraan of Claudius, appointed governor of 
 Judaea. He married Drusilla, the daughter 
 of Antony and Cleopatra. Tacit. 4, Hist. 9. 
 Flamma, a Roman, condemned for extor- 
 tion, under Vespasian. Tacit. Hist. 4, c. 45, 
 — — Musa, a physician of Augustus. Plin. 29, 
 
 c. 1. Merenda, a decemvir at Rome, A. 
 
 U. C. 304. Liv. 3, c. 35. Q. Merenda, a 
 
 military tribune, A. U. C. 332. Liv. 4, c. 42. 
 
 Antorides, a painter, disciple to Aristip- 
 pus. Plin. 
 
 Antro CoRACius. Vid. Coracius. 
 
 Antylla. Vid. Anthylla. 
 
 Anubis, an Egyptian deity, represented 
 under the form of" a man with the head of a 
 dog, because when Osiris went on his expedi- 
 tion against India, Anubis accompanied him, 
 and clothed himself in a sheep's skin. His 
 worship was introduced from Egypt into 
 Greece and Italy. He is supposed by some 
 to be Mercury, because he is sometimes re^- 
 presented with a caduceus. Some make him 
 brother of Osiris, some his son by Nephthys, 
 the wife of Typhon. Diod, 1. — Lucan. 8, v. 
 3S1.— Ovid. Met. 9, v, 6S6.—Plut. de Isid. 
 and Osind.—Herodot. 4. — Virg. JEn. 8, v. 
 698. 
 
 Anxius, a river of Armenia, falling into the 
 Euphrates. 
 
 Anxur, called also Tarracina, a cit)^ of the 
 Volsci, taken by the Romans, A. U. C. 348. 
 It was sacred to Jupiter, who is called Jupiter 
 Anxur, and represented in the form of a 
 beardless boy. Liv. 4, c. 59. — Horat. 1, Sat. 
 5, v. 2Q.— Lucan. 3, v. 84.— FtVg. Mn.l^x.' 
 799. 
 
 Anyta, a Greek woman, some of whose 
 elegant verses are still extant. 
 
 Anytus, an Athenian rhetorician, who, with 
 Melitus and Lycon, accused Socrates of im- 
 piety, and was the cause of his condemnation. 
 These false accusers were afterwards put to 
 death by the Athenians. Diog. — AEllian. V. 
 H. 2, c. VS.— Horat. 2, Sat. 4, v. 3.— Pint, in 
 Alcib. One of the Titans. 
 
 Anzabe, a river near the Tigris. Mar- 
 cd. 18. 
 
 AoLLius, a son of Romulus by Hersila, af- 
 terwards called Abillius. 
 
 AoN, a son of Neptune, who came to Eu- 
 boea and Bceotia, from Apulia, where he col- 
 lected the inhabitants into cities, and reigned 
 over them. They were called Aones, and the 
 country Aonia, from him. 
 
 AoNEs, the inhabitants of Aonia, called af- 
 terwards Bceotia. They came there in the 
 age of Cadmus, and obtained his leave to set- 
 tle with the Phoenicians. The muses have 
 been called Aonides, because Aonia was more 
 particularly frequented by them. Pavs. 9, 
 c. 3.— Ovid. Met. 3, 7, 10, 13. Tri^t. el. 5, 
 V. 10. Fast. 3, v. 456, 1. 4, v. 245.— Virg. G. 
 3,v. 11. 
 
 Aonia, one of the ancient names of Bce- 
 otia. 
 
 AoRis, a famous hunter, son of Aras, king 
 of Corinth. He was so fond of his sister Ara- 
 thyraia, that he called part of the country by 
 
 her name. Pans. 2, c. 12. The wife of 
 
 Neleus, called more commonly Chloris. Id. 
 9, 0. 36. 
 
 Aornos, Aorm's, Aornis, a lofty rock, 
 supposed to be near the Ganges, in India, taken 
 
AP 
 
 by Alexander. Hercules had besieged it, but 
 was never able to conquer it. Curt. 8, c. 11. 
 
 — Jlirian. 4. — Slrab. 15. — Plat, in Mcx. A 
 
 place in Epinis, with an oracle. Pans. 9, c. 
 
 80. A certain lake near Tartessus. 
 
 Another near BaioR and Puteoli. It was also 
 called Avernus. Virg. JEn. 6, v. 242. 
 
 AoTi, a people of Thrace near the Getaj, 
 on the Ister. Piin. 4. 
 
 ApaitjE, a people of Asia Minor. Slrab. 
 
 Apama, a daughter of Artaxerxes, who 
 
 married Pharnabazus, satrap of Ionia. A 
 
 daughter of Antiochus. Pans. 1, c. 8. 
 
 Apame, the mother of Nicomedes by Pru^- 
 sias king of Bithynia. The mother of An- 
 tiochus Soter, by Seleucas Nicanor. Soter 
 founded a city which he called by his mother's 
 name. 
 
 Apamia or Apamea, a city of Phrygia, on 
 
 the Mai'syas. A city of Bithynia. Of 
 
 Media. Mesopotamia. Another near 
 
 tile Tigris, 
 
 Apakjji, a nation of shepherds near the 
 Caspian sea. Slrab. 
 
 ApATiJRiA, a festival at Athens, which re- 
 ceived its name from !*.tt»xh, deceit, because it 
 was instituted in memory of a stratagem by 
 which Xanthiis king of Bceotia was killed by 
 Melanthus king of Athens, upon the following 
 occasion : when a war arose between the Bo3o- 
 tians and Athenians about a piece of ground 
 which divided their territories, Xanthus made 
 a proposal to the Athenian king to decide 
 the battle by single combat. Thynicetes, who 
 was tiien on the throne of Athens, refused, 
 and his successor Melanthus accepted the 
 challenge. When they began the engagement, 
 Melanthus exclaimed, that his antagonist had 
 some person behind him to support him ^ up- 
 on which Xanthus looked behind, and was kil- 
 led by Melanthus. From this success, Jupiter 
 was called a;7«T(,v«)?, deceiver, and Bacchus, Avho 
 was supposed to be behind Xanthus, was called 
 M»>^v:*«;. »,-, clothed in the skin of a black goat. 
 Some derive the word from «7r»rof»», i. e. o/Mroax, 
 because on the day of the festival, the children 
 accompanied their fathers to be registered 
 among the citizens. The festival lasted three 
 days, the first day was called Soe^t», because 
 suppers, 'V'^oi, were prepared for each separate 
 tribe. The second day was called amieva-ii xtto 
 rev um ivsitv, because sacrifices were offered to 
 Jupiter and Minerva, and the head of the vic- 
 tims was generally turned up towai'ds the hea- 
 vens. The third was called KoyfiujTt;, from 
 KojfO£, a youth, or Koi/f:*, shaving, because the 
 young men had their hair cut off before they 
 were registered, and their parents swore 
 that they were free-born Athenians. They 
 generally sacrificed two ewes and a she-goat 
 to Diana. This festival was adopted by the 
 lonians, except the inhabitants of Ephesus and 
 
 Colophon. A surname of Minerva of 
 
 Venus. 
 
 Apeauros, a mountain in Peloponnesus. 
 Polyb. 4. 
 
 Apella, a word, Horat. 1, Sat. 5, v. 10, 
 which has given much trouble to critics and 
 commentators. Some suppose it to mean cir- 
 cumcised, (sine pelk) an epithet highly appli- 
 cable to a Jew. Others maintain that it is a 
 proper name, upon the authority of Cicero ad 
 Jltiic. 12, ep. 19, who mentions a person of 
 the sa^e no^mc, 
 
 AP 
 
 Apblles, a celebrated painter of Cos, or^ 
 as others say, of Ephesus, or Colophon, son of 
 Pithius. He lived in the age of Alexander the 
 Great, who honoured him so much that he 
 forbade any man but Apelles to draw his pic- 
 ture. He was so attentive to his profession, 
 that he never spent a day without employing 
 his pencil, whence the provei'b of Nulla dies 
 sine tinea. His most perfect picture was Ve- 
 nus Anadyomene, which was not totally finish- 
 ed when the painter died. He made a paint- 
 ing of Alexander holding thunder in his hand, 
 so much like life, that Pliny, who saw it, says 
 tiiat the hand of the king witli the thunder 
 seemed to come out of the pictui'e. This pic- 
 ture was placed in Diana's temple at Ephesus. 
 He made another of Alexander, but the king 
 expressed not much satisfaction at the sight of 
 it ; and at that moment a horse passing by, 
 neighed at the horse which was represented in 
 the piece, supposing it to be alive ; upon which 
 the painter said, " One would imagine that the 
 horse is a better judge of painting than your 
 majesty." When Alexander ordered him to 
 draw the picture of Campaspe, one of his mis- 
 tresses, Apelles became enamoured of her, 
 and the king permitted him to marry her. — 
 He wrote three volumes upon painting, which 
 were still extant in the age of Pliny. It is said 
 that he was accused in Egypt of conspiring 
 against the life of Ptolemy, and that he would 
 have been put to death had not the real con-. 
 spirator discovered himself, and saved the 
 painter. Apelles never put his name to any 
 pictures but three ; a sleeping Venus, Venus 
 Anadyomene, and an Alexander. The pro- 
 verb of JVe sutor ultra crepidam, is applied to 
 him by some. Plin. 35, c. 10. — Horat. 2, ep. 
 1, V. 238. — Cic. in Famil. 1, ep. 9. — Ovid, de 
 
 Art. Am. 3, v. 401.— Fa/. Max. 8, c. 11. A 
 
 tragic writer. Suet. Calig. 33. — — ^A Mace- 
 donian general, fcc. 
 
 Apellicon, a Teian peripatetic philoso- 
 pher, whose fondness for books was so great 
 that he is accused of stealing them, when he 
 could not obtain them with money. He bought 
 the works of Aristotle and Theophrastus, but 
 greatly disfigured them by his frequent inter- 
 polations. The extensive library which he 
 had collected at Athens, was carried to Rome 
 when Syllahad conquered the capital of Attica, 
 and among tlie valuable books was found an 
 original manuscript of Aristotle. He died 
 about 86 years before Christ. Slrab. 13. 
 
 Apenninus, a ridge of high mountains 
 which run through the middle of Italy, from 
 Liguria to Ariminum and Ancona. They are 
 joined to the Alps. Some have supposed that 
 they ran across Sicily by Rhegium before Italy 
 was separated from Sicily. Lucan. 2, v. 306. 
 —Ovid. Met. 2, v. 226.— /to/. 4, v. 743.— 
 Strah. 2.— Mela, 2, c. 4. 
 
 Aper, Marcus, a Latin orator of Gaul, 
 who distinguished himself as a politician, as 
 well as by his genius. The dialogue of the ora- 
 tors, inserted with the works of Tacitus and 
 Quintilian, is attributed to him. He died A. D, 
 85. Another. Vid. INumerianus. 
 
 Aperopia, a small island on the coast of 
 Argolis. Pans. 2, c. 34. 
 
 Apesus, Apesas, or Apesantus, a moun- 
 tain of Peloponnesus, nee^r Lerna. Siat. in 
 Theb. 3, v. 463. 
 
AP 
 
 ApHACAja town of Palestine, where Venus 
 was worshipped, and where she had a temple 
 and an oracle. 
 
 Aphjea, a name of Diana, who had a tem- 
 ple in jEgina. Paus. 2, c. 30. 
 
 Aphar, the capital city of Arabia, near the 
 Red Sea. Arrian. in Perij)L 
 
 Apharetus, fell in love with Marpessa, 
 daughter of OEnoraaus, and carried her away. 
 
 Aphareus, a king of Messenia, son of Pe- 
 rieres and Gorgophone, who married Arene 
 daughter of CEbalus, by whom he had three 
 
 sons. Paus. 3, c. 1. A relation of Isocrates 
 
 who wrote 37 tragedies. 
 
 Aphas, a river of Greece, which falls into 
 tlie bay of Ambracia. Plin. 4, c. 1. 
 
 Aphellas, a king of Cyrene, who, with 
 the aid of Agathocles, endeavoured to reduce 
 all Africa under his power. Justin. 22, c. 7. 
 
 Aphesas, a mountain in Peloponnesus, 
 whence, as the poets have imagined, Perseus 
 attempted to fly to heaven. Stat. 3. Theb. v. 
 461. 
 
 Aphet-=e, a city of Magnesia, where the ship 
 Argo was launched. Apollod. 
 
 Aphidas, a son of Areas king of Arcadia. 
 Paus. 8. 
 
 Aphidna, a part of Attica, which received 
 its name from Aphidnus, one of the compani- 
 ons of Theseus. Herodot. 
 
 ApHiDNus, a friend of JEneas, killed by 
 Turnus. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 702. 
 
 Aphoebetus, one of the conspirators against 
 Alexander. Curt. 6, c. 7. 
 
 Aphrices, an Indian prince, who defended 
 the rock Aornus with 20,000 foot and 15 ele- 
 phants. He was killed by his troops, and his 
 head sent to Alexander. 
 
 Aphrodisia, an island in the Persian gulf 
 
 where Venus is worshipped. Festivals in 
 
 honour of Venus, celebrated in different parts 
 of Greece, but chiefly in Cyprus. They were 
 first instituted by Cinyras, from whose family 
 the priests of the goddess were always chosen. 
 All those that were initiated offered apiece of 
 money to Venus, asa harlot, and received as a 
 mark of the favours of the goddess, a measure 
 of salt and a f«?^a;; the salt, because Venus 
 arose from the sea; the <f*>^^05, because she is 
 the goddess of wantonness. They were cele- 
 brated at Corinth by harlots, and in every part 
 of Greece, they were very much frequented. 
 Strah. 14.— 4then. 
 
 Aphrodisias, a town of Caria, sacred to 
 Venus. Tacit. Jinn. 3, c. 62. 
 
 Aphrodisium or a, a town of Apulia built 
 by Diomede in honour of Venus. 
 
 ApiiRODisuai, a city on the eastern parts of 
 Cyprus, nine miles from Salamis. A pro- 
 montory with an island of the same name on 
 the coast of Spain, Plin. 3, c. 3. 
 
 Aphrodite, the Greecian name of Venus, 
 from «?f3.-, froth, because Venus is said to have 
 been born from the froth of the ocean. Jfe- 
 siod. Th. 195.— Plin. 36, c, 5. 
 
 AphytjE or ApHVTis, a city of Thrace, 
 near Pallena, where Jupiter Amnion was wor- 
 shipped. Lysander besieged the town •. but 
 the god of the place appeared to him in a 
 dream, and advised him to raise the siege, 
 which he immediately did. Paus. 3, c. 18. 
 
 Apia, an ancient name of Peloponnesus, 
 which it received from king Apis It was af- 
 
 AP 
 
 terwards called .iEgialea, Pelasgia, Argia, ami 
 at last Peloponnesus, or the island of Pelops. 
 
 Homer. II. 1, v. 270. Also the name of the 
 
 earth, worshipped among the Lydians as a 
 powerful deity. Herodot. 4, c. 59. 
 
 Apianus, or Apion, weis born at Oasis in 
 Egypt, whence he went to Alexandria, of 
 which he was deemed a citizen. He succeed- 
 ed Theus in the profession of rhetoric in the 
 reign of Tiberius, and wrote a book against the 
 Jews, which Josephus refuted. He was at the 
 head of an embassy which the people of Alex- 
 andria sent to Caligula, to complain of the 
 Jews. Seneca, ep. 88. — Plin. prw/. Hist. 
 
 ApiCATA, married Sejanus, by whom she 
 had three children. She was repudiated. Ta- 
 cit. Ann. 4, c. 3. 
 
 Apicius, a famous glutton in Rome. — There 
 were three of the same name, all famous for 
 their voracious appetite. The first lived in 
 the time of the republic, the second in the 
 reign of Augustus and Tiberius, and the third 
 under Trajan. The second was the most fa- 
 mous, as he wrote a book on the pleasures 
 and incitements of eating. He hanged himself 
 after he had consumed the greatest part of bis 
 estate. The best edition of Apicius Cajlius 
 de Arte Coquinarid, is that of Amst. i2nio. 
 1709. Juv. 11, V. 3 —Martial. 2, ep. 69. 
 
 Apidanus, one of the chief rivers of The's- 
 sah', at the south of the Peneus, into which it 
 falls, a little above Larissa. Lucan. 6, v. 372. 
 
 Apina, and Afiisjz, a city of Apulia, des- 
 troyed with Trica, in its neighbourhood, by 
 Diomedes ; whence came the proverb of 
 Apina 4' Trica, to express trifling things. 
 Martial. 14, ep. 1. — Plin. 3, c. 11. 
 
 Apiola, and ApioL5;,atown of Italy, taken 
 by Tarquin the Proud. The Roman capitol 
 was begun with the spoils taken from tliaf, 
 city. Piiyi. 3, c. 5. 
 
 Apion, a surname of Ptolemy, one of the 
 descendants of Ptolemy Lagus. A gram- 
 marian. IVid. Apianus.] 
 
 Apis, one of the ancient kings of Pelopon ■ 
 nesus, son of Fhoroneus and Laodice. Some 
 say that Apollo was his fatlier, and that he was: 
 king of Argos, while others call him king of 
 Sicyon, and fix the time of his reign above 2C0 
 years earlier, which is enough to show he is 
 but obscurely known, if known at all. He 
 was a native of Naupactum, and descended 
 from Inachus, He received divine honouri. 
 after death, as he had been muniiicent and hu- 
 mane to his subjects. The country where he 
 reigned was called Apia; and afterwards it re- 
 ceived the name of Pelasgia, Argia, or Argolis, 
 and at last that of Peloponnesus, from Peiops. 
 Some, amongst whom is Varro and St. Augus- 
 tine, have imagined that Apis went to Kpypt 
 , with a colony of Greeks, and that he civili;ied 
 the inhabitants, and polished their manner.-;, 
 for which they made him a god after deatli, 
 and paid divine honours to him under the name 
 of SerapLs. This tradition, according to some 
 of the moderns, is without foundation. JEsthyl. 
 in Suppl. — August, de Civ. Dei, 18, c. 5. — 
 
 Paus. 2, c. 5. — ApoUod. 2, c. 1. A son of 
 
 Jason, born in Arcadia ; he was killed by the 
 
 horses of i^^tolus. Paus. 5, c. 1. A town 
 
 of Egypton the lake Mareolis. A god of the 
 
 Egyptians worsliippcd under the form of an 
 ox. Some say that Isis and Obiris me the 
 
AP 
 
 (feities worshipped under this name, because 
 during their reign tliey taught the Egyptians 
 agriculture. Tiie Egyptians believed tliat the 
 soul of Osiris was really departed into the ox, 
 where it wished to dwell, because that animal 
 had been of the most essential service in the 
 cultivation of the ground, which Osiris had in- 
 troduced into Egypt. The ox that was chosen 
 was always distinguished by particular marks ; 
 his body was black ; he had a square white 
 spot upon the forehead, the iigure of an eagle 
 upon the back, a knot under the tongue like a 
 beetle, the hairs of his tail were double, and 
 his right side was marked with a whitish spot, 
 resembling the crescent of the moon. With- 
 out these, an ox could not be taken as the god 
 Apis ; and it is to be imagined that the priests 
 gave these^distinguished characteristics to the 
 animal on whom their credit and even prospe- 
 rity depended. The festival of Apis lasted se- 
 ven days ; the ox was led in a solemn proces- 
 sion by the priests, and everyone Avas anxious 
 to receive him into his house, and it was be- 
 lieved that the children Vv'ho smelt his breath 
 received the knowledge of futurity. The ox 
 was conducted to the banks of the Nile with 
 much ceremony, and if he had lived to the 
 time when their sacred books allowed, tliey 
 drowned him in the river, and embalmed his 
 body, and buried it in solemn state in the city 
 of Memphis. After his death, which some- 
 times w:as natural, the greatest cries and la- 
 mentations were heard in Egypt, as if Osiris 
 was just dead; the priests shaved their headS; 
 "wiiich was a sign of the deepest mourning. 
 This continued till another ox appeared with 
 the proper characteristics to succeed as the 
 deity, which Avas followed with the greatest ac- 
 clamations, as if Osiris was returned to life. This 
 ox, which was found to represent Apis, was left 
 40 days in the city of the Nile before he was 
 carried to Memphis, during which time none 
 but women were permitted to appear before 
 him, and this they performed, according to 
 their superstitious notions, in a wanton and in- 
 decent manner There was also an ox wor- 
 shipped at Heliopolis, under the name of 
 Mnevis ; some supposed that he was Osiris, 
 but others maintain that the Apis of Memphis 
 was sacred to Osiris, and Mnevis'to Isis. When 
 Carnbyses came into Egypt, the people were 
 celebrating the festivals of Apis with every 
 mark of joy and triumph, which the conqueror 
 inteipreted as an insult upon himself. He 
 called the priests' of Apis, and ordered the 
 deity himself to come before him. When he 
 saw that an ox was the object of their venera- 
 tion, and the cause of such rejoicings, he 
 wounded it on the thigh, ordered the priests to 
 be chastised, and commanded his soldiers to 
 daughter such as were found celebrating such 
 riotous fe.stivals. The god Apis had generally 
 two stables, or rather tempie.j. If he eat from 
 tiie hand, it was a favourable omen ; but if he 
 refused the food that va as offered him, it was 
 interpreted r.s unlucky. From this, Germani- 
 cus, when he visited Egypt, drew the omens of 
 his approaching death. When his oracle was 
 consulted, incense v;as burnt on an altar, atid a 
 piece of n)oncy placed upon it, after which the 
 people that wished to know futurity applied 
 their car to the mouth of the god and imme- 
 diately retired, stopping their ears till they had 
 
 AP 
 
 departed from the temple. The first sounds that 
 were heard, v\'ere taken as the answer of the 
 oracle to their questions. Fmis. 7, c. 22. — 
 Herodot. 2 and 3.—Plin. 8, c. 38, hc.—Strab. 
 7. — Plut. ill Idd. and Osir. — Jipollod. 1, c. 7. 
 
 I. 2, c. l.—Mda, 1, c. 9.—Plin. S, c. 39, he. 
 Strah. l.—JElian. V. H. 4 and G.—Diod. l._ 
 
 Apisaon, son of Hippasus, assisted Priara 
 against the Greeks, at the head of a Paeoniaa 
 army. He was killed by Lycomedes. Horn. 
 
 II. 17, V. 348. Another on the same side. 
 
 Apitius Galba, a celebrated buffoon in 
 
 the time of Tiberius. Juv. 5, v. 4. 
 
 ApoLLiNAREs LUDi, games (jdebrated at 
 Rome in honour of Apollo. They originated 
 from the following circumstance : an old pro- 
 phetic poem informed the Romans, that if they 
 instituted yearly games to Apollo, and made a 
 collection of money for his service,.they would 
 be able to repel the enemy whose approach al- 
 ready signified their destruction. The first 
 time they wei»e celebrated, Rome was alarmed 
 by the approach of the enemy, and instantly 
 the people rushed out of the city, and saw a 
 cloud of arrows discharged from the sky on the 
 troops of the enemy. With this heavenly as- 
 sistance they easily obtained the victory. The 
 people generally sat crowned with laurel at the 
 representation of these games, which were 
 usually celebrated at the option of .the praslor* 
 till the year U. C. 545, when a law was passed 
 to settle the celebration yearly on the same 
 day, about the nones of July. When this alte- 
 ration happened, Rome was infested with a 
 dreadful pestilence, which, however, seemed 
 to be appeased by this act of religion. Lit. 
 25, c. 12. 
 
 Apollinaris, C. Sulpitius, a grammarian of 
 Caithage, in the second century, who is sup- 
 posed to be the author of the verses prefixed 
 
 to Terence's plays as arguments. A writer 
 
 better known by the name of Sidonius. Vid* 
 Sidonius. 
 
 Apollonides, a Greek iu the wars of Da- 
 rius and Alexander, &c. Curt. 4, c. 5. 
 
 AppoLTviNis Arx, a place at the entrance of 
 
 the Sibyl's cave. Vir^. JEn. 6. Promon- 
 
 torium, a ])romontory of Africa. Liv. 30, c. 
 
 24. Templum, a place of Thrace, ■ in 
 
 Lycia. JEliun. V. H. 6, c. 9. 
 
 Apollo, son of Jupiter and Latona, called 
 also Phrebus, is often confounded with the sun. 
 According to Cicero, 3. de Js'^at. Deor. there 
 were four persons of this name. The first was 
 son of Vulcan, and the tutelary god of the 
 Athenians. The second "was son of Corybas, 
 and was born in Crete, for the dominion of 
 which he disputed even with Jupiter himself 
 The third was son of Jupiter and Latona, and 
 came from the nations of the Hyperboreans 
 to Delphi. The fourth was born in Ai'cadia, 
 and called Nomion, because he gave laws to the 
 inhabitants. To the son of Jupiter and Latona 
 all the actions of the others seem to have been 
 attributed. The Apollo, son of Vulcan, was the 
 same as the Orus of the Egyptians, and was the 
 most ancient, from whom the actions of the 
 others have been copied. The three others 
 seem to be of Grecian origin. The tradition 
 that the son of Latona was born in the floating 
 island of Delos, is taken from the Egyptiai^ 
 mythology, which asserts that the son ol Vul- 
 can, which is supposed to be Orus, wrs guved 
 
AP 
 
 by his mother Isis from the persecution of Ty- 
 phon, and intrusted to the care of Latona, who 
 concealed him in the island of Chemmis. — 
 When Latona was pregnant by Jupiter, Juno, 
 who w^as ever jealous of her husband's amours, 
 raised the serpent Python to torment Latona, 
 who was refused a place to give birth to her 
 children,tillTN'eptune, moved at the severity of 
 her fate, raised the island of Delos from the bot- 
 tom of the sea, where Latona brought forth 
 Apollo and Diana. Apollo was the god of all 
 the fiiie arts, of medicine, music, poetry, and 
 eloquence, of all which he was deemed the in- 
 ventor. He had received from Jupiter the 
 power of knowing futurity, and he was the only 
 one of the gods whose oracles were in general 
 repute over the world. His amours with Leuco- 
 thoe, Daphne, Issa, Bolina, Coronis, Clymene. 
 Cyrene, Chione, Acacallis, Calliope, 6ic. are 
 well known, and the various shapes he assu- 
 med to gratify his passion. He was very fond 
 of young Hyacinthus, whom he accidentally 
 killed with a quoit ; as also of Cyparissus, who 
 was changed into a cypress tree. When his son 
 ./Esculapius had been killed with the thunders 
 of Jupiter, for raising the dead to life, Apollo, 
 in his resentment, killed the Cyclops who had 
 fabricated the thunderbolts. Jupiter was in- 
 censed at this act of violence, and he banished 
 Apollo from heaven, and deprived him of his 
 dignity. The exiled deity came to Admetus, 
 kingof Thessaly, and hired himself to be one of 
 his shepherds, in which ignoble employment he 
 remained nine years ; from which circumstance 
 be was called the god of shepherds, and at his sa- 
 crifices a wolfwas generally offered, as that ani- 
 mal is the declared enemy of the sheepfold. 
 During his residence in Thessaly, he rcAvarded 
 the tender treatment of Admetus. He gave 
 him a chariot, drawn by a lion and a bull, with 
 which he was able to obtain in marriage Alceste 
 the daughter of Pelias; and soon after, the 
 Parcae granted, at Apollo's request, that Adme- 
 tus might be redeemed from death, if another 
 person laid down his life for hira. He assisted 
 Neptune in building the walls of Troy; and 
 when he was refused the promised reward from 
 Laomedon.the king of the countiy, he destroy- 
 ed the inhabitants by a pestilence. As soon as 
 he was born, Apollo destroyed with arrows the 
 serpent Python, whom Juno had sent to per- 
 secute Latona; hence he w^as called Pythius; 
 and he afterwards vindicated the honour of his 
 juother by putting to death the children of the 
 proud Niobe. [l^/t/. IViob^] He Avas not the 
 inventorofthe lyre, as some have imagined,but 
 Mercury gave it him, and received as a reward 
 the famous caduceus with Avhich Apollo was 
 wont to drive the Hocks of Admetus. His con- 
 test witii Pan and Marsyas, and the punishment 
 inllicted upon Midas, are well known. He re- 
 ceived the surnames of Phoebus, Delius, Cyn- 
 thius, P/ean, Delphicus, Nomius, Lycius, Cla- 
 riiis, Jsmeni:is, Vulturius, Smintheus, &c. for 
 reasons which are explained under those words. 
 Apollo is generally represented with long hair, 
 and the llomuns were fond of imitating his 
 figure ; aud therefore in their youth they were 
 remarkable for their fine head of hair, which 
 they cut short at the age of seventeen or eigh- 
 teen ; he is always represented as a tall beard- 
 less young man witli a hand.some shape, holding 
 in his hand a bow, and sometimes a lyre : his 
 
 Ap 
 
 heacl IS generally suiTounded with beams cri 
 light. He was the deity who, according to the 
 notions of the ancients, inflicted plagues, and 
 in that moment he appeared surrounded with 
 clouds. His worship and power wei-e univer- 
 sally acknowledged : he had temples and sta- 
 tues in every country, particularly in Egypt, 
 Greece, and Italy. His statue, which siood 
 upon mount Actiura, as a mark to mariners to 
 avoid the dangerous coasts, was particularly fa- 
 mous, and it appeared a great distance at sea. 
 Augustus, before the battle of Actium, address- 
 ed himself to it for victory. The gi-iliin, the 
 cock, the grasshopper, the wolf, the crow, the 
 swan, the liawk, the olive, the laurel, the palm- 
 ti-ee, ^z-c. were sacred to him ; and in his sacri- 
 fices, wolves and hawks were offered, as they 
 were the natural enemies of the flocks over 
 which he presided. . Bullocks and lambs were 
 also immolated to him. As he presided over 
 poetry, he was often seen on mount Pai-nassus 
 with the nine muses. His most famous oracles 
 were at Delphi, Delos, Clares, Tenedos, Cyr- 
 rha, and Patara. His most splendid temple was 
 at Delphi, where every nation and individual 
 made considerable presents when they con- 
 sulted the oracle. Augustus, after the battle 
 of Actium, built him a temple on mount Pala- 
 tine, which he enriched with a valuable library. 
 He had a famous Colossus in Rhodes, which 
 was one of the seven wonders of the world. 
 Apollo has been taken for the sun ; but it may 
 be proved by ditterent passages in the ancient 
 writers, that Apollo, the Sun, Phcebus aud Hy- 
 perion,were all different characters and deities, 
 though confounded together. When once Apol*- 
 1q^ was addressed as the Sun, and represented 
 with a crown of rays on his head, the idea was 
 adopted by every writer, and from thence arose 
 the mistake. Ovid. Met. 1, fab. 9 and 10, L 4- fab 
 
 3, kc.~Faus. 2, c. 7, 1. 5, c. 7, i. 7, c. 20, 1. 9, ci 
 30, tc. Hygin. fab. 9, 14, 50, 93, 140, 16 1 , 202, 
 203, ^t.—Sial. 1. Theb. oGO.—TibulL 2, el. 3. 
 — Plut. de Amor. — Horn. II. 4- Hymn, in ApolL 
 Virg. J£n. 2, 3, k.Q.. G. 4, v. 323.— Horct. 1, od. 
 10.— Uician. Dial. Mer. 4' Vulc.-Propert. 2, 
 el. 28. — Callimach. in Apoll. — Apollod:. 1, c. 3, 
 
 4, a?id 9, 1. 2, c. 5, 1. 3, c. 5, 10 and 12. One 
 
 of the ships in the fleet of iEneas. Virg. ^n. 
 
 10, V. 171. Also a temple of Apollo upon 
 
 mount Leucas, which appeared at a great dis- 
 tance at sea, and served as a guide to mariners, 
 and reminded them to avoid the dangerous 
 rocks that were along the coast. Virs. JEn 
 3,v.275. ^ 
 
 Apollochates, a friend of Dion, supposed 
 by some to be the son of Dionysius. 
 
 Apollodurus, a famous grammarian and 
 mythologist of Athens, son of Ascle])ias, and 
 disciple to Panatius the Rhodfen philosopher. 
 He flourished about 115 years before the chris- 
 tian era, and wrote an history of Athens, be- 
 sides other works. But of all his composition.^ 
 nothiagis extaiit but his £i///w//tec«., a valuable 
 work, divided into three books. It is aa 
 alsridged history- of the gods, and of the an- 
 cient heroes, of whose actions and gejiealogyit 
 gives a ti-ue and faithful account. The best 
 edition is that oi Hct/nc, Goett. in Svo. 4 vol'. 
 1782. Alhen.—riin. 7, c. 31.—Diod. 4 and 13. - 
 
 A tragic poet of Cilicia, who wrote tra 
 
 gedies entitled Ulysses, Thyestes, he. A 
 
 « omic poet of <JeIa iu Slcilv, in the age of Mc- 
 
AP 
 
 naiider, who wrote 47 plays. An architect' 
 
 of Damascus, who du-ccted the building of 
 Trajan's bridge across the Danube. He was 
 put to deatli by Adrian, to whom, when in a 
 private station, he had spoken in too bold a 
 manner. A writer who composed an histo- 
 ry of Parthia. A disciple of Epicuras, the 
 
 most learned of his scheol, and deservedly 
 sumamed the Illustrious. He wrote about 40 
 
 volumes on different subjects. Diog. A 
 
 painter of Athens, of whom Zeuxis was a pu- 
 pil. Two of his paintings were admired at 
 Pergamus in the age of Pliny ; ajiriest in a 
 suppliant posture, and Ajax strack with Mi- 
 nerva's thunders. He was of such an irasci- 
 ble disposition that he destroyed his own 
 pieces upon the least provocation. Plin. 34, c. 
 
 8. A rhetorician of Pergaraus, preceptor 
 
 and friend to Augustus, who wrote a book on 
 rhetoric. Slrab. 13. A tragic poet of Tar- 
 sus, A Lemnian who wrote on husbandry. 
 
 A physician of Tarentum. Another 
 
 of Cytium. 
 
 Apollonia, a festival at ^gialea in honour 
 ©f Apollo and Diana. It arose from this cir- 
 cumstance ; these two deities came to iEgialea, 
 after the conquest of the serpent Python ; but 
 they were fMghtened away, and fled to Crete. 
 iEgialea was soon visited with an epidemical 
 distemper, andtheinhabitants,by the advice of 
 their prophets, sent seven chosen boys, with 
 the same number of girls, to entreat them to 
 return to ^gialea. Apollo and Diana grant- 
 ed their petition, in honour of which a temple 
 was raised to tth^'^ the goddess of persuasion ; 
 and ever after, a number of youths of both 
 sexes were chosen to march in solemn proces- 
 sion, as if anxious to bring back Apollo and Di- 
 ana. Pausan. in Corinth. A town of Myg- 
 
 donia. — Of Crete. — Of Sicily. — On the coast 
 of Asia Minor. — Another on the coast of 
 Thrace, part of which was built on a small 
 island of Pontus, where Apollo had a temple. 
 
 A town of Macedonia, on the coasts of 
 
 the Adriatic. A city of Thrace. Another 
 
 on mount Parnassus. 
 
 Apollonias, the wife of Attalus king of 
 Phrygia, to whom she bore four children. 
 
 Apoloniades, a tyrant of Sicily, compel- 
 led to lay down his power by Timoleon. 
 
 Apollonides, a writer of Nicaea, A 
 
 physician of Cos at the court of Artaxerxes, 
 who became enamoured of Amytas, tlie mo- 
 narch's sister, and was some time after put to 
 death for slighting her after the reception of 
 her favours. 
 
 Apollonius, a stoic philosopher of Chal- 
 cis, sent for by Antoninus Pius, to instruct his 
 adopted son IVJiircus Antoninus. When he 
 r.amc to Rome, ne refused to go to the palace, 
 observing, that the master ought not to wait 
 upon his pupil, but the pupil upon him. The 
 p.mpcror heaving this, said, laughing, " It was 
 then easier for Apollonius to come from Chal- 
 cis to Rome, than from Rome to the palace." 
 
 A geometrician of Perge in Pamphylia, 
 
 whoso works are now lost. He lived about 242 
 ycar.s before the christian era, and composed 
 H conimentury on Euclid, whose pupils he at- 
 ( ended at Alexandria. He wrote a treatise on 
 I'Dnic sections,, eight of which are now extant; 
 and he first endeavoured to explain the causes 
 of the appaveiil stopping and retrograde mo- 
 
 AP 
 
 tion of the planets, by cycles and epicycles^ 
 or circles v/ithin circles. — The best edition of 
 
 Apollonius is Dr.Halley's,Oxon.fol. 1710. 
 
 A poet of Naucrates in Egypt, generally call- 
 ed Apollonius of Rhodes, because he lived for 
 some time there. He was pupil, when young, 
 to Callimachus and Panaetius, and succeeded 
 to Eratosthenes as third librarian of the fa- 
 mous library of Alexandria, under Ptolemy 
 Evergetes. He was ungrateful to his master 
 Callimachus, who wrote a poem against him, 
 in which he denominated him Ibis. Of all his 
 works nothing remains but his poem on the 
 expedition of the Argonauts, in four books. 
 The best editions of Apollonius are those print- 
 ed at Oxford, in 4to. by Shaw, 1777, in 2 vols, 
 and in 1, 8vo. 1779, and that of Brunck. Ar- 
 
 gentor, 12mo. 1780. Quinlil. 10, c. 1. A 
 
 Greek orator, surnamed Molo, was a native of 
 Alabanda in Caria. He opened a school of 
 rhetoric at Rhodes and Rome, and had J. Cae- 
 sar and Cicero among his pupils. He discour- 
 aged the attendance of those whom he sup- 
 posed incapable of distinguishing themselves 
 as orators, and he recommended to them pur- 
 suits more congenial to their abilities. H© 
 wrote an history, in which he did not candidly 
 treat the people of Judasa.accordingto the com- 
 plaint 01 Josephus contra ^pion. Cic. de Orat. 
 1, c. 28, 75, 126; and 130. MFamilS, ep. 16. 
 De Invent. 1, c. 81. — Quinfil. 3, c. 1, 1. 2, c. 6. — 
 
 Suet, in Cms. 4. — Pint, in Cces. A Greek 
 
 historian about the age of Augustus, who wrote 
 upon the pliilosophy of Zeno and of his follow- 
 ers. Strab. 14. A stoic philosopher who at- 
 tended Cato of Utica in his last moments. Plut. 
 in Cat. An otlicer set over Egypt by Alex- 
 ander. Curt. 4, c. 8. A wrestler. Pans. 5. 
 
 A physician of Pergamus, who wrote on 
 
 agriculture. Varro. A grammarian of 
 
 Alexandria. ^A writer in the age of Anto- 
 ninus Pius. Thyaneus, a Pythagorean phi- 
 
 losopher, well skilled in the secret arts of ma- 
 gic. Being one day haranguing the populace 
 at Ephesus, he suddenly exclaimed, " Strike 
 the tyrant, strike him ; the blow is given, he is 
 wounded, and fallen !" At that very moment 
 the emperor Domitlan had been stabbed at 
 Rome. The magician acquired much reputa- 
 tion when tills circumstance was known. He 
 was courted by kings and princes, and com- 
 manded unasual atteiition by his numberless 
 artifices. His friend and companion, called 
 Damis, wrote his life, which 200 years after en- 
 gaged the attention of Philostratus. In his 
 history the biographer relates so many curi- 
 ous and extraordinary anecdotes of his hero, 
 that many have justly deemed it a romance ; 
 yet for all this, Hierocles had the presumption 
 to compare the hnpostnres of Apollonius with 
 
 the miracles of Jesus Christ. A sophist of 
 
 Alexandria, distinguished for his Lexicon Grai- 
 cum liiadis c.t Odi/sscce, a book that was beau- 
 tifully edited by Villoison, in 4to. 2 vols. Paris, 
 1773. Ap'oUonius was one of the pupils of 
 Didymus, and flourished in the beginning ofthe 
 
 first century. A physician. A son of So- 
 
 tades at the court of Ptolemy Philadelphus. 
 
 Syrus, a Platonic philosopher. Hero- 
 
 philius, wrote concerning ointments. A 
 
 sculptor of Rhodes. 
 
 Apollophanes, a stoic, who greatly flat- 
 tered king AntigOHus, and maintained that 
 
AF 
 
 there existed but one virtue, prudence. Diog. 
 
 A physician in the court of Antiochus. 
 
 Polyb. 5. A comic poet. JElian. Anim. 6. 
 
 Apomyios, a surname of Jupiter. 
 
 ApoNiANA; an island near Lilybaeum. Hirt. 
 Afrir. 2. 
 
 M. Aponius, a governor of JMcesia, reward- 
 ed with a triumphal statue by Otho, for defeat- 
 ing 9000 barbarians. Tacit. Hist. 1, c. 79. 
 
 ApoNDS, now Mano, a fountain, with a vil- 
 lage of the same name, near Pata\ium in Italy. 
 The waters of the fountain, which were hot, 
 were wholesome, and were supposed to have 
 an oracular power. Lucan. 7, v. 194. — Suet, 
 ill Tiber. 14. 
 
 Apostrophia, a surname of Venus in 
 BcBOtia, who was distinguished under these 
 names, Venus Ui-ania, Vulgaria, and Apostro- 
 phia, The former was the patroness of a 
 pure and chaste love ; the second of carnal and 
 sensual desires; and the last incited men to il- 
 licit and unnatural gratifications, to incests 
 and rapes. Venus Apostrophia was invoked 
 by the Thebans, that they might be saved from 
 such unlawful desires. She is the same as the 
 Verticordia of the Romans. Paus. 9, c. 16. — 
 Vol. Max. 8, c. 15. 
 
 Apotheosis, a ceremony obser\"ed by the 
 ancient nations of the world, by which' they 
 raised their kings, heroes, and great men, to 
 the rank of deities. The nations of the east 
 were the first who paid divine honours to their 
 great men, and the Romans followed their ex- 
 ample, and not only deified the most prudent 
 and humane of their emperors, bat also the 
 most cruel and profligate. Ilerodian 4, c. 2, 
 has left us an account of the apotheosis of a 
 Roman emperor. After the body of the de- 
 ceased was burnt, an ivory image Avas laid on 
 a couch for seven days, representing the empe- 
 ror under the agonies of disease. The city was 
 in sorrow, the senate visited it in mourning, 
 and the physicians pronounced it every day in 
 a more decaying state. When the death was 
 announced, a young band of senators carried 
 the couch and image to the Campus MartiuS; 
 where it was deposited on an edifice in the form 
 of a pyramid, where spices and combustible 
 materials were thrown. After this the knights 
 walked round the pile in solemn procession, 
 and th3 images of the most illustrious Romans 
 were di-awn in state, and immediately the new 
 emperor, with a torch, set fire to the pile, and 
 was assisted by the surrounding multitude. 
 Meanwhile an eagle was let fly from the mid- 
 dle of the pile, which was supposed to cariy 
 the soul of the deceased to heaven, where he 
 was ranked among the gods. If the deified 
 was a female, a peacock, and not an eagle, was 
 sent from the flames. — The Greeks observed 
 ceremonies much of the same nature, 
 
 Appia via, a celebrated road leading from 
 the Porta Capena at Rome to Brundusium, 
 through^ Capua. Appius Claudius made it as 
 far a.s Capua, and it received its name from 
 him. It was continued and finished by Grac- 
 t-hus, J. Ca3s:u-, and Augustus. — Vid. Via. 
 Lmaa. 3, v. 2S5. — S7a/. 2. ^qlv. 2, v. J2.— 
 Marl. 9, ep. 104.— Sue/, in Tiber. 14. 
 
 Appia DEs, a name given to these five 
 
 deities, Venus, Pallas, Vesta, Concord, and 
 
 Peace, because a temple was erected to them 
 
 n«ar the Appifin roads. Tlie name was also 
 
 13 
 
 AP 
 
 applied to those courtezans at Rome who liv- 
 ed near the temple of Venus by the Appiae, 
 Aquse, and the forum of J. Cgesar. Ovid, de 
 Art. Am. 3, v. 452. 
 
 Appianus, a Greek historian of Alexandria, 
 who flourished A. D. 123. His universal his- 
 tory, which consisted of 24 books, was a series 
 of history of all the nations that had been con- 
 quered by the Romans in the order of time ; 
 and in the composition, the writer displayed, 
 with a style simple and unadorned, a great 
 knowledge of military affairs, and described 
 his battles in a masterly manner. This excel- 
 lent worlf is greatly mutilated, and there is ex- 
 tant now only the account of the Punic, Syri- 
 an, Parthian, Mithridatic and Spanish wars, 
 with those of lUyricum and the civil dissen- 
 tions, with a fragment of the Celtic wars. The 
 best editions are those of Tollius and Vario- 
 rum, 2 vols. 8vo. Amst. 1670, and that of Sch- 
 weigheuserus, 3 vols. 8vo. Lips. 1785. He was 
 so eloquent that the emperor highly promoted 
 iiim in the state. He wrote an universal his- 
 tory in 24 books, which began from the time 
 of the Trojan war, down to his own age. Few 
 books of this valuable work are extant. 
 
 Apii Forum, now Burgo Longo, a little vil- 
 lage not far from Rome, built by the consul 
 Appius. Horat. 1, Sat. 5. 
 
 Appius, the prsenomen of an illustrious fami- 
 ly at Rome. A censor of that name, A. U. 
 
 C. 442. Horat. 1, Sat. 6. 
 
 Appius Claudius, a decemvir who ob- 
 tained his power by force and oppression. He 
 attempted the virtue of Virginia, whom her 
 father killed to preserve her chastity. This 
 act of violence was the cause of a revolution 
 in the state, and the ravisher destroyed him- 
 self when cited to appear before the tribunal 
 
 of his countiy. Liv. 3, c, 33. Claudius 
 
 Ccecus, a Roman orator, who built the Appian 
 way, and many aqueducts in Rome. When 
 Pyrrhus, who was come to assist the Tai'en- 
 tines against Rome, demanded peace of the 
 senators, Appius, grown old in the service of 
 the republic, caused himself to be carried to 
 the senate house, and, by his authority, dis- 
 suaded them from granting a peace which 
 would prove dishonourable to the Roman 
 name. Ovid. Fast. 6, v. 203. — Cic. in Brut. 
 
 «^' Tusc. 4. A Roman who, when he heard 
 
 that he had been proscribed by tlie triumvirs, 
 divided his riches among his servants, and em- 
 barked with them for Sicily. In their passage 
 the vessel was shipAvrecked, and Appius alone 
 
 saved his life. Appian. 4. Claudius Cras- 
 
 sus, a consul, who, with Sp, Naut, Rutulius, 
 conquered the Celtn)erians, and was defeated 
 
 by Perseus, king of Macedonia. Liv. 
 
 Claudius Pulcher, a gi-andson of Ap. CI. Cae- 
 cus, consul in the age of Sylla, retired from 
 grandeur to enjoy the pleasures of a private 
 
 life. Clausus, a general of the Sabines, 
 
 ^vho, upon being ill-treated by his country- 
 men, retired to Rome with 500<) of his friends, 
 and was ^admitted into the senate in the early 
 
 ages of the republic. Plut. in Poplic. Her- 
 
 donius ^^oized the capitol witli 4i)0() exiles, A., 
 U. C. 292, and was soon after overthrown. 
 
 LiiK 3, c. 15. — Flor. 3, c. 19. Claudius 
 
 Lentulus, a consul with M. Perpenna. A 
 
 dictator who conquered the Hernici. The 
 
 name of Appius \\ as common in Rome, and 
 
AQ 
 
 particularly to many consuls whose history is 
 not marked by any uncommon event. 
 
 Appula, an immodest woman, &c. Juv. 6, 
 V. 64. 
 
 Apries and Aprius, one of the kings of 
 Egypt in the age of Cyrus, supposed to l>e the 
 Pharaoh Hophra of scripture. He took Si- 
 don, and lived in great prosperity till his sub- 
 jects revolted to Amasis, by whom he was con- 
 quered and strangled. Herodol. 2, c. 159, &.c. 
 —Diod. 1. 
 
 ApsiNTpii, a people of Tlirace : they receiv- 
 ed their name from a river called ApsinthuS; 
 wliich floAved through their territory. Dionys. 
 Perieg. 
 
 Apsinus, an Athenian sophist in the third 
 century, author of a work called PrcEceplor de 
 Arle Rhetork-a. 
 
 ApsuS; a river of Macedonia, falling into the 
 Ionian sea between Dyi'rhachium and Apol- 
 lonia. Lv.cun. 5, v. 46, 
 
 ApTERA, an inland town of Crete. Ptol. — 
 Pli7i. 4, c. 12. 
 
 Apuleia LEX, was enacted by L. Apuleius 
 the tribune, A. U. C. 652, for inflicting a pu- 
 nishment upon such as were guilty of raising 
 seditions, or showing violence in the city 
 
 "Varilia, a grand-daughter of Augustus, con- 
 victed of adultery with a certain Manlius in 
 tlie reign of Tiberius. Tacit. An. c. 50. 
 
 Apuleius, a learned man, born at Madaura 
 in Africa. He studied at Carthage, Athens, 
 and Rome, where he married a rich widow 
 called Pudentilla, for which he was accused 
 by some of her relations of using magical arts 
 to win her heart. His apology Avas a masterly 
 composition. In his youth, Apuleius had been 
 very expensive ; but he was, in a maturer age, 
 more devoted to study, and learnt Latin with- 
 out a master. The most famous of his works 
 extant is the golden ass, in eleven books, an 
 allegorical piece replete with morality. The 
 best editions of Apuleius are the Delphin. 2 
 vols. 4to, Paris, 1688, and Pricaii, 8vo. Goudae. 
 1650. 
 
 ApuLLi, now Pnglia, a country of Italy be- 
 tween Daunia and Calabria. It was part of 
 the ancient Magna Grajcia, and generally di- 
 vided into Apalia Daunia, and Apulia Puece- 
 tia.' It was famous for its avooIs, superior to 
 all the produce of Italy. Some suppose that 
 it is called after Apulus, an ancient king of the 
 country before the Trojan war. Pliji. 3, c. 
 U.— Cic.de Div. 1, c. 4S.—8trab. 6.~Mela, 2, 
 c. 4. — Marlial iyi Jlpoph. 155. 
 
 Apuscidamus, a lake of Africa. All bodies, 
 how ever heavy, were said to swim on the sur- 
 face of its waters. PUn. 32, c. 2. 
 
 Aquarius, one of tiie signs of the zodiac, 
 rising in Januarj'^, and setting in February. 
 Sonie suppose that Ganymede was changed 
 into this sign. Virg. G. 3, v. 304. 
 
 AqiTiLARi A, a place of Africa. C(es. 2. Bell. 
 Civ. 23. 
 
 Aquileia, or Aquilegia, a town found- 
 ed by altoinan colony, called, fjom hs gran- 
 deiu', Roma scrunda, and situcited at tiie 
 north of liie Adriatic sea, on tlie confines of 
 Italy. The Romans built it chiefly to ojtposc 
 the frequent incursions of tlie barbarians. 
 The Roman emi^erors enlarged arjd beautified 
 it, and often n:ade it their residence. Jlal. 8, 
 V. (i05.^Marlia.L 4, ep. 25.— Mela, 2, c. 4. 
 
 AR 
 
 Aquilius Niger, an historian mentioned hy 
 Sueton. in Aug. 11. Marcus, a Roman con- 
 sul who had the government of Asia Minor* 
 
 Jusiin. 36, c. 4. Sabinus, a lawyer of Rome, 
 
 surnamedthe Cato of his age. He was father 
 to Aquilia Severa, whom Heliogabalus mar- 
 
 ried.i Severas, a poet and historian in the 
 
 age of Valentinian. 
 
 Aquillia and Aquilia, a patrician fami- 
 ly at Rome, from which few illustrious men 
 rose. 
 
 Aquilo, a wind blowing from the north. 
 Its name is derived, according to some, from 
 Aquila, on account of its keenness and ve- 
 locity. 
 
 Aquilonia, a city of the Hirpini in Italy. 
 Liv. 10, c. 38. 
 
 Aqui.mus, a poet of moderate capacity. 
 Cic. 5. Tusc. 
 
 Aquinum, a town of Latium, on the borders 
 of the Samnites, where Juvenal was born. A 
 dye M as invented there, which greatly resem- 
 bled the real pui"ple. Horat. 1, ep. 10, v. 27.— 
 Strah.—Ital. 8, v. 404.— Juv. 3, v. 319. 
 
 Aquitania, a country of Gaul, bounded on 
 the west by Spain, north by the province of 
 Lugdunum, south by the province called Gal- 
 lia IVarbonensis. Its inhabitants are cUed 
 Aquitani. PUn. 4, c. 17, — Strab. 4. 
 
 Ara, a constellation, consisting of seven, 
 stars, near the tail of the Scorpion. Ovid. Met. 
 2, V. 138. 
 
 Ara lugdunensis, a place at the confluence 
 of the Arar and Rhone. Juv. 1, v. 44, 
 
 Araearches, a vulgar person among tlie 
 Egyptians, or perhaps an usual expression 
 for the leaders of the Arabians, who resided in 
 Rome. Juv. 1, v. 130. Some believe that 
 Cicero, 2, ep. 17, (ul Altic. alluded to Pompey 
 under the name of Arabarches. 
 
 Arabia, a large country of Asia, foniiing 
 a peninsula between the Arabian and Persian 
 gulfs. It is generally divided into three dif- 
 iferent parts, Petraea, Deserta, and Felix. It 
 is famous for its frankincense and aromatic 
 plants. The inhabitants were formerly under 
 their own chiefs, an uncivilized people, who 
 paid adoration to the sun, moon, and even ser- 
 pents, and who had their wives in common, 
 and circumcised their children. The country 
 has often been invaded, but never totally sub- 
 dued. Alexander the Great expressed his 
 wish to place the seat of his empire in their 
 territories. The soil is rocky and sandy, the 
 inhabitants are scarce, the mountains rugged, 
 and the country without Avater. In Arabia, 
 whatever Avoman Avas convicted of adultery 
 was capitally punished. The Arabians for 
 some time sup})orted the splendour of litera- 
 ture, which Avas extinguished by the tyranny 
 and superstition Avhich prevailed in Egypt, 
 and to them Ave are indebted for the invention 
 of algebra, or the application of signs and 
 letters to represent lines, numbers, and quan- 
 tities, and also for the numerical characters of 
 1, 2, 3, &.C. first used in Europe, A. D. 1253. 
 Ucrodot. 1, 2, 3, and Diod. 1 and 2.— PUn 
 12 and U.—Strab. IQ.—Xcnoph.— Tibull. 2, 
 el. 2.— Curt. 5, c. I.— Virg. G 1, v. 57.— 
 Also the name of the Avife of iEgyptus. Apol- 
 lod. 
 
 ArabTcus sinus, a sea between Egypt 
 and Arabia, ditFerent? according to some au- 
 
 i 
 
AR 
 
 tuors, from the Red Sea, which they suppose 
 to be between ^Ethiopia and India, and the 
 Arabian gulf further above, between Egypt 
 and Arabia. It is about 40 days' sail in length, 
 and not half a day's in the most extensive 
 breadth. PUn.d, c. l\.—Strab. 
 
 Arabis, Arabius, Arbis, an Indian river. 
 Curt. 9, c. 10. 
 
 Arabs and Arabus, a son of Apollo and 
 Babjione, who first invented medicine, and 
 taught it in Arabia, which is called after his 
 name. Plin. 7, c. 56. 
 
 Aracca arid Arecca, a city of Susiana. 
 Tibul. 4, el. 1. 
 
 Arachne, a woman of Colophon, daugh- 
 ter to Idmon a dyer. She was so skilful in 
 working with the needle, that she challenged 
 Minerva, the goddess of the art, to a trial of 
 skill. She represented on her work the amours 
 of Jupiter with Europa, Antiope, Leda, 
 Asteria, Danae, Alcmene, Sic. but though 
 her piece Avas perfect ond masterly, she was 
 defeated by Minerva, and hanged herself in 
 despair, and was changed into a spider by the 
 
 goddess. Ovid. Met. 6, fab. 1, kc. A city 
 
 of Thessaly. 
 
 Arachosia, a city of A-sia, near the Mas- 
 sage tae. It was built by Semiramis. One 
 
 of the -Persian provinces beyond the Indus. 
 Flin. 6, c^ 23.— Slrab. 11. 
 
 ARACHoTiE and Arachoti, a people of 
 India, who received their name from the 
 river Arachotus, which flows down from 
 mount Caucasus. Dionys. Perieg. — Curt. 9, 
 c. 7. 
 
 Arachthias, one of the four capital ri- 
 vers of Epirus, near Nicopolis, falling into the 
 bay of Ambracia. Strab. 7. 
 
 Aracillum, a town of Hispania Tarraco- 
 nensis. Flor. 4, c. 12. 
 
 Aracosii, an Indian nation. Justin. 13, 
 c. 4. 
 
 Aracvnthus, a mountain of Acarnania, 
 between the Achelous and Evenus, not far 
 from the shore, and called Actaius. Plin. 4, 
 C.2.— -Virg. Ed. 2, V. 24. 
 
 Aradus, an island near Phoenicia, joined to 
 the continent by a bridge. Dionys. Perieg. 
 
 Arje, rocks in the middle of the Mediter- 
 ranean, between Africa and Sardinia, where 
 the Romans and Africans ratified a treaty. It 
 was upon them that .flilneas lost the greatest 
 part of his fleet : they are supposed to be those 
 islands which are commonly called JEgates. 
 Virg.JEn. 1, v. 113. 
 
 Ar.e Phii.^enorum, a maritime city of 
 Africa, on the borders of Cyrene. Sallust. 
 Jug. Bell. 19 and 79. 
 
 Arar, now the Saone, a river of Gaul, flow- 
 ing into the Rhone, over which Cajsar's sol- 
 diers made a bridge in one day. Ca's. Bell. 
 Oall.l, c. 12.— Si/. 3, V. 452. 
 
 Ararus, a Scythian river flowing through 
 Armenia. Her odot. 4, c. 48. 
 
 Arathvrka, a small province of Achaia, 
 afterwards called Asophis, with a city of the 
 same name. Homer. 11. 2, — S7m6. 8. 
 
 Aratus, a Greek poet of Cilicia, about 
 277 B. C. He was greatly esteemed by Anti- 
 gonus Gonatas, king of Macedonia, at whose 
 court he passed much of his time, and by whose 
 desire he wrote a poem on astronomy, in which 
 ' ' gis'os an account of f be situations; rising and 
 
 AR 
 
 setting, number and motion of the stars. Ci- 
 cei-o represents him as unacquainted with as- 
 trology, yet capable of writing upon it in ele- 
 gant and highly finished verses, v/hich, how- 
 ever, from the subject, admit of little variety. 
 Aratus wrote besides, hymns and epigrams, &c. 
 and had among his interpreters and commen- 
 tators many of the learned men of Greece 
 whose works are lost, besides Cicero, Claudius, 
 and Germanicus Casar, who, in their youth, or 
 moments of relaxation, translated the. plK&no- 
 mena into Latin verse. The best editions of 
 Aratus are Grotius' 4to. apud Raphaleng. 
 1600 ; and Oxon. 8vo. 1672. Cic. de Kat. D. 
 2, c. 4\.~Paus. 1, c. 2.— Ovid. Am. 1, el. 15, 
 
 V. 26. The son of Clinias and Aristodama, 
 
 was born at Sicyon in Achaia, near the river 
 Asopus. When he was but seven years of age, 
 his father, who held the government of Sicyon, 
 was assassinated by Abantidas, who made him- 
 self absolute. After some revolutions, the sove- 
 reignty came into the hands of Nicocles.whom 
 Aratus murdered, to restore his country to liber- 
 ty. He was so jealous of tyrannical power, that 
 he even destroyed a picture which was the re- 
 presentation of atyrant. He joined the republic 
 of Sicyon in the Achaean league, which he 
 streugthened;bymaking a treaty of alliance with 
 theCorinthians,andvvithPtoleray king of Egypt. 
 He was chosen chief commander of the forces 
 of the Achieans, and drove away the Macedo- 
 nians from Athens and Corinth. He made 
 war against the Spartans, but was conquered 
 in a battle by their king Cleomenes. To repair 
 the losses he had sustained, ho solicited the as- 
 sistance of king Antigonus, and drove away 
 Cleomenes from Sparta, who fled to Egypt, 
 where he killed himself. The jEtolians soon 
 after attacked the Acha^ans ; and Aratus, to 
 support his character, was obliged to call to liis 
 aid Philip, king of Macedonia. His friendship 
 with this new^ ally did not long continue. Philip 
 showed himself cruel and oppressive ; and put 
 to death some of the noblest of the Achasans, 
 and even seduced the wife of the son of Aratus. 
 Aratus, who was now advanced in years, show- 
 ed his displeai^re by withdrawing himself from 
 the society and friendship of Philip. But this 
 rupture was fatal. Philip dreaded the power 
 and influence of Aratus, and therefore he caus- 
 ed him and his son to be poisoned. Some days 
 before his death, Aratus was observed to spit 
 blood ; and when apprized of it by his friends, 
 he replied, '• Such are the rewards which a con- 
 nexion with kings w^ill produce." He was bu- 
 ried with great pom]) by his countrymen; and 
 two solemn sacrifices were annually made to 
 him, the first on the day that he delivered 
 Sicyon from tyranny, and the second on the 
 day of his birth. During those sacrifices, which 
 were called Araleia. the priests wore a ribbon 
 bespangled with white andpurple spots, andthe 
 public school-master walked in procession at 
 the head of his scholars, and was always ac- 
 companied by the richest and most eminent 
 senators, adorned with garlands. Aratus died 
 in the 62d year of his age, B. C. 213. He wrote 
 a history of the Achaian league, much com- 
 mended by Polybius. Plut. in vita. — Pans. 2, 
 c. S.—Cic. de Offic. 2, c. 2-3.— Slrab. li.—Liv. 
 21,c.Sl.—Polyb.2. 
 
 Araxes, now Arras, a celebrated river 
 which separates Armenia from Media, and fall? 
 
AR 
 
 3flto the Caspian sea. Lucun. 1, v. 19, 1. "7, v. 
 \QS.—Strab.S.— Virg.,mi.Q, v. 728.— Hero-' 
 
 do/. 1, c. 202, k.Q. Another which falls, into 
 
 the Euphrates. Another in Europe, now 
 
 called Volga. 
 
 Akbaces, a Mede who revolted with Be- 
 lesis againet Sardanapalus,and founded the em- 
 pire of Media upon tiie ruins of the Assyrian 
 power, 820 years before the christian era. He 
 reigned above fifty years, and was famous for 
 the greatness of his undertakings, as w ell as for 
 his valour. Justin. 1, c. 3. — Palerc. 1, c. 6. 
 
 Arbela, (orum) now Irbil, a town of Per- 
 sia, on the river Lycus, famous for a battle 
 fought there between Alexander and Darius, 
 the 2d of October, B. C. 331. Curl. 5, c. 1 — 
 Plut. in j-llex. 
 
 Arbela, a town of Sicily, whose inhabi- 
 tants were very credulous. 
 
 Arbis, a river on the western boundaries of 
 India. Strab. 
 
 Arbocala, a city taken by Annibal as he 
 marched against Rome. 
 
 Arbuscula, an actress on the Roman 
 stage, who laughed at the hisses of the popu- 
 lace, while she received the applause of the 
 knights. Hor. 1, Sat. 10, v. 77. 
 
 Arcadia, a countiy in the middle of Pelo- 
 ponnesus, surrounded on every side by land, 
 situate between Achaia, Messenia, Elis, and 
 Argolis, It received its name from Areas son 
 of Jupiter, and was anciently called Drymodes, 
 on account of the great number of oaks (w) 
 it produced, and afterwards Lycaonia and Pe- 
 lasgia. The country has been much celebrat- 
 ed by the poets, and was famous for its moun- 
 tains. The inhabitants were for the most part 
 all shepherds, who lived upon acorns, were 
 skilful warriors, and able musicians. They 
 thought themselves more ancient than the 
 moon. Pan, the god of shepherds, chiefly 
 lived among them. Aristotle 4, de met. says, 
 that the wine of Arcadia, when placed in a 
 goat's skin near a fire, w'ill become chalky, and 
 at last be turned into salt. Strab. 8. — Plin. 4. 
 
 c. 6.— Pans. 8, c. 1, 2, Lc.—Ath&n. 14. A 
 
 fortified village of Zacynthus. 
 
 Akcadius, eldest son of Theodosius the 
 Great, Succeeded his father A. D. 395. Un- 
 der him the Romgn power was divided into 
 the eastern and western empire. He made the 
 eastern empire his choice, and fixed his resi- 
 dence at Constantinople; while hisbrother Ho- 
 norius was made emperor of the w'est, and liv- 
 ed in Rome. After this separation of the Ro- 
 man empire, the two powers looked upon one 
 another with indifference; and soon after, their 
 indifterence was changed into jealousy, and 
 contributed to hasten their mutual ruin. In 
 the reign of Arcadius, Alaricus attacked the 
 western em})ire, and plundered Rome. Arca- 
 dius married Eudoxia, a bold ambitious wo- 
 man, and died in tiie 31st year of Jiis age, after 
 a reign of 13 years, in which he bore the cha- 
 racter of an efieminate prijice, who suffered 
 himself to be governed by favourites, and who 
 abandoned his subjects to the tyranny of minis- 
 ters, while he lost himself in the pleasures of 
 a voluptuous court. 
 
 Arcanum, a villa of Cicero's near the Min- 
 furni. Cic. 7, ep. ad.m. 10. y 
 
 AncAS, a son of .Jupiter and Callisto. He 
 ncaily killed his mother, whom Juuo had 
 
 AR 
 
 changed into a bear. He reigned in Pelasgia, 
 which from him w^as called Arcadia, and 
 taught his subjects agriculture, and the art of 
 spinning wool. After his death, Jupiter made 
 him a constellation, with his mother. As he 
 was one day hunting, he met a wood nymph, 
 who begged his assistance, because the tree over 
 which she presided, and on whose presei'vation 
 her life depended, v^as going to be carried away 
 by the impetuous torrent of a river. Areas 
 changed the coui-se of the waters, and preserved 
 the tree, and married the nymph, by whom he 
 had three sons, Azan. Aphidas, and Elatus, 
 among w-hom he divided his kingdom. The 
 descendants of Azan planted colonies in Phry- 
 gia. Aphidas received for his share Tegea, 
 Avhich on that account has been called the in- 
 heritance of Aphidas ; andElatus became mas- 
 ter of mount Cyllene, and some time afler pas- 
 sed into Phocis. Pans. 8, c. 4.-r-Hygin. fab. 
 155 and TS.—JlpoUod. 3, c. S.— Strab. 8.— 
 
 Ovid. Fast. 1, v. 470. One of Actaeon's 
 
 dogs. 
 
 Arce, a daughter of Thaumas, son of Fon- 
 tus and Terra. PtoJem. Heph. 
 
 Arcena, a town of Phoenicia, where Alex- 
 ander Severus was born. 
 
 ArcenS; a Sicilian who permitted his son to 
 accompany iEneas into Italy, where he was 
 killed by Mezentius. Virg. Mn. 9, v. 581, &,c. 
 
 AncHESiLAUS, son of Battus, king of Cyrene, 
 was drivenfrom his kingdom in a sedition, and 
 died B. C. 575. The second of that name died 
 B.C. 550. Polycpan.8,c. 41.— Herodot. 4, c. 
 159. One of Alexander's generals, who ob- 
 tained Mesopotamia at the general division of 
 
 the provinces after the king's death. A 
 
 chief of Catana, which he betrayed to Diony- 
 
 sius the elder. Diod. 14. A philosopher of 
 
 Pitane in ^olia, disciple of Polemon. He vi- 
 sited Sardes and Athens, and was the founder 
 of the middle academy, as Socrates founded 
 the ancient, and Carneades the new one. He 
 pretended to know nothing, and accused others 
 of the same ignorance. He acquired many pu- 
 pils in the character of teacher ; but some of 
 them left him for Epicurus, though no Epicu- 
 rean came to him ; which gave him occasion to 
 say, that it is easy to make an eunuch of a man, 
 but impossible to make a man of an eunuch. 
 He w-as very fond of Homer, and generally di- 
 vided his time among the pleasures of philoso- 
 phy, love, reading, and the table. He died in 
 his 75th year, B. C. 241, or 300, according to 
 some. Diog. in vita. — Pei'siits 3, v. 78. — Cic. 
 
 de Finib. The name of two painters — a 
 
 statuary — a leader of the Bffiotians during the 
 Trojan war. A comic and elegiac poet. 
 
 Arcesius, son of Jupiter, was grandfather to 
 Ulysses. Ovid. Md. 13, v. 144. 
 
 ARciiiCA, a city of JEoWa. 
 
 ARcHyKA^'Ax of Mitylcue was intimate with 
 Pisistratus tyrant of Athens. He fortified Si- 
 gaium with a wall from Uie ruins of ancient 
 Troy. Strab. 13. 
 
 Arch^atidas, a country of Peloponnesus. 
 Polyb. 
 
 Archagathus, son of Archagathus, was 
 slain in Africa by his soldiers, B. C. 285. He 
 killed his grandfather Agathocles, tyrant of 
 Syracuse. Diod. 20.— Justin. 22, c. 5, &.c. 
 says, tliat he was put to death by Archesilaus. 
 — ^A physicjan at Rome, B. C, 219, 
 
AR 
 
 Archander, father-in-law to Danaus, He- 
 rodot. 2, c. 98. 
 
 Archandros, a town of Egj'pt. 
 
 Arche, one of the muses, according to Ci- 
 cero, 
 
 Archegetes, a surname of Hercules. 
 
 Archelaus, a name common to some 
 kings of Cappadocia. One of them was con- 
 quered by Sylla, for assisting Mithridates. 
 
 A person of that name married Berenice, and 
 made himself king of Egypt; a dignity he en- 
 joyed only six months, as he was killed by the 
 soldiers of Gabinius, B- C. 56. He had been 
 made priest of Comana by Pompey . His grand- 
 son was made king of Cappadocia by Antony, 
 whom he assisted at Actium, and he maintain- 
 ed his independence under Augustus, till Ti- 
 berius perfidiously destroyed him. A king 
 
 of Macedonia, who succeeded his father Per- 
 diccas the second: as he was but a natural 
 child, he killed the legitimate heirs to gain the 
 kingdom. He proved himself to be a great 
 monarch ; but he was at last killed by one of 
 his favourites, because he had promised him 
 his daughter in marriage, and given her to ano- 
 ther, after a reign of 23 years. He patronized 
 the poet Euripides. Diod. 14. — Justin. 7, c. 4. 
 
 ■^JElian: V. H. % 8, 12, 14. A king of the 
 
 Jews,surnamed Herod. He married Glaphyre, 
 daughter of Archelaus, king of Macedonia, and 
 widow of his brother Alexander. Ca3sar ba- 
 nished him, for his cruelties, to Vienna, where 
 
 he died. Dio. A king of Lacedaimon, son 
 
 of Agesilaus. He reigned 42 years with Char- 
 ilaus, of the other branch of the family. Hero- 
 dot. 7, c. 204. — Paus. 3, c. 2. A general of 
 
 Antigonus the younger, appointed governor of 
 the Acrocorinth with the philosopher Persseus. 
 
 Polycen. 6, c. 5. A celebrated general of 
 
 Mithridates, against Sylla. Id. 8, c. 8. A 
 
 philosopher of Athens or Messenia, son of 
 Apollodorus, and successor to Anaxagoras. He 
 was preceptor to Socrates, and was called P%- 
 sicus. He supposed that heat and cold were 
 the principles of all things. He first discover- 
 ed the voice to be propagated by the vibration 
 of the air. Cic. Tusc. 5. — Diog. in vita. — ^u- 
 
 gustin. de civ. Dei, 8. A man set over Susa 
 
 by Alexander, with a garrison of 3000 men. 
 Curt. 5, c. 2. A Greek philosopher, who 
 
 wrote a history of animals, and maintained that 
 goats breathed not through the nosti'ils, but 
 
 through the ears. Plin. 8, c. 50. A son of 
 
 Electryon and Anaxo. Apollod. 2. A Greek 
 
 poet, who wrote epigrams. Varro de R. R. 3, 
 
 c. 16. A sculptor of Priene, in the age of 
 
 Claudius. He made an apotheosis of Homer, 
 a piece of sculpture highly admired, and said 
 to have been discovered under ground A. D. 
 1658. A writer of Thrace. 
 
 Archemachus, a Greek W'riter, who pub- 
 lished an history of En bcca. Jithen. Q. A 
 
 son of Hercules of Priam. Apollod. 2 and 3. 
 
 Archemorus, or Opheltes, son of Lycur- 
 gus, king of iSemai, iu Thrace, by Ein-ydice, 
 was brought up by Hypsipyle, queen of Lem- 
 nos, who had fled to Thrace, and was employ- 
 ed as a nurse in the king's family. Hypsipyle 
 w as met by the army of Adrastus, who was go- 
 ing against Thebes ; and she was forced to show 
 them a fountain where they might quencii 
 their lhii>t. To do this more expeditiously, 
 Slieput down the cliild on the grass, an^at her 
 
 AR 
 
 return found him killed by a serpent. The 
 Greeks were so afflicted at this misfortune, 
 that they instituted games in honour of Arche- 
 morus, which vvere called Nemajan, and king 
 Adrastus enlisted among the combatants, and 
 was victorious. Apollod. 2 and 3. — Paus. 8, c. 
 48. — Stat. Theb. 6. 
 
 Archepolis, a man in Alexander's army, 
 who conspired against the king with Dymnus. 
 Curt. 6, c. 7. 
 
 Archeptolemus, son of Iphitus, king of 
 Elis, went to tlie Trojan war, and fought 
 against the Greeks. As he was fighting near 
 Hector, he was killed by Ajax, son of Tela- 
 mon. It is said that he re-established the 
 Olympic games. Homer. II. 8, v. 128. 
 
 Archestratus, a tragic poet, whose pieces 
 were acted during the Peloponnesian war. 
 
 Plut. in Arist. A man so small and lean, 
 
 that he could be placed in a dish without fill- 
 ing it, though it contained no more than an 
 
 obolus. A follower of Epicurus, who wrote 
 
 a poem in commendation of gluttony. 
 
 Archetimus, the first philosophical writer 
 in the age of the seven wise men of Greece. 
 Diog. 
 
 Archetius, a Rutulian, killed by the Tro- 
 jans. Virg. JEn. 12, v. 459. 
 
 Arciiia, one of the Oceanides, wife to Ina- 
 chus. Ht/gin.f'dh. 143. 
 
 Archias, a Corinthian descended from 
 Hercules. He founded Syracuse B. C. 732. 
 Being told by an oracle to make choice of 
 health or riches, he chose the latter. Dionys. 
 
 Hal. 2. A poet of Antioch, intimate with 
 
 the Luculli. He obtained the rank and nam.e 
 of a Roman citizen by the means of Cicero, 
 who defended him in an elegant oration, when 
 his enemies had disputed his privileges of citi- 
 zen of Rome. He wrote a poem on the Cim- 
 brian war, and began another concerning Cice- 
 ro's consulship, which are now lost. Some of 
 his epigrams are preserved in the Anthologia. 
 
 Cic. pro Arch. A polemarch of Thebesg 
 
 assassinated in the conspiracy of Pclopidas, 
 which he could have prevented, if he had not 
 deferred to the morrow the reading of a letter 
 which he had received from Archiasthe Athe- 
 nian high-priest, and which gave him informa- 
 tion of his danger. Plui. in Pelop. A hi^h- 
 
 priest of Athens, contemporary and intimate 
 with the polemarch of the same name. Id. 
 ibid. — —A Theban, taken in the act of adulte- 
 ry, and punished according to the law, and tied 
 to a post in the public place, for whiclj punisii- 
 ment he abolished the oligarchy. Aristot. 
 
 Archibiades, a philosopher of Athens, whci 
 affected the manners of the Spartans, and was 
 very inimical to the views and measures ot' 
 
 Phocion. Plut. in Phoc. An ambussadoi 
 
 of Byzantium, &lc. PolycEn. 4, c. 44. 
 
 Archibius, the son of the geographev 
 Ptolemy. 
 
 Archidabiia, a priestess of Ceres, who. 
 on account of her attection for .\ristomen( s 
 restored him to liberty when he had been la- 
 ken prisoner by her female attendants at thf 
 celebration of (heir festivals. Z'fl?<5. 4, c. 17 
 A daughter of Cicadas, who, upon heat- 
 ing tliat her countrymen, the Spartans, were 
 debating whcihrr they should send away \\iv'\: 
 women to Crete against the hostile approach 
 of Pyrrhus, sei}!:ed a sword, and ran to th<' s^ 
 
AR 
 
 nate-house, excleimini? that the women were 
 95 able to fidit as the men. Upon this the de- 
 cree was repealed. Plut. in JPyrr,—Pohj(e,n. 
 
 8 c. 8. 
 'AnciiiDAMUS, son of Theoporapus, king of 
 
 Sparta, died before iiis father. Pans. 
 
 Another, king of Sparta, son of Anaxidamus, 
 succjpcded by Agasicles.-r-^ — Another, son of 
 
 Agesilaus, of the family of the Proclidae.- 
 Another, grandson of Leotychidas, by his son 
 Zeuxidamus. He succeeded his grandfather, 
 and reigned in conjunction with Plistoanax. 
 He conquered the Argives and Arcadians, and 
 privately assisted the Phocians in plundering 
 the temple of Delphi. He was called to the 
 aid of Tarentum against the Romans, and kill- 
 ed there in a battle, after a reign of 33 years. 
 
 Diod. 16. — Xenovh. iLnother, son of Euda- 
 
 jjjifjas. Another, who conquered the He- 
 lots, after a violent earthquake. Diod. 11. 
 
 A son of Agesilaus, who led the Spartan 
 
 auxiliaries to Cleombrotus at the battle of 
 Leucira, and was killed in a battle against the 
 
 Lucanians, B. C. 338. A son of Xenius 
 
 Theopompus. Pans. 
 
 Archidas, a tyrant of Athens, killed by 
 his troops. 
 
 AncHiDETiius, a stoic philosoplier, who 
 willingly exiled himself among the Parthians. 
 Phd. d& exil. 
 
 ARCHiDtus, a son of Amyntas, king of 
 Macedonia. Jiistim 7, c. 4. 
 
 Abchidium, a city of Crete, named after 
 Archidius, son of Tegeates. Pau^. 8, c. 53. 
 
 Archigallus, the high-priest of Cybele's 
 temple. [Vid. Galli.] 
 
 Archigenes, a physician, born at Apa- 
 mea, in Syria. He lived m the reign of Domi- 
 tian, Nerva, and Trajan, and died in the 73d 
 year of his age. Re wrote a treatise on adorn- 
 ing the hair, as also ten books on fevers. Juv. 
 6, V. 235. 
 
 AncHiLocHus, a poet of Paros, who wrote 
 elegies, satires, odes, and epigrams, and was 
 the first who introduced iambics in his verses. 
 He had courted Neobule, the daughter of Ly- 
 cambes, and had received promises of mar- 
 riage ; but the father gave her to another, su- 
 perior to the poet in rank and fortune ; upon 
 which Archilochus wrote such a bitter satire, 
 that Lycambes hanged himself in a fit of des- 
 pair. The Spartans condemned his verses on 
 account of their indelicacy, and banished him 
 from their.city as a petulent and dangerous 
 citizen. He flourished (585 B. C. and it is said 
 tliat he was assassinated. Some fragments of 
 his poetry remain, which display vigour and 
 animation, boldness and vehemence in the 
 highest degree ; from which reason perhaps 
 Cicero calls virulent edicts, Anhilocltia edic- 
 1a. Cic. Tv.tc. l.— quinhl. 10, c. l.—Herodol. 
 ], c. Vl.^Ho/CJ. riri.poef. v. '79.—J(he7h \, 2, 
 
 &,c. A son of Meslor, killed by Memnon in 
 
 the Trojan war. Homer. II. 2. A Greek 
 
 hisforian who wrote a chronological table, and 
 otlun* work^^, about the 20th or 30th olyni- 
 piail. 
 
 AitcniMF.Di:3, a famous geometrician of 
 Syracuse, who invented a machine of glass that 
 faithfully repfesentod the motion of all the 
 heavenly bodies. When Marcelhrs, the Ko- 
 man consul, bcsioged Syracuse, Archimedes 
 t.-on?Uiicted niaf'h'nes ^vliich .*uddcnlv raided 
 
 AR 
 
 up in the air the ships of the enemy from the 
 bay before tiie city, and then let them fall witli 
 such violence into the water that they sunk. 
 He set them also on fire with his burning glass- 
 es. When the town was taken, the Roman 
 general gave strict orders to his soldiers not tt> 
 hurt Archimedes, and even offered a reward 
 to him Vk'ho should bring him alive and safe in- 
 to his presence. All these precautions were 
 useless : the philosopher was so deeply engag- 
 ed in solving a problem, that he was even ig- 
 norant that the enemy were in possession of 
 the town ; and a soldier, without knowing who 
 he was, killed him, because he refused to fol- 
 low him, B. C. 212. Marcellus raised a mon- 
 ument over him, and placed upon it a cylindei* 
 and a sphei-e ; but the place remained long un- 
 known, till Cicero, duiing his questorship in 
 Sicily, found it near one of the gates of Syra- 
 cuse, suri'ounded with thorns and brambles. 
 Some suppose that Arclumedes raised the site 
 of the towns and villages cf Egypt, and began 
 those mounds of earth by means of which com- 
 munication is kept from town to town during 
 the inundations of the Nile. The story of his 
 burning glasses had ah\ ays appeared fabulous 
 to some of the moderns, till the experiments of 
 Buiibn demonstrated it beyond contradiction. 
 These celebrated glasses Avere supposed to be 
 reflectors made of metal, and capable of pro- 
 ducingtheireftectat the distance of a bow-shot. 
 The manner in which he discovered how much 
 brass a goldsmith had mixed with gold in mak- 
 ing a golden crown for the king, is well kno^\ n 
 to every modern hydrostatic, as well as the 
 pumping screw which still bears his name. 
 Among the wild schemes of Archimedes, is his 
 saying, that by means of his machines he could 
 move the earth with ease, if placed on a fixed 
 spot near it. Many of his works are extant, 
 especially treatises de sphcera 4" cylindro, ch'- 
 ciili dimensio, de lineh spiralibus, de (juadrU' 
 lura paraholcs, de r.umero arencc, &:c. the best 
 edition of which is that of David Rivaltius, fol. 
 Paris, 1615. Cic. Tusc. 1, c. 25.— Z>e JVat. D. 
 2, c. 34.— Lu'. 24, c. S4.—Qmnfil. 1, c. 10.—- 
 Vitruv. 9, c. 2.^Polyb. 9.^Plut. in MarcelL— 
 Val. Max. 8, c. 7. 
 
 Archini-ts, a man who, when he was ap- 
 pointed to distribute new arms among the po- 
 pulace of Argos, raised a mercenary band, and 
 
 made himself absolute. PolycBn.3, c.8. A 
 
 rhetorician of Athens. 
 
 Archipki-agus, a part of the sea where 
 islands in a great number are interspersed, such 
 as that part of the Mediteri-anean which lies 
 between Greece and Asia Minor, and is gene- 
 rally called Mare i^geum. 
 
 Archipolis, a soldier who conspired against 
 Alexander with Dymmis. Ctirt. 6, c. 7. 
 
 AnciuppK. a city of the Marsi, destroyed by 
 an earthquake, and lost in the lake of Fucinus. 
 Plin. 3, c. 19. 
 
 Arciuppis, a king of Italy, from wliom 
 l)erhaps the town of Archippe received its 
 name. JV/-^:. JEn. 7, y. 752. A philoso- 
 pher of Thebes, pupil to Pythagoras. An 
 
 archon at Athens. A comic jioet of Athens, 
 
 of who.se eight comedies only one obtained the 
 prize. A philosopher in the age of Trajan. 
 
 AutHJTis, a name of Venus, worshipped on 
 mount Lihanus. 
 
 Aiitijo.N, one of Alexander's generals, vrlic 
 
, AR 
 
 received the provinces of Babylon, at the gene- 
 ral division after tiie king's death. Diod. 18. 
 
 Archontes, the name of the chief magis- 
 trates of Athens. They were nine in number, 
 and none were chosen but such as were de- 
 .scended from ancestors who had been free citi- 
 zens of the republic for three generations. 
 They were also to be without deformity in all 
 the parts and members of their body, and were 
 obliged to produce testimonies of their dutiful 
 behaviour to their parents, of the services they 
 liad rendered their country, and the compe- 
 tency of then- fortune to support their dignity. 
 They took a solemn oath, that they would ob- 
 serve the laws, administer justice with impar- 
 tiality, and never suffer themselves to be cor- 
 rupted. If they ever received bribes, they 
 were compelled by thelaAvs to dedicate to the 
 god of Delphi, a statue of gold of equal weight 
 with their body. They all had the power of 
 punishing malefactors with death. The chief 
 among them was called Jhxhon; the year took 
 its denomination from him ; he determined all 
 causes between man and wife, and tooJc care 
 of legacies and wills ; he provided for orphans, 
 protected the injured, and punished drunken- 
 ness with uncommon severity. If he suffered 
 himself to be intoxicated during the time of 
 his office, the misdemeanor was punished with 
 death. The second of the ai'chons was called 
 Basileus; it was his office to keep good order, 
 and to remove all causes of quarrel in the fami- 
 lies of those who were dedicated to the ser- 
 vice of the gods. The profane and the impious 
 were brought before his tribunal ; and he of- 
 fered public sacrifices for the good of the state. 
 He assisted atthe celebration of the Eleusinian 
 festivals, and other religious ceremonies. His 
 *vife was to be related to the whole people of 
 Athens, and of a pure and unsullied life. He 
 had a vote among the Areopagites, but was 
 obliged to sit among them without his crown. 
 The Polcmarch was another archon of infe- 
 rior dignity. He had the care of all foreignei s, 
 and provided a sufficient maintenance, from 
 the public treasury, for the families of those 
 who had lost their lives in defence of their 
 country. These three chief archons generally 
 chose each of them two persons of respectable 
 character, find of an advanced age, whose coun- 
 sels and advice might assist and support them 
 in their public capacity. The six other ar- 
 chons were indistinctly called Thesmothela. 
 and received complaints against persons ac- 
 cused of impiety, bribery, and ill behaviour. 
 They settled all disputes between the citizens^ 
 redressed the wrongs of strangers, and forbade 
 any laws to be enforced, but such as were con- 
 ducive to the safety of the state. These offi- 
 cers of state were chosen after the death of 
 king Codrus ; their power was originally for 
 life, but afterwards it was limited to ten years, 
 and at last to one year. After some time, the 
 quKlifications which were required to be an ar- 
 chon were not strictly observed. Adrian, be- 
 fore he was elected emperor of Rome, was 
 made arciion at Athens, though a fon.'igner ; 
 and the same hononrs were conferred upon 
 Plutarch. The perpetual archons, after the 
 death of Codrus, were Medon, whose office be- 
 gan B. C. 1070; A<',astus, 1050; Archippus, 
 1014; Thersippus, 905; Phorbas, 954; Me- 
 <;tck'-^, 9i2;i ; l)io?;riPtn<, Sl>3 : Phrrec^>^. Sfto: 
 
 AR 
 
 Ariphron, 846 ; Thespieus, 826 ; Agamestor, 
 799; ^schylus, 778; Alcmseon, 756; after 
 whose death the archons were decennial, the 
 first of Avhom was Charops, who began 753 ; 
 .^simedes, 744 ; Clidicus, 734 ; Hippomenes, 
 724 ; Leocratcs, 7 14 ; Apsander, 704 ; Eryxias, 
 694 ; after Avliom the office became annual, 
 and of these annual archons Creon was the 
 tii'st. Aristoph. in JVub. ^ Avih. — Plui. Sympos. 
 1 . — Demost . — Po II ux . — Lys las. 
 
 Archylus Tnupaus, a general of Dionysius 
 the elder. Ding. 14. 
 
 Archytas, a musician of Mitylene, who 
 
 wrote a treatise on agriculture. Diog. The 
 
 son of Hestia3us of Tarentum, was a follower 
 of the Pythagorean philosophy, and an able 
 astronomer and geometrician. He redeemed 
 his master, Plato, from the hands of the tyrant 
 Dionysius, and for his virtues he was seven 
 times chosen, by his fellow-citizens, governor 
 of Tarentum. He invented some mathemati- 
 cal instruments, and made a wooden pigeon 
 whicli could fly. He perished in a shipwreck, 
 about 394 years before the ciu'istian era. He 
 is also the reputed inventor of the screv*^ and 
 the pully, A fragment of his writings has 
 been preserved bv Porphvry. HoraL l,od. 
 28.—Cic.3, de Ordt.—Diog. in Fit. 
 
 ArciteneiVs, an epithet applied to Apollo, 
 from his bearing a.bow, with which as soon as 
 born, he destroyed the serpent Python. Virg. 
 JEn.Z.x.lb. 
 
 Arctinus, a Milesian poet, said to be pupil 
 to Homer. Dionys. Hal. 1, 
 
 Arctophylax, a stai* near the great bear, 
 called also Bootes. Cic. de Mit. D. 2, c. 42, 
 
 Akctos, a mountain near Propontis, inha- 
 bited by giants and monsters, Two celes- 
 tial constellations near the north pole, com- 
 monly called Ursa Major and Minor, suppo- 
 sed to be Areas and his mother, who were 
 made constellations. Virg. G. 1. — Araius. — 
 Ovid. Fast. 3, v. 107, 
 
 ARCTfjRus, a star near the tail of the great 
 bear, whose rising and setting were generally 
 supposed to portend great tempests. Horat. 
 
 3, od. 1. The name is derived from its situa- 
 tion, --^ei^Tog UTSUS-. wt^cnv.da. It rises now about 
 the beginning of October, and Pliny tells us it 
 rose in his age on the 12th, or, according to 
 Columella, on the 5th of September. 
 
 Ardalus, a son of Vulcan, said to have 
 been the first who invented the pipe. He gave 
 it to the muses, who on that account have been 
 C'dWed Ardulidts andArdaliotides. Pans. 2, c. 31. 
 
 Ardania, a country of Egypt, Sirab. 
 
 ArdaxaxNus, a small river of IlJyricum, 
 Polyb. 
 
 Ardea, formerly Ardua, a town of Latium, 
 built by Danae, or, according to some, by a son 
 of Ulysses and Circe. It was the capital of the 
 Rutuli. Some soldiers set it on fire, and the 
 inhabitants publicly reported, that their city 
 had been changed into a bird, called by tJi"e 
 Latins Ardea. It was rebuilt, and it became a 
 rich and magnificent city, whose enmity to 
 Rome rendered it famous. Tarqiiij) the proud 
 was pressing it with a siege, when his son ra- 
 vished Lucretia. A road called Ara'caiijia, 
 branched from the Appian road to x\rdea. C. 
 jXep. in Atlic. 14.— Liv. 1, c. 57, 1.3, c. 71, 1. 
 
 4, c. 9, S^c.— l'inr. JJ::iu 7, v. 4V2.-~Oiitf. 
 Md. 11- v. .573. ■■'^Irnh.n 
 
AR 
 
 Ardehicca, a small town on the Euphra- 
 tes, north of Babylon. 
 
 Ardi>i:i, a people of Illyricnm, whose capi- 
 tal was called Ardia. Sfrab. 7. 
 
 Ardonea, a town of Apulia. Liv. 24, c. 
 20. 
 
 Ardua, an ancient name of Ardea, Virg. 
 ^7i.7,v.41i 
 
 Arduenna, now £rdenne, a large forest of 
 Gaul, in the time of J. Caesar, which extended 
 50 miles from the Rhine to the borders of the 
 Nervii. Tacit. 8. £nn. c. 42.— Cas. bell. Gall. 
 6, c. 29. 
 
 Aruuine, the goddess of hunting among 
 the Gauls ; represented with the same attri- 
 butes as the Diana of the Romans. 
 
 Ardyensks, a nation near the Rhone. 
 Folyb. 3. 
 
 Ardys, a son of Gyges, king of Lydia, w^ho 
 reigned 49 years, took Priene, and made war 
 against Miletus. Herodot. 1, c. 15. 
 
 Area, a surname of Minerva, from her 
 temple on Mars' hill, (a?*),) erected by Orestes. 
 Pans. 1, c. 23, 
 
 AREACiDiE, a nation of Numidia. Polyb. 
 
 Areas, a general chosen by the Greeks 
 against iEtolia. Justin. 24, c. 1. 
 
 AREGo^fis, the mother of Mopsus by Am- 
 pyx. Orph. in Argon. 
 
 Arei.atum, a town of Gallia Narbonensis. 
 Slrab. 4. — Mda, 2, c. 5. 
 
 Arellius, a celebrated painter of Rome 
 in the age of Augustus. He painted the god- 
 desses in the form of his mistresses. Plin. 35, 
 c. 10. A miser in Uorat. 
 
 Aremorica, a part of Gaul, at the north of 
 the Loire, now called Brittany. Plin. 4. 
 
 Arena, and Arene, a city of Messenia, in 
 Peloponnesus. Homer. 11. 2. 
 
 Arenacum, a town of Germany. Tacit. 
 Hist. 5, c. 20. 
 
 Areopagitje, the judges of the Areopa- 
 gus, a seat of justice on a small eminence near 
 Athens, whose name is derived from c^i'Q' -»>©>, 
 t/ie hill of Mars, because Mars was the first 
 wlio was tried there, for the murder of Ilallir- 
 hotius, who had oftered violence to his daugh- 
 ter Alcippe. Some say that the place receiv- 
 ed the name of Areopagus, because the Ama- 
 zons pitched their camp there, and offered sa- 
 crifices to their progenitor Mars, when they 
 besieged Athens ; ajid others maintain, that 
 the name was given to the place, because Mars 
 is the god of bloodshed, war, and murder, 
 V. hicli were generally punished by that court. 
 The time in which this celebrated seat of jus- 
 tice was instituted, is unknown. Some suj)- 
 pose that Cecrops, the founder of Athens, lirst 
 established it, while others give the credit of 
 it to Cranaus, and others to Solon. The uum- 
 ])er of judgcsthat composed this august assem- 
 bly, is not known. Tliey have been limited by 
 some to 9, to 31, to 51, and sometimes to a 
 greater number. The most worthy and reli- 
 gious of the Aliienians were admitted as mem- 
 bers, and such arcltons as had discharged their 
 duly \\]{l\ care and faithfulness. In the latter 
 ages of the republic, this observance was often 
 violated, ami we find some of their members 
 of loose and debauched morals. If any of them 
 were duivicled of immorality, if they were 
 seen sitting at a tavern, or bail used any inde- 
 cent langun^e, they were Immediately expel- 
 
 AR 
 
 led from the assembly, and held In the greatest 
 disgrace, though the dignity of a judge of the 
 Areopagus always was for life. The Areopa- 
 gites took cognizance of murders, impiety, and 
 immoral behaviour, and particularly of idle- 
 ness, which they deemed the cause of all vice. 
 They watched over the laws, and they had the 
 management of the public treasury ; they had 
 the liberty of rewarding the virtuous, and of in- 
 flicting severe punishment upon such as blas- 
 phemed against the gods, or slighted tlie cele- 
 bration of the holy mysteries. They always sat 
 in the open air, because they took cognizance 
 of murder ; and by their laws it was not per- 
 mitted for the murderer and his accuser to be 
 both under the same roof. This custom also 
 might originate because the persons of the jud- 
 ges were sacred, and they were afraid of con- 
 tracting pollution by conversing in the same 
 house with men who had been guilty of shed- 
 ding innocent blood. They always heard cau- 
 ses and passed sentence in the night, that they- 
 might not be prepossessed in favour of the 
 plaintiff or of the defendant by seeing them. 
 Whatever causes were pleaded before them, 
 were to be divested of all oratory and fine 
 speaking, lest eloquence should charm their 
 ears, and corrupt their judgment. Hence 
 arose the most just and most impartial deci- 
 sions, and their sentence was deemed sacred 
 and inviolable, and the plaintiff and defendant 
 were equally convinced of its justice. The 
 Areopagites generally sat on the 27th, 2Sth, 
 and 29th day of every month. Their authori- 
 ty continued in its original state, till Pericles, 
 who was refused admittance among them, re- 
 solved to lessen their consequence, and des- 
 troy their power. From that time the morals 
 of the Athenians were corrupted, and the Are- 
 opagites were no longer conspicuous for their 
 virtue and justice j and when they censured 
 the debaucheries of Demetrius, one of tlie fa- 
 mily of Phalereus, he plainly told them, that if 
 they wisiied to make a reform in Athens, they 
 must begin at home. 
 
 Areopagus, a hill in the neighbourhood of 
 Athens. Vid. Areopagita?. 
 
 AuEST^si;, a people of India, conquered by 
 Alexander. Justin. 12, c. 8. 
 
 Aresthanas, a countryman, whose goat 
 suckled Jisculapius, when exposed by his mo- 
 ther. Paus. 2, c. 26. 
 
 Arestorides, a patronymic given to the 
 hundred-eyed Argus, as son of Aj-estor. Ovid. 
 Met. li, v. 5S4. 
 
 Areta, the mother of Aristippus, tlie phi- 
 losopher. Laert. 2. A daughter of Diony- 
 
 sius, who married Dion. She was thrown into 
 the sea. Plut. in Dion. A female philo- 
 sopher of Cyrene, B. C. 377. 
 
 Areta, a daughter of Rhcxenor, descended 
 from JNeptune, who married her uncle Aici- 
 nous, by whom she had JNausicaa. Homer. Od. 
 7 and 8. — Apullod. 1. 
 
 Arkt^us, a physician of Cappadocia, very 
 inquisitive after the operations of nature. His 
 trealis*! on agues has been much admired. The 
 best edition of his works which arc extant, is 
 thatof Boerhaavc, L. Bat. fol. i7o5. 
 
 Aretai'iiila, the wife of Melanippus, a 
 priest of Cyrene. Nicocrates murdered her 
 husband to marry her. Siie, however, was so 
 aftac Led to .Vk'li'nijipus, that she endeavoured 
 
 "'Cw-. 
 
AR 
 
 to poison Nicocrates, and at last caused hina to 
 be assassinated by his brother Lysander, whom 
 she married. Lysander proved as cruel as his 
 brother, upon which Aretaphila ordered him 
 to be thrown in the sea. After this she reti- 
 red to a private station. Plut. de Virtut. Mu- 
 Uer. — Poly (Ban. 8, c. 38. 
 
 Aret ALES, a Cnidian, who wi'ote an his- 
 tory of Macedonia, besides a treatise on islands . 
 Plut. 
 
 Arete. Vid. Areta. 
 
 Aretes, one of Alexander's officers. Curt. 
 4, c. 15. 
 
 Arethusa, a nymph of Elis, daughter of 
 Oceanus, and one of Diana's attendants. As 
 she returned one day from hunting, she sat 
 near the Alpheus, and bathed in the stream. 
 The god of the river was enamoured of her, 
 and he pursued her over the mountains and 
 all the country, when Arethusa, ready to sink 
 under fatigue, implored Diana, who changed 
 her into a fountain. The Alpheus immediate- 
 ly mingled his streams with hers, and Diana 
 opened a secret passage under the earth and 
 under the sea, where the waters of Arethusa 
 disappeared, and rose in the island of Ortygia, 
 near Syracuse in Sicily. The river Alpheus 
 followed her also under the sea, and rose also 
 in Oi-tygia ; so that, as mythologists relate, 
 whatever is thrown into the Alpheus in Elis, 
 rises again, after some time, in the fountain 
 Arethusa near Syracuse. Vid. jllpheus. — 
 
 Ovid. Met. 5, fah! 10.— Mhen. I.—Pam. 
 
 One of the Hesperides. Apollod. 2, c. 5 
 
 A daughter of Herilaus, mother of Abas, by 
 
 Neptune. Hygin. fab. 157. One of Actaj- 
 
 on's dogs. Hygin. fab. 181. A lake of up- 
 per Armenia, near the fountain of the Tigris. 
 IVothing can sink under its waters. Plin. 2, c. 
 
 103. A town of Thrace. Another in 
 
 Syria. 
 
 Aretikum, a Roman colony in Etruria. 
 Ital. 5, V. 123. 
 
 Aretus, a son of Nestor and Anaxibia. 
 
 Homer. Od. 3, v. 413 A Trojan against the 
 
 Greeks. He Avas killed by Automedon. Homer, 
 
 II. 17, V. 494. A famous warrior, whose 
 
 only weapon was an iron club. He was 
 treacherously killed by Lycurgus, king of Ar- 
 cadia. Pans. 8, c. 11. 
 
 Areus, a king of Sparta, preferred in the 
 succession to Cleonymus, brother of Acrotatus, 
 who had made an alliance Avith Pyrrhus. He as- 
 sisted Athens when Antigonus besieged it, and 
 
 died at Corinth. Pans. 3, c. 6. — Plut. A 
 
 king of Sparta, who succeeded his father Acro- 
 tatus 2d, and was succeeded by his son Leoni- 
 
 das, son of Cleonymus. A philosopher of 
 
 Alexandria, intimate with Augustus. Sutton. 
 A poet of Laconia. An omtor men- 
 tioned by Quintil. 
 
 ARGiEus and Argeus, a son of Apollo and 
 
 Cyrene. Justin. 13. o. 7. A son of Per- 
 
 diccas, who succeeded his father in the king- 
 dom of Macedonia. Justin. 7, c. 1. A 
 
 mountain of Cappadocia, covered with perpe- 
 tual snows, at the bottom of which is the capi- 
 tal of the country, called Maxara. Claudian. 
 A son of Ptolemy, killed by his brother. 
 Pans. 1. A son of Licymnius. Jipollod. 2. 
 
 Argalus, a king of Sparta, son of Amy- 
 clas. Paus. 3, c. 1. 
 
 Argathoj^a, a huntress of Cios in Bithy- 
 14 
 
 AR 
 
 nia, whom Rhesus married before he went to 
 the Trojan war. When she heard of his death, 
 she died in despair. Parfhen Erotic, c. 36, 
 
 Argathonius, a king of Tartessus, who, 
 according to Plin. 7, c. 48, lived 120 years, 
 and 300 according to Itcd. 3, v. 396. 
 
 Arge, a beautiful huntress, changed into & 
 
 stag by Apollo. Hygin. fab. 205. One of 
 
 the Cyclops. Hesiod. A daughter of Thes- 
 
 pius, by whom Hercules had two sons, .^pol- 
 
 lod. 2. A nymph, daughter of Jupiter and 
 
 Juno. Apollod. 1, 
 
 Argea, a place at Rome where certain Ar- 
 gives were buried. 
 
 Arg^thve, a village of Arcadia, Paus. 8, 
 c. 23. 
 
 Argennumj a promontory of Ionia. 
 
 Arges, a son of Ccelus and Terra, who had 
 only one eye in his forehead. Jipollod. 1, c. 1. 
 
 ArgestratOs, a king of Lacedaemon, who 
 reigned 35 years. 
 
 Argeus, a son ofPerdiccas, king of Mace- 
 donia, who obtained the kingdom when Amyn= 
 tas was deposed by the Illyrians. Justin. 7, 
 C.2. 
 
 Argi, (plur. masc.) Vid. Argos. 
 
 Argia, daughter of Adrastus, married Po- 
 lynices, whom she loved with uncommon ten- 
 derness. When he was killed in the war, she 
 buried his body in the night, against the posi- 
 tive orders of Creon, for which pious actioa 
 she was punished with death. Theseus reven- 
 ged her death by killing Creon. Hygin. fab. 
 69 and 12— Stat. Theb. 12. [Vid. Antigone 
 
 and Creon.] A country of Peloponnesus, 
 
 called also Argolis, of which Argos was the ca- 
 pital. One of the Oceanides. Hygin. prosf. 
 
 The wife of Inachus, and mother of lo. 
 
 Id. fab. 145. Tiie mother of Ai'gos, by Po- 
 
 lybus. Id. fab. 145. A daughter of Aute- 
 
 sion, who married Aristodemus, by whom she 
 had two sons, Eurysthenes, and Procles. 
 Apollod.2.—Paus. 4, c. 3. 
 
 Argias, a man who founded Chalcedon, A. 
 U. C. 148. 
 
 Argieetum, a place at Rome near the Pa- 
 latium, where the tradesmen generally kept 
 their shops. Virg. JEn. 8, v. 355 — Martial. 1, 
 ep. 4. 
 
 Argilius, a favourite youth of Pausanias, 
 who I'evealed his master's correspondence 
 with the Persian king, to the ephori. C. Kep. 
 in Paus. 
 
 Argillus, a mountain of Egypt near the 
 Nile. 
 
 Argilus, a town of Thrace near the Stry- 
 mon, built by a colony of Andrians. Thucyd^ 
 4, e. \m—Herodot. 7, c. 115. 
 
 ArginusjE, three small islands near the 
 continent, between Mitylene and Methymna, 
 where the Lacedsemonian fleet was conquered 
 by Conon the Athenian. Strab. 13. 
 
 Argiupe, a nymph of mount Parnassus, 
 mother of Thamyris, by Philammon the son 
 of Apollo. Paus. 4, c, 38, 
 
 Argipiiontes, a surname given to Mer- 
 cury, because he killed the hundred-eyed Ar- 
 gus, by order of Jupiter. 
 
 Argippei, a nation among the Saurosia- 
 tians, born bald, and with flat noses. They 
 lived upon trees. Herpdot. 4, c. 23. 
 
 Argiva, a surname of Juno, worshipped at 
 Argos. She had also a temple at Sparta, con- 
 
gecrated to her by Eurydice, the daughter of 
 Lacedaemon. Pans. 4, c. 13.— Virg. JEn. 3, 
 
 V. 547. 
 
 ArgIvi, the inhabitants of the city of Ar- 
 gos and the neighbouring country. The word 
 is indiscriminately applied by the poets to all 
 the inhabitants of Greece. 
 
 Argius, a steward of Galba, who privately 
 interred the body of his master in his gardens. 
 Tacit. Hist. 1, c. 49. 
 
 Argo-, the name of the famous ship which 
 carried Jason and his 54 companions to Col- 
 chis, when they resolved to recover the golden 
 fleece. The derivation of the word Argo has 
 been often disputed. Some derive it from Ar- 
 gos, the person w'ho first proposed the expedi- 
 tion, and who built the ship. Others maintain 
 that it was built at Argos, whence its name. 
 Cicero, Tusc. 1, c. 20, calls it Ai-go, because it 
 cai-ried Grecians, commonly called Argives. 
 Died. 4, derives the word from «•;>©', which 
 signifies swift. Ptolemy says, but falsely, that 
 Hercules built the ship, and called it Argo, af- 
 ter a son of Jason, who bore the same name. 
 The ship Argo had 60 oars. According to ma- 
 ny authors, she had a beam on her prow, cut 
 in the forest of Dodona by Minerva, which had 
 the power of giving oracles to the Argonauts. 
 This ship was the first that ever sailed on the 
 sea, as some report. After the expedition was 
 finished, Jason ordered her to be drawn a- 
 ground at the isthmus of Corinth, and conse- 
 crated to the god of the sea. The poets have 
 made hera constellation in heaven. Jason was 
 killed by a beam which fell from tlie top, as he 
 slept on the ground near it. Hygin. fab. 14, 
 .4. P. 2, c. '61.—Catull. de. AupL Pel. <^ 
 Tktt.— Val. Place. 1, v. 93, kc—Plmdr. 4, 
 fab. 6. — Seneca in Medea. — Apollon. Argon. — 
 Apollod.~Cic. de jYal. D.—Plin. 7, c. 56.— 
 Manil. 1. 
 
 Akgolicus sinlsj a bay on the coast of 
 Argolis. 
 
 Argolis and Argia, a country of Pelopon- 
 aesus between Arcadia and the u^Cgean sea. 
 Its chief city was called Argos. 
 
 Argon, one of the descendants of Hercules, 
 who reigned in Lydia505 years before Gyges. 
 Herodot. 1, c. 7. 
 
 Argonauts, a name given to those an- 
 cient heroes who went with Jason on board 
 the ship Argo to Colchis, about 89 years before 
 tJie taking of Troy, or 1263 B. C. The causes 
 of this expedition arose from the following 
 circumstance : — Athamas, king of Thebes, 
 had mai-ried Ino, the daughter of Cadmus, 
 whom he divorced to marry Nephele, by 
 whom he had two children, Piiryxus and Hel- 
 le. As JNepiiele was subject to certain fits of 
 madness, Athamas repudiated her, and took a 
 second time Ino, by whom he had soon after 
 two sons, Learchus and Melicerta. As the 
 childreii of iVephele were to succeed to their 
 father by right of birth, Ino conceived an im- 
 mortal hatred against them, and she caused the 
 city of Thebes to be visited by a pestilence, by 
 poisoning all the grain which had been sown 
 in the earth, l^pon this the oracle was consult- 
 ed ; and as it had been corrupted by means of 
 Ino, the answer was, that INephele's children 
 should ():> immolated to the gods. Phryxus 
 was apprized of this, and jje innnadiately em- 
 beirked w ith his sister Helle, and fled to the 
 
 AR 
 
 court of iEetes, king of Colchis, one of his near 
 relations. In the voyage Helle died, and Phryx- 
 us arrived safe at Colchis,and was received with 
 kindness by the king. The poets have embel- 
 lished the flight of Phryxus, by supposing that 
 he and Helle fled through the air on a ram 
 which had a golden fleece and wings, and was 
 endowed with the faculties of speech. This 
 ram, as they say, was the offspring of Nep- 
 tune's amours, under the form of a ram, with 
 the nymph Theophane. As they were going 
 lo be sacrificed, the ram took them on his back, 
 and instantly disappeared in the air. On their 
 way Helle was giddy, and fell into that part of 
 the sea which from her w^as called the Helles- 
 pont, When Phryxus came to Colchis, he sa- 
 crificed the ram to Jupiter, or, according to 
 others, to Mars, to w hom he also dedicated the 
 golden fleece. He soon after married Chal- 
 ciope the daughter of iEetes ; but his father- 
 in-law envied him the possession of the golden 
 fleece, and therefore to obtain it he murdered 
 him. Some time after this event, when Jason 
 the son of iEson, demanded of his uncle Pelias 
 the crown which he usurped, [Vid. Pelias, Ja- 
 son, iEson.] Pelias said that he would restore 
 it to him, provided he avenged the death of 
 their common relation Phryxus, whom vEetes 
 had basely murdered in Colchis. Jason, w^ho 
 was in the vigour of youth, and of an ambitious 
 soul, cheerfully undertook the expedition, and 
 embarked with all the young princes of Greece 
 in the ship Argo. They stopped at the island 
 of Lemnos, where they remained two yearsi 
 and raised a new race of men from the Lenv 
 nian women who had murdured their hus- 
 bands. [Hrf. Hypsipyle.] After they had left 
 LemnoS; tliey visited Samothrace, where they 
 oflfered sacrifices to the gods, and thence pas- 
 sed to Troas and to Cyzicum. Here they met 
 with a favourable reception from Cyzicus the 
 king of the country. The night after their de- 
 parture, they were driven back by a storm 
 again on the coast of Cyzicum, and the inhabi- 
 tants, supposing them to be their enemies the 
 J*elasgi, furiously attacked them. In this noc- 
 turnal engagement the slaughter was great, 
 and Cyzicus was killed by the hajid of Jason, 
 who, to expiate the murder he had ignorantly 
 committed, buried him in a magnificent man- 
 ner, and offered a sacrifice to the mother of 
 the gods, to whom he built a temple on mount 
 Dyndymus. From Cyzicum they visited Be- 
 brycia, otherw ise called Bithynia, where Pol- 
 lux accepted the challenge of Amycus king of 
 the country, in the combat of the cestus, and 
 slew him. They were driven from Bebrycia 
 by a storm, to Salmydessa, on the -coast of 
 Thrace, where they delivered Phineus, king of 
 the place, from the persecution of the harpies. 
 Phineus directed their course through the Cya- 
 nean rock or the Symplegades, [Vid. Cyaneae.] 
 and they safely entered the Euxine sea. They 
 visited the country of the Mariandinians,where 
 Lycus reigned, and lost two of their compa- 
 nions, Idmon, and Tiphys their pilot. After 
 they had left this coast, they were driven upon 
 the island of Arecia, where they found the chil- 
 dren of Phryxus, whom ^Eetes their grandfa- 
 tiier had sent to Greece to take possession of 
 their fathers kingdom. From this island they 
 at last arrived safe in iEa, the capital of Col- 
 ciiis. Jason explainedthecausesof hi? voyage 
 
AR 
 
 AR 
 
 disasters, at last came in sight of the promontC' 
 lyofMelea, in the Peloponnesus, where Ja- 
 son was purified of the murder of Absyrtus, 
 and soon after arrived safe in Thessaly. The 
 impracticability of such a voyage is well known. 
 iVpollonius Rhodius gives another account 
 equally improbable. He says that they sailed 
 from the Euxine up one of the mouths of the 
 Danube, and that Absyrtus pursued them by 
 entering another mouth of the river. After 
 they had continued their voyage for some 
 leagues, the waters decreased, and they were 
 obliged to carry the ship Argo across the coun- 
 try to the Adriatic, upwards bf 150 miles. Here 
 they met with Absyztus, who had pursued the 
 same measures, and conveyed his ships in like 
 manner over the land. Absyrtus w^as immedi- 
 ately put to death ; and soon after the beam of 
 Dodona [Firf. Argo.] gave an oracle, that Jason 
 should never return home if he was not previ- 
 ously purified of the murder. Upon this they 
 sailed to the island of JEdi,\vhere Circe, who wa.? 
 the sister of ^etes, expiated him without know- 
 ing who he w^as. There is a third tradition, 
 which maintains, that they returned to Colchis 
 asecond time, and visited many places of Asia. 
 This famous expedition has been celebrated ia 
 the ancient ages of the world ; it has employed 
 the pen of many w^riters, and among the histo- 
 rians, Diodorus Siculus, Strabo, Apollodorus« 
 and Justin ; and among the poets, Onamacri- 
 tus, more generally called Orpheus, ApoUo- 
 nius Rhodius, Pindar, and Valerius Flaccus, 
 have extensively given an account of its most 
 remarkable particulars. The number of the 
 Argonauts is not exactly known. ApoUodorus 
 and Diodorus say that they were 54. Tzetes 
 admits the number of 50, but ApoUodorus men- 
 tions only 45. The following list is drawn 
 from the various authors who have made men- 
 tion of the Argonautic expedition. Jason, son 
 of iEson, as is well known, was the chief of the 
 rest. His companions were Acastus son of- 
 Pelias, Actor son of Hippasus, Admetus son of 
 Pheres, ^sculapius son of Apollo, ^S^talides 
 son of Mercury and Eupoleme, Almenus son 
 of Mars, Amphiaraus son of (Ecleus, Amphi- 
 daraCis, son of Aleus, Amphion son of Hypera- 
 sius, Anceus a son of Lycurgus, and another 
 of the same name, Areus, Argus the builder of 
 the ship Argo, Argus son of Phryxus, Arme- 
 nus, x\3calaphus son of Mars, Asterion son of 
 Cometes, Asterius son of Neleus, Augeas sou 
 of Sol, Atalanta, daughter of Schceneus disgui- 
 sed in a man's dress, Autelycus son of Mercury, 
 Azorus, Buphagus, Butes son of Teleon, Ca- 
 lais son of Boreas, Canthus son of Abas, Castor 
 son of Jupiter, Ceneusson of Elatus, Cepheus 
 son of Aleus, Cius, Clytius, and Iphitus, sons of 
 Eurytbus, Coronus, Deucalion sou of Minos, 
 Echion son of Mercury and Antianira, Ergy- 
 nus son of Neptune, Euphemus son of Nep- 
 tune and Macionassa, Eribotes, Euryalus son 
 of Cisteus, Eurydamas and Eurythion sons of 
 Iras, Eurytus son of Mercury, Glaucus, Her- 
 cules son of Jupiter, Idas son of Aphareus, laU 
 menus son ofMars,Idman son of Abajs, lolaui: 
 son of Iphiclus, Iphiciusson of Thestius, Iphi- 
 clus son of Philacus, Iphis son of Alector, Lyn- 
 ceus, son of Aphareus, Iritus son of Naubolus, 
 Laertes, son of Arcesius, Laocoon, Leodatus 
 
 \o j^etes ; but the conditions on which he was 
 
 to recover the golden fleece, were so hard, that 
 
 the Argonauts must have perished in the at- 
 tempt, had not Medea, the king's daughter, 
 
 fallen in love with their leader. She had a 
 
 conference with Jason, and after mutual oaths 
 
 of fidelity in the temple of Hecate, Medea 
 
 pledged herself to deliver the Argonauts from 
 
 her father's hard conditions, if Jason married 
 
 her, and carried her with him to Greece. He 
 
 was to tame two bulls, which had brazen feet 
 
 and horns, and which vomited clouds of tire 
 
 and smoke, and to tie them to a plough made 
 
 of adamant stone, and to plough a field of two 
 
 acres of ground never before cultivated. Af- 
 ter this he wae to sow^ in the plain the teeth of 
 
 a dragon, from which an armed multitude were 
 
 to rise up, and to be all destroyed by his hands. 
 
 This done, he was to kill an ever-watchful dra- 
 gon, which was at the bottom of the tree, on 
 
 which the golden fleece was suspended. All 
 
 these labours wei'e to be performed in one day ; 
 
 and Medea's assistance, whose knowledge of 
 
 herbs, magic, and potions, w^as unparalleled, 
 
 easily extricated Jason from all danger, to the 
 
 astonishment and terror of his companions, and 
 
 of uEetes, and the people of Colchis, who had 
 
 assembled to be spectators of this wonderful 
 
 action. He tamed the bulls with ease, plough- 
 ed the field, sowed the dragon's teeth, and 
 
 when the armed men sprang from the earth, 
 
 he threw a stone in the midst of them, and 
 
 they immediately turned their weapons one 
 
 against the other, till they all perished. After 
 
 this he went to the dragon, and by means of 
 
 enchanted herbs, and a draught w-hich Medea' 
 
 bad given him, he lulled the monster to sleep, 
 
 and obtained the golden fleece, and immedi- 
 ately set sail with Medea. He was soon pur- 
 sued by Absyrtus, the king's son, who came 
 up to them, and was seized and murdered by 
 Jason and Medea. The mangled limbs of 
 Absyrtus were strewed in the way through 
 which ^etes was to pass, that his farther pur- 
 suit might be stopped. After the murder of 
 Absyrtus, they entered the Palus Maeotis, 
 and by pursuing their course towards the left, 
 according to the foolish account of poets who 
 were ignorant of geography, they came to the 
 island Peucestes, and to that of Circe. Here 
 Circe informed Jason, that the cause of all his 
 calamities arose from the murder of Absyrtus, 
 of which she refused to expiate him. Soon af- 
 ter, they entered the Mediterranean by the 
 columns of Hercules, and passed the straits of 
 Charybdis and Scylla, where they must have 
 perished, had not Tethys, the mistress of Pe- 
 leus, one of the Argonauts, delivered them. 
 They were preserved from the Sirens by the 
 eloquence of Orpheus, and arrived in the isl- 
 and of the Phasacians, where they met the ene- 
 my's fleet, which had continued their pursuit 
 by a difterent course. It was therefore resolv- 
 ed, that Medea should be restored, if she had 
 not been actually married to Jason ; but the 
 wife of Alcinous, the king of the country, be- 
 ing appointed umpire between the Colchians 
 and Argonauts, had the marriage privately 
 consummated by night, and declared that the 
 claims of ^etis to Medea were now void. 
 From Phaeacia the Argonauts came to the bay 
 
 of Ambracia, whence they were driven by a i son of Bias, Leitus son of Alector, Meleager, 
 «torm upon the coast of Africa , and after many | son of (Enen?, Menoeti^B i^^n of Actor, Mop- 
 
AR 
 
 ^usson of Araphycus, Nauplius son of Neptune, 
 IVeleus tlie brotlier of Peleus, Nestor son of 
 Neleus, Oileusthe father of Ajax, Orpheus son 
 of CEager, Palemon son of ^tolius, Peleus and 
 Telamon sons ofiEacuSjPericlimenes son of Ne- 
 leus, Peueleus son of Hipahnus, Philoctetes son 
 of Pcean, Phlias, Pollux son of Jupiter, Polyphe- 
 mus son of Elates, Pceas son of Thaumacus, 
 Phanus son of Bacchus, Phalerus son of Alcon, 
 Phocas and Priasus sons of Ceneus one of the 
 Lapithae, Talaus, Tiphus, son of Aginus, Sta- 
 philusson of Bacchus, two of the name of Iphi- 
 tus, Theseus son of Mgens, with his friend Pi- 
 rithous. Among these iEsculapius was physi- 
 cian, and Typhis was pilot. 
 
 Aroos, {sing, neut. ^ jirgi, masc. plur.) 
 an ancient city, capital of Argolis in Peloponne- 
 sus, about two miles from the sea,on the bay cal- 
 led Argolicus stilus^ Juno was the chief deity of 
 the place. The kingdom of Argos was found- 
 ed by Inachus 1856 years before the christian 
 era, and after it had flourished for about 550 
 years it was united to the crown of Mycenae. 
 Argos was built according to Euripides, Jp/tig. 
 in Aulid. v. 152, 534, by seven cyclops who 
 came from Syria. These cyclops were not 
 Vulcan's workmen. The nine first kings of 
 Argos were called Inachides, in honour of the 
 founder. Their names were Inachus, Phoro- 
 neus, Apis, Argus, Chryasus, Phorbas, Triopas, 
 Stelenus and Gelanor. Gelanor gave a kind 
 reception to Danaus, who drove him from his 
 kingdom in return for his hospitality. The de- 
 scendants of Danaus were called Belides. Aga- 
 memnon was king of Argos during the Trojan 
 war ; and 80 years after the Heraclidse seized 
 the Peloponnesus, and deposed the monarchs. 
 The inhabitants of Argos were called Argi'ci 
 and Argolici ; and this name has been often 
 applied to all the Greeks, without distinction. 
 Plin. 7, c. 56. — Paus. 2, c. 15, ^c. — Horat. 1, 
 od. l.—JElian. V. H. 9, c. 15.— Strab. 8.— 
 .Mela, 1, c. 13, fcc. 1. 2, e. 3.— F/cg. JEn. 1, v. 
 
 40, &c. A town of Thessaly, called Pelas- 
 
 gicon by the Pelasgians. Lucan. 6, v. 355. 
 
 Another in Epirus called Amphilochium. 
 
 } Argus, a king of Argos, who reigned 70 
 
 years. A son of Arestor, whence he is often 
 
 called Arislorides. He married Ismene, the 
 daugiiter of the Asopus. As he had an hun- 
 dred eyes, of which only two were asleep at 
 one time, Juno set him to watch lo, whom Ju- 
 piter had changed into a heifer; but Mercury, 
 by order of Jupiter, slew him by lulling all his 
 eyes asleep with ihe sound of his lyre. Juno 
 put the eyes of Argus on the tail of the pea- 
 cock, a bird sacred to her divinity. Moschus. 
 Idyl— Ovid. Met. 1, fab. 12 and V<i.—Propert. 
 1, v. 585, &c. el. S.—Jipollod. 1, c. 9, 1. 2, c. 1. 
 
 A son of Agenor. Hygin. fab. 145. A 
 
 son of Danaus, who built the ship Argo. Id. 
 
 14. A son of Jupiter and Niobe, the first 
 
 child which the father of the gods had by a 
 mortal. He built Argos, and married Evadne 
 
 the daughter of Strj'mon. Id. 145. A son 
 
 olPyras and Callirhoe. Id. 145. A son of 
 
 Phryxus, Id. 3. A son of Pol) bus. Id. 14. 
 
 One of Action's dogs. Jipollod. A 
 
 dog of Ulysses, who knew his master after an 
 absence of 20 years. Homer. Od. 17, v. 3U0. 
 
 AuGYLLiC, an ancient name of Ca;re, in 
 j:truria. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 652, 1.8, v. 478. 
 
 Arcynnis, a name of Venus v/hich she 
 
 AR 
 
 received from Argynnus, a favourite youth oi 
 Agamemnon, who was drowned in the Cephi- 
 sus. Propert. 3, el. v. 52. 
 
 Arg VRA, a nymph greatly beloved by a shep- 
 herd called Selimnus. She was changed into 
 a fountain, and the shepherd into a river of the 
 same name, whose waters make lovers forget 
 the object of their affections. Vid. Selimnus. 
 
 Paus. 7, c. 23. A city of Troas.— — Also 
 
 the native place of Diodorus Siculus, in Sicily. 
 
 Argyraspides, a Macedonian legion which 
 received this name from their silver helmets. 
 Cart. 4, c. 13. 
 
 Argyre, an island beyond the mouth of the 
 river Indus, abounding in metal. Mela, 3, c. 7. 
 
 Argvripa, a town of Apulia, built by Dio- 
 medes alter the Trojan war, and called by Po- 
 lybius Agripana. Only ruins remain to show 
 where it once stood, though the place still pre- 
 serves the name of Arpi. Virg. \^n. 11, v. 
 246. 
 
 Aria, a country of Asia, situate at the east 
 
 of Pai'thia. Mela, 1, c. 2, 1. 2, c. 7. The 
 
 wife of Paitus Cecinna, of Padua, a PtOman se- 
 nator who was accused of conspiracy against 
 Claudius, and carried to Rome by sea. She 
 accompanied him, and in the boat she stabbed 
 herself, and presented the sword to her hus- 
 band, who followed her example. Plin. 7. 
 
 Ariaune, daughter of Minos 2d, king of 
 Crete, by Pasiphae, fell in love with Theseus, 
 who was shut up in the labyrinth to be devour- 
 ed by the Minotaur, and gave him a clue of 
 thread, by which he extricated himself from 
 the ditficult windings of his confinement. Af- 
 ter he had conquered the Minotaur, he carri- 
 ed her away according to t'le promise he had 
 made, and married her ; but when he arrived 
 at the island of Naxos he forsook her, though 
 she was already pregnant, and repaid his love 
 with the most endearing tenderness. Ariadne 
 was so disconsolate upon being abandoned by 
 Theseus, that she hung herself, according to 
 some; but Plutarch says, that she lived many 
 yeai's after, and had some children by Onarus, 
 the priest of Bacchus. According to some wri- 
 ters, Bacchus loved her after Theseus had for- 
 saken her, and he gave her a crown of seven 
 stars, which, after her death, was made a con- 
 stellation. The Argives showed Ariadne's tomb, 
 and when one of their tenijiles was repaired, 
 her ashes were found in an eartlien urn. Ho- 
 mer, Od. 11, v. 320, says, that Diana detained 
 Ariadne at Naxos. Pint, in Tkcs. — Ovid. Met. 
 8, fab. 2. Heroid. 10. De Art. Am. 2, Fast. 3, v^ 
 462.— Ca^u/7. de Knpt. Pel ^ Tltct. ep. 61.— 
 Hygin. fab. 14, 43, 210.— Apollo d. 3, c. 1. 
 
 kv.iffxs, an officer who succeeded to the 
 commandoftiie surviving army after the death 
 of Cyrus the younger, afterthe battle of Cunaxa 
 He made peace with AKaxerxes. Xenoph. 
 
 Ariani and Arieni, a people of Asia. Dionys. 
 Perieg. 714. 
 
 Ariantas, a king of Scylhia, Mho yeaily 
 ordered every one of his subjects to present 
 him with an arrow. Herodol. 4, c. 81. 
 
 Ani.^MNFs, a king of Cappadocia, son of 
 Ariurathes 3d. 
 
 Ariakathes, a king of Cappadocia, who 
 joined Daiius Ochus in his expedition against 
 
 Egypt, where he acquired much glory. His 
 
 nepiiew, the 2d of that name,defendcd his king- 
 dom against Perdiccasr the general of Ale.xan« 
 
AR 
 
 •der, but lie was defeated and hung 6n a cross, 
 
 in the 81st year of his age, 321 B. C. His 
 
 son. Ariaratlies the 3d, escaped the massacre 
 which'attended his father and his followers ; 
 and after the death of Perdiccas, he recovered 
 Cappadocia, by conquering Amyntas the Ma- 
 cedonian general. He was succeeded by his son 
 
 Ariamnes. Ariarathes the 4th, succeeded 
 
 his father Ariamnes, and married Stratonice, 
 daughter of Antiochus Theos. He died after 
 a reign of twenty-eight years, B. C. 220, and 
 was succeeded by his son Ai'iarathes the 5th, a 
 prince who married Antiochia, the daughter of 
 king Antiocluis, whom he assisted against the 
 Romans. Antiochus being defeated, Ariara- 
 thes saved his kingdom from invasion by pay- 
 ing the Romans a large sum of money remit- 
 
 ted at the instance of the king of Pergamus. 
 
 His son, the 6th of that name, called Philo- 
 
 pater, from his piety, succeeded him 166 B. C. 
 An alliance with the Romans shielded him 
 against the false claims that were laid to his 
 crown by one of the favourites of Demetrius, 
 king of Syria. He was maintained on his throne 
 by Attalus, and assisted his friends of Rome 
 against Aristonicus, the usurper of Pergamus : 
 but he was killed in the war B. C. 130, leaving 
 six children, five of whom were murdered by 
 
 his surviving wife Laodice. The only one 
 
 who escaped, Ariarathes 7th, was proclaimed 
 king, and soon after married Laodice, the sister 
 of Mitiiridates Eupator, by whom he had two 
 sons. He was murdered by an illegitimate bro- 
 ther, upon which his widow Laodice gave her- 
 self and kingdom to Nicomedes, king of Bithy- 
 nia. Mithridates made war against the new 
 king, and raised his nephew to the throne. The 
 youngking,who was the 8th of the name of Ari- 
 arathes, made war against the tyrannical Mith- 
 ridates,by whom he was assassinated in the pre- 
 sence of both armies, and the murderer's son, a 
 cliild eight years old, was placed on the vacant 
 throne. The Cappadocians revolted, and made 
 the late monarch's brother, Ariarathes 9th, 
 king ; but Mithridates expelled him, and restor- 
 ed his own son. The exiled prince died of a bro- 
 ken heart ; and JVicomedes of Bithynia, dread- 
 ing the power of the tyrant, interested the Ro- 
 mans in the affairs of Cappadocia. The arbiters 
 wished to make the country free ; but the Cap- 
 |)adocians demanded a king, and received Ari- 
 obarzanes, B. C. 9 1. On the death of Ariobar- 
 zanes, his brother ascended the throne, under 
 the name of Ariarathes 10th ; but his title was 
 disputed by Sisenna,the eldest son of Glaphyra, 
 by Archelaus, priest of Comana, M. Antony, 
 wlio was umpire between the contending par- 
 ties,decided in favour ofSisenna; but Ariarathes 
 recovered it for a while, though he was soon 
 after obliged to yield in favour of Archelaus, 
 the second son of Glaph^Ta, B. C. 36. Diod. 
 18.— Justin. 13 and 29.—Strab. 12. 
 
 Aribb/eus, a general mentioned bv Polyaen- 
 7, c. 29. 
 
 Aricia, an Athenian princess, niece to JEge- 
 us, whom Hippolytus married after he had 
 been raised from the dead by iEsculapius. He 
 built a city in Italy, which he called by her 
 uame. He had a son by her called Virbius. 
 (Md. Met. 15, V, 544.— Virg. JEn. 7,. v. 762, 
 
 &c. A very ancient town of Italy, wow Ric- 
 
 cia, built by Hippolytus, £on of Theseus, after 
 he had been raised from the dead bv .'E=cwla- 
 
 AR 
 
 plus, and transported into Italy by IMana. le 
 a grove, in the neighbourhood of Aricia, The- 
 seus built a temple to Diana, where he estab- 
 lished the same rites as were in the temple of 
 that goddess in Tauris. The priest of this 
 temple, called Rex, was always a fugitive, and 
 the murderer of his predecessor, and went al- 
 ways armed with a dagger, to prevent whatever 
 attempts might be made upon his life by one 
 who wished to be his successor. The Arician 
 forest, frequently called nemoren^'s, or nemora- 
 lis sylva, was veiy celebrated, and no horses, 
 would ever enter it, because Hippoljlus had 
 been killed by them. Egeria, the favourite 
 nymph; and invisible protectress of Numa, ge-^ 
 nerally resided in this famous grove, which was 
 situated on the Appian way, beyond mount 
 Albanus. Ond. Met. 15. Fast. 3, v. 263.— 
 Lucaii. 6, v. 74. — Virg. Mn. 7, v. 761, &c. 
 Aricina, a surname of Diana, from her 
 
 temple near Aricia. [Vid. Aricia.] The 
 
 mother of Octavius. Cic. 3. Pkil. c. 6. 
 
 Arid^ps, a companion of Cyrus the young- 
 er. After the death of his friend, he reconciled 
 himself to Artaxerxes, by betraying to him the 
 
 surviving Greeks in their return. Diod. 
 
 An illegitimate son of Philip, who, after the 
 death of Alexander, was made king of Mace- 
 donia, till Roxane, who was pregnant by Alex- 
 ander, brought into the world a legitimate male 
 successor. Aridasus had not the free enjoy- 
 ment of his senses ; and therefore Perdiccas, 
 one of Alexander's generals, declared himself 
 his protector, and even married his sister, to 
 strengthen their connexion. He was seven 
 years in possession of the sovereign power, 
 and was put to death, v;ith his wife Eurydice, 
 by Olympias. Justin. 9, c. 8. — Diod. 
 
 Arienis, daughter of Alyattes, married 
 Astyages king of Media. Herodot. 1, c. 74. 
 
 Arig^um, a town of India, which Alex- 
 ander found burnt, and without inhabitants. 
 Arrian. 4. 
 
 Arii, a savage people of India. Of Ara- 
 bia. Plin. 6. Of Scythia. Herodot. 
 
 Of Germany. Tadt. 
 
 Arima, a place of Cilicia or Syria, where 
 Typhosus was overwhelmed under the ground. 
 Homer. II. 2. 
 
 Arimarius, a god of Persia and Media. 
 
 Arimaspi, a people conquered by Alexan- 
 der the Great. Curt. 7, c. 3. — Mela, 2, c. L 
 
 Arimaspias, a river of Scytliia, with golden 
 sands. The neighbouring inhabitants had but 
 one eye, in the middle of their forehead, and 
 waged continual war against the griffins, mon- 
 strous animals that collected the gold of the 
 river. Plin. 7, c. 2. — Herodot. 3 and 4. — 
 Strab. 1 and 13. 
 
 Arima STHJE, a people near the Euxine sea.. 
 Orpheus, jargon. 
 
 Arimazes, a powerful prince of Sogdiana, 
 who treated Alexander with much insolence, 
 and even asked, whetlier he could fly, to aspire 
 to so extensive a dominion. He surrendered, 
 and was exposed on a cross with his friend!} 
 and relations. Curt. 7, c. 11. 
 
 Arimi, a nation of Syria. S/rab. 
 
 Arimikum, (now Rimijii) an ancient city 
 of Italy, near the Rubicon, on the borders oi 
 Gaul, on the Adriatic, founded by a colony oi 
 Urabrians. It was the cause of Caesar's civii 
 vrar?^ livron.. 1. v. 281 — /'^'-v 3. r I5 
 
AR 
 
 ARiMiNtJS, a vlvier of Italy, rising in the Ap- 
 pennine mountains. Ptin. 3, c. 15. 
 
 Arimph^i, a people of Scytnia, near the 
 Riphsean mountains, who lived chiefly upon 
 berries in the woods, and Avere remarkable 
 for their innocence and mildness. Plin. 6, c. 7. 
 Arimcs, a king of Mysia. Varro. 
 Ariobarzanes, a man made king of Cap- 
 padocia by the Romans, after the troubles; 
 which the false Ariarathes had raised, had sub- 
 sided. Mithridates drove him from his king- 
 dom, but the Romans restored him. He fol- 
 lov,-3d the interest of Porapey, and fought at 
 Pharsalia against J. Cajsar. He and his king- 
 dom were preserved by means of Cicero. Cic. 
 5, ad Attic, ep. 29.— Horat. ep. 6^ v. 38.— 
 
 Flor. 3, c. 5. A satrap of Phrygia, who, 
 
 after the death of Mithridates, invaded the 
 kingdom of Pontus, and kept it for twenty-six 
 years. He was succeeded by the son of Mith- 
 ridates. Dioil. 17.— — A general of Darius, 
 who defended the passes of Susa with 15,000 
 foot against Alexander. After a bloody en- 
 counter with the Macedonians, he was killed 
 as he attempted to seize the city of Persepolis. 
 Diod. n.—Curt 4 and 5. A Mede of ele- 
 gant stature, and great prudence, whom Tibe- 
 rius appointed to settle the troubles of Arme- 
 nia. Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 4 A mountain be- 
 tween Parthia and the country of the Massa- 
 
 getae. A satrap, who revolted from the 
 
 Persian king. 
 
 Ariomandes, son of Gobryas, was gene- 
 ral of Athens against the Persians. Plat, in 
 Cim. 
 
 Aricmarpus, a son of Darius, in the army 
 of Xerxes when 
 Herodot. 7, c. 78. 
 
 Ariomedks, a pilot of Xerxes. 
 
 Arion, a famous lyric poet and musician, 
 son of Cyclos, of Methymna, in the island of 
 Lesbos. He went into' Italy with Periander, 
 tyrant of Corinth, Vviiere he obtained immense 
 riches by his profession. Some time after he 
 wished to revisit his country ; and the sailors 
 of the ship in v»'hich he embarked, resolved to 
 murder him, to obtain the riches Avhich lie 
 was caiTying to Lesbos. Arion seeing them 
 inflexible in their resolutions, begged that he 
 might be permitted to play some melodious 
 ftine; and as soon as he had finished it, he 
 threw himself into the sea. A number of 
 dolphins had been attracted round the ship by 
 the sweetness of his music ; and it is said, 
 iiiht One of them carried him safe on his back 
 to Tainarus, wiience ho hastened to the court 
 of Periander, who ordered all the sailors to be 
 erucified at their reiurn. Hy8;in. fab. 194. — 
 Jlerodiit. 1, c. 23 and 24.— JFMan. de jXat. 
 £n. 13, c. Ab.—Ual. 11. Propert. 2, cl. 26, 
 
 V. 17. — Pint, in Symp. A horse, sprung 
 
 from Ceres and Neptune. Ceres, when she 
 travelled over the world in quest of her 
 daughter Proseqiine, had taken the figure of a 
 mai'e, to avoid the importuning addresses of 
 INeptune. The god changed himself also 
 into a horse, nnd from their union arose a 
 daughter called Hera, and the horse Arion, 
 which had the power of speech, the feet on 
 the right side like those of a man, and the 
 rest of the body like a horse. Arion was 
 brought up by {he Nereides, who often har- 
 nessed him to his father'.s chariot, whick he 
 
 he went against Greece. 
 
 All 
 
 drew over the sea with uncommon swilltnes^, 
 Nej)tune gave him to Copreus, who presented 
 him to Hercules. Adrastus, king of Argos, 
 received him as a present from Hercules, and 
 with this wonderful animal he won the prize 
 at the Nemsean games. Arion, therefore, is 
 often called the horse of Adrastus. Paus. 8, 
 c. 25.— Propert. 2, el. 34, v. 37.—ApoUod. 3, 
 c. 6. 
 
 Ariovistus, a king of Germany, wha 
 professed himself a friend of Rome. When 
 Caisar was in Gaul, Ario\istus marched 
 aeain-st him, and was conquered with the loss 
 of 80,000 men. Cces. 1. Belt. Gaul.— Tacit.A 
 Hist. 
 Aris, a river of Messenia. Paus. 4, c. 31. 
 Arisba, a town of Lesbos, destroyed by an 
 
 earthquake. Plin. 5, c. 31. A colony of 
 
 the Mityleneans in Troas, destroyed by the 
 Trojans before the coming of the Greeks. 
 
 Virg. mi. 9, V. 264.— f/omer. //. 7. The 
 
 name of Priam's first wife, divorced that the 
 raojiarch might marry Hecuba. 
 
 Arist-'enetus, a writer whose epistles 
 have been beautifully edited by Abresch. 
 Zwollffi, 1749. 
 
 Arist.«u.M5 a city of Thrace at the foot of 
 mount Haemus. Plin. 4, c. 11. 
 
 AristjEus, son of Apollo and the nympli 
 Cyrene, was born in the deserts of Libya, and 
 brought up by the Seasons, and fed upon nec- 
 tar and ambrosia. His fondness for hunting 
 procured him the surname of Nomus and 
 Agreus. After he had travelled over the 
 greatest part of the \vorld, Aristaeus came to 
 settle in Greece, where he married Autonoe, 
 the daughter of Cadmus, by whom he had a 
 son called Actreon. He fell in love with Eu 
 rydice, the wife of Orpheus, and pursued her 
 in the fields. She was stun^ by a serpent that 
 lay in the grass, and died, for which the gods 
 destroyed all the bees of Aristaeus. In this 
 calamity he applied to his mother, who direc- 
 ted him to seize the sea-god Proteus, "and 
 consult him how he might repair the losses he 
 had sustained. Proteus advised him to appease 
 the manes of Eurydice by the sacrifice of 
 four bulls and four heifers : and as soon as he 
 had done it, and left them in the air, swarms 
 of bees immediately sprang from the rotten 
 carcasses, and restored Aristaeus to his for- 
 mer prosperity. Some authors say, that Aris- 
 ifeus had the cai'e of Bacchus when young, 
 and that he was initiated in the m}'steries of 
 this god. Aristteus went to live on mount 
 Hcemus, where he died. He was, after death, 
 worshipped as a demi-god. Arista?us is said 
 to have learned from the nymphs the cultiva- 
 tion of olives, and the management of bees, 
 6ic. which he afterwards communicated to 
 the rest of mankind. Virg. G. 4, v. 317. — 
 Diod. 4.— Justin. 13, c. 7.— Ovid. Fast. 1, 
 V. 363.— C'tr. ^e A^af. D. 3, c. \8.—Pm(s. 
 10, c. n.—Hi/gin. fab. 161, 180, 247.— Apol- 
 lod. 3, c. 4. — iicrodol. 4, c. 4, kc. — Polycen. 1, c. 
 24. A general who commanded the Corin- 
 thian forces at the siege of Potidaja. He was 
 taken by the Athenians, and put to death. 
 
 ARisTAGuft.\s, a writer who composed an 
 history of Egypt. Plin. 36, c. 12. A son- 
 in-law of Histi^us, tjTant of Miletus, who re- 
 volted from Dai'ius, and incited the Athenians 
 against ifersia. and burnt Sardi«. This so (t%' 
 
AR 
 
 .Asperated the king, that every evening before 
 supper he ordered his servants to remind him 
 of punishing Aristagoras. He was killed in a 
 battle against the Persians, B. C. 499. Hero- 
 dot. 5, c. 30, &c. 1. 7, c. 8.—PoiT/(£n. 1, c. 
 
 14. A man of Cyzicus. Another of 
 
 Cumae. Herodot.4. 
 
 Aristander, a celebrated soothsayer, great- 
 ly esteemed by Alexander. Plui. in Alex. — 
 
 Plin. 17, c. 25. An Athenian, who wrote 
 
 on agriculture. 
 
 Aristasdros, a statuarv of Sparta. Pans. 
 3, c. 18. 
 
 Aristarchk, a matron of Ephesus, who 
 by order of Diana sailed to the coasts of Gaul 
 with the Phocaeaiis, and was made priestess. 
 Strab. 4. 
 
 Aristarchus, a celebrated grammarian of 
 Saraos, disciple of Aristophanes. He lived 
 the greatest part of his life at Alexandria, and 
 Ptolemy Philometor intrusted him with the 
 education of his sons. He was famous for 
 his critical powers, and he revised the poems 
 of Homer with such severity, that ever after 
 all severe ciitics Vvcre called Aristarcki. He 
 wrote above 800 commentaries on different 
 authors, much esteemed in his age. In his 
 old age he became dropsical, upon which he 
 starved himself, and died in his 72d year, B. 
 C. 157. He left two sons called Aristarchus 
 and Aristagoras, both famous for their stupi- 
 dity. Horat. de Art. poet. v. 499.— OriV. 3, 
 ex Pont. ep. 9, v. 24. — Cic. ad Fam. 3, ep. 
 U. ad Attic. 1, ep. 14.— Quintil. 10, c. 1. 
 
 A tragic poet of Tegea in Arcadia, about 
 
 454 years B. C. He composed 70 tragedies, 
 of which two only were rewarded with the 
 prize. One of them, called Achilles, was 
 translated into Latin verse by Ennius. Siii- 
 
 das. A physician to queen Berenice, the 
 
 widow of Antiochus. Polyoen. 8. An ora- 
 tor of Ambracia. An astronomer of Sa- 
 
 mos, who first supposed that the earth turned 
 round its axis, and revolved round the sun. 
 This doctrine nearly proved fatal to him, as 
 he was accused of disturbing tiie peace of 
 the gods Lares. He maintained that the sun 
 was nineteen times further distant from the 
 earth than the moon, and that the moon was 
 66 semi-diameters of our globe, and little 
 more than one third, and the diameter of the 
 sun six or seven times more than that of the 
 earth. The age in which he flourished is not 
 precisely known. His treatise on the large- 
 ness and tiie distance of the sun and moon is 
 extant, of which the best edition is that of Ox- 
 ford, 8vo. 1688. 
 
 ARisTAz.tNEs, a noble Persian in favour 
 with Artaxerxes Ochus. Diod. 16. 
 
 Aristeas, a poet of Proconnesus, who, as 
 fables report, appeared seven years after his 
 death to his countrymen, and 540 years after 
 to the people of Metaponttmi in Italy, and 
 commanded them to raise to liim a statue near 
 the temple of Apollo. He wrote an epic po- 
 em on the Arimaspi in tliree books, and some 
 of his verses are (pioted by Longinus. Hero- 
 dot. 4, c. V.i.—Strab. 14.— Max. Tyr. 22. 
 A physician of Rhodes, A geometri- 
 cian, intimate with Euclid. A poet, son of 
 
 Demochares, in tlie age of Croesus. 
 
 Arister^e, an isrand on the roa ;f of Prlo- 
 ponnesus. Paus. 2, c . :^,4. 
 
 AR 
 
 AristSus, a man of Argos, who excited 
 king Pyrrhus to take up arms against his coun- 
 trymen, the Argives. Polycen. 8, c. 68. 
 
 Aristhf.nes, a shepherd who found Ms' 
 culapius, when he had been exposed in the 
 woods by his mother Coronis. 
 
 Aristhus, an historian of Arcadia. Diof 
 nys. Hal. 1. 
 
 Aristieus, a river of Paeonia. Polyczn.A, 
 c. 12. 
 
 Aristides, a celebrated Athenian, son of 
 Lysimachus, whose great temperance and vir- 
 tue procured him the surname of Just, He 
 was rival to Themistocles, by whose influence 
 he was banished for ten years, B. C. 484 ; but 
 before six years of his exile had elapsed, he 
 was recalled by the Athenians. He was at the 
 battle of Salamis,and was appointed chief com- 
 mander with Pausanias against Mardonius, 
 who was defeated at Platasa. He died so poor, 
 that the expenses of his funeral were defrayed 
 at the public charge, and his two daughters, on 
 account of their father's virtues, received a 
 dowry from the public treasury when they 
 were come to marriageable years. Poverty, 
 however, seemed hereditary in the family of 
 Aristides, for the grandson was seen in the 
 public streets, getting his livelihood by explain- 
 ing dreams. The Athenians became more vu*- 
 tuous in imitating their great leader; and 
 from the ^ense of his good qualities, at the 
 representation of one of the tragedies of 
 iEschylus, on the mentioning of a sentence 
 concerning moral goodness, the eyes of the 
 audience were all at once turned from the 
 actor to Aristides. When he sat as judge, 
 it is said that the plaintiff, in his accusa- 
 tion, mentioned the injuries his opponent 
 had done to Aristides ; '' mention the wrongs 
 you have received," replied the equitable 
 Athenian, " I sit here as judge, and the law- 
 suit is yours, and not mine." C. JVep. ^^ Plut. 
 
 in Vita. An historian of Miletus, fonder of 
 
 stories and of anecdotes, than of truth. He 
 wrote an histoiy of Italy, of which the 40th vo- 
 lume has been quoted by Pint, in Parall. 
 
 An Athlete, who obtained a prize at the Olym- 
 pian, ISemean, and Pythian games. Pans 6, 
 
 c. 16. A painter of Thebes in Boiotia, in 
 
 the age of Alexander the Great, for one of 
 whose pieces Attains offered 6000 sesterces. 
 
 Plin. 7 and 35. A Greek orator who wrote 
 
 50 orations, besides other tracts. When Smyr- 
 na was destroyed by an earthquake, he wrote 
 so pathetic a letter to M. Aurelius, that the 
 emperor ordered the city immediately to be 
 rebuilt, and a statue was in consequence raised 
 to the orator. His works consist of hymns in 
 prose in honour of the gods, funeral orations, 
 apologies, panegyrics, and harangues, the best 
 edition of which is that of Jebb, 2 vohunes 4to . 
 Oxon. 1722, and that in a smaller size in 12mo. 
 
 3 vols, of Canterusapud P. Steph. 1604. A 
 
 man of Locris, who died by the bite of a wea- 
 
 zcl. JEliun. V. H. 14. A philosopher of 
 
 Mysia, intimate with M. Antoninus. An 
 
 Athenian, mIio wrote treatises on animals, 
 trees, and agriculture. 
 
 ARisTii.i.rs, a philosopher of the Alexan- 
 drian school, who about oOO years B. C. at- 
 tempted with Timochai-is to determine the 
 place of the ditt'erent stars in the heavens, and 
 to trace ihe course of the planets. 
 
AR 
 
 Aristio, a sophist of Athens, who, by the 
 support of Archelaus, the general of Mithri- 
 dates, seized the covernment of his country, 
 and made himself absolute. He poisoned him- 
 self when defeated by Sylla. Liv. SI, 82. 
 
 Akistippus, the elder, a philosopher of 
 Cyrene, disciple to Socrates, and founder of 
 the Cyrenaic sect. He was one of the flatter- 
 ers of Dionysius of Sicily, and distinguished 
 himself for his epicurean voluptuousness, in 
 support of which he wrote a book, as likewise 
 an history of Libya. When travelling in the 
 deserts of Africa, he ordered his servants to 
 throw away the money they carried, as too 
 burdensome. On another occasion, discover- 
 ing thatthe ship in which he sailed belonged to 
 pirates, he designedly threw his property into 
 the sea, adding, that he chose rather to lose it 
 than his life. Many of his sayings and max- 
 ims are recorded by Diogenes, in his life. Ho- 
 
 rat. 2. Sal. 3, v. l(5o. His grandson of the 
 
 same name, called the younger, was a warm de- 
 fender of his opinions, and supported that the 
 principles of all things were pain and pleasure. 
 He flourished about 363 years B. C. A ty- 
 rant of Argos, whose life was one continued 
 series of apprehension. He was killed by a Cre- 
 tan in a battle against Aratus, B. C. 242. Di- 
 og. A man who wrote an history of Arca- 
 dia. Diog. 2. 
 
 M. Aristius, a tribune of the soldiers in 
 Caesar's arniy. Ccuar. Bell. Gall. 7, c. 42. 
 
 Another.- Vid. Fuscus. A satirist, 
 
 who wrote a poem called Cyclops. 
 Aristo. Vid. Ariston. 
 AnisTOEULA, a name given to Diana by 
 Themistocles. 
 
 Aristobulus, a name common to some of 
 the high priests and kings of Judaea, he. Jo- 
 seph. A brother of Epicurus. One of 
 
 Alexander's attendants, who wrote the king's 
 
 life, replete with adulation and untruth. A 
 
 philosopher of Judasa, B. C. 150. 
 
 Aristoclea, a beautiful woman, seen naked 
 by Strato, as she was offering a sacrifice. She 
 was passionately loved by Callislhenes, and 
 was equally admired by Strato. The two ri- 
 vals so furiously contended for her hand, that 
 slie died during their quarrel, upon which Stra- 
 to killed himself, and CaJlisthenes was never 
 seen after. Pint, in Amat. 
 
 Aristoci.es, a peripatetic philosopher of 
 Mcssenia, who reviewed, in a treatise on phi 
 losophy, the opinions of his predecessors. The 
 14th book of this treatise is quoted, &.c. He 
 also wrote on rhetoric, and likewise nine books 
 
 on morals. A grammarian of Rhodes. 
 
 A stoic of Lampsacus. An historian. Strab. 
 
 4. A musician. Allien, he. A prince 
 
 of Tegaea, he. Polycen. This name is com- 
 mon to many Greeks, of whom few or no par- 
 ticulars are recorded. 
 
 Aristoclides, a tyrant of Orchomenus, 
 who, because he could not win the affection of 
 Stymphalis, killed her and her father, upon 
 which all Arcadia took up arras and destroyed 
 the murderer. ♦ 
 
 AuisTocRATEs, a Itiug of Arcadia, put to 
 death by his subjects for offering violence to 
 the priestess of Diana, Pans. 8, c. 5. His 
 grandson of the same name, was stoned to 
 Aleath for taking bribes, during the second 
 Mosscnian war, and being the cause of the 
 
 AR 
 
 defeat of his Messenian allies, B. C. 682. Id, 
 
 ibid.- A Rhodian. A man who endea- 
 
 voured to destroy the democratical power at 
 
 Athens. An Athenian general sent to th« 
 
 assistance of Corcyra with 25 gallies. Died. 
 
 15. An Athenian who was punished with 
 
 death for flying from the field of battle. A 
 
 Greek historian, son of Hipparchus, PliU. in 
 Lye. 
 
 Aristocreon, the writer of a book on ge- 
 ography. 
 
 Aristocritus, wrote a treatise concerning 
 Miletus. 
 
 Aristodeme, a daughter of Priam. 
 Aristodemus, son of Aristomachus, was 
 one of the Heraclidas. He, with his brothers 
 Teraenus and Cbrespontes, invaded Pelopon- 
 nesus, conquered it, and divided the country • 
 among themselves, 1104 years before the 
 christian era. He married Argia, by whom 
 he had the twins Procles and Eurysthenes. 
 He was killed by a thunderbolt at INaupactum, 
 though some say that he died at Delphi in Pho- 
 cis. Pans. 2, c. 18, 1. 3, c. 1 and IQ.—Herodot. 
 
 7, c. 204, 1. 8, c. 131. A king of Messenia, 
 
 who maintained a famous war against Sparta. . 
 After some losses, he recovered his strengthi 
 and so effectually defeated the enemy's forces, 
 that they were obliged to prostitute their wo- 
 men to re-people their country. The offspring 
 of this prostitution were called PartheniEe, and 
 30 years after their birth they left Sparta and 
 seized upon Tarentum. Aristodemus put his 
 daughter to death for the good of his country i 
 being afterwards persecuted in a dream by her 
 manes, he killed himself, after a reign of six 
 years and some months, in which he had ob- 
 tained much military gloiy, B. C. 724. His 
 death was lamented by his countrymen, who 
 did not appoint him a successor, but only in- 
 vested Damis,one of his friends, with absolute 
 power to continue the war, which was at last 
 terminated after much bloodshed, and many 
 
 losses on both sides. Pans, in Messen. A 
 
 tyrant of Cumas. A philosopher of ^Egina. 
 
 An Alexandrian who wrote some trea- 
 tises, &.C. A Spartan who taught the chil- 
 dren of Pausanias. A man who was precep- 
 tor to the children of Pompey. A tyrant of 
 
 Arcadia. A Carian who wrote an history of 
 
 painting. A philosopher of Nysa, B. C. 68. 
 
 Aristogenes, a physician of Cnidos, who 
 obtained great reputation by the cure of De- 
 metrius Gonatas, king of iMacedonia. A 
 
 Thasian who wrote 24 books on medicine. 
 
 Aristogiton and Haemodius, two cele- 
 brated friends of Athens, who, by their joint 
 efforts, delivered their countiy frc!a the tyran- 
 ny of the Pisistratidae, B. C. 510. They recei- 
 ved immortal honours from the Athenians, and 
 had statues raised to their memory. These 
 statues wei-e carried away by Xerxes when he 
 took Athens. The conspiracy of Aristogiton 
 was so secretly planned, and so wisely cai'ried 
 into execution, that it is said a courtezan bit 
 her tongue off not to betray the trust reposed 
 in her. Pans. 1, c. 29. — Herodot. 5, c. 55. — 
 
 Plut. de 10, Oral. An Athenian orator, sur- 
 
 named Cajiis, for his impudence. He wrote 
 orations against Timarchus, Timotheus, Hy- 
 
 perides and Thrasyllus. A statuary. Pans. 
 
 Aristolaus, a painter. Plin. 35, c. 11. 
 AmsTOMACHE, the wife of Dionysius of 
 
AR 
 
 Syi-acuse. 
 Dion. 
 
 Cic. Tusc. 5, c. 20. 
 A poetess. P!ut. Symp. 
 
 -The wife of 
 — A daugh- 
 ter of Priam, who married Critolaus. Paus. 
 10, c. 26. 
 
 Aristomachus, an Athenian who wrote 
 concerning the preparation of wine. Pliii. 14, 
 
 c. 9. A man so excessively fond of bees, that 
 
 he devoted 58 years of his life in raising 
 
 swarms of them. Plin. 11, c. 9. The son 
 
 of Cleodaeus, and grandson of Hylliis, whose 
 three sons, Cresphontes, Temenus, and Aris- 
 todemus, called Heraclida?, conquered Pelo- 
 ponnesus. Pans. 2, c. 7, 1. 3, c. 15. — Herodot. 
 6, 7 and 8.' ■ -A man who laid aside his sove- 
 reign power at Argos, at the persuasion of 
 Aratus. Pam. 2, c. 8. 
 
 Aristomedes, a Thessalian general in the 
 interest of Darius 3d. Curi. 3, c. 9. 
 
 Aristomenes, a commander of the fleet of 
 Darius on the Hellespont, conquered by the 
 Macedonians. Curt. 4, c. 1. ^A famous ge- 
 neral of Messenia, who encouraged his coun- 
 trymen to shake off the Lacedaemonian yoke, 
 under which they had laboured for above 30 
 years. He once defended the vu'tue of some 
 Spartan women;Whom his soldiers had attempt- 
 ed ; and when he was taken prisoner and car- 
 ried to Sparta, the women whom he had pro- 
 tected interested themselves so warmly in his 
 cause that they procured his liberty. He re- 
 fused to assume the title of king, but was satis- 
 fied with that of commander. He acquired 
 the surname of Just, from his equity, to which 
 he joined the true valour, sagacity, and perse- 
 verance of a general. He often entered Spar- 
 ta without being known, and was so dexterous 
 in eluding the vigilance of the Lacedsemonians, 
 who had taken him captive, that he twice es- 
 caped from them. As he attempted to do it a 
 third time, he was unfortunately killed, and 
 his body being opened, his heart was found all 
 covered with hair. He died 671 years B. C. 
 and it is said that he left dramatical pieces be- 
 hind him. — Diod. 15. — Paus. in Messen. 
 
 A Spartan sent to the assistance of Dionysius. 
 Polycen. 2. 
 
 Ariston, the son of Agasicles, king of Spar- 
 ta. Being unable to raise children by two 
 wives, he married another famous for her beau- 
 ty, by whom he had, after seven months, a 
 son, Demaratus, whom he had the imprudence 
 
 to call not his own. Herodot. 6, c. 61, &c. 
 
 A general of JEtolia. A sculptor. A Co- 
 rinthian who assisted the Syracusans against 
 
 the Athenians. An officer in Alexander's 
 
 army. A tyrant of Methymna, who being 
 
 ignorant that Chios had surrendered to the 
 Macedonians, entered into the harbour, and 
 
 was taken and put to death. Curt. 4, c. 9. 
 
 A philosopher of Chios, pupil to Zeno the 
 stoic, and founder of a sect which continued 
 but a little while. He supported that the na- 
 ture of the divinity is unintelligible. It is said 
 that he died by the heat of the sun, which fell 
 too powerfully upon his bald head. In his old 
 age he was much given to sensuality. Diog. 
 
 A lawyer in Trajan's reign, whose eulo- 
 
 gium has been written by Pliny, 22 epist. lib. 1. 
 
 A peripatetic philosopher of Alexandria, 
 
 who WTote concerning the course of the Nile. 
 
 Strab. A wrestler of Argos, under whom 
 
 Plato performed some exercises. A musi- 
 cian of Athens. A tragic poet. A peri- 
 
 \5 
 
 AR 
 
 patetic of Cos. A native of Pella, in the 
 age of Adrian, who wrote on the rebellion of 
 the Jews. 
 
 Aristoxaut^, the naval dock of Pellene. 
 Paus. 2. 
 
 AftisTONicus, son of Eumenes, by a con- 
 cubine of Ephesus, 126 B. C, invaded Asia and 
 the kingdom of P.ergamus, which Attains had 
 left by his will to the Roman people. He was 
 conquered by the consul Perpenna, and strang- 
 led in prison. Justin. 36, c. 4, — Flor. 2, c. 
 20. A musician of Olynthus. A gram- 
 marian of Alexandria, who wrote a commen- 
 tary on Hesiod and Homer, besides a treatise 
 on the Musaeum established at Alexandria by 
 the Ptolemies. 
 
 Aristonides, a noble statuary. Plin. 34, 
 c. 14. 
 
 Aristonus, a captain of Alexander's ca- 
 valry. Curt. 9, c. 5. 
 
 Aristonymus, a comic poet under PhilS- 
 delphus, keeper of the libraiy of Alexandria. 
 He died of a retention of urine, in his 77th 
 year. Mhen. One of Alexander's musi- 
 cians. Plut. in Alex. 
 
 Aristophanes, a celebrated comic poet 
 of Athens, son of Philip of Rhodes. He wrote 
 54 comedies, of which only eleven are come 
 down to us. He lived in the age of Socrates, 
 Demosthenes, and Euripides, B. C. 434, and 
 lashed the vices of his age with a masterly hand. 
 The wit and excellence of his comedies are well 
 known *, but they abound sometimes too much 
 with obscenity, and his attack upon the vene- 
 i*able character of Socrates has been always 
 censured, and with justice. As a reward of his 
 mental gi'eatness, the poet received a crawn of 
 olive, in a public assembly ; but if he deserved, 
 praise, he merited blame for his licentiousness, 
 which spared not even the gods, and was so of- 
 fensive to his countrymen, that Alcibiades made 
 a law at Athens, which forbade the comic wri- 
 ters from mimicking or representing on the 
 stage any living character by name. Ai'isto- 
 phanes has been called the prince of ancient 
 comedy, as Menander of the new. The play 
 called JVubes is pointedly against Socrates, and 
 the philosopher is exposed to ridicule, and his 
 precepts placed in a most ludicrous point of 
 view, by the introduction of one of his pupils 
 in the characters of the piece. It is said that 
 St. Chrysostom used to keep the comedies of 
 Aristophanes under his pillow, on account of 
 the brilliancy of the composition. Plutarch, 
 has made a comparison between the princes 
 of the new and old comedy, which abounds 
 witli many anecdotes concerniHg these original 
 characters. The best editions of the works of 
 Aristophanes are, Kuster's, fol. Amst. 1710, 
 and the 12rao. L. Bat. 1670, and that of Bnmck. 
 4 vols. 8vo. Argent. 1783, which would still be 
 more perfect, did it contain the valuable scho- 
 lia. Quintil. 10, c. l.—Paterc. 1, c. 16.— Ho- 
 rat. 1. Sat. 4, v. 1. A grammarian of By- 
 zantium, keeper of the library of Alexandria 
 under Ptolemy Evergetes. He wrote a trea- 
 tise on the ballots of Attica. Biog. in Plat, et 
 
 Epic.—Athen. 9. A Greek historian of Boe- 
 
 otia, quoted by Plut. de Herod. Mtdig. A 
 
 writer on agi-iculture. 
 
 Aristophilides, a king ofTarentum in the 
 reign of Darins son ot' Hystaspes, Hero- 
 dot. 3. 
 
AR 
 
 AristopmO!?, a painter in the age of So- 
 crates. He drew the picture of Alcibiades 
 softly reclining on the bosom of the courtezan 
 ^^enlea, and all the people of Athens ran in 
 crowds to be spectators of the masterly piece. 
 He also made a painting of Mars leaning on the 
 arm of Venus. Pint, in Alc.—Athm. 13.— 
 
 Flin. 35; c. 11. A comic poet in the age of 
 
 Alexander, many of whose fragments are col- 
 lected in Athenffius. 
 
 Akistor, the father of Argus, the hundred- 
 eyed keeper of lo. 
 
 Aristorides, the patronymic of Argus. 
 Ovid. Met.% v. 624. 
 
 Aristoteleia, festivals in honour of Aris- 
 totle, becau.'=;e he obtained the restitution of 
 his country from Alexander. 
 
 Aristoteles, a famous philosopher, son of 
 the physician Nicomachus by Festiada, born 
 at Stagira. After his father's death he went to 
 Athens, to hear Plato s lectures, where he 
 soon signalized him'^elf by the brightness of 
 his geiiius. He had been of an inactive and 
 dissolute disposition in his youth, but now he 
 applied himself with uncommon diligence, and 
 after he had spent 20 years in hearing the in- 
 structions of Plato, he opened a school for 
 himself, for which he was accused of ingrati- 
 tude and illiberality by his ancient master. 
 He uas moderate in his meals ; he slept little, 
 and alwa}-s had one arm out of his couch with 
 a bullet in it, which by falling into a brazen 
 bason underneath, early awakened him. He 
 was, according to some^ ten years preceptor to 
 Alexander, wiio received his instructions with 
 much pleasure and deference, and always res- 
 pected him. According to Plutarch, the im- 
 provement that Alexander made under Aris- 
 totle, was of more service to him than all the 
 splendour and power which he received from 
 Pliilip. Almost all his writings, which are 
 composed on a variety of subjects, are extant : 
 he gave them to Theophrastus at his death, 
 and Ihey were bought by one of the Ptolemies, 
 and placed in the famous library of Alexandria. 
 Diogenes Laertes has given us a very exten- 
 sive catalogue of them. Aristotle had a de- 
 formed countenance, but his genius was a suf- 
 licient compensation for all his personal de- 
 lects. He has been called by Plato the philo- 
 sopher of truth ; and Cicero compliments him 
 uith the title of a man of eloquence, univer- 
 sal knowledge, readiness and acuteness of in- 
 vention, and fecundity of thought. The writ- 
 ings of Aristotle have been compared with 
 ll;ose of" P'.ato ; but the one are the effusions 
 of a lively and Irultful imagination, whilst 
 the philosoplicr of Stagira studied nature more 
 than art, and hud recourse to simplicity of ex- 
 pres.sion more than ornament. He neither 
 vvorship?ied i^r cared for the divinity, con- 
 cerning which his opinions were ever various 
 and dif^onant ; and the more he disregarded 
 llje inythology of the ancients, the greater 
 was tiic (.redit he acquh'ed over his less philo- 
 sophical 5»r«decessors. He was so authorita- 
 ti\c \u his opinions, that, as Bacon observes, 
 he wished to establish the same dominion over 
 Kicn's nnnds, iis his pujtil over nations. Alex- 
 ander, it is said, wi.shtd and encouraged Jiis 
 Jf.anu'd tutor to write the history of animals , 
 ajj'J the more efl'ectually to as-iisl him, he sup- 
 plied him with StXJ talents, and iii his Asiatic 
 
 AR 
 
 expedition employed above a thousand men ttr 
 collect animals, either in fishing, hunting, or 
 hawking, which w^ere carefully transmitted to 
 the philosopher. Aristotle's logic has long 
 reigned in the schools, and been regarded as 
 the perfect model of all imitation. As he ex- 
 pired, the philosopher is said to have uttered 
 the following sentiment : Fctde himcmundum 
 intravi, a.Jixius vixi, pertubaius egredior, causa 
 cansarum miserere ntei. The loitter whick 
 Philip wrote to Aristotle, has been preserv- 
 ed, and is in these words : " I inform you I 
 have a son ; I thank the gods, not so much for 
 making me a father, as forgiving me a son in 
 an age when he can have Aristotle for his in- 
 structor. I hope you will make him a succes- 
 sor w^orthy of me, and a king worthy of Ma- 
 cedonia." Aristotle wished to make his wife 
 Pvthias a deity, and to pay her the same w^or- 
 sh'ip as was paid to Ceres. He died in the 63d 
 year of his age, B. C. 322. His ti'eatises have 
 been published separately ; but the best edi- 
 tion of the w^orks collectively, is that of Du- 
 val, 2 vols. fol. Paris, 1629. Tyrrwhitt's edi- 
 tion of the Poetica, Oxon.4to. 94, is a valua- 
 ble acquisition to literature. He had a son 
 whom he called ISicomachus, by the courte- 
 zan Herj)yllis. Some have accused him of be- 
 in? accessary to the death of Alexander, and 
 satd that he drowned himself in the Euripus, 
 because he could not find out the cause of its 
 flux and reflux. There are however different 
 reports about the manner of his death, and 
 some believe that he died at Athens of a cho- 
 lic, two years after Alexander's death. The 
 people of Stagira instituted festivals in his ho- 
 nour, because he had rendered important ser- 
 vices to their city. Diog. in vita. — Pint, in 
 Alex, and de Alex. fori. he. — Cic. Acad, 
 Qmest. 4, de Oral. 3, de Finib. 5-. — Qulntil. 1* 
 2, 5, \Q).—JElian. V. H. 4.— Justin. 12.— Jus- 
 tin. Marlijr. — August, de Civ. Dei, 8. — PHn. 
 2, 4, 5, hi^.—Athm.—Val. Max. 5, c. 6, &c. 
 
 There were besides seven of the same 
 
 name, A magistrate of Atliens. A com- 
 mentator on Homers Iliad. An orator of 
 
 Sicily, who answered the paneg}'ric of Isocra- 
 
 tes. A friend of ^schines. A man of 
 
 C} rene who wrote on poetry. A scliool- 
 
 master mentioned in Plato's life, written 
 
 by Aristoxenu.s, Aa obscure grammarian, 
 
 Diog. de Arislot. 
 
 Aristotimus, a tyrant of Elisy 271 yeai-s B. 
 C. Pans. 5, c. 5. 
 
 Aristoxenus, a celebrated musician, dis- 
 ciple of Aristotle, and born at Tarentura. He 
 wrote 4§3 different treatises on phiio-sophy, 
 history, kc. and was disappointed in his ex- 
 pectations of succeeding in the school oi Aris- 
 totle, for wliich he always spoke with ingrati- 
 tude of his learned master. Of all his work.5 
 nothing remains but three books upon music, 
 
 the most ancient on that subject extant. A 
 
 philosopher of Cyrene. Allien. ^A physi- 
 cian whose ^^ritings are quoted by Galen. 
 
 A poet of Selinus. A Pythagorean philoso- 
 pher. 
 
 Aristus, a Greek historian of Salamis.wlio 
 wrote an account of Alexander's expedition. 
 Strab. 14. — Arrian. 7. 
 
 Aristvlh.s, an obscure poet. Aristopfr 
 An astronomer of Alexandrin, 293 B. C 
 
 Arivs. a rlicr of Gaul, and of Asia, The 
 
AR 
 
 mliabitants in the neighbourhood are called 
 
 j^rii. A celebrated writer, the origin of 
 
 the Ai-ian controversy, that denied the eternal 
 divinity and consubstantiality of the Word. 
 Thou.frh he was greatly persecuted for his 
 opinions, he gained the favour of the empe- 
 ror Coustautine, and triumphed over his pow- 
 erful autasonist Athanasius. He died the ve- 
 ry nMht he was going to enter the church of 
 Confft-ntinople in triumph. Pressed by na- 
 ture, he went aside to ease himself; but his 
 bowels gushed out, and he expired on the spot, 
 A. D. 335. Alfianas. 
 
 Akme.ves, a son of Nabis, led in triumph 
 at Rome. Liv. 34, c. 1. 
 
 Armhsia., a large country of Asia, divided 
 into Upper and Lower Armenia. Upper Ar- 
 menia, called also Major, has JMedia on the 
 east, iberia on the north, and Mesopotamia on 
 the south. Lower Armenia, or Minor, is bound- 
 ed by Cappadocia, Armenia Major, Syria, 
 Cilicia, and the Euphrates. The Armenians 
 were a long time under the dominion of the 
 Medes and Persians, till they were conquered, 
 xvith the rest of Asia, by Alexander and his 
 successors. The Romans made it one of their 
 provinces, and, under some of the emperors, 
 the Armenians had the privilege of choosing 
 ^eir own kings, but they were afterwards re- 
 duced. The country received its name from 
 Armenus, who was one of the Argonauts, and 
 of Thessalian origin. They bon-owed the 
 names and attributes of their deities from the 
 Persians. They paid great adoration to Venus 
 Anaitis, and the chiefest of the people ahva^'s 
 prostituted their daughters in honour of tiiis 
 goddess. Armenia Major is now called Tur- 
 comania, and Minor Aladulia. Herodot. 1, c. 
 194, L 5, c. 49.— Curt. 4, c. 12, 1. 5, e. 1.— 
 Strab. 1 and IL — Mela, 3, c. 5 and 8. — Plin. C, 
 c, 4, ^c.^ — Lucan. 2. 
 
 Armestarius, a Caesar in Dioclesian's 
 reign. 
 
 Akmillatus, one of Domitian's favour- 
 ites. Jur. 4, V. 53. 
 
 Armilcstkium, a festival at Rome on the 
 19th of October. When the sacrilices were 
 offered, all the people appeared under arms. 
 The festival has often been confounded with 
 that of the Salii, tiiough easily distinguished: 
 because the latter was observed tlie 2d of 
 March, and on the celebration of the Armilus- 
 trium they always played on a flute, arid the 
 8alii plaved upon the trumpet. It was insti- 
 tuted A. U. C. 543. Varro de L. L. 5, c. 3.— 
 Liv. 27, c. 37. 
 
 Armisius, a warlike general of the Ger- 
 mans, who supported a bloody war against 
 Rome for some time, and was at last conquer- 
 ed by Germanicus in two great battles. He 
 was poisoned hy one of his friends, A. D. 19, in 
 the 37th year of his age. Dio. 66 — Tacit. 
 Ann. 1, kc. 
 
 ARMORiciK, cities of Celtic Gaul, famous 
 for the warlike, rebellious, and inconstant dis- 
 position of the inhabitants called Armorici. 
 Armorica extended between the rivei-s Liger 
 and Sequana, and comjjrehended those rich 
 and populous provinces now called Britany 
 and Normandy. Cas. Bell. G. 
 
 Arne, a ciry of Lycia, called afterwards 
 
 Xanthus. A town of Umbria in Italy. 
 
 A daughter of Mo\mf who gave her napit to 
 
 AR 
 
 two towns, one in Thessaly, the other in 
 Bo3otia. Neptune changed himself uito a bull 
 to enjoy her company. Strab. 1 and 2. — Paus. 
 9, c. 40'.— OnV7. Met. 6, fab. 4. 
 
 Akni, a people of Italy, destroyed by Her- 
 cules. 
 
 Arxiensis, a tribe in Rome, Liv. 6. 
 
 Arnobius, a philosopher in Dioclesian's 
 reign, who became a convert to Christianity. 
 He applied for ordination, but was refused by 
 the bishops till he gave them a proof of hissin- 
 cerit}'. Upon this he wrote his celebrated 
 treatise, in which he exposed the absurdity of 
 irreligion, and ridiculed the heathen gods. 
 Opinions are various concerning the purity of 
 his style, though all agree in praise of his ex- 
 tensive erudition. The book that he wrote 
 de Rheforica Insiiiatioae is not extant. The 
 best edition of his treatise Advtrsus Gentts is 
 the 4to. printed L. Bat. 1651. 
 
 Arxus, a river of Etruria, rising on the Ap- 
 pennine mountains, and falling into the Medi- 
 terranean. Liv. 22. c. 2. 
 
 Aroa, atown of Achaia. Pans. 7. 
 
 Aroma, a to -.vn of Caria. of Cappadocia. 
 
 Arpani, a people of Italy. . 
 
 Arpi, a city of Apulia, built by Diomedes 
 after the Trojan war. Justin.'20, c. 1. — Virg. 
 JEn. 10, v. 28. 
 
 ArpI.vum, a town of the Volsci, famous for 
 giving birth to Cicero and Marius. The words 
 Arpince CharlcE arc someiimes applied to Cice- 
 ro's works. Mart. 10, ep. 19.— Jwr. S, v. 237. 
 — Cic. Rull. 3. A town of Magna Griecia. 
 
 Arr.?;i, a people of Thrace. Piln. 
 
 Arrhae-^us, the king of a nation in the 
 neighbourhood of Macedonia, vrho greatly dis- 
 tressed Archelaus. Aristol. 5. Polit. c. lu. 
 
 Arria. Vid. Aria. 
 
 Arria Galla, a beautiful, but immodest 
 woman in the reign of the emperors. T^acit. 
 15. c. 59. 
 
 Arrivals, a philosopher of Nicomedia, 
 priest of Ceres and Proserpine, and disciple of 
 Epictetus, called a second Xenophon from the 
 elegance and sweetness of his diction, and dis- 
 tinguished for his acquaintance with military 
 and political life. He wrote seven books on 
 Alexanders expedition, the periplus of the 
 Euxine and Red sea, four books on the disser- 
 tations of Epictetus, besides an account of the 
 Alani, Bithynians, and Parthians. He ilonr- 
 is,li£d about the HOtli yeer of Christ, and was 
 rewarded with the consulship and government 
 of Cartpadocia, by M. Antpninus, The best 
 edition of Arrian's Expedito Alexandri. is the 
 fol. Gi'onovii. L. Bat. 1704, and the 8vo. a Ra- 
 phelio, 2 vols. 1757, and the Tactica, 8vo. 
 
 Amst. 1683. A Greek historian. An 
 
 Athenian who wrote a treatise on hunting, and 
 
 the manner of keeping dogs A poet who 
 
 wrote an epic i)oem in twenty-four books on 
 Alexander ; also another poem on Attalus, 
 king of Pergamus, He likewise translated 
 Virgil's Georgics into Greek verse. 
 
 Arrius, a friend of Cicero, whose sumptu- 
 ous feast Horat. describes, 2 Sai. 3, v. 8'x 
 
 Aper, a Roman general who murdered the 
 emperor, kc. 
 
 Arbius and Arius, a philosopher of Alex- 
 andria, who so ingratiated himself with Atigus- 
 Itus, after the battle of Actium, that tiie con- 
 1 queror declaied (he people of Alexandria owed 
 
AR 
 
 the preservation of their city to three causes ; 
 because Alexander was their founder, because 
 of the beauty of the situation, and because Ar- 
 rlus was a native of the place. Plut. in Anton. 
 
 AnRUNTius, a Romaii consul. A famous 
 
 geographer, who upon being accused of adul- 
 tery and treason; under Tiberius, opened his 
 veins. Tacit. Ann. 6 
 
 Arsabes, a satrap of Armenia. Of Per- 
 sia. Poiycen. 
 
 Arsaces, a man of obscure origin, who, up- 
 on seeing Seleucus defeated by the Gauls, in- 
 vaded Parthia, and conquered the governor of 
 the province called Andragoras, and laid the 
 foundations of an empire, 250 B. C. He ad- 
 ded the kingdom of the Hyrcani to his newly- 
 acquired possessions, and spent his time in es- 
 tablishing his pow er, and regtilating the laws. 
 After death he was made a god of his nation, 
 and all his successors were called, in honour 
 of his name, ArsacidtE. Justin. 41, c. 5 and 6. — 
 
 Strab. Hand 12. Hissonandsuccessorbore 
 
 the same name. He carried war against Anti- 
 ochus the son of Seleucus, who entered the 
 field with 1000,000 foot and 20,000 horse. He 
 afterwards made peace with Antiochus, and 
 
 died B. C. 217. Id. 41, c. 5. The third king of 
 
 Parthia, of the family of the Arsacidae, bore the 
 same name, and was also called Priapatius. He 
 reigned twelve years, and left tw^o sons, Mithri- 
 dates and Phraates. Phraates succeeded as 
 being the elder, and at his death he left his 
 kingdom to his brother, though he had many 
 children ; observing, that a monarch ought to 
 have in view-, not the dignity of his family, but 
 the prosperity of his subjects. Justin. 31, c. 5. 
 
 AkingofPontus and Armenia, in alliance 
 
 with the Romans. He fought long with suc- 
 cess against the Persians, till he was deceived 
 by the snares of king Sapor, his enemy, W'ho 
 put out his eyes, and soon after deprived him 
 of life. Marcellin. ^The eldest son of Arta- 
 
 banus, appointed over Armenia by his father, 
 after the death of king Artaxias. Tacit. Hist. 
 6. A servant of Themistocles. 
 
 Arsacid^, a name given to some of the 
 monarchs of Parthia, in honour of Arsaces.the 
 founder of the empire. Their power subsisted 
 till the 229th year of the christian era, w'hen 
 they were conquered by Artaxerxes king of 
 Persia. Justin. 41. 
 
 Arsahijenes, a satrap of Persia, at the battle 
 of the Granicus. 
 
 Arsametes, a river of Asia, near Parthia. 
 Tacit. Ann. 15. 
 
 Arsamosata, a town of Armenia Major, 
 70 miles from the Euphrates. Tacit Ann. 15. 
 
 Arsanes, the son of Ochus, and father of 
 Codomanus. 
 
 Arsanias, a river of Armenia, which, ac- 
 cording to some, flow s into the Tigris, and af- 
 terwards into (he Euphrates. Plin. 5, c. 24. 
 
 Arsena, a marsh of Armenia Major, whose 
 fishes are all of the same sort. Sirab. 
 
 Arses, the youngest son of Ochus, whom 
 the euinich Bagoas raised to the throne of Per- 
 fia, and destroyed with his children, after a 
 reign of three years. Diod. 17. 
 
 Aksta, a wood of Etruria, famous for a bat- 
 tle between the Romans and (he Veienles. 
 
 Plut. in Pop!. A small river between Illy 
 
 ricuni and Istria, falling into the Adriatic. 
 
 A river of Italy, llowhig tiirough Campania. 
 
 AR 
 
 Arsid.s;us, a son of Datames, fee. 
 
 Arsinoe, a daughter of Leucippus and Phi- 
 lodice, was mother of iEsculapius by Apollo, 
 according to some authors. She received di- 
 vine honours after death at Sparta. Apollod. 
 
 S.—Paus. 2, c. 26, 1. 3, c. 12. A daughter of 
 
 Phlegeus, promised in marriage to Alcmajon, 
 Apollod. S) c. 7. A fountain of Peloponne- 
 sus. Pans. Messen. The sister and wife of 
 
 Ptolemy Philadelphus, worshipped after^eath 
 under the name of Venus Zephp-itis. Dino- 
 chares began to build her a temple with load- 
 stones, in which there stood a statue of Arsi- 
 noe suspended in the air by the power of the 
 magnet ; but the death of the architect pre- 
 vented its being perfected. Plin. 34, c. 14. 
 
 A daughter of Ptolemy Lagus, who married 
 Lysimachus king of Macedonia. After her 
 husband's death, Ceraunus, her own brother, 
 married her, and ascended the throne of Mace- 
 donia. He previously murdered Lysimachus 
 and Philip, the sons of Arsinoe by Lysimachus, 
 in their mother's arms. Arsinoe was some 
 time after banished to Samothrace. Justin. 
 17, c. 1, &,c. A younger daughter of Ptole- 
 my Auletes, sister to Cleopatra. Antony dis- 
 patched her to gain the good graces of her sis- 
 ter. Hirt. Alex. 4. — Appian. The wife of 
 
 Magas king of Cyrene, who committed adul- 
 tery with her son-in-law. Justin. 26, c. 3. 
 
 A daughter of Lysimachus. Pans. A town 
 
 of Egypt, situated near the lake of Mceris, on 
 the western shore of the Nile, where the inha- 
 bitants paid the highest veneration to the cro- 
 codiles. They nourished them in a splendid 
 manner, and embalmed them after death, and 
 buried them in the subterraneous cells of the 
 
 labyrinth. Strab. A tow^n of Cilicia 
 
 of ^olia of Syria of Cyprus of Ly- 
 
 cia, tc. 
 
 Arsites, a satrap of Paphlagonia. 
 Artabanus, son of Hystaspes, was bro- 
 ther to Darius the first. He dissuaded his ne^ 
 phew Xerxes from making war against the 
 Greeks, and at his return he assassinated him 
 with the hopes of ascending the throne. Da- 
 rius, the son of Xerxes, was murdered in a simi- 
 lar manner ; and Artaxerxes, his brother, 
 would have shared the same fate, had not he 
 discovered the snares of the assassin, and pun- 
 ished him with death. Diod. 11. — Justin. 3, c. 
 1, kc.—TIerodot. 4, c. 38, 1. 7, c. 10, k.c A 
 
 king of Parthia after the death of his nephew 
 Phraates 2d. He undertook a w ar against a 
 nation of Scythia, in which he perished. His 
 son Mithridates succeeded him, and merited the 
 
 appellation of Great. Justin. 42, c. 2. A king 
 
 of Media, and afterwards of Parthia, after the 
 expulsion of Vonones,w hom Tiberius had made 
 king there. He invaded Armenia, from whence 
 he w-as driven away by one of the generals of 
 Tiberius. He was expelled from his throne, 
 which Tiridates usurped ; and some time after, 
 he was restored again to his ancient power, and 
 
 died A. D. 48. Tacit. Ann. 5, &.c. A king 
 
 of Parthia, very inimical to the interest of Ves- 
 pasian. Another king ofParthia, who made 
 
 w ar against the emperor Caracalla,who had at- 
 tempted his life on pretence of courting his 
 daughter. He was murdered, and the power 
 of Parthia abolished, and the crow n translated 
 to tlie Persian monarchs. Dio. — Hcrodian. 
 Artabazanes or Af.tamenes, the eld- 
 
 tf 
 
AR 
 
 est son of Darius, when a private person. He 
 attempted to succeed to the Persian throne, 
 in preference to Xerxes. Justin. 
 
 Artabazus, a son of Pharnaces, general in 
 the army of Xerxes. He fled from Greece 
 upon the ill success of Mardonius. Hcrodot. 7, 
 
 8 and 9. A general who made war against 
 
 Artaxerxes, and was defeated. He was after- 
 wards reconciled to his prince, and became 
 the familiar friend of Darius 3d. After the 
 murder of this prince, he surrendered himself 
 up with his sons to Alexander, who treated 
 him with much humanity and confidence. 
 Curt. 5, c. 9 and 12, 1. 6, c. 5, 1. 7, c. 3 and 5, 
 
 1. 8, c. 1. An officer of Artaxerxes against 
 
 Datames. Diod. 15. 
 
 Artabri and ARXABRiTiE, a people of Lusi- 
 tania, who received their name from Arta- 
 brum, a promontory on the coast of Spain, 
 now called Finisterre. Sil. 3, v. 362. 
 
 ArtaCjEas, an officer in the army of Xer- 
 xes, the tallest of all the troops, the king ex- 
 cepted. 
 
 Aetac^na, a city of Asia, near Aria. 
 
 Artace, a town and seaport near Cyzicus. 
 It did not exist in the age of Pliny. There 
 was in its neighbourhood a fountain cal- 
 led Artacia. Herodot. 4, c. 14. — Procop. de 
 Bell. Pers. 1, c. 25.— Slrab. 13.— F/m. 5,c. 32. 
 
 ■ A city of Phrygia. A fortified place 
 
 of Bithynia. 
 
 Artacene, a country of Assyria near Ar- 
 bela, where Alexander conquered Darius. 
 Strab. 16. 
 
 Artacia, a fountain in the country of the 
 La3strygones. Tibul. 4, el. 1, v. 60. 
 
 Art^i, a name by which the Persians 
 were called among liieir neighbours. Hero- 
 dot. 7, c. 61. 
 
 Artageras, a town of Upper Armenia. 
 Strab. 
 
 Artagerses, a general in the army of Ar- 
 taxerxes, killed by Cyrus the younger. Plut. 
 in Art ax. 
 
 Artanes, a king of the southern parts of 
 
 Armenia. Strab. 11. A river of Thrace 
 
 flowing into tiie Ister. Herodot. 4, c. 49. 
 
 A river of Colchis. 
 
 Artaphernes, a general whom Darius sent 
 into Greece with Datis. He was conquered 
 at the battle of Marathon, by Miltiades. Vid. 
 Datis. C. JVep. in Milt. — Herodot. 
 
 Artatus, a river of Illyria. Liv. 43, c. 
 19. r-y 
 
 Artavasdes, a son of Tygranes, king of 
 Upper Armenia, who wrote tragedies, and 
 shone as an elegant orator and faithful histo- 
 rian. He lived in alliance with the Romans, 
 but Crassus was defeated partly on account 
 of his delay. He betrayed M. Antony in his 
 expedition against Parthia, for which Anto- 
 ny reduced his kingdom, and carried him to 
 Egypt, where he adorned the triumph of the 
 conqueror led in golden chains. He was 
 
 some time after murdered. Slrab. 11. The 
 
 crown of Armenia was given by Tiberius to 
 a person of the same name, who was expelled. 
 
 • Augustus had also raised to tlie throne 
 
 of Armenia, a person of the same name. Ta- 
 cit. An. 2. 
 
 Artaxa and Artaxias, a general of An- 
 tiochus the Great, who erected the province 
 of Armenia into a kingdom, by his re- 
 
 AR 
 
 liance on the friendship of the Romans. King 
 Tigi'anes was one of his successors. Strab. 11. 
 
 Art AX ATA, ( orum ) now Ardesh, a 
 strongly fortified town of Upper Armenia, the 
 capital of the empire, where the kings gene- 
 rally resided. It is said that Annibal built it 
 for Artaxias, the king of the country. It was 
 burnt by Corbulo, and rebuilt by Tiridates, 
 who called it JVeronea, in honour of Nero. 
 Strab. 11. 
 
 Artaxerxes 1st, succeeded to the king- 
 dom of Persia, after his father Xerxes. He de- 
 stroyed Artabanus, who had murdered Xerx« 
 es, and attempted to destroy the royal fam- 
 ily to raise himself to the throne. He made 
 war against the Bactrians, and re-conquered 
 Egypt, that had I'evolted, with the assistance 
 of the Athenians, and was remarkable for his 
 equity and moderation. One of his hands was 
 longer than the other, whence he has been 
 called Macrochir or Longimanus. He reign- 
 ed 39 years, and died B. C. 425. C. JVep. in 
 
 Reg. — Plut. in Artax. The second of 
 
 that name, king of Persia, v/as surnamed 
 Mnemon, on account of his extensive memory. 
 He*vas son of Darius the second, by Parvsa- 
 tis the daughter of Artaxerxes Longimanus, 
 and had three brothers, Cyrus, Ostanes, ajid 
 Osathres. His name was Arsaces, which he 
 changed into Artaxerxes when he ascended 
 the tlr.'orie. His brother Cyrus was of such 
 an ambitious disposition, that he resolved to 
 make himself king, in opposition to Artaxerx- 
 es. Parysatis always favoured Cyrus; and 
 when he had attempted the life of Artaxerxes, 
 she obtained his pardon by her entreaties and 
 influence. Cyrus, who had been appointed 
 over Lydla and the sea-coasts, assembled a 
 large army under various pretences, and at last 
 marched against his brother at the head of 
 100,000 barbarians and 13,000 Greeks. He 
 was opposed by Artaxerxes with 900,000 men, 
 and a bloody battle was fought at Cunaxa, in 
 which Cyrus was killed, and his forces routed. 
 It has been reported, that Cyrus was killed by 
 Artaxerxes, who was so desirous of tiie hon- 
 our, that he put to death two men for saying 
 that they had killed him. The Greeks, who 
 had assisted Cyrus against his brother, though 
 at the distance of above 600 leagues from their 
 country, made their way through the territo- 
 ries of the enemy ; and nothing is more fa- 
 mous in the Grecian history, than the retreat 
 of the ten thousand. After he was delivered 
 from the attacks of his brother, Artaxerxes 
 stirred up a war among the Greeks against 
 Sparta, and exerted all his influence to weak- 
 en the power of the Greeks. He married two 
 of his own daughters, called Atossa and Ames- 
 tris, and named his eldest son Darius to be 
 successor. Darius however consi)ired against 
 his father, and was put to death ', and Ochus, 
 one of the younger sons, called also Artaxerx- 
 es, made his way to the throne, by causing 
 his elder brothers Ariaspes and Arsames to 
 be assassinated. It is said that Artaxerxes 
 died of a broken heart, in consequence of 
 his son's unnatural behaviour, in the 94th 
 year of his age, after a reign of 46 years- 
 B. C. 358. Artaxerxes had 150 children by his 
 350 concubines, and only four legitimate sons. 
 Plut in Vila.. — C. A>p. in Reg. — Justin. 10, 
 c. 1, kc.--Diod. 13, &c. ^The 3d, sur- 
 
 '1^ 
 
AR 
 
 named OcIub, snccgeded his father Artaxerx- 
 es 2-\, and estabUrilied himseii on his throne 
 by inoi-dering about 80 of his nearest rela- 
 tions. He j)uni'=iied with death one of his of- 
 ficers who conspired against him, and recov- 
 ered Esv\>t: which had revolted, destroyed 
 SidoiT, aY»d ravaged all Syria. He made war 
 against the Cadusii, and i;reatly rewarded a 
 private man called Codoniauusfor his uncom- 
 mon valour. B-it his behaviour in Egypt, and 
 Lis crtiolty towards the inhabitants, olfended 
 his subjects, and Bagoas at last obliged his phy- 
 sician to poison him, B. C. 337, and after- 
 wards gave his flesli to be devoured by cats, 
 and made handles for swords with his bones. 
 Codomanus on account of his virtues was soon 
 after made king by the people; and that he 
 might seem to possess as much dignity as 
 the house of Artaxerxes, he reigned under 
 the naxTie of Darius thsi third. Juslin. 10, 
 c. 3.— Died. n.--'i:/iVm V.]I.6,c. 8. 
 
 Artaxerxes or Artaxares l.st, a com- 
 mon soldier of Persia, who killed Arta- 
 banus, A. D. 228, and erected Persia again 
 into a kingdom, which had been extinct since 
 tbo death of Darius. Beverus the Roman 
 emneror conquered him, and obliged him to 
 remain within his kingdom. Herodmn. 5. 
 
 One of his successors, son of Sapor, bcre 
 
 bis name, and reigned eleven years, during 
 which he distinguished himself by his cruelties. 
 
 AuTAXiAS, a son of Artavasdes, king of 
 Armenia, was proclaimed king by his father's 
 troops. He opposed Antony, by whom he 
 was defeated; and became so odious that the 
 Romans, at the req test of the Armenians, rais- 
 ed Tigranes to the tliione. Another, son 
 
 ©f Polemon. whose original name was Zeno. 
 After the "expulsion of Venones from Arme- 
 nia; he was made king by Germanicus. Ta- 
 
 %-if. <), dnn. c. 31. A general of Antiochus. 
 
 Vid. Artaxa. 
 
 Aktayctes, a Persian appointed gover- 
 nor of Sestos by Xerxes. He was hung on a 
 I TOSS by the Athenians for his cruelties. He- 
 rod. 7 and 9. 
 
 Artavnta, a Persian lady, whom Xerxes 
 gave in marriage to his son Darius. She was 
 one of the mistresses of her father-in-law. 
 iicrodol. 9, c. 103, k-c. 
 
 Aktayntes, a Persian appointed over a 
 fleet in Greece by Xerxes. Htrodot. 8, c. 13, 
 1. 9, e. i07. 
 
 Aktembares, a celebrated Mede in the 
 »-ei,gn of Cyrus the Great. Htrodot. 1 and 9. 
 
 ARTEMiDfiRUs, a native of Ephesus, who 
 wrote an histoiy and description of tiie earth, 
 in eleven books. He flourished about 104 
 
 years B. C. A physician in the age of 
 
 Adrian. A man in tlie reign of Antoninus. 
 
 who wrote a learned work on the interpreta- 
 tion of dreams, still extant ; the best edition 
 of which is that of Rigaltius, Paris, 4to. 1604, 
 to whieh is H.\\\\ft\^(\ jhJimelis oneirocrilica. 
 
 A mHU of Cnidus, son to the historian Theo- 
 jjompns. He had a school at Rome, and he 
 wjvjte a book on illustrious men, not extant. 
 As he was a friend of J, Cajsar, he wrote 
 down an account of the cons{)iracy which 
 was formed against him. He gave it to the 
 dictator from among the crowd as he was go- 
 ing to the senale, but J. Caisar jmt it Avith 1 
 •llier|)apcr3 wiych he held in his Jiaatl, think- 1 
 
 AR 
 
 iug it to be of no material consequence. Pint., 
 ill C(ss. 
 
 ARTiMis, the Greek name of Diana. Her 
 festivals, called Artemisia, were celebrated in 
 several parts of Greece, particularly at Delphi, 
 where they offered to the goddess a mullet, 
 which, as was supposed, bore some affinity to 
 the goddess of hunting, because it is said to 
 hunt and kill the sea hare. There was a so- 
 lemnity of tiie same name at Syracuse; it 
 lasted tiiree days, which were spent in ban- 
 quetting and diversions. Alhen. 7. 
 
 Artemisia, daughter of Lygdamis of Ha- 
 licarnassus, reigned over Halicarnassus and 
 the neighbouring country. She assisted Xerx- 
 es in his expedition against Gi-eece with a 
 Heet, and her valour was so great that the 
 monarch observed that all his men fought like 
 women, and all his women like me-n. The 
 Atlicnians were so ashamed of lighting against 
 a woman, that they offered a reward of !0,OtK) 
 drachms for her head. It is said that she 
 was fond of a youth of Abydos, called Darda- 
 nus, and that, to punish his disdain, she put 
 out his eyes while he was asleep, and after- 
 wards leaped down the promontory of Leucas. 
 flerodot. 7, c. 99, 1. 8, c. 68, &ic. — Justin. 2, 
 
 c. 12. There was also another queen of 
 
 Caria of that name, often confounded with the 
 daughter of Lygdamis. She was daughter of 
 Hecalomnus king of Caria, or Halicarnassus, 
 and was married to her own brother, Mauso- 
 lus, famous for his personal beauty. She was 
 so fond of her husband, that at his deaih she 
 drank in her liquor his ashes after his body 
 had been burned, and erected to his memory 
 a monument, which tor its grandeur and mag- 
 nificence, was called one of the seven won- 
 ders of the world. This monument she called 
 Mausoleum, a name which has been given 
 from that time to all monuments of unusual 
 splendour. She invited all the literary men 
 of her age, and proposed rewards to him who 
 composed the best elegiac panegyric upon 
 her husband. The prize was adjudged to 
 Theopompus. She was so inconsolable for the 
 death of her husband, that she died through 
 grief two years after. VUruv. — Sirab, 14. — - 
 Plin 25, c. 7, 1. 36, c. 5. 
 
 Arte.misia. Fid. Ai-temis. 
 
 Artemisium, a promontory of Euboja, 
 where Diana had a temple. The neighbour- 
 ing part of the sea bore the same name. The 
 fleet of Xerxes had a skirmish there with the 
 
 Grecian .ships. Htrodot. 7, c. 175, !kc. 
 
 A lake near the grove Aricia, with a temple 
 sacred to Artemis, whence the name. 
 
 Artemita, a city at the east of Selcucia. 
 
 An island opposite the mouth of the 
 
 Achelous. Strab. 
 
 Artemon, an historian of Pergamus. A 
 
 native of Clazomena;, who was with Pericles 
 at the siege of Samos, where it is said he in- 
 vented the battering ram, the ttsludo, and 
 
 other equally valuable military engines. A 
 
 man who wrote a treatise on collecting books. 
 
 A native of Magnesia, who wrote the 
 
 history of illustrious women. A physician 
 
 of Clazomenee. -A painter. A Syrian 
 
 whose features resembled, in the strongest 
 manner, those of Antiochus. The qneen, af- 
 ter the king's murder, made use of Arternon 
 to represejU her husband in a lingering slato, 
 
AR 
 
 tliat, by his seeralng to die a natural death, she 
 might conceal her guilt, and effect her wicked 
 purpose. Vid. Antiochus. 
 
 Artimpasa, a name of Venus among the 
 Scythians. Herodot. 4, c. 59. 
 
 Artobarzanes, a son of Darius, who en- 
 deavoured to ascend the throne in preference 
 to his brother Xerxes, but to no purpose. He- 
 rodot. 7, c. 2 and 3. 
 
 Artochmes, a general of Xerxes, who mar- 
 ried one of the daughters of Darius. Herodot. 
 7, c. 73. 
 
 Artona, a town of the Latins, taken by the 
 iEqui. Liv. 2, c. 43. 
 
 Artontes, a son of Mardonius. Pans, in 
 Bozotic. 
 
 Artonius, a physician of Augustus, who, 
 on the night previous to the battle of PhilippI, 
 saw Minerva in a dream, who told him to as- 
 sure Augustus of victory, Val. Max. 1, c. 7. 
 Artoxares, an eunuch of Paphlagonia, in 
 the reign of Artaxerxes 1st, cruelly put to 
 death by Parysalis. 
 
 Arturius, an obscure fellow raised to hon- 
 ours and wealtji by his flatteries, fee, Juv.d, 
 V. 29. 
 
 Artynes, a king of Media, 
 Artvijia, a lake of Asia Minor. 
 Artystona, a daughter of Darius. Herodot. 
 8, c. SS. 
 
 Aru^, a people of Hyrcania, where Alex- 
 ander kindly i-eceived the chief officers of Da- 
 rius. Curl. 6, c. 4. 
 
 Arvales, a name given to twelve priests 
 who celebratedthe festivals called Ambarvalia. 
 According to some, they were descended from 
 the twelve sous of Acca Laurentia, who suck- 
 led Romulus. They wore a crown of ears of 
 corn, and a white fillet. Varro. de L. L. 4. — 
 Vid. Ambarvalia. 
 
 Arueris, a god of the Egyptians, son of 
 Isis and Osiris. According to some accounts, 
 Osiris and Isis were married together in their 
 mother's womb, and Isis whs pregnant of Ai'U- 
 eris before she was born. 
 
 Arverni, a powerful people of Gaul, now 
 Aavergne, near the Ligeris, who took up arms 
 against J, Ciesar. They were conquered with 
 great slaughter. They pretended to be des- 
 cended from the Trojans as well as the Ro- 
 mans, des. Bell. Gat. l.—Strab. 14. 
 
 Arviragus, a king of Britain. Juv. 4, v. 
 127. 
 
 Arvisium and Arvisus, a promontory of 
 Chios, famous for its wine. Virg. Ed. 6, 
 
 L. Aruxculeius Costa, an olBcer sent by 
 J. Caisar against the Gauls, by whom he was 
 killed. CisJ!. Bell. Gall. 
 
 Akbxs, an Etrurian soothsayer in the age of 
 
 Marius. Lumn. 1, v. 586. A soldier wlio 
 
 slew Camilla, and was killed by a dan of 
 
 Diana. Virg. JEn. 11, v. 759. A brother 
 
 of Tarqiiin ihe Proud. He married Tullia, 
 
 AS 
 
 ritss of Bacchus, for which the god InebriateCi 
 liim to such a degree that he offered violenc«» 
 to his daughter Meduilina, who murdered hini 
 wlien she found that he acted so dishonourably 
 
 to her virtue. Piut. in Parall. A man 
 
 who wrote an account of the Punic wai-s in the 
 style of Sallust, in the reign of Augustus. Ta- 
 cit. Arm. 1. — Senec. ep. 14. Another Latin 
 
 writer. Senec. de Bene/. 6. ^^Paterculus, a 
 
 man who gave jEmylius Censoriuus, tyrant oi 
 ^Egesta, a brazen horse to torment criminals. 
 The tyrant made the first experiment upon 
 the body of the donor. Pint, in Parall. 
 Stella, a poet descended of a consular family 
 in the age of Domitian. 
 
 Arupincs, a maritime town of Istria. Ti- 
 bull4,e\. 1, V. 110. 
 Aruspex. Vid. Haruspex. 
 Arxata, a town of Armenia, near the 
 Araxes. Strab. 11. 
 
 Arvandes, a Persian appointed governor of 
 Egypt by Cambyses. He was put to death be- 
 cause he imitated Darius in whatever he did, 
 and wished to make himself immortal. Hero- 
 dot. 4, c. 166. 
 
 Arybas, a native of Sidon, whose daugh- 
 ter was carried away by pirates. Homer. Od. 
 
 15, v. 425, A king oi the Molossi, who 
 
 reigned ten years. 
 
 ARYPTiEUs, a prince of the Molossi, ^vho 
 privately encouraged the Greeks against Ma-. 
 cedonia, and afterwai'ds erabi-aced the pasty 
 of the ^Macedonians. 
 
 AsANDER, a man who separated, by a wall, 
 Chersonesus Taurica from the continent. 
 Strab. 7. 
 
 AsBEST^E and AsBYSx.f:, a people of Libya 
 above Cyreae, where the temple of Amnion is 
 built. Jupiter is sometimes called on that ac- 
 count Asbysiius. HcrodoL 4, c. 170. — Piol. 4, 
 c. 3. 
 
 AsBoLUS (black hair) one of Actseon's dogs. 
 Olid. Met. 3. 
 
 AscALAPuus, a son of Mars and Asty- 
 oche, who was amongthe Argonauts, and went 
 to the Trojan war at the head of the Orcho- 
 menians, with his brother lalmenus. He was 
 killed by Deiphobus. Homer. It. 2, v. 13, 1. 9, 
 
 V. 82, 1, 13, V, 518, A son of Acheron hy 
 
 Gorgyra or Orphne, stationed by Pluto to 
 
 who murdered him to espouse Tarquin, who 
 
 had assassinated his wife. A son of Tarquin 
 
 the Proud, who, in the battle that was fought 
 between the pa. tizansof his father and the Ro- 
 mans, attacked Hratus the Roman consul, 
 wiio wounded him and tia-ew him down from 
 
 his horse. Liv. 2, c. 0. A son of Porsena 
 
 king cf E'rtuia, sent oy his father to take 
 Aricia, Liv. 2 c. !«*. 
 
 Aruntius- n Koinan who ridiculed the 
 
 watch over Proseipine in the Elysian field? 
 When Ceres had obtained from Jupiter her 
 daughter's freedom and return upon earth, 
 provided she had eaten nothing in the king- 
 dom of Pluto, Ascalaphus discovered that 5he 
 liad eaten some pomegranates from a tree ; 
 upon which Proserpine was ordered by Jupi- 
 ter to remain six months with Pluto, and the 
 rest of the year with her mother. Proserpine 
 was so displeased with Ascalaphus, that she 
 sprinkled water on his head, and immediately 
 turned him into an owl. Apollod. 1, c. 5, 1. 2-, 
 c. 5.— Ovid. Met. 5, fab. 8. 
 
 AscALow, a town of Syria, near the Mr- 
 diteiranean, about 520 stadia from Jerusalem, 
 still in being. It was anciently famous for its 
 onions. Jo3e})h. de Bell. Jud.3,c.2. — Theo- 
 phrast. H.Pl.7, c. 4. 
 
 AscANiA, an island of the iEgeau sea. 
 
 A city of Troas, built by Ascaiiiiis. 
 
 AscAifius, son of ^Enea^ by Creusa, wa«v 
 saved from the flames of Troy by his father, 
 whom he accompanied in his voyage to Italy, 
 
AS 
 
 He was afienvards called lulus. H6 behavetJ 
 with great valour in the war which his father 
 carried on against the Latins, and succeeded 
 iEneas in the kingdom of Latinus, and built 
 Alba, to which he transferred the seat of his 
 empire from Lavinium. The descendants of 
 Ascanius reigned in Alba for above 420 years, 
 iinder 14 kings, till the age of Numitor. As- 
 canius reigned 38 years ; "30 at Lavinium, and 
 eight at Alba ; and was succeeded by Sylvius 
 Posthumus, son of ^^neas by Lavinia. lulus, 
 the son of Ascanius, disputed the crown with 
 him ; but the Latins gave it in favour of Syl- 
 vius, as he was desceuded from the family of 
 Latinus, and lulus was invested with the office 
 of high-priest, which remained along while in 
 bis family. Liv. 1, c. 3.— Virg. JEn. 1, &c. 
 
 According to Dionys. Hal. 1, c. 15, &c. 
 
 the son of .^neas by Lavinia was also called 
 
 Ascanius. A river of Bithynia. Virg. G. 
 
 8, V. 270. 
 
 Ascii, a nation of India, in whose country 
 ©bjects at noon have no shadow. Plin 2, 
 
 AscLEPiA, festivals in honour of Asclepius, 
 •r iEsculapius, celebrated all over Greece, 
 when prizes for poetical and musical compo- 
 sitions were honourably distributed. At Epi- 
 daurus they were called by a different name. 
 
 AscLEPiADEs, a rhetorician in the age of 
 Eumenes, who wrote an historical account of 
 
 Alexander. Arriun. A disciple of Plato. 
 
 A philosopher, disciple to Stilpo, and very 
 
 intimate with Menedemus. The two friends 
 lived together, and that they might not be 
 separated when they married, Asclepiades 
 married the daughter, and Menedemus, 
 though much the younger, the mother. 
 When the wife of Asclepiades was dead, Mene- 
 demus gave his wife to his friend, and married 
 another. He was blind in his old age, and 
 
 died in Eretria. Plut. A physician of 
 
 Bithynia, B. C. 90, who acquired great repu- 
 tation at Rome, and was the founder of a sect 
 in physic. He relied so much on his skill, 
 that he laid a wager he should never be sick ; 
 and won it, as he died of a fall, in a very ad- 
 vanced age. Nothing of his medical treatises 
 
 is now extant. An Egyptian, who wrote 
 
 hymns on the gods of his country, and also a 
 treatise on the coincidence of all religions 
 
 jL 
 
 A3 
 
 A native of Alexandria, who gave an history 
 
 of the Athenian archons. The writer of a 
 
 treatise on Demetrius Phalereus. A disci- 
 ple of Isocrates, who wrote six books on those 
 events which had been the subject of tragedies. 
 
 A physician in the age of Pompey. A 
 
 "tragic poet. Another physician of Bithy- 
 nia, under Trajan. He lived 70 years, and 
 was a great favourite of the emperor's court. 
 
 Asci.EPiODouus, a painter in the age of 
 Apelles, 12 of whose pictures of the gods 
 were sold for 300 minae each, to an African 
 
 prince. Plin. 35. A soldier who conspired 
 
 against Alexander with Hermolaus. Curl. 8, 
 
 C.6. 
 
 . Asci.EPiODoTus, a general of Mithridates. 
 
 Asclepius. Vid. ^sculapius. 
 
 AscLETARioN, a matlicmatician in the age 
 of Domitian, who said that he should be torn 
 by dogs. The emperor ordered him to be put 
 to death, and his body carefully secured; but 
 as soon as he was set on the burning pile, a 
 sudden storm arose which put out the ilames,. 
 
 and tTie dogs came and tore to pieces the raa=' 
 thenfiatician's body, Sutton, in Domit. 15. 
 AscLus, a town of Italy. Ital. 8, 
 AscoLiA, a festival in honour of Bacchus, 
 celebrated about December, by the Athenian 
 husbandmen, who generally sacrificed a goat 
 to the god, because that animal is a great ene- 
 my to the vine. They made a bottle with the 
 skin of the victim, which they filled with oil 
 and wine, and afterwards leaped upon it. He 
 who could stand upon it first was victorious, 
 and received the bottle as a reward. This was 
 called Jtffxww:*^*!' 7rx^:ira »!!» tov c«Ty.tv otKh^M, leaping 
 upon the bottle, whence the name of the festi- 
 val is derived. It was also introduced in Italy, 
 where the people besmeared their faces with 
 the dregs of wine, and sang hymns to the god. 
 They always hanged some small images of the 
 god on the tallest trees in their vineyards, and 
 these images they called Oscilla. Virg. G. 2, 
 V. 384.— Po//ux. 9, c. 7. 
 
 AscoNius Labeo, a preceptor of Nero. 
 
 Pedia, a man intimate with Virgil and 
 
 Livy. Another of the same family in the age 
 
 of Vespasian, who became blind in his old age, 
 and lived 12 years after. He wrote, besides 
 some historical treatises, annotations on Cice- 
 ro's orations. 
 
 AscRA, a town of Boeotia, built, according 
 to some, by the giants Otus and Ephialtes, at 
 the foot of mount Helicon. Hesiod was born 
 there, whence he is often called the Jiscreun 
 poet, and Avhatever poem treats on agricultu- 
 ral subjects AscrcRum Carmen. The town re- 
 ceived its name from Ascra, a nymph, mother 
 of ffioclus by Neptune — Strab. 9. — Paus. 9, c. 
 19.— Pat ere. 1. 
 
 AscuLuM, now Ascoli, a town of Picenum, 
 famous for the defeat of Pyrrhus by Curius 
 
 and Fabricius. Flor. 3, c. IS. Another in 
 
 Apuli, near the Aufidus. 
 
 AsDRUBAL, a Carthaginian, son-in-law of 
 Hamilcar. He distinguished himself in the Nu- 
 midian war, and was appointed chief general 
 on the death of his father-in-law, and for eight 
 years presided with much prudence and valour 
 over Spain, which submitted to his arms with 
 cheerfulness. Here he laid the foundation of 
 new Carthage, and saw it complete. To stop 
 his progress towards the east, the Romans, in 
 a treaty with Carthage, forbade him to pass 
 the Iberus, which was faithfully observed by 
 the general. He was killed in the midst of his 
 soldiers, B. C. 220, by a slave whose master he 
 had murdered. The slave was caught, and 
 put to deatii in the greatest torments, which 
 he bore with patience, and even ridiculed. 
 Some say that he was killed in hunting. Ital. 
 1, v. 165. — Appian. Iberic. — Polyb. 2. — Liv. 
 
 21, c. 2, &c. A son of Hamilcar, who came 
 
 from Spain with a lai-ge reinforcement for his 
 brother Annibal. He crossed the Alps and en- 
 tered Italy ; but some of his letters to Annibal 
 having fallen into the hands of the Romans, the 
 consuls M. Livius Sallnator and Claudius Ne- 
 ro, attacked him suddenly near the Metaurus, 
 and defeated him, B. C. 207. He was killed 
 in the battle, and 56,000 of his men shared his 
 fate, and 5400 were taken prisoners ; about 
 8000 Romans were killed. The head of As- 
 drubal was cut off, and some days after thrown 
 into the camp of Annibal, who, in the moment 
 that he was in the greatest expectations for a 
 
 #* 
 
AS 
 
 jjtbmisftd supply, exclaimed at the sight, "In 
 losing Asdmbal, I lose all my happiness, and 
 Carthage all her hopes." Asdmbal had be- 
 fore made an attempt to penetrate into Italy 
 by sea, but had been defeated by the governor 
 of Sardinia. Liu. 21, 2S, 27, ikc.—Pol-/b.— 
 
 Horat. 4, od. 4. 'A Caithaginian general, 
 
 eurnamed Calvus, appointed gov^ernor of Sar- 
 dinia, and taken prisoner by the Romans. 
 
 Liv. Another, son of Gisgon, appointed 
 
 general of the Carthaginian'forces in Spain, in 
 the time of the great Annibal. He made head 
 against the Romans in Africa, with the assist- 
 ance of Scyphax, but he was soon after defeat- 
 ed by Scipio. He died B. C. 206. Liv. 
 
 Another, who advised his countrymen to make 
 peace with Rome, and upbraided Annibal for 
 
 laughing in tiie Carthaginian senate. Liv. 
 
 A grandson of Masinissa, nmrdered in the se- 
 nate-house by the Carthaginians. Another, 
 
 whose camp was destroyed in Africa by Scipio, 
 though at the head of 20,000 men, in the last 
 Punic war. Wh'en all was lost, he fled to the 
 enemy, and begged his life. Scipio showed 
 him to tiie CailhaginiaTis, upon which his wife, 
 with a thousand imprecations, threw hersell 
 and her two children into the flames of the 
 temple of ^^sculapius, Avhich she, and others, 
 had set on lire. He was not of the same family 
 a,s Hannibal. Liv. 51. A Carthaginian ge- 
 neral conquered by L. Cajcilius Metellus in Si- 
 cily, in a battle in which he lost 130 elephants. 
 These animals were led in triumph all over 
 Italy by tlie conquerors. 
 
 AsEi-Lio (Sempronius), an historian and 
 military tribune, who wrote an account of the 
 actions in which he was present. Dionys. Hal. 
 
 Asia, one of the three parts of the ancient 
 world, separated from Europe by the Tanais, 
 the Euxine, Jigean, and Mediterranean seas. 
 The iS'ile and Egypt divide it from Africa. It 
 receives its name from Asia, the daughter of 
 Oceanus. This part of the globe has given 
 birth to many of the greatest monarchies of 
 the universe, and to the ancient inhabitants of 
 Asia we are indebted for most of the arts and 
 sciences. The soil is fruitful, and abounds 
 witii all the necessaries as well as luxuries of 
 life. Asia was divided into many different em- 
 pires, provinces, and states, of which the most 
 cons()icuous were the Assyrian and Persian 
 monarchies. The Assyrian monarchy, accord- 
 ing to Eusebius, lasted 1240 years, and accord- 
 ing to Justin, 1300 years, down to the year of 
 the world 43S0. The empire of Persia exist- 
 ed 228 years, till the death of Darius the 3d, 
 whom Alexander the Great conquered. The 
 empire of the Medes lasted 259 years, accord- 
 ing to Eusebius, or less, according to others, 
 till the reign of Astyages, who was conquered 
 by Cyrus the Great, who transferred the pow- 
 er of the Medes, and founded the Persian mo- 
 narchy. It was in Asia that the military va- 
 lour of the Macedonians, and the bold retreat 
 of the 10,000 Greeks, were so conspicuously 
 dis])layed. It is in that part of the world tiiat 
 we are to look for the more visilde progress of 
 luxury, despotism, sedition, effeminacy, and 
 dissipation. Asia was generally divided into 
 Major and Minor. Asia Major was tiie most 
 extensive, and comprehended all the eastern 
 parts; and Asia Minor was a large country in 
 -the form of a peniusula, whose boundaiies may 
 16 
 
 AS 
 
 be known by drawing a line from the bay of 
 
 Issus, in a nortiiern directio?i, to the eastern 
 part of the Euxine Sea. Asia IVIinor has beeu 
 subject to many revolutions. It was tributary 
 to the Scythians for upwards of 1500 years, 
 and was a long time in the ])ower of the Ly- 
 dians, Medes, kc. The western parts of Asia 
 Minor were the receptacle of all the ancient 
 emigrations from Greece, and it was totally 
 peopled by Grecian colonies. The Romans 
 generally and indiscriminately called Asia 
 Minor by the name of Asia. Strab. — Mda. — 
 
 Justin. — Plin. — Tacit, he. One of the O- 
 
 ceanides, who married Japetus, and gave her 
 name to one of the three quarters of the an- 
 cient globe. Jpollod. 1, c. 2. One of the 
 
 Nereides. Hy^in. A mountain of Laco- 
 
 nia. Fans. 3, c. 24. 
 
 Asia Palus, a lake in Mysia. Virs. JEn. 7, 
 V. 701. 
 
 Asiatic us, a Gaul, in the age of Vitellius. 
 
 Tacit, Hist. 2. The surname of one of the 
 
 Scipios, and others, for their conquests or 
 campaigns in Asia. 
 
 AsiLAS, an augur, who assisted ^neas a- 
 
 gainst Turnus. A Trojan officer. Vtrg. JEn, 
 
 y, 10, he. 
 
 AsiNARiA, a festival in Sicily, in comme- 
 moration of the victory obtained over Demos- 
 thenes and JNicias, at the river Asinarius. 
 
 AsiNAKius, a river of Sicily where tiie 
 Athenian generals, Dehiosthenes and Nicias, 
 were taken prisoners. 
 
 AsiNE, one of the Sporades. An island 
 
 of the Adriatic. -Three towns of Pelopon- 
 nesus bore that name, viz. in Laconia, Argolis, 
 and Messenia. 
 
 AsiNEs, a river of Sicily. 
 
 AsiNius Gai,lus, son of Asinius Pollio the 
 orator, married Vipsania after she had been 
 divorced by Tiberius. This marriage gave 
 rise to a secret enmity between the emperor 
 and Asinius, who starved himself to death, 
 either voluntarily, or by order of his ini{)erial 
 enemy. He had six sons by his wife. He 
 wrote a comparison between his father and 
 Cicero, in which he gave a decided superiority 
 to the former. Tacit. 1 and 5. Ann. — Dio. 
 
 58. — Flin. 7, ep. 4. Marcellus, grandson of 
 
 Asinius Pollio, w^as accused of some misde- 
 meanors, but acquitted, &c. Tacit. 14. Jinn. 
 Pollio, an excellent orator, poet, and his- 
 torian, intimate with Augustus. He triumph- 
 ed over the Dalmatians, and wrote an account 
 of the warsof Caisarand Pompey,in 17 books, 
 besides poems. He refused to answer some 
 verses against him by Augustus, " because," 
 said he, '-you have the power to proscribe 
 me, should my answer prove offensive." He 
 died in the 80th year of his age, A. D. 4. He 
 was consul with Cn. Domitius Calvinus, A. U 
 C. 714, It is to him that the fourth of Virgil's 
 Kucollcs is inscribed, (^uiniil. — Suelon. in 
 Cois. 30 and 55.— D/o. 27, 49, 55.— 5e?jec. de 
 Tranq. Ani. S,^ cp. 100.— Plin. 7, c. 30.— TociY. 
 6. — Paterc. 2. — Pint in Cas. A comman- 
 der of Mauritania, under the first empe- 
 rors, &.C. .Tacit. Hist. 2. An historian 
 
 in the age of Pompey. Another in the 
 
 third century. Quadratus, a man who pub- 
 lished the history of Parthia, Greece, and 
 Rome. 
 
 Asius, a son of Dyinas, brother of Hecuba* 
 
AS 
 
 He assisted Priam in the Trojan war, and was 
 kliled by Idomeneus. Homer. II. 2, v. 342,. 1. 
 
 12, V. 95, 1 13, V.384. A poet of Samos, 
 
 who wrote about the genealogy of ancient he- 
 roes and lieroines. Fans. 7, c. 14. A son 
 
 of Irnbracus, who accompanied ^Eneas into 
 Jtaly. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 123. 
 Asms Campus, a place near the Caystcr. 
 AsNAUS, a mountain of Macedonia, near 
 which the river Aous Hows. Liv. 32, c. 6. 
 
 AsopHis, a small country of Peloponnesus, 
 near the Asopus. 
 
 AsopiA, the ancient name of Sicyon. Pans. 
 2,c. 1. 
 
 AsopiAD£S, a patronymic of .^acns, son of 
 ^gina, the daughter of Asopus. Ovid. Mel. 
 7, V. 484. 
 
 Asopis, the daughter of the Asopus. A 
 
 daughter of Thespius, mother of Mentor. 
 Apoilod. 2, c. 7. 
 
 Asopus- a river of Thessaly, falling into the 
 bay of Malia, at the north of Thermopylae. 
 
 Strab. d. A river of Boeotia, rising near 
 
 Plataea, and flowing into the Euripus, after 
 it has separated the coimtry of the The- 
 
 buns and Plataeans. Paus. 9, c. 4. A river 
 
 of Asia, flowing into the Lycusnear Laodicea. 
 —r, — A river of Peloponnesus, passing by Si- 
 cyon. Another of Macedonia, flowing near 
 
 Heraclea. Slruh. he. A river of Phoenicia. 
 
 A son of Neptune, wiio gave his name to 
 
 a river of Peloponnesirs. Three of his daugh- 
 ters are particularly celebrated, ^Egina, Saia- 
 mis, and Ismene. Jlj/vllod. 1, c. 9, I. 3, c. 12. 
 —Paus. 2, c. 12. ' 
 
 Asp'-, a tov,ai of Parthia, now Ispahan, the 
 capital of the Persian empire. 
 
 AspA5iiT£iREs, a favourite eunuch of Xerx- 
 es, who cot)=pired with Artabanus, to destroy 
 the king a^id the royal family, &c. Ctcsias. 
 
 AsPARAGiuM, a tov/n near Dyrrhachium. 
 Cons. Bell. Civ, 3, c. 30. 
 
 AsPASiA, a daughter of Hermotimus of 
 Phocffia, famous for her personal charms and 
 elegance. She was priestess of the sun, mis- 
 tress to Cyrus, and afterwards to bis brother 
 Artaxerxes, from Mhorn she jjassed to Dai'ius. 
 She was called MillQ, VennilHpn, on account 
 of the beauty of her complexion. JElian. V. 
 11. 12, c. 1. — Plui in Jlrlax. — —Another wo- 
 man, daughter of Axiqchus, born at Miletus. 
 She came to Athens, where she taught elo- 
 quence, and Socrates was proud to be among 
 her scholai's. She so captivated Perjcles, by 
 her mental and personal accomplishments, 
 that he became her pupil, and at last took 
 her for his mistress and wife. He was so fond 
 .of her, thai he made wur against Samos at her 
 instigation. The behaviour of Pericles to- 
 wards Aspasia greatly corrupted the morals of 
 the Athenians, and introduced dissipation and 
 lai:civiousness into tliestpite. She howeyer pos- 
 sessed the merit of superior excellence in mind 
 as well as person, and her instructions helped 
 to form the greatest and most eloquent ora- 
 tors of Greece. Some have confounded the 
 mi. tress of Pericles with Aspasia the daughter 
 pf Hermotimus. Pint in Ptrid. — QiiintU. 11. 
 
 The Avife of Xenophon was also called 
 
 Aspasia, if we follow the improper interpreta- 
 tion given by some to Cic. de Inv. 1, c. 31. 
 
 AsPASius, a peripatetic philosopher in the 
 2d century, whose commentaries on different 
 
 AS 
 
 subjects were highly valued. A sophist, 
 
 who wrote a panegyric on Adrian. 
 
 AsPASTEs, a satrap of Carmania, suspec- 
 ted of infidelity to his trust while Alexaudei? 
 was in the east. Curt. 9, c. 20, 
 
 AsPATHiNEs, one of the seven noblemen 
 of Persia, who conspired against the usurper 
 
 Smerdis. Herodot. 3, c. 70, kc. A son of 
 
 Prexaspes. Id. 7. 
 
 AsPENDUs, a town of Pamphylia, at the 
 moutli of the river Eurymedon. Cic. in Ver. 
 1, c. 20. The inhabitants sacrificed swine to 
 Venus. 
 
 AsPHALTiTEs, a lake. Vid. Mare Mor- 
 tuum. 
 
 Aspis, a satrap of Chaoriia, who revolted 
 from Artaxerxes. He was reduced by Data- 
 
 mes. Cor. JVep. in Daf. A city and 
 
 mountain of Africa. One of the Cyclades. 
 
 A city of Macedonia. 
 
 A^PLEDON, a son of Neptune by the 
 nymph Midea. He gave his name to a city 
 of BcEOtia, whose inhabitants went to the Tro- 
 jan war. Homer. II. 2, v. 18, — Paus. 9, c. 38. 
 
 AspoRENUs, a mountain of Asia Minor 
 near Pergamus, where the mother of the 
 gods was wor.^hipped, and called Asporcna. 
 Strab. 13. 
 
 AssA, a town near mount Athos. 
 
 AssABiNus, the Jupiter of the Arabians. 
 
 AssARAcus, a Trojan prince, son of Tros 
 by Calliriioe. He was father to Capys, the 
 father of Anchises. The Trojans were fre- 
 quently called the descendants of Assaracus. 
 Gens Jlssaraci.-f-Homer. II. 20. — Virg. JEn. 
 
 1. Two friends of ^neas in the Rutulian 
 
 war. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 124. 
 
 Ast-ERiNi, a people of Sicily. 
 
 AssoRus, a town of Sicily, between Enija 
 and Argyrium. 
 
 Assos, atownof Lyciaon the sea coast. 
 
 AssvRiA, a large country of Asia, whose 
 boundaries have been different in its flourish- 
 ing times. At first it was bounded by the Ly- 
 cus and Caprus : but the name of Assyria, 
 more generally speaking, is applied to all that 
 territory which lies between Media, Mesopo- 
 tamia, Armenia, and Babylon. The Assyrian 
 empire is the most ancient in the world. It was 
 founded by Ninus or Belus, B. C. 2059, ac- 
 cording to some authors, and lasted til) the 
 reign of Sardanapalus, the 81st sovereign 
 since Ninus, B. C. 820. According to Euse- 
 bius, it flourished for 1240 years; according to 
 Justin, 1300 years; but Herodotus says that 
 its duration was not above 5 or 600 years. 
 Among the ditterentmonarchs of the Assyrian 
 empire, Semiramis greatly distinguished her- 
 self, and extended the boundaries of her do- 
 minions as far as .Ethiopia and Libya. In 
 ancient authors, the Assyrians are often call- 
 ed Syrians, and the Syrians Assyrians. The 
 Assyi'iaiis assisted Priam in the Trojan war, 
 and sent him Memnon with an army. The 
 king of Assyria generally styled himself king 
 ot kings, as a demonstration of his power 
 and greatness. The country is now called 
 Curdistan. Vid. Syria. Strab. 16. — Herodot. 
 1 and 2.— Justin. I.— PI In. 6, c. 13 and 2Q. 
 —PtoL 1, c. 2.-^Diod. 2.— Mela, 1, c. 2. 
 AsTA, a city in Spain, 
 
 AsTAccEKi, a people of India; near th^ In-' 
 du9, Strab. 15. 
 
AS 
 
 AsTAGUS, a town of Bithynia, built by As- 
 tacus, son of Neptune and Olbia, or rather by 
 a colony of Megara and Athens. Lysima- 
 chus destroyed it, and carried the inhabitants 
 to the town of IVicomedia, which was then 
 lately built. Pans. 5, c. 12. — ^rrian. — Sirab. 
 17. A city of Acarnania. Plin. 5. 
 
 AsTAPA, a town of Hispania Bastica. Liv. 
 38, c. 20. 
 
 AsTAPCS, a river of .Ethiopia, falling into 
 the Nile. 
 
 AsTARTE, a powerful divinity of Syria, 
 the same as the Venus of the Greeks. She 
 had a famous temple at Hierapolis in Syria, 
 which was served by 300 priests, who were 
 always employed in offering sacrifices. She 
 was represented in medals with a long habit, 
 and a mantle over it, tucked up on the left 
 arm. She had one hand stretched forward, 
 and held in the other a crooked staff in the 
 form of a cross. Lucian de Deu Syria. — Cic. 
 de JSat. D. 3, c. 23. 
 
 Aster, a dexterous archer of Amphipo- 
 lis, who offered his service to Philip king of 
 Macedonia. Upon being slighted, he retired 
 into the city, and aimed an arrow at Philip, 
 who pressed it with a siege. The arrow, on 
 which was written, " aimed at Philip's right 
 eye,'" struck the king's eye, and put it out ; 
 and Philip, to return the pleasantry, threw 
 back the same arrow, with these words, " If 
 Philip takes the town. Aster shall be hanged." 
 The conqueror kept his word. Lucian de 
 Hist. Scrib. 
 
 Ast£ria, a daughter of Ceus, one of the 
 Titans, by Phoabe, daughter of Ccelus and 
 Terra. She married Perses, son of Crius, by 
 whom she had the celebrated Hecate. She 
 enjoyed for a long time the favours of' Jupi- 
 ter, under the form of an eagle ; but falling 
 under his displeasure, she was changed into a 
 quail, called Ortyx by the Greeks ; whence 
 the name of Ortygia, given to that island in 
 the Archipelago, wher^ she retired. Ovid. 
 Met. 6, fab. 4.—Hygin. fab. bQ.—Apollod. 1, 
 e. 2, k.c. A town of Greece, whose inha- 
 bitants went to the Trojan war. Homer. II. 2, 
 
 V. 782. One of the daughters of Dauaus, 
 
 who married Chaetus, son of ^gyptus. Apol- 
 lod. 2. One of the daughters of Atlas, mo- 
 ther of (Enomaus, king of Pisa. Hygin. fab. 
 250. A mistress of Gyges, to whom Ho- 
 race wrote three odes, to comfort her during 
 her lover's absence. 
 
 AsT£RioN and Asterius, a river of Pelo- 
 ponnesus, Avhich flowed through the coun- 
 try of Argolis. This river had three daugh- 
 ters, £ubcea, Prosymna, and Acraea, who nur- 
 sed the goddess .Juno. Pans. 2, c. 17. A 
 
 son of Cometes, who was one of the Argo- 
 nauts. .^pollon. 1. A statuary, son of 
 
 iEschylus. Pans. A son of Minos 2d, 
 
 king of Crete, by Pasiphae, He was killed by 
 Theseus, though he was thought the strongest 
 ef hiaage. Apollodorus supposes him to be 
 the same as the famous Minotaur. Accord- 
 ing to some, Asterion was son of Teutamus, 
 one of the descendants of ^olus, and they 
 say that he was surnamod Jupiter, because he 
 had carried away Europa, by Whom he had 
 Minos the 1st. Diod. 4.-^.^pollod. 3.—Pan.s. 
 
 2, c. 31. A son of NeleU5 and Chloris. 
 
 £_poll9d. 1. c. V2. 
 
 AS 
 
 AsTERODiA, the wife of Endymion. Pans, 
 3, c. 1. 
 
 Asterope and Asteropea, one of the Ple- 
 iades, who were beloved by the gods and 
 most illustrious heroes, and made constella- 
 tions after death. A daughter of Pelias, 
 
 king of lolchos, who assisted her sisters to kill 
 her father, whom Medea promised to restore 
 to life. Her grave was seen in Arcadia, in the 
 
 time of Pausanias. 8; c. 11. A daughter 
 
 of Deion by Diomede. Jipollod. 1. The 
 
 wife ef ^Esacus. Id. 3. 
 
 AsTEROPJEus, a king of Paeonia, son of Pe- 
 legon. He assisted Priam in the Trojan Avar, 
 and was killed after a brave resistance, by 
 Achilles. Homer. II. 17, kc. 
 
 AsteriTsius, a mountain at the south of 
 Crete. A town of Arabia Felix. 
 
 AsTiNoME, the wife of Hipponous. 
 
 Astiochus, a general of LacedsBmon, who 
 conquered the Athenians near Cnidus, and 
 took Phocaea and Cumae, B. C. 411. 
 
 AsTRyEA, a daughter of Astraeus, king of 
 Arcadia, or, according to others, of Titan, 
 Saturn's brother, by Aurora. Some make 
 her daughter of .Tupiter and Themis, and 
 others consider her the same as Rheai wife of 
 Saturn. She was called Juslice. of which 
 virtue she was the goddess. She lived upoa 
 the earth, as the poets mention, during the 
 golden age, which is often called the age of 
 Astrea; but the wickedness and impiety of 
 mankind drove her to heaven in the brazea 
 and iron ages, and she was placed among the 
 constellations of the zodiac, under the name 
 of Virgo. She is represented as a virgin, with 
 a stern, but majestic countenance, holding a 
 pair of scales in one hand, and a sword in the 
 other. Senec. in Octav. — Ovid. Met. 1, r. 
 149.— ^raf. 1, PluEtwm. v. 9S.^Hesiod.— 
 T/ieog. 
 
 Astrjeus, one of the Titans who made war 
 
 against Jupiter. A river of Macedonia, 
 
 near Thermae, ^lian. V. H. 15, c. 1. 
 
 AsTU, a Greek word which signifies aVy, 
 generally applied by way of distinction, to 
 Athens, which was the most capital city of 
 Greece. The word urbs is applied with the 
 same meaning of superiority to Rome, and 
 «>><> to Alexandria, the capital of Egypt, as 
 also to Troy. 
 
 AsTuR, an Etrurian, who assisted ^neas 
 
 ainst Turnus. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 180. 
 
 AsTURA, a small river and village of La- 
 tium, where Antony's soldiers cut off Cicero's 
 head. 
 
 AsTUREs, a people of Hispania Tarraco- 
 nensis, who spend all their lives in digging for 
 mines of ore. Lucan. 4, v. 298. — Ital. 1, v. 
 2:31. 
 
 AsTYAGF., a daughter of Hypseus, who 
 married Periphas, by whom she had some 
 children, among whom was Antion, the fa- 
 ther of Ixion. 
 
 AsTYAGEs, son of Cyaxarcs, was the last 
 king of Media. He was father to Mandane, 
 whom he gave in marriage to Cambyses, an 
 ignoble person of Persia, because he was 
 told by a dream that his daughter's soa 
 would dispossess him of his crown. From 
 surii a marriage he hoped that none but mean 
 and ignorant children could be raised; but he 
 wa<^ di<?»ppointed, and though he had eind- 
 
 J« 
 
AS 
 
 sed his daugliter's son by the effects of a se- 
 cond dream, he was deprived of his crown by 
 his grandson, after a reign of 35 years. Asty- 
 agi's was very cruel and oppressive; and 
 Harpagus, one of his officers, whose son he 
 had v.antonly murdered, encouraged Man- 
 dane's son, w'ho was called Cyrus, to take up 
 arms against his grandfather, and he conquer- 
 ed him and took him prisoner, 559 B. C. 
 Xenophon, in his Cyroptt'dia, relates a differ- 
 ent story, and asserts that Cyrus and Astyages 
 lived in the most undisturbed friendship to- 
 gether. Jvslin. 1, C.4, fcc. — Herodot. 1, c. 74, 
 75j &,c. A grammarian who wrote a com- 
 mentary on Caliimachus. A man changed 
 
 into a stone by Medusa's head. Ovid. Met. 
 6, fab. 6. 
 
 AsTYALus, a Trojan, killed by Neoptole- 
 mus. Homer. II. 6. 
 
 AsTYANAX. a son of Hector and Andro- 
 mache. He was very young when tlie Greeks 
 besieged Troy; and when tl)e city was taken- 
 his mother saved him in her arms from the 
 flames. UlysseS; w^ho was afraid lest the young 
 prince should inherit the virtues of his father. 
 and one day avenge the ruin of his country 
 upon the Greeks, seized him, and tiirevv him 
 down from the walls of Troy. According to 
 Euripides, he was killed by Menelaus; and 
 Seneca says, that Pyrrhus the son of Achilles 
 put him to death. Hector had given him the 
 name of Scamandrius; but the Trojans, who 
 hoped he might prove as great as his father, 
 called him Astvanax, or the bulwark of the 
 city. Homer. II. 6, v. 400, 1. 22, v. 5<X).— FJrg. 
 JF.n.% V. 457, 1.3: \\A^9.—0vid. Met. 13, v. 
 
 415._ An Arcadian, who had a statue in the 
 
 temple of Jupiter, on mount Lyceus. Pans. 
 
 8, c. 38. A son of Hercules. Jipollod. 2, c. 
 
 7. A writer in the age of Gallienus. 
 
 AsTvcRATiA, a daughiev of --^^olus. Ho- 
 mer. 11. A daughter of Amphion and Ni- 
 
 obe. 
 
 AsTYDAMAS, an Athenian, pupil to Iso- 
 cratos. He wrote 240 tragedies, of which 
 
 only 15 obtained the poetical prize. A 
 
 Milesian, three times victorious at Olympia. 
 He was famous for his strength, as well as for 
 hh voracious appetite. He was once invited 
 to a feast by king Ariobarzanes, and he eat 
 what had been prepared for nine persons. 
 Alhea. 10.— —Two tragic writers bore the 
 same name, one of w horn was disciple to So- 
 crates. A comic poet of Athens, 
 
 AsTVDAMiA, or AsTVAOAMiA, daughter of 
 Amyntor, king of Orchomenos in Bceotia, 
 
 married Acastus, son of Pelias, who was king 
 of lolchos. She became enamoured of Peleus, 
 son of ^"^acus, \\\\o had visited her husband's 
 court; and because he refused to gratify her 
 pR.ssion, she accused him of attempting her 
 virtue. Acastus readily believed his wife's ac- 
 cusation ; but as he w ould not violate the lav.s 
 of hospitably, by jjuni-shing his guest with in- 
 stant death, he waited for a favouraljle oppor- 
 fc.mity, a»d ilissembled his resentment. At 
 last they went in ahanting party to mountPe- 
 lion, where Peleus was tied to a tree, by order 
 of Aca.'^tufi, that he might be devoured by wild 
 be.ists. Jupiter was moved at the innocence 
 nf Peleus, and sent Vulcan to deliver him. 
 
 AT 
 
 throned, and punished with death the cruel 
 and false Astydamia. She is called by some 
 Hippolyte, and by others Cretheis. Jipollod. 
 
 3, c. VS.—Pindar. Mm. 4. -A daughter of 
 
 Orraenus, carried away by Hercules, by whom 
 she had Tlepolemus. ' Ovid. Heroid. 9, v. 50. 
 
 AsTVLus, one of the centaurs, who had the 
 knowledge of futurity. He advised his bro- 
 thers not to make war against the Lapithae.. 
 
 Ovid. Met. 12, v. 338. A man of Crotona, 
 
 who was victorious three successive times at 
 the Olympic games. Paus. 
 
 AsTYMi'-DiTsA, aw^oman whom OEdipus mar- 
 ried after be had divorced Jocasta. 
 
 AsTVNOME, the daughter of Chryses the 
 priest of Apollo, sometimes called Chryseis. 
 She fell to the share of Achilles, at the division 
 
 of tlie spoils of Lyrnessas.- A daughter of 
 
 Amphion, of Talaus. Hygin. 
 
 AsTYNous, a Trojan prince. Homer. II. 5j 
 V. 144. 
 
 AsTYocHE and Astyochia, a daughter of 
 Actor, who had by Mars, Ascalaphus, and 
 lalmenus, w4io were at the Trojan war. Ho- 
 mer. II. 2, V. 20. A daughter of Phylas 
 
 king of Ephyre, who had a son called Tlepo- 
 
 lemns, by Hercules. Hygin. fab. 97, 162.- 
 
 A daughter of Laomedon, by Strymo. Jipol- 
 lod. 3. A daughter of Amphion and TS'iobe. 
 
 Id. 3, c. 4. A daughter of the Simoi&, 
 
 who married Ericbthonius. Id. 3, c. 12.—— 
 The wife of Strophius, sister to Agamemnon. 
 Hygiti. 
 
 AsTVPAL.^A, one of the Cyclades, between 
 Cos and Carpathos, called after Astypala;a, the 
 dar.ghter of Phcenix, and mother of Ancaeus, 
 by Neptune. Paus. 7, c. 4. — Strab. 14. 
 
 AsTVPHiLus, a soothsayer, well skilled in 
 the knowledge of futurity. Plut. in Cim. 
 
 AsTYKuN, a town built by the Argonauts, oq 
 llie coast of lilyricum. Sirah 
 
 AsvcHis, a king of Egypt, who succeeded 
 Mycerinus, and made a law', that whoever 
 borrowed money, must deposit his father's 
 body in the hands of his creditors, as a pledge 
 of his promise of payment. He built a mag- 
 nificent pyramid. Herodot. 2, c. 136. 
 
 AsYLAS, a friend of ^]neas, skilled in au- 
 guries. Virg. «Kn. 9, v. 571, 1. 10, v. 175. 
 
 AsYLLUs, a gladiator. Juv. 6, v. 266. 
 
 Atabulls, a wind w^hich was frequent in 
 Apulia. Horat. 1, Sat. 5, v. 78. 
 
 Atabvris, a mountain in Rhodes, where 
 Jupiter had a temple, whence he was surnamed 
 Atabyris. Strab. 14. 
 
 Atack, a town of Gaul, whence the adjec- 
 tive Atacinus. 
 
 Atalakta, a daughter of Schceneus king 
 of Scyros. According to some, she was the 
 daughter of Jasus or Jasius, by Ciymene; but 
 others say that Menalion was her father. Tbi* 
 uncertainty of not rightly knowing the name 
 of^ her father has led the mythologists into er- 
 ror, and some have maintained that there were 
 two persons of that name, tliough their sup- 
 position is groundless. Atalanta wa.s born in 
 Arcadia, and, according to Ovid, she deter- 
 mined to live in perpetual celibacy ; but her 
 beauty gained her many admirers, and to free 
 herselfirom their importunities, she proposed 
 to run a race with them. They were to run 
 
 When Peleus was sot at liberty, he marched' without arms, and she was to carry a dart in 
 with an army ugaijist Acastus, whom he de- 1 her hand. Her lovers were to stoit first, and 
 
AT 
 
 whoever arrived at the goal before her, would 
 be made her husband ; but all those whom she 
 overtook, were to be killed by the dart 
 with A\ hich she had armed herself. As she 
 was almost invincible in running, many of her 
 suitors perished in tlie attempt, till Hippomenes 
 the son of Macareus proposed himself as her 
 admirer. Venus had presented him with three 
 golden apples from the garden of the Hesperi- 
 des, or. according to others, from an orchard 
 in Cyprus ; and as soon as he had started in 
 the course, he artfully threw down the apples, 
 at some distance one from the other. While 
 Atalanta, charmed at the sight, stopped to ga- 
 ther the apples, Hippomenes hastened on his 
 course, arrived first at the goal, and obtained 
 Atalanta in marriage. These two fond lovers, 
 in the impatience of consummating their nup- 
 tials, entered the temple of Cybele ; and the 
 goddess was so offended at their impiety, and 
 at the profanation joi her house, that she 
 changed them into two lions. Apollodorussays, 
 that Atalanta's father was desirous of raising 
 male issue, and that therefore she was exposed 
 to wild beasts as soon as born. She was, how- 
 ever, suckled by a she-bear- and preserved by 
 shepherds. She dedicated her time to hunt- 
 ing, and resolved to live in celibacy. She kill- 
 ed two centaurs, Hyleus and Rhecus, who at- 
 tempted her virtue. She was present at the 
 hunting of the Calydonian boar, which she 
 first wounded, and she received the head as a 
 present from Meleager, who was enamoured 
 of her. She was also at the games instituted 
 in honour ofPelias, where she conquered Pe- 
 leus ; and when her father, to whom she had 
 been restored, wished her to marry, she con- 
 sented to give hei'self to him who could over- 
 come her in running, as has been said above. 
 She had a son called Parthenopasus, by Hip- 
 pomenes. Hyginus says, that that son was the 
 fruit of her love with Meleager: and Apollo- 
 donis says, she had him by Milaniom, or, ac- 
 cording to others, by the god Mars. [ Vid. Me- 
 leager.] JpoUod. 1. c. 8, 1. 3, c.9, kc. — Pans. 
 1. c. 36, 45, i^c.—Hysin. fab. 99. 174, 185, 2^0. 
 —JElian. V. H. 13.— Diod. 4.— Ovid. Met. ?, 
 
 fob. 4, 1. 10, fab. 11. — Euripid. inFh(Eniv. 
 
 An island near Eubcea and Locris. Pans. 
 
 Atarantes, a people of Africa, ten days' 
 journey from the Garamantes. There was in 
 their country a hill of salt with a fountain of 
 sweet water upon it. Herodot. 4, c. 184. 
 
 Atarbecius, a town in one of the islands 
 of the Delta, where Venus had a temple. 
 
 Atargatis, a divinity among the Syrians, 
 represtmted as a Siren. She is considered by 
 some, the same as Venus, honoured by the As- 
 syrians under the name of Astarte. Sirab. 16. 
 
 Atarnea, a part of My^ia, opposite Lesbos, 
 with a smalltown in the neighbourhood of the 
 same name. Paiis. 4, c. 35. 
 
 Atas and Athas, a youth of wonderful ve- 
 locity, who is said to have run 75 miles be- 
 tween noon and the evening. Martial. 4, ep. 
 l9.~P/m.7. 
 
 Atax, now Ju.de. a river of Gaul Narbo- 
 oensis, rising in the Pyrenean mountains, and 
 falling into the Mediten-anean Sea. Mela, 2. 
 
 Ate, the goddess of all evil, and daughter of 
 Jupiter. She raised such jealousy and sedition 
 in heaven among the gods, that Jupiter drag- 
 ged her away by the hab*, and banished her for 
 
 AT 
 
 ever from heaven, and sent her to direil om- 
 earth, where she incited naankind to wicked- 
 ness, and sowed commotions among them, 
 Homer. 11. 19. She is the same as the Discord 
 of the Latins. 
 
 Atella, a town of Campania, famous foF 
 a splendid amphitheatre, where interlude* 
 were first exhibited, and thence called Atella- 
 nae Fabulce. Juv. 6. 
 
 Atenomarus, a chieftain of Gaul, wh» 
 made war against the Romans. Plxtt. in 
 Parall. 
 
 Athamanes, an ancient people of Epirus, 
 who existed long before the Trojan war, and 
 still preserved their name and customs in the 
 age of Alexander. There was a fountain in 
 their territories, whose waters, about the last 
 quai-ter of the moon, were so sulphureous that 
 they could set wood on fire. Ovid. Met. 15, 
 V. SU.—Sirab. I.—Plin. 2, c. 103.— A/e/a, 2, 
 c. 3. 
 
 Athamas, a king of Thebes, in Bceotia, 
 was son of ^olus. He married Themisto, 
 whom some call Nephele, and Pindar, Demo- 
 tice, and by her he had Phryxus and Helle, 
 Some time after, on pretence that Nephele was 
 subject to fits of madness, he married Ino, the 
 daughter of Cadmus,by v.homhe had two sons, 
 Learchus and Melicerta. Ino became jealous 
 of the children of JNephele ; because they were 
 to ascend their fatlier's throne in preference 
 to her own, therefore she resolved to destroy 
 them ; but they escaped from her fury to Col- 
 chis, on a golden ram. [ Vid. Phryxus and Ar- 
 gonautae.] According to the Greek scholiast of 
 Lycophron, v. 22. Ino attempted to -destroy 
 the corn of the country ; and as if it were the 
 consequence of divine vengeance, the sooth- 
 sayer, at her instigation, told Athamas, that be- 
 fore the earth would yield her usual increase, 
 he must sacrifice one of the children of IN'e- 
 phele to the gods. The credulous father led 
 Phryxus to the altai-, where he was saved by 
 IN'ephele. The prosperity of Ino was displeas- 
 ing to Juno, and more particularly because sh^ 
 was descended from Venus. The goddess there- 
 fore sent Tisiphone, one of the furies, to the 
 house of Athamas, who becEune infiamed with 
 such sudden fury, that he took Ino to be a lion- 
 ess, and her two children to be whelps. In this 
 fit of madness he snatched Learchus from her, 
 and killed him against a wall ; upon wiiich luo 
 fled Vv ith Melicerta, and with him in her armS; 
 she threw herself into the sea, from a higis 
 rock, and was changed into a sea deity. Af- 
 ter this, Athamas recovered the use of his 
 senses ; and as he was without children, he 
 adopted Coronus and Aliai-tus, the sons of 
 Thersander his nephew. Hj/gin.ia.h. 1,2.6, 
 I^Q.—Apvllod. 1, c. 7 and 9. jlh-irf. Met. 4.' v. 
 
 467, fee. fast. 6, v. 4Q9.-—P-axis. 9, c. 34. A 
 
 servant of Atticus. Cic. ad Anic. 12, ep. 10. 
 
 A stage dancer. Id. Pis. 36. A tragic 
 
 poet. Id. Pis. iZO. One of the Greeks, con- 
 cealed in the wooden horse at the siege of 
 Troy. Virg. Ma. 2, v. 263. 
 
 Athamantiades, a patronymic of Meli- 
 certa, Phryxus, orHelle, children of Alhamaa. 
 Ovid. Met. 13, v. 319. Fast. 4, v. 14)3. 
 
 Athanasius, a bishop of Alexandria, rr- 
 lebrated for his sufferings, and the determined 
 opposition he maintained against Arius and hi:* 
 doctrine. Hio writiogs, which were numef 
 
AT 
 
 <»us, aryl some of Avhich have perished, coh- 
 tain a defence of the mysteiy of the Trinity,, 
 the divinity of the Word and of the Holy 
 Crhost, and' an apology to Constantine. Tlie 
 creed which bears his name, is supposed by 
 some not to be his composition. Athanasius 
 died 2d xMay, 373 A. D after filling the archi- 
 e])iscopal chair 47 years, and leading alter- 
 nately a life of exile and of triumph. The 
 latest edition of his works is that of the Bene- 
 dictines, 3 vols. fol. Paris, 1698. 
 
 Athanis, a man who wrote an account of 
 Sicily. Alheii. 3. 
 
 Atheas, a king of Scythia, who implored 
 the assistance of Philip of Macedonia against 
 the Istrians, and laughed at him when he had 
 furnished him with an army. Jmtin. 9,. 
 c. 2. 
 
 Athkna, the name of Minerva among the 
 Greeks; and also among the Egyptians, before 
 Cecrops had introduced the worship of the 
 goddess into Greece. Paus. 1, c. 2. 
 
 Athen-«, a celebrated city of Attica, found- 
 ed about 1556 years before the christian era, 
 by Cecrops and an Egyptian colony. It was 
 called Cecropia from its founder, and after- 
 wards AlhencB in honour of Minerva, who had 
 ©btained the right of giving it a name in pre- 
 ference to Ne})tnne. [Ffc?. Minerva.] It was 
 _^ governed by 17 Icings, in the following order : 
 ♦—after a reign of 50 years, Cecrops was suc- 
 ceeded by Cranaas, who began to reign 1506 
 B.C. Amphictyon, 1497; Erichthonius, 1487; 
 Pandion, 1437 ; Erichtheus, 1397 ; Cecrops 
 2d, 1347; Pandion 2d, 1307; vEgeus, 1283; 
 Theseus, 1235 ; Menestheus, 1205 ; Demo- 
 phoon, 1182; Oxyntes, 1149; Aphidas, 1137; 
 Thymoetes, 113G; Melanthus, 1128; and Co- 
 drus, 1091, who was killed after a reign of 21 
 years. The history of the twelve first of these 
 naonarcbs is mostly fabulous. After the death 
 of Codrus the monarchical power was abolish- 
 ed, and the state was governed by 13 perpe- 
 tual, and, 317 years after, by 7 decennial, and 
 lastly, B. C. 684, after an anarchy of 3 years, 
 by annual magistrates, called archons. \^Vid. 
 Archontes.] Under this democracy, the Athe- 
 nians signalized themselves by their valour in 
 ihe field, their munificence, and the cultiva- 
 tion of the fine arts. They were deemed so 
 powerful by the Persians, that Xerxes, when 
 he invaded Greece, chiefly directed his arms 
 against Athens, wl'.ich he took and burnt. 
 Their military character was chiefly disjtlayed 
 in the battles of Marathon, of Salamis, of Pla- 
 iy,a, and of Mycale. After these immortal vic- 
 rories, they rose in consequence and dignity, 
 and they demanded the superiority* in the af- 
 fairs of Greece. The town was rebuilt and 
 ^'mbellishrd by Themistocles, and a new and 
 magiiiiicent harbour erected. Their success 
 macietliern arrogant, and they raised conten- 
 tions among the neighbouring states, that they 
 niigiit aggrandize themselves by their fall. 
 The luxuiy and intemperance, which had been 
 long excluded from the city by the salutary- 
 laws of their countrymen, Draco and Solon, 
 r.reeped by degrees among all ranks of people, 
 and soon after all Greece united to destroy 
 that city, which claimed a sovereign power 
 oyer all the rest, 'ihe Pcloponncsian war, 
 though at first a private quarrel, was soon fo- 
 mented into sn universal war; and the arms 
 
 AT 
 
 of all the states of Peloponnesus [Vid. Pelo- 
 ponnesiacum Bellum] were directed against 
 Athens, which, after 28 years of misfortune and 
 bloodshed, was totally ruined, the 24th April, 
 404 years before the christian era, by Lysan- 
 der. After tliis, the Athenians were oppressed 
 by 30 tyrants, and for a while laboured under 
 the weight of their own calamities. They re-= 
 covered something of their usual spirit in the 
 age of Philip, and boldly opposed his ambitious 
 view^s; but their short-lived efforts were not 
 of great service to the interests of Greece, and 
 they fell into the hands of the Romans, B. C. 
 86. The Athenians have been admired in all 
 ages, for their love of liberty, and for the great 
 men that were born among them; but favour 
 there was attended with danger; and there 
 are very few instances in the histoiy of Athens, 
 that can prove that the jealousy and frenzy of 
 the people did not persecute and disturb the 
 peace of the man w^ho had fought their bat- 
 tles, and exposed his life in the defence of his 
 country. Perhaps not one single city in the 
 world can boast in such a short space of time, 
 of such a number of truly illustrious citizens, 
 equally celebrated for their humanity, their 
 learning, and their military abilities. The 
 Romans, in the more polished ages of their 
 republic, sent their youths to finish their edu- 
 cation at Athens, and respected the learning, 
 while they despised the military character of 
 the inhabitants. The reputation the Athenian 
 schools had acquired under Socrates and Plato, 
 w^as maintained by their degenerate and less 
 learned successors; and they flourished with 
 diminished lustre, till an edict of the emperor 
 Justinian suppressed, with the Roman consul- 
 ship, the philosophical meetings" of the aca- 
 demy. It has been said by Plutarch, that the 
 good men whom Athens produced, were the 
 most just and equitable in the world ; but that 
 its bad citizens could not be surpassed in any 
 age or country, for their impiety, perfidious- 
 ness, or cruelties. Their criminals were al- 
 ways put to death by drinking the juice of 
 hemlock. The ancients, to distinguish Athens 
 in a more peculiar manner, called it Astu, one 
 of the eyes of Greece, the learned city, tlie 
 school 01 the world, the common patroness of 
 Greece. The Athenians thought themselves 
 the most ancient nation of Greece, and suppo- 
 sed themselves the original inhabitants or At- 
 tica, for Avhich reason they were called xjxoyjroni 
 produced from the same earth which they in- 
 habited yt^'^ivi; sons of the earth, and tet%5.»; grass- 
 hoppers. They sometimes wore golden gras;*- 
 hoppers in their hair as badges of honour, to 
 distinguish them from other people of later 
 origin and less noble extraction, because those 
 insects ai'e supposed to be sprung from the 
 ground. The number of men able to bear 
 arms at Athens in the reign of Cecrops was 
 computed at 20,000, and there appeared no 
 considerable augmentation in the more civili- 
 zed age of Pericles ; but in the time of De- 
 metrius Phalereus there were found 21,<X)0 
 citizens, 10,000 foreigners, and 40,000 .slaves. 
 Among the numerous temples and ))ublic edi- 
 fices, none was more celebrated than that of 
 Minerva, which, after being burnt by the Per- 
 sians, was rebuilt by Pericles, witli the finest 
 j njarble, and .still exists a venerable monument 
 I of tlie hero's patriotfem? and of the abilities df 
 
AT 
 
 the architect. Cic. ad Attic, in Verr. he. — 
 Thucyd. l,hc.—Juslin.2,k,c.—Diod. 13, &c.— 
 ^lian. V. H. — Plin. 7, c. 56. — Xenoph. Memo- 
 rah. — Plut. in vitis, he. — Strab. 9, fcc. — Paus. 
 1, he. — Val. Max. — Liv. 31, he. — C. J\ep. in 
 Milt. hc.—Polyb.—P'atercul. 
 
 Athen.^u., festivals celebrated at Athens in 
 honour of Minerva. One of them was called 
 Panatheniza, and the other Chalcea; for an 
 account of which, see those words. 
 
 AthenjEum, a place at Athens, sacred to 
 Minerva, where tiie poets, philosophers, and 
 rhetoricians generally declaimed and repeated 
 their compositions. It was public to aH the 
 professors of the liberal arts. The same thing 
 was adopted at Rome by Adrian, who made a 
 public building for the same laudable pur- 
 poses. A promontory of Italy. A forti- 
 fied place between iEtolia and Macedonia. 
 Liv. 38, c. 1, 1. 39, c. 25. 
 
 Athen^us, a Greek cosmographer. A 
 
 peripatetic philosopher of Cilicia in the time 
 
 of Augustus. Strab. A Spartan sent by 
 
 his countrymen to Athens, to settle the peace 
 during the Peloponnesian war. A gramma- 
 rian of Naucratis, who composed an elegant 
 and raiscellaneoas work, called Dtipnosophis- 
 t(B, replete with veiy curious and interesting 
 remarks and anecdotes of the manners of the 
 ancients,and likewise valuable for the scattered 
 pieces of ancient poetry it preserves. The 
 work consists of 15 books, of which the two 
 first, part of the third, and almost the whole of 
 the last, are lost. Athenoeus wijote, besides 
 (his, an history of Syria, and other works now 
 lost. He died A. D. 194. The best edition of 
 his works is that of Causaubon, fol. 2 vols. Lugd. 
 1612, by far superior to the editions of 1595 
 and 1657. A historian, who wrote an ac- 
 count of Semiramis. Diod. ■ ■ A brother of 
 kingEumenes 2d, famous for his paternal af- 
 fection. A Roman general, in the age of 
 
 Gallienus, who is supposed to have written a 
 
 book on military engines. A physician of 
 
 Cilicia in the age of Pliny, who made heat, 
 cold, wet, dry, and air, the elements, instead 
 pf the four commonly receivecj^ 
 
 Athenagoras, a Greek in the time of 
 Darius, to whom Pharnabazus gave the go- 
 vernment of Chios, he. Curt. 8, c. 5. A 
 
 writer on agriculture, Varro. A chris- 
 tian philosopher, in the age of Aurelius, who 
 wrote a treatise on the resurrection, and an 
 apology for the christians, still extant. He 
 died A. D. 177. The bfest edition of his works 
 
 is that of Dechair, 8vo. Oxon. 1706. The 
 
 lomance of Theagenes and Charis is falsely 
 ascribed to him. 
 
 Athenais, a Sibyl of Erythrsea, in the age 
 of Alexander. Strab.— — A daughter of the 
 philosopher Leontius. 
 
 Athenion, a peripatetic philosopher, 108 
 
 B. C. A general of the Sicilian slaves.- 
 
 A tyrant of Athens, surnamed Ariston. 
 
 Athenocles, a general, &.c. Polycen. 6. 
 A turner of Mitylene. Plin. 34. 
 
 Athenodorus, a philosopher of Tarsus, 
 Intimate with Augustus. The emperor often 
 profited by his lessons, and was advised by him 
 always to repeat the 24 letters of the Greek 
 alphabet, before he gave way to the impulse 
 of anger. Athenodorus died in his 82d year, 
 much Iftmented by his countrymen. Sutt. 
 
 AT 
 
 A poet who wrote comedy, tragedy, and 
 
 elegy, in the age of Alexander. Plut. in Alex. 
 
 A stoic philosopher of Cana, near Tarsus, 
 
 in the age of Augustus. He was intimate with 
 Strabo. Strab. 14. A philosopher, disci- 
 ple to Zeno, and keeper of the royal libraiy 
 
 at Pergaraus. A marble sculptor. A 
 
 man assassinated at Bactra for making himself 
 absolute. 
 
 Atheos, a surname of Diagoras and Tueo- 
 dorus, because they denied the existence of a 
 deity. Cic. de JVat. D. 1, c. 1. 
 
 Athesis, now Adige, a river of Cisalpine 
 Gaul, near the Po, falling into the Adriatic sea. 
 Virg. JEn. 9, v. 680. 
 
 Athos, a mountain of Macedonia, 150 miles 
 in circumference, projecting into the iEgeaa 
 sea like a promontory. It is so high that it 
 overshadows the island of Leranos, though 
 at the distance of 87 miles ; or, accord- 
 ing to modern calculation, only eight leagues. 
 When Xerxes invaded Greece, he made a 
 trench of a mile and a half in length at the 
 foot of the mountain, into which he brought 
 the sea-water, and conveyed his iieet over 
 it, so that two ships could pass one ai-other^ 
 thus desirous either to avoid the danger of 
 sailing round the promontory, or to show 
 
 his vanity and the extent of his power. A 
 
 sculptor, called Denocrates, ottered Alexan- 
 der to cut mount Athos, and to make with it 
 a statue of the king holding a town in his left 
 hand, and in the right a spacious basin, to re- 
 ceive all the waters which llowed from it. 
 Alexander greatl/ admired the plan, but ob- 
 jected to the place ; and he observed, (hat the 
 neighbouring countiy wa^ not sufficiently fruit- 
 ful to produce corn an^J provisions for the in- 
 habitants which were to dwell in the city, in 
 the hand of the statue. Athos is now called 
 Monte Santo, famous for monasteries, said to 
 contain some ancient and valuable manur 
 scripts. Htrodot. 6, c. 44, I. 7, c. 21, he. — Lu- 
 can. 2, v. 672. — JElimi. de Anim. 13, c. 20, ^c. 
 — Plin. 4, c. 10. — JEschin. contra Ctcsiph. 
 
 Athrulla, a town of Arabia. Strab. 
 
 Athvmbr.\, a city of Caria, afterwards call- 
 ed Nyssa. Strab. 14, 
 
 Atia, a city of Campania. A law enact- 
 ed A. U. C, 690, by T. Atlus Labienus, the tri- 
 bune of the people. -It abolished the Corne- 
 lian law, and put in full force the Lex Domitia, 
 by transferring the right of electing priests 
 
 from the college of priests to the peoj)le, 
 
 The mother of Augustus. Vid. Aceia. 
 
 Atilia lex gave the pretor, and a major- 
 ity of the tribunes, power of appointing guar- 
 dians to those minors who were not previously 
 provided for by their parents. It was enacted 
 about A, U. C. 560. — -Another A. U. C. 445, 
 which gave the people power of electing 26 
 tribunes of the soldiers in four legions. Liv. 
 9, c. 30, 
 
 Atilius, afreedman, who exhibited combats 
 of gladiators at Fidence. The amphithealre, 
 which contained the spectators, fell during the 
 exhibition, and about 50,000 persons were 
 killed or mutilated. Tacit. 4, Ann. c. 62. 
 
 Axilla, the mother. of the poet Lucan 
 She was accused of conspiracy by her son, 
 who expected to clear himself of the charge.. 
 Tacit. Ann. 15, c. 56, 
 
 AnxA; an ancient town of the Volsci, gi^t 
 
AT 
 
 •f the first that began hostilities against iEneas. 
 Vira- JEn. 7, v. *^0. 
 AiiNAs, a friend of Turnus, &,c. Virg. JEn. 
 
 11, V. 869. , , , 
 
 Atinia lex, was enacted by the tiubune 
 Athiius. It gave a tribune of the people the 
 privileges of a senator, and the right of sitting 
 in the senate. 
 
 Atlantes, a people of Africa in the neigh- 
 bourhood of mount Atlas, who lived chietly on 
 the fruits of the earth, and were said not to 
 have their sleep at all disturbed by dreams. 
 They daily cursed the sun at his rising and at 
 his setting, because his excessive heat scorched 
 and tormented them. Htrodot. 
 
 Atlantiades, a patronymic of Mercury, as 
 grandson of Atlas. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 639. 
 
 Atlantides, a people of Africa, near 
 mount Atlas. They boasted of being in pos- 
 session of the country in which all the gods of 
 antiquity received their birtli. Uranus was 
 their first king, whom, on account of his know- 
 ledge of astronomy, they enrolled in the num- 
 ber of their gods. Diod. 3. The daughters 
 
 of Atlas, seven in number, Maia, Electra. Tay- 
 ceta, Asterope, Merope, Alcyone, and Celceno. 
 They married some of the gods, and most il- 
 lustrious heroes, and their children were found- 
 ers of many nations and cities. The Atlantides 
 were called nymphs; and even goddesses, on 
 account of their great intelligence and know- 
 ledge. The name of Hesperides was aiso giv- 
 en tnem, on account of their mother He.speris. 
 They were made constellations after death. 
 Vid. Pleiades. 
 
 Atlantis, a celebrated island mentioned 
 by the ancients. Its situation is unknown, and 
 even its existence doubted by some writers. 
 
 Atlas, one of the Titans, son of Japetus 
 and Clymene, one of the Oceanides. He was 
 brother to Epimetheus, Prometheus, and Me- 
 ncetius. His mother's name, according to 
 Aoollodorus, was Asia. He married Pleione, 
 daughter of Oceanus, or Hesperis, according 
 lo others, by whom he had seven daughters, 
 called Atlantides, (Vid. Mantides.) He 
 ■was king of Mauritania, and master of a thou- 
 sand (locks of every kind, as also of beautiful 
 pardons, abounding in every species of fruit, 
 which he had intrusted to tlie care of a dragon. 
 Perseus, after the conquest of the Gorgons, 
 passf^d by the palace of Atlas, and demanded 
 fiosoitali'ty. The king, wiio was informed by 
 an oracle of Tliemislhat he sliould be dethron- 
 ed by one of the descendants of Jupiter, re- 
 fused to receive him, and even offered him vio- 
 lence. Perseus, who was unequal in strength; 
 showed him Medusa's head, and Atlas was in- 
 stantly changed into a large mountain. This 
 mountain, which runs across the deserts of 
 Africa, east and west, is so high that the an- 
 cients hava Imagined that the heavens rested 
 pn it.s top, and tliat Atlas supported the world 
 fcu his shoulders. Hyginussays, that Atlas as- 
 sisted the giants in their wars against the gods, 
 for which Juj)iler compelled him to bear the 
 Leavens on his shoulders. The fable that At- 
 las su[)ported tlie heavens on his back, arises 
 from his fondness for astronomy, and his often 
 frequeiitiiig elevated places and mountains, 
 whence iie might observe the heavenly bodies. 
 The daughters of Atlas were carried away by 
 Busiris king of Egypt, but redeemed by Hercu- 
 
 AT 
 
 les, who received as a reward from the father 
 the knowledge of astronomy, and a celestial 
 globe. This knowledge Hercules communica- 
 ted to the Greeks ; whence the fable has fur- 
 ther said, that he eased for some time the la- 
 bours of Atlas, by taking upon his shoulders the 
 weight of the heavens. According to some au- 
 thors, there were two otlier persons of that 
 name, a king of Italy, father of Electra, and a 
 king of Arcadia, father of Maia the mother of 
 Mercury. Virg. JEn. 4. v. 481, 1. 8, v. 186.— 
 Ovid. Met. 4, fab. 17. — Diod. 3. — Lucan. 9, 
 V. 667, &c.— Fa/. Flacc. 5.—Hygin. 83; 125, 
 155, 157, 192. — Aratm in Jislron. — Apollod. 1. 
 — Hesiod. Tlieog. v. 508, he. A river flow- 
 ing from mount Haemus into the Ister. Hero- 
 dot. 4, c. 49. 
 
 Atossa, a daughter of Cyrus, Avho was one 
 of the wives of Cambyses, Smerdis, and after- 
 wards of Darius, by whom she had Xerxes. 
 She was cured of a dangerous cancer by De- 
 mocedes. She is supposed by some to be the 
 Vasliti of scripture. Herodol. 3, c. 68, &-c. 
 
 Atraces, a people of j^titolia, who received 
 their name from Atrax, son of iEtolia. Their 
 country was called Atracia. 
 
 Atramvttium, a town of Mysia. 
 
 Atrapes, an officer of Alexander, who at 
 the general division of the provinces, received 
 Media. Diod. 18. 
 
 Atrax, a son of ^Etolus, or, according to 
 others, of the river Peaeas. He was king of 
 Thessaly, and built a town which he called 
 Atrax or Ati'acia. This town became so fa- 
 mous, that the word ^tracius\ia.s been applied 
 to any inhabitant of Thessaly. He w^as father 
 to Hippodamia, who mariied Pirithous, and 
 who He must not confound with the wife of 
 Pelops, who bore the same name. Propert. 1, 
 el. 8, V. 25.— Slat. 1, Theh. v. 106.— Ovid. Met 
 
 12, V. 209. A city of Thessaly, whence the 
 
 epithet of Atracius. A river of iEtolia, 
 
 which falls into the Ionian sea. 
 
 Atrebat.'e, a people of Britain, who were 
 in possession of the modern counties of Berks, 
 Oxford, kc. 
 
 Atrebates, now Artois, a people of Gaul, 
 who, together with the JServii, opposed J. 
 Caesar with 15,000 men. They were conquer- 
 ed, and Comius, a friend of the general, was 
 set over them as king. They were reinstated 
 in their former liberty and independence, on 
 account of the services of Comius. Coe.s. Bell. 
 Gall. 2, he. 
 
 Atreni, a people of Armenia. 
 
 Atreus, son of Pelops bv Hippodamia, 
 daughter of (Enomaus king oi Pisa, was king 
 of Mycenae, and brother to Pittheus, Trcezen, 
 Thyestes, and Chrysippus. As Chrysippus 
 was an illegitimate son, and at the same time 
 a favourite of his father, Hippodamia resolved 
 to remove him. She persuaded her .sons Thy- 
 estes and Atreus to murder him ; but their 
 refusal exasperated her more, and she execut- 
 ed it herself. This murder was grievous to 
 Pelops ; he suspected his two sons, who lied 
 away from liis presence. Atreus retired \o 
 the .court of Eurysthenes king of Argos, his 
 , nephew, and upon his death he succeeded him 
 on the throne. He married, as some report, 
 iErope, his [)redecessor's daughter, by whom 
 he hadPlisthenes, Menelaus,and Agamemnon. 
 Others affirm, that ^rope was the wife »f 
 
AT 
 
 Piisthenes, by whom he had AgamemBon and 
 Menelaus, who are the reputed sons of Atreus, 
 because that prince took care of their educa- 
 tion, and brought them up as his own. {Vid. 
 Flisihenes.) Thyestes had followed his bro- 
 ther to Argos, where he lived with him, and 
 debauched his wife, by whom he had two, or, 
 according to some, three children. This in- 
 cestuous commerce offended Atreus, and Thy- 
 estes was banished from his court. He was 
 however soon after recalled by his brother, 
 who determined cruelly to revenge the vio- 
 lence offered to his bed. To effect this purpose, 
 he invited his brother to a sumptuous feast, 
 where Thyestes was served up with the flesh 
 of the children he had had by his sister-in-law 
 the queen. After the repast was finished, the 
 arms and heads of the murdered children were 
 produced to convince Thyestes of what he had 
 feasted upon. This action appeared so cruel 
 and impious, that the sun is said to have shrunk 
 back in its course at the bloody sight. Thy- 
 estes immediately fled to the court of Thes- 
 protus, and thence to Sicyon, where he ravish- 
 ed his own daughter Pelopea, in a grove sacred 
 to jVIinei'va, without knowing who she was. 
 This incest he committed intentionally, as some 
 report, to revenge himself on his brother At- 
 reus, according to the words of the oracle, 
 w hich promised him satisfaction for the cruel- 
 ties he had suffered, only from the hand of. a 
 son who should be born of himself and his own 
 daughter. Pelopea brought forth a son whom 
 she called ^gisthus, and soon after she married 
 Atreus, who had lost his wife. Atreus adopted 
 .^gisthus, and sent him to murder Thyestes, 
 wiio had been seized at Delphi, and imprison- 
 ed. Thyestes knew his son, and made himself 
 know^n to him; he made him espouse his cause, 
 and instead of becoming his father's murderer, 
 he rather avenged his wrongs, and returned to 
 Atreus, whom he assassinated. Vid. Thyestes, 
 ^rEgisthiis, Ptlopca, J)s:amemnon, and Mene- 
 laus.— Hysin. fab. 83, 86, 87, 88, and 258.— 
 Euripid. in Orest. in Ip/iig. Taur. — Plut. in 
 ParalL—Paus. 9, c. 40.—/Jpollod. 3, c. 10.— 
 Seiiec. in Atr. 
 
 Atridje, a patronymic given by Homer to 
 Agamemnon and Menelaus, as being the sons 
 of Atreus. This is false, upon the authority of 
 Hesiod; Lactantius, Dictys of Crete, &c. who 
 inain*§}in Ihat these princes were not the sons 
 of Atpens, but of Plisthenes, and that they 
 were brought up in the house and under the 
 eye of their grandfather. Vid. Plisthenes. 
 
 Atronius, a friend of Turnus, killed by the 
 Trojans. Virg. ^n. 10. 
 
 Atbopatia, a part of Media. Slrab. 
 
 Atropos, one of the Parcee, daughters of 
 Nox and Erebus. According to the deriva- 
 tion of her name (xnonrei7:Mmuto) she is in- 
 exorable, and inflexible, and her duly among 
 the three sisters is to cut the thread of life, 
 without any regard to sex, age, or quality. 
 She was represented by the ancients in a 
 black veil, with a pair of scissoi*s in her hand. 
 Pld. Parcse. 
 
 T. Q. Atta, a writer of merit in the Au- 
 gustan age, who seems to have received this 
 name from some deformity in his legs or feet. 
 His compositions, dramatical as well as satiri- 
 cal, were held in universal admiration, though 
 Horace thinks of thera with indiffei-ence. Ilo- 
 ra/.2, ep. 1, v 79. 17 
 
 AT 
 
 Attalia, a city of Faraphylia, built by king 
 Attalus. Strab. ' 
 
 Attalicus. Vid. Attalus 3d. 
 
 Attalus 1st, king of Pergamus, succeeded 
 Euraenes 1st. He defeated the Gauls wh© 
 had invaded his dominions, extended his con- 
 quests to mount Taurus, and obtained the as- 
 sistance of the Romans against Autiochus. The 
 Athenians rewarded his merit with great ho- 
 nours. He died at Pergamus after a reign of 
 44 years, B. C. 197. Liv. 26, 27, 28, &c.— Po- 
 
 lyb. 5.— Strab. 13. The 2d of that name, 
 
 was sent on an embassy to Rome by his brotlier 
 Eumenes the 2d, and at his return was ap- 
 pointed guai-dian to his nephew Attalus the 
 3d, Avho w as then an infant. Prusias made suc- 
 cessful war against him, and seized his capital ;. 
 but the conquest Avas stopped by the interfe- 
 rence of the Romans, who restored Attalus to 
 his throne. Attalus, who has received the 
 name of Philadelphus, from his fraternal love, 
 was a munificent patron of learning, and the 
 founder of several cities. He was poisoned by 
 his nephew in the 82d year of his age, B. C. 
 138. He had governed'the nation with great 
 prudence and moderation for 20 years. Strab. 
 
 13.— PoJyb. 5. The 3d, succeeded to the 
 
 kingdom of Pergamus, by the murder of Atta- 
 lus the 2d, and made himself odious by his 
 cmelty to his relations, and his wanton exer- 
 cise of power. He was son to Eumenes 2d, and 
 surnamed Philopator. He left the cares of 
 government to cultivate his garden, and to 
 make experiments on the melting of metals. 
 He lived in great amity with the Romans ; and 
 as he died without issue by his wife Berenice, 
 he left in his will the words P. R. meorum hoe- 
 res eslo, which the Romans interpreted as 
 themselves, and therefore took possession of 
 his kingdom, B. C. 133, and made of it a Ro- 
 man province, which they governed by a pro- 
 consul. From this circumstance, whatever 
 was a valuable acquisition, or an ample fortune, 
 was always called by the epithet Attalicus. 
 Attalus, as well as his predecessors, made 
 themselves celebrated for the valuable libra- 
 ries which they collected at Pergamus, and for 
 the patronage which merit and virtue always 
 found at their court. Liv. 24, &,c. Plin. 7. 
 
 8, 33, kc— Justin. 39.— Moral. 1, od. 1. 1 
 
 An officer in Alexanders array. Curt. 4, c. 
 
 13. Another very inimical to Alexander. 
 
 He was put to death by Parmenio, and Alex- 
 ander was accused of the murder. Curt. 6. c. 
 
 9, 1. 8, c. 1. A philosopher, preceptor to 
 
 Seneca. Senec. ep. 108. An astronomej* 
 
 of Rhodes. 
 
 Attarras, an officer who seized those that 
 had conspired with Dymnus against Alexan- 
 der. Curt. 6. 
 
 Atteius Capito, a consul in the age of Au- 
 gustus, who wrote treatises on sacerdotal 
 laws, public courts of justice, and the duty of 
 a senator. Vid. Ateius. 
 
 Attes, a son of Calaus of Phrygia, who was 
 born impotent. He introduced the worship of 
 Cybele among the Lydians,and became a great 
 favourite of the goddess. Jupiter was jealous 
 of his success, and .sent a wild boar to lay waste 
 the country, and destroy Attes. Pans. 7, c. 17. 
 
 Attiiis, a daughter of Cranaus the 2d, king 
 ! of Athens, who gave her name to Attica, ac' 
 cording to Apollod. 3, c M, 
 
AY 
 
 Attica, a country of Achaia or Hellas, at 
 tlie south of Boeotia, west of the ^Egean sea, 
 north of the Saronicus Sinus, and east of Me- 
 gara. It received its name from Atthis the 
 daughter of Cranaus. It was originally called 
 Ionia, from the lonians, who settled there ; 
 and also Acte, wliich signifies sliorCi and Ce- 
 cropia, from Cecrops, the first of its kings. 
 The most famous of its cities is called Athens, 
 whose inhabitants sometimes bear the name of 
 Ailici. Attica was famous for its gold and sil- 
 ver mines, which constituted the best part of 
 tlie public revenues. The face of the country 
 •was partly level and partly mountainous, divi- 
 ded into the 13 tribes of Acamantis, iEantis, 
 Antiochjs, Attalis, /Egeis, Erechtheis, Adrian- 
 is, Hippothoontis. Cecropis, Leontis, ^neis, 
 Ptolemais. and Pandionis; whose inhabitants 
 M'ere numbered in the 116th olympiad, at 
 31,000 citizens, and 400,000 slaves, wilhin 174 
 villages, some of which were considerable 
 towns, Vid. Athenae. 
 
 Atticus, oneofGalba's servants, who en- 
 tered his palace with a bloody sword, and de- 
 clared he had killed Otho. Tacit. Hist. 1 
 
 (T. Pomponius) a celebrated Roman knight to 
 whom Cicero wrote a great number of letters, 
 which contained the general history of the age. 
 They are now extant, and divided into 17 
 books. In the time of Marius and Sylla, Atti- 
 €us retired to Athens, where he so endeared 
 himself to the citizens, that after his departure, 
 they erected statues to him in commemoration 
 of his munificence and liberality. He was such 
 a perfect master of the Greek writers, and 
 spoke their language so fluently, that he was 
 sarnamed Jitticus., and as a proof of his learn- 
 ing, he favoured the world with some of his 
 compositions. He behaved in such a disinter- 
 ested manner, that he offended neither of the 
 inimical parties at Rome, and both were equal- 
 ly anxious of courting his approbation. He li- 
 ved in the greatest intimacy with tlie illustrious 
 men of his age, as he was such a lover of truth, 
 tliathe not only abstained from falsehood even 
 in a joke, but treated with the greatest con- 
 tempt and indignation a lying tongue. It is 
 gaid that he refused to take aliments when un- 
 able to get the better of a fever, and died in his 
 77th year, B. C. 32, after bearing the amiable 
 character of peace-maker among his friends. 
 Corndius jYcpos, one of his intimate friends, 
 has written a minute account of his life. Cic 
 
 ad Atlic, k.c. Hcrodes, an Athenian in the 
 
 age of the Antonines, descended from Miltia- 
 des. and celebrated for his munificence. His 
 son of the same name, was honoured with the 
 consulship, and he generously erected an aque- 
 duct at TroaS: of Avhich he had been made go- 
 vernor by the emperor Adrian, and raised in 
 other parts of the empire several i)ublic 
 buildings as useful as they were magnificent. — 
 Fkiloslrat. in vit. 2, p. 548,— .5. Gdl. nod. 
 Jilt. A consul in the age of INero, k.c. Ta- 
 cit. Jinn. 15 
 
 Attila, a celebrated king of the Huns, a 
 nation in the southern parts of Scythia, who in- 
 vaded the Ivonian empire in the reign of Val- 
 rnliuian, with an army of 500,000 men, and 
 laid waste the provinces. He took the town of 
 Aquileia, and marched against Roi;io ; but his 
 retreat and peace \v(;re purchased with a large 
 sum of money by the feeble emperor. Attii;i; 
 
 AT 
 
 who boasted in the appellation of the scourge 
 of God, died A. D. 45^, of an uncommon effu- 
 sion of blood the first night of his nuptials. He 
 had expressed his wish to extend his conquests 
 over the whole world ; and he often feasted his 
 bai'barity by dragging captive kings in his train. 
 Jornand. de Reb. Get. 
 
 Attilius, a Roman consul in the first 
 Punic war. Vid. Regulus. Calatinus, a Ro- 
 man consul who fought the Carthaginian fleet 
 
 Marcus, a poet who translated the Elec- 
 
 tra of Sophocles into Latin verse, and wrote 
 comedies whose unintelligible language procu- 
 red him the appellation oiFcrreus. Regu- 
 lus, a Roman censor w ho built a temple to the 
 
 goddess of concord. Liv. 23, c. 23, &-c. 
 
 The name of Attilius was common among the 
 Romans, and many of the public magistrates 
 are called Attilii ; their life however is not fa- 
 mous for any illustrious event. 
 
 Attinas, an officer set over Bactriana by 
 Alexander. Curt. 8. 
 
 Attius Pelignus, an oflScer of Caesar. 
 
 C(zs. Bell. Civ. 1. Tullias, the general of 
 
 the V'olsci, to w hom Coriolanus fled when ba- 
 nished from Rome. Liv. Varus seized 
 
 Auxinum in Pompey's name, whence he was 
 expelled. After this he fled to Africa, which 
 he alienated from J. Caesar. Cas, 1, Bell. 
 
 Civ. A poet. Vid. Accius. The family 
 
 of the Attii was descended from Atys, one of 
 the companions of ^neas, according to the 
 opinion which Virgil has adopted. Mn. 5, v. 
 568. 
 
 AtPrus, a river of Gaul, now^ the AdowTf 
 which runs at the foot of the Pyrenean moun- 
 tains into the bay of Biscay. Lucan. 1, v. 420. 
 
 ATYADiE, the descendants of Atys the Ly- 
 dian. 
 
 Atvs, an ancient king ofLydia, who sent 
 away his son Tyrrhenus, with a colony of Ly- 
 dians, who settled in Italy. Herodot. 1, c. 7. 
 
 A son of Croesus king of Lydia. He was 
 
 forbidden the use of all weapons by his father, 
 who had dreamt that he had been killed. 
 Some time after this, Atys prevailed on his fa- 
 ther to permit him to go to hunt a wild boar, 
 which laid waste the country of Mysia, and he 
 was killed in the attempt by Adrastus, whom 
 Croesus had appointed guardian over his son, 
 and thus the apprehensions of the monarch 
 were realized. Herodot. 1, c. 34, &f^'^ — Vid. 
 
 Adrastus. A Trojan, who came ib Italy 
 
 with J£.ne.BSi and is supposed to be the proge- 
 nitor of the family of the Attii at Rome. Virg, 
 
 JEn. 5, V. 568. A youth to whom Ismene 
 
 the daughter of ffidipus was promised in mar- 
 riage. He was killed by Tydeus before his 
 
 nuptials. 57a/. Tlitb. 8, v. 598. A son of 
 
 Limniace, the daughter of the river Ganges, 
 who assisted Cepheus in preventing the mar- 
 riage of Andromeda, and was killed by Perseus 
 with a burning log of wood. Ovid. Md. 5, v. 
 
 47. A celebrated shepherd of Phrygia, of 
 
 whom the mother of the gods, generally called 
 Cybele, became enamoured. She intrusted 
 him with the are of her temple, and made 
 him promise he always would live in celibacy. 
 He violated his vow by an amour with the 
 nymph Sangaris, for which the goddess made 
 him so insane and delirious, that lie castrated 
 himself with' a sharp stone. This was after- 
 wardcjii^entionally niade by his sacerdotal sucf 
 
AV 
 
 lessors in the service of Cybelej to prevent 
 their breaking their vows of perpetual chasti- 
 ty. This account is the most general and most 
 approved. Others say, that the goddess be- 
 came fond of Atys, because he had introduced 
 her festivals in the greatest part of Asia Minor, 
 and that she herself mutilated him. Pausanias 
 relates, in Achaia, c. 17, that Atys was the son of 
 tiie daughter of the Sangar, who became preg- 
 nant by putting the bow of an almond tree in her 
 bosom. Jupiter, as the passage mentions, once 
 had an amorous dream, and some of the impu- 
 rity of the god fell upon the earth, which soon 
 after produced a monster of an human form, 
 with the characteristics of the two sexes. 
 This monster was called Adgistis, and was 
 deprived by the gods of those parts which 
 distinguish the male sex. From the mutilated 
 parts which were thrown upon the ground, 
 rose an almond tree, one of whose branches a 
 nymph of the Sangar gathered, and placed in 
 her bosom as mentioned above. Atys, as 
 soon as born, was exposed in a wood, but pre- 
 served by a she-goat. The genius Agdistis 
 saw him in the wood, and was captivated with 
 his beauty. As Atys was going to celebrate 
 his nuptials with the daughter of the king of 
 Pessinus, Agdistis, who was jealous of his ri- 
 val, inspired by his enchantments the king and 
 his future son-in-law with such an uncommon 
 fury, that they both attacked and mutilated 
 one another in the struggle. Ovid, says, Met. 
 10, fab. 2, &c. that Cybele changed Atys 
 into a pine-tree as he was going to lay vio- 
 lent hands upon himself, and, ever after, that 
 tree was sacred to the mother of the gods. 
 After his death, Atys received divine honours, 
 and temples were raised to his memory, par- 
 ticularly at Dymae. Catull. de My. S^ JBerec. 
 —Ovid. Met. 10, fab. 3, Fast. 4, v. 223, 
 
 &c. — Lucian. in Ded Syria. Sylvus, son 
 
 of Albius Sylvius, was king of Alba. Liv. 1, 
 e. 3. 
 
 AvARicusi, a strong and fortified town of 
 Gaul, now called Bourges the capital of Ber- 
 ry. C<BS. Bell. Gall. 7. 
 
 AvELLA, a town of Campania, abounding 
 in nuts, whence nuts have been called .^vel- 
 lincR. Sil. 3 , v. 45, &c.— Virg. JEn. 7, v. 740. 
 
 AvENTiNus, a son of Hercules, by Rhea, 
 wiio assisted Turnus against ^Eneas, and dis- 
 tinguished himself by his valour. Virg. Mn. 
 
 7, v. 657. A king of Alba, buried upon 
 
 janount Aventine, Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 51. • 
 
 One of the seven hills on which pail of the 
 city of Rome was built. It was 13,300 feet 
 in circumference, and was given to the peo- 
 ple to build houses upon, by king Ancus Mar- 
 tius. It was not reckoned within the precincts 
 of the city till the reign of the emperor Clau- 
 dius, because the soothsayers looked upon it 
 as a place of ill omen, as Remus had been 
 buried there, whose blood had been criminally 
 shed. The word is derived, according to 
 .some, ah avibus, because birds were fond of 
 the place. Others suppose that it receives its 
 name because Aventinus, one of the Alban 
 kings, was buried upon it. Juno, the Moon, 
 Diana, Bona Den, Hercules, and the goddess 
 of Victory and Liberty, had magnificent tem- 
 ples built upon it. Varro de L. L. 4. — Virg. 
 JEn. 8, V. 235.— Liv. 1, c. 33. 
 
 AvKnNus or Avlknaj a lake of Campa- 
 
 AU 
 
 nia, near Baiae, whose waters w^ere so un- 
 wholesome and putrid, that no birds were 
 seen on its banks ; hence its original name 
 was !*ev©', avibus carens. The ancients made 
 it the entrance of hell, as also one of its rivers. 
 Its circumference was five stadia, and its 
 depth could not be ascertained. The waters 
 of the Avernus were indispensably necessaiy 
 in all enchantments and magical processes. 
 It may be observed, that all lakes whose stag- 
 nated waters were putrid and oiFensive to the 
 smell, were indiscriminately called Averna. 
 Virg. JEn. 4, v. 5.— 12, &c. 1. 6, v. 201, 
 &c. — Mela, 2, c. 4. — Slrab. — 5. — Diod. 4. — 
 .Bristol, de Adm. 
 
 AvESTA, a book composed by Zoroaster. 
 
 AuFEiA AQUA, Called afterwards Marcia, 
 was the sweetest and most wholesome water 
 in Rome, and it was first conveyed into the 
 city by Ancus Martius. 
 
 AuFiDENA, now Alfidena, a city of the 
 Peligni in Italy, whose inhabitants, called Au- 
 Jidenates, were among the Sabines. Liv. 10, 
 c. 12. 
 
 AuriDiA LEX, was enacted by the tribune 
 Aufidius Lurco, A. U. C. 692. It ordained, 
 that if any candidate in canvassing for aa 
 office, promised money to the tribunes, and 
 failed in the performance, he should be excus- 
 ed ; but if he actually paid it, he should be 
 compelled to pay every tribune 6000 sesterces. 
 
 Aufidius, an eiFeminate person of Chios. 
 
 Juv. 9, V. 25. Bassus, a famous historian 
 
 in the age of Quintilian, who wrote an ac- 
 count of Germany, and of the civil wars. 
 A Roman senator, famous for his blindness 
 
 and abilities. Cic. Tusc. 5. Lurco, a maa 
 
 who enriched himself by fattening peacocks, 
 and selling them for meat. Plin. 10.—— 
 Luscus, a man obscurely born, and made a 
 pretor of Fundi, in the age of Horace. 1 Sat, 
 5, V. 34. 
 
 AuFiDUS, a river of Apulia falling into the 
 Adriatic sea, and now called Ofanto. It was' 
 on its banks that the Romans were defeated 
 by Hannibal at Cannas. The spot is still 
 shown by the inhabitants, and bears the name 
 of the field of blood. Horat. 3, od. 30, 1. 4/ 
 od. 9.— Virg. Mn. 11, v. 405. 
 
 AuGA and Auge and Augea, daughter of 
 Aleus king of Tegea, by Neeei-a, was ravished 
 by Hercules, and brought forth a son, whom 
 she exposed in the woods to conceal her 
 amours from her father. The child was pre- 
 served, and called Telephus. Aleus was in- 
 formed of his daughter's shame, and gave her 
 to Nauplius to be put to death. Nauplius 
 refused to perform the cruel office, and gave 
 Auga to Teuthras, king of Mysia, who, be- 
 ing without issue, adopted her as his daugh- 
 ter. Some time after, the dominions of Teu- 
 thras were invaded by an enemy, and the 
 king promised his crown and daughter to hin» 
 who could deliver him from the impending 
 calamity. Telephus, who had been directed 
 by the oracle to go to the court of Teuthras, 
 if he wished to find his parents, offered his 
 services to the king, and they were accepted. 
 As he was going to unite himself to Auge, in 
 consequence of the victory he had obtained, 
 Auge rushed from him with secret horror, 
 and the gods sent a serpent to sepai'ate theni. 
 Auge implored the aid of Herculei, wh» 
 
AU 
 
 ftiade Iier son known to her, and she return- 
 ed with him to Tegea. Paiisanias says 
 that Auo^e was confined in a coiFer with lier 
 infant so^n, and thrown into the sea, where, af- 
 ter being preserved and protected by Miner- 
 va, she was found by king Tcuthras. ."Ipol- 
 lod. 2 and 2.-~Paus. 8, c. 4.—Hygin. fab. 99 
 and 100. 
 
 AuGARus, an Arabian, who, for his good 
 oifices, obtained tlie favour of Pompey, whom 
 
 he vilely deceived. Dio. A king of Os- 
 
 roerie, whom Caracalla imprisoned, after he 
 had given him solemn i»romises of friendship 
 and support. Dio. 78. 
 
 AuG£iE, a town of Laconia. Pans. 3, c, 21. 
 Another of Locris. 
 
 AuGiAS and Augkas, son of Eleus, or 
 Elius, was one of the Argonauts, and after- 
 wards ascended tlie throne of Elis. He had 
 an immense number of oxen and goats, and 
 the stables in which they were kept had never 
 been cleaned, so that the task seemed an im- 
 possibility to any man. Hercules undertook 
 it on promise of receiving as a reward, the 
 tenth part of the herds of Augias, or some- 
 thing equivalent. The hero changed the 
 course of the river Alpheus, or, according to 
 others, of the Peneus, which immediately 
 carried away the dung and tilth from the sta- 
 bles. Augias refused the promised recom- 
 pense, on pretence that Hercules had made 
 use of artifice, and had not experienced any 
 labour or trouble, and he further drove his 
 own son Phyleus from his kingdom, because 
 he supported the claims of the hero. The 
 refusal was a declaration of war. Hercules 
 conquered Elis, put to death Augias, and 
 gave the crown to Phyleus. Pausanias says. 
 5, c, 2 and 3, that Hercules spared the life of 
 Augias for the sake of his son, and that Phy- 
 leus went to settle in Dulichium; and that at 
 the death of Augias, his other son, Agas- 
 theues, succeeded to the throne. Augias re- 
 ceived, after his death, the honours which 
 wave generally paid to a hero. Augias has 
 been called the son of Sol, because^ Elius sig- 
 nifies the sun. The proverb of jiugtan sta- 
 ble is now applied to an impossibility. Hi/gin. 
 fab. 14, 30, 157.— P/in. 17, c. 9.—Slrub. 8.— 
 ApoUuil. 2. 
 
 AuciL^,, a peojde of Africa, who supposed 
 tliat there were no gods except the manes 
 of the dead, of whom thev sought oracles. 
 Mda, 1. 
 
 AuGiBus, a mountain of Liguria. Liv. 39, 
 c. 2. 
 
 AuGUKKs, certain oflUcers at Rome who 
 foretold future evects, whence their name, ah 
 avium garritn. They were first created by Ro- 
 mulus, to the number of three. Servius Tul- 
 liiis added a fourtii, and the tribunes of the 
 people A. U. C. 454, increased the nuniber to 
 nuie ; and Sylla added >i\ more during his dic- 
 tatorship. They had a particular college, and 
 the chief amongst them was called magisttr 
 collcgii. Their cifice was honourable; and if 
 any one of them was convicted of any crime, 
 he could not Ije dejMived of his privileges ; 
 an indulgence granted to no other sacerdo- 
 liil body at Rome. The uugur generally sat 
 on a high towei to make his observations. His 
 fare was turned towards the east, and he had 
 the north to hb left, and the south at his right. 
 
 AU 
 
 With a crooked s,taffhe divided the face of tho^ 
 heavens into four different }>arts, and after- 
 wards sacrificed to the gods, covering his head 
 with his vestment. Thei-e were generally five 
 things from which the augurs drew omens: 
 the first consisted in obser\ing the phaenomena 
 of Uie heavens, such as thunder, lightning, co- 
 mets, fee. The second kind of omen was 
 drawn from the chirping or flying of birds. 
 The third was from the sacred chickens, whose" 
 eagerness or indifference in eating the bread 
 which was thrown to them, was looked upon 
 as lucky or nnlucky. The fourth was froni 
 quadrupeds, from their crossing or appearing 
 in some unaccustomed place. The fiith was- 
 from different casualties, w'hich were called 
 Dira; such as spilling salt upon a table, or win© 
 upon one's clothes, hearing strange noises, 
 stumbling or sneezing, meeting a wolfe, hare, 
 fox, or pregnant bitch. From such supersti- 
 tious notions did the Romans draw their pro- 
 phecies ; the sight of birds on the left hand 
 was always deemed a lucky object, and the 
 words sinister and lavus, though generally 
 supposed to be terms of ill luck, were always 
 used by the augurs in an auspicious sense. Cic. 
 de Div. — Liv. 1, fee. — Dionys. Hal. — Ovid. 
 Fast. 
 
 Augusta, a name given to seventy cities 
 in the Roman provinces in honour of Augustus 
 
 Ctesar. London, as capital of the countiy - 
 
 of the Trinobantes, was called Augusta Trino- 
 bantina. Messalina, famous for her debau- 
 cheries, was called Augusta, as wife of the em- 
 peror Claudius. Jav. 6, v. 118. 
 
 AuGusTALiA, a festival at Rome, in com- 
 memoration of the day on which Augustus re- 
 turned to Rome, after he had established peace 
 over the different parts of the empire. 
 
 AuGusTiNus, bishop of Hippo, in Africa, 
 distinguished himself by his writings, as well as 
 by the austerity of his life. In his works, which 
 are numerous, he displayed the powers of a 
 great genius, and an extensive acquaintance 
 with the philosophy of Plato. He died in the 
 7<3tli year of his age, A. D. 430. The best 
 edition of his works is that of the Benedict- fol. 
 Ant. 1700 to 1703. 12 vols. 
 
 AcGusTODUNUM, uow AutiiTi, a town of 
 Gaul, the capital of the ancient uEdui. 
 
 AuGusTULUs, the last Roman emperor of 
 the west, A. D. 475, conquered by Odoacer^ 
 king of the Heruli. 
 
 Augustus Octavianus C;esar, second em- 
 peror of Rome, was son of Octavius, a sena- 
 tor, and Accia, daughter of Julius, and sister 
 to Julius Ca;sar. He was adopted by his un- 
 cle Caesar, and inherited the greatest part of 
 his fortune. He lost his father at the age of 
 four ; and though only eighteen when his 
 uncle was murdered, he hastened to RoraCj 
 where he ingratiated himself with the senate 
 iurd people, and received the honoui-s of the 
 coiisulship two years after, as the reward of his 
 hypocrisy. Though his youth and his inexpe- 
 rience were ridiculed by his enemies, who 
 branded him with the aj)pellation of hoy, yet 
 lie i*ose in consequence by his prudence and 
 valour, and made war against his opponents^ 
 on pretence of avenging Uie death of his mur- 
 dered uncle. But when he jierceived that by 
 making him fight against Antony, the senate 
 wished to debilitate both antagonists; he chan- 
 
AU 
 
 ged his ^iews, and uniting himself with lii< 
 cnemyj soon formed the second triumvirate, in 
 which his cruel proscriptions shed the inno- 
 cent blood of 300 senators and 2(30 knights, and 
 did not even spare the life of his friend Cicero. 
 By the divisions which were made among the 
 triumvirs, Augustus retained for himself the 
 more important provinces of the west, and 
 banished, as if it were, his colleagues, Lepidus 
 and Antony, to more distant tenitories. But 
 as long as the murderers of Caesar were alive, 
 the reigning tyrants had reasons for appre- 
 hension, and therefore the forces of the tri- 
 umvirate were directed against the partisans 
 of Brutus and the senate. The battle was de- 
 cided at Philippi. where it is said that the va- 
 lour and conduct of Antony alone preserved 
 the combined so-mies, and effected the defeat 
 of the republican forces. The head of the un- 
 fortunate Brutus was carried to Rome, and in 
 insolent revenge thrown at the feet of Caesar's 
 statue. On his return to Italy, Augustus re- 
 warded his soldiers with the lands of those that 
 had been proscribed ; but among the sufferers 
 were many who had never injured the con- 
 queror of Philippi, especially Virgil, whose 
 modest application procured the restitution of 
 his property. The friendship which subsisted 
 between Augustus and Antony was broken as 
 soon as the fears of a third rival vanished away, 
 and the aspiring heir of Ceesar was easily in- 
 duced to take up arms by the little jealousies 
 and resentment of Fulvia. Her death, how- 
 ever, retarded hostilities ; the two rivals were 
 reconciled; their united forces were success- 
 fully directed against the younger Pompey; 
 and, to strengthen their friendship, Antony 
 agreed to marry Octavia, the sister of Augus- 
 tus. But as this step was political, and not 
 dictated by affection, Octavia was slighted, and 
 Antony resigned himself to the pleasures and 
 company of the beautiful Cleopatra. Augus- 
 tus was incensed, and immediately took up 
 arms to avenge the wrongs of his sister, and 
 perhaps more eagerly to remove a man w^hose 
 power and existence kept him in continual 
 alarms, and made him dependent. Both par- 
 ties met at Actium, B. C. 31, to decide the 
 fate of Rome. Antony was supported by all 
 the power of the east, and Augustus by Italy. 
 Cleopatra fled from the battle with 60 ships, 
 and her flight ruined the interest of Antony, 
 who followed her into Egypt. The conqueror 
 soon after passed into Egypt, besieged Alexan- 
 dria, and honoured, with a magniticent funeral, 
 tlie unfortunate Roman, and the celebrated 
 queen, whom the fear of being led in the vic- 
 tor's triumph at Rome had driven to commit 
 suicide. After he had established peace all 
 over the world, Augustas shut up the gates of 
 the temple of Janus, the year our Saviour was 
 feorn. It is said he twice resolved to lay down 
 the supreme [)ower, immediately after the 
 victory obtained over Antony, and afterwards 
 on account of his ill health ; but his friend Me- 
 csenas dissuaded him, and observed, that he 
 would leave it to Ijc the prey of t!ie most poAv- 
 erful, and expose himself to ingratitude and to 
 danger. H« died at Nola, in the 76th year of 
 his age, A. D. 14, after he had held the so- 
 vereign power during 44 years. Augustus 
 was an active emperor, and consulted the 
 good of the Romans tn-lth th? mostanxions 
 
 AV 
 
 care. He visited all the provinces except 
 Africa and Sardinia, and his consummate pru- 
 dence and experience gave rise to many salu- 
 tary laws ; but it may be said, that he finished 
 w ilh a good grace, what he began with cruelty. 
 While making himself absolute, he took care 
 to leave his countrymen the shadow of liberty ; 
 and if under the character and office of perpe- 
 tual tribune, of priest and imperator, he was 
 invested with all the power of sovereignty, he 
 guarded against offending the jealous Romans, 
 by not assuming the regal title. His refusal to 
 read the letters he found after Porapey's de- 
 feat, arose more from fear than honour, and 
 he dreaded the discovery of names which 
 would have perhaps united to sacrifice his am- 
 bition. His good qualities, and many virtues 
 he perhaps never possessed, have been trans- 
 mitted to posterity by the pen of adulation or 
 gratitude, in the poems of Virgil, Horace, and 
 Ovid. To distinguish himself from the obscu- 
 rity of the Octavii, and, if possible, to suppress 
 the remembrance of his uncle's violent fate, 
 he aspired after a new title; and the submis- 
 sive senate yielded to his ambition, by giving 
 him the honourable appellation of Augustus, 
 He has been accused of licentiousness and 
 adultery, by his biographer; but the goodness 
 of his heart, and the fidelity of his friendship, 
 which in some instances he possessed, made 
 some amends for his natural foibles. He was- 
 ambitious of being thought handsome; and as 
 he was publicly reported to be the son of Apol- 
 lo, according to his mother's declaration, he 
 wished his flatterers to represent him with 
 the figiu'e and attributes of that god. Like 
 Apollo, his eyes were clear, and he affected 
 to have it thought that they possessed some 
 divine irradiation ; and was well pleased, if, 
 when he fixed his looks upon any body, they 
 held down their eyes as if oveixome by the 
 glaring brightness of the sun. He distinguish- 
 ed himself by his learning; he Avas a perfect 
 master of the Greek language, and wrote some 
 tragedies, besides .memoirs of his life, and 
 other works, all now lost. He was married 
 three times; to Claudia, to Scribonia, and to 
 Livia ; but he was unhappy in his matrimonial 
 connexions, and his only daughter, Julia, by 
 Scribonia, disgraced herself and her father by 
 the debauchery and licentiousness of her man- 
 ners. He recommended, at his death, hiv 
 adopted son Tiberius as his successor. He 
 left his fortune partly to Tiberius, and to Drxis- 
 sus, and made donations to the army and Ro- 
 man people. Virgil wrote his heroic poem af. 
 the desire of Augustus, whom he represented 
 under the amiable and perfect character of 
 i^neas. Siieton. in vita. — Horat. — Virgil. — 
 
 Pans. — Tacit . Patcrcu!. Dio . Ccuis. — 
 
 Oii(J. The namv3 of Jiiigusius was ailer- 
 
 wards given to the successoi^ of Octavianus in 
 the Roman empire as a personal, and the 
 name of Caisar, as a family, distinction. In a 
 more distant period of the empire, the title of 
 Augustus was given ouly to the emperor, while 
 tiiat ofCa;sar was bestowed on the second per- 
 son in the state, who was considered as pre- 
 sumjitive heir. 
 
 AviDiF.Nvs. a rich and sordid man whom 
 Horat. styles happy, 2 Ser. 2, v. 55. 
 
 Avinius Cassius, a man saluted empe- 
 ror, A. D. 175. He reigned only three mouth*. 
 
AU 
 
 and was assassinated by a centurion. He was 
 called a second Catiline, from his excessive 
 love of bloodshed. Diod. 
 
 RuFus Fkstus Avienus, a poet in the 
 age of Theodosius, who translated the phe- 
 nomena of Aratus, as also all Livy, into Iambic 
 verses. The best edition of what remains of 
 him, is that of Cannegetier, 8vo. 1731. 
 
 AviTus, a governor of JBritain under Nero. 
 
 Tacit. An. 14. Alcinus, a christian poet; 
 
 who wrote a poem in 6 books on original sin, 
 &c. 
 
 Avium, a city between Tyre and Sidon. 
 Slrah. 16. 
 
 AuLERcij a people of Gaul, between the 
 Seine and the Loire. 
 
 AuLESTEs, a king of the Etrurians when 
 
 JEneas came into Italy. Virg. JEn. 12, v. 290. 
 
 AuLETKs, a general who assisted ^Eneas in 
 
 Italy, with 100 ships. Virg JEn. 10, v. 207. 
 
 The surname of one of the Ptoleraean 
 
 kings, father to Cleopatra. 
 
 AuLis, a daughter of Ogyges. Paws. Exotic. 
 
 A town of Boeotia near Chalcis on the 
 
 sea coast, where all the Greeks conspired 
 against Troy. They were detained there by 
 contrary winds, by the anger of Diana, whose 
 favourite stag hadbeen killed by Agamemnon. 
 To appease the resentment of the goddess, 
 Agamemnon was obliged to sacrifice his own 
 daughter Iphigenia, whom, however, Diana 
 spared by substituting a ram. Virg. JEn. 4, 
 
 V. 426.— On'rf. Met. 12, v. 9, he. Homer. 11. 
 
 2, V. 303. 
 
 AuLON, a mountain of Calabria, opposite 
 Tarentiim, famous for its wine, which, ac- 
 cording to Horat. 2, od. 6, v. 18, is superior to 
 that of Falernum. Martial. 13, ep. 125. — 
 
 Strab. 6. A place of Messenia. Paas. 
 
 AuLONius, a surname of ^sculapius. 
 AuLus, a preenomen, common among the 
 
 Romans. Gellius. Vid. Gellius. 
 
 Auras, an European river, flowing into 
 the Ister from mount Heemus. Herudot. 4, 
 0.49. 
 
 AuRELiA LEX, was enacted A, U. C. 653, 
 by the pretor L. Aurelius Cotta, to invest the 
 Senatorial! and Equestrian orders, and the 
 Tribuni ^Erarii, with judicial power. Ano- 
 ther, A. U. C. 678. It abrogated a clause of 
 the Lex Cornelia, and permitted the tribunes 
 to hold other olfices after the expiration of the 
 tiibuneship. 
 
 AuRELiA, a town of Hispania Btetica. 
 
 Tiie mother of J. Caisar. Suet, in Cas. '74. 
 
 A fish woman. Juv. 4, v. 98. 
 
 AuREMANus, emperor of Rome after 
 Flavius Claudius, was austere, and even cruel 
 in the execution of the laws, and punished his 
 soldiers with unusual severity. He rendered 
 himself famous for his military character; and 
 his expedition against Zenobia, the celebrated 
 queen of Palmyra, gained him gieat honours. 
 He beautified Rome, was charitable to the 
 poor, and the author of many salutary laws. 
 He was iiaturally brave ; and in all the battles 
 he fought, it is said, he killed no less than 800 
 jnen witli his own hand. In his triumph he 
 exhil)ilcd to the Romans, people of 15 differ- 
 ent nations, all of whidi he had conquered. 
 He was the first emperor who wore a diadem. 
 After a glorious reign of six years, as he 
 mardicd against the nortlieru barbarians, he 
 
 AU 
 
 was assassinated near Byzantium, A. D. 275, 
 29th January, by his soldiers, whom Mnes- 
 theus had incited to rebellion against their 
 emperor. This Mnestheus had been threaten- 
 ed with death, for some ill behaviour to the 
 emperor, and therefore he meditated hi» 
 death. The soldiers, however, soon repented 
 of their ingratitude and cruelty to Aurelian, 
 and threw Mnestheus to be devoured by wild 
 
 beasts. A physician of the fourth centuiy. 
 
 Aurelius, emperor of Rome. Vid Anto- 
 ninus Bassianus. A painter in the age of 
 
 Augustus. Plin. 35. Victor, an historian 
 
 in the age of Julian, two of whose compositions 
 are extant, an account of illustrious men, and 
 a biography of all the Caesars to Julian. The 
 best editions of Aurelius are the 4to. of Artu- 
 zenius, Amst. 1733, and the 8vo. of Pitiscus, 
 
 Utr. 1696. Antoninus, an emperor. Vid. 
 
 Antoninus. 
 
 AuREOLus, a general who assumed the pur- 
 ple in the age of Gallienus. 
 
 AuRiNiA, a prophetess held in great vene- 
 ration by the Germans. Tacit. Gei^n. 8. 
 
 Aurora, a goddess, daughter of Hyperion 
 and Thia or Thea, or, according to others, of 
 Titan and Terra. Some say that Pallas, son of 
 Crius, and brother to Perses, was her father) 
 hence her surname of Pallantias. She mar- 
 ried Astraeus, by whom she had the winds, the 
 stars, &.C. Her amours with Tithonus and 
 Cephalus are also famous; by the former, she 
 had Memnon and .^mathion, and Phajton by 
 the latter. [Vid. Cephalus and Tithonus.] 
 She had also an intrigue with Orion, whom she 
 carried to the island of Delos, where he was 
 killed by Diana's arrows. Aurora is generally 
 represented by the poets drawn in a rose- 
 coloured chariot, and opening with her rosy 
 fingers the gates of the east, pouring the dew 
 upon the earth, and making the flowers grow. 
 Her chariot is generally drawn by white horses, 
 and she is covered with a veil. JXox and Som- 
 nus fly before her, and the constellations of 
 heaven disappear at her approach. She al- 
 ways sets out before the sun, and is the fore- 
 runner of his rising. The Greeks call her 
 Eos. Homer. II. 8, Od. 10. Hymn, in Vener. — 
 Olid. Met. 3, 9, 15.— Mpollod. 1, 3.— Virg. 
 JEn. 6, V. 535 — Varro. de L. L. 5, he. — He- 
 siod. Theog. — Hygin. pref. fab. 
 
 Aukunce, an ancient town of Latium, built 
 by An son, the son of Ulysses by Calypso. 
 Virg. ^n. 7, v. 727, &c 
 
 AuscmSiE, a people of Libya. Herodot.A, 
 c. 17L 
 
 Ausci, a people of Gaul. 
 
 AusER, AusEKis, and Anser, a river of 
 Etruria, which joins the Arnus before it falls 
 into the Tyrrhene sea. 
 
 AusEs, a people of Mrica, whose virgins 
 yearly fight with sticks in honour of Minerva. 
 She who behaves with the greatest valour re- 
 ceives unusual honour, Lc. Herodot. 4, c. 180, 
 
 AusoN, a son of Ulysses and Calypso, from 
 whom the Ausones, a people of Italy, are de- 
 scended. 
 
 AusoNiA, one of the ancient names of 
 Italy, which it received from Auson the son of 
 Ulysses. If Virgil makes iEneas speak of 
 Ausonia, it is by anticipation. Virg. JEn. 3, 
 V. 171. 
 
 Decim, Magnus Ausoyiws, a poet, born 
 
AU 
 
 at Bourdeaux in Gaul, in the 4th century, pre- 
 septor to Gratian, »on of the emperor Valen- 
 tinian, and made consul by the means of his 
 pupil. His compositions have been long ad- 
 mired. The thanks he returned the emperor 
 Gratian is one of the best of his poems, which 
 were too often hurried for publication, and 
 consequently not perfect. He wrote the con- 
 sular fasti of Rome, an useful performance, 
 now lost. His style is occasionally obscene, 
 and he has attempted upon the words of Vir- 
 gil, what revolts every thing against his indeli- 
 cacy. The best edition is that of ToUius, 8vo. 
 L.Bat. 1671} or that of Jaubert, with a French 
 ti'anslation, 4 vols. 12mo. Paris, 17C9. 
 
 Auspices, a sacerdotal order at Rome, near- 
 ly the same as the augurs. Vid. Augures. 
 
 AusTER, one of the winds blowing from the 
 south, whose breath was pernicious to llowers 
 as well as to health. He was parent of rain. 
 Virg. Ed. 2, v. 58. Vid. Venti. 
 
 AusTESiox, a Theban, son of Tisamenus. 
 His son Theras led a colony into an island, 
 which, from him, was called Thera. Heredot. 
 4. — Pans. 
 
 AuTOBULUs, a painter. Plin. 35. 
 
 Autochthones, the original inhabitants of 
 a country who are the first possessors of it, 
 and who never have mingled with other na- 
 tions. The Athenians called themselves Au- 
 tochthones, and boasted that they were as old 
 as the country which they inhabited. Pans. 
 
 I, c. 14. — Tacit, de Germ. — Cic. dt Oral. 3, 
 c. 83. 
 
 AuTocLES, an Athenian, sent by his coun- 
 trymen with a fleet to the assistance of Alex- 
 ander of Pheras. 
 
 AuTocRATEs, au historiao mentioned by 
 Athen. 9 and 11. 
 
 AuTOLOLiE, a people of Mauritania, de- 
 scended from the Gsetuli. They excelled all 
 their neighbours in running. Lucan. 4, v. 
 677. 
 
 AuToLYcus, a son of Mercuiy by Chione, 
 a daughter of Daedalion. He was one of the 
 Argonauts. His craft as a thief has been 
 greatly celebrated. ' He stole the flocks of his 
 neighbours, and mingled them with his own, 
 after he had changed their marks. He did the 
 same to Sisyphus son of tEoIus ; but Sisyphus 
 was as crafty as Autolycus, and he knew his 
 own oxen by a markwhich he had made under 
 their feet. Autolycus was so pleased with the 
 artifice of Sisyphus, that he immediately form- 
 ed an intimacy with him, and even permitted 
 him freely to enjoy the company of his daugh- 
 ter Anticlea, who became pregnant of Ulys- 
 ses, and was soon after married to Laertes. 
 Vid. Sisyphus, Laertes. Hygin. fab. 200, kc. 
 Grid. Met. 1, fab. Q.—Jipollod. I.— Homer. Od. 
 
 14. A son of Phryxus and Chalciope. Hy- 
 
 gin. fab. 14. 
 
 Automate, one of the Cyclades, called 
 
 also Hera. Plin. 2, c. 37. A daughter of 
 
 Danaus. 
 
 AuTOMEDON, a son of Dioreus, who went 
 to the Trojan war with ten ships. He was the 
 charioteer of Achilles, after whose death he 
 served Pyrrhus in the same capacity. Homer. 
 
 II. 9, IG, k.c.— Virg. JEn. 2, v. 477. 
 AuTOMEDiJsA, a daughter of Alcathous, 
 
 killed by Tydens. ^polled. 2. 
 AuTOME.NES, one pf the lleraclidae, king 
 
 AZ 
 
 of Corinth. At his death, B. C. 779, annual 
 magistrates, called Prytanes, were chosen at 
 Corinth, and their power continued 90 years, 
 till Cypselus, and his son Periander made 
 themselves absolute. 
 
 AuTOMoLi, a nation of .Ethiopia. Hero- 
 dot. 2. 
 
 AuTONoE, a daughter of Cadmus, who 
 married Aristaeus, by whom she had Actaeon, 
 often called Autoneius heros. The death of 
 her son [Vid. Actaeon] was so painful to her, 
 that she retired from Bceotia to Megara, where 
 she soon after died. Paus. 1, c. 44. — Hygin. 
 
 fab. 179.— Oi'ifZ. Met. 3, v. 720. One of 
 
 the Danaides. Jipollod. 2. One of the Ne- 
 reides. Hesiod. Theog. A female servant 
 
 of Penelope. Homer. Od. 18. 
 
 AuTOPHKADATEs, a satrap of Lydia, who 
 revolted from Artaxerxes. Diod. 
 
 AuTURA, the Eurcy a river of Gaul which 
 falls into the Seine. 
 
 AuxEsiA and DAMiA,two virgins who came 
 from Crete to Trcezene, where the inhabitants 
 stoned them to death in a sedition. The E))i- 
 daurians raised them statues by order of the 
 oracle, when their country was become bar- 
 ren. They were held in great veneration at 
 Trcezene. Herodot. 5, c. 82. — Paus. 2, c. 30. 
 
 AxEKUs, the ancient name of the Euxine 
 sea. The word signifies inhospitable, which 
 was highly applicable to the manners of the 
 ancient inhabitants of the coast. Ovid. 4. 
 Trist. 4, V. 56. 
 
 AxiocHus, a philosopher, to whom Plato 
 dedicated a treatise concerning death. 
 
 AxioN, brotlier of Alphesibosa, murdered 
 Alcmaeon, her sister's husband, because he 
 wished to recover from her a golden necklace. 
 Vid. Alcmajon and Alphesiboea. 
 
 AxioTEA, a woman who regularly went in 
 a man's dress to hear the lectures of Plato. 
 
 AxioTHEA, the wife of Nicocles, king of 
 Cyprus. Polyam. 8. 
 
 Axis, a town of Umbria. Prop. 4. 
 
 Axius, a river of Macedonia. Herodot 7, 
 c. 123. 
 
 AxoNA, a river of Belgic Gaul, which falls 
 into the Seine below Paris. The inhabitan(8 
 of the neighbourhood are called Axones. 
 
 AxuR and Anxur, a surname of Jupiter, 
 who had a temple at Trachis in Thessaly, He 
 was represented as a beardless youth. 
 
 Axus, a town about the middle of Crete. 
 Apollod. 
 
 AzAN, a mountain of Arcadia, sacred to 
 
 Cybele. A son of Areas, king of Arcadia, 
 
 by Erato, one of the Dryades. He divided his 
 father's kingdom with his brothers Aphidas 
 and Elatus, and called his share Azania. 
 There was in Azaniaa fountain called Clilorl- 
 us, whose w^aters gave a dislike for wine to 
 those who drank them. Vitruv. 8, c. 3. — Ovid. 
 Met. 15, V. 322.— Pans. 8, c. 4. 
 
 AziRis, a place of Libya, smTOunded on 
 both sides by delightful hills covered with 
 trees, and watered by a river where Battus 
 built a town. Herodot. 4, c. 157. 
 
 AzoNAx, a man who taught Zoroaster the 
 art of magic. Plin. 30. 
 
 AzoRus, one of the Argonauts. 
 
 AzoTus, now jlshdod, a large town of Syria, 
 on the borders of the .Mediterranean. Joseph. 
 Jlnt. Jud. 15. 
 
BA 
 
 BABILIUS, ^ Roman, who, by tUe help ol 
 a certain herb, is said to have parsed in 
 six days from the Sicilian sea to Alexandria. 
 Plin. pram. 19. 
 
 Baeilus, an astrologer in Nero's age, who 
 told the emperor to avert the danger which 
 seemed to hang upon his head, from the ap- 
 pearance of an hoiry comet, by putting all the 
 leading men of Rome to death. His advice 
 was faithfully followed. Sneto7i. inJVer. c. 36. 
 
 Babylon, a son of Belus, who, as some sup- 
 pose, founded a city which bears his name 
 
 A celebrated city, tlie capital of the Assyrian 
 empire, on the banks of the Euphrates. It had 
 100 brazen gates ; aud its walls, which were 
 cemented with bitumen, and greatly enlarged 
 »nd embellished by the activity of Semiramis; 
 measured 480 stadia in circumference, 60 cu- 
 bits in thickness, and 200 in height. It v,as 
 taken by Cyrus, B. C. 638, after he had drain- 
 ed the waters of the Euphrates into a new 
 channel, and marched his troops by night into 
 the town, through the dried bed ; and it is said 
 that the fate of the extensive capital was uij- 
 known to the inhabitants of the distant faub- 
 urbs till late in the evening. Babylon became 
 famous for the death of Alexander, and for 
 the new empire which was afterwards esta- 
 blished there under the Seleucidse. [Firf. Syria.] 
 Its greatness was so reduced in succeeding 
 ages, according to Pliny's observations, that 
 in his lime it w^as but a desolate wilderness, 
 and at present the place where it stood is un- 
 known to travellers. The inhabitants were 
 cai'Iy acquainted with astrology. FUn. 6, c. 
 126. — Hcrodol. 1, 2, 3. — Justin. 1, k.c. — JDiod. 
 2. — Xtnoph. Ci/rop. 7, kc. — Propert. 3, el. 11, 
 V. 21— Ovid. Met. 4, fab. 2.— Martial. 9, ep. 77. 
 
 There is also a town of the same name 
 
 near tlie Bubastic branch of the Nile, in Egypt. 
 
 Babylonia, a large province of Assyria, of 
 which Babylon was the capital. The inhabi- 
 tants shook off the Assyrian yoke, and after- 
 wards became very powerful. — The surname 
 of Seleucia, which rose from the ruins of Baby- 
 lon, under the successors of Alexander. Plin. 
 6, c. 26. 
 
 Babykonii, the inhabitants of Babylon, 
 famous for their knowledge of astrology, first 
 divided the year into 12 months, and the zo- 
 diac into 12 signs. 
 
 Babyrsa, a fortified castle near Artaxata. 
 Slrab. 11. 
 
 Babytace, a city of Armenia, whose in- 
 h.'ibitants despise gold. Piiii. 6, c. 27. 
 
 Bacabasus, betrayed the snares of Arta- 
 banus, brother of Darius, against Artaxerxes. 
 Jiistiji. 3, c. 1. 
 
 Baccii^, the priestesses of Bacchus. Paus. 
 2, c. 7. 
 
 Bacchanalia? festivals in honour of Bac- 
 chus at Rome, the same as the Dionysia of the 
 Greeks. Vid. Dionysia. 
 
 Bacchantes, priestesses of Bacchus, who 
 are represented at the celebration of the or- 
 gies almost naked, with garlands of ivy, witii 
 a thyrsus and dishevelled hair. Their looks 
 ai-c wild, and they utter dreadful sounds, and 
 clash diflVrent musical instruments together. 
 They are also called Thyades and Menades. 
 OriJ. Mil. G, V. b92.—Uorat. 3, od. 2o.— Pro- 
 pert. 3, el. 21. — Lucan. 1, v. 074. 
 
 Bacchi, a moiiuUiin of Thrace, near Phi- 
 Itppi. ,/ippifin 
 
 BA 
 
 Bacchiad^, a Corinthian family descend- 
 ed from Bacchia, daughter of Dionysius. In 
 their nocturnal orgies, they, as some report, 
 tore to pieces Actaeon, son of Melissus, which 
 so enraged the father, that before the altar he 
 entreated the Corinthians to revenge tlie death 
 of his son, and immediately threw himself in- 
 to the sea. Upon this the BacchiadiB were 
 banished, and went to settle in Sicily, between 
 Pachynum and Pelorus. Ovid. Met. 6, v. 407. 
 Slrab. 8. 
 
 Bacchides, a general who betrayed the 
 town of Sinope to Lucullus. Strab. 12. 
 
 Bacchis or Balus, king of Corinth, suc- 
 ceeded his father Prumnides. His successors 
 were always called Bacdiide, in remembrance 
 of the equity and moderation of his reign. 
 The Bacchidse increased so much, that they 
 chose one of their number to preside among 
 them with regal authority, and it is said that 
 the sovereign power continued in their hands 
 near 200 years. Cypselus overturned this in- 
 stitution by making himself absolute. Strab. 
 S.—Paus. 2, c. 4.--Herodot. 5, c. 92.— Ovid. 
 Met. 5, V. 407. 
 
 Bacchium, a small island in the iEgean sea, 
 opposite Smyrna. Plin. 5, c. 3. 
 
 Bacchius and Bithus, two celebrated 
 gladiators of equal age and strengtli; whence 
 the proverb to express equality, Bithus con- 
 tra Bacchium. Sueton. in Aug. — Horat. 1, sat. 
 7, v. 20. 
 
 Bacchus, was son of Jupitei* and Semele, 
 the daughter of Cadmus. After she had en- 
 joyed the company of Jupiter, Semele was 
 deceived, and perished by the artifice of 
 Juno. This goddess, always jealous of her 
 husband's amours, assumed the shape of Be- 
 roe, Semele's nurse, and persuaded Semele 
 that the lover whom she entertained was not 
 Jupiter, but a false lover, and that to prove 
 his divinity she ought to beg of him, if hs 
 really were Jupiter, to come to her bed with 
 the same majesty as he courted the embraces 
 of Juno. The artifice succeeded, and wiien 
 Jnpiter promised Iris mistress whatever she 
 asked, Semele required him to visit her with 
 all the divinity of a god. Jupiter was unabl« 
 to violate his oath, tmd Semele unwiliingto re- 
 tract it ; therefore, as she was a mortal, and 
 unable to bear the majesty of Jupiter, she was 
 consumed, and reduced to ashes. The child, 
 of which she had been pregnant for seven 
 months, was with difficulty saved from the 
 flames; mid put in his father's thigh, where he 
 remained the full time he naturally va as to 
 have been in his mother's womb. From this 
 circumstance Bacchus has been called Bima- 
 ler. According to some, Dirce, a nymph of 
 the Achelous, saved him from the flames. 
 There are dillcrent traditions concerning the 
 manner of his education. Ovid says, that af- 
 ter his birth, he was brought up by his aunt 
 Ino, and afterwards intrusted to the care of 
 the nymphs of Nysa. Lucian supposes, that 
 Mercury carried him, as soon as born, to the 
 nym|)hs of IVysa; and ApoUonius says, that he 
 Avas carried by Mercury to a nymph in the 
 island of Eubcea, whence he was driven by the- 
 power of Juno, who was the chief deity of th^ 
 place. Some support, that Pvasus can boast 
 of the place of his education, under the 
 nymphs Philia; GoroniS; and Ciyda. Pausii 
 
BA 
 
 nias relates a tradition which prevailed in the 
 townof BrcLsifie in l^eloponiiesus; and accord- 
 ingly mentions, that Cadmus, as soon as he 
 heard of his daughter's amours, shut her up. 
 with her child lately born, in a coffer, and ex- 
 posed them oa the sea. The corter was car- 
 ried safe by the waves to the coast of Brasiae ; 
 but Semele was found dead aud the child 
 alive. Semele was honoured with a raagaifi- 
 cent funeral, and Bacchus properly educated. 
 This diversity of opinions shows that there 
 were many of the same name. Diodorus 
 speaks of three, and Cicero of a greater num- 
 ber ; but among them all, the son of Jupiter 
 and Semele seems to have obtamed the merit 
 of the rest. Bacchus is the Osiris of the Egyp- 
 tians, and his history is di'awn from the Egyp- 
 tian traditions concerning that ancient king. 
 Bacchus assisted the gods in their wai's against 
 the giants, and was cut to pieces ; but the son 
 of Semele was not then born: this tradition 
 therefore is taken from the history of Osiris, 
 who was killed by his brother Typhon, and the 
 worship of Osiris has been introduced by Or- 
 pheus into Greece, underthe name of Bacchus, 
 in his youth he was taken asleep in the island 
 of Naxos, aud carried away by some mariners, 
 whom he changed into dolphins, except the 
 pilot, who had expressed some concern at his 
 misfortune. His expedition into the east is 
 most celebrated. He marched at the head 
 of an army composed of men, as well as of 
 women, all inspired with divine fury, and 
 armed with thyrsuses, cymbals, and other 
 musical instruments. The leader was drawn 
 in a chariot by a lion and a tiger, and was 
 accompanied by Pan and Silenus, and all the 
 satyrs. His conquests were easy and with- 
 out bloodshed; the people easily submitted, 
 and gratefully elevated to the rank of a god 
 the hero who taug-ht them the use of the vine, 
 the cultivation of the eai-th, and the manner 
 of making honey. Amidst his benevolence 
 to mankind, he was relentless in punishing 
 all want of respect to his divinity ; and the 
 punishment he inflicted on Pentheus, Agave, 
 Lycurgus, kc. is well known. He has re- 
 ceived the name of Liber, Bromius, Lyaeus, 
 Evan, Thyonaeus, Psilas, i^c. which are most- 
 ly derived from the places where he received 
 adoration, or from the ceremonies obsei'ved 
 in his festivals. As he was the god of vin- 
 tage, of wine, and of drinkers, he is gene- 
 rally represented crowned with vine and ivy 
 leaves, with a thyrsus in his hand. His figure 
 is that of an etieminate young man, to denote 
 tlie joy which commonly prevail at feasts ; 
 and sometimes that of an old man, to teach us 
 that wine taken immoderately wiUeiiervate us, 
 consume our health, render us loquacious and 
 childish like old men, and unable to keep se- 
 crets. The panther is sacred lo him, because 
 he went in his expedition covered with the 
 skin of that beast. The magpye is also his fa- 
 vourite bird, because in triumphs people were 
 permitted to speak witii baldness and liberty. 
 Bacchus is sometimes represented like an in- 
 fant, holding a thyrsus and cluster of grapes, 
 with a horn. He often appears naked, and ri- 
 ding upon the shoulders of Pan, or in the Eirms 
 of vSile.nus, who was his foster-father. He also 
 sitii upon a celestial globe, bespangled with 
 stars, and is then the same as the Sun or Osiris 
 
 BA 
 
 of Egypt. The festivals of Bacchus, generally 
 called Orgies, Bacchanalia, or Dionysia, were 
 introduced into Greece from Egypt by Danaus 
 and his daughters. The infamous debaucheries 
 which arose from the celebration of these fes- 
 tivals are will known. IVid. Dionysia.] The 
 amours of Bacchus are not numerous. He 
 married Ariadne, after she had been forsaken 
 by Theseus in the island of Naxes; and by 
 her he had many children, among whom were 
 Ceranus, Thoas, (Enopion, Tauropolis, &,c. 
 According to some, he was the father of Hy- 
 menaeus, whom tbe Athenians made the god 
 of marriage. The Egyptians sacrificed pigs to 
 him, before the doors of their houses. The fir- 
 tree, the yew-tree, the fig-tree, the ivy, and 
 the vine, were sacred to him ; and the goat 
 was generally sacrificed to him on account of 
 the great propensity of that animal to destroy 
 the vine. According to Pliny, he was the first 
 who ever wore a crown. His beauty is com- 
 pared to that of Apollo, and, like him"i he is re- 
 presented with fine hair loosely flowing dowa 
 his shoulders, and he is said to possess eternal 
 youth. Sometimes he has hornS; either be- 
 cause he taught the cultivation of the earth 
 with oxen, or because Jupiter, his father, ap- 
 peared to him in the deserts of Libya under 
 the shape of a ram, and supplied his thirsty- 
 army with water. Bacchus went down to hell 
 to recover his mother, whom Jupiter willingly 
 made a goddess, under the name of Thyone. 
 The three persons of the name of Bacchus, 
 which Diodorus mentions, are, the one who 
 conquered the Indies, and is surnamed the 
 bearded Bacchus ; a son of Jupiter and Pro- 
 serpine, who was represented with horns ; and 
 the son of Jupiter and Semele, called the Bac- 
 chus of Thebes. Those mentioned by Cicero 
 are, a son of Proserpine ; a son of Nisus, who 
 built Nysa; a son of Caprius, who reigned in 
 the Indies ; a son of Jupiter and the moon ; and 
 a son of Thyone and Nisus. Cic. de JYat. D. 
 2 and 3.—Pam. 2, c. 22, 37, 1. 3, c. 24, 1. 5, c. 
 19, Uc.—Herodot. 1, c. 150, 1. 2, c. 42, 48, 49, 
 Plut. in hid. Sf Osir.—Diod. 1, 3, kc— Or- 
 pheus in Dioni/s. — Apollod. 1, c. 9, 1. 3, c. 4, 
 6ic. — Ovid. Met. 3, fab, 3, he. Amor. 3, 1. 3, 
 Fast. 3, V. Ilo.—Hygln. fab. 155, 167, kc— 
 Plin. 7, c. 56, 1. 8, c. 2, 1. 36, c. 5.— Homer. IL 
 6. — Lad. de fals. Rel. 1, c. 22. — Virg. G.2, 
 <^c. — Euripid in Bacch. — Lucian. de Sacrif. 
 de Baccho. in dial. Deor — Appian. in Cyfieg. 
 — PliiLostrai. 1, Icon. c. 50. — Senec. in Ctior. 
 (Edip.— Martial. 8, ep. 26, 1. 14, ep. 107. 
 
 Bacchylidjes, a lyric poet of Cos, nephevif 
 to Simonides, who, like Pindar, wrote the 
 praises of Hiero. Some of his vei*ses have 
 been preserved. Marcel. 
 
 Bacenis, a wood in Germany. CoiS. Bell. 
 Gall. 6, c. 10, 
 
 Bacis, a famous soothsayer of Bojotia. Cic. 
 
 1, de Div. C.34. A king of Corinth, called 
 
 also Bacchis. Vid. Bacchis. An athlete of 
 
 Trcezene. Paus. 6. 
 
 Bactra (ormny) now Balk, the capital of 
 Bactriana, on the river Bactros in Asia. F/rg. 
 G. 2, V. ISS.—Strab. 2. 
 
 Bactri and Bactriani, the inhabitants of 
 Bactriana, who lived upon plunder, and 
 were always under arms. They ga.e to their 
 dogs those who died tlirougii old age, or dis- 
 ease, and suffered slaves and strangeri to take 
 
BA 
 
 ivhalever liberties they pleased with their 
 wives. They were conquered by Alexander 
 the Great. Curt. 4, c. 6, &c. Plin. 6, c. 23.— 
 Flut. in vitios. ad infel. siiff. — Herodot. 1 and 3. 
 
 Bactriana, a country of Asia, fruitful as 
 well as extensive. It formed once part of the 
 Persian empire, on the eastern parts of which 
 it is situated. Zoroaster was the most ancient 
 king of this country, who taught his subjects 
 the art of magic and astrology. Diod. 2. — 
 Justin. 1, c. 1. 
 
 Bactros, now Dahesh, a river on the bor- 
 ders of Asiatic Scythia, from which Bactri- 
 ana receives its name. Lucan. 3, v. 267. 
 
 Bacuntius, a river of Pannonia, which 
 falls into the Save above Sirmium. 
 
 Badaca, a town of Media. Diod. 19. 
 
 Badia, a town of Spain, Val. Max. 3, c. 7. 
 
 Badius, a Campanian, who challenged T. 
 Q. Crispinus, one of his friends, by whom he 
 was killed. Liv. 35, c. 18. 
 
 Baduhennte, a place in the country of the 
 Frisii, where 900 Romans were killed. Tacit. 
 4. Mn. c. 73. 
 
 B^BiA LEX was enacted for the election of 
 4 pretors every other year. Liv. 40. Ano- 
 ther law by M. Baebius a tribune of the peo- 
 ple, which forbade the division of the lands, 
 whilst it substituted a yearly tax to be paid by 
 the possessors, and to be divided among the 
 people. Appian 1. 
 
 M. B^Bius, a Roman, in whose consulship 
 the tomb of Numa was discovered. Plut. in 
 
 Num. — Val. Max. 1, c. 1. Lucius, a Roman 
 
 pretor, who, being surprised by the Ligurians, 
 fled to Marseilles, where he died three days 
 after. Liv. 37, c. 57. 
 
 B.^Tis, a river of Spain, from which a part 
 of the country has received the name of Bati- 
 ca. It was formerly called Tartessus, and now 
 bears the name of Guadalquiver. The wool 
 produced there was so good that Boetica was 
 an epithet of merit, applied to garments. Mar- 
 tial. 12, ep. 100. 
 
 Bteton, a Greek historian in the age of Al- 
 exander. 
 
 Bagistame, a delightful country of Media. 
 Diod. 17. 
 
 Bagistanes, a friend of Bessus, whom he 
 abandoned when he murdered Darius. Curl. 
 6, c. 13. 
 
 Bacoas and Bagosas, an Egyptian eunuch 
 in the court of Artaxerxes Ocliius, so power- 
 ful that nothing could be done without his 
 consent. He led some troops against the 
 Jews, and profaned their temple. He poisoned 
 Ochus, gave his flesh to cats, and made knife 
 handles with his bones, because he had killed 
 the god Apis. He placed on the throne Ar- 
 ses, the youngest of the slaughtered prince's 
 children, and afterwards put him to death. 
 He was at last killed, B. C. 335, by Darius, 
 whom, alter raising to the crown, he had at- 
 tempted to poison. Diod. 16 and 17. Ano- 
 ther, greatly esteemed by Alexander. He was 
 the cause that one of the satraps was put to 
 death by the most excruciating torments. Curt. 
 
 10, c. 1. — Plut. in Alex. The name of Ba- 
 
 goas occurs very frequently in the Persian his- 
 tory ; and it seems tliat most of the eunuchs 
 ot flic monarchs of Per.sia were generally 
 knoAVi. by tliat appellation. 
 
 Bagodares, a iriend of Bessus, whom he 
 
 BA 
 
 abandoned when he attempted the life of D'a- 
 rius. Diod 17. 
 
 Bagophanes, a governor of Babylon, who 
 when Alexander approached the city, strew- 
 ed all the streets and burned incense on 
 the altars, &,c. Curt. 5, c. 1. 
 
 Bagrada, now Megerda, a river of Afri- 
 ca near Utica, where Regulus killed a ser- 
 pent 120 feet long. Plin. 8, c. 14. 
 
 Bai^e, a city of Campania near the sea, 
 founded by Baius, one of the companions of 
 Ulysses. It was famous for its delightful situa- 
 tion and baths, where many of the Romaa 
 senators had country iiousea. Its ancient gran- 
 deur, however, has now disappeared, and 
 Baiae, with its magnificent villas, has yielded 
 to the tremendous earthquakes which afflict 
 and convulse Italy, and it is no longer to be 
 found. Martial. 14, ep. 81, — Horat. \, ep. 1. 
 —Strab. 5. 
 
 Bala, a surname of Alexander king of Sy- 
 ria. Justin. 35, c. 1, 
 
 Balacrus, an officer in Alexander's ar- 
 my, who took Miletus. Curt. 4, c. 13.——— 
 Another officer, who commanded some auxil- 
 iaries. Id. 4, c. 5. 
 
 BALANAGRiE, a towH of Cyrenc. Paus. 
 2, c. 26. 
 
 Balanea, a town between Syria and PhcB- 
 nicia. Plin. 5, c. 20. 
 
 Balanus, a prince of Gaol, who assisted 
 the Romans in theu' Macedonian war, A. U. 
 C. 581.— Lit;. 44, c. 14. 
 
 Balari, a people of Sardinia, Liv. 41, 
 c. 6. 
 
 C. Balbillus, a learned and benevolent 
 man, governor of Egypt, of which he wrote 
 the histoiy, under JNero. Tacit. Ann. 13, 
 c. 22, 
 
 Balbinus, an admirer of Agna, mention- 
 ed Horat. 1, Sat. 3, v. 40. A Roman, 
 
 who, after governing provinces with credit and 
 honour, assassinated the Gordians, and seized 
 tlie purple. He was some time after murder- 
 ed by his soldiers, A. D. 238. 
 
 Balbus, a mountain of Africa, famous 
 for tlie retreat of Masinissa, after he had 
 fought a battle against Syphax. 
 
 L. Balbus, a lawyer, k.c. one among the 
 
 pupils of Scaivola. A man killed by the 
 
 assassins of the triumvirs. 
 
 Baleares, three islands in the Mediter- 
 ranean, modernly called Majorca, Minorca, 
 and Yvica, on the coast of Spain. The word 
 is derived from Cct^^n. to throw, because the 
 inhabitants were expert archers and slingers, 
 besides great pirates. We are told by Florus, 
 that the mothers never gave their children 
 breakfast before they had struck with an arrow 
 a certain mark in a tree. When a woman was 
 married, she was not admitted to her husband's 
 bed before she had received the embraces of 
 all her relations. The inhabitants were na- 
 turally of a lascivious propensity, and in their 
 wars they required nothing but females and 
 wine, and often changed i'our men for one 
 woman. 67r«6. 14. — Flor. 3, c. 8. — Diod. 5. 
 
 Balktus, a son of Hippo, who first found- 
 ed Corinth. Palercul. 1, c. 3. 
 
 Balius, a horse of Achilles. Homer. Ih 
 16, v. 146. 
 
 Bahsta, a mountain of Liguria. Liv 
 40, c. 41. 
 
BA 
 
 Ballosoti, a people of European Sarmatia. 
 Tlacc. 6, V. 160. 
 
 BalnejE, (baths) were very numerous at 
 Rome, private as well as public. In the an- 
 cient times simplicity was observed, but in 
 the ?L%e of the emperors they became expen- 
 sive ; they were used after walking, exercise, 
 or labour, and were deemed more necessary 
 tham luxurious. Under the emperors it be- 
 came so fashionable to bathe, that without 
 this the meanest of the people seemed to be 
 deprived of one of the necessaries of life. 
 There were certain hours of the day appointed 
 for bathing, and a small piece of money ad- 
 mitted the poorest as well as the most opu- 
 lent. In the baths there were separate apart- 
 ments for the people to dress and to undress : 
 afid, after they had bathed, they commonly 
 covered themselves, the hair was plucked 
 out of the skin, and the body rubbed over 
 with a pumice stone, and perfumed to render 
 it smooth and fair. The Roman emperors 
 generally built baths, and all endeavoured to 
 eclipse each other in the magnificence of the 
 building. It is said, that Dioclesian employed 
 40;000 of his soldiers in building his baths ; 
 and when they were finished, he destroyed 
 all the workmen. Alexander Severus first 
 permitted the people to use them in the night, 
 aiid he liimself of;en bathed with the common 
 people. For some time both sexes bathed 
 pr-jmiscuously and without shame, and the 
 edicts of the emperors proved abortive for a 
 while in abolishing that indecent custom 
 •which gradually destroyed the morals of the 
 people. They generally read in bathing, and 
 we find many compositions written in the 
 midst of this luxurious enjoyment. 
 
 Balventius, a centurion of great valour 
 in Ciesar's army, killed by Ambiorix. Cces. 
 Bell. Gall. 5, c. 35. 
 
 Balyras, a river of Peloponnesus. Pans. 4, 
 C.33. 
 
 Bamuru.5;, a people of Libya. Hal. 3, v. 
 303. 
 
 Bantia, now 5/. Maria de Vanse, a town 
 of Apulia, whence BatUinns. Horat. 3, od. 4. 
 V. 15. 
 
 L. Bantius, a gallant youth of Nola, whom 
 JVnnibal found, after the battle of Cannag, al- 
 most dead amongst the heap of slain. He w as 
 sent back home with great humanity, upon 
 which he resolved to betray his country to so 
 generous an enemy. Marcellus the Roman 
 general heard of it, and rebuked Bantius, who 
 continued firm and faithful to the interest of 
 Rome. Liv. 35, c. 15. 
 
 Baphv'rus, a river of Macedonia. Liv. 44. 
 e. 6. 
 
 Bapt.'E, the priests of Cotytto, the goddess 
 of lasciviousness and debauchery at Athens. 
 Her festivals were celebrated in the night, and 
 so infamous and obscene was the behaviour of 
 the priests, that they disgusted even Cotytto 
 herself, though the goddess of obscenity. The 
 name is derived from ^-rru^ to wash, because 
 the priests bathed themselves in the most ef- 
 feminate manner. Juv. 2, y. 91. A come- 
 dy of Eupolis, in which men are introduced 
 dancing on the stage, with all the indecent ges- 
 tures 01 common prostitutes. 
 
 Bar;ei, a people of Colchis and Iberia, who 
 burnt the bodies of their friends who died bV 
 
 BA 
 
 disease, but gave to the fowls of the air such 
 as fell in war. ^^lian. de Aniin 10, c. 22. 
 
 Barathrum, a deep and obscure gulf at 
 Athens, where criminals were thrown.— ^The 
 word is applied to the infernal regions by Val. 
 Flacc. 2, V. 86 and 192. 
 
 Barbari, a name originally applied to those 
 who spoke inelegantly, or with harshness and 
 difficulty. The Greeks and Romans generally 
 called all nations, except their own, by the des- 
 picable name of barbarians. 
 
 Barbaria, a river of Macedonia. Liv. 44y 
 c. 31 A name given to Phrygia and Troy. 
 Horat. 1, ep. 2, v. 7. 
 
 Bakbatus, the surname of a Roman family. 
 Suet. CI. 21. 
 
 Barbosthenes, a mountain of Peloponne- 
 sus, 10 miles from Sparta. Liv. 35, c. 27. 
 
 Barbythace, a city of Persia. Plin. 6, 
 c. 27. 
 
 Barca, a friend of Cato the elder. Plut. in 
 Cat. 
 
 Barc.ci, or BARciTiE, a warlike nation of 
 Africa, near Carthage. Virg. JEn. 4, v. 43. 
 
 Barce, the nurse of Sichaeus. Virg. JEn. 
 
 4, V. 632. A large country of Africa. =■ 
 
 Also a city aboutnine miles fromthesea, found- 
 ed by the brothei-s of Archesilaus king of Cy- 
 rene, 515 years before the christian era. Stra- 
 bo says, that in his age it was called Ptolemais) 
 but this arises because most of the inhabitants 
 retired to Ptolemais,which was on the sea-coast, 
 to enrich themselves by commerce. Strab. 17. 
 
 — Ptol.4, C.4. A small village of Bactriana, 
 
 where the people who had been taken pri- 
 soners by Darius in Africa, were confined. 
 Herodot. 4, c. 204. A city of Media, Jus- 
 tin. 1, c. 7. 
 
 Barcha, the surname of a noble family at 
 Carthage, of which Annibal and Hamilcar were 
 descended. By means of their bribes and in- 
 fluence, they excited a great faction, which is 
 celebrated in the annals of Carthage by the 
 name of the Barchinian faction, and at last 
 raised themselves to power, and to the inde- 
 pendent disposal of all the offices of trust or 
 emolument in the state. Liv 21, c.2 and 9. 
 
 Bard.?;i, a people of Ulyricum, concerned 
 in the factions of Marius. Plut. in Mario. 
 
 Bardi, a celebrated sacerdotal order among 
 the ancient Gauls, who praised their heroes, 
 and published their fame in their verses, or on 
 musical instruments. They were so esteemed 
 and respected by the people, that, at their 
 sight, two armies who were engaged in battle 
 laid down their arms, and submitted to their 
 orders. They censured, as well as commend- 
 ed, the behaviour of the people. Lucan. 1, v. 
 447.— Strab. 4.—Marrell. 15, c. 24. 
 
 Bardvllis, an Illyrian prince, whose 
 daughter Bircenna married king Pyrrhus. 
 Plut. in Pyrrh. 
 
 Bareas Soranus, a youth killed by his 
 tutor Egnatius, a stoic philosopher. Juv. 3, v. 
 116. 
 
 Bares, a naval officer of Persia, who wished 
 to destroy Cyrene, but was opposed by Ama- 
 sis. Herodo't. 4, c. 203. 
 
 Bargusii, a people of Spain, at the east of 
 the Iberus. Liv. 21, c. 19. 
 
 Bargyli.*:, a town of Caria. 
 
 Barise, a prostitute whom Horace accuses 
 of perjury, 2, od. 8. 
 
BA 
 
 Barisses, one of the seven conspirators 
 again t the usurper Sraerdis. Cttsia^. 
 
 Barium, a town of Apulia, on the Adriatic, 
 now called Bari, and remarkable for its fine 
 fish. Horat. 1, Sat. 5, v. 97. 
 
 Barsuus, a town of Macedonia, near He- 
 raclea. Strab. 7. 
 
 Barrus, a man ridiculed by Horace as 
 proud of his beauty. Horat. 1, Sat. 6, v. 30. 
 
 Barsine and Barsene, a daughter of Da- 
 rius, who married Alexander, by whom she 
 had a son called Hercules. Cassander ordered 
 her and her child to be put to death. Justin- 
 13, c. 2, 1. 15, c. 2.—Arrian. 
 
 Barzaentes, a satrap who revolted from 
 Alexander, inc. Curt. 8, c. 13. 
 
 Barzanes, a king of Armenia, tributary to 
 iV'inus. Diod. 2. 
 
 Basilea, a daughter of Ccelus and Terra, 
 "Who was mother of all the gods. Diod. 3. 
 
 An island at the north of Gaul, famous for its 
 
 amber. Diod. 5. An island in the Euxine 
 
 sea. Plin. 4, c. 13, 
 
 BasilidjE, European Sarmatians, descended 
 from Hercules and Echidna. Mela, 2, c. 1. 
 
 Basilides, the father of Herodotus, who, 
 with others, attempted to destroy Strattes, ty- 
 rant of Chios. Herodot. 8, c, 132, A fami- 
 ly who held an oligarchical power at Erythrae. 
 
 Slraf). 14. A priest of mount Carmel, who 
 
 foretold many momentous events to Vespasian, 
 when he offered sacrifices. Tacit. 2, Hist. c. 
 87. — Sutton, in Vesp. 7. 
 
 Basilipotamos, the ancient name of the 
 Eurotas. Strab. 6. 
 
 Basilis, an historian who wrote concern- 
 ing India. Mhen. A city of Arcadia, built 
 
 by Cypselus, near the river Alpheus. Pans. 
 8, c. 29, 
 
 B.isiLius, a river of Mesopotamia falling 
 
 into the Euphrates. Strab. A celebrated 
 
 bishop of Africa, very animated against the 
 Arians, Avhose tenets and doctrines he refuted 
 with warmth, but great ability. He was elo- 
 quent as well as ingenious, and possessed of all 
 those qualities which constitute the persuasive 
 orator, and the elegant writer. Erasmus has 
 placed him in the number of the greatest ora- 
 tors of antiquity. He died in his 51st year, 
 A. D. 379. The latest edition of his works is 
 that of the Benedictines, fol. Paris, 1721, 
 
 Basilus, a general who assisted Antony. 
 
 Lucan. 4, v. 41G. An insignificant lawyer. 
 
 Jiw. 7, v. 146. A pretor who plundered the 
 
 provinces. Id. 10, v. 222, 
 
 Bass^, a place of Arcadia, where Apollo 
 had a temple. Fans. 8, c. 30 and 41. 
 
 Bassania, a town of Macedonia, near II- 
 lyricum. Liv. 44, c. 30. 
 
 Bassareus, a surname of Bacchus, from 
 the dress or long robe, called Bussuris, whicli 
 his priests wore. Horat. 1, od. 18. 
 
 Bassariues, a name given to the votaries 
 of Bacchus, and to At'-ave by Persius, which 
 seems derived from Bassara, a town of Libya 
 sacred to the god, or from a particular dress 
 worn by his priestesses, and so called by the 
 Thracians. Persius 1, v. 101. 
 
 Bassus Aufidius, an historian in the 
 age of Augustus, wiio Avrote on the Germanic 
 war. Quintil. 10, c. 1. Cicsius, a lyric po- 
 et in Nero's age, to whom Persius addressed 
 liis 6th Satii-e. Some of his verses are extant. 
 
 BA 
 
 Julius, an orator in the reigH of Augas- 
 
 tus^some of whose orations have been preserv- 
 ed by Seneca. A man spoken of by Ho- 
 race 1, od. 36, V. 14, and described as fond of 
 wine and women. 
 
 Bastarn^ and Bastern.'e, a people of 
 European Sarmatia, destroyed by a sudden 
 storm as they pursued the Thracians. Liv. 40, 
 V. 58.— Ovid. Prist % v, \%8.— Strab. 7. 
 
 Bastia, the wife of Metellus. Liv. ep. 89. 
 
 Bata, a sea-port of Asia, on the Euxine, 
 opposite Sinope. Strab. 6, 
 
 Batavi, a people of Germany, who in- 
 habited that part of -the continent known un- 
 der the modern name of Holland, and called 
 by the ancients 2)a/at'orur/i in^u/a, Liv. 4, c. 
 15. — Lucan. l,v. 431. 
 
 Bathos, a river near the Alpheus. Pans. 8, 
 c. 29. 
 
 Bathycles, a celebrated artist of Magne- 
 sia. Paus. 3, c. 19. 
 
 Bathyllus, a beautiful youth of Saraos, 
 greatly beloved by Polycrates the tyrant, and 
 
 by Anacreon. Horat. ep, 14, v. 9. Me- 
 
 csenas was also fond of a youth of Alexandria, 
 
 of the same name. Juv. 6, v. 63. The 
 
 poet who claimed as his own Virgil's distich, 
 JVocte pluit totd, &,c. bore also the same name. 
 A fountain of Arcadia. Pa^is. 8, c. 31. 
 
 Lent. Batiatus, a man of Campania, who 
 kept a house full of gladiators, who rebelled 
 against him. Plut. in Cras. 
 
 Batia, a naiad who married (Ebalus. Apol- 
 
 lod. 3, c. 10. A daughter of Teucer, wh» 
 
 married Dardanus. Id. 
 
 Batina and Bantina. Vid. Bantia. 
 
 Batis, an eunuch, governor of Gaza, who, 
 upon being unwilling to yield, was dragged 
 round the city tied by the heels to Alexander's 
 chariot. Curt. 4, c. 6, 
 
 Bato, a Dardanian, who revolted to Rome, 
 from king Philip. Liv. 31, c. 28, 
 
 Baton, of Sinope, wrote commentaries on 
 the Persian aftairs. Strab. 12. A chario- 
 teer of Amphiaraus. Paus. 5, c. 17. 
 
 Batrachomyomachia, a poem, describing 
 the Jight between frogs and mice, written by 
 Homer, which has been printed sometimes 
 separately from the Iliad and Odyssey. The 
 best edition of it is Maittau-e's, 8vo, London, 
 1721. 
 
 Battiades, a patronymic of Callimachus, 
 from his father Battus, Ovid, in Ibin. v. 53. 
 
 A name given to the people of Cyrene 
 
 from king Battus, Hal. 3, v. 253, 
 
 Battis, a girl celebrated by Philetas the 
 elegiac poet. Ovid. Prist. 1, el. 5. 
 
 Battus 1st, a Lacedaemonian Avho built 
 the town of Cyrene, B. C. 630, with a colo- 
 ny from the island of Thera. He was son of 
 Polymnestus and Phronime. and reigned in 
 the town he had founded- and after death re- 
 ceived divine honours. The difficulty with 
 which he spoke first procured him the nam* 
 of Battus. Htrodol. 4, c. 1.55, &,c. — Paus. 
 10, c. 15. The 2d of that name was grand- 
 son to Battus 1st, by Ai'cesilaus. He suc- 
 ceeded his father on the throne of Cyrene, 
 and was surnamed Felix, and died 544 B. C. 
 
 Herodot. 4, c. 159, Lc. A shepherd of Py- 
 
 los, who promised Mercury that he would not 
 discover his having stolen the flocks of Adrae- 
 tus, which Apollo teoded. He violated his 
 
BE 
 
 promise, and was turned into a pumice stone. 
 Ovid. Met. 2, V. 702.— A general of Corinth 
 against Athens. Thucyd. 4, c. 43.— —A buf- 
 foon of Caesar's. Plut. Symp. 6. 
 
 Batulum, a town of Campania, whose in- 
 habitants assisted Turnus against ^^neas. 
 Virg. JEn. 7, v. 739. 
 
 Batulus, a surname of Demosthenes, 
 from his effeminacy when young Plut. in 
 Demost. 
 
 Batvllus, a celebratv^d dancer in Domi- 
 tian's reign. Juv. 6, v. 63. 
 
 Baubo, a woman who received Ceres when 
 she sought her daughter all over the world, 
 and gave her some water to quench her thii'st. 
 Ovid. Met. 5, fab. 7. 
 
 Baucis, an old woman of Phrygia, who 
 with her husband Philemon, lived in a small 
 cottage, in a penurious manner, when Jupiter 
 and Merc iry travelled in disguise over Asia. 
 The gods came to the cottage, where they re- 
 ceived the best things it afforded ; and Jupiter 
 was so pleased with their hospitality, that he 
 metamorphosed their dwelling into a magnifi- 
 cent temple, of which Baucis and her husband 
 were made priests. After they had lived hap- 
 py to an extreme old age, they died both at the 
 same hour, according to their request to Jupi- 
 ter, that one might not have the sorrow of 
 following the other to the grave. Their bodies 
 were changed into trees before the doors of the 
 temple. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 631, iic. 
 
 Bavids and M^vius, two stupid and ma- 
 levolent poets in the age of Augustus, who at- 
 tacked the superior talents of tlie contempo- 
 rary writers, Virg. Eel. 3. 
 
 Bauli, a small town of Latium, near Baiae. 
 Ital. 12, V. 155. 
 
 Bazaentes, a friend of Bessus, &.c. 
 
 Bazaria, a country of Asia. Curt. 8, c. 1. 
 
 Bebius, a famous informer iii Vespasian's 
 reign. Juv. 1, v. 35. Vid. Basbius. 
 
 Bebriacum, now Caneto, a village between 
 Cremona and Verona, where Vitellius over- 
 came Otho. Jav. 2, V. \0Q— Tacit. 3, Hist. 1, 
 c. 15. 
 
 Berbrvce, a daughter of Danaus, who is 
 said to have spared her husband. Most au- 
 thors, however, attribute that character of hu- 
 manity to Hypermnestra. Vid. Danaides. 
 
 Berbrvces and Bebrycii, a nation of 
 Asia, near Pontus, of Thracian origin, and ac- 
 cording to Arrian, descended from Bebryce. 
 They were expert in the battle of the cestus. 
 The Argonauts touched on their coast in their 
 expedition to Colchis. Apollod. 1. — Strab. 7 
 and 12. 
 
 Bebrycia, an ancient natme of Bithynia, 
 from Bebryce the daughter of Danaus. Sirah. 
 13.— Virg. .En. 5, V. 373. 
 
 Belemina, a town of Laconia. Pans. 3, 
 c. 21. 
 
 Belenus, a divinity of the Gauls, the same 
 as the Apollo of the Greeks, and the Orus of 
 the Egyptians. 
 
 Belephantes, a Chaldean, who, from 
 his knowledge of astronomy, told Alexander 
 that his entering Babylon would be attended 
 with fatal consequences to him. Diod. 17. 
 
 Belesis, a priestAjf Babylon, who told Ar- 
 baces governor of Media, that he should reign 
 one day in the place of Sardanapalus. His 
 prophecy was verified, aud he was rewarded by 
 
 BE 
 
 the new king with the government of Babylon, 
 B. C. 826. Diod. 2.* 
 
 Belg^, a warlike people of ancient Gaul, 
 separated from the Celtae by the rivers Matro- 
 na and Sequana. Their country, according to 
 Strabo, extended from the Rhine to tlie river 
 modernly called the Loire. Cces. de Bell. 
 Gall 1 and 2. 
 
 Belgica, one of the four provinces of Gaul 
 near the Rhine. 
 
 Belgium, the capital of Gallia Belgica. 
 The word is often used to express the whole 
 country. Cces. Bell. Gall. 5, c. 24. 
 
 Belgius, a general of Gaul, who destroyed 
 an army of Macedonians. Justin. 23, c. 2. — 
 Polyb. 2. 
 
 Belides, a surname given to the daughters 
 of Belus. Ovid. Met. 4, v. 463. 
 
 Belides, a name applied to Palemedes, as 
 descejided from Belus. Virg. JEn. 2, v. 82. 
 
 Belisa.'.ia, the name of Minerva among 
 the Gauls, signifying queen of heaven. Cms. 
 Bell. Gall. 6. 
 
 Belisarius, a celebrated general, who, in 
 a degenerate and an effeminate age, in the 
 reign of Justinian emperor of Constantinople, 
 renewed all the glorious victories, battles, and 
 triumphs, which had rendered the first Ro-. 
 mans so distinguished in the time of tiieir re- 
 public. He died, after alife of military glory, 
 and the trial of royal ingratitude, in the 56otli 
 3'ear of the christian era. The story of his 
 begging charity, with date obolum Belisario is 
 said to be a fabrication of modern times. 
 
 Belistida, a woman who obtained a prize 
 at Olympia. Pans. 5, c. 8. 
 
 BelitjE, a nation of Asia. Curt. 4, c. 12. 
 
 Bellerophon, son of Glaucus, king of 
 Ephyre,by Eurymede, was at first called Hip- 
 ponous. The murder of his brother, whom 
 somecall Alcimenus or Beller, procured him 
 the name of Bellerophon, oy niurderer of Bel- 
 ler. After this murder, Bellerophon fled to 
 the court of Proetus king of Argos. As he 
 was of a handsome appearance, the king's wife, 
 called Antaea or Stenobcea, fell in love with 
 him ; and as he slighted her passion, slie accu- 
 sed him before her husband of attempts upoa 
 her virtue. Prcetus, unwilling to violate the 
 laAVS of hospitality, by punishing Bellerophon, 
 sent him away to his father-in-law Jobates 
 king of Lycia, and gave him a letter, in \i'hich 
 he begged the king to punish with deatn a 
 man who had so dishonourably treated his 
 daughter. From that circumstance, all let- 
 ters which are of an unfavourable tendency to 
 the bearer, have been called letters of Bellero- 
 phon. Jobates, to satisfy his son-in-law, sent 
 Bellerophon to conquer a horrible monster cal- 
 led Chimsera, in which dangerous expedition 
 he hoped, and was even assured, he must pe- 
 rish. [Firf. Chimaera.] But the providence of 
 Minerva supported him, and, with the aid of 
 the winged horse Pegasus, he conquered the 
 monster, and returned victorious. After this 
 Jobates sent him against the Solymi, in hopes 
 of seeing him destroyed ; but he obtained ano- 
 ther victory, and conquered afterwards the 
 Amazons, by the king's order. At liis return 
 from this third expedition, he was attacked hf 
 a party sent against him by Jobates ; but he 
 destroyed all his assassins, and convinced the 
 king that inn©ceuce is always protected by the 
 
BE 
 
 g©d«. Upon this, Jobates no longer sought to 
 destroy his life; but he gave him his daughter 
 in marriage, and made him his successor on 
 the throne of Lycia, as he was without male is- 
 sue. Some authors have supported, that he 
 attempted to fly to heaven upon the horse Pe- 
 gasus, but that Jupiter sent an insect, which 
 stung the horse, and threw down the rider, 
 who wandered upon the earth in the greatest 
 melancholy and dejection till the day of his 
 death, one generation before the Trojan war. 
 Bellerophon had two sons, Isandev, who was 
 killed in his war against the Solymi, and Hip- 
 polochus, who succeeded to the throne after 
 his death, besides one daughter called Kippo- 
 damia, who had Sarpedon by Jupiter. The 
 wife of Bellerophon is calledPhilonoeby Apol- 
 lodorus, and Achemone by Homer. Hanier. 
 IL 6, V. 156, hc.—Juv. 10.— Apollod. 2, c. 3, 1. 
 
 3, c. l.—Hygin. fab. 157 and 243. P. A. 2, c. 
 18.— Hesiod. Theog. v. 326^— Horat. 4, od. 11, 
 ▼. 26.— Pau« 9, C.31, 
 
 Bellerus and Beller, a brother of Hippo- 
 Bous. Vid. Bellerophon. 
 
 Bellienus, a Roman, whose house was set 
 ©n flames at Ccesar's funeral. Cic. 2, P/dl. 
 G. 36. 
 
 Bellona, the goddess of war, daughter to 
 Phorcys and Ceto, was called by the Greeks 
 Enyo, and often confounded vAth. Minerva. 
 She was anciently called Duelliona, and was 
 the sister of Mars, or, according to others, his 
 daughter, or his wife. She prepared the cha- 
 riot of Mars, when he was going to war ; and 
 she appeared in battles armed with a whip, to 
 animate the combatants, with dishevelled hair, 
 and a torch in her hand. The Romans paid 
 great adoration to her; but she was held in 
 the gi-eatest veneration by the Cappadocians, 
 and chiefly at Co man a, where she had above 
 3000 priests. Her temple at Rome was near 
 the Porta Carmentalis. In it the senators gave 
 audience to foreign ambassadors, and to gene- 
 rals returned from war. At the gate was a 
 small column, caMed the column of wai', again-st 
 wlijch they threw a spear whenever war was 
 declared against an enemy. The priests of 
 this goddess consecrated themselves by great 
 incisions in their body, and particularly in 
 the thigh, of which they received the blood in 
 their hands to offer as a sacrifice to the goddess. 
 In their w ild enthusiasm they often predicted 
 bloodshed and wars, the defeat of enemies, or 
 the besieging of towns. Jiiv. 4, v. 124. — Var- 
 ro de L. L. 5. — Hesiod. Theog. v. 270. — Pans. 
 
 4, c 30.— Firg. JEn. 8, v. 703.— Sto/. Thtb. 2, 
 V. 718, 1. 7, V. HS.—Ital. 5, v. 221, 
 
 Bellonarii, the priests of Bellona. 
 
 Bellovaci, a i)eople of Gaul conquered by 
 J. Caesar. They inhabited the modern Beau- 
 vais in the isle of France. Cces. Bdl. 2, c. 4. 
 
 Beu.ovesus, a king of the Celta?, who, in 
 the reign of Tarquin Priscus was sent at the 
 head of a colony to Italy by his uncle Ambiga- 
 tus. Liv. 5, c. 34. 
 
 Belon, a general of Alexander's. Curt. 6, 
 
 c. 11. A city and river of Hispania Bajtica. 
 
 airah. 3, 
 
 Belus, one of the most ancient kings of 
 Babj'lon, about 1800 years before the age of 
 Semiramis, was made a god after dci'th, and 
 worshii)pcd with much ceremony by the As- 
 syrians uiid Babylonians, He was supposed to 
 
 BE 
 
 be the sou of the Osiris of the Egyptians, The 
 temple of Belus was the most ancient and most 
 magnificent in the world. It was originally 
 the tower of Babel, which was converted into 
 a temple-. It had lofty towers, and it was en- 
 riched by all the succeeding monarchs till the 
 age of Xerxes, who, after his unfortunate ex- 
 pedition against Greece, plundered and demo- 
 lished it. Among the riches it contained, were 
 many statues of massy gold, one of which was 
 40 feet high. In the highest of the towers was 
 a magnificent bed, where the priests daily con- 
 ducted a woman, who, as they said, was ho- 
 noured with the company of the god. Joseph. 
 Ant. Jud. 10.— Herodot. 1, c. 181^ i^c.—Strab. 
 
 16. — Arrian. 7. — Diod. 1, &,c, A king of 
 
 Egypt, son of Epaphus and Libya, and father 
 
 of Agenor. Another son of Phoenix the son 
 
 of Agenor, who reigned in Phoenicia. A ri- 
 ver of Syria, where glass was first invented, 
 Plin. 5, c. 19. 
 
 Benacus, a lake of Italy, now Lago di Gar- 
 da, from which the Mincius flows into the Po. 
 Virg. G. 2, V. 160. JEn. 10, v. 205. 
 
 Bendidium, a temple of Diana Bendis. 
 Liv. 38, c. 41. 
 
 Bendis, a name of Diana among the Thra- 
 cians and their northern neighbours. Strab. 
 9. Her festivals, called Bendidia, were in- 
 troduced into Thrace from Athens. 
 
 Beneventum, a town of the Hirpini, built 
 by Diomedes, 28 miles from Capua. Its ori- 
 ginal name was Maleventum, changed into the 
 more auspicious word of Beneventum, when 
 the Romans had a colony there. It abounds 
 in remains of ancient sculpture above any 
 other town in Italy. Plin. 3, c. 11. 
 
 Benthesicyme, a daughter of Neptune^ 
 the nurse of Eumolpus. Apollod. 3, c. 15. 
 
 Bepolitanus, a youth whose life was saved 
 by the delay of the executioner, who wished 
 not to stain the youth's fine clothes with blood. 
 Pint, de Virt. Mul. 
 
 Berbic/e, a nation who destroyed their re- 
 lations when arrived at a certain age, ^^lian. 
 V. II. 4, c. 1. 
 
 BER.BA, a town of Syria, 90 miles from the 
 sea, and 100 from the Euphrates, now called 
 Aleppo. 
 
 Berecynthia, a surname of Cybele, from 
 mount Berecynthus in Phrygia, where she 
 was particularly worshipped. She has been 
 celebrated in a poem by Catullus. Diod. 6.—^ 
 Stat. Theb. 4, v. 182.— Virg. JEn. 9, v, 82. 
 
 Berenice and Beronice, a woman famous 
 for her beauty, mother of Ptolemy Phila- 
 delphus by Lagus. JElian. V. H. 14, c. 43.-^ 
 Theocrit. — Paus. 1, c. 7.— .— A daughter of 
 Philadelphus, who married Antiochus king of 
 Syria, after he had divorced Laodice, his for- 
 mer wife. After the death of Philadel])hus, La- 
 odice was recalled, and mindful of the ti-eat- 
 mcnt she had received, she poisoned her hus- 
 band, placed her son on the vacant throne, and 
 murdered Berenice and her child at Antioch, 
 
 where she had fled, B. C. 248. A daughter 
 
 of Ptolemy Auletes, who usurped her father's 
 throne for some time, strangled her husband 
 Seleucus, and married Archelaus a priest of 
 Bellona. Her father regained his power, and 
 
 put her to death, B. C. 55. The wife of Mi- 
 
 thridates, who, when conquered by Lucullus, 
 ordered all his wives to destrov themselves, for 
 
BE 
 
 fear the conqueror should offer violence to 
 them. She accordingly drank poison, but this 
 not operating soon enough, she was strangled 
 
 by an eunuch. The mother of -Agrippa, 
 
 who shines in the history of the Jews, as daugh- 
 ter-in-law of Herod the Great. A daughter 
 
 of Agrippa, who mai-ried her uncle Herod; 
 and afterwards Polemon king of Cilicia. She 
 was accused by Juvenal of committing incest 
 with her brother Agrippa. It is said that she 
 was passionately loved by Titus, who would 
 have made her empress but for fear of the peo- 
 ple. A wife of king Attalus. Another.. 
 
 daughter of Philadelphus and Arsinoe, who 
 married her own brother Evergetes, whom she 
 loved with much tenderness. When he went 
 on a dangerous expedition, she vowed all the 
 hair of her head to the goddess Venus, if he 
 returned. Some time after his victorious re- 
 turn, the locks which were in the temple of 
 Venus disappeared ; and Conon, an astrono- 
 mer, to make his court to the queen, publicly 
 reported that Jupiter had carried them away, 
 and had made them a constellation. She was 
 put to death by her son, B. C. 221. CcduU. 67. 
 
 ^Hygin. P. Jl. 2, c. 24.— Justin. 26, c. 3. 
 
 This name is common to many of the queens 
 and princesses in the Ptolemean family in 
 
 Egypt. A city of Libya. Strab. — Mela., 3. 
 
 c. 8. Two towns of Arabia. Strab. 16. 
 
 One in Egypt, on the Pted sea, where the ships 
 from India generally landed their cargoes. 
 
 Plin. 6, c. 23. Another near the Syrtes, 
 
 Sic. Id. 17. 
 
 Berenicis, a part of Africa, near the town 
 of Berenice. Lucan. 9, v. 523. 
 
 Bergion and Albion, two giants, sons of 
 Neptune, who opposed Hercules as he at- 
 tempted to cross the Rhone, and were killed 
 with stones from heaven. Mela, 2, c. 5. 
 
 Bergistani, a people of Spain, at the east 
 ef the Iberus. Liv. 34, c. 16. 
 
 Beris and Baris, a river of Cappadocia. 
 A mountain of Anmenia. 
 
 Bermius, a mountain of Macedonia. He- 
 rodot. 8, c. 138. 
 
 Beroe, an old woman of Epidaurus, nurse to 
 Semele. Juno assumed her shape when she 
 persuaded Semele not to grant her favours to 
 Jupiter, if he did not appear in the majesty of 
 
 a god. Olid. Met. 3, v. 278. The wife of 
 
 Doryclus, whose form was assumed by Iris at 
 the instigation of Juno, when she advised the 
 Trojan women to bum the fleet of iEneas in 
 
 Sicily. Virg. o¥m. 5, v. 620. One of the 
 
 Oceanides, attendant upon Cyrene. Virg. G. 
 4, V. 341. 
 
 BtRffiA, a town of Thessaly. Cic. Pis. 36. 
 
 Bkronice, Vid. Berenice. 
 
 Berosus, a native of Babylon, priest to Be- 
 lus. He passed into Greece, and remained a 
 long time at Athens. He composed an history 
 of Chaldea, and signalized himself by his as- 
 tronomical predictions, and was rewarded for 
 his learning with a statue in the gymnasium at 
 Athens. The age in which he lived is not pre- 
 cisely known, though some fix it in the reign 
 of Alexander, or 268 years B. C. Some frag- 
 ments of his Chalda'an history are preserved by 
 Josephus, contra Jlpjj tan. ^ in Antiq. Jud. 105. 
 The book that is now extant under his name, 
 and speaks of kings that n^ver elicited, is a 
 sapposititioMs fabrication 
 
 BI 
 
 Berrhca, a town of Macedonia. Thueyd. 
 1, c. 61. 
 
 Berytus, now Berut, an ancient town of 
 Phoenicia, on the coast of the Mediterranean, 
 famous in the age of Justinian for the study of 
 law. Plin. 5, c. 20. 
 
 Besa, a fountain in Thessaly. Strab. 8. 
 
 BESiDiiE, a town of the Brutii. Liv. 30, c. 19. 
 
 Besippo, a town of Hispania Bsstica, where 
 Mela was born. Mela, 2, c. 6. 
 
 Bessi, a people of Thrace, on the left side 
 of the Strvmon, who lived upon rapine. Ovid, 
 Trist 4, ei. 1, v. 67.— Herodot. 7, c. 111. 
 
 Bessus, a governor of Bactriana, who, after 
 the battle of Arbela, seized Darius, his sove- 
 reign, and put him to death. After this mur- 
 der, he assumed the title of king, and was some- 
 time after brought before Alexander, who gave 
 him to Oxatres, the brother of Darius. The 
 prince ordered his hands and ears to be cut off, 
 and his body to be exposed on across, and shot 
 at by the soldiers. Justin. 12, c. 5. — Curt. 6 
 
 and 7. A parricide who discovered the 
 
 murder he had committed, upon destroying a 
 nest of swallows, which, as he observed, re- 
 proached him of his crime. Plut. 
 
 L. Bestia, a seditious Roman, who conspi- 
 red with Catiline against his country. Cic. 2, 
 in Phil. 
 
 Betis, a river in Spain. Vid. Baetis. A 
 
 governor of Gaza, who bravely defended him- 
 self against Alexander, for which he was treat- 
 ed with cruelty by the conqueror. 
 
 Betdria, a country in Spain. 
 
 BiA, a daughter of Pallas by Styx. Apollod. 
 
 I, c. 2. 
 
 BiANOR, a son of Tiberius and Manto the 
 daughter of Tiresias, who received the sur- 
 name of Ocnus, and reigned over Etruria. He 
 built a town which he called Mantua, after his 
 mother's name. His tomb was seen in the 
 age of Virgil on the road between Mantua and 
 
 Andes. Virg. Ed. 9, v. 60. A Trojan chief 
 
 killed by Agamemnon. Homer. II. 11, v. 92. 
 
 A centaur killed by Theseus. Ovid. Met. 
 
 12, V. 342. 
 
 Bias, son of Amythaon and Idomene, was 
 king of Argos, and brother to the famous 
 soothsayer Melampus. He fell in love with 
 Perone, daughter of Neleus king of Pylos ; but 
 the father refused to give his daughter in mar- 
 riage before he received the oxen of Iphiclus. 
 Melampus, at his brother's request, went to 
 seize the oxen, and was caught in the fact. 
 He, however, one year after received his li- 
 berty from Iphiclus, who presented him with 
 his oxen as a reward for his great services. 
 Bias received the oxen from his brother, and 
 obliged Neleus to give him his daughter in 
 marriage. Homer. Od. 11. — Pans. 2, c 6 and 
 
 IS, 1. 4, c. 34.— Apollod. 1, c. 9. A Grecian 
 
 prince, who went to the Trojan war. Homer 
 
 II. 4, V. 13 and 20. A river of Peloponnesus. 
 
 Pans. 4, c. 34. One of the seven wise men 
 
 of Greece, son to Teutamidas, born at Priene, 
 which he long saved from ruin. He nourished 
 B. C. 566, and died in the arms of his grand- 
 son, who begged a favour of him for one of 
 his friends. — JDioi;, i. — Plut. in Sytnp. — Fal. 
 Max. 7, c. 2i\.—Paus. 10, c. 24. 
 
 BiBACULUs, (M. Furius) a Latin poot, In 
 the age of Cicero. He composed annuls in 
 Umbic verses, and wrote epigrams full of wit 
 
and humour, and other poems now lost. tJo- 
 
 ral.2,Sat.5,y. 41. — (^uintil. 10. A praetor. 
 
 &c. Val. Max. 1, c 1. 
 
 BiELiA and Billia, a Roman lady famous 
 for her chastity. She married Duillius. 
 
 BiBLEis, a woman who became enamoured 
 of lier brother Caunus, and was changed into 
 a fountain near Miletus. Ovid. Mtt. 9, v. 662. 
 BiBLiNA, a country of Thrace. 
 BiBT.us, a city of Phoenicia. Curt. 4:. 
 BiBRACTE, a large town of the Edui in 
 Gaul, where Ciesar often wintered. C(ts. Bell. 
 G. 7, c. 55, kc. 
 
 BiBULus, a son of M. Calpurnius Bibulus 
 by Portia, Cato's daughter. He was Cssar's 
 colleague in the consulship, but of no conse- 
 quence in the state, according to this distich 
 mentioned by Suelon. in Jul. c. 20. 
 
 jYon Bibulo quicquam nuper, sed CcBsare fac- 
 tum est : 
 
 JVum Bibulo fieri consule nil memini. — One 
 of the friends of Horace bore that name. 1 
 Sat. 10, V. 86. 
 
 Bices, a marsh near the Palus Moeotis. 
 Flacc. 6, V. 63. 
 
 BicoN, a Greek who assassinated Atheno- 
 dorus, because he made himself master of a 
 colony which Alexander had left at Bactra. 
 Cxirt 9, c. 7. 
 BicoRNiGER, a surname of Bacchus, 
 BicoRNis, the name of Alexander among 
 the Arabians. 
 
 BiFORiMis, (two forms,) a surname of Bac- 
 chus and .Janus. Bacchus received it because 
 he ciianged himself into an old woman to fly 
 from the persecution of .luno, or perhaps be- 
 cause he ^^as represented sometimes as a 
 young, and sometimes as an old man. 
 
 BiFRONS, a surname of Janus, because he 
 was represented with two faces among the Ro- 
 mans, as acquainted with the past and future. 
 Virs;. JEn. 7, v. 180. 
 
 BiLBii.is, a town of Celtiberia, where Mar- 
 tial was born. Mart. 1, ep. 50. A river of 
 
 Spain. Justin. 44, c. 3. 
 
 BiM-VTER, a surname of Bacchus, which sig- 
 nifies that he had two mothers, because when 
 he was taken from his mother's womb, he was 
 placed in the thigh of his father Jupiter. Ovid. 
 Met. '4, V. 12. 
 
 BiNCiuM, a tow-n of Germany. Tacit. Hid. 
 4, c. 70. 
 
 BioN, a philosopher tmd sophist of Borys- 
 fhenes in Scythia, who rendered himself fa- 
 mous for his knowledge of poetry, music, and 
 philosophy. He made every body the object 
 of his satire, and rendered his compositions 
 distinguished for clearness of expression, for 
 faccliousness, wit, and pleasantry. He died 
 
 241 B. C. Diog. in vita. A Greek poet of 
 
 Smyrna, who wrote pastorals in an elegant 
 style. Moschus his friend and disciple, men- 
 tions in an elegiac poem that he died by poison 
 about 300 years B. C. His Idyllia are writ- 
 ten with elegance and simplicity, purity and 
 ease, and they abound with correct images, 
 such as the view of the country may inspire. 
 There are many good editions of this poet's 
 works, generally ])ririted with those of Mos- 
 chus, the best of which is that of Heskin, 8vo. 
 Oxon. 1748. A soldier in Alexander's ar- 
 my, Uc. CuH. 4, c. 13. A native of Pro- 
 
 pontis in the age of Pherecydcs.— — A man of 
 
 BL 
 
 Syracuse, who wrote on rhetoric.'-?»--A native 
 of Abdera, disciple to Democritus. He first 
 fouud out that there were certain parts of the 
 earth where there were six months of perpe- 
 tual light and darkness alternattily. A man 
 
 of Soli, who composed an iiistory of -Ethiopia. 
 
 Another who wrote nine books on ihe- 
 
 toric, which he called by the names of the 
 muses, and hence Bionei sermones mentioned 
 by Ho rat. 2, ep. 2, v. oO.— i/iog. 4. 
 
 BiRRHUS. l^id. Ccelius. 
 
 BisALxa:, a people of Scythia, or, according 
 to some, of Thrace or Macedonia. TUeix* 
 country is called Bisaltia. Lio. 45, c. 29.— 
 Plin. 4, c. 10. 
 
 BisALTES, a man of Abydos, &.c. Herodot. 
 6, c. 26. 
 
 BisALTis, a patronymic of Theophane, by 
 whom iSeplune, under tiie form of a ram, had 
 the golden ram. Ovid. Met. 6, v. 117. — hygin^ 
 fab. 188. 
 
 BisANTHE, a town on the Hellespont. He- 
 rodot. 7, c. 137. 
 
 BisTON, son of Mars and Callirhoe, built 
 Bisionia in Thrace, whence the Thracians are 
 often called Bistones. Herodot. 7, c. 110.-^ 
 Flin. 4, c. 14. — Lucan. 7, v. 569. 
 
 BisToNis, a lake of Thrace, near Abdera. 
 Herodot. 7, c. 109. 
 
 BiTHUs. Vid. Bacchius. 
 
 BiTHY.^, a certain race of women in Scy- 
 thia, whose eyes, as P^//ii/ reports,!. 7, c. 2, kill- 
 ed those who gazed jpon tliem for some time. 
 
 BiTHVNiA, a country of Asia Minor, for- 
 merly called Bebrycia. It was bounded by the 
 Euxiue on the north, on tlie south by Pbrygia 
 and Mysia, on the west by the Propontis, and 
 the east by Paphlagonia. Ihe country was 
 first invaded by the Tmacians, under Biiuynus 
 the son of Jupiter, who gave it the name of 
 Bithynia. It was once a powerful kingdom. 
 67ra6. 12. — Herodot. 7, c. 75. — Mela, 1 and 
 2. According to Faiis. 8, c. 9, the inhabitants 
 were descended from M^jritinea in Pelopon- 
 nesus. 
 
 BiTiAS, a Trojan, son of Alcanor and Hie- 
 ra, brought up ;a a wood sacred to Jupiter. 
 He followed tne fortune of /Eneas, and, with 
 his brother, w as killed by the Rutuli in Italy. 
 
 t^irg. JEn. 9, v. 6/2, iHLc. One of Dido's 
 
 lovers, present when ^Eneas and the Trojans 
 were introduced to the queen. Virg. *f£n. Ij 
 V. 742. 
 
 BxTON. Vid. Cleobis. 
 
 BiTuiTus, a king of the Allobroges, con- 
 quered by a small number ol Romans, 6ic. 
 Val. Max. 9, c. 6. — Flor. 3, c. 2. 
 
 BiTu.NTUM, a town of T>pain. Marl. 4, ep. 
 55. 
 
 BiTURiGES, a people of Gaul divided from 
 the iiildui by the Ligeris. Cces. Bell. G. 7, c. 21. 
 
 BiTURicuM, a town of Gaul, formerly the 
 capital of the Belgie. Slrab. 4. 
 
 BiziA, a citadel near Rhodope belonging to 
 the kings of Thrace. Tereus was born there, 
 
 Bla;na, a fruitful country of Pontus, where 
 the general of Mithrldates Eupator destroyed 
 the forces of Nicomedes the Bithyniau. Sttab, 
 12. 
 
 Bl^sii, two Romans, who killed themselves 
 because Tiberius de})rived them of the priest- 
 hood. Tuci^. Jinn. 6, c. 40. 
 
 JuN. BLiEsuSy a governor of Gaul, Tadt. 
 
B(E 
 
 Blandenona, a place near Placentia. 
 Cie. 2, ep. 15, ad Quin. 
 
 Blandusia, a fountain on the borders of 
 the country of the Sabines near Mandela, Ho- 
 race's country seat. Herat. 3, Od. 13. 
 
 Blastophcenices, a people of Lusitania. 
 Sppian. 
 
 BleMxMyes, a people of Africa, who, as is 
 fabulouslv reported, had no heads, but had the 
 eyes and mouth placed in the breast. jWe/a 
 1, c. 4. 
 
 Blenina, a town of Arcadia. Paiis. 8, c. 27. 
 
 Blitius Catulinus, was banished into 
 the .^gean sea after Piso's conspiracy, 6tc. 
 Tacit. 15, Jinn. c. 71. 
 
 Blucium, a castle where king Dejotarus 
 kept his treasures in Blthynia. Strab. 12. 
 
 Boadicea. Vid. Boudicea. 
 
 Bo^ and Boea, a town of Laconia. Paus. 
 3, c. 21. 
 
 BoAGRius, a river of Locris. Strab. 9. 
 
 BocALiAS, a river in the island of Salamis. 
 
 BocfAR, a king of Mauritania. Juv. 4, v. 
 90, applies the word in a general sense to any 
 native of Africa. 
 
 Bocc BORIS, a wise king and legislator of 
 Egypt. THod. 1. 
 
 BoccHus, a king of Getulia, in alliance 
 with Rome, who perfidiously delivered Jugur- 
 tha to Sylla, the lieutenant of Marius. Sallmt. 
 Jug. — Paterc. 2, c. 12. 
 
 BoDUAGNATUs, a leader of the Nervii, 
 "when Cgesar made war against them. Ccts 
 Bell. G. 2, v. 23. 
 
 BodOni, a people of Britain who surrender- 
 ed to Claudius Cassar. Dio. Cass. 60. 
 
 BoEA. Vid. Boae. 
 
 BffiBE, a town of Thessaly. Ovid. Met. 7, 
 feb. 5. A lake of Crete. Strab. 9. 
 
 BcEBEis, a lake of Thessaly near mount 
 Ossa. Lucan. 7, v. 176. 
 
 BcEBiA LEX was enacted to elect four pre- 
 tors every year. Another to ensure pro- 
 prietors in the possession of their lands. 
 
 Another, A. U. C. 751, against using bribes at 
 elections. 
 
 BoEDROMiA, an Athenian festival institu- 
 ted in commemoration of the assistance which 
 the people of Athens received in the reign of 
 Erechtheus, from Ion son of Xuthus, when 
 their country was invaded by Eumolpus son 
 of Neptune. The word is derived »7roTo-j'i:i)- 
 S(Ofiitv, coming to help. Plutarch in Thes. men- 
 tions it as in commemoration of the victory 
 which Theseus obtained over the Amazons in 
 a month called at Athens Boedromion. 
 
 BoEOTARCHiE, the ehief magistrates in Bceo- 
 tia. Liv 42, c. 43. 
 
 BoEOTiA, a country of Greece, bounded on 
 the north by Phocis, soutli by Attica, east by 
 Eubcea, and west by the bay of Corinth. It 
 bas been successively called Aonia, Mesapia, 
 Hyantis, Ogygia, and Cadmeis, and now forms 
 a part of Lividia. It was called Bceotia, from 
 Bosotus son of Itonus; or according to others 
 above, from a cow, by which Cadmus was led 
 into the country, where he built Tiiebes. The 
 inhabitants were'reckonedrude and illiterate, 
 fonder of bodily strength than of mental ex- 
 cellence; yet their country produced many 
 illustrious men, such as Pindar, Hcsiod, Plu- 
 tarch, 6lc. The mounlaiijs of Ba'olia, parti- 
 cularly Helicon, were frequented by the 
 19 
 
 BO 
 
 muses, to whom also many of their fountains 
 and rivers were consecrated. Herodot.2. c, 
 49, 1. 5, c 51.— Ovid. Met. 3, v. \0.—Paus. 9, 
 c 1, kc.—C. jYep. 7, c. U.— Strab. 9.— Justin, 
 3, c. 6, 1. 8, c. 4.—Horat. 2, ep. 1, v. 244. Diod, 
 l9.~Liv. 27, c. 30, kc. 
 
 BoEOTus, a son of Itonus by Menalippa, 
 Paus. 9, c. 1. 
 
 B(EOROBisTAS, a man who made himself 
 absolute among the Getse, by the strictness of 
 his discipline. Strab. 7. 
 
 BoETHius, a celebrated Roman, banished, 
 and afterwards punished with death, on a sus- 
 picion of a conspiracy, by Thedoric king of 
 the Ostrogoths, A. D. '525. It was during his 
 imprisonment that he wrote his celebrated po- 
 etical treatise de consolalione philosophi(B ia 
 five books. The best edition of his works is 
 thatof Hagenau, 4to. 1491, or that of L. Bat, 
 167 1, with tlie notis variorum. 
 
 BoETus, a foolish poet of Tarsus, who 
 wrote a poem on the battle of Philippi. Strab. 
 
 14. A river of Spain, more properly called 
 
 Bcetis. Vid. Boetis. 
 
 BoEtJs, one of the Heraclidae. 
 
 BoGEs and Boes, a Persian who destroyed 
 himself and family when besieged by the AthC" 
 nians. Herodot. 7, c, 107. — Paus. 8, c. 8. 
 
 BoGUD, a king of Mauritania in the inter" 
 est of Ceesar. Ccesar. Mex. 59, 
 
 Bogus, a king of the Maurusii, present at 
 the battle of Actium. Strab 8. 
 
 Bon, a people of Celtic Gaul, who migra- 
 ted into Cisalpine Gaul, and the north of Italy 
 on the banks of the Po. Cczs.Bell G. 1, c. 
 28, i. 7, c. 17.— Si7. 4, v. 158. 
 
 BojocALus, a general of the Germans ia 
 the age of Tiberius, kc. Tacit. Ann. 13, c. 55. 
 
 BuLA, a town of the iEqui in Italy. Virg. 
 JEn. 6, V. 775. 
 
 BoLANus. Vid. Bollanus. 
 
 BoLBE, a marsh near Mygdonia. Thucydx 
 1, c. 58. 
 
 BoLBixiNUM, one of the mouths of the 
 Nile, with a town of the same name. Nau- 
 crautis was built near it. Herodot 1, c. 17. 
 
 BoLGics, a general of Gaul, in an expedi- 
 tion against Ptolemy king of Macedonia. 
 Paus. 10, c. 19. 
 
 BoLiNA, a virgin of Achaia, who rejected 
 the addresses of Apollo, and threw herself in- 
 to the sea to avoid his importunities. The god 
 made her immortal. There is a city which. 
 bears her name in Achaia. Pav^. 7, c. 23. 
 
 BoLiNiEus, a river near Bolina. Paus. 7, 
 c. 23. 
 
 BoLissus, a town and island near Chios. 
 Thucyd. 8, c. 24. 
 
 BoLLAWus, a man whom Horace repre- 
 sents, 1 Sat. 9, V. 11, as of the most irascible 
 temper, and the most inimical to loquacity. 
 
 Bolus, a king of the Cimbri, who killed ft 
 Roman ambassador. Liv. ep. 67. 
 
 BoMiENSEs, a people near iEtolia. Thucyd, 
 3, c. 96. 
 
 BoMiLCAR, a Carthaginian general, son of 
 Amilcar. He was suspected of a conspiracy 
 with Agathocles, and hung in the forum, 
 where he had received all his dignity. Dioa. 
 
 26. — Justin. 22, c. 7. An African, for some 
 
 I time the instrument of all Jugrutlia's cruelties. 
 I He conspired against Ju^jurtha, who put hiiu 
 I to death. Salh^st, Jug, 
 
BO 
 
 BoMoniCiK, youths that were whipt at the 
 altar of Diana' Orthia, during the festivals of 
 the goddess. He who bore the lash of the 
 whip with the greatest patience, and without 
 uttering a groan, was declared victorious, and 
 received an hououi'able prize. Pans. 3, c. 16. 
 -—Plul. in Lye. 
 
 Bona Dea, a name given to Ops, Vesta, 
 Cybele, Khea, by the Greeks ; and by the La- 
 tins, to Fauna, or Fuata. This goddess was so 
 chaste, tliat no man but her htisband saw her 
 after her marriage ; from which reason, her 
 festivals were celebrated only in the night by 
 the Roman matrons in the houses of the high- 
 est otficers of the state, and all the statues of 
 the men were carefully covered with a veil 
 where the ceremonies were observed. In the 
 latter ages of the republic, however, the sanc- 
 tity of these mysteries was profaned by the 
 intrusion of men, and by the introduction of 
 iasciviousnesp and debauchery. Juv. 6, v. 313. 
 ^Proptrl. 4, el. 10, v. 2b.— Ovid dt Art. .3»i. 
 3,v. 637. 
 
 BoNoKiA, called alsoFelsina, a town on the 
 borders of the Rhine. V'al. Max. 8, c. 1. — 
 Ital. 8, v. 599. 
 
 BoNosius, an officer of Probus, who as- 
 sumed the imperial purple in Gaul. 
 
 Bonus Eventus, a Roman deity, whose 
 worship was first introduced by the peasants. 
 He was represented holding a cup in his right 
 hand, and in his left, ears of corn. Varro dt 
 R. R. l.—Plin. 34, c. 8. 
 
 Boosura, (bovis cauda) a town of Cy- 
 prus, where ^'enus had an ancient temple. 
 Slraf). 
 
 BooTKs, a northern constellation near the 
 Ursa Major, also called Bubulcus and Arcto- 
 phylax. Some suppose it to be Icarus, the 
 father of Erigone, who was killed by shepherds 
 for inebriating them. Others maintain that it 
 is Areas, whom Jupiter placed in heaven. Ovid. 
 Fast. 3, V. 40b.— Cic. de jYat. D. 2, c.42. 
 
 BooTusand Bceotus, a son of iS'eptuue and 
 Melanippe, exposed by his mother, but pre- 
 served by shepherds. Ilygin. fab. 1S6. 
 
 BoREA, a town taken by Sextus Pompey. 
 Cic. 10, ad Jilt ep. 4. 
 
 BoREADES, the descendants of Boreas, who 
 long possessed the supreme power and the 
 prie!<t!»ood in the island of the Hyperboreans. 
 Diud. 1 and 2. 
 
 Boreas, the name of the north wand blow 
 ingfrom the Hyperborean mountains. Accord- 
 ing to tlie poeis, he was son of Astra3us and 
 Aurora, but others make him son of the Stry- 
 mon. He was passionately fond of Hyacinthus. 
 [Ft</. Hyaciiitlius] and carried away Orlthyia, 
 "ivho refused to receive his addresses, and })y 
 her he had Zetes and Calais, C]eoi)atra and 
 Chione. He was worshipped as a deity, and 
 represented with wings and white hair. The 
 Athenians dedicated allar.s to him, an to the 
 it\'inds, wiion Xerxes invaded Europe. Boreas 
 changed himself into ahorse, to unite himself 
 with the mares of Dardauus, by which he had 
 twelve mares so swift that they ran, or rather 
 flew over the sea, without scarce wetting their 
 feet. Homtr. IL 20, v. 2'22.—IIesiod. Thcoi^. 
 t. 'S19.—/ij>ullod. 3, c. Ib.—Herodol. 7, c. ISV. 
 -^Ovid. Mel. 6, v. TOO. 
 
 BoKKASMi, a festival at Athens in honour 
 of Boreas, who, as the Athenians supposed; 
 
 BR 
 
 was related to them on account of his marrrsige 
 with Orithyia, the daughter of one of tiieip 
 kings. They attributed the overthrow of the 
 enemy's fleet to the respect which he paid to 
 his wife's native country. There were also sa- 
 crifices at Megalopolis in Arcadia, in honour 
 of Boreas. Pans. Jlltic 4'" .^rcad. 
 
 BoREUs, a Persian, &c. Polycen. 7, c. 40, 
 
 BoRGEs, a Persian svho burnt himself ra- 
 ther than submit to the enemy, Lc. Polyan. 7, 
 
 24. 
 
 BoRNos, a place of Thrace. C. JVep. in 
 Jilchib. c. 7. 
 
 BoRsippA, a town of Babylonia, sacred to 
 Apollo and Diana. The inhabitants eat bats. 
 Strab. 16. 
 
 BoRus, a son of Perieres, who married 
 Polydora the daughter of Peleus. Apollod. 3, 
 c. VS.— Homer. II. 16, v. 177. 
 
 BoRvsTHENES, a large river of Scythia, fall- 
 ing into the Euxine sea, now called the bnfe- 
 j?er,and inferior to no other European river but 
 the Danube, according to Herodotus^ 4, c. 45, 
 
 &c. There was a city of the same name 
 
 on the borders of the river, built by a colony 
 of Milesians, 655 years before the christiam 
 era. It was also called Olha Salvia. Mela, 2, 
 
 c. 1 and 7. A horse with which the em- 
 
 jieror Adrian used to hunt. At his death he 
 was honoured with a raoiuunent. Diod. 
 
 BospHoKUs and Buspurus, two narrow 
 straits, situate at the confines of Europe and 
 Asia. One was called Cimmerian, and joined 
 the I^alus iMceoiis to the Euxine, now known 
 by tlie name of the straits of Cafia ; and the 
 other, which was called the Thracian Bospo- 
 rus, and by the moderns the strait of Con- 
 stantinople, made a communication between 
 the Euxine sea and the Propontis. It is six- 
 teen miles long, and one and a half broad, 
 and where narrowest olX) paces or 4 stadia, 
 according to Herodotus. The word is deriv- 
 ed from BoQ,=^:e@, boiis meatus, because, oa 
 account of its narrowness, an ox could easily 
 cross it. Cocks were heard to crow, anul 
 dogs to bark from the opposite banks, and in 
 a calm day persons could talk one to another. 
 Plin. 4, c. 12, 1. 6, c. l.—Ovid. Trist. 3, el. 4, 
 V. 4i).—Mda, 1, c. l.—Sirab. 12.—Her9dot. 4, 
 G. 85. 
 
 Boxer, a freedman of Claudius. SiuL 
 Claud. 
 
 BoTTiA, a colony of Macedonians in Thrace, 
 The peot)le were called Botlitci. Plin. 4, c. 1. 
 — Herodul. 7, c. 185, k.c. — Thucyd. 2, c. 99. 
 
 BoTTi^is, a countrjr at the north of Ma- 
 cedonia, on the bay of Therma. Herodot. 7, 
 c. 123, &c. 
 
 BouDicEA, a queen in Britain who rebel- 
 led upon being insulted by the Romans. She 
 [)oi3oned herself when conquered, A. D. 61. 
 Tacit. Ann. 14, c. 31. 
 
 BouiANu.M, an ancient colony of the Sam- 
 niles, at the foot of the Apejjnines not far 
 from Beueventum. Liv. 9, c. 28. 
 
 BoviLL^, a town of Latium, neai- Rome. 
 Of i/i.i'V/AY.3,v. 607. Another in Campania. 
 
 Bkaoimanes, Indian })hiIosophers, who de- 
 rive their name from Brahma, one of the 
 three beings wtiom God, according to their 
 theology, created, and with whose assistance 
 be formed the world. They devoted themselves 
 totally to the worshi]) of the gods, and were ac- 
 
BR 
 
 customed from their youth to endure labours, 
 andtolive with frugality and abstinence. They 
 never ate flesh, and abstained from the use of 
 wine, and all carnal enjoyments. After they 
 had spent 37 years in the greatest trials, they 
 were permitted to marry, and indulge them- 
 selves in a more free and unbounded manner. 
 According to modern authors, Brahraa is the 
 parent of all mankind, and he produced as ma- 
 ny worlds as there are parts in the body, which 
 tiiey reckoned 14. They believ^ed that there 
 were seven seas, of water, milk, curdS; butter, 
 salt, sugar, and wine, each blessed with itspar^ 
 ticular paradise. Slrab. 15. — Diod. 17. 
 
 Br.csia, a daughter of Cinyras and Me- 
 tfiarme. Apollod. 3. c. 14, 
 
 Branchiales, a surname of Apollo. 
 
 Branchidjs, a people of Asia near the ri- 
 ver Oxus, put to the sword by Alexander. 
 They were originally of Miletus, near the tem- 
 ple of Branchus, but had been removed from 
 
 thence by Xerxes. Strab. 11. — Curt. 7, c,5. 
 
 The priests of Apollo Didymasus, who gave 
 oracles in Caria. Plin. 5, c. 29. 
 
 Branchyllides, a chief of the Boeotians. 
 Paus. 9, c. 13. 
 
 Branchus, a youth of Miletus, son of Smi- 
 crus, beloved by Apollo, who gav^e him the 
 power of prophecy. He gave oracles at Didy- 
 ine, which became inferiorto none of the Gre- 
 cian oracles, except Delphi, and which ex- 
 changed the name of Didymean for that of 
 Branchidae. The temple, according to Strabo, 
 was set on fire by Xerxes, who took possession 
 of the riclies it contained, and transported the 
 people into Sogdiana, where they built a city, 
 which was afterwards destroyed by Alexan- 
 der, Strab. 15. — Stat. Theb. 3, v. 479. — Lucian. 
 de Domo. 
 
 Brasi^e, a town of Laconia. Paus. 3, c. 24. 
 
 Brasidas, a famous general of Lacedaemon, 
 son of Tellus, who, after many great victories 
 over Athens and other Grecian states, died of 
 a wound at Araphipolis, which Cleon, the 
 Athenian, had besieged, B, C. 442. A superb 
 monument was raised to his memory. Paus. 
 
 3, c. 24. — Thucyd. 4 and 5. — Diod. 5. A man 
 
 of Cos. Theocrit. Id. 7. 
 
 Brasideia, festivals at Lacedamon, in 
 honour of Brasidas. None but freemen born 
 Spartans were permitted To enter the lists, and 
 such as were absent were lined. 
 
 Bracilas, a man of Cos. Theocr. 7. 
 
 Bkaure, a woman who assisted in the mur- 
 der of Pittacus, king of the Edoni. Thucyd. 
 
 4, c. 107. 
 
 Brauron, a town of Attica, where Diana 
 had a temple. The goddess had three festivals 
 called Brauronia, celebrated once every fifth 
 year by ten men who were called isjOToiot. They 
 sacrificed a goat to the goddess, and it was 
 usual to sing one of the books of Homer's Iliad. 
 The most remarkable that attended were 
 young virgins in yellow gowns, consecrated to 
 Diana. They were about ten years of age, and 
 not under five, and therefore their consecration 
 was called W-otrtujit-, from ^tx-^, decern ; and some- 
 times cts'Ts-jstv, as the virgins themselves bore the 
 name of ^fxro* bears, from this circumstance. 
 There was a bear in one of the villages of At- 
 tica, so tame that lie ate with the inhabitants, 
 and played harmlessly with them. This fami- 
 liarity lasted loMg, till u youyg virgiq treated 
 
 BR 
 
 the animal too roughly, and was killed by it. 
 The virgin's brother killed the bear, and the 
 country was soon after visited by a pestilence. 
 The oracle was consulted and the plague re- 
 moved by consecrating virgins to the service 
 of Diana. This was so faithfully observed, 
 that no woman in Athens was ever married 
 before a previous consecration to the goddess. 
 The statue of Diana of Tauris,, which had been 
 brought into Greece by Iphigenia, was pre- 
 served in the town of Brauron. Xerxes carri- 
 ed it away when he invaded Greece. Paus. 
 8, c. 46.— Strab. 9. 
 
 Brenni and Breuni, a people of Noricum. 
 Horat. 4, od. 14. 
 
 Brennus, a general of the Galli Senones, 
 who invaded Italy, defeated the Romans at the 
 river Ailia, and entered their city without op- 
 position. The Romans fled into the capitol, 
 and left the whole city in the possession of the 
 enemy. The Gauls climbed the Tarpeian 
 rock in the night, and the capitol would have 
 been taken had not the Romans been awaken- 
 ed by the noise of geese which were before the 
 doors, and immediately repelled the enemy. 
 Caraillus, who was in banishment, marched to 
 the relief of his country, and so totally defeat- 
 ed the Gauls, that not one remained to carry 
 the news of their destruction. Liv. 6, c. 36, 
 
 kc. — Pint, in Camill. Another Gaul, who 
 
 made an irruption into Greece with 150,000 
 men and 15,000 horse, and endeavoured to 
 plunder the temple of Apollo at Delphi. He 
 was destroyed, with all his troops, by the god^ 
 or more properly, he killed himself in a fit of 
 intoxication, B. C. 278, after being defeated by 
 the Delphians. Paus. 10, c. 22 and 23. — Jus- 
 tin. 24, c. 6, &,c. 
 
 Brenthe, a ruined city of Arcadia. Poms, 
 8, G. 38. 
 
 Brescia, a city of Italy, which had gods 
 peculiar to itself. 
 
 Brettii, a people of Italy. Strab. 6. 
 
 Briareus, a famous giant, son of Ccelu5 
 and Terra, who had 100 hands and 50 heads, 
 and was called by men ^Egeon, and only by 
 the gods Briareus. When Juno, Neptune, and 
 Minerva conspired to dethrone Jupiter, Briar- 
 eus ascended the heavens, and seated himself 
 next to him, and so terrified the conspirators, 
 by his fierce and threatening looks, that they 
 desisted. He assisted the giants in the war 
 against the gods, and was thrown undermount 
 yEtna, according to some accounts, llesiod. 
 Theog.v. 148. — JlpoUod. l,c. 1. — Homer. II. 1, 
 
 V. 403.--FiVg. JEn. 6, v. 287, 1. 10, v. 565. 
 
 A cyclop, mad6 judge between Apollo and 
 Neptune, in their dispute about the isthmus 
 and promontory of Corinth. He gave the 
 former to Neptune, and the latter to Apollo, 
 Paus. 2, c. 1. 
 
 Brias, a town f)f Pisidia. 
 
 Brioantes, a people in the northern parts 
 of Britain. Juv. 14, v. 196.— Paus, 8, c. 43. 
 
 Brigant/nus, a kke of Rhcetia between the 
 Alps, now the lake of Constance. The town 
 on its eastern bank is now Bregentz in the Tyrol, 
 anciently called Brigantium. Plin. 9, c. 17. 
 
 BRir.ESSus, a mountain of Attica. Thucyd. 
 2, c. 23. 
 
 Brimo, (terror) a name given to Proserpine 
 and Hecate. Propert. 2, el. 2, v. 11. 
 
 BKisi-ns, a woman of Lyruessus, cjsdled also 
 
BR 
 
 Hippodamia. When her countiy was taken by 
 the Greeks, and her husband Mines and bro- 
 ther killed in the fight, she fell to the share of 
 Achilles, in the division of the spoils. Aga- 
 memnon took her away some time after from 
 Achilles, who made a vow to absent himself 
 from the field of battle. Briseis w^as very faith- 
 ful to Achilles ; and when Agamemnon restor- 
 ed her to him, he swore he had never otFended 
 her chastity. Hamer. II. 1, 2, &c. — Ovid. He- 
 roid. 3, de. Art. Am. 2 and 3. — Proptri. 2, el. 
 8, 20 and 22.—Paus. 5, c. 24.-— Horat. 2, od. 4. 
 Brises, a man of Lyrnessus, brother to the 
 priest Chrj'ses. His daughter Hippodamia 
 was called Briseis from him. 
 
 Briseus, a surname of Bacchus, from his 
 nurse Brisa, or his temple at Brisa, a promon- 
 tory at Lesbos. Persius, 1, v. 76. 
 
 Britanni, the inhabitants of Britain. [Vid. 
 
 Britannia.] A nation in Gallia Belgica. 
 
 Plin. 4, c. 17. 
 
 BiuTANNiA, an island in the northern ocean, 
 the greatest in Europe, conquered by J. Caesar 
 during his Gallic wars, B. C. 55, and first 
 known to be an island by Agricola, who sail- 
 ed round it. It was a Roman province from 
 the time of its conquest till the 448th year of 
 the christian era. The inhabitants, in the age 
 of Caesar, used to paint their bodies, to render 
 themselves more terrible in the eyes of their 
 enemies. The name of Britain was unknown 
 to the Romans before Caesar conquered it. 
 Cks. Bell G. 4.~Diud. 5.— Paws.,1, c. 33.— 
 Tacit, in Agi-ic. 10.— Plin. 34, c. 17. 
 
 Britannicus, a son of Claudius Caesar by 
 Messalina. Nero was raised to the throne in 
 preference to him, by means of Agrippina, and 
 caused him to be poisoned. His corpse was 
 buried in the night ; but it is said that a shower 
 of rain washed away the w hite paint which the 
 murderer had put over his face, so that it ap- 
 peared quite black, and discovered the effects 
 of poison. Tacit. Ann. — Sueton. in JVer. c. 33. 
 
 Britomartis, a beautiful nymph of Crete, 
 daughter of Jupiter and Charme, who de- 
 voted herself to hunting, and became a great 
 favourite of Diana. She was loved by Minos, 
 who pursued her so closely, that, to avoid his 
 importunities, she threw iiei-self into the sea. 
 
 Pans. 2, c. 30, 1. 3j c. 14. A surname of 
 
 Diana. 
 
 Britomarus, a chief of the Galli Insubres, 
 conquered by iEmilius. Flor. 2, c. 4. 
 
 Briton£.s, the inhabitants of Britain. Juv. 
 15, V. 124. 
 
 Brixellum, a town in Italy near Mantua, 
 where Otho slew himself when defeated. Ta- 
 cit. Hid. 2, c. 32. 
 
 Brixia, a town of Italy beyond the Po, 
 at the north of Cremone, now Brescia. Jus- 
 tin. 20, c. 5. 
 
 Brizo, the goddess of dreams, worshipped 
 in Del OS. 
 
 Brocubelus, a governor of. Syria, who 
 fled to Alexander, when Darius was muixlercd 
 by Bossus. Curt. 5, c. 13. 
 
 BnoMius, a surname of Bacchus, from 
 »,i,u.ir, fnn'tere, alluding to the groans which 
 Seuieio utiered when consumed by Jupiter's 
 
 fire. Ovid. Met. 4, v. 11. A son of ^gyp- 
 
 tus. Apo/lod.2,c.l. 
 
 Bbomus, one of the centaurs. Ovid. Met. 
 12; V. 469. 
 
 BR 
 
 Bronous, a river falling into the Ister. JFfe- 
 rodot. 4, c. 49. 
 Brontes, (thunder) one of the Cyclops. 
 
 Virg. JEn. 8, v. 425. 
 
 BRONTiifus, a Pythagorean philosopher. 
 The father of Theano, the wife of Pytha- 
 goras. Diog. 
 
 Broteas and Ammon, two men famous for 
 their skill in the cestus. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 107. 
 One of the Lapithae. 
 
 Brotheus, a son of Vulcan and Minerva, 
 who burned himself to avoid the ridicule to 
 which his deformity subjected him. Ovid, in 
 lb. \. 617. 
 
 Bructeri, a people of Germany, inhabit- 
 ing the country at the east of Holland. Tadt. 
 Ann. 1, c. 51. 
 
 Brumalia, festivals celebrated at Rome 
 in honour of Bacchus, about the month ot De- 
 cember. They were first instituted by Ro- 
 mulus. 
 
 Brundusium, now Brundisi, a city of Ca- 
 labria, on the Adriatic sea, where the Appiau 
 road was terminated. It was founded by Di- 
 omedes after the Trojan war, or according to 
 Strabo, by Theseus, with a Cretan colony. 
 The Romans generally embarked at Brundu- 
 sium for Greece. It is famous for the birth of 
 the poet Pacuvius, and the death of Virgil, and 
 likewise for its harbour, which is capacious, 
 and sheltered by the land, and by a small island 
 at the entrance, against the fuiy of the winds 
 and waves. Little remains of the ancient city, 
 and even its harbour has now been choked up 
 by the negligence of the inhabitants. Justin. 
 3, c. 4, 1. 12, c. 2.-^Slrab. b.—Cas. Bell. Civ. 
 1, c. 24. — Cic. ad Attic. 4, ep. 1. 
 
 Brutidius, a man dragged to prison in 
 Juvenal's age, on suspicion of his favouring 
 Sejanus. Juv^ 10, v. 82. 
 
 Brutii, a people in the farthest parts of 
 Italy, who were originally shepherds of the 
 Lucanians, but revolted, and went in quest of 
 a settlement. They received the name of 
 Brutii, from their stupidity and cowardice in 
 submitting, without opposition, to Annibal in 
 the second Punic w^ar. They were ever after 
 held in the greatest disgrace, and employed iu 
 every servile work. Justiii. 23, c. 9.—Slra(f. 
 6.—Diod. 16. 
 
 Brutulus, a Samnite, who killed himself, 
 upon being delivered to the Romans for vio- 
 lating a treaty. Liv. 8, c. 39. 
 
 BuoTus, L. Junius, son of M. Junius and 
 Tarquinia, second daughter of Tarquin Pris- 
 cus. The father, with his eldest son, were 
 murdered by Tarquin the Proud, and Lucius, 
 una])le to revenge their death, pretended to 
 be insane. The artifice saved his life ; he 
 was called Bruins for his stupidity, which he 
 however soon after showed to be feigned. 
 VVhen Lucretia killed herself, B. C. 509, in 
 consequence ofthe brutalhy of Tarquin, Brutus 
 snatciied the daggerfrom (liewound-and swore 
 upon the reeking blade, immortal hatred to the 
 royal family. His example animated the Ro- 
 mans, the Tarquins were proscribed by a de- 
 cree ofthe senate, and the royal authority vest- 
 ed in the hands of consuls chosen from patri- 
 cian families. Brutus, in his consular office, 
 made fhe people swear they never would again 
 submit to kingly authority ; but the first who vi- 
 ni;iu<| their oath were in bis own family. Ufa 
 
BR 
 
 sons conspired with the Tuscan ambassador to 
 restore the Tarquins ; and when discovered^ 
 they were tried and condemned before their 
 father, who himself attended at tlieir execution. 
 Some time after, in a combat that was fought 
 between tlie Romans and Tarquins, Brutus en- 
 gaged with Aruns, and so fierce was the attack 
 that they pierced one another at the same time. 
 The dead body was brought to Rome, and re- 
 ceived as in triumph ; a funeral oration -was 
 spoken over it, and the Roman matrons showed 
 their grief by mourning a year for the father of 
 the republic. Flor. 1, c. 9. — Liv. \. c. 56, 1. 2, 
 e. 1, he. — Dionys. Hal. 4 and 5.— C. Ntp.inAl' 
 tic. S.—Eutrop. de Tarq.— Virg. JEn. 6, v. 8 IS. 
 
 —-Pluf. in Brut. «^ C(es. Marcus Junius, 
 
 father of Cassar's murderer, wrote three books 
 on civil law. He followed the party of Marius, 
 and was conquered by Porapey. After the 
 death of Sylla, he was besieged in Mutina by 
 Porapey, to whom he surrendered, and by 
 whose orders he was put to death. He had 
 married Sen'ilia, Cato's sister, by whom he had 
 a son and two daughters. Cic. de Orat. c. 55. 
 
 — Plut.in Brut. His son of the same name, 
 
 by Servilia, waslineally descendedfrom J. Bru- 
 tus, who expelled the Tarquins from Rome. 
 He seemed to inherit the republican principles 
 ofhisgreatprogenitor,and in the civil wars join- 
 ed himself to the side of Ponipey, though he 
 was his father's murderer, only because he 
 looked upon him as more just and patriotic in 
 his claims. At the battle of Pharsalia, Cac-sar 
 not only spared the life of Brutus, but he made 
 bim one of his most faithful friends. He how- 
 ever forgot the favour because Cffisar aspired to 
 tyranny. He conspired with many of the most 
 illustrious citizens of Rome against the tyrant, 
 and stabbed him in Pompey's Basilica. The 
 tumult which this miurder occasioned was great: 
 the conspirators fled to the capitol, and by pro- 
 claiming freedom and liberty to the populace, 
 they re-established tranquillity in the city. An- 
 tony, whom Brutus, contrary to the opinion of 
 his associates, refused to seize, gained ground 
 in behalf of his friend Cffisar, and the murder- 
 ers were soon obliged to leave Rome. Brutus 
 retired into Greece, where he gained himself 
 many friends by his ai-ms, as well as by persua- 
 sion, and he was soon after pursued thither by 
 Antony, whom young Octavius accompanied. 
 A battle was fought at Philippi. Brutus, who 
 commanded the right wing of the republican 
 army, defeated the enemy ; but Cassius, who 
 had the care of the left, was overpowered, and 
 as he knew not the situation of his friend, and 
 grew desperate, he ordered one of his freed- 
 men to run him through. Brutus deeply de- 
 plored his fall, and in the fulness of his grief, 
 called him the last of the Romans, ra another 
 battle, the wing which E^utus commanded ob- 
 tauied a victory ; but tlie other was defeated, 
 and he found himself surrounded by the soldiers 
 of Antony. He however made his escape, and 
 soon after fell upon his sword, B. C. 42. Anto- 
 ny honoured him with a magnificent funeral. 
 Brutus is not less celebrated for his literary tal- 
 ents, than his valour in the held. When he was 
 in the camp, the greatest part of his time was 
 employed in reading and writing; and the day 
 which preceded one of his most bloody battles, 
 while the rest of his army was under continual 
 appreliensions; Brutus calmly spent his boms 
 
 BU 
 
 till the evening, in writuig an epitome of Poly • 
 bius. He was foiid of imitating the austere 
 virtues of Cato, and in reading the histories of 
 nations he imbibed those principles of freedom 
 which were so eminently displayed in his poli- 
 tical career. He was intimate with Cicero, tc» 
 whom he would have communicated his con- 
 spiracy, had he not been apprehensive of his 
 great timidity. He severely reprimanded him 
 in his letters for joining the side of Octavius, 
 who meditated the ruiii of the republic. Plu- 
 tarch mentions, that Cresar's ghost made its 
 appearance to Brutus in his teni, and told hira 
 that he would meet him at Philippi. Brutus 
 married Portia, the daughter of Cato, who kill- 
 ed herself, by swallowing burning coals, when 
 she heard the fate of her husband. C. JVep. in 
 Attic. — Pattrc. 2, c. 48. — Piut. in Brut. he. — 
 
 Cces. 1 — Flor 4. D. Jun. Aibinus, one of 
 
 Ca3sars murderers, who, after the battle of 
 Mutina, was deserted by thelegions,with\vhicii 
 he wished to march against Antony. He was 
 put to death by Antony's orders, though"' consul 
 
 elect. Jun. one of the first tribunes of the 
 
 people. Pint. One of Carbo's generals. 
 
 Brvas, a general of the Argives against 
 Sparta, put to death by a woman, to whom he 
 
 had ottered violence. Pans. 2, c. 20. A 
 
 general in the army of Xerxes. Heiodot. 7, 
 c. 72. 
 
 Bry.\xis, a marble sculptor, who assisted iu 
 making the mausoleum. Pans. \, c. 40. 
 
 BR'iCE, a daughter of Danaus by Polyxo. 
 Jpollod. 2, c. 1. 
 
 Bryges, a people of Thrace, afterwards 
 called Phiyges. Sirab. 7. 
 
 Brygi, a people of Macedonia conquered 
 by Mardonius. Herodot. 6, c. 45. 
 
 Brysea, a town of Laconia. Pans. 3, c. 
 20. 
 
 BubacenE; a town of Asia. Curt. 5. 
 
 BuBACES, an eunuch of Dai'ius, he. Curl. 
 5, c. 11. 
 
 BuBARxs, a Persian Avho married the daugh- 
 ter of Amyntas, against whom he had beec 
 sent with an army. Justin. 7, c. 13. 
 
 BuBASTiA^s, one of the mouths of the 
 Nile. 
 
 BuBASTis, a city of Egypt, in the eastern 
 parts of the Delta, whei-e cats were held in 
 great veneration, because Diana Bubastis, who 
 is the chief deity of the place, is said to have 
 transformed herself into a cat when the gods 
 fled into Egypt. Herodot. 2, c. 59, 137 and 
 154.— Ovid. Met. 9, v. 690. 
 
 BuBASus, a country of Caria, whence Bu- 
 basides applied to the nati\-es. Ovid. Met. 9, 
 V. 643, 
 
 BuBON, an inland city of Lycia. Plin. 5, 
 c. 27. 
 
 BucEPiTALA, a city of India, near the Hy- 
 daspes; built by Alexander, in hoi:our of his 
 favourite horse Bucepiialus. Curi.i^. c.3. — 
 Justin. 12, c. 8. — Diod. 17. 
 
 Bucephalus, a liOt-,se of Alexander's, 
 whose head resembled that of a bull, whence 
 his name ("-«- xf,*a>w;f bovis caput.) Alexander 
 was the only one who could mount on his l)ack, 
 and he always knelt down to take up his mas- 
 ter. He was present in an engagement in 
 Asia, where he received a heavyVound, and 
 hastened immediately or.tofthe battle, and 
 dropped down dead us soon as he hud set down 
 
BU 
 
 the king in a safe place. He was 30 years old 
 when he died, and Alexander built a city 
 which he cnlled after his name. Pint. iaMex. 
 Curt. — Arrian. 5, c, 3. — Piin. 8, c. 42. 
 
 Bucilianus, one of Cajsar's murderers. 
 Cjc. ad AUic. 14. 
 
 BucoT-icA, a sort of poem which treats of 
 the care of the flocks, and of the pleasures and 
 occupations of the rural life, with simplicity 
 and elegance. The tuost famous pastoral wri- 
 ters of antiquity are Moschus, Bion, Theocri- 
 lus; and Virgil. The invention of bucolics, or 
 pastoral poetry, is attributed to a shepherd of 
 Sicily. 
 
 BucoLicuM, one of the mouths of the 
 JJile, situate between the Sebennytican and 
 Mendesian mouths, and called by Strabo, 
 Phatniticum. Herodot. 2, c. 17. 
 
 BucoLioN, a king of Aixadia, after Laias. 
 
 Paus. 8, c. 5, A son ofLaoniedon and the 
 
 nymph Calybe. A son of Hercules and 
 
 Prazithea. He was also called Bucolus. 
 
 A son of Lycaon, king of Arcadia. Apollod. 
 2 and 3. 
 
 Bucolus, a son of Hercules and Marse. A 
 
 son of Hippocoou. ApoUod. 2 and 3. 
 
 Bunii, auatioji of Media. Herodot. 
 
 BuBiNi, a people of Scythia. Id. 
 
 BuDoRUM, a promontory of Salamis. Thu- 
 cyd. 2, c. 94. 
 
 BuLBi's, a Roman senator, remarkable for 
 his meanness. Cic. in Ver. 
 
 BuLi«, a town of Phocis, built by a colony 
 from Doris near the sea, above the bay of 
 Corinth. Pum. 10, c. 37. S. Spartan giv- 
 en up to Xerxes, to atone for the ott'ence iiis 
 countrymen had done for putting the king's 
 messengers to death. Herodot. 7, c. TM, i>ic. 
 
 BuLLATius, a friend of Horace, to whom 
 the poet addressed 1 ep. 11, in consequence 
 of his having travelled over part of Asia. 
 
 Bdluis, a town of Illyricum, near the sea, 
 south of Apolionia. Liv. 36, c. 7, 1. 44, c. 30. 
 
 BuMELLus, a river of AJssyria. Curt, 4, 
 C.9. 
 
 BusTEA, a surname of Juno. 
 
 BuiNus, a son of Mercury and Alcidaraea, 
 who obtained the government of Corinth when 
 iCetes w ent to Colchis. He built a temple to 
 Juno. Paus. 2, c. 3 and 4. 
 
 Bup.vi.us, a stutuary of Clazoraenae. Vid. 
 Anthermus. 
 
 BuPHAGus, a son of Japetus and Thomax 
 killed by Diana, whose virtue he had attempt- 
 ed. A river of Arcadia bears his name. Pans. 
 8, C.24. A surname of Hercules, given him 
 
 on account of liis gluttony 
 
 BuPHo>'TA, a festival in honour of Jupiter at 
 Athens, where an ox \vas immolated. Paus. 
 1, c. 24.—JEl'ian, V. H. 8, c. 3. 
 
 BuPKAsiUM, a city, country, and river of 
 Elis. Homtr. 
 
 BuRA, a daughter of Jupiter, or accord- 
 ing to others, of Ion and Helice, from whom 
 Bura or Bnris, once a nourishing city in the 
 bay of Corinth, received its name. This city 
 was destroyed by the sea. Ovid. Mtt. 15, 
 V. 293.— Paus. 7, c. 'l^.—Htrab. 1 and 8.— JDt- 
 wl. 15. 
 
 BuRAicus, an epithet applied to Hercules, 
 
 from his temple near Bura, A river of 
 
 Achaia. Paus. 7, c. 2.3. 
 
 EuRRHUs Ai-iUNius, a chief ©f the prse- 
 
 BY 
 
 torian guards, but to death by Nero.— —A 
 brother-in-law of the emperor Commodus. 
 
 Bursa, the capital of Bithynia, supposed 
 to have been called Prusa, from its founder, 
 Prusias. Strab. 12. 
 
 BuRsiA, a town of Babylonia. Justin. 12, 
 c. 13. 
 
 BusA, a woman of Apulia who entertained 
 1000 Romans after the battle of Cannae. Val. 
 Max. 4, c. 8. 
 
 BusiE, a nation of Media. Herodot. 1. 
 BusiRis, a king of Egypt, son of Neptune 
 and Lybia, or Lysianassa, who sacrificed all 
 foreignei-s to Jupiter with the greatest cru- 
 elty. ^V'hen Hercules visited Egypt, Busi- 
 ris carried him to the altar bound hand and 
 foot. The hero soon disentangled himself, 
 and offei'ed the tyrant, his son Amphidamas, 
 and the ministers of his cruelty on the altar. 
 Many Egyptian princes have borne the same 
 name. One of them built a town called Busi" 
 ris, in the middle of the Delta, where Isis had 
 a famous temple, Herodot. 2, c. 59 and 61. — 
 Strab. n.—Ovid. Met. 9, v. lS2.—Heroid. 9, 
 V. 69.— Plut. in Thcs.— Virg. G,3, \\5.—Jpol^ 
 lod. 2, c. 5. 
 
 BuTA, a town of Achaia. Diod. 20. 
 BuTEO, a surname of M. Fabius. Liv. 30, 
 
 c, 26. A Roman orator. Seneca. 
 
 BuTEs, one of the descendants of Amycus, 
 king of the Bebryces, very expert in the com- 
 bat of the cestus. He came to Sicily, where 
 he was received by Lycaste, a beautiful harlot, 
 by whom he had a son called Eryx. Lycaste, 
 on account of her beauty, was called Venus ; 
 hence Eryx is often called the son of Venus. — 
 
 Virg. JEn. 5, v. 372. One of the Argonauts, 
 
 Apollod. 1, c. 9. A Trojan slain by Camilla. 
 
 Virg. JFm. 11, V. 690. A son of Boreas who 
 
 built INaxos. Diod. 5. -A son of Pandion 
 
 and Zeuxippe, priest of Minerva and .Neptune. 
 He married Chtlionia, daughter of Erechtheus. 
 
 Apollod. 3, c. 14, he. An arm-bearer to 
 
 Anchises, and afterwards to Ascanius. Apol- 
 lo assumed his shape when he descended from 
 heaven to encourage Ascanius to fight. Butes 
 was killed by Turnus. Vir^. JEn. 9, v. 647, 1. 
 
 12, V. 632. A governor of Darius, besieged 
 
 by Conon the Athenian. 
 
 BuTHROTUM, now Bulrinto, a sea-port town 
 of Epinis opposite Corcyra, visited by .Apneas, 
 in his wav to Italy from Troy. Virg. v9Sn. 3, 
 V. 293.— P/m. 4, c. 1. 
 BuTHiiuTus, a river in Italy near Locri. 
 BuTHiREus, a noble statuaiy, disciple to 
 Myron. Plin. 3<i, c. 8. 
 
 BuTOA, an island in the Mediterranean, 
 near Crete. Plin. 4, c, 12. 
 
 BuTORiuES, an historian who wrote con- 
 cerning tire pyramids. Plin. 36, c. 12. 
 
 BuTos, a town of Egypt, where there was 
 a temple of Apollo and Diana, and an oracle 
 of Latona. Herodot. 2, c. 59 and 63. 
 
 BuTUNTUM, an iiiland town of Apulia. 
 Plin. 3, c. 11. 
 BuTus, a son of Pandion. 
 Bu/YGEs, an Athenian who first ploughed 
 with harnessed oxen. Demophoon gave hita 
 the Palladium with which Diomedes had in- 
 trusted him, to be carried to Athens. Polycen. 
 1, c. 5. 
 
 Bybtesia and Bvbassia, a country of Ca- 
 ria. Herodot. 1, c. 174. 
 
BY 
 
 Syblia, a name of Venus. 
 
 Byblii, a people of Syria. Jipollod. % e. 1. 
 
 Byblis, a daughter of Miletus and Cyanea. 
 She fell in love with her brother Caunus. and 
 when he refused to gratify her passion, she 
 destroyed herself. Some say that Caunus be- 
 came enamoured of her, and fled from his 
 country to avoid incest; and others report, 
 that he fled from his sister's importunities, who 
 sought him all over Lycia and Caria, and at 
 last sat down all bathed in tears, and was 
 changed into a fountain of the same name. 
 Ovid, de Art. Am. I, v. 284. Met. 9, v. 451.— 
 
 Hygin. fab. 243. — Paiis. 7, c. 5. A small 
 
 island in the Mediterranean. 
 
 Bybt.us, a town of Syria, not far from the 
 sea, where Adonis had a temple. Strab. 16. 
 
 Bylliones, a people of Illyricum, 
 
 Byrkhus, a robber, famous for his dissipa- 
 tion. Horat. 1, Sat. 4, v. 69. 
 
 Byrsa, a citadel in the middle of Carthage, 
 on which was tlie temple of iEsculapius. As- 
 drubal's wife burnt it when the city was taken. 
 When Dido came to Africa, she bought of the 
 inhabitants as much land as could be encom- 
 passed by a bull's hide. After the agreement, 
 she cut the hide in small thongs, and enclosed 
 a large piece of territory, on which she built 
 a citadel which she called Byrsa, (Eut^-j., a 
 hide.) Virg. ^n. 1, v. 371.— Strab. 17.— 
 Justin. 18, c. 5. — Flor. 2, c. 15. — Liv. 34, c. 
 62. 
 
 Byziacium, a country of Africa. 
 
 Byzantium, a town situate on the Thracian 
 Eosphorus, founded by a colony of Megara, 
 under the conduct of Byzas, 658 years before 
 the christian era. Paterculus says it was 
 founded by the Milesians, and by the Lace- 
 
 BY 
 
 daemoniahs according to Justin, and accord- 
 ing to Ammianus by the Athenians. The 
 pleasantness and convenience of its situation 
 was observed by Constantine the Great, who 
 made it the capital of the eastern Roman em- 
 pire, A. D. 328, and called it Constantinopolis. 
 A number of Greek writers, who have de- 
 served or usurped the name of Byzantine his- 
 torians, flourished at Bizantuim, after the seat 
 of the empire had been translated thither 
 from Rome. Their works, which more par- 
 ticularly relate to the time in which they flour- 
 ished; and are seldom read but by those who 
 wish to form an acquaintance with the revolu- 
 tions of the lower empire, were published in 
 one large collection, in 36 vols, folio, 1648, &:c. 
 at Paris, and recommended themselves by the 
 notes and supplements of Du Fresne and Du 
 Cange. They were likewise printed at Ve- 
 nice 1729, in 28 vols, though perhaps this edi- 
 tion is not so valuable as that of the French. 
 Strab. 1. — Paterc. 2. c. 15. — C. JVep. in Pam. 
 Mcib. 4^ Timoth. — Justin. 9, c. 1.— Tacit. 12, 
 Ann. c. 62 and 63. — Mela, 2, c. 2. — Marcd. 
 22, c. 8. 
 
 Byzas, a son of Neptune, king of Thrace, 
 from whom it is said Byzantium received its 
 name. Diod. 4. 
 
 Byzeres, a people of Pontus, between 
 Cappadocia and Colchis. Dionys. Perieg. — 
 Place. 5, V. 153. 
 
 Byzes, a celebrated artist in the age of 
 Astyages. Pans. 6, c. 10, 
 
 Eyzia, a town in the possession of the 
 kings of Thrace, hated by swallows on ac- 
 count of the horrible crimes of Tereus. Plim 
 4, c. 11. 
 
 CA 
 
 pAANTHUS, a son of Oceanus and Tethys. 
 ^^ He was ordered by his father to seek his 
 sister Malia, wliom Apollo had carried away, 
 and he burnt in revenge the ravisher's temple 
 near the Isthiiius. He was killed for this im- 
 piety by the god, and a monument raised to 
 kis memory. Pans. 9, c. 10, 
 
 Cabades, a king of Persia, &;c. 
 
 Cabala, a place of Sicily where the Car- 
 tliaginians were conquered by Dionysius. 
 Diod. 15, 
 
 Cabales, a people of Africa, Htrodct. 
 
 Cabalii, a people of A.sia Minor. Id. 
 
 Cabalinus, a clear fountain on mount He- 
 Kcon, sacred to the muses, and called also 
 Hipperrene, as raised from the ground by the 
 foot of Pegasus. Pers. 
 
 Cacallinum, a town of the ^dui, now 
 Chalons, on the Saone. C<£s. 7, Bell. G. c. 
 42, 
 
 Cabarnos, a deity worshipped at Paros, 
 His priests were called Cabarni. 
 
 Cagassus, a town of Cappadocia. A 
 
 village near Tarsus. 
 
 Cabaj,uo, a town of Gaul, 
 
 CA 
 
 Cabika, a wife of Vulcah, by whom she 
 had three sons. A town of Paphlagonia. 
 
 Caeiri, certain deities held in the greatest 
 veneration at Thebes, Lemnos, Macedonia, 
 and Phrygia, but more particularly in the 
 islands of Saraothrace and Imbros. The 
 number of these deities is uncertain. Some 
 say they were only two, Jupiter and Bar- 
 chus ; others mention three, and some four- 
 Aschieros, Achiochersa, Achiochersus, and 
 Camillas. It is unknown where their worship 
 was first established; yet Phoenicia seeme 
 to be the place according to the authoritv of 
 Sanchoniathon, and from thence it wa.s intro- 
 duced into Greece by the Pelasgi. The fes- 
 tivals or mysteries of the Cabiri, were celc 
 brated with the greatest solemnity at Samo- 
 thrace, where all the ancient heroes and 
 princes were generally initiated, as their 
 power seemed to be great in protecting per- 
 sons Irom shipwreck and storms. The ob- 
 scenities which prevailed in the celebration 
 have obliged the authors of every country to 
 [)ass over them in silence, and say that it wa«. 
 I unlawful to reveal them. These deities ar^ 
 
CA 
 
 •ftcn confounded with the Corybantes, Ana- 
 c^s. Dioscuri, cic. and; according to Herodo- 
 tus, Vulcan was their father. This author 
 mentions the sacrilege which Cambyses com- 
 mitted in entering their temple, and turning to 
 ridicule their sacred mysteries. They were 
 sup|)osed to preside over metals. Herodol. 2, 
 e. dl.—Slrab. 10, kc.—Paus. 9, c. 22, Lc— 
 Cic. fk Xat. D.\. 
 
 Cabjria, a surname of Ceres. The fes- 
 tivals of the CabirJ. Vid. Cabiri. 
 
 Cabura, a fountain of Mesopotamia, where 
 Juno bathed. P/in. 31, c.3. 
 
 Caburus, a chief of the Helvii. C(zs. 
 
 Caca, a goddess among the Romans, sister 
 to Cacus, wiio is said to have discovered to 
 Hercules where her brother had concealed his 
 oxen. She presided over the excrements of 
 the body. Tlie vestals offered sacrifices in her 
 temple. Ladant. 1, c. 20. 
 
 Cachalej, a river of Phocis. Paus. 10, 
 c. 32. 
 
 Cacus, a famous robber, son of Vulcan 
 and Medusa, lepresented as a three-headed 
 mojister, and as vomiting Hames. He resided 
 in Italy, and the avenues of his cave were 
 covered with human bones. He plundered 
 the neighbouring country ; and when Hercu- 
 les returned from the conquest of Geryon, 
 Cacus stole some of his cows, and dragged 
 them backwards into his cave to prevent dis- 
 covery. Hercules departed without perceiv- 
 ing the theft ; but his oxen having lowed, 
 were answered by the cows in the cave of Ca- 
 cus, and the hero became acquainted with the 
 Joss he had sustained. He ran to the place, 
 attacked Cacus, squeezed and strangled him 
 In his arms, though vomiting fire and smoke. 
 Hercules erected an altar to Jupiter Servetor, 
 in commemoration of this victory; and an an- 
 nual festival was instituted by the inhabitants 
 in honour of the hero, who had delivered 
 them from such a public calamity. Ovid. 1, 
 Fast. \\5ry].— Virg.Jl'M. 8, v. 194.- 
 4, el. 10. — Jul'. 5, V. 125. — Li v. 1, c 
 7iys. H(d. 1, €.9. 
 
 Cacuthis, a river of India flowing into the 
 irrian. Indie. 
 
 Cacvparis, a river of Sicily. 
 
 Cadi, a town of Phrygia. Strab. 12. 
 
 Of Lydia. Propert. 4, e'l. 6, v. 7. 
 
 Cadmea, a citadel of Thebes, built by 
 Cadmus. It is generally taken for Thebes it- 
 self, and the Thebans are often called Cadrae- 
 •ans. Slat. Theb. 8, v. 6(Jl.— Pajw. 2, c. 5. 
 
 CAPMi-.is, an ancient name of Boootla. 
 
 Cadmus, son of Agenor king of Phojnicia, 
 by Telephassa or A,j;riope, was ordered by 
 his fati'.er to go in qjiest of his sister Europa, 
 whom Jupiter had carried away, and lie Wixs 
 never to return to Phcenicia if he did not 
 bring her back. As his search proved fruit- 
 less, he consulted the oracle of Apollo, and 
 was ordered to build a city where he should 
 see a young heifer stop in the grass, and 
 to call the countiy Bceotia. He found the 
 Leifer according to the directions of the ora- 
 cle ; and as he wished to thank the god by 
 a sacrifice, he sent his companions to fetch 
 water from a neighbouring grove. The wa- 
 ters were sacredlo Mars, and guarded by a 
 dragon, which devoured all tlie Phoenician's 
 iMteudaiits. Cadmus, tired of theii- seeming 
 
 -Propert. 
 7. — Dio- 
 
 Ganges. 
 
 CA 
 
 delay, went to the place, and saw tlie monster 
 still feeding on their tlesh. He attacked the 
 dragon, and overcame it by the assistance of 
 Minerva, and sowed the teeth in a plain, upon 
 which armed men suddenly rose up from the 
 ground. He threw a stone in the midst of 
 them, and they instantly turned their arms 
 one against the other, till all perished except 
 five, who assisted him in building his city. 
 Soon after he married Hermoine the daughter 
 of Venus, with whom he lived in the greatest 
 cordiality, and by whom he had a son, Poly- 
 dorus, ajid four daughters, Ino, Agave, Auto- 
 noe, and Semele. Juno persecuted those 
 children ; and their well-known misfortunes 
 so distracted Cadmus and Hermoine, that 
 they retired to Illyricum, loaded with grief, 
 and' infirm with age. They entreated the. 
 gods to remove them from the misfortunes of 
 life, and they were immediately changed into 
 serpents. Some explain the dragon's fable, 
 by 5upi)Osing that it was a king of the countcy 
 whom Cadmus conquered by war ; and the 
 armed men rising from the field, is no more 
 than men armed with brass, according to the 
 ambiguous signification of a Phoenician word. 
 Cadmus was the first Avho introduced the use 
 of letters into Greece ; but some maintain, 
 that the alphabet which he brought from Phce- 
 iiicia, was only different from that which is 
 used by the ancient inhabitants of Greece. 
 This alphabet consisted only of lt3 letters, to 
 which Palamedes afterwards added four, and 
 Simonides of Melos the same number. The 
 worship of many of the Egyptian and Phoeni- 
 cian deities was also introduced by Cadmus, 
 who is siippo!>ed to have come into Greece 
 1493 years before the christian era, and to 
 have died 61 years after. According to those 
 who believe that Thebes was built at the 
 sound of Amphion's lyre, Cadmus built only 
 a small citadel which he called Cadmea, and 
 laid the foundations of a city which was finish- 
 ed by one of his successors. Ovid. Met. 3, 
 fab. 1, 2, hii.—Herodot. 2, c.49, I. 4, c. 147.— 
 Hygin. fab. 6, 7(5, 155, ^c. — Diod. 1, &.C. — 
 Paus. 9, c. 5, Isic. — Htsiod. Theog. v. 937, &.c. 
 A son of Pandion of Miletus, celebrated 
 
 as an historian in the age of Croesus, and as the 
 writer of an account of some cities of Ionia, 
 in 4 books. He is called the ancient, in contra- 
 distinction fronj another of the same name and 
 place, son of Archelaus, who wrote an histoiy 
 of Attica, in 16 books, and a treatise on love 
 in. 14 books. Diod. 1. — Dio)tys. Hal. 2. — Cle^ 
 ment. .'iUxund. 3.— Strab l.—Plin. 5, c. 29. 
 
 A Roman executioner, mentioned Horat- 
 
 1, Sat. 6, v. 39. 
 
 Cadra , a hill of Asia Minor. Tacit. 
 
 CadCceus, a rod entwined at one end by 
 two serpents, in the form of two equal semi- 
 circles. It was ihe attribute of Mercuiy and 
 the emblem of power, and it had been given 
 liim by Apollo in return for the lyre. Vari- 
 ous iuterpretatiojis have been put upon the 
 two sei-jjents round it. Some suppose them to 
 be a symbol of Ju{)itor's amours with Rhea, 
 when' these two deities transformed them- 
 selves into snakes. Others say, that it origi- 
 nates from Mercury's having appeased the 
 fuiy of two serpents that were fighting, by 
 touching them with his rod. Prudence is 
 generally supposed to be represented by these 
 
two serpents, and the wings arc the symbol of 
 diligence ; both necessary in the pursuit of bu- 
 siness and commerce, which Mercury patro- 
 nized. With it. Mercury conducted to the 
 infernal regions the souls of the dead, and 
 could lull to sleep and even raise to life a 
 dead person. Virg. JEn. 4, v. 242. — Horat. \, 
 od. 10. 
 
 Cadurci, a people of Gaul, at the east of 
 the Garonne. Ccb*. 
 
 Cadusci, a people near the Caspian sea. 
 Plut. 
 
 Cadytis, a town of Syria. Herodot. 2, 
 c. 159. 
 
 Cma, an island of the JEgean sea among 
 the Cyclades, called also Ceos and Cea, from 
 Ceus the son of Titan. Ovid. 20, Heroid. — 
 Virg. G. 1, V. 14. 
 
 CvEciAs, a wind blowing from the north. 
 
 CECILIA, the wife of Sylla. Plut in Syl. 
 
 The mother of Lucullus. Id. in Luc. 
 
 A daughter of Atticus. 
 
 CiEciLiA Caia, or Tanaquil. Vid. Tana- 
 quil. 
 
 Cjscilia Lex, was proposed, A. U. C. 
 693, by Caecil. Metellus Nepos, to remove 
 taxes from all the Italian states, and to give 
 
 them free exportation. Another called also 
 
 Didia, A. U. C. 656, by the consul Q. Caecilius 
 Metellus, and T. Didius. It required that no 
 more than one single matter should be pro- 
 posed to the people in one question, lest by 
 one word they should give their assent to a 
 whole bill, which might contain clauses wor- 
 thy to be approved, and others unworthy. It 
 required that every law, before it was pre- 
 ferred, should be exposed to public view on 
 three market-days. Another, enacted by Cae- 
 cilius Metellus the censor, concerning fullers. 
 
 Flin. 35, c. 17. Another, A. U. C. 701, to 
 
 jrestore to the censors their original rights and 
 privileges, which had been lessened by P. 
 
 Clodius the tribune. Another called also 
 
 Gabinia, A. U. C. 685, against usury. 
 
 CiEciLiANus, a Latin writer before the age of 
 Cicero. 
 
 C^ciLii, a plebeian family at Rome, de- 
 scended from Cascas, one of the companions 
 of iEneas, or from Caeculus the son of Vul- 
 can, who built Praeneste. This family gave 
 birth to many illustrious generals and patriots. 
 
 C^ciLius Claudius Isidorus, a man who 
 left in his will to his heirs, 4116 slaves, 
 3600 yokes of oxen, 257,000 small cattle, 
 
 600,000 pounds of silver. Plin. 33, c. 10. 
 
 Epirus, a freedman of Atticus, who opened 
 a school at Rome, and is said to have first 
 taught reading to Virgil and some other grow- 
 ing poets. A Sicilian orator in the age of 
 
 Augustus, who wrote on the Servile wars, a 
 comparison between DemosthenesandCicero, 
 and an account of the orations of Demos- 
 thenes. Metellus. Vid. Metellus. Sta- 
 tins, a comic poet, deservedly commended 
 by Cicero and Quintilian, though the orator 
 M. Mlic. calls him Malum Latinitatis aucto- 
 rem. Above 30 of his comedies are mention- 
 ed by ancient historians, among which are his 
 Nauclerus, Phocius, Epiclerus, Syracusae, 
 Fcenerator, Fallacia, Pausimachus, &lc. He 
 was a native of Gaul, and died at Rome 168, 
 B. C. and was bui'i«.'d on the Janiculum. Ho- 
 •rat. 2, ep. 1. 
 
 20 
 
 CM 
 
 C^ciNA Tuscus, a son of Nero's nurse, 
 made governor of Egypt. Suet in Ner. 
 A Roman who wrote some physical treatises, 
 
 A citizen of Volaterrae, defended by 
 
 Cicero. 
 
 C^cuBUM, a town of Campania in Italy, 
 near the bay of Caieta, famous for the excel" 
 lence and plenty of its wines. Strab. 5.-*> 
 Horat. 1, od. 20, 1. 2, od. 14, &,c. 
 
 C^cuLUS, a son of Vulcan, conceived, as 
 some say, by his mother, when a spark of fire 
 fell into her bosom. He was called Coeculus, 
 because his eyes were small. After a life spent 
 in plundering and rapine, he built Praeneste ; 
 but being unable to find inhabitants, he im- 
 plored Vulcan to show whether he really was 
 his father. Upon this a flame suddenly shone 
 among a multitude who were assembled to 
 see some spectacle, and they were immedi- 
 ately persuaded to become the subjects of Cas- 
 culus. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 680, says, that he 
 was found in fire by shepherds, and on that 
 account called son of Vulcan, who is the god 
 of fire. 
 
 Q. C^Dicius, a consul, A. U. C. 498, 
 
 — — Another, A. U. C. 465. A military 
 
 tribune in Sicily, who bravely devoted him- 
 self to rescue the Roman army from the Car- 
 thaginians, B. C. 254. He escaped with his 
 
 life. A rich person, he. Virg. Mn. 9, v, 
 
 362. A friend of Turnus. Virg. Mn. 10, 
 
 V. 747. 
 
 C^LiA Lex, was enacted A. U. C. 635, 
 by Caelius, a tribune. It ordained that in ju- 
 dicial proceedings before the people^in cases of 
 treason, the votes should be given upon tablet* 
 contrary to the exception of the Cassian law. 
 
 CjELius, an orator, disciple to Cicero. He 
 died very young. Cicero defended him whea 
 he was accused by Clodius of being accessary 
 to Catiline's conspiracy, and of having mur- 
 dered some ambassadors from Alexandria, and 
 carried on an illicit amour with Clodia the 
 wife of Metellus. Oral, pro M. Ccel. — Quiw 
 
 til. 10, c. 1. A man of Tarracina, found 
 
 murdered in his bed. His sons were suspected 
 of the murder, but acquitted. Val. Max. 8, 
 
 c. 1. Aurelianus, a writer about 300 yeara 
 
 after Christ, the best edition of whose works is 
 
 thatof Almeloveen, Amist. 1722 and 1755. . 
 
 L. Antipater, wrote anhistory ofRome, w^hich, 
 M. Brutus epitomized, and which Adrian 
 preferred to the histories of Sallust. Caelius 
 flourished 120 years, B. C. Val Max. 1, c. 7. 
 
 — Cic. 13, ad. Mic, ep. 8. Tubero, a mans 
 
 who came to life after he had been carried ta 
 
 the burning pile. Plin.T, c. 52. Vibien- 
 
 us, a king of Etruria, who assisted Romulus. 
 
 against the Cseninenses, he. Sabinus, a 
 
 writer in the age of Vespasian, who compo- 
 sed a treatise on the edicts of the curuleediles. 
 
 One of the seven hills on which Roo?e was 
 
 built. Romulus surrounded it with a ditch aud 
 rampart, and it was enclosed by wails by the 
 succeeding kings. It received its name frcm 
 Caelius, who assisted Romulus against the 
 Sabines. 
 
 CjEmaro, a Greek, who wrote an account 
 of India. 
 
 C/ENE, a small Island in the Sicilian sea. 
 
 A toy, .'I Oil the ocast of Laconia, whence Jupi- 
 ter is called Caeuius. PUn. 4, c. 6. — Ovid 
 Mpt 9, T. lc<«. 
 
CM 
 
 •€;eneus, one of the Argonauts. Jipollod. 
 
 1^ c. 9. A Trojan killed by Turnus. Virg. 
 
 CA:NinES, a patronymic of Eetion, as de- 
 scended from Ca^neus. Herodot. 5, c. 92. 
 
 C.iKNiA, a town of Latium near Rome. 
 The inhabitants, called Cmninenses, made war 
 against the Romans when their virgins had 
 been stolen away. Ovid. Fast. 2, v. 135. — 
 Properf. 4, el. 11, c. 9.-—Liv. 1, c. 9. 
 
 Cj€Nis, a promontory of Italy, opposite to 
 relorns in Sicily, a distance of about one mile 
 and a half 
 
 C.'EMs, a Thessalian woman, daughter of 
 Elatus, who being forcibly ravished by Nep- 
 tune, obtained frojii the god the power to 
 change her sex, and to become invulnerable. 
 She also changed her name, and was called 
 Cccncus. In the wars of the Lapithic against 
 the Centaurs, she offended Jupiter, and was 
 overwhelmed with a huge pile of wood, and 
 changed into a bird. — Ovid. Met. 12, v. 172 
 and 479. — Virg. Jl'.n. 6, v. 448, says, that she 
 returned again to her pristine form. 
 
 Q. Servimus CyEPro, a Roman consul,! 
 A. U. C. 648, in the Cimbrian war. He 
 plundered a temple at Tolossa, for which he 
 was punished by divine vengeance, &.c. Jus- 
 tin. 'i'2, c.'^ — Paterc.2,c. 12. A quaestor 
 
 who opposed Saturninus. Cic. ad Her. 
 
 Cjerxtvs, a town of Crete. Strab. A 
 
 river. 
 
 C/ERE, C^REs, anciently Agylla, now 
 Cer-veteri, a city of Etruria, once the capital 
 of the whole country. It was in being in the 
 age of Strabo. Wlien ^Eneas came to Italy, 
 Mezentius was king over the inhabitants cal- 
 led Caretes, or Cccrites; but they banished 
 their pnnce, and assisted the Trojans. The 
 people of Casre received with all possible hos- 
 pitality the Romans who fled with the fire of 
 Vesta, when the city was besieged by the 
 Gauls, and for this humanity they were made 
 citizens of Rome, but without the privilege of 
 voting ; whence Ccerites tabulcc was applied to 
 those who had no suffrage, and Cierites cera 
 appropriated as a mark of contempt. Virg. 
 ^n. Sand 10.— /ir. 1, c. 2.— 5/ra6.5. 
 C.EKE51, a [)eople of Germany. Ccns. 
 Cesar, a surname given to the Julian fami- 
 ly at Rome, either because one of them kept 
 an elephant, which bears the same name in the 
 Punic tongue, or because one was born with a 
 thick head of hair. This name, after it had 
 been dignified in the person of Julius Caesar, 
 and of his successors, av as given to the appa- 
 rent heir of the empire, in the age of the Ro- 
 man emperors. The twelve first Roman em- 
 perors were distinguished by the surname of 
 C'cesar. They reigned in the following order 
 Julius Caesar, Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula 
 • Claudius, Nero, Galba, Otho, Vitellius, Ves- 
 pasian, Tif us, and Domitian. In Domitian, or 
 rather in Nero, the family of Julius Ceesar was 
 extinguished. But after such a lapse of time, 
 the appellation of Ccesar seemed inseparable 
 from the insperial dignity, and therefore it 
 was assumed by the sticcessors of the Julian 
 family. Suetonius has written an account of 
 these tv.rlve characteis, in an extensive and 
 
 impartial jnanncr. C. .lulius Cajsar, the first 
 
 emperor of Rome, was son of li. Cajsar and 
 Aurelia the dang.hter of Cotta. He was des- 
 t\f ndt'd; according to some accouiits.from Ju- 
 
 CiE! 
 
 Hu5 the son of iEneas. When he reached hh 
 15th year he lost his father, and the year after 
 he was made priest of Jupiter. Sylla v,as 
 aware of his ambition, and endeavoured to re- 
 move him ; but Caesar understood his inten- 
 tions, and to avoid discovery, changed every 
 day his lodgings. He Avas received into Sylla's 
 friendship some time after; and the dictator 
 told those who solicited the advancement of 
 young Caesar, that they were warm in the in- 
 terest of a man who would prove, some day or 
 other, the ruin of their country and of their 
 liberty. When Caesar went to finish his stu- 
 dies at Rhodes, under Apollonius Molo, he was 
 seized by pirates, who oSered him his liberty 
 for 30 talents. He gave them 40, and threat- 
 ened to revenge their insults ; and he no soon- 
 er was out of their power, than he armed a 
 ship, pursued them, and crucified them all. 
 His eloquence procured him friends, at Rome, 
 and the generous manner in which he lived, 
 equally served to promote his interest. He 
 obtained the office of high priest at the death, 
 of Metellus ; and after he had passed through 
 the inferior employments of the state, he was 
 appointed over Sj)ain, where he signalized 
 himself by his valour and intrigues. At his 
 return to Rome, he was made consul, and 
 soon after he effected a reconciliation between 
 Crassus and Pompey. He Avas appointed for 
 the space of five yeai-s over the Gauls, by the 
 interest of Pompey, to w-hom he had given 
 his daughter Julia in marriage. Here he en- 
 larged the boundaries of the Roman empire, 
 by conquest, and invaded Britain, which was 
 then unknown to the Roman people. He 
 checked the Germans, and soon after had his 
 government over Gaul prolonged to five other 
 years, by means of his friends at Rome. The 
 death of Julia and of Crassus, the corrupted 
 state of the Roman senate, and the ambition 
 of Caisar and Pompey, soon became the 
 causes of a civil war. Neither of these ce- 
 lebrated Romans would suffer a superior, and 
 the smallest matters were sufficient ground 
 for unsheathing the sword. Cccsar's petitions 
 were received witii coldness or indifference 
 by the Roman senate ; and by the influence 
 of Pompey, a decree was passed to strip hira 
 of his power. Antony, Avho opposed it as 
 tribune, fled to Caesar's camp with the news ; 
 and the ambitious general no sooner heard 
 this, than he made it a plea of resistance. On 
 pretence of avenging the violence which had 
 been offered to the sacred office of tribune 
 in the person of Antony, he crossed the Ru- 
 bicon, which was the boundary of his pro- 
 vince. The passage of the Rubicon was a de- 
 claration of war, and C«sar entered Italy, 
 sword in hand. Upon tliis, Pompey, witli 
 all the friends of liberty, left Rome, and re- 
 tired to Dyrrachium ; and Ca3sar, after he had 
 subdued all Italy, in 60 days, entered Rome, 
 and provided himself with money from the 
 j)ublic ti-easury. He went to Spain, where he 
 conquered the partizans of Pompey, under 
 Petreius, Afranius, and Varro; and, at iiis 
 return to Rome, was declared dictator, and 
 soon after consul. When he left Rome, he 
 went in que^'t of Pompey, observing that he 
 was marcliiugagalnst a general without troojis, 
 after having defeated troops without a ge- 
 neral in Spain, la the phiias of Pharsalia, 
 
B. C. 48, the tivo hostile generals engaged. 
 Pompey was con(juered, and fled into Egypt, 
 where he was murdered. Csesar, after he 
 had made a noble use of victory, pursued his 
 adversary into Egypt, where he for sometime 
 forgot his fame and character in the arms of 
 Cleopatra, by whom he had a sosi. His dan- 
 ger was great while at Alexandria ; but he 
 extricated himself with wonderful success, and 
 made Egypt tributary to his powder. After 
 several conquests in Afi'ica, the defeat of Ca- 
 to, Scipio, and Juba, and that of Pompey's 
 sons in Spain, he entered Rome, and trium- 
 phed over five different nations, Gaul, Alexan- 
 dria, Pontus, Africa, and Spain, and was crea- 
 ted perpetual dictator. But now his glory was 
 at an end, his uncommon success created him 
 enemies, and the chiefest of the senators, 
 among whom was Brutus, his most intimate 
 friend, conspired against him, and stabbed him 
 in the senate-house on the ides of March. He 
 died, pierced with 23 wounds, the 15th of 
 March, B. C. 44, in the 56th year of his age. 
 Casca gave hirathe first bloAV, and immediately 
 fee attempted to make some resistance; but 
 when he saw Brutus among the conspirators, 
 he submitted to his fate, and fell down at their 
 feet, muiiling up his mantle, and exclaiming, 
 Til quoque Brute ! Caesar migiit have escaped 
 the sword of the conspirators, if he had listen- 
 €;d to the advice of his wife, whose dreams, on 
 the night previous to the day of his murder, 
 Tv'ere alarming. He also received, as he went 
 to the senate-house, a paper from Artemido- 
 rus, which discovered the whole conspiracy to 
 him ; but he neglected the reading of what 
 might have saved his life. When he was in his 
 first campaign in Spain, he was observed to 
 gaze at a statue of Alexander, and even shed 
 tears at the recollection that that hero had con- 
 quered the world at an age in which he himself 
 had done nothing. The learning of Caesar de- 
 serves commendation, as well as his military 
 diaracter. He reformed the calendar. He 
 wrote his commentaries on the Gallic wars, on 
 the spot where he fought his battles; and the 
 comj)osition has been admired for the elegance 
 as well as the correctness of its style. This 
 valuable book was nearly lost ; and when Cce- 
 sar saved his life in the bay of Alexandria, he 
 was obliged to swim from his ship, with his 
 arms in one hand and his commentaries in the 
 other. Besides tiie Gallic and Civil wai's, he 
 wrote other pieces, which are now^ lost. The 
 history of the war in Alexandria and Spain is at- 
 tributed to him by some, and by others to Hir- 
 tius. Caesar has been blamed for his debauch- 
 eries and expenses ; and the first year he had 
 a public office, his debts were rated at 830 ta- 
 lents, which his friends discharged ; yet, in 
 his public character, he must be reckoned one 
 of the few heroes that rarely make their ap- 
 pearance among mankind His qualities were 
 such, that in every battle he could not be but 
 conqueror, and in every republic, master; 
 and to his sense of his superiority over the rest 
 of the world, or to hie ambition, we are to 
 attribute his saying, that he wished rather to 
 be first in a little village, then second at 
 Rome. It was after his conquest over Pharnaces 
 in one day, that he made use of these remark- 
 able words, to express the celerity of his ope- 
 *fations ; Vf,ni, i-kH, vici, ConBcious of the 
 
 services of a man, who, in the inteivals of 
 peace, beautified and enriched the capital of 
 his country with public buildings, libraries, and 
 porticos, the senate permitted the dictator to 
 wear a laurel crown on his bald head ; and it 
 is said, that, to reward his benevolence, they 
 were going to give him the title or authority of 
 king all over the Roman empire, except Italy, 
 when he was murdered. In his private cha- 
 racter, Csesar has been accused of seducing one 
 of the vestal virgins, and suspected of being 
 privy to Catiline's conspiracy ; and it was his 
 fondness for dissipated pleasures which made 
 his countrymen saj- that he was the husband of 
 all the women at Rome, and the woman of 
 all men. It is said that he conquered 300 na- 
 tions, took 800 cities, and defeated thre« mil- 
 lions of men, one of which fell in the field of 
 battle. Plin. 7, c. 25, says that he could em- 
 ploy at the same time, his ears to listen, his 
 eyes to read, his hand to write, and his mind 
 to dictate. His death was preceded, as many 
 authors mention, by uncommon prodigies ; and 
 immediately after his death, a large comet 
 made its appearance. The best editions of 
 Caesar's commentaries, are the magnificent 
 one by Dr. Clarke, fol. Lond. 1712; that of 
 Cambridge, with a Greek translation, 4to. 
 1727 ; that of Oudendorp, 2 volumes 4to. L. 
 Bat. 1737; and that of Elzevir, 8vo. L. Bat. 
 1635. Sueton. ^ Plut. in vita. — Dio — ^p- 
 pian. — Orosius. — Diod. 16 and eel. 31 and 37. 
 Virg. G. 1, V. 466.— Ovid Met. 15, v. 782.— 
 Marcell. — Flor. 3 and 4. Lucius, W'as fa- 
 ther to the dictator. He died suddenly, Avhen 
 
 putting on his shoes. Octavianus. Vid. 
 
 Augustus. Caius, a tragic poet and orator, 
 
 commended by Cic. in Brut. His brother C, 
 Lucius, was consul, and followed, as well as 
 himself, the party of Sylla. They were both 
 
 put to death by order of Marius. Lucius, 
 
 an uncle of M. Antony, who followed the in- 
 terest of Pompey, and was proscribed by Au- 
 gustus, for which Antony proscribed Cicero, 
 the friend of Augustus. His son Lucius was 
 
 put to death by J. Ca?sar, in his youth. Two 
 
 sons of Agrippa bore also the name of Caesars, 
 
 Caius and Lucius. Vid. Agrippa. Augus- 
 
 ta, a town of Spain, built by Augustus, on thp 
 Iberus, and now called Saragossa. 
 
 C^SAUEA, a city of Cappadocia, of Bi- 
 
 thynia, of Mauritania, of Palestine. 
 
 There are many small insignificant towns of 
 that name, either built by the emperors, or 
 called by their name, in compliment to them 
 
 C.ESARioN, the son of J. Caesar, by queen 
 Cleopatra, was, at the age of 13, proclaimed 
 by Antony and his mother, king of Cyprus, 
 Egypt, and Calosyria. He was j)ut to death 
 five years after by Augustus. Sutf. in Aug.^ 
 17, and C(es.52. 
 
 C^SKNNius PiETUS, a general sent by Nero 
 to Armenia, fcc. Tacit. 15, .^nn. 6 and 25. 
 
 C^.SETios, a Roman who protected his 
 children against Cajsar. Val. Max. 5, c, 7. 
 
 Cj*:,sia, a surname of Minerva. A wood 
 
 in Germany. 2V/ci7. 1, ^mi. c. 59. 
 
 CiEsius, a Latin poet, whose talents were 
 
 not of uncommon brilliancy. Catull. 14. 
 
 A lyric and heroic poet in the reign of JNero 
 Persius. 
 
 CiEso, a sou of Q. Cincinnalus, who r^voltej^ 
 to the Volsci. 
 
CA 
 
 Cjesosia, a lascivious woman who married 
 Caligula, and was murdered at the same time 
 with her daughter Julia. Suet, in Calig. c. 59. 
 
 C5:soNius, Maximus, was banished from 
 Italy by Nero, on account of his friendship 
 with Seneca, &c. Tacit. 15, y?n?i. c. 71. 
 
 Cjetulum, a town of Spain. Strab. 2, 
 
 Cagaco, a fountain of Laconia. Pans. 3, 
 C.24. 
 
 Caicinus, a river of Locris. Thucyd. 3, c. 
 303. 
 
 Caicus, a companion of iEneas. Virg. JF,n. 
 1, V. 187, 1. 9, V. 35. A river of Mysia, fall- 
 ing into the ^gean sea, opposite Lesbos. 
 Yirg. G. 4, V. 370.— Ovid. Met. 2, v. 243. 
 
 Caieta, a town, promontory, and harbour 
 of Campania, which received its name from 
 Caieta, the nurse of iEneas, who was buried 
 there. Vi7-g. JEn. 7, v. 1. 
 
 Caius and Caia, a praenomen very com- 
 mon at Rome to both sexes. C, in its natural 
 position, denoted the man's name, and when 
 reversed 3 it implied Caia. Qidntil. 1, c. 7. 
 
 Caius, a son of Agrippa by Julia. Vid. 
 Agrippa. 
 
 Q. Calaber, called also Smyrnreus, wrote 
 a Greek poem in 14 books, as a continuation 
 of Homer's Iliad, about the beginning of the 
 third century. The best editions of this ele- 
 gant and well written book, are, that of Rho- 
 doman, 12mo. Hanover, 1604, with the notes 
 of Dausqueius, and that of Pauw, 8vo. L. Bat. 
 1734. 
 
 Calabria, a country of Italy in Magna 
 Grajcia. It has been called Messapia, Japygia, 
 Salentini, and Peucetia. The poet Ennius 
 was born there. The countiy was fertile, and 
 produced a variety of fruits, much cattle, and 
 excellent honey. Virg. G. 3, v. 425. — Horat. 
 1, od.31. Epod. 1, v. 27, !. 1, ep. 7, v. 14.— 
 Strab. 6.— Mela, 2, c. 4.—Plin. 8, c. 48 
 
 Calabrus, a river of Calabria. Pans. 6. 
 
 Calagurritani, a people of Spain, who 
 ate their wives and children, rather than yield 
 to Pompey. Val. Max. 7, c. 6, 
 
 Calais and Zethes. Vid. Zethes. 
 
 Calagutis, a river of Spain. Flor. 3, c. 
 22. 
 
 Calamis, an excellent carver. Propert. 3, 
 el. 9, v. 10. 
 
 Calamisa, a place of Samos. Herodot. 9. 
 
 Calabios, a town of Asia, near mount Li- 
 banus. Plin. 5, c, 20. A town of Phoeni- 
 cia. Another of Babylonia. 
 
 Calamus, a son of the river Magander, who 
 xvas tenderly attached to Carpo, he. Pans. 
 9, c. 35. 
 
 Calanus, a celebrated Indian philosopher, 
 one of the gymnosophists. He followed Alex- 
 ander in his Indian expedition, and being sick, 
 in his 83 year, he ordered a pile to be raised, 
 upon which he mounted, decked with flowers 
 and frarlands, to the astonishment of the king 
 and of the army. When the pile was fired, 
 Alexander asked him whether he had any 
 thing to say : " No," said he, " I shall meet 
 you again in a very short time." Alexander 
 died three months after in Babylon. Strab. 
 15. — Cic de Div. 1, c. 23. — Arrian. ^ Plut. in 
 Alex.—JElian. 2, c. 41, 1. 5, c Q.— VnL Max. 1, 
 e.8. 
 
 Calaon, a river of Asia, negir Colophon. 
 Paus. 7, c. 3. 
 
 CA 
 
 Calaris, a city of Sardinia. Flor. 2, c. 6, 
 
 Calathana, a town of Macedonia. Liv. 
 32, c. 13. 
 
 Calathion, a mountain of Laconia. Paus, 
 3, c. 26. 
 
 Calathus, a son of Jupiter and Antiope, 
 
 Calates, a town of Thrace near Tomus, 
 on the Euxine sea. Strab. 7. — Mela, 2, c. 2. 
 
 Calatia, a town of Campania, on the Ap- 
 pian way. It was made a Roman colony ia 
 the age of Julius Caesar. Sil. 8, v. 543. 
 
 Calatia, a people of India, who eat the 
 flesh of their parents. Herodot. 3, c. 38. 
 
 Calavii, a people of Campania. Liv. 26, 
 c. 27. 
 
 Calavius, a magistrate of Capua, who res- 
 cued some Roman senators from death, &ic. 
 Liv. 23, c. 2 and 3. 
 
 Calaurea and Calauria, an island near 
 Trcezene in the bay of Argos. Apollo, and 
 afterwards Neptune, was the chief deity of the 
 place. The tomb of Demosthenes was seen 
 there, who poisoned himself to flee from the 
 persecutions of Antipater. Ovid. Met. 7, v. 
 384.— Paus. 1, c. 3, kc.Strab. 8.— Mela, 2, 
 c. 7. 
 
 Calbis, a river of Caria. Mela, 1, c. 16. 
 
 Calce, a city of Campania. Strab. 5. 
 
 Calchas, a celebrated soothsayer, son of 
 Thestor. He accompanied the Greeks to Troy, 
 in the office of high priest; and he informed 
 them that that city could not be taken with- 
 out the aid of Achilles, that their fleet could 
 not sail from Aulis before Iphigenia was sacri- 
 ficed to Diana, and that the plague could not be 
 stopped in the Grecian army, before the res- 
 toration of Chiycis to her father. He told 
 them also that Troy could not be taken before 
 ten years siege. He had received the power 
 of divination from Apollo. Calchas was in- 
 formed, that as soon as he found a man more 
 skilled than himself in divination, he must pe- 
 rish ; and this happened near Colophon, after 
 the Trojan war. He was unable to tell how 
 many figs were in the branches of a certain 
 fig-tree ; and when Mopsus mentioned the ex- 
 act number, Calchas died through grief. [ Vid. 
 Mopsus.] Homer. II. 1, v. 69. — JEschyl. m 
 Agam. — Eurip. in Iphig. — Paus. 1, c. 43. 
 
 Calchedonia. Vid. Calchedon. ■ 
 
 Calchinia, a daughter of Leucippus. She 
 had a son by Neptune, who inherited his 
 grandfather's kingdom of Sicyon. Paus. 2, c. 5. 
 
 Caldus Cje-livs, a Roman wko killed him- 
 self when detained by the Germans. Paterc. 
 2, c. 120. 
 
 Cale, (es) Cales, (ium,) and Calencm, 
 now Calvi, a town of Campania. Horat. 4,od. 
 12.— Juv. 1, v. 69.— Sil. 8, v. 413.— Virg. *5Cn. 
 7, V. 728. 
 
 Caledonia, a country at the north of Bri- 
 tain, now called Scotland. The reddish hair 
 and lofty stature of its inhabitants seemed to 
 denounce a German extraction, according to 
 Tacit, in vild Agric. It was so little known 
 to the Romans, and its inhabitants so little ci- 
 vilized, that they called it Britannia Barbara, 
 and they never penetrated into the country 
 either for curiosity or conquest. Martial. 10, 
 ep. 44.— Sil. 3, v. 598. 
 
 Calentum, a place of Spain, where it is 
 said they made bricks so light that they swam 
 on the surface of the water. Plin. 35, c. 14. 
 
falling into 
 
 CA 
 
 Calenus, a famous soothsayer of Etruria, 
 
 In the age of Tarquin. Plin. 28, c. 2. A 
 
 lieutenant of Cassar's army. After Caesar's 
 murder, he concealed some that had been pro- 
 acribed by the triumvirs, and behaved with 
 great honom* to them. Plut. in Cces. 
 
 Cales, Vid. Cale. A city of Bithynia on 
 
 the Euxine. Arrian. 
 
 Calesius, a charioteer of Axylus, killed by 
 Diomedes in the Trojan war. Homer. 11.16, v. 16. 
 
 Cail£.tm, a people of Belgic Gaul, now 
 Pays de Cauxy in Normandy. Cces. Bell. G. 
 2; c. 4, Their town is called Caletum. 
 
 Caletor, a Trojan prince, slain by Ajax 
 as he was going to set fire to the ship of 
 Protesilaus. Homer. II. 15, v. 419. 
 
 Calex, a river of Asia Minor, 
 the Euxine sea. Thucyd. 4, c. 75 
 
 Caliadne, the wife of Egyptus. ^ollod. 
 % c. 1. 
 
 Caliceni, a people of Macedonia. 
 
 M. Calidius, an orator and pretorian who 
 died in the civil wai's, Sic. Cces. Bell. Civ. 
 
 1, c. 2. L. Julius, a man remarkable for 
 
 his riches, the excellency of his character, his 
 learning and poetical abilities. He was pro- 
 scribed by Volumnius, but delivered by Atti- 
 cus. C. JVep. in Jitiic. 12. 
 
 C. Caligula, the emperor, received this 
 surname from his wearing in the camp, the 
 Caliga, a military covering for the leg. He was 
 son of Germanicus by Agrippina, and grand- 
 eon to Tiberius. During the first eight months 
 of his reignr Rome expected universal prosper- 
 ity, the exiles were recalled, taxes were remit- 
 ted, and profligates dismissed; but Caligula 
 soon became proud, wanton, and cruel. He 
 built a temple to himself, and ordered his head 
 to be placed on the images of the gods, while 
 he wished to imitate the thunders and power 
 of Jupiter. The statues of all great men were 
 removed, as if Rome would sooner forget her 
 virtues in their absence ; and the emperor ap- 
 peared in public places in tiie most indecent 
 manner, encouraged roguery, committed in- 
 cest with his three sisters, and established pub- 
 lic places of prostitution. He often amused 
 himself with putting innocent people to death ; 
 he attempted to famish Rome, by a monopoly 
 of corn ; and as he was pleased with the great- 
 est disasters which befell his subjects, he often 
 wished the Romans had but one head, that he 
 might have the gratification to strike it oflf. 
 Wild beasts were constantly fed in his palace 
 with human victims, and a favourite horse was 
 made high-priest and consul, and kept in mar- 
 ble apaitments, and adorned with the most 
 valuable trappings and pearls the Roman em- 
 pire could furnish. Caligula built a bridge up- 
 wards of three miles in the sea ; and would per- 
 haps have shown himself more tyrannical, had 
 not Chajreas, one of his servants, formed a con- 
 spiracy against his life, with others equally 
 tired with the cruelties and the insults that 
 were offered with impunity to the persons and 
 feelings of the Romans. In consequence of 
 this, the tyrant was murdered Januaiy 24th, in 
 his 29th year, after a reign of three years and 
 ten months, A. D. 41. It has been said, that 
 Caligula wrote a treatise on rhetoric ; but his 
 love of learning is better understood from his 
 attempts to destroy the writings of Homer and i 
 of Virgil. Bio.-^Suelon. in vitA-^Tacif. 4nn. | 
 
 CA 
 
 Calipus, a mathematician of Cyzicus, B 
 C. 330. 
 
 Calis, a man in Alexander's army, tortured 
 for conspiring against the king. Curt. 6, c. 1 1. 
 
 Call;5:scheru3, the father of Critias. Plut. 
 in Mcih. 
 
 Callaici, a people of Lusitania, now Gal- 
 licia, at the north of Spain. Ovid. 6, Fast. v. 
 461. 
 
 Callas, a general of Alexander. Diod, 
 
 17. Of Cassander against Polyperchon. /tt 
 
 19. A river of Eubcea. 
 
 Callatebus, a town of Caria. Herodot. 7, 
 c. 32. 
 
 Calle, atown of ancient Spain, now Opor- 
 to, at the mouth of the Douro in Portugal. 
 
 Calleteria, a town of Campania. 
 
 Calleni, a people of Campania. 
 
 Callia, a town of Arcadia. Pans. 8. c. 27. 
 
 Calliades, a magistrate of Athens when 
 Xerxes invaded Greece. Herodot. 8, c. 51. 
 
 Calllis, an Athenian appointed to make 
 peace between Artaxerxes and his country. 
 Diod. 12. A son of Temenus, who mur- 
 dered his father with the assistance of his 
 
 brothers, .^polled. 2, c. 6. A Greek poet, 
 
 son of Lysimachus. His compositions are lost. 
 He wassurnamed Schcenion, from his twisting 
 ropes, (<rx:eiv©--,) through poverty. Mhen 10. 
 
 A partial historian of Syracuse. He wrote 
 
 an account of the Sicilian wai's, and was well 
 rewarded by Agathocles, because he had shown 
 him in a favourable view. Athen. 12. — Dionys. 
 An Athenian greatly revered for his pa- 
 triotism. Herodot. 6, c. 121. A soothsayer. 
 
 An Athenian, commander of a fleet 
 
 against Philip, whose ships he took, he. A 
 
 rich Athenian; who liberated Cimon from pri- 
 son, on condition of marrying his sister and 
 
 wife Elpinice. C. Ntp. and Plut. in Cim. 
 
 A historian, who wrote an explanation of the 
 poems of AlcaeuS and Sapj)ho. 
 
 Callibius, a general in the. war between 
 Mantinea and Sparta. Xenoph. Hist. G. 
 
 Callicerus, a Greek poet, some of whose 
 epigi'ams are preserved in the Anthologia. 
 
 Callichorus, a place of Phocis, where 
 the orgies of Bacchus were yearly celebrated, 
 
 Calllicles, an Athenian, whose house was 
 not searched on account of his recent mar- 
 riage, when an inquiry was made after th^ 
 money given by Harpalus, &,c. Plut. in Dc- 
 mosth. A statuary of Megara. 
 
 Callicolona, a place of Troy, near the 
 Simois. 
 
 Calucrates, an Athenian, who seized 
 upon the sovereignty of Syracuse, by imposing 
 upon Dion when he had lost his popularity. 
 He was expelled by the sons of Dionysius, af- 
 ter reigning thirteen months. He is called 
 Callipus, by some authors, C. JVep. in Dimi. 
 
 An officer intrusted with the care of the 
 
 treasures of Susa by Alexander. Curt. 5, c. 2 
 
 An artist, who made, witli ivory, m\\s 
 
 and other insects, so small that they could 
 scarcely be seen. It is said that he engraved 
 some of Homer's verses upon a grain of millet. 
 
 Plin. 7, c. 21-vE/wn. V. H. 1, c. 17. An 
 
 Athenian, who by his perfidy constrained the 
 Athenians to submit to Rome. Pous. 7, c. 10. 
 
 A Syrian who wrote an account of Aurc- 
 
 lian's life. A brave Athenian killed at liie 
 
 battle of Platae. Htrodot. 9, c. 72. 
 
CA 
 
 Callicrat;daSj a Spartan, who succeeded 
 Lysfinder in the command of the fleet. He 
 took Alethymna, and routed the Athenian fleet 
 under Conon. He was defeated and killed 
 near the Arginuia?, in a naval battle, B. C. 
 
 406. Diod. 13. — Xenopli. Hisl. G. One of 
 
 the four ambassadors sent by the Lacedaemo- 
 nians to Darius, upon the rupture of their al- 
 liance with Alexander. Cart. 3, c. 13. A 
 
 Pythagorean writer. 
 
 Callioius, a celebrated Roman orator, 
 contemporary with Cicero, who speaks of his 
 abilities with commendation. Cic. in Brut. 
 2'74.~-Paterc. 2, c. 36. 
 
 Callidromus, a place near Thermopylae. 
 Thucyd. 8, c. 6. 
 
 Calligetus, a man of Megara, received in 
 his banishment bv Pharnabazus. Thucyd. 8, 
 c. 6. 
 
 Callimachus, an historian and poet of 
 Cyrene, son of Battus and Mesatma, and pupil 
 to Hermocrates the grammarian. He had, in 
 the age of Ptolemy Philadelphus, kept a school 
 at Alexandria, and had Apollonius of Rhodes 
 among his pupils, whose ingratitude obliged 
 Callimachus to lash hira severely in a satirical 
 poem, under the name of Ibis. (Fi«f. Apollo- 
 nius.) The Ibis of Ovid is an imitation of this 
 piece. He wrote a work in 120 books on fa- 
 mous men, besides treatises on birds ; but of 
 aJl his numerous compositions, only '31 epi- 
 grams, an elegy, and some hymns on the gods, 
 are extant; the best editions of which, are 
 that of Ernestus, 2 vols. 8vo. L. 1761, and that 
 of Vukanius, 12mo. Antwerp, 1584. Pro- 
 pertius styled himself the Roman CaUhnachus. 
 The precise time of his death, as well as of his 
 birth, is unknown. Property 4, el. 1, v. 65. — 
 Cic. Tu.'ic. 1, c. 84.~—Horat. 2, ep. 2, v. 109.— 
 Quhdil. 10, c. 1. An Athenian general kill- 
 ed in the battle of Marathon. His body was 
 found in an erect posture, all covered with 
 
 wounds. Phd. A Colophonian, who wrote 
 
 tae lite of Homer. Plut. 
 
 Callimedo.v, a partizan of Phocion, at 
 Athens, condemned by the populace. 
 
 Callimeles, a youth ordered to be killed 
 and served up as meat by ApoUodorus of Cas- 
 sandrea. PolycBn. 6, c. 7. 
 
 Callinus, an orator, who is said to have 
 first invented elegiac poetry, B. C. 776. Some 
 of his verses are to be found in Stobajus. Aihtn. 
 —Strab. 13. 
 
 Caeliope, one of the muses, daughter of 
 Jupiter and Mnemosyne, who presided over 
 eloquence and heroic poetiy. She is said to 
 be the mother of Orpheus by Apollo, and Ho- 
 race supposes her able to play on any musical 
 instrument. She was represented with a 
 trumpet in her right hand, and with books in 
 the other, which signified that her ollice was 
 to take notice of the famous actions of heroes, 
 as Clio was emploved in celebrating them : and 
 she held the three most famous epic poems of 
 antiquity, and appeared generally crowned 
 with laurels. She settled the dispute between 
 Venus and Proserpine, concerning Adonis^ 
 whose company these two goddesses wished 
 botJi perpetually to enjoy. Htsiod. Thcog. — 
 Jlpollod. 1, c. 3. — Moral, od. 
 
 •"ae.mpatika, daughter of Diagoras, and 
 wife of Callianax the athlete, went disguised in 
 :nuf. £ clothes with her son Pisidoi'us, to the 
 
 CA 
 
 Olympic games. When Pisidorus was declar- 
 ed victor, she discovered her sex through ex- 
 cess of joy, and was arrested, as women wer«5 
 not permitted to appear there on pain of death- 
 The victory of her son obtained her release ; 
 and a law was instantly made, which forbade 
 any wrestlers to appear but naked. Pans. 
 5, c. 6, 1. 6, c. 7. 
 
 Caleiphon, a painter of Samos, famous for 
 
 his historical pieces, Plin. 10, c. 26, A 
 
 philosopher who made the summum bonum- 
 consist in pleasure joined to the love of hon- 
 esty. This system was opposed by Cicero. QacBst. 
 Acad. 4, c. 131 and 139. de Offic. 3, c. 119. 
 
 Caleiphron, a celebrated dancing master* 
 who had Epaminondas among his pupils. C. 
 JVep. in Epam. 
 
 Callipidje, a people of Scythia. Htrodot. 
 4, c. 17. 
 
 Callipolis, a city of Thrace on the Hel-; 
 
 lespont. SiL 14, v. 250. A town of Sicily 
 
 near -Stna. A city of Calabria on the coast 
 
 of Tarentum, on a rocky island, joined by a 
 bridge to the continent. It is now called GaU 
 lipoli,aind contains 6000 inhabitants, who trade^ 
 in oil and cotton, , 
 
 Caeeipus or Calippus, an Athenian, dis- 
 ciple to Plato. He destroyed Dion, &ic. Vid. 
 Callicrates. C. JYep. in Dion. A Corin- 
 thian, who wrote an history of Orchomeuos.* 
 
 Pans, 6, c. 29. A philosopher. Diog. in: 
 
 Zen. A general of the Athenians when the,| 
 
 Gauls invaded Greece by Thermopylie. Paus,^ 
 1, c. 3. 
 
 Caelipyges, a surname of Venus. 
 
 Caleirhoe, a daughter of the Scamander,. 
 who married Troas, by wliom she had Ilus, Ga- , 
 
 nyraede, and Assaracus. A fountain of At-i 
 
 tica where Callirhoe killed Iierself. Vid. Co-vJ 
 resus. Pans. 7,c. 21. — Slal. 12. Theb. v. 629. 
 
 -A daughter of Piras anc 
 
 A daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, mo- 
 ther of Echidna, Orthos, and Cerberus, by.^i 
 
 Chrysaor. Hesiod. A daughter of Lycusj 
 
 tyrant of Libya, who kindly received Diome^ 
 des at his return from Troy. He abandonedl 
 her, upon which she killed herself. - 
 daughter of the Achelous, who married Alci 
 mieor^. Vid. Alcmason. Pans. 8, c. 24.- 
 A daiighter of Phocus the Bojotian, whose^^ 
 beauty procured her many admirers. Her fa- 
 ther behaved with such coldness to her lovers! 
 that they murdered him. Callirhoe avengedi 
 his death with the assistance of the Boeotians; 
 Phd. Amat.JVarr.- 
 Niobe. Hygin. fab. 145. 
 
 Calliste, an island of the ^gean sea, call- 
 ed afterwards Thera. Plin. 4, c. 12. — Pans. 3,« 
 
 c. 1, Its chief town was founded 1150 yearsj 
 
 before the christian era, by Theras. 
 
 Caleistel\, a festival at Lesbos, during! 
 which, all the women presented themselves : 
 the temple of Juno, and the fairest was re- 
 warded in a public manner. There Avas alsoj 
 an institution of the same kind among tUel 
 Parrhasians, first made by Cypselus, whose] 
 wife was honoured with the first prize. Thel 
 Eleans had one also, in whicli the fairest manj 
 received as a prize a complete suit of armour,! 
 which he dedicated to Minerva. 
 
 CaelistiijLnes, a Greek who wrote ani 
 history of his own country in 10 books, begin- 
 ning from the })eace between Artaxerxes and-i 
 Greece, down to the plundering of the temple- 
 
CA 
 
 »f Delphi by Philoraelus. Dlod. 14. — — x\ 
 man who with others attempted to expel the 
 garrison of Demetrius from Athens. Poly(zn. 
 5, c. 17.- — A philosopher of Olynthus, inti- 
 mate with Alexander, whom he accompanied 
 in his oriental expedition in the capacity of a 
 preceptor, and to whom he had been recom- 
 mended by his friend and master Aristotle. 
 lie refused to pay di\ine honours to the king, 
 for which he was accused of conspiracy, mu- 
 tilated, and exposed to wild beasts, di-agged 
 about in chains, till Lysimachus gave him poi- 
 son which ended together his tortures and his 
 life, B. C. 328. None of his compositions are 
 extant. Curt. 8, c. 6. — Plut.inAlex.—Jlrri- 
 
 an, 4. — Justin. 12, c. 6 and 7. A writer of 
 
 Sybaris. A ffeedman of Lucullus. It is 
 
 said that he gave poison to his master. Plut. 
 in Lucull. 
 
 Caixisto and Calisto, called also Helice, 
 was daughter of Lycaon king of Arcadia, 
 and one of Diana's attendants. Jupiter saw 
 her, and seduced her after he had assumed 
 the shape of Diana. Her pregnancy was dis- 
 covered as she bathed with Diana ; and the 
 fruit of her amour with Jupiter, called Areas, 
 was hid in the woods and preserved. Juno, 
 who was jealous of Jupiter, changed Calisto 
 into a bear ; but the god, apprehensive of her 
 being hurt by the huntsmen, made her a con- 
 stellation of heaven, with her son Areas, under 
 the name of the bear. Ovid. Met. 2, fab. 4, 
 ^c.—.^pollod.3,c.8.—Hi/gin. fab. 176 and 177. 
 ^ Paus. 8, c. 3. 
 
 Callistonicus, a celebrated statuary at 
 Thebes. Pans. 9, c. 3. 
 
 Callistratus, an Athenian, appointed 
 general with Timotheus and Chabris against 
 
 Lacedaemon. Diod. 15. An orator of A- 
 
 phidna in the time of Epaminondas, the most 
 
 eloquent of his age. An Athenian orator, 
 
 with whom Demosthenes made an intimate 
 acquaintance after he had heard him plead. 
 
 Xtnoph. A Greek historian praised by Di- 
 
 onys. Hal. A comic poet, rival of Aristo- 
 
 plianes. A statuary. PUn. 34, c. S. A 
 
 secretary of Mithridates. Plut. in Luculli. 
 
 A grammarian, who made the alphabet of 
 
 the Samians consist of 24 letters. Some sup- 
 pose that he wrote a treatise on courtezans. 
 
 Calli.xj^na, a courtezan of Thessaly, whose 
 company Alexander refused, though requested 
 by his mother Olympias. This was attributed 
 by the Atiienians to other causes than chas- 
 tity, and therefore the prince's ambition was 
 ridiculed. 
 
 Callixe>'us, a general who perished by fa- 
 mine. An Athenian, imprisoned for pass- 
 ing .sentence of death upon some prisoners. 
 Diod. 13. 
 
 Calok, a3tatuar}^ Quinlil. 12, c. 10. — Plin. 
 34, c. 8. 
 
 Calor, now Calore, a river in Italy near 
 Beneventura. Liv. 14, c. 14. 
 
 Calpk, a lofty mountain in the most south- 
 ern parts of Spain, opposite to mount Abyla 
 on the African coast. These two mountains 
 were called the pillars of Hercules. Calpe is 
 BOW called Gibraltar. 
 
 Calphurnia, a daughter of L. Piso, who 
 was Julius Ca3sai''s fourth wife. The night 
 previous to her husbands murder, she dream- 
 ed that the roof of her house UacKalltn, ao(i 
 
 that he hatd been stabbed in her arms ; and on 
 that account, she attempted, but in vain, to 
 detain him at home. After Caesar's murder, she 
 placed herself under the patronage of M. An- 
 tony. Sucion.in Jul. 
 
 Calphurnius Bestia, a noble Roman brib- 
 ed by Jugurtha. It is said that he murdered 
 
 his wives when asleep. Plin. 27, c. 2. 
 
 Crassus, a patrician, who went with Regulus 
 against the Massyli. He was seized by the 
 enemy as he attempted to plunder one of their 
 towns, and he was ordered to be sacrificed to 
 Neptune. Bisaltia, the king's daughter, fell 
 in love with him, and gave him an opportunity 
 of escaping and conquering her father. Cal- 
 phurnius returned victorious, and Bisaltia de- 
 stroyed herself. A man who conspired 
 
 against the emperor Nerva. Galerianus, 
 
 sonofPiso,putto death, &;c. Tacit. Hist. 4, c. II. 
 
 Piso, condemned for us'ng seditious words 
 
 against Tiberius. Tacil. Hist. 4, c. 21. A- 
 
 nother famous for his abstinence. Val. Max, 
 
 4, c. 3. Titus, a Latin poet, born in Sicily, 
 
 in the age of Dioclesian, seven of whose eclogues 
 are extant, and generally found with the works 
 of the poets who have written on hunting. 
 Though abounding in manybeautiful lines,they 
 are however greatly inferior to the elegance 
 and simplicity of Virgil. The best edition is 
 
 that of Kempher, 4to."L. Bat 1728. A maa 
 
 surnamed Frugi, who composed annals, B. C. 
 130. 
 
 Calpuenia or Calphurnia, a noble family 
 at Rome, derived from Calpus son of Numa. 
 It branched into the families of the Pisones 
 Bibuli, Flammge, Casennini, Asprenates, SiC. 
 PHji. in JVuni. 
 
 Calpurnia and Calphurnia j.ex, was 
 enacted A. U. C. 604, severely to punish such 
 as were found guilty of using bribes, Sic. Cie. 
 
 de Off. 2. A daughter of Marius, sacrificed 
 
 to the gods by her father, who was advised to 
 do it, in a dream, if he wished to conquer the 
 
 Cimbri. Plut. in ParuU. A woman who 
 
 killed herself when she heard that her husband 
 was murdered in the civil wars of Maiius. 
 
 Paterc. 2, 26. The wife of J. Caesar. Vid. 
 
 Calphurnia. A favourite of the emperor 
 
 Claudius, he. Tacit. Ann. A w^omaa 
 
 ruined by Agrippina on account of her beauty, 
 he. Tacit. 
 
 Calvia, a female minister of Nero's lust5. ^ 
 Tacit. Hist. 1, c. 3. 
 
 Calvina, a prostitute in Juvenal's age. 8, 
 v. 133. 
 
 Calvisius, a friend of Augustus. Pint, la 
 
 Anton. An officer whose wife prostituted 
 
 herself in his camp by night, he. Tacit. 1# 
 Hist. c. 48. 
 
 Calumnia and Impldektia, two deities wor- 
 shipped at Athens. Calumny was ingeniously 
 represented in a painting by Apelles. 
 
 Calusidius, a soldier in the army of Ger- 
 manicus. When this general wished to stal* 
 liimself with his own sword, Calusidius.oflercd 
 him his own, observing that it was sharper.- 
 Tacit. l,An.c.'S5. 
 
 Calusium, a town of Etruria. 
 
 Calvas Corn. Licinias, a famous ora- 
 ^ tor. equally known for writing Iambics. As he 
 j was both facetious and satirical, ho did not fail 
 i to excite attention by his animad\ eraions upon 
 j Ciosar and Porapey, and,, from hi;? eloquence.. 
 
CA 
 
 to dispute the palm of eloquence with Cicero. 
 Cic. tp.— Moral. 1, Sat. 10, v. 19. 
 
 Calvbe, a town of Thrace. Slrah. 17. 
 
 , The mother of Bucolion by Laomedon. 
 
 Apollod. 3, c. 12. An old woman priestess 
 
 in the temple which Juno had at Ardea. Virg. 
 JEn. 7, V. 419. 
 
 CAi.ycADNUs, a river of Cilicia. 
 
 Calyce, a daughter of iEolus, son of He- 
 lenus and Enarelta daughter of Deimachus. 
 She had Endymion, king of Elis-, by Ethlius 
 the son of Jupiter. Apollod. \, c. 7. — Paus. 5. 
 
 c. 1. A Grecian gu'I, who fell in love with 
 
 a youth called Evathl.is. As she was unable to 
 gain the object of her love> she threw herself 
 from a precipice. This tragical story was 
 made into a song by Stesichorus, and was still 
 extant in the age ofAthenceus, 14. A daugh- 
 ter of Hecaton mother of Cycnus. Hygin. 157 
 
 Calydiam, a town on the Appian way. 
 
 Calydna, an island in the Myrtoan sea. 
 Some suppose it to be near Rhodes, others 
 near Tenedos. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 205. 
 
 Calydon, a city of /Etolia, where (Eneus, 
 the father oif Meleager, reigned. The Evenus 
 flows through it, and it receives its name from 
 Calydon the son of iEtolus. During the reign 
 of (Eneus, Diana sent a wild boar to ravage the 
 country, on account of the neglect which had 
 been sliown to her divinity by the king. All 
 the princes of the age assembled to hunt this 
 boar, which is greatly celebrated by the poets, 
 under the name of the chase of Calydon, or the 
 Calydonian boar. Meleager killed the animal 
 with his own hand, and gave the head to Ata- 
 lanta, of whom he was enamoured. The skin 
 of the boar was preserved, and was still seen 
 in the age of Fausanias, in the temple of Mi- 
 nerva Alea. The tusks were also preserved by 
 the Arcadians in Tegea, and Augustus carried 
 them away to Rome, because the people of 
 Tegea had followed the party of Antony. 
 These tusks were shown for a long time at 
 Rome. One of them was about half an ell long, 
 and the other was broken. ( Vid. Meleager and 
 Atalanta.) Apollod. 1, c. 8. — Paus. 8, c. 45. — 
 Strab. 8. — Homer. II. 9, v. 577. — Hygin. fab. 
 
 174. — Ovid. Met. 8, fab. 4, kc. A son of 
 
 JEtolus and Pronoe daughter of Phorbas. He 
 gave his name to a town of Etolia. 
 
 Calydonis, a name of Delanira, as living 
 in Calydon. Ovid. Met. 9, fab. 4. 
 
 Calydonius, a surname of Bacchus. 
 
 Calymne, an island near Lebynthos. Ovid. 
 Art. Am. 2, V. 81. 
 
 Cai.ynda, a town of Caria. Ptol. 5, c. 3. 
 
 Calypso, one of the Oceanides, or one of 
 the daughters of Atlas, according to some, was 
 goddess of silence, and reigned in the island 
 of Ogygia, whose situation and even existence 
 IS doubted. When Ulysses was shipwrecked 
 on her coasts, she received him with great 
 hospitality, and offered him immortality if he 
 would remain with her as a husband. The 
 hero refused, and after seven years' delay, he 
 was permitted to depart from the island by 
 ortler of Mercury, the messenger of Jupiter. 
 During his stay, Ulysses had tAvo sons by Ca- 
 lypso, Nausithous ajid Nausinous. Calypso 
 was inconsolable at the departure of Ulysses. 
 Homer. Od. 7 and 15. — Hesiod. Theog. v. 360. 
 — Ovid, dc Pont. 4, ep. 18. Amor. 2, el. 17. — 
 Pfopert. 1, el. 15. 
 
 CA 
 
 Camalod^num, a Roman colony in Britain^ 
 supposed Maiden, or Colchester. 
 
 Camantium, a town of Asia Minor. 
 
 Camarina, a town of Italy. A lake of 
 
 Sicily, with a town of the same name, built B. 
 C. 552. It was destroyed by the Syracusans, 
 and rebuilt by,a certain Hipponous. The lake 
 was drained contrary to the advice of Apollo, 
 as the ancients supposed, and a pestilence was 
 the consequence ; but the lowness of the lake 
 below the level of the sea prevents its being 
 drained. The words Camarinam movere are 
 become proverbial to express an unsuccessful 
 and dangerous attempt. Virg. JEn. 3, v. 791. 
 — Strah. 6. — Herodot. 7, c. 134. 
 
 Cambaules, a general of some Gauls who 
 invaded Greece. Paus. 10, c. 19. 
 
 Cambes, a prince of Lydia, of such vora- 
 cious appetite that he ate his own wife, &c. 
 ^lian. 1, V.H.c. 27. 
 
 Cambre, a place near Puteoli. Juv. 7, v. 154. 
 
 Cambunii, mountains of Macedonia. Liv. 
 42, c. 53. 
 
 Cambyses, king of Persia, was son of Cy- 
 rus the Great. He conquered Egypt, and 
 was so offended at the superstition of the 
 Egyptians, that he killed their god Apis, and 
 plundered their temples. When he wished 
 to take Pelusium, he placed at the head of his 
 army, a number of cats and dogs; and the 
 Egyptians refusing, in an attempt to defend 
 themselves, to kill animals which they reve- 
 renced as divinities, became an easy prey to 
 the enemy. Cambyses afterwards sent an 
 army of 50,000 men to destroy Jupiter Am- 
 mon's temple, and resolved to attack the Car- 
 thaginians and .^^thiopians. He killed his 
 brother Smerdis from mere suspicion, and 
 flead alive a partial judge, whose skin he nail- 
 ed on the judgment seat, and appointed his 
 son to succeed him, telling him to remember 
 where he sat. He died of a small wound he 
 had given himself with his sword as he mount- 
 ed on horseback ; and the Egj^ptians observed, 
 that it was the same place on which he had 
 wounded their god Apis, and that therefore 
 he was visited by the hand of the gods. His 
 death happened 521 years before Christ. He 
 left no issue to succeed him, and his throne 
 was usurped by the magi, and ascended by 
 Darius soon after. Herodot. 2, 3, &lc. — Justin. 
 
 1, c. 9. — Val. Max. 6, c. 3. A person of 
 
 obscure origin, to whom king Astyages gave 
 his daughter Mandane in marriage. The king, 
 who had been terrified by dreams which 
 threatened the loss of his crown by the hand 
 of his daughter's son, had taken this step in 
 hopes that the children of so ignoble a bed 
 would ever remain in obscurity. He was dis- 
 appointed. Cyrus, Mandane's son, dethron- 
 ed him when grown to manhood. Herodot. 1, 
 
 c. 46, 107, &.C. — Justin. 1, c. 4. A river of 
 
 Asia, which flows from mount Caucasus into 
 the Cyrus. Mela, 3, c. 5. 
 
 Camelani, a people of Italy. 
 
 Camelit^;, a people of Mesopotamia. 
 
 Camera, a field of Calabria. Ovid. Fasl. 
 3, V. 582. 
 
 Camerinum, and Camertium, a town of 
 Umbria, very faithful to Rome. The inhabit- 
 ants were called Camertes. Liv. 9, c. 36. 
 
 Camerinus, a Latin poet, who wrote a 
 poem oa the taking of Troy by Hercules 
 
CA 
 
 Olid. 4, (X Pont. el. 16, v. IP. Some of 
 
 the family of the Camerini were distinguished 
 for their zeal as citizens, as well as for the'r 
 abilities as scholai's, among w horn was Siilpi- 
 cius, commissioned by the Roman senate to 
 go to Athens, to collect the best of Solon's 
 laws. Juv. 7, V. 90. 
 
 Camericm, an ancient town ot Italy near 
 Home, taken by Romulus. PluL in Rom. 
 
 Camertes, a friend of Turnus killed by 
 ^neas. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 562. Vid. Came- 
 rinum. 
 
 Camilla, queen of the Volsci, was daughter 
 of Metabus and Casmiila. She was educated 
 in the woods, inured to the labours of hunt- 
 ing, and fed upon the milk of mares. Her fa- 
 ther devoted her, when young, to the service 
 of Diana. When she was declared queen, she 
 marched at the head of an army, and accompa- 
 nied by three youthful females of equal cour- 
 age as herself, to assist Turnus against ^neas, 
 where she signalized herself by the numbers 
 that perished by her hand. She was so swift 
 that she could run, or rather fly over a field of 
 corn without bending the blades, and make her 
 way over the sea without wetting her feet. 
 She died by a wound she had received from 
 Ai-uns. Virg. JFm. 7, v. 803, 1. 11, v. 4«5. 
 
 Camilii and Camilla, the priests instituted 
 by Romulus for the service of the gods. 
 
 Camillus, (L. Furius) a celebrated Ro- 
 man, called a second Romulus, from his ser- 
 vices to his country. He was banished by the 
 people for distributing, contrary to his vow, 
 the spoils he had obtained at Veii. During his 
 exile, Rome was besieged by the Gauls under 
 Brennus. In the midst of their misfortunes, 
 the besieged Romans elected him dictator, and 
 he forgot their ingratitude, and marched to the 
 relief of his country, which he delivered, after 
 it had been for some time in the possession of 
 the enemy. He died in the 80th year of his 
 age, B. C. 365, after he had been five times 
 dictator, once censor, three times interrex, 
 twice a military tribune, and obtained four 
 triumphs. He conquered the Hernici, Volsci, 
 Latini, and Etrurians, and dissuaded his coun- 
 trjmeu from their intentions of leaving Rome 
 to reside at Veii. When he besieged Falisci, 
 he rejected, with proper indignation, the of- 
 fers of a schoolmaster, who had betrayed into 
 his hands the sons of the most worthy citizens. 
 Pint, in vita. — Lit. 5. — Flor. 1, c. 13. — Diod. 
 14. — Vir. JEn. 6, v. 825. a name of Mer- 
 cury. An intimate friend of Cicero. 
 
 Camiro and Clytia, two daughters of 
 Pandarus of Crete. When their parents were 
 dead, they were left to the care of Venus; 
 who, with the other goddesses, brought them 
 up with tenderness, and asked Jupiter to grant 
 them kind husbands, Jupiter, to punish upon 
 them the crime of their father, w ho was ac- 
 cessary to the impiety of Tantalus, ordered 
 the harpies to carry them away and deliver 
 them to the furies. Paus. 10, c. 30. — Homer. 
 Od. 20, v. 66. 
 
 Camirus and Camir.4, a tOAvn of Rhodes, 
 which received its name from Camirus, a son nours by Ceesar, for his military abilities 
 of Hercules and Jole. Homtr. 11. 2, v. 163. | Bell. G'. 7, c. 57 
 
 CA 
 
 his murderer binorix, by making Llm drink 
 in a cup, of which the fiquor was poiso)ied, 
 on pretence of marrying him, according to 
 the custom of their coimtry, Vviiich required 
 that the bridegroom and his bride should drink 
 out of the same vessel. She escaped by refu- 
 sing to druik on pretence of illness. Polytjen. 8. 
 Cam(es^, a name given to the muses from 
 the sweetness and melodyof their songs a can- 
 tu amceno, or, according to Varro, from car^ 
 vien. Vairo de L. L. 5, c. 7. 
 
 Campana lex, or Julian agrarian law, was 
 enacted by J. Csesar, A. U. C. 691, to divide 
 some lands among the people. 
 
 Campania, a country of Italy, of which 
 Capua was the capital, bounded by Latiura, 
 Samnium. Picenura, and part of the Mediter- 
 raiiean sea. It is celebrated for its delightful 
 views, and for its fertility. Capua is often 
 called Campana urbs. Strab. 5. — Cic. de Leg. 
 Ag. c. 35— Justin. 20, c. 1, 1. 22, c. l.—Plin. 
 3, c. 5.— Mela, 2, c.4.— Flor. 1, c. 16. 
 
 Campe, kept the 100 handed monsters con- 
 fined in Tartarus. Jupiter killed her, because 
 she refused to give them their liberty to come 
 to his assistance against the Titans. Hesiod. 
 Theog. 500.— ApoUod. 1, c. 2. 
 
 CaMpaspe and Pancaste, a beautiful con- 
 cubir.e of Alexander, whom the king gave to 
 Apelles, who had fallen in love with her, as 
 he drew her picture in her naked charms. It 
 is said that from this beauty the painter copied 
 the thousand charms of his Venus Anadomenc. 
 Plin. 35, c. 10. 
 
 Campi Diomedis, a pidin situate in Apulia. 
 Mart. 13. ep. 93. 
 
 Campas, a town near PaJlene. Herodoi. T, 
 c. 123. 
 
 Campus Martius, a large plain at Rome, 
 without the walls of the city, where the Ro- 
 man youths performed their exercises, and 
 learnt to wrestle, and box, to throw tlie discus, 
 hurl the javelin, ride a horse, drive a chariot, 
 &.C. The public assemblies were held there, 
 and the officers of state chosen, and audience 
 given to foreign ambassadors. It was adorned 
 with statues, columns, arches, and porticoes, 
 and its pleasant situation made it veiy fre- 
 quented. It was called Martius, because de- 
 dicated to Mars. It was sometimes called 
 Tiberinus, from its closeness to the Tiber. It 
 w^as given to the Roman people by a vestal 
 virgin ; but they were deprived of it by Tar- 
 quin the Proud, who made it a private field, 
 and sowed corn in it. When Tarquin was 
 driven from Rome, the people recovered it, 
 and threw away into the Tiber, the corn which 
 had grown there, deeming it unlawful for any 
 man to eat of the produce of that land. The 
 sheaves which were thrown into the river stop- 
 ped in a shallow ford, and by the accumulated 
 collection of mud became firm ground, and 
 formed an island, which was called the Holy 
 Island, or the Island of iEscuiapius. Dead 
 carcasses were generally burnt iu the Campus 
 Martius. Strak 5.~Liv. 2, c. 5, 1. 6, c. 20. 
 Camuloginus, a Gaul raised to great ho- 
 
 C<£S. 
 
 Camissakes, a governor of part of Cilicia 
 father to Datames. C. JS'ep. in Dot. 
 
 Camma, a woman of Galatia, who aveng- 
 ed the death of her husband Sinotus upon 
 ^1 
 
 Camulus, a surn;>me of Mars among the 
 Sabines and Etrurians. 
 
 Cana, a city and promontory of ,£oUa. 
 M^h, J.o. 18. 
 
Canacb, a daughter of JEolus and Ena- 
 I'etta, who became enamoured of her brother 
 Marcareus, by whom she had a child, whom 
 she exposed. The cries of the child discover- 
 ed the mother's incest ; and iEokis sent his 
 daughter a sword, and obliged her to kill her- 
 self Macareus fled, and became a priest of 
 Apollo at Delphi. Some say that Canace was 
 ravished by Neptune, by whom she had ma- 
 ny children, among whom were Epopeus, 
 Triops, and Alous. ApoUod. 1. — Hygin. fab. 
 238 and 242.— Ovid. Heroid. 11. Trist. 2, v. 
 384. 
 
 Canache, one of Acteeon's dogs. 
 Canachus, a statuary of Sicyon. Paus. 
 6, c. 9. 
 
 Can^, a city of Locris. Of jE.oUa. 
 
 Canarii, a people near mount Atlas in 
 Africa, who received this name because they 
 fed in common w ith their dogs. The islands 
 which they inhabited were called Fortunate 
 by the ancients, and are now known by the 
 •name of the Canaries. Plin. 5, c. 1. 
 
 Canathus, a fountain of Nauplia, where 
 Juno yearly washed herself to receive her in- 
 fant purity. Paiis. 2, c. 38. 
 
 Candace, a queen of -^Ethiopia, in the age 
 of Augustus, so prudent and meritorious that 
 her successors always bore her name. She 
 was blind of one eye. Plin. 6, c. 22. — Dio. 
 B4.—Strab. 17. 
 
 Candavia, a mountain of Epirus, which 
 separates lUyria from Macedonia. Lucan. 6, 
 V. 331. 
 
 Gandaules, or Myrsilus, son of Myrsus, 
 tvas the last of the HeraclidiB who sat on the 
 throne of Lydia. He showed his wife naked 
 to Gyges, one of his ministers ; and the queen 
 W as so incensed, that she ordered Gyges to 
 murder her husband, 718 years before the 
 christian era. After this murder, Gyges mar- 
 ried the queen, and ascended the throne. 
 Justin. 1, c. I.—Herodot. 1, c. 7, ikc.—Plul. 
 Symph. 
 
 Candeij a people of Arabia who fed on 
 serpents. 
 
 Candiope, a daughter of Oenopion, ravish- 
 ed by her brother. 
 
 Candyba, a town of Lycia. 
 Canens, a nymph called also Venilia, 
 daughter of Janus and wife to Picus king of 
 the Laurentes. When Circe had changed her 
 husband into a bird, she lamented him so much 
 that she pined away, and was changed into a 
 voice. She was reckoned as a deity by the 
 inhabitants. Ovid. Met. 14, fab. 9. 
 
 Canephoria, festivals at Athens in hon- 
 our of Bacchus, or, according to others, of Di- 
 ana, in which all marriageable women offered 
 small baskets to the deity, and received the 
 name of Cantphorae, whence statues represen- 
 ting women in that attitude were called by 
 the same appellation. Cic. in Verr. 4 
 
 Canethum, a place of Eubcea. A moun- 
 tain in Bceotia. 
 
 Caniculares dies, certain days in the 
 summer, in which the star Canis is said to in- 
 fluence the season, and to make tiie days more 
 tvanu during its appearance. Maniiius. 
 
 Camdia, a certain woman of IS'eapolis, 
 against whom Horace inveighed as a sorceress. 
 i-ioral. epod. 
 Canibjus; a tribctne who proposed a law 
 
 CA 
 
 to empower Porapey to go only with two lic^ 
 tors, to reconcile Ptolemy and the Alexand- 
 rians. Plut. in Pomp. 
 
 Caninefates, a people near Batavia^ 
 where modern Holland now is situate. Tacit. 
 Hist. 4, c. 15. 
 
 C. Caninius Reeilus, a consul with J. 
 Cffisar, after the death of Trebonius. He wae 
 consul only for seven hours, because his prede-, 
 cessor died the last day of the year, and he wa« 
 chosen only for the remaining part of the day ; 
 whence Cicero observed, that Rome was great- 
 ly indebted to him for his vigilance, as he had 
 not slept during the whole time of his consul- 
 ship. Oic. 7, ad Fam. ep. 33. — Plut. in Cces. 
 
 Lucius, a lieutenant ot Cassar's army in 
 
 Gaul. Ca^. Bell. G. 7, c. 83. Rufus, a 
 
 friend of Pliny the younger. Plin. 1, ep. 3. 
 Gallus, an intimate friend of Cicero. 
 
 Canistius, a Lacedaemonian courier, who 
 ran 1200 stadia in one day. Plin. 7, c. 20. 
 
 Canius, a poet of Gades, cotemporary witk 
 Martial. ^ He was so naturally merry that 
 
 he always laughed. Mart. 1, ep. 62. A 
 
 Roman knight, who went to Sicily for his 
 amusement, where he bought gardens well 
 stocked with fish, which disappeared on the 
 morrow. Cic. de offic. 14. 
 
 CANNiE, a small village of Apulia near the 
 Aufidus, where Hannibal conquered the Ro- 
 man consuls, P. jSraylius and Terentius Var- 
 ro, and slaughtered 40,000 Romans, on the 21st 
 of May, B. C. 216. The spot where this fa- 
 mous battle was fought is now shown by the 
 natives, and denominated the field of blood. 
 Liv. 22. c. 4A.—Flor. 2, c. 6.— Plut. in Annib. 
 
 Canopicum ostium, one of the mouths 
 of the Nile, twelve miles from Alexandria. 
 Paus. 5, c. 21. 
 
 Canopus, a city of Egypt twelve miles 
 from Alexandria, celebrated for the temple of 
 Serapis. It w as founded by the Spartans, and 
 therefore called Amyclsea, and it received its 
 name from Canopus, the pilot of the vessel of 
 Menelaus, who was buried in this place. The 
 inhabitants were dissolute in their manners.. 
 •Virgil bestows upon it the epithet of Pellmu^ 
 because Alexander, who was born at Pella^ 
 built Alexandria in the neighbourhood. Ital. 
 11, V. 433.— Mela, 1, c. 9.—Strab. 11.— Plin. 
 
 5, c. 31.— Virg. G. 4, v. 287. The pilot of 
 
 the ship Menelaus, who died in his youth on the 
 coast of Egypt, by the bite of a serpent. Mela^ 
 2, c. 7. 
 
 Cantabra, a river falling into the Indus. 
 Plin. 6, c. 20. 
 
 Cantabri, a ferocious and warlike people 
 of Spain, who rebelled against Augustus, by 
 whom they were conquered ; their country is 
 now called Biscays. Liv. 3, v. 329. — H&rat. 
 2, od. 6 and 11. 
 
 Cantabrive lacus, a lake in Spain, 
 where a thunderbolt fell, and in which twelve 
 axes were found. iSuet. in Galb. 8. 
 
 Cantharus, a famous sculptor of Sicyon. 
 Pau^. 6, c. 17. A comic poet of Athens. 
 
 Cakthus, a son of Abas, one of the Ai'go- 
 nauts. 
 
 Cantium, a country in the eastern parts ol 
 Britain, noAv called Kent. Ccks. Bell. G. 6, 
 
 Camuleia, one of the first vestals chosen 
 by Nuraa. Plut. A law. Vid. Canuleiuf . 
 
 C. Cakuleius, a tribune of the people oV 
 
CA 
 
 Rome, A. U. C. 310, who made a law to ren- 
 der it constitutional forttie patricians and ple- 
 beians to intermarry. It ordained also, that 
 one of the consuls should be yearly chosen 
 from the plebeians. Liv. 4, c. 3, uc. — Flor. 1, 
 c. 17. 
 
 Canulia, a Roman virgin, who became 
 pregnant by her brother, and. killed herself by 
 ©rder of her father. Flui. in Parall. 
 
 Canlsiu3I, now Canosa, a town of Apulia, 
 whither the Romans fled after the battle of 
 Canna?., It was built by Diomedes, and its in- 
 habitants have been called bilingues, because 
 they retained the language of their founder, 
 and likewise adopted that of their neighbours. 
 Horace complained of the grittiness of their 
 bread. The wools and the cloths of the place 
 were in high estimation. Horat. 1, Sat. 10, v. 
 ZO.—Melu, 2, c. 4.—JPlin. 8, c. 11. 
 
 Canl'sius; a Greek historian under Ptolemy 
 Auletes. Plut. 
 
 Canutius Tiberimjs, a tribune of the 
 
 people, who, like Cicero, furiously attacked 
 
 Antony when declared an enemy to the state. 
 
 His satire cost him his life. Patercul. 2, c. 64. 
 
 A Roman actor. PliU. in Brut. 
 
 Capaneus, a noble Ai'give, sou of Hippo- 
 nous and Astinome, and husband to Evadne. 
 He was so impious, that when he went to the 
 Theban war, he declared that he would take 
 Thebes even in spite of Jupiter. Such con- 
 tempt provoked the god, who struck him dead 
 with a thunderbolt. His body was burnt sepa- 
 rately from the others, and his wife threw her- 
 self on the burning pile to mingle her ashes 
 with his. It is said that iEsculapius restored 
 him to life. Ovid. Met. 9, v. 404.— Stat. Theb. 
 
 S, kc. Hygin. fab. 68 and 70, — Euripid. 
 
 t?i Phxzniss ^ Sufp.—'JEschyl. Sept^ ante 
 Theb. 
 
 Capella, an elegiac poet in the age of J. 
 
 Cagsar. Ovid, de Pont. 4, el. 16, v. 36. Mar- 
 
 tianus, a Carthaginian, A. D. 490, who wrote a 
 poem on the marriage of Mercury and philolo- 
 gy; and in praise of the liberal arts. The best 
 edition is that of Walthardus, 8vo. Bernae, 
 1763. A gladiator. Jwr. 4, v. 155. 
 
 Capena, a gate of Rome. Ovid. Fast. 5, v 
 192. 
 
 Capenas, a small river of Italy. Stat. Theb. 
 13, v. 85. 
 
 Capeni, a people of Etruria, in whose ter- 
 ritory Feronia had a grove and a temple. Virg. 
 JEn. 7, v. 697.— Lu". 5, 22, &c. 
 
 Caper, a river of Asia Minor. 
 
 Capetus, a king of Alba, who reigned 26 
 
 years. Dionys. A suitor of Hippodaraia. 
 
 Pans. 6, c, 21. 
 
 Caphareus, a lofty mountain and promon- 
 tory of Eubcea, where Nauplius, king of tlie 
 countr}', to revenge the death of his son 
 Palamedes> slain by Ulysses, set a burning 
 torch in the darkness of night, which caused 
 the Greeks to be shipwrecked on the coast. 
 Virg. JF.ti. 11, V. 260.— Ovid. Met. 14, v. 481 
 — Propert. 4, el. 1, v. 115. 
 
 Caphy.«:, a town of Arcadia. Paus. 8, c. 
 23. 
 
 Capio, a Roman, famous for his friendship 
 with Cato. Plut. de Patr. Am. 
 
 Capito, the uncle of Paterculus, who join- 
 ed Agi'ippa against Crassus, PateAul. 2, c. 
 69.— — Font^iuS; a man scut by Antony to 
 
 eA 
 
 / settle his disputes with Augustus. Horat. 1, 
 I Sat. 5, v. 32. A man accused of extor- 
 tion in Cilitia, and severely punished by the 
 
 senate. Jar. 8, v. 93. An epic poet of 
 
 Alexandria, who wrote on love. An histo- 
 rian of Lycia, who wrote an account of Isau- 
 
 ria in eight books. A poet who wrote oa 
 
 illustrious men. 
 
 Capitolini LUDi, games yearly celebrated 
 at Rome in honour of Jupiter, who preserved 
 the capitol from the Gauls. 
 
 Capitolikus, a surname of Jupiter, from 
 his temple on mount Capitolinus. A sur- 
 name of M. Manlius, whO; for his ambition, 
 was thrown down from the Tarpeian rock 
 which he had so nobly defended. A moun- 
 tain at Rome, called also Mons Tarpeius, and 
 Mons. Saturni. The capitol was built upon it. 
 
 A man of lascivious morals, consul with 
 
 Marcellus. Plut. in Marcell. Julius, an 
 
 author in Dioclesian's reign, who wrote an ac- 
 count of the life of Verus, Antoninus Pius, the 
 Gordians, he. most of which are now lost. 
 
 Capitolium, a celebrated temple and cita- 
 del at Rome, on the Tarpeian rock, the plan 
 of which was made by Tarquin Priscus. It 
 was begun by ServiusTullius, finished by Tar- 
 quin Superbus, and consecrated by tlie consul 
 Horatius after the expulsion of the Tarquins 
 from Rome. It was built upon four acres of 
 ground ; the front was adorned with three 
 rows of pillars, and the other sides with two. 
 The ascent to it from the ground was by au 
 hundred steps. The magnificence and rich- 
 ness of this temple are almost incredible. All 
 the consuls successively made donations to 
 the capitol, and Augustus bestowed upon 
 it at one time 2000 pounds w^eight of gold, 
 Its thresholds were made of brass, and its 
 roof was gold It was adorned with ves- 
 sels and shields of solid silver, with gold- 
 en chariots, &:c. It was burnt during the 
 civil wars of Marius, and Sylla rebuilt it, but 
 died before the dedication, which was per- 
 formed by Q. Catulus. It was again destroyed 
 in the troubles under Vitellius ; and Vespasian, 
 who endeavoured to repair it, saw it again in 
 ruins at his death. Domitian raised it again, 
 for the lEist time, and made it more grand and 
 magnificent than any of his predecessors, and 
 spent 12,000 talents in gilding it. When they 
 first dug for the foundations, they foimd. a 
 man's head called Tolius, sound and entire in 
 the ground, and from thence drew an omen of 
 the future greatness of the Roman empire. 
 The hill was from that circumstance called 
 Capitolium, a capite Toli. The consuls and 
 magistrates offered sacrifices there, when they 
 first entered upon then- offices, and the pro- 
 cession in triumphs was always conducted to 
 the capitol. Virg. JEn. 6, v. 136, 1. 8, v. 347 
 — Tacit. 3. Hist. c. 12.— Plut. in Poplic— 
 Liv. 1, 10, &.C. — Plin. 33, &c. — Sutton, in 
 Aug. c. 40. 
 
 Cappadocia, a countrj'^ of Asia Minor, be- 
 tween the Halys, the Euphrates, and the 
 Euxine. It receives its name from the river 
 Cappadox, which separates it from Galatia. 
 The inhabitgjits were called Syrians and Leu- 
 co-Syrians by the Greeks. They were of a 
 dull and submissive disposition, and addicted 
 I to every vice, according to the ancients, who 
 I wrote this virulent epigram against them : 
 
i; 
 
 CA 
 
 Vtpera CappadocemnocituramomordU; at ilia 
 
 Gustuio periit sanguine Cappadods. 
 When they were offered their freedom and 
 independence by the Romans, they refused it, 
 and betged of them a king, and they received 
 Ariobarzanes. It was some time after govern- 
 ed by a Roman proconsul. Though the an- 
 cients have ridiculed this country for the un- 
 fruitfulness of its soil, and the manners of its 
 inhabitants, yet it can boast of the birth of the 
 geogiapher Strabo, St. Basil, and Gregoi^ 
 r^'azianzen, among other illustrious characters. 
 The horses of this country were in general 
 esteem, and with these they paid their tributes 
 to the king of Persia, while under his power, 
 for want of money. The kings of Cappadocia 
 mostly bore the name of Ariarathes. Horat 
 
 I, ep. 6, V. 39.— PZin. 6, c. ^.—Curt. 3 and 4.— 
 Strab. 11 and \Q.—Htrodot. 1, c. 73, 1. 5, c. 49 
 —Mela, 1, c. 2, 1. 3, c. 8. 
 
 Capradox, a river of Cappadocia. Plin. 
 6,c. 3. 
 
 Capbaria, now Cabrera, a mountain island 
 on the coast of Spain, famous for its goats. 
 Plin. 3, c. 6. 
 
 CAPREiE, now Capri, an island on the coast 
 of Campania, abounding in quails, and famous 
 for the residence and debaucheries of the em- 
 eror Tiberius, during the seven last years of 
 is life. The island, in which now several 
 medals are dug up expressive of the licentious 
 morals of the emperor, was about 40 miles in 
 circumference, and surrounded by steep rocks. 
 Ovid. Met. 15, v. 709.— 5«e?. in Tib.— Stat. 
 Sylv. 3, V. 5. 
 
 Capre^ Palus, a place near Rome, where 
 Romulus disappeared. Plat, in Rom. — Ovid. 
 Fast. 2, v.49\. 
 
 Capricornus, a sign of the Zodiac, in 
 which appear 28 stars in the form of a goat, 
 supposed by the ancients to be the goat Amal- 
 tha'a, which fed Jupiter with her milk. Some 
 maintain that it is Fan, who changed himself 
 into a goat w hen frightened at the approach of 
 Typhon. When the sun enters this sign it is 
 the winter solstice, or the longest night in the 
 year. Manil. 2 and 4 — Horat. 2, od. 17, v. 19. 
 —Hygin. fab. 19G. P. A. 2, c. 28. 
 
 Caprificialis, a day sacred to Vulcan, on 
 which the Athenians offered him money. Plin. 
 
 II, c. 15. 
 
 Caprima, a town of Caria. 
 
 Capripedes, a surname of Pan, the Fauni 
 and the Satyrs, from their having goats' feet. 
 
 Caprius, a great infornier in Horace's age. 
 Horat. 1, Sat.4,\\ 66. 
 
 Caprotjna, a festival celebrated at Rome 
 in July, in honour of Juno, at which women 
 only officiated, (il^'^trf. Philotis.) Varro.de L. 
 L. 5. 
 
 Caprus, a harbour near momit Athos. 
 
 Capsa, a town of Libya, surrounded by vast 
 deserts full of snakes. Flor. 3, c, 1. — Sail. 
 Bell. Jug. 
 
 Capsaue, a town of Syria. Curt. 10. 
 
 Capua, the chief city of Campania in Italy, 
 supposed to have been founded by Capys, the 
 father, or rather th6 companion of Anchises. 
 This city wag very ancient, and so opulent that 
 it even rivalled Rome, and was called allera 
 Poma. The soldiers of Annibal, after the bat- 
 tle of Cannae, were enervated by the pleasures 
 and luxuries which powerfully prevailed in 
 
 CA 
 
 this voluptuous city and under a soft climate. 
 Virg. mi. 10, V. 145.— Liv. 4, 7, 8, hc—Pa- 
 terc. 1, c. 7, 1. 2, c. 44.— FZor. 1, c. 16.— Cic. m 
 Philip. 12, c. 3. — Plut. in Ann. 
 
 Capys, a Trojan who came with iEneas in- 
 to Italy, and founded Capua. He was one of 
 those who, against the advice of Thyracetes, 
 wished to destroy the wooden horse, which 
 proved the destruction of Troy, Virg. Mn, 
 10, V. 145. A son of Assaracus by a daugh- 
 ter of the Simois. He was father of Anchises 
 by Themis. Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 33. « 
 
 Capys Sylvius, a king of Alba, who reign- 
 ed twenty-eight years. Dionys, Hal. Virg. 
 JEn. 6, V. 768. 
 
 Car, a son of Phoroneus, king of Megara. 
 
 Paus. 1, c. 39 and 40, A son of Manes, who 
 
 married Callirhoe, daughter of the Mseander. 
 Caria received its name from him. Herodot. 
 1, c. 171. 
 
 Cahabactra, a place in India. 
 
 Carabis, a town of Spain, 
 
 Caracalla. Vid. AntoninUs. 
 
 Caracates, a people of Germany. 
 
 Car-Vctacus, a king of the Britons, conquer- 
 ed by an officer of Claudius Cassar, A. D. 47. 
 Tacit. Ann. 12, c. 33 and 37. 
 
 CARi?:, certain places between Susaand th©- 
 Tigris, where Alexander pitched his camp. 
 
 Car.?^us, a surname of Jupiter in Bceotia, — 
 in Caria. 
 
 Caralis, (or es, ium), the chief city of Sar- 
 dinia. Pans. 10, c. 17. 
 
 C \RAMBis, now Kerempi, a promontory of 
 Papiilagonia, Mela, 1, c. 19. 
 
 Caranus, one of the Heraclidae, the first 
 who laid the foundation of the Macedonian em- 
 pire, B. C. 814, He took Edessa, and reigned 
 twenty-eight years, which he spent in estab- 
 lishing ?.nd strengthening the government of 
 his newly founded kingdom. He was succeed- 
 ed by Perdiccas. Justin. 7, c. 1. — Pat ere. I, 
 
 c. 6. A general of Alexander. Curt. 7, 
 
 An harbour of Phcenicia. 
 
 Carausius, a tyrant of Britain for seven 
 years, A. D. 293. 
 
 Carbo, a Roman orator who killed himself 
 because he could not curb the licentious man- 
 ners of his countrymen. Cic. in Brut. 
 
 Cneus, a son of the orator Carbo, who embrac- 
 ed the party of Marius, and after the death of 
 Cinna succeeded to the government. He was 
 killed in Spain, in his third consulship, by or- 
 der of Pompey. Val. Max. 9, c. 13. — ^An 
 orator, son of Carbo the orator, killed by the 
 army when desirous of re-establishing the an- 
 cient military discipline. Cic. in Brut. 
 
 Carchedon, the Greek name of Carthage. 
 
 Carcinus, a tragic poet of Agrigentum, in 
 the age of Philip of Macedon. He wrote on 
 
 the rape of Proserpine, Diod. 5. Another 
 
 of Athene. Another of Psaupactum. A 
 
 man of Rhegium, who exposed his son Aga- 
 thocles on account of some uncommon dreams 
 during his wife's pregnancy. Agathocles was 
 
 preserved. Diml. 19. An Athenian gene- 
 
 al, who laid waste Peloponnesus in the time 
 of Pericles. Id. 12. 
 
 Carcinus, a constellation, the same as the 
 Cancer, Lucan. 9, v. 536, 
 
 Cardaces, a people of Asia Minor, Strab. 
 15, 
 
 Carba .ivut, a town of Argos, 
 
CA 
 
 -Cardia, a town in the Thracian Chersone- 
 aas. Plm.4. c. 11. 
 
 Card Lc HI, a warlike nation of Media, along 
 the boruers of the Tigris. Diod. 14. 
 
 CareS; a nation which inhabited Caria, and 
 thought themselv^es the original possessors of 
 that country. They became so powerful that 
 their countiry was not sufficiently extensive to 
 contain them all, upon which they seized the 
 neighbouring islands of the jEgean sea. These 
 islands were conquered by Minosking of Crete. 
 Pviieus son of Codrus, invaded their country, 
 and slaughtered many of the inhabitants, in 
 this calamity, the Carians. surrounded on eve- 
 ry side by enemies, fortified themselves in the 
 mountainous parts of the country, and, soon 
 after, made themselves terrible by sea. They 
 were anciently called Leleges. Herodot. 1, c. 
 140 and lll.—Paus. 1, c. 40.— S/r«6. 13.— 
 Curt. 6, c. 3.— Justin. 13, c. 4.— Virg. Mh. 8, 
 V. 725. 
 
 Caresa, an island of the iEgean sea, oppo- 
 site Attica. 
 
 Caresscs, a river of Troas. 
 Carfinia, an immodest woman, mentioned 
 Juv. 2, v. 69. 
 
 Caria, now Aidindli, a country of Asia 
 Minor, whose boundaries have been different 
 in difterent ages. Generally speaking, it was 
 at the south of Ionia, at the east and north of 
 the Icarian sea, and at the west of Phrygia Ma- 
 jor and Lycia. It has been called Phoenicia, 
 because a Phcenician colony first settled there ; 
 and afterwards it received the name of Caria, 
 from Car, a king who first invented the augu- 
 ries of birds. The chief town was called Hali- 
 carnassus, where Jupiter was the chief deity. 
 
 {Vid. Cares.) A port of Thrace, Mda, 2, 
 
 C.2. 
 
 Cartas, a town of Peloponnesus. A ge- 
 neral, Fiti. Laches. 
 
 C vRiATE, a town of Bactriana, where Alex- 
 ander imprisoned Callisthenes. 
 
 Carii.la, a town of the Piceni, destroyed 
 by Annibal, for its great attachment to Rome. 
 8il. ltd. 8. 
 
 Carina a virgin of Caria, k.c. Polycen. 8. 
 Carin.*, certain edifices at Rome, built ia 
 the manner of ships, which were in the tem- 
 ple of Tellus. Some suppose that it was a 
 street in which Pompey's house was built. 
 Virg. JEn. 8, v. 3dJ.—Horat. 1, ep. 7. 
 
 Carine, a town near tlie Caicus, in Asia Mi- 
 nor, Herodot. 7, c. 42, 
 
 Carinus, (M. Aurelius) a Roman who at- 
 tempted to succeed iiis father Carus as empe- 
 ror. He was famous for his debaucheries and 
 cruelties. Dioclesian defeated him in Dalma- 
 tia, and he was killed by a soldier whose wife 
 he had debauched, A. D. 268. 
 
 Car^isiacum, a town of ancient Gaul, now 
 Cressy in Picardy. 
 
 C.\ri5san(;.m, a place of Italy near which 
 Milo was killed. Flin. 2, c. 66. 
 Carjstum, a town of Liguria. 
 Carma.ma, a country of Asia, between Per- 
 sia and India. Arrian. — Fiia. 6, c. 23. 
 
 CARiMANOR, a Cretan, who purified Apollo 
 of slaughter. Pans. 2, c. 30. 
 
 Carme, a nymph, daughter of Eubulus and 
 motlier of Britomartis by Jupiter. She was 
 one of Diana's attendants. Pans. 2, c, 30. 
 Car5I£lus; a god among tiic iahabitants ef 
 
 CA 
 
 mount Carmel, situate between Syria and Ju- 
 daea. Tacit. Hist. 2, c. 78. — Sutton. Vesp. 5. 
 
 Carmenta and Carmentis, a prophetess 
 of Arcadia, mother of Evander, with whom 
 she came to Italy, and was received by king 
 Faunus, about 60 years before the Trojan war. 
 Her name was Mcostrata, and she received that 
 of Carmentis from the wildness of her looks, 
 when giving oracles, as if carens mentis. She 
 was the oracle of the people of Italy during 
 her life, and after death she received divine 
 honours. She had a temple at Rome, and the 
 Greeks offered her sacrifices under the name 
 of Themis. Ovid. Fast. 1, v, 467, 1. 6, v. 530. 
 
 — Plut. in Rpmul — Virg. JEn. 8, v. 339. 
 
 Liv. 5, c. 47. 
 
 Carmentales, festivals at Rome in honour 
 of Carmenta, celebrated the 11th of Januarj"-, 
 near the Porta Carmentalis, below the capitol. 
 This goddess was entreated to render the Ro- 
 man matrons prolific, and their labours easy. 
 Lit*. 1, c. 7. 
 
 Carmentalis Porta, one of the gates of 
 Rome in the neighbourhood of the capitol. It 
 was afterwards called Scderata, because the 
 Fabii passed through it in going to that fatal 
 expedition where they perished. Virs.Mn. 
 8, V. 338. 
 
 Carmidej, a Greek of an uncommon me- 
 mory. Plin. 7, c. 24. 
 
 Carna and Cardinea, a goddess at Rome 
 who presided over hinges, as also over the en- 
 trails and secret parts of the human body. She 
 was originally a nymph called Grane, whom 
 Janus ravished, and, for the injury, he gave 
 her the power of presiding over the exterior of 
 houses, and removing all noxious birds from 
 the doors. The Romans offered her beans, 
 bacon, and vegetables, to represent the simpli- 
 city of their ancestors. Ovid. Fast. 6, v. 101. &c. 
 Carnasius, a village of Messenia in Pelo- 
 ponnesus. Paus. 4, c. 33. 
 
 Carneades, a philosopher of Cyrene iu 
 Africa, founder of a sect called the third or 
 new Academy. The Athenians sent him with 
 Diogenes the stoic, and Critolaus the peripa- 
 tetic, as ambassadors to Rome, B. C. 155. The 
 Roman youth were extremely fond of the com- 
 pany of these learned philosophers ; and when 
 Carneades, in a speech, had given an accurate 
 and judicious dissertation upon justice, and in 
 another speech confuted all the arguments he 
 had advanced, and apparently given no exist- 
 ence to the virtue he had so much commended ; 
 a report prevailed all over Rome, that a Gre- 
 cian was come, who had so captivated by his 
 words the rising generation, that tliey forgot 
 their usual amusements, and ran mad after phi- 
 losophy. When this j-eached the ears of Cato 
 the censor, he gave immediate audience to the 
 Athenian ambassadors in the senate, and dis- 
 missed them in haste, expressuig his aj)pre- 
 hension of their corrupting the opinions of the 
 Roman people, whose only profession, he 
 sternly observed, was arms and wai-. Carnea- 
 des denied that any thing could be perceived 
 or understood in the world, and he was the 
 irst who introduced an universal suspension of 
 assent. He died in the 90th year of his age, B. 
 C. 128. Cic. ud .ittic. 12, ep. 23. de Orat. 1 
 and 2.~Plin. 7, c. 30.— Lactantius 5, c. 14.— 
 Vul. Max. 8, c. 8. 
 CxR^EiAj a festival observed in most of the 
 
CA 
 
 •recian cities, but more particulai-ly at Sparta, 
 avhere it was first instituted, about 675 B. C. in 
 honour of Apollo surnamed Cameus. It lasted 
 nine days, and was an imitation of the manner 
 of living in camps among the ancients. 
 
 Carnjon, a town of Laconia. A river 
 
 •f Arcadia. Pans. 8, c. 34. 
 
 Carnu5, a prophet of Acarnania, from 
 whom Apollo was called Cameus. Paus. 3, 
 e. 13. 
 
 Carnutes, a people of Celtic Gaul. Coes. 
 Bell. G. 6, c. 4. 
 
 Carpasia and Carpasium, a town of Cy- 
 prus, 
 
 Carpathus, an island in tha Mediterra- 
 nean between Rhodes and Crete, now called 
 Scapanto. It has given its name to a part of 
 the neighbouring sea, thence called the Carpa- 
 thian sea, between Rhodes and Crete. Car- 
 pathus was at first inhabited by some Cretan 
 soldiers of Minos. It was 20 miles in circum- 
 ference, and was sometimes called Teti'apoHs, 
 from its four capital cities. Plin. 4, c. 12. — 
 Herodot. 3, c. 46.--Diod. 5.—Slrab. 10. 
 
 Carpia, an ancient name of Tai'cessus. 
 Paus. 6, c. 19, 
 
 Carpis, a river of Mysia. Herodot. 
 
 Carpo, a daughter of Zephyrus, and one 
 •f the Seasons. She was loved by Calamus 
 the son of Meeander, w^hom she equally ad- 
 mired. She was drowned in the Mseander, 
 and was changed by Jupiter into all sorts of 
 fruit. Paus. 9, c. 33, 
 
 Carpophora, a name of Ceres and Pro- 
 serpine in Tegea. Paus. 8, c. 53. 
 
 Carpophorus, an actor greatly esteemed by 
 Domitian. Martial. — Juv. 6, v. 1S8. 
 
 Carr^ and Carrh/e, a town of J^lesopota- 
 mia, near which Crassus was killed. Lucan. 1, 
 V. 105.— Plin. 6, c. 14, 
 
 Carrinates SecuiVbus, a poor but inge- 
 nious rhetorician, v^fho came from Athens to 
 Rome, where the boldness of his expressions, 
 especially against tyrannical power, expose'd 
 him to Caligula's resentment, who banished 
 him. Juv. 7, v. 205. 
 
 Carruca, a town of Spain. Hirl. Hisp. 
 27, 
 
 Carseoli, a town of the ^Equi, at the west 
 of the lake Tucinus. Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 683. 
 
 Cartahas, a town of Spain. 
 
 Carteia, a town at the extremity of Spain, 
 near the sea of Gades, supposed to be the 
 same as Calpe. 
 
 Cartena, a town of Mauritania, now Tc- 
 nez, on the shores of the Mediterranean. 
 
 Carth^a, a town in the island of Cea, 
 ■whence the epithet of Cartheius. Ovid. Met. 
 *J, V. 368. 
 
 Carthagi'nienses, the inhabitants of Car- 
 thage, a rich and commercial nation. Vid. 
 Carthago. 
 
 Carthago, a celebrated city of Africa, the 
 rival of Rome, and long the capital of the coun- 
 try, and mistress of Spain, Sicily, and Sardinia. 
 The precise time of its foundation is unknown, 
 yet most writers seem to agree that it was 
 first built by Dido, about 869 years before the 
 christian era, or, according to others, 72, or 93 
 years before the foundation of Rome. This 
 city and republic flourished for 737 years, ant' 
 
 CfA 
 
 it contained no less than 700,000 inhabitaMta, 
 It maintained three famous wars against Rome, 
 called the Punic wars, [Vid. Punicum Bel' 
 lum\ in the third of which Carthage was to- 
 tally destroyed by Scipio, the second Africa- 
 nus, B. C, 147, and only 5000 persons were 
 found within the walls. It was 23 miles in 
 circumference, and when it was set on fire by 
 the Romans, it burned incessantly during IT 
 days. After the destruction of Carthage, Uti- 
 ca became powerful, and the Romans thought 
 themselves secure ; and as they had no rival to 
 dispute with them in the field, they fell into 
 indolence and inactivity. Caesar planted a 
 small colony on tiie ruins of Carthage, Au- 
 gustus sent there 3000 men ; and Adrian, af- 
 ter the example of his imperial predecessors, 
 rebuilt pai't of it, which he called Adrianopo- 
 lis. Carthage was conquered from the Ro- 
 mans by the arms of Genseric, A. D. 439 ; 
 and it, was for more than a century the seat ot* 
 the Vandal empire in Africa, and fell into the 
 hands of the Saracens in the 7th century,. 
 The Carthaginians were governed as a repub- 
 lic, and had two persons yearly chosen among 
 them with regal authority. They were very 
 superstitious, and generally offered human 
 victims to their gods; an unnatural cus- 
 tom, which their allies wished them to abolish, 
 but in vain. They bore the chai-acter of a 
 faithless and treacherous people, and the pro- 
 verb Punica fides is well known. Slrab 17.. 
 — Firg. JEn. 1, kc.—Mela, 1, kc.—Plol. 4. — 
 Justin.— Liv. 4, )k.c.—Paterc. 1 and 2.— Pint. 
 
 in Annib. iic — Cic. Nova, ^ town built io 
 
 Spain, on the coast of the Mediterranean, by 
 Asdrubal the Carthaginian general. It was 
 taken by Scipio when Hanno surrendered 
 himself after a heavy loss. It now bear* 
 the name of Carlhagena. Polyb. 10. — Liv, 
 
 26, c. 43, &!.c.—Sil. 15, v. 220, &.c. A. 
 
 daughter of Hercules. 
 
 Carthasis, a Scythian, &.c. Curt. 7, c. 7. 
 
 Carthea, a town of Cos. Ovid Met. 7, 
 fab. 9. 
 
 Carvilzus, a king of Britain, who attack- 
 ed Caesar's naval station by order of Cassive- 
 
 launus, kc. Cces. Bell. G. 5, c. 22. Spu- 
 
 rius, a Roman who made a large image of the 
 breastplates taken from the Samnites, and 
 
 placed it in the capitol. Plin. 34, c,7. The 
 
 first Roman who divorced his wife during the 
 space of above 600 years. This was for bar- 
 renness, B. C. 231. Dionys. Hal. 2. — Val. 
 Max. 2, c. 1. 
 
 Carus, a Roman emperor who succeeded 
 Probus. He was a prudent and active gene- 
 ral ; he conqueied the Sarmalians, and coji- 
 tuiued the Persian war which his predecessor 
 had commenced. He reigned two years, and 
 died on the banks of the Tigris as he was go- 
 ing in an expedition against Persia, A. D. 
 283. He made his two sojis, Carinus and 
 Numerianus, Caesars ; and as his many virtues 
 had promised the Romans happiness, he was 
 
 made a god after death. Eutrop. One of 
 
 those who attempted to scale the rock Aor- 
 nus, by order of Alexander. Curt. 8, c. 11. 
 
 Carya, a town of Arcadia. A city of 
 
 Laconia Paus. 3, c. 10. Here a festival 
 
 was observed in honour of Diana Caryatls^ 
 the time of its greatest glory was under Anni- It was then usual for virgins to meet at the 
 bal and Amilcar. Daring the first Punic war,|[celebration, and join in a certain dance, said 
 
CA 
 
 to Kaxre Been first instituted b^ t&stot and 
 PoUax. When Greece was invaded by Xerx- 
 es, the Laconians did not appear before the 
 enemy, for fear of displeasing the goddess, by 
 not celebrating her festival. At that time the 
 peasants assembled at the usual place, and 
 sang pastorals called Bou ex» >^. from H9»e>.a,-, a 
 neatherd. From this circumstance some sup- 
 pose that bucolics originated. Stat. 4, Theb. 
 
 Caryasda, a town and island on the coast 
 of Caria, now Karacoion. 
 
 Gary AT i:, a people of Arcadia, 
 
 Carystius Antigonus, an historian, Stc. B. 
 C. 248. 
 
 Carystus, a maritime town on the south 
 of Eubcea, still in existence, famous for its 
 mai-ble. Stai. 2, Sylv. 2, v. 93.^Mariial. 9, 
 ep. 76. 
 
 Caryum, a place of Laconia, where Aris- 
 tomenes preserved some virgins, kc. Faus. 
 
 4, c. 16. 
 
 Casca, one of Cassar's assassins, who gave 
 iira the first blow. Plut. in Cces. 
 
 Cascellius Aclus, a lawyer of great mer- 
 it in the Augustan age. Horat. Jirt. Poet. 
 371. 
 
 CasilinuM; a town of Campania. When 
 it was besieged by Hannibal, a mouse sold for 
 200 denarii. The place was defended by 540 
 or 570 natives of Praeneste, who, when half 
 their number had perished either by war or 
 famine, surrendered to the conqueror. Liv. 
 23, c. \9.—StTab. b.—Cic dt Inv. 2, c. 57.— 
 JPlin. 3, c. 5. 
 
 Casina and Casinum, a town of Campania. 
 Sil. 4, V. 227. 
 
 Casius, a mountain near the Euphrates. 
 
 < Another at the east of Pelusium, where 
 
 Pompey's tomb was raised by Adrian. Jupi- 
 ter, sumamed Camus, had a temple there. 
 
 Lucan. 8. v. 258. Another in Syria, from 
 
 Tvhose top the sun can be seen rising, 
 though it be still the darkness of night at the 
 kottom of the mountain. Plin. 5, c. 22. — 
 Mela, 1 and 3. 
 
 Gasmen^, a town built by the Syi-acusans 
 in Sicily. Thucyd. 6, c 5. 
 
 C ASM ILL A, the mother of Camilla. Virs. 
 JEn. 11, V. 543. 
 
 Casperia, wife of Rhoetus king of the 
 Marrubii, committed adultery with her son- 
 in-law. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 388. A town of 
 
 the Sabines. F/rg-. ^n. 7, v. 714 
 
 Casperula, a town of the Sabines. Sil. 
 
 5, V. 416. 
 
 CaspijE Port^, certain passes of Asia, 
 which some place about Caucasus and the 
 Caspian sea, and others between Persia and 
 the Caspian sea, or near mouut Taurus, or 
 Armenia, or Cilicia. Biod. 1. — Plin. », e. 27, 
 i. 6, c. 13. 
 
 Caspiaka, a countiy of Armenia. 
 
 Caspii, a Scythian nation near the Cas- 
 pian sea. Such as had lived beyond tlieir 70th 
 year were starved to death. Their dogs were 
 remarkable for their fierceness. Herodot. 3, 
 4J. 92, &c. I. 7, c. 67, ^. — C. JS'tp. 14, c. 8. — 
 ll.rtr. JEn. 6, v. 798. 
 
 Caspium mare, or Hyrcanum, a large sea 
 in the form of a lake, which has no commu- 
 ,»ication with other seas, and lies between tlie 
 C3aspia» and Hyrcanian movmtaiiii5, ot t4ie 
 
 CA 
 
 north of Parthia, receiving in its capaciotS 
 bed the tribute of several large rivers. An- 
 cient authors assure us, that it produced enor- 
 mous serpents and fishes, different in colour 
 and kind from those of all other waters. The 
 eastern parts are more particularly called the 
 Hr/rcanian sea, and the western the Caspian^ 
 It is now called the sea of Sala or Baku. The 
 Caspian is about 680 miles long, aad in no part 
 more than 260 in breadth. There are no tides 
 in it, and on account of its numerous shoals it. 
 19 navigable to vessels drawing only nine or 
 ten feet water. It has strong currents, and, 
 like inland seas, is liable to violent storms^ 
 Some navigators examined it in 1708, by or- 
 der of the Czar Peter, and after the labour o£ 
 three years, a map of its extent was published.. 
 Its waters ai-e described as brackish, and nofe 
 impregnated with salt so much as the wide 
 ocean. Herodot. 1, c. 202. kc. — Curt. 3, c. 2i 
 1. 6, c. 4, 1. 7, c. 3. Sirab. U.—Mela, 1, c. 2, 1. 3, 
 c. 5 and 6. — Plin. 6, c. 13. — Dionys. Perieg. v . 50.r 
 
 Caspius mons, a branch of mount Taurus, 
 between Media and Armenia, at the east or 
 the Euphrates. The Caspite portce are placed 
 in the defiles of the mountains by some geo- 
 graphers. 
 
 Cassandane, the mother of Cambyses by 
 Cyrus. Herodot. 2, c. 1, 1. 3, c. 2. 
 
 Cassasder, son of Antipater, made him- 
 self master of Macedonia after his father's 
 death, where he reigned for 18 years. He 
 married Thessalonica, the sister of Alexander, 
 to strengthen himself on his throne. Olym- 
 pias, the mother of Alexander, wished to 
 keep the kingdom of Macedonia for Alexan- 
 der's young children ; and therefore she de- 
 stroyed the relations of Cassander, who be- 
 sieged her in the town of Pydna, and put her 
 to death. Roxane, with her son Alexander, 
 and Barsena the mother of Hercules, both 
 wives of Alexander, shared the fate of Olym- 
 pias with their children. Antigouus, who had 
 been for some time upon friendly terms with. 
 Cassander, declared war against him ; and 
 Cassander, to make himself equal with his ad- 
 versary, made a league with Lysimachus and 
 Seleucus, and obtained a memorable victory 
 at Ipsus, B. C. 301. He died three years after 
 this victory, of a dropsy. His son Antipater 
 killed his mother, and for this unnatural mur- 
 der he was put to death by his brother Alex- 
 ander, who, to strengthen himself, invited De- 
 metrius, the son of Antigonus, from Asia. De- 
 metrius took advantage of the invitation, and 
 put to death Alexander, and ascended the 
 throne of Macedonia. Paus. 1, c. 25. — Diod.- 
 19.— Justin. 12, 13, he. 
 
 Cassandra, a daughter of Priam and He- 
 cuba, was passionately loved by Apollo, who 
 promised to grant her whatever she might re- 
 quire, if she would gratify his passion. She 
 asked the power of knowing futurity ; and as 
 soon as she had received it, she refused to per- 
 form her promise, and slighted Apollo. The 
 god, in his disappointment, wetted her lips 
 with his tongue, and by this action ettected 
 that no credit or reliance should ever be put 
 upon her predictions, however true and faith- 
 ful they might be. Some maintain timt she re- 
 ceived the gift of prophecy with her brother 
 Helenus, by being placed when young one 
 night in the temple of Apollo, where ieipenti 
 
CA 
 
 trere found wreathed ai-ound their bodies, and 
 licking their ears, which circumstance gave 
 them the knowledge of futurity. She was 
 looked upon by the Trojans as insane, and she 
 was even conlined, and her predictions were 
 disregarded. She was courted by many prin- 
 ces during the Trojan war. When Troy u as 
 taken, she fled for shelter to the temple of Mi- 
 nerva, where Ajas found her, and offered her 
 Tiolence, with the greatest cruelty, at the foot 
 of Minerva's statue. In the division of the 
 spoils of Troy, Agamemnon, who was ena- 
 moured of her, took her as his wife, and re- 
 turned with her to Greece. She repeatedly 
 foretold to him the sudden calamities that 
 awaited his return ; but he gave no credit to 
 ker, and was assassinated by his wife Clytem- 
 Bestra. Cassandra shared his fate, and saw 
 all her prophecies but too truly fulfilled. [Vid. 
 Jigamemiion.l JEschyl. in Agam. — Homer. II. 
 13, V. 363. Od. 4.—Hi/gm. fab. 111.— Virg. 
 JEn. 2, V. 246, kc.—Q. C'alab. 13, v. 421.— 
 Eurip. in Troad. — Pans. 1, c. 16, 1.3, c. 19. 
 
 Cassandria, a town of the peninsula of 
 Pallene in Macedonia, called also Potidosa. 
 Fans. 5, c. 23. 
 
 Cassia lex was enacted by Cassius Longi- 
 nus, A. U. C. 649. By it no man condemned 
 or deprived of military power was permitted 
 to enter the senate house. Another enact- 
 ed by C. Cassius, the prcEtor, to choose some of 
 the plebeians to be admitted among the patri- 
 cians. Another A. U. C. 616, to make the 
 
 suffrages of the Roman people free and inde- 
 pendent. It ordained that they should be re- 
 ceived upon tablets. Cic in Lai. Another 
 
 A. U. C. 267, to make a division of the terri- 
 tories taken from the Hernici, half to the Ro- 
 man people, and half to the Latins. Ano- 
 ther enacted A. U. C. 596, to grant a consular 
 power to P. Anicius and Octavius on the day 
 they triumphed over Macedonia. Liv. 
 
 Cassiodorus, a great statesman and writer 
 in the 6th century. He died A. D. 662, at 
 
 the age of 100. His works were edited by 
 
 Chandler, 8vo. London, 1722. 
 
 Cassiope and Cassiopea, married Ce- 
 pheus, king of ^Ethiopia, by whom she had 
 Andromeda. She boasted herself to be fairer 
 than the Nereides ; upon which, Neptune, at 
 the request of these despised nymphs, punish- 
 ed the insolence of Cassiope, and sent a huge 
 sea monster to ravage ^Ethiopia. The wrath 
 of Neptune could be appeased only by expo- 
 sing Andromeda, whom Cassiope tenderly 
 loved, to the fury of a sea monster ; and just as 
 she was going to be devoured, Perseus deliver- 
 ed her. [Vid. Andromeda.] Cassiope ^vas 
 made a southern constellation, consisting of 
 13 stars called Cassiop<r. Cic. de JVat. D. 2, c. 
 ^.—Apollod. 2, c. 4.— Ovid. Met. 4, v. 738.— 
 Hygin. fab. 64. — Propert. 1, el. 17, v. 3. — Ma- 
 
 nilius, 1. A city of Epirus near Thes- 
 
 protia. Another in the island of Corcyra. 
 
 Plin. 4, c. 12. The wife of Epaphus. Stal. 
 
 Sylv. 
 
 CassiterVpes, islands in the western ocean, 
 where tin was found, supposed to be the Scil- 
 ly islands, the Land's end, and Lizard point, 
 of the moderns. Plin. 6, c. 22. 
 
 Cassivelaunus, a Briton invested with so- 
 vereign authority when J. Ceesar made a des- 
 cent upon Britain. Ca^t: D<Al. Q. 5, c. 19, &c. 
 
 CA 
 
 C. Cassius, a celebrated Roman, who made 
 himself knowii by being hrst quaestor to Cras- 
 sus in his expedition against Panhia, from 
 which he extricated himself with uncommon 
 address. He followed the interest of Pompey ; 
 and when Caesar had obtained the victory in 
 the plains of Pharsalia; Cassius w^as one of 
 those who owed their life to the mercy ol the 
 conqueror. He married Junia the sister of 
 Brutus, and with him he resolved to murder 
 the man to whom he was indebted for his life , 
 on account of his oppressive ambition ; and 
 before he stabbed Ceesar, he addressed himself 
 to the statue of Pompey, who had fallen by 
 the avarice of him he was going to assassinate. 
 When the provinces were divitled among C^e- 
 sar's murdej-ers, Cassius received Afiica ; and 
 when his party had lost gi'ound at Rome, by 
 the superior influence of Augustus and M. 
 Antony, he retired to Philippi, \vith his friend 
 Brutus and their adherents. In tlie battle 
 that was fought there, the wing which Cassius 
 commanded v/as defeated, and his camp was 
 plundered. In this unsuccessful moment he 
 suddenly gave up all hopes of recovering his 
 losses, and concluded that Brutus was con- 
 quered and ruined as well as himself. Fear- 
 ful to fall into the enemys hands, he ordered 
 one of his freed-men to run him through, and 
 he perished by that very sword which had 
 given wounds to Ceesar, His body was ho- 
 noured with a magnificent funeral by his friend 
 Brutus, who declared over him that he deser- 
 ved to be called the last of the Romans. If he 
 was brave, he was equally learned. Some of 
 his letters are still extant among Cicero's epis- 
 tles. He was a strict follower of the doctrine 
 of Epicurus. He was often too rash and too 
 violent, and many of the wrong steps which 
 Brutus took are to be ascribed to the prevail- 
 ing advice of Cassius. He is allow ed by Pater- 
 culus to have been a better commander than 
 Brutus, though a less sincere friend. The day 
 after Caesar's murder he dined at the house of 
 Antony, who asked him whether he had then 
 a dagger concealed in his bosom : yes, replied 
 he, if you aspire to tyranny. Suelon. in C'cbs. 
 ^ Aug. — Plul. in Brut. ^ Cccs. — Paitrc. 2, 
 
 c. 4fo. — Dio. 40. A Roman citizen, who 
 
 condemned his son to death, on pretence of 
 his raising commotions in the state. VaL 
 Max. 5, c. 8. A tribune of the peo- 
 ple, who made many laws tending to diminish 
 the influence of the Roman nobility. He was 
 competitor with Cicero for the consulship- 
 One of Pompey's oflicei's who, during 
 
 the civil wars, revolted to Caesar with 10 ships. 
 
 A poet of Parma, of great genius. He 
 
 was killed by Varus by order of Augustus, 
 whom he had offended by his satirical wri- 
 tings. His fragments of Orpheus were found, 
 and edited some time after by the poet Statins. 
 
 Horat. 1, sat. 10, v. 62. Spurius, a Roman. 
 
 put to death en suspicion of his aspiring to ty- 
 ranny, after he had been three times consul, 
 
 B. C. 485. Diod. Ih— VaL Max. 6, c. 3. 
 
 Brutus, a Roman, who betrayed his country 
 to the Latins, and fled to the temple of Pallas, 
 where his father confined him, and he was 
 
 starved to death. Longinus, an oflicer of 
 
 Ca3sar in Spain, much disliked. Cits. Alex, c 
 
 48. A consul to whom Tiberius married 
 
 Dnisilla, daughter of ^jicnnanicus. SueiojJ. ir 
 
CA 
 
 Cal. c. 57. A lawyer whom Nero put to 
 
 death because he bore the name of J. Cssar's 
 
 murderer. Suet, in Mr. 37. ^L. Hemina, 
 
 the most ancient writer of annals at Rome. 
 
 He lived A. U. C. 608. Lucius, a Romari 
 
 lawyer, whose severity in the execution of the 
 law'has rendered the words Cassiani judices 
 applicable to rigid judges. Cic. pro. Rose. c. 
 
 30. Loriginus, a critic. Vid. Longinus. 
 
 Lucius; a consul with C. Marius, slain with his 
 army by the Gauls Senones. Appian. in Celt. 
 
 ^M. Sc&eva, a soldier of uncommon valour 
 
 in Cajsars army. Vol. Max. 3, c. 2. An 
 
 officer under Aurelius, made emperor by his 
 soldiers, and murdered three months after. — 
 Felix, a physician in the age of Tiberius, who 
 
 wrote on animals. Severus, an orator who 
 
 wrote a severe treatise on illustrious men and 
 women. He died in exile, in his 2oth year. 
 Vid. Severus. The family of the Cassii branch- 
 ed into the surname of Longinus, Viscellinus, 
 Brutus, &ic. 
 
 Cassotis, a nymph and fountain of Phocis. 
 Pans. 10, c. 24. 
 
 Castabala, a city of Cllicia, whose inhab- 
 itants made war with their dogs. Plin. 8, c. 40. 
 
 Castabus, a town of Chersonesus. 
 
 Castalia, a town near Phocis. A daugh- 
 ter of the Achelous, 
 
 Castalius fons, or Castalia, a fountain 
 of Parnassus, sacred to the muses. The 
 waters of this fountain were cool and excellent, 
 and they had the power of inspiring those that 
 drank of them with the true fire of poetry. 
 The muses have received the surname of Caa- 
 talides from this fountain. Viro;. G. 3, v, 293. 
 —Martial. 7, ep. 11, 1. 12, ep. 3r 
 
 Castanea, ato.wn near the Peneus, v/hence 
 the 7iuces Castanta received their name. Plin. 
 4, c. 9. 
 
 Castellum menapiorum, a (own of Belgium 
 
 »n the Maese, now Kessel. Morinorum, 
 
 now Mount Cassel, in Flanders. Cattorum, 
 
 now Hesse Cassel. 
 Casthenes, a bay of Thrace, near Byzantium. 
 Castiasira, a Thracian, mistress of Priam, 
 and mother of Gorgythion. Homer. II. 8. 
 
 Castor and Pollux, were twin brothers, 
 sons of Jupiter, by Leda, the wife of Tynda- 
 iTis, king of Sparta. The manner of their 
 birth is uncommon. Jupiter, who was ena- 
 mom-ed of Leda, changed himself into a beau- 
 tiful swan, and desired Venus to metamorphose 
 herself into an eagle. After this transforma- 
 tion the goddess pursued the god with appa- 
 i-ent ferocity, and Jupiter fled for refuge into 
 the arms of Leda, who was bathing in the Eu- 
 rotas. Jupiter took advantage of his situation, 
 and nine months after, Leda, who was already 
 pregnant, brought forth two eggs, from one of 
 which came Pollux and Helena ; and from the 
 other. Castor and Clylemnestra. The two 
 former were the offspring of Jupiter, and the 
 latter were believed to be the children of f yn- 
 darus. Some suppose that Leda brought forth 
 only one egg, from which Castor and Pollux 
 sprung. Mercury, immediately after their 
 birth, carried the two brothers to Pallena, 
 where they were educated ; and as soon as 
 they had arrived to years of maturity, they 
 embarked with Jason to go in quest of the gol- 
 den fleece. In this expedition both behaved 
 with superior courage : Pollux conquered and 
 
 99 
 
 CA 
 
 slew Amycus, in the combat of thfe cestus, and 
 was ever alter reckoned the god and patron of 
 boxing and wrestling. Castor distinguished 
 himself in the management of horses. The 
 brothers cleai-ed the Hellespont, and the neigh- 
 bouring seas, from pirates, after their return 
 trom Colchis, from which circumstance they 
 have been always deemed the friends of naviga- 
 tion. During the Argonautic expedition, in a 
 violent storm, two flames of iire were seen to 
 play round the heads of l^he sons of Leda, and 
 immediately the tempest ceased and the sea 
 was calmed. From this occurrence their pow- 
 er to protect sailors has been more firmly cre- 
 dited, and the two mentioned fires, which are 
 very common in storms,have since been known 
 by the name of Castor and Pollux ; and wiien 
 they both appeared, it was a sign of fair wea- 
 ther, but if only one was seen, it prognosticated 
 storms, and the aid of Castor and Pollux was 
 consequently solicited. Castor aird Pollux mad« 
 Avar against the Athenians to recover their sis- 
 ter Helen, whom Tneseus had carried away ; 
 and from their clemency to the conquered, viiey 
 acquired the surname of Anaces, or benefac- 
 tors. They were initiated in the sacred myste- 
 ries of the Cabiri, and in those of Ceres of 
 Eleusis. They were invited to a feast when 
 Ly nceus and Lias w ere going to celebrate their 
 marriage with Phcebe and 'ialaria, the daugh- 
 ters of Leucippus, who w'as brother to Tynda- 
 rus. Their behaviour after this invitation was 
 cruel. They became enamoured of the two 
 women whose nuptials they w ere to celebrate, 
 and resolved to carry them away and marry 
 them. This violent step provoked Lynceus 
 and Idas ; a battle ensued, and Castor killed 
 Lynceus, and was killed by Idas. Pollux re- 
 venged the death of his brother by killing Idas ; 
 and as he was immortal, and tenderly attached 
 to his brother, he entreated Jupiter to restore 
 him to life, or to be deprived himself of immor- 
 tality. Jupiter permitted Castor to share the 
 immortality of his brother; and consequently,, 
 as long as the one was upon earth, so long wa? 
 the other detained in the infernal regions, and 
 they alternately lived and died every day ; or 
 according to others, every six months. This 
 act of fraternal love Jupiter rewarded by ma* 
 king the two brothers constellations in heaven^ 
 under the name oi Gemini, w^hich never appear 
 together ; but u hen one rises the other sets- 
 and so on alternately. Castor made Talaria 
 mother of Anogon, and Phcebe had iVlnesileup 
 by Pollux. They received divine honours aftej- 
 death, and were generally coWi^d Dioscuri, son? 
 of Jupiter. White lambs were more particu- 
 larly offered on their altars, and the ancients 
 were fond of swearing by the divinity of the 
 Dioscuri, by the expressions oiJEdtpol, an<T. 
 JEcastor. Among the ancients, and especially 
 among the Romans, there prevailed many 
 public reports, at different times, that Castor 
 and Pollux had made their appearance to^heir 
 armies ; and, mounted on white steeds, had 
 marched at tlie head of their troops, and furi- 
 ously attacked the enemy. Their surnames 
 were many, and they w ere generally repre- 
 sented mounted on two white horses, armed 
 W'ith spears, and riding side by side, with tlieir 
 head covered wiih a bonnet, on whose topj^lit 
 tered a star. Ovid. Met. 6. v 109. iW. 5, 
 v. 701. ./?m 3, el. 2; v. 54.— iy^m. fab. 77 ard 
 
€A 
 
 !78. — HoiUcr. Hymn. i7iJov. puer. — t!.ujip, ift 
 Helen.— Plat, in Thes.—Virg. ^n. 6, v. 121. 
 — Manil. j^rg. 2. — Liv. 2. — Dionys. Hal. 6. — 
 Justin. 20, c. S.— Floral. 2. Sat. 1, v. 21.--Flor. 
 % c. 12.— Cic. de A'at. D. 2, c. 2.—Apollo7i. 1. 
 -^Apollod. 1, c. 8, 9, 1. 2, c. 4, 1. 3, c. 11.— 
 Pans. 3, c 24, 1. 4, c. 3 and 27. An ancient 
 
 physician. A swift runner. A friend of 
 
 iEneas.-vvho accompanied him into Italy. Virg. 
 JEn. 10, V. 124. An orator of Rhodes, rela- 
 ted to king Deiotarus. He wrote two book on 
 
 Babylon, and one on'the Nile. A gladiator. 
 
 Hor'at.l, ep. 18, v. 19. 
 
 C ASTRA Alexandri, a place of Egypt 
 
 about Pehisiura. Curl. A, c. 7. Cornelia, a 
 
 maritime town of Africa, between Carthage 
 
 and Utica. Mela, 1, c.7. Annibalis, atowu 
 
 of the Brutii, now Roccella. Cyri, a coun- 
 try of Cilicia, where Cyrus encamped when 
 
 he marclied against Croesus. Curl. 3, c. 4. 
 
 Julia, a town of Spain. Posthumiana, a 
 
 place of Spain. Hirt. Hisp. 8. 
 
 Castratius, a governor of Placentia du- 
 ringthe civil wars of Marius. Val. Max. 6, c. 2. 
 
 CastrUxM Novu3t. a place on the coast of 
 
 Etruria. Liv. 36, c. 3. Truentinum, a town 
 
 of Picenum. Cic. de Attic. 8, ep. 12. Inui, 
 
 a town on the shores of the Tyrrhene sea. 
 Virg. JEn. 6, v. 775. 
 
 Castijlo, a town of Spain, where Annibal 
 married one of the natives. Plut. in Serl. — 
 Liv. 24, c. 41.— Hal. S, v. 99 and 391. 
 
 CatabAthmos, a great declivity near Cy- 
 rene,fixedbySallust as the boundary of Africa, 
 Sallust. Jvg. 17 and 10. — Plin. 5, c. 5. 
 • CATADCPA,lhe name of the large cataracts 
 of the Nile, whose immense noise stuns the ear 
 of travellers for a short space of time, and to- 
 tally deprives the neighbouring inhabitants of 
 the power of hearing. Cic. de Somn. Scip. 5. 
 
 Catagogia, festi\als in honour of Venus, 
 celebrated by the people of Erjx. Vid. Ana- 
 gogia. 
 
 Catamenteles> a king of the Sequani, 
 In alliance with Rome, kc. C(es. Bell. G. 1, 
 C.3. 
 
 Cataxa, a town of Sicil}'', at the foot of 
 mounts tna.founded by a colony from Chalcis, 
 753 years before the christian era. Ceres had 
 there a temple, in which none but women 
 Were permitted to appear. It was large and 
 opulent, and it is rendered remarkable for the 
 dreadful overthrows to which it has been sub- 
 jected from its vicinity to /"Etna, which has 
 discharged, in some of its eruptions, a stream 
 of lava 4 miles broad and 50 feet deep, advan- 
 cing at the rate of 7 railcs in a day. Catana 
 contains now about 30,000 inhabitants. Cic.ia 
 Verr. 4, c. 53,1.5, c. M.—Diod. 11 and 14. 
 Strah. 6.— Thucyd. 6, c. 3. 
 
 Cataonia, a country above Cilicia, near 
 Cappadocia. C. JVep. in Dal. 4. 
 
 C3ataracta, a city of the Samnites. 
 
 C^taractes, a river of Pamphylia, now 
 Doaensoiii. 
 
 Catenes, a Persian, by whose means Bes- 
 isiis was seized. Curt. 7, c. 43. 
 
 Cath.tea, a country of India. 
 
 Cathari, certain gods of the Arcadians. 
 An Indian nation,vvhere the wives accom- 
 pany their husbands to the burning pile, and 
 are burnt with them. Diod. 17. 
 
 Catia, an immodest wonicw, mentioued 
 Boral. Ij Sat. % v. 95r 
 
 CA 
 
 Catiena, a courtezan iu Juvenal's age. 
 Juv. 3, V. 133. 
 
 Catienus, an actor at Rome in Horace'* 
 age, 2, S.at. 3, v. 61. 
 
 L. Sergius CATiLisA, a celebrated Ro- 
 msm descended of a noble family. When he. 
 had squandered away his fortune by his de- 
 baucheries and extravagance, and been refused 
 the consulship, he secretly meditated the ruia 
 of his country, and conspired withmany of the 
 most illustrious of the Romans, as dissolute as 
 himself, to extirpate the senate, plunder the 
 treasury, and set Rome on fire. This conspi- 
 racy was timely discovered by the consul Ci- 
 cero, whom he had resolved to murder; and 
 Catiline, after he had declared his intentions in 
 the full senate, and attempted to vindicate him- 
 self, on seeing five of his accomplices arrested^ 
 retired to Gaul, where his partisans were as- 
 sembling an army; while Cicero at Rome pu- 
 nished the condemned conspirators. Petreius> 
 the other consul's lieutenant, attacked Cati- 
 line's ill-discjf)lined troops, and routed them. 
 Catiline Avas killed in the engagement, bravely 
 fighting, about the middle of December, B. C. 
 63 His charac'*er has been deservedly brand- 
 ed with the foulest infamy ; and to the violence 
 he offered to a vestal, he added the more atro- 
 cious murder of his own brother, for which he 
 would have suft'ered death, had not friends and 
 bribes prevailed over justice. It has been re- 
 ported that Catiline and the other conspirators 
 drank human blood, to make then- oaths more 
 firm and inviolable. Sallust has written an ac- 
 count of the conspiracy. Cic. in Catil. — Virg. 
 JEn. 8, V. 668. 
 
 Catilli, a people near the river Anio. SiL 
 4, v. 225. 
 
 Catilsus, a pirate of Dalmatia. Cic. Div. 5, 
 c. 10. 
 
 Catileus or Catilus, a son of Amphiarus,. 
 who came to Italy with his brothers Coras 
 and Tiburtus, where he built Tibur, and as- 
 sisted Turnus against ^Eneas. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 
 672. Horat. 1, od. 18, v. 2. 
 
 Cati'na, a town of Sicily, called also Cata- 
 na. {Vid. Catana.] Another of Arcadia. 
 
 M. Catius, an epicurean philosopher of In- 
 subria, Avho wrote a treatise in four books, on 
 the nature of things, and the summum bonum, 
 and an account of the doctrine and tenets of 
 Epicurus. But as he was not a sound or faith- 
 ful follower of the epicurean philosophy, he 
 has been ridiculed by Horat. 2, Sat. 4. — Qimi- 
 
 lil. 10, c. 1. Vestinus, a military tribune in 
 
 M. Antony's army. Cic. Div. c. 10, 23. 
 
 Catizi, a people of the Pygmajans, sup- 
 posed to have been driven from their countiy 
 by cranes. Plin. 4, c. 11. 
 
 Cato, a surname of the Porcian family^ 
 rendered illustrious by M. Porcius Cato, a 
 celebrated Roman, afterwards called Censo- 
 rlus, from his having exercised the office of 
 censor. He rose to all the honours of the state, 
 and the first battle he ever saw was against 
 Annibal, at the age of seventeen, where he. 
 behaved with uncommon valour. Inhisqua^s- 
 torship under Africanus against Carthage, 
 and hJ3 expedition in Spain, against the Cel- 
 tiberians, and in Greece, he dis})layed equal 
 proofs of his courage and prudence. He wa» 
 remarkable for his love of temperance; he 
 never drank biit water, and ahvay;? salir- 
 
CA 
 
 fied with whatever meats were laid upon his 
 table by his sei-vants, whom he never reproved 
 with an angry word. During his censorship, 
 which he obtained, though he had made many 
 declarations of his fiiture severity if ever in 
 office, he behaved with the greatest rigour and 
 impartiality, showed liiniself an enemy to all 
 luxury and dissipation, and even accused his 
 colleague of embezzling the public money. He 
 is famous for the great opposition which he 
 made against the introduction of the finei- arts 
 of Greece into Italy, and his treatment of 
 Carneades is well known. This prejudice 
 arose from an apprehension that the learning 
 and luxury of Athens would destroy the valour 
 and simplicity of the Roman people ; and he 
 often observed to his son, that the Romans 
 would be certainly ruined whenever they be- 
 gan to be infected with Greek. It appears, 
 however, that he changed his opinion, and 
 made himself remarkable for the knowledge 
 of Greek, which he acquired in his old age. 
 He himself educated his son, and instructed 
 him in writing and grammar. He taught him 
 dexterously to throw the javelin, and inured 
 him to the labours of the field, and to bear 
 cold and heat with the same indifference, and 
 to swim across the most rapid rivers with ease 
 and boldness. He was universally deemed so 
 strict in his morals, that Virgil makes him 
 one of the judges of hell. He repented only 
 ©f three things during his life ; to have gone 
 by sea when be could go by land, to have 
 passed a day inactive, and to have told a secret 
 to his wife. A statue was raised to his me- 
 mory, and he distinguished himself as much 
 for his knowledge of agriculture as his political 
 Kfe. In Cicero's age there were ioO orations 
 ©f his, besides letters, and a celebrated work 
 called Origines, of which the first book gave 
 a history of the Roman monarchy •, the second 
 and third an account of the neighbouring cities 
 of Italy ; the fourth a detail of the first, and 
 the fifth of the second Punic war ; and in the 
 others, the Roman history was brought down 
 to the war of the Lusitanians, carried on by 
 Ser Galba. Some fragments of the Origines 
 remain, supposed by some to be supposititious. 
 Cato's treatise, De Re rudica, was edited by 
 Anfon. Pompna, 8vo. Ant. Plant. 1590 ; but 
 the best edition of Cato, &c. seems to be Ges- 
 ners, 2 vols. 4to. Lips. 1735. Cato died in an 
 extreme old age, about 150 B. C. ; and Cicero, 
 to show his respect for him, has introduced 
 him in his treatise on old age, as the principal 
 character. Plin. 7, c. 14. Plutarch &/■ C. JVepos 
 have written an account of his life. Cic Acad. 
 ^ de Senect. &lc. Marcus, the son of the 
 
 censor, married the daughter of P. iEmylius. 
 He lost his sword in a battle, and though 
 wounded and tired, he went to his friends, 
 and, with their assistance, renewed the battle, 
 and recovered his sword. Flut. in Cat.- 
 A courageous Roman, grandfather to Cato 
 the censor. He had five horses killed under 
 
 him in battles, Plut. in Cat. Valerius, a 
 
 grammarian of Gallia Narbonensis, in the 
 time of Sylla, who instructed at Rome many 
 noble pupils, and wrote some poems. Ovid. 
 
 3, Trist. 1, v. 436. Marcus, surnamed 
 
 Uticensis, from his death at Utica, was great 
 
 CA 
 
 seemed to promise a gi'eat man ; and at thfe 
 age of fourteen, he earnestly asked his pre- 
 ceptor for a sword, to stab the tyrant Sylla- 
 He was austere in his morals, and a strict fol- 
 lower of the tenets of the stoics ; he was care- 
 less of his dress, often appeared barefooted in 
 public, and never travelled but on foot. He 
 was such a lover of discipline, that in whatever 
 ottice he was employed, he always reformed 
 its abuses, and restored the ancient regula- 
 tions. When he was set over the troops in 
 the capacity of a commander, his removal was 
 universally lamented, and deemed almost a 
 public loss by his affectionate soldiers. His 
 fondness for candour was so great, that the 
 veracity of Cato became proverbial. In his 
 visits to his friends, he wished to give as little 
 molestation as possible ; and the importuning 
 civilities of king Dejotarus so displeased him, 
 when he was at his cou-rt, that he hastened 
 away from his presence. He was very jealous 
 of the safety and liberty of the republic, and 
 watched carefully over the conduct of Pom= 
 pey, whose power and influence were great. 
 He often expressed his dislike to serve tho 
 otfice of a tribune ; but when he saw a man of 
 corrupted principles apply for it, he offered 
 himself a candidate to oppose him, and obtain- 
 ed the tribuneship. In the conspiracy of Cati- 
 line, he supported Cicero, and was the chief 
 cause that the conspirators were capitally pun-r 
 ished. When the provinces of Gaul were de- 
 creed for five years to Caesar, Cato observed 
 to the senators, that they had introduced a 
 tyrant into the capitol. He was sent to Cy- 
 prus against Ptolemy, who had rebelled, by his 
 enemies, who hoped that the difficulty of the 
 expedition would injure his reputation. But 
 his prudence extricated him from every dan= 
 ^er. Ptolemy submitted, and after a success- 
 ful campaign, Cato was received at Rome with 
 the most distinguishing honours, which he, 
 however, modestly declined. When the first 
 triumvirate was formed between Caesar, Pora- 
 pey, and Crassus, Cato opposed them with all 
 his might, and with an independent spirit fore- 
 told to the Roman people all the misfortunes 
 which soon after followed. After repeated ap- 
 plications he was made praetor, but he seemed 
 rather to disgrace than support the dignity of 
 that oflfice, by the meanness of his dress. He 
 applied for the consulship, but could nevee 
 obtain it. When Casar had passed the Rubi- 
 con, Cato advised the Roman senate to deliver 
 the care of the republic into the hands of Pom- 
 pey : and when his advice had been complied 
 with, he foliowed him with his son to Dyrra- 
 chium, where, after a small victory there, he 
 was intrusted with the care of the ammunition, 
 and 15 cohorts. After the battle of Phar- 
 salia, Cato took the command of the Corcy- 
 rean fleet ; and when he heard of Pompey's 
 death, on the coast of Africa, he traversed the 
 deserts of Libya, to join himself to Scipio. He 
 refused to take the command of the army in 
 Africa, a circumstance of which he afterwards 
 repented. When Scipio had been defeated, 
 partly lor not paying regard to Cato's advice, 
 Cato fortified himself in Utica, but, however, 
 not with the intentions of 
 
 supporting a siege. 
 When Cn^sar apjjroached near the city, Cato 
 grandson to the censor of the same name. The i disdained to fly, and rather than fall alive into 
 early virtues that oppearod in liis childheod; jthe (;on<iueror','^ hands^ he ^tabbed himseif; ajf- 
 
CA 
 
 ter he had read Plato's treatise on the immor' 
 taiily oi the soul, B. C. 46, in the 59th year of 
 his age. He had first married Attilia, a woman 
 whose licentious conduct obliged him to di- 
 vorce her. Afterwards he united himself to 
 Martia, daughter of Philip. Hortensius, his 
 friend, wished to raise chil,drenby Martia, and 
 therefore obtained her from Cato. After the 
 death of Hortenshis, Cato took her again. This 
 conductwas ridiculed by the Romans, who ob- 
 served that Martia had entered the house of 
 Hortensius very poor, but returned to the bed 
 of Cato loaded with treasures. It was observ- 
 ed that Cato always appeared in mourning, 
 and never laid himself down at his meals since 
 the defeat of Pompey, but always sat down, 
 contrary to the custom of the Romans, as if 
 'depressed with the recollection that the sup- 
 porters d( republican liberty were decaying. 
 Plutarch has written an account of his life. 
 Lucan. 1, v. 128, Lc.— Val. Max. 2, c. 10.— 
 Horat. 3, od. 21.— P'irg. JEn. 6, v. 841, 1. 8, 
 V. 670. — ^A son of Cato of Utica, who was 
 killed in a battle, after he had acquired much 
 honour. Plut. in Cat. Min. 
 
 Catrea, a town of Crete. Pav^. 
 
 Catretjs, a king of Crete, killed by his son 
 at Rhodes, unknowingly. Diod. 5. 
 
 Catta, a woman who had the gift of pro- 
 phec3^ Suet, in Vitel. 14. 
 
 Catti, a people of Gaul and Germany. 
 Tacit. Jinn. 13, v. 57. 
 
 Catulianaj a surname of Minerva, from L. 
 Catulus, who dedicated a standard to her. 
 Piin. 34, c. 8. 
 
 Catullus, C. or Q. Valerius, a poet of 
 Verona, whose compositions, elegant and 
 simple, are the offspring of a luxuriant imagi- 
 nation. He was acquainted with the most 
 distinguished people of his age, and directed 
 his satire against Caesar, whose only revenge 
 was to invite the poet, and hospitcibly enter- 
 tain him at his table. Catullus was the first 
 Roman Avho imitated with success the Greek 
 writers, and introduced their numbers among 
 the Latins. Though the pages of the poet are 
 occasionally disfigured with licentious expres- 
 sions, the whole is written with great purity 
 of style. Catullus died in the 46th year of his 
 age, B. C. 40. The best editions of his works, 
 Avhich consist only of epigrams, are that of 
 Vulpius, 4to. Patavii, 1737, and that of Bar- 
 bou, 12mo. Paris, 1754. Martial. 1, ep. 62. — 
 
 Ovid. Trisl. 2, v. 427. A man surnaraed 
 
 Urbicarii:^, was a mimographer. Juv. 13, v. 
 111. 
 
 Q. LucTATius Catulus, went with 300 
 ships during the first Punic war against the 
 Carthaginians, and destroyed 600 of their 
 thips under Hamilcar, near the jEgates. This 
 
 celebrated victory put an end to the war. 
 
 An orator distinguished also as a writer of epi- 
 grams, and admired for the neatness, ele- 
 gance, and polished style of his compositions. 
 He i.^ supposed to be the same as the colleague 
 of Marius, Avhen a consul the fourth time ; 
 and lie shared with him the triumph over the 
 Cin-bri. He was, by his colleague'.'j order, 
 su located in a room filled with the smoke of 
 burning coals. Lucan. 2, v. Vj4.—Plv.t. in 
 
 Mario. A Roman sent by his countrymen 
 
 to cany a present to the god of Delphi, from 
 {he ^poils taken from Asdrrib?J . L'V. 27', 
 
 GA 
 
 Caturiges, a people of Gaul, now C/tor- 
 ge5, near the source of the Durance. Cms. B. 
 G. 1, c. 10.— Plin. 3, c. 20. 
 
 Cavares, a people of Gaul, who inhabited 
 the present province of Cointat in Provence. 
 
 Cavarillus, a commander of some troops 
 of the iEdui in Caesar's army. Cats. Bell. G. 
 7, c. 67. 
 
 Cavarinus, a Gaul, made king of the Se- 
 nones by Cassar, and banished by his subjects. 
 C<w. Bell. G. 5, c. 54. 
 
 Caucasus, a celebrated mountain between 
 the Euxine and Caspian seas, which may be 
 considered as the continuation of the ridge of 
 mount Taurus. Its height is immense. It 
 was inhabited anciently by various savage na- 
 tions who lived upon the wild fruits of the 
 earth. It was covered with snow in some 
 parts, and in others it was variegated with 
 fruitful orchards and plantations. The inhabi- 
 tants formerly were supposed to gather gold 
 on the shores of their rivulets in sheep skins, 
 but now they live without making use of mo- 
 ney. Prometheus was tied on the top of Cau- 
 casus by Jupiter, and continually devoured by 
 vultures, according to ancient authors. The 
 passes near this mountain, called CaucasicR 
 porta, bear now the name of Derbent, and it 
 is supposed that through them the Sarmatians, 
 called Huns, made their way, when they in- 
 vaded the provinces of Rome. Plin. 6, c. 11. 
 —Strab. U.—Herodot. 4, c. 203, kc.—Virg. 
 Eel. 6, G. 2, V. 440. ^7i. 4, v. 366.— Flac. 5, 
 V. 155. 
 
 Caucon, a son of Clinus,w^ho first introduc- 
 ed the Orgies into Messenia from Eleusis. 
 Paus. 4, c. 1. 
 
 Caucones, a people of Paphlagonia, ori- 
 ginally inhabitants of Arcadia, or of Scythia, 
 according to some accounts. Some of thera 
 made a settlement nearDymae in Elis. Hero- 
 dot. 1, kc— Strab. 8, &c 
 
 Caudi and Caudium, a town of the Sam- 
 nites, near which, in a place called Cavdincs 
 Furculoe, the Roman army under T. Veturius 
 Calvinus and Sp. Posthumius was obliged to 
 surrender to the Samnites, and pass under the 
 yoke with the greatest disgrace. Liv. 9, c. 1, 
 kc. — Lucan. 2, v. 138. 
 
 Cavii, a people of Illyricum. Liv. 44, c. 30. 
 
 Caulonia, or Caulon, a tow n of Italy near 
 the country of the Brutii, founded by a colony 
 of Achaeans, and destroyed in the wars between 
 Pyrrhus and the Romans. Pam. 6, c. 3. — 
 Virg. JEn. 3, v. 553. 
 
 Caunius, a man raised to affluence from 
 poverty by Artaxerxes. Plut. in Artax. 
 
 Caunus, a son of Miletus and Cyane. He 
 was passionately fond of, or,- according to 
 others, he was tenderly beloved by his sister 
 Byblis, and to avoid an incestuous commerce, 
 he retired to Caria, where he built a city call- 
 ed by his own name. \Vid. Byblis.] Ovid. 
 
 Met.9.i'Ah. 11. A city of Caria, opposite 
 
 Rhodes, where Protogenes was born. The 
 climate w^as considered as unwholesome, espe- 
 cially in summer, so that Cicero mentions the 
 cry of a j)erson who sold Caunian figs which 
 were very famous, (qui Cauneas vlami tabat,) 
 at Brundusium, as a bad omen (caveneeas) 
 against Crassus going to attack the Parthians. 
 Cic. de Div. 2. v'. 4. —Strab, H.—Harodot. h 
 r. 176. 
 
CE 
 
 CE 
 
 Cauros, an island with a small town, for- 1 ticular frien|d of Cicero, with whom he cor 
 
 merly called Andros, in the iEgean sea. Plin 
 4, c. 12. 
 
 Caurus, a wind blowing from the west. 
 Virg. G. 3, V. 356. 
 
 Caus, a village of Arcadia. Paus. 8, c. 
 25. 
 
 Ca? CI, or Chauci, a nation of Germany, 
 now the people of Friesland and Groningen. 
 jLucan. l,v.463. 
 
 Cavcus, a river of Mysia. Vid. Caicus. 
 Cayster, or Caystrus, now Kilcheck 
 Meinder, a rapid river of Asia, rising in Ly- 
 dia, and after a meandering course, falling 
 Into the iEgean sea near Ephesus. Accordini,'' 
 to the poets, the banks and neighbourhood of 
 this river were generally frequented by swans. 
 Ovid. Met. 2, v. 253, 1. 5, v. S8Cy.—Mart. 1 
 ep. 54. — Homer. II. 2, v. 461.— Virg. G. 1, v. 
 384. 
 
 Cea or Ceos, an island near Eubcea, called 
 also Co. Vid. Co. 
 
 CeAdes, a Thracian, whose son Euphemus 
 was concerned in the Trojan war. Homer. 
 IL2. 
 
 Ceba, now Ceva, a town of modern Pied- 
 mont, famous for cheese. Plin. 11, c. 42. 
 
 Ceballinus, a man who gave information 
 of the snares laid against Alexander. — Diod. 
 n.—Curt. 6, c. 7. 
 
 Cebarenses, a people of Gaul. Paus. 1, 
 c. 36. 
 
 Cebenna, mountains, now the Ccvennes, 
 separating the Averni from the Helvii, ex- 
 tending from the Garonne to the Rhone. 
 Cces. B. G. 7, c. S.—Mela, 2, c. 5. 
 
 Cebes, a Theban philosopher, one of the 
 disciples of Socrates, B. C. 405. He attended 
 his learned preceptor in his last moments, 
 and distinguished himself by three dialogues 
 that he wrote ; but more particularly by his 
 tables, which contain a beautiful and afl'ecting 
 picture of human life, delineated with accu- 
 racy of judgment, and great splendour of sen- 
 timent. Little is' known of the character of 
 Cebes from histofy. Plato mentions him once, 
 and Xenophon the same, but both in a man- 
 ner which conveys most fully the goodness of 
 his heart, and the purity of his morals. The 
 best editions of Cebes are those of Gronovius, 
 8vo. 1689 ; and Glasgow, 12mo. 1747. 
 
 Cebren, the father of Asterope. .flpollod. 
 3, c. 12. 
 
 CEBRiiNiA, a country of Troas with a 
 town of the same name, called after the river 
 Cehrenus, which is in the neighbourhood. 
 CEnone, the daughter of the Cebrenus, re- 
 ceives the patronymic oi Cebrenis. Ovid. Met. 
 11, V. 169.— Stat. 1, Sylv. 5, v. 21. 
 
 Cebriones, one of tlie giants conquered by 
 Venus. An illegitimate son of Priam, kill- 
 ed with a stone by Patrochis. Homer. II. 
 
 Cebrus, now Zcbris, a river falling in a 
 southern direction into the Danube, and divi- 
 ding Lower from Upper M(£sia. 
 
 Cecidas, an ancient and dithyrambic poet. 
 Cecimus, Vid. Cajcilius. 
 Cecina, a river near Volaterra, in Etruria. 
 Mela, 2, c. 4. 
 
 A. Cecinna, a Roman knis^ht in the in- 
 terest of Pompey, who use^ to breed up 
 young swallows, and send theitj to carry news 
 to his friends as messengers, lie was a par- 
 
 responded. Some of his letters are still ex- 
 tant in Cicero. Plirk. 10, c. 24. — Cic. 15 ep, 
 
 66. Orat. 29. A scribe of Octavius Caesar, 
 
 Cic. 16, ad Attic, ep. 8. A consular man 
 
 suspected of conspiracy, and murdered by 
 Titus, after an invitation to supper. Suet, in 
 Tit. c. 6. 
 
 Cecropia, the original name of Athens, ia 
 honoar of Cecrops, its first founder. The an- 
 cients often use this word for Attica, and the 
 Athenians are often called Cecropidce. Virg. 
 Ml. 6, V. 21.— Ovid. Met. 7, v. 671. Fast. 2, 
 V. 81.— Lucan. 3, v. 3u6.— Plin. 7, c. 56.— 
 CatuU. 62, 79.—Jav. 6, v. 186. 
 
 Cecropid^, an ancient name of the Athe- 
 nians, more particularly applied to those who 
 wers descended from Cecrops the founder of 
 \thens. The honourable name of Cecropi- 
 d:e was often conferred as a reward for some 
 virtuous action in the field of battle. Virg. ^n. 
 6, \r.2\.—0vid.l. Met.%l\. 
 
 Cecrops, a native of Sais in Egypt, who 
 led a colony to Attica-about 1556 years before 
 the christian era, and reigned over part of the 
 country, which was called from him Cecro[)ia, 
 He softened and polished the rude and uncul- 
 tivated manners of the inhabitants, and drew^ 
 them from the country to inhabit twelve small 
 villages which he had founded. He gave thena 
 laws and regulations, and introduced among 
 them the worship of those deities which were 
 held in adoration in Egypt. He married the 
 daughter of Actaeus a Grecian prince, and was 
 deemed the first founder of Athens. He 
 taught his subjects to cultivate the olive, and 
 instructed them to look upon Minerva as the 
 watchful patroness of their city. It is said 
 that hQ was the first who raised an altar to Ju- 
 piter in Greece, and offered him sacrifices. 
 After a reign of 50 years, spent in regulating 
 his newly formed kingdom, and in polishing 
 the minds of his subjects, Cecrops died, leav- 
 ing three daughters, Aglaurus, Herse, and Pan- 
 drosos. He was succeeded by Cranaus, a na- 
 tive of the country. Some time after, The- 
 seus, one of his successors on the throne, form- 
 ed the twelve villages which he had established , 
 into one city, to which the name of Athens was 
 given. [Vid. Athenae.] Some authors have 
 described Cecrops as a monster, half a mati and 
 half a serpent ; and this fable is explained by 
 the recollection that he was master of two lan- 
 guages, the Greek and Egyptian ; or that he 
 iiad the command over two countries, Egypt 
 and Greece. Others explain it by an allusion 
 to the regulations which Cecrops made amongst 
 the inhabitants concerning marriage and the 
 union of the two sexes. Paus. 1, c. 5. — Strah. 
 9. — Justin. 2, c. 6. — Herodot. 8, c. 44. — Apol- 
 lod. 3, c. \4.—0vid. Met. 11,, v. o6l.—Hygin, 
 
 fab. 166. The second of that name, was the 
 
 seventh king of Athens, and the son and suc- 
 cessor of Erechtheus. He married Metiadusa.. 
 the sister of Duidalus, by whom he had Pan- 
 dion. He reigned forty years, and died 1307, 
 B. C. Jipollod. 3, c. Ib.—Pam. 1, c. 5. 
 
 Cecyphal,«;, a place of Greece, where the 
 Athenians defeated the fleet of the Pelopon- 
 nesiaus. Thucyd. 1, c. 105. 
 
 Cedreatis, the name of Diana among the 
 Orchomenians, because her images were hung 
 on lofty cedars. 
 
CE 
 
 CbdoS, an Athenian genera!, kHled iu an 
 ■eagagement against the Spartans. Diod. 15. 
 CedrusiIj an Indian nation. Curt. 9.c. 11. 
 Ceglu.sa, the mother of Asopus by Nep- 
 tune. Pans. 2, e. 12. 
 
 Cei, the inhabitants of the island of Cea. 
 Cel.^don, a man killed by Perseus, at the 
 Siarriage of Andromeda. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 
 
 144. A river of Greece, flowing into the 
 
 Alpheus. Strab 8. — Homer. II. 7, v. 133. 
 Celadus, a river of Arcadia. Paus. 8, c. 
 
 38. An island of the Adriatic sea. JWeto, 
 
 3, c. 1. 
 
 C-EJ.JE.fSM, or Celeste, a city of Phrygia, of 
 which it was once the capital. Cyrus the young- 
 er had a palace there, with a park filled with 
 wild beasts, where he exercised himself in 
 Iiunting. The Maeander rose in this park. 
 Xeraes built a famous citadel there after his 
 defeat in Greece. The inhabitants of Celaenss 
 were carried by Antiochus Soter to people 
 Apamea when newly founded. Slrab. 12. — 
 Liv. 38, c. 13. — Xenoph. Anab. 1. Marsyas 
 is said to have contended in its neighbourhood 
 against Apollo. Htrodot. 7, c. 26. — Lucan. 3, 
 V. 206. 
 
 Cel5:no, one of the daughters of Atlas, rav- 
 ished by Neptune. Ovid. 4, Fast. v. 173. 
 
 One of the harpies, daughter of Neptune and 
 
 Terra. Virg. Mn. 3, v. 245. One of the 
 
 Danaides. Apollod. 2, c. 1. A daughter of 
 
 Nept.ine end Ergea. Hygin. A daughter 
 
 «f Hyamus, mother of Delphus by Apollo. 
 Paus. 10, c. 6. 
 
 Celes, a town of Peloponnesus. Pa-as. 2, 
 c. 14. 
 
 Celeia and Cela, a town of Noricum. 
 JPlin. 3, c. 24. 
 
 Celelates, a people of Liguria. Liv. 32, 
 c. 29. 
 
 CELENDRa:, Celendris, and Celende- 
 ms, a colony of the Samians in Cilicia, with a 
 harbour of the same name at the mouth of the 
 gelinus. Lucan. 8, v. 406. 
 
 Celeneus, a Cimmerian, who fir.st taught 
 tow persons guilty of murder might be ex- 
 piated. Flacc. 3, v. 406. 
 
 Celenna or CEL.a;NA, a town of Campa- 
 nia, where Juno was worshipped. Virg. Mn. 
 7, V. 739. 
 
 Celer, a man who with Severus undertook 
 to rebuild Nero's palace after the burning of 
 
 Konie. Tacit. Ann. 15, c. 42. A man called 
 
 Fabius, who killed Remus when he leaped 
 over the walls of Rome, by order of Romulus. 
 
 Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 837. — Plut. in Romul. 
 
 Metius, a noble youth to whom Statius dedi- 
 cated a poem. 
 
 Celeres, 300 of the noblest and strongest 
 youths at Rome, chosen by Romulus to be his 
 body guards, to attend him wherever he went, 
 and to protect his person. The chief or cap- 
 tain was called Tribunus Cekrum. Liv. 1, c. 
 15. 
 
 Celetrum, a town of Macedonia. Liv. 
 31, c. 40. 
 
 Ceeeus, a king of Eleusis, father to Trip- 
 tolemus by Metanira. He gave a kind recep- 
 tion to Ceres, who taught his son the cultiva- 
 tion of the earth. (Vid. Triptolemus.) His 
 Fustic dress became a proverb. The invention 
 Qf several agricultural instruments made of 
 flsiers is atti'ibuted to him. Ovid. Fa^l. 4; v. 
 
 CE 
 
 508, 1. 5, V. 296.— Firg-. G. 1, v. le^.—Apol-^ 
 
 Ion. 1, c. 5. — Paus. 1, c. 14. A king of Ce^ 
 
 phallenia. 
 
 Celmus, a man who nursed Jupiter, by 
 whom he was greatly esteemed. He was 
 changed into a magnet stone for saying that 
 Jupiter was mortal. Ovid. Met. 4, v. 281. 
 
 Celon^, a place of Mesopotamia. Died. 
 17. 
 
 Celsus, an epicurean philosopher in the 
 second centuiy, to whom Lucian dedicated 
 one of his compositions. He wrote a treatise 
 against the christians, to which an answer was 
 
 returned by Origen. Corn, a physician, in 
 
 the age of Tiberius, who wrote eight books 
 on medicine, besides treatises on agriculture, 
 rhetoric, and military affairs. The best editions 
 of Celsus de medecind are the Sv'o. L. Bat. 
 1746, and that of Vallart, 12mo. Paris apud 
 Didot, 1772. Albinovanus, a friend of Ho- 
 race, warned against plagiai'ism, 1, ep. 3, v. 
 15, and pleasantly ridiculed in the 8th epistle, 
 for his foibles. Some of his elegies have been 
 preserved. Juventius, a lawyer who con- 
 spired against Domitian. Titus, a man pro^ 
 
 claimed emperor, A. D. 265, against his will, 
 and murdered seven days after. 
 
 CeltjE, a name given to the nation that 
 inhabited the country between the ocean 
 and the Palus Masotis, according to some au- 
 thors mentioned by Plut. in Mario. This 
 name, though anciently applied to the inhabi- 
 tants of Gaul, as v.^ell as of Germany and 
 Spain, was more particularly given to a part of 
 the Gauls, whose country, called Gallia Cel- 
 tica, was situate between the rivers Sequana 
 and Garumna, raodernly called la Seine and 
 la Garonne. The Celtae seemed to receive 
 their name from Celtus, a sou of Hercules or 
 of Polyphemus. The promontory which bore 
 the name of Cclticum is now called Cape Fin- 
 Isterre. Cces. Bell. G. 1, c. 1, ^. — Mela, 3, 
 c. 2. — Herodot. 4, c. 49. 
 
 Celtiberi, a people of Spain, descended 
 from the Celtae. They settled near the Ibe- 
 rus, and added the name of the river to that 
 of their nation, and were afterwards called 
 Celtiberi. They made strong head against 
 tlie Romans and Carthaginians when they 
 invaded their country. Their country, called 
 Celliberia, is now known by the name of Ar- 
 ragon. Diod. 6. — Flor. 2, c. 17. — Strab. 4. — 
 Lucan. 4, v. 10.— Sil. It. 3, v. 339. 
 
 Celtica, a well populated part of Gaul^ 
 inhabited by the Celtae. 
 
 Celtic 1, a people of Spain. The pro- 
 montory which bore their name, is now Cape 
 Finisietre.- 
 
 Celtillus, the father of Vercingetorix 
 among the Averni. Cces. Bell. G. 7, c.4. 
 
 Celtoru, a people of Gaul, near the Se- 
 nones. Plut. 
 
 Celtoscyth^, a northern nation of Scy- 
 thians. Strab. 10. 
 
 Cemmenus, a lofty mountain of Gaul. Strab. 
 Cempsi, a people of Spain at the bottom 
 of the Pyrenean mountains. Dionys. Perieg. 
 v. 358. 
 Cenabum or Genabum. Vid. Genabum. 
 Cenjeum, a promontory of Eubcea, where 
 Jupiter Caineus had an altar raised by Her- 
 cules. Ovid. Met. 9; V. l3!o. —Tlmcyd. 3, 
 
CE 
 
 Cenchre j:, now Kenkri, a town of Pelo- 
 ponnesus on the isthmus of Corinth. A 
 
 harbour of Corinth. Ovid. Trist. 1, el. 9, v. 
 19.— F/m. 4, c. 4. 
 
 Cenchreis, the wife of Cinyras king of 
 Cvprus, or as others say, of Assyria. Hygiji. 
 fab. 58. 
 
 Cenchreus, a son of Neptune and Salamis, 
 or as some say, of Pyrene. He killed a 
 large serpent at Salamis. Paus. 2, c. 2. — 
 Diod. 4. 
 
 Cencfirius, a river of Ionia near Ephesus, 
 where some suppose that Latona was washed 
 after she had brought forth. Tacit. Jln7i. 3, c. 
 61. 
 
 Cenepolis, a town of Spain, the same as 
 Carthago Nova. Polyb. 
 
 Cenetium, a town of Peloponnesus. 
 Slrah. 
 
 Cenneus. Vid. Caenis. 
 
 Cemijiagni, a people on the western parts 
 of Britain. 
 
 Cenina. Vid. Caenina. 
 
 Cenon, a town of Italy. Liv. 2, c. 63. 
 
 Censores, two magistrates of great author- 
 ity at Rome, fii-st created, B. C. 443. Their 
 office was to number the people, estimate the 
 possessions of every citizen, reform and watch 
 over the manners of the people, and regulate 
 the taxes. Their power was also extended 
 over private families : they punished irregu- 
 larity, and inspected the management and 
 education of the Roman youth. They could 
 inquire into the expenses of every citizen, 
 and even degrade a senator from all his privi- 
 leges and honours, if guilty of any extrava- 
 gance. This punishment was generally exe- 
 cuted in passing over the offender's name 
 in calling the list of the senators. The office 
 of public censor was originally exercised by 
 the kings. Servius Tullius, the sixth king of 
 Rome, first established a census, by which 
 ©veiy man was obliged to come to be regis- 
 tered, and give in writing the place of his resi- 
 dence, his name, his quality, the number of 
 his children, of his tenants, estates, and do- 
 mestics, 6ic. The ends of the census were 
 very salutary to the Roman republic. They 
 knew their own strength, their ability to sup'- 
 part a war, or to make a levy of troops, or 
 raise a tribute. It was required that every 
 knight should be possessed of 400,000 sester- 
 ces to ejijoy the rights and privileges of his 
 order ; atjd a senator was entitled to sit in the 
 senate, if he was really worth 800,000 sester- 
 ces. This laborious task of numbering and 
 reviewing the people, was, after the expulsion 
 of the Tarquins, one of th^ duties and privi- 
 leges of the consuls. But when the republic 
 was become more powerful, and when the 
 number of its citizens was increased, the con- 
 suls were found unable to make the census, 
 on account of the multiplicity of business. 
 After it had been neglected for 16 years, two 
 new mufoFtrates called censoi-s were elected. 
 They remained in office for five years, and 
 every fifth year they made a census of all the 
 citizens in the Campus Martius, and offered a 
 solemn sacrifice, and made a lustration in the 
 name of all the Roman people. This space of 
 time was called a luslruia, and ten or twenty 
 years were commonly expressed by two or 
 feav lu^ti'a. ^fter the ofii< ■ '•■'♦''- '"Ts^ors had 
 
 cs 
 
 remained for some time unaltered, the Re- 
 mans, jealous of their power, abridged the- 
 duration of their office, and a law was made, 
 A. U. C. 420, by Mamercus ^Emilius, to limit 
 the time of the censorship to 18 months. Af- 
 ter the second Punic war, they were always 
 chosen from such persons as had been consuls ; 
 then- office was more honourable, though less 
 powerful, than that of the consuls; the bad-- 
 ges of their office were the same, but the cen- 
 sors were not allowed to have lictors to walk 
 before them as the consuls. When one of the 
 censors died, no one was elected in his roonx 
 till the five years were expired, and his col- 
 league immediately resigned. This circum^ 
 stance originated from the death of a censor 
 before the sack of Rome by Brennus, and 
 was ever after deemed an unfortunate event 
 to the republic. The emperors abolished the 
 censors, and took upon themselves to execute., 
 their office. 
 
 Censorinus, Ap. CI. was compelled, after 
 many services to the state, to assume the im- 
 perial purple by the soldiers, by whom he was 
 murdered some days after, A. D. 270.-— » 
 Martius, a consul, to whom, as a particular 
 
 friend, Horace addressed his 4 od. 8. A 
 
 grammarian of the 3d century, whose book^ 
 De die natali, is extant, best edited in 8vo^ 
 by Havercamp, L. Bat. 1767. It treats of the 
 birth of man, of years, months, and days. 
 
 Census, the numbering of the people at 
 Rome, performed by the censors, a cemeo to 
 
 value. Vid. Censores. A god worshipped 
 
 at Rome, the same as Consus. 
 
 Centaretus, a Galatian, who, when An- 
 tiochus was killed, mounted his horse in the 
 greatest exultation. The horse, as if conscious 
 of disgrace, immediately leaped down a pre- 
 cipice, and killed himself and his rider. Flin. 
 8, c. 42. 
 
 Centauri, a people of Thessaly, half men 
 and half horses. They were the offspring of 
 Centaurus, son of Apollo, by Stilba, daugh- 
 ter of the Peneus. According to some, tlie 
 Centaurs were the fruit of Ixion's adventure 
 with the cloud in the shape of Juno, or, £ts 
 others assert, of the union of Centaurus with 
 the mares of Magnesia. This fable of tlie ex- 
 istence of the Centaurs, monsters supported 
 upon the four legs of a horse, arises from the- 
 ancient people of Thessaly having tamed 
 horses, and having appeared to the neighbour? 
 mounted on horseback, a sight very uncom- 
 mon at that time, and which, when at a dis- 
 tance, seems only one body, and consequently 
 one creature. Some derive the name «sro o-o./ 
 <ivT.*i T«vtoj<;, goading bulls, because they went; 
 on horseback after their bulls which had stray- 
 ed, or because they hunted wild bulls with 
 horses. Some of the ancients have maintain- 
 ed, that monsters like the Centaurs can have 
 existed in the natural course of things. Plu- 
 tarch in Sympas. mentions one seen by Peri- 
 ander tyrant of Corinth ; and Pliny 7, c. 3,- 
 says, that he saw one embalmed in honey^ 
 which had been brought to Rome from Egypt 
 in the reign of Claudius. The battle of" the 
 Centaurs with the Lapithffi is famous in history 
 Ovid has elegantly described it, and it has aljo 
 employed tiie pen of Hesiod, Valerius Flaccu?^ 
 &tc. and Pausanias in Eliw. says, it was re- 
 present^ in die temple of Jrrjjitefr at Olyrapia* 
 
CE 
 
 an J also at Athens by Phidias and Parrhasius 
 according to Pliny, 36, c. 5. The origin of 
 this battle was a quarrel at the marriage of 
 Hippodamia with JPirithous, where the Cen- 
 taurs, intoxicated with wine, behaved with 
 rudeness, and even offered violence to the 
 women that were present. Such an insult 
 irritated Hercules, Theseus, and the rest ot 
 the Lapithae, who defended the women, 
 wounded and defeated the Centaurs, and oblig- 
 ed them to leave their country , and retire to 
 Arcadia. Here their insolence was a second 
 time punished by Hercules, who, when he was 
 going to hunt the boar of Erymanthus, was 
 kindly entertained by the Centaur Pholus, who 
 gave him wine which belonged to the rest of 
 the Centaurs, but had been given them on 
 condition of tlieir treating Hercules with it 
 whenever he passed through their territory. 
 They resented the liberty wnich Hercules took 
 with their wine, and attacked him with un- 
 eoramon fury. The hero defended himself 
 with his arrows, and defeated his adversaries- 
 who fled for safety to the Centaur Chiron. 
 Chiron had been the preceptor of Hercules, 
 and therefore they hoped that he would desist 
 in his presence. Hercules, though awed at 
 the sight of Chiron, did iiOt desist> but, in the 
 midst of the engagement, be wounded his pre- 
 ceptor in the knee, who, in the excessive pain 
 he suffered, exchanged immortality for death. 
 The death of Chiron nritated Hercuies the 
 more, and the Centaurs that were present 
 were all extirpated by his hand, and indeed 
 few escaped the common destruction. The 
 most celebrated of the Centaurs were Chiron, 
 Eurytus, Amycus, Gryneus, Cauraas, Lycidas, 
 Arneus, Medon, Pthcetus, Pisenor, Mermeros, 
 Pholus, &c. Diod.4.— TsetzesCfiiL9. Hist. 
 237. — Hesiod. in Suet. Hercul. — Homer. II. <^ 
 Od.—Ovid. Met. 12.— Strab. 9.— Pans. 5, c. 10, 
 Lc—JFAian. V. H. 11, c. 2.~Jipollod. 2, c. 3, 1. 
 5.— Virg. JEn. 6, v. 286.--Hygm. fab. 33 and 
 62.— Pindar, Pyth. 2. 
 
 Centaurus, a ship in the fleet of -S^neas, 
 ■which had the figure of a Centaur. Virg. 
 JEn. 5, V. 122. 
 
 Centobrica, a town of Celtiberia. Val. 
 Max. 5, c, 1. 
 
 Centores, a people of Scythia. Flacc. 
 
 Centoripia or Centuripa. Vid. Centu- 
 wpa. 
 
 Centrites, a river between Armenia and 
 Media. 
 
 Centrones, a people of Gaul, severely 
 beaten by J. Caesar when they attempted to 
 obstruct his passage. They inhabited the 
 modern country of Tarantaist in Savoy. 
 There was a horde of Gauls of the same name 
 ^subject to the JNervii, now sup})osed to be 
 near Courtray in Flanders. Ca:s. B. G. I, c. 
 10, 1. 5, c. SS.—Plin. 3, c. 20. 
 
 CE!STRoxiLs, a man who squandered his 
 immense riches on useless and whimsical build- 
 ings. Jhv. 14, V. .S6. 
 
 CENTi'Mvini, the members of a court of 
 justice at Rome. They were originally chosen, 
 three from the 35 tribes of the people, and 
 though 105, they were always called Centum- 
 virs. They were afterwards increased to the 
 {lumber of ISO, and still ke])l their original 
 name. The prcetor sent to their tribunal causes 
 of tli(»greate.«!t importance.- a? their knowledge 
 
 CE 
 
 of the law was extensive. They were general- 
 ly summoned by the Decemviri, who seemed 
 to be the chieiest among them ; and they as- 
 sembled in the Basilica, or public court, and 
 had their tribunal distmguished by a spear 
 with an iron head, whence a decree of their 
 court was called Hasta. judicium : their sen- 
 tences were very impartial, and without ap- 
 peal. Cic. de Oral. 1, c. 38. — Q,uintil. 4, o, 
 <tnd 11. — Plin. 6, ep. 33. 
 
 Centum cellum, a sea-port town of Etru- 
 ria built by Trajan, who had there a villa. 
 It is now Civila i'ecchia, and belongs to the 
 Pope. Plin. 6, ep. 31. 
 
 Cesturia, a division of the people among 
 the Komans, consisting of a hundred, 'laa 
 Koinau people were originally divided into 
 three tribes, and each tribe into 10 Curiae. 
 Servius Tullius made a census ; and when he 
 had the place of habitation, name, and pro-" 
 tession of every citizen, which amounted to 
 80,()0li men, ail aule (o bear arms, he divided 
 tuem into six classes, ana each class into seve- 
 ral ceuturies or comi)anies of a hundred men. 
 The first class consisted of 80 centuries, 40 of 
 which vv ere composed of men from the age of 
 45 and upwards, appointed to guard the city. 
 The 40 others were young men from 17 to 45 
 years of age, appointed to go to war, and fight 
 the enemies of Rome. Their arms were all 
 the same, that is, a buckler, a cuirass, a helmet, 
 cuishes of brass, with a sword, a lance, and a 
 javelin ; and as they were of (he most illustri- 
 ous citizens, they were called by way of em- 
 inence, classici, and theirinferiors infra classem. 
 They were to be worth 1, 100,000 o^se^, a sum 
 equivalent to 1800 pounds English money. The 
 second, third, and fourth classes, consisted 
 each of twenty centuries, ten of which were 
 composed of the more aged, and the others of 
 the younger sort of people. Their arms were 
 a large shield, a spear, and a javelin ; they 
 were to be worth in the second class, 75,0(X> 
 assesy or about 121/. In the third, 50,000, or 
 about 80/. ; and in the fourth, 25,(X)0, or about 
 40/. The fifth class consisted of 30 centuries, 
 three of W'hich were carpenters by trade, and 
 the others of dift'erent professions, :-uch as were 
 necessary in a camp. They were all armed 
 with slings and stones. They were to be worth 
 11,000 asses, or about 18/. The sixtli class con- 
 tained only one cenluria, comprisingthe whole 
 body of the poorest citizeu.i, who were called 
 Proletarii, as their only service to the .state wa^^ 
 procreating children. They were also called 
 capite ccnsi, as the censor took notice of their 
 person, not of their estate. In the public as- 
 semblies in tlie Campus Martins, at the election 
 of public magistrates, or at the trial of capital 
 crimes, the people gave their vote i)y centuries, 
 whence the assembly was called comilia centv- 
 riata. in these public assemblies, which were 
 never convened only by the consuls at the per- 
 mission of the senate, orby the dictator, in the 
 absence of the consuls, some of the people ap- 
 peared under arms for fear of an attack from 
 some foreign enemy. Whcji a law was pro- 
 posed in the public assemblies, its necessity 
 was explained, and the advantages it would 
 })roduce to the state were enlarged upon in a 
 harangue ; after which it was exposed in the 
 most coi spicuous partsof the city threemarket 
 days, that the people might see and coa.sider 
 
CE 
 
 Exposing it to public vieW;Was cdWedproponere 
 tegem, and explaining it, promulgere legem. 
 He who merely proposed it, was called latoi- 
 hgis; and he who dwelt upon its importance 
 and utility, and wished it to be enforced, was 
 called auctor h'lis. When the assembly was to 
 be held, the auguries were consulted by the 
 consul, who, alter haranguing the people, and 
 reminding them to have in view the good of 
 the republic, dismissed them to their respective 
 centuries, that their votes might be gathered. 
 They gave their votes viva locc, till the year 
 of Rome A. U. C. 615, when they changed the 
 custom, and gave their approbation or disap- 
 probation by ballots thrown into an urn. If 
 the first class was unanimous, the others w ere 
 not consulted, as the first was superior to all 
 the others in number; but if they were not 
 unanimous, they proceeded to consult the rest, 
 and the majority decided the question. This 
 advantage of the first class g-ave offence to the 
 rest; and it was afterwards settled, that one 
 class of the six should be drawn by lot, to give 
 its votes first, without regard to rank or prior- 
 ity. After all the votes had been gathered, 
 the consul declared aloud, that the law which 
 had been proposed was duly and constitutional- 
 ly approved. The same ceremonies were ob- 
 served in the election of consuls, prajtors, k,c. 
 The word Centuria is also applied to a subdi- 
 vision of one of the Roman legions, which con- 
 sisted of an hundred men, aud was the half of 
 a manipulus, the sixth part of a cohort, and 
 the sixtieth part of a legion. The command- 
 er of a centuria was called centurion, and he 
 was distinguished from the rest by the branch 
 of a vine which he carried in his hand. 
 
 Centuripa, (es, or ce, aitim,) now Cen- 
 torlu, a town of Sicily at the foot of Mount 
 >Etna. Cic. in Verr. 4, c. 23.— Ital. 14, v. 
 205.~P/m3,c.8. 
 
 Ceos and Cea, an island. Vid. Co. 
 
 Cephalas, a lofty promontory of Africa 
 near the Syrtis Major. Strab. 
 
 Cephaledion, a town of Sicily, near the ri- 
 ver Himera. Plin. 3, c. 8. — Cic. in Verr. 2,c. 52 
 
 Cephallen, a noWe musician, son of Lam- 
 pus. Pans. 10, c. 7. 
 
 Cephallena and Cephallenia, an island 
 in the Ionian sea, belaw Corcyra, whose 
 inhabitants went with Ulysses to the Trojan 
 war. It abounds in oil and excellent wines. 
 It was anciently divided into four different dis- 
 tricts, from which circumstance it received the 
 name of Tetrapolis. It is about 90 miles in 
 circumference, and from its capital Samo, or 
 Samos, it has frequently been called Same. — 
 ."Strab. lO.~Plin. 4, c. 12.— .1fe/a, 2, c. 7.— 
 Ho77ier. II. 2.— Thucyd. 2, c. 30.— Pans. 6, c. 15. 
 
 Cephalo, an officer of Eumenes. Diod. li). 
 
 Cephaloedis and Cephaludium, now 
 Ccphalu, a town at the north of Sicily. Sil. 
 14, V. 253.— Cic. 2, in Verr. 51. 
 
 Cephalon, a Greek of Ionia, who wrote 
 an history of Troy, besides an epitome of uni- 
 versal history from the age of Ninus to Alex- 
 ander, which he divided into nine books, insci- 
 bcd with the name of the nine muses. He af- 
 fected not to know the place of his birth, ex- 
 pecting it would be disputed like Homer's. 
 He lived in the reign of Adrian. 
 
 Cephalus, son of Deioneus, kingof Thes- 
 ?aly, by Diomede, daughterof Xuthus;raarried 
 
 CE 
 
 Procris, daughter of Erechtheus, king of A 
 thens. Aurora fell in love with hmi, and car- 
 ried him away ; but he refused to listen to her 
 addressee, and was impatient to return to Pro- 
 cris. The goddess sent him b^ck; and to try 
 the fidelity of his wife, she made him put on a 
 different form, and he arrived at the house of 
 Procris in the habit of a merchant. Procris 
 was deaf to every offer ; but she suffered her- 
 self to 1)6 seduced by the gold of this stranger, 
 who discovered himself the very moment that 
 Procris had yielded up her virtue. This cir- 
 cumstance so ashamed Procris, that she fled 
 from her husband, and devoted herself to hunt- 
 ing in the island of Euboea, where she was ad» 
 mitted among the attendants of Diana, who 
 presented her with a dog always sure of his 
 prey, and a dart which never missed its aim, 
 and always returned to the hands of its mis- 
 tress of its own accord. Some say that the 
 dog was a present from Minos, because Pro- 
 cris had cured his wounds. After this Procris 
 returned in disguise to Cephalus, who was wil- 
 ling to disgrace himself by some unnatural 
 concessions to obtain the dog and the dart of 
 Procris. Procris discovered herself at the 
 moment that Cephalus showed himself faith- 
 less, and a reconciliation w^as easily made be- 
 tween them. They loved one another with 
 more tenderness than befoi-e, and Cephalus 
 received from his wife the presents of Diana. 
 As he was particularly fond of hunting, he ev- 
 ery morning early repaired to the woods, ajid 
 after much toil and fatigue, laid himself down 
 in the cool shade, and earnestly called for Au- 
 ra, or the refreshing breeze. This ambiguous 
 word was mistaken for the name of a mistress ; 
 and some informer reported to the jealous Pro- 
 cris, that Cephatus daily paid a visit to a mis- 
 tress, whose name was Aura. Procris too rea- 
 dily believed the information, and secretly fol- 
 lowed her husband into the w^oods. According 
 to his daily custom ;Cephalus retired to the cool, 
 and called after Aura. At the name of Aura, 
 Procris eagerly lifted up her head to see her 
 expected rival. Her motion occasioned a rust- 
 ling among the leaves of the bush that conceal- 
 ed her ; and as Cephalus listened, he thought 
 it to be a wild beast, and he let fly his unerring 
 .iart. Procris was struck to the heart, and in- 
 stantly expired in the arms of her husband, 
 confessing that ill-grounded jealousy was the 
 cause of her death. According to Apollodo- 
 rus, there were two persons of the name of 
 Cephalus; one, son of Mercury and Herse, 
 carried away by Aurora, with whom he dwelt 
 n\ Syria, and by whom he had a son called Ti- 
 'honus. The other married Procris, and was 
 the cause of the tragical event, mentioned 
 above. Cephalus was latherofArcesius by Pro- 
 cris and of Phaeton, according to Hesiod, by Au- 
 rora. Ovid. Met. 7, fab. 26. Hygiii. fab. 189. 
 
 — Jipollod. 3, c. 15. A Corinthian lawyer, 
 
 who assisted Tiraoleon in regulating the repub- 
 lic of Syracuse. Diod. 16. — Plut. in Tim. 
 
 A king of Epirus. Liv. 43, c. 18. An era- 
 
 or frequently mentioned by Demosthenes. 
 
 Cepheis, a name given to Andromeda as 
 daughter; of Cepheus. Ovid. A. A 1, v. li>3. 
 Cepuekes, an ancient name of the Persians. 
 
 ffcrodot. 7, c. 61. A name of the JCthio 
 
 l)ians, from Cephus; one of then* kings. Ovid 
 Met. 5, V. 1 
 
CE 
 
 Cepheus, a king of -Ethiopia, father of 
 Andromeda, by Cassiope. He was one of the 
 Argonauts, and was changed into a constella- 
 tion after his death, Ovid. Met. 4, v, 669, 1. 
 5, V. 12.— Paus.4, c. 35, 1. 8, c. ^.—Apollod. 1. 
 €. 9, 1. 2, c. 1, 4, and 7, 1. 3, c. 9, mentions one 
 SOIL of Aleus, and another, son of Belus. The 
 former he makes ting of Tegea, and father of 
 Sterope ; and says, that he, with his twelve 
 sons, assisted Hercules in a war against Hip- 
 pocoon, where they were killed. The latter he 
 calls king of ^Ethiopia, and father of Andro- 
 meda. A son of Lycurgus present at the 
 
 chase of the Calydonian boar. JipoUod. ], c. 9. 
 
 Ckphcsia, a part of Attica, through which 
 the Cephisus flows. Plin. 4, c. 7. 
 
 Cephisiades, a patronymic of Eteocles, 
 Son of .^ndreus and Evippe, from the suppo- 
 sition of his being the son of the Cephisus. 
 Pans. 9: c. 34. 
 
 Cefiiisidorus, a tragic poet of Athens in 
 
 the age of iEschylus. An historian who 
 
 wrote an account of the Phocian war. 
 
 CephisiOxN. the commander of some troops 
 ^ent bv the Thebans to assist Megalopolis, &,c. 
 Diod. 'l6. 
 
 CEPHisoDoxrs, a disciple of Isocrates, a 
 great reviler of Aristotle, who wrote a book 
 of proverbs. Aihen. 2. 
 
 Cephisus and Cephissus, a celebrated river 
 of Greece, that rises at Lilaea in Phocis, and 
 after passing at the north of Delphi and mount 
 Parnassus, enters Bceotia.. where it flows into 
 the lake Copais. The Graces were particular- 
 ly fond of this river, whence they are called 
 the goddesses of the Cephisus. There v. as a 
 river of the same name in Attica, and another 
 in Argolis. Strab. 9. — Plin. 4, c. 7. — Pans. 
 9, c. 24.— Homer. 11. 2, v. 29.—Lucan. 3, v. 
 
 lib.— Olid. Met. 1, v. 369, 1. 3, v. 19. A 
 
 man changed into a sea monster, by Apollo, 
 when lamenting the death of his grandson. 
 Ovid. Met. 7, V. 388. 
 
 Cephren, a king of Egypt, who built one 
 of the pyramids. Diod. I. 
 
 Cepio or CiEPio, a man who by a quarrel 
 with Drusus caused a civil w'ar at Rome, &c. 
 
 .i Servilius, a Roman consul, who put an 
 
 end to the war in Spain. He took gold froni 
 a temple, and for that sacrilege the rest of his 
 life was always unfortunate. He was conquer- 
 ed by the Cimbrians, his goods were publicly 
 eonliscated, and he died at last in prison. 
 
 ChPioN, a nmsician. Plut. de Mvs. 
 
 Ceraca, a town of Macedonia. Polyb. 5. 
 
 Ceracates, a people of Germany. Tacit. 
 4, Hid. c. 70. 
 
 Cerambus, a man changed into a beetle, 
 or, according to others, into a bird, on mount 
 Parnassus, by the nymnhs, before the deluge. 
 Ovid.Mel.l',i&S).9. 
 
 Ceramicus, now Kermno, a bay of Caria. 
 near Halicarnassus, opposite Cos, receiving it."- 
 name from Ceramus. Plin. 5, c. 29. — Akla- 
 1, c. 16. A public walk, and a place to bu- 
 ry those that were killed in defence of their 
 country, at Athens. Cic. ad .fill. 1, ep. 10. 
 
 Ceuamiu.m, a place of Rome, where Cice- 
 ix)'s house was built. Cic. ad JiUic. 
 
 Ceuamds, a town at the west of Asia Mi- 
 nor. 
 
 Ceras, a people of Cyprus melamorpjio.sed 
 into bulls. 
 
 CE 
 
 Cerasus, (untis) now Keresoun, a mari' 
 time city of Cappadocia, from which cherries 
 were first brought to Rome by Lucullus. — ■ 
 Marcell. 22, c. \3.—Plin. 15, c. 25, 1. 16, 
 
 c. 18, 1. 17, c. 14.— Mela, 1, c. 19. -Ano- 
 
 ther, built by a Greek colony from Sinope. 
 Diod. 14. 
 
 Cerata, a place near Megara. 
 
 Ceratus, a river of Crete. 
 
 Ceradnia, a town of Achaia. 
 
 Ceraunia and Ceraunii, large moun- 
 tains of Epirus, extending far into the sea, and 
 forming a promontory which divides thelonian 
 and Adriatic seas. They are the same as 
 
 the Acroceraunia. Vid. Acrocerauniam. 
 
 Iviount Taurus is also called Ceraunius. Plin. 
 5, c. 27. 
 
 Ceraunii, mountains of Asia, opposite 
 the Caspian sea. Mela, 1, c. 19. 
 
 Ceraunus, a river of Cappodocia. A 
 
 surname of Ptolemy the 2d, from his boldness. 
 C. Kep. Reg. c. 3. 
 
 Cerasius, a mountain of Arcadia. Paus. 
 8, c. 41. 
 
 Cerbalus, a river of Apulia. Plin. 3, c, 
 11. 
 
 Cerberion, a town of the Cimmerian 
 Bo.sphorus. Plin. 6, c. 6. 
 
 Cerberus, a dog of Pluto, the fruit of 
 Echidna's union with Typhon. He had 50 
 heads according to Hesiod, and three accord- 
 ing to other mythologists. He was stationed 
 at the entrance of hell, as a watchful keeper, 
 to prevent the living from entering the infernal 
 regions, and the dead from escaping from their 
 confinement. It was usual for those heroes 
 who in their life-time visited Pluto's kingdom, 
 to appease the barking mouths of Cerberus 
 with a cake. Orpheus lulled him to sleep with 
 his lyre ; and Hercules dragged him from hell 
 when he went to redeem Alceste. Virg. JEn. 
 5, v. 134, 1. 6, V.417.— i -omer. Od. 11, v.622.— 
 Paus. 2, c. 31, 1. 3, c. 25.— Hesiod. Theog. 312. 
 —Tibiill. l,el. 10, V.35. 
 
 Cercaphus, a son of -(Eolus. A son of 
 
 Sol, of great power at Rhodes. Diod. 5. 
 
 Cercasorum, a town of Egypt, where 
 the Nile divides itself into the Pelusian and Ca- 
 nopic mouths. Herodot. 2, c. 15. 
 
 Cerceis, one of the Oceanides. Hesiod. 
 Theog. V. 355. 
 
 Cecene, a country of Africa. Diod. 2. 
 
 Cercestes, a son of iEgj'ptus and Phoeiiissa. 
 Jpollod. 2, c. 1. 
 
 Cercides, a native of Megalopolis, who 
 wrote Iambics. Athen. 10. — JElian. V. H. 13, 
 
 Cercii, a people of Italy. 
 
 Cercina and Cercinna, a small island of 
 the Mediterranean, near the smaller Syrtis, 
 on the coast of Africa. Tacit. 1. Ann. 53. — 
 
 Strab. r,.—Liv. 33, c. 48.— Plin. 5, c. 7. 
 
 A mountain of Thrace, towards Macedonia. 
 Thvcyd. 2, c. 98. 
 
 Cercinium, a town of Macedonia. Liv. 31, 
 c. 41. 
 
 Cerciub and Rhetius, charioteers of Cas- 
 tor and PoDu.x. 
 
 Cehcupes; a people of Ephesus, made pri- 
 soners by Hercules. Apollud. 2, c. 6. The 
 
 inhabitants of the island Pithecusa changed 
 into monkics on account of their dishonesty. 
 Ovid. Met. 14, V. 91. 
 
 Ceikops, a Milesian, author of a fabulous 
 
CE 
 
 history, mentioned by Athenssus. ^A Py- 
 thagorean philosopher. 
 
 Cercyon and Cercyones, a king of Eleusis, 
 son of Neptune, or, according to others, of 
 Vulcan. He obliged all strangers to wrestle 
 with him; and as he was a dexterous wrestler, 
 they were easily conquered and put to death. 
 After many cruelties, he challenged Theseus 
 in wrestling, and he was conquered and put 
 to deatli by his antagonist. His daughter, 
 Alope, was loved by Neptune, by whom she 
 had a child. Cercyon exposed the child, call- 
 ed Hippothoon ; but he was preserved by a 
 mare, and afterwards placed upon his grand- 
 father's throne by Theseus. Ovid. Met. 7, v. 
 439.—Hygm. fab. lS7.—Flut. in Tfies.—Paus. 
 1, c. 5 and 39 
 
 Cercyra and Corcyra, an island in the 
 Ionian sea, which receives its name from Cer- 
 cyra daughter of the Asopus. Diod. 4. 
 
 Cerdylium, a place near Amphipolis. 
 Thucyd. 5, c. 6. 
 
 Cerealia, festivals in honour of Ceres ; 
 first instituted at Rome by Memmius the edile, 
 and celebrated on the 19th of April. Persons in 
 mourning were not permitted to appear at the 
 celebration ; therefore they were not observed 
 after the battle of Cannce. They are the same 
 as the Thesmophoria of the Greeks. Vid. 
 ThesmopJioria. 
 
 Ceres, the goddess of corn and of harvests, 
 was daughter of Saturn and Vesta. She had 
 a daughter by Jupiter, whom she called 
 Pherephata, fruit-bearing, and afterwards 
 Proserpine. This daughter was carried away 
 by Pluto, as she was gathering flowers in the 
 plains near Enna. The rape of Proserpine 
 was grievous to Ceres, who sought her all 
 over Sicily ; and when night came, she light- 
 ed two torches in the flames of Mount JEtna, 
 io continue her search by night all over the 
 World. She at last found her veil near the 
 fountain Cyane ; but no intelligence could 
 be received of the place of her concealment, 
 till at last the nymph Arethusa informed her 
 that her daughter had been carried away by 
 Pluto. No sooner had Ceres heard this than 
 she flew to heaven with her chariot drawn by 
 two dragons> and demanded of Jupiter the re- 
 storation of her daughter. The endeavours of 
 Jupiter to soften her by representing Pluto as 
 apowerfulgod, to become her son-in-iaw,prov- 
 ed fruitless, and the restoration was granted, 
 provided Proserpine had not eaten anything in 
 the kingdom of Pluto. Ceres upon this repaired 
 to Pluto, but Proserpine had eaten the grains of 
 a pomegranate which she had gathered as she 
 walked over the Elysian tields.and Ascalaphus, 
 the only one who had seen her, discovered it, 
 to make his court to Pluto. The return of 
 Proserpine upon earth was therefore imprac- 
 ticable ; but Ascalaplms, for his unsolicited 
 information, was changed into an owl. [Vid. 
 Ascalaphus.] The grief of Ceres for the loss 
 of her daughter was so great, that Jupiter 
 granted Proserpine to pass six months with 
 her mother, and the rest of the year with 
 Pluto. During the inquiries of Ceres for her 
 daughter, the cultivation of the earth was ne- 
 glected, and the ground became barren ; there- 
 fore, to rei)air the loss which mankind had 
 suffered by her absence, the goddess went to 
 AttlcQ, which was bocome the most desolate 
 
 CE 
 
 ' country in the world, and instructed Triptos^ 
 lemus of Eleusis in every thing which concern- 
 ed agriculture. She taught him how to plough 
 the ground, to sow and reap the corn, to 
 make bread, and to take particular care of 
 fruit trees. After these instructions, she gave 
 him her chariot, and commanded him to travel 
 all overthe world, and communicate his know- 
 ledge of agriculture to the rude inhabitants, 
 who hitherto lived upon acorns and the roots 
 of the earth [Vid. Triptolemus.] Her bene- 
 ficence to mankind made Ceres respected 
 Sicily was supposed to be the favourite retreat 
 of the goddess, and Diodorus says, that she 
 and her daughter made their first appearance 
 to mankind in Sicily, which Pluto received as 
 a nuptial dowry from Jupiter when he mar- 
 ried Proserpine The Sicilians made a yearly 
 sacrifice to Ceres, every man according to hw 
 abilities ; and the fountain of Cyane, through 
 which Pluto opened himself a passage with his 
 trident, when carrying away Proserpine, was 
 publicly honoured with an offering of bulls, and 
 the blood of the victims was shed in the waters 
 of the fountain. Besides these, other ceremo- 
 nies were observed in honour of the goddesses 
 who had so peculiarly favoured the island. The 
 commemoration of the rape was celebrated 
 about the beginning of the harvest, and the 
 search of Ceres at the time that corn is sowa 
 in the earth. The latter festival continued six 
 successive days ; and during the celebration, 
 the votaries of Ceres iriade use of some free 
 and wanton expressions, as that language had 
 made the goddess smile while melancholy for 
 the loss of her daughter. Attica, which had 
 been so eminently distinguished by the god- 
 dess, gratefully remembered her favours in the 
 celebration of the Eleusinian mysteries. [Via. 
 Eleusinia.] Ceres also performed the duties 
 of a legislator, and the Sicilians found the ad- 
 vantages of her salutary laws ; hence, her sur- 
 name of Thesmophora. She is the same as 
 the Isis of the Egyptians, and her worship, it 
 is said, was first brought into Greece by Erech- 
 theus. She met with different adventures 
 when she travelled over the earth, and the 
 impudence of Stellio was severely punished. 
 To av^oid the importunities of Neptune, she 
 changed herself into a mare : but the god took 
 advantage of her metamorphosis, and from 
 their union arose the horse Arion. [Vid. 
 Arion.] The birth of this monster so offended 
 Ceres, that she withdrew herself from the 
 sight of mankind ; and the earth would have 
 perished for want of her assistance, had not 
 Pan discovered her in Arcadia, and given in* 
 formation of it to Jupiter. The Parcffi were 
 sent by the god to comfort her, and at their 
 persuasion she returned to Sicily, where her 
 statues represented her veiled in black, with 
 the head of a horse, and holding a dove in one 
 hand, and in the other a dolphin. In their 
 sacrifices the ancients offered Ceres a pregnant 
 sow, as that animal often injures and destroys 
 the productions of the earth. While the corn 
 was yet in grass, they offered her a ram, after 
 the victim had been led three times roinid the 
 field. Ceres was represented with a garland 
 of ears of corn on her head, holding in one 
 hand a lighted torch, and in the otiier a poppy, 
 which was sacred to her. She appears as a 
 country-woman mountcdon the back of an r»x. 
 
CE 
 
 and carrying a basket on her left arm, and 
 holding a hoe ; and sometimes she rides in a 
 chariot drawn by winged dragons. She was 
 supposed to be the same as Rhea, Tellus, Cy- 
 bele, Bona Dea, Berecynthia, &ic. The Ro- 
 mans paid her great adoration, and her festi- 
 vals were yearly celebrated by the Roman 
 matrons in the month of April, during eight 
 days. These matrons abstained during several 
 days from the use of wine and every carnal 
 enjoyment. They always bore lighted torches 
 in commemoration of the goddess ; and who- 
 ever came to these festivals whhout a pre- 
 vious initiation, was punished with death. Ce- 
 res is metaphorically called bread and corn, as 
 Ihe word Bacchus is frequently used to signify 
 wine. Jipollod. 1, c. 5,1. 2, c. 1, 1. 3, c. 12 and 
 U.—Paus. 1, c. 31, 1. 2, c. 34, 1. 3, c. 23, 1. 8, 
 c. 25, hc.—Diod. 1, kc.—Hesiod. Theog.— 
 Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 417. Met. fab. 7, 8, &ic.— 
 Claudian. de Rapt. Pros. — Cic. in Verr. — 
 Callimach. in Cer.—Uv. 29 and 31.— Stat. 
 Theb. 12.— Dionys. Hal 1, c. S3.—FJygin. 
 P. A. 2. 
 
 Ceressus, a place of Bceotia. Pavjs, 9, c. 
 14. 
 
 CERETiE, a people of Crete. 
 
 Cerialis Anicus, a consul elect, who 
 "wished a temple to be raised to Nero, as to a 
 god, after the discovery of the Pisonian con- 
 spiracy, &:c. Tadl. Ana. 15. c. 74. 
 
 Ceru. a people of Etruria. 
 ' Cerilli or Carill-SE, now Cirella, a town 
 of the Brutii near the Laus. Strab. 6. 
 
 Cerillum, a place of Lucania. Strab. 6. — 
 Sil. Ital. 8, V. 680. 
 
 Cerinthus, now Zero, a town of Eubcea, 
 whose inhabitants went to the Trojan war; 
 headed by Elphenor, son of Chalcedon, Ho- 
 mer. [[. 2, V. 45. — Strab. 10. A beautiful 
 
 youth, long the favourite of the Roman ladies, 
 and especially of Sulpitia, ^c. Horat. 1, Sat. 
 
 2, V. 81. One of the early heretics from 
 
 Christianity. 
 
 Cermanus, a place where Romulus was ex- 
 posed by one of the servants of Amulius. 
 Plut. in Romul. 
 
 Cerne, an island without the pillars of Her- 
 cules, on the African coast. Str^ib. 1. — Plin. 5 
 and 6. 
 
 Cerkes, a priest of Cybele. 
 
 Ceron, a fountain of Histiaeotis, whose wa- 
 ters rendered black all the sheep that drank of 
 them. Plin. 3, c. 2. 
 
 Ceropasades, a son of Phraates king of 
 Persia, given as an hostage to Augustus. 
 
 Cerossus, a place of the Ionian sea. 
 
 Cerpheres, a king pf Egypt, who is sup- 
 jjosed to have built the smallest pyramid. 
 
 CERRUiEi, a people of Greece, who pro- 
 faned the temple of Delphi. Plut. in Sol. 
 
 Cerretani, a people of Spain that inhab- 
 ited the modern district of Cerdana in Cata- 
 ionia. Plin 3, c. 3. 
 
 Cersobleptes, a king of Thrace, con- 
 <iuered by Philip king of Macedonia. Poly<En. 
 T, c.31. 
 
 Certima, a town of Celtiberia. Lav. 40, 
 c. 47. 
 
 Certoniubt, a town of Asia Minor. 
 
 Cervarius, a Roman knight who con- 
 .spired with Piso against r*Jero. Tacit. Arm. 16, 
 
 CE 
 
 p. Cervius, an officer under Vierres. Cici 
 in Verr. 5, c. 44. 
 
 Cervces, a sacerdotal family at Athens 
 Thvcyd. 8, c. 53. 
 
 Cerycius, a mountain of Bajotia. Paus.9f 
 c. 20. 
 
 Cerymica, a town of Cyprus. Diod, 
 
 Cerynea, a town of Achaia, and moun- 
 tain of Arcadia. Pans. 7, c. 25. 
 
 Cerynites, a river of Arcadia. Pam. 7, 
 c. 25. 
 
 Cesellius Balsus, a turbulent Carthagi- 
 nian, who dreamt of money, and persuaded 
 Nero that immense treasures had been depo- 
 sited by Dido in a certain place, which he de- 
 scribed. Inquiry was made, and when no 
 money was found, Cesellius destroyed himself. 
 Tacit. Ann. 16, c. 1, he. 
 
 Cesennia, an infamous prostitute, born of an 
 illustrious family at Rome. Juv. 6, v. 135. 
 CESTius,an epicurean of Smyrna, who taught 
 
 rhetoric at Rhodes, in the age of Cicero. 
 
 A governor of Syria. Tacit. H. 5. Seve- 
 
 rus, an informer under Nero. Tacit. H. 4. 
 
 Proculus,.a man acquitted of an accusation of 
 embezzling the public money. Id. Am. 30. 
 A bridge at Rome. 
 
 Cestrina, part of Epirus. Pans. 2, c. 
 23 
 
 Cestrinus, son of Helenus and Androma- 
 che. After his father's death he settled in Epi- 
 rus, above the river Thyamis, and called the 
 country Cestrina. Paiis. 1, c. 11. 
 
 Cetes, a king of Egypt, the same as Pro- 
 teus. Diod 1. 
 
 Cethegus, the surname of one of the 
 
 branches of the Cornelii . Marcus, a consul 
 
 in the second Punic war. Cic. in. Brut. A 
 
 tribune at Rome, of the most corrupted morals, 
 who joined Catiline in his conspiracy against 
 the state, and was commissioned to murder 
 Cicero. He was apprehended, and, with 
 Lentulus, put to death by the Roman senate. 
 
 Plut. in Cic. Lc. A Trojan, killed by 
 
 Turnus, Virg. JEn. 12, v. 513. P Corn. 
 
 a powerful Roman, who embraced the party 
 of Marius against Sylla. His mistress liad ob- 
 tained such an ascendancy over him, that she 
 distributed his favours, and Lucullus was not 
 ashamed to court her smiles, when he wished 
 to be appointed general against Mlthridates- 
 
 A senator put to death for adultery undei' 
 
 Valentinian. 
 
 Cetii, a i>eople of Cilicia. 
 
 Cetius, a river of Mysia. A mountain 
 
 which separates Noricum from Pannonia. 
 
 Ceto, a daughter of Pontus and Terra, who 
 married Phorcys, by whom she had the three 
 Gorgons, he. Hesiod. Theog. v. 237. — Lucan. 
 9, V. 646. 
 
 Ceus and C^eus, a son of Ccelus and Terra, 
 who married Phcebe, by whom he had Latona 
 and Asteria. Hesiod. Thcog. v. 135. — Virg. 
 A^n.4fV. 179. The father of Troezen. Ho- 
 mer. II. 2, v. 354. 
 
 Cey.x, a king of Trachinia, son of Lucifer, 
 and husband of Alcyone. He was drowned 
 as he went to consult the oracle of Claros. 
 His wife was apprized of his misfortune in a 
 dream, andfonud his dead body washed on the 
 sea shore. They were both changed into 
 birds called Alcyons. Vid. Alcyone. Olid . 
 Mel. 11, v.&dl.—Paus. 1, c. 32. According 
 
CH 
 
 to Apollod. 1, c. 7, 1. 2, c. 7, the husband of Al- 
 cyone and the king of Tracbini were two dif- 
 ferent persons. 
 
 Chea, a town of Peloponnesus. 
 
 Chabinus, a mountain of Arabia Felix. 
 Diod. 3. 
 
 Chabria, a village of Egypt. 
 
 Chabrias, an Athenian general and phi- 
 losopher, who chiefly signalized himself when 
 he assisted the Boeotians against Agesilaus. 
 In this celebrated campaign, he ordered bis 
 soldiers to put one knee on the ground, and 
 firmly to rest their spears upon the other, and 
 cover themselves with their shields, by which 
 means he daunted the enemy, and had a sta- 
 tue raised to his honour in that same posture. 
 He assisted also Nectanebus, king of Egypt, 
 and conquered the whole island of Cyprus : 
 but he at last fell a sacrifice to his excessive 
 courage, and despised to fly from his ship, 
 when he had it in his power to save his life 
 like his companions, B. C. 376. C.JVep.in vita. 
 — Diod. 16. — Pint, in Phoc. 
 
 Ch ABRYis, a king of Egypt. Diod. 1. 
 
 Ch^anit^, a people at the foot of Cau- 
 casus. 
 
 CH;?;REis, an Athenian, who wrote on agri- 
 culture.— —"An officer who murdered Caligula, 
 A. D. 41, to prevent the infamous death which 
 was prepared against himself An Athe- 
 nian, &c. Thucyd. 8, c. 74, he. 
 
 Ch^redemus, a brother of Epicurus, &,c. 
 Diog. 
 
 Ch^^remon, a comic poet, and disciple of 
 
 Socrates. A stoic, who wrote on the Egyp- 
 
 ■^an priests. 
 
 Ch.'erephon, a tragic poet of Athens, in 
 the age of Philip of Macedonia. 
 
 Cii.ERESTRATA, the mothcr of Epicurus, de- 
 scended of a noble family. 
 
 Ch ^rinthus, a beautiful youth, &c. Ho- 
 ral. 1. Serm. 2, v. 81. 
 
 CniERiPPUs, an extortioner, &.c. Juv. 8, 
 r. 96. 
 
 Ch^.uo, the founder of Chgeronea. Plut. 
 m Syll. 
 
 Ch.eronia, CHiERONEA, and Cherronea, 
 a city of Bceotia, on the Cephisus, celebrated 
 for a defeat of the Athenians by the Boeo- 
 tians, B. C. 447, and for the victory which Phi- 
 lip of Macedonia obtained there with 32,000 
 isi^n, over the confederate army of the The- 
 bans and the Athenians, consisting of 30,000 
 men, the 2d of August, B. C. 338. Plutarch 
 was born there. The town was anciently 
 called Arne. Pans. 9, g. 40. — Plui. in Pelop. 
 iic. — Slmb. 9. 
 
 ChaljEon, a city of Locris.— — A port of 
 Bceotia. 
 
 C HALES, a herald of Busiris, put to death by 
 Hercules. Apollod. 2, c. 5. 
 
 Cha.lc^a, a town of Caria, of Phoe- 
 
 Hicia. 
 
 CiiAi.cEA, an island with a town near 
 
 Rhodes. Pirn. 5, c. 3. A festival at Athens. 
 
 Vid. Panathenaea. 
 
 CuALCKDOiV and CHALciiooNiA, now Kadi- 
 fCeni, an ancient city of Bithynia, opposite 
 Byzantium, built by a colony from JMe- 
 gara, headed by Argias, B. C. '685. It was 
 I first called Procerastis, and afterwards Col- 
 pusa. Its situation, however, was so imi)ro- 
 perly chosen, that it was oaUed the city of 
 
 CH 
 
 blind men, intimating the inconsiderate plan 
 of the founders. Strab. 7. — Plin. 5, c. 32. — 
 Mela, 1, c. 19. 
 
 Chalcidene, a part of Syria, very fruitful . 
 Plin. 5, c. 23. 
 
 Chalcidenses, the inhabitants of the isth- 
 mus between Teos and Erythrae. A people 
 
 near the Phasis. 
 
 Chalcidius, a commander of the Lace- 
 daemonian fleet killed by the Athenians, kc. 
 Thucyd. 8, c. 8. 
 
 Chalcidi'ca, a country of Thrace — of Sy^ 
 rla. 
 
 Chalcidicus, (of Chalets,) an epithet ap- 
 plied to Cumae in Italy, as built by a colony 
 from Chalcis. Virg. JEn. 6, v. 17. 
 
 Chalckeus, a surname of Minerva, because 
 she had a temple at Chalcis in Eubcea. She 
 was also called Chalciotis and Chalcidica. 
 
 Chalciope, a daughter of jSetes king of 
 Colchis, who married Phryxus son of Athamas, 
 who had fled to her father's court for protec- 
 tion. She had some children by Phryxus, and 
 she preserved her life from the avarice and 
 cruelty of her father, who had murdered her 
 husband to obtain the golden fleece, \yidi 
 Phryxus.] Ovid. Heroid. 17, v. 2m.—Hygin. 
 
 fab. 14, he. The mother of Thessalus by 
 
 Hercules. Apollod. 2, c. 7. ^The daughtei;; 
 
 of Rhexenor, who married JEgeus. Id. 3, c. 1, 
 
 Chalcis, now Egripo, the chief city of 
 Eubcea, in that part which is nearest to Boeotiav 
 It was founded by an Athenian colony. The 
 island was said to have been anciently joined 
 to the continent in the neighbourhood of Chal- 
 cis. There were three other towns of the 
 same name, in Thrace, Acarnania, and Sicily;, 
 all belonging to the Corinthians. Plin. 4, c . 
 12.— Strab. 10.— Paus. 5, c. 23.—Ci€. JV. D. 3, 
 c. 10. 
 
 Chalcitis, a country of Ionia. Paus. 7, 
 C.5. 
 
 Chalcodon, a son of iEgyptus, by Ara» 
 bia. Apollod. 2, c. 1.— — A man of Cos, who 
 
 wounded Hercules, Td. 2, c. 7. The father 
 
 of Elephenor, one of the Grecian chiefs in 
 
 the Trojan war. Paus. 8, c. 15. A maft 
 
 who assisted Hercules in his war against Au- 
 gias. Paus. 8, c. 15. 
 
 Chalcon, a Messenian, who reminded An-" 
 tilochus, son of Nestor, to beware of the 
 ^Ethiopians, by whom he was to perish. 
 
 Chalcus, a man made governor of Cyzicus 
 by Alexander. Polycen. 
 
 CuALDA'-A, a countiy of Asia, between the 
 Euphrates and Tigris. Its capital is Babylon> 
 wiiose inhabitants were famous for their know- 
 ledge of astrology. Cic. de Div. 1, c. 1.— 
 Diod. 2.Slrab. 2.— Plin. 6, c. 28. 
 
 Chaldjei, the inhabitants of Chaldsea. 
 
 Chalestra, a town of Macedonia. Hero - 
 dot. 7, c. 123. 
 
 Chalonitis, a country of Media. 
 
 Chal^bes and Calybes, a people of As'ik 
 Minor, near Pontus, once very powerful, and 
 possessed ofa great extent of country, abound- 
 ing in iron mines, where the inhabitants work- 
 ed naked. The Calybes attacked the tea 
 thousand ia their retreat, and beharved with 
 much spirit and couras:e. They were partly 
 conquered by Croesus, king ol' Lydia. Some 
 authors imagine that the Calybes arc a nation 
 of Spain. Ffrg. .AEr. 8. v. 421. — ,^trab 1'-.. 
 
CH 
 
 Ste. Apollon. 2, v. SlS.-^Xenoph. Anab. 4, 
 
 5:c. Herodot. 1, c. 2S.— Justin. 44, c. 3. 
 
 Chalvbon, now supposed to be Aleppo, a 
 town of Syria, which gave the name of Cha- 
 hbonitis to' the neighbouring country. 
 
 Chalvbo.vitis, a country of S3"r)a, so fa- 
 mous for its wines that the king of Persia 
 drank no other. 
 
 Chalybs, a river in Spain, where Justin. 
 44, c. 3, places the ])eople called Calybes. 
 
 Chamam and Chamaviri, a people of Ger- 
 many. Tacit, in Germ. 
 
 Chake, a river between Armenia and Al- 
 bania, falling into the Caspian sea. 
 
 CiiAOisf, a mountain of Peloponnesus. A 
 
 son of Priam. Vid. Chaonia. 
 
 Chaones, a people of Epirus. 
 
 Chaonia, a mountainous part of Epirus. 
 which receives its name from Chaon, a son of 
 Priam, inadvertently killed by his brother 
 Helenas. There was a wood near, where doves 
 (ChnonicB aves) were said to deliver oracles. 
 The words Chaonius rictus are by ancient 
 authors applied to acorns, the food of the first 
 inhabitants. Lucan. 6, v. 426. — Claudian, de 
 Pros. rapt. 3, v. 47.— Virg. JEn. 3, v. 335.— 
 Propert. I, el. 9.— Ovid. A. A. 1. 
 
 Chaonitis, a country of Assyria. 
 
 Chaos, a rude and shapeless mass of mat- 
 ter, and confused assemblage of inactive ele- 
 ments, which, as the poets suppose, pre-ex- 
 isted the formation of the world, and from 
 which the universe was formed by the hand 
 and power of a superior being. This doctrine 
 was first established by Hesiod, from whom 
 the succeeding poets have copied it ; and it is 
 probable that it was obscurely drawn from the 
 account of Moses, by being copied from the 
 annals of Sjinchoniathon, whose age is fixed 
 antecedent to the siege of Troy. Chaos was 
 deemed by some, as one of the oldest of the 
 gods, and invoked as one of the infernal deities. 
 Virg. JEn. 4, v. 510.— Ovid. Met. 1, fab. 1. 
 
 CtiARADRA, a town of Phocis. Herodot. S, 
 c. 33. 
 
 Charadros, a river of Phocis, falling into 
 the Cephisus. Stat. Thth. 4, v. 46. 
 
 CiiARADRDS, a place of Argos, where mili- 
 fary causes were tried. Thucyd. 5, c. 60. , 
 
 Char/eadas, an Athenian general, sent 
 Tvith 20 ships to Sicily during*the Pelopon- 
 oesian war. He died 42.Q B. C. k.c. Thucyd. 
 3, c. 86. 
 
 Charand^ei, a people near Pontus. 
 
 Charax, a town of Armenia. A philo- 
 sopher of Pergaraus, who wrote an history of 
 Greece in 40 books. 
 
 Charaxes and Charaxus, a Mitylenean, 
 brother to Sappho, who became passionately 
 ibnd of the courtezan Rhodope, uporj whom 
 he squandered all his possessions, and reduced 
 himself to poverty, and the necessity of pirati- 
 cal excursions. Ovid. Heroid. 15, v. 117. — 
 Herodot. 2, c. 135, &c. 
 
 Charaxus, one of the centaurs. Ovid. 
 Met. 12, v. 372. 
 
 Chares, an Athenian general. A sta- 
 tuary of Lindus, who was 12 years employed 
 in making the famous Colossus at Rhodes. 
 
 Plvn. 34, c. 7. A man who wounded Cyrus 
 
 when fighting against his brother Artaxcrxes. 
 
 An historian of Mitylene, who wrote a 
 
 !^c of Alcxa-nder. An Athenian who fought 
 
 CH 
 
 with Darius against Alexander. Curt. 4, e. 
 5. A I'iver of Peloponnesus. Plut.in Arat. 
 
 Charicles, one of the 30 tyrants set over 
 Athens by the Lacedajmonians. Xenoph. Mi- 
 
 mor. 1. — Arist. Pol it. o, c. 6. A famous 
 
 physician under Tiberius. Tacit. Ann. 6, c. 50. 
 
 Chariclides, an officer of Dionysius the 
 younger, whom Dion gained to dethrone the 
 tyj-aht. Diod. 16. 
 
 Chariclo, the mother of Tiresias, greatly 
 
 favoured by Minerva. Apollod. 3, c. 6. A 
 
 daughter of Apollo, who married the centaur 
 Chiron . Ovid. Met. 2, v. 635. 
 
 Charidemus, a Roman exposed to wild 
 
 beasts. Martial. 1, ep. 44. An Athenian, 
 
 banished by Alexander, and killed by Darius, 
 
 Charila, a festival observed once in nine 
 years by the Delphians. It owes its origin to 
 tills circumstance. In a great famine the peo- 
 ple of Delphi assembled and applied to their 
 king to relieve their wants. He accordingly 
 distributed a little corn he had among the 
 noblest ; but as a poor little girl called Charila, 
 begged the king with more than commou 
 earnestness, he beat her with his shoe, and the 
 girl, unable to bear his treatment, hanged her- 
 self in her girdle. The famine increased ; and 
 the oracle told the king, that to relieve hi*; 
 people, he must atone for the murder of Cha- 
 rila. Upon this a festival was instituted, with 
 expiatory rites. The king presided over this 
 institution, and distributed pulse and corn to 
 such as attended. Charila's image was brought 
 before the king, v» ho struck it with his shoe; 
 after which it was carried to a desolate place, 
 where they put a halter round its neck, and 
 buried it where Charila was buried. Plut. in 
 QucRst. Groec. 
 
 Charilaus and Charillus, a son of Poly- 
 dectes king of Sparta, educated and protected 
 by his uncle Lycurgus. He made war against 
 Argos, and attacked Tegea. He was taken 
 prisoner, and released on promising that he 
 would cease from war, an engagement he soon 
 broke. He died in the 64th year of his age... 
 
 Pans. 2, 36, 1. 6, c. 48. A Spartan, who 
 
 changed the monarchical power into an aiis- 
 tocracy. Arist. Polit. 5, c. 12. 
 
 Charillus, one of the ancestors of Leuty- 
 chides. Herodot. S. c. ISl. 
 
 Charini and CAraKi, a people of Germany.- 
 Plin. 4, c. 14. 
 
 Charis, a goddess among the Greeks, sur- 
 rounded with pleasures, graces, and delight. 
 She was the wife of Vulcan. Homer. II. 18, 
 V. 382. 
 
 Charisia, a town of Arcadia. Paus. 8, 
 
 c. 3. A festival in honour of the Graces, 
 
 with dances which continued all night. He 
 who continued awake the longest, was re- 
 warded with a cake. 
 
 Charisius^; an orator at Athens. Cic. in B. 
 83. 
 
 Charistia, festivals at Rome, celebrated on 
 the 20th of February, by the distribution of 
 mutual presents, with the intention of recon- 
 ciling friends and relations. Val. Max. 2, c. 1. 
 —Ovid, Fast. 1. 
 
 Charitj-.s and Gratis:, Uie Graces, daugh- 
 ter of Venus by Jupiter or Bacchus, are 
 three in number, Aglaia, Thalia, and Euphro- 
 syne. Thoy were the constrint atlpjidaflts of 
 
CH 
 
 t'^enus, and they were represenfed as three 
 young, beautiful, and modest virgins, all hold- 
 ing one another by the hand. They presided 
 over kindness and all good offices, and their 
 worship was the same as that of the nine mu- 
 ses, with whom they had a temple in common. 
 They were generally represented naked, be- 
 cause kindnesses ought to be done with sin- 
 cerity and candour. The moderns explain 
 the allegory of their holding their hands join- 
 ed, by observing, that there ought to be a per- 
 petual and never ceasing intercourse of kind- 
 ness and benevolence among friends. Their 
 youth denotes the constant remembrance that 
 we ought ever to have of kindnesses received ; 
 and their virgin purity and innocence teach 
 us, that acts of benevolence ought to be done 
 without any expectations of restoration, and 
 that we ought never to suffer others or our- 
 selves to be guilty of base or impure favours. 
 Homer speaks only of two Graces. 
 
 Chariton, a writer of Aphrodisium, at the 
 latter end of the fourth century. He com- 
 posed a Greek romance, called The Loves of 
 Chareas and CalUrhoe, which has been much 
 admired for its elegance, and the originality of 
 the characters it describes. There is a very 
 learned edition of Chariton, by Reiske, with 
 D'On'ille's notes, 2 vols. 4to. Amst. 1750. 
 
 Chakmadas, a philosopher of uncommon 
 memory. Plin. 7, c. 24. 
 
 Charme and Carme, the mother of Bri- 
 toraartis by Jupiter. 
 
 Charmides, a Lacedaemonian sent by the 
 king to quell seditions in Crete. Pans. 3, c. 
 
 2. A boxer. Id. 6, c. 7. A philosopher 
 
 of the third academy, B. C. 95. 
 
 Chaminus, an Athenian general, who de- 
 feated the Peloponnesians. Thucyd. 8, c. 
 42. 
 
 Charmione, a servant-maid of Cleopatra, 
 who stabbed herself after the example of her 
 mistress. Plut. in Anton. 
 
 Charmis, a physician of Marseilles, in 
 ?fero's age, who used cold baths for his pa- 
 tients, and prescribed medicines contrary to 
 those of his contemporaries. Plin. 21, c. 1. 
 
 Charmosyna, a festival in Egypt. Plut. 
 de Isid. 
 
 Charmotas, a part of Arabia. 
 Charhius, a poet of Syracuse, some of whose 
 fragments are found scattered in Athena:us. 
 Charon, a Theban, who received into his 
 house Pelopidas, and his friends, when they de- 
 livered Thebes from tyranny, &,c. Plut. in 
 
 Pdop. An historian of Lampsacus, son of 
 
 Pytheus, who wrote two books on Persia, be- 
 sides other treatises, B. C. 479 An histo- 
 
 CH 
 
 rian of Naucratis, who wrote an history of his 
 country and of Egypt. A Carthaginian wri- 
 ter, kc. A god of hell, son of Erebus and 
 
 Nox, who conducted the souls of the dead in a 
 boat over the river Styx arrd Acheron to the 
 infernal regions for an obolus. Such as had 
 not been honoured with a funeral were not 
 permitted to enter his boat, without previous- 
 ly wandering on the shore for one hundred 
 years. If any living person presented himself 
 to cross the Stygian lake, he could not be ad- 
 mitted before lie showed Charon a golden 
 bough, which he had received from the Sibyl, 
 and Charon was imprisoned for one year, be- 
 r;ause ho had fer-iod ovrr. .'i<;ainsthisown will, 
 
 Hercules, without this passport. Charon is 
 represented as an old robust man, with a hi- 
 deous countenance, long white beard, and 
 piercing eyes. His garment is ragged and fil- 
 thy, an d his forehead is covered with wrin- 
 kles. As all the dead were obliged to pay a 
 small piece of money for then- admission, it 
 was always usual among the ancients, to place 
 under the tongue of the deceased, a piece of 
 maney for Charon. This fable of Charon and 
 his boat is borrowed from the Egyptians, 
 whose dead were carried across a lake, where 
 sentence was passed on them, and according 
 to their good or bad actions, they were ho- 
 noured with a splendid burial, or left unnoti- 
 ced in the open air. Vid. Acherusia. Diod. 
 1. — S€7iec. in Her. Fur. act. 3, v. 765. — Virg. 
 JEn. 6, V. 298, &c. 
 
 Charondas, a man of Catana, who gave 
 laws to the people of Thurium,. and made a 
 law that no man should be permitted to come 
 armed into the assembly. He inadvertently- 
 broke this laW; and when told of it, he fell up- 
 on his sword, B. C. 446. Val. Max. 6, c. 5. 
 Charonea, a place of Asia, k,c. 
 Charonia scrobs, a place of Italy emitting 
 deadly vapours. Plin. 2, c. 23. 
 
 Charonium. a cave near Nysa, where the 
 
 sick were supposed to be delivered from their 
 
 disorders by certain superstitious solemnities. 
 
 Charops and Charupes, a Trojan, killed 
 
 by Ulysses. Homer. II. A powerful Epirot 
 
 who assisted Flaminius when making war 
 against Philip the king of Macedonia. Plul, 
 
 in Flam. The first decennial archon at 
 
 Athens. Patert. 1, c. 8. 
 
 Charybdis, a dangerous whirlpool on the 
 coast of Sicily, opposite anotlier whirlpool 
 called Scylla, on the coast of Italy. It was ve- 
 ry dangerous to sailors, and it proved fatal to 
 part of the fleet of Ulysses. The exact situa- 
 tion of the Charybdis is not discovered by the 
 moderns, as no whirlpool sufficiently tremen- 
 dous is now found to correspond to the des- 
 cription of the ancients. The words 
 Inndit in Scyllam qui vult vitare Charybdim, 
 became a proverb, (o show that in our eager- 
 ness to avoid one evil, we often fall into a great- 
 er. The name of Charybdis was properly be- 
 stowed on mistresses who repay affection and 
 tenderness with ingratitude. It is supposed 
 that Charybdis was an avaricious woman, who 
 stole the oxen of Hercules, for which theft 
 she was struck with thunder by Jupiter, and 
 changed into a whirlpool. Lycophr. in Cass 
 Homer. Od. 12.— Propert. 3, el. ]l._//a^ 
 14. — Ovid, in Ibin. de Ponto, 4, el. 10. 
 .^mor. 2, el. 16.— Virg.JEn. 3, v. 420. 
 
 Chaubi and Chauci, a people of Ger- 
 many, supposed to inhabit the country now' 
 called Friesland and Bremen. 
 Chaula, a village of Eg\pt. 
 Chauros. Vid. Cauros.' 
 Chel.«, a Greek word, (z*t>ji) signifying 
 claws, which is applied to the Scorpion, one 
 of the signs of the zodiac, and lies, according 
 to the ancients, contiguous to Virgo. Virg. 
 G. 1, V. 33. 
 Cheles, a satrap ofSeleucus, kc. 
 Chelidon, a mistress of Verres. Cic in 
 Ver. 1, c. 40. 
 
 Chelidonia, a festival at Rhodes, iu 
 which it was castomary for boys to go beg- 
 
CH 
 
 giug irom door to door, and singing certain 
 
 songs, ik.c. Athm The wind Favonius 
 
 •was called also Chelidonia, from the 6th ot 
 the ides of February to the 7 h of the calends 
 of March, the time when swallows first made 
 their appearance. Plin. 2, c. 47. 
 
 Chelidonia, now Kelidoni, small islands 
 opposite the promontory of Taurus, of the 
 same name, very dangerous to sailors. JJio- 
 nys. Ferieg. v. 6U6. — Flin. 6, c, 27 and 31. 
 — Liv. 33, c.41. 
 
 CiiELiDONis, a daughter of king Leoty- 
 chides, who married Cieonymus, and commit- 
 ted adultery with Acrotatus. Flut. i7i Fyrr. 
 
 Chelidonium, a proraontoiy of mount 
 Taurus, projecting into the Pamphylian sea. 
 
 Che LONE, a nymph changed into a tor- 
 toise by Mercury, for not being present at 
 the nuptialsof Jupiter and Juno, and condemn- 
 ed to perpetual silence for having ridiculed 
 these deities. 
 
 Chelonis, a daughter of Leonidas king 
 of Sparta, who married Cleombrotus. She 
 accompanied her father, whom her husband 
 had expelled, and soon after went into banisii- 
 Djent with her husband, who had in his turn 
 he&n expelled by Leonidas, Flut. in Agid, 
 &^ Ckom. 
 
 Cheloxophagi, a people of Carmania, who 
 fed upon turtle, and covered their habitations 
 with the shells. Flin, 6, c. 24. 
 
 CHi-LYDORiA, a mountain of Arcadia. 
 Chemmis, an island in a deep lake of Egypt. 
 Herodot.2, c. 157. 
 
 Cheka, a town of Laconia. 
 Chen/£, a village on mount (Eta. Pave. 
 30, c. 24. 
 
 Cheniox, a mountain in Asia Minor, from 
 which the lOOiiO Greeks first saw the sea. 
 Diod. 14. 
 
 Cksnius, a mountain near Colchis. 
 Cheops and CaEosPEs, a king of Egypt, 
 after Khampsiuilas, who built lamous pyra- 
 mid!-, upon which 1060 talents were expended 
 only on supplying the workmen witli leeks 
 parsley, garlick, and other vegetables. Hero- 
 dot. 2,' c. 124. 
 
 Cheperek, a brother of Cheops, who 
 also built a pyramid. The Egyptians so invet- 
 erately hated these two royal brothers, that 
 they publicly reported, that the pyramids 
 which they had built had been erected by a 
 shepherd. Herodol. 2, c. 127. 
 
 Cheremocrates, an artist who built Diana's 
 temple at Ephesus, iSiC. blrab. 14. 
 
 Chkrisophus, a commander of 800 Spar- 
 tans, in the ex[)edhion which Cjtus undertook 
 against his brother Artuxerxes. Diod 14. 
 Ciieron.t:a. Vid. Chieronea. 
 Cherophon, a tragic writer of Athens, in 
 ihe a^e of Thilip. FIvdostr. in vilis. 
 Cherron'esus. Vid. Chersoncsus. 
 Chersias, an Orchomenian, reconciled to 
 Periander by Chilo. Fausauius praises some 
 •f his poetry, 9, c. 38. 
 
 , Ch^rsidamas, a Trojan, killeu by Ulysses 
 in tiie Trojan war. Ovid. Met. 13, v. 259. 
 Chersipho, an architect, k.c. Flin.o6,c. 14. 
 CiiEKSoNEsus, a Greek word, rendered 
 by the Latins Feninsula. There were many 
 of these among the ancients, of wliich these 
 five are the most celebrated ; one called Fe- 
 loj)onncsus ; oae called Tfiracian, in the south 
 
 CH 
 
 of Thrace, and west of the Hellespont, where 
 Miltiades led a colony of Athenians, and built 
 a wall across the isthmus. From its isthmus 
 to' its further shores, it measured 420 stadia, 
 extending between the bay of Meias and the 
 Hellespont. The third, called Taurica, now 
 Crim Tartary, was situate near the Falus 
 Mffiolis. The fourth, called Cimbrica, now 
 Jutland, is in the northern parts of Germany ; 
 and the fifth, surnamed Aurea, lies in India, 
 beyond the Ganges. Htrodot. 6, c. 33, 1. 7, 
 
 c. 58.— Lii'. 31; c. 16.— C(C. ad Br. 2. 
 
 Also a peninsula near Alexandna in Egypt, 
 Hirt. Alex. 10. 
 
 Cherusci, a people of Germany, who 
 long maintained a war against Rome. They 
 inhabited the country between the Weser and 
 the Elbe. Tacit. —Cces. B. G. 6, c. 9. 
 
 Chidn.«:i, a people near Pontus. 
 
 Chidorus, a river of Macedonia near 
 Thessalonica, not sufficiently large to supply 
 the army of Xerxes with w^ater. Htrodot. 7, 
 c. 127. 
 
 CniLLiRCHus, a great officer of state at 
 the court of Persia. C. JVep. in Conon. 
 
 Chilius and Chileus, an Arcadian, who 
 advised the Lacedajmonians, w hen Xerxes was 
 in Greece, not to desert the common cause of 
 their country. Htrodot. 9, c. 9. 
 
 Chilo, a Spartan philosopher, who has 
 been called one of the seven wise men of 
 Greece. One of his maxims was '' know thy- 
 self." He died through excess of joy, in the 
 arms of his son, who had obtained a victory at 
 Olympia, B. C. 597. Pli7i. 7, c. '63.—Latii. 
 One of the Ephori at Sparta, B. C. 556. 
 
 Chilonis, the wife of Theopompus king of 
 Sparta. Folycbn. 8. 
 
 ChimjSra, a celebrated monster, sprung 
 from Echidna and Typhcn, which had three 
 heads, that of a lion, of a goat, and a dragon, 
 and continually vomited flames. The lore- 
 parts of its body were those of a lion, the mid- 
 dle was that of a goat, and the hinder parts 
 were those of a drag wi. It generally lived in 
 Lycia, about the reign of Jobates, by whose or- 
 ders Bellerophon, mounted on the horse Pega- 
 sus, overcame it. This fabulous tradition is 
 explained by the recollection that there was a 
 burning mountain in Lycia, called Chiraaira, 
 w hose top was the resort of lions, on account of 
 its desolate wilderness; the middle, which was 
 fruitful, was covered with goats; and at the 
 bottom the marshy ground abounded with ser- 
 pents. Bellerophon is said to have conquered 
 the Chimeera, because he first made his habi- 
 tation on that mountain. Plutarch says that it 
 is the captain of some pirates, who adorned 
 their ship with the imagesof a lion, a goat, and 
 a dragon. From the union of the Chimaera 
 with Orthos, sprung the Sphinx, and the lion 
 of JNemaja. Homer. 11. 6, v. 181. — Htsiod 
 Thtog. V. •S22.—Apollod. I, c. 9, 1. 2, c. 3.— 
 Lucrtt. 5, V. W3.—0iid. 9, Met. v. 646.— 
 
 Virg. Jf:hi. 6, v. 288. One of the ships in 
 
 the fleet of iEneas. Virg. JEn. 5, v. 118. 
 
 Chimarus, a river of Argolis. Pans. 2, 
 c. 36. 
 
 Chimerium, a mountain of Phthiotis, in 
 Thessaly. Plin. 4, c. 8. 
 
 Chio.mara, a woman who cut off the head 
 of a Roman tribune when she had been taken 
 prisoner, i,i,c. Plat, de Virt. Mui^ 
 
 m 
 
CH 
 
 Chiok, a Greek writer, whose epistles 
 were edited cum notis, Cobergi, 8vo. Lips. 
 1765. 
 
 Chione, a daughter of Daedalian, of whom 
 Apollo and Mercury became enamoured. 
 To enjoy her company, Mercury lulled her 
 to sleep with his Caduceus, and Apollo, in 
 the night, under the form of an old woman, 
 obtained the same favours as Mercury, From 
 this embrace Chione became mother of Phi- 
 lammou and Autolycus, the former of whom, 
 asbeing son of Apollo,became an excellent mu- 
 sician ; and the latter was equally notorious for 
 his robberies, of which his father Murcury was 
 the patron. Chione grew so proud of her com- 
 merce with the gods, that she even preferred 
 lier beauty to that of Diana, for which impiety 
 she was killed by tlie goddess, and changed 
 
 into a hawk. Ovid. Met. 11, fab. 8. A 
 
 daughter of Boreas and Orithyia, who had 
 Eumolpus by Neptune. She threw her son 
 into the sea, but he was presei-ved by his fa- 
 ther. J3pollod.3, c. 15. — Paus. 1, c. 38, A 
 
 famous prostitute. Martial. 3, ep. 34. 
 
 Chionides, an Athenian poet, supposed by 
 some to be the inventor of comedy. 
 
 Chionjs, a victor at Olympia. Paus. 6, c. 
 13. 
 
 Crnos, now Scio, an island in the -^gean 
 sea, between Lesbos and Saraos, on the coast 
 of Asia Minor, which receives its name, as 
 some suppose, from Chione, or from 7:"*? snow, 
 which was very frequent there. It was well 
 inhabited, and could ouce equip a hundred 
 ships ; mid its chief to v/n, called Chios, had a 
 beautiful harbour, vv"hich could contain eighty 
 ships. The wine of this island, so much cele- 
 brated by the ancients, is still in general es- 
 teem. Chios was anciently called .'Ethalia, Ma- 
 cris, and Pityasa. There was no adultery 
 committed there for the space of 700 years. 
 Plui. de Virt. Mul—Horat. 3, od. 19, v. 5, 1, 
 sat. 10, v. 24.— Paus. 7, c. 4.— Mela, 2, v, 2.— 
 Strab. 2. 
 
 CmRON, a centaur, half a man and half a 
 horse, son of Philyra and Saturn, who had 
 changed himself into a horse, to escape the in- 
 quiries of his wife Rhea. Chiron was famous 
 for his knowledge of music, medicine, and 
 shooting. He taught mankind the use of plants 
 and medicinal herbs ; and he instructed, in all 
 the polite arts, the greatest heroes of his age ; 
 such as Achilles, ^Esculapius, Hercules, Jason, 
 Peleus, JEneas, fee. He was wounded in the 
 knee by a poisoned arrow, by Hercules, in his 
 pursuit of the centaurs. Hercules flew to his 
 assistance ; but as the Avound was incurable, 
 and the cause of the most excruciating pains, 
 Chiron begged Jupiter to deprive him of im- 
 mortality. His prayers were heard, and he 
 was placed by the gods among the constella- 
 tions, under the name of Sagittarius. Hesiod. 
 in Scuto.-^HomeT. II. \\.~Paus. 3, c. 18, 1. 5, 
 c. 19, 1. 9, c. 31.— Ovid. Mtt. 2, v. QIQ.—Mmi- 
 lod.2, c. 5, 1. 3, c. 13.— Horat, epod. 13. 
 
 Chloe, a surname of Ceres at Athens. Her 
 yearly festivals, called Chloeia, were celebra- 
 ted with much mirth and rejoicing, and a 
 ram was always sacrificed to her. The name 
 of Chloe is supposed to bear the same signifi- 
 cation as Flava, so often applied to the god- 
 dess of corn. The name, from its significa- 
 ^on, ('/:\v>) hcrba vinns) has generally been ap- 
 24 
 
 CH 
 
 plied to women possessed of beauty, and oi 
 simplicity. 
 
 Chloreus, a priest of Cybele, who came 
 with .^neas into Italy, and was killed by Tur- 
 nus. Virg. JEn. 11, v. 768. Another, &.c. 
 
 Chloris, the goddess of flowers, who mar- 
 ried Zephyrus. She is the same as Flora. 
 
 Ovid. Fast. 5, A daughter of Amphion, 
 
 son of Jasus and Persephone, who married Ne- 
 leus, king of Pylos, by whom she had one 
 daughter and twelve sons, who all, except 
 Nestor, were killed by Hercules. Homer. Od. 
 
 11, v. 280.— Pcu5. 2, c. 21, 1. 9, c. 36. A 
 
 prostitute, kc. Horat. 3, Od. 15 
 
 Chlorus, a river of Cilicia. Plin. 6, c. 
 27. Constantine, one of the Caesars, in Dio- 
 cletian's age, who reigned two years after the 
 emperor's abdication, and died July 25, 
 A. D. 306. 
 
 Choarina, a country near India, reduced 
 by Craterus, k-c. 
 
 Choaspes, a son of Phasis, &c. Flacc. 5, 
 
 V. 585. An Indian river. Curt. 5, c. 2, ■ 
 
 A river of Media, flowing into the Tigris, and 
 now called Karun. Its waters are so sweet, 
 that the kings of Persia dfank no other, and 
 in their expeditions they always had some with, 
 them, which had been previously boiled. He- 
 rcdot. 1, c. 188.— .E/ian, V. H 12, c.40.—Ti- 
 bull. 4, el. 1, V. 141.— Plin. 6, c. 27. 
 
 CnoBUSj^a river of Colchis. Arrian. 
 
 Chcerades and Pharos, two islands oppo- 
 site Alexandria in Egypt. Thucyd. 7, c. 33, 
 Others in the Euxine sea. An island 
 
 in the Ionian sea, or near the Hellespont. 
 Theocrit. Id. 13. 
 
 CHOSRiLus. a tragic poet of Athens, who 
 wrote 150 tragedies, of which 13 obtEuned the 
 
 prize. An historian of Samos. Two 
 
 other poets, one of whom was very intimate 
 with Herodotus. He wrote a poem on the 
 victoiy which the Athenians had obtained over 
 Xerxes, and on account of the excellence of 
 the composition, he received a piece of gold for 
 each verse from the Athenians, and was pub 
 1 icly ranked with Homer as a poet. The othei 
 was one of Alexander's flatterers and friends. 
 It is said the prince promised him as many 
 pieces of gold as there should be good verses 
 in his poetry, and as many slaps on his forehead^ 
 as there were bad : and in consequence of this, 
 scarce six of his verses in each poem were en- 
 titled to gold, while the rest were rewarded 
 with the castigation. Pint, in Alex. — Hgrat., 
 2, ep. 1, V. 232. 
 
 Ch(Ere^, a place of Bceotia. 
 
 Chonnidas, a man made preceptor to 
 Theseus, by his grandfather Pittheus king of 
 TroBzene. The AUienians instituted sacrifice^ 
 to him for the good precepts he had inculcated 
 into his pupil. Plut. in Thes, 
 
 Chonuphis, an Egyptian prophet. Plut. 
 de Socrat.gen. 
 
 Chorasmi, a peopie of Asia near the Oxus^ 
 Herodot. 3, c. 93, 
 
 Chorineus, a man killed in the Rutulian 
 
 war, i^irg. JEn. 9, v. 571. Another. Id. 
 
 12, V. JJ98.— r— A priest with iEneas. Id. ^ 
 
 Chorcebus, a man of Elis, who obtained 
 
 a pri^e the first olympiad. Vid. Corcebus. 
 
 A youtli of Mygdonia, who was enamoured of 
 Cassandra. Virg. ^n. 2, v. 341. 
 
 CHORoaiNiFi, » people subdued by Niuws 
 Diod 1. 
 
 % 
 
CH 
 
 Chosroes, a king of Persia, in Justiniem's 
 reign. 
 
 Chremes, a sordid old man, mentioned in 
 Terence's Aiidda. Ilorat. in Jirt. v. 94, 
 
 ChrkmiItes, a river of Libya. 
 
 Chi^esiphon, an architect of Diana's tem- 
 ple in Ephesus. Plin.S6, c. 14. 
 
 Chresphontes, a son of Aristomaclms. 
 Vid. Aristodemus. 
 
 Chrestus, an approved writer of Athens, 
 &c. Colum. l.deR. R. c 1. 
 
 Chromia, a daughter of Itonus. Faus. 6, 
 c. 1. 
 
 Chromios, a son of Neleus and Chloris, 
 who, with 10 brothers, was killed in a battle by 
 
 Hercules. A son of Priara, killed by Dio- 
 
 medes. £poUod. 3, c. 12. 
 
 Chkomis, a captain in the Trojan war. 
 
 Homer. It. 2. A young shepherd. Virg. 
 
 Ed. 6. A Phrygian, killed by Camilla. Id. 
 
 M.n. 11, V 675. A son of Hercules. Stat. 
 
 6, V. 346. 
 
 Chromius, a son of Pterilaus. £poUod. 2, 
 
 c. 4. An Argive, who, alone with Alcenor, 
 
 survived a battle between 300 of his country- 
 men and 300 Spailans. Herodot. 1, c. 82. 
 
 Ckronius, a man who built a temple of 
 Diana at Orchomenos. Pans. 8, c. 48. 
 
 Chronus, the Greek name of Saturn, or 
 time, in whose honour festivals called Chronia 
 were yearly celebrated by the Rhodians and 
 some of the Greeks. 
 
 Chrvasus, a king of Argos, descended 
 from Inachus. 
 
 Chrysa and Chryse, a town of Cilicia, 
 famous for a temple of Apollo Smintheus. 
 Homer. II. 1, v. 37 —Strah. \2.—0vid. Met. 13, 
 
 V. 174. A daughter of Halraus, mother of 
 
 Phlegias by Mars. Pans. 9, c. 86. ^ 
 
 Chfysame, a Thessaiian, priestess of Diana 
 Trivia. She fed a bull with poison, which she 
 sent to the enemies of her country, who eat 
 the flesh and became delirious, and w-ere an 
 iasy conquest. Polycen. 
 
 Chrysantas, a man who refrained from 
 
 .liing another, by hearing a dog bark. Plut. 
 ^ucest. Rom. 
 
 Chrvsanthius, a philosopher in the age of 
 Julian, known for the great number of volumes 
 lie wrote. 
 
 CiTRYSANTis, a nymph who told Ceres, 
 when she was at Argos with Pelasgus, that her 
 daughter had been caiTied away. Pans. 1. 
 
 Chrysaor, a son of Medusa by Neptune. 
 Some report that he sprung from the blood 
 of Medusa, armed with a golden sivord, 
 whence his name zf-o-o, «»;. He married Callir- 
 hoe, one of the Oceanides, by whom he had 
 Gerj'on, Echidna, and the Chima^ra. Hesiod. 
 
 Thevg. V. 293. A rich king of Iberia. Diod. 
 
 4. A son of Glaucus. Pavs. 5, c, 21. 
 
 CiiRvsAOREus, a surname of Jupiter, from 
 his temple at Stratonice, where all the Ca- 
 rians assembled upon any public emergency. 
 Strab. 4. 
 
 CiiRYSAoRis, a town of Cilicia. Paus. 5, 
 C.2. 
 
 Chrysas, a river of Sicily, falling into the 
 Simaethus, and worshipped as a deity. Cic. in 
 I'er. 4, c. 44. 
 
 Chryfeis, the daughter of Cbryses, Vid. 
 ("hryses. 
 
 CrinvsERittus, a Corinthian, who wrote aji 
 
 CH 
 
 history of Peloponnesus, and of India, besides 
 a treatise on rivers. Plut. in ParalL 
 
 Chryses, the priest of Apollo, father of 
 Astynome, called from him Chryseis. When 
 Lyrnessus was taken, and the spoils divided 
 among the conquerors, Chryseis, who was the 
 wife ofEetion, the sovereign of the place, fell 
 to the share of Agamemnon. Chrj-ses, upon 
 this, went to the Grecian camp to solicit his 
 daughter's restoration ; and when his prayers 
 were fruitless, he implored the aid of Apollo, 
 who visited the Greeks with a plague, and 
 obliged them to restore Chryseis. Homer. II. 
 
 1, V. 11, &c. A daughter of Minos. ApoU 
 
 lod. 3, c. 1. 
 
 Chrysippe, a daughter of Danau^. £pol' 
 lod. 2, c. 1. 
 
 Chrysippus, a natural son of Pelops, high- 
 ly favoured by his father, for which Hippoda- 
 mia, his step-mother, ordered her own sons, 
 Atreus and Thyestes, to kill him, and to throw 
 his body into a well, on account of w hich they 
 were banished. Some say that Hippodamia's 
 sons refused to murder Chrysippus, and that 
 slie did it herself They further say, that 
 Chrysippus had been carried away by Lsdus, 
 king of Thebes, to gratify his unnatural lusts, 
 and that he was in his arms when Hippoda- 
 mia killed him. Hygin. fab. 85. — Plato de 
 
 Leg. d.—Apollod. 3, c. 5.— Pans. 6, c. 20. 
 
 A stoic philosopher of Tarsus, who wrote 
 about 311 treatises. Among his curious opin- 
 ions was his approbation of a parent's mar- 
 i-iage with his child, and his wish that dead 
 bodies should be eaten rather than buried. 
 He died tln'ough excess of wine., or as ethers 
 say, from laughing too much on seeing an ass 
 eating figs on a silver plate, 207 B. C. in the 
 80th yeai- of his age. Val. Max. 8, c. 7. — 
 Diod.—Horat. 2. Sat. 3, v. 40. There were 
 
 also others of the same name. Laert.- A 
 
 freedmanof Cicero. 
 
 Chrysis, a mistress of Demetrius. Plut. in 
 Demet.' ■ A priestess of Juno at Mycenae. 
 The temple of the goddess was burnt by the 
 negligence of Chrysis, who fled to Tegea, to 
 the altar of Minerva. Paus. 2, c. 17. 
 
 Cheysoaspides, soldiers in the armies of 
 Persia, whose arms were all covered with sil- 
 ver, to display the opulence of the prince 
 whom they served. Justin. 12, c. 7. 
 
 Chrysogonus, a freedman of Sylla. Cic. 
 
 pro Ros. A celebrated singer in Domitian's 
 
 reigo. Juv. 6, v 74. 
 
 CuRYsoLAUs, a tyrant of Metbymna, &€. 
 Cnrt. 4, c. 8. 
 
 Chbysondium, a town of Macedonia. Po- 
 lyb. 5. 
 
 Chrysopolis, a promontory and port of 
 Asia, opposite Byzantium, now Scutari. 
 
 ChbysorrhojE, a people in whose country 
 are golden streams. 
 
 Chrysorhoas, a river of Peloponnesus, 
 Paus. 2, c. 31. 
 
 Chrvsostom, a bishop of Constantinople, 
 who died A. D. 407, in his 63d year. He was 
 a gi'eat disciplinarian, and by severely lashing 
 the vices of the age, he procured himself many 
 enemies. He was banished for opposing the 
 raising a statue to the empress, after having 
 displayed his abilities as an elegant preacher, a 
 sound theologician, and a faithful interpreter 
 of scripture. Chrysostom's works were nobly 
 
CI 
 
 and correctly edited, without a Latin version, 
 bySaville,8vols.fol.Etoriae, 1613. They have 
 appeared, with a translation, at Paris, edit. 
 Benedict. Montfaucon, 13 vols fol. 1718. 
 
 Chrvsosthemis, a name given by Homer 
 to Iphigenia, daughter of Agamemnon and Cly- 
 
 temnestra. A Cretan, who first obtained 
 
 the poetical prize at the Pythian games. Pans. 
 10, c. 7. 
 
 Chrvxus, a leader of the Boii, grandson to 
 Brennus, who took Rome. Sil.4, v. 148. 
 
 Chthonia, a daughter of Erechtheus, who 
 married Butes. Apollod. 3, c. 15. A sur- 
 name of Ceres, from a temple built to her by 
 Chthonia, at Hermione. She had a festival 
 there called by the same name, and celebrated 
 every summer. During the celebration, the 
 priests of the goddess marched in procession, 
 accompanied by the magistrates, and a crowd 
 of women and boys in white apparej, with 
 garlands of flowers on their heads. Behind 
 was dragged an untamed heifer, just taken 
 from the herd. When they came to the tem- 
 ple, the victim was let loose, and four old wo- 
 men armed with scythes, sacrificed the heifer, 
 and killed her by cutting her throat. A se- 
 cond, a third, and a fourth victim, was in a 
 like manner dispatched by the old women ; 
 and it was observable, that they all fell on the 
 same side. Pans. 2, c. 35. 
 
 Chthonius, a centaur, killed by Nestor in 
 a battle at the nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid. 
 
 Met. 12, v. 441. One of the soldiers who 
 
 sprang from the dragon's teeth, sown by Cad- 
 mus. Hygin. fab. 178. A son of, ^gyptus 
 
 and Calliadne. Jlpoilod. 2, c. 1. 
 
 Chitrium, a name given to part of the 
 town of Clazomenae. 
 
 CiBAL*, now Swileif a town of Pannonia 
 where Licinius was defeated by Constantiue. 
 It was the birth place of Gratian. Europ, 10, 
 «. 4.—Marcell. 30, c. 24. 
 
 CiBARiTis, a country of Asia near the 
 Mseander. 
 
 CiBYRA, now Burun, a town of Phrygia, of 
 which the inhabitants were dexterous hunters. 
 Horat. 1, ep. 6, v. 33.—Cic. in Verr. 4, c. 13. 
 ^itic 5, ep. 2. of Caria. 
 
 C. CicEREius, a scci-etary of Scipio Afri- 
 eanus, who obtained a triumph over the Cor- 
 sicans. Liu. 41 and 42. 
 
 M. T. Cicero, born at Arpinum, was son 
 of a Roman knight, and lineally descended 
 from the ancient kings of the Sabines. His 
 mother's name was Helvia. After displaying 
 many promising abilities at school, he was 
 taught philosophy by Pisp, and law by Mutius 
 Scaevola. He accmired and perfected a taste 
 for military knovViedge under Sylla, in the 
 Marsian war, and retired from RoYne, which 
 was divided into factionsj to indulge his philo- 
 sophic propensities. He was naturally of a 
 weak and delicate constitution, and he visited 
 Greece on account of his health ; though, per- 
 haps, the true cause of his absence from Rome 
 might be attributed to his fear of Sylla. His 
 friends, who were well acquainted with his 
 superior abilities, were anxious for his return; 
 and when at last he obeyed their solicitations, 
 he applied himself with uncommon diligence 
 to oratory, and was soon distinguished above 
 all the speakers of his age in the Roman forum. 
 VVhen he went to Siciiy as quaestor, he be- 
 
 CI 
 
 haved with great justice and moderation ; and 
 the Sicilians remembered with gratitude the 
 eloquence of Cicerojtheir common patron,who 
 had delivered them from the tyranny and ava- 
 rice of Verres. After he had passed through 
 the oflices of edile and praetor, he stood a can- 
 didate for the consulship, A. U. C. 691 ; and 
 the patricians and the plebeians were equally 
 anxious to raise him to that dignity, against 
 the efforts and bribery of Catiline. His new- 
 situation was critical, andrequired circumspec- 
 tion. Catiline, with many dissolute and des- 
 perate Romans, had conspu-ed against their 
 country, and combined to murder Cicero him- 
 self. In this dilemma, Cicero, in full senate, 
 accused Catiline of trezison against the state ; 
 but as his evidence was not clear, his efforts 
 were unavailing. He, however, stood upon 
 his guard, and by the information of his friends, 
 and the discovery of Fulvia, his life was saved 
 from the dagger of Marcius and Cethegus, 
 whom Catiline had sent to assassinate him. 
 After this, Cicero commanded Catiline, in.the 
 senate, to leave the city ; and this desperate 
 conspirator marched out in triumph to meet 
 the 20,000 men who were assembled to sup- 
 port his cause. The lieutenant of C. Antony, 
 the other consul, defeated them in Gaul; and 
 Cicero, at Rome, punished the rest of the con- 
 spirators with death. This capital punishment, 
 though inveighed against by J. Cassar as too 
 severe, was supported by the opinion of Luta- 
 tius Catulus, and Cato, and confirmed by the 
 whole senate. After this memorable deliver- 
 ance, Cicero received the thanks of all the 
 people, and was styled The father of his coun- 
 try^ aiid a second founder of Rome. The vehe- 
 mence with which he had attacked Clodiug, 
 proved injurious to him ; and when his enemy 
 was made tribune, Cicero was banished fi-om 
 Rome, though 20,000 young men were sup- 
 porters of his innocisnce. He was not, however, 
 deserted in his banishment. Wherever he 
 went he was received with the highest marks 
 of approbation and reverence ; and when the 
 faction had subsided at Rome, the whole senate 
 and people were unanimous for his return. 
 After sixteen months absence, - he entered 
 Rome with universal satisfaction ; and when 
 he was sent, with the power of proconsul, to 
 Cilicia, his integrity and prudence made him 
 successful against the enemy, and at his return 
 he was honoured with a triumph, which the 
 factions prevented him to enjoy. After much 
 hesitation duringthe civil commotions between 
 Cffisar and Pompey, he joined himself to the 
 latter, and followed him to Greece. When 
 victory had declared in favour of Ca3sar,at the 
 battle of Pharsalia, Cicero went to Brundu- 
 sium, and was reconciled to the conqueror, 
 who treated him with great humanity. From 
 this time Cicero retired into the country, and 
 seldom visited Rome. When Czesar had been 
 stabbed in the senate, Cicero recommended a 
 general amnesty, and was the most earnest to 
 decree the provinces to Brutus and Cassius. 
 But when he saw the interest of Caesar's mur- 
 derers decrease, and Antony come into pow- 
 er, he retired to Athens. He soon after re- 
 turned, but lived in perpetual fear of assassi- 
 nation. Augustus courted the approbation of 
 Cicero, and expressed liis wish to be his col- 
 league in the consulship. But his wish was not 
 
CI 
 
 sincere ; he soon forgot his former professions 
 of friendship ; and when the two consuls had 
 been killed at Mutina, Augustus joined his in- 
 terest to that of Antony, and the triumvirate 
 was soon after formed. The great enmity 
 which Cicero bore to Antony was fatal to 
 him ; and Augustus, Antorfy, and Lepidus, 
 the triumvirs, to destroy all cause of quarrel, 
 and each to dispatch his enemies, produced 
 their list of proscription. About two hundred 
 ■were doomed to death, and Cicero was among 
 the number upon the list of Antony. Augus- 
 tus yielded a man to whom he partly owed his 
 greatness, and Cicero was pursued by the emis- 
 saries of Antony, among whom was Popilius, 
 whom he had defended upon an accusation of 
 parricide. He had fled in a litter towards the 
 sea of Caieta ; and when the assassins came up 
 to him, he put his head out of the litter, and it 
 was severed from the body by Herennius. 
 This memorable event happened in Decem- 
 Ijer, 43 B.C. after the enjoyment of life for 
 63 years, 11 months, and five days. The head 
 and right hand of the orator were carried to 
 Rome, and hung up in the Roman forum ; 
 and so inveterate was Antony's haired against 
 the unfortunate man, that even Fulvia the 
 triumvir's wife, wreaked her vengeance upon 
 his head, and drew the tongue out of the 
 mouth, and bored it through repeatedly with a 
 gold bodkin, verifying in this act of inhumani- 
 ty, what Cicero had once observed, that no 
 (inimalis morerevengtful than awoman. Cicero 
 has acquired more real fame by his literary 
 compositions, than by his spirited exertions as 
 a Roman senator. The learning and the abili- 
 ties which he possessed, have been the admi- 
 ration of every age and country, and his style 
 has always been accounted as the true stand- 
 ard of pure latinity. The words nascitur poeta 
 have been verified in his attempts to write po- 
 etry ; and the satire of Martial, Carmina quod 
 scribit musis et Jlpolline nullo, though severe, is 
 true. He once formed a design to write the 
 history of his countiy, but he was disappointed. 
 He translated many of the Greek writers, po- 
 ets as well as historians, for his own improve- 
 ment. When he travelled into Asia, he Avas 
 attended by most of the learned men of his 
 age ; and his stay at Rhodes, in the school of 
 the famous Molo, conduced not a little to per- 
 fect his judgment. Like his countiymen, he 
 was not destitute of ambition, and the arro- 
 
 fintexpectatipnj»with which he returned from 
 is quaestorsl^lp in Sicily are well known. He 
 was of a timid di.sposition; and he who shone 
 as the father 'of Roman elo(]uence, never as- 
 cended the pulpit to harangue, A. ithout feeling 
 a secret emotion of dread. His conduct, dur- 
 ing the civil wars, is far from that of a patriot; 
 and when we view him, dubious and ii*reso- 
 lute,soriy notto follow Pompey, and yet afraid 
 to oppose Caesar, the judgment would almost 
 brand him with the name of coward. In his 
 private character, however, Cicero was of an 
 amiable disposition ; and though he was too 
 elated with prosperity, and debased by adver- 
 sity r the affability of the friend conciliated the 
 good graces of all. He married Terentia, 
 whom he aften\'ards divorced, and by whom 
 he had a son and a daughter. He afterwards 
 married a young woman, to whom he was 
 guardian; and because she seemed elated at 
 
 CI 
 
 the death of his daughter, Tullia, he repudiate*^ 
 her. The works of this celebrated man, of 
 which, according to some, the tenth part is 
 scarce extant, have been edited by the best 
 scholars in every country. The most valuable 
 editions of the works complete, are that of 
 Verburgius, 2 vols. fol. Arast. 1724. — That of 
 Olivet, 9 vols. 4to. Geneva, 1758— The Oxford 
 edition in 10 vols. 4to. 1782— and that of Lal- 
 lemand, 12rao. 14 vols. Paris apud Barbou, 
 176S. Plutarch, in vita. — Quiniil. — Dio. Cox. 
 — ^ppian. — Florus. — C. JVep. in Miic. — Eu- 
 
 trop. — Cic. he. ^Marcus, the son of CicerOj 
 
 was taken by Augustus as his colleague in the 
 consulship. He revenged his father's death, 
 by throwing public dishonour upon the memo- 
 ry of Antony. He disgraced his father's vir- 
 tues, and was so fond of drinking, that Pliny 
 observes, he Avished to deprive Antony of the 
 honour of being the greatest drunkard in the 
 
 Roman empire. Pint, in Cic.' Quintus, 
 
 the brother of the orator, was Caesar's lieuten- 
 ant in Gaul, and proconsul of Asia for thre» 
 years. He was proscribed Avith his son at the 
 same time as his brother Tully, Plut. in Cic, 
 — Jlppian. 
 
 CicERONis A'lLLA, a placB near Puteoli in 
 Campania. Plin. 31, c. 2. 
 CicHYRis, a town of Epirus. 
 CicoNEs, a people of Thrace near the He- 
 brus. Ulysses, at his return from Troy, con- 
 quered them, and plundered their chief city 
 Ismarus because they had assisted Priam 
 against the Greeks. They tore to pieces Or- 
 pheus, for his obscene indulgences, Ovid. 
 Met. 10, v. 83, 1. 15, v. 313.— Fir^. G. 4, v. 
 520, &c.— Jlfe/rt,2, c. 2. 
 
 CiciJTA, an old avaricious usurer. Horat. 
 •2. Ser. 3, v. 69. 
 
 CiLiciA, a country of Asia Minor, on the 
 sea coast, at the north of Cyprus, the south of 
 mount Taurus, and the west of the Euphrates. 
 The inhabitants enriched themselves by pira- 
 tical excursions, till they were conquered by 
 Pompey. The country was opulent- and was 
 governed by kings, under some of the Roman 
 emperors ; but reduced into a proAJnce by Ves- 
 pasian. Cicero presided over it as proconsul. 
 It receives its name from Cilix, the son of Age - 
 nor. Apollod.3,c. l.— Farro. R. R. 2, c. 11. 
 — Sueion. in Vesp.8. — Ihrodot. 2, c. 17, 34.—* 
 Justin. 11, c. 11. — Curt. 3, c. 4. — Plin. 5, c. 
 
 27. Part of the country between i^olia and 
 
 Troas is also called Cilicia, Strab. 13, calls it 
 Trojan, to distinguish it from the other Cihcla. 
 P/m. 5, c. 27. 
 CiLissA, a town of Phrygia. 
 CiLix, a son of Phomix, or according to 
 Herodotus, of Agenor, Avho after seeking in 
 vain his sister Europa, settled in a country to 
 which he gave the name of Cilicia. jJpoilod. 
 3, c. l.—Herodot. 7, c.91. 
 
 CiLLA, a town of Africa Propria. Diod. 
 
 20. A tOAvii of ^olia. Herodot. 1, c. 149. 
 
 Of Troas, Avhich received its name, ac- 
 cording to Thcopompus, from a certain Cillus, 
 Avho Avas one of Hippodamia's suitors, and kill- 
 ed bv (Enoniaus. Homer. II. 1, v. 38. — Ovid. 
 Met.'l3,y. 174. 
 
 CiLLEs, a general of Ptolemy, conquered 
 by Demetrius. Diod. 19, 
 
 CiLLus, a charioteer of Pelops, in whose 
 honour a city Avas built. Slrab. 13, 
 
X 
 
 CI 
 
 GiLKiirs, the surname of Mseeenas. 
 
 CiLo, Jan. an oppressive governor of Bi- 
 tbynia and Pontus. The provinces carried 
 their complaints against him to Rome ; but 
 such was the noise of the flatterers that attend- 
 ed the emperor Claudius, that he was unable 
 to hear them ; and when he asked what they 
 had said, he was told by one of Cilo's friends, 
 that they returned thanks for his good admin- 
 istration; upon which the emperor said, Let 
 Cilo be continued two years longer in hia pro- 
 vince. Inod. GO.— Tacit. Ann. 12, c. 21. 
 
 CiMBER, TuLL. one of Caesar's murderei*s. 
 He laid hold of the dictator's robe, which was 
 a signal for the rest to strike. Plut. in Cass. 
 
 CiMBEKius, a chief of the Suevl. 
 
 CiMBRi, a people of Germany, who invaded 
 the Roman empire with a large army, and 
 were conquered by Marius. Flor. 3, c. 3. 
 
 CiMBRicuM BELLUM, was begun by the 
 Cimbri and Teutones, by an invasion of the Ro- 
 man territories, B. C. 109. These barbarians 
 were so courageous, and even desperate, that 
 they fastened their first ranks each to the oth- 
 er with cords. In the first battle they destroy- 
 ed 80,000 Romans, under the consuls Manlius 
 and Servilius Caepio. But when Marius, in his 
 second consulship, was chosen to carry on the 
 war, he met the Teutones at Aqpae Sexti«, 
 where, after a bloody engagement, he left 
 dead on the field of battle 20,000, and took 
 90,000 prisoners, B. C. 102. The Cimbri, who 
 had formed another army, had already pene- 
 trated into Italy, where they were met at the 
 river Athesis, by Marius and his colleague Ca- 
 tulus, a year after. An engagement ensued, 
 and 140,000 of them were siain. This last bat- 
 tle put an end to this dreadful war, and the 
 two consuls entered Rome in triumph. Flor. 
 3, c. Z.—Plin. 1, c. 22, 1. 17, c. 1.— Jlfe/a, 3, c. 
 3. Pattrc. 2, c. \2.-^Plui. in Mario. 
 
 CiMiNus, now Viterbe, a lake and mountain 
 of Etruria. — Fi/g. JEn. 7, v. 697. Liv. 9, c. 36. 
 
 CiMMERii, a people near the Palus Mceo- 
 tis, v/ho invaded Asia Minor, and seized upon 
 the kingdom of Cyaxares. After they had 
 been masters of the country for 28 years, tbey 
 were driven back by Alyattes king of Lydia. 
 
 Herodot. 1, c. 6, Sic. 1. 4, c. 1, he. Another 
 
 nation on the western coast of Italy, generally 
 imagined to have lived in caves near the sea- 
 shore of Campania, and there, in concealing 
 themselves from the light of the sun, to have 
 made their retreat the receptacle of their 
 plunder. In consequence of this manner of 
 living, the countiy which they inhabited, was 
 supposed to be so gloomy, that, to mention a 
 great obscurity, the expression ©f Cimmerian 
 darkness has proverbially been used. Homer, 
 according to Plutarch, drev/ his images of hell 
 and Pluto from this gloomy and dismal coun- 
 try, where also Virgil and Ovid have placed 
 the Styx, the Phlegethon, and all the dreadful 
 abodes of the infernal regions. Homer. Od. 
 
 13. Virg.JEn.Q.—Omd.Met. 11, v. 592, &c. 
 
 — Sirab. 5. 
 
 CiMMERis, a town of Troas, formerly call- 
 ed Edonis. FUn. 5, c. 30. 
 
 CiMMKRiUM, now Crim, a town of Taurica 
 Chersonesus, whose inhabitants aie called 
 Ciramerii. Mela, 1, c. 19. 
 
 CiMuLis and Cr:fOLis, a town of Paphla- 
 «:onia. 
 
 CI 
 
 CimJJlws, now JirgerUiera, an island in tte 
 Cretan sea, producing chalk and fuller's earth, 
 Ovid. Met. 7, v. 463.— PZin. 35, c. 16. 
 
 CiMON, an Athenian, son of Miltiades and 
 Hegisipyle, famous for his debaucheries in his 
 youth, and the reformation of his morals 
 when arrived to years of discretion. When his 
 father died- he was imprisoned, because una- 
 ble to pay the fine laid upon him by the Athe- 
 nians ; but he was released from confinement 
 by his sister and wife Elpinice. [FiU El pin ice .J 
 He behaved with great courage at the battle of 
 Salamis, and rendered himself popular by his 
 munificence and valour. He defeated the Per- 
 sian fleet, and took 200 ships, and totally rout- 
 ed their land army, the veiy same day. The 
 money that he obtained by his victories, was 
 not applied to his own private use ; but with 
 it he fortified and embellished the city. He 
 some time after lost all his popularity, and wa« 
 Ijanished by the Athenians, who declared war 
 against the Lacedaamonians. He was recalled 
 from his exile, and at his return, he made a 
 reconciliation between Lacedaemon and his 
 countrymen. He was afterwards appointed to 
 carry on the war against Persia in Egypt, and 
 Cyprus, with a fleet of 200 ships ; and on the 
 coast of Asia, he gave battle to the enemy, 
 and totally ruined their fleet. He died as he 
 was besieging the town of Citium in Cyprus, 
 B. C. 449, in the 51st year of his age. He 
 may be called the last of the Greeks, whose 
 spirit and boldness defeated the armies of the 
 barbarians. He was such an inveterate ene- 
 my to the Persian power, that he formed a 
 plan of totally desti-oying it ; and in his wars, 
 he had so reduced the Persians, that they pro- 
 mised in a treaty, not to pass the Chelido- 
 nian islands with their fleet, or to approach 
 within a day's journey of the Grecian seas. 
 The munificence of Cimon has been highly 
 extolled by his biographers, and he has been 
 deservedly praised for leaving his gardens 
 open to the public. Thucyd. 1, c. 100 and 112!. 
 —Justin. 2, c. IS.— Diod. U.—Plut.^C. Nep: 
 
 in vita. An Athenian, father of Miltiades. 
 
 Herodot. 6, c. 34. A Roman, supported in 
 
 prison by the milk of his daughter. Ah 
 
 Athenian, who wrote an account of the war 
 of the Amazons against his country. 
 
 CiN^THON, an ancient poet of Lacedaemon, 
 kc. Vid. Cinethon. 
 
 CiNARADAS, one of the descendants of Ci- 
 nyras, wlio presided over the ceremonies of 
 Venus at Paphos. Tacit. 2. Hist. c. 3. 
 
 CiNciA LEX, was enacted by M. Cincius, 
 tribune of the people, A. U. C. 649. By it no 
 man was permitted to take any money as a 
 gift or a fee in judging a cause. Liv. 34, c. 4. 
 
 L. Q. CiNciNNATus, a celebrated Roman, 
 who was informed, as he ploughed his field, 
 that the senate had chosen him dictator. Up- 
 on this, he left his ploughed land with regret, 
 and repaired to the field of battle, where his 
 countrymen were closely besieged by the Vol- 
 sci and .'Equi. He conquered the enemy and 
 returned to Rome in triumph : and 16 days 
 after his appointment, he laid down his olfice, 
 and retired back to plough his fields- In his 
 80th year he was again summoned against 
 Preeneste as dictator ; and alter a successful 
 campaign, he resigned the absolute power he 
 had enjoyed only 21 days, nobly disregarding 
 
CI 
 
 the rewards that were offered him by the se- 
 nate. He flourished about 460 years before 
 Christ. Liv. 3, c. 2G.—Flor. 1, c. 11.— Ctc. dt 
 Finib. 4.—Plin. 18, c. 3. 
 
 L. CiNcius Alimewtus, a prastor of Si- 
 cily in the second Punic war, who wrote an- 
 nals in Greek. Dionys. Hal. 1. Marcus, a 
 
 tribune of the people, A. U. C. 549, author of 
 the Cincia lex. 
 
 CiNEAS, a Thessalian, minister and friend 
 to Pyn'hus king of Epirus. He was sent to 
 Borne by his master to sue for peace, which 
 lie, however, could not obtain. He told Pyr- 
 rhus, that the Roman senate were a venerable 
 assembly of kings; and observed, that to fight 
 with them, was to fight against anotiier Hydra. 
 He was of such a retentive memory, that the 
 day after his arrival at Rome, he could salute 
 every senator and knight by bis name. Plin. 
 
 7, c. 24. — Cic. ad Fam. 9, ep. 25. A king 
 
 ofThessaly. Herodot. 5, c. C3. An Athe- 
 nian, &1C. Foli/Kn. 2, c. 32. 
 
 CiNESiAs, a Greek poet of Thebes in Bcro- 
 tia, who composed some dithyrambic verses. 
 Jlthen. 
 
 CiNETHON, a Spartan, who wrote genealo- 
 ^cal poems> in one of which he asserted that 
 Medea had a son by Jason, called Medus, and 
 a daughter called Eriopis. Faus. 2, c. 18. 
 
 CiNGA, now Cinea, a river of Spain, flow- 
 ing from the Pyrenean mountains into the Ibe- 
 rus. Lucan. 4, v, 21. — Cas B. C. 1, c. 48. 
 
 CiNGETomx, a prince of Gaul, in alliance 
 
 with Rome. Cass. Bell. G. 5, c.3. A prince 
 
 of Britain who attacked Caesar's camp, by or- 
 der of Cassivelaunus. Id. ib. c. 22. 
 
 CiNGULUM, now Cingoli, a town of Pice- 
 num, whose inhabitants are called Cingulani. 
 Flin. 3, c. 13.— C(RJ. Bell. Civ. 1, c. 15.—- Si/. 
 //. 10, V. 34.— Cic. M. 7, ep. 11. 
 
 CiNiATA, a place of Galatia. 
 
 CiNiTHii, a people of Africa. 
 
 L. Corn. Cinna, a Roman who oppressed 
 th« republic with his cruelties, and was banish 
 
 CI 
 
 upon the sovereign power. Hia conspiracy was 
 discovered, and be was put to death. Aridot, 
 
 CiNNAMUs, a hair-dresser at Rome, ridi- 
 culed hy Martial, 7, ep. 63 
 
 CiNNiANA, a townof Lusitania, famous for 
 the valour of its citizens. Vdl. Max. 6, c. 4. 
 
 CiNXiA, a surname of Juno, who presided 
 over marriages, and was supposed to untie the 
 girdle of new brides. 
 
 CiNYPs and Cikyphus, a river, and country 
 of Africa, near the Gararaantes, wlience 
 Cinyphius. Virg. G. 3, v. 312. — Herodot. 4, 
 c. 198.— P/iri. 6, c. 4.~Martial. 7, ep. 94.— 
 Ovid. Met. 7, V. 272, 1. 15, v. 755.— Lucan. 9, 
 v. 787. 
 
 CiNYRAS, a king of Cyprus, son of Pa- 
 phus, who married Cenchreis, by whom he 
 had a daughter called Myrrha. Myrrha fell 
 in love with her father ; and in the absence of 
 her mother at the celebration of the festivals 
 of Ceres, she introduced herself into his bed 
 by means of her nurse. Cinyras had by her a 
 son called Adonis ; when he knew the in- 
 cest he had committed, he attempted to stab 
 his daughter, who escaped his pursuit and fled 
 to Arabia, where, after she had brought forth, 
 she was changed into a tree which still bears 
 hername. Cinyras, according to some, stabbed 
 himself. He was so rich, that his opulence, 
 like that of Croesus, became proverbial. Ovid. 
 Met. 10, fab. 9.~Flut in Parall.—Hygin. fab. 
 
 242, 248, &c. A son of Laodice. JipoUod. 
 
 3, c. 9. A man who brought a colony from 
 
 Syria to Cypms. Id 3, c. 14. A Ligurian, 
 
 who assisted ^Eneas against Tumus. Virg. 
 Mn. 10, V. 186. 
 
 Cios, a river of Thrace. Plin. 5, c. 32. 
 
 A commercial place of Phiygia. The name 
 
 of three cities in Bithynia. 
 
 Cippus, a noble Roman, who as he re- 
 turned home victorious, was told that if he en- 
 tered the city he must reign there. Unwilling 
 to enslave his country, he assembled the sen- 
 ate without the walls, and banished himself 
 
 ed by Octavius, for attempting to make the fu- for ever from the city, and retired to live upon 
 
 Ovid. Mel. 15, v. 
 
 gitive slaves free. He joined himself to Mari 
 us ; and with him, at the head of 30 legions, he 
 filled Rome with blood, defeated his enemies, 
 and made himself consul even to a fourth time. 
 He massacred so many citizens at Rome, that 
 his name became odior.s ; and one of his oflicei's 
 assassinated him at Ancona, as he was prepa- 
 ring war against Sylla. His daughter Cornelia, 
 married Julius Ccesar, and became mother of 
 Julia. Flut in Mar. Pomp. ^ Syll. — Lucan- 
 4, V. S22.~Appian. Bell. Civ. l.—Flor. 3, c. 
 
 21. Paterc. 2, c. 20, kc.—Plut. in Cccs. 
 
 One of Caesar's murderers. C. Helvius Cin- 
 na, a poet intimate with Caesar. He went to 
 attend the obsequies of Caesar, and being mis- 
 taken by the populace for the other Cinna, he 
 was torn to pieces. He had been eight years io 
 composing an obscure poem called Smyrna, in 
 M'hich he made mention of the incest of Ciny- 
 ras. Flut. in CcES A grandson of Pompey. 
 
 He conspired against Augustus, who pardoned 
 him, and made him one of his most intimate 
 friends. He was consul, and made Augustus 
 
 his heir. Dio. — Seneca dt Clem. c. 9. A 
 
 town of Italy taken by the Romans from the 
 Saranites. 
 
 CiNNADON, a Lacedaemonian youth, who 1 complied, and loaded the hero with pleasures 
 resolved to put to death the Ephori, and seize j and honours. In this voluptuous retreat, 
 
 a single acre of ground. 
 566. 
 
 CircjEum, now Circello, a promontory of 
 Latiuui, near a small town called Circeii, at 
 the south of the Pontine marshes. The peo- 
 ple were called Circeienses. Ovid. Met. 14, 
 v. 248.— Firg-. JEn. 7, v. 799.— Lit'. 6, c. 17.- 
 Cic. ^V. D. 3, c. 19. 
 
 CiKCE,a daughter of Sol and Perseis, ce- 
 lebrated for her knowledge in magic and ven- 
 omous herbs. She was sister to iEetes king 
 of Colchis, ajid Pasipha3 the wife of Minos. 
 She married a Sarniatian prince of Colchis, 
 whom she murdered to obtain his kingdom. 
 She was expelled by her subjects, and carried 
 by her father upon the coasts of Italy, in an 
 island called Msea. Ulysses, at his return 
 from the Trojan war, visited the place of her 
 residence ; and all his companions, who ran 
 headlong into pleasure and voluptuousne."=s, 
 were changed by Circe's potions into filthy 
 swine. Ulysses, w ho was fortified against ail 
 enchantments by an herb called moly, which 
 he had recei\'ed from Mercury, went to CircCj, 
 and demanded, swoad in hand, the restoration 
 of his companions to their former state. She 
 
CI 
 
 Ulysses had by Circe one son calladTelegonus, 
 or two according to Hesiod, called Agrius and 
 Latinus. For one whole year Ulysses forgot 
 his glory in Circe's arms, and at his departure, 
 the nymph advised him to descend to hell, 
 and consult the manes of Tiresias, concerning 
 the fates that attended him. Circe showed 
 herself cruel to Scylla her rival, and to Picus. 
 IVid. Scylla and Picus.] Ovid. Md. 14, fab. 
 1 and 5.—Horat. 1, ep.2, 1. 1, od. ll.^Virg. 
 Ed. 8, V. 70.— JEn. 3, v. 386, 1. 7, v. 10, kc. 
 — HTi/gin. fab. 125. — Apollon. 4, Arg. — Homer. 
 Od. 10, V. 136, kc.~£polM. 1, c. 9.~-Hesiod. 
 Th. 956.~Strab. 5. 
 
 CiRCENSEs LUDi, games performed in the 
 circus at Rome. They were dedicated to the 
 god Consus, and were first established by Ro- 
 mulus at the rape of the Sabines, They were 
 in imitation of the Olympian games among the 
 Greeks, and, by way of eminence, were often 
 called the great games. Their original name 
 was Consualia, and they were first called Cir- 
 censians by Tarquhi iKe elder after he had 
 built the Circus. They were not appropriated 
 to one particular exhibition ; but were equally 
 celebrated for leaping, wrestling, throwing the 
 quoit and javelin, races on foot as well as in 
 chariots, and bosing. Like the Greeks, the 
 Romans gave the name of Pentathlum or 
 Quiuquertium to these five exercises. The ce- 
 lebration continued five days, beginning on the 
 16th of September. All games in general that 
 were exhibited in the Circus, were soon after 
 called Circensian games. Some sea-fights and 
 skirmishes, called by the Romans Nauraachise, 
 were afterwards exiiibited ia the Circus. — 
 Virg. JEn. 8, v. 636. 
 CiRcius, a part of mount Taurus. Plin. 
 
 6, c. 27. A rapid and tepestuous wind 
 
 frequent in Gallia Narbonensis, and unknown 
 in any other country. Lucan. 1, v. 408. 
 
 CzRcuM PADANi AGKi, the couutry around 
 the river Po. Liv. 21, c. 35. 
 
 Circus, a large and elegant building at 
 Rome, where plays and shows were exhibited. 
 There were about eight at Rome ; the first, 
 called Maximus Circus, was the grandest, 
 raised and embellished by Tarquin Priscus. 
 Its figure was oblong, and it was filled all round 
 with benches, and could contain, as some re- 
 port, about 3(X),000 spectators. It was about 
 2187 feet long, and 960 broad. All the em- 
 perors vied in beautifying it, and J. Caesar 
 introduced in it large canals of water, which, 
 on a sudden, could be covered with an infinite 
 number of vessels, and represent a sea-fight. 
 CiRis, the name of Scyila, daughter of Ni- 
 sus, who was changed into a bird of the same 
 name. Ovid. Md. 8, v. 151. 
 
 CiRRii:ATUM, a place near Arpinum, 
 where C, Marius lived when young. Plut. in 
 Mar. 
 
 CiRRHA and Cyrrua, a town of Phocis, 
 at the foot of Parnassus, where Aj)ollo was 
 worsliipped. Lucan. 3, v. 172. 
 
 CiRTiiA and CiRTA, a town of Numidia. 
 Strab. 7. 
 
 CisalpLva Gallia, a part of Gaul, called 
 also Citerior and Togata. Its farthest boun- 
 dary was near the Rubicon, and it.touched 
 the Alps on the Italian side. 
 
 Cispadana Galllv, a pwt of ancient Gaul, 
 south of the Po, 
 
 CL 
 
 I CisKHENANi, part of the Germans who 
 lived nearest Rome, on the west of the Rhine. 
 C(Bs. B. G. 6, c. 2. 
 
 Cissa, a river of Pontus. An island near 
 
 istria. 
 
 Cissfiis, a patronymic given to Hecuba as 
 daughter of Cisseus. 
 
 CissEus, a king of Thrace, father to Hecu- 
 ba, according to some authors. Virg. JEn. 7, 
 
 V. 320. A son of Melampus, killed by ^ne- 
 
 as. Id. Mn. 10, v. 317. A son of jEeyptus. 
 
 .^pollod. 2, c. 1. °^^ 
 
 CissiA, a country of Susiana, of which Susa 
 was the capital. Herodot. 5, c. 49. 
 
 CissiiE, some gates in Babylon. Id. 3, c. 
 155. 
 
 CissiDEs, a general of Dionysius sent with 
 nine gallics to assist the Spartans, kc. Diod. 
 15. 
 
 CissoEssA, a fountain of Bceotia. Plut. 
 
 Cissus, a mountain of Macedonia. -A city 
 
 of Thrace. A man who acquainted Alex- 
 ander with the flight of Harpalus. Plut. in 
 Aim. 
 
 CissusA, ^a fountain where Bacchus was 
 washed when young. Plut. in Lys. 
 
 CisTEN^, a town of iEolia. — A town of Ly- 
 cia. Mela, 1, c. 18. - 
 
 CiTHiERON, a king, who gave his name to 
 a mountain of Bceotia, situate at the south of 
 the river Asopus, and sacred to Jupiter and 
 the Muses. Actseon was torn to pieces by his 
 own dogs on this mountain, and Hercules kil- 
 led there an immense lion. Virg. JEn. 4, y. 
 303.~JlpoUod. 2, c. 4.'-^Mela, 2, c. S— Strab 
 9.~Paus. 9, c. l,kc.~Plin. 4, c. 7.—Pto!. 3, 
 c. 15. 
 
 CiTHARisTA, a promontory of Gaul. 
 
 CiTiuM, now Chita, a town of Cyprus, 
 where Cimon died in his expedition against 
 Egypt. Plut. in Cym.—Thucyd. 1, c. 112. 
 
 Cms, a town of P4ysia. Apollod. 1, c. 9. 
 
 J. CiviLis, a powerful Batavian, who raised 
 a sedition against Galba, kc. Tacit. Hist. L 
 c. 59. 
 
 GizYcuM, a city of Asia in the Propontis, 
 the same as Cyzicus. Vid. Cyzicus. 
 
 Cladeus, a river of Elis, passing near O- 
 lympia, and honoured next to the Alpheus. 
 Paus. 5, c. 7. 
 
 Clanes, a river falling into the Ister. 
 
 Clanis, a centaur killed by Theseus. Odd, 
 Md. 12, V. 379. 
 
 Clanius or Clanis, a river of Campania, 
 
 Virg. G.2,v.225. Of Etruria, now Ckiana. 
 
 Sil. 8, v. 434.— Ta«7. 1, An. 79. 
 
 Clarus, or Claros, a town of Ionia, famous 
 for an oracle of Apollo. It was built by Man- 
 to, daughter of Tiresias, who fled from The- 
 bes, after it had been desti-oyed by the Epi- 
 goni. She was so afflicted with her misfor- 
 tunes, that a lake was formed with her tears, 
 where she first founded the oracle. Apollo 
 was from thence surnamed Clarius. Strab. 
 14.— Paus. 7, c. 3.— Mela, 1, c. 7.— Ovid. Met. 
 1, V. 516. An island of the JEgemi, be- 
 tween Tenedos and Scios. Thucyd. 3, c. 33. 
 
 One of the companions of iEneas. Virs 
 
 JEn. 10, V. 126. ^ 
 
 Clastidium, now Schiatezso, a town of 
 Liguria. Strab. 6.— Liv. 32, c. 29. A vil- 
 lage of Gaul. Plut. in Marcel. 
 
 Claudia, a patrician family at Rome, de 
 
CL 
 
 so«nded from Clausus a king of the Sabines. 
 It gave birth to many illustrious patriots in the 
 republic ; and it is particularly recorded that 
 there were not less than 28 of that family who 
 were invested with the consulship, five with 
 the office of dictator, and seven with that of 
 censor, besides the honour of six triumphs. 
 Sueton. in Tib. 1. 
 
 Claudia, a vestal virgin accused of incon- 
 tinence. To show her innocence, she offered 
 to remove a ship which had brought the im- 
 age of Vesta to Rome, and had stuck in one of 
 the shallow places of the river. This had al- 
 ready baffled the efforts of a number of men ; 
 and Claudia, after addressing her prayers to 
 the goddess, untied her girdle, and with it ea- 
 sily dragged after her the ship to shore, and 
 by this action was honourably acquitted. Val. 
 Max. 6, c. 4. — Proptrt. 4, el. 12, v. 62. — 
 Jtal. 17, V. Zo.—Ovid. Fast. 44, v. 315, ex 
 
 Potito. 1, ep. 2, V. 144 A step-daughter 
 
 ef M.Antony, whom Augustus married. He 
 dismissed her undefiled, immediately after 
 the contract of marriage, on account of a sud- 
 den quarrel nith her mother Fulvia. Sueto7i. 
 
 in Jlug. 62. The wife of the poet Statias. 
 
 Stat. 3, Sylv. 5. A daughter of Appius 
 
 Claudius, betrothed to Tib. Gracchus. 
 
 The wife of Metellus Celer, sister to P. Clo- 
 dius and to Appius Claudius. An incon- 
 siderable town of Noricum. Plin. 3, c, 14. 
 
 A Roman road which led from the Mil- 
 
 vian bridge to tlie Flaminian way. Ovid. 1, 
 «x Pont. el. 8, v. 44. A tribe vvhich re- 
 ceived its name from Appius Claudius, who 
 came to settle at Rome with a large body of 
 
 attendants. Liv. 2, c. 16. — Halk. 5. 
 
 Quinta, a daughter of Appius Caecus, whose 
 statue in the vestibulum of Cybele's temple 
 was unhurt when that edifice was reduced to 
 ashes. Val. Max. 1, c. 7. — Tacit. 4, Ann. 
 c. 64. Fulcra, a cousin of Agrippina, ac- 
 cused of adultery and criminal designs against 
 Tibeiius. She was condemned. Tacit. Ann. 
 4, c. 53. Antonia, a daughter of the em- 
 peror Claudius, married Cn. Pompey, whom 
 Messalina caused to be put to death. Her 
 second husband, Sylla Faustus, by whom she 
 had a son, v.'as killed by Nero, and she shared 
 his fate, ^v•hen she refused to marry his mur- 
 derer. 
 
 Claudia lex, de comiliis, was enacted 
 by M. CI. Marcellus, A. U. C. 702. It ordain- 
 ed, that at public elections of ma;gisti'ates, no 
 notice shouldbe taken of the votes of such as 
 
 were absent. Another, de vsura, which 
 
 forbade people to lend money to minors on 
 condition of payment after the decease of their 
 
 parents. Anotlier, de negotia'icne, by Q. 
 
 Claudius the tribune, A. U. C. 535. It forbade 
 any senator, or father of a senator, to have any 
 vessel containing above 300 amphorai, for fear 
 of their engaging themselves in commercial 
 schemes. The same law also forbade the same 
 thing to the scribes and the attendants of the 
 quaestors, as it was naturally supposed that peo- 
 ple who had any commercial connexions, could 
 not be faithful to their trust, nor promote the 
 
 interest of the state. Another, A. U. C. 576, 
 
 to permit the allies to return to their respec- 
 tive cities, after their names were enrolled. 
 
 IJiK 41, c. 9. Another, to take away the 
 
 freedom of the city of Rome from tlie colonists, 
 
 CL 
 
 which Ctesar had carried to Novicomum. 
 Sueton. in Jul. 28. 
 
 Claudius: aqu^e, the first water brought to 
 Rome by means of an aqueduct of 11 miles, 
 erected bv the censor Appius Claudius, A. U. 
 C. 441. Eutrop. 2, c. 4.— Liv. 9, c. 29. 
 
 Clauuianus, a celebrated poet, born at 
 Alexandria in Egypt, in the age of Honorius 
 and Arcadius, who seems to possess all the 
 majesty of Virgil, without being a slave to the 
 corrupted style which prevailed in his age. 
 Scaliger observes, that he has supplied the 
 poverty of his matter by the purity of his 
 language, the happiness ci his expressions, and 
 the melody of his numbers. As he was the 
 favourite of Stilicho, he removed from the 
 court, when his patron was disgraced, and pas- 
 sed the rest of his life in retirement, and learn- 
 ed ease. His pot- nis on Rufinus and Eutro- 
 pius, seems to be the best of his compositions. 
 The best editions of his works are that of Bur- 
 man, 4to. 2 vols. Amst. 1760, and that of Ges- 
 ner, 2 vols. 8vo. Lips. 2758. 
 
 Claupiopolis, 9 town of Cappadocia. Plin. 
 5, c. 24. 
 
 Claudius I. (Tiber. Drusus Nero) son of 
 Drusus, Livia's second son, succeeded as em- 
 peror of Rome, after the murder of Caligula, 
 whose memory he endeavoured to annihilate. 
 He made himself popular for a while, by tak- 
 ing particular care of the city, and by adorn- 
 ing and beautifying it with buildings. He pas- 
 sed over into Britain, and obtained a triumph 
 for victories which his generals had won, and 
 suffered himself to be governed by favourites, 
 whose licentiousness and avarice plundered the 
 state, and distracted the provinces. He mar- 
 ried four wives, one of whom, called Messa- 
 lina, he put to death on account of her lust 
 and debauchery. He was at last poisoned by 
 another called Agri])pina, who wished to raise 
 her son Nero to the throne. The poison was 
 conveyed in mushrooms; but as it did not 
 operate fast enough, his physician, by order 
 of the empress, made him swallow a poisoned 
 feather. He died in the 63d year of his age, 
 October 13, A. D. 54, after a reign of 13 vears; 
 distinguished neither by humanity nor cour- 
 age, but debased by weakness and irresolu- 
 tion. He was succeeded bv Nero. Tacit. Ann. 
 11, kc— Die. 60.— Juv. 6, v. 619.— Suet, in 
 
 vita. The second emperor of that name, 
 
 was a Dalmatian, who succeeded Gallienus^ 
 He conquered the Goths, Scythians, and He- 
 ruli, and killed no less than 300,000 in a bat- 
 tle ; and after a reign of about two years, died 
 of the plague in Paunonia. The excellence 
 of his character, marked with bravery, and tem- 
 pered with justice and benevolence, is well 
 known by these words of the senate, addressed 
 to him : Ciaudi Avguste, tii firater, tu pater, 
 tu amicus, tu bonus senator, in vercprinceps. 
 
 Nero, a consul, with Liv. Salinator, who 
 
 defeated and killed Asdrubal, near the river 
 Metauiura, as he was passing from Spain into 
 Italy, to go to the assistance of his brother An- 
 nibal. Uv. 27, kc. — Uorat. 4, od. 4, v. 37.— 
 
 Sutt. in Tib. The father of the emperor 
 
 Tiberius, quaestor to Caesar in the wars of Alex- 
 andria. Polios, an historian. Plin. 7, ep. 
 
 51. Pontius, a general of the Samnites, who 
 
 conquered the Romans at Furcae Caudin8e,and 
 made them pass under tlie yoke. Liv. 9, c. >> 
 
CL 
 
 CX 
 
 ice- Pctibas, a dictator, A. V. Cm. jln the day time. Cicero calls him the father 
 
 Appuis, an orator. Ctc. %n Brut. Vid. Ap- j of the stoics : and out of respect for his vir- 
 
 pius. App Cascus, a Roman censor, who tues, the Roman senate raised a statue to him 
 
 built an aqueduct A. U. C. 441, which brought | in Assos. It is said that he starved himself in 
 
 water to Rome from Tuscuium, at the dis- 
 tance of seven or eight miles. The water was 
 called Appia, and it was the first that was 
 brought to the city from the country. Befox-e 
 his ag€ the Romans u ei-e satisfied with the 
 waters of the Tiber, or of the founteuns and 
 wells in the city. [Vid. Appius.] — Liv. 9, c. 
 29.— OwtZ. Fast. 6, v. 203.— C^c- de sen. 6. 
 
 A prsetor of Sicily. Publius, a great 
 
 enemy to Cicero. Vid. Clodius. Marcellus. 
 
 Vid. Marcellus. Pulcher, a consul, who, 
 
 when consulting the sacred chickens, ordered 
 them to be dipped in water, because they 
 would not eat. Liv. ep. 19. He was unsuc- 
 cessful in his expedition against the Carthagi- 
 nians in Sicily, and disgraced on his return to 
 
 Rome. Tiberius Nero, was elder brother 
 
 of Drusus, and son of Livia Drusilla, who mar- 
 ried Augustus, after his divorse of Scribonia. 
 He married Livia, the emperor's daughter by 
 Scribonia, and succeeded in the empire by the 
 name of Tiberius. Vid. Tiberius. Horat. 1, 
 ep. 3, v. 2. The name of Claudius is com- 
 mon to many Roman consuls, and other offi- 
 cers of state; but nothing is recorded of them, 
 and their name is but barely mentioned. Liv. 
 Clavienus, an obscure poet in Juvenal's 
 age. 1, V. 8. 
 
 Claviger, a surname of Janus, from his 
 being represented with a key. Ovid. Fad. 1, 
 V. 228. Hercules received also that surname, 
 as he was armed with a club. Ovid. Met. 15, 
 V. 284. 
 
 Clausius, or Clusi'us, a surname of Ja- 
 nus. 
 
 Clauscs, or Claudius, a king of tlie Sa- 
 bines, who assisted Turnus against .tneas. 
 He was the progenitor of that Ap. Claudius, 
 who migrated to Rome, and became the foun- 
 der of the Claudian family. Virg. Mn. 7, v. 
 707, 1. 10, V. 345. 
 
 Claz6mem.£ and Clazo.mena, now Vourla, 
 a city of Ionia, on the coasts of the ^Egean 
 sea, between Smyrna and Chios. It was 
 founded A. U. C. 98', by the lonians, and gave 
 birth to Anaxagoras and other illustrious men. 
 Mda, 1, c. n.—PUn. 5, c. 29.— Strab. 14.— 
 Liv. 38, c. 39. 
 
 Cleadas, a man of Plataea, who raised 
 tombs over those who had been killed in the 
 battle against Mardonius. Herodot. 9, c. 85. 
 Clean DER. one of Alexander's officers, who 
 killed Parmenjo by the king's command. He 
 was punished with death, for offering violence 
 to a noble virgin, and giving her as a prosti- 
 tute to his servants. Curt. 7, c. 2, 1. 10, c. 1 
 
 . The first tyrant of Gela. Aristol. 5, Polit. 
 
 c. 12. A soothsay e^ of Arcadia. Herodot. 
 
 6, c. 83. A favourite of the emperor Com 
 
 Strah. 13. — Cic. de 
 
 modus, who was put to death A. D. 190, after 
 abusing public justice, and his master's confi- 
 dence. 
 
 Cleanoridas, a Spartan general, &:c. A 
 
 man panisiicd with death for bribing two of 
 tlie E])hori. 
 
 Cleantjies, a stoic j)hilosopber of Assos 
 iii Ti-oas, successor of Zeno. He was so 
 poor, that to maintain himself he used to draw 
 o.it water fo:: a gardener in the niglit, and study 
 
 his 90ih year, B. C. 240. 
 Finib. 2, c. 69, 1. 4, c. 7. 
 
 Clearchus, a tyrant of Heraclea, inPon- 
 tus, who was killed by Chion and Leonidas, 
 Plato's pupils, during the celebration of the 
 festivals of Bacchus, after the enjoyment of 
 the sovereign power during twelve years, 3.53 
 
 B. C. Justin. 16, c. 4. — Diod. 15. The 
 
 second tyrant of Heraclea of that name, died 
 
 B. C. 288. A Lacedcemonian sent to quiet 
 
 the Byzantines. He was recalled, but refused 
 to obey, and fled to Cyrus the younger, who 
 made him captain of 13,000 Greek soldiers. 
 He obtained a victory over Artaserxes, who 
 was so enraged at the defeat, that when 
 Clearchus fell into his hands, by the treache- 
 ry of Tissapherncs, he put him to imme- 
 diate death. Diod. 14. A disciple of Aris- 
 totle, who wrote a treatise on tactics, &:c. 
 Xenoph. 
 
 Clearides, a son of Cleonymus, governor 
 of Amphipolis. Thucyd. 4, c. 132, 1. 5, c. 10. 
 Clemens Romanus, one of the fathers of the 
 church, said to be contemporary with St. Paul. 
 Several spurious compositions m-e ascribed 
 to him, but the only thing extant is his epistle 
 to the Corinthians, written to quiet the dis- 
 turbances that had arisen there. It has been 
 much admired. The best edition is that of 
 
 Wotton, 8vo. Cantab. 1718 Another of 
 
 Alexandria, called from thence Alexandrinus, 
 who nourished 206 A. D. His works are va- 
 rious, elegant, and full of erudition ; the best 
 edition of which is Potter's, 2 vols, folio, Oxon. 
 
 1715. A senator who favoured the party of 
 
 Niger against Severus. 
 
 Clementia, one of the virtaes to whom the 
 Romans paid adoration. 
 
 Cleo, a Sicilian among Alexander's flatter- 
 ers. Curl. 8, c. 5. 
 
 Cleobis and Biton, two youths, sons of 
 Cydippe, the priestess of Juno at Argos. When 
 oxen could not be procured to draw their mo- 
 ther's chariot to the temple of Juno, they pot 
 themselves under the yoke, and drew it 45 
 stadia to the temple, amidst the acclamations 
 of the multitude, who congratulated the mo- 
 ther on account of the filial aftection of her 
 sons. Cydippe entreated the goddess to re- 
 ward the piety of her sons with the best gift 
 that could be granted to a mortal. They went 
 to rest, and awoke no more : and by this the 
 goddess showed, that death is the only true 
 happy event that can happen to man. The 
 Argives raised them statues at Delphi. Cic. 
 Tusc. 1, c. 47.— Vol. Max. 5, c. 4— Herodot. 
 1, c. 31.— Plui. de Cons. adApol. 
 Cleobula, the wife of Amyntor, by whom 
 
 she had Phosnix. A daughter ot Boreas 
 
 and Orithya, called also Cleopatra. She mar- 
 ried Phineus son of Agenor, by whom she had 
 Plexippus and Pandion. Phineus repudiated 
 her to marry a daugliter of Dardanus. Apol- 
 
 lod. 3, c. 15. A woman, njother of a son 
 
 called Eurii)ides, by Apollo. Another who 
 
 bore Cepheus and Amphidamus lo .Egeus. 
 
 The mother of Pithus. Hi/^in. fab. 14, 97, ^c 
 Chr.ohCusA, a daughter of Cleobulus, re- 
 markable for her geniti«; learning, judgment^ 
 
CL 
 
 and courage. She composed enigmas, some 
 of which have been preserved. One of them 
 runs thus: "A father had 12 children, and 
 these 12 children had each 30 white sons and 
 30 black daughters, who are immortal, though 
 they die every day." In this there is no need 
 of an (Edipus, to discover that there are 12 
 months in the year, and that every month 
 consists of 30 days, and of the same number 
 of nights. Laert. 
 
 Cleobulus, one of the seven wise men of 
 Greece, son of Evagoras of Lindos, famous 
 for the beautiful shape of his body. He wrote 
 some few verses, and died in the 70th year of 
 B. C. 664. Diog. in vita.— Pint, m 
 
 — An historian. Plin. 5, c. 31. 
 
 One' of th e Ephori. Thucyd. 
 
 his age, 
 Symp. 
 
 general under Gal- 
 
 Cleochares, a man sent by Alexander to 
 demand Porus to sun-ender. Curt. 8, c. 13. 
 
 Cleocharia, the mother of Eurotas, by 
 Lelex. Apollod. 3, c. 10. 
 
 CLEODyETTs, a SDH of Hyllus. Herodot. 6, 
 c. 52, 1. 7, c. 204, 1. 8, c. 131. He endeavour- 
 ed to recover Peloponnesus after his father's 
 death, but to no purpose. 
 
 Cleodamus, a Roman 
 lienus. 
 
 Ci.EODEMus, a physician. Plut. de Symp. 
 
 Cleodora, a nymph, mother of Parnassus 
 
 Pans. 2, c. 6. One of the Danaides who 
 
 married Lyxus. Apollod. 2, c. 1 
 
 Cleodoxa, a daughter of Niobe and Am- 
 phion, changed into a stone as a punishment 
 for her mother's pride. Apollod. 3, c. 5. 
 
 Cleogenes, a son of Silenus, &^c. Pans. 
 6, c. 1. 
 
 Cleolaus, a son of Hercules, by Argele, 
 daughter of Thestius, who upon the ill success 
 of the Heraclidse in Peloponnesus, retired to 
 Bhodes, with his wife and children. Spollod. 2. 
 
 Ceeomachus, a boxer of Magnesia. 
 
 Cleomantes, a Lacedemonian soothsayer. 
 Plut. in Alex. 
 
 Ceeombrotus, son of Pausania?, a king of 
 Sparta, after his brother Agesipolis 1st. He 
 ■made war against the Boeotians, and lest he 
 should be suspected of treacherous commu- 
 nication with Epaminondas, he gave that ge- 
 neral battle at Leuctra, in a very disadvan- 
 tageous place. He was killed in the engage- 
 ment, and his army destroyed, B. C.31\.Diod. 
 
 •J5.— Paiw.9, c. IS.—Xcnoph. A son-in-law 
 
 of Leonidaskiugof Sparta, who, for a while, 
 usurped the kingdom, after the expulsion of 
 his father-in-law. When Leonidas was re- 
 called, Cieombrotus was banished ; and his 
 wife Chelonis, who had accompanied her 
 father, now accompanied her husband in his 
 exile. Pam. 3, c. 6.— Plut. in Jig. and Cleom. 
 A youth of Ambracia, who tlu-evv him- 
 self intothe sea, after reading Plato's treatise 
 upon the immorlalitv of the soul. Cic.in Tusc. 
 1, c. ZA.—Ovid. in J'b. 493. 
 
 Cleomedes, a famous athlete of Astypa- 
 loea, above Crete. In a combat a( Olynipia, 
 he killed one of his antagonists by a blow with 
 his fist. On account of this accidental murder, 
 he Avas deprived of the victory, and he became 
 delirious. In his return to Astypala^a, he en- 
 tered a school, and pulled down the pillars 
 Avhich supported the roof, and crushed to 
 death 60 boys. He was pursued Avith stones, 
 And he fled for shelter into a tomb, whose 
 
 CL 
 
 doors he so strongly secured, that his pursu- 
 ers Avere obliged to break them for access. 
 When the tomb Avas opened, Cleomedes could 
 not be found either dead or alive. The oracle 
 of Delphi Avas consulted, and gave this an- 
 swer, Ultimus heroum Cleomedes Astypaltnis. 
 Upon this they offered sacrifices to him as a 
 god. Pavs. 6, c. 9. — Plut. in Rom. 
 
 Cleomenes 1st, king of Sparta, conquered 
 the Argives, and burnt 5000 of them by set- 
 ting fire to a grove where they had fled, and 
 freed Athens from the tyranny of the Pisis- 
 tratidee. By bribing the oracle, he pronounc- 
 ed Demaratus, his colleague on the throne, il- 
 legitimate, because he refused to punish the 
 people of /Egina, who had deserted the Greeks. 
 He killed himself in a fit of madness, 491 B. C 
 
 Herodot. 5, 6, and 7. — Pans. 8, c. 3, &ic. 
 
 The 2d, succeeded his brother Agesipolis 2d. 
 He reigned 61 years in the greatest tranquilli- 
 ty, and Avas father to Acrotatus and Cleony- 
 mus, and Avas succeeded by Areus 1st, son of 
 Acrotatus. Pans. 3, c. 6. The 3d succeed- 
 ed his father Leonidas. He Avas of an enter- 
 prising spirit, and resolved to restore the an- 
 
 cient discipline of Lycurgus in its full force by 
 banishing luxury and intemperance. He kill- 
 ed the Ephori, and remoA^ed by poison his 
 royal colleague Eurydamides, and made his 
 OAvn brother, Euclidas, king, against the laAvs 
 of the state, Avhich forbade more than one of 
 the same family to sit on the throne. He made 
 war against the Achasans, and attempted to 
 destroy their league. Aratus, the general 
 of the Achaeans, who supposed himself in- 
 ferior to his enemy, called Antigonus to his 
 assistance; and Cleomenes, when he had 
 fought the unfortunate battle of Sellasia, B. C. 
 222, retired into Egypt, to the court of Pto- 
 lemy Evergetes, Avhere his Avife and children 
 had fled before him. Ptolemy received him 
 with great cordiality; but his successor, weak 
 and suspicious, soon expressed his jealousy of 
 this noble stranger, and imprisoned him. Cle- 
 omenes killed himself, and his body was flay- 
 ed, and exposed on a cross, B. C. 219. Polyb. 
 
 6. — Plut. in vita. — Justin. 28, c. 4. A man 
 
 appointed by Alexander to receive the tributes 
 
 of Egypt and Africa. Curt. 4, c, 8. A man 
 
 placed as arbitrator between the Athenians 
 
 and the people of Megara. An historian. 
 
 A dithyrambic poet of F%hegiura. A 
 
 Sicilian contemporary Avith Verres, Avhose li- 
 centiousness and avarice he Avas fond of grati- 
 fying. Cic. in Verr. 4, c. 12. A Lacede- 
 monian general. 
 
 Cleon, an Athenian, Avho, though ori- 
 ginally a tanner, became general of the ar- 
 mies of the state, by his intrigues and elo- 
 quence. He took Thoron in Thrace, and af- 
 ter distinguishing himself in several engage- 
 ments, he A\as killed at Amphipolis, in a 
 battle Avith Brasidas the Spartan general, 422 
 B. C. Thucyd. 3, 4, kc.—Diod. 12. A gen- 
 eral of Messenia, who disputed Avilh Aristode- 
 
 mus for the sovereignty. A statuary. Pans. 
 
 2, c. 8. A poet Avho Avrote a poem on the 
 
 Argonauts. An orator of Halicarnassus, 
 
 who composed an oration for Lysander, in 
 Avhich he intimated the propriety of making 
 the kingdom of Sparta elective. C. Mp. ^ 
 
 Plut. in Lys. A Magnesian, who Avrote 
 
 some commentaries, in Avhich he speaks of por- 
 
CL 
 
 tBntous events, &.c. Pans. 10, c. 4 
 lian, one of Alexander's flatterers. 
 
 '6. A tyrant of Sicyon. A friend of 
 
 Phocion. 
 
 Cleon^ and Cleona, a village of Pelopon- 
 nesus, between Corinth and Argos, Hercules 
 killed the lion of Nemasain its neighbourhood, 
 and thence it is called Cleonaeus. It was made a 
 constellation. Stat. 4, Silv. 4, v. 28. — Ovid. 
 Met. 6, V. 417.— 5i7. 3, v 32.— Pans. 2, c. 15.— 
 Plin. 36, c. 5. A town of Phocis. 
 
 Cleone, a daughter of Asopus. Diod. 4. 
 
 Cleonica, a young virgin of Byzantium, 
 whom Pausanias, king of Sparta, invited to his 
 bed. She was introduced into his room when 
 he was asleep, and unluckily overturned a 
 burning lamp which was by the side of the bed. 
 Pausanias was awakened at the sadden noise. 
 and thinking it to be some assassin, he seized 
 his sword, and killed Cleonica before he knew 
 who it was. Cleonica often appeared to him, 
 and lie was anxious to make a proper expia- 
 tion to her manes. Paus. 7, c. 17. — Plut. in 
 Cim. Sic. 
 
 Cleonicus, a freedman of Seneca, he. 
 Tacit. 15, Ann. c. 45. 
 
 Cleonnis, a Messenian, who disputed with 
 Aristodemus for the sovereign power of his 
 country. Paus. 4, c. 10. 
 
 Cleonymus, a son of Cleomenes 2d, who 
 called Pyi'rhus to his assistance, because Areus, 
 his brother's son, had been preferred to him in 
 tlie succession ; but the measure was unpopu- 
 lar, and even the women united to repel the 
 foreign prince. His wife was anfaithful to his 
 bed ; and committed adultery with Acrotatus. 
 
 Plut. in Pyrrh. — Paus. 1, c. 3. A general 
 
 who assisted the Tarentines, and was conquer- 
 ed by jEmylius the Roman consul. Sirab. 6. 
 
 A person so cowardly that Cltonymo ti- 
 
 midior became proverbial. 
 
 Cleopater, an officer of Aratus. 
 
 Cleopatra, the grand-daughter of Attalus, 
 betrothed to Philip of Macedonia, after he had 
 divorced Olympias. When Philip was mur- 
 dered by Pausaniasj Cleopatra was seized by 
 order of Olympias, and put to death. Diod. 
 
 l^.— Justin. 9, c. I.—Plut. in Pyrrh. A 
 
 sister of Alexander the Great, who married 
 Perdiccas, and was killed by Antigonus, asshe 
 attempted to fly to Ptolemy in Egypt. Diod. 
 
 16 and 2Ch— Justin. 9, c. 6, 1. 13, c. 6. A 
 
 harlot of Claudius Caesar. A daughter 
 
 of Boreas. [Vid. Cleobula]. A daughter 
 
 of Idas and Marpessa, daughter of Evenus, 
 king of .(Etolia. She married Meleager, son 
 of king (Eneus. Homer. II. 9, v. 52. — Paus. 
 
 6, c. 2. One of the Danaides. Apollod. 
 
 2, c. 1. A daughter of Amyntas of Ephe- 
 
 sus. Paus. 1, c. 44. A wife of Tigranes, 
 
 king of Armenia, sister of Mithridates. Jus- 
 
 CL 
 
 — ASici-jWas odious, Cleopatra suffered Lathurus to 
 Curt. 8, c. ascend the throne, on condition, however, that 
 
 tin. 3S, c. 3. A daughter 
 
 of Xros and 
 A dausihter of 
 
 Callirhoe. Apollod. 3, c. 12 
 Ptolemy Philometor, who married Alexander 
 Bala, and afterwards Nicanor. She killed 
 Seleucus, Nicanor's son, because he ascended 
 the throne without her consent. She was sus- 
 pected of preparing poison for Antiochus her 
 souy, and compelled to drink it herself, B. C. 
 120. A wife and sister of Ptolemy Ever- 
 
 he should repudiate his sister and wife, called 
 Cleopatra, and marry Seleuca, his younger 
 sister. She afterwards raised her favourite, 
 Alexander, to the throne ; but her cruelties 
 were so odious that he fled to avoid her tyran- 
 ny. Cleopatra laid snares for him ; and when 
 Alexander heard it, he put her to death. Jus- 
 tin. 39, c. 3 and 4. A queen of Egypt, 
 
 daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, and sister and 
 wife to Ptolemy Diouysius, celebrated for her 
 beauty and her cunning. She admitted Caesar 
 to her arms, to influence him to give her th« 
 kingdonii, in preference to her brother, who 
 had expelled her, and had a son by him, called 
 Ca^sarion. As she had supported Brutus, An- 
 tony, in his expedition to Parthia, summoned 
 her to appear before him. She arrayed her- 
 self in the most magnificent apparel, and ap- 
 peared before her judge in the most captiva- 
 ting attire. Her artifice succeeded : Antony 
 became enamoured of her, and publicly mar- 
 ried her, forgetful of his connexions with Oc- 
 tavia, the sister of Augustus. He gave her the 
 greatest part of the eastern provinces of the 
 Roman empire. This behaviour was the cause 
 of a rupture between Augustus and Antony ; 
 and these two celebrated Romans met at Ac- 
 tium, where Cleopatra, by flying with sixty 
 sail, ruined the interest of Antony, and h« 
 was defeated. Cleopatra had retired to Egypt, 
 where soon after Antony followed her. Anto- 
 ny killed himself upon the false information 
 that Cleopatra was dead ; and as his wound 
 was not mortal, he was carried to the queen, 
 who drew him up by a cord from one of the 
 windows of the monument, where she liad re- 
 tired and concealed herself. Antony soon af- 
 ter died of his wounds, and Cleopatra, after 
 she had received pressing invitations from 
 Augustus, and even pretended declarations ot 
 love, destroyed herself by the bite of an asp, 
 not to fall into the conqueror's hands. She 
 had previously attempted to stab herself, and 
 had once made a resolution to starve herself. 
 Cleopatra was a voluptuous and extravagant 
 woman, and in one of the feasts she gave to 
 Antony at Alexandria, she melted pearls inte 
 her drink, to render her entertainment more 
 sumptuous and expensive. She was fond of 
 appearing dressed as the goddess Isis ; and she 
 advised Antony to make w ar slgainst the rich- 
 est nations to support her debaucheries. Her 
 beauty has been greatly commended, and her 
 mental perfections so highly celebrated, that 
 she has been described as capable of giving au- 
 dience to the ambassadors of seven different 
 nations, and of speaking their various lan- 
 guages as fluently as her o\^n. In Antony's 
 absence she improved the public library of 
 Alexandria, with the addition of that of 
 Pergamus. Two treatises, de medicamine fa- 
 ciei epistolce eroiicce, and de morbis mulierum, 
 have been falsely attributed to her. She died B. 
 C. 30 years, after a reign of 24 years, aged3&. 
 Eg)'pt became a Roman province at her death. 
 Flor.4, c. 11. — jippian. 6, Bell. Civ. — Plut. in 
 Pomp, i^ Ant. — Horat. 1, od. 37, v. 21, he. — 
 
 Strab. 17. A daughter of Ptolemy Epipha- 
 
 nes, who married Philometor, and afterwards 
 
 getes, who raised her son Alexander, a minor, 
 
 to the throne of Egypt, in preference to his' Physcon of Cyrene. 
 
 elder brother, Ptolemy Lathurus, whose in- 1 CLEOP.iXRis or Arsinor, a fortified t&vrm. •! 
 
 terest the people favoured. As Ale\ander' Egypt on the Arabiou jjulf. 
 
CL 
 
 Cleophanes, an orator. 
 
 Cleophanthus, a son of Themistocles, fa- 
 mous for his skill in riding, 
 
 Cleophes, a queen of India, who submitted 
 to Alexander, by whom, as some suppose, she 
 had a son. Curt. 8,c. 10. 
 
 Cleopholusj a Samian, who wrote an ac- 
 count of Hercules. 
 
 Cleophon, a tragic poet of Athens. 
 
 Cleophylus, a man whose posterity saved 
 the poems of Homer. Plut.. 
 
 Cleopompus, an Athenian, who toolcThro- 
 nium, and conquered the Locrians, &.c. Thucyd. 
 
 3, c. 26 and 58. A man who married the 
 
 nymph Cleodora, by whom he had Parnassus. 
 As Cleodora was beloved by Neptune, some 
 have supposed that she had two husbands. 
 Paus. 10, c. 6. 
 
 Cleoptolemus, a man of Chalcis, whose 
 daughter was given in marriage to Antiochus. 
 Liv. 36, c. 11. 
 
 Cleopusj a son of Codrus. Pans. 7, c. 2. 
 
 Cleoua, the wife of Agesilaus. Plut. in 
 Ages. 
 
 Ceeostratus, a youth devoted to be sacri- 
 ficed to a serpent, among the Thespians, &c. 
 
 Paus. 9, c. 26. An ancient philosopher and 
 
 astronomer of Tenedos, about 536 years before 
 Christ. He first found the constellations of 
 the zodiac, and reformed the Greek calendar. 
 
 Cleoxenus, wrote an history of Persia. 
 
 Clepsydra, a fountain of Messenia. Paus. 
 4,c.31. 
 
 Cleri, a people of Attica. 
 
 Clesides, a Greek painter, about 276 years 
 before Christ, who revenged the injuries he 
 had received from queen Stratonice, by re- 
 presenting her in the arms of a fisherman. 
 However indecent the painter might represent 
 the queen, she was drawn with such personal 
 beauty, that she preserved the piece, and lib- 
 erally rewarded the artist, 
 
 Cleta and Phaenna, two of the Graces, 
 according to some. Pans. 3, c. 18. 
 
 Clidemus, a Greek, who wrote the history 
 of Attica. Vossius H. Gr. 3. 
 
 Climax, a pass of mount Taurus, formed by 
 the projection of a brow into the Mediterra- 
 nean sea. Strab. 14. 
 
 Climenus, a son of Areas, descended from 
 Hercules. 
 
 Clixias, a Pythagorean philosopher and 
 musician, 520 years before the Christian era. 
 
 Plut. Syinp.—.^lian. V. H. 14, c. 23. A 
 
 son of Alcibiades, thebrave.st man in the Gre- 
 cian fleet that fought against Xerxes. Herodot. 
 
 8, c. 7.' The father of Alcibiades, killed at 
 
 the battle of Coronea. Plut. in Ale. The 
 
 father of Aratus, killed by Abantidas, B. C. 
 
 263. Plut. in Arat. A friend of Solon. Id. 
 
 in Sol. 
 
 Clinippides, an Athenian general in Lesbos. 
 f)wd. 12. 
 
 Clinus of Cos, was general of 7000 Greeks, 
 in the pay of king Nectanebus. He was killed 
 with some of his troops, by ISicostratus and 
 the Argives, as he passed the JNile. Diod 16. 
 
 Clio, the first of the Muses, daughter of 
 Jupiter and Mnemosyne. She presided over 
 history. She is represented crowned with 
 laurels, holding in one hand a trumpet, and a 
 book in the other. Sometimes she holds a 
 pl'Xirum or quill with a lute. Her name sig- 
 
 CL 
 
 fiea honour and reputation, {y>~M@,, gloria ;) 
 and it was her office faithfully to record the 
 actions of brave and illustrious heroes. She 
 had Hyacinthaby Pierusson of Magnes. She 
 was also mother of Hymenaeus, and lalemus, 
 according to others. Hesiod. Theog. v. 75. — 
 Apollod. 1, c. 3.~Strab. U.' One of Gy- 
 rene's nymphs. Virg. G. 4, v. 341. 
 
 Clisithera, a daughter of Idomeneus, pro- 
 raised in marriage to Leucus, by whom she 
 w'as murdered. 
 
 Clisthenes, the last tyrant of Sicyon. 
 
 Aristot. An Athenian of the family of Alc- 
 
 mceon. It is said that he first etablished ostra- 
 cism, and that he was the first who was ban- 
 ished by that institution. He banished Isago- 
 ras, and was himself soon after restored. 
 
 Pluti in Arist. Herodot. 5, c. 66, &c. A 
 
 person censured as effeminate and incontinent. 
 Aristot. An orator. Cic. in Brut. c. 7. 
 
 Clit/e, a people of Cilicia. Tacit. Ann. 
 
 12, c. 55. A place near mount Athos. Liv. 
 
 44, c. 11. 
 
 Clitarchus, a man who made himself 
 absolute at Eretria, by means of Philip of Ma- 
 cedonia. He was ejected by Phocion. — — An 
 historian, who accompanied Alexander the 
 Great, of whose life he wrote the history. 
 Curt. 9, c. 5. 
 
 Clite, the wife of Cyzicus, who hung her- 
 self when she saw her husband dead. Apollon. 
 1. — Orpheus. 
 
 CuTERNiA, a tow'n of Italy. Mela. 2, c. 
 4. 
 
 Clitodemus, an ancient writer. Paus. 10, 
 c. 15. 
 
 Clitomachus, a Carthaginian philosopher 
 of the third academy, who was pupil and 
 successor to Carneades at Athens, B. C. 128. 
 
 Diog. in vita. An athlete of a modest 
 
 countenance and behaviour. M.lian. V. H. 3, 
 G.30. 
 
 Clitonymus, wrote a treatise on Sybaris 
 and Italy. 
 
 Clitdphoit, a man of Rhodes, who wrota 
 an history of India, he. 
 
 Clitor, a son of Lycaon. A son of 
 
 Azan, who founded a city in Arcadia, called 
 after his name. Paus. 8, c. 4. — Apollod. 3, c. 
 8, Ceres, iEsculapius, Ilythia, the Dioscuri, 
 and other deities, had temples in that city. 
 There was also in the town a fountain called 
 Clitorium, whose waters gave a dislike for 
 wine. Ovid. Met. 15, v. 322.— P/m. 32, c. 2. 
 A river of Arcadia. Paus. c. 12. 
 
 Clitoria, the wife of Cimon the Athe- 
 nian. 
 
 Clitumnus, a river of Campania, whose 
 waters, when drunk, made oxen white. Pro- 
 pirt. 2, el. 10, V. 25.— Virg. G. 2, v. 146.— 
 Plm. 2, c. 103. 
 
 Clitus, a familiar friend and foster-bro- 
 ther of Alexander. He had saved the king's 
 life in a bloody battle. Alexander killed him 
 with a javelin, in a fit of anger, because, at a 
 feast, he preferred the actions of Philip to 
 those of his son. Alexander was inconsolable 
 for the loss of a friend, whom he had sacrificed 
 in the hour of drunkenness and dissipation. 
 Justin. 12, c. C).—Plut.in Alcx.—Curt. 4, Lc. 
 
 A commander of Polyperchon's ships, 
 
 defeated by Antigonus. Diod. 18. An offi- 
 cer sent by Antipater, with 240 ships, againsf 
 
CL 
 
 the Athenians, whom he conquered near the 
 Echinades. Diod. 18. A Trojan prince, kil- 
 ted by Teucer. A disciple ol Aristotle, who 
 
 wrote a book on Miletns. 
 CloacFna, a goddess at Rome, who pre- 
 , sided over the Cloacae. Some suppose her to 
 be Venus, whose statue was found in the 
 Cloacce, whence the name. The Cloacae were 
 large receptacles for the filth and dung of 
 the whole city, begun by Tarquin the el- 
 der, and finished by Tarquin the Proud, 
 They were built all under the city ; so that, 
 according to an expression of Pliny, Rome 
 seemed to be suspended between heaven and 
 earth. The building was so strong, and the 
 stones so large, that though they were conti- 
 nually washed by impetuous torrents, they re- 
 mained unhurt during above 700 years. There 
 were public officers chosen to take care of the 
 Cloaca;, called Curatores Cloacarum urbis. Liv. 
 3, c. 48.— P/m . 5, c. 29. 
 
 Cloanthus, one of the companions of 
 
 -Sneas, from whom the family of the Cluentii 
 
 at Rome were descended. Virg. Mn. 5, v. 
 
 122. 
 
 Clodia, the wife of Lucullus, repudiated 
 
 for her lasciviousness. Plut. in Lucull. 
 
 An opulent matron at Rome, mother of D. 
 
 Brutus. Cic. ad Mtic. A vestal virgin. 
 
 Vid. Claudia. Another of the same family 
 
 who successfully repressed the rudeness of a 
 tribune that attempted to stop the procession 
 of her father in his triumph through the streets 
 
 of Rome. Cic. pro M. Ccel. A woman who 
 
 married Q. Metellus, and afterwards disgraced 
 herself by her amours with Ccelius, and her 
 incest with her brother Publius, for which he 
 is severely and eloquently aiTaigned by Cicero. 
 Ibid. 
 
 Clodia lex de Cypro, was enacted by*the 
 tribune Clodius, A. U. C. 695, to reduce Cyprus 
 into a Roman province, and exposed Ptolemy 
 king of Egypt to sale in his regal ornaments. 
 It empowered Cato to go with the praetorian 
 power, and see the auction of the king's goods, 
 and commissioned him to return the money to 
 
 Rome. Another, de Magistratibus, A. U. 
 
 C. 695, by Clodius the tribune. It forbade the 
 censors to put a stigma or mark of infamy up- 
 on any person who had not been actuallyaccus- 
 edandcondemnedbyboththe censors. An- 
 other, de Religione, by the same, A. U. C. 696. 
 to deprive the priest of Cybele, a native of Pes- 
 sinus, of his office, and confer the priesthood 
 
 upon Brotigonus,a Gallo-grecian, Another, 
 
 de Provinciis, A. U. C. 695, which nominated 
 the provinces of Syria, Babylon, and Persia, 
 to the consul Gabinus ; and Achaia, Thessaly, 
 Macedon, and Greece, to his colleague Piso, 
 with pro-consular power. It empowered them 
 to defray the expenses of their march from the 
 
 public treasury. Another, A. U. C. 695, 
 
 which required the same distribution of corn 
 among the people gratis, as had been given 
 them before at six asses and a triens the bush- 
 el.— -^-Another, A, U. C. 695, by the same, de 
 Judiciis. It called to an account such as had 
 executed a Roman citizen without a judg- 
 ment of the people, and all the formalities of a 
 trial. Another, by the same, to pay no at 
 
 tention to the appearance of theheavens,while 
 
 any affair was beforethepeople. Another to 
 
 make the power of the tribunes free, iu ma- 
 
 CL 
 
 king and proposing laws. Another, to re- 
 establish the companies of artists, which had 
 been instituted by Numa; but since his time 
 abolished. 
 
 Clodii Forum, a town of Italy. P/m. 3, c.l5 
 Pe. Clodius, a Roman descended from an 
 Illustrious family, and remarkable for his licen- 
 tiousness, avarice, and ambition. He commit- 
 ted incest with his three sisters, and introdu- 
 ced himself m women's clothes into the house 
 ot J, Cssar, whilst Pompeia, Csesar's wife, of 
 whom he was enamoured, was celebrating 
 the mysteries of Ceres, where no man was 
 permitted to appear. He was accused for 
 this violation of human and divine laws : but 
 he corrupted his judges, and by that means 
 screened himself from justice. He descended 
 trom a patrician into a plebeian family to be- 
 come a tribune. He was such an enemy to 
 Cato, that he made him go with prajtorian 
 power, in an expedition against Ptolemy king 
 of Cyprus, that, by the difficulty of tiie cam- 
 paign, he might ruin his reputation, and de- 
 stroy his interest at Rome during his absence. 
 Cato, however, by his uncommon success, 
 frustrated the views of Clodius. He was also 
 an inveterate enemy to Cicero ; and by his in- 
 fluence he banished him from Rome, partly 
 on pretence that he had punished with death, 
 and without trial, the adherents of Catiline. 
 He wreaked his vengeance upon Cicero's 
 house, which he burnt, and set all his goods to 
 sale ; which, however, to his great mortifica- 
 tion, no one offered to buy. In spite of Clo- 
 dius, Cicero was recalled, and all his goods 
 restored to him. Clodius was some time after 
 murdered by Milo, whose defence Cicero 
 took upon himself. Plut in Clc.—Appian. de, 
 Civ. 2.— Cic. pro Milan. S^ pro Domo.—Dio. 
 
 -A certain author, quoted by Plut. . 
 
 Licmius wrote an history of Rome. Liv. 29, 
 
 c. 22. Quirinalis, a rhetorician in Neros 
 
 age. Taat. 1, Hiu. c. 7, Sextus, a rheto- 
 rician of Sicily, intimate with M, Antony, 
 whose preceptor he was. Suet, de Clar. Oral. 
 ■Cic. in Philip. 
 
 Cl(Elia, a Roman virgin, given with otheF 
 maidens as hostages to Porsenna king of Etru- 
 ria. She escaped from her confinement, and 
 swam across the Tiber to Rome. Her unpre- 
 cedented virtue was rewarded by her coun- 
 trymen, with an equestrian statue in the Vi& 
 Sacra. Lw. 2, c. l3.~Virg. ^n. 8, v, 651 — 
 
 Dionys. Hal. 5.~Juv. 8, v. 265. A patrician 
 
 family, descended from Cloelius, one of the 
 companions of ^neas. Dionys. 
 
 Cl(elia: FossiE, a place near Rome. Plut. 
 tn Coriol. 
 
 Cl(elius Gracchus, a general of the VolscI 
 and Sabines against Rome, conquered by Q. 
 Cincinnatus the dictator. TuUus, a Roinati 
 
 ambassador put to death by Tolumnius, kin^^ 
 of the Veientes. * 
 
 Clon'as, a musician. Plut. de Music. 
 
 Clonia, the mother of Nvcteua. .^poUod. 
 3, c. 10. • ^ 
 
 Clonius, a B^otian, who went with 5« 
 
 ships to the Trojan Avar. Homer. IL 2. 
 
 A Trojan killed by Mcssapus in Italy. Viv. 
 
 JEn. 10, v. 749. Another, kUled by Tm-nu«. 
 
 Id. 9, V. 574. ^ 
 
 Clotho, the yotmgest of the three Parry, 
 dau"5hter of Jijpiicr «nd Themis, or Recording; 
 
CL 
 
 t« Hesiod, of Night, was supposed to preside 
 over the moment that we are born. She held 
 the distaff in her hand, and span the thread ot 
 life, whence her name (>^^^i'v, to spin.) She 
 was represented wearing a crown with seven 
 stars, and covered with a variegated robe. 
 Vid. Parca?. Hesiod. Theog. v. 218.— £pol- 
 
 lod. 1, c. 3. 
 
 Cluacina, a name of Venus, whose statue 
 was erected in that place where peace was 
 made between the Romans and Sabines, after 
 the. rape of the virgins. Vid. Cloacina. 
 
 Cluentius, a Roman citizen, accused by 
 his mother of having murdered his father, 54 
 years B. C. He was ably defended by Cicero, 
 in an oration still extant. The family of the 
 Gluentii was descended from Cloanthus, one 
 of the companions of JEneas. Virg. JEn. 6, 
 V. 122. — Cic.pro Cluent. 
 
 Cluilia fossa, a place five miles distant 
 from Rome. Lit. 1, c. 23, 1. 2, c. 39. 
 
 Clupea and Clypea, now Aklibia, a town 
 of Africa Propria, 22 miles east of Carthage, 
 which receives its name from its exact resem- 
 blance to a shield, clypeus. Lucan. 4, v. 586. — 
 mrab. n.—Liv. 27, c. 29.— Cce^. Civ. 2, c.23. 
 Clusia, a daughter of an Etrurian king, of 
 whom V. Torquatus the Roman general be- 
 came enamoured. He asked her of her father, 
 who slighted his addresses ; upon which he be- 
 sieged and destroyed his town. Clusia threw 
 herself down from a high tower, and came to 
 the ground unhurt. Plut. in Parall. 
 
 Clusini fontes, baths in Etruria. Horat. 
 1, ep. 15, V. 9. 
 
 Clusium, now Chiusi, a town of Etruria, 
 taken by the Gauls under Brennus. Porsenna 
 was buried there. At the north of Clusium 
 there was a lake called Clusina lacus, which 
 extended northward as far as Arretium, and 
 had a communication with the Arnus which 
 falls into the sea at Pisa. Diod. 14. — Virg. 
 JEn. 10, V. 167 and 655. 
 
 Clusius, a river of Cisalpine Gaul. Polyb. 2. 
 
 The surname of Janus, when his temple 
 
 was shut. Ovid. Fast. 1, v. 130. 
 
 Cluvia, a noted debauchee, he. Juv. 2, 
 V. 49. 
 
 Cluvius Rufos, a quaestor, A. U. C. 693. — 
 
 Cic. ad Fam. 13, ep. 56. A man of Pute- 
 
 oli appointed by Cajsar to divide the lands of 
 Gaul, kc. Cic. Div. 13, c. 7. 
 
 Clymene, a daughter of Oceanus and 
 Tethys who married Japetus, by whom she 
 had Atlas, Prometheus, Menoetius, and Epi- 
 nietheus. Hesiod. Theog. One of the Ne- 
 reides, mother of Mnemosyne by Jupiter. 
 
 Hygin. The mother of Thesimenus by 
 
 Farthenopaeus. Id. fab. 71. -A daughter 
 
 of Mymas, mother of Atalanta by Jasus. 
 
 Jipollod. 3. A daughter of Crateus, who 
 
 married Nauplius. Id. Q..-, The mother of 
 
 Pha^.ton by Apollo. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 756. 
 
 A Trojan' woman. Pan$. 10, c. 27- The 
 
 CL 
 
 Presbon, and father of Erginus, Stratius, 
 Arrhon, and Axius. He received a wound 
 from a stone thrown by a Theban, of which he 
 died. His son Erginus, who succeeded him, 
 made war against the Thebans, to revenge his 
 death. Pans. 9, c. 37. One of the de- 
 scendants of Hercules, who built a temple to 
 
 Minerva of Cydonia. Id. 6, c. 21. A son 
 
 of Phoroneus. Id. 2, c. 35. A king of 
 
 mother of Homer. Id. 10, c. 2-1. A female 
 
 servant of Helen, who accompanied her 
 mistress to Troy, when she eloped with Pa- 
 ris. Odd. Ileraid. 17, v. 267. — Homer. II. 
 3, v. 144. 
 
 Clvmf.klidks, a patronymic given to 
 
 PlKiiton's .si.^'icrs, who were daughters of 
 Clymene. 
 
 Clyml-Ncs, a kii!g ul Orchomeno.s, son of 
 
 Elis. Id. A son of (Eneus king of Ca- 
 
 lydon, 
 
 Clysoisiymus, a son of Amphidamus, killed 
 by Patroclus. Apollod. 3, c. 13. 
 
 "Clytemnestra, a daughter of Tyndarus 
 king of Sparta, by Leda. She was born, to- 
 gether with her brother Castor, from one of 
 the eggs which her mother brought forth af- 
 ter her amour with Jupiter, under the form 
 of a swan. Clytemnestra married Agamem- 
 non king of Argos. She had before married 
 Tantalus, son of Thyestes, according to some 
 authors. When Agamemnon went to the 
 Trojan war, he left his cousin ^Egysthus to 
 take care of his wife, of his family, and all 
 his doiuestic affairs. Besides this, a certeiia 
 favourite musician was appointed by Agamem- 
 non, to watch over the conduct of the guar- 
 dian, as well as that of Clytemnesira. In 
 the absence of Agamemnon, ^gysthus made 
 his court to Clytemnestra, and publicly lived 
 with her. Her infidelity reached the ears of 
 Agamemnon before the walls of Troy, and 
 he resolved to take full revenge upon the 
 adulterers at his return. He w'hs prevented 
 from putting his schemes into execution ; 
 Clytemnestra, with her adulterer, murdered 
 him at his arrival, as he came out of the 
 bath, or, according to other accounts, as he 
 sat down at a feast prepared to celebrate his 
 hap^iy return. Cassandra, whom Agamem- 
 non had brought from Troy, shared his fate ', 
 and Orestes would also have been deprived 
 of his life, like his father, had not his sister 
 Electra removed him from the reach of Cly- 
 temnestra. After this murder, Clytemnestra 
 publicly married JEgysthus, and he ascended 
 the throne of Argos. Orestes, after an ab- 
 sence of seven years, returned to Mycenae, 
 resolved to avenge his father's murder. He 
 concealed himself in the house of his sister 
 Electra, who had been married by the adul- 
 terers to a person of mean extraction and in- 
 digent circumstances. His death was publicly 
 announced; aod when iEgysthus and Clytem- 
 nestra repaired to the temple of Apollo, to 
 return thanks to the god, for the death of the 
 surviving son of Agamemnon, Orestes, who 
 with his faithful friend Pylades, had concealed 
 himself in the temple, rushed upon the adulte- 
 rers, and killed them with his own hand. 
 They were buried without the walls of the 
 city, as their remains were deemed unworthy 
 to be laid in the sepulchre of Agamemnon. 
 Vid. Aigysthus, Agamemnon, Orestes, Elec- 
 tra. Diod. A.— Homer. Od. W.—JlpoUod. 3, 
 c. IQ.—Paus. 2,c. 18 and 22.—Euripid. Iphig. 
 in Jial— Hygin. fab. 117 and UO.—Propert. 
 3, el. \^.—Virg. JEn. 4, v. 'Ttl.—PliUostr. 
 Icon. 2, c. 9. 
 
 Clytia or Clytie, a daughter of Oce- 
 anus and Tethys, beloved by Apollo. She 
 was deserted by her lover, who paid his ad- 
 dresses to Leucothoe ; and this so irritated hsr, 
 
 i 
 
CO 
 
 that she discovered the whole intrigue to her 
 rival's father. Apollo despised her the more 
 for this, and she pined away, and was changed 
 into a flower, commonly called a sun-flower, 
 which still turns its head towards the sun in 
 his course, as in pledge of her love. Ovid. 
 
 Met. 4, fab. 3, &.c. A daughter of Amphi- 
 
 damus, mother of Pelops, by Tantalus 
 
 A concubine of Amyntor, son of Phrastor, 
 whose calumny caused Amyntor to put out the 
 
 eyes of his falsely accused son Phcenix. A 
 
 daughter of Pandarus. 
 
 Clytius, a son of Laomedon, by Strymo. 
 
 Hom. II. 10. A youth in the army of Tur- 
 
 nus, beloved by Cydon. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 
 
 325. A giant killed by Vulcan, in the war 
 
 waged against the gods, .^pollod. 1, c. 6. 
 
 The father of Pireus, who faithfully attended 
 
 Telemachus. Homer. Od. 15, v. 251. A 
 
 son of ^olus, who followed ^Eneas in Italy, 
 where he was killed by Turnys. Virg. JEn. 
 
 9, V. 774. A son of Alcraagon, the son of 
 
 Amphiaraus. Pans. 6, c. 17. 
 
 Clytus, a Greek in the Trojan war, killed 
 by Hector. Homer. II. U, v. 302. 
 
 Cnacauium, a mountain of Laconia. Pmis. 
 3, c. 24. 
 
 Cnacalis, a mountain of Arcadia, where 
 festivals were celebrated in honour of Diana. 
 Jd. 8, c. 23. 
 
 Cnagia, a surname of Diana. 
 
 CNEMus,a Macedonian general, unsuccess- 
 fol in an expedilioa against the Acaruanians. 
 Biod. 12.— Thucyd. 2, c. 66, ^c. 
 
 Cjjeus or Cn^us, a prajnomen common to 
 many Romans. 
 
 Cnidinium, a name given to a monument 
 nearEphesus. 
 
 Cnidus and Gnidus, a town and a pro- 
 montory of Doris in Caria. Venus Avas the 
 chief deity of the place, and had there a fa- 
 mous statue made by Praxiteles. Horat. 1, 
 od. 30.— Flin. 36, c. 15. 
 
 Cnopus, one of the descendants of Co- 
 drus, who went to settle a colony, &.c. Po- 
 ly cen. 8. 
 
 Cnossia, a mistress of Menelaus. Apollod. 
 3, c. 11. 
 
 Cnosus, or Gnossus, a town of Crete, 
 about 25 stadia from the sea. It was built by 
 Minos, and had a famous labyrinth. Paus. 
 1,0.27. 
 
 Co, Coos, and Cos, now Zia, one of the Cy- 
 clades, situate near the coasts of Asia, about 15 
 miles from Halicarnassus. Its chief town is 
 called Cos, and anciently bore the name of 
 Astypalffia. It gave birth to Hippocrates, 
 Apelles, and Simonides, and was famous for 
 its fertility, for the wine and silk-worms which 
 it produced, and for the manufacture of silk 
 and cotton of a beautiful and delicate texture. 
 The women of the island always dressed in 
 white ; and their garments were so clear and 
 thin, that their bodies could be seen through, 
 according to Ovid. Met. 7, fab. 9. The wo- 
 men of Cos were changed into cows by Ve- 
 nus or Juno ; whom they rejjroached for suf- 
 fering Hercules to lead Geryon's flocks 
 through their territories. Tibull. 2, el. 4, v. 
 29.— Horat. 1, Sal. 2, v. 101.— S/ra6. 14.-1 
 Pirn. 11, c. 23. — Properl. 1, el. 2, v. 2, 1 <> 
 el. 1, v. 5, 1. 4, el. 2, v. 23.— Ovid. A. k % 
 V. 298. 
 
 CO 
 
 CoAMANi, a people of Asia. Mda, 1, e. 2. 
 
 CoASTR^s and Coactrje, a people of A^ia, 
 near the Palus Ma3otis. Lucan. 3, v. 246. 
 
 CoBAREs, a celebrated magician of Media, 
 in the age of Alexander. Curt. 7, c. 4. 
 
 CocALus, a king of Sicily, who hospitably 
 received Daedalus, when he fled before Minos. 
 When Minos arrived in Sicily, the daughters 
 of Cocalus destroyed him. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 
 2Ql.—Diod. 4. 
 
 CoccEius Nerva, a friend of Horace and 
 Mecajnas, and grandfather to the emperor 
 r^erva. He was one of those who settled the 
 disputes between Augustus and Antony. He 
 afterwards accompanied Tiberius in his retreat 
 in Campania, and starved himself to death. 
 Tacit. Ann. 4, c. 58, and 6, c. 26. Horai, 
 
 1, Sat. 5, V. 27. An architect of Rome, 
 
 one of whose buildings is still in being, the 
 
 present cathedral of Naples. A nephew of 
 
 Otho. Plut. A man whom Nero granted 
 
 a triumph, after the discovery of thePisonian 
 conspiracy. Tacit. 15, Ann. c. 72. 
 
 CoccYGius, a mountain of Peloponnesus. 
 Paus. 2, c. 36. 
 
 CociNTUM, a promontory of the Brutii, 
 now Cape Stilo. 
 
 CocLEs, Pub. Horat. a celebrated Roman, 
 who, alone, opposed the whole army of Por- 
 senna at the head of a bridge, while his com- 
 panions behind him were cutting off the com- 
 munication with the other shore. When the 
 bridge was destroyed, Codes, though severe- 
 ly wounded in the leg by the darts of the 
 enemy, leapt into the Tiber, and swam 
 across with his arms. A brazen statue was 
 raised to him in the temple of Vulcan, by the 
 consul Publicola, for his eminent services. 
 He had the use only of one eye, as Cocks sig- 
 nifies. Liv. 2, c. 10. — Val. Max. 3, c. 2. — 
 Virg. JEn. 8, v. 650. 
 
 CocTi^ and CoxxiiE, certain parts of the 
 Alps, called after Coctius, the conqueror of 
 the Gauls, who was in alliance with Augustus. 
 Tacit. Hist. 
 
 CocYTus, a river of Epirus. The word is de- 
 rived from xtoxusiv, to weep and to lament. Its ety- 
 mology, the unwholesomeness of its water, 
 and, above all, its vicinity to the Acheron, have 
 made the jjoets call it one of the rivers of hell, 
 hence Cocytia virgo, applied to Alector, one of 
 the furies. Virg. G. 3, v. 38, 1. 4, v. 479. ^n. 
 
 6, V. 297, 323, 1.7, v. 479.— Paw^. 1, c. 17. 
 
 A river of Campania, flowing into the Lucrine 
 lake. 
 
 Codanus sinus, one of the ancient names 
 of the Baltic. Plin. 4, c. 13. 
 
 CoDOMANus, a surname of Darius the third, 
 king of Persia. 
 
 CoDRiD^, the descendants of Codrus, who 
 went from Athens at the head of several colo- 
 nies. Paus. 7, c. 2. 
 
 CoDROPoLis, a town of Illyricum. 
 
 CoDRUs, the 17th and last king of Athens, 
 son of Melanthus. When the Hcraclidaj made 
 war against Athens, the oracle declared that 
 the victory would be granted to that nation 
 whose king was killed in battle. The Hera- 
 clidae upon this gave strict orders to spare the 
 life of Codrus ; but the patriotic king disguised 
 himself, and attacked one of the enemy, by 
 whom he was killed. The Athenians obtained 
 the victory, and Codrus was deservedly called 
 
CCE 
 
 ihe father of his country. He reigned 22 yean, 
 and was killed 1070 years bsfore the christian 
 era. To pay greater honour to his memory, 
 the Athenians made a resolution, that no man 
 after Codi-us should reign in Athens under the 
 name of king, and therefore the government 
 was put into the hands of perpetual arclions. 
 Paterc. i, c. 2. — Justin. 2, c. 6 and T.~-Faus. 
 
 I, c. 19, l. 7, c. 25.—Val. Max. 6, c. 6. A 
 
 man who, with his brothers, killed Hegesias, 
 
 tyrant of Ephesus, &.c. Polt/cm. 6, c. 49. 
 
 A Latin poet, contemporary with Virgil. 
 
 l^irg. Ed. 7. Another, in the reign of Do- 
 
 mitian, whose poverty became a proverb. 
 Jux. 3, V. 203. 
 
 CcMiLius, a centurion. Cks. Civ. Bell. 
 
 CcsLA, a place in the bay ofEubcea. Liv. 
 81, c. 47. A part of Attica. Strab. 10. 
 
 CcELkLETJE, a people of Thrace. 
 
 C(ELES¥RiA and C(ELosyria, a country of 
 Syria, between mount Libanus and Antiliba- 
 »us, where the Orontes takes its rise. Its capi- 
 tal was Damascus. Antiochus Cyzicenus 
 
 gave this Jiame to that part of Syria w'hich 
 he obtained as his share, when he divided his 
 father's dominions with Grypus, B. C. 112. 
 Dionys. Pentg. 
 
 CcELiA, the wife of Sylla. Plut. in Syll. 
 The Cwlian family, which was plebeian, but 
 honoured with the consulship, was descended 
 from Vibenna Coeles, an Etrurian, who came 
 to settle at Rome in the age of Romulus. 
 
 CffiLius, a Roman, defended by Cicero. 
 
 Two brothers of Tarracina, accused of 
 
 having murdered their father in his bed. They 
 were acquitted, wiien it was proved that they 
 were both asleep at thp time of the murder. 
 
 Vol. Max. 8, c. 1. — Plut. in Cic. A general 
 
 of Carbo. An orator. Id. in Pomp. A 
 
 lieutenant of Antony's Cursor, a Roman 
 
 knight; in the age of Tiberiiis. A man, who 
 
 after spending his all in dissipation and luxury, 
 became a public robber with his friend Birrhus. 
 
 Horat. 1, Sat. 4, v. 69. A Roman historian, 
 
 who nourished B. C. 121. A hill of Rome. 
 
 Vid. Ctclius. 
 
 CcELus or Uranus, an ancient deity, sup- 
 posed to be the father of Saturn, Oceanus, 
 Hyperion, &.c. He was son of Terra, whom 
 he afterwards married. The number of his 
 children, according to some,amounted to forty- 
 five. They were called Titans, and were so 
 closely confined by their father, that they con- 
 spired against him, and v»ere supported by 
 tlieir mother, who provided them with a 
 scythe. Saturn armed himself with this scythe, 
 and deprived his father of the organs of gen- 
 eration, as he was going to unite himself to 
 Terra. From the blood which issued from 
 the wound, sprang the giants, furies, and 
 nymphs. The mutilated parts were thrown 
 into the sea, and from them, and the foam 
 which they occasioned, arose Venus the god- 
 dess of beauty. Htsiod. k.c. 
 
 CcEN'us, an officer of Alexander, son-in-law 
 to Parraenio. He died of a distemper, in his 
 return from India. Curt. 9, c. 3. — Diod. 17. 
 
 CffiRANus, a stoic philosopher. Tacit. Jinn. 
 
 14, c. 52. A person slain by Ulysses. 
 
 Ovid. Met. 13, v. 157. A Greek charioteer 
 
 to Marion. He was killed by Hector. Homer. 
 II. 17, v. 610. 
 
 CoF.s, a man of Mitylene, made sovereign 
 
 CO 
 
 master of his country, by Darius. His coun- 
 trymen stoned him to death, Herodot. 5, c. 11 
 and 38. 
 
 Casus, a son of Ccelus and Terra. He was 
 father of Latona, Asteria, fc.c. by Phcebe. 
 Hesiod Th. 135 and 405. Virg. G. 1, v. 279. 
 
 A river of Messenia, flowing by Electra. 
 
 Pans. 4, c. 33. 
 
 CoGAKUS, a river ofLydia. Plin. 5, c. 29. 
 
 CoGiDUNUs, a king of Britain, faithful to 
 Rome. Tacit. Jigric. c. 14. 
 
 CoHiBUs, a river of Asia, near Pontus. 
 
 CoHORs, a division in the Roman armies, 
 consisting of about 600 men. It was the sixth 
 part of a legion, and consequently its number 
 was under the same fluctuation as that of the 
 legions, being sometimes more, and sometimes 
 less. 
 
 CoLJSNUs, a king of Attica, before the age 
 of Cecrops, according to some accounts. Paus, 
 l,c.31. 
 
 CoLAXEs, a son of Jupiter and Ora. Flacc. 
 6, V. 48. 
 
 CoLAXiAs, one of the remote ancestoi*s of 
 the Scythians. Herodot. 4, c. 5, he. 
 
 CoLCHi, the inhabitants of Colchis. 
 
 Colchis and Colchos, a country of Asia, 
 at the south of Asiatic Sarmatia, east of the 
 Euxine sea, north of Armenia, and west of 
 Iberia, now called MingreUa. It is famous 
 for the expedition of the Argonauts, and the 
 birth place of Medea. It was fruitful in poi- 
 sonous herbs, and produced excellent flax. 
 The inhabitants were originally Egyptians, 
 who settled there when Sesostris king of Egypt 
 extended his conquests in the north. From 
 the country arise the epithets Colchus, Col- 
 chicuSf Colciiiacus, and Medea receives the 
 name of Colchis. Juv. 6, v. 640. — Flacc. 5, v. 
 418.— Horat. 2. od. 13, v. 8.— Strab. 11.— 
 Ptol.5,c. lO.-^Ovid. Met. 13, v. 24. ^mor. 
 2, el. 14, V. 28.— Mela, 1, c. 19, 1. 2, c. 3. 
 
 CoLENDA, a town of Spain. 
 
 CoLiAs, now Jlgio Nicolo, a promontory 
 of Attica, in the form of a man's foot, where 
 Venus had a temple. Herodot. 8, c. 96. 
 
 CoLLATiA, a town on the Anio, built by 
 the people of Alba, It was there that Sext. 
 Tarquin off^"ered violence to Lucretia. Liv. 1, 
 37, iiic.— Strab. 3.— Virg. JEn. 6, v. 774. 
 
 L. Tauquinius Collatinus, a nephew 
 of Tarquin the Proud, who married Lucretia, 
 to whom Sext. Tarquin offered violence. He, 
 with Brutus, drove the Tarquins from Rome, 
 and were made first consuls. As he was one 
 of the Tarquins, so much abominated by all 
 the Roman people, he laid down his office of 
 consul, and retired to Alba in voluntary ban- 
 ishment. Liv. 1, c. 57, 1. 2, c. 2. — Flor. 1, c. 
 9. One of the seven hills of Rome. 
 
 CoLLiNA, one of the gates of Rome, on 
 
 mount Quirinalis. Ovid. 4. Fast. v. 671. 
 
 A goddess at Rome, who j)resided over lulls. 
 One of the original tribes established bv 
 
 Romulus. 
 
 CoLLuciA, a lascivious woman, &c. Juv. 
 9, V. 306. 
 
 JuN. Colo, a governor of Pontus, who 
 brought Mitliridatesto the emperor Claudius. 
 Tacit. 12, Ann. c. 21. 
 
 CoLoN.E, a j)lace of Troas. A'epos. 4, c. 3. 
 
 CoLONE, a city of Phocis of Erythrsa 
 
 of Thes.saly of ?»lessenia. A rock 
 
 of Asia, on t'tic Thracian Bu=iphorus. 
 
CO 
 
 CoLOKiA Agrippina, a city of Germany 
 
 on the Rhine, now Cologne. Equestris, 
 
 a town on the lake of Geneva, now JVoyon. 
 
 Morinorum, a town of Gaul, now Terrou- 
 
 en, in Artois. Norbensis, a town of Spain, 
 
 now Alcantara. Trajana, or Ulpia, a town 
 
 of Germany, now Kcllen,near Cleves. Va- 
 
 lentia, a town of Spain, which now bears the 
 same name. 
 
 CoLONos, an eminence near Athens, where 
 CEdipus retired during his banishment, from 
 which (circumstance Sophocles has given the ti- 
 tle of CEdipus Coloneus to one of his tragedies. 
 
 Colophon, a town of ionia, at a small dis- 
 tance from the sea, first built by Mopsus the 
 son of Manto, and colonized by the sons of Co- 
 drus. It was the native country ofMimner- 
 mus, Nicander, and Xenophanes, and one of 
 the cities which disputed for the honour of 
 having given birth to Homer. Apollo had a 
 temple there.— 5/ra5. U.—Plin. 14, c. 20.— 
 Pans. 7, c. S.— Tacit, .^nn.2, c. 54.— Cic.pro 
 Arch. Pott. 8.— Ovid. Met. 6, v. 8. 
 
 CoLOSSE and Colossis, alarge town of Phry- 
 gia, near Laodicea, of which the government 
 was democratical, and the first ruler called 
 archon. One of the fii-st christian churches 
 was established there; and one of St. Paul's 
 epistles was addressed to it. PUji. 21, c. 9. 
 
 Colossus, a celebrated brazen image at 
 Bhodes, which passed for one of the seven 
 wonders of the world. Its feet were upon the 
 two moles which formed the entrance of the 
 harbour, and ships passed full sail between 
 its legs. It was 70 cubits, or 105 feet high, and 
 every thing in equal proportion, and few could 
 clasp round its thumb. It was the work of 
 Chares, the disciple of Lysippus, and ihe art- 
 ist was 12 years 'in making it. It ^\ as begun 
 300 years before Christ ; and after it had re- 
 mained unhurt during 56 or 88 years, it was 
 partly demolished by an eartliqualce, 224 B. 
 C. A winding staircase ran to the top, from 
 which could easily be discerned the shores of 
 Syria, and the ships that sailed on the coast of 
 Egypt, by the help of glasses, which were hung 
 on the neck of the statue. It remained in 
 ruins for the space of 894 years ; and the Rho- 
 dians, who had received several large contri- 
 butions to repair it, divided the money among 
 themselves, and frustrated the expectations of 
 the donors, by saying that the oyacle of Del- 
 phi forbade them to raise it up again from its 
 ruins. In the year 672 of the christian era, it 
 was sold by the Saracens, who were masters of 
 the island, to a Jewish merchant of Edessa, 
 who loaded 900 camels with the brass, whose 
 value has been estimated at 36,000 pounds ; 
 English money. 
 
 Coi.oTEs, a Teian painter, disciple of Phi- 
 dias. Plin. 35, c.8. A disciple of Epicte- 
 
 tus. A follower of Epicurus, accused of 
 
 ignorance by Plut. A sculptor, who made a 
 
 statue of iEsculapius. Strab. 8. 
 
 CoLPK, a city of Ionia. Plin. 5, c. 29. 
 
 CoLUBRARiA, now Moiitc Coluhrt, a small 
 island at the east of Spain, supposed to be the 
 same as Ophiusa. Plin. 3, c. 5. 
 
 CoLUMBA, a dove, the symbol of Venus 
 among the poets. This bird was sacred to Ve- 
 nus, and received divine honours in Syria. 
 Doves disappeared once every year at Eryx, 
 where Venus had a temple, and tbey were said 
 26 
 
 CO 
 
 to accompany the goddess to Libya, whither 
 she went to pass nine days, after which they 
 returned . Doves were supposed to give oracles^ 
 in the oaks of the forest of Dodona. Tibull. 1, 
 el. 7, V. \l.—JElian. V. IL 1, c. 15. 
 
 Columella, (L. Jan. Moderatus) a na- 
 tive ofGades; who wrote, among other works, 
 twelve books on agriculture.of which the tenth, 
 on gardening, is in verse. The style is elegant, 
 and the work displays the genius of a na- 
 turalist, and the labours of an accurate obser- 
 ver. The best edition of Columella is that of 
 Gesner, 2 vols. 4to. Lips. 1735, and reprinted 
 there 1772. 
 
 CoLUMN.€ IIerculis, a name given to 
 two mountains on tlie extreraest parts of Spain 
 and Africa, at the entrance into the Mediter- 
 ranean. They were called Calpe and Abyla-, 
 the former on the coast of Spain, and the latter 
 on the side of Africa, at the distance of only 18 
 miles. They are reckoned the boundaries of 
 the labours of Hercules, and they were suppo- 
 sed to have been joined, till the hero separated; 
 them, and opened a communication between 
 
 the Mediterranean and Atlantic seas. Pro- 
 
 tei.the boundaries ofEg>'pt, or the extent of the 
 kingdom of Proteus. Alexandria was suppo- 
 sed to be built near them, though Homer plai- 
 ces them in the island of Pharus. Odys. 4, v. 
 '^ii\.— Virg. JEn. 11_, v. 262. 
 
 CoLUTiius, a native of Lycopolis in Egypt> 
 who wrote a short poem on the rape of Helen, 
 in imitation of Homer. The composition re- 
 mained long unknown, till it was discovered at 
 Lycopolis in the 15th century, by the learned 
 cardinal Bessarion. Coluthus was, as some 
 suppose, a contemporary of Tryphiodorus. 
 
 CoLYTTus, a tribe of Athens. 
 
 CoMAGENA, a part of Syria above Cilicia, 
 extending, on the east, as far as the Euphra- 
 tes. Its chief town was called Samosata, the 
 birth place of Lucian. Slrab. 11 and 17. 
 
 CoMANA (cE. and orum), a town ofPontus, 
 
 Hist. Alex. 34. Another in Cappadocia, 
 
 famous for a temple of Bellona, where there 
 were above 6000 ministers of both sexes,. The 
 chief priest among them was very powerful,, 
 and knew no superior but the king of the 
 country. This high oilice was generally confer- 
 red upon one of the roval family. Hirt. Alex. 
 66.— Place. 7, v.6m.—Sirab. 1% 
 
 CoM.vNiA, a country of Asia. 
 
 CoMAREA, the ancient aame of Cape Co- 
 morin in India.. 
 
 CoMARi, a people of Asia. Mela, 1, c. 2. 
 
 CoMARus, a port in the bay of Ambracia, 
 near Nicopolis. 
 
 CoMASTus, a place of Persia. 
 
 CoMBABus, a favourite of Stratoniee, wife 
 of Antiochus. 
 
 Combe, a daugliter of Ophius, who first 
 invented a brazen suit of armour. She was 
 changed ijito a bird, and escaped from her 
 children, who had conspired to murder her. 
 Ovid, Met. 7, v. 382. 
 
 CoMBi or Ombi, a city of Egypt on the 
 Nile. Juv. 15, V. 35. 
 
 CoMBREA, a town near Pallene. Uerodot. 
 7, c. 123. 
 
 CoMBUTis, a general under Brennus., Pans. 
 10, c. 22. 
 
 CoMETES, the father of Asterion, and one 
 of the Argonauts. Flocc. 1, v 350, — —One 
 
CO 
 
 of the Centaurs killed at the nuptials of Piri- 
 
 thous. Ovid. Met. 12, v. 284. A son of 
 
 Thestius killed at the chase of the Calydonian 
 
 boar. Pans. 8, c. 45. One of the Magi, 
 
 intimate with Cambyses king of Persia. Jus- 
 tin. 1, c. 9. An adulterer of iEgiale. A 
 
 son of Orestes. 
 
 CoMETHO, a daughter of Pterilaus, v/ho 
 deprived her father of a golden hair in his 
 head, upon which depended his fate. She 
 was put to death by Amphitryon for her perfi- 
 dy. Apollod. 2, c. 4. 
 
 Q. CoaiiNius, a Roman knight who wrote 
 some illiberal verses against Tiberius. Tacit. 
 4, Aim. c. 31. 
 
 CoMiTiA, (onwi), an assembly of the Ro- 
 man people. The word is derived from Comi- 
 Hum, the place where they were convened, 
 qua^i a rum cundo. The Comitium was a 
 large hall, which was left uncovered at the 
 top, in the first ages of the republic ; so that 
 the assembly was often dissolved in rainy wea- 
 ther. The Comitia were called, some consu- 
 laria,(o\' the election of the consuls: others 
 prmioria, for the election of praetors, &lc. 
 These assemblies were more generally known 
 by the name of Comitia, Curiata, Ctnturiata, 
 and Tribula. The Curiata was when the 
 people gave their votes by curia?. The Cen- 
 turiala were not convened in later times. 
 {Vid. Ceiituria.) Another assembly was called 
 Comitia Tribvta, where the votes were re- 
 ceived from the whole tribes together. At 
 first the Roman people were divided only into 
 three tribes; but as their numbers increased, 
 the ti'lbes were at last swelled to 35. The 
 object of these assemblies was the electing of 
 magistrates, and all the public officers of state. 
 They could be dissolved bv one of the tribunes, 
 if he differed in opinion from the rest of his 
 colleagues. If one among the ))eo{)ie was 
 taken with the falling sickness, the whole 
 assembly was immediately dissolved, whence 
 that disease is called morbis coviitalis. After 
 the custom of giving their vote viid voce had 
 been abolished, everyone of the assembly, in 
 the enactiijg of a law, was presented with two 
 ballots, on one of which were the letters U. R. 
 that is, iiti rogas, be it as it is required : on the 
 other was an A. that is, antiquo, wliich bears 
 the same meaning as antiqunmvolo, I forbid it, 
 the old law is more preferable. If the number 
 of ballots with U. R. was superior to the A's, 
 the law was approved constitutionally ; if not, 
 it was rejected. Only the chief magistrates, 
 and sometimes the pontifices, had the privi- 
 lege of convening these assemblies. There 
 %vere only these eight of the magistrates who 
 had the p'ower of proposing a law, the consuls, 
 the dictator, the praetor, the inlerrex, the de- 
 *',emvirs, the military tiibunes, the kings, and 
 the triumvirs. These w-ere called majores ma- 
 gisiratus ; to whom one of the minoris magis- 
 tratus was added, the tribune of the people. 
 
 CoMius, a man appointed king over the 
 Attrebates, by.J. CaBsar, forhis services. Cces. 
 Bell. G.4, c. 21. 
 
 CoMMAGENE. Vid. Comagena. ' 
 
 CoMMonus, (L Aurelius Antoninus) son of 
 M. Antoninus, succeeded his father in the Ro- 
 man empire. lie was naturally cruel and fond 
 of indulging his licentious propensities ; and 
 regardless of the instructions of philosophers. 
 
 CO 
 
 and of the decencies of nature, he corrupted 
 his own sisters, and kept 300 women, and as 
 many boys, for his illicit pleasures. Desirous 
 to be called Hercules, like that hero, he adorn- 
 ed his shoulders with a lion's skin, and armed 
 his hand with a knotted club. He showed 
 himself naked in public, and fought with the 
 gladiators, and boasted of his dexterity in kill- 
 ing the wild beasts in the amphitheatre. He 
 required divine honours from the senate, and 
 they were granted. He was wont to put such 
 an immense quantity of gold dust in his hair, 
 that wheji he appeared bare-headed in the sun- 
 shine, his head glittered ns if surrounded with 
 sun-beams. Martia, one of his concubines, 
 whose death he had prepared, poisoned him; 
 but as the poison did not quickly operate, he 
 was strangled by a wrestler. He died in the 
 31st year of his age, and the 13th of his reign, 
 A. D. 162. It has been observed, that he never 
 trusted himself to a barber, but always burnt 
 his beard, in imitation of the tyrant Dionysius. 
 Htrodian. 
 
 CoMMoRis, a village of Cilicia. Cic. Fam. 
 15, ep. 4. 
 
 CoMON, a general of Messenia. Pans. 4. 
 c. 26. ' 
 
 CoMPiTALiA, festivals celebrated by the Ro- 
 mans the 12th of .January and the 6th of 
 March, in the cross ways, in honour of the 
 household gods called Lares. Tarquin the 
 Proud, or according to some, Servius Tallius, 
 instituted them, on account of an oracle which 
 ordered him to ofter heads to the Lares. He 
 sacrificed to them human victims ; but J. Bru- 
 tus, after the expulsion of the Tarquins, 
 thought it sufficient to ofter to them only poppy 
 heads, and men of straw. The slaves were 
 generally the ministers, and during the cele- 
 bration, they enjoyed their freedom. Varra 
 de L. L. 5, c. 2.— Ovid. Fast. 5, v. 140.— ZK- 
 oni/s. Hal. 4. 
 
 CoMPSA, now Consa, a town of the Hirpi- 
 ni in Italy, at the east of Vesuvius. 
 
 CosipsATDS, a river of Thrace, falling into 
 the lake Bistonis. Hcrodot. 7, c. 109. 
 
 CoMPu.5A, a town of Bithynia. 
 
 CoMUM,now Coma, a town at tlie north of 
 Insubria, at the bottom of the lake Como, in 
 the modern duchy of Milan. It was after- 
 wards called A''ovo Comum by J. Ccesar, who 
 transplanted a colony there, though it resumed 
 its ancient name. It was the birth place of the 
 younger Pliny. Plin. 3, c. 18.— Lu-. 33, c. 
 36 and S7.— Suet, in Jul. 28.— Plin. 1, ep. 3. 
 — Cic. Fam. 13, ep. 35. 
 
 CoMcs, the god of revelry, feasting,and noc- 
 turnal entertainments. During his festivals, 
 niGii and women exchanged each other".s dress. 
 He uas represented as a young and drunken 
 man, with a garland of flowers on his head, 
 and a torch in his hand, which seemed falling. 
 He is more generally seen sleeping upon his 
 legs, and turning himself when the heat of the 
 falling torch scorched his side. . Phil. 2, Icon. 
 —Pint. Quest. Horn. 
 
 CoNCANi, a people of Spain, who lived 
 chiefly on milk mixed with horse's blood. 
 Their chief town, Concana, is now called Sayi- 
 tinala, or Cangas de onis. Virg. G. 3, v. 463. 
 —Sil. 3, V. 361.— //ora^ 3, od. 4, v. 34. 
 
 CoNCERDiA, a town belonging to Venice 
 in Italy. 
 
CO 
 
 Concordia, the goddess of peace and eon- 
 cord at Rome, to whom Camillus first raised 
 a temple in the capitol, where the magistrates 
 often assembled for the transaction of public 
 business. She had, besides this, other temples 
 and statues, and was addressed to promote the 
 peace and union of families and citizens. Plat. 
 in Camil. — Fliyu 33, c. 1. — Cic. pro Domo. — 
 Olid. Fast. 1, v. 639, 1. 6, v. 637. 
 
 CoNDATE, a town of Gaul, now Rtnnes 
 {Rhedonum urhs) in Britany. 
 
 CoNDALUs, an avaricious officer, he. Aris 
 tot. Polit. 
 
 CoNDivicNOM, a town of Gaul, novf J^aiUts 
 in Britany. 
 
 CoNDOCHATES, a vivcr of India, flowing into 
 the Ganges. 
 
 CoNDRusi, a people of Belgium, now Con- 
 drotz in Liege. C(zs. Bell. G. 4, c. 6. 
 
 CoNDYLiA, a town of Arcadia. Paus. 8, 
 C.23. 
 
 Cone, a small island at the mouth of the 
 Ister, supposed the same as the Insula Conopon 
 , of Pliny 4, c. 12.— Lucan. 3, v. 200. 
 
 CoNETODUNus and Coxu atcs, two desperate 
 Gauls, who raised their countrymen against 
 Rome, he. Coes. Bell. G. 7, c. 3. 
 
 CosFLUENTEs, a towu at the confluence 
 of the Moselle and Rhine, now Cohlentz. 
 
 Confucius, a Chinese philosopher, as much 
 honoured among his countrymen as a mo- 
 Harcli. He died about 479 years B. C. 
 
 CoNGEDUs, a river of Spain. Martial. 1, ep. 
 50, V. 9. 
 
 CoNiACi, a people of Spain, at the head 
 of the Iberus. Strah. 3. 
 
 CoNiMBRicA, a town of Spain, now Coim- 
 bra of Portugal. 
 
 CoNiSALTUS; a god worshipped at Athens, 
 with the same ceremonies as Priapus at Lamp- 
 sacus. Strab. 3. 
 
 CoNisci, a people of Spain. 
 
 CoNNiUAS, the preceptor of Theseus, in 
 whose honour the Athenians instituted a festi- 
 val called Connideia. It was then usual to 
 sacrifice to him a ram. Plut. in Tlits. 
 
 CowoN, a famous general of Athens, son of 
 Timotheus. He was made gov^ernor of all the 
 islands of the Athenians, and was defeated 
 in a naval battle by Lysander, near the JEgos- 
 potamos. He retired in voluntary banish- 
 ment to Evagoras king of Cyprus, and after- 
 wards to Artaxerxes king of Persia, by whose as- 
 sistance he freed iiis country from slaveiy. He 
 defeated the Spartans near Cuidos, in an en- 
 gagement where Pisander, the enemy's admi- 
 ral, was killed. By his means the Athenians 
 fortified their city with a strong wall, and at- 
 tempted to recover Ionia and iEolia. He was 
 perfidiously betrayed by a Persian, and died 
 in prison, B. C. 393. C. JVep. in vilci — Plut. 
 in Lys. ^- Artax. — Isocrates. A Greek as- 
 tronomer of Samos, who, to gain the favour of 
 Ptolemy Evergetes, publicly declared that the 
 queen's locks, which had been dedicated in 
 the temple of Venus, and had since disappear- 
 ed, were become a constellation. He was in- 
 timate with Archimedes, and flourished 247 B. 
 C. Catul. Gl.—Virg. Ed. 3, v. 40. A Gre- 
 cian mythologist, in the age of Julius Caesar, 
 who wrote a book which contained 40 fables, 
 
 still extant, preserved by Photius. There 
 
 was a treatise written on Italy by a man of 
 the same name. 
 
 CO 
 
 CoNSENTEs, the name which the Romans 
 gave to the twelve superior gods, the Dii ma- 
 jorum gentium. The word signifies as much 
 as consentitntes, that is, who consented to the 
 deliberations of Japiter's council. They were 
 twelve in number, whose names Ennius has 
 briefly expressed in these lines : 
 Juno, Vesta, Minerva, Ceres, Diana, Venus f 
 
 Mars, 
 Mercurius, Jovi, JVeptunus, Vulcanus, Apollo. 
 Varro, de R. R. 
 
 CoNSENTiA, now Cosenztt, a town in the 
 country of the Brutii. Liv.S,c. 24,1. 28, c, 
 11.— Cic. Fin. 1, c. 3. 
 
 CoNsiDius uEquus, a Roman knight, &c. 
 
 Tacit. Caius, one of Pompey's adherents, 
 
 &c. Cas. Bell. Civ. 2, c. 23. 
 
 CoNsiLiNUM, a town of Italy. Mela, 2, 
 c. 4. 
 
 Constans, a son of Constantine. Vid. Con- 
 stantinus. 
 
 CoNSTANTiA, a graud-daughtcr of the 
 great Constantine, who married the emperor 
 Gratian. 
 
 CoNSTANTiNA, a princess, wife of the em- 
 peror Gallus. Another of the imperial fa- 
 mily. 
 
 CoNSTANTiNOPOLis, (Stttmboul) formerly 
 Byzantium, the capital of Thrace, a noble and 
 magnificent city, built by Constantine the 
 Great, and solemnly dedicated A. D. 330. It 
 was the capital of the eastern Roman empire, 
 and was called, after its foundation, i?oma novUf 
 on account of its greatness, which seemed to 
 rival Rome. The beauty of its situation, with 
 all its conveniences, have been the admiration 
 of every age. Constantinople became long the 
 asylum of science and of learned men, but upon 
 its conquest by Mahomet the II. 28th of May, 
 1453, the professors retired from the barbari- 
 ty of their victors, and found in Italy the pro- 
 tection which their learning deserved. This 
 migration was highly favourable to the cause of 
 science, and whilst the Pope, the head of the 
 house of Medicis, and the emperor, munifi- 
 cently supported the fugitives, other princes 
 imitated their example, and equally contribut- 
 ed to the revival of literature in Europe. 
 
 CoNSTANTiNUs, sumamcd the Great, from 
 the greatness of his exploits, was son of Con- 
 stantius. As soon as he became independent, 
 he assumed the title of Augustus, and made 
 war against Licinius, his brother-in-law, and 
 colleague on the throne, because he was cruel 
 and ambitious. He conquered him, and 
 obliged him to lay aside the imperial power. 
 It is said, that as he was going to fight against 
 Maxentius, one of his rivals, he saw a cross in 
 the sky, with this inscription, «► tojtui vux, in hoc 
 vince. F'rom this circumstance he became a 
 convert to Christianity, and obtained an easy 
 victory, ever after adopting a cross or labarwn 
 as his standard. After the death of Diocletian, 
 Maximinian, Maxentius, Maximinus, and Li- 
 cinius, who had reigned together, though in a 
 subordinate manner, Constantine became sole 
 emperor, and began to reform tlie state. He 
 founded a city in a most eligible situation, 
 where old Byzantium formerly stood, and cal- 
 led it by his own name. Const anlinopolia. 
 Thither he transported part of the Roman sen- 
 ate ; and by keeping his court there, he made 
 it the rival of Rome; in population and mngnifi- 
 
CO 
 
 cence. From that time the two imperial ci- 
 ties began to look upon each other with an eye 
 of envy ; and soon aJfter the age of Constantine, 
 a separation was made of the two empires, 
 and Rome was called the capital of the west- 
 ern, and Constantinopolis was called the ca- 
 pital of the eastern dominions of Rome. The 
 emperor has been distinguished for personal 
 courage, and praised for the protection he ex- 
 tended to the christians. He at first persecuted 
 the Arians, but afterwards inclined to their 
 opinions. His murder of his son Crispus has 
 been desei-vedly censured. By removing the 
 Roman legionsfrom the garrisons on the riv- 
 ers, he opened an easy passage to the barba- 
 rians, and rendered his soldiers unwarlike. 
 He defeated 100,000 Goths, and received into 
 his territories 300,000 Sarmatians, who had 
 been banishedby their slaves, and allowed them 
 land to cultivate. Constantine was learned, and 
 preached, as well as composed, many sermons, 
 one of which remains. He died A. D. 337, 
 after a reign of 31 years of the greatest glory 
 and success. He left three sons, Constantinus, 
 Constance, and Constantius, among whom he 
 divided his empire. The first, who had 
 €aul, Spain, and Britain, for his portion, 
 was conquered by the armies of his brother, 
 Constance, and 'killed in the 25th year of 
 bis age, A. D. 340. Magnentius, the go- 
 vernor of the provinces of Rhastia, murdered 
 Constance in his bed, after a reign of 13 years 
 over Italy, Africa, and Illyricum ; and Con- 
 stantius, the only surviving brother, now be- 
 come the sole emperor, A. D. 353, punished 
 his brother's murderer, and gave way to cru- 
 elty and oppression. He visited Rome, where 
 he displayed a triumph, and died in his march 
 against Julian, who had been proclaimed in- 
 dependent emperor by his soldiers. The 
 
 name of Constantine was very common to the 
 
 emperors of the east, in a later period. A 
 
 private soldier in Britain, raised on account of 
 ins name to the imperial dignity. A ge- 
 neral of Belisarius. 
 
 Constantius Chlorus, son of Eutropius, 
 and father of the great Constantine, merit- 
 ed the title of Ciesar, which he obtained, 
 by his victories in Britain and Germany. 
 He became the colleague of Galerius, on the 
 abdication of Diocletian ; and after bearing 
 the character of a humane and benevolent 
 
 Srince, he died at York, and mads his son 
 is successor, A. D. 306. The second son 
 
 of Constantine the Great. Vid. Constan- 
 tinus. The father of Julian and Gallus, 
 
 was son of Coiif;lantius by Theodora, and 
 
 died A. ]). 337. A Roman general of 
 
 Nyssa, who married Placidia, the sister of 
 Honorius, and was proclaimed emperor, an 
 honour he enjoyed only seven months. He 
 died universally regretted, 421 A. D. and was 
 succeeded by his son V^alentinian in the \vett. 
 
 One of the servants of Attila. 
 
 CoNSUAi.ES LuDi, or CoNsuALiA, festivals 
 at Rome in honour of Consus, llie god of 
 counsel, Avhose altar Romulus discovered 
 under the ground. This altar was always co- 
 vered except at the festival, when a mule was 
 sacrificed, and games and horse-races exhi- 
 bited in honour of INeptune. It was during 
 these festivals that Romulus carried away the 
 Sabine women who had assembled to be spec- 
 
 CO 
 
 tafors of the games. They were first institu- 
 ted by Romulus. Some say, however, that 
 Romulus only regulated and re-instituted them 
 after they had been before established byEvan- 
 der. During the celebi-ation, which happened 
 about the middle of August, horses, mules, and 
 asses, were exempted from all labours, and 
 were led through the streets adorned with 
 garlands and flowers. Auson. 69, v. 9. — Ovid. 
 Fast. 3, V. 199. — Liv. 1, c. 9. — Dionys. Hal. 
 
 Consul, a magistrate at Rome, withTegal 
 authority for the space of one year. There 
 were two consuls, a consulendo, annually 
 chosen in the Campus Martins. The two first 
 consuls were L. Jun. Brutus, and L. Taiquini- 
 us Collatinus, chosen A. U. C. 244, after the 
 expulsion of the Tarquins. In the first ages of 
 the republic, the two consuls were always cho- 
 sen from patrician families, or noblemen ; but 
 the people obtained thcprivilege, A. U. C. 
 388, of electing one of the consuls from their 
 own body ; and sometimes both were plebeians. 
 The first consul among the plebeians was L. 
 Sextius. It was required that every candi- 
 date for the consulship should be 43 years of 
 age, called legitimum tempus. He was always 
 to appear at the election as a private man, 
 without a retinue; and it was requisite, before 
 he canvassed for the office, to have discharged 
 the inferior functions of quasstor, edile, and 
 praetor. Sometimes these qualifications were 
 disregarded. Val. Corvinus was made a con- 
 sul in his 23d year, and Scipio in his 24th. 
 Young Marius, Pompey, and Augustus, were 
 also under the proper age when they werei 
 invested with the office, and Pompey had ne- 
 ver been quaestor or praetor. The power of 
 the consuls was unbounded, and they knew 
 no superior but the gods and the laws : but 
 after the expiration of their office, their con- 
 duct was minutely scrutinized by the people, 
 and misbehaviour was often punished by tlie 
 laws. The badge of their office was the prce- 
 texta, a robe fringed with purple, afterwards 
 exchanged for the toga picta or palmata. 
 They were preceded by 12 lictors, cai-rying 
 the fasces or bundle of sticks, in the middle 
 of which appeared an ax. The ax, being 
 the characteristic rather of tyranny than of 
 freedom, was taken away from the fasces by 
 Valerius Poplicola, but it was restored by his 
 successor. The consuls took it by turns, 
 monthly, to be preceded by the lictors while 
 at Rome, lest the appearance of two persons 
 with the badges of royal authority, should 
 raise apprehensions in the multitude. While 
 one appeared publicly in state, only a crier 
 walked before the other, and the lictors fol- 
 lowed behind without the fasces. Their 
 authority was equal ; yet the Valerian law 
 gave the right of priority to the older, and 
 the Julian law to him vvho had the most 
 children, and he was generally called consul 
 major or prior. As their power was absolute, 
 they presided over the senate, and could con- 
 vene and dismiss it at pleasure. The senators 
 were their counsellors ; and among the Ro- 
 mans, the manner of reckoning their years 
 was by the name of the consuls, and by M. 
 Tail. Cicerone ^ L. Antonio Consulibus, for 
 instance, the year of Rome 691 was always un- 
 derstood. This custom lasted from the year 
 of Rome 244 till the year 1294, or 541&t year 
 
CO 
 
 of the christian era, when the consular office 
 was totally suppressed by Justinian. In public 
 assemblies the consuls sat in ivory chairs, and 
 held in their hands an ivory wand, called 
 scipio eburneus, which had an eagle on its top, 
 as a sign of dignity and power. When they 
 had drawn by lot the provinces over which 
 they were to preside during their consulship, 
 they went to the capitol to offer their prayers 
 to the gods, and entreat them to protect the 
 republic; after this they departed from the 
 city, arrayed in their military dress, and pre- 
 ceded by the lictors. Sometimes the provinces 
 were assigned them, without drawing by lot, 
 ]>y the will and appointment of the senators. 
 At their departure, they were provided by the 
 state with whatever was requisite during their 
 expedition. In their provinces they were both 
 attended by the 12 lictors, and equally invest- 
 ed with legal authority. They were not per- 
 mitted to return to Rome without the special 
 command of the senate, and they always re- 
 mained in the province till the arrival of their 
 successor. At their return they harangued 
 the people, and solemnly protested that they 
 had done nothing against the laws or interest 
 of their country, but had faithfully and dili- 
 gently endeavoured to promote the greatness 
 and welfare of the state. No man could be 
 consul two following years 5 yet this institu- 
 tion was sometimes broken ; and we find Ma- 
 Hus re-elected consul, after the expiration of 
 bis oflSce, during the Cimbrian war. The office 
 of consul, so dignified during the times of the 
 commonwealth, became a mere title under 
 the emperors, and retained nothing of its au- 
 thority but the useless ensigns of original dig- 
 nity. Even the office of consul, which was 
 originally annual, was reduced to two or 
 three months by J. Caesar: but they who 
 were admitted on the first of January denomi- 
 nated the year, and were called ordinarii. 
 Their successors, during the year, were dis- 
 tinguished by the name of sufftcti. Tiberius 
 and Claudius abridged the time of the consul- 
 ship, and the emperor Commodus made no 
 less than 25 consuls in one year. Constan- 
 tine the Great renewed the original institu- 
 tion, and permitted them to be a whole year in 
 
 office. Here is annexed a list of the consuls 
 
 from the establishment of the consular power 
 to the battle of Actium, in which it may be 
 said that the authority of the consuls was to- 
 tally extinguished. 
 
 The two first consuls chosen about the mid- 
 dle of June, A. U. C. 244, were L. Jun. Brutus, 
 and L. Tarq. Collatinus. CoUatinus retired 
 from Rome as being of the family of the Tar- 
 quins, and Pub. Valerius was chosen in his 
 room. When Brutus was killed in battle, Sp. 
 Lucretius was elected to succeed him ; and 
 after the death of Lucretius, Marcus Horatius 
 was chosen for the rest of the year with Vale- 
 rius Publicola. The first consulship lasted 
 about 16 months, during which the Romans 
 fought against the Tarquins, and the capitol 
 was dedicated. 
 
 A. IJ. C. 246. Pub. Valerius Publicola 2. 
 Tit. Lucretius. Porsenna supported the 
 claims of Tarquin. The noble actions of Co- 
 des, Scaevola, and Clcelia. 
 
 247. P. Lucretius, or M. Horatius ; P. Va- 
 ier. Publicola 3. The vain efforts of Porsen- 
 na continued, 
 
 CO 
 
 248. Sp. Lartius; T. Hcrminius. Victo- 
 ries obtained over the Sabines. 
 
 249. M. Valerius ; P. Postumius. Wars with 
 the Sabines continued. 
 
 250. P. Valerius 4 ; T. Lucretius 2. 
 
 2oL Agrippa Menenius ; P. Postumius 2. 
 The death of Publicola. 
 
 252. Opiter Virginius ; Sp. Cassius. Sa- 
 bine war. 
 
 253. Postumius Cominius ; T. Lartius. A 
 conspiracy of slaves at Rome. 
 
 254. Serv. Sulpicius ; Marcus TuUius. 
 
 255. P. Veturius Geminusj T. Abulias 
 Elva. 
 
 256. T. Lartius 2 ; L. Cloelius. War with 
 the Latins. 
 
 257. A. Sempronius Atratinus ; M. Mi- 
 nucius. 
 
 258. Aulus Postumius; Tit. Virginius. 
 The battle of Regillae. 
 
 259. Ap. Claudius ; P. Servilius. War with 
 the Volsci. 
 
 260. A. Virginius ; T. Veturius. The dis* 
 satisfied people retired to Mons Sacer. 
 
 261. Postumius Cominius 2; Sp. Cassius 
 2. A reconciliation between the senate and 
 people, and the election of the tribunes. 
 
 262. T. Geganius ; P. Minucius. A famine 
 at Rome. 
 
 263. M. Minucius 2 ; Aul. Sempronius 2. 
 The haughty behaviour of Coriolanus to the 
 populace. 
 
 264. Q. Sulpitius Camerinus; Sp. Lartius 
 Flavus 2. Coriolanus retires to the Volsci. 
 
 265. C. Julius; P. Pinarius. The Volsci 
 make declarations of war. 
 
 266. Sp. Nautius ; Sex. Furius. Coriolanus 
 forms the siege of Rome. He retires at the 
 entreaties of his mother and wife, and dies. 
 
 267. T. Sicinius ; C. Aquilius. The Volsci 
 defeated. 
 
 268. Sp. Cassius 3; Proculus Virginius. 
 Cassius aspu-es to tyranny. 
 
 269. Serv. Cornelius ; Q. Fabius. Cassius 
 is condemned and thrown down the Tarpeian 
 rock. 
 
 270. L. jEmilius; Caesio Fabius. The 
 iEqui and Volsci defeated. 
 
 271. M. Fabius; L.Valerius. 
 
 272. Q. Fabius 2 ; C. Julius. War with the 
 j3Equi. 
 
 273. Caesio Fabius 2 ; Sp. Furius. War con- 
 tinued with the iEqui and Veientes. 
 
 274. M. Fabius 2 ; Cn. Manlius, Victory 
 over tlie Hernici. 
 
 275. Caesio Fabius 3 ; A. Virginius. The 
 march of the Fabii to the river Cremera. 
 
 276. L. iEmilius 2 ; C. Servilius. The wars 
 continued against the neighbouring states. 
 
 277. C. Horatius ; T. Menenius. The de- 
 feat and death of the 300 Fabii. 
 
 278. Sp. Servilius ; Aul. Virginius. Mene- 
 nius brought to his trial for the defeat of the 
 armies under him. 
 
 279. C. Nautiu's ; P. Valerius. 
 
 280. L. Furius ; C. Manlius. A trace of 40 
 years granted to the Veientes. 
 
 281. L. jilmiliusS; Virginius or Vopiscus 
 Julius. The tribune Genutius murdered iu 
 his bed for his seditions. 
 
 282. L. Pinai'ius ; P. Furius. 
 
 283. Ap. Claudius ; T. Quintius. The Ro- 
 man army sttfter themselves to be defeated l/y 
 
CO 
 
 the Volsci, on account of their hatred to Ap- 
 plus, while his colleague is boldly and cheer- 
 fiilly obeyed against the .^qui. 
 
 284. L. Valerius 2 . Tib. iEmilius. Appius 
 is cited to take his trial before the people, and 
 dies before the day of trial. 
 
 285. T. Nuraicius Priscus ; A. Virginias. 
 
 286. T. Quintius2; Q. Servilius. 
 387. Tib. iEmilius 2 ; Q. Fabius. 
 
 288. Q. Servilius 2 ; Sp. Postumius. 
 
 289. Q. Fabius 2; T. Quintius 3. In the 
 Census made this year, which was the nintii, 
 there were found 124, 214 citizens in Rome. 
 
 290. Aul. Postumius ; Sp. Fiirius. 
 
 291. L. ^butius ; P. Servilius. A plague 
 at Rome. 
 
 292. T. Lucretius Tricipltinus ; T. Veturius 
 Geminus. 
 
 293. P. Volumnius ; Serv. Sulpicius. Dread- 
 ful prodigies at Rome, and seditions. 
 
 294. C. Claudius ', P. Valerius 2. A Sabine 
 seizes the capitol, and is defeated and killed. 
 Valerius is killed in an engagement, and Cin- 
 cinnatus is taken from the plough and made 
 dictator ; he quelled the dissentions at Rome, 
 and returned to his farm. 
 
 295. Q. Fabius 3 ; L. Cornelius. The cen- 
 sus made the Romans amount to 132, 049. 
 
 296. L. Minucius ; C Nautius 2. Minucius 
 is besieged in his camp by the iEqui ; and Cin- 
 cinnatus, being elected dictator, delivers him, 
 obtains a victory, and lays down his power 16 
 days after his election. 
 
 297. Q. Minucius ; C. Horatius. War with 
 the ^qui and Sabines. Ten tribunes elected 
 instead of five. 
 
 298. M. Valerius ; Sp. Virginius. 
 
 299. T. Romilius ; C. Veturius. 
 
 300. Sp. Tarpeius ; A. Aterius. 
 
 301. P. Curiatius ; Sex. Quintilius. 
 
 302: C. Menenius ; P. Cestius Capitolinus. 
 The Decemvirs reduce the laws into twelve 
 tables. 
 
 303. Ap. Claudius ; T. Genutius ; P. Ces- 
 tius, &.C. The Decemvirs assume the reins of 
 government, and preside with consular power. 
 
 304 and 305. Ap. Claudius ; Q. Fabius Vi- 
 bulanus ; M. Cornelius, &,c. The Decemvirs 
 continued. They act with violence. Appius 
 endeavours to take possession of Virginia, who 
 is killed by her father. The Decemvirs abol- 
 ished. Valerius Potitus and M. Horatius Bar- 
 batus are created consuls for the rest of the 
 year. Appius is summoned to take his trial. 
 He dies in prison, and the rest of the Decem- 
 virs are banished. 
 
 306. Lart. Herminius ; T. Virginius. 
 
 307. M. Geganius Macerinus ; C. Julius. 
 Domestic troubles. 
 
 308. T. Quintius Capitolinus 4 ; Agrippa 
 Furius. The iEqui and Volsci come ueai* to 
 the gates of Rome, and are defeated. 
 
 309. M. Genucius ; C. Curlius. A law 
 passed to permit the patrician and plebeian fa- 
 milies to intermaiTy. 
 
 310. Military tribunes are chosen instead of 
 consuls. The plebeians admitted among them. 
 The first were A. Serapronius ; L. Atilius ; 
 T. Cloelius. They abdicated three months af- 
 ter their election, and consuls were again cho- 
 sen, L. Papirius Mugillanus ; S. Sempronius 
 Atralinus. 
 
 311. M. Geganius Macerinus 2 : T. Quintius 
 Capitolinus &. The censorship iHStituted. ; 
 
 CO 
 
 312. M. Fabius Vibulanus j Postumius JEbu- 
 tins Cornicen. 
 
 313. C. Furius Pacilus ; M. PapirinS Cra*- 
 sus. 
 
 314. P. Geganius Macerinus; L. Menenius 
 Lanatus. A famine at Rome. Maelius at- 
 tempts to make himself king. 
 
 815. T. Quintius Capitolinus 6; Agrippa 
 Menenius Lanatus. 
 
 316. Manercus .^milius; T. Quintus; L. 
 JuliuSi Military tribunes. 
 
 317. M. Geganius Macerinus; SergiusFide- 
 nas. Tolumnius, king of the Vaientes, killed 
 by Cossus, who takes the second royal spoils 
 called Opima. 
 
 318. M. Cornelius Maluginensis ; L. Papirius 
 Crassus. 
 
 319. C. Julius; L. Virginius. f*' 
 
 320. C. Julius 2 ; L. Virginius 2. The du- } ,; 
 ration of the censorship limited to IS months. 
 
 321. M. Fabius Vibulanus ; M. Fossius ; L. 
 Sergius Fidenas. Military tribunes. 
 
 322. L. Pinarius Mamercus ; L. Furius Me- 
 dullinus ; Sp. Postumius Albus. Military tri- 
 bunes. 
 
 323. T. Quintius Cincinnatus ; C. Julius 
 Manto ; consuls. A victory over the Veiente* 
 and Fidenates by the dictator Posthumius. 
 
 324. C. Papirius Crassus ; L. Julius. 
 
 325. L. Sergius Fidenas 2 ; Host. Lucret. 
 Tricipitinus. 
 
 326. A. Cornelius Cossus ; T. Quintius Pen- 
 nus 2, 
 
 327. Servilius Ahala ; L. Papirius Mugilla- 
 nus 2. 
 
 328. T. Quintius Pennus ; C. Furius ; M. 
 Posthumius ; A. Corn. Cossus. Military tri- 
 bunes, all of patrician families. Victory over 
 the Veientes. 
 
 329. A. Sempronius Atratinus ; L. Quintius 
 Cincinnatus; L. Furius Medullinus; L. He- 
 rat. Barbatus. 
 
 330. A. Claudius Crassus, &.c. Military 
 tribunes. 
 
 331. C. Sempronius Atratinus ; Q. Fabius 
 Vibulanus. Consuls who gave much dissatis- 
 faction to the people. 
 
 332. L. Manlius Capitolinus, &.c. Military 
 tribunes. 
 
 333. Numerius Fabius Vibulanus; T. Q. 
 Capitolinus. 
 
 334. L. Q. Cincinnatus 3 ; L. Furius Medul- 
 linus 2; M. Manlius; A, Sempronius Atrati- 
 nus. Military tribunes. 
 
 335. A. Menenius Lanatus, &;c. Military 
 tribunes. 
 
 336. L. Sergius Fidenas; M. Papirius Mu- 
 gillanus ; C. Servilius. 
 
 337. A. Menenius Lanatus 2, &;c. 
 
 338. A. Sempronius Atratinus 3, Lc. 
 
 339. P. Cornelius Cossusj Jsic. 
 
 340. Cn. Corn. Cossus, &c. One of the mili- 
 tary tribunes stoned to death by the army. 
 
 341. M. Corn. Cossus ; L. Furius Medulli- 
 nus, Consuls. Domestic seditions. 
 
 342. Q. Fabius Ambustus ; C. Furius Pacilus. 
 
 343. M. Papirius Atratinus ; C. Nautius Ru- 
 lilus, 
 
 344. Mamercus iEmilius ; C. Valerius Po- 
 titus. 
 
 345. Cn. Corn. Cossus ; L#Turius Medulli- 
 nus 2. Plebeians for the first time quaestors. 
 
 346. C. Juiius, Sjc. Military tribunes. J 
 
CO 
 
 347. L. Furius MeduUinus, &c. Military 
 tribunes. 
 
 348. P. and Cn. Comelii Cossi, &.c. Military 
 tribunes. This year the Roman soldiers first 
 received pay. 
 
 349. T. Quintius Capitolinu.s, &c. Military 
 tribunes. The siege of Veii begun. 
 
 350. C. Valerius Potitus, he. Military tri- 
 bunes. 
 
 351. Manlius jEmilius Mamercinus, fcc. 
 The Roman cavaliy begin to receive pay. 
 
 352. C. Servilius Ahala, cic. A defeat at 
 Veii, occasioned by a quarrel between two of 
 the military tribunes. 
 
 353. L. Valerius Potitus 4 ; M. Furius Ca- 
 millus 2; &c. A military tribune chosen from 
 among the plebeians. 
 
 354. P. Licinius Calvus, kc. 
 
 355. M. Veturius, &.c. 
 
 356. L. Valerius Potitus 5 j M. Furius Ca- 
 millus 3. &c. 
 
 357. L. Julius lulus, &c. 
 
 358. P. Licinius, he. Camillus declared 
 dictator. The city of Veii taken by means of 
 a mine. Camillus obtains a triumph. 
 
 359. P. Corn. Cossus, he. The people 
 wished to remove to Veii. 
 
 3<50. M. Furius Camillus, he. Falisci sur- 
 rendered to the Romans. 
 
 361. L. Lucret. Flaccus; Servius Sulpicius 
 Camerinus, consuls, after Rome had been go- 
 verned by military tribunes for 15 successive 
 years. Camillus strongly opposes the remov- 
 ing to Veii; and it is rejected. 
 
 362. L. Valerius Potitus; M. Manlius. One 
 of the censors dies. 
 
 363. L. Lucretius, he. Military tribunes. 
 A strange voice heard, which foretold the ap- 
 proach of the Gauls. Camillus goes to banish- 
 ment to Ardea. The Gauls besiege Clusium, 
 and soon after march towards Rome. 
 
 364. Three Fabii military tribunes. The 
 Romans defeated at Allia by the Gauls. The 
 Gauls enter Rome, and set it on fire. Camil- 
 lus declared dictator by the senate, who had 
 retired into the capitol. The geese save the 
 capitol, and Camillus suddenly comes and de- 
 feats the Gauls. 
 
 365. L. Valerius Poplicola 3 ; L. Virginius, 
 he. Camillus declared dictator, defeats the 
 Volsci, Jiqui, and Tuscans. 
 
 366. T. Q. Cincinnatus; Q. Servilius Fide- 
 nas; L.Julius lulus. 
 
 367. L. Papirius; Cn.Sergius; L. .^milius, 
 he. 
 
 368. M. Furius Camillus, he. 
 
 369. A. Manlius; P. Cornelius, he. The 
 Volsci defeated. Manlius aims at royalty. 
 
 370. Ser. Corn. Maluginensis ; P. Valerius 
 Potitus ; M. Furius Camillus. Manlius is con- 
 demned and thrown down the Tarpeian rock. 
 
 371. L.Valerius; A. Manlius; Ser. Sulpi- 
 cius, &,c. 
 
 372. Sp. and L. Papirii, he. 
 
 373. M. Furius Camillus ; L. Furius, &c. 
 
 374. L. and P. Valerii. 
 
 375. C. Manlius, &.C. 
 
 376. Sp. Furius, he. 
 
 377. L. i^milius, &c. 
 
 378. 
 379. 
 380. 
 381. 
 
 382. 
 
 For five years anarchy at Rome. 
 No consuls or military tribunes elec- 
 ted, but only for that time, L. Sexti- 
 
 I nus ; C. Licinius Calvus ^tolo, tri- 
 
 j bunesof lh»» people. 
 
 CO 
 
 383. L. Furius, &c. 
 
 384. Q. Servilius ; C. Veturius, he. Tea 
 magistrates are chosen to take care of the Si- 
 bylline books. 
 
 385. L. Q- Capitolinus ; Sp. Servilius, &c. 
 
 386. According to some writers, Camillus 
 this year was sole dictator, without consuls or 
 tribunes. 
 
 387. A. Cornelius Cossus ; L. Vetur. Cras- 
 sus, he. The Gauls defeated by Camillus, 
 One of the consuls for the future to be elected 
 from among the plebeians. 
 
 388. L. -Srailius, patrician ; L. Sextius, pie. 
 beian ; consuls. The offices of praetor and 
 Curule iEdile, granted to the senate by the 
 people. 
 
 389. L. Genucius ; Q. Servilius. Camillus 
 died. 
 
 390. Sulpitius Paeticus ; C. Licinius Stolo. 
 
 391. Cn. Genucius; L. ^milius. 
 
 392. Q. Serv. Ahala 2; L. Genucius 2, 
 Curtius devotes himself to the Dii manes. 
 
 393. C. Sulpicius 2 ; C. Licinius 2. Manliu* 
 conquers a Gaul in single battle. 
 
 394. C. Petilius Balbus ; M. Fabius Am- 
 bustus. 
 
 395. M, Popilius Laenas ; C, Manlius 2, 
 
 396. C Fabius; C. Plautius. Gauls defeat- 
 ed. 
 
 397. C. Marcius ; Cn. Manlius 2. 
 
 398. M. Fabius Ambustus 2; M. Popilius 
 Laenas 2. A dictator elected from the plebei- 
 ans for the first time. 
 
 399. C. Sulpicius Paeticus 3 ; M. Valerias 
 Poplicola; both of patrician families. 
 
 400. M. Fabius Ambustus 3 ; T. Quintius. 
 
 401. C. Sulpicius Paeticus 4; M. Valerius 
 Poplicola 3. 
 
 402. M. Valerius Poplicola 4; C. Marcias 
 Rutilus. 
 
 403. Q. Sulpicius Paeticus 5 ; T. Q. Pennus. 
 A censor elected for the first time from the 
 plebeians. 
 
 404. M. Popilius Laenas 3 ; L. Corn. Scipio. 
 
 405. L. Furius Camillus ; Ap. Claudius 
 Crassus, Velerius, surnamed Corvinus, after 
 conquering a Gaul. 
 
 406. M. Valer. Corvus ; M. Popilius Laenas 
 4. Corvus was elected at 23 yeai-s of age, 
 against the standing law. A treaty of amity 
 concluded with Carthage. 
 
 407. T. Manlius Torquatus ; C. Plautius. 
 
 408. M. Valerius Corvus 2 ; C. Paetilius. 
 
 409. M. Fabius Dorso ; Ser. Sulpicius Ca- 
 merinus. 
 
 410. C. Marcius Rutilus ; T. Manlius Tor- 
 quatus. 
 
 411. M. Valerius Corvus 3 ; A. Corn. Cos- 
 sus. The Romans begin to make war against 
 the Samnites, at the request of tlie Campani- 
 ans. They obtain a victory. 
 
 412. C. Marcius Rutilus 4 ; Q. Servilius. 
 
 413. C. Plautius ; L. itrailius Mamercinus. 
 
 414. T. Manlius Torquatus 3; P. Decius 
 Mus. The victories of Alexander the Great 
 in Asia. Manlius put his son to death for 
 fighting against his order. Decius devotes him- 
 self for the army, which obtains a great victory 
 over the Latins. 
 
 415. T. iEmilius Mamercinus ; Q. Publilius 
 Philo. 
 
 416. L. Furius CanillHs ; C. Msenius. The 
 Latins conquered. 
 
CO 
 
 417. C. Sulpitlus Longus ; P. ^lius Paetus. 
 The praetorship granted to a plebeian. 
 
 418. L. Papiriqs Crassus ; Caeso Duilius. 
 
 419. M. Valerius Corvus; M. Atilius Re- 
 gulus. 
 
 420. T. Veturius ; Sp. Posthumius. 
 
 421. L. Papirius Cursor; C. Paetilius Libo. 
 
 422. A. Cornelius 2; Cn. Domitius. 
 
 423. M. Claudius Marcellus; C, Valerius 
 Potitus. 
 
 424. L. Paparius Crassus ; C. Plautius Ven- 
 no. 
 
 425. L. jEmilius Mamercinus 2; C. Plau- 
 tius. 
 
 426. P. Plautius Proculus; P. Corn. Sca- 
 pula. 
 
 427. L. Corn. Lentulus ; Q. Publilius Phi- 
 lo2. 
 
 428. C. Paetilius; L. Papirius Mugillanus. 
 
 429. L. Furius Camillus 2 ; D. Jun. Brutus 
 Scaeva. The dictator Papirius Cursor is for 
 putting to death Fabius, his master of horse, 
 because he fought in his absence, and obtain- 
 ed a famous victory. He pardons him. 
 
 430. According to some authors, there were 
 no consuls elected this year, but only a dicta- 
 tor, L. Papirius Cursor. 
 
 431. L. Sulpicius Longus 1 ; Q. Aulius Cer- 
 retanus. 
 
 432. Q. Fabius ; L. Fulvius. 
 
 433. T. Veturius Calvinus 2 ; Sp. Posthumi- 
 us Albinus 2. C. Pontius, the Samnite, takes 
 the Roman consuls in an ambuscade at Cau- 
 dium. 
 
 434. L. Papirius Cursor 2 ; Q. Publilius 
 Philo. 
 
 435. L. Papirius Cursor 3 ; Q. Aulius Cer- 
 retanus 2. 
 
 436. M. Fossius Flaccinator; L. Plautius 
 Venno. 
 
 437. C. Jun. Bubulcus ; L. TEmilius Barbula. 
 
 438. Sp. Nautius ; M. Popilius. 
 
 439. L. Papirius 4 ; Q. Publilius 4. 
 
 440. M. Psetilius ; C. Sulpicius. 
 
 441. L. Papirius Cursor 5; C. Jun. Bubul- 
 cus 2. 
 
 442. M. Valerius ; P. Decius. The censor 
 Appius makes the Appian way and aqueducts. 
 The family of the Potitii extinct. 
 
 443. C. Jun. Bubulcus 3 ; Q. iEmilius Bar- 
 bula 2. 
 
 444. Q. Fabius 2 ; C. Martins Rutilus. 
 
 445. According to some authors, there were 
 no consuls elected this year, but only a dicta- 
 tor, L. Papirius Cursor. 
 
 446. Q. Fabius 3 ; P. Decius 2. 
 
 447. Appius Claudius ; L. Volumnius. 
 
 448. P. Corn. Arvina ; Q. Marcius Tremu- 
 lus. 
 
 449. L. Postumius ; T. Minucius. 
 
 450. P. Sulpicius Saverrio; Sempronius 
 Sophus. The JEqni conquered. 
 
 451. L. Genucius ; Ser. Cornelius. 
 
 452. M. Livius; M. j^^railiiis. 
 
 453. Q. Fabius Maxiraus Rullianus ; M. Val. 
 Corvus; not consuls, but dictators, according 
 to some authors. 
 
 454. M. Valerius Corvus ; Q. Apuleius. 
 The priesthood made common to the ple- 
 beians. 
 
 455. M. Fulvius Paetinus ; T. Manlius Tor- 
 quatus. 
 
 456. L. CorneliHs Scipio ; Cn. Fulvius. 
 
 CO 
 
 457. Q. Fabius Maximus 4 ; P. Decius Mus 
 
 3. Wars against the Samnites. 
 
 458. L. Volumnius 2 ; Ap. Claudius 2. Con-' 
 quest over the Etrurians and Samnites. 
 
 459. Q. Fabius 5 ; P. Decius 4. Decius de- 
 votes himself in a battle against the Samnites 
 and the Gauls, and the Romans obtain a victo- 
 ry. 
 
 460. L. Postumius Megellus; M. Atilius^ 
 Regulus. 
 
 461. L. Papirius Cursor; Sp. Carvilius. Vic- 
 tories over the Samnites. 
 
 462. Q. Fabius Gurges ; D. Jun. Brutus 
 Scaeva. Victory over the Samnites. 
 
 463. L. Postumius 3 ; C. Jun. Brutus. JEs- 
 culapius brought to Rome in the form of a 
 serpent from Epidaurus. 
 
 464. P. Corn. Rufinus ; M. Curius Dentatus. 
 
 465. M. Valerius Corvinus ; Q. Caedicius 
 Noctua. 
 
 466. Q. Marcius Treraulus; P. Corn. Ar- 
 vina. 
 
 467. M. Claudius Marcellus ; C. Nautius. 
 
 468. M. Valerius Potitus ; C. .Slius Paelus. 
 
 469. C. Claudius Caenina; M. iEmilius Le- 
 pidus. 
 
 470. C. Servilius Tucca ; Caecilius Metel- 
 lus. War with the Senones. 
 
 471. P. Corn. Dolabella ; C. Domitius Cal- 
 vinus. The Senones defeated. 
 
 472. Q. iEmilius ; C. Fabricius. War with 
 Tarentum. 
 
 473. L. iEmilius Barbula ; Q. Marcius. Pyr- 
 rhus comes to assist Tarentum. 
 
 474. P. Valerius Laevin*is ; Tib. Coruncia- 
 nus. Pyrrhus conquers the consul Laevinus, 
 and, though victorious, sues for peace, which 
 is refused by the Roman senate. The census 
 was made, and 272,222 citizens were found. 
 
 475. P. Sulpicius Saverrio ; P. Decius Mus. 
 A battle with Pyrrhus. 
 
 476. C. Fabricius Lucinus2; Q. .£milius 
 Papus 2. Pyrrhus goes to Sicily. The treaty 
 between Rome and Carthage renewed. 
 
 477. P. Corn. Rufinus; C. Jun. Brutus. Cro- 
 tona and Locri taken. 
 
 478. Q. Fabius Maximus Gurges 2; C. Ge 
 nucius Clepsina. Pyrrhus returns from Sicily 
 to Italy. 
 
 479. M. Curiug Dentatus 2; L. Corn. Len- 
 tulus. Pyrrhus finally defeated by Curius. 
 
 480. M. Curius Dentatus 3 ; Ser. Corn. Me- 
 renda. 
 
 481. C. Fabius Dorso ; C. Claudius Casnina 
 2, AnembassyfromPhiladelphus to conclude 
 an alliance with the Romans. 
 
 482. L. Papirius Cursor 2 ; Sp. Carvilius 2. 
 Tarentum surrenders. 
 
 483. L. Genucius; C. Quintius. 
 
 484. C. Genucius; Cn. Cornelius. 
 
 485. Q. Ogulinus Gullus ; C. Fabius Pictor. 
 Silver money coined at JRome for the first 
 time. 
 
 486. P. Sempronius Sophus; Ap. Claudius 
 Crassus. 
 
 487. M. Atilius Regulus; L. Julius Libo. 
 Italy enjoys peace universally. 
 
 488. Numerius Fabius; D.Junius. 
 
 489. Q. Fabius Gurges 3 ; L. Mamilius Vi- 
 tulus. The number of the quaestors doubled 
 to eight. 
 
 490. Ap. Claudius Caudex; M. Fulvius 
 Flaccns. The Romans aid the Mamertines? 
 
CO 
 
 which occasions the first Punic war. Appius 
 defeats the Carthaginians in Sicily. The com- 
 bats of gladiators first instituted. 
 
 491. M. Valerius Maximus ; M. Otacilius 
 Crassus. Alliance between Rome and Hiero 
 king of Syracuse. A sun dial first put at 
 Rome, brought from Catana. 
 
 492. L. Postumius Gemellus-, Q. Mamilius 
 Vitulus. The siege and taking of Agrigentum. 
 The total defeat of the Carthaginians. 
 
 493. L. Valerius Flaccus j T. Otacilius Cras- 
 sus. 
 
 494. Cn. Corn. Scipio Asina; C. Duilius, In 
 two months the Romans build and equip a 
 fleet of 120 gallies. The naval victory and tri- 
 umph of Duilius. 
 
 495. L.Cora. Scipio; C. Aquilius Floras, 
 Expedition against Sardinia and Corsica. 
 
 496. A. Attilius Calatinus ; C. Sulpicius Pa- 
 terculus. The Carthaginians defeated in a 
 naval battle. 
 
 497. C. Attilius Regulus ; Cn. Corn. Blasio. 
 
 498. L. Manlius Vulso ; Q. Caedicius. At 
 the death of Csedicius, Matilius Regulus 2, was 
 elected for the rest of the year. The famous 
 battle of Ecnoma. The victorious consuls 
 land in Africa. 
 
 499. Serv. Fulvius Paetinus Nobilior; M. 
 JEmilius Paulus. Regulus, after many victo- 
 ries in Africa, is defeated, and taken prisoner 
 by Xanthippus. Agrigentum retaken by the 
 Carthaginians. 
 
 500. Cn. Corn. Scipio Asina 2; A. Attilius 
 Calatinus 2. Panormus taken by the Romans. 
 
 501= Cn. Servilius Caepio ; C. Sempronius 
 Blaesus. The Romans, discouraged by ship- 
 wrecks, renounce the sovereignty of the seas. 
 
 502. C. Aurelius Cotta ; P. Servilius Gemi- 
 nus. Citizens capable to bear arms, amount- 
 ed to 297,797. 
 
 503. L. Csecilius Metellus 2 ; C. Furius Pa- 
 ttilus. 
 power by sea 
 
 504. C. Attilius Regulus 2; L. Manlius Vol- 
 so 2. The Carthaginians defeated near Pa- 
 normus in Sicily. One hundred and forty-two 
 elephants taken and sent to Rome. Regulus 
 advises the Romans not to exchange prisoners. 
 He is put to death in the most excruciating 
 torments. 
 
 505. P. Clodius Pulcher ; L. Jun. Pullus. 
 The Romans defeated in a naval battle. The 
 Roman fleet lost in a storm. 
 
 506. C. Aurelius Cotta 2 ; P. Servilius Ge- 
 minus 2. 
 
 507. L. Csecilius Metellus 3 ; Num. Fabius 
 Buteo. The number of the citizens 252,222. 
 
 508. M. Otacilius Crassus ; M. Fabius Lici- 
 
 BUS. 
 
 509. M. Fabius Buteo ; C. Attilius Balbus. 
 
 510. A. Manlius Torquatus2; C. Sempro- 
 nius Blaesus. 
 
 511. C. Fundanius Fundulus; C. Sulpicius 
 Callus. A fleet built by individuals at Rome. 
 
 512. C. Lutatius Catulus ; A. Postumius Al- 
 binus. The Carthaginian fleet defeated near 
 the islands iEgates. Peace made between 
 Rome and Carthage. The Carthaginians eva- 
 c uate Sicily. 
 
 513. Q. Lutatius Cerco ; A. Manlius Atti- 
 cus. Sicily is made a Roman province. The 
 39th census taken. The citizens amount to 
 260,000. 
 
 27 
 
 T. Sempronius Gracchus ; P. Vederius 
 The Carthaginians give up Sardinia to 
 
 The Romans begin to recover their 
 
 CO 
 
 514. C. Claudius Centho ; M. Sempronius 
 Tuditanus. 
 
 515. C. Mamilius Turinus; Q. Valerius 
 iFalto. 
 
 516. 
 Falto. 
 Rome. 
 
 517. L. Corn. Lentulus Caudinus; Q. Ful- 
 vius Flaccus. The Romans offer Ptolemy 
 Evergetes assistance against Antiochus Theos. 
 
 518. P. Corn. Lentulus Caudinus; Licinius 
 Varus. Revolt of Corsica and Sardinia. 
 
 519. C. Atilius Bulbus 2; T. Manlius Tor- 
 quatus. The temple of Janus shut for the first 
 time since the reign of jNuma, about 440 years. 
 An universal peace at Rome. 
 
 520. L. Postumius Albinus ; Sp, Carvilius 
 Maximus. 
 
 521. Q. Fabius Maximus Verrucosus; M. 
 Pomponius Matho. Differences and jealousy 
 between Rome and Cai'thage. 
 
 522. M. -^milius Lepidus; M. Publiciu» 
 Malleolus. 
 
 523. M. Pomponius Matho 2 ; C. Papirius 
 Maso. The first divorce known at Rome. 
 
 524. M. JEmilius Barbula ; M. Junius Pera. 
 War with the Illyrians. 
 
 525. L. Postumius Albinus 2 ; Cn. Fulvius 
 Centu mains. The building of new Carthage. 
 
 526. Sp. CaTvilius Maximus 2 ; Q. Fabius 
 Maximus. 
 
 527. P. Valerius Flaccus; M. Attilias Re- 
 gains. Two new praetors added to the other 
 praetors. 
 
 528. M. Valerius Messala; L. ApuUius Ful- 
 lo. Italy invaded by the Gauls. The Romans 
 could now lead into' the field of battle 770,00a 
 men. 
 
 529. L. ^milius Papus ; C. Atilius Regu- 
 lus. The Gauls defeat the Romans near Clu- 
 sium. The Romans obtain a victory near 
 Telamon. 
 
 530. T. Manlius Torquatus 2 ; Q. Fulvius^ 
 Flaccus 2. The Boii, part of the Gauls, sur-^ 
 render. 
 
 531. C. Flaminius; P. Furius Philus. 
 
 532. M. Claudius Marcellus ; Cn, Corn. 
 Scipio Calvus, A new w^ar with the Gauls, 
 Marcellus gains the spoils sailed opima. 
 
 533. P. Cornelius; M. Minucius Rufus. 
 Annibal takes the command of the Carthagi- 
 nian armies in Spain. 
 
 534. L, Veturius; C. Lutatius. The Via 
 Flaminia built. 
 
 535. M. Livius Salinator; L, .^milius Pau- 
 lus, War with lUyricnm, 
 
 636. P, Cornelius Scipio; T. Sempronius 
 Longus, Siege of Saguntum, by Annibal. The 
 cause of the second Punic war, Annibal 
 marches towards Italy, and crosses the Alps. 
 The Carthaginian fleet defeated near Sicily. 
 Sempronius defeated near Trebia, by Anni- 
 bal, 
 
 537. Cn. Servilius ; C. Flaminius 2. A fa- 
 mous battle near the lake Tlirasymenus, Fa- 
 bius is appointed dictator. Success of Cn.. 
 Scipio in Spain, 
 
 538. C, Terentius Varro ; L. ^milius Pau- 
 lus 2, The famous battle of Cannas, Annibal 
 marches to Capua, MarceUus beats Annibal 
 near Nola. Asdrubal begins his march towards 
 Italy, and hrs army ft totally defeated by di& 
 Scipies. 
 
CO 
 
 639. Ti. Sempronius Gracchus ; Q. Fabius ; 
 Maximus 2. Philip of Macedonia enters into 
 an alliance with Annibal. Sardinia revoltsai 
 and is reconquered by P»Ianlius, The Cartha- 
 ginians twice beaten in Spain by Scipio. 
 
 540. Q. Fabius Maximus 3; M. Claudius 
 Marcellus 2. Marcellus besieges Syracuse by 
 sea and land. 
 
 541. Q. Fabius Maximus 4 ; T. Sempronius 
 Gracchus 3. The siege of Syracuse con- 
 tinued. 
 
 542. Q. Fulvius Flaccus ; Ap. Claudius Pul- 
 cher. Syracuse taken and plundered. Sicily 
 made a Roman province, Tarentura treach- 
 erously delivered to Aunibal. The two Scipios 
 conquered in Spain. 
 
 543. Cn. Fulvius Centumalus ; P. Sulpicius 
 Galba. Capua besieged and taken by the Ro- 
 mans. P. Scipio sent to Spain with procon- 
 sular power. 
 
 544. M.Claudius Marcellus 4; M.Valerius 
 Lcevinus 2. The Carthaginians driven from 
 Sicily. Carthagena taken by young Scipio. 
 
 545. Q. Fabius Maximus 5 ; Q. Fulvius Flac- 
 cus 4. Annibal defeated by Marcellus. Fabius 
 takes Tarentum. Asdrubal defeated by Scipio. 
 
 546. M. Claudius Marcellus 5; T. Quintius 
 Crispinus. Marcellus killed in an ambuscade 
 by Annibal. The Carthaginian fleet defeated. 
 
 547. M. Claudius Nero ; M. Livius 2. As- 
 drubal passes the Alps, JVero obtains some 
 advantage over Annibal. The two consuls de- 
 feat Asdrubal, who is killed, and his head 
 thrown into Annibal's camp. The Romans 
 
 . make war against Philip. 
 
 548. L, Veturius ; Q. Caecilius. Scipio 
 obtains a victory over Asdrubal, the son of 
 Gisgo, in Spain. Masinissa sides with the 
 Romans. 
 
 549. P, Cornelius Scipio ; P. Licinius Cras- 
 sus. Scipio is empowered to invade Africa. 
 
 550. M. Cornelius Cethegus; P. Sempro- 
 nius Tuditanus, Scipio lands in Africa. The 
 census taken, and 215,000 heads of families 
 found in Rome. 
 
 551. Cn. Servilius Caepio; C. ServiliusGemi- 
 nus. Scipio spreads general consternation in 
 Africa, Annibal is recalled from Italy by the 
 Carthaginian senate. 
 
 552. M. Scrvilius; Ti. Claudius. Annibal 
 and Scipio come to a parley ; they prepare for 
 battle. Annibaf is defeated at Zama. Scipio 
 prepares to besiege Carthage. 
 
 553. Cn. Corn. Leatulus ; P< .^lius Paetus. 
 Peace granted to the Carthaginians. Scipio 
 triumphs. 
 
 554. P. Sulpicius Galba 2; C. Aurelius 
 Cotia. War with the Macedonians. 
 
 555. L. Corn. Lentulus; P. Villius Tapu- 
 lus. The Macedonian war continued. 
 
 556. Sex. JEUus Partus ; T. Quintius Flami- 
 nius. Philip defeated by Quintius. 
 
 557. C. Corn. Cethegus ; Q. Minucius Ru- 
 fus. Philip is defeated. Quintius grants him 
 peace. 
 
 558. L, Furius Purjiureo ; M. Claudius 
 Marcellus. The independence of Greece pro- 
 claimed by Flamininus, at the Isthmian games. 
 
 559. L. Valerius Flaccus ; M. Porcius Ca- 
 to. Quintius regulates the affairs of Greece. 
 Cato's victories in Spain, and triumph. The 
 Romans demand Annibal from the Cartha- 
 ginians, 
 
 CO 
 
 560. P. Corn. Scipio Africanus 2 ; T, Sem- 
 pronius Longus. Annibal flies to Antiochus, 
 
 561,L. CorneliusMerula; Q. Minucius Ther- 
 mus. Antiochus prepares to make war against 
 Rome, and Annibal endeavours in vain to stir 
 up the Carthaginians to take up arms. 
 
 562. Q. Quintius Flamininus ; Cn. Domi- 
 tius. The Greeks call Antiochus to deliver 
 them. 
 
 563. P. Corn. Scipio Nasica; ManliusAci- 
 lius Glabrio. The success of Acilius in Greece 
 against Antiochus. 
 
 564. L. Corn. Scipio; C. Laelius. The 
 fleet of Antiochus under Annibal defeated by 
 the Romans. Antiochus defeated by Scipio. 
 
 565. M. Fulvius Nobilior; Cn. Manlius 
 Vulso. War with the Gallo-grecians. 
 
 566. M. Valerius Messala ; C. Livius Sali- 
 nator. Antiochus dies. 
 
 567. M. ^milius Lepidus; C. Flaminius. 
 The Ligurians reduced. 
 
 568. Sp. Postumius Albinus ; Q. Marcius 
 Philippus, The Bacchanalia abolished at Rome. 
 
 569. Ap. Claudius Pulcher; M. Sempronius 
 Tuditanus, Victories in Spain and Liguria. 
 
 570. P. Claudius Pulcher; L. Porcius Li- 
 cinius. Philip of Macedon sends his son De- 
 metrius to Rome. 
 
 571. M. Claudius Marcellus; Q, Fabius La- 
 beo. Death of Annibal, Scipio, and Philo- 
 pcemen. Gauls invade Italy. 
 
 572. M. Baebius Tamphilus ; L. .ffimilius 
 Paulus. Death of Philip. 
 
 573. P. Cornelius Cethegus; M. Baebius 
 Tamphilus. Expeditions against Liguria, The 
 first gilt statue raised at Rome. 
 
 574. A. Postumius Albinus Luscus ; C, Cal- 
 purnius Piso. Celtiberians defeated. 
 
 575. Q. Fulvius Flaccus; L. Manlius Aci- 
 dinus. Alliance renewed with Perseus the 
 son of Philip 
 
 576. M. Junius Brutus ; A. Manlius Vulso. 
 
 577. C. Claudius Pulcher ; T. Sempronius 
 Gracchus. The Istrians defeated, 
 
 578. Cn. Corn. Scipio Hispalus ; Q. Petillius 
 Spurinus. 
 
 579. P. Mucius ; M. iEmilius Lepidus 2. 
 
 580. Sp. Postumius Albinus; Q. Mucius 
 Scaevola, 
 
 581. L. Postumius Albinus ; M. Popilius 
 Laenas, 
 
 582. C. Popilius Lasnas ; P. .^lius Ligur. 
 War declared against Perseus. 
 
 583. P. Licinius Crassus ; C, Cassius Longi- 
 nus. Perseus gains some advantage over the 
 Romans. 
 
 584. A, Hostilius Mancinus; A, Atilius 
 Serranus. 
 
 685. Q. Mai-cius Philippus 2 ; Cn. Servilius 
 Caepio. The campaign in Macedonia. 
 
 586. L. /Emilius Paulus 2; C. Licinius Cras- 
 sus. Perseus is defeated and taken prisoner 
 by Paulus. 
 
 587. Q. MUus Paetus ; M. Junius Pennus. 
 
 588. M. Claudius Marcellus ; C. Sulpicius 
 Galba. 
 
 589. Cn. Octavius Nepos; T. Manlius Tor- 
 quatus. 
 
 590. Aulus Manlius Torquatus ; Q. Cassiu* 
 Longus. 
 
 591. Ti. Sempronius Gracchus ; M. Juven- 
 cius Phalna. 
 
 &92. P. Corn. Scipio Nasica ; C. Marcius 
 
CO 
 
 Figulus. Demetrius flies from Rome, and is 
 made king of Syria. 
 
 593. M.Valerius Messala; C. Fannius Strabo. 
 
 694. L. Anicius Gallus; M. Corn. Cethegus. 
 
 595. C. Cornelius Dolabella; M. Fulvius 
 Nobilior. 
 
 596. M. ./Emilius Lepidus ; C. Popilius Lae- 
 nas. 
 
 597. Sex. Jul. Caesar; L. Aurelius Orestes, 
 War against the Dalmatians. 
 
 598. L. Corn. Lentulus Lupus; C. Marcius 
 Figulus 2. 
 
 599. P. Corn. Scipio NasicaS; M. Claudius 
 Marcellus 2. 
 
 600. Q. Opimius Nepos; L. Fostumius Al- 
 binus. 
 
 601. Q. Fulvius Nobilior; T. Annius Lus- 
 cus. The false Philip. Wars in Spain. 
 
 602. M. Claudius Marcellus 3; L. Valerius 
 Flaccus. 
 
 603. L. Licinius Lucullus; A. Posthumius 
 Albinus. 
 
 604. T.Quintius Flamininus ; M. Acilius Bal- 
 bus. War between the Carthaginians and 
 Masinissa. 
 
 605. L. Marcius Censorinus: M. Manilius 
 Nepos. The Romans declare war against Car- 
 thage. The Carthaginians wish to accept the 
 hard conditions which are imposed upon them; 
 but the Romans say that Carthage must be 
 destroyed. 
 
 606. Sp. Postumius Albinus ; L. Calpernius 
 Piso. Carthage besieged. 
 
 607. P. Corn. Scipio ; C. Livius Drusus. 
 The siege of Carthage continued with vigour 
 by Scipio. 
 
 608. Cn. Cornelius Lentulus ; L. Mummius. 
 Carthage surrenders, and is destroyed. Mum- 
 mius takes and burns Corinth. 
 
 609. Q. Fabius iEmilianus ; L. Hostilius 
 Mancinius. 
 
 610. Ser. Sulpicius Galba; L. Aurelius Cotta. 
 
 611. Ap. Claudius Pulcher; Q. Caecilius 
 Metellas Macedonicus 
 liberians. 
 
 612. L. Metellus Calvus ; Q. Fabius Maxi- 
 mus Servilianus. 
 
 613. Q, Pompeius ; C. Servilius Caepio. 
 
 614. C. Laelius Sapiens ; Q. Servilius Caspio. 
 The wars with Viriatus. 
 
 615. M. Popilius Leenas; Cn. Calpurnius 
 Piso. 
 
 616. P. Corn. Scipio Nasica; D. Junius 
 Brutus. The two consuls imprisoned by the 
 tribunes. 
 
 617. M. ^milius Lepidus ; C. Hostilius 
 Mancinus. Wars against Nuraantia. 
 
 618. P.Furius Philus; Sex. Atilius Serranus. 
 
 619. Ser. Fulvius Flaccus; Q. Calpurnius 
 Piso. 
 
 620. P. Corn. Scipio 2; C. Fulvius Flaccus. 
 
 621. P. Mucins Scavola; L. Calpurnius 
 Piso Frugi. IVumautia surrenders to Scipio, 
 and is entirely demolished. The seditions of 
 Ti. Gracchus at Rome. 
 
 622. P. Popilius Laenas; P. Rupilus. 
 
 623. P. Licinius Crassus ; L. Valerius Flac- 
 cus. 
 
 624. C. Claudius Pulcher; M. Perponna. 
 In the census are found 313,823 citizejis. 
 
 625. C. Sempronius Tudltanus; M. Aqui- 
 lius Nepos., 
 
 626. Cn. Octavius JSepos ; T. Annius Luscus, 
 
 War against the Cel- 
 
 CO 
 
 627. L. Cassius Longus ; L. Cornelius Cin' 
 na. A revolt of slaves in Sicily. 
 
 628. L. jEmilius Lepidus ; L. Aurelius 
 Orestes. 
 
 629. M. Plautius Hypsaeus ; M. Fulvius 
 Flaccus. 
 
 630. C. Cassius Longinus ; L. Sextius Cal- 
 vinus. 
 
 631. Q. Caecilius Metellus; T. Quintius 
 Flamininus. 
 
 632. C. Fannius Strabo : Cn. Domitius 
 Ahenobarbus. The seditions of Caius Grac* 
 chus. 
 
 633. Lucius Opimius ; Q. Fabius Majtimus. 
 The unfortunate end of Caius Gracchus. The 
 Allobroges defeated. 
 
 634. P. Manlius Nepos ; C. Papirius Carbo. 
 
 635. L. Caecilius Metellus Calvus; L. Au- 
 relius Cotta. 
 
 636. M. Fortius Cato ; Q. Marcius Rex. 
 
 637. L» Caecilius Metellus; Q. Mutius Scae- 
 vola. 
 
 638. C. Licinius Geta ; Q. Fabius Maximus 
 Eburnus. 
 
 639. M, Caecilius Metellus; M. ^milius 
 Scaurus. 
 
 640. M. Acilius Balbus ; C. Fortius Cato. 
 
 641. C. Caecilius Metellus; Cn. Papirius 
 Carbo. 
 
 642. M. Livius Drusus ; L. Calpurnius Piso . 
 The Romans declare war against Jugurtha. 
 
 643. P. Scipio Nasica ; L. Calpurnius Bes- 
 tia. Calpurnius bribed and defeated by Ju- 
 gurtha. 
 
 644. M. Minucius Rufus ; Sp. Postumius 
 Albinus. 
 
 645. Q. Caecilius Metellus ; M. Junius Sila- 
 nus. Success of Metellus v.gainst Jugurtha. 
 
 646. Servius Sulpicius Galba ; M. Aurelius 
 Scaurus. Metellus continues the war. 
 
 647. C. Marius; L. Cassius. The war a- 
 gainst Jugurtha continued with vigour by Ma- 
 rius. 
 
 648. C. Atilius Serranus ; Q.' Servilius Cae- 
 pio. Jugurtha betrayed by Bocchus into the 
 hands of Sylla, the lieutenant of Marius. 
 
 649. P. Rutilius Rufus; Corn. Manlius 
 Maximus. Marius triumphs over Jugurtha. 
 Two Roman armies defeated by the Cimbri 
 and Teutones. 
 
 650. G. Marius 2 ; C. Flavins Fimbria. The 
 Cimbri march towards Spain. 
 
 651. C. Marius3; L. Aurelius Orestes. The 
 Cimbri defeated in Spain. 
 
 652. C. Marius 4; Q. Lutatius Catulus. The 
 Teutones totally defeated by Marius. 
 
 653. C. Marius 5; M. Aquillius. The Cim- 
 bri enter Italy, and are defeated by Mai'ius and 
 Catulus. 
 
 654. C. Marius 6 ; L. Valerius Flaccus. 
 Factions against Metellus. 
 
 655. M. Antonius; A. Postumius Albinus. 
 Metellus is gloriously recalled. 
 
 656. L. Caecilius Metellus Nepos ;T. Didius. 
 
 657. Cn. Corn Lentulus ; P. Licinius Crassus. 
 
 658. Cn. jDomitius Ahenobarbus ; C. Cas- 
 sius Longinus. The kingdom of Cyrene left 
 by will to the Roman people. 
 
 669. L. Luciuius Crassus ; Q. Mucins Scse- 
 voia. Seditions of Norbanus. 
 
 660. C. Ccelius Caldus ; L. Domitius Ahe- 
 nobarbus. 
 
 661. C. Valerius Flaccus; M, Herennius 
 
CO 
 
 Sylla exhibited a combat of 100 lidns with men 
 in the circus. 
 
 662. C. Claudius Pulcher ; M. Perpenna. 
 The allies wish to be admitted citizens of 
 Rome. 
 
 663. L. Marcius Philippus ; Sex. Julius Cae- 
 sar. The allies prepare to revolt. 
 
 664. M. Julius Caesar; P. Rutilius Rufus. 
 Wars with the Marsi. 
 
 665. Cn, Pompeius Strabo; L.Portius Ca- 
 to. The great valour of Sylla, surnamed the 
 Fortunate. 
 
 666. L. Cornelius Sylla ; Q. Pompeius Ru- 
 fus. Sylla appointed to conduct the Mithrida- 
 tic war. Marius is empowered to supersede 
 him ; upon which Sylla returns to Rome with 
 his army, and takes it, and has Marius and his 
 adherents judged as enemies. 
 
 667. Cn. Octavius ; L. Cornelius Cinna. Cin- 
 na endeavours to recall Marius, and is expelled. 
 Marius returns, and, with Cinna, mai'ches 
 against Rome. Civil wars and slaughter. 
 
 668. C. Marius 7; L. Cornelius Cinna 2. 
 Marius died, and L, Valerius Flaccus was cho- 
 sen in his room. The Mithridatic war. 
 
 669. L. Cornelius Cinna 3; Cn. Papirius 
 Carbo. The Mithridatic war continued by 
 Sylla. 
 
 670. L. Cornelius Cinna 4; Cn. Papirius 
 <!^arbo 2. Peace with Mithridates. 
 
 671. L. Corn. Scipio Asiaticus ; C. Nor- 
 banus. The capitol burnt. Pompey joins 
 Sylla. 
 
 672. C. Marius ; Cn. Papirius Carbo 8. Ci- 
 vil wars at Rome between Marius and Sylla. 
 Murder of the citizens by order of Sylla, who 
 makes himself dictator. 
 
 673. M. TuUius Decula ; Cn. Cornelius Do- 
 labella. Sylla weakens and circumscribes the 
 power of the tinbunes. Pompey triumphs 
 over Africa. 
 
 674. L. Corn. Sylla Felix 2; Q. Cacilius 
 Metellus Pius. War against Mithridates, 
 
 675. P. Servilius Vatia ; Ap. Claudius Pul- 
 cher. Sylla abdicates the dictatorship. 
 
 676. M. iEmilius Lepidus ; Q. Lutatius Ca- 
 tulus. Sylla dies. 
 
 677. D. Junius Brutus ; Mamercus jJ^milius 
 Lepidus Levianus. A civil war between Le- 
 pidus and Catulus. Pompey goes against Ser- 
 toriusin Spain. 
 
 678. Cn. Octavius ; M. Scribonius Curio. 
 Sertorius defeated. 
 
 679. L. Octavius ; C. Aurelius Cotta. Mi- 
 thridates and Sertorius make a treaty of al- 
 liance together. Sertorius murdered by Per- 
 penna. 
 
 680. L. Licinius LucuUus ; M. Aurelius Cot- 
 ta. Lucullus conducts the Mithridatic war. 
 
 681. M. Terentius Varro Lucullus ; C. Cas- 
 «ius Varus Spartacus. The gladiators make 
 head against the Romans with much success, 
 
 682. L. Gellius Poplicola ; Cn. Corn. Len- 
 tulus Clodiaaus. Victories of Spai'tacus over 
 three Roman generals. 
 
 683. Cn. Aufidius Orestes ; P, Corn. Lentu- 
 lus Sura. Crassus defeats and kills Spartacus 
 near Apulia. 
 
 684. M. Licinius Crassus; Cn. Pompeius 
 Magnus. Successes of Lucullus against Mi- 
 thridates. The census amounts to above 
 900,000. 
 
 685. Q. Hortcnsius 2; Q. C?ecilius Metellufl. 
 
 CO 
 
 Lnculhig defeats Tigranes king of Armenia? 
 and meditates the invasion of Parthia. 
 
 686. Q. Martins Rex ; L, Caecilius Metellus. 
 Lucullus defeats the united forces of Mithri- 
 dates and Tigranes. 
 
 687. M. Acilias Glabrio ; C. Calpurnius Pi- 
 so. Lucullus falls under the displeasure of his 
 troops, who partly desert him. Pompey goes 
 against the pirates. 
 
 688. M. ^milius Lepidus ; L. Volcatus Tul- 
 lus. Pompey succeeds Lucullus to finish th« 
 Mithridatic war, and defeats the enemy. 
 
 689. L. Aurelius Cotta ; L. Manlius Torqua- 
 tus. Success of Pompey in Asia. 
 
 690. L. Julius Caesar ; C. Martins Figulus. 
 Pompey goes to Syria. His conquests there. 
 
 691. M. Tullius Cicero ; C. Antonius. Mi- 
 thridates poisons himself. Catiline conspire* 
 against tlie state. Cicero discovers the con- 
 spiracy, and punishes the adherents. 
 
 692. D. Junius Silanus ; L, Licinius Murae- 
 na. Pompey triumphs over the pirates, Mi- 
 thridates, Tigranes, and Aristobulus. 
 
 693. M, Puppius Piso ; M. Valerius Massala 
 Niger. 
 
 694. L. Afranius ; Q. Metellus Celer, A 
 reconciliation between Crassus, Pompey, and 
 Caesar. 
 
 695. C. Jul. Ca3sar ; M. Calpurnius Bibulin. 
 Caesar breaks the fasces of his colleague, and 
 is sole consul. He obtains the government of 
 Gaul for five years. 
 
 696. C, Calpurnius Piso ; A. Gabinius Pau- 
 lus, Cicero banished by means of Clodius. 
 Cato goes against Ptolemy king of Cyprus. , 
 Successes of Caesar in Gaul. 
 
 697. P. Com, Lentulus Spinther; Q. Caeci- 
 lius Metellus Nepos. Cicero recalled. Cae- 
 sar's success and victories. 
 
 698. Cn. Corn. Lentulus Mai'cellinus ; L. 
 Marcius Philippus. The triumvirate of Cae- 
 sar, Pompey, and Crassus. 
 
 699. Cn. Pomperas Magnus 2 ; M. Licinius 
 Crassus 2. Crassus goes against Parthia. Cse- 
 sar continued for five years more in the ad- 
 ministration of Ganh His conquest of Britain. 
 
 700. L, Domitius Ahenobarbus ; Ap. Clau- 
 dius Pulcher. Great victories of Caesar. 
 
 701. Cn. Domitius Calvinus ; M. Valerius 
 Messala, Crassus defeated and slain in Par- 
 thia. Milo kills Clodius. 
 
 702. Cn. Pompeius Magnus 3 ; the only con- 
 sul. He afterwards took for colleague, Q, 
 Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio. Revolts of the 
 Gauls crushed by Caesar. 
 
 703. Ser. Sulpicius Rufus ; M. Claudius 
 Marcellus, Rise of the jealousy between Ca2- 
 sar and Pompey. 
 
 704. L. iEmilius Paulus; P Claudius Mar- 
 cellus. Cicero pro-consul of Cilicia. Increase 
 of the ditFerences between Caesar and Pom- 
 pey. 
 
 705. C. Claudius Marcellus; L. Cornelius 
 Lentulus. Caesar begins the civil war, Pom- 
 pey flies from Rome, Cajsar made dictator. 
 
 706. C. Julius Caesar 2 ; P. Cervilius Isauri- 
 cus. Ca3sar defeats Pompey at Pharsalia, 
 Pompey murdered in Egypt. The wars of 
 Caesar in Egypt. 
 
 707. Q. Fusius Calenus ; P. Vatinius, Pow- 
 er and influence of Caesar at Rome. He re- 
 duces Pontus. 
 
 708. C. Julius Csesar 3 ; M. .aimilius Lepi- / | 
 
CO 
 
 ins. Caesar defeats Pompey's partisans in Af- 
 rica, and takes Utica. 
 
 709. C. Julius Czesar 4 ; Consul alone. He 
 conquered the partisans of Pompey in Spain, 
 and was declared perpetual Dictator and Im- 
 perator, he. 
 
 710. C. Julius Caesar 5 ; M. Antonius. Caesar 
 meditates a war against Parthia. Above sixty 
 Romans conspire against Caesar, and murder 
 Lim ia the senate house. Antony raises him- 
 self to power. The rise of Octavius. 
 
 711. C. Vibius Pansa ; A. Hirtius. Antony 
 judged a public enemy. He is opposed by the 
 consuls and Augustus. He joins Augustus. 
 Triumvirate of Antony, Augustus, and Lepi- 
 dus. 
 
 712. L. Minucius Plancus ; M. iEmilius Le- 
 pidus 2. Great honours paid to the memory 
 of J. Caesar. Brutus and Cassius join their 
 forces against Augustus and Antony. 
 
 713. L. Antonius; P. Servilius Isauricus 2. 
 Battle of Philippi, and the defeat of Brutus 
 and Cassius. 
 
 714. Cn. Domitius Calvinus ; C. Asinius Pol- 
 lio. Antony joins the son of Pompey against 
 Augustus. The alliance of short duration. 
 
 715. L- Marcius Censorinus ; C. Calvisius 
 Sabinus. Antony marries Octavia, the sister 
 of Augustus, to strengthen their mutual alli- 
 ance. 
 
 716. Ap. Claudius Pulcher; C. Norbanus 
 Flaccus ; to whom were substituted C. Octa- 
 vianus, and Q. Pedius. Sext. Pompey, the 
 son of Pompey the Great, makes himself pow- 
 erful by sea, to oppose Augustus. 
 
 717. M. Agrippa ; L. Caninius Gallus. A- 
 grippa is appointed by Augustus to oppose 
 Sext. Pompey with a fleet. He builds the fa- 
 mous harbour of Misenum. 
 
 718. L. Gellius Poplicola ; M. Cocceius Ner- 
 va. Agrippa obtains a naval victory over Pom- 
 pey, who delivers himself to Antony, by whom 
 he is put to death. 
 
 719. L. Cornificus Nepos ; Sex. Pompeius 
 Nepos. Lentulus removed from power by 
 Augustus. 
 
 720. L. Scribonius Libo ; M. Antonius 2. 
 Augustus and Antony being sole masters of the 
 Roman empire, make another division of the 
 provinces. Caesar obtains the west, and An- 
 tony the east. 
 
 721. C. Caesar Octavianus 2 ; L. Volcatius 
 TuUus. Octavia divorced by Antony, who 
 marries Cleopatra. 
 
 722. Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus ; C. Sosius. 
 Dissentions between Augustus and Antony, 
 
 723. C. Caesar Octavianus 3; M. Valer. 
 Messala Corvinus. The battle of Actiura, 
 which, according to some authors, happened 
 the year of Rome 721. — The end of the com- 
 monwealth. 
 
 CoNsus, a deity at Rome, who presided 
 over councils. His temple was covered in the 
 Maximus Circus, to show that councils ought 
 to be secret and inviolable. Some suppose that 
 it is the same as Neptunus Equestris. Romu- 
 lus instituted festiv^als to his honour, called 
 Consualin, during the celebration of which tiie 
 Romans carried away the Sabine women. 
 {Fid. Consuelcs ludi.) Plut. in Kom. — Jiason. 
 W. and eleg. de far. R. 19. — Dionys. Hal. 1, — 
 UiK 1, c.9, 
 
 CowsTGXA, IJie wife of Nicomedes king of 
 
 CO 
 
 Bithynia, torn in pieces by dogs for her lasci- 
 vious deportment. Plin. 8, c. 40. 
 
 CoNTAD£SDUs, a rivcr of Thrace, Herodot. 
 4, c. 90. 
 
 CoNTUBiA, a town in Spain. Flor. 2, c. 17. 
 
 CooN, the eldest son of Antenor, killed by 
 Agamemnon. Homer. II. 
 
 Coos, Cos, Cea, and Co, an bland of the 
 iEgean sea. Vid. Co. 
 
 Cop^, a place of Greece, near the Cephi- 
 sus. Plin. 4, c. 7. 
 
 CoPAis LAcus, now Limne, a lake of Bceo- 
 tia, into which the Cephisus and other rivers 
 empty themselves. It is famous for its excel- 
 lent eels, Paus. 9, c. 24. 
 
 CoPHAS, a son of Artabazus. Curt. 7, c. 
 11. A river of India. Dionys. Perieg. 
 
 CoPHONTis, a burning mountain of Bactrim 
 ana. Plin. 2, c. 106. 
 
 CopiA, the goddess of plenty ; among the 
 Romans represented as bearing a horn filled 
 with grapes, fruit, &.e. 
 
 CopiLLus, a general of the Tectosagae, ta- 
 ken by the Romans. Plut. in Syll. 
 
 C. CopoNius, a commander of the fleet of 
 Rhodes, at Dyracchium, in the interest of 
 Pompey. Cic. 1, de Div. c. 8. — Paterc. 2, c. 83. 
 
 CopRATEs, a river of Asia, falling into the 
 Tigris. Diod. 19. 
 
 CoPREUs, asonofPelops, who fled to My- 
 cenae at the death of Iphitus. Apollod. 2, c, 6. 
 
 CoPTUs and CoPTos, now Kypt, a town of 
 Egypt, about 100 leagues from Alexandria, on 
 a canal which communicates with the Nile. 
 Plin. 5, c. 9, 1, 6, c. 2S.—Strab. 16.— Juv. 15, 
 V. 28. 
 
 Cora, a town of Latium, on the confines of 
 the Volsci, built by a colony of Dardanians 
 before the foundation of Rome. Lucan. 7, v 
 392.— Virg.JEn. 6, v. 775. 
 
 CoRACEsiuM and CoracensIum, a mari'- 
 time town of Pamphylia. Liv. 33, c. 20. 
 
 CoRACoNASDs, a town of Arcadia, where 
 the Ladon falls into the Alpheus. Paus. 8, c. 25. 
 
 CoRALETJE, a people of Scythia. Flacc. 
 6, v. 81. 
 
 CoRALLi, a savage people of Pontus. Chid. 
 ex Pont. 4, el. 2, v. 37. 
 
 CoRANus, a miser. Vid. Nasica. 
 
 Coras, a brother of Catillus and Tyburtus, 
 who fought against JEneas. Virg. ^n. 7, v 
 672. 
 
 CoRAX, an ancient rhetorician of Sicily, 
 who first demanded salary of his pupils. Cic. 
 in Brut. 12, de oral. 1, c. 20.— .dul. Gdl. 5, 
 c. 10.— Qum/i/. 3, c. 1. A king of SicyoD. 
 
 — A mountain of -Stolia. Liv. 36, c, 30, 
 
 CoRASi a people of Colchis, Plin. 6, c. 5. 
 
 Cobeus, a Gaul, k,c. C<zs. Bell. G. 8, c. 6. 
 
 CoRBis and Orsua, two brothers, who 
 fought for the dominion of a city, in the pre- 
 sence of Scipio, in Spain. Liv. 28, c. 31 
 
 Val. Max.9tC.U. 
 
 CoRBULo, Domitius, a prefect of Belgium, 
 who, when governor of Syria, routed the Par- 
 thians, destroyed Artaxata, and made Tigranes 
 king of Armenia. Nero, jealous of his virtues, 
 ordered him to be murdered ; and Corbula 
 hearing this, fell upon his sword, exclaiming, 
 I have well deserved this ! A.D. 66. His name 
 was given to a place {Monu7ne7i(um) in Ger- 
 many, which some suppose to be modern (V/-"- 
 nifigen. Tacit, .'inn. \], c. 18. 
 
\ 
 
 CO 
 
 Corc7ra, an island in the Ionian sea, about 
 12 miles from Buthrotum, on the coast of Epi- 
 rus ; famous for the shipwreck of Ulysses, and 
 the gardens of Alcinous. It has been succes- 
 sively called Drepant, Schcria, and Phaacia, 
 and now bears the name of Corfu. Some Co- 
 rinthians, with Chersicrates at their head, 
 came to settle there, when banished from their 
 country, 703 years before the christian ^era. A 
 colony of Colchis had settled there 1349 years 
 before Christ. The war which was carried on 
 by the Athenians against the Corcyreans, and 
 was called Corcyrean, became but a prepara- 
 tion for the Peloponnesian war. The people 
 of Corcyra wei'e once so hated by the Cretans, 
 that such as were found on the island of Crete 
 were always put to death. Ovid. lb. 512. — 
 Homer. Od. 5, &c. — Lucan 9, v. 32. — Mela, 2, 
 c, T.—Plin. 4, c. \2.—Strah. 6. 
 
 CoRDUB.\, now Cordova, a famous city of 
 Hispania Baetica, the native place of both the 
 Senecas, and of Lucan. Martial. 1, ep. 62. — 
 Mela, 2, c. Q.—Cces. Bell. Jlkx. 57.— Plin. 3, 
 c. 1. 
 
 CoRDYLA, a port of Pontus, supposed to 
 give its name to a peculiar sort of fishes caught 
 there (Cordylce.) Plin. 9, c. 15. — Martial. 13, 
 
 Core, a daughter of Ceres, the same as 
 Proserpine. Festivals called Coreia, were in- 
 stituted to her honour iu Greece. 
 
 CoREssus, a hill near Ephesus. Herodot. 
 5, c. 100. 
 
 CoRESus, a priest of Bacchus at Calydon 
 in Boeotia, who was deeply enamoured of the 
 nymph Callirhoe, who treated him with dis- 
 dain. He complained to Bacchus, who visited 
 the country with a pestilence. The Calydo- 
 nians were directed by the oracle to appease 
 the god by sacrificing Callirhoe on his altar. 
 The nymph was led to the altar, and Coresus, 
 ■who was to sacrifice her, forgot his resent- 
 ment, and stabbed himself. Callirhoe, con- 
 scious of her ingratitude to the love of Coresus, 
 killed herself on the brink of a fountain, which 
 afterwards bore her name. Pans. 7, c. 21. 
 
 CoRETAs, a man who first gave oracles at 
 Delphi. Pint- de orac. def. 
 
 CoRFiNiUM, now San Ferino, the capital 
 ©f the Peligni, three miles from the Aturnus 
 tirhich falls into the Adriatic. Cces. Civ. 1, c. 
 IQ.— Lucan. 2, v. 478.— Si/. 5, v. 522. 
 
 CoRiA, a surname of Minerva among the 
 Arcadians. Cic. de. JVat. D. 3, c. 23. 
 
 CoRiNNA, and celebrated woman of Tana- 
 gra, near Thebes, disciple to Myrtis. Her 
 lather's name was Archelodorus. It is said 
 that she obtained five times a poetical prize, 
 in which Pindar was her competitor ; but it 
 must be acknowledged, that her beauty greatly 
 contributed to defeat her rivals. She had 
 composed 50 books of epigrams and odes, of 
 which only some few verses remain. Propert. 
 
 2, el. 3. — Paus. 9, c. 22. A woman of 
 
 Thespis, celebrated for her beauty. Ovid's 
 
 mistress was also called Corinna. Amor. 2, 
 el. 6. 
 
 CoRiNNUs, an ancient poet in the time of 
 the Trojan war, on which he wrote a poem. 
 Homer, as some suppose, took his subject from 
 the poem of Corinnus. 
 
 CoRiNTHiAcus SINUS, IS now callcd the gulf 
 of Lcpanto. 
 
 CO 
 
 CoRjNTHUS, an ancient city of Greece, noAsr 
 called Corito, situated on the middle of the 
 Isthmus of Corinth, at the distance of about 
 60 stadia on either side from the sea. It wa» 
 founded by Sisyphus son of jEoIus, A. M. 2616, 
 and received its name from Corinthus the 
 son of Pelops, Its original name was Ephyrt ; 
 and it is called Bimaris, because situate be- 
 tween the Saronicus Sinus and Crisseus Sinus. 
 The inhabitants were once very powerful, 
 and had great influence among the Grecian 
 states. They colonized Syracuse in Sicily, 
 and delivered it from the tyranny of its op- 
 pressors, by the means of Timoleon. Co- 
 rinth was totally destroyed by L. Mummius, 
 the Roman consul, and burnt to the ground, 
 146 B. C. The riches which the Romans 
 found there were immense. During the con- 
 flagration, all the metals which were in the 
 city melted and mixed together, and formed 
 that valuable composition of metals, which 
 has since been known by the name of Corin^ 
 thium JEs. This, however, appears impro- 
 bable, especially when it is remembered that 
 the artists of Corinth made a mixture of cop- 
 per with small quantities of gold and silver, 
 and so brilliant was the composition, that the 
 appellation of Corinthian brass afterwards 
 stamped an extraordinary value on pieces of 
 inferior worth. There was there a famous 
 temple of Venus, where lascivious women re- 
 sorted and sold their pleasures so dear, that 
 many of their lovers were reduced to po- 
 verty ; whence the proverb of 
 JVon cuivis homini contingit adire Corinthum, 
 to show that all voluptuous indulgences are at- 
 tended with much expense. .1. Cajsar planted 
 a colony at Corinth, and endeavoured to raise 
 it from its ruins, and restore it to its former 
 grandeur. The government of Corinth was 
 monarchical, till 779 years B. C. when officers 
 called Prytanes were instituted. The war 
 which has received the name of Carinthian 
 ivar, because the battles were fought in the 
 neighbourhood of Coz'inth, was begun B. C. 395, 
 by the combination of the Athenians, Thebans, 
 Corinthians, andArgives, against Lacedaemon. 
 Pisander and Agesilaus distinguished them- 
 selves in that war; the former, on the first year 
 of hostilities, was defeated with the Lacedae- 
 monian fleet, by Conon, near Cnidus ; while a 
 few days after Agesilaus slauglitered 10,000 of 
 the enemy. The most famous battles were 
 fought at Coronea and Leuctra; but Agesilaus 
 refused to besiege Corinth, lamenting that the 
 Greeks, instead of destroying one another, did 
 not turn their arms against the Persian power. 
 Martial 9, ep..5S. — Siieton. Jlug. 70. — Liv. 45, 
 c. 28.— F/or. 2, ,c. U.—Qvid, Met. 2, v. 240.— 
 Horat. 1, ep. 17, v. m.—Plin. 34, c. 2.~Slat. 
 Theb. 7, V. 106.— Paus. 2, c. 1, kc.—Strab. 8, 
 kc— Homer II. Id.— Cic. Tusc. 4, c. 14. in 
 
 Verr. 4, c. 44. de jY. D. 3. An actor at 
 
 Rome. Juv. 8, v. 197. 
 
 CoRioLANas, the surname of C. Martins, 
 from his victory over Corioli, where, from a 
 private soldier, he gained the amplest honours. 
 When master of the place, he accepted as the 
 only reward, the surname of Coriolanus, a 
 horse, and prisoners, and his ancient host, to 
 whom he immediately gave his liberty. After a 
 number of military exploits, and many services 
 to his country, he was refused the consulship by 
 
CO 
 
 the people, when his scarshad for a whileinflu- 1 
 enced them in his favour. This raised his resent- 1 
 ment ; and when the Romans had received a [ 
 present of corn from Gelo king of Sicily, Corio- 1 
 lanus insisted that it should be'sold for money, 
 and not be given gratis. Upon this the tribunes 
 raised the people against him for his impru- 
 dent adyice, and evf n wished him to be put to 
 death. This rigorous sentence was stopped 
 by the influence of the senators, and Corio- 
 lanus submitted to a trial. He was banished 
 by a majority of three tribes, and he immedi- 
 ately retired among the Volsci, to Tullus 
 Aufidius, his greatest enemy, from whom he 
 met a most friendly reception. He advised 
 him to make waragainst Rome, and he march- 
 ed at the head of the Volsci as general. The 
 approach of Coriolanus greatly alarmed the 
 Romans, wdio sent him several embassies to 
 reconcile him to his country, and to solicit his 
 return. He was deaf to all proposals, and bade 
 them prepare for war. He jntched his camp 
 only at the distance of five miles from the city; 
 and his enmity against his countiy would have 
 been fatal, had not his mother Volumnia, and 
 his wife Vergilia^ been prevailed upon by the 
 Roman matrons, to go and appease his resent- 
 ment. The meeting of Coriolanus with his 
 family was tender and atfecting. He remain- 
 ed long inexorable ; but at last the tears and 
 entreaties of a mother and a wife prevailed 
 over the stern and obstinate resolutions of an 
 enemy, and Coriolanus marched the Volsci 
 from the neig'ibourhood of Rome. To show 
 their sense of Volumnia's merit andpatriotism, 
 the Romans dedicated a temple to Female 
 Fortune. The behaviour of Coriolanus, how- 
 ever, displeased the Volsci. He was summon- 
 ed to appear before the people of Antium ; 
 but the clamours which his enemies raised, 
 were so prevalent, that he w^as murdered at 
 the place appointed for his trial, B. C. 488. 
 His body was honoured with a magnificent 
 funeral by the Volsci, and tlie Roman matrons 
 put on mourning for his loss. Some historians 
 say that he died in exile,in an advanced old age. 
 Flat, in vitd—Flor. 2, c. 22. 
 
 CoRioLi, and Couiolla, a town of Latium 
 on the borders of the Volsci, taken by the 
 Romans under C. r«lartius, called from thence 
 Coriolanus. PUn. 3, c. 5. — Plut. — Liv, 2, c, 33. 
 
 CoRissus, a town of Ionia. 
 
 CoRiTus. Fid. Corytus. 
 
 CoRMASSA, a town of Parapyhlla. Liv 38, 
 c. 15. 
 
 CoRMUs, a river near Assyria. Tacit. 12, 
 ,Qnn. c. 14. 
 
 Cornelia lex, de Civitate, was enacted 
 A. U. C. 670, by L. Corn. Sylla. It con- 
 firmed the Sulpician law, and required that 
 the citizens of the eight newly elected 
 tribes, should be divided among the 35 an- 
 cient tribes. Another, de Judiciis, A. U. 
 
 C. 673, by the same. It ordained that the 
 pra3tor should always observe the same inva- 
 riable method in judicial proceedings, and 
 that the process should not depend upon his 
 
 will. Another, de Sumptifms, hy the same. 
 
 It limited the expenses which generally at- 
 tended funerals. Another, de RcUgione, by 
 
 the same, A. U. C. 677. It restored to the 
 college of priests, the privilege of choosing the 
 priests, which, by the Doraitian law, had been 
 
 lodged in the hands of the people. Ano- 
 ther, de Municipiis, by the same ; which re- 
 voked all the privileges which had been some 
 time before granted to the several towns that 
 had assisted Marius and Cinna in the civil 
 
 wars. Another, de Magisiratibus, by the 
 
 same ; which gave the power of bearing hon- 
 ours and being promoted before the legal age, 
 to those who had followed the interest of Syl- 
 la, while the sons and partisans of his enemies, 
 uho had been proscribed, were deprived of the 
 privilege of standing for any office of the state. 
 
 Another, de Magistratibiis, by the same, 
 
 A. U. C. 673. It ordained that no person 
 should exercise the same office within ten. 
 years distance, or be invested with tw'o differ- 
 ent magistracies in one year. Another, de 
 
 Magisiratibus, by the same, A. U. C. 672. It 
 divested the tribunes of the privilege of ma- 
 king laws, interfering, holding assemblies, and 
 receiving appeals. AH such as had been tri- 
 bunes were incapable of holding any other 
 
 office in the state by that law. Another, d& 
 
 Majestate, by the same, A. U. C. 670. It 
 made it treason to send an araiy out of a pro- 
 vince, or engage in a war without orders, to in- 
 fluence the soldiers to spare or ransom a cap- 
 tive general of the enemy, to pardon the lead- 
 ers of robbers or pirates, or for the absence of 
 a Roman citizen, to a foreign court, without 
 previous leave. The punishment was, aqucR 
 
 fy ignis interdidio. Another by the same, 
 
 which gave the power to a man accused of 
 murder, either by poison, W'eapons, or false 
 accusations, and the setting fire to buildings, 
 to choose whetherthe jury that tried him should 
 give their verdict dam or palam viva voce, or 
 
 by ballots. Another by the same, which 
 
 made it aquce ^ ig7iis interdidio to such as 
 were guilty of forgery, concealing and altering 
 of wills, corruption, false accusations, and the 
 debasing or counterfeiting of the public coin ; 
 all such as were accessary to this offence, w^ere 
 
 deemed as guilty as the offender. Another, 
 
 de pecimiis repetundis, by which a man con- 
 victed of peculation or extortion in tiie provin- 
 ces, was condemned to suffer the aquce^ ig- 
 nis interdidio. Another by the same, 
 
 which gave the power to such as were sent 
 into the provinces with any government, of 
 retaining their command and appointment, 
 without a renewal of it by the senate, as was 
 
 before observed. Another by the same, 
 
 which ordained that the lands of proscribed 
 persons should be common, especially those 
 about Volaterrae and Fesulffi in Etruria, which 
 
 Sylla divided among his soldiers. Another 
 
 by C. Cornelius, tribune of the people, A. U. 
 C. 686 ; which ordained that no person should 
 be exempted from any law, according to the 
 general custom, unless 200 senators were pre- 
 sent in the senate ; and no person thus ex- 
 empted, could hinder the bill of his exemp- 
 tion from being carried to the people for their 
 
 concurrence. Another by INasica, A. U. C. 
 
 582, to make waragainst Perseus, son of Phi- 
 lip, king of Macedonia, if he did not give pro- 
 per satisfaction to the Roman people. 
 
 Cornelia, a daughter of Cinna, who was 
 the first wife of J. Cssar. She became mother 
 of Julia, Pompey's wife, and was so affection- 
 ately loved by her husband, Ihat at her death 
 he pronounced a funeral oration over her body. 
 
 ^ 
 
CO 
 
 Fhd. in Cczs. A daughter of Metellus Sci- 
 
 pio, who married Pompey, after the death of 
 her husband P. Crassus. She has been prais- 
 ed for her great virtues. When her husband 
 left her in the bay of Alexandria, to go on 
 shore in a small boat, she saw him stabbed by 
 Achillas, and heard his dying groans without 
 the possibility of aiding him. She attributed 
 all his misfortunes to his connexion with her. 
 
 Plvi. in Pomp. A daughter of Scipio Afri- 
 
 canus, who married Sempronius Gracchus, 
 and was the mother of Tiberius and Caius 
 Gracchus. She was courted by a king; but 
 she preferred being the wife of a Roman citi- 
 zen, to that of a monarch. Her virtues have 
 been deservedly commended, as well as the 
 wholesome principles she inculcated in her 
 two sons. When a Campanian lady made 
 once a show of her jewels at Cornelia's house, 
 and entreated her to favour her with a sight 
 of her own, Cornelia produced her two sons, 
 saying. These are the only jewels of which I 
 can boast. In her lifetime, a statue was raised 
 to her, with this inscription, Cornelia maler 
 Gracchorum. Some of her epistles are pre- 
 served. Plut. in Sracch. — Juv. 6, v. 167. — 
 Vol. Max. 4, c. 4.—Cic. in Brut. 68, de FA. Or. 
 
 S8. A vestal virgin, buried alive in Domi- 
 
 tian's age, as guilty of incontinence. Sutton, 
 in Dom. 
 
 CoRNELii, an illusti'ious family at Rome, 
 of whom the most distinguished were, Caius 
 Cornelius, a soothsayer of Pauda, who fore- 
 told the beginning and issue of the battle of 
 
 Pharsalia. Dolobella, a friend and admirer 
 
 of Cleopatra. He told her that Augustus in- 
 tended to remove her from the monument, 
 
 where she had retired An officer of Sylla, 
 
 whom J. CfEsar bribed to escape the pro- 
 scription which threatened his life. Ce- 
 
 thegus, a priest degraded from his office for 
 
 want of attention. Cn. a man chosen by 
 
 Marcellus to be his colleague in the con- 
 sulship. Balbus, a man who hindered J. 
 
 Caesar from rising up at the arrival of the 
 senators. Cossus, a military tribune dur- 
 ing the time that there were no consuls in the 
 republic. He offered to Jupiter the spoils 
 
 called opima. Liv. 4, c. 19. Balbus, a man 
 
 of Gades, intimate with Cicero, by whom he 
 
 was ably defended when accused. A freed- 
 
 mau of Sylla the dictator. Scipio, a man 
 
 appointed master of the horse, by Camillus, 
 
 when dictator Gallus, an elegiac poet. 
 
 Vid. Gallus. Merula, was made consul by 
 
 Augustus, in the room of Cinna. Marcel- 
 lus, a man killed in Spain, by Galba. C. 
 
 Nepos, an historian. Vid. Nepos. Merula, a 
 
 consul, sent against the Boii in Gaul. He killed 
 14(X) of them. His grandson followed the in- 
 terest of Sylla ; and when Marius entered the 
 city, he killed himself, by opening his veins. 
 Gallus, a man who died in the act of copu- 
 lation. Vat. Max. 9, c. 12. Severus, an 
 
 epic poet in the age of Augustus, of great 
 genius. He wrote a poem on mount ^tna, 
 and on the death of Cicero. Qmntil. 10, v. 1. 
 
 Thuscus, a mischievous person. Len- 
 
 tultis Cethegus, a consul. Aur. Celsus, 
 
 wrote eight books on medicine, still extant, 
 
 and highly valued. Cn. and Publ. Scipio. 
 
 Vid. Scipio. Lentulus, a high priest, ^c. 
 
 Liv.— Plut.— Val Max.— Tudt.—Sm. Polyb. 
 —C.Nep.Ut. 
 
 GO 
 
 CoRNicuLUM, a town of Latium. Dioms. 
 Hal. 
 
 CoRNiFicius, a poet and general in the agt 
 of Augustus, employed to accuse Brutus, Sic. 
 His sister Cornificia, was also blessed with a 
 poetical genius. Plut. in Brut. A lieuten- 
 ant of J. Caesar. Id. in Cces. A friend of 
 
 Cicero and his colleague in the office of augur. 
 
 CoRNiGER, a surname of Bacchus. 
 
 CoRNijTus, a stoic philosopher of Africa, 
 preceptor to Persius the satirist. He wrote 
 some treatises on philosophy and rhetoric. 
 
 Pers. 5, v. 36. A praetor of Rome, in the age 
 
 of Cicero. Cic. 10, ep. 12. -A Roman, saved 
 
 from the proscription of Marius, by his ser- 
 vants, who hung up a dead man in his room, 
 and said it was their master. Plut. in Mario. 
 
 CoRCEBDS, a Phrygian, son of Mygdon 
 and Anaximena. He assisted Priam in the 
 Trojan war, with the hopes of being re- 
 warded with the hand of Cassandra for his 
 services. Cassandra advised him in vain to 
 retire from the war. He was killed by Pe- 
 neleus. Paxis. 10, c. 27. — Virg. ^n. 2, v. 
 
 341, he. A courier of Elis, killed by 
 
 Neoptolemus. He obtained a prize at Olyra- 
 pia, B. C. 779, in the 28th olympiad, from 
 the institution of Iphitus ; but this year has 
 generally been called the first olympiad. Pavj. 
 
 5, c. 8. A hero of Argolis, who killed 
 
 a serpent called Pcene, sent by Apollo to 
 avenge Argos, and placed by some authors in 
 the number of the furies. His country was 
 afflicted with the plague, and he consulted the 
 oracle of Delphi, which commanded him to 
 build a temple, where a tripod, which was 
 given him, should fall from his hands. Paus. 
 
 1, V. 43. 
 
 Corona, a town of Messenia. Plin. 4, c. 5. 
 
 CoRONEA, a town of Boeotia, where, in the 
 first year of the Corinthian war, Agesilaus de- 
 feated the allied forces of Athens, Thebes, 
 Corintli, and Argos, B. C. 394. C. A'qt. in Ages. 
 
 -Pans. 9, c. 34. — Diod. 12. A town of 
 
 Peloponnesus — of Corinth — of Cyprus — of 
 Ambracia — of Phthiotis. 
 
 CoRoNis, a daughter of Phelegias, loved by 
 Apollo. She became pregnant by her lover, 
 who killed heron account of her criminal pai- 
 tiality to Ischys the Thessalian. According to 
 some, Diana killed her for her infidelity to 
 her brother, and Mercury saved the child 
 from her womb as she was on the burning pile. 
 Others say that she brought forth her son, 
 and exposed him, near Epidaurus, to avoid 
 her father's resentment ; and they farther 
 mention, that Apollo had set a crow to watch 
 her behaviour. The child was preserved, and 
 called iEsculapius ; and the mother, after 
 death, received divine honours, and had a 
 statue at Sicyon, in her son's temple, which 
 was never exposed to public view. Paus. 2, 
 
 c. 26. The daughter of Coronaius, king of 
 
 Phocis, changed into a crow by Minerva, when 
 fiying before JNeptune. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 543. 
 One of the daughters of Atlas and Pleione. 
 
 CoRONiA, a town of Acarnania. Thucyd. 
 
 2, c. 102. 
 
 CorOnus, a son of Apollo. Paus. 2, c.5. 
 
 A son of Phoroneus king of the Lapithse. 
 
 Diod. 4. 
 
 CouRHAGiuM, a town of Macedonia. Liv. 
 31, c. 27. 
 
CO 
 
 CoRsi, a people of Sardinia, descended from 
 the Corsicans. 
 
 CoRsiA, a town of Boeotia. Pans. 9, c. 24. \ 
 Corsica, a mountainous island in the Medi- 1 
 terranean, on the coast of liaXj. Its inhabi- 
 tants were savage, and bore the character of 
 robbers, liai-s, and atheists, according to Sen- 
 eca, who was exiled among them. They lived 
 to a great age, and fed on honey, which was 
 produced in great abundance, though bitter in 
 taste, from the number of yew trees and liem- 
 lock which grew there. Corsica was in pos- 
 session of the Carthaginians, and conquered 
 by the Romans, B. C. 231. The Greeks call- 
 ed it Cyrnos. In the age of Pliny it was con- 
 sidered as in a flourishing state, as it contained 
 no less than 33 towns, a number far exceeding 
 its present population. Strah. — Martial. 9, 
 ep. 27.— Plin. 3, c. 6, 1. 7, c. 2.— Ovid. 1, 
 jimor. el. 12, v. 10.— Virg. Ed. 9, v. 30. 
 CoRsoTE, a town of Armenia. 
 CoRsOR.i, an island in the bay of Carthage. 
 CoRTOKA, an ancient town of Etruria, call- 
 ed Coryium by Virgil. It was at the month of 
 the Thrasymene lake. Dionys. H. 1, c. 20 and 
 26.— Lu'. 9, c. 37, 1. 22, c. 4. 
 
 CoRYiNDs, a name given to M. Valerius 
 from a crow^ which assisted him when he was 
 
 fighting against a Gaul. An orator. Paterc. 
 
 2, c. 36. Messala, an eloquent orator, in the 
 
 Augustan age, distinguished for integrity and 
 patriotism, yet ridiculed for his frequent quo- 
 tations of Greek in his orations. In his old 
 age, he became so forgetful as not even to re- 
 member his own name. One of this family 
 
 became so poor, that he was obliged, to main- 
 tain himself, to be a raercenai-y shepherd. 
 Juv. 1, V. 101. 
 
 T. CoRUNCANus, the first plebeian who 
 
 was made high-priestat Rome. The family 
 
 of the Coruncani was famous for the number 
 of great men which it supplied, for the service 
 and honour of the Roman republic. Cic. pro 
 Donio. 
 
 CoRus, a river of Arabia, falling into the 
 Red sea. Herodot. 3, c. 9. 
 
 CoRvcANTKS, the priests of Cybele, called 
 also Galli. In the celebration of their festivals, 
 they beat their cymbals, and behaved as if de- 
 lirious. They first inhabited on mount Ida, 
 and from thencepassedinto Crete, and secretly 
 brought up Jupiter. Some suppose that they 
 receive their name from Corybas son of Jasus 
 and Cybele, who first introduced the rights of 
 his mother into Phrygia. There was a festival 
 at Cnossus in Crete, called Coi-ybantica, in 
 commemoration of the Corybantes, vv^ho there 
 educated Jupiter. Pans- 8, c, 37. — Diod. 5. — 
 Moral. 1, od. 16.—Virg. ^n. 9, v. 617, 1. 10, v. 
 250. 
 
 CoRYBAS, a son of Jasus and Cybele. Diod. 
 
 5. A painter, disciple to Nicomachus. 
 
 P/m.35, c. 11. 
 
 CoRYBASsA, a city of Mysia. 
 GoRYBUs, a promontory of Crete. 
 CoRYCiA, a nymph, mother of Lycorus, by 
 Apollo. Paus. 10, c. 6. 
 
 CuRYCiDES, the nymphs who inhabited the 
 foot of Parnassus. This name is often applied 
 to the muses. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 320. 
 
 CouYcius, an old man of Tarentum, whose 
 time was happily employed in taking care of 
 his bees. He 13 represented by f^rqil. O. 4 
 23 
 
 €0 
 
 V. 127, &c. as a contented old man, whose as- 
 siduity and diligence are exemplary. Some 
 suppose that the word Corycius, implies not a 
 person of that name, but a native of Corycns, 
 who had settled in Italy. 
 
 CoRYcus, now Curco, a lofty mountain of 
 Ciiicia, with a town of tiie same name, and 
 also a cave, with a grove which produced ex- 
 cellent saffron. Horat. 2, Sat. 4, v. 68. — Lu- 
 can. 9, V. 809.— Plin. 5, c. 27.— Cic. ad Fam. 
 
 12, ej). 13. — Slrab. 14. Another of Ionia, 
 
 long the famous retreat of robbers. Ano- 
 ther at the foot of Parnassus, sacred to the 
 muses. Siat. Thsb. 7.— Strah. 9. 
 
 CoRYDON, a fictitious name of a shepherd, 
 often occurring in the pastorals of Theocritus 
 and Virgil. 
 
 CoRYLA and Coryleum, a village of Faph- 
 lagonia. 
 
 CoRYNA, a town of Ionia. Mela, 1, c. 17. 
 
 CoRYMBiFER, a sumame of Bacchus, from 
 his wearing a crown of corymhi, certain ber- 
 ries that grow on the ivy. Odd. 1. Fast. v. 393. 
 
 CoRYNETA and CoRYNETEs, a famous rob- 
 ber, son of Vulcan, killed by Theseus. Plut. 
 in Thes. 
 
 CoRYPHASiuM, a promontory of Peloponne- 
 sus. Paus. 4, c. 36. 
 
 CoRYPHE, a daughter of Oceanus. Cic. dt 
 Aat.D.S, c.23. 
 
 CoRYTHENSES, a placc of Tegea. Patis. 8, 
 c. 45. 
 
 CoRYTHus, a king of Corinth. Diod. 4. 
 
 CoRY'Tus, a king of Etruria, father to .lasius, 
 whom Dardanus is said to have put to deaths 
 to obtain the kingdom. It is also a town and 
 mountain of Etruria, now Cortomi, near which 
 Dardanus was born. Virs:. JEn. 3, v. 170, 1. 7, 
 V. 209.— 5?:/. 5, V. 123, 1. 4^; v. 721. 
 
 Cos, an island. Vid. Co. 
 
 CosA and Cossa, orCoSiE, a town of Etru- 
 ria. Virs. JEm,. 10, v. 168.— Liv. 22, c. 11.— 
 Cic. 9, An. Q.—Cas. U. C. 1, c. 34. 
 
 Coscomus, a Latin writer. Varro de L. L. 
 A wretched epigram writer. Martial. 
 
 2, ep.77. 
 
 Cosingas, a Thracian priest of Juno, h£. 
 Polifmn. 7, c. 22. 
 
 Cosis, a brother to the king of Albania? 
 killed by Pompey. Plut. in Pomp. 
 
 CosMus, an effeminate Roman. Juv. S. 
 
 CossEA, apaitof Persia. Diod. 17. 
 
 Cossus, a surname given to the family of 
 
 the Cornelii. A Roman, who killed Vo- 
 
 lumnius, king of Veii, and obtained the Spolia 
 Opima, A. U. C. 317. Virg. JEn. 6, r. 841. 
 
 CossuTii, a family at Rome, of which Co.^- 
 sutia, Caesar's wife, was descended. Suet, in 
 C(Rs. 1. — One of the family was distinguished 
 as an architect about 200 B. C. He first in- 
 troduced into Italy the more perfect models 
 of Greece. 
 
 CosTOB(Ei, robbers in Galatia. Patty. 10, 
 V. 34. 
 
 CosYRA, a baiTen island in the African sea, 
 near Melita. Ovid. Fast. 3, v. 567. 
 
 CoTES and Cottes, a promontory of Mau- 
 ritania. 
 
 CoTiioN, a small island near the citadel ot 
 Carthage, with a convenient bay, wiiich serv- 
 ed for a dock-yard. Serviui in Virg. JEn. 1, v 
 431— Z)iW. 3. 
 
 I CoTHONEA, the mother of Tripfoleniu""'. 
 Tfy^in. fab. 147. 
 
CR 
 
 CoTiso, a king of the Daci, whose afmy in- 
 vaded Pannonia, and was defeated by Corn. 
 Lentulus, tbe lieutenant of Augustus. It is 
 said tliat Augustus solicited his daughter in 
 marriage. Suet, in dug. 63. — Horat. 3, od. 8, 
 V. 18. 
 
 CoToNis, an island near the Echinades. 
 Plin. 4, c. 12. 
 
 CoTTo M. AuRELius, a Roman, who op- 
 posed Marius. He was consul with Lucullus: 
 and when in Asia he was defeated by sea and 
 land, by Mithridales. He was surnamed Po7i- 
 ticus, because lie took Heraclea of Pontus by 
 
 treachery. Plut. in Lucull. An orator, 
 
 greatly commended by Cicero de Oral. A 
 
 governor of Paphlagonia, very faithful to Sar- 
 
 danapalus. Diod. 2. A spendthrift in the 
 
 age of Nero, &c. Tacit. An officer of Cae- 
 sar, in Gaul. A poet mentioned by Ovid in 
 
 Ep. dePonf. 
 
 CoTTi^ Alpes, a certain part of the Alps, 
 by which Italy is separated from Gaul. Suet. 
 Tib. 37, Mr. 18. 
 
 CoTTus, a giant, son of Ccelus and Terra, 
 tvho had 100 hands, and 50 heads. Hesiod. 
 
 Theog. V. 147. A man among the ^dui, 
 
 &c. C(Es. Bell. 
 
 CoTYiEUM, a town of Galatia. Plin. 3, c. 
 
 32. of Phrygia. 
 
 CoTYL.«us, a surname of ^^sculapius, wor- 
 shipped on the borders of the Eurotas. His 
 temple w'as raised by Hercules. Pans. 3, c. 19. 
 CoTYLius, a mountain of Arcadia. Pans. 
 8, c. 41. 
 
 CoTYORA, a city of Asia Minor, founded by 
 a colony from Sinope. Diod. 14. 
 
 CoTYs, the father of Asia. Herodot. 4, c. 
 45. A son of Manes by Callirhoe, wIk) suc- 
 ceeded his father on the throne of Maeoiiia. 
 
 A king of Thrace. C. JS'ep. in Iphic. 
 
 Another, wiio favoured the interest of Pom- 
 pey. He was of an irascible temper. Lucan. 
 5, V. 54. Another, king of Thrace, who di- 
 vided the kingdom with his uncle, by whom 
 he was killed. It is the same to whom Ovid 
 writes from his banishment. Tacit. 2, jinn. 64. 
 — Ovid. 2; de Pont. ep. d.— — A king of the 
 Odrysce. Liv. 42, c. 29. A king of Arme- 
 nia Minor, who fought against Mithridates, in 
 the age of Claudius. Tacit. Ann. 11 and 13. 
 Another, who imagined he should marry 
 
 Minerva, and who murdered some of his ser- 
 vants who wished to dissuade him from expec- 
 tations sofrivilousand inconsistent. Athen. 12. 
 
 CoTYTTO, the goddess of ail debauchery, 
 whose festivals, called Cottjltia, were celebra- 
 ted by the Athenians, Coriothians, Thracians, 
 kc. during the night. Her priests were called 
 Baptae, and nothing but debauchery and wan- 
 tonness prevailed at the celebration. A festi- 
 val of the same name was observed in Sicily, 
 Avhere the votaries of the goddess carried 
 about boughs hung with cakes and fruit, which 
 it was lawful for any person to pluck off. It 
 --Tvas a capital punishment to reveal whatever 
 was seen or done at these sacred festivals, and 
 it cost Eupolis his life for an unseasonable re- 
 flection upon them. The goddess Cotylto is 
 supposed to be the same as Proserpine or Ge- 
 res. Horat. epod. 17, v. 58. — Juv. 2, v. 9J. 
 
 Ckagus, a woody mountain of Cilicia, part 
 of mount Taurus, sacrod to Apollo. Ovid. 
 Met. 9, V. &i^.-~Horai. ], od. 21. 
 
 CR 
 
 Crambusa, a town of Lycia. 
 
 Cranai, a surname of the Athenians, from 
 
 their king Cranaus. Herodot. 8, c. 44. 
 Cranapes. a Persian, &.c. Herodot. 
 Cranaus, the second king of Athens, who 
 
 succeeded Cecrops, and reigned nine years, 
 
 B. C. 1497: Pans. 1, c. 2. A city of Caria. 
 
 Plin. 5, c. 29. 
 
 Crane, a nymph. Vid. Caraa. A town 
 
 of Arcadia. 
 
 CRAiiEUMj a gymnastic school at Corinth; 
 
 Diog. 
 
 Cranii, a town of Cephallenia. Thucyd. 
 
 2, c. 30. 
 
 Cranon and Crannon, a town of Thes- 
 
 saly, on the borders of Macedonia, where An- 
 
 tipater and Craterus defeated the Athenians 
 
 after Alexander's death. Liv. 26, c. 10, 1. 42, 
 c. 64. 
 
 CranTor, a philosopher of Soli, among 
 
 the pupils of Plato, B. C. 310. Diog. An 
 
 armour-bearer of Peleus, killed by Deraoleou. 
 
 Ovid. Met. 12, v. 361. 
 Crassipes, a surname of the family of the 
 
 Furii, one of whom married TuUia, Cicero's 
 
 daughter, whom he soon after divorced. Cic. 
 
 Att. 4, ep. 5.— Liv. 38, c. 42. 
 
 L. Crassitius, a man who opened a school 
 
 at Rome. Suet, de Gram. 18. 
 
 Crassus, a grandfather of Crassus the Rich, 
 
 who never laughed. Plin. 7, c. 19. Publ. 
 
 Licinius, a Roman high-priest, about 131 years 
 B. C. who went into Asiawith an army against 
 Aristonicus, where he was killed, and buried 
 at Smyrna. M. Licinius, a celebrated Ro- 
 man, surnamed Rich, on account of his opu- 
 lence. At first he was very circumscribed in 
 his circumstances ; but, by educating slaves, 
 and selling them at a high price, he soon en- 
 riched himself. The cruelties of Cinna obliged 
 him to leave Rome ; and he retired to Spain, 
 where he remained concealed for eight months. 
 After Cinna's death he passed into Africa, and 
 thence to Italy, where he served Sylla, and in- 
 gratiated himself in his favour. When the gladia- 
 tors, with Spartacus at their head, had spread 
 an universal alarm in Italy, and defeated some 
 of the Roman generals, Crassus was sent against 
 them. A battle was fought, in which Cras.sus 
 slaughtered 12,000 of the slaves, and by this 
 decisive blow, he soon put an end to the war, 
 and was honoured with an ovatio at his return. 
 He was soon after made consul with Pompey ; 
 and in this high office he displayed his opu- 
 lence, by entertaining the populace at 10,000 
 tables. He was afterwards censor, and formed 
 the first triumvirate with Pompey and Caesar. 
 As his love of riches was more predominant 
 than that of glory, Crassus never imitated the 
 ambitious conduct of his colleagues, but was 
 satisfied with the province of Syria, which 
 seemed to promise an inexhaustible source of 
 wealth. With hopes of enlarging his posses- 
 sions, he set off from Rome, though the omens 
 proved unfavourable, and every thing seemed 
 to threaten his ruin. He crossed the Euphra- 
 
 tes, and, forgetful of the rich cities of Baby- 
 lon and Seleucia, he hastened to make him- 
 self master of Parthia. He was betrayed in 
 his march by the delay of Artavasdes, king of 
 Armenia, and the perfidy of Ariamncs. He 
 was met in a large plain by Surena, the gene- 
 ral of the forces of Orodes, kiiig of Parthia • 
 
CR 
 
 and a battle was fought, in which 20,000 Ro- 
 mans were killed, and 10,000 taken prisoners. 
 The darkness of the night favoured the escape 
 of the rest, and Crassus, forced by the mutiny 
 and turbulence of his soldiers, and the treach- 
 ery of his guides, trusted himself to the gene- 
 ral of the enemy, on pretence of proposing 
 terms of accommodation, and he was put to 
 death, B. C. 53. His head was cut oft^ and 
 sent to Orodes, who poured melted lead down 
 his throat, and insulted his misfortunes. The 
 firmness with which Crassus received the news 
 of his son's death, who perished in that expe- 
 dition, has been deservedly commended ; and 
 the words that he uttered when he surrender- 
 ed himself into the hands of Surena, equally 
 claim our admiration. He was wont often to 
 say, that no man ought to be accounted rich, 
 if he could not maintain an army. Though 
 he has been called avaricious, yet he showed 
 himself always ready to lend money to his 
 friends without interest. He was fond of phi- 
 losophy, and his knowledge of history was 
 great and extensive. Plutarch has written 
 
 his life. Flor. 3, c. 11. Fublius, the son 
 
 of the rich Crassus, went into Parthia with 
 his father. When he saw himself surrounded 
 by the enemy, and without any hope of es- 
 cape, he ordered one of his men to run him 
 through. His head was cut off, and sh&wn 
 with insolence to his father by the Parthians. 
 
 Plut. in Crass. L.. Licinius, a celebrated 
 
 Roman orator, commended by Cicero, and in- 
 ftroducedin bis book de Oratore as the principal 
 
 speaker. A son of Crassus the rich, killed 
 
 in the civil wars, after Caesar's death. 
 
 Crastinus, a man in Caesar's army, killed 
 at the battle of Pharsalia. Cccs. Bell. G. 3, c. 
 
 Cratais, the mother of Sylla, supposed 
 to. be the same as Hecate. Horn. Od. 12, v. 
 124. 
 
 Cratjeus, conspired against Archelaus, &c. 
 — Bristol. 
 
 Crater, a bay of Campania near Misenus. 
 
 Craterus, one of Alexander's generals. 
 He rendered himself conspicuous by his lite- 
 rary fame, as well as by his valour in the field, 
 and wrote the history of Alexander's life* He 
 was greatly re-^pected and loved by tiie Mace- 
 donian soldiers, and Alexander always trusted 
 hira with unusual confidence. After Alexan- 
 der's death, he subdued Greece with Antipa- 
 ter, and passed with his colleague into Asia, 
 where he was killed in a battle against Eume- 
 nes, B. C. 321. He had received for his 
 share of Alexanders kingdoms, Greece and 
 Epiruj. JVep. in Eumen. 2. — Justin. 12 
 and 13. — Curt. 3. — Arrian. — Plut. in Alex. 
 
 A physician of Atticus, mentioned by 
 
 Cic. 12. ad Attic, ep. Vi.—Horat. 2, Sat. 3, 
 
 V. 161. A painter who.se pieces adorned 
 
 the public buildings of Athens. Plin. 35, c. 
 
 11. An Athenian, who collected into one 
 
 body, all the decrees which had passed in the 
 public assemblies at Athens. A famous 
 
 sculptor. 
 
 Crates, a philosopher of Boeotia, son of 
 Ascondus, and disciple of Diogenes the Cynic, 
 B. C. 324. He sold his estates, and gave the 
 money to his fellow citifiens. He was natu- 
 rally deformed, and he rendered himself more 
 hideous by sowing sheep's-skins to his mantle; 
 
 CR 
 
 and by the singularity of his manners. He 
 clothed himself as warm as possible in the 
 summer; but in the winter, his garments 
 were uncommonly thin, and incapable to re- 
 sist the inclemency of the season. Hippar- 
 chia, the sister of a philosopher, became en- 
 amoured of him ; and as he could not cool 
 her passion by representing himself as poor 
 and deformed, he married her. He had by 
 her two daughters, whom he gave in mar- 
 riage to his disciples, after he had permitted 
 them their company for 30 days by way of 
 trial. Some of his letters are extant. Diog. 
 
 invito,. A stoic, son of Timocrates, who 
 
 opened a school at Rome, where he taught 
 
 grammar. Sueton. A native of Pergamus, 
 
 who wrote an account of the most stri- 
 king events of every age, B. C. 165. JElian. 
 
 deAnlm. 17, c.9. A philosopher of Athens, 
 
 who succeeded in the school of his mastei' 
 
 Polemon. An Athenian comic poet. 
 
 Cratesiclea, the mother of Cleomenes, 
 who went to Egypt, in hopes of serving her 
 country, &,o. Plut . in Cleon^ 
 
 Cratesipohs, a queen of Sicyon, who 
 severely punished some of her subjects, who 
 had revolted at the death of Alexander, her 
 husband, &c. PolyoAh 8, c. 58. 
 
 Cratesipidas, a commander of the La- 
 cedasmonian fleet, against the Athenians, &c. 
 Diod. 13. 
 
 Cratevas, a general of Cassander. Diod. 19- 
 Crateus, a son of Minos. 
 CRATHis, a river of Achaia falling into the 
 bay of Corinth. Sirab. 8.— — Another in Mag- 
 na Graecia, whose waters were supposed to 
 give a yellow colour ta the hair and beard of 
 those that drank thera. Ovid. 14. Met. v. 315. 
 -^Paus. 7, c. 25.— Plin. 31, c. 2. 
 
 Cratinus, a native of Athens, celebrated 
 for his comic writings, and his fondness for 
 drinking. He died at the age of 97, B. C. 431 
 years. Quintilian greatly commends his com- 
 edies, which the little remains of his poetry do 
 not seem fully to justify. Horat. 1. Sat. 4. — 
 Quintil. A wrestler of uncommon beau- 
 ty. Pans.. 6, c. 3. A river of Asia. Plin. 
 
 37,,c. 2. 
 
 Cratippus, a philosopher of Mityleni, 
 who, amon^ others, taught Cicero's son at 
 Athens. Alter the battle of Pharsalia, Pom- 
 pey visited the house of Cratippus, where their 
 discourse was chiefly turned upon Providence, 
 which the warrior blamed, and the philosopher 
 defended. Plut. in Pomp. — Cic. in 0§ic. 1. 
 
 An historian contemporary with Thucy- 
 
 dides. Dionys. Hal. 
 
 Cratylus, a philosopher, a preceptor to 
 Plato after Socrates. 
 
 CRAusia;, two islands on the coast of Pelo- 
 ponnesus. 
 
 Crausis, the father of Philopopmen. 
 Crauxidas, a man who obtained an Olym- 
 pic crown at a horse race. Pans. 5, c. 8. 
 
 Cremera, a small river of Tuscany, fal- 
 ling into the Tiber, famous for the death of 
 the 300 Fabii, who were killed there in a bat- 
 tle against the Veientes, A. U. C. 277. Ovid. 
 Fast. 2, V. 205.— Juv. 2, v. 155, 
 Cremma, a town of Lycia. 
 Cnr.MMYON, and Crommyon, a town neai 
 Corinth, where Theseus killed a sow of un 
 common bigness. Ovid. Mel. 7, v. 435. 
 
CR 
 
 Cremni and Cremkos, a commercial place 
 ou the Pains Meeotis. Herodot. 4, c. 2. 
 
 Cri;m(3na, a town of Cisalpine Gaul, on the 
 Po, near Mantua. It was a Koman colony, 
 and suft'ered much w ben Annibal first passed 
 into Italy. Liv. 21, c. 56. — Tacit. Hist. 3, c. 4 
 and 19. 
 
 Cremonis JuGUM, a part of the Alps, over 
 which, as some suppose, Annibal passed to en- 
 ter Italy, Liv. 2i, c. o8. 
 
 Cremidjjs, a place of Bithynia. Diod. 14. 
 
 Crkmutius Cordus, an historian who 
 wrote anaccoujit of Augustus, and of the civil 
 wars, and storied himself for fear of the re 
 sentment of Tiberius, whom he had offended, 
 by calling Cassius the last of the Romans. T«- 
 cit.Jinn. 55, c. 34, 35. — Suet, in Aug. 35. in Tib. 
 60. in Calig. 16. 
 
 Crenis, a nymph mentioned by Ovid. Met. 
 12, V. 313. 
 
 Creon, a king of Corinth, w^as son of Sisy- 
 phus. He promised his daughter Glance to 
 Jason, who repudiated Medea. To revenge 
 the success of her rival, Medea sent her for a 
 present a go'vn covered with poison. Glaace 
 put it on, and was seized with sudden pains. 
 Her body took fire, and she expired in the 
 greatest torments. The house also was con- 
 sumed by the fire, and Creon and his family 
 shared Glance's fate. Apollod. 1, c. 9, 1. 3, c. 
 7. — Eurip. in Med. — Hygiti. fab. 25. — Diod. 4. 
 
 A son of Mencelius, father to Jocasta, the 
 
 wife and mother of (Edipus. At the death of 
 Laius, who had married Jocasta, Creon as- 
 scended the vacant tlirone of Thebes. As, the 
 ravages of the Sphinx {Vid. Sphinx) were in- 
 tolerable, Creon offered his crown, and daugh- 
 ter in marriage, to him who could explain the 
 enigmas whjch the monster proposed. (Edi- 
 pus was happy in his explanations, and he as- 
 cended the throne of Thebes, and married Jo- 
 casta, without knowing that she was his moth- 
 er, and by her he had two sons, Polynices and 
 liteoclcs. These two sons mutually agreed, 
 after their father's death, to reign in the king- 
 dom, each ailernateiy. Eteocies first ascend- 
 ed the throne, by right of seniority ; but when 
 he was once in power, he refused to resign at 
 the ai (pointed time, and his brother led agginsi 
 him an army of Argives to support his right. 
 The war was decided by a single combat be- 
 tween the two brothers. They both killed 
 one another, and Creon ascended the throne, 
 till Leodamas the son of Eteocies should be of 
 a sufficient age to assume the reins of govern- 
 mej;t. In his regal capacity, Creon command- 
 ed tiiat the Argives, and more particularly 
 Polynices, who was the cause of all the blood- 
 shed, should remain nnburied. If this was in 
 any manner disobeyed, the olfenders were to 
 be buried alive. Antigone, the sister of Poly- 
 nices, transgressed, and v/as accordingly pun- 
 ished, littimen, the son of Creoii, who was 
 liassionaU'ly fond of Antigone, killed iiimself 
 on her grave, when his father refused to grant 
 her pardon. Creon was afterwards killed by 
 Theseus, who i^ad made war against him at 
 the reqnei-t of Adrastus, because he refused 
 burial to {.hv- Argives. Vid. Eteocies, Polyni- 
 ces, Admstua, (Edipus. — Apollod. 3, c. 56, &c. 
 — Faus. i, c. 39, I. 9, c. 5, kc. — Slat, in Theb. 
 — ScpiiucL in Antig. — JEschyl. Sept. in Theb. 
 rHy^in. fab. 67 and 76. — Diod. 1 and 4. The 
 
 CR 
 
 first annual archon at Athens, 684 B. C. Paier. 
 
 1, c. 8. 
 
 Creoktiades, a son of Hercules by Mega- 
 ra, daughter of Creon, killed by his father, be- 
 cause he had slain Lycus. 
 
 Creophilus, a Samian, who hospitably 
 entertained Homer, from whom he received 
 a poem in return. Some say that he was that 
 poet's master, &;c. Slrab. 14. An histori- 
 an. Aihtn. 8. 
 
 Creperius Pollio, a Roman, who spent 
 his all in the most extravagant debauchery, 
 Jav. y, V. 6. 
 
 Cres, an inhabitant of Crete. The first 
 
 king of Crete, Paus. 8, c. 53. 
 
 Cresa and Cressa, a town of Caria. 
 
 Cresius, a hill of Arcadia. Paus. 8, c. 44. 
 
 Cresphontes, a son of Aristomachus, who, 
 with his brotliers Temenus and Aristodemus, 
 attempted to recover the Peloponnesus. Paus. 
 4, c. 3, &LC. 
 
 Cre ssiirs, belonging to Crete. Virg. j^n. 4, 
 v. 70, 1. 8, 294. 
 
 Creston, a town of Thrace, capital of a 
 part of the country called Crestonia. The in- 
 habitants had each many wives ; and when the 
 husband died, she who had received the great- 
 est share of his affection, was cheerfully slain 
 on his grave. Herodot. 5, c. 5. 
 
 Cresus and Ephesus, two men who built 
 the temple of Diana at Ephesus. Paus. 7, c. 2. 
 
 Creta, one of the largest islands of the Me- 
 diterranean sea, at the south of ail the Cycla- 
 des. It was once famous for its hundred ci- 
 ties, and for the Jaws which the wisdom of 
 Minos established there. The inhabitants have 
 been detested for their unnatural loves, their 
 falsehood, their piracies, and robberies. Ju- 
 piter, as some authors report, was educated ia 
 that island by the Corybanles, and the Cretans 
 boasted that they could show his tomb. There 
 were different colonies from Phrygia, Doris, 
 Achaia, &ie. that established themselves there. 
 The island, after groaning under the tyranny 
 of democraticai usurpation, and feeling the 
 scourge of frequent sedition, was made a Ro- 
 man i)rovince, B. C. 66, after a war of three 
 years, in which the inhabitants were so dis- 
 tressed, that they were even compelled to 
 drink the water of tjieir cattle. Chalk was 
 produced there, and thence called Creta, and 
 with it the Romans marked their lucky days 
 in their calendar. Horat. 1, od. 36, v. 10, epod. 
 9.— Ovid. Fast. —3, v. 444. Episi. 10, v. 106. 
 — Val. Max. 7, c. 6. — Strab. 10. — Lucan. 3, 
 v. 184.— Ftrg. JEn. 3, v. 104.— .¥e/a, 2, c. 7.— 
 Plin. 4, c. 12. 
 
 CRET^tus, a poet mentioned by Propertius. 
 
 2, el. 34, v. 29. 
 
 Crete, the wife of Minos. Apollod. 3, c. 1. 
 A daughter of Deucalion. Id. 3, c. 3. 
 
 Cketea, a country of Arcadia, where Ju- 
 piter was educated, according to some tradi- 
 tions. Pa.us. 8, c. 38. 
 
 Cretes, inhabitants of Crete. Virg. M,n. 
 4, V. 146. 
 
 Crete us, a Trojan, distinguished as a 
 poet and musician. He followed /Eneas, 
 and was killed by Turnus. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 
 
 774. Another, killed by Turnus. /(/. 12, 
 
 V. 538. 
 
 Cretheis, the wife of Acastns, king of 
 lolchos, who fell in love with Peleus, son of 
 
CR 
 
 JEnctis, and accused him of attempts upon her 
 virtue, because he refused to comply with her 
 wishes, kc. She is called by some Hippo- 
 lyte, or Astiadamia. Pindar. Nem. 4. 
 
 CufiTHEUs, a son of ^olus, father of ]£,- 
 son, by Tyro, his brother's daughter. Apollod. 
 1, c. 7, &c. 
 
 Crethon, a son of Diodes, engaged in the 
 Trojan war on the side of Greece. He was 
 slain, with his brother Orsilochus, by ^neas. 
 Homer. II. 5, v. 540. 
 
 Cketicus, a certain orator. Jwv. 2, v. 67. 
 A surname of M. Antony's father. 
 
 Cressas, a famous boxer. Pans. 2. 
 
 Crjeusa, a daughter of Creon king of Co- 
 rinth. As she was going to marry Jason, who 
 had divorced Medea, she put on a poisoned 
 garment, which immediately set her body on 
 fire, and she expired in the most excruciating 
 torments. She had received this gown as a 
 gift from Medea, who wished to take that re- 
 venge upon the infidelity of .Tason. Some call 
 
 her Glance. Ovid, dt Art. Jim. 1, v- 335. 
 
 A daughter of Priam, king of Troy, by Hecu- 
 ba. She married iEneas, by whom she had 
 some children, among which was Ascanius. 
 When Troy Avas taken, she fled in the night, 
 with her husband ; but they were sepai'ated in 
 the midst of the confusion, and ^neas could 
 not recover her, nor hear where she was. 
 Cybele saved her, and carried her to her tem- 
 ple, of which she became priestess ; according 
 to the relatioii of Virgil, who makes Creusa 
 appear to her husband in a vision, while he was 
 seeking her in the tumult of war. She pre- 
 dicted to ^neas tiie calamities that attended 
 him, the fame he should acquire when he 
 came to Italy, and his consequent marriage 
 with a princess of the country. Pans. 10, c 
 
 1Q.—Virg. JEn. 2, v. 562, ^c. A daughter of 
 
 Erechtheus king of Athens. She was mo- 
 ther of Janus by Apollo. A town of Bceo- 
 
 tia. Strab. 9.—Paus. 9, c. 32. 
 
 Creusis, a naval station of the Thespigins. 
 Paus. 9, c. 32. 
 
 Criasus, ason ofArgos, king in Pelopon- 
 nesus. Apollod. 2, c. 1. 
 
 Crinippus, a general of Dionysius the 
 elder. 
 
 Crisis, a stoic philosopher. Laert. A 
 
 priest of Apollo. 
 
 Crinisus and Crijusus, now Caltabel- 
 lota, a river on the western parts of Sicily 
 near Segesta, where Timoleon defeated the 
 Carthaginian forces. C. JVtp. in Tim. — Virg. 
 JEn. 5, V. 38. The word in the various edi- 
 tions of Virgil, is spelt Cremissus, Crimissus, 
 
 Crimisus, Crimesus, Crinisus, Crimnisus. 
 
 The Crinisus was a Trojan prince, who expo- 
 sed his daughter on the sea; rather than suffer 
 her to be devoured by the sea-monster which 
 Neptune sent to i)unishthe infidelity of Lao- 
 medon. [yid. Laomedon.] The daughter 
 came safe to the siiores of S icily. Crinisus 
 some time after went in quest of his daughter, 
 and was so disconsolate for her loss, that the 
 gods ciianged him into a river in Sicily, and 
 granted him the power of metamorphosing 
 himself into whatever shape he pleased. He 
 made use of this privilege to seduce the neigh- 
 bouring nymphs. 
 
 ■ Crino, a daughter of Antenor. Paus. 10, 
 c. 27. One of the Oanaides. JiyoUod. 
 
 CR 
 
 Crison, a man of Himera, who obtained a 
 pri2:e at Olympia, &c. Paus. 5, c. 23. 
 
 Crispina, a Roman matron, &,c. Tacit. 1. 
 Hist. 47. 
 
 Crispinus, a preetorian, who, though ori- 
 ginally a slave in Egypt, was after the acqui- 
 sition of riches, raised to the honours of Ro- 
 man knighthood by Domitian. Juv. 1, v. 26. 
 
 A stoic philosopher, as remarkable for his 
 
 loquacity as for the foolish and tedious'poem 
 he wrote, to explain the tenets of his own 
 sect, to which Horace alludes in the last ver^ 
 ses of 1, Sat. 1. 
 
 Crispus Sallustius. Vid. Sallustius. 
 
 Virio, a famous orator. Qi.iintiL 10, c. 1. 
 
 The second husband of Agi'ippina. 
 
 Flav. Jul. a son of the Great Constantine, 
 made Caesar by his father, and distinguished 
 for valour and extensive knowledge. Fau- 
 sta, his step-mother, wished to seduce him ; 
 and when he refused, she accused him before 
 Constantine, who believed the crime, and 
 caused his son to be poisoned, A. D. 326. 
 
 CmssiEus SINUS, a bay on the coasts of 
 Peloponnesus, near Corinth, now the bay of 
 Salona. It received its name from Crissa,B. 
 town of Phosis, situate on the bay, and near 
 Delphi. 
 
 Critai.a, a town of Cappadocia. Herodot. 
 7, c. 27. 
 
 Critheis, a daughter of Melanippus, who 
 became pregnant by an unknown person, and 
 afterwards married Phemicis of Smyrna, and 
 brought forth the poet Homer, according to 
 Herodot. in vitd. 
 
 Crithote, a town of the Thracian Cher- 
 sonesus. C. JVep. 
 
 Critias, one of the thirty tyrants set over 
 Athens by the Spartans. He was eloquent and 
 well-bred, but of dangerous principles, and he 
 cruelly persecuted his enemies, and put them 
 to death. He was killed in a battle against 
 those citizens whom his oppression had 
 banished. He had been among the disciples 
 of Socrates, and had written elegies and other 
 compositions, of which some fragments re- 
 main. Cic. 2, de Oral. A philosopher. 
 
 A man who wrote on republics. Another, 
 
 who addressed an elegy to Alcibiades. 
 
 Crito, one of the disciples of Socrates, 
 who attended his learned preceptor in his last 
 moments, and composed some dialogues now 
 
 lost. Diog. A physician in the age of Ar- 
 
 taxerxes Longimanus. An historian of Nax- 
 
 us, who wrote an account of all that had hap- 
 pened during eight particular years of his life. 
 
 A Macedonian historian, who wrote an 
 
 account of Pallene, of Persia, of the founda- 
 tion of Syracuse, of the Getaj, &.c. 
 
 Critobulus, a general of Phocis, at the 
 battle of Thermopylae, between Antiochus 
 and the Romans. Paus. 10, c. 20. A phy- 
 sician in the age of Philip king of Macedo- 
 nia. Plin. 7, c. 37. A son of Crito, dis- 
 
 cijjle to Socrates. Diog. in Crit. 
 
 Critodemus, an ancient historian. Plin. 
 5, c. 76. 
 
 Critognatus, a celebrated warrior of 
 Alesia, when Caesar was in Gaul. Cas. Belt. 
 Gall. 
 
 CritolAus, a citizen of Tegea in Arca- 
 dia, who, with two brothers, fought agaijist 
 the two sous of Demostralus of Pheneus, to 
 
CR 
 
 put an end to a long war between their respec- 
 tive nations. The brothers of Critolaus were 
 boti killed, and he alone remained to with- 
 stand his three bold antagonists. He conquer- 
 ed them; and when, at his return, his sister 
 deplored the death of one of his antagonists, to 
 whom she was betrothed, he killed her in a fit 
 of resentment. The offence deserved capital 
 punishment ; but he was pardoned, on account 
 of the*services he had rendered his country. 
 He was afterwards general of the Achseans, 
 and it is said that he poisoned himself, because 
 he had been conquered at Thermopylw by the 
 
 Romans. Cic de JVat. D. A peripatetic 
 
 philosopher of Athens, sent ambassador to 
 
 Rome, &c. 140 B. C. Cic. 2, de Orai. An 
 
 historian who wrote about Epirus. 
 
 Crius, a soothsayer, son of Theocles. 
 
 Paus. 3, c. 13. A man of j^gina, Lc. — 
 
 Herodot. 6, c. 50. A river of Achaia, cal- 
 led after a giant of the same name. Fans. 7, 
 c. 27. 
 
 Crobialus, a town of Paphlagonia. 
 
 Crobyzi, a people of Thrace. 
 
 CrocalE; one of Diana's attendants. Ovid. 
 Met. 3. 
 
 Crocks, a town of Laconia. Paus. 3, v. 21. 
 
 Crocodilopolis, a town of Egypt, near 
 the Nile, above Memphis. The crocodiles 
 were held there in the greatest veneration ; 
 and they were so tame, that they came to 
 take food from the hand of their feeders. It 
 was afterwards called Arsinoe. Herodot. 2, c. 
 G9.—Slrab. 17. 
 
 Crocus, a beautiful youth,- enamoured of 
 the r.ymph Smilax. He was changed into a 
 flower oi the same name, on account of the 
 impatience of his love, and Smilax was meta- 
 raorpliosed into a yew-tree. Ooid 4, Met. 
 V. 283. 
 
 Crcesus, the fifth and last of the Merm- 
 nadai, who reigned in Lydia, was son of Al- 
 yates, and passed for the richest of mankind. 
 He was the lirst who made the Greeks of Asia 
 tributary to the Lydians. His court was the 
 asylum of learning; and .^sop, the famous 
 fable-writer, among others, lived under his 
 patronage. In a conversation with Solon, 
 Crcesus wished to be thought the liappiest of 
 mankind ; but the philosopher apprized him of 
 his mistake, and gave the preference to pover- 
 ty and domestic virtue. Crcesus undertook a 
 war against Cyrus the kingofPersia,and march- 
 ed to meet him with an army of 420,000 men, 
 and 60,000 horse. After a reign of 14 years, 
 he was defeated, B. C. 548 ; his capital was be- 
 sieged, and fell into the conqueror's hands, 
 who ordered him to be burnt alive. The pile 
 Vv"as already on fire, when Cyrus heard the 
 conquered monarch three times exclaim, So- 
 lon 1 with lamentable energy. He asked him 
 the reason of his exclamation, and Crcesus re- 
 pealed the conversation he had once with 
 J^olou on human happiness. Cyrus was moved 
 at the recital, and at the recollection of the 
 inconstancy of human affairs, he ordered 
 Crcesus to be taken from the burning pile, and 
 he became one of his most intimate friends 
 The kingdoiii of Lydia became extinct in his 
 person, and the power was transferred to 
 Persia. Crcesus survived Cyrus. The raan- 
 rerof his death is unknown. He is celebrated 
 for the immensely rich presents which he 
 
 partly in 
 Herodot. 
 
 Plin. 
 
 CR 
 
 made to the temple of Delphi, from which he 
 received an obscure and ambiguous oracle, 
 which he interpreted in his favour, and which 
 was fulfilled in the destruction of his empire. 
 Herodot. 1, c. 26, &,c. — Plut. in Solon. 8, c. 
 24. — Justin. 1, c. 7. 
 
 Cromi, a people of Arcadia. 
 
 Cromitis, a country of Arcadia. 
 
 Crommyon and Cromvon, a place of At- 
 tica, where Hercules killed a large sow that 
 laid waste the neighbouring country. Ovid. 
 
 Met. 7. — Xen. A town near Corinth. Paus. 
 
 2, c. 1. 
 
 Cromna, a town of Bithynia. 
 
 CromuSj a son of Neptune. Paus. 2, c. 
 1. A son of Lycaon. Id. 8, c. 3. 
 
 Cronia, a festival at Athens, in honour of 
 Saturn. The Rhodians observed the same 
 festival, and generally sacrificed to the god a 
 condemned malefactor. 
 
 Cronium, a town of Elis — of Sicily. 
 
 Crophi, a mountain of Egypt, near whicit 
 were the sources of the Nile, according to 
 some traditions, in the city of Sais. Herodot. 
 
 2, c. 28. 
 Cross^ea, a country situate 
 
 Thrace, and partly in Macedonia. 
 7, c. 123. 
 
 Crotalus, a navigable river of Italy. 
 
 3, c. 10. 
 
 Croton, a man killed by Hercules, by 
 whom he was afterwards greatly honoured. 
 Diod. 4. 
 
 Crotona, a town of Italy, still known by 
 the same name, in the bay of Tarentum, 
 founded 759 years before the Augustan age, 
 by a colony from Achaia. The inhabitants 
 were excellent warriors, and great wrestlers. 
 Democedes, Alcma;on, Milo, &tc. were na- 
 tives of this place. It was surrounded with a 
 wall twelve miles in circumference, before the 
 arrival of Pyi'rhus in Italy. Crotona struggled 
 in vain against the attacks of Dionysius of Si- 
 cily, Vi'ho took it. It suffered likewise in the 
 Viars of Pyrrhus and Annibal, but it received 
 ample glory, in being the place where Pytha- 
 goras established his school. Herodot. 8, c. 3X 
 —Sirah. 6— Plin. 2, c. i)6.—Liv. 1, c. 18, 1. 
 24, c. 3.—Jitstin. 20, c. 2. 
 
 CROTONiATiE, the inhabitants of Crotona. 
 Cic. de inv. 2, c. 1. 
 
 Crotoniatis, a part of Italy, of which 
 Crotona is the capital. Thucyd. 7, c. 35. 
 
 Crotopiades, a patronymic of Linus, grand- 
 son of Crotopus. 
 
 CnoTQPiAs, the patronymic of Linus, grand- 
 son of Crotopus. Orid.inlb. 480. 
 
 Crotopus, a king ofArgos, son of Agenor, 
 and father to Psamathe the mother of Linus 
 by Apollo. Ovid, in lb. 480. 
 
 Crotus, a son of Eumene, the nurse of the 
 Muses. He devoted his life to the labours of 
 the chace, and after death Jupiter placed him 
 among the constellations under the name of 
 Sagittarius. Paus. 9, c. 29. 
 
 Ckunos, a town of Peloponnesus. Mela^ 
 2, c.2. 
 
 Ckusis, a place near Olynthos. 
 
 Crustumerium and Crustumeria, a* town 
 of the Sabines. Liv. 4, c. 9, 1. 42, c. 34. 
 — Virg.JJ'ln. 7, V. 631. 
 
 CrustCminum, a town of Etruria, near 
 Veil; famous for pears ; whence the adjective 
 Crastumia. Virg. G. 2, v. 88. 
 
CT 
 
 Crdstumium, Crustuwus, and Crostur- 
 Kenius, now Conca, a river flowing from 
 the Apennines, by Ariminum. Lucan. 2, v. 
 406. 
 
 Crynis, a river of Bithynia. 
 
 Crypta, a passage through mount Pausily- 
 pus. Vid. Pausilypus, 
 
 Cteatcs, one of the Grecian chiefs before 
 Troy. Paus. 5, c. 4. 
 
 Ctemene, a town of Thessaly. 
 
 Ctenos, a harbour of Chersonesus Taurica. 
 
 Ctesias, a Greek historian and physician 
 of Cnidos, taken prisoner by Artaxerxes Mne- 
 mon at the battle of Cunaxa. He cured the 
 king's wounds, and was his physician for 17 
 years. He wrote an history of the Assyrians 
 and Persians, which Justin and Diodorus have 
 partially preferred to that of Herodotus. 
 Some fi*agments of his compositions have been 
 preserved by Photius, and are to be found in 
 Wesseling's edition of Herodotus. Strab. 1. 
 — Athen. 12. — Plut. in Artax. A syco- 
 phant of Athens. An historian of Epbesus. 
 
 Ctesibius, a mathematician of Alexandria, 
 who flourished 136 years B. C. He was the 
 inventor of the pump, and other hydraulic in- 
 struments. He also invented a clepsydra, or 
 a water clock. This invention of measuring 
 time by water, was wonderful and ingenious. 
 Water was made to drop upon wheels, which 
 it turned. The wheels communicated their 
 regular motion to a small wooden image, which 
 by a gradual rise, pointed with a stick to the 
 proper hours and months, which were engrav- 
 ed on a column near the machine. This artful 
 invention gave rise to many improv^ements ; 
 and the modern manner of measuring time 
 with an hourglass is an imitation of the clepsy- 
 dra of Ctesibius. Virtuv. de Archit. 9, c. 9. 
 
 A cynic philosopher. An historian, 
 
 who flourished 254 years B. C. and died in his 
 104th year. Plut. m Dtm. 
 
 Ctesicles, a general of Zacynthos, &:c. 
 
 Ctesidemus, a painter who had Antiphilus 
 for pupil. Plin. 35, c. 10. 
 
 Ctesilochus, a noble painter, who repre- 
 sented Jupiter as bringing forth Bacchus. 
 Plin. 35, c. 11. 
 
 Ctesiphon, an Athenian, son of Leosthe- 
 nes, who advised his fellow-citizens publicly 
 to present Demosthenes with a golden crown 
 for his probity and virtue. This was oppos- 
 ed by the orator iEschines, the rival of De- 
 mosthenes, who accused Ctesiphon of sedi- 
 tious views. Demosthenes undertook the de- 
 fence of his friend, in a celebrated oration still 
 extant, and ^^schines was banished. Demost. 
 
 ^ JEschin. de Corona. A Greek architect, 
 
 who made the plan of Diana's temple at Epbe- 
 sus. An elegiac poet, whom king Attains 
 set over his possessions in yEolia. Allien. 
 
 13. A Greek historian, wiio wrote an 
 
 history of Bceotia, besides a treatise on trees 
 and plants. Plut. in Thes. A large vil- 
 lage of Assyria, now Elmodain, on the banks 
 of the Tigris, where the kings of Parthia gen- 
 erally resided in winter on account of the mild- 
 ness of the climate. Strab. 15. — Plin. 6, c. 
 26. 
 
 Ctesippds, a son of Chabrias. After his 
 father's death he was received into tJie house 
 of Phocion, the friend of Chabrias. Phocion 
 attempted in vain to correct bi» natural foibles 
 
 cu 
 
 j and extravagances. Plut. in Phoe. A maa 
 
 I who wrote an history of Scythia. One of 
 
 I the descendants of Hercules. 
 j Ctimenz, the youngest daughter of Laertes 
 by Anticlea. Homer. Od. 15, v. 334. 
 
 CuLARo, a town of the Allobroges in Gaul, 
 called afterwards Gratianopolis, and now 
 Grenoble. Cic. ep. 
 
 CuMA and Cvmm, a town of MoVm, in Asia 
 Minor. The inhabitants have been accused of 
 stupidity for not laying a tax upon all the good* 
 which entered their harbour during 300 years. 
 They were called Ciimani. Strab. 13. — 
 
 Paierc. 1, c. 4. A city of Campania, near 
 
 Puteoli, founded by a colony from Chalcis and 
 Cumae, of iEolia, before the Trojan war. The 
 inhabitants were called Cumcei and Cumani. 
 There was one of the Sibyls, that fixed her re- 
 sidence in a cave in tlie neighbourhood, and 
 was called the Cunman Sibyl. Vid. Sibyllae. — 
 Ovid. Met. 15, v. 712. Fast. 4, v. 158. Pont. 
 2, el. 8, V. 41— Cic. Rull. 2, c. 26.—Paterc. 
 1, c. 4.—Virg. JEn. Z, v. 441.— Lit-. 4.—PioL 
 3.— Strab. 5. 
 
 CuMANUM, a country house of Pompey near 
 
 Cumas. Cic. ad Attic'. 4, ep. 10. -Another 
 
 of Varro. Id. Acad. 1, c. 1. 
 
 Cunaxa, a place of Asspia, 500 stadia from 
 Babylon, famous for a battle fought there be- 
 tween Artaxerxes and his brother Cyrus the 
 younger B. C. 401. The latter entered the 
 field of battle with 113,000 men, and the for- 
 mer's forces amounted to 900,000 men. The 
 valour and the retreat of the 10,000 Greeks, 
 who were among the troops of Cyrus, are well 
 known, and have been celebrated by the pen of 
 Xenophon, who was present at the battle, and 
 who had the principal care of the retreat- 
 Plut. in Artax. — Ctesias. 
 
 CuNEUs, a cape of Spain, now Algarve, ex- 
 tending into the sea in the form of a wedge. 
 Mela,3, c. l.—Plin. 4, c. 22. 
 
 CcPAVo, a son of Cycnus, who assisted 
 JEneas against Turnus. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 186. 
 
 CcPENTus, a friend of Turnus, killed by 
 ^neas. Virg. JEn. 12, v. 539. 
 
 CupiDO, a celebrated deity among the an- 
 cients, god of love, and love itself. There are 
 different traditions concerning his parents. 
 Cicero mentions three Cupids ; one, son of 
 Mercury and Diana ; another, son of Mercury 
 and Venus ; and the third, of Mai's and Venus. 
 Plato mentions two ; Hesiod, the most ancient 
 theogonist, speaks only of one, who, as he says, 
 was produced at the same time as Chaos and 
 the Earth. There aj'e, according to the more 
 received opinions, two Cupids, one of whom is 
 a lively ingeniousyouth, son of Jupiter and Ve- 
 nus ; whilst the other, son of Nox and Erebus, 
 is distinguished by his debauchery and riotous 
 disposition. Cupid is represented as a winged 
 infant, naked, armed with a bow and a quiver 
 full of arrows. On gems, and all other pieces 
 of antiquity, he is represented as amusing him- 
 self with some childish diversion. Sometimes 
 he appears driving a hoop, throwing a quoit, 
 playing witli a nymph, catching a butterfly, ov 
 trying to burn with a torch ; at other times he 
 plays upon a horn before his mother, or closely 
 embraces a swan, or with one foot raised in 
 the air, he in a musing posture seems to med- 
 itate some trick ; somelimcs, like a conquer- 
 or, he marches triumphantly wi'Jha helmet on 
 
cu 
 
 kis head, a spear on his shoulder, and a buck- 
 ler OH his arm, intimating that even Mars him- 
 self owns the superiority of love. His power 
 was generally known by his riding on the back 
 of a lion, or on a dolphin, or breaking to pieces 
 the thunderbolts of Jupiter. Among the an- 
 cients he was worshipped with the same so- 
 lemnity as his mother Venus, and as his influ- 
 ence was extended over the heavens, the sea, 
 and the earth, and even the empire of the 
 dead, his divinity was universally acknowledg- 
 ed, and vows, prayers, and sacrifices were 
 daily offered to him. According to some ac- 
 counts, the union of Cupid with Chaos gave 
 birth to men, and all the animals which inhabit 
 the earth, and even the gods themselves were 
 the offspring of love before the foundation of 
 the world. Cupid, like the rest of the gods, as- 
 sumed different shapes; and we find him in 
 the iEneid, putting on, at the request of his 
 mother, the form of Ascanius, and going to 
 Dido's court, where he inspired the queen with 
 love. Virg.JEn. 1, v. 693, <^c. — Cic. de J\'at. 
 D. 3.— Ovid. Met. 1, fab. 10.— Hesiod.' Theog. 
 T. 121, &x. — Oppian. Hali. 4. Cyneg. 2. — Bion. 
 idyll. 3. — Moschus. — Eurip. in Hippol. — Theo- 
 erit. Idyll. 3, U, kc. 
 
 CuPiENNius, a friend of Augiistus, who 
 made himself ridiculous for the nicety and ef- 
 feminacy of his dress. Horat. 1, Sat. 3, v. 36. 
 
 Cures, a town of the Sabines, of which 
 Tatius was king. The inhabitants, called Qni- 
 rites, were carried to Rome, of which they 
 became citizens. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 292, 1. 8, v. 
 688.— Liu. 1, c. \3.—Macrob. 1, c. 9.— OriU 
 Fast. 2, V. 477 and 480, 1. 3, v. 94. 
 
 CuRETES, a people of Crete, called also 
 Corybanles, who, according to Ovid, were 
 produced from rain. Their knowledge of all 
 the arts was extensive, and they communica- 
 ted it to many parts of ancient Greece. They 
 were intrusted with the education of Jupiter, 
 and to prevent his being discovered by his fa- 
 ther, they invented a kind of dance, and drown- 
 ed his cries in the harsh sounds of their shields 
 and cymbals. As a reward for their atten- 
 tion they were made priests and favourite 
 ministers of Rhea, called also Cybele, who had 
 intrusted them with the care of Jupiter. Dio- 
 nys. Hall. 2.— Virg. G.4, v. 151.— S/r«6. 10.— 
 JPaus. 4, c. 33.— Ovid. Met. 4, v. 282. Fast. 4, 
 V. 210. 
 
 CuRETis, a name given to Crete, as being 
 the residence of the Curetes. Ovid. Met. 8, 
 V. 136. 
 
 Curia, a division of the Roman tribes. 
 Romulus originally divided the people into 
 three tribes, and each tribe into 10 Curia?, 
 Ov-er each Curise was appointed a priest, w ho 
 officiated at the sacrifices of his respective as- 
 sembly. The sacrifices were called Curionia, 
 and the priest Curio. He was to be above the 
 age of fifty. His morals were to be pure and 
 unexceptionable, and his body free from all 
 defects. The Curiones were elected by their 
 respective Curia?, and above them was a su- 
 perior priest called Curio maximus, chosen by 
 
 all the Curia; in a public assembly. The 
 
 word Curia was also applied to public edifices 
 among the Romans. These were generally 
 of two sorts, divine and civil. In the former 
 were held the ai;semblies of the priests, and 
 n( every religious order, for the regulation of 
 
 CU 
 
 religious sacrifices and ceremonies. Tlie other 
 was appointed for the senate, where they as- 
 sembled for the dispatch of public business. 
 The Curia were solemnly consecrated by the 
 Augurs, before a lawful assembly could be con- 
 vened there. There were three at Rome 
 which more particularly claim our attention ; 
 Curia Hostilia, built by king Tullus Hostilius ; 
 Curia Pompeii, where Julius Ca3sar was mur- 
 dered ; and Curia Augusti, the palace and 
 
 court of the emperor Augustus. A town 
 
 of the Roeti, now Coire, the capital of the 
 Grisons. 
 
 Curia lex, de Comitiis, was enacted by 
 M. Curius Dentalus the tribune. It forbade 
 the convening of the Comitia, for the election 
 of magistrates, without a previous permission 
 from the senate. 
 
 Curias. Vid. Curium. 
 
 Curiatii, a family of Alba, which was car- 
 ried to Rome by Tullus Hostilius, and entered 
 among the patricians. The three Curiatii, 
 who cnjo^ged the Horatii, and lost the victory, 
 were of this family. Flor. 1, c. 3. — Dionys, 
 Hal.,o. — Liv. 1, c. 24. 
 
 Q. Curio, an excellent orator, who called 
 Caesar in full senate. Omnium muUtrum virum, 
 et omnium virorum mulierem. Tacit. 21. 
 Anji. c. 7. — ^Suet. in C<es. 49. — Cic, in Brut. 
 
 His son, C. Scribonius, was tribune of 
 
 the people, and an intimate friend of Caesar. 
 He saved Cajsar's life as he returned from the 
 senate-house, after the debates concerning 
 the punishments w-hich ought to be inflicted 
 on Ihe adherents of Catiline. He killed him- 
 self in Africa. Flor. 4, c. 2. — Plul. in Pomp. 
 fy C(BS. 49. — Vai. Max. 9, c. 1, — Lucan. v. 
 268. 
 
 CuRiosoLiTiE, a people among the Celtae, 
 who inhabited the country wl?icli now forms 
 Lower Britany. Ccbs. Bell. G. 2, c. 34, 1. 3; 
 c. 11. 
 
 Curium, a town of Cyprus, at a small dis- 
 tance from which, in the south of the island, 
 there is a cape which bears the name of Curi- 
 as. Herodot. 5, c. 1 13. 
 
 CuRius Dentatus Marcus Annius, a 
 Roman, celebrated for his fortitude and fru- 
 gality. He was three times consul, and was 
 twice honoured with a triumph. He obtained 
 decisive victories over the Samnites, the Sa- 
 bines, and the Lucanians, and defeated Pyr- 
 rhus near Tarentura. The ambassadors of 
 the Samnites visited his cottage, while he was 
 boiling some vegetables In an eaithen pot, and 
 they attempted to bribe him by the offer of 
 large presents. He refused their offers with 
 contempt, and said, I prefer my earthen pots 
 to all your vessels of gold and silver, and it is my 
 wish to command those who are in possession 
 of money, while I am deprived of it, and live 
 in poverty. Plut. in Cat. Cens. — Horat. 1, 
 
 od. 12, V. 41. — Flor. L c. 15. -A lieutenant 
 
 of Caesar's cavalry, to whom sis cohorts of 
 Pompey revolted, kc. Cms. 1. Bell. Civ. 
 24. 
 
 CuRTiA, a patrician family, which migrated 
 with Tatius to Rome. 
 
 CuRTiLLus, a celebrated epicure, &c. Ho- 
 rat. 2, Sat. 8, v. 52. 
 
 M. CuRTius, a Roman youth, who devo- 
 ted himself to the gods Manes for the safety 
 of his country about 360 years B. C. A wide 
 
CY 
 
 gap, called aftenvards Curtius lacus, had sud- 
 denly opened in the forum, and the oracle 
 had said that it never would close before 
 Rome threw into it whatever it had most pre- 
 cious. Curtius immediately perceived that no 
 less than a human sacrifice was required. 
 He armed himself; mounted his horse, and 
 solemnly threw himself into the gulf, which 
 instantly closed over his head. Liv. 7, c. 6. — 
 
 Val. Max. 5, c. 6. Q. Rufus. Fid. Quin- 
 
 tus. ]Nicias, a grammarian, intimate with 
 
 Pompey, &c. Suet, de Gr. Montanus, an 
 
 orator and poet under Vespasian. Tacit. 4. 
 ^nn. Atticus, a Roman knight, who accom- 
 panied Tiberius in his retreat into Campania. 
 
 Tacit. An. 4. Lacus, the gulf into which 
 
 Curtius leaped. Vid. M. Curtius. Fons, a 
 
 stream which conveyed water to Rome from 
 the distance of 40 miles, by an aqueduct so 
 elevated as to be distributed through all the 
 hills ofthe city. Plin. 36, c. 15. 
 
 CcRULis Magistratus, a state officer at 
 Rome, who had the privilege of sitting in an 
 ivory chair in public assemblies. The dicta- 
 tor, the consuls, the censors, the praetors, and 
 cdiles, claimed that privilege, and therefore 
 were called curults magistratus. The sena- 
 tors who had passed through the above men- 
 tioned offices were generally carried to the 
 Benate-house in ivory chairs, as all generals in 
 their triumphant procession to the capitol. 
 When names of distinction began to be known 
 among the Romans, the descendants of curule 
 magistrates were called nobiles, the first of a 
 family who discharged that office were known 
 by the name of noti, and those that had never 
 been in office were called ignobiles. 
 
 CussjEi, a nation of Asia, destroyed by Al- 
 exander to appease the manes of Hephaestion. 
 Flut. in Mex. 
 
 Cusus, a river of Hungary falling into the 
 Danube, now the Vag. 
 
 CuTiLiuM, a town of the Sabines, near a 
 lake which contained a floating island ; and of 
 which the water was of au unusually cold 
 quality. Plin. 3, c. 12, 1. 31, c. 2.— Seneca. Q. 
 Ji. 3, c. 25.— Liv. 26, c. 11. 
 Cyamosorus, a river of Sicily. 
 Cyane, a nymph of Syracuse, to whom her 
 father oftered violence in a fit of drunkenness. 
 She dragged her ravisher to the altar, where 
 she sacrificed him, and killed herself to stop a 
 pestilence, which, from that circumstance, 
 had already begun to affiict the country. 
 
 Plut. in Parall. A nymph of Sicily, who 
 
 endeavoured to assist Proserpine wlien she 
 was carried away by Pluto. The god changed 
 her into a fountain now called Pwme, a few 
 miles from Syracuse. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 112. 
 
 A town of Lycia. Plin. 5, c. 27. An 
 
 innkeeper, Sic. Juv. 8, v. 162. 
 
 Cyan E a;, now the Povorane, two rugged 
 islands at the entrance of the Eusine sea, 
 about 20 stadia from the mouth of the Thra 
 cian Bosphorus. One of them is on the side 
 of Asia, and the other on the Europer.r coast, 
 and according to Strabo, there is only h space 
 of 20 furlongs between them. The waves of 
 the sea, which continually break agaii.sf 
 them v,ith a violent noise, fill the air with 
 a darkening foam, and render the j)as- 
 sage extremely dangerous. The ancients 
 upposed that these islands floated, and evpn 
 29 
 
 CY 
 
 sometimes united to crush vessels into pieces 
 when they passed through the straits. This 
 tradition arose from their appearing, like all 
 other objects, to draw nearer when naviga- 
 tors approached them. They were sometimes 
 called Symplegades and PlanetcB. Their true 
 situation and form was first explored and as- 
 certained by the Argonauts. Plin. 6, c. 12.— 
 Herodot. 4, c. 85.— Apolion. 2, v. 317 and 600. 
 —Lycoph. \2Sb.—SLrab. 1 and 3.— Mela, 2, 
 c. 7.— Ovid. Prist. I, el. 9, v. 34. 
 
 Cyanee and Cyanea, a daughter of the 
 
 Maeander, mother of Byblis and Canus, by 
 
 Meletus, Apollo's son. Ovid. Met. 9, v. 451. 
 
 Cyaneus, a large river of Colchis. 
 
 Cyanippe, a daughter of Adrastus. 
 
 Cyanippus, a Syracusan, who derided the 
 
 orgies of Bacchus, for which impiety the god 
 
 so inebriated him, that he offered violence to 
 
 his daughter Cyane, who sacrificed him on the 
 
 altar. Plut. in Parall. A Thessalian, 
 
 whose wife met with the same fate as Procris. 
 Pint. i7i Parall. 
 
 Cyaraxes, or Cyaxares, son of Phraor- 
 tes, was king of Media and Persia. He brave- 
 ly defended his kingdom, which the Scythians 
 had invaded. He made wai- against Alyattes, 
 king of Lydia, and subjected to his power all 
 Asia beyond the river Halys. He died after* 
 reign ot 40 years, B. C. 585. Diod. 2.— Hero- 
 dot. 1, c. 73 and 103. Another prince, sup- 
 posed by some to be the same as Darius the 
 Mede. He was the son of Astyages, king of 
 Media. He added seven provinces to his fa- 
 ther's dominions, and made war pgainst the 
 Assyrians, whom Cyrus favoured. Xenoph, 
 Cyrop. 1, 
 
 Cybeee, a name of Cybele, from i'u2>(3f*y, 
 because in the celebration of her festivals mea 
 were driven to madness. 
 
 Cybele, a goddess, daughter of Ccelus and 
 Terra, and wife of Saturn. She is supposed 
 to be the same as Ceres, Rhea, Ops, Vesta, 
 Bona Mater, Magna Mater, Berecynthia, Din- 
 dymene, &c. According to Diodorus, she was 
 the daughter of a Lydian prince, called Menos, 
 by his wifeDindymene.and he addsjthat as soon 
 as she was born she was exposed on a mountain. 
 She was preserved and suckled by some of the 
 wild beasts of the forest, and 'received the 
 name of Cybele from the mountain where her 
 life had been preserved. When she returned 
 to her father's court, she had an intrigue with 
 Atys, a beautiful youth, whom her father mu- 
 tilated, k.c. All the mythologists are unani- 
 mous in mentioning the amours of Atys and 
 Cybele. The partiality of the goddess for Atys 
 seems to arise from his having first introduced 
 her worship in Phrygia. Sheenjoijied him per- 
 petual celibacy, and the violation of his prom- 
 ise was expiated by voluntary mutilation. In 
 Phrygia the festivals of Cybele were observed 
 with the greatest solemnity. Her priests, called 
 Corybantes, Galli, iic. were not admitted in 
 the service of the goddess without a previou* 
 mutilation. In tiie celebration of the festi- 
 \als,thoy imitated the manners of madmen, 
 and filled the air with dreadful shriekr, and 
 bowlings, mixed with the confused noise of 
 drums, tabrets, bucklers, aiul spears. Thi5 
 was in commemoration of the sorrow of Cy- 
 bele for the loss of her lavourite Atys. Cy- 
 Ibeiewas generally represented a? a robust 
 
CY 
 
 woman, far advanced in her pregnancy, to in- 
 timate the fecundity of the earth. She held 
 keys in her hand, and her head was crowned 
 with rising turrets, and sometimes with the 
 leaves of an oak. She sometimes appears ri- 
 ding in a chariot drawn by two tame lions ;Atys 
 follows by her side, carrying a ball in his hand, 
 and supporting himself upon a fir-tree, which 
 is sacred to the goddess. Sometimes Cybele 
 is represented with a sceptre in her hand, with 
 her head covered with a tower. She is also 
 seen with many breasts, to show that the 
 earth gives aliments to all living creatures ; 
 and she generally carried two lions under her 
 arras. From Phrygia the worship of Cybele 
 passed into Greece, and was solemnly estab- 
 lished at Eleusis, under the name of the Eleu- 
 ainian mysteries of Ceres. The Romans, by 
 order of the Sibylline books, brought the sta- 
 tue of the goddess from Pessinus into Italy ; 
 and when the ship which carried it had run 
 on a shallow bank of the Tiber, the virtue and 
 innocence of Claudia were vindicated in re- 
 moving it with her girdle. It is supposed 
 that the mysteries of Cybeie were first known 
 about 1580 years B. C. The Romans were 
 particularly supei-stitious in washing every 
 year, on the 6th of the calends of April, the 
 shrine of this goddess in the waters of the ri- 
 ver Aim on. There prevailed many obscenities 
 in the observations of the festivals, and the 
 priests themselves were the most eager to use 
 indecent expressions, and to show their un- 
 bounded licentiousness by the impurity of their 
 actions, Vid. Atys, Eleusis, Rhea, Coryban- 
 tes, Galli, he. — Augustin. de Cicit, D. Uc. — 
 Lactant. — Lucian. in Dea Syr — Diod. 3. — 
 Virg. JEn. 9, v. 617, 1. 10, v. 252.— Lucan. 1, 
 V. 566.— Onrf. Trigt. 4, v. 210 and 361.— 
 Plut. de Loquac.-^Cic. ad Attic. — Cod. Rliod. 
 8;C. 17, &c. 
 
 CvBELE and Cybela, a town of Phrygia. 
 Apollod. 3, c. 5. 
 
 Cybf.lus, a mountain of Phrygia, where 
 Cybele was worshipped. 
 
 Cybira, a town of Phrygia, whence Cy- 
 biraticus. Uorcd. 1, ep. 6, v. 33. 
 
 CvBisTKiA, a town of Cappadocia. Cic. 
 Div. 15. 
 
 CycEsiuM, a town of Peloponnesus, near 
 Pisa. 
 
 CycHREUS, a son of Neptune and Sala- 
 mis. After death he was honoured tis a god 
 in Salamis and Attica. As he left no children, 
 lie made Telamon his successor, because he 
 had freed the country from a monstrous ser- 
 pent. Pans. 1, c. 35. — Plut. in Thes. — 
 Apollod. S,c. 12. 
 
 Cyclades, a name given to certain islands 
 of the ^gean sea, those particularly that sur- 
 round Delos as with a circle; whence the 
 name (■v7.k©> drculus.) They were about 53 
 in number, the principal of Avhich were Ceos, 
 Naxos, Andros, Paros, Melos, Seriphos, Gya- 
 rus, Tenedos, he. The Cyclades were re- 
 duced under the power of Athens by Mil- 
 tiades ; but during the invasion of Greece by 
 the Persians, they revolted from their ancient 
 and natural allies. C JVep. in Mil. 2. — Plin. 
 
 4, c. 12.— .¥e/a, 2, c- 7. Ptol. 3, c. 16.—Strab. 
 
 10. — Dionys. Perieg. — Ovid. Met. 2, v. 64. — 
 
 Virg. JEn. 3, v. 127, 1. 8, v. 692.— 5i7. 4, v. 247. 
 
 GvcLUPEs, a certain race of mm of gigaii- 
 
 CY 
 
 tic stature, supposed to be the sons of CoeiaC 
 and Terra. They had but one eye in the 
 middle of the forehead; whence their name 
 (xuxx©. circules, «>v oculus.) They were three 
 in number, according to Hesiod, called Arges, 
 Brontes, and Steropes. Their number was 
 greater according to other mythologists, and 
 in the age of Ulysses, Polyphemus was their 
 king. [Vid. Polyphemus.] They inhabited 
 the western pai'ts of the island of Sicily ; and 
 because they were uncivilized in their man- 
 ners, the poets speak of them as men-eaters. 
 The tradition of their having only one eye, 
 originates from their custom of wearing small 
 bucklers of steel which covered their faces, 
 and had a small aperture in the middle, which 
 corresponded exactly to the eye. From their 
 vicinity to Mount ^tna, they have been sup- 
 posed to be the workmen of Vulcan, and to 
 have fabricated the thunderbolts of Jupiter. 
 The most solid walls and impregnable fortresses 
 were said, among the ancients, to be the work 
 of the Cyclops, to render them more respect- 
 able, and we find that Jupiter was armed with 
 what they had fabricated, and that the shield 
 of Pluto, and the trident of Neptune, were 
 the produce of their labour. The Cyclops 
 were reckoned among the gods, and we find 
 a temple dedicated to their service at Co- 
 rinth, where sacrifices were solemnly offered. 
 Apollo destroyed them all, because they had 
 made the thunderbolts of Jupiter, with which 
 his son ^sculapius had been killed. From the 
 different accounts given of the Cyclops by the 
 ancients, it may be concluded that they were 
 all the same people, to whom various functions 
 have been attributed, which cannot be recon- 
 ciled one to the other, without drawing the 
 pencil of fiction or mythology. Apollod. 1, c. 
 1 and 2. — Homer. Od. 1 and 9. — Hesiod. Theog, 
 V. 140.— Theocrit. Id. 1, hc.—Strab. 8.— Virg. 
 G. 4, V. 170. JEn. 6, v. 639, 1. 8, v. 418, kc. 1. 
 11, v. 263.— Ovid. Mel. 13, v. 780,1. 14, v. 
 249. A people of Asia. 
 
 Cycnus, a son of Mars by Pelopea, killed 
 by Hercules. The manner of his death 
 provoked Mars to such a degree, that he re- 
 solved severely to punish his murderer, but he 
 was prevented by the thunderbolts of Jupiter. 
 Hygin. fab. 31 and 261. — Hesiod. in Scut. Here. 
 
 A son of JNeptune, invulnerable in every 
 
 part of his body. Achilles fought againstlnm ; 
 but when he saw that his darts were of no 
 effect, he threw him on the ground and smo- 
 thered him. He stripped him of his armour, 
 and saw him suddenly changed into a bird of 
 
 the same name. Ovid. Met. 12, fab. 3. A 
 
 son of Hyrie, changed into a swan. A soa 
 
 of Sthenelus, king of Liguria. He was deeply 
 afflicted at the death of his friend and relation 
 Phaeton, and in the midst of his lamentations 
 he was metamorphosed into a swan. Oi'^id. 
 Met. 2, V. 367.— Firg. Mn. 10, v. 189.— Paws. 
 
 1, c. 30. A horse's name. Stat. 6. Theb. 
 
 V. 524. 
 
 Cydas, a profligate Cretan, made judge at 
 Rome by Antony. Cic. in Phil. 5 and 8. 
 
 Cydias, an Athenian of great valour, &,c. 
 
 Pans. 10, c. 21. A painter who made a 
 
 painting of the Argonauts. This celebrated 
 j)icce was bought by the orator Hortensius, 
 I for 164 talents. Plin. 34. 
 I Cydippe, the wife of AuaxiJaus, &c. Me 
 
CY 
 
 r»dot. 7, c. 165. The mother of Cleobis and 
 
 Biton. Vid. Cleobis. A girl beloved by 
 
 Acontius. Vid. Acontius. -One of Cyrene's 
 
 attendants. Virg. G. 4, v. 329. 
 
 Cydnus, a river of Cilicia, near Tarsus, 
 where Alexander bathed when covered with 
 sweat. The consequences })roved almost fatal 
 to the monarch. Cart. 3, c. 4.~Justin. 11, 
 c. 8. 
 
 CvDON, a friend of Turnus against iBneas. 
 Virg. Xn. 10, v. 335. 
 
 CyooN and Cydonia, now Canea, atown of 
 Crete, built by a colony from Samos. It was 
 supposed that Minos generally resided there. 
 
 Hence Cydoneus. Ovid. Met. 8, v, 22 Viro- 
 
 JEn. 12, V. 858.— S,7. 2, v. 109.— Lit-. 37, c m 
 — Lucan. 7, v. 229. 
 
 Cydonia, an island opposite Lesbos. Plin^ 
 3 and 4. 
 
 Cydrara, a city of Phrygia. Herodot. 7, 
 c. 30. 
 
 Cydrolaus, a man who led a colony to Sa- 
 mos. Diod. 5. 
 
 Cygnus, Vid. Cycnus. 
 
 Cylabus, a place near Argos in Peloponne- 
 sus. Plut. in Pyrrh. 
 
 Cylbiani, mountains of Phrygia where the 
 Cayster takes its rise. Plin. 5, c. 29. 
 
 Cylices, a people among the lUyrians. 
 There was in their country a monument in 
 honour of Cadmus. Athen. 
 
 Cylindus, a son of Phryxus and Calliope. 
 
 Cyllabaris, a public place for exercises 
 »t Argos, where was a statue of Minerva. 
 Paus. in Cor. 
 
 Cyllabarus, a gallant of the wife of Dio- 
 medes, fee. 
 
 Cyllarus, the most beautiful of all the 
 Centaurs, passionately fond of Hylonome. 
 They perished both at the same time. Ovid. 
 
 12, Met. V. 408. A celebrated horse of 
 
 Pollux or of Castor, according to Seneca. 
 Virg. G. 3, V. 90. 
 
 Cyllen, a son of Elatus. Paus. 8, c. 4. 
 
 Cyllene, the mother of Lycaon, bv Pe- 
 
 fesgus. Apollod. 3, c. 8. A naval station of 
 
 Ehs in Peloponnesus. Prats. 4, c. 23. A 
 
 mountain of Arcadia, Avith a small town onfts 
 declivity, which received its namefrom Cyllen. 
 Mercury was born there; hence his surname 
 of Cylleneiiis, which is indiscriminately appli- 
 ed to any thing he invented, or over which he 
 presided. Lucan. 1, v. 663.— Hora^ ep. 13, v. 
 i!i.~Paus. 8, c. 17. —Virg. Mn. 8, v. 139.— 
 Ovid. Met. 13, V. 146. A A. 3, v. 147. 
 
 Cylleneius, a surname of Mercury, from 
 his being born on the mountain Cyllene. 
 
 CYLr.YRii, certain slaves at Syracuse. He- 
 rodot. 7, c. 155. 
 
 CytoN, an Athenian, who aspired to tyran- 
 ny. Herodot. 5, c. "71. 
 
 CYivfA or Cym;e, the largest and most 
 beautiful town of iEolia, called also Pkricmis 
 and PhncorUis, and Cunus. Vid. Cum», 
 Ltv. 37, c. U.—Cie. Place. 20.— Herodot. 1, c. 
 149. 
 
 Cymodoce, Cyme, and Cymo, one of the 
 
 Nereides. Hesiod. Theog. v. 255 Virir G 
 
 4,v. 388.. ■ ^' ' 
 
 Cymulus, and Cimolus, an island of the 
 Cretan sea. Ovid. 7, Met. v. 463. 
 
 Cymothoe, one of the Nereides, repre- 
 sented by Virs. A^.n. 1, v. 148, as assisting the 
 
 CY 
 
 Trojans with Triton after the storm with 
 which ^olus, at the request of Juno, had 
 afflicted the fleet. 
 
 CyxVara, one of Horace's favourites, 4 Orf. 
 1, V. 4. 
 
 Cyn^giru?, an Athenian, celebrated for 
 his extraordinary courage. He was brother to 
 the poet ^schylus. After the battle of Mara- 
 thon, he pursued the flying Persians to their 
 ships, and seized one of their vessels with his 
 right hand, which was immediately severed 
 by the enemy. Upon this he seized the vessel 
 by his left hand, and when he had lost that 
 also, he still kept his hold with his teeth. 
 Herodot. 6, c. 114. Justin. 2, c. 9. 
 
 Cyn^thium, a town of Arcadia, founded 
 by one of the companions of vEneas. Dionys, 
 Hal. 
 
 Cynane, » daughter of Philip, king of 
 Macedonia, who married Amyntas, son of 
 Perdiccas, by whom she had Eurydice. Po- 
 lycEn. 8. 
 
 Cynapes, a river falling into the Euxin^ 
 Ovid. 4, Pont. el. 10, v. 49. 
 
 Cynaxa. Vid. Cunasa. 
 
 Cyneas. Vid. Cineas. 
 
 Cynesii and Cynet^, a nation of the re- 
 motest shores of Europe, towards the ocean. 
 Herodot.2,c.33. 
 
 Cynethussa, an island in the ^eean sea. 
 Plin. 4, c. 12. 
 
 Cynia, a lake of Acarnania. Strab. 16. 
 
 Cynici, a sect of philosophers founded by 
 Antisthenes the Athenian. They received 
 this name a canina mordacitate, from their 
 canine propensity to criticise the lives and ac- 
 tions of men, or because, like dogs, they were 
 not ashamed to gratify their criminal desires 
 publicly. They Were famous for their con- 
 tempt of riches, for the negligence of their 
 dress, and the length of their beards. Dio- 
 genes was one of their sect. They generally 
 slept on the ground. Cic. 1. Off. 35 and 41. 
 
 Cynisca, a daughter of Archidamus king 
 of Sparta, who obtained the first prize in the 
 chariot races at the Olympic games. Paus. 3, 
 C.8. 
 
 Cyno, a woman who preserved the life of 
 Cyrus. Herodot. 1, c. 110. 
 
 Cynocephale, a town of Thessaly, where 
 the proconsul Quintius conquered Philip of 
 Macedon, and put an end to the fir.st Macedo- 
 nian war, B. C. 1^7. Lit- .33, c. 7. 
 
 Cynocephali, a nation in India, who have 
 the head of a dog, according to some tradi- 
 tions. PHji. 7, c. 2. 
 
 Cynopho.ntis, a festival at Argos, observ- 
 ed during the dog-days. It received its name 
 aTTo Tou xuvsei <^ovuv, killing dogs, because they used 
 to kill all the dogs they met. 
 
 Cynortas, one of the ancient kings of 
 Sparta, son of Amyclos and Diomede. Paus, 
 3, c. 1. 
 
 Cynortion, a mountain of Peloponnesus. 
 Paus. 2, c. 27. 
 
 Cynos, a town of Locris. Another in 
 
 Thessaly, where Pyrrha, Deucalion's wife, was 
 buried. 
 
 Cykosarges, a surname of Hercufcs. 
 
 A small village of Attica of the same name,, 
 where the Cynic philosophers had established 
 their school. Herodot. 5 and 6. 
 
 CiyosFtMA, (a dog's tomb), a promonlorv 
 
CY 
 
 of tlie Thracian Chersonesus, where Hecuba 
 was chatiged into a dog, and buried. Ovid. 13, 
 Met. 569. 
 
 Cynosijra, a nymph of Ida in Crete. She 
 nursed Jupiter, who changed her into a star 
 which bears the same name. It is the same as 
 the Ursa r»iinor. Ovid. Fast. 3, v. 107. 
 
 Cynthia, a beautiful woman, who was 
 mistress to Propertius. A surname of Di- 
 ana, from mount Cynthus, where she was born. 
 Cynthius, a surname of Apollo, from 
 mount Cynthus. 
 
 Cynthus, a mountain of Delos, so high that 
 it is said to overshadow the whole island. 
 Apollo was sui'named Ci/n!hius, and Diana 
 Ci/nthia, as they were born on the mountain, 
 which was sacred to them. Virg. G. 3, v. 36. 
 ■^Ovid. 6. Met. v. 304. Fast. 3, v. 346. 
 
 Cyncrekses, a people of Arcadia. Paus. 
 8, C.27. 
 
 Cynus, a naval station of Opuns. Id. 10, c. 1. 
 Cyparissi and Cyparissia, a town of Pelo- 
 ponnesus, near Messenia. Liv. 32, c. 31. — 
 Flin. 4, c. 5, 
 
 Cyparissus, a youth, son of Telephus of 
 Cea, beloved by Apollo. He killed a favourite 
 stag of Apollo's, for which he was so sorry 
 that he pined away and was changed by the 
 god into a cypress tree. Virg. JE,n. 3, v. 680. 
 —Ovid. Mel. 10, v. 121. A to\rn near Del- 
 phi. Mela, 2, c. 3. 
 
 Cyphara, a fortified place ofThessaly. Liv. 
 82, c. 13. 
 
 Cypri.Inus, a native of Carthage, who, 
 though born of heathen parents, became a 
 convert to Christianity, and tlae bishop of his 
 country. To be more devoted to purity and 
 study, he abandoned his Avife ; and as a proof 
 of his chanty he distributed his goods to the 
 poor. He Avrote 81 letters, besides several 
 treatises, de Dei gratia, de mrginum habitu, 
 &,c. and rendered his compositions valuable by 
 the information he conveys of the discipline 
 of the ancient church, and by the soundness 
 and purity of his theology. He died a mar- 
 tyr, A. D. 258. The best editions of Cyprian 
 are, that of Fell, fol. Oxon. 1682, and that re- 
 printed Arast. 1700. 
 
 Cyprus, a daughter of Antony and Cleo- 
 patra, who married Agrippa. A large isl- 
 and in the Mediterranean sea, at the south of 
 Cilicia. and at the west of Syria, formerly 
 joined to the continent near Syria, according 
 to Fliny. It has been anciently called ^ca»mn- 
 tis, Aviathusia, £spelia, Ceresiis, Colonia, or 
 Colinia. Macaria, and Spechia. It has been 
 celebrated for giving birth to Venus, surnamed 
 Ci/]}riSf who was the chief deity of the place, 
 and to whose service many places andtemples 
 were consecrated. It was anciently divided 
 into nine kingdoms, and it was for some time 
 under the power of Egypt, and afterwards of 
 the Persian?. The Greeks made themselves 
 masters of it, and it was taken from them by 
 the Romans. Its length, according to Strabo, 
 is 1400 stadia. There nere three celebrated 
 teni|)les there, two sacred to V^enus, and the 
 other to Jupiter. The inhabitants were given 
 mucii to plt^asure and dissipation. Strab. 15. 
 —Plot. 5, c. 14.— JP/or. 3, c. 9.—Jiislin. 18, c. 
 5.—Plin. 12, c. 24, 1. 33, c. 5, 1.36,0.26.— 
 Mela, 2, c. 7. 
 Cyps£i.iDJBS, the name of three princes as 
 
 descendants of Cypselus, who reigned at do- 
 rinth during 73 years. Cypselus was succeed- 
 ed by his son Periander, who left his kingdom 
 after a reign of 40 years, to Cypselus II. 
 
 Cypselus, a king of Arcadia, who mar- 
 ried the daughter of Ctesiphon, to strengthen 
 himself against the Heraclidae. Paus. 4, c. 3. 
 
 A man of Corinth, son of Eetion, and 
 
 father of Periander. He destroyed the Bac- 
 chiada3, and seized upon the sovereign power, 
 about 659 years before Christ. He reigned 
 30 years, and was succeeded by his son. Pe- 
 riander had two sons, Lycophron and Cyp- 
 selus, who was insane. Cypselus received his 
 name from the Greek word >:v;»x©> a coffer, 
 because when the Bacchiadai attempted to kill 
 him, his mother saved his life by concealing 
 him in a coffer. Paus. 5, c. 17. — Cic. Tusc. 
 5, c. 37.— Herodot. 1, c. 114, 1. 5, c. 92, &c.— 
 
 Bristol. Polit. The father of Miltiades. 
 
 Herodot. 6, c. 3. 
 
 Cyraunis, an island of Libya. Id. 4, c, 195. 
 
 Cyrbiana, a province of the Elymaeans. 
 
 Cyre, a fountain near Cyrene. 
 
 Cyrenaica, a country of Africa, of which 
 Cyrene is the capital. Vid. Cyrene. 
 
 Cyrenaici, a sect of philosophers who fol- 
 lowed the doctrine of Aristippus. They 
 placed their summuni bonum in pleasure, and 
 said that \irtue ought to be commended be- 
 cause it gave pleasure. Laert. in Arist. 
 
 Cic. de Kat. D. 3. 
 
 Cyrene, the daughter of the river Peneus, 
 of whom Apollo became enamoured. He car- 
 ried her to that part of Africa which is called 
 Cyrenaica, where she brought forth Aristaeus. 
 She is called by some daughter of Hypseus, 
 king of the Lapitha), and son of the Peneus. 
 Virg. G. 4, V. 321. —Justin. 13, c.l.— Pindar. 
 
 Pyih. 9. A celebrated city of Libya, to 
 
 which Aristeeus, who was the chief of the 
 colonists settled there, gave his mother's 
 name. Cyrene was situate in a beautiful and 
 fertile plain, about eleven miles from the Me- 
 diterranean sea.and it became the capital of the 
 country, which was called Pentapolis, on ac- 
 count of the five cities which it contained. It 
 gave birth to many great men, among whom 
 were Callimachus, Eratosthenes, Carneades, 
 Aristippus, k,c. The town of Cyrene was 
 built by Battus, B. C. 630, and the kingdom 
 was bequeathed to the Romans, B. C. 97, by 
 king Ptolemy Appion. Herodot. 3 and 4. — 
 Paus. 10, c. 13.— Strab. ll.-Mela, 1, c. 8.—. 
 Plin. 6, c. 5.— Tacit. Jinn.3, c. 70. 
 
 Cyuiades, one of the thirty tyrants who 
 harassed the Roman empire, in the reign of 
 Gallienus. He died A. D. 259. 
 
 Cyrillus, a bishop of Jerusalem, who died 
 A. D. 386. Of his Avritings, composed in 
 Greek, there remain 23 catacheses, and a let- 
 ter to the emperor Constantine, the best edi- 
 tion of which is Milles, fol. Oxon. 1703. 
 
 A bishop of Alexandria, who died A. D. 444. 
 The best edition of his writings, which are 
 mostly controversial in Greek, is that of Pa- 
 ris, fol 7 vols. 1638. 
 
 Cyrne, a place of Eubcea. 
 
 Cynnus, a driver in the games which 
 Scipio exhibited in Africa, &c. Ital. 16, v. 
 
 342. A man of Argos, u ho founded a city 
 
 in Chersouesus. Diod. 6. A river that 
 
 falls into the Caspian sea. Plut. in Pomp. 
 
CY 
 
 An island on the coast of Liguria, the same as ought to be. 
 Corsica; and called after Cyrnus, the son of &;c. — Justin. 1, 
 Hercules. Virg. Ed. 9, v. 30.— Paw*. 10, c. 17 . 
 
 Cyrr;ei, a people of iEthiopia, 
 
 Cyrrhad^, an Indian nation. 
 
 Cyrrhes, a people of Macedonia, near 
 Pella. 
 
 Cyrrhestica, a country of Syria near Ci- 
 licia, of wliich the capital was called Cyrrhum. 
 Plin. 5, c. 23.— Cic. Att. 5, ep. 18. 
 
 Cyrrhus and Cyrus, a river of Iberia, in 
 Asia. 
 
 Cyrsilus, an Athenian, stoned to death by 
 his countrymen, because he advised them to 
 receive the array of Xerxes, and to submit to 
 the power of Persia. • Damosth. de Corona. 
 Cic. 3, de Offic. c. 11. 
 
 Cyrus, a king of Persia, son of Cambyses 
 and Mandane, daughter of Astyages king of 
 Media. His father was of an ignoble family, 
 whose marriage with Mandane had been con- 
 summated on account of the apprehensions of 
 Astyages. (FitZ. Astyages.) Cyrus W' as expo- 
 sed as soon as born ; but he was preserved by 
 a shepherdess, who educated him as her own 
 son. As he was playing with his equals in 
 years, he was elected king in a certain diver- 
 sion, and hs exercised his power with such an 
 independent spirit, that he ordered one of his 
 play companions to be severely whipped for 
 disobedience. The father of the youth, who 
 was a nobleman, complained to the king of the 
 ill treatment which his son had received from 
 a shepherd's son. Astyages ordered Cyrus be- 
 fore him, and discovered that he was Man- 
 dano's son, from whom he had so much to ap- 
 prehend. He treated him with great coldness ; 
 and Cyrus, unable to bear his tyranny, esca- 
 ped from his confinement, and began to levy 
 troops to dethrone his grandfather. He was 
 assisted and encouraged by the ministers of 
 Astyages, who were displeased with the king's 
 oppression. He marched against him, and 
 Astyages was defeated in a battle, and taken 
 prisoner, B. C. 559. From this victory the 
 empire of Media became tributary to the Per- 
 sians. Cyrus subdued the eastern parts of 
 Asia, and made war against Croesus, king of 
 Lydia, whom he conquered, B. C. 648. He 
 invaded the kingdom of Assyria, and took the 
 city of Babylon, by drying the channels of 
 tiie Euphrates, and marching his troops 
 through the bed of the river, while the people 
 were celebrating a grand festival. He after- 
 wards marched against Tomyris, the queen of 
 the Massagetae, a Scythian nation, and was de- 
 feated in a bloody bat'le, B. C. 530. The vic- 
 torious queen, who had lost her son in a pre- 
 vious encounter, was so incensed against Cy- 
 rus, that she cut off his head, and threw it into 
 a vessel filled with human blood, exclaiming, 
 i^aiin te sanguine (/aeni sUisli. Xenophon has 
 written the lifo of Cyrus ; but his history is 
 not perfectly authentic. In the character of 
 Cyrus, he delineates a brave and viituous 
 prince, and often puts in his mouth many of 
 the sayings of Socrates. The chronology is 
 false; and Xenophon, in his narration, has given 
 existence to persons whom no other historian 
 ever mentioned. The Cyrop(edia, Ihei-efore, is 
 not to be looked upon as an authentic history 
 of Cyrus the Great, but we must consider it as 
 showing what every good and virtuous prince 4, v. 7. 
 
 CY 
 
 Diod. 1. — Herodot. 1, c. 76, 
 
 c. 5 and 7. The younger 
 
 Cyrus was the younger son of Darius Nothus, 
 and the brother of Artaserxes. He was sent 
 by his father, at the age of sixteen, to assist 
 the Lacedaemonians against Athens. Artax- 
 erxes succeeded to the throne at the death of 
 Nothus ; and Cyrus, who was of an aspiring 
 soul, attempted to assassinate him. He was 
 discovered,and would have been punished with, 
 death, had not his mother, Parysatis, saved 
 him from the hands of the executioner by her 
 tears and entreaties. This circumstance did 
 not in the least check the ambition of Cyrus ; 
 he was appointed over Lydia and the sea- 
 coasts, where he secretly fomented rebellion, 
 and levied troops under vanous pretences. 
 At last he took the field with an army of 
 100,000 barbarians, and 13,000 Greeks under 
 the command of Cleai'chus. Artaxerxes met 
 him with 900,000 men near Cunaxa. The battle 
 was long and bloody, and Cyrus might have 
 perhaps obtained the victory, had not his un- 
 common rashness proved his ruin. It is said 
 that the two royal brothers met in person, and 
 engaged with the most inveterate fury, and 
 their engagement ended in the death of Cy- 
 rus, 401 years B. C. Artaxerxes was so anx- 
 ious of its being universal!;* reported that his 
 brother had fallen by his hand, that he put to 
 death two of his subjects, for boasting that 
 they had killed Cyrus. The Greeks, who were 
 engaged in the expedition, obtained much 
 glory in the battle ; and after the death of Cy- 
 rus, they remained victorious in the field with- 
 out a commander. They were not, however, 
 discouraged, though at a great distance from 
 their country, and surrounded on every side 
 by a powerful enemy. They unanimously 
 united in the election of commanders, and 
 traversed all Asia, in spite of the continual 
 attacks of the Persians ; and nothing is more 
 truly celebrated in ancient history than the 
 bold retreat of the ten thousand. The journey 
 that they made from the place of their first 
 embarkation till their return, has been calcu- 
 lated at 1155 leagues, performed in the space 
 of 15 months, including all the time which 
 was devoted to take rest and refreshment. 
 This retreat has been celebrated by Xeno- 
 phon, who was one of their leaders, and among 
 the friends and supporters of Cyrus. It is said, 
 that in the letter he wrote to Lacedaemon, to 
 solicit auxiliaries, Cyrus boasted his philoso- 
 phy, his royal blood, and his ability to drink 
 more wine than his brother without being in- 
 toxicated. Plut. in Arlax. — Diod. 14. — Jus- 
 tin. 5, c. 11. A rival of Horace, in the af- 
 fections of one of his mistresses, 1. od. 17, v. 
 
 24. A poet of Panopolis, in the age of 
 
 Theodosius. 
 
 Cyrus and Cyropolis, a city of Syria, 
 built by the Jews in honour of Cyrus, whose 
 humanity in relieving them from their captivi- 
 ty they wished thus to commemorate. 
 
 Cyrus, a river of Persia, now Kur. 
 
 Cyta, a town of Colchis, famous for the 
 poisonous herbs which it produces, and for 
 the birth of Medea. Flacc. 6, v. 693.— Pro- 
 pert. 2, el. 1, v. 73. 
 
 CvTiEis, a surname of Medea, from her 
 being; an inhabitant of Cyta. Properl. 2. el. 
 
CY 
 
 Cythera, now Cerigo, an island on the 
 coast of Laconia in Peloponnesus. It was par- 
 ticularly sacred to the goddess Venus, who was 
 from thence surnamed Cylherma, and who 
 rose, as some suppose, from the sea, near its 
 coasts. It was for some time under the power 
 of the Argives, and always considered of the 
 highest importance to maritime powers. The 
 Phoenicians had built there a famous temple 
 to Venus. Virg. iEn. 1, v. 262, 1. 10, v. 5.— 
 Paus. 3, c. 33.— Ovid. Met. 4, v. 288, 1. 16, v. 
 386. Fast. 4, v. \b.—Herodot. 1, c. 29. 
 
 Cyther^a, a surname of Venus. 
 
 Cytheris, a certain courtezan, much re- 
 jected by the poet Gallas, as well as by 
 Antony. 
 
 Cytheron, Firf. Cithaeron. 
 
 Cythbrun, a place of Attica. 
 
 Cytherus, a river of Elis. Paus. 6, c. 22. 
 
 Cythnos, now Thermia, an island near 
 Attica, famous for its cheese. It has been call- 
 ed Ophioasa and Dryopis. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 252. 
 
 Cytineum, one of the four cities called 
 Tetrapolis^ in Doris. Strab. 9.-~Thucyd. 1, 
 «. 107. 
 
 Cytissorus, a son of Phryxus, &.c. He- 
 rodot. 7, c. 197. 
 
 Cytorus, now Kudros, a mountain and 
 town of Galatia, built by Cytorus, son of 
 Phryxus, and abounding in box wood. Catull. 
 4, V. \3.—0vid Met. 4, v. 3\\.— Strab. 11.— 
 Virg. G. 2, V. 437. 
 
 Cyzicum, or Cyzicus, an island of the 
 Propontis, about 530 stadia in circumference, 
 with a town called Cyzicus. Alexander join- 
 ed it to the continent by two bridges, andfrora 
 
 CY 
 
 that time it was called a peninsula. It h^i 
 two harbours called Panormus and Chytus, 
 the first natural, and the other artificial. It 
 became one of the most considerable cities of 
 Asia. It was besieged by Mithridates, and 
 relieved by Lucuilus. Flor. 3, c. 5. — Plin. 5^ 
 c. 32.— Diod. 18 
 
 Cyzicus, a son of (Eneus and Stilba, who 
 reigned in Cyzicus. He hospitably received 
 the Argonauts, in their expedition against Col- 
 chis. After their departure from the court of 
 Cyzicus, they were driven back in the nighty 
 by a storm, upon the coast; and the in habitants 
 seeing such an unexpected number of men, fu- 
 riously attacked them, supposing them to be 
 the Pelasgi, their ancient enemies. In this 
 nocturnal engagement, many were killed on 
 both sides, and Cyzicus perished by the hand 
 of Jason himself, who honoured him with a 
 splendid funeral, and raised a stately monu- 
 ment over his grave. Jipollod. 1, c. 9. — Place. 
 
 — Apollon. — Orpheus. The chief town of 
 
 the island of Cyzicum, built where the island 
 is joined by the bridges to the continent. It 
 has two excellent harbours called Panormus 
 and Chytus. The former is naturally large and 
 beautiful, and the other owes all its convenien- 
 ces to the hand of art. The town is situate 
 partly on a mountain, and partly in a plain. 
 The Argonauts built a temple to Cybele, in the 
 neighbourhood. It derives its name from Cy- 
 zicus, who was killed there by Jason. The 
 Athenians defeated, near this place, their ene- 
 mies of Lacedasmon, assisted by Pharnabazus, 
 B. C. 410. Flor. 3, c. 5, he— Strab.— Jlpol- 
 Ion. 1. Propert. 3, el. 22.— Place. 2, v. 636. 
 
 D^ 
 
 DiE 
 
 DAiE, Dxnm, or Dai, now the Dahistan, 
 a people of Scythia, who dwelt on the 
 borders of the Caspian sea. Sil. 13, v. 764. — 
 Lucan. 7, v. 429.— Virg. JEn. 1, v. 728. 
 
 Daci and Dacje, a warlike nation of Ger- 
 many, beyond the Danube, whose country, 
 called Dacia, was conquered by the Romans 
 under Trajan, after a war of 15 years, A. D 
 103. The emperor joined the country to Mce- 
 sia, by erecting a magnificent bridge across the 
 Danube, considered as the best of his works, 
 which however the envy of his successor Adri- 
 an demolished. Dacia now forms the modern 
 countries of JValachia, Transylvania, and Mol- 
 davia. Lucan. 2, v. 53. 
 
 Dacicus, a surname assumed by Domitian 
 ©n his pretended victory over the Dacians. 
 .fuv. 6, v. 204. 
 
 Dactyli, a name given to the priests of Cy- 
 bele, which some derive from ^^^ tu?.oj finger, 
 because they were ten, the same number as 
 the fingers of the hand. Paus. 1, c. 8. 
 
 Daijics, a people of Asiatic Scythia. He- 
 rodot. 3, c. 91. 
 
 D^sdala, a mountain and city of Lycia, 
 where Daidalus was buried according to Pliny 
 
 5, c. 27. A name given to Circe, from her 
 
 being cunning, (^ji^^xKo:), and like Dajdalus 
 addicted to deceit and artifice. Virg. JEn 
 7, V. 282. Two festivals in Bceotia. One 
 
 of these was obsei-ved at Alalcomenos by the 
 Plataeans, in a large grove, where they ex- 
 posed, in the open air, pieces of boiled flesh, 
 and carefully observed whither the crows that 
 came to prey upon them directed their flight. 
 All the trees upon which any of these 
 birds alighted, were immediately cut down, 
 and with them statues were made, called Dce- 
 dala, in honour of Daedalus. — T!>e other festi- 
 val was of a more solemn kind. It was ce- 
 lebrated every sixty years by all the cities of 
 Bceotia, as a compensation for the intermission 
 of the smaller festivals, for that number of 
 years, during the exile of the Plataeans. Four- 
 teen of the statues, called Dasdala, were distri- 
 buted by lot among the Plataeans, Lebadaeans, 
 Coroneans, Orchomenians, Thespians, The- 
 bans, Tanagraeans, and Chaei-oneans, because 
 they had effected a reconciliation among the 
 Plataeans, and caused them to be recalled from 
 exile, about the time that Thebes was restored 
 by Cassander, the son of Antipater. During 
 this festival, a woman in the habit of a bride- 
 maid accompanied a statue which was dressed 
 in female garments,on the banks of the Eurotas. 
 Tiiis procession was attended tothetopof mount 
 Cithaeron, by many of the Boeotians, who had 
 places assigned them by lot. Here an altar of 
 square pieces of wood, cemented together like 
 stones, was erected, and upon it were thrown 
 
DM 
 
 targe quantities of combustible materials. Af- 
 terwards a bull was sacrificed to Jupiter, and 
 an ox or heifer to Juno, by every one of the 
 cities of Bceotia, and by the most opulent that 
 attended. The poorest citizens offered small 
 cattle ; and all these oblations, together with 
 the Daedala, were thrown in the common heap 
 and set on fi^re, and totally reduced to ashes. 
 They originated in this : When Juno, after a 
 quarrel with Jupiter, had retired to Eubcea, 
 and refused to return to his bed, the god, anx- 
 ious for her return, went to consult Cithaeron 
 king of Plataea, to find some effectual measure 
 to break her obstinacy. Cithaeron advised him 
 lo dress a statue in woman's apparel, and carry 
 it in a chariot, and publicly to report it was 
 Plataja, the daughter of Asopus, whom he was 
 going to marry. The advice was followed, and 
 Juno informed of her husband's future mar- 
 riage, repaired in haste to meet the chariot, 
 and was easily united to him, when she disco- 
 vered the artful measnres he had made use of 
 to effect a reconciliation. Pausan. ^ Plui. 
 
 D^DALioir, a son of Lucifer, brother to 
 Ceyx, and father of Philonis. He was so afflict- 
 ed at the death of Philonis, whom Diana had 
 put to death, that he threw himself down from 
 the top of mount Parnassus, and was changed 
 into a falcon by Apollo. Ovid. Met. 11, v. 295. 
 
 DiEDALus, an Athenian, son of Eupalamus, 
 descended from Erechtheus, king of Athens. 
 He was the most ingenious artist of his age, 
 and to him we are indebted for the invention 
 of the wedge, the axe, the wimble, the level, 
 and many other mechanical instruments, and 
 the sails of ships. He made statues which 
 moved of themselves, and seemed to be endow- 
 ed with life. Talus, his sister's son, promised 
 to be as great as himself, by the ingenuity of his 
 inventions ; and therefore, from envy, he threw 
 him down from a window and killed him. Af- 
 ter the murderof this youth, Daedalus, with his 
 son Icarus, fled from Athens to Crete, where 
 Minos, king of the country, gave him a cordial 
 reception. Dredalus made a famous labyrinth 
 for Minos, and assisted Pasiphae, the queen, to 
 gratify her unnatural passion for a bull. For 
 this action, Daedalus incurred the displeasure 
 of Minos, who ordered him to be confined in 
 the labyrinth which he had constructed. Here 
 he made himself wings with feathers and wax, 
 and carefully fitted them to his body, and to 
 that of his son, who was the companion of his 
 confinement. They took their flight in the air 
 from Crete ; but the heat of the sun melted 
 the wax on the wings of Icarus, whose flight 
 was too iiigh, and he fell into that part of the 
 ocean, which from him has been called the Ica- 
 rian sea. The father, by a proper management 
 of his wings, alighted at Cumae, where he built 
 a temple to Apollo, and thence directed his 
 course to Sicily, where he was kindly receiv- 
 ed by Cocalus, who reigned over part of the 
 country. He left many monuments of his in- 
 genuity in Sicily, which still existed in the age 
 of Diodorus Siculus. He was dispatched by 
 Cocalus, who was afraid of the power of Minos, 
 wlio had declared war against him, because he 
 had given an asylum to Daedalus. The flight 
 of Daedalus from Crete, with wings, is explain- 
 ed, by observing that he was the inventor of 
 sails, which in his age might pass at a distance 
 for wings. Pans, l- 7, and 9 — Dioil. 4,~ Ovid, 
 
 DA 
 
 JIfe/. 8, fab. 3, Ileroid. 4. De Art. Am. 2, 
 Trist. 3, el. 4.—Hygin. fab. 4G.— Virg. JEn. 6, 
 V. 14.— Apollod. 3, c. l,kc.^Herodot. 7, c. 170. 
 There were two statuaries of the same 
 
 name, one of Sicyon, son of Patroclus, the oth- 
 er a native of Bithynia. Pans. 7, c. 14.—Arnan. 
 D^MON, a kind of spirit which, as the an- 
 cients supposed, presided over the actions of 
 mankind, gave them their private counsels, 
 and carefully watched over their most secret' 
 intentions. Some of the ancient philosophers 
 maintained that every man had two of these 
 Daemons ; the one bad, and the other good. 
 These Daemons had the power of changing 
 themselves into whatever they pleased, and 
 of assuming whatever shapes were most sub- 
 servient to their intentions. At the moment 
 of death, the Daemon delivered up to judgment 
 the person with whose care he had been in- 
 trusted ; and according to the evidence he de- 
 livered, sentence was passed over the body. 
 The Daemon of Socrates is famous in history. 
 That great philosopher asserted that the ge- 
 nius informed him when any of his friends was 
 going to engage in some unfortunate enterprise, 
 and stopped him from the commission of all 
 crimes and impiety. The Genii or Daemons, 
 though at first reckoned only as the subordi- 
 nate ministers of the superior deities, received 
 divine honour in length of time, and we find 
 altars and statues erected to a Genio loci, Ge- 
 mo Augtisti, Junonibus, &c. Cic. Tusc. 1. — 
 Plut. de Gen. Socr. 
 
 Dah^. Vid. Daae. 
 
 Dai, a nation of Persia, all shepherds. He- 
 rodot. 1, c. 125. 
 
 Daicles, a victor at Olympia, B. C. 753. 
 
 Daides, a solemnity observed by th© 
 Greeks. It lasted three days. The first was 
 in commemoration of Latona's labour ; the 
 second in memory of Apollo's birth ; and the 
 third in honour of the marriage of Podalirius, 
 and the mother of Alexander. Torches were 
 always cau-ried at the celebration ; whence the 
 name. 
 
 Daimachus, a master of horse at Syracuse 
 &.C. Poly an. 1. 
 
 Daimenes, a general of the Achaeans. Pans. 
 
 7, c, 6. An officer exposed on a cross, bj 
 
 Dionysius of Syracuse. Diod. 14. 
 
 Daiphron, a son of ^Egyptus, killed by his 
 wife, &,c. Apollod. 2, c. 1. 
 
 Daira, one of the Oceanides, mother of 
 Eleusis by Mei'cury. Pans. 1, c. 38. 
 
 Daldia, a town of Lydia. 
 
 Dalmatius, one of the Caesars, in the age of 
 Constantine, who died A. D. 337. 
 
 Dalmatia, a part of Illyricum, at the east 
 of the Adriatic, near Liburnia on tlie west, 
 whose inhabitants, called Dalmalcp,, were con- 
 quered by Metellus, B. C. 118. They chiefly 
 lived upon plunder, and from their rebellious 
 spirit were troublesome to the Roman empire. 
 They wore a peculiar garment called Dalmali- 
 ca, afterwards introduced at Rome. Moral. 2, 
 od. 1, V. 16.—Lamprid. in Commod. S.—Sirab. 
 I.—Ptol. 2. 
 
 Dalmium, the chief town of Dalmatia. 
 Slrab. 7. 
 
 Damagetus, a man of Rhodes, who inquir- 
 ed of the oracle what wife he ought to mar- 
 ry ? and received for answer the daughter 
 of the bravest of the Greeks. He a]»plied to 
 
DA 
 
 Aristomenes, and obtained his daughter in mar- 
 riage, B. C. 670. Pans. 4, c. 24. 
 
 Damalis, a courtezan at Rome, in the age 
 ofHorace, lod.36, V. 13. 
 
 Damas, a Syracusan in the interest of Aga 
 thocles. Diod. 19. 
 
 Damascene, a part of Syria near mount 
 Libanus. 
 
 Damascius, a stoic of Damascus, who wrote 
 a philosophical history, the life of Isidorus, and 
 four books on extraordinary events, in the age 
 of Justinian. His works, which are now lost, 
 Trere greatly esteemed according to Photius. 
 
 Damascus, a rich and ancient city of Da- 
 mascene in Syria, where Demetrius Nicaiior 
 was defeated by Alexander Zebina. It is the 
 modern Damas or Sham, inhabited by about 
 80,000 souls. Lvcan. 3, v. 215. — Justin. 36, 
 c. 2. — Mela, 1, c. 11. 
 
 Damasia, a town called also Augusta, now 
 ^^usburg, in Swabia on the Leek. 
 
 Damasichthon, a king of Thebes. Pans. 
 9, c. 5. 
 
 Damasippus, a captain in Philip's army. 
 
 A senator who accompanied Juba when 
 
 ke entered Utica in triumph. Cces. Bell. C. 2. 
 
 A great enemy of Sylla. Patera. 2, c. 
 
 22. An orator. Jav. 3, v. 185. A mer- 
 chant of old seals and vessels, who, after losing 
 his all in unfortunate schemes in commerce, 
 assumed the name and habit of a stoic philoso- 
 pher. Horat. 2, Sat. 3. One of IMiobe's 
 
 sons. 
 
 Damasistratus, a king of Plataea, who buri- 
 ed Laius. Apollod. 3, c. 5. 
 
 Damasithynus, a son of Candaules, gene- 
 ral in the army of Xerxes. Herodot. 7, c. 98. 
 
 A king of Calyndee, sunk in his ship by 
 
 Artemisia. Id. 8, c. 87. 
 
 Damastes, a man of Sigaeum, disciple of 
 Hellanicus, about the age of Herodotus, &,c. 
 Dionys. A famous robber. Vid. Procrastes. 
 
 Damastor, a Trojan chief, killed by Pa- 
 troclus at the siege of Troy, Homer. II. 16, v. 
 416. 
 
 Damia, a surname of Cybele. A woman 
 
 to whom the Epidaurians raised a statue. He- 
 rodot. 6, c. 82. 
 
 Damias, a statuary of Clitor, in Arcadia, 
 in the age of Lysander. Pans. 10, c. 9. 
 
 Damippus, a Spartan taken by Marcellus 
 as he sailed out of the port of Syracuse. He 
 discovered to the enemy that a certain part of 
 the city was negligently guarded, and in con- 
 sequence of this discovery Syracuse was taken. 
 Polycen. 
 
 Damis, a man who disputed with Aristode- 
 Hius the right of reigning over tlie Messenians. 
 Paus. 4, c. 10. 
 
 Damnh, a people at the north of Britain. 
 
 Damnonii, a people of Britain, now sup- 
 posed Devonshire. 
 
 Damnorix, a celebrated Gaul, in the inte- 
 rest of Julius Caesar, k.c. 
 
 Damo, a daughter of Pythagoras, who, by 
 order of her father, devoted her life to perpe- 
 tual celibacy, and induced others to follow her 
 example. Pythagoras at his death intrusted 
 her with all the secrets of his philosophy, and 
 gaveherthe unlimited care of his compositions, 
 under the promise that she never would part 
 with them. She faithfully obeyed his injunc- 
 tions y and though in the citremest poverty, 
 
 da 
 
 she refused to obtain money by the violation of 
 her father's commands. Laert. in Pythag. 
 
 Damocles, one of the flatterers of Diony- 
 sius the elder, of Sicily. He admired the ty- 
 rant's wealth, and pronounced him the happiest 
 man on earth. Dionysius prevailed upon him 
 to undertake for a while the charge of royalty, 
 and be convinced of the happiness which a 
 sovereign enjoyed. Damocles ascended the 
 throne, and while he gazed upon the wealth 
 and splendour that surrounded him, he per- 
 ceived a sword hanging over his head by a 
 horsehair. This so terrified him, that all his 
 imaginary felicity vanished at once, and he 
 begged Dionysius to remove him from a situa- 
 tion which exposed his life to such fears and 
 dangers. Cic. in Tuscul. 6, c. 21. 
 
 Damocrates, a hero, &,c. Pint, in Arist. 
 
 Damocrita, a Spartan matron, wife of 
 Alcippus, who severely punished her enemies 
 who had banished her husband, &,c. Plut.in 
 Parall. 
 
 Damocritus, a timid general of the Achae- 
 
 ans, &c. Paus. 7, c. 13. A Greek writer, 
 
 who composed two treatises, one upon the art 
 of drawing an army in battle array, and the 
 
 other concerning the Jews. A man who 
 
 wrote a poetical treatise upon medicine. 
 
 DA.M0N, a victor at Olympia. Olymp. 102. 
 
 — Paus. 4, c. 27. A poet and musician of 
 
 Athens, intimate with Pericles, and distin- 
 guished for his knowledge of government and 
 fondness of discipline. He was banished for 
 his intrigues about 430 years before Christ. 
 C. Kep. 15, c. 2. — Plut. in Pericl. A Py- 
 thagorean philosopher, very intimate with Py- 
 thias. When he had been condemned to death 
 by Dionysius, he obtained from the tyrant 
 leave to go and settle his domestic affairs, on 
 promise of returning at a stated hour to the 
 place of execution. Pythias pledged himself 
 to undergo the punishment which was to be 
 inflicted on Damon, should he not return in 
 time, and he consequently delivered himself 
 into the hands of the tyrant. Damon returned 
 at the appointed moment, and Dionysius was 
 so struck with the fidelityof those two friends, 
 that he remitted the punishment, and entreat- 
 ed them to permit him to share their friend- 
 ship, and enjoy their confidence. Vol. Max. 
 
 4, c. 7. A man of Cheroujea, who killed a 
 
 Roman officer, and was murdered by his fe 1- 
 
 low- citizens. Plui, in Cim. A Cyrenean, 
 
 who wrote an history of philosophy. Laert. 
 
 Damophantus, a general of Elis, in the 
 age of Philopcemen. Plut. in Phil. 
 
 Damophila, a poetess of Lesbos, wife of 
 Pamphilus. She was intimate with Sappho, 
 and not only wrote hymns in honour of Diana 
 and of the gods, but opened a school, where 
 the younger persons of her sex were taught the 
 various powers of music and poetry. Philostr. 
 
 Damophilus, an historian. Diod. A 
 
 Rhodian general against the fleet of Deme- 
 trius. Diod. 20. 
 
 Damopuon, a sculptor of Messina. Paus. 
 7, c. 23. 
 
 Damostratus, a philosopher who wrote 
 a treatise concerning fishes. JEliun. r. H. 13, 
 c, 2L 
 
 DAMoxi^:Nus, a comic writer of Athens. 
 
 Jllhen. 3. A boxer of Syracuse, banished 
 
 for killing his adversary. Paus. 8, c. 40, 
 
DA 
 
 Damvrias, a river of Sicily. Pint, in Tir.wl 
 
 Dana, a large town of Cappadocia. 
 
 Dasace, tiie name of the piece of money 
 which Charon required to convey the dead 
 over the Styx. Suidas. 
 
 Dasak, the daagliter of Acrisius king of 
 Argos; by Eurydice. She was confined in a 
 brazen tower by her father, who had been told 
 by an oracle, that his daughters son would put 
 him to death. His endeavours to prevent Danae 
 from becoming a mother proved fruitless ; and 
 Jupiter, who was enamoured of her, introdu- 
 eed himself to her bed, by changing himself 
 into a golden shower. From his embraces 
 Danae had a son, witli whom she was exposed 
 on the sea by her father. The wind drove the 
 bark which carried her to the coasts of the isl- 
 and of Seriphus, where she was saved by some 
 fishermen, and carried to Polydectes king of 
 the place, whose brother, called Dictys, edu- 
 cated the child, called Perseus, and tenderly 
 treated the mother. Polydectes fell in love 
 with her ; but as he was afraid of her son, he 
 sent him to conquer the Gorgons, pretending 
 that he wished Medusa's head to adorn the 
 nuptials which he was goin^; to celebrate with 
 Hippodamia; the daughierot (Enomaus. When 
 Perseus had victoriously finished his expedi- 
 tion, he retired to Argos with Danae, to the 
 house of Acrisius, whom he inadvertently kill- 
 ed. Some suppose that it was Proetus the 
 brother of Acrisius, who introduced himself to 
 Danae in the brazen tower: and instead of a 
 golden shower, it was maintained, that the 
 keepers of Danae were bribed by the gold of 
 lier seducer. Virgil mentions that Danae came 
 to Italy with some fugitives of Argos, and that 
 she founded a city called Ardea. Ovid. Met. 
 4, V. 611. ^rt. Am. 3, v. 415. Amor. 2, el. 19. 
 V. 21.—Horai. 3, od. l^—Hoiner. II. 14, v. 319. 
 — Apollod. 2, c. 2 and 4.— Stat. Theh. 1, v. 255. 
 
 — V^irg. JEn. 7, v. 410. A daughter of Leon- 
 
 tium, mistress to Sophron, governor of Ephe- 
 sus. A daughter of Danaus, to whom Nep- 
 tune offered violence. 
 
 Danai, a name given to the people of Ar- 
 gos, ajid promiscuously to all the Greeks, from 
 i)anaus their king. Virg. and Ovid, passim. 
 
 Danaides, the fifty daughters of Danaus 
 king of Ai'gos. When their uncle iEgyptus 
 came from Egypt with his fifty sons, they were 
 promised in marriage to their cousins; but be- 
 fore the celebration of their nuptials, Danaus, 
 who had been informed by an oracle that he 
 was to be killed by the hands of one of his 
 sons-in-law, made his daughters solemnly pro- 
 mise that they would destroy their husbands. 
 They were provided with daggers by their fa- 
 ther, and all, except Hypermnestra, stained 
 their hands with the blood of their cousins, the 
 iirst night of their nuptials ; and as a pledge of 
 their obedience to their father's injunctions, 
 they presented him each with the head of the 
 murdered sons of iEgyptus. Hypermnestra 
 was summoned to appear before her father, 
 and answer for her disobedience in sutfering 
 iier husband, Lynceus, to escape : but the 
 unanimous voice of the people declared her 
 innocent, and in consequence of her honour- 
 able acquittal, she dedicated a temple to the 
 goddess of Persuasion. The sisters were pu- 
 rified of this mui-der by Mercury and Minerva, 
 Hy order of Jnpiter : but according to tlie more 
 30 
 
 DA 
 
 received opinion, they were condemned to 
 severe punishment in hell, and were compel- 
 led to fill with water a vessel full of holes, so 
 that the water ran out as soon as poured into 
 it, and therefore their labour was infinite, and 
 their punishment eternal. The names of the 
 Danaides, and their husbands, were as foUo^vs, 
 according to Apollodorus : Amymone married 
 Enceladus ; Automate, Biisiris; Agave, Lycus; 
 Scea, Dayphron ; Hippodamia, Ister ; Rhodia^ 
 Chalcedon ; Calyce, another Lynceus ; Gor- 
 gophone, Proteus ; Cleopatra, Agenor ; Aste* 
 ria, Chaetus; Glance, Aleis ; Hippodamia, Di- 
 acoiytes; Hippomedusa, Alcmenon; Gorge, 
 Hippothous; Iphimedusa, Echenor; Rhode, 
 Hippolitus ; Pirea. Agoptolemus ; Cercestis, 
 Dorion ; Pharte, Eurydamas ; Mnestra, -<Egi- 
 us ; Evippe, Arigius ; Anaxibia, Archelaus ; Ne- 
 lo, Melachus ; Clite, Clitus ; Stenele, Sene- 
 iu9 ; Chrysippe, Chrysippus ; Autonoe, Eury- 
 lochus; Theano, Phantes; Electra, Peristhe- 
 nes ; Eurydice, Dryas ; Glaucippe, Potamon ; 
 Autholea, Cisseus ; Cleodora, Lixus ; Evippe^ 
 Imbrus ; Erata, Bromius ; Stygue, Polyctor ; 
 Bryce, Chtonius ; Actea, Periphas ; Podarce, 
 (Eneus ; Dioxippe, ^-Egyptus ; Adyte, Menal- 
 ces; Ocipete, Lampus; Pilarge,Idmon ; Hip- 
 podice, Idas ; Adiante, Daiphron ; Callidia, 
 Pandion; (Erne, Arbelus; Celeno, Hixbiusj 
 Hyperia, Hippocoristes. The heads of the 
 sons of iEgyptus were buried at Argos : but 
 their bodies were left at Lerna, where the 
 murder had been committed. Apollod. 2, c. 
 1.— Herat. 3, od. U.—Strab. 8.- 
 — Hygin. fab. 168, he. 
 
 Daxala, a castle of Galatia. 
 
 Da^apris, now the Ji'ieper, 
 in tlie middle ages to the Borysthenes, as Da- 
 naster the A''eister, was applied to the Tyras. 
 
 Danacs, a son of BelusandAnchinoe, who, 
 after his father's death, reigned conjointly witk 
 his brother .^gyptus on the throne of Egypt. 
 Some time after, a difference arose between 
 the brothers, and Danaus set sail with his fifty 
 daughtei*s in quest of a settlement. He visited 
 Rhodes, where he consecrated a statue to Mi- 
 nerva,and arrived safe on the coast of Pelopon- 
 nesus, where he was hospitably received by 
 Gelanor, king of Argos. Gelanor had laiely* 
 ascended the throne, and the first yeai-s of his 
 reign were marked with dissentions with hi^ 
 subjects. Danaus took advantage of Gelanor's 
 unpopularity, and obliged him to abdicate the 
 crown. In Gelanor, the race of the Jnachida 
 was extinguished, and the Belidcs began to 
 reign at Argos in Danaus. Some authors say, 
 that Gelanor voluntai'ily resigned the crown t» 
 Danaus, on account of the wi-ath of IN'eptunp, 
 who had dried up all the waters of Argolis, to 
 punish the impiety of Inachus. The success 
 of Danaus, invited the fifty sons of .Eeyptns 
 to embEU"k for Greece. They were kindly re- 
 ceived by their uncle, who, either apprehen- 
 sive of their number, or terrified by an oracle 
 which threatened his ruin by one of his sons- 
 in-law, caused his daughters, to whom they 
 were promised in marriage, to murder them 
 the first night of their nuptials His fatal or- 
 ders were executed, but Hy]>ermnestra alone 
 I spared the life of Lynceus. (Firf. Danaides.) 
 j Danaus, at first, persecuted Lynceus with un- 
 ( remitted fury, but he was afterwards reconciled 
 I to htro, and he acknowledged hira fpr his so«- 
 
 -Paus.2,c. 1§. 
 
 a name given 
 
DA 
 
 Si-law, and successor, after a reign of 50 years. 
 He died about 1425 years before the Ctiristian 
 era, and after death, he was honoured with a 
 splendid monument in the town of Argos, 
 
 which still existed in the age of Pausanias. Ac- 
 cording to yEschylus, Danaus left Egypt, not 
 to be present at the marriage of his daughters, 
 with the sons of his brother, a connexion which 
 he deemed unlawful and impious. The sliip 
 in. which Danaus came to Greece was called 
 Mrmais, and was the first that had ever ap- 
 peared there. It is said that the use of pumps 
 was first introduced into Greece by Danaus. 
 Apollod. 2, c. l.—Pav.s. 2, c. 19.— Hi/gin. fab. 
 168, kc.—Herodof. 2, c. 91, fce. 7., c. 94. 
 
 Dandari and DandaribjE, certain inhabi- 
 fants near mount Caucasus. Tacit. 12, Ann. 
 c. 18. 
 
 Dandon, a man of Illyricum, who, as 
 Fliny 7, c. 48, reports, lived 500 years. 
 
 Danubius, a celebrated river, the greatest 
 in Europe, which rises, according to Herodo- 
 tus, near the town of Pyrene, in the country 
 of the Celtae, and after flowing through the 
 greatest part of Europe, falls into the Euxine 
 sea. The Greeks called it Ister ; but the Ro- 
 mans distinguished it by the appellation of the 
 Danube ; from its source till the middle of its 
 course, and from thence to its mouths, they 
 called it hUr, like the Greek's. It falls into 
 the Euxine through seven mouths, or sis, ac- 
 cording to others. Herodotus mentions five, 
 and modern travellers discover only two. The 
 Danube was generally supposed to be the 
 northern boundary of the Roman empii*e in 
 Europe ; and therefore, several castles were 
 erected on its banks, to check the incursions 
 of the barbarians. It Avas Avorshipped as a 
 deity by the Scythians. According to modern 
 geography, the Danube rises in Suabia, and 
 after receiving about 40 navigable rivers, fin- 
 ishes a course of 1600 miles, by emptying it- 
 self into the Black sea. Dionys. Perieg. — Hc- 
 rodot.2; C.33, 1.4, c. 48, kc.—Slrab. 4. — Plin. 
 4, c. 12. — Ammian. 23. 
 
 Daochus, an officer of Philip, &c. Pint, in 
 Demosth. 
 
 Daphn.*, a town of Egyj^t, on one of the 
 mouths of the Nile, 16 miles from Pelusium. 
 Herodot. 2, c. 30. 
 
 Dapiin.«:us, a general of Syracuse, against 
 Carthage. PoIyoBn. 5. 
 
 Daphne, a daughter of the river Peneus, 
 or of the Ladon, by the goddess Terra, of 
 whom Apollo became enamoured. This pas- 
 sion had been raised by Cupid, with whom 
 Apollo, proud of his late conquest over the 
 serpent Python, had disputed the power of his 
 darts. Daphne heard Avith horror the ad- 
 dresses of the god, and endeavoured to remove 
 herself from his importunities by flight. Apol- 
 lo pursued her; and Daphne, fearful of being 
 caught, entreated the assistance of the gods, 
 who changed her into a laurel. Apollo crown- 
 ed his head Avith the leaA^es of the laurel, and 
 for ever ordered that that tree .should be sa- 
 cred to his divinity. Some say that Dai)hne 
 Avas admired by Leucippus, son of (Enomaus 
 king of Pisa, who, to bu in her company, dis- 
 guised his sex, and attended her in the Avoods, 
 in the habit of a hmitrcss. Leucippus gained 
 Dapline's esteem and love ; but A[)ollo, who 
 was his poAverful rival, discovered his sex, and 
 Leucippus Avas kille4 by the companions of 
 
 DA 
 
 Diana. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 452, kc. — Parthefh 
 
 Erotic, c. 15. — Pans. 8, c. 20. A daughter 
 
 of Tiresias, priestess in the temple of Delphi, 
 supposed by some to be the same as Manto. 
 She Avas consecrated to the service of Apollo 
 by the Epigoni, or, according tO others, by the 
 goddess Tellus. She was called Sibyl^ on ac- 
 count of the wildness of her looks and ex- 
 pressions, when she delivered oracles. Her 
 oracles Avere generally in verse, and Homer, 
 according to some accounts, has introduced 
 laach of her poetry in his compositions. Diod. 
 
 4. — Paus. 10, c. 5. A famous grove near 
 
 Antioch, consecrated to volui)tuousness and 
 luxury. 
 
 Davhnephoria, a festi^val in honour of 
 Apollo, celebrated CA^ery ninth year by the 
 Bceotians. It Avas then usual to adorn an olive 
 bough Avith garlands of laurel and other flow- 
 eis, and place on the top a brazCn globe, on 
 which Avere suspended smaller ones. In the 
 middle Avas placed a number of croAvns, and a 
 globe of inferior size, and the bottom Avas 
 adorned Avith a sanron coloured garment. The 
 globe on the top represented the sun, or Apol- 
 lo ; that in the middle was an emblem of the 
 moon, and the others of the stars. ThecroAvns, 
 which were 65 in number, represented the 
 sun's annual revolutions. This bough AAas car- 
 ried in solemn procession by a beautiful youth 
 of an illustrious family, and Avhose parents 
 Avere both living. The youth was dressed in 
 rich garments Avhich reached to the ground ; 
 his hair hung loose and dishevelled, his head 
 Avas covered Avith a golden croAvn, and he 
 Avore on his feet shoes called fyicraiidce, from 
 Ipbicrates, an Athenian, Avho first invented 
 theuA. He was called •^=<.zv^<?D-jpo:, laurel-bearer ^ 
 and at that time he executed the office of priest 
 oi Apollo. He Avas preceded by one of his 
 nearest relations, bearing a rod adorned Avith 
 garlands, and behind him followed a train of 
 virgins Avith branches in their hands. In this 
 order the procession advanced as far as the 
 temple of Apollo, surnamed Ismenius, Avhere 
 sujjplicatory hymns were sung to the god. — 
 This festival owed its origin to the folio win <»• 
 circumstance : Avhen an oracle advised the 
 ^tolians, Avho inhabited Arne and the adja- 
 cent country, to abandon their ancient pos- 
 sessions, and go in quest of a settlement, they 
 itivaded the Theban territcu'ies, Avhich at that 
 time Avere pillaged by an army of Pelasgians. Af 
 the celebration of Apollo's festivals was near, 
 both nations, who religiously observed it, laid 
 aside all hostilities, and, according to custom^ 
 cut down laurel boughs from mount Helicon^ 
 and in the neighbourhood of the river Melas, 
 and Avalked in procession in honour of the di- 
 vinity. The day that this solemnity was ob- 
 served, Poiemates, the general of the Bceotiaw 
 army, saw a youth in a dream that presented 
 him with a complete suit of armour, and com- 
 manded the Bojotians to otter solemn prayer? 
 to Apollo, and Avalk in procession Avith laurel 
 boughs in their hands every ninth year. Three 
 days after this dream, the Bu:otian general 
 made a sally, and cut otf the greatest part of 
 the besiegers, Avho Avere compelled by tin? 
 blow to relinquish their enterprise. Pole- 
 niates immediately instituted a novennial fes- 
 tival to the god Avho seemed to be the patvoti 
 of the Bo?otians. Paus. Boiotic. &c. 
 
DA 
 
 Daphnis, a shepherd of Sicily, son of 
 Mercury by a Sicilian nymph. He was edu- 
 cated by the nymphs. Pan taught him to sing 
 and play upon the pipe, and the rausjes inspir- 
 ed him with the love of poetry. It is supposed 
 he was the first who wrote pastoral poetry, in 
 which his successor Theocritus so happily ex- 
 celled. He was extremely fond of hunting; 
 and at his death, five of his dogs, from their 
 attachment to him, refused all aliments, and 
 pined away. From the celebrity of this shep- 
 herd, the name of Daphnis has been appro- 
 priated by the poets, ancient and modern, to 
 express a person fond of rural employments, 
 and of the peaceful innocence which accom- 
 panies the tending of flocks. JElian. V. H. 10, 
 c. 18. — Diod. 4. There was another shep- 
 herd on mount Ida of the same name changed 
 into a rock, according to Ovid. Met. 4, v. 
 
 275. A servant of Nicocrates, tyrant of 
 
 Cyrene, &c. Polyoen. 8. A grammarian. 
 
 Suet, de Gr. A son of Paris and (Enone, 
 
 Daphnus, a river of Locris, into which the 
 body of Hesiod was thrown after his murder. 
 PLut. de Symp. A physician who prefer- 
 red a supper to a dinner, because he suppos- 
 ed that the moon assisted digestion. Aiken. 7. 
 
 Daraba, a town of Arabia. 
 
 Darantasia, a town of Belgic Gaul, called 
 also Forum Claudii, and now Moiier. 
 
 Daraps, a king of the Gangaridae, he. 
 Flacc. 6, V. 67. 
 
 Dardani, the inhabitants of Dardania. 
 
 Also a people of Mcesia very inimical to 
 
 the neighbouring power of Macedonia. Liv. 
 26, c. 25, 1. 27, c. 33, 1. 31, c. 28, 1. 40, c. 57.— 
 Plin. 4, c. 1. 
 
 Dardania, a town or country of Troas, 
 fc-om which the Trojans were called Dardani 
 and DardanidcE. There is also a country of 
 the same name near lUyricum. This appel- 
 lation is also applied to Samothrace, Virg. 
 4^ Ovid, passim. — Strab. 7. 
 
 Daroanides, a name given to ^neas, as 
 descended from Dardanus. The word, in the 
 plural number, is applied to the Trojan wo- 
 men. Virg. JEn. 
 
 Dardanium, a promontory of Troas, call- 
 ed from the small town of Dardanus, about 
 seven miles from Abydos. The two castles 
 built on each side of the strait by the emperor 
 Mahomet IV. A. D. 1659, gave the name of 
 Dardanelles to the place. Strab. 13. 
 
 Dardanus, a son of .Jupiter and Electra, 
 who killed his brother Jasius to obtain the 
 kingdom of Etruria after the death of his re- 
 puted father Corytus, and fled to Samothrace, 
 and thence to Asia Minor, where he married 
 Batia, the daughter of Teucer, king of Teu- 
 cria.' After the death of his father-in-law he 
 ascended the throne, and reigned 62 years. 
 He built tiie city of Dardania, and was reckon- 
 ed the founder of the kingdom of Troy. He 
 was succeeded by Ei-ichtnonius. According 
 to some, Corybas, his nephew, accompanied 
 him to Teucria, where he introduced the 
 worship of Cybele. Dardanus taught his sub- 
 jects to worship Minerva; and he gave them 
 two statues of the goddess, Que of which is well 
 known by the name of Palladium. Virg. JEn. 
 3, V. 167.— Pans. 7, c. 4.—Hygln. fab. 155 and 
 275.—J3pollod. a.— Homer. Jl. 20. A Tro- 
 jan killed by Achilles. Homer. II. 20, v. 460. 
 
 DA 
 
 Dardarii, a nation near the Palus Mseotis.. 
 Pint, in LuciiU. 
 
 Dares, a Phiygiau, who lived during the 
 Trojan war, in which he was engaged, and of 
 which he wrote the history in Greek. This 
 history was extant in the age of iElian ; the 
 Latin translation, now extant, is universally 
 believed to be spurious, though it is attributed 
 by some to Cornelius Nepos. The best edition 
 is that of Smids cum not. var. 4to. and 8vo. 
 
 Arast. 1702. — Homer. II. 5, v. 10 and 27. 
 
 One of the companions of iEneas, descended 
 from Amycus, and celebrated as a pugilist at 
 the funeral games in honour of Hector, where 
 he killed Butes. He was killed by Turnus in 
 Italy. Virg. JEn. 5, v. 369, 1. 12, y. 363. 
 
 Daretis, a country of JMacedonia. 
 
 Daria, a town of Mesopotamia, 
 
 Dariaves, the name of Darius in Persian. 
 Strab. 16. 
 
 Dariobrigum, a town of Gaul, now Ven- 
 nes in Britany. 
 
 DARiTiE, a people of Persia. Herodot. Of 
 c. 92. 
 
 Darius, a noble satrap of Persia, son of 
 Hystaspes, who conspired with six other noble- 
 men to destroy Smerdis, who usurped the 
 crown of Persia after the death of Cambyses. 
 On th^ murder of the usurper, the seven con- 
 spirators universally agreed, that he whose 
 horse neighed first should be appointed king. 
 In consequence of tliis resolution, the groom 
 of Darius previously led his master's horse to 
 a mare at a place near which the seven noble- 
 men were to pass. On the morrow, before 
 sun-rise, when they proceeded all together, 
 the horse recollecting the mare, suddenly 
 neighed ; and at the same time a clap of thun- 
 der was heard, as if in api)robation of the 
 choice. The noblemen dismounted from their 
 horses, and saluted Darius king; and a resolu- 
 tion was made among them, that the king's 
 wives and concubines should be taken from no 
 other family but that of the conspirators, and 
 that they should for ever enjoy the unlimited 
 privilege of being admitted into the king's pre- 
 sence without previous introduction. Darius 
 was 29 years old when he ascended the throncr-i 
 and he soon distinguished himself by his ac- 
 tivity and military accomplishments. He be- 
 sieged Babylon ; which he took after a siege 
 of 20 months, by the artifice of Zopyrus, 
 From thence lie marched against the Scythi- 
 ans, and in his way conquered Thrace. This 
 expedition was unsuccessful ; and, after several 
 losses and disasters in the wilds of Scythia, 
 the king retired with shame, and soon after 
 turned his arms against the Indians, whom he 
 subdued. The burning of Sardis, which was 
 a Grecian colony r incensed the Athenians, and 
 a war was kindled between Greece and Persia. 
 Darius was so exasperated against the Greeks, 
 that a servant every evening, by his order, 
 repeated these words : '* Remember, king, 
 to punish the Athenians." Mardonius, the 
 king's son-in-law, was intrusted with the care 
 of the war, but his army was destroyed by 
 the Thracians: and Daiius, more animated 
 by his loss, sent a more considerable force, 
 under the commaifd of Datis and Artapherncs. 
 They were conquered at the celebrated bat- 
 tle of Marathon, by 10,000 Atlienians; and 
 the Persians lost in that expedition no less 
 
DA 
 
 tjifln 206,000 men . Darius was not dish earten- 
 ed by this severe blow, but he resolved to car- 
 ry on the wai- in person, and immediately or- 
 dered a still larger army to be levied. He 
 died in the midst of his preparations, B. C. 
 485, after a reign of 36 years, in the 65th 
 year of his age. Herodot. 1, 2, he. — Diod. 
 1. — Justin. 1, c. 9. — Plut inArist. — C. JVep. 
 
 in Miltiad. The second king of Persia of 
 
 that name, was also called Ochus or A''othiis, 
 because he was the illegitimate son of Artax- 
 erxes by a concubine. Soon after the murder 
 of Xerxes he ascended the throne of Persia, 
 and married Parj'satis his sister, a cruel and 
 ambitious woman, by whom he had Artaxerxes 
 Memnon, Amestris, and Cyrus the younger. 
 He earned on many wars with success, under 
 the conductof his generals and of his son Cyrus 
 He died B. C. 404, after a reign of 19 years 
 and was succeeded by his son Artaxerxes, who 
 asked him on his dealh-bed, what had been 
 the guide of his conduct in the management 
 of the empire, that he might imitate him ? 
 The dictates of justice and of religion, replied 
 the expii^ing monarch. Justin. 5, c. 11. — 
 
 jyiod. 12. The third of that name was the 
 
 last king of Persia, surnamed Codomanus. He 
 was son of Arsanes and Sysigambis, and de- 
 scended from Darius Nothus. The eunuch 
 Bagoas raised him to the throne, though not 
 nearly allied to the royal family, in hopes that 
 he would be subservient to his will; but he 
 prepared to poison him, when he saw^ him des- 
 pise his advice, and aim at independence. Da- 
 rius discovered his perfidy, and made him 
 drink the poison which he had prepared against 
 his life. The peace of Darius was early distur- 
 bed, and Alexander invaded Persia to avenge 
 the injuries which the Greeks had suffered 
 from the predecessors of Darius. The king 
 of Persia met his adversary in person, at the 
 head of 600,000 men. This army was remark- 
 able, more for its opulence and luxury, than 
 for the militaiy courage of its soldiers ; and 
 Athenajus mentions, that the camp of Darius 
 was crowded with 277 cooks, 29 waiters, 87 
 cup-bearers, 40 servants to perfume the king, 
 and 66 to prepare garlands and flowers to deck 
 the dishes and meats which appeared on the 
 royal table. With these forces Darius met 
 Alexander. A battle was fought near the Gran- 
 icus, in which the Persians were easily defeat- 
 ed. Another was soon after fought near Issus; 
 and Alexander left 110,000 of the enemy dead 
 on the field of battle, and took among the pri- 
 soners of war, the motlier, wife, and children 
 of Darius. The darkness of the night favour- 
 ed the retreat of Darius, and he saved him- 
 self by flying in disguise, on the horse of his 
 armour-beai"er. These losses weakened, but 
 discouraged not Darius; he assembled another 
 more powerful army, and the last decisive bai- 
 lie was fought at Arbela. The victory was 
 long doubtful; but the intrejiidity of Alexan- 
 der, and the superior valour of the Macedo- 
 nians, prevailed over the effeminate Persians ; 
 and Darius, seiisible of his disgrace and ruin, 
 fled towards Media. His misfortunes were 
 now completed. Bessus, the governor of 
 Bactriana. took away his life, in hopes of suc- 
 ceeding him on the throne; and Darius was 
 found by the Macedonians in hi? chariot, co- 
 vfse'd willi wounds, and almost expiriiig, B. C. 
 
 DA 
 
 381. He asked for water, and exclaimedy 
 when he received it from the hand of a Mace- 
 donian, " It is the greatest of my misfortunes 
 that I cannot reward thy humanity. Beg Alex- 
 ander to accept my warmest thanks for the 
 tenderness with which he has treated my 
 wretched family, whilst I am doomed to perish 
 by the hand of a man, whom I have loaded with 
 kindness." These words of the dying monarch 
 were reported to Alexander, who covered the 
 dead body with his own mantle, and honoured 
 it with a most magnificent funeral. The trai- 
 tor Bessus met with a due punishment from 
 the conqueror, who continued his kindness to 
 the unfortunate family of Darius. Darius has 
 been accused of imprudence, for the impe- 
 rious and arrogant manner in which he wrote 
 his letters to Alexander, in the midst of his 
 misfortunes. In him the empire of Persia was 
 extinguished 228 years after it had been first 
 founded by Cyrus the Great. Diod. 17. — 
 Plut. in Mex. — Justin. 10, 11, &,c. — Curtius. 
 
 A son of Xerxes, who married Artaynta, 
 
 and was killed by Artabanus. Herodot. 9, c. 
 108. — Diod. 1 1. A son of Artaxerxes decla- 
 red successor to the throne, as being the eld- 
 est prince. He conspired against his father's 
 life, and was capitally punished. Plut.inArtax. 
 Dascon, a man who founded Camarlna. 
 Thucyd. 6, c. 5. 
 
 Dascylitis, a province of Persia. Id. 1, 
 c. 129. 
 
 Dascylus, the father of Gyges. Herodot. 
 l,c. 8. 
 Dasea, a town of Arcadia. Pans. 8, c. 27. 
 Dasius, a chief of Salapia, who favoured 
 Annibal. Liv. 26, c. 38. 
 
 DassaretjE, Dassarit.«, Dassareni, or 
 Dassarith, a people of lUyricum, or Mace- 
 donia. Plut. in Flam. 
 
 Datames, a son of Camissares, governor of 
 Caria, and general of the armies of Artax- 
 erxes. The influence of his enemies at court 
 obliged him to fly for safety, after he had 
 greatly signalized himself by his military ex- 
 ploits. He took up arms in his own defence, 
 and the king made war against him. He was 
 treacherously killed by Milhridates, who had 
 invited him under pretence of entering into 
 the most inviolable connexion and friendship, 
 362 B. C. C. Nep. in Datam. 
 
 DatapHernes, one of the friends of Bes- 
 sus. After the murder of Darius, he betrayed 
 Bessus into Alexander's hands. He also re- 
 volted from the conqueror, and was delivered 
 up by the Dahae. Curt. 7, c. 5 and 8. 
 
 Datis, a general of Darius 1st, sent with 
 an army of 200,000 foot, and 10,000 horse, 
 against the Greeks, in conjunction with Arta- 
 phernes. He was defeated at the celebrated 
 battle of Marathon, by Miltiades, and some 
 time after put to death by the Spartans. C. 
 Ktp. in Milt. 
 
 Datos, or Daton, a town of Thrace, on a 
 small eminence near the Strymon. There is 
 in the neighbourhood a fruitful plain, from 
 which Proserpine, according to some, was 
 carried away by Pluto. That city was so rich 
 that the ancients generally made use of the 
 word Datos, to express abundance. When 
 the king of Macedonia conquered it he called 
 it Philippif after his own name. Appian. dt 
 Civ. 
 
DE 
 
 Davara, a hill near mount Taurus, in 
 Asia Minor. 
 
 Daulis, a nymph fromwhom the city of Dau- 
 ILs in Phocis, anciently called »4nacm, received 
 its name. It was there that Philomela and 
 Procne made Tereus eat the flesh of his son, 
 and hence the nightingale, into which Philo- 
 mela was changed, is often called Daulias avis. 
 Ovid. ep. 15, v. 154. — Strab. 9. — Pans. 10, c. 
 4.—Ptol 3, c. 15.— Lit'. 32, c. 18.— •Ptin. 4, c. 3. 
 
 Dauni, a people on the eastern part of Italy, 
 conquered by Daunus, from whom they re- 
 ceived their name. 
 
 Daunia, a name given to the northern 
 parts of Apulia, on the coast of the Adriatic. 
 It receives its name from Daunus, who settled 
 there, and is now called Capitanata. Virg. JEn. 
 8, v. 146.— Si/. 9, V. 500, 1. 12, v. 429.— Horat. 
 
 4, od. 6, v. 27. Juturna, the sister of Tur- 
 
 nus, was called Daimia, after she had been 
 made a goddess by Jupiter. Virg. ^n. 12, v. 
 139 and 785. 
 
 Daunus, a son of Pilumnus and Danae. 
 He came from Illyricum into Apulia, where 
 he reigned over part of the country, which 
 from him was called Daunia, and he was still 
 on the throne when Diomedes came to Italy. 
 
 Ptol. 3, c. I.— Mela, 2, c. 4.— Strab. 5. A 
 
 river of Apulia, now Carapelle. Horat. 3, 
 od.30. 
 
 Daurifer and Daurises, a brave general 
 of Darius, treacherously killed by the Carians. 
 Herodot. 5, c. 116, he. 
 
 Davus, a comic character in the Andria of 
 Terence. Horat. 1, Sat. 10, v. 40. 
 
 Deb^, a nation of Arabia. Diod. 3. 
 
 Decapolis, a district of Judea from its 10 
 cities. Plin. 5, c. 18. 
 
 Decebalus, a warlike king of the Daci, 
 who made a successful war against Domitian. 
 He was conquered by Trajan, Domitian 's suc- 
 cessor, and he obtained peace. His active spi- 
 rit again kindled rebellion, and the Roman 
 emperor marched against him, and defeated 
 him. He destroyed himself, and his head was 
 brought to Rome, and Dacia became a Roman 
 province, A. D. 103. Dio. 68. 
 
 Drceleum, or ea, now Biala Castro, a 
 small village of Attica, north of Athens ; which, 
 when in the hands of the Spartans, proved a 
 very galling garrison to the Athenians. The 
 Peloponnesian war has occasionally been call- 
 ed Decelean, because for some time hostilities 
 were carried on in its neighbourhood. C. 
 JVep. 7, c. 4, 
 
 Decelus, a man who informed Castor and 
 Pollux, that their sister, whom Theseus had 
 carried away, was concealed at Aphidnse. 
 Herodot. 9, c. 73. 
 
 Decemviri, ten magistrates of absolute 
 authority among the Romans. The privi- 
 leges of the patricians raised dissatisfaction 
 among the plebeians ; who, tiiough freed from 
 the power of the Tarquins, still saw that the 
 administration of justice depended upon the 
 will and caprice of their superiors, without 
 any m ritten statute to direct them, and con- 
 vince them that they were governed with equi- 
 ty and impartiality. The tribunes complained 
 to the senate, and demanded that a code of 
 laws might be framed for the use and benefit 
 of the Roman people. This petition was com- 
 plied with, and three ambassadors were sent 
 
 DE 
 
 to Athens, and to all the other Grecian states, 
 to collect the laws of Solon, and of the other 
 celebrated legislators of Greece. Upon the 
 return of the commissioners, it was universal- 
 ly agreed that ten new magistrates called De- 
 cemviri, should be elected from the senate, to 
 put the project into execution. Their power 
 was absolute ; all other offices ceased after 
 their election, and they presided over the city 
 with regal authority. They were invested 
 with the badges of the consul, in the enjoy- 
 ment of which they succeeded by turns, and 
 only one was preceded by the fasces, and had 
 the power of assembling the senate and con- 
 firming decrees. The first decemvirs were 
 Appius Claudius, T. Genutius, P. Se.xtus, 
 Sp. Veturius, C. Julius, A. Manlius, Ser. 
 Sulpitius Pluriatius, T. Romulus, Sp. Posthu- 
 mius, A. U. C. 303. Under them the laws 
 which had been exposed to public view, that 
 eveiy citizen might speak his sentiments, were 
 publicly approved of as constitutional, and rati- 
 fied by the priests and augurs in the most so- 
 lemn and religious manner. These laws were 
 ten in number, and were engraved on tables of 
 brass ; two were afterwards added, and they 
 were called the laws of the twelve tables, leges 
 duodecim tabularum, and leges decemvirales. 
 The decemviral power, which was beheld by 
 all ranks of people with the greatest satisfaction, 
 was continued ; but in the third year after their 
 creation, the decemvirs became odious, on ac- 
 count of their tyranny, and the attempt of 
 Ap. Claudius to ravish Virginia, was followed 
 by the total abolition of the office. The peo- 
 ple were so exasperated against them, that 
 they demanded them from the senate, to burn 
 them alive. Consuls were again appointed, 
 
 and tranquillity re-established in the state. 
 
 There were other officers in Rome, called de- 
 cemvirs, who were originally appointed, in the 
 absence of the praetor, to administer justice. 
 Their appointment became afterwards neces- 
 sary, and they generally assisted at sales call- 
 ed subfiastationes, because a spear, hasla, 
 was fixed at the door of the place where the 
 goods were exposed to sale. They were called 
 decemviri litihiis judicandis. The officers 
 whom Tarquin appointed to guard the Sibyl- 
 line books, were also called decemviri. They 
 were originally two in number, called duumvi- 
 ri, till the year of Rome 388, when their 
 number was increased to ten, five of which 
 were chosen from the plebeians, and five from 
 the patricians. Sylla increased their number 
 to fifteen, culled quindeccmvirs. 
 
 Decetia, a town of Gaul. Cats. 
 
 Decia LEX, was enacted by M. Decius the 
 tribune, A. U. C. 442, to empower the people 
 to appoint two proper persons to fit and repair 
 the fleets. 
 
 L. Decidius Saxa, a Celtiberian in Cjesar's 
 camp. Cais. Bell. Civ 1. 
 
 Decineus, a celebrated soothsayer. Strab. 
 16. 
 
 Decius Mus, a celebrated Roman consul, 
 who, after many glorious exploits, devoted 
 himself to the gods Manes for the safely of 
 his country, in a battle against the Latins, 338 
 yeai's B. C. His son Decius imitated his ex- 
 ample, and devoted himself in like manner 
 in his fourth consulship, when fighting against 
 the Gauts and Samnites,. B. C. 296. His grand- 
 
DE 
 
 DE 
 
 son also did the same in the war against Pyi- 1 safe to the opposite shore. The hero coasent- 
 
 rhus and the Tarentines, B. C. 28C. This ac 
 tion of devoting onesf If. was of infinite service 
 to the state. The soldiers were animated by 
 the example, and induced to follow whh intre- 
 pidity, a commander whoj arrayed in an unu- 
 sual dress, and addressing himself to the gods 
 with solemn invocation, rushed into the thick- 
 est part of the enemy to meet his fate. Liv. 8, 
 9, kc.— Val. Max. 5, c. Q.—PoJyb. 2.—Virg. 
 JEn. 6, V. 824. :Brutus, conducted Caesar to 
 
 the senate-house the day that he was murder 
 
 ed. (Cn. Metius, Q. Trajanus) a native of 
 
 Pannonia, sent by the emperor Philip, to a[^- 
 pease a sedition in Moesia. Instead of obey- 
 ing his master's command, he assumed the 
 imperial purple, and soon after marched 
 against him, and at his death became the only 
 emperor. He signalized himself against the 
 Persians ; and when he marched against the 
 Goths, he pushed his horse in a deep marsh, 
 fVora which he could not extricate himself, 
 and he perished with all his army by the darts 
 of the barbarians, A. D. 251, after a reign of 
 two years. This monarch enjoyed the cliarac- 
 ter of a brave man, and of a great disciplina- 
 rian ; and by his justice and exemplary life, 
 merited the title of Optimus, which a servile 
 senate lavished upon him. 
 
 Decurio, a subaltern officer in tlie Roman 
 armies. He commanded a decuria, which 
 consisted often men, and was the third part of 
 a iunna, or the 30th part of a legio of horse, 
 which was composed of 300 men. The badge 
 of the centurions was a vine rod or sapling, 
 and each had a deputy called optio. There 
 were certain magistrates in the provinces, 
 called deainones municipales, who formed a 
 body to represent the Roman senate in free 
 and corporate towns. They consisted often, 
 whence the name ; and their duty extended 
 to watch over the interest of their fellow-citi- 
 zens, and to hicrease the revenues of the com- 
 monwealth. Their court was called curia 
 decurionum, and minor senatus ; and their dc- 
 ci-ee?, called decreta decurionum, were marked 
 with two D. D. at the top. They genertilly 
 styled themselves civitainvi'fiab-escuriales,and 
 honorali munidpiorwn senator es. They \\ere 
 elected with the same ceremonies as the Ro- 
 man senators ; they were to be at least 25 years 
 of age, and to be possessed of a certain sura of 
 money. The election happened on the ca- 
 lends of March. 
 
 Decumates agri, lands in Germany, which 
 paid the 10th part of their value to the Romans. 
 Tacit, a. 29. 
 
 Deditame.vf.s, a friend of Alexander, made 
 governor of Babylonia. Cur!. 8, c. 3. 
 
 Degis, a brother of Decebalus king of the 
 Daci. He came as ambassador to the court of 
 Domitian. Martial. 5, ep. 3. 
 
 De.tanira, a daughter of (Eneus, king of 
 .^tolio. Her beauty procured her many ad- 
 mirers, and her father promised to give her in 
 marriage to hira only who proved to be the 
 Strongest of all his competitors. Hercules ob- 
 tained the prize, and married Dejanira, by 
 whom he had three children, the most known 
 of whom is Hyllus. As Dejanira was once tra- 
 velling with her husband, they were stopped by 
 the swollen streams of the Evenus, and the 
 centaur JNessus offered Hercules to Gonvey her I nymphs of Cyrene., 
 
 ed ; but no sooner had Nessus gained the bank, 
 than he attempted to offer violence to Dejani- 
 ra, and to carry her away in the sight of her 
 husband. Hercules, upon this, aimed,from the 
 other shore, a poisoned arrow at the seducer, 
 and mortally wounded hira. Nessus, as he ex- 
 pired, wished to avenge his death upon his 
 murderer; and he gave Dejanira his tunic, 
 which was covered with blood, poisoned and 
 infected by the arrow, observing, that it had 
 the power of reclaiming a husband from un- 
 lawful loves. Dejanira accepted the present j 
 and when Hercules proved faithless to her bed, 
 she sent him the centaur's tunic, which in- 
 stantly caused his death. (Vid. Hercules.) De- 
 janira was so disconsolate at the death of her 
 husband, which she hadignorantly occasioned, 
 that she destroyed herself. Ovid. Met. 8 and 
 9. — Diod. 4. — Se nee. in Her nil. — Hygin^. fab. 34. 
 Deicoon, a Trojan pi'ince, son of Perga- 
 sus, intimate with .tineas. He was killed by 
 
 Agamemnon. Homer/ II. 5, v. 534. A son 
 
 of Hercules and Megara. Apollod. 2, c. 7. 
 
 Deidamia, a daughter of Lycomedes, king 
 of Scyros. She bore a son called Pyrrhus, 
 or iVeoptolemus, to Achilles, who was disguis- 
 ed at her father's court in women's clothes, 
 under the name of Pyrrha. Propert. 2, el. 9. 
 
 — Apollod. 3, c. 13. A daughter of Pyrrhus, 
 
 killed by the Epirots. Polycen. A daugh- 
 ter of Adrastus, kingof Argos, called also Hip- 
 podamia. 
 
 Deileon, a companion of Hercules in his 
 expedition against the Amazons. Place. 5,\. 115. 
 Deilochus, a son of Hercules, 
 Deimachus, a son of JNeleus and Chloris, 
 was killed, with all his brothers, except Nes- 
 tor, by Hercules. Apollod. 1, c. 9. The fa- 
 ther of Enarette. Id. 1, c. 7. 
 
 Deioces, a son of Phraortes, by whose 
 means the Medes delivered themselves from 
 the yoke of the Assyrians. He presided a? 
 judge among his countrymen, and his great 
 popularity and lov^e of equity, raised him to 
 the throne, and he made himself absolute, B. 
 C. 700, He was succeeded by his son Phraor- 
 tes, after a reign of 53 yeai-s. He built Ecba- 
 tana according to Herodotus, and surrounded 
 it with seven different waKs, in the middle of 
 which was the royal palace, Herodot. 1, c. 
 96, &ic. — Polycen. 
 
 Deiochus, a Greek captain, killed by Paris 
 in tlie Trojan war. Homer. II. 15, v. 341. 
 
 Deione, the mother of Miletus by Apollo. 
 Miletus is often called Deionides, on accounL 
 of his mother. Ovid. Met. 9, v. 442. 
 
 Deioneus, a king of Phocis, who married 
 Diomede, daughter of Xuthus, by whom he 
 had Dia. He gave his daughter Dia in mar- 
 riage to Ixion, who promised to make a present 
 to his father-in-law, Deioneus accordingly vi- 
 sited the house of Ixion, and was thrown into a 
 large hole filled with burning coals, by his son- 
 in-law, Hygin. fab. 48 and 241. — Apollod. 1, 
 c. 7 and 9, 1,2, c. 4. 
 
 Deiopeia, a nymph, the fairest of all the 
 fourteen nymphs that attended upon Juno. 
 The goddess promised her in marriage to Mo- 
 lus, the god of the winds, if he would destroy 
 the fleet of^Eneas, which was sailing for Italy. 
 
 Vh's. JEn. 1, V. 75. One of the attendant 
 
 FzV^. G.4,v.343. 
 
BE 
 
 £)E 
 
 Deiotarcs, a governor of Galatia, made [ a choir of music, and exhibited horse-races. 
 
 king of that province by the Roman people. 
 In the civil wars of Fompey and Caesar, Deio- 
 tarus followed the interest of the former. Af- 
 ter the battle of Pharsalia, Caesar severely re- 
 primanded Deiotarus for his attachment to 
 Porapey, deprived him of part of his kingdom, 
 and left him only the bare title of royalty. 
 When he was accused by his grandson, of at- 
 tempts upon Caesar's life, Cicero ably defended 
 him in the Roman senate. He joined Brutus 
 with a large army, and faithfully supported 
 the republican cause. His wife was barren ; 
 but fearing that her husband might die without 
 issue, she presented him with a beautiful slave, 
 and tenderly educated, asher own, the children 
 of this union. Deiotarus died in an advanced 
 old age. Strab. 12. — Luean. 5, v. 55. 
 Deiphila. Vid. Deipyle. 
 DiiPHoBE, a sibyl of Cumae, daughter of 
 Glaucus. It is supposed that she led ^Eneas 
 to the infernal regions. (Firf. Sibyllas.) Virg. 
 JEn. 6, V. 36. 
 
 Deiphobus, a son of Priam and Hecuba, 
 who after the death of his brother Paris, 
 married Helen. His wife unworthily betrayed 
 him, and introduced into his chamber her old 
 husband Menelaus, to whom she wished to re- 
 concile herself. He was shamefully mutilated 
 and killed by Menelaus. He had highly dis- 
 tinguished himself during the war, especially 
 in his two combats with Merion, and in that 
 in which he slew Ascalaphus son of Mars. 
 
 Virg. JEn. 6, v. 4Qb.— Homer. R. 13. A son 
 
 of Hippolytus, who purified Hercules after the 
 murder of Iphitus. Jlpollod. 2, c. 6. 
 
 Deiphon, a brother of Triptolemus, son 
 of Celeus and Metanira. When Ceres tra- 
 velled over the world, she stopped at his fa- 
 ther's court, and undertook to nurse him and 
 bring him up. To reward the hospitality of 
 Celeus, the goddess began to make his son im- 
 mortal, and every evening she placed him on 
 ])urning coals to purify him from whatever 
 mortal particles he still possessed The un- 
 common growth of Deiphon astonished Me- 
 tanira, who wished to see what Ceres did to 
 make him so vigorous. She was frightened to 
 see her son on burning coals, and the shrieks 
 that she uttered disturbed the mysterious ope- 
 rations of the goddess, and Deiphon perished in 
 
 the flames. Apollod 1, c. 5. The husband 
 
 of Hyrnetho, daughter of Temenus, king of 
 Argos. Id. 2, c. 7. 
 
 Deiphontes, a general of Temenus, who 
 took Epidauria, &c. Paus. 2, c. 12. A ge- 
 neral of the Dorians, he. Polytzn. 
 
 Deipvle, a daughter of Adrastus, who 
 married Tydeus, by whom she had Dioratdes. 
 Apollod. 1, c. 8. 
 
 Deipylus, a son of Sthenelus, in the Tro- 
 jan war. Homer. II. 5. 
 
 Deipvrus, a Grecian chief, during the 
 Trojan war. Horner. II. 8. 
 
 Deldon, a king of Mysia, defeated by 
 Crassus. 
 
 Di:,lia, a festival celebrated every fifth 
 year in the island of Delos, in honour of 
 Apollo. It was first instituted by Theseus, 
 who at his return from Crete, placed a sta- 
 tue there, which he had received from Ari- 
 adne. At the celebration, they crowned the 
 statute oftheeoddp?s with %arlaad«. appointed 
 
 They afterwards led a dance, in which they 
 imitated, by their motions, the various wind- 
 ings of the Cretan labyrinth, from which The- 
 seus had extricated himself by Ariadne's as- 
 sistance. There was also another festival of 
 
 the same name yearly celebrated by the Athe- 
 nians in Delos. It was also instituted by The- 
 seus, who, when he was going to Crete, made 
 a vow that if he returned victorious, he would 
 yearly visit, in a solemn manner, the temple 
 of Delos. The persons employed in this an- 
 nual procession were called Ddiastce and The- 
 ori. The ship, the same which carried The- 
 seus, and had been carefully preserved by the 
 Athenians, was called Theoria and Delias. 
 When the ship was ready for the voyage, the 
 priest of Apollo solemnly adorned "the stern 
 with garlands, and an universal lustration was 
 made all' over the city. The Theori were 
 crowned with laurel, and before them pro- 
 ceeded men armed with axes, in commemora- 
 tion of Theseus, who had cleared the way 
 from Truezene to Athens, and delivered the 
 country from robbe , When the ship ar- 
 rived at Delos, they offered solemn sacrifices 
 to the god of the island, and celebrated a fes- 
 tival in his honour. After this, they retired 
 to their ship, and sailed back to Athens, where 
 all the people of the city ran in crowds to 
 meet them. Every appearance of festivity 
 prevailed at their approach, and the citizens 
 opened their doors, and prostrated them- 
 selves before the Deliastae, as they walked in 
 procession. During this festival, it was un- 
 lawful to put to death any malefactor, and on 
 that account the life of Socrates was prolonged 
 for thirty days. Xenophon. Memor. ^ in Conv. 
 — Plut. in PhcEd. — Senec. ep. 70. 
 
 Delia, a surname of Diana, because she 
 was born in Delos. Virg. Ed. S, v. 67. 
 
 Deliades, a son of Glaucus, killed by his 
 
 brother Bellerophon. Apollod. 2, c. 3. 
 
 The priestesses in Apollo's temple. Homer. 
 Hymn, ad Ap. 
 
 Delium, a temple of Apollo. A town 
 
 of Bceotia opposite Calchis, famous for a battle 
 fought there, B. C. 424, kc. Liv. 31, c. 45> 
 1. 35, c.51. 
 Delius, a surname of Apollo, because he 
 
 was born in Delos. Quint, an otiacer of 
 
 Antony, who when he wa« sent to cite Cleo- 
 patra before his master, advised her to make 
 her appearance in the- most captivating attire. 
 The plan succeeded. He afterwards aban- 
 doned his friend, and fled to Augustus, who 
 received him with great kindness. Horace 
 has addressed, 2od. 3. to him. Plut. in Anion 
 Delmatius; F1, Jul. a nephew of Constan- 
 tine the Great, honoured with the title of Cse- 
 sar, and put in possession of Thrace, Mace- 
 donia, and Achaia. His great virtues wern 
 unable to save him from a violent death, and 
 he was assassinated by his own soldiers, kc. 
 Delminium, a town of Dalraatia. Fhr 
 4, c. 12. 
 
 Delos, one of the Cyclades at the north of 
 Naxos, was severally called Lagia, Ortygia, 
 Asteria, Clamidia, Pelasgia, Pyrpyle, Cyn- 
 thus, and Cynaithus, and now bears the name 
 of Sailles. It was called Delos' from S-\©., be- 
 cause it suddenly made its appearance on the 
 sirrfart. of tJie s»'a. by the. porer of iV'ppfnne, 
 
DE 
 
 who, according to the mythologists, permlttecl 
 Xatona to bring forth there, when she was 
 persecuted all over the earth, and could find 
 no safe asylum. (Vid. Apollo J The island is 
 celebrated for tlie nativity of Apollo and Di- 
 ana; and the solemnity with which the festi- 
 Tals of these deities were celebrated there, by 
 the inhabitants of the neighbouring islands, and 
 of the continent, is well known. One of the 
 altars of Apollo in the island, was reckoned 
 among the seven wonders of the world. It had 
 been erected by Apollo, when only four years 
 old, and made with the horns of goats, killed 
 fcy Diana on mount Cynthus. It was unlawful 
 to sacrifice any living creature upon that altar, 
 which was religiously kept pure from blood 
 and every pollution. The whole island of De- 
 los was held in such veneration, that the Per- 
 sians who had pillaged and profaned all the 
 temples of Greece, never offered violence to 
 the temple of Apollo, but respected it with 
 the most awful reverence. Apollo, whose 
 image was in the shape of a dragon, deliv- 
 ered there oracles during the summer, in a 
 plain manner withoutany ambiguity orobscure 
 jueaning. INo dogs, as Thucydides mentions, 
 were permitted to enter the island. It was 
 unlawful for a man to die, or for a child to 
 be born there ; and when the Athenians were 
 ordered to purify the place, they dug up all 
 the dead bodies that had been interred there, 
 and transported them to the neighbouring 
 islands. An edict was also issued, which com- 
 manded all persons labouring under any mor- 
 tal or dangerous disease, to be instantly re- 
 moved to the adjacent island called Rliane. 
 Some mythologists suppose that Asteria, who 
 changed herself into a quail to avoid the im- 
 portuning addresses of Jupiter, was mctamor- 
 phosedinto thisisland, originally called Ortygia 
 ab ouTvc, a quail. The people of Delos are descri- 
 bed by Cicero Arcad. 2, c. 16 and 18, 1. 4, c. 18, 
 as famous for rearing hens. Strab. 8 and 10. — 
 Ovid. Met. 5, v. 329, 1. 6, v. 333.—Mela,2, c. 7.-- 
 Plin. 4, c. V2."Plut. de Solert. Anim. hc.-Thu- 
 eyd. 3, 4, he. — Virg. JEn. 3, v. 73. — Piol. 3, c. 
 15." Callim ad Del.- Claudian. de A.--Com. Hon. 
 Delphi, now Caslri, a town of Phocis, 
 situate in a valley at the south-west side of 
 mount Parnassus. It was also called Pylho, 
 because the serpent Python was killed there; 
 and it received the name of Delphi, from 
 Delphus, the son of Apollo. Some have also 
 called it Parnassia JS'ape, the valley of Par- 
 nassus. It was famous for a temple of Apollo, 
 and for an oracle celebrated in every age and 
 country. The origin of the oracle, though fabu- 
 lous, is described as something wonderful. A 
 number of goats that were feeding on mount 
 Parnassus, came near a place which had a deep 
 and long j)erforation. The steam which issued 
 from the hole, seemed to inspire the goats, and 
 they played and frisked about in such an uncom- 
 mon manner, thatthe goat herd was tempted to 
 lean on the hole, and see what mysteries the 
 place contained. He was immediately seized 
 with a fit of enthusiasm, his expressions were 
 wild and extravagant, and passed for prophe- 
 cies. This circumstance was soon known 
 about the country, and many experienced the 
 same enthusiastic insjnration. TJie place was 
 revered, and a temple was soon after erected 
 in honour of Apollo, and a city built. Accord- 
 ing to some a«eount?.. Apollo was not <kc first 
 
 DE 
 
 who gave oracles there ; but Terra, iNTeptunc!, 
 Themis, and Phoebe, were in possession of 
 the place before the son of Latona. The ora- 
 cles were generally given in verse ; but when 
 it had been sarcastically observed, that the god 
 and patron of poetiy was the most imperfect 
 poet in the world, the priestess delivered her 
 answers in prose. The oracles were always 
 delivered by a priestess called Pylhia. (Vid. 
 Pythia.) The temple was built and destroy- 
 ed several times. It was customary for those 
 who consulted the oracle to make rich presents 
 to the god Delphi; and no monarch distin- 
 guished himself more by his donations than 
 Croesus. This sacred repository of opulence 
 was often the object of plunder ; and the peo- 
 ple of Phocis seized 10,000 talents from it, 
 and Nero carried away no less than 500 statues 
 of brass, partly of the gods, and partly of the 
 most illustrious heroes. In another age, Con- 
 stantine the Great removed its most splendid 
 ornaments to his new capital. It was univer- 
 sally believed, and supported, by the ancients^ 
 that Delphi was in the middle of the earth ; 
 and on that account it was called Terra umbil- 
 icus. This, according to mythology, was first 
 found out by two doves, which Jupiter had let 
 loose from the two extremities of the earth, 
 and which met at the place where the temple 
 of Delphi was built. Apollon. 2, v. 706. — Diod. 
 16. — Plut. de Defect. Orac. he. — Pans. 10, c. 
 6, he— Ovid. Met. 10, v. l6S.~Strab. 9. 
 
 Delphicps, a surname of Apollo, from the 
 worship paid to his divinity at Delphi. 
 
 Delphinia, festivals at iEgina, in honour 
 of Apollo of Delphi. 
 
 Delphinium, a place in Boeotia, opposite 
 Eubcea. 
 
 Delphis, the priestess of Delphi. Mar- 
 tial. 9, ep. 43. 
 
 Delphus, a son of Apollo who built Del- 
 phi, and consecrated it to his father. The 
 name of his mother is differently mentioned. 
 She is called by some Celeeno, by others Me- 
 laene daughter of Cephis, and by others Thyas 
 daughter of Castalius, the first who was priest- 
 ess to Bacchus. Hygin. 161. — Paus. 10, c. 6, 
 
 Delphyne, a serpent which watched over 
 Jupiter. Apollod. 1, c. 6. 
 
 Delta, a part of Egypt, which received 
 that name from its resemblance to the form of 
 the fourth letter of the Greek alphabet. It lie!! 
 between the CanopianandPelusian mouths of 
 the Nile, and begins to be formed where the 
 river divides itself into several streams. It has 
 been formed totally by the mud and sand, 
 which are \vashed doM n from the upper parts 
 of Egypt by the Nile, according to ancient ti-a- 
 dition. Cois. Alex. c. 21 . — Strab 15 and 17. — 
 Herodot. 2, c. 13, he— Pliri. 3, c. 16. 
 
 Demades, an Athenian, who, from a sailor, 
 became an eloquent orator, and obtained much 
 influence in the state. He was taken prisoner 
 at the battle of Cherontea, by Philip, and in- 
 gratiated himself into the favour of that prince, 
 by whom he was greatly esteemed. He was 
 put to death, with his son, on suspicion of trea- 
 son, B. C. 322. One of his orations is extant.^ 
 Diod. 16 and 17.— Plut. in Dem. 
 
 Demjenetus, a rhetorician of Syracuse, 
 enemy to Timoleon. C. Nep. in Tim. 5. 
 
 Demagoras, one of Alexander's flatterers, 
 
 An historian wlio wrote concerning the 
 
 foundation of Rome. D'aomis. Mat. 1. 
 
DE 
 
 Djomarata, a daughter of Hiero, fcc. Liv. 
 24, c. 22. 
 
 Demaratus, the son and successor of Aris- 
 ton on the throne of Sparta, B. C. 526. He 
 was banished by the intrigues of Cleomenes; 
 his royal colleague, as being illegitimate. He 
 retired ii>to Asia, and was kindly received by 
 Darius son of Hystaspes king of Fersia. When 
 the Persian monarch made preparations to in- 
 vade Greece, Demaratus, though persecuted 
 by theLacedsemonians, informed them of the 
 hostilities which hung over their head. Hero- 
 dot. 6, c. 75, Lc. 1. 6, c. 50, k-c. A rich citi- 
 zen of Corinth, of the family of the Bacchiadce. 
 When Cypselus had usurped the sovereign 
 power of Corinth, Demaratus, with all his fa- 
 mily, migrated lo Italy, aud settled at Tarqui- 
 nii, 658 years before Christ. His son, Lucu- 
 mon, was king of Rome, under the name of 
 Tarquinius Priscus. Dionys. Hal. A Co- 
 rinthian exile at the court of Philip king of 
 Macedonia. PLui.inJilex. 
 
 Demarchus, a Syracusan, put to death by 
 Dionysius. 
 
 Demareta, the wife of Gelon. Diod. 15. 
 
 Demariste, the mother of Timoleon. 
 
 Dematria, a Spartan mother, who killed 
 her son because he returned from a battle 
 without glory. Pial. Lac. Inst. 
 
 Demetria, a festival in honour of Ceres, 
 called by the Greeks Demtltr. It was then 
 customary for the votaries of the goddess to 
 lash themselves with whips made with the 
 bark of trees. The Athenians had a solemni- 
 ty of the same name, in honour of Demetrius 
 Poliorcetes. 
 
 Demetrias, a town of Thessaly. — The name 
 was common to other places. 
 
 Demetrius, a son of Antigonus and Stra- 
 tonice, surnamed Poliorcetes, destroyer of 
 toivns. At the age of 22, he was sent by his 
 father* against Ptolemy, who invaded Syria. 
 He was defeated near Gaza; but he soon re- 
 paired his loss by a victory over one of the 
 generals of the enemy. He afterwards sailed 
 with a fleet of 250 ships to Athens, and restor- 
 ed the Athenians to liberty, by freeing them 
 from the power of Cassander and Ptolemy, and 
 expelling the garrison, which was stationed 
 there under Demetrius Phalereus. After this 
 successful expedition, he besieged and took 
 Munychia, and defeated Cassander at Ther- 
 mopylae. His reception at Athens, after these 
 victories, was attended with the greatest ser- 
 vility ; and the Athenians were not ashamed to 
 raise altars to him as to a, god, and to qonsult 
 his oracles. This uncommon Success raised the 
 jealousy of the successors of Alexander; and 
 Seleucus, Cassander, and Lysimachus, united 
 to destroy Antigonus and his son. Their hos- 
 tile armies met at Ipsus, B. C. 301. Antigo- 
 nus was killed in the battle ; and Demetrius, 
 after a severe loss, retired to Ephesus. His ill 
 success raised him many enemies; and the A- 
 thenians, who had lately adored him as a god, 
 refused to admit him into their city. He soon 
 after ravaged the territories of Lysimachus, 
 and reconciled himself to Seleucus, to whom 
 he gave liis daughter Stratonice in marriage. 
 Athens now laboured under tyranny ; and De- 
 metrius relieved it, and pardoned the inhabit- 
 ants. The loss of his possessions in Asia, rc- 
 "nlled him from Greece, and he established 
 31 
 
 DE 
 
 himself on the throne of Macedonia, by the 
 mui'der of Alexander the son of Cassander. 
 Here he was continually at war with the neigh- 
 bouring states; and the superior power of his 
 adversaries obliged him to leave Macedonia, 
 after he had sat on the throne for seven years. 
 He passed into Asia, and attacked some of the 
 provinces of Lysimachus with various success; 
 but famine and jiestilence deslroyed the great- 
 est part of his army, and he retired to the court 
 of Seleucus for support and assistance. He met 
 with a kind reception, buL ..ostilities were soon 
 begun ; and after he had gained some advanta- 
 ges over his son-in-law, Demetrius was totally 
 forsaken by his troops in the field of battle, and 
 became an easy prey to the enemy. Though 
 he WHS kept in confinement by his son-in- 
 law, yet he maintained himself like a prince, 
 and passed his time in hunting and in every 
 laborious exercise. His son Antigonus offer- 
 ed Seleucus all his possessions, and even 
 his person, to procure his father's liberty; 
 but ail proved unavailing, and Demetrius 
 died in the 54th year of his age, after a con- 
 finement of three years, 286 B. C. His re- 
 mains were given to Antigonus, and honour- ' 
 ed with a splendid funeral pomp at Corinth, 
 and thence conveyed to Demetrias. His pos- 
 terity remained in possession of the Macedo- 
 nian throne till the age of Perseus, who was 
 conquered by the Romans. Demetrius has 
 rendered himself famous for his fondness of 
 dissipation when among the dissolute, and his 
 love of virtue and military glory in the field of 
 battle. He has been commended as a great 
 warrior, and his ingenious inventions, his war- 
 like engines, and stupendous machines in his 
 war with the Rhodians, justify his claims to 
 that perfect character. He has been blamed 
 for his voluptuous indulgences ; and his bio- 
 grapher observes, that no Grecian prince had 
 more wives and concubines than Poliorcetes. 
 His obedience and reverence to his father hav^e 
 been justly admired ; and it has been observed, 
 that Antigonus ordered the ambassadors of a 
 foreign prince particularly to remark the cor- 
 diality and friendship which subsisted between 
 him and his son. Plut. in vita. — Diod 17. — 
 Justin. 1, c. 17, &c. A prince who suc- 
 ceeded his father Antigonus on the throne of 
 Macedonia. He reigned 11 years, and was 
 succeeded by Antigonus Doson. Justin. 26, c. 2. 
 — Polyb. 2. A son of Philip king of Mace- 
 donia, delivered as an hostage to the Romans. 
 His modesty delivered hisfatherfrom a heavy- 
 accusation laid before the Roman senate. 
 When he returned to Macedonia, he was 
 falsely accused by his brother Perseus, who 
 was jealous of his popularity, and his father too 
 credulously consented to his death, B. C. ISO- 
 
 Liv. 40, c. 20. — Justin. 32, c. 2. A Magne- 
 
 sian. A servant of Cassius. A son of 
 
 Demetrius of Cyrene. A freedman of Pom- 
 
 pey. A son of Demetrius, surnamed Slen- 
 der. A prince surnamed Sottr, was son of 
 
 Seleucus Pliilopater, the son of Antiochus the 
 Great, kiiig of Syria. His father gave him us 
 a hostage to the Romans. After the death of 
 Seleucus, Antiochus Epiphanes, the deceased 
 monm'ch's brother, usurped the kingdom of 
 Syria, iuid was succeeded by his son .\rUiochus 
 Eupator. This usurpation displeased Deme- 
 trius, who was detained at Rome ; he procu- 
 
 J 
 
DE 
 
 ied his liberty on pretence of going to Iiuot, 
 and fled to Syria, where the troops received 
 him as their lawful sovereign, B. C. 162. He 
 put to death Eupator and Lysias, and estab- 
 lished himself on his throne by cruelty and 
 oppression. Alexander Bala, the son of An- 
 tiochus Epiphanes, laid claim to the crown of 
 Syria, and defeated Demetrius in a battle, in 
 the 12th year of his reign. Strab. 16. — .^p- 
 
 jyian. — Jiistin. 34, c. 3. Tlie 2d, surnamed 
 
 JVica7ior, or Conqueror, w&s son of Soter, to 
 whom he succeededbytheassistanceof Ptolemy 
 Philometer, after he had driven out the usurp- 
 er Alexander Bala, B. C 146. He married 
 Cleopatra, daughter of Ptolemy ; who was, be- 
 fore, the wife of the expelled monarch. De- 
 metrius gave himself up to luxury and volup- 
 tuousness, and suffered his kingdom to be gov- 
 erned by his favourites. At that time a pre- 
 tended son of Bala, called Diodorus Tryphon, 
 seized a part of Syria; and Demetrius, to op- 
 pose his antagonist, made an alliance with the 
 Jews, and marched into the east, where he 
 was taken by the Parthiaiis. Phraates, king 
 of Parthia, gave him his daughter Rhodogyne 
 in marriage ; and Cleopatra was so incensed at 
 this new connexion, that she gave herself up 
 to Antiochus Sidetes, her brother-in-law, and 
 married him. Sidetes was killed in a battle 
 against the Parthians, and Demetrius regained 
 the possession of his kingdom. His pride and 
 oppression rendered him odious, and his sub- 
 jects asked a king of the house of Seleucus, 
 from Ptolemy Physcon, king of Egypt ; and 
 Demetrius, unable to resist the power of his 
 enemies, fled to Ptolemais, which was then 
 in the hands of his wife Cleopatra. Tiie gates 
 were shut up against his approach, by Cleopa- 
 tra; and he was killed by order of the gover- 
 nor of Tyre, wiiither he had fled for protec- 
 tion. He was succeeded by Alexander Zebi- 
 na, whom Ptolemy had raised to the throne, 
 B. C. 127. Justin. 36, hc.—Ap-pian de Bell. 
 
 Syr. — Joseph. The 3d, surnamed Euce- 
 
 rus, was son of Antiochus Gryphus. After the 
 example of his brother Philip, who had seized 
 Syria, he made himself master of Damascus, 
 B. C. 93, and soon after obtained a victory 
 over his brother. He was taken in a battle 
 against the Parthians, and died in captivity. 
 
 Joseph. 1. Phalereus, a disciple of Theo- 
 
 phx'astus, who gained such an influence over 
 the Athenians, by his eloquence, and the puri- 
 ty of his manners, that he was elected de- 
 eennial archon, B. C. 317. He so embellished 
 the city, and rejidered himself so popular by 
 Lis munificence, that the Athenians raised 360 
 
 DE 
 
 strict confinement. Demetrius, tired with hia 
 situation, put an end to his life by the bite of 
 an asp, 284 B. C. According to some, De- 
 metrius enjoyed the confidence ofPhiladelphus, 
 and enriched his library at Alexandria with 
 200,000 volumes. All the works of Demetrius, 
 on rhetoric, history, and eloquence, are lost ; 
 and the treatise on rhetoric, falsely attributed 
 to him, is by some supposed to be the cTimpo-^ 
 sition of Halicarnassus. The last edition of 
 this treatise is that of Glasgow, 8vo. 1743. 
 Diog. in vita. — Cic. in Brut. Sfde Offic. 1. — 
 Pint, in Exil. A Cynic philosopher, disci- 
 ple of Ai)ollonius Thyaneus, in the age of Cali- 
 gula. The emperor wished to gain the philo- 
 sopher to his interest by a large present; but 
 Demetrius refused it with indignation.and said, 
 If Caligula wishes to bribe me, let him send me 
 his crown. Vespasian was displeased with his 
 insolence, and banished him to an island. 1 he 
 Cynic derided the punishment, and bitterly 
 inveighed against the emperor. He died in a 
 great old age ; and Seneca observes, that na- 
 ture had brought him forth, to show mankind, 
 that an exalted genius can live securely with- 
 out being corrupted by the vices of (he sur- 
 rounding ivorld, Senec. — Philoslr. in Jipoll. 
 One of Alexander's flatterers. A na- 
 tive of Byzantium, who wrote on the Greek 
 
 poets. An Athenian killed at Mantinea, 
 
 when fighting against the Thebans. Polycen. 
 
 A writer who published an history of the 
 
 irruptions of the Gauls into Asia. A philo- 
 logical writer, in the age of Cicero. Cic. ad 
 
 Attic. 8, ep. 11. A stage player. Juv. 3, 
 
 V. 99. Syrus, a rhetorician at Athens. Cic. 
 
 in Brut. c. 174. A geographer, surnamed 
 
 the Calatian. Strab. 1. 
 Demo, a Sibyl of Cumag. 
 Dp;moanassa, the mother of JCgialeus. 
 Democ£Des, a celebrated physician of Cro- 
 tona, son of Calliphon, and intimate with Po- 
 lycrates. He was carried as a prisoner from 
 Samos to Darius king of Persia, where he ac- 
 quired great I'iches and much reputation by 
 curing the king's foot, and the breast of Atossa. 
 He was sent to Greece as a spy, by the king, 
 and fled away to Crotona, where he married 
 the daughter of the wrestler Milo. JElian. V. 
 H. 8, c. 18.— Herodot. 3, c. 124, &c. 
 
 Demochares, an Athenian, sent witk 
 some of his countrymen with an embassy to 
 Philip king of Macedonia. The monarch 
 gave them audience ; and Vv hen he asked them 
 what he could do to please the people of 
 Athens .'' Demochares replied, " Hang your- 
 self." This impudence raised the indignation 
 of all the hearers; but Philip mildly dismissed 
 
 brazen statues to his honour. Yet in the[ 
 
 midst of all this popularity, his enemies raised them, and bade them ask their countrymen^ 
 
 a sedition against him, and he was condemned 
 to death, and all his statues thrown down, 
 after obtaining the sovereign power for 10 
 yeai-s. He fled without concern or mortifi- 
 cation to the court of Ptolemy Lagus, w here 
 Le met with kindnes.s and cordiality. The 
 Egyptian monarch consulted him concerning 
 the succession of his children ; and Deme- 
 trius advised him to raise to the throne the 
 children of Eurydice, in preference to the 
 ott'spring of Berenice. This counsel so irri- 
 tated Philadeiphus, the son of Berenice, that 
 after his father's death he sent the philosopher 
 into Upper Egypt, and there detained him in 
 
 which deserved most the appellation oi wise 
 and moderate, either they who gave such ill 
 language, or he who received it without any 
 signs of resentment .'' Senec. de Ira, 3. — 
 JElian. V. II. 3, 7, 8, 12— C«c. in Brut. 3, de 
 
 Oral. 2. A poet of Soli, who composed a 
 
 comedy on Demetrius Poliorcetes. Plut. in 
 
 Dem. A statuary, who wished to make a 
 
 statue of mount Athos. Vitruv. A general 
 
 of Pompey the younger, who died B. C. 36. 
 Democles, a man accused of disaftection 
 
 towards Dionysius, he. Polycen. 6. A 
 
 beautiful youth, passionately loved by Deme- 
 trius Poliorcetes. He threw himself into ^ 
 
 4 
 
DE 
 
 caldron of boiling water, rather than sub- 
 mit to the unnatural lusts of the tyrant. Pint, 
 in Dem. 
 
 Democoon, a natural son of Priam, who 
 came from his residence at Abydos to protect 
 his country against the Gi'eeks. He was, 
 after a glorious defence, killed by Ulysses. 
 Homer, ll. 4. 
 DiiMucRATES, an architect of Alexandria. 
 
 A wrestler. JFMan. V. H. 4, c. 15. 
 
 An Athenian who fought on the side of Da- 
 rius, against the Macedonians. Curt. 6, c. 5. 
 
 D£.MocRiTus, a celebrated philosopher of 
 Abdera, disciple to Leucippus. He ti'avelled 
 over the greatest part of Europe, Asia, and 
 Africa, in quest of knowledge, and r-eturned 
 home in the greatest poverty. There was a 
 law at Abdera, which deprived of the honour 
 of a funeral the man who had reduced him- 
 self to indigence ; and Democritus, to avoid 
 ignominy, repeated before his countrymen one 
 of his compositions called Diacosmus. It was 
 received with such uncommon applause, that 
 he was presented with 500 talents ; statues 
 were erected in his honour ; and a decree pas- 
 sed that the expenses of his funeral should 
 be paid from the public treasury. He retired 
 to a garden near the city, where he dedicated 
 his time to study and solitude ; and according 
 to some authors he put out his eyes, to apply 
 himself more closely to philosophical inquiries. 
 He was accused of insanity, and Hippocrates 
 \vas ordered to inquire into the nature of his 
 disorder. The physician had a conference 
 with the philosopher, and declared that not 
 Democritus, but his enemies were insane. He 
 continually laughed at the follies and vanity of 
 mankind, who distract themselves with care, 
 and are at once a prey to hope and to anxiety. 
 He told Darius, who was inconsolable for the 
 loss of his wife, that he would raise her from 
 the dead, if he could find three persons who 
 had gone through life without adversity, whose 
 names he might engrave on tlie queen's mon- 
 ument. The king's inquiries to find such per- 
 sons proved unavailing, and the philosopher in 
 some manner soothed the sorrov/ of his sove- 
 reign. He taught his disciples that the soul 
 died with the body ; and therefore, as he gave 
 no credit to the existence of ghosts, some 
 youths, to try his fortitude, dressed themselves 
 in a hideous and deformed habit, and approach- 
 ed his cave in the dead of night, with whatever 
 could create terror and astonishment. The 
 philosopher received them unmoved; and 
 without even looking at them, he desired them 
 to cease making themselves such objects of ri- 
 dicule and folly. He died in the 109th year 
 
 DE 
 
 of his age, B. C. 361. His father was so rich, 
 that he entertained Xerxes, with all his army, 
 as he was marching against Greece. AH the 
 works of Democritus are lost. He was the 
 author of the doctrine of atoms, and first 
 taught that the milky way was occasioned by 
 a confused light from a multitude of stars. He 
 may be considered as the parent of experi- 
 mental philosophy, in the prosecution of which 
 he showed himself so ardent that he declared 
 he would prefer tlie discovery of one of the 
 causes of the works of Jiature, to the diadem 
 of Persia. He made artificial emeralds, and 
 tinged them with various colours ; he likewise 
 dissolved stone?, and softened ivorv Euseb. 
 
 14, c. 27. Diog. in vita.— Mian. V. U. 4, 
 
 c. 20.— Cic. de Finib.— Val. Max. 8, c, 7.— 
 
 Sirab. 1 and 15. An Ephesian, who wrote 
 
 a book on Diana's temple, k,c. D^og. A 
 
 powerful man of >*axos. Htrodot. 1,%. 46. 
 
 DiMODiCE, the wife of Cretheus, king of 
 lolchos. Some call her Biadice, or Tyro. 
 Hi/gin. P. A. 2, o. 20. 
 
 DiMoDocHus, a musician at the court of 
 Alcinous; who sang, in the presence of Ulj^s- 
 ses, the secret amours of Mars and Venus, fcc 
 
 Honitr. Od. 8, v. 44.— Plat, de Mus. A 
 
 Trojan chief, who came with iEneas into Italy, 
 where he uas killed. Virg. Mu. 10, v. 413, 
 
 An historian. Plut. de Flum. 
 
 Demoleus, a Greek, killed bv iEneas in the 
 Trojan war. Virg. JEn. 6, v. 260. 
 
 Djemoleon, a centaur, killed by Theseu.s 
 at the nuptials of Pirithous. Orid. Met. 12, v. 
 
 356. A son of Antenor, killed by Achilles. 
 
 Homer. II. 20, v. 395. 
 
 Demon, an Athenian, nephew to Demos- 
 thenes. He was at the head of the govern^ 
 ment during the absence of his uncle, and ob- 
 tained a decree that Demosthenes should be 
 recalled, and that a ship should be sent to 
 bring him back. 
 
 Demonassa, a daughter of Amphiaraus, 
 who married Thersander. Pans. 9, c. 5. 
 
 Demonax, a celebrated philosopher of 
 Crete, in the reign of Adrian. He showed no 
 concern about the necessaries of life ; but 
 when hungry, he entered the first house he 
 met, and there satisfied his appetite. He died 
 
 in his 100th year. A man of Mantinea, 
 
 sent to settle the government of Cyrene. ife- 
 rodot. 4, c. 161. 
 
 Demonica, a woman who betrayed Ephe- 
 sus to Brennus. Plut. in Parall. 
 
 Demophantus, a general, killed by Anti- 
 gonus, he. Pans. 8, c. 49. 
 
 Demophile, a name given to the sibyl of 
 Cumffi, who, as it is supposed by some, sold 
 the sibylline books ta Taiquin. Farro apiid 
 Lad. 1, c. 6. 
 
 Demophilus, an Athenian archon.-— -Ao 
 oflScer of Agathocles. Diod. 19. 
 
 Demophon, an Athenian, who assisted 
 the Thebans in recovering Cadmea, kc 
 Diod. 15. 
 
 Demophoon, son of Theseus and Phsedra, 
 was king of Athens, B.C. 1182, and reigned 
 33 years. At his return from the Trojan war, 
 he visited Thraoe, where he was tenderly re- 
 ceived and treated by Phyllis. He retired to 
 Athens, and forgot the kindness and love of 
 Phyllis, who hanged herself in despair. Ovid. 
 
 Heroid. 2.—Paus. 10, c. 55. A friend of 
 
 yEneas, killed by Camilla. Virg. JEn. 11, v. 675. 
 Dejiopolis, a son of Themistocles, Plut 
 in Them. 
 Demos, a place of Ithaca. 
 Demosthekes, a celebrated Athenian, son 
 of a rich blacksmith, called Demosthenes, and 
 of Cleobule. He was but seven years of as,c 
 when his father died. His guardians negli- 
 gently managed his affairs, and embe;5zled the 
 greatest part of his possessions. His educa- 
 tion was totally neglected ; and for whatever 
 advances he made in learning, he was indebt- 
 ed to his industry and application. He became 
 the pupil of Isa^usand Plato, and applied him- 
 self to 5tudy t!ie orations of Isocrates. At the 
 
DE 
 
 age of 17 he gave an early proof of his elo- 
 quence and abilities against his guardians, from 
 whom he obtained the retribution of the 
 greatest pail of his estate. His rising talents 
 were however impeded by weak lungs, and a 
 diificulty of pronunciation, especially of the 
 letter p, but these obstacles were soon con- 
 quered by unwearied application. To correct 
 the stammering of his voice, he spoke with 
 pebbles in his mouth; and removed the dis- 
 tortion of his features, which accompanied his 
 utterance, by watching the motions of his 
 countenance in a looking-glass. That his pro- 
 imnciation might be loud and full of emphasis, 
 he frequently ran up the steepest and most 
 uneven walks, where his voice acquired force 
 and energy ; and on the sea-shore, when the 
 waves were violently agitated, he declaimed 
 aloud, to accustom himself to the noise and tu- 
 mylts of a public assembly. He also confined 
 himself in a subterraneous cave, to devote 
 himself more closely to studious pursuits : and, 
 to eradicate all curiosity of appearing in pub- 
 lic, he shaved one half of his head. In this 
 solitary retirement, by the help of a glira- 
 roering lamp, he composed the greatest part 
 of his orations, which have ever been the 
 admiration of every age, though his contem- 
 poraries and rivals severely inveighed against 
 them, and observed that they smelt of oil. 
 His abilities, as an orator, raised him to con- 
 sequence at Athens, and he was soon pla- 
 ced at the head of the government. In this 
 public capacity he roused his countrymen 
 from their indolence, and animated them 
 against the encroachments of Philip of Mace- 
 donia. In the battle of Cheronaea, however, 
 Demosthenes betrayed his pusillanimity, and 
 saved his life by flight. After the death of 
 Philip he declared himself warmly against 
 his son and successor, Alexander, whom he 
 branded with the appellation of boy; and 
 when the Macedonians demanded of the Athe- 
 nians their orators, Demosthenes reminded 
 his countrymen of the fable of the sheep 
 which delivered their dogs to the wolves. 
 Though he had boasted that all the gold of 
 Macedonia could not tempt him ; yet he suf- 
 fered himself to be bribed by a small golden 
 cup from Harpalus. The tumults which this 
 occasioned, forced him to retire from Athens ; 
 end in his banishment, which he passed at 
 Troezene and iEgiua, he lived w ith more ef- 
 feminacy than true heroism. When Antipa- 
 ter made war against Greece, after the death 
 of Alexander, Demosthenes wa» publicly re- 
 ealled from his exile, and a galley was sent to 
 fetch him from iEgina. His return was atten- 
 ded with much splendour, and all the citizens 
 crowded at the Pirajus to see him land. His 
 triumph and popularity, however, were short. 
 Anlipater andCraterus were near Athens, and 
 demanded all the orators to be delivered up 
 into their hands. Denio-ithenes with all his 
 adherents fled to the temple of TSeptune ui 
 Calauria, and when he saw that all hopes of 
 safety were banished, he look a dose of poison, 
 which he always carried in a quill, and expi- 
 red on tlic day that the Thesniophoria were 
 celebi-ated, in the 60th year of his age B. C. 
 322. The Athenians raised a biazen statue 
 to his honour with an inscription translated 
 into Ihii distich : 
 
 DE 
 
 Si tibipar menti robur, Vir inagne, fuisstf, 
 GrcEcia non Macedcs succubuisset hero. 
 Demosthenes has been deservedly called the 
 prince of orators ; and Cicero, his successful 
 rival among the Romans, calls him a perfect 
 model; and such as he wished to be. These 
 two great princes of eloquence have often been 
 compared together; but the judgment hesi- 
 tates to which to give the preference. They 
 both arrived at perfection ; but the measure 
 by which they obtained it, were diametrically 
 opposite. Demosthenes has been compared, 
 and with propriety, by his rival j^ilschines, to 
 a Siren, from the melody of his expressions. 
 No orator can be said to have expressed the 
 various passions of hatred, resentment, or in- 
 dignation, with more energy than he ; and as a 
 proof of his uncommon application, it need 
 only be mentioned, that he transcribed eight, 
 or even ten times, the history of Thucydides, 
 that he might not only imitate, but possess the 
 force and energy of the great historian. The 
 best editions of his works are tliat of Wolfius, 
 fol. Frankof. 1604, that left unfinished by 
 Taylor, Cantab. 4to. and that published in 12 
 vols. 8vo. 1720, &;c. Lips, by Reiske and his 
 widow. Many of the orations of Demosthe- 
 nes have been published separately. Plut. 
 in vita. — Diod. 16. — Cic. in Oral. &c. — Paus. 
 
 1, c. 8, 1. 2, c. 33. An Atlienian general 
 
 sent to succeed Alcibiades in Sicily. He at- 
 tacked Syracuse with Nicias, but his ef- 
 forts were ineft'ectual. After many calamities 
 he fell into the enemy's hands, and his army 
 was confined to hard labour. The accounts 
 about the death of Demosthenes ai-e vaiious ; 
 some believe that he stabbed himself, whilst 
 others suppose that he w as put to death by the 
 Syracusans, B. C. 413. Pint, in A^ic. — Thucyd. 
 
 4, &,c. — Diod. 12. The father of the orator 
 
 Demosthenes. He was very rich, and em- 
 ployed an immense number of slaves in the 
 
 business of a sword cutler. Plut. in Bern. • 
 
 A governor of Caesarea, under the Roman em- 
 perors. 
 
 Demostratus, an Athenian orator. 
 
 Demuchus, a Trojan, son of Philetor, killed 
 by Achilles. Homer. It. 20, v. 457. 
 
 Demylus, a tyrant who tortured the philo- 
 sopher Zeno. Plut. de Stoic. Rep. 
 
 DzNSELETiE, a pcoplc of Thracc. Cic. Pis. 
 34. 
 
 Deobriga, a town on the Iberus in Spain, 
 now Miranda de Ebro. 
 
 Deodatus, an Athenian who opposed the 
 cruel resolutions of Cleon against the captive 
 prisoners of Mitylene. 
 
 Deois, a name given to Proseri^ine from her 
 mother Ceres, who was called Deo. This 
 name Ceres received, because w hen she sought 
 hei- daughter all over the world, all wished her 
 success in her pursuits, with the word -»)•«,•, 
 invenies; a •^»fc», invenio. Ovid. Met.6,y. 114. 
 
 DERiE, a place of Messenia. 
 
 Derbe, a town of Lycaonia at the north of 
 mount Taurus in Asia Alinor, now Alab-Dag. 
 Cic. Fain. 13, ep. 73. 
 
 Derbice."*, a people near Caucasus, who 
 killed all those that had reached their 70th 
 year. They buried such as died a natural 
 death. Slrab. 
 
 Deuce, a fountain in Spain, whose waters 
 were said to be uncommonly cold. 
 
DE 
 
 Dercennus, an ancient king is Latium. 
 lirg.^n. 11, V. 850. 
 
 Derceto and Dercetis, a goddess of Syria, 
 called also Ater^atis, whom some suppose to 
 be the same as Astarte. She was represented 
 as a beautiful woman above the waist, and 
 tlie lower part terminated in a fish's tail. Ac- 
 cording to Diodorus, Venus, whom she had 
 offended; made her passionately fond of a 
 young priest, remarkable for the beauty of his 
 leatares. She had a daughter by him, and be- 
 came so ashamed of her incontinence, that 
 she removed her lover, exposed the fruit of 
 her amour, and threw herself into a lake. Her 
 body was transformed into a fish, and her 
 child was preserved, and called Semiramis. 
 As she was chiefly worshipped in Syria, and 
 represented like a fish, the Syrians anciently 
 abstained from fishes. Lucian. de Dea Ser. — 
 Plin. 5, c. 13.— Ovid. Met. 4, v. 44.— Diod. 2. 
 
 Dercyllidas, a general of Sparta, cele- 
 brated for his militaiy exploits. He took 
 nine different cities in eight days, and freed 
 Chersonesus from the inroads ot the Thracians 
 bv building a wall across the country. He 
 lived B. C. 399. Diod. 14.— Xenoph. Hist. 
 GrtEc. 1, kc. 
 
 Dercyllus, a man appointed over Attica 
 by Antipater. C. JVep. in Phoc. 2. ^ 
 
 Dercynus, a son of Neptune kille^by 
 Hercules. Apollod 2, c. 5. 
 
 Ders^i, a people of Thrace. 
 
 Dertuona. now Tortona, a town of Ligu- 
 ria, between Genoa and Placentia, where a 
 Roman colony was settled. Cic. Div. 11. 
 
 Dertose, now Tortosa, a town of Spain 
 near the Iberus. 
 
 Dercsi/Ei, a people of Persia. 
 
 Desudaba, a town of Media. Liv. 44, c. 
 26. 
 
 Deva, a town of Britain, now Chester, on 
 the Dee. 
 
 Deucalion, a son of Prometheus, who 
 married Pyrrha, the daughter of Epiraetheus. 
 He reigned over part of Thessaly, and in his 
 age the whole earth was overwhelmed w-ith a 
 deluge. The impiety of mankind had irritated 
 Jupiter, who res j; red to destroy mankind, 
 and immediately the earth exhibited a bound- 
 less scene of waters. The highest mountains 
 were climbed up by the frightened inhabitants 
 of the country ; but this seeming place of se- 
 curity was soon over-topped by the rising wa- 
 ters, and no hope was left of escaping the uni- 
 v^ersal calamity. Prometheus advised his son 
 to make himself a ship, and by this means he 
 saved himself and his wife Pyrrha. The ves- 
 sel wsis tossed about during nine successive 
 days, and at last stopped on the top of mount 
 Parnassus, where Deucalion remained till the 
 waters had subsided. Pindar and Ovid make 
 no mention of a vessel built by tlie advice of 
 Prometheus ; but, according to their relation, 
 Deucalion saved his life by taking refuge on 
 the top of Parnassus, or according to llyginus, 
 of JEtnn, in Sicily. As soon as the waters had 
 retired from the surface of the earth, Deuca- 
 lion and his wife went to consult the oracle of 
 Themis, and were directed to re])air the loss 
 of mankind by throvviug behind them thebor^s 
 of their grandmother. This was nothing but 
 the stones of the earth ; and after some hesita- 
 tion about the meaning of the orncle.they obey- 
 
 DT 
 
 cd. The stones thrown by Deucalion became 
 men, and those of Pyrrha, women. Accord- 
 ing to Justin, Deucalion was not the only one 
 who escaped from tlie universal calamity. 
 Alany saved their lives by ascending the high- 
 est mountains, or trusting themselves in small 
 vessels to the mercy of the waters. This de- 
 luge, which chiefly happened in Thessaly, ac- 
 cording to the relation of some writers, was 
 produced by the inundation of the waters of 
 the river Peneus, whose regular course was 
 stopped by an earthquake near mount Ossa and 
 Olympus. According to Xenophon, there 
 were no less than five deluges. The first hap- 
 pened under Ogyges, and lasted three months. 
 The second, which w as in the age of Hercules 
 and Prometheus, continued but one month. 
 During the third, which happened in the reign 
 of another Ogyges, all Attica was laid waste 
 by the waters. Thessaly was totally covered 
 by the waters during the fourth, which hap- 
 pened in the age of Deucalion. The last was 
 during the Trojan war, and its effects were 
 sev^erely felt by the inhabitants of Egypt. 
 There prevailed a report in Attica, that the 
 waters of Deucalion's deluge had disappeared 
 through a small aperture about a cubit wide, 
 near Jupiter Olympus's temple ; emd Pausani- 
 as, who saw it, further adds, that a yearly of- 
 fering of flour and honey was thrown into it 
 with religious ceremony. The deluge of De- 
 ucalion, so much celebrated in ancient history, 
 is supposed to have happened 1503 years B. C. 
 Deucalion had two sons by Pyrrha, Hellen, 
 called by some son of Jupiter, and Amphicty- 
 on, king of Attica, and also a daughter, Pro- 
 togenea, who became mother of ^Ethlius by 
 Jupiter. Find. 9, Oli/mp. — Ovid. Met. 1, tab. 
 8. — Heroid. 45, v. 167 — Apollod. 1, c. 7. — Faus. 
 
 I, c. 10, 1.5, c. 8. — Juv. 1, V. 81. — Hygin. lab. 
 153. — Justin. 2, c. 6. — Diod. 5. — Lucian. de 
 
 Ded Syria. — Virg. G. I, v. 62. One of the 
 
 Argonauts. A son of Minos. Apollod. 3, c. 
 
 1. A son of Abas, 
 
 Deucetius, a Sicilian general. Diod. II, 
 Deudorix, one of the Cherusci, led in tri- 
 umph by Germanicus. 
 Dexamene, one of the Nereides. Homer 
 
 II. 18. 
 
 Dexamenus, a man delivered by Hercules 
 fromthe hands of his daughter's suitors, .ipol- 
 
 lod. 2, c. 5. A khig of Olenus in Achaia, 
 
 whose two daughters married the sons of Ac- 
 tor. Paus. 5, c. 3. 
 
 Dexippus, a Spartan who assisted the peo- 
 ple of Agrigentum, kc. Diod. 13. 
 
 Dexxthea, the w ife of Minos. Apollod. 3, 
 c. 1. 
 
 Dexius, a Greek, fatlier of Iphiuous, killed 
 by Glaucus in the Trojan war, &,c. Homer. 
 11.7. 
 
 Dia, a daughter of Dclon, mother of Piri- 
 
 thous by Ixion. An island in the -^gean 
 
 sea, 17 miles from Delos. It is the same as 
 Naxos. l^id. Naxos. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 157. 
 
 Another on the coast of Crete, now Stan 
 
 Dia. A city of Thrace. Eub(jea. . 
 
 Peloponnesus. Lusitania. Italy, near 
 
 the Alps. Scythia, neai- the Phasis. 
 
 Caria. Bithynia, and Thessaly. 
 
 DiACTORiDEs, one of Agarista's suitors. 
 
 Herodot. 6, c. 127. The father of Eury- 
 
 dunie; the wile of Leutyrhidcs. /rf. 6, c. 71. 
 
Dimvs of Megalopolis, a genera! of the 
 Achasans, who killed himself when his affairs 
 became desperate. Pans. 7, c. 16. 
 
 DiADUMENiANUs, a SOD of Macrlnus, who 
 enjoyed the title of Caesar during his father's 
 life-time, az-c. 
 
 DiAGON and Diagum, a river of Pelopon- 
 nesus, flowing into the Alpheus, and separa- 
 ting Pisa from Arcadia. Pans. 6, c. 21. 
 
 DiAGONDAS, a Theban who abolished all 
 nocturnal sacrifices. Cic. de Leg. 2, c. 15. 
 
 DiAGORAS; an Athenian philosopher. His 
 father's name was Teleclytus. From the 
 greatest superstition, he became a most un- 
 conquerable atheist ; because he saw a man 
 who laid a false claim to one of his poems, and 
 who perjured himself, go unpunished. His 
 great impiety and blasphemies provoked his 
 countiymen, and the Areopagites promised 
 one talent to him who brought his head before 
 their tribunal, and two if he were produced 
 alive. He lived about 416 years before Christ. 
 Cic. de JVal. D. I, c. 23, 1. 3, c. 37, i^c.— Val. 
 
 Max. 1, c. 1 An athlete of Rhodes, 460 
 
 years before the Christian era. Pindar cele- 
 brated his merit in a beautiful ode still extant, 
 which was written in golden lettersin a temple 
 ©f Minerva. He saw his three sons crowned 
 the same day at Olyrapia, and died through 
 excess of joy. Cic. Tusc. 5. — Plut. in Pel. — 
 Pans. 6, c. 7. 
 
 DiALis, a priest of Jupiter at Rome, first 
 instituted by Numa. He was never permitted 
 to swear, even upon public trials. Varro. L. 
 L, 4, c. 15. — Dionys. 2. — Liv. 1, c. 20. 
 
 DiALLUs, an Athenian, who vvi'ote an his- 
 tory of all the memorable occurrences of his 
 age. 
 
 DiAMASTiGosis, a festival at Sparta in hon- 
 our of Diana Orthia, which received that 
 name «<« tw fi^»;i-,aw, from whipping, because 
 boys w ere whipped before the altar of the 
 goddess. These boys, called Bomonicae, were 
 originally free born Spartans ; but, in the 
 more delicate ages, they were of mean birth, 
 and generally oi a slavish origin. This ope- 
 •ration was performed by an officer in a se- 
 vere and unfeeling manner ; and that no com- 
 passion should be raised, the priest stood near 
 the altar with a small light statue of the 
 goddess, which suddenly became heavy and 
 insupportable if the lash of the whip was more 
 lenient or less rigorous. The parents of the 
 children attended the solemnity, and exhorted 
 them not to commit any thing either by 
 fear or groans, that might be unworthy of 
 Laconian education. These flagellations were 
 so severe, that the blood gushed in profuse 
 torrents, and many expired under the lash 
 of the whip without uttering a groan, or 
 betraying any mzu-k.s of fear. Such a death 
 was reckoned very honourable, and the corpse 
 was buried with much soleniiiity, with a gar- 
 land of flowers on its head. The origin of this 
 festival is unknown. Some suppose that Ly- 
 curgus first instituted it to inure the youths of 
 Lacedajmon to bear labour and fatigue, and 
 j'ender them insensible to pain and wounds. 
 Others maintain, that it was a mitigation of 
 an oracle, which ordered that human blood 
 should be shed on Diana's altar; and according 
 1o their opinion, Orestes first introduced that 
 >arbarnuf: custom, afl^r he had brought tlie 
 
 Dl 
 
 statue of Diana Taurica into Greece*. I'her© 
 is another tradition which mentions, that Pau- 
 sanias, as he was offering prayers and sacri- 
 fices to the gods, before he engaged with Mar- 
 donius, was suddenly attacked by a number 
 of Lydians who disturbed the sacrifice, and 
 were at last repelled with staves and stones, 
 the only weapons with which the Lacedsemo' 
 nians were provided at that moment. In com- 
 memoration of this, therefore, that whipping 
 of boys was instituted at Spaita, and after that 
 the Lydian procession. 
 
 Diana was the goddess of hunting. Ac- 
 cording to Cicero, there were three of this 
 name ; a daughter of Jupiter and Proserpine^ 
 who became mother of Cupid ; a daughter of 
 Jupiter and Latona, and a daughter of tJpis 
 and Glauce. The second is the most cele- 
 brated, and to her all the ancients allude. 
 She was born at the same birth as Apollo ; and 
 the pains which she saw her motiier suffer^ 
 during her labour, gave her such an aversioa 
 to marriage, tliat she obtained from her fatlier 
 the permission to live in perpetual celibacy, 
 and to preside over the travails of women. 
 To shun the society of men, she devoted her- 
 self to hunting, and obtained the permission 
 of Jupiter to have for her attendants 60 of the 
 Oc^iides, and 20 other nymphs, all of whom, 
 likeTW^SN^bjured the use of marriage. She 
 is represented w"th a bent bow and quiver, and 
 attended with dogs, and sometimes drawn ia 
 a chariot by two white stags. Sometimes she 
 appears with wings, holding a lion in one hand, 
 and a panther in the other, wdth a chariot 
 drawn by two heifers, or two horses of difler- 
 ent colours. She is represented taller by the 
 head than her attendant nymphs, her face has 
 something manly, her legs are bare, well 
 shaped, and strong, and her feet are covered 
 with a buskin, worn by huntresses among the 
 ancients. Diana received many surnaines> 
 particularly from the places where her W'or- 
 ship was established, and from the functions 
 over which she presided. She was called 
 Lucina, Ilythia, or Juno Pronuba, when in- 
 voked by women in childbed, and Trivia whea 
 worshipped in the cross-ways, where her sta; 
 tues were generally erected. She was sup- 
 posed to be the same as the moon, and Pro- 
 serpine or Hecate, and from that circum- 
 stance she was called Triformis ; and some of 
 her statues represented her Avith three heads, 
 that of a horse, a dog, and a boar. Herj)Ower 
 and functions under these three characters, 
 have been beautifully expressed in these two 
 verses : 
 
 Ternt, lustrat, agit, Proserpina, LunOf 
 Diaria, 
 
 Jma, suprema, fcras, sceptro,fulgore, sagitld. 
 
 She was also called Agrotera, Orthia, Tau- 
 rica, Delia, Cynthia, Aricia, &c. She was 
 supposed to be the same as the Isis of tlie 
 Egyptians, w hose worship was introduced into 
 Greece with that of Osiris under the name of 
 Apolfo. When Typhon Avaged war against 
 the gods, Diana is said to have metamorpho- 
 sed herself into a cat, to avoid his fury. The 
 goddess is generally known in the figures that 
 repvesent her, by the crescent on her head, by 
 the dogs which attend her, and by her hunting 
 habit. The most famous of her temples was 
 that of Kpbc'u?, which was one of the sevea 
 
DI 
 
 wonders of the world. [Vid Epiieiim."] She 
 was there represented with a great number of 
 breasts, and other symbols 'which signified the 
 earth or Cybele. Though she was the pa- 
 troness of chastitji^ij'et she forgot her dignity 
 io enjoy the conipSny of Endymion, and the 
 very familiar favours which, according to my- 
 thology, she granted to Pan and Orion are 
 well known. [Vid. Endymion, Pan, Orion.] 
 The inhabitants of Taurica were particularly 
 attached to the worship of this goddess, and 
 they cruelly offered on her altar all the stran- 
 gers that were shipwrecked on their coasts. 
 Her temple in Aricia was served by a priest 
 who had always murdered his predecessor; 
 and the Lacedasmonians yearly offered her 
 human victims till the age of Lycurgus, who 
 changed this barbarous custom for the sacri- 
 fice of flagellation. The Athenians generally 
 offered her goats, and others a white kid, and 
 sometimes a boar pig, or an ox. Among 
 plants the poppy and the ditamy were sacred 
 to her. She, as well as her brother ApollO; 
 had some oracles, among which those of Egypt, 
 Cilicia, and Ephesus, are the most knowii. 
 Ovid, Fast. 2, v. loo.— Met. 3, v. 156, 1. 7, v. 
 94 and 194, hc.—Cic. de Mtt. D. 3.—Horat. 
 
 3, od. 22.— Virg. G. 3, v. 302. ^n. 1, v. 505. 
 — Homer. Od. 5. — Paus. 8, c. 31 and ,3% — 
 Cntull.—Stal. 8. Silv. I, v. Sl.—Apollod. 1, c. 
 
 4, &c. 1. 3, c. 5, he. 
 
 DiANASA, the mother of Lycurgus. Plut. 
 in Lye. 
 
 DiANiuM, a town and promontory of Spain, 
 BOW Cape Martin, where Diana was wor- 
 shipped. 
 
 DiAsiA, festivals in honour of Jupiter at 
 Athens. They received their name =wroTou J»@3 
 ■Mt Ttj,- «-))j, from Jupiter and misfortune, be-' 
 cause, by making applications to Jupiter, men 
 obtained relief from their misfortunes, and 
 were delivered from dangers. During this fes- 
 tival things of all kinds were exposed to sale. 
 
 DiBio, a town of France, now Dijon in 
 Burgundy. 
 
 Dic^A and Dic^earchea, a town of Italy. 
 Jtal. 13, V. 385. 
 
 Drc^ps, an Athenian who was supernatu- 
 rally apprized of the defeat of the Persians in 
 Greece. Herodot.8,c. 65. 
 
 Dice, one of the Horae, daughters of Jupiter. 
 Jlpollod. 1, c. 3. 
 
 DicEARCHus, a Messenian, famous for bis 
 knowledge of philosophy, history, and mathe- 
 matics. He was one of Aristotle's disciples. 
 Nothingremains of his numerous compositions. 
 He had composed an history of the Spartan 
 republic, which was publicly read over eveiy 
 year, by order of the magistrates, for the im- 
 provement and instruction of youth. 
 
 DicENEus, an Egyptian philosopher in the 
 age of Augustus, who travelled into Scythia, 
 w^here he ingratiated himself with the king of 
 the country, and by his instructions softened 
 the wildiiess and rusticity of his manners. He 
 also gained such an influence over the multi- 
 tude, that they destroyed all the vines which 
 grew in their country, to prevent the riot and 
 dissipation which the wine occa.'- ioned among 
 them. He wrote all his maxims and his laws i 
 in a book, that they might not lose the benefit ] 
 of them after his death. i 
 
 DicoMAS, a king of thr ♦»''♦?;. P/rrf. ?> j 
 Anton. 
 
 DI 
 
 DicTiE, and Dict^.us mons, a mountaiii 
 of Crete. The island is often known by the 
 name of Dictcea area. Virg. JEcl. 6. JEn. 3, 
 
 V. 171. Jupiter was called Dictaius, be- 
 
 cause Avorshipped there, and the same epi- 
 thet was applied to Minos. Virg. G. 2, v. 
 bm.—Ovid. Met. 8, v. 43.— PtoL 3, c. 17 — 
 Sirab. 10. » • - 
 
 DicTAaiNUM and Dictynna, a town of 
 Ci'ete, where the herb called dictamnus chieQy 
 grows. Virg. JEn. 12, v. 412.— Cic. de JVat. 
 D. 2, c. 50. 
 
 Djctator, a magistrate at Rome invested 
 with regal authority. This officer; whose ma- 
 gistracy seems to have been borrowed from 
 the customs of the Albans or Latins, was first 
 chosen during the Roman wars against the 
 Latins. The consuls being unable to raise 
 forces for the defence of the state, because the 
 plebeians refused to enlist, if they were not 
 discharged from all the debts they had con- 
 tracted with the patricians, the senate found 
 it necessary to elect a new magistrate with 
 absolute and incontrolable power to take care 
 of the state. The dictator remained in office 
 for six months, after which he was again elect- 
 ed, if theaffaii-s of the state seemed to be des- 
 perate ; but if tranquillity was re-established, 
 he generally laid down his power before the 
 time was expired. He knew no superior in 
 the republic, and even the laws were subjected 
 to him. He was called dictator, because die- 
 tus, named by the consul, or quoniam dictis 
 ejus parebat populm, because the people im- 
 plicity obeyed his command. He was named 
 by the consul in the night, viva voce, and his 
 election was confirmed by the auguries, though 
 sometimes he was nominated or recommend- 
 ed by the people. As his power was absolute^ 
 he could proclaim war, levy forces, conduct 
 them against an enemy, and disband them at 
 pleasure He punished as he pleased; and 
 from his decision there was no appeal, at least 
 till later times. He was preceded by 24 lie> 
 tors, with the fasces; during his administra- 
 tion, all other officers, except the tribunes 
 of the people, were suspended, and he was 
 the master of the republic. But amidst all 
 this independence, he was not permitted to 
 go beyond the borders of Italy, and he was al- 
 ways obliged to march on foot in his expedi- 
 tions ; and he never could ride, in difficult 
 and laborious marches, without previously 
 obtaining a formal leave from the people. 
 He \yas cliosen only when the state was ia 
 imminent dangers from foreign enemies or 
 inward seditions. In the time of a pestilence 
 a dictator was sometimes elected, as also to 
 hold the comilia, or to celebrate the public 
 festivals, to hold tibials, to choose senators, or 
 drive a nail in the capitol, by which super- 
 stitious ceremony the Romans believed that 
 a plague could be averted or the progress of 
 an enemy stopped. This office, so respectable 
 and illustrious in the first ages of the republic, 
 became odious by the perpetual usurpations oi 
 Sylla and J. Caisar ; and after the death of the 
 latter, the Roman senate, on tlie motion of the 
 consul Antony, passed a decree, which for ever 
 after forbade a dictator to e.\ist in Rome. The 
 dictator, as soon as elected, cho.se u subordi- 
 nate officer, called his master of horse, inagis- 
 tfv equilim. This officer was respectable, but 
 
DI 
 
 jSe was totally subservient to the will of the 
 dictator, and could do nothing without his 
 •xpress order, though he enjoyed the privi- 
 lege of using a horse, and had the same insig- 
 nia as the praetors. This subordination, how- 
 ever, was some time after removed ; and 
 during the second Punic war the master of 
 the horse was invested with a power equal to 
 that of the dictator. A second dictator was 
 also chosen for the election of magistrates at 
 Rome, after the battle of Cannae. The dic- 
 tatorship was originally confined to the patri- 
 cians, but the plebeians were afterwards ad- 
 mitted to share it. Titus Latius Flavus was 
 the first dictator, A. U. C. 353. Diomjs. 
 Hat.—Cic. de Leg. 3.—Dio.—PluL in Fab.— 
 J3ppian. 3.—Polyb S.—Paterc. 2, c. 28.— 
 Liv. 1, c. 23, 1. 2, c. 18, 1. 4, c. 57, I. 9, c. 38. 
 
 DiCTiDiENSES, certain inhabitants of mount 
 Athos. Thucyd. 5, c. 82. 
 
 DiCTYNNA, a nymph of Crete, who first 
 invented hunting nets. She was one of Diana's 
 attendants, and for that reason the goddess is 
 often called Didynnia. Some have supposed 
 that Minos pursued her, and that to avoid his 
 importunities, she threw herself into the sea, 
 and was caught in fishermen's nets, ^'"t^, 
 •whence her name. There was a festival at 
 Sparta in honour of Diana, called Dicty nnia. — 
 Pans. 2, c. 30, 1. 3, c. 12 A city of Crete. 
 
 DiCTYs, a Cretan, who went with Idome- 
 neus to the Trojan war. It is supposed that he 
 wrote an history of this celebrated war, and 
 that at his death he ordered it to be laid in his 
 tomb, where it remained, till a violent earth- 
 quake in the reign of Nero opened the monu- 
 ment where he had been buried. This con- 
 vulsion of the earth threw out his history of the 
 Trojan war, which was found by some shep- 
 herds, and afterwards carried to Rome. This 
 mysterious tradition is deservedly deemed fa- 
 bulous ; and the history of the Trojan war, 
 w'hich is now extant, as the composition of 
 Dictys of Crete, was composed in the loth 
 centuiy, or, according to others, in the age of 
 Constantine, and falsely attributed to one of 
 the followers of Idomeneus. The edition of 
 Dictys is by MasellusVenia,4to. xVlediol. 1477. 
 
 A king of the island of Seriphus, son of 
 
 Magnes an°d Nays. He married tlie nymph 
 Clymene, and w^as made king of Seriphus by 
 Perseus, who deposed Polydectes, because he 
 behaved with wantonness to Danae. VuJ.. Po- 
 lydectes. Jipollod. 1, c. 9, 1. 2, c. 4. A cen- 
 taur, killed at the nuptials of Pirithous, Ovid. 
 Mel. 12, V. 334. 
 
 DiDAS, a Macedonian who was employed 
 by Perseus to render Demetrius suspected to 
 his father Philip. Liv. 40. 
 
 DiDiA LEX, de Sumptibiis, by Didius, A. 
 U. C. 606, to restrain the expenses that attend- 
 ed public festivals and entertainments, and 
 limit the number of guests which generally at- 
 tended them, not only at Rome, but in all the 
 provinces of Italy. By it, not only those who 
 received guests in these festive meetings, but 
 the guests themselves, were liable to be fined. 
 It was an extension of the Oppian and Fanniau 
 laws. 
 
 DiDius, a governor of Spain, conquered 
 
 by Sertorius. Plut. in Sert. A man who 
 
 brought Ca;sar the head of Pompey's eldest 
 !*on. Pluf. A governor of Britain, un- 
 
 m 
 
 der Claudius.— —Julianug, a rich Roman, 
 who, after the murder of Pertinax, bought 
 the empire which the Praetorians had exposed 
 to sale, A. D. 192. His great luxury and 
 extravagance rendered him odious ; and when 
 he refused to pay the money which he had 
 promised for the imperial purple, the soldiers 
 revolted against him, and put him to death, 
 after a short reign. Severus was made em- 
 peror after him. 
 
 Dido, called also Elissa, a daughter of 
 Belus king of Tyre, who married Sichaeus, 
 or Sicharbas, her uncle, who was priest of 
 Hercules. Pygmalion, who succeeded to the 
 throne of Tyre after Belus, murdered Si- 
 chaeus, to get possession of the immense riches 
 which he possessed ; and Dido, disconsolate 
 for the loss of a husband whom she tenderly 
 loved, and by whom she was equally esteem- 
 ed, set sail in quest of a settlement, with a 
 number of Tyrians, to whom the cruelty of 
 the tyrant became odious. According to some 
 accounts, she threw into the sea the riches of 
 her husband, which Pygmalion so greatly de- 
 sired ; and by that artifice compelled the ships 
 to fly with her, that had come by order of the 
 tyrant to obtain the riches of Sichaeus. Dur- 
 ing her voyage. Dido visited the coast of Cy- 
 prus, where she carried away 50 women, who 
 prostituted themselves on the sea shore, and 
 gave them as wives to her Tyrian followers. 
 A storm drove her fleet on the African coast, 
 and she bought of the inhabitants as much 
 land as could be covered by a bull's hide, cut 
 into thongs. Upon this piece of land she 
 built a citadel called Byrsa, [Vid. Byrsa.} 
 and the increase of population, and the rising 
 commerce among her subjects, soon obliged 
 her to enlarge her city, and the boundaries of 
 her dominions. Her beauty, as well as the 
 fame of her enterprise, gained )ier many ad- 
 mirers; and her subjects wished to compel 
 her to marry larbas, king of Mauritania, who 
 threatened them with a dreadful war. Dido 
 begged three months to give her decisive an- 
 swer; and during that time, she erected a fu- 
 neral pile, as if wishing, by a solemn sacrifice, 
 to appease the manes of Sichaeus, to whom she 
 had promised eternal fidelity. When all was 
 prepared, she stabbed herself on the pile in 
 presence of her people, and by this uncom- 
 mon action, obtained the name of Dido, va- 
 liant woman, instead of Elissa. According to 
 Virgil and Ovid, the death of Dido was caused 
 by the sudden departure of iEneas, of whom 
 she was deeply enamoured, and whom she 
 could not obtain as a husband. This poetical 
 fiction represents ^iieas as living in the age 
 of Dido, and introduces an anachronism of 
 near 3«X) years. Dido left Phcenicia 247 years 
 after the' Trojan war, or the age of ^neas, 
 that is, about 953 years B. C. This chronolo- 
 gical error proceeds not from the ignorance of 
 the poets, but it is supported by the authority 
 of Horace, 
 
 " ^ut famam sequere, aut sibi convenieniia 
 finge." 
 While Virgil describes, in a beautiful episode, 
 the desperate love of Dido, and the submission 
 of iEneas to the will of the gods ; he at the 
 same lime gives an explanation of the hatred 
 which existed between the republics of Rome 
 ajid Cartilage, and informs his readers thst 
 
Dl 
 
 their mutual enmity originated in their very 
 first foundation, and was apparently kindled 
 by a more remote cause than the jealousy and 
 rJvalship of two flourishing empires. Dido; 
 after her death, was honoured as a deity by 
 her subjects. Jitslrn. 18, c. 4, ^c. — Palerc. 1, 
 c. 6.— Firg. JEn.—Ovid. Met. 14, fab. 2.— 
 Heroid. 6. — .9ppian. Alex. — Oros. 4. — Hcro- 
 dian. — Dionys. Hal. 
 
 DiDYMA, a place of Miletus. Pmis. 2, c. 
 
 9. An island in the Sicilian sea. Pans. 10. 
 
 c.ll. 
 DiDVM^us, a surname of Apollo. 
 DiDVMAON, an excellent artist, famous for 
 making suits of armour. Virg.Mn. 5, v. 359. 
 DjDYME, one of the Cyclades. Ovid. Met. 
 
 >], V. 469. A city of Sicily. Id. Fast. 4, v. 
 
 475. One of the Lipari isles, now Saline. 
 
 A place near Miletus, where the Bran- 
 chidae had their famous oracle. 
 
 DinvMUM, a mountain of Asia Minor. 
 DiDiMus, a freed man of Tiberius, k,c. 
 Tac. Ann. 6, c. 24. A scholiast on Ho- 
 mer, surnamed x*A.xarrjf@,, flourished B. C. 
 40. He wrote a number of books, which are 
 now^ lost. The editions of his commenta- 
 ries are, that in 2 vols. 8vo. Venet. apud Aid. 
 
 1528, and that of Paris, 8vo. L330. 
 
 DiKNECEs, a Spartan, who, upon hearing, 
 before the battle of Thermopylae, that the 
 Persians were so numerous that their arrows 
 •^vould darken the light of the sun, observed, 
 tliat it would be a great convenience, for they 
 then should fight in the shade. Herodot. 7, 
 c. 226. 
 
 DiESPiTER, a surname of Jupiter, as be- 
 ing the father of light. 
 
 DiGENTiA, a small river M'hich watered 
 Horace's farm, in the country of the Sabines. 
 Horat. 1, ep. 18, v. 104. 
 
 DiGMA, a part of the Piraeus at Athens. 
 
 Dii, the divinities of the ancient inhab- 
 itants of the earth were very numerous. 
 Every object which caused terror, inspired 
 gratitude, or bestowed aflluence, received the 
 tribute of veneration. Man saw a superior 
 agent in the stars, the elements, or the trees, 
 and supposed that the watei-s which commu- 
 nicated fertility to his fields and possessions. 
 Avere under the influence and direction of 
 some invisible power, inclined to favour and 
 to benefit mankind. Thus arose a train of 
 divinities, which imagination arrayed in uif- 
 i'erent forms, and armed with different pow- 
 ers. They were endowed with understand- 
 ing, and were actuated by the same passions 
 which daily ^^ict the human race, and those 
 children of superstition were appeased or 
 provoked as the imperfect being which gave 
 them birth. Their wrath was mitigated by 
 sacrifices and incense, and sometimes human 
 victims bled to expiate a crime which super- 
 stition alone supposed to exist. The sun, from 
 its powerful influence and animating nature, 
 first attracted the notice, and claimed the 
 adoration of the uncivilized inhabitants of the 
 eailh. The moon also was honoured with 
 sacrifices, and addressed in prayers ; and 
 after immortality had been liberally bestowed 
 on all the heavenly bodies, mankind classed 
 among their deities the brute creatio; , and 
 the cat and the sow shared equally with Ja[i\- 
 *orhim?^e)t', the father of gods and men^ the 
 
 3.? 
 
 DI 
 
 devout veneration of their votaries. This im- 
 mense number of deities have been divided 
 into different classes, according to the will and 
 pleasure of the raytliologists." The Romans, 
 generally speaking, reckoned two classes of 
 the gods, ihe dii niajorum gentium, or dii con- 
 suhnlcs, and the dii miuorum gentium. The 
 former were twelve iu number, six males and 
 SIX females. [F/rf. Consentes.] \n the class 
 of the latter, were ranked all the gods who 
 were worshipped in different parts of the 
 earth. Besides these, there were some called 
 dii selecti, sometimes classed with the twelve 
 greater gods; these were Janus, Saturn, the 
 Genius, the Moon, Pluto, and Bacchus. There 
 were also some called denii-gods, that is, who 
 deserved immortality by the gi-eatness of their 
 exploits, and for their uncommon semces to 
 mankind. Among these were Priapus, Ver- 
 tumnus, Hercules, and those whose parents 
 were some of the immortal gods. Besides 
 these, there were some called topici, whose 
 worship was established at particular places, 
 such as Isis in Egypt, Astarte in Syria, Ura- 
 nus at Carthage, &«. In process of time, also, 
 all the passions, and the moral virtues, were 
 reckoned as powerful deities, and tem])Jes 
 were raised to a goddess of concord, peace, 
 6I.C. According to the authority of Hesiod, 
 there were no less than 30,000 gods that in- 
 habited the earth, and were guardians of 
 men, all subservient to the power of Jupiter. 
 To these succeeding ages have added an al- 
 most equal number ; and indeed they were 
 so numerous, and their functions so various, 
 that w^e find temples erected, and sacrifices 
 offered to unknown gods. It is observable^ 
 that all the gods of the ancients have lived 
 i!pon earth as mere mortals : and even Jupi- 
 ter, who was the ruler of heaven, is repre- 
 sented by the raythologisls as a helpless 
 child ; and we are acquainted with all the 
 particulars that attended the birth and edu- 
 cation of Juno. In process of time, not 
 only good and virtuous men, who had beew 
 the patrons of learning, and the supporters 
 of liberty, but also thieves and pirates, were 
 admitted among the gods ; and the Romaa 
 senate courteously granted immortality to 
 the most cruel and abandoned of their em- 
 perors. 
 
 Dii, a people of Thrace, on mount Rho- 
 dope. 
 
 DiMASSus, an island near Rhodes. Plin. 
 6, c. 31. 
 
 DiNARCHus, a Greek orator, son of Sos- 
 tratus, and disciple to Theophrastus, at Athens. 
 He acquired much money by his compositions, 
 and suffered himself to be bribed by the ene- 
 mies of the Athenians, 307 B. C. Of 64 of hir 
 orations, only three remain. Cie. dt Orat.2f 
 
 c. 53. A Corinthian ambassador, put to 
 
 death by Polyperchon. Plut. in Plioc. A 
 
 native of Delos, who collected some fables \u 
 Crete, he. Dionys. Hal. 
 
 DiNDvMus or A {oruvis) a mountain of 
 Phrygia, near a town of the same name in the 
 neighbourhood of Cyzicus. It was from thi» 
 [)lace that Cybele was callea Dindymcne, as 
 her worship was established there by Jason. 
 iilrab. 12.— Slat. I. Sylc. 1, v. V.^tlorat. h 
 od. 16, V, 6.— I irg, A-M, 9, v. 617. 
 1 Di^iA. -a town of rhryg;!*. Liv 88; c. 
 
BI 
 
 6. AioWn of Gaul, now Digne in Tro- 
 
 vence. 
 
 DiNiAS, a o;eneral of Cassander. Diod. 19. 
 
 —A man of Pheraj, who seized the supreme 
 
 power at Cranon. Polyczn. % A man who 
 
 wrote an history of Argos. Plut. in Aral. 
 
 DiNJCHE, the wife of Archidamus. Pans. 
 3, c. 10. 
 
 Di>6cHARES, an architect, Avho finished 
 the temple of Diana at Ephesus, after it had 
 been burnt by Erostratus. 
 
 DiNocRATES, an architect of Macedonia, 
 who proposed to Alexander to cut mount 
 Athos in the form of a statue, holding a city in 
 one hand, and in the other a basin, into which 
 all the waters of the mountain should empty 
 themselves. This project Alexander rejected 
 as too chimerical, but he employed the talents 
 of the artist in building and beautifying Alex- 
 a.idria. He began to build a temple in honom- 
 of Arsinoe, by order of Ptolemy Philadelphus, 
 in which he intended to suspend a statue pf 
 the queen, by means of loadstones. His death, 
 and that of his royal patron, prevented the ex- 
 ecution of a work which would have been the 
 admiration of future ages. Plin. 7, c. 37. — 
 Marcell. 22, c. 40.— Plut. in Alex. A ge- 
 neral of Agathocles. A Messenian, who be- 
 haved with great effeminacy and wantonness. 
 He defeated Philopoemen, and put him to 
 death, B. C. 183. Plut. in Flam. 
 
 DiNODocHus, a swift runner. Pans. 6, c. 1. 
 
 DiNOLocHus, a Syracusan, who composed 
 14 comedies. JElian. de Anim. 6, c. 52. 
 
 DiNoMENES, a tyrant of Syracuse. Paus. 
 
 3, c. 42. 
 
 DiNON, a governor of Damascus, under Pto- 
 lemy, &c, Polyain. 4. The father of Cli- 
 
 tarchus, who wrote an history of Persia in 
 Alexander's age. He is esteemed a very au- 
 thentic historian by C. JVep. in Conon. — Pint, 
 ill Alex. — Diog. 
 
 DjiS'osTHENEs, a man who made himself a 
 statue of an Olympian victor. Paus. 6, c. 16. 
 
 DiNosTRATus, a Celebrated geometrician in 
 the age of Plato. 
 
 DiocLEA, festivals in the spring at Megara, 
 in honour of Diodes, who died in the defence 
 of a certain youth, to whom he was tenderly 
 attached. There was a contention on his 
 tomb, and the youth who gave the sweetest 
 kiss, was publicly rewarded with a garland. 
 Theocritus has described them in his 12 Idyll. 
 
 V. 27. A town on the coast of Dalmatia. 
 
 Plin. 3, c. 23. 
 
 DiocLKs, a general of Athens, Sic. Polycvn. 
 5. A comic poet of Athens. An histo- 
 rian, the first Grecian who ever wrote con- 
 cerning the origin of the Romans, and the fa- 
 bulous history of Romulus. Pint, in Rom. 
 
 • One of the four brothers placed over the 
 
 citadel of Corinth, by Archelaus, ^c. Po- 
 ly(pn.6. A rich man of Messenia. Paus. 
 
 4, c. 2. A general of Syracuse. Died. 13. 
 
 DiocLETiANOPoLis, a town of Thessaly, 
 
 Called so in honour of Diocletian. 
 
 Dioci.ETiANUS, (Cains Valerius Jovius) a 
 celebrated Roman em|)cror. born of an ob- 
 scure family in Dalmatia. He was first a com- 
 mon soldier, and by merit and success he gra- 
 dually rose to the office of a general, and at 
 the death of Nuraerian, he was invested with 
 the imperial pun.)le% In his high station lie 
 
 DI 
 
 rewarded the virtues and fidelity of Maximkui^ 
 who had shared with him all the subordinate 
 offices in the army, by making him his col- 
 league on the throne. He created two subor- 
 dinate emperors, Constantius and Galerius, 
 whom he called Cwsars, whilst he claimed for 
 himself and his colleague the superior title of 
 Augustus. Diocletian has been celebrated for 
 his mihtary virtues; and though he was natu- 
 rally unpolished by education and study, yet 
 he was the friend and patron of learning and 
 true genius. He was bold and resolute, ac- 
 tive and diligent, and well acquainted with the 
 arts which endear a sovereign to his people, 
 and make him respectable even in the eyes of 
 his enemies. His cruelty, hoAvever, against 
 the followers of Christianity has been deser- 
 vedly branded with the appellation of unboun- 
 ded tyranny, and insolent wantonness. After 
 he had reigned 21 years in the greatest pros- 
 perity, he publicly abdicated the crown at iS'i- 
 comedia, on the first of May, A. D. 304, 
 and retired to a private station at Salona. Max- 
 imian, his colleague, followed his example, but 
 not from voluntary choice ; and when he some 
 time after endeavoured to rouse the ambition 
 of Diocletian, and persuade him to reassume 
 the imperial purple, he received for answer, 
 that Diocletian took now more delight in culti- 
 vating his little gai'den. than he formerly enjoy- 
 ed in a palace, when his power was extended 
 over all the earth. Heliv»idnine years after 
 his abdication in the greatest security and en- 
 joyment at Salona, and died in the 68th year 
 of his age. Diocletian is the first sovereign 
 who voluntarily resigned his power ; a philo- 
 sophical resolution, "which, in a later age, was 
 imitated by the emperor Charles the fifth ot 
 Germany. 
 
 DioDoRus, an historian, surnamed Sicuhts, 
 because he was born at Argyrain Sicily. He 
 wrote an history of Egypt, Persia, Syiia, Me- 
 dia, Greece, Rome, and Carthage, which was 
 divided into 40 books, of which only 15 are ex- 
 tant, with some few fragments. This valuable 
 composition was the work of an accurate in- 
 quirer, and it is said that he visited all the pla- 
 ces of which he has made mention in his his- 
 tory. It was the labour of 30 years, though the 
 greater part may be considered as nothing 
 more than a judicious compilation from Bero- 
 sus, Timaius, Theopompus, Callisthenes, and 
 others. The author, however, is too credu- 
 lous in some of his narrations, and often wan- 
 ders far from the truth. His style is neither 
 elegant, nor too laboured ; but it containsgreat 
 simplicity, and unaffected correctness. He 
 often dwells loo long upon fauulous reports 
 and triffing incidents, while events of the great- 
 est importance lo history are treated with bre- 
 vity, and sometimes passed over in silence. 
 His manner of reckoning, by the Olympiads, 
 and the Roman consuls, will be found very er- 
 roneous. The historian flourished about 44 
 years B. C. He spent much time at Rome to 
 procure information, and authenticate his his- 
 torical narrations. The best edition of his 
 works, is that of Wesseling, 2 vols. fol. Amst. 
 
 174t). A disci])le of Euclid, in the age of 
 
 Plato. I)iog. in vita. A comic poet. 
 
 A son of Echeajiax, who, with his brothers 
 Codius and Anaxagoras, murdered Hegesia* 
 the tyiant of Ephesus, kc- Polycm. Q. Ae 
 
DI 
 
 Ephesian, who wrote an account of the life of 
 
 Anaximander. Diog. An orator of Sar- 
 
 des, in the time of the Mithridatic war, A 
 
 stoic philosopher, preceptor to Cicero. He 
 lived and died in the house of his pupil, whom 
 he instructed in the various branches of Greek 
 literature. Cic. in Brat. A general of De- 
 metrius. A writer, surnamed Periegelus, 
 
 who wrote a descrii)tion of the earth. Pint. ' 
 in Them. An African, he. &.c. Pint. 
 
 DioETAS, a general of Achaia, he. Po- 
 tyccn. 2. 
 
 Diogenes, a celebrated Cynic philosopher 
 of Sinope, banished from his country for 
 coining false money. From Sinope, he re- 
 tired to Athens, where he became the disciple 
 of Antisthenes, who was at the hea«l of the 
 Cyuics. Antisthenes, at first, refused to admit 
 him into his house, and even struck him with 
 astick. Diogenes calmly bore the rebuke, and 
 said, Strike me, Antisthenes, but never shall 
 you find a stick sufficiently hard to remove me 
 from your presence, whilst there is any thing 
 to be learnt, any information to be gained from 
 your conversation and acquaintance. Such 
 firmness recommended him to Antisthenes, 
 and he became his most devoted pupil. He 
 dressed himself in the garment which distin- 
 guished the Cynics, and walked about the 
 streets with a tub on his head, which served 
 him as a house and a place of repose. Such 
 singularity, joined to the greatest contempt for 
 riches, soon gained him reputation, and Alex- 
 ander the Great condescended to visit the phi- 
 losopher m his tub. He asked Diogenes if there 
 was any thing in which he could gratify or 
 ©blige him. Get out of my sun-shine, was the 
 only answer which the philosopher gave. Such 
 an independence of mind so pleased the mo- 
 narch, that he turned to his courtiers, and said, 
 Were I not Alexander, I would wish to he Dio- 
 genes. He w^as once sold as a slave, but his 
 magnanimity so pleased his master, that he 
 made him the preceptor of his children, and 
 the guardian of his estates. After a life spent 
 in the greatest misery and indigence, he died B. 
 C. 324, in the 96th year of his age. He order- 
 ed his body to be carelessly thrown into a ditch, 
 and some dust to be sprinkled over it. His or- 
 ders were, however, disobeyed in this particu- 
 lar, and his friends honoured his remains with a 
 magnificent funeral at Corinth. 'Ihe inhabi- 
 tants of Sinope raised statues to his memory ; 
 and the marble figure of a dog was placed on a 
 high column erected on his tomb. His biogra- 
 pher has transmitted to posterity a number of 
 sayings, remarkable for their simplicity and 
 moral tendency. The life of Diogenes, how- 
 ever, .shrinks from the eye of a strict examina- 
 tion ; he boasted of his poverty, and was so ar- 
 rogant that many have observed that the vir- 
 tues of Diogenes arose from pride and vanity, 
 not from wisdom and sound philosophy. His 
 morals were corrupted, and he gave way to the 
 most vicious indulgences, and his unbounded 
 wantonness has given occasion to some to ob- 
 serve, that the bottom of his tub would not bear 
 too close an examination, Diog. in vilu. — 
 Pint. inJpoph.'^Cic. de J\'ut. D.'S, c. 36, he. 
 
 A stoic of Babylon, disciple of Chrysii)pus. 
 
 He went to Athens, and was sent as ambassa- 
 dor to Rome, with Carneades and Critolaus, 
 155 years before Christ. He died in the 88th 
 
 DI 
 
 year of his age, after a life of the most exem- 
 plary virtue. Some suppose that he was stran- 
 gled by order of Antiochus king of Syria, foF 
 speaking disrespectfully of his family in one of 
 
 his treatises. Quiniil. 1, c. 1. Athen. 5, c. 
 
 11 —Cic. de Offic. 3, c. 51. A native of A- 
 
 pollonia, celebrated for his knowledge of phi- 
 losojjhy and physic. He was pupil to Anaxa- 
 goras. Diog. in vita. Laertius, an epicu- 
 rean philosopher, born in Cilicia. He wrote 
 the lives of the philosophers in ten books, still 
 extant. This work contains an accurate account 
 of the ancient philosophers, and is replete with 
 all their anecdotes and particular opinions. It 
 is compiled, however, without any plan, m,e- 
 thod, or precision, though much neatness 
 and conciseness are observable through the 
 whole. In this multifarious biography the au» 
 thor does not seem particularly partial to any 
 sect, except perhaps it be that of Potaraon of 
 Alexandria. Diogenes died A. D. 222. The 
 best editions of his works are that of Meibomi- 
 us, 2 vols. 4to. Amst. 1692, and that of Lips. 
 
 8vo. 1759. A Macedonian, who betrayed 
 
 Salamis to Aratus. Pans. 2, c, 8. There 
 
 was a philosopher of that name who attended 
 Alexander in his Asiatic expedition for the 
 purpose of making out and delineating his 
 march, he. 
 
 DiocENiA, a daughter of Celeus. Paus: 
 
 1, c. 38. A daughter of the Cephisus, who 
 
 married Erechtheus. Apollod. 
 
 DioGENUs, a man who conspired with Dym- 
 nus against Alexander. Cwt. 6, c. 7. 
 
 DioGNETUs, a philosopher who instructed 
 Marcus Aurelius in philosophy, and in writing 
 dialogues. 
 
 DioMEDA, a daughter of Phorbas, whom 
 Achilles brought from Lemnos, to be his mis» 
 tress, aiXef the loss of Briseis. Homer. 11. 9, 
 V. 661. The wife of Deion of Amyclas. 
 
 DioMEDEs, son of Tydeus and Deiphyle, 
 was king of .^tolia, and one of the bravest 
 of the Grecian chiefs in the Trojan war. Ho 
 engaged Hector and ^neas, and by repeated 
 acts of valour obtained much military glory. 
 He went with Ulysses to steal the Palladium 
 fi'om the temple of Minerva at Troy ; and 
 assisted in murdering Rhesus, king of Thrace, 
 and carrying away his horses. At his return 
 from the siege of Troy, he lost his way in the 
 darkness of the night, and landed in Attica, 
 where his companions plundered the country, 
 and lost the Trojan Palladium. During his 
 long absence, his wife ^giale forgot her mar- 
 riage vows, and prostituted herself to Cometes, 
 one of her servants. This lasciviousnessof tlie 
 queen was attributed by some to the resent- 
 ment of Venus, whom Diomedes had severely 
 wounded in the arm in a battle before Troy. 
 The infidelity of /Egiale was highly displea- 
 sing to Diomedes. He resolved to abandon 
 his native country, which was the seat of his 
 disgrace, and the attempts of his wife to take 
 away his life, according to some accounts, did 
 not a little contribute to hasten his departure. 
 He came to that part of Italy which has been 
 called Magna Gra^cia, where he built a city 
 called Argyrij)pii, and married the daughter of 
 Daunus, the king of the country. He died 
 there in extreme old age, or, according to a 
 certain tradition, he perished by the hand ot' 
 his fttlliei'-in-h\w Hi? death wiu; greatly l>v 
 
or 
 
 m 
 
 mentedbyhiscompanions, who in the excess! posed to hhnself Thueydides for 
 of their grief were changed into birds re- but he is not perfectly happy 
 sembling swans. These birds took flight into 
 a neighbouring island in the Adriatic, and be- 
 came remarkable for the tameness with wiiicli 
 they approached the Greeks, and for the hor- 
 ror with which tJiey shunned all other nations. 
 They are called the birds of Dioraedes. Al- 
 tars were raised to Diomedes, as to a god, one 
 of which Strabo mentions at Timavus. Virg. 
 JEn. 1. V. 756, 1. 11, v. 243, he— Ovid. Met. 
 14, fab. \0.—Apollocl. 1, c.8,].3, c.T.—Hy- 
 
 gin. fab. 97, 112 and US— Pans. 2, c. 30. 
 
 A king of Thrace, son of xMars and Cyrene, 
 who fed his horses with human flesh. It was 
 one of the labours of Hercules to destroy him ; 
 and accordingly the hero, attended with some 
 of his friends, attacked the inhuman tyrant, 
 and gave him to be devoured by his own horses 
 which he had fed so barbarously. Diod. 4. — 
 
 Pans. 3, c. 18.— Jlpollod. 2, c. 5. A friend 
 
 of Alcibiades. Plut. in Alcib. A gramma- 
 rian. 
 
 DioMEDON, an Athenian general, put to 
 death for his negligence at Arginusae. Thucyd. 
 
 8, c. 19. A man of Cyzicus, in the interest 
 
 of Artaxerses. C. Nep. in Ep. 
 
 Dion, a Syracusan, son of Hipparinus, 
 famous for his power and abilities. He was 
 related to Dionysius, 'and often advised him, 
 together with the philosopher Plato, who at 
 liis request had come to reside at the tyrant's 
 court, to lay aside the supreme power. His 
 great popularity rendered him odious in the 
 eyes of the tyrant, who banished him to 
 Greece. There he collected a numerous force, 
 and encouraged by the influence of his name, 
 and the hatred of his enemy, he resolved to 
 free his country from tyranny. He entered 
 the port of Syracuse only with two ships, and 
 in three days reduced under his power an 
 empire which had already subsisted for 50 
 vears, and which was guarded by 500 ships 
 
 of war, and 100,000 foot, and 10,000 horse. 
 
 The tyrant fled to Corinth, and Dion kept 
 
 the power in his own hands, fearful of the 
 
 aspiring ambition of some of the friends of 
 
 Dionysius. He was however shamefully be- 
 trayed and murdered by one of his familiar 
 
 friends, called Callicrates, or Callipus, 354 
 
 years before the christian era, in the 55th 
 
 year of his age, and four years after his re- 
 turn from Peloponnesus. His death was uni- 
 versally lamented by the Syracusans, and a 
 
 monument was raised to iiis memory. Diod. 
 
 16. — C. JVcp. in vild. A town of Mace- 
 donia. Panx. 9, c. 36. Cassius, a native 
 
 of iXiccCa in Bithynia. His father's name was 
 
 Apronianus. He was raised to the greatest 
 
 offices of ^-tate in the Roman empii'e by Per- 
 
 tinax and his three successors. Naturally fond 
 
 of study, he improved himself by unwearied 
 
 application, and was ten years in collecting 
 
 materials for an history of Rome, which he 
 
 made fiublic in 80 books, after a laborious 
 
 employment of 12 years in composing it. 
 
 This valuable history began with the arrival 
 
 of yEneas in Italy, and was continued down 
 
 lo the reign of the emperor Alexander Se- 
 
 vcrus. The 34 first books are totally lo.st, 
 
 the 2i) following are mutilated, and fragments 
 
 are all that ^\ e j)ossess of the lai^t 20. In the 
 
 compilation of his extensive hi.story, Dion pro- 
 
 a model ; 
 m his imita- 
 tion. His style is pure and elegant, and his ' 
 narrations are judiciously managed, and his 
 reflections learned ; but upon the whole he is 
 credulous, and the bigotted slave of partial- 
 ity, satire, and flattery. He inveighs against 
 the republican principles of Brutus and Ci- 
 cero, and extols the cause of Cajsar. Seneca 
 is the object of his satire, and he represents 
 him as debauched and licentious in his mo- 
 rals. Dion flourished about the 230th year 
 of the christian era. The best edition of his 
 works is that of Reimarus, 2 vols. fol. Hamb. 
 
 1750. A famous christian writer, sumamed 
 
 C/irysostom, &c. 
 
 DioN^A, a surname of Venus, supposed to 
 be the daughter of Jupiter and Dione. 
 
 DioNE, a nymph, daughter of Nereus and 
 Doris. She was mother of Venus, by Jupiter, 
 according to Homer and others, Hesiod, 
 however, gives Venus a ditterent origin. [Vid. 
 Venus.] Venus is herself sometimes called 
 Dione. Virg: 3, ^7i. v. 19. — Homer. 11. 5, V. 
 381. — Stat, i, Sylv. 1, v. 86. 
 
 DioNYSiA, festivals in honour of Bacchus 
 among the Greeks. Their form and solemni- 
 ty were first introduced into Greece from 
 Egypt by a certain Melampus, and if we 
 admit that Bacchus is the same as Isus, the 
 Dionysia of the Greeks are the same as tlie 
 festivals celebrated by the Egyptians in hon- 
 our of Isis. They were observed at Athens 
 with more splendour and ceremonious super^ 
 stition than in any other part of Greece. 
 The years were numbered by their celebra- 
 tion, the archon assisted at the solemnity, 
 and the priests that officiated were honoured 
 with the most dignified seats at the public 
 games. At first they were celebrated with, 
 great simplicity, and the time was consecrated 
 to mirth. It was then usual to bring a vessel 
 of wine adorned with a vine branch, after 
 which followed a goat, a basket of figs, and 
 the <?»AAM. The worshippers imitated in 
 their dress and actions the poetical fictions 
 concerning Bacchus. They clothed them- 
 selves in fawn skins, fine linen, and mitres, 
 they carried thyrsi, tJrums, pipes, and flutes, 
 and crowned themselves with garlands of ivy, 
 vine, fir, &:c. Some imitated Silenus, Pan, and 
 the Satyrs by the uncouth manner of their 
 dress, and their fantastical motions. Some 
 rode upon asses, and others drove tlie goats to 
 slaughter for the sacrifice. In this manner both 
 sexes joined in the solemnity, and ran aboutthe 
 hills and country, nodding their heads, dancing 
 in ridiculous postures, and filling the air witli 
 hideous shrieks and shouts, and ciying aloud, 
 Evoe Bacche ! lo ! lo ! Evoe i lacche ! lobac- 
 che ! Evohe ! With such solemnities were the 
 festivals of Bacchus celebrated by the Greeks, 
 particularly tlie Atlienians. In one of these 
 there followed a number of persons carrying 
 sacred vessels, one of which contained water. 
 After these came a select number of noble vir- 
 gins carrying little baskets of gold filled with 
 all sorts of fruits. This was the most mysterious 
 part of the solemnity. Serpents w^eresome- 
 times put in the baskets, and by their wreath- 
 ing and craw ling outthey amused andastonish- 
 ed the beholdei-s. After the virgins, followed 
 a comjjan)- of men carrying poles, at the end 
 
DI 
 
 «f which were fastened ?xwi. The heads of 
 these men, who were called ?a\x.j*aesy, were 
 crowned with ivy and violets, and their faces 
 covered with other herbs. They marched sing- 
 ing songs upon the occasion of the festivals, 
 called <pyj.j^u» xa-fMrct. Next to the <?«>.A.u:?ofo< fol- 
 lowed the >J?»^xo« in women's apparel, with 
 w^hite striped garments reaching to the 
 ground ; their heads were decked with gar- 
 lands, and on their hands they wore gloves 
 composed of flowers Their gestures and ac- 
 tions were like those of a drunken man. Be- 
 sides these, there were a number of persons 
 called x»/.vj(f«.:« who carried the >.»<qv or musical 
 van of Bacchus; without their attendance none 
 of the festivals of Bacchus were celebrated with 
 due solemnity, and on that account the god is 
 often called x»mT«;. The festivals of Bacchus 
 were almost innumerable. The name of the 
 most celebrated were the Dionysta -f^ai/^Ts -, at 
 Limuffi in Attica. The chief persons that offi- 
 ciated were fourteen women called yie^^eM vene- 
 rable. They were appointed by one of the 
 archons, and before their appointment they 
 solemnly took an oath, before the archon or his 
 wife, that their body w^as free from all pollu- 
 tion. The greater Dionysia, sometimes call- 
 ed «f«:s or Tx ^xT »i-j, as being celebrated within 
 the. city, were the most famous. They were 
 
 supposed to be the same as the preceding. 
 
 The less Dionysia, sometimes CB.WeArxy.:*.-'' xy^.j;. 
 because celebrated in tkecountry, m>' '^from M's; 
 a wine press, were to all appearance a pre- 
 paration for the greater festivals. They 
 were celebrated in autumn. The Diony- 
 sia :-e'u?ov<*, observed at Brauron in Attica, 
 were a scene of lewdness, extravagance, and 
 debauchery. The Dionysia v-zr^ixiit were ob- 
 served by the Athenians in honour of Bacchus 
 ISyctelius. It was unlawful to reveal whatever 
 
 was seen or done during the celebration. 
 
 The Dionysia called M/^op^yt-^, because human 
 victims were oftered to the god, or because the 
 priests imitated the eating of raw fiesk, were 
 celebrated with much solemnity. The priests 
 put serpents in their hair, and by the wild- 
 ness of their looks, and the oddity of their ac- 
 tions, they feigned insanity. Tiie Dionysia 
 
 y^x» oc! v.ere yearly observed in Arcadia, and 
 the children who had been instructed in the 
 music of Philoxenus and Timotheus, were in- 
 troduced in a theatre, where they celebrated 
 the festivals of Bacchus by entertaining the 
 spectators with songs, dances, and different 
 exhibitions. There were besides these, others 
 of inferior note. There was also one observ- 
 ed every three years called Dionysia Te4STHe»/.a, 
 and it is said that Bacchus instituted Jt him- 
 self in commemoration of his Indian expedi- 
 tion, in which lie spent three jears. There 
 is also another, cclebi-ated every fifth year, as 
 mentioned by the sciioliast of Aristoplianes. 
 
 All these festivals in honour of the god of 
 
 witie, were celebrated by the Creeks with 
 great licentiousness, and they contributed 
 much to the corruption of morals arnpng all 
 ranks of people. They were also introduced 
 into Tuscany, and from thence to Rome. 
 Among the Romans both sexes promiscuously 
 joined in the celebration during the darkness 
 of night. The drunkenness, the debauchery, 
 and impure actions and indulgences, which 
 ^oon prevailed at the soleintiity; called aluud 
 
 DI 
 
 for tlie inteiference of the senate, and the cohs^ 
 suls Sp. Posthumius Albinus, and Q. Martius 
 Philippus, made a strict examination concern- 
 ing the propriety and superstitious forms of 
 the Bacchanalia. The disorder and pollution 
 which was practised with impunity by no less 
 than 7000 votaries of either sex, was beheld 
 with horror and astonishment by the consuls, 
 and the Bacchanalia w ere for ever banished 
 from Rome by a decree of the senate. They 
 w^ere again reinstituted there in length of time, 
 but not with such licentiousness as before. 
 
 —Virg. JEn. 11, v. 737.— Diod. 
 
 3, V. 533, I. 4, V. 391, 1, 6, vi 
 
 Eurip. in Bacc 
 4.—0v4d. Met. 
 687. 
 
 DlONVSIDES, 
 
 two small islands near Crete, 
 
 Festivals in honour of Bacchus. FauSi 
 
 3, c. 13. 
 
 DioNv siAs, a fountain. Pans. 4, c. 36. 
 
 DioNvsiDES, a tragic poet of Tarsus. 
 
 DioNvsioDoRus, a famous geometer. P/iti, 
 
 2, c. 109. A Boeotian historian. Diod. 15. 
 
 A Tarentine, Avho obtained a prize at 
 
 Olympia in the lOOtli Olympiad. 
 
 DioNvsioN, a temple of Bacchus in Attica, 
 Puus. 1, c. 43. 
 
 DioNvsiPoLis, a town of Thrace. Mela, 2, 
 c. 2. 
 
 DioNYSius, 1st, or the elder, was son of 
 Hermocrates. He signalized himself in the 
 wars which tlie Syracusans carried on against 
 the Carthaginians, and taking advantage of the 
 power lodged in his hands, he made himself 
 absolute at Syracuse. To strengthen himself 
 in his usurpation, and acquire popularity, he 
 increased the pay of the soldiers, and recalled 
 those that had been banished. He vowed 
 eternal enmity against Carthage, and experi- 
 enced various success in his wars against that 
 republic. He was ambitious of being thought 
 a poet, and his brother Theodorus was com- 
 missioned to go to Olympia, and repeat there 
 some verses in his name, with other competi- 
 tors, for the poetical prizes. His expectations 
 were frustrated, and his poetry was received 
 with groans and hisses. He was not, however, 
 so unsuccessful at Athens, where a poetical 
 prize was publicly adjudged to one of his com- 
 positions. This victory gave him more plea- 
 sure th.an all the victories he had ever obtain- 
 ed in the field of battle. His tyranny and 
 cruelty at home rendered him odious in the 
 eyes of his subjects, and he became so suspi- 
 cions that he never admitted hiswife or children 
 to his private apartments without a previous 
 examination of their garments. He never 
 trusted his head to a barber, but always burnt 
 his beard. He made a subterraneous cave in 
 a rock, said to be still extant, in the form of a 
 human ear, which measured 80 feet in height 
 and 250 in length. It was called the eai* of 
 Dionysius. The sounds of this subterraneous 
 cave were all necessarily directed to one com- 
 mon tympanum, which had a communication 
 with an adjoining room where Dionysius spent 
 the greatest part of his time to hear whatever 
 was said by those whom his suspicion and 
 cruelty had confined in the apartments above. 
 The artists that had been employed in making 
 this cave were all put to death by order of the 
 tyrant, for fear of tiieir revealing to what pur- 
 poses a work of such uncommon construction 
 was to be ajipropriateU. His impiety and 
 
Sacrilege were as conspicuous as his suspicious 
 credulily. He took a golden mantle from the 
 statue of Jupiter, observing that the son of 
 Saturn had too warm a covering for the sum- 
 mer, and too cold for the winter, and he pla- 
 ced one of wool instead. He also robbed JEs- 
 culapius of his golden beard, and plunder- 
 ed the temple of Proserpine. He died of an 
 indigestion in the 63d yeai* of his age, B. C. 368, 
 after a reign of 38 years. Authors, however, 
 are divided about the manner of his death, and 
 some are of opinion that he died a violent 
 death. Some suppose that the tyi*ant invent- 
 ed the catapulta, an engine which proved of 
 infinite service for the discharging of showers 
 of darts and stones in tlie time of a siege. 
 Diod. 13, 14, &.C. — Justin. 20, c. 1, &c. — Xe- 
 noph. Hid. GrcEC. — C. JVej). Timol. — PLut. in 
 
 Diod. The second of that name, surnamed 
 
 the younger, was son of Dionysius the 1st, by 
 Doris. He succeeded his father as tyrant of 
 Sicily, and by the advice of Dion, his brother- 
 in-law, he invited the philosopher Plato to his 
 court, under whom he studied for a while. 
 The philosopher advised him to lay aside the 
 supreme power, and in his admonitions he was 
 warmly seconded by Dion. Dionysius refused 
 to consent, and soon after Plato was seized 
 and publicly sold as a slave. Dion likewise, 
 on account of his great popularity, was severe- 
 Jy abused and insulted in his family, and his 
 wife given in marriage to another. Such a 
 violent behaviour was highly resented ; Dion, 
 who was banished, collected some forces in 
 Greece, and in three days rendered himself 
 master of Syracuse, and expelled the tyrant B. 
 C. 557. [Vid. Dion.] Dionysius retired to Lo- 
 cri, where he behaved with the greatest op- 
 pression, and was ejected by the citizens. He 
 recovered Syracuse ten years after his espul- 
 siion, but his triumph was short, and the Co- 
 rinthians, under the conduct of Timoleus, obli- 
 ged him to abandon the city. He fled to Co- 
 rinthjwhere to supporthimself he kept a school, 
 as Cicero observes, that he might still continue 
 to be tyrant ; and as he could not command 
 over men, that he might still exercise his power 
 over boys. It is said that he died from an ex- 
 cess of joy when he heard that a tragedy of 
 his own composition had been rewarded with 
 a poetical prize. Dionysius was as cruel as 
 his father, but he did not, like him, possess the 
 art of retaining his power. This was seen and 
 remarked by the old man, who, when he saw 
 his son attempting to debauch the wives of 
 some of his subjects, asked him, with the great- 
 est indignation, whether he had ever heard of 
 his having acted so brutal a part in his younger 
 days.^ rs'o, answered the son, because you 
 were not the son of a king. Well, my son, 
 replied the old man, never shall thou be the 
 father of a king. Justin. 21, c. 1, 2, £cc. — 
 Diod. \^f,hc.—JFIian. V. //.J), c. S.—Qui7itil. 
 8, c. 6. — C. A'ep. in Dion. — Cic. Tusc. 5, c. 2. 
 
 An historian of Halicornassus, who left 
 
 his country and came to reside at Home, 
 that he might carefully study all the Greek 
 and Liilin writers, whose compositions treat- 
 ed of the Roman history. He formed an ac- 
 quaintance with all the learned of the age, 
 and derived much information from their 
 company and conversation. Afler an un- 
 ij^ipilted application, during 24 years, he 
 
 DI 
 
 gave to the world his Roman aq^tiquities in 
 20 books, of which only the 11 first are now 
 extant, nearly containing the account of 312 
 years. His composition has been greatly 
 valued by the ancients as well as the moderns 
 for the easiness of his style, the fidelity of his 
 chronolog)^, and the judiciousness of his re- 
 marks and criticism. Like a faithful histo- 
 rian, he never mentioned any thing but what 
 was authenticated, and he totally disregarded 
 the fabulous traditions which fill and disgrace 
 the pages of both his predecessors and follow- 
 ers. To the merits of the elegant historian, Dio- 
 nysius, as may be seen in his treatises, has also 
 added the equally respected character of the 
 eloquent orator, the critic, and the politician. 
 He lived during the Augustan age, and came 
 to Rome about 30 years before the Christian 
 era. The best editions of his works are that 
 of Oxford, 2 vols. fol. 1704, and that of Reiske, 
 6 vols. 8vo. Lips. 1774. — —A tyrant of Hera- 
 clea in Pontus, in the age of Alexander the 
 Great. After the death of the conqueror and 
 of Perdiccas, he married Amestris, the niece 
 of king Darius, and assumed the title of king. 
 He was of such an uncommon corpulence that 
 he never exposed his person in public, and 
 when he gave audience to foreign ambassadors 
 he always placed himself in a chair which was 
 conveniently made to hide his face and person 
 from the eyes of the sj)ectators. When he 
 was asleep it was impossible to awake him 
 without boring his flesh with pins. He died in 
 the 55th year of his age. As his reign was re- 
 markable for mildness and popularity, his 
 death was severely lamented by his subjects* 
 He left two sons and a daughter, and appoint- 
 ed his widow queen regent. A surname of 
 
 Bacchus. A disciple of Charemon. A 
 
 native of Chalcis, who Avrote a book entitled 
 
 xT»(r:ts or the origin of cities. A commander 
 
 of the Ionian fleet against the Persians, who 
 went to plunder Phoenicia. Herodol. 6, c. 17. 
 
 A general of Antiochus Hierax. A 
 
 philosopher of Heraclea, disciple to Zeno. 
 He starved himself to death, B. C. 279, in the 
 
 Slst year of his age. Diog. An epic poet 
 
 of Mitylene. A sophist of Pei'gamus. Strab. 
 
 13. A writer in the Augustan age called 
 
 Fcriegetcs. He wrote a very valuable geo- 
 graphical treatise in Greek hexameters, still 
 extant. The best edition of his treatise is that 
 of Henry Stephens, 4to. 1577, with the scho- 
 lia, and that of Hill, 8vo. Loud. 1(588. A 
 
 Christian writer, A. D. 492, called /Ircopagita, 
 The best edition of his vvoiks is that of Ant- ' 
 
 werp, 2 vols. fol. 1634. The music master 
 
 of Epaminondas. C. Atp. A celebrated 
 
 critic. [Vid. Longinus.] A rhetorician of 
 
 Magnesia. A Messenian madman, &,c. 
 
 Pint, in Alex. A native of Thrace, gene- 
 rally called the Rhodian, because he lived 
 there. He wrote some grammatical treatises 
 
 and commentaries, B. C. 64. Strab. 14. A 
 
 painter of Colophon. 
 
 DiuPHANEs, a man who joined Pelopon- 
 nesus to the Achaean league. Pans. 8, c. 30.. 
 
 A rhetorician intimate with Tib. Gracchus, 
 
 Plut. in Gracch. 
 
 DiopiiANTus, an Athenian general of the 
 Greek mercenary troops in the service of iNec- 
 
 tanebuskingof Egypt. Diod. 16. A Greek 
 
 orator of Mitylene, preceptor to Tib. Grat> 
 
f)I 
 
 chu'*;. Cic. in Srut.- 
 
 A native of Alexan- 
 dria in the fourth century. He wrote 13 books 
 of arithmetical questions, of which six are still 
 extant, the best edition of which is that in fo- 
 lio, Tolosse, 1670. He died in his 84th year, 
 but the age in which he lived is uncertain. 
 Some place him in the reign of Augustus, 
 others under Xero and the Antonines. 
 
 DiopcENus, a noble sculptor of Crete, Plin. 
 36, c. 4. 
 
 DiopuLis, a name given to Cabira, a town 
 of Paphlagooia, by Pompey. Strab. 12. 
 
 DiuKF.s, a friend of ^Eneas, killed by Tur- 
 nus. He had engaged in the games exhibited 
 by iEneas on his father's tomb in Sicily. Virg. 
 .E/uS, V. 297,1. 12, V. 509. 
 
 DioRYCTUSj a place of Acarnania, where a 
 canal was cut ('n fe»7o-<*') to makeLeucadia an 
 fsland. Plin. 4, c. 1. 
 
 DioscoRiDEs, a native of Cilicia, who was 
 physician to Antony and Cleopatra, or lived 
 as some suppose in the age of Nero. He was 
 originally a soldier, but afterwards he applied 
 himself to study, and wrote a book upon med- 
 icinal herbs, of which the best edition is that 
 
 of Saracenus, fol. Francof. 1598. A man 
 
 who wrote an account of the republic of La- 
 cediemon. A nephew of Antigonus. Diod. 
 
 19. A Cyprian, blind of one eye, in the 
 
 age of Ptolemy Philadelphus. A disciple 
 
 of Isocrates. An astrologer, sent ambassa- 
 dor by J. Cajsar to Achillas, &;c. Cces. Btll. 
 Civ. 3, c. 109. 
 
 DioscoRiDis INSULA, an island situate at 
 file south of the entrance of the Arabic Gulf, 
 and now called Socotara. 
 
 Dioscuri, or sons of Jupiter, a name given 
 to Castor and Pollux. There were festivals in 
 their honour, called Dioscuria, celebrated by 
 the people of Corcyra, and chiefly by the La- 
 cedcemonians. They were observed with 
 much jovial festivity. The people made a 
 free use of the gifts of Bacchus, and diverted 
 themselves with sports, of which wrestling 
 matches always made a part. 
 
 DioscuRiAS, a town of Colchis. Flin. 6. 
 6. 28. 
 
 DiosPAGE, a town of Mesopotamia, riin. 
 6, c. 26. 
 
 DiospuLis, or TuEBJF., a famous city of 
 Egypt, formerly called Hecatompylos. Ftrf. 
 Tlieba?. 
 
 DioTiJiE, a woman who gave lectures upon 
 philosophy, which Socrates attended. Plut. 
 hi Symp. 
 
 Dio'n.Aius, an Athenian skilled in maritime 
 aftKJrs, &.C. Polymi. 5. A stoic who nour- 
 ished 85 B. C. 
 
 DioTREPHES, an Athenian olficer, &tc. Thu- 
 qjd. 3, c. 75. 
 
 DioxippE, one of the Danaides, ^pollod. 
 2, c. 1. 
 
 Dioxippus, a soldier of Alexander, who kil- 
 ied one of his fellow-soldiers in a fury, &ic. 
 
 JElian. Au Athenian boxer, kc. Diod. 17. 
 
 A Trojan killed by Turnus. Vir^.JEii. 
 
 1), V. 574. 
 
 Dipjk*, a place of Peloponnesus, where a 
 battle was fought between the Arcadians and 
 Sj)artans. Herodxjt. 9, c. 35. 
 
 DiPinr.AS, a man sent to Rhodes by the 
 Spartans to destroy the Atlieuinn faction there. 
 J)iotf. 14. A govemor of Babylon hi t^e 
 
 m 
 
 interest of Antigonus. Id. 19. An hisfo- 
 
 rian. 
 
 DiPHiLus, an Athenian general, A. U. C. 
 
 311. An architect so slow in finishing hii 
 
 works, that Diphilo iardior became a proverb. 
 Cic adfratr. 3. A tragic writer. 
 
 DiPHORTDAs, one of the Ephori at Sparta 
 Pint, in ,9gts. '^ 
 
 DipoLNiE, a town of Arcadia. Pans. 8, c. 31 . 
 
 DiPoLis, a name given to Lemnos, as having 
 two cities, Hepliaestia and Myrina. 
 
 DipsAS, {antis) a river of Cilicia, flowing 
 
 from mount Taurus. Lucan. 8, v. 255. 
 
 {adis), a profligate and incontinent woman, 
 
 mentioned by Ovid. Am. 1, v. 8. A kind of 
 
 serpent. Lucan. 9. 
 
 DiPYLox, one of the gates of Athens. 
 DiRa:,the daughters of Acheron and Nox,who 
 persecuted the souls of the guilty. They are 
 the same as the Furies, and some suppose that 
 they are called Furies in hell, Harpies on 
 earth, and Dirs in heaven. They were rep- 
 resented as standing near the throne of Jupi- 
 ter, in an attitude which expressed their eager- 
 ness to receive his orders, and the power of 
 tormenting the guilty on earth with the most 
 excruciating punishments. Virti. ^T.n 4, v. 
 473, 1. 8, V. 701. 
 
 Dirge, a woman whom Lycus, king of 
 Thebes, married after he had divorced An- 
 tiope. When Antiope became pregnant by 
 Jupiter, Dirce suspected her husband of infi- 
 delity to her bed, and imprisoned Antiope, 
 whom she tormented with the greatest cruelty. 
 Antiope escaped from her confinement, and 
 brought forth Amphion and Zethus on mount 
 Cithaeron. When these children were inform- 
 ed of the cruelties to which their mother had 
 been exposed, they besieged Thebes, put Ly- 
 cus to death, and tied the cruel Dirce to the 
 tail of a wild bull, who dragged her over rocks 
 and precipices, and exposed her to the most 
 poignant pains, till the gods, pitying her fate^ 
 changed her into a fountain, in the neighbour- 
 hood of Thebes. According to some accounts, 
 Antiope was mother of Amphion and Zethus, 
 before she was confined and exposed to the 
 tyranny of Dirce. {Vid. Amphion, Antio|)e.) 
 Propert. 3, el. 15, t. 37.— Paus. 9, c. 26.— 
 JElian. V. H, 12, e. ^l.—Lu-can. 3, v. 175, 1. 4, 
 v. ooO. 
 
 DiRCEjJNA, a cold fountain of Spain, near 
 Bilbilis. Martial. 1, cp. 50, v. 17. 
 
 DiRPiiyA, a surname of Jano, from Dij-- 
 phya. a mountain of Bceotia, where the goddess 
 ha<l a temple. 
 
 Dis, a god of the Gauls, the same as Pluto 
 the god of hell. The inhabitants of Gaul sup- 
 posed themselves descended from that deity. 
 Cces. Bell. G. 6.—TacU. 4, Hist. c. 84. 
 
 D/scoRDiA, a malevolent deity, daughter 
 of iVox, and sister to Nemesis, the Parcai and 
 Death. She was driven from heaven by Ju- 
 piter, because she sowed dissentions among 
 the gods, and was the cause of continual quar- 
 rels. When the nuptials of Peleus and Thetht 
 were celebrated, the goddess of discord wa"? 
 not invited, and this seeming neglect so irrita- 
 ted her, tliat she threw an apple into the miti-' 
 of the assembly of the gods with the inscrip 
 tion of detur pulcJiriori. This apple U'as th^ 
 cause of the ruin of Troy, and of infinite mis 
 ffMtnnes to the C"frpek». (VirfFsvU^ Sh** i» 
 
DO 
 
 fepresentetl wlUi a pale ghastly look, her gar- 
 ment is torn, her eyes sparkle with fire, an(J 
 in her bosom she holds a dagger concealed. 
 Her head is generally entwined with serpents, 
 and she is attended by Bellona. She is sup- 
 posed to be the cause of all the dissentions, 
 murders, wai-s, and quarrels, which arise upon 
 earth, pubHc as well as private. Virg.JEn. 
 g^ y^ 'i02.—Hesiod. Theogn. 225.— Petronius. 
 
 D1THYR.VMBUS, a surname of Bacchus, 
 whence the hymns sung in his honour were 
 called Dithyrambics. Horat. 4, od. 2. 
 
 DiTTANi, a people of Spain. 
 
 Divi, a name chiefly appropriated" to those 
 who were made gods after death, such as he- 
 poes, and warriors, or the Lares, and Penates, 
 and other domestic gods. 
 
 DiviTiACUs, one of the .^dui, Intimate 
 with Ccesar. Cic. 1, de Div. 
 
 DiuM, a town of Eubcea, where there were 
 
 hot baths. Plin. 31, c. 2. A promontory 
 
 of Crete. A town of Macedonia. Liv. 44, 
 
 c. 7. 
 
 DivoDURUM, a town of Gaul, now Mets, in 
 Lorrain. 
 
 Divus FiDius, a god of the Sabines, wor- 
 shipped also at Rome. Dionys. 
 
 DiYLLus, an Athenian historian. Diod. 16. 
 A statuary. Fans. 10, c. 13. 
 
 DoBERES, a people of Paeonia. HerodoL 
 6, c. 16. 
 
 DociLis, a gladiator at Rome, mentioned 
 by Horat. 1, ep. 18, v. 19. 
 
 DocJMus, a man of Tarentum, deprived of 
 his military dignity by Philip, son of Amyntas, 
 for indulging himself with hot baths. PolycBii. 
 
 4. An officerofAntigonus. Z>iorf. 19. An 
 
 officer of Perdiccas, taken by Antigonus. Id. 18. 
 
 DoDONA, a town of Thesprotia in Epirus, 
 or according to others, in Thessaly. There 
 was in its neighbourhood, upon a small hill 
 called Tmarus, a celebrated oracle of Jupiter. 
 The town and temple of the god were first 
 built by Deucalion, after the universal deluge. 
 It was supposed to be the most ancient oracle 
 of all Greece, and according to the traditions 
 of the Egyptians, mentioned by Herodotus, it 
 was founded by a dove. Two black doves, as 
 he relates, took their flight from the city of 
 Thebes, in Egypt, one of which flew to the 
 temple of Jupiter Amraon,and the other to Do- 
 dona,where with a human voice they acquaint- 
 ed the inhabitants of the country that Jupiter 
 had consecrated the ground, which in future 
 would give oracles. The extensive grove 
 which surrounded Jupiters terajile was en- 
 dowed with the gift of prophecy, and oracles 
 were frequently delivered by the sacred oaks, 
 and the doves whieh inhabited the place. This 
 fabulous tradition of the oracular power of the 
 doves, is explained by Herodotus, who ob- 
 serves that some Plicenicians carried away 
 two priestesses from Egypt, one of which went 
 to fix her residence at Dodona, where the ora- 
 cle was established. It may further be obser- 
 ved, tiiat the fable might have been founded 
 upon the double meaning of the word rrt?.uxi, 
 which signifies doves in most parts of Greece, 
 while in the dialect of the Epirots, it implies 
 old ivomcn. In ancient times the oracles were 
 delivered by the minmiiring of a neighbouring 
 fountain, but the cortoni was afterwards chaji- 
 ged. Lorge kettles were suspended in the »ir 
 
 DO 
 
 near R hrazen sftatue, which held a lash in its 
 uand. When the wind blew strong, the statue 
 was agitated, and struck against one of the ket- 
 tlesjwhich communicated the motion to all the 
 rest, and raised that clattering and discordant 
 din which continued for a while, and from 
 which tlie artifice of the priests drew their 
 predictions. Some suppose that the noise was 
 occasioned by the shaking of the leaves and 
 boughs of an old oak, which the superstition of 
 the people frequently consulted, and from 
 which they i)retended to receive oracles. It 
 may be observed with more probability that the 
 oracles were delivered by the priests, who by 
 artfully concealing themselves behind the oaks,, 
 gave occasion to the superstitious multitude 
 to believe that the trees were endowed with 
 the power of prophecy. As the ship Argo was 
 built with some of the oaks of the forest of 
 Dodona, there were some beams Avhich gave 
 oracles to the Argonauts, and wai'ned Ihera 
 against the approach of calamity. "Within the 
 forests of Dodona there were a stream and a 
 fountain of cool water, which had the power of 
 lighting a torch as soon as it touched it. This % 
 fountain was totally dry at noon day, and was *?*. 
 restored to its full course at midnight, from 
 which time till the following noon it began to "» 
 decrease, and at the usual hour was again de- ' * 
 prived of its waters. The oracles of Dodona 
 were originally delivered by men, but after- 
 wards by women. {Vid. Dodonides.) Plin. 2, 
 c. \03.—Htrodot. 2, c. 51.— Mela, 2, c. 3.— 
 Homer. Od. 14. II.— Pans. 7, c. 21.— Strab. 17. 
 — Pint. inPyrrh. — Jlpollod. 1, c. 9. — Lucan.Q^ 
 V. 42j.—Ovid. Trist. 4,.el. 8, v. 33. 
 
 DoDoNiEus, a surname of Jupiter from Do- 
 dona. 
 
 DoDoKE, a daughter of Jupiter and Europa. 
 
 A fountain in the forest of Dodona. Vid. 
 
 Dodona. , 
 
 Dodonides, the priestesses who gave ora- 
 cles in the temple of Jupiter in Dodona. Ac- 
 cording to some traditions the temple was ori- 
 ginally inhabited by seven daughters of Atlas^ 
 who n«rsed Bacchus. Their names were Am- 
 brosia, Eudora, Pasithoe, Pytho, Plexaure, 
 Coronis, Tytlie or Tyche. In the latter ages 
 the oracles were always delivered by three old 
 women, which custom was first established 
 when Jupiter enjoyed the company of Dione, 
 whom he permitted to receive divine honours 
 in his temple at Dodona. The Boeotians were 
 the only people of Greece who received their 
 oracles at Dodona from men, for reasons whick 
 Strabo 1. 9, fully explains. 
 
 Don, a people of Arabia Felix. 
 DoLABEM.A P. Conx. a Roman who mar 
 ried the daughter of Cicero. Duringthe civil 
 warshewarmlv espo'ised the interest of J. 
 Caisar, whom he accompanied at the famou* 
 battles at Pharsalia, Africa, and Munda. He 
 was made consul by his patron, though M. 
 Antony his colleague oppo.sed it. After the 
 death of J. Caesar, he received the government 
 of Syria, a? his province. Cassius opposed his 
 views, and Dolabella, for violence, and for the 
 assassination of Trebonius one of Cajsar'.s 
 murderers, was declared an enemy to the re- 
 j public of Home. He was besieged by Cassiug 
 in Laodicea, and when he saw that all was lost, 
 he killed himself, in the 27th year of his age 
 He wa? of a ?mall statwre; which gave occasion 
 
DO 
 
 Yo bis father-in-law to ask him once when he 
 entered his house, who had tied him so clever- 
 ly to his sword.— —A proconsul of Africa. 
 
 Another who conquered the Gauls, Etrurians, 
 and Boii at the lake Vadimonis, B. C. 283. 
 
 • The family of the Dolabellae distinguished 
 
 themselves at Rome, and one of them, L. Corn, 
 conquered Lusitania, B. C. 99. 
 
 DoricHAON, the father of the Hebrusj &lc. 
 Virg. JEn. 10, v. 696. 
 DoLicHE, an island in the ^Egean sea. 
 
 Jlpollod. 2, c. 6. A town of Syria-^ of 
 
 Macedonia. Liv. 42, c. 53. 
 
 DoLius, a faithful servant of Ulysses. Horn. 
 Od. 4, V. 675. 
 
 DoLOMENA, a country of Assyria. Strab. 
 16. 
 
 DoLON, a Trojan, son of Eumedes, famous 
 for his swiftness. Being sent by Hector to spy 
 the Grecian camp by night, he was seized by 
 Diomedes and Ulysses, to whom he revealed 
 the situation, schemes, and resolutioas of his 
 countrymen, with the hopes of escaping with 
 his life. He was put to death by Diomedes, 
 as a traitor. Homer. II. 10, v. 314. — Virg. ^n. 
 
 12, v. 349, &c. A poet. Vid. Susai-ion. 
 
 DoLONci, a people of Thrace. Herodoi. 6, 
 C.34. 
 
 Dur.oPEs, a people of Thessaly, near mount 
 Pindus. Peleus reigned there, and sent them 
 to the Trojan war under Phoenix. They be- 
 came also masters of Scyros, and, like the rest 
 of the ancient Greeks, were fond of migration. 
 Virg. JEn. 2, v. 1.— Place. 2, v. 10.— Liy. 36, c. 
 33. — Strab. 9. — Plut. in Cimon. 
 
 DoLopiA, the country of the Dolopes, near 
 Pindus, through which the Achelous flowed. 
 
 DoLOPs, a Trojan, son of Lampus, killed by 
 Menelau»> Homer. II. 15, v. 525. 
 
 DoMiDiJcus, a god who presided over mar- 
 riage. Juno also was called Domiduca, from 
 the power she was supposed to have in mar- 
 tiages. 
 
 DominYca, a daughter of Petronius, who 
 married the emperor Valens. 
 
 DoMiTiA LEX de Religione, was enacted by 
 Domitius Ahenobatbus, the tribune, A. U. C. 
 650 It transferred the right of electing priests 
 from the college to the people. 
 
 DomitiaLongina, a Roman lady who boast- 
 ed of her debaucheries. She was the wife of 
 the emperor Domitian. 
 
 DoMiTiANus, Titus Flavins, son of Vespa- 
 sian and Flavia Domatilla, made himself em- 
 peror of Rome, at the deatli of his brother 
 Titus, whom according to some accounts he 
 destroyed by poison The beginning of his 
 reign promised tranquillity to the people, but 
 their expectations were soon frustrated. Do- 
 mitian became cruel, and gave way to inces- 
 tuous and unnatural indulgences. He com- 
 manded himself to be called God and Lord, in 
 all the papers which were presented to him. 
 He passed the greatest part of the day in 
 watching flies and killing them with a bodkin. 
 .so that it was wittily answered by Vibius to a 
 person who asked him who was with the em- 
 peror, no body, not even a fly. In the lalter 
 part of his reign Domitian became suspicious, 
 and his anxieties were increased by the pre- 
 dictions of astrologers, but still more poignantly 
 by the stings of remorse. He was so distrust- 
 ful evftn when alone, that round the terrace, 
 
 DO 
 
 where he usually walked, he built a wall with 
 shining stone, that from them he might per- 
 ceive as in a looking glass whether any body 
 followed him. All these precautions were un- 
 availing; he perished by the hand of an assas- 
 sin the 8lh of September, A. D. 96, in the 45th 
 year of his age, and the I5th of his reign. He 
 wasthe last of the 12 Caesars. He distinguished 
 himself for his love of learning, and in a little 
 treatise, which he wrote upon the great care 
 which ought to be taken of the hair to prevent 
 baldness, he displayed much taste and elegance, 
 according to the observations of his biogra- 
 phers. After his death he was publicly de- 
 prived by the senate of all the honours which 
 had been profusely heaped upon him, and even 
 his body was left in the open air without the 
 honours of a funeral. This disgrace might 
 proceed from the resentment of the senators, 
 whom he had exposed to terror as well as to 
 ridicule. He once assembled that august body 
 to know in what vessel a turbot might be most 
 conveniently dressed. At another time they 
 received a formal invitation to a feast, and 
 when they arrived at the palace, they were in- 
 troduced into a large gloomy hall hung with 
 black, and lighted with a {ew glimmering 
 tapers. In the middle were placed a number 
 of coffins, on each of which was inscribed the 
 name of some one of tlie invited senators. 
 On a sudden a number of men burst into the 
 room, clothed in black, with drawn swords 
 and flaming torches, and after they had for 
 some time terrified the guests, they permitted 
 them to retire. Such were the amusements 
 and cruelties of a man who, in the first part 
 of his reign, was looked upon as the father of 
 his people, and the restorer of learning and 
 liberty. Sud. in vild.~-Eutrop. 7. 
 
 DoMiTiLLA, Flavia, a woman who married 
 Vespasian, by whom she had Titus a year 
 after her marriage, and 11 years after Domi- 
 tian. A niece of the emperor Domitian, by 
 
 whom she was banished. 
 
 DoMiTius DoMiTiAJfus, a general of Dio- 
 cletian in Egypt. He assumed the imperial 
 purple at Alexandria, A. D. 288, and sup- 
 ported the dignity of emperor for about two 
 
 years. He died a violent death. Lucius. 
 
 Vid. MtvobdiVhns. Cn. iEnobarbus, a Ro- 
 man consul, who conquered Bituitus the 
 Gaul, and left 20,000 of the enemy on tJie 
 
 field of battle, and took 3000 prisoners. 
 
 A grammarian in the reign oi Adrian. He 
 was remarkable for his virtues, and his me- 
 lancholy disposition. A Roman who re-- 
 
 volted from Antony to Augustus. He was 
 at the battle of Pharsalia, and forced Pompey 
 
 to fight by the mere force of his ridicule. 
 
 The father of Nero, famous for his cruelties 
 and debaucheries. Suet, in JVer. A tri- 
 bune of the people, who conquered the Allo- 
 broges, Plut. A consul, during whose con- 
 sulate peace was concluded with Alexander 
 
 king of Epirus. Liv. 8, c. 17. A consul 
 
 under Caligula. He wrote some few thing* 
 
 now lost. A Latin poet called also Mar- 
 
 sus in the age of Horace. He wrote epigrams, 
 remarkable for little besides their indelicacy, 
 
 Ovid dc. Pont. 4, el. 16, v. 5, Afer, an 
 
 orator, who was precej)tor to Quintilian. He 
 disgraced his taltMits by his adulation, and by 
 practising the arh of arn tT^f«^rn*pr under Ti- 
 
DO 
 
 l)erms and his successors. He was made a 
 consul by Nero, and died A D. 59. 
 
 ^Lius DoNATVs, a grammarian who flour- 
 ished A. D. 353. A bishop of Numidia, a 
 
 promoter of the Donatists, A. D. 311.- A 
 
 bishop of Africa, banished from Carthage, A. 
 D. 356. 
 
 DoNiLAUs, a prince of Gailograecia, ■vvho 
 assisted Pompey with 300 horsemen against J. 
 Csesar. 
 
 DonOca, a mountain of Thrace. Liv. 40, c. 
 57. 
 
 DoNYSA, one of the Cyclades,in the ^gean, 
 where green marble is found. Virg. JEn. 3, 
 V. 125. * 
 
 DoRACTE, an island in the Persian gulf. 
 DoRES, the inhabitants of Doris. Vid. Doris. 
 DoRi and Dorica, a part of Achaia near 
 Athens. 
 
 Doric us, an epithet applied not only to 
 Doris, but to all the Greeks in general. P^irg. 
 Mn. 2, V. 27. 
 
 DoRiENSEs, a people of Crete of Cy- 
 
 rene. 
 
 DoRiEUS, a son of Anaxandridas, who went 
 with a colony into Sicily because he could not 
 bear to be under his brother at home. He- 
 Todot. 5, c. 42, he. — Pans. 3, c. 3 and 16, k.c. 
 ——A son of Diagoras of Rhodes. Pans. 6, c. 7. 
 DoRiLAS, a rich Libyan prince, killed in 
 the court of Cepheus. Ovid. Md. 5, fab. 4. 
 
 DoRiLAUS, a 'general of the great Mithri- 
 dates. 
 
 DoRiON, a town of Thessaly, where Tha- 
 myras the musician challenged the Muses to 
 a trial of skill. Stat. Theb. 4, v. 182.— Pro - 
 pert. 2, el. 22, v. 19.— Lumn. 6, v. 352. 
 
 Doris, a country of Greece, between Pho- 
 cis, Thessaly, and Acarnania. It received 
 its name from Dorus the son of Deucalion, 
 who made a settlement there. It was called 
 Tetrapolis, from the four cities of Pindus or 
 Dryopis, Erineum, Cytinium, Borium, which 
 it contained. To these four some add Lilffi- 
 um and Carphia, and therefore call it Hexa- 
 polis. The name of Doris has been common 
 to many parts of Greece. The Dorians, in 
 tlie age of Deucalion, inhabited Phthiotis, 
 which they exchanged for Histiajotis, in the 
 age of Dorus. From thence they were driven 
 by the Cadmeans, and came to settle near the 
 town of Pindus From thence they passed 
 into Dryopis, and afterwards into Pelopon- 
 nesus. Hercules having re-established Mg\- 
 mius king of Phthiotis or Doris, who had 
 been driven from his country by theLapitha;. 
 the grateful king appointed llyilus, the son of 
 his patron, to be his successor, and the llcra- 
 clidte marched from that part of the country 
 to go to recover Peloponnesus. The Dorians 
 sent many colonies into different places, which 
 bore the same name as their native country. 
 The most famous of these is Doris in Jisia 
 Minor, of which Halicarnassus was once the 
 capital. This part of Asia Minor was called 
 Hexapolis, and afterwards Pentapolis, after 
 the exclusion of Halicarnassus. Strab. 9, iic. 
 -^Virg. Mil. 2, V. 21.—Plin. 5, c. 29.— Apol- 
 
 lod. 2.—Herodol, 1, c. 144, 1. 8, c 31. A 
 
 goddess of the sea, daughter of Oceanus and 
 Tethys She married her brother Nereus, 
 by whom she had 50 daughterscallcd Nereides. 
 Her name is often used to expreins the gea it. 
 
 DO 
 
 self. Proper!. 1, el. 17, v. 25.— FtVg-. Eel !«., 
 
 — Hesiod. Theog. 240. A woman of Locri, 
 
 daughter of Xenetus, whom Dionysius the 
 elder, of Sicily, married the same day witti 
 
 Aristomache. Cic. Tusc. 5. One of the 
 
 50 Nereides. Hesiod. Th. 250.— Homer. 11. 18, 
 V. 45. 
 
 DoRiscus, a place of Thrace near the sea,, 
 where Xerxes numbered his forces. Herodot. 
 7, c. 59. 
 
 DoRiuji, a town of Peloponnesus. Paus. 
 
 4, c. 33. One of the Danaides. Jlpollod. 
 
 DoRius, a mountain of Asia Minor. Paus. 
 6, c. 3 
 
 DoRSENNus, a comic poet of great merit 
 in the Augustan age. Plin. 14, c. 13. — Horat. 
 2, ep. 10, V. 173. 
 
 Douso^ C. Fabiijts, a Roman, who when 
 Rome wasin the possession of the Gauls, issued 
 from the capitol, which was then besieged, 
 to go and offer a sacrifice, which was to be 
 offered on mount Quirinalig. He dressed 
 himself in sacerdotal robes, and carrying on 
 his shoulders the statues of his country gods> 
 passed through the guards of the enemy, with- 
 out betraying the least signs of fear. When 
 he had finished his sacrifice, he returned to 
 the capitol unmolested by the enemy, who 
 were astonished at his boldness, and did not 
 obstruct his passage or molest his sacrifice. 
 LiiK 5, c. 46. 
 
 Dorus, a son of Hellen and Orseis, or, ac- 
 cording to others, of Deucalion, who left 
 Phthiotis, where his father reigned, and went 
 to make a settlement with some of his com- 
 panions near mount Ossa. The country was 
 called Doris, and the inhabitants Dorians. 
 
 Herodot. 1, c. 56, &,c. A city of Phojnicia, 
 
 whose inhabitants are called Dorienses. Paus. 
 
 10, c. 24. 
 DoRYASus, a Spartan, father to Agesilaus. 
 DoRYCLUs, an illegitimate son of Priam, 
 
 killed by Ajax in the Ti'ojan war. Homer. 
 
 11. 11. A brother of Phineus king of 
 
 Thrace, who married Beroe. Virg. J£n. 5, v.. 
 620. 
 
 DuRYLiEUM and Doryl^us, a city of Phry- 
 gia. now Eski Skehr. Plin. 5, ♦ c. 29. — Cic. 
 Flacc. 17. 
 
 Dorylas, one of the centaurs kUled by 
 Theseus. Ovid. Met. 12, v. 18<J. 
 
 DoRYLAUS, a warlike person, intimate with 
 Mithridates Evergetes, and general of the 
 Gnossians, B. C. 125. Strab. lO. 
 
 DoRYssus, a king of Lacedcemon, killed i» 
 atr.mult. Paus. 3, c. 2. 
 
 Dosci, a peoj)le in the Euxine. 
 
 DosiAovs, a poet who wrote a piece ot 
 poetry in tlie form of an altar (^<«>i«»,) which 
 Theocritus has imitated. 
 
 DosiADKS, a Greek, who wrote an history 
 of Crete. Diod. 5. 
 
 DosoK, a surname of Antigonus, because 
 he promised and never performed. 
 
 DcssENus. Vid. Dorsennus. 
 
 DoTAUAS, a king of Messenia, Lc. Paus. 4, 
 c. 3. 
 
 DoTo, one of the Nereides, Virg. JEn. 9, 
 V. 102. 
 
 DoTus, a general of the Paphlagonians, ia 
 the army of Xerxes. Herodot. 7, c. 72. 
 
 DoxANDiiR; a man mentioned by Arid. 5^ 
 Polif. 
 
DR 
 
 T!)racaku5, a mountain where Jupiter 
 took Bacchus from his thigh, lluocrit. 
 
 Draco, a celebrated lawgiver of Athens. 
 When he exercised the office of archon, he 
 made a code of laws, JS. C. 623, for the use of 
 the citizens, which, on account of their severi- 
 ty, were said to be written in letters of blood. 
 By them, idleness was punished with as much 
 seventy as murder, and death was denounced 
 against the one as well as the other. Such a 
 code of rigorous laws gave occasion to a cer- 
 tain Athenian to ask of the legislator, why he 
 was so severe in his punishments, and Draco 
 gave for answer, that as the smallest transgres- 
 sion had appeared to him deserving death, he 
 could not lind any punishment more rigorous 
 for more atrocious crimes. These laws were 
 at iirst enforced, but they were often neglect- 
 ed on account of their extreme severity, and 
 Solon totally abolished them, except that one 
 which punished a murderer with death. The 
 popularity of Draco was uncommon, but the 
 gratitude of his admirers proved fatal to him. 
 When he once appeared on the theatre, he 
 was received with repeated applause, and the 
 people, according to the custom of the Athe- 
 nians, showed their respect to their lawgiver, 
 by throwing garments upon him. This was 
 done in such profusion, that Draco was soon 
 hid under them, and smothered by the too 
 i;reat veneration of his citizens. Plat, in Sol. 
 
 A man who instructed Plato in music. 
 
 Id (it Music. 
 
 Dracontides, a wicked citizen of Athens. 
 Plut. in Soph. 
 
 DracuS; a general of the Achajans, conquer- 
 ed by Mummius. 
 
 Drances, a friend of Latinus, remarkable 
 for his weakness and eloquence. He showed 
 himself an obstinate opponent to the violent 
 measures which Turnus pursued against the 
 Trojans. Some have imagined that the poet 
 wished to delineate the character and the elo- 
 quence of Cicero under this name. Virg. JEn. 
 11, V. 122. 
 
 Drangina, a province of Persia. Diod. 17. 
 
 Drapes, a seditious Gaul, &c. Cas. Bell. 
 Gail. 8, c. 30. 
 
 -Dravus, a river of Noricum, wliich falls 
 into the Danube at Mursa. 
 
 Drepana and Drepanum, now Trapa- 
 m, a town of Sicily near mount Eryx, in the 
 form of a scythe, whence its name, {^'ft-Miov, 
 falx.) Anchises died there, in his voyage to 
 Italy with his son i£neas. The Romans under 
 CI. Pulcher were defeated near the coast, 
 B. C 249, by the Carthaginian general Ad- 
 herbal. Virg. JEn. 3, v. 707.— C/f. VeA-. 2, 
 c. 57. — Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 474. A promon- 
 tory of Peloponnesus. 
 
 Drilo, a river of Macedonia, which falls 
 into the Adriatic at Lissus. 
 
 Drimachus, a famous robber of Chios. 
 When a price was set upon his head, he or- 
 dered a young man to cut it off and go and re- 
 ceive the money. Such an uncommon in- 
 stance of generosity so pleased the Chians, 
 that they raised a temple to his memory, and 
 honoured him as a god. .Allien. 13. 
 
 Drinus, a small river falling into the Save 
 and Danube. 
 
 Driupides, an Athenian ambassador sent 
 to Darius when the peace with Alexander had 
 beenviolated. Curt. 3, c. 13, 
 
 DR 
 
 Drios, a mountain of Arcadia. 
 
 Droi, a people of Thrace. Tfiucyd. 2, 
 c. 101. 
 
 Drom^cs, a surname of Apollo in Crete. 
 
 Dkopici, a people of Persia. Herodot. 1, 
 c. 124. 
 
 Dropion, a king of Pasonia. Paus. 10, 
 c. 13. 
 
 DKaENTics and Druentia, now Durancej 
 a rapid river of Gaul, which falls into the 
 Rlione between Aries and Avignon. SiU 
 Hal. 3, V. 468. — Strab. 4. 
 
 Drugeri, a people of Thrace. Plin. 4, 
 c. 11. .< 
 
 DRuiD.5:V the ministers of religion among 
 the ancient Gauls and Britons. They were 
 divided into different classes, called the Bardi, 
 Eubages, the V^ates, the Semnothei, the Sar- 
 roiiides, and the Saraothei. They were held 
 in the greatest veneration by the people. Their 
 life was austere and recluse from the world ; 
 their dress was peculiar to themselves, and they 
 generally appeared w ith a tunic which reached 
 a little below the knee. As the chief power 
 was lodged in their hands, they punished as 
 they pleased, and could declare war and make 
 peace at their option. Their power was ex- 
 tended not only over private families, but they 
 could depose magistrates, and even kings, if 
 their actions in any manner deviated from the 
 laws of the state. They had the privilege of 
 naming the magistrates which annually pre- 
 sided ovej" their cities, and the kings were 
 created only with their approbation. They 
 were intrusted with the education of youth, 
 and all religious ceremonies, festivals, and sa- 
 crifices, were under their peculiar care. They 
 taught the doctrine of the metempsychosis, 
 and believed the immortality of the soul. They 
 were professionally acquainted with the art of 
 magic, and from their knowledge of astrology,, 
 they drew omens, and saw futurity revealed 
 before their eyes. In their sacrifices they often 
 immolated human victims to their gods, a bar- 
 barous custom which continued long among 
 them, and which the Roman emperors at- 
 tempted to abolish to little purpose. The pow- 
 er and privileges u^hichtliey enjoyed were be- 
 held with admiration by their countrymen, and 
 as their office was open to every rank and every 
 station, there were many who daily proposed 
 themselves as candidates to enter upon this im- 
 portant function. The rigour, however, and 
 severity of a long noviciate deterred many, and 
 few were willing to attempt a labour, which 
 enjoined fhem during 15 or 20 years to load 
 their memory with the long and tedious max- 
 ims of druidical religion. Their name is de- 
 rived from the Greek word ■^ -a-, an oaky be- 
 cause the woods and solitary retreats were the 
 places of their residence. Cess. Bell. G. 6, c 
 IS.— Plin. 16, c. 44.— Diod. 5. 
 
 Druna, the Drome, a river of Gaul, falling 
 into the Rhone. 
 
 Drusilla Livia, a daughter of Germa- 
 nicus and Agrippina, famous for her debauch- 
 eries and licentiousness. She committed in- 
 cest with her l>rother Caligula, who was so 
 tenderly attached to her, that in a dangerous 
 illness he made her heiress of h11 his [)osses- 
 sions, and commanded that she should succeed, 
 him in the Roman empire. She died A. D- 
 di} in the 23d yeacof hf*r age, and wq" deified. 
 
DR 
 
 by her brother Caligula, who survived her for 
 
 some time. A daughter of Agrippa king of 
 
 Judffia, fcc. 
 
 Druso, an unskilful historian and mean 
 usurer, who obliged his debtors, when they 
 could not pay him, to hear him read his com- 
 positions, to draw from them praises and flat- 
 tery. Horat. 1, Sat. 3, v. 86. 
 
 Drusus, a son of Tiberius and Vipsania, 
 who made himself famous by his intrepidity 
 and courage iii the province of lUyricura and 
 Pannonia. He was raised to the greatest hon- 
 ours of the state by his father, but a blow which 
 he gave to Sejanus, an audacious libertine, pro- 
 ved his ruin. Sejanus corrupted Livia the wife 
 of Drusus, and in conjunction with her he cau- 
 sed him to be poisoned by an eunuch, A. D. 23. 
 
 A son of Germanicus and Agrippina, who 
 
 enjoyed offices of the greatest trust under Ti- 
 berius. His enemy Sejanus, however, ef- 
 fected his ruin by his insinuations; Drusus 
 Mas confined by Tiberius, and deprived of 
 all aliment. He was found dead nine days 
 
 after his confinement, A. D. 33. A son 
 
 of the emperor Claudijis, who died by 
 
 swallowing a pear thrown in the air. An 
 
 ambitious Roman, grandfather to Cato. He 
 was killed for his seditious conduct. Paterc. 
 
 1, c. 13. Livius, father of Julia Augusta, 
 
 was intimate with Brutus, and killed himself 
 with him after the battle of Philippi. Paterc, 
 
 2, c. 71. M. Livius, a celebrated Roman, 
 
 who renewed the proposals of the Agrarian 
 laws, which had proved fatal to the Gracchi. 
 He was murdered as he entered his house, 
 though he was attended with a number of cli- 
 ents and Latins, to whom he had proposed the 
 privileges of Roman citizens, B. C. 190. Cic. 
 
 ad Her. 4, c. 12. Nero Claudius, a son of 
 
 Tiberius JNero and Livia, adopted by Augus- 
 tus. He was brother to Tiberius, who was af- 
 terwards made emperor. He greatly signali- 
 zed himself in his wars in Germany and Gaul, 
 against the Rhceti and Viudelici, and was hon- 
 oured with a triumph. He died of a fall fiom 
 his horse in the 30th year of his age, B. C. 9. 
 He left three children, Germanicus, Livia, and 
 
 Claudius, by his wife Antonia. Dion. M. 
 
 Livius Salinator, a consul who conquered As- 
 drubal with his colleague Claudius JNero, Ho- 
 rat. 4, od. 4.-^Virg. JEn. 6, v. 824.- Caius, 
 
 an historian, who being one day missed from 
 his cradle, was found the next on the highest 
 part of the house, with his face turned towai-ds 
 
 the sun. Marcus, a praetor, &.c. Cic. ad 
 
 Her. 2, c. 13. The plebeian family of the 
 
 Drusi produced eight cojisuls, two censors, and 
 one dictator. The surname of Drusus was giv- 
 en to the family of the Livii, as some suppose, 
 because one of them killed a Gaulish leader of 
 that name. Virg. in 6 JEn. v. 824, mentions 
 the Drusi among the illusti-ious Romans, and 
 that perhaps more particularly because the 
 wife of Augustus was of that family. 
 
 Dhyades, nymphs that presided over the 
 woods. Oblations of milk, oil, and honey, 
 were ofl'ered lothem, and sometimes the vota- 
 ries sacrificed a goat. They were not general- 
 ly considered immortal, but as genii, whose 
 lives were terminated with the tree over 
 which they were supposed to preside. — Virg. 
 
 DU 
 
 king of Thrace, son of Dryas, He cut his leg^ 
 as he attempted to destroy the vines, that no 
 libations might be made to Bacchus. Ovid, in 
 lb. V. 345. 
 
 Drvas, a son of Hippolocus, who was father 
 to Lycurgus. He went with Eteocles to the 
 Theban Avar, where he perished. Stat. Theb. 
 
 8, v. 355. A son of Mars, who went to the 
 
 chase of the Calydonian boar, dpollod. 1, c.8. 
 
 A centaur at the nuptials of Pirithous, 
 
 who killed Rhcetus. Ovid. Met. 12, v. 296. 
 A daughter of Faunus, who so hated th* 
 
 sight of men, tliat she never appeared in pub- 
 lic. A son of Lycurgus, killed by his own 
 
 father in a fury. Apollod. 3, c. 5. A son of 
 
 iEgyptus, murdered by his wife Eurydice. 
 Id. 2, c. 1. 
 Drym^sa, a town of Phocis. Paus. 10, c. 33^ 
 Drvmo, a sea nymph, one of the attendants 
 of Cyrene. Virg. G. 4, v. 536. 
 
 Drymus, a town between Attica and Bceo- 
 tia. 
 
 Dryope, a woman of Lemnos, whose shape 
 Venus assumed, to persuade all the females of 
 the island to murder the men. Flacc. 2, v., 
 
 174. A virgin of CEchalia, whom Andrae- 
 
 mon married after she had been ravished by 
 Apollo. She became mother of Amphisus, 
 who, when scarce a year old, was with his 
 mother changed into a lotus. Ovid. Met. 10, 
 
 V. 331. A nymph J mother of Tarquitus by 
 
 Faunus. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 551.— —A nymph 
 of Arcadia, mother of Pan by Mercury, ac- 
 cording to Homer, hymn, in Pari. 
 
 Dry6p£ia, an anniversary day observed at 
 Asine in Argolis, in honour of Dryops the son 
 of Apollo. 
 
 Dryopes, a people of Greece near mount 
 (Eta. They afterwards passed into the Pelo- 
 ponnesus, where they inhabited the towns of 
 Asine and Hermione in Argolis. When they 
 were driven from Asine, by the people of Ar- 
 gos, they settled among the Messenians, and 
 called a town by the name oftheir ancient ha- 
 bitation Asine. Some of their descendants 
 went to make a settlement in Asia Minor to- 
 gether with the lonians. Herodot, 1, c. 146, L 
 8, c. 31.— Paus 4, c. M.—Strab. 7, 8, 13. — 
 Plin. 4, c. 1. — Virg. ^n. 4, v. 146. — Lucan, 
 3, V. 179. 
 
 Dryopis and Dryopida, a small country 
 at the foot of mount (Eta in Thessaly. Its true 
 situation is not well ascertained. According to 
 Pliny, it bordered on Epirus. It was for some 
 time in the possession of the Hellenes, after 
 they were driven from Histiajotis by the Cad- 
 means. Herodot. 1, c. 56. 
 
 DuYOPS,a son of Priam. A son of Apol- 
 lo. Paus. 4, c. 34. A friend of iEneas, kil- 
 led by Clausus in Italy. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 345. 
 Drypetis, the younger daughter of Da- 
 rius, given in marriage to Hephajstion by 
 Alexander. Diod. 18. 
 
 DuBis, or Alduadubis, the Daux, a river 
 of Gaul, falling into the Saone. 
 
 DuBRis, a town of Britain, supposed to be 
 Doi'er. 
 
 DucETius, a Sicilian general, who died By 
 C. 440. 
 
 DoiLLiA Lex, was enacted by M. Duillius, 
 a tjibune, A. U. C. 304. It made it a capital 
 crime to leave the Roman people without its 
 
 «. 1, V. 11. 
 PKVi^ATJADES, a patronymic of Lycurgus, I tribunes, or to create any new magistrate with 
 
DU 
 
 ont a sufficient cause. Liv. 3, c. 66. Ano- 
 ther, A. U. C. 392, to regulate what interest 
 ought to be paid for money lent. 
 
 C. DuiLLius Nepos, a Roman consul, 
 the first who obtained a victory over the na- 
 val power of Carthage, B. C. 260. He took 50 
 of the enemy's ships, and was honoured with a 
 naval triumph, the ijrst that ever appeared at 
 Rome. The senate rewarded his valour by 
 permitting him to have music playing and 
 torches lighted, at the public expense, every 
 day while he w^as at supper. There were 
 some medals struck in commemoration of this 
 victory, and there still exists a column at Rome, 
 which was erected on the occasion. Cic. de 
 Senec. — Tacit. Ann. 1, c. 12. 
 
 DuLicHiuM, an island of the Ionian sea, 
 opposite the Achelous. It was part of the 
 kingdom of Ulysses. Ovid Trist. 1, el. 4, c. 
 €7. JWe^ 14, v. 226. R. A. 212.— Martial. U, 
 ep.-70, v. 3. — Virg. Eel. 6, v. 76. 
 
 Ddmnorix, a powerful chief among the 
 _^dui. CcES. Bell. G. 1, c. 9. 
 
 DtJNAX, a mountain of Thrace. 
 
 DuRATios PicTo, a Gaul, who remained in 
 perpetual friendship with the Roman people. 
 C(Bs. Bell. G. 8, c. 26. 
 
 DuRis, an historian of Samos, who flourish- 
 ed B. C. 257. He wrote the life of Agathocles 
 of Syracuse, a treatise on tragedy, an history 
 of Macedonia, kc. Strab. 1. 
 
 DuRius, a large river of ancient Spain, now 
 called the Duero, which fails into the ocean 
 near modern Oporto in Portugal, after a course 
 of nearly 300 miles. Sit. 1, v. 234. 
 
 DuRocAssEs, the chief residence of the 
 Druids in Gaul, now Brev.x. Cces. Bell. G. 
 6, c. 13. 
 
 D[TR«NiA, a town of the Samnites. 
 
 Dusii, some deities among the Gauls. 
 August, de C. D. 15, c. 23. 
 
 Duumviri, two noble patricians at Rome, 
 first appointed by Tarquin to keep the Sybil - 
 line books, which were supposed to contain the 
 fate of the Roman empire. These sacred 
 books were placed in the capitol, and secured 
 in a chest under the ground. They were con- 
 sulted but seldom, and only by an order of the 
 senate, when the armies had been defeated in 
 war, or when Rome seemed to be threatened 
 by an invasion, or by secret seditions These 
 priests continued in their original institution 
 till the year U. C. 388, when a law was pro- 
 posed by the tribunes to increase the number 
 to ten, to be chosen promiscuously from patri- 
 cian and plebeian families. They were from 
 their number called Decemviri, and sometime 
 after Sylla increased them to fifteen, known by 
 
 the name of Quindecemviri. There were 
 
 also certain magistrates at Rome, called Du- 
 umviri perduelliones sive capitales. They were 
 first created by Tullus Hostilius, for trying such 
 as were accused of treason. This office was 
 
 DY 
 
 abolished as unnecessary, but Cicero complains 
 of their revival by Labienus the tribune. Grot, 
 pro Rabir. Some of the commanders of the 
 Roman vessels were also called Duumviri, es- 
 pecially when there were two together. They 
 were first created, A. U. C. 542. There were 
 also in the municipal towns in the provinces 
 two magistrates called Duumviri munitipales. 
 They were chosen from the Centurions, and 
 their office was much the same as that of the 
 two consuls at Rome. They were sometimes 
 I preceded by tw o lictors with the fasces. Their 
 ! magistracy continued for five years, on which 
 j account they have been called Quinquennales 
 magisiratus 
 
 Dyagondas, a Theban legislator who 
 abolished all nocturnal sacrifices. Cic. de Les: 
 2, c. 15. ^* 
 
 Dyardenses, a river in the extremities of 
 India. Curt 8, c. 9. 
 
 DymjE, a town of Achaia. Liv. 27, c 31, 1 
 32, c. 22.— Paws. 7, c. 17. 
 
 DYMiEi, a people of ^tolia. Diod. 19. 
 
 Dymas, a Trojan, who joined himself to 
 ^neas when Troy was taken, and was at last 
 killed by his countiymen, who took hi;n to be 
 an enemy because he had dressed himself ia 
 the armour of one of the Greeks he had slain. 
 
 Virg. JEn. 2, v. 340 and 428. The father 
 
 of Hecuba. Ovid. Met. 11, v. 761. 
 
 Dymnus, one of Alexander's officers. He 
 conspired with many of his fellow soldiers 
 against his master's life. The conspiracy was 
 
 discovered,and Dymnus stabbedhimself before 
 he was brought before the king. Curt. 6, c. 7. 
 
 DvNAMENE, one of the Tsereides. Homer. II 
 18, V. 43. 
 
 Dynaste, a daughter of Thespius. Apollod. 
 
 DvRAS, a river of Trachinia. It rises at the 
 foot of mount CEta, and falls into the bay of 
 Malia. Herodot. 7, c. 198. 
 
 Dyraspes, a river of Scythia. Ovid. Pont 
 4, el. 10, V. 53. 
 
 Dyris, the name of mount Atlas among the 
 inhabitants of that neighbourhood. 
 
 Dyrrachium, now Durasso, a large city 
 of Macedonia, bordering on the Adriatic sea, 
 founded by a colony from Corcyra, B. C. 623. 
 It was anciently called Epidamnus, which the 
 Romans, considering it of ominous meaning, 
 changed into Dyrrachium. Cicero met with 
 a favourable reception there during his exile 
 Mela, 2, c. 'd.—Paus. 6, c. lO.—Plut.~Cic 3* 
 Mt. 22. 
 
 Dysaules, a brotlier of Celeus, who in- 
 stituted the mysteries of Ceres at Celea?. Pans 
 2, c. 14. 
 
 Dyscinetus, an Athenian arcbon. Pavt 
 
 4, c. 27. 
 
 Dysorum, a mountain of Thrace. Herodot 
 
 5, c. 22. 
 
 Dyspontiij a people of Elis. Pans. 6, c. 22.. 
 
 EA 
 
 EANES, a man supposed to have killed Pa- 
 troclus, and to have fled to Peleus in 
 Tliessaly. ,Sirab. 9. 
 
 m EA 
 
 Eanus, the name of Janus among the an- 
 cient Latins. 
 
 Earinus, a beautiful boy, eunuch to Domi* 
 tian, Slat. 3; Sylv. 4. 
 
EC 
 
 Easium, atown of Acheiia in Peloponnesus. 
 Paus. 7, c. 6. 
 
 Ebi)03ie, a festival in honour of Apollo at 
 Athens on the seventh day of every lunar 
 month, ft \\ as usual to sing hymns in honour 
 of the god, and to carry about boughs of laurel. 
 
 ' There wasalso another of the same naine, 
 
 celebrated by private families the seventh day 
 after the birth of every child. 
 
 Ebon, a name given to Bacchus by the peo- 
 ple of Neapolis. Macrob. 1, c. 18. 
 
 Eboua, a town of Portugal, now Evora. 
 
 Eboracum, York in England. 
 
 Ebudjc, the western isles of Britaia> now 
 Hebrides. 
 
 Eburoices, a people of Belgium, now the 
 county of Liege. Cces. B. G. 2, c. 4, 1. 6, c, 5. 
 
 ' ^The Eburovices Aulerci, were the people 
 
 of Evereux in Normandy. Coes. ib. 3, c. 17. 
 
 Ebusus, one of the Baleares, 100 miles in 
 circumference, which produces no hurtful 
 animals. It is near the coast of Spain in the 
 Mediterranean, and now bears the name of 
 Yvica, and is famous for pasturage and for figs. 
 
 Plin. 3, c. 5. A man engaged in the Rutu- 
 
 lian war. Virg. JEn. 12, v. 299. 
 
 Ecbatana, (orum) now Hamedan, the 
 capital of Media, and the palace of Deioces 
 king of Media. It w^as surrounded with seven 
 walls, which rose in gradual ascent; and were 
 painted in seven diiferent colours. The most 
 distant was the lowest, and the innermost, 
 which was the most celebrated, contained the 
 royal palace. Parmenio Avas put to death there 
 by Alexander's orders, and Hephaestion died 
 there also, and received a most magnificent 
 burial. Herodof. 1, c.98.—Strab. U.~Curl 
 
 4, c. 5, 1. 5, c. 8, L 7, c. 10.— Diod. 17. A 
 
 town of Syria, where Cambyses gave himself 
 a mortal wound when niountingon horseback. 
 ficrodot. 3.—FtoL 6, c. 2.— Curl. 5, c. 8. 
 
 EcECHiaiA, tlie wife of Iphitus. Paus. 5, 
 c. 10. 
 
 EcETUA, a town of the Volsci. Lit. 2, c. 
 25, 1.3, c. 4. 
 
 EciiFXRATES, a Thessalian, who offered 
 violence to Phoebas, tlie priestess of Apollo's 
 temple of Delphi. From this circumstance 
 a decree was made, by which no woman was 
 adiniited to the office of priestess before the 
 age of fifty. Diod. 4. 
 
 EcuEDAMiA, atown of Phocis. Pans. 10, 
 
 EciiELATus, a man who led a colony to 
 Africa. Slrab. 8. 
 
 EcHp:i.rA5 a fortified town in Sicily. 
 
 EcHELus, a Trojan chief, killed by Patro- 
 
 dus. Another, son of Agenor, killed by 
 
 Achilles. Homer. Jl. I(5aiid20. 
 
 EcMEMBRoTus, an Arcadian, who obtained 
 the prize at the Pythian games. Pans. 10, c. 7. 
 
 EciiEMON, a son of Priam, killed by Dio- 
 medes. Horner. II. 5, v. 160. 
 
 EcHEMUs, an Arcadian, who conquered the 
 Dorians when they endeavoured to recover 
 Peloponnesus under Ilillus. Pans. 8, c. 5. 
 
 A king of Arcadia, who joinet^Lrislo- 
 
 menes against the Spartans. ^w 
 
 EcHENEus, a Pheacian. Homer. Od. 7. 
 
 EcHErHRo.v, one of JNestor's sons. Jipollod. 
 
 1, c. 9. A son of Priam. Id. A sou of I 
 
 Hercules. Paus. 8, c. 24. I 
 
 EcHEPoEis, a Trojan, son of ThasiuS; killed | 
 ^»y Antilochus. Homer. If. 4,. v. 4&8, i, 
 
 ED 
 
 KCHESXRATUS, a son of Agis 1st, kuig or 
 Sparta, who succeeded his father, B. C. 105a 
 Herodot. 7, c. 204. 
 
 EcHEVETHENSES, a pcople of Tegea in Ar- 
 cadia. Pans. 8, c. 45. 
 
 EcniDNA, a celebrated monster, sprung 
 from the union of Chrysaor with Callirhoe, 
 the daughter of Oceanus. She is represented 
 as a beautiful woman in tho upper parts of the 
 body, but as a serpent below the waist. She 
 was mother, by Typhon, of Orthos, Geryon, 
 Cerberus, the Hydra, Lc. According to He- 
 rodotus, Hercules had three children by her, 
 Agathyrsus, Gelonus, and Scytha. Herodot. 3, 
 c. h>8.—Hedod. Theog.—jipollod. 2.~~Pam.S, 
 c. \8.—0vid. Met. 9, v 158. 
 EcHiDORus, a river of Thrace. Ptol 3. 
 EcHiNADEs or EcHiN.?i, five small islands 
 near Acarnania, at the mouth of the river 
 Achelous. They have been formed by the 
 inundations of that river, and by the sand and 
 mud which its waters carry down, and now 
 bear the name of Curzolari. Plin. 2, c. 85. — 
 Herodot. 2, c 10.— Ovid. Met. 8, v. 588. — 
 Strab. 2. 
 EcHiNON, a city of Thrace. Mela, 2, c. 3. 
 
 Echinus, an island in the iEgean. A 
 
 town of Acarnania of Phthiotis. Liv. 32* 
 
 c.33. 
 
 EcHiicusA, an island near Eubcea, called 
 afterwards Cimolus. Plin. 4, c. 12. 
 
 EcHioN, one of those menwho sprung from 
 the dragon's teeth sown by Cadmus. He was 
 one of the five who survived the fate of his bro- 
 thers, and assisted Cadmus in building the city 
 of Thebes. Cadmus rewarded his services by- 
 giving him his daughter Agave in marriage. 
 He was father of Pentheus by Agave. He 
 succeeded his father-in-law on the throne of 
 Thebes, as some have imagined, and from 
 that circumstance Thebes has been called 
 EchimiicR, and the inhabitants jBc/ttomt/o;. Ovid. 
 
 Met. 3, v. 311. Prist. 5, el 5, v. 53. A 
 
 son of Mercury and Antianira, who was the 
 herald of the Argonauts. Place. 1, v. 400. ■ 
 A man who often obtained a prize in running. 
 
 Ovid. Met. 8, v. 292. A musician at Rome 
 
 in Domitian's. age. Jav. 6, v. 76. A statu- 
 ary. A painter. 
 
 EcHioxiDEs, a patronymic given to Pentheus 
 as descended from Echion. Ovid. Met. 3. 
 
 EcHioNius, an epithet applied to a person 
 born in Thebes, founded with the assistance of 
 Echion. Virg. JEn. 12, v. 515. 
 
 Echo, a daughter of the Air and Tellus, 
 who chiefly resided in the vicinity of the Ce- 
 phisus. She was one of Juno's attendants, and 
 became the confidant of .lupiters amours. 
 Her loquacity however displeased .lupiter; 
 and she was deprived of the power of speech 
 by JunO; and only permitted to answer to the 
 questions v, hich were put to her. Pan had 
 formerly been one of her admirers, but be 
 never enjoyed her favours. Echo, after she 
 had been punished by Juno, fell in love with 
 iNarcissus, and on being despised by him, she 
 pined away, and was changed into a stone, 
 which still retained the pou erof voice. Ovid. 
 Met. 3, v. 358. 
 
 EcNoMos, a mountain of Sicily, now Licata,. 
 Ej)es3a and Edesa, a town of Syria. 
 EnKss.t I'ORTus, a harbour of Sicily near 
 Pachynr. Cic. Vcrr. 5, c. 34- 
 
EI 
 
 Sdeta, or Leria, a town of Spain aiougj 
 
 the river Sucro. Plm. 3, c.3. Liv. 28, c. 
 
 .24.— 5*7. 3, V. 371. . 1 
 
 Edissa and iEoESSA, a town of Macedonia 
 taken by Caranus, and called ^gae, or ^eas. 
 Vid. iEdessa. 
 
 Edon, a mountain of Thrace, called also 
 Edonus. From this mountain that part of 
 Thrace is often called Edonia which lies be- 
 tween the Strymon and the Nessus, and the 
 epithet i3 generally applied not only to Thrace, 
 but to a cold northern climate. Virg. JF.n. 12, 
 Vi 235.— P/m. 4, c. 11. — Lii/ian. 1, v. 674, 
 
 Edosi or Edones, a people of Thrace, near 
 the Strymon. £pollod. 3, c. 5. 
 
 EooNiDES, a name given to the priestesses 
 of Bacchus, because they celebrated the festi- 
 vals of the god on mount Edon. Ovid. Met. 
 11, V. 69. 
 
 Edylius, a mountain which Sylla seized 
 to attack the people of Cheroneea. Flat in Syll. 
 
 Eetion, the father of Andromache, and 
 of seven sons, was king of Thebes in Cilicia. 
 He was killed by Achilles. From him the 
 word Eetioneus is applied to his relations or 
 descendants. Homer. 11. 12. The comman- 
 der of the Athenian fleet conquered by the 
 Macedonians under Clytus, near the Echi- 
 tiades. Diod. 18. 
 
 Egklidus, a river of Etruria. Virg. Mn. 8, 
 V. 610. 
 
 Egjeria, a nymph of Aricia in Italy, where 
 Diana was particularly worshipped, Egeria 
 was courted by JNuma, and according to Ovid 
 she became his wife. This prince frequently 
 visited her, and that he might more success- 
 fully introduce his laws and new regulations 
 into the state, he solemnly declared before 
 the Roman people, that they were previously 
 sanctified and approved by the nymph Egeria. 
 Ovid says that Egeria was so disconsolate at 
 the death of Numa, that she melted into tears, 
 and was changed into a fountain by Diana. 
 She is reckoned by many as a goddess who 
 pi'esided over the pregnancy of women, and 
 6ome maintain that she is the same as Lucina, 
 or Diana. lir. 1, c. \9.—0vid. Met. 15, v. 
 ft47._KiV^. JEn. 7, v. '71b.— Martial. 2, ep. 6, 
 V. 16. 
 
 Egesaretus, a Thessalian of Larissa, who 
 fevoured the interest of Ponipey during the 
 civil wars. Cks. 3. Civ. c. 35. 
 
 Egesinus, a philosopher, pupil to Evander. 
 Cic. Acad. 4, c. 6. 
 
 Egesta, a daughter of Hippotes the Tro- 
 jan. Her father exposed her on the sea, for 
 fear of being devoured by a marine monster 
 which laid waste the country. She was car- 
 ried safe to Sicily, where she was ravished 
 
 by the river Crinisus. A town of Sicily. 
 
 Vid. TEgesta. 
 
 Eon ATI A MAxiMii.i,A,a woman who accom- 
 panied her hiisband into banishment under 
 
 JSerO; &.C. Tacit. Jinn. 16, c. 71. A town. 
 
 Vid. Gnatia, 
 
 y. EoNATius, a crafty and perfidious Ro- 
 man in the reign of Nero, who committed the 
 greatest crimes for the sake of money. Tacit. 
 Jlist. 4, c. 10. ^ 
 
 EioN, a commercial place at the mouth of 
 the Strymon. Paus. H, c 8. 
 
 EiOiNEs, a village of JPeloponnestr? on the 
 sea coast 
 
 EL 
 
 EioSEtS, a Greek killed by Hector in the 
 Trojan Avar. Homer. JL ^— *— A Thracian, 
 father to Rhesus. Id. 10. 
 
 Elabontas, a river near Antioch. Strab. 
 
 ELiEA, a tov*rn ofiEolia. Liv. 36, c. 43. — 
 Paus. 9, c. 5. — — An island in the Propontis. 
 
 EljEus, a part of Epirus. A surname of 
 
 Jupiter. A town of the Tbracian Cher- 
 
 sonesus. Liv. 31, c. 16, 1. 32, c. 9. 
 
 Elagabalds, the surname of the sun at 
 Emessa. 
 
 Er.AiTEs, a grove near Canopus in Egypt. 
 
 Elaids, a mountain of Arcadia. Paus. 8. 
 c. 41. 
 
 ELAPHiiEA, a surname of Diana in Elis. 
 Id. 6, c.22. 
 
 Elaphus, a river of Arcadia. Id. 8, c. 36, 
 
 Elaphebolia, a festival in honour of Di- 
 ana the Huntress. In the Celebration a cake 
 was made in the form of a deer, *>£**©>, and 
 offered to the goddess. It owed its institution 
 to the following circumstance ; when the Pho- 
 cians had been severely beaten by the Thessa- 
 lians, they resolved, by the persuasion of a 
 certain Deiphantus, to raise a pile of combus- 
 tible materials, and burn their v/ives, children, 
 and ett'ects,, rather than submit to the enemy. 
 This resolution was unanimously approved by 
 the women, who decreed Deiphantus a crowQ 
 for his magnanimity. When every thing was 
 prepared, before they fired the pile, they en- 
 gaged their enemies, and fought with such des- 
 perate fury, ih at they totally routed them, and 
 obtained a complete victory. In commemora- 
 tion of this unexpected success, this festival 
 was instituted to Diana, and observed with the 
 greatest solemnity, so that even one of the 
 months of the year, March, was called Ela- 
 phebolion from this circumstance. 
 
 Elaptonius, a youth who conspired against 
 Alexander. Curt. 8, c. 6. 
 
 Eeara, the mother of Tiphyus by Jupiter.^ 
 
 Apollod. 1, c. 4. A daughter of Orchome- 
 
 nus king of Arcadia. Strab. 9. 
 
 Elatea, the largest town of Phocis, nealP 
 the Cephisus. Paus. 10, c. 34. 
 
 Elatia, a town of Phocis. Liv. 28, c. 7- 
 OfThessaly. /J. 42, c. 64. 
 
 Elatus, one of the first Ephori of Sparta^ 
 
 B. C. 760. Plut. in Lye. The father of 
 
 Cencus. Ovid. Met. 12, v. 497. A moun- 
 tain of Asia of Zacynthus. The father 
 
 of Polyphemus the Argonaut, by Hipseia* 
 
 Apollod. 3, c. 9. The son of Areas king of 
 
 Arcadia, by Erato, who retired to Phocis. Id.- 
 
 ih. — Pans. 8, c. 4. A king in the army of 
 
 Priam, killed by Agamemnon. Homer. II. 6. 
 One of Penelope's suitors, killed by 
 
 Eumeus. Homer . Od. 22, v. 267. 
 
 Elaver, a river in Gaul falling into the 
 Loire, now the Allier. 
 
 Elba, a town of Campania, whence the- 
 followers of Zeno were called the Eleaiic sect 
 Cic. Acad. 4, c. 42. Tusc. 2, c. 21 and 22. 
 JV. D. 3, c. 33. of (Eolia. 
 
 Electra, one of the Oceanides, wife of 
 Atlas, and mother of Dai-danus, by Jupiter 
 
 Ovid. Fad 4, v. 31. A daughter of Atlas 
 
 and Pleione. She was changed into a con- 
 stellation. Apollod. 3, c. 10 and 12. One 
 
 of the Danaides. Id. 2, c. 1. — —A daughter 
 of Agamemnon king of Argos. She first in- 
 cited her hrothT Orj^^tn." fr» iftrrnirr. hfsfa- 
 
EL 
 
 tier's death by assassinating his mother Cly- 
 temnestra. Orestes gave her in marriage to 
 his friend Pylades, and she became mother of 
 two sons, Strophius and Medon. Her ad- 
 ventures and misfortunes form one of the 
 interesting tragedies of the. poet Sophocles. 
 Hygin. fab. 122.— Paus. 2, c. l6.—.HClian. 
 
 V. H. 4 c. 26, &c. A sister of Cadmus. 
 
 Facts' 9, c. 8. A city and river of Mes- 
 
 senia in Peloponnesus. Paus. 4, c. 33. 
 
 ©ne of Helen's female attendants. Id. 10, 
 
 c. 25. 
 
 Electro, a gate of Thebes. Paus. 9, c. 8. 
 
 Electrides, islands in the Adi-iatic sea., 
 which received their name from the quantity 
 •f amber, (ekctrum) which they produced. 
 They were at the mouth of the Po, accord- 
 ing to Apollonius of Rhodes, but some histori- 
 ans doubt of their existence. Plin. 2, c. 26, 
 1. 37, c. 2.— Mela, 2, c. 7. 
 
 Electrvon, a king of Argos, son of Per- 
 ,seus and Andromeda. He was brother to Al- 
 cffius, whose daughter Anaxo he married, and 
 ty her he had several sons and one daughter, 
 Alcmene. He sent his sons against the Tele- 
 "boans, who had ravaged his country, and they 
 were all killed except Lycimnius. Upon this 
 Electryon promised his crown and daughter 
 in marriage to him who could undertake to 
 punish the Teleboans for the death of his sons. 
 Amphitryon offered himself, and succeeded. 
 Electryon inadvertently perished by the hand 
 of his son-in-law. [Vid. Amphitiyon and 
 Alcmena.] Apollod. 2, c. A.— Paus. 
 
 Elei, a people of Elis in Peloponnesus. 
 They were formerly called Epei. In their 
 country was the temple of Jupiter, where also 
 were celebrated the Olympic games of which 
 they had the superintendence. Their horses 
 were in great repute, hence Elei equi and Eka 
 palma. Propert. 3, el. 9, v. IS.— Paus. 5.— 
 Luca7i. 4, V. 293. 
 
 Eleleus, a surname of Bacchus, from the 
 word si^t^'f, which the Bacchanals loudly re- 
 peated during his festivals. His priestesses 
 were in consequence called Eleleis-ides. Ovid. 
 Met 4, V. 15. . 
 
 Eleon, a village of Boeotia. Another m 
 
 Phocis. , . r^v 
 
 Eleontum, a town of the Thracian Cher- 
 
 sonesus. . . 
 
 Elephantis, a poetess who wrote lascivi- 
 ous verses. Martial. 12, ep. 43. A prin- 
 cess by whom Danaus had two daughters. 
 
 Apollod. 2. An island in the river Nile, in 
 
 Upper Egypt, with a town of the same name, 
 which is often called Ekphanlina by some au- 
 thors. Strah. n.—Herodot. 2, c. 9, &c. 
 
 Elephaktophagi, a people of Ethi- 
 opia. 
 
 Elephenor, son of Chalcedon, was one ol 
 Helen's suitors. Homer. II. 2, v. 47. 
 
 Eleporus, a river of Magna Grfficia. 
 
 Eleuchia, a daughter of Thespius. j?po/- 
 
 Eleus, a city of Thrace. A nver of Me- 
 
 aia. A king of Elis. Paus. 5, c. 3. 
 
 Eleusinia, a great festival observed every 
 fourth year by the Celeans, Phliasians, as also 
 by the Pheneataj, Lacedaemonians, Parrha- 
 sians, and Cretans ; but more particulai-iy by 
 the peo[)le of Athens, every fifth year, at 
 i!,lfMtc>« ir, Attica, whore it was introduced by 
 
 EL 
 
 Euraolpus, B. C. 1356. It was the most cele- 
 brated of all the religious ceremonies of 
 Greece, whence it is often called by way of 
 eminence /^ r^ t* the mysterks. It was so su- 
 perstitiously observ^ed, that if any one ever re- 
 vealed it, it was supposed that he had called di- 
 vine vengeance upon his head, and it was un- 
 safe to live in the same house with him. Such 
 a wretch was publicly put to an ignominious 
 death. This festival was sacred to Ceres uni 
 Proserpine ; every thing contained a mystery, 
 and Ceres herself was known only by the name 
 of «/>£•:« from the sorrow and grkf {x.e®') 
 which she suffered for the loss of her daughter. 
 This mysterious secrecy was solemnly obser- 
 ved, and enjoined to all the votaries of the 
 goddess ; and if any one ever appeared at the 
 celebration, either intentionally or through 
 ignorance, without proper introduction, he 
 was immediately punished with death. Per- 
 sons of both sexes and all ages were initiated 
 at this solemnity, and it was looked upon as so 
 heinous a crime to neglect this sacred part of 
 religion, that it was one of the heaviest accu- 
 sations which contributed to the condemna- 
 tion of Socrates. The initiated were under 
 the more particular care of the deities, and 
 therefore their life was supposed to be atten- 
 ded with more happiness and real security 
 than that of other men. This benefit was not 
 only granted during life, but it extended be- 
 yond the grave, and they were honoured with 
 the first places in the Elysian fields, while 
 others were left to wallow in perpetual filth 
 and ignominy. As the benefits of expiation 
 were so extensive, particular care was taken 
 in examining the character of such as were 
 presented for initiation. Such as were guilty 
 of murder, though against their will, and sucii 
 as were convicted of witchcraft, or any hein- 
 ous crime, were not admitted, and the Athe- 
 nians suffered none to be initiated but such ae 
 were members of their city. This regulation, 
 which compelled Hercules, Castor, and Pol- 
 lux, to become citizens of Athens, was stiictly 
 observed in the first ages of the institution- 
 but afterwards all persons, barbarians except- 
 ed, were freely initiated. The festivals were 
 divided into greater and less mysteries. The 
 less were instituted from the following cir- 
 cumstance. Hercules passed near Eleusis 
 while the Athenians were celebrating the 
 mysteries, and desired to be initiated. As thif 
 could not be done, because he was a stranger, 
 and as Eumolpus was unwilling to displease 
 him on account of his great power, and the 
 services which he had dc^ne to the Athenians, 
 another festival was instituted without viola- 
 ting the laws. It was called i"»zp«, and Hercu- 
 les was solemnly admitted to the celebration 
 and initiated. The?e less mysteries were ob- 
 sei-ved at Agros near the Ilissus. The greater 
 were celebrated at Eleusis, from which place 
 Ceres has been called Eleusinia. In later time.'? 
 the smaller festivals were preparatory to 
 the greater, and no person could be initiated 
 at Eleusis without a previous purification at 
 Agrai. This purification they performed by 
 keeping themselves pure, chaste, and unpol- 
 luted during nine days, after which they came 
 and offered sacrifices and prayers, wearing 
 garlands of flowers, called t<TfM-», or «'^^-^-, and 
 having under their foot A**,- >u,-:r,v, Jupiter's 
 
EL 
 
 skin, which was the skin of a victim offered to 
 that god. The person who assisted was called 
 vifxvo; from i^tup, ivater, which was used at the 
 purification, and they themselves were called 
 /"■T**, the iniliated. A yeai* after this initiation 
 at the less mysteries they sacriliced a sow to 
 Ceres, and were admitted in the greater, and 
 the secrets of the festivals were solemnly re- 
 vealed to them, from which they were called 
 *?o,'o« and vTtTTTcti, inspectors. The institution 
 was performed in the following manner. The 
 candidate?, crowned with myrtle, were admit- 
 ted by night into a place called mu?'/.«» stixs,- (he 
 mystical temple, a vast and stupendous build- 
 ing. As they entered the temple they purified 
 themselves by washing their hands in holy 
 water, and received for admonition that they 
 were to come with a mind pure and undefiled, 
 without which the cleanness of the body would 
 be unacceptable. After this the holy myste- 
 ries were read to thena, from a large book 
 called TTiTcwftx, because made of tuo stones, 
 TTiTixi, fitly cemented together. After this the 
 priest, called isqi(^oe>-y,i, proposed to them cer- 
 tain questions, to which they readily answer- 
 ed. After this, strange and amazing objects 
 presented themselves to their sight, the place 
 often seemed to quake, and to appear sud- 
 denly resplendent with fire, and immediately 
 covered with gloomy darkness and horror. 
 Sometimes thundei*s were heard, or flashes of 
 lightning appeared on every side. At other 
 times hideous noises and bowlings were heard, 
 and the trembling spectators were alarmed 
 by sudden and dreadful apparitions. This 
 was called icvtov«x, intuition. After this the 
 initiated were dismissed with the barbarous 
 words of »>>?, e,«;7£«?. The garments in which 
 they were initiated, were held sacred, and 
 of no less efficacy to avert evils than charms 
 and incantations. From this circumstance, 
 therefore, they were never left oft' before they 
 were totally unfit for wear, after which they 
 were appropriated for children or dedicated 
 ta the goddess. The chief person that at- 
 tended at the initiation was called lepc^xi-rs;;, the 
 revtaler of sacred things. He was a citizen 
 of Athens, and held his office during life, 
 though among the Celeans and Philiasians it 
 was limited to the period of four years. He was 
 obliged to devote himself totally to the service 
 of the deities ; his life was chaste and single, 
 and he usually anointed his body with the 
 juice of hemlock, which is said, by its extreme 
 coldness, to extinguish, in a great degree, the 
 natural heat. The Hierophantes had three 
 attendants ; the first was called W^^r-s, torch 
 bearer, and was permitted to marry. The 
 second was called >»«?>?, a cryer. The third 
 administered at the altar, and was called csu 
 ^^/Au,. Tho Hierophantes is said to have been 
 a type of the powerful creator of all things, 
 A ^^=uzo5 of the sun, K.fu; of Mercury, and 
 itTTi ^io.wto of the moon. There were, besides 
 these, other inferior officers, who took par- 
 ticular care that every thing was performed 
 according to custom. The first of these, called 
 ^xTiKtv;, was one of the archons ; he offered 
 prayers and sacrifices, and took care that 
 there was no indecency or irregularity during 
 the celebration. Besiaes him there were four 
 
 otliei*s, called tmut^^rou, curators, elected by {petition of the less mysteries. It became cus- 
 the people. One of them was chosen from [tomary, therefore, to celebrate them asecondk 
 34 
 
 EL 
 
 the sacred family of the Eumolpidae, the other 
 was one of the Ceryces, and the rest were 
 from among the citizens. There were also ten 
 persons who assisted at this and every other 
 festival, called iiei^cm, because they offered sa- 
 crifices. This festival was observed in the 
 
 month of Boedromion or September, and con- 
 tinued nine days, from the 15th till the 23d. 
 During that time it was unlawful to arrest any 
 man, or present any petition, on pain of for- 
 feiting a thousand drachmas, or, according to 
 others, on pain of death. It was also unlaw- 
 ful for those who were initiated to sit upon 
 the cover of a well, to eat beans, mullets, or 
 ueazels. If any woman rode to Eleusis in a 
 chariot, she was obliged by an edict of Ly- 
 curgus to pay 6000 drachmas. The design of 
 tbis law was to destroy all distinction between 
 the richer and poorer sort of citizens. The 
 first day of the celebration was called »yeef^s, 
 assembly, as it might be said that the worship- 
 pers first met together. The second day was 
 called »'-x oe fj.-jT»', to the sea, you that are 
 initiated, because they were commanded to 
 purify themselves by bathing in the sea. On 
 the third day sacrifices, and chiefly a mullet, 
 were offered ; as also barley from the field of 
 Eleusis. These oblations were called ©vs*, 
 and held so sacred, that the priests themselves 
 were not, as in other sacrifices, permitted to 
 partake of them. On the fourth day they 
 made a solemn procession, in which the 
 xa^arjcv, holy basket of Ceres, was carried 
 about in a consecrated cart, while on every 
 side the people shouted %««§» ^/^ims. Hail Ce- 
 res ! After these followed women, called 
 «,-ciajOi who carried baskets, in which were 
 sesamum, carded wool, grains of salt, a ser- 
 pent, pomegranates, reeds, ivy, boughs, certain 
 cakes, &c. The fifth was called H tmv }m,u^x^mv 
 y,!*ifa, the torch day, because on the following 
 night the people ran about with torches in their 
 hands. It was usual to dedicate torches to 
 Ceres, and contend which should offer the big- 
 gest in commemoration of the travels of the 
 goddess, and of her lighting a torch in the 
 flames of mount ^tna. The sixth day was 
 called i!^'/?',, from lacchus, the son of Jupiter 
 and Ceres, who accompanied his mother in 
 her search of Proserpine, with a torch in his 
 hand. From that circumstance his statue had 
 a torch in its hand, and was carried in solemn 
 procession from the Ceramicus to Eleusis. 
 The statue, with those that accompanied it, 
 called ijf.^ayj^*, were crowned with myrtle. 
 In the way nothing was heard but singing and 
 the noise of brazen kettles, as the votaries dan- 
 ced along. The way through which they issued 
 from the city, was called i^pa o-oj, the sacred 
 way; the resting place lip^cruxi), from a_^g-/r€e 
 which grew in the neighbourhood. They also 
 stopped on a bridge over the Cephisus, where 
 they derided those that passed by. After they 
 had passed this bridge they entered Eleusis by 
 a place called A<y<r?wi im^ix, the mystical entrance. 
 On the seventh day were sports, in which the 
 victors were rewarded with a measure of bar- 
 ley, as that grain had been first sown in Eleu- 
 sis. The eighth day was called E:7«J»;,f«iit 'yfu^j 
 because once ^sculapius, at his return from 
 Epidaiu'us to Athens, was initiated by the re- 
 
EL 
 
 time upon this, that such as had not hitherto 
 been initiated, might be lawfully admitted. 
 The ninth and last day of the festival was call- 
 ed n?.>i /uo;/o:««, earthen vessels, because it was 
 usual to fill two such vessels with wine, one of 
 which being placed towards the east, and the 
 other towards the west, which, after the re- 
 petition of some mystical words, were both 
 thrown down, and the wine being spilt on the 
 ground, was ottered as a libation. Such was 
 the manner of celebrating the Eleusian mys- 
 teries, which have been deemed the most sa- 
 cred and solemn of all the festivals observed by 
 the Greeks. Some have supposed them to be 
 obscene and abominable, and that from thence 
 proceeded all the mysterious secrecy. They 
 were carried from Eleusis to Rome in the reign 
 of Adrian, where they were observed with 
 the same ceremonies as before, though perhaps 
 with more freedom and licentiousness. They 
 lasted about 1800 years, and were at last abol- 
 ished by Theodosius the Great. JEUan. V. H. 
 12, C.24. — Cic. de Leg. 2, c. 14. — Pans. 10, c. 
 31, ^c.—Plut. 
 
 Ei.Eusis, or Eleusin, a town of Attica, 
 equally distant from Megara and the Piraeus, 
 celebrated for the festivals of Ceres. [Vid. 
 Eleusinia.] It was founded by Triptolemus. 
 Ovid. 4. Fast. 5, v. 501.— Pans. 9, c. 24. 
 
 Eleuther, a son of Apollo. One of 
 
 the Curetes, from whom a town of Bceotia, and 
 another in Crete, received their name. Pans. 
 9, c. 2 and 19. 
 
 Eleuthek^, a village of Bceotia, between 
 Megara and Thebes, w"here Mardonius was 
 defeated with 300,000 men. Plin. 4, c. 7, 1. 
 34, c. 8. 
 
 Eleutheria, a festival celebrated at Pla- 
 taea in honour of Jupiter Eleutherius, or the 
 assertor of liberty, by delegates from almost 
 all the cities of Greece. Its institution origina- 
 ted in this : after the victory obtained by the 
 Grecians under Pausanias over Mardonius, 
 the Persian general, in the country of Plataea, 
 an altar and statue were erected to Jupiter 
 Eleutherius, who had freed the Greeks from 
 the tyranny of the barbarians. It was further 
 agreed upon in a general assembly, by the ad- 
 vice of Aristides, the Athenian, that deputies 
 should be sent every fiftii year from the differ- 
 ent cities of Greece to celebrate Eleutheria/es- 
 tivals of liberty. The Platseans celebrated also 
 an anniversary festival in memory of those who 
 had lost their lives in that famous battle. The 
 celebration was thus : at break of day a 
 procession was made, with a trumpeter at the 
 head, sounding a signal for battle. After him 
 followed chariots loaded with myrrh,garlands, 
 and a black bull, and certain free young men, 
 as no signs of servility were to appear during 
 the solemnity, because they in whose honour 
 the festival was instituted had died in the de- 
 • fence of their country. They carried liba- 
 tions of wine and milk in large eared vessels, 
 with jars of oil and precious ointments. Last 
 of all appeared the chief magistrate, who 
 though not permitted at other times to touch 
 iron, or wear garments of any colour but 
 white, yet appeared clad in purple ; and tak- 
 ing a water pot out of the city chamber, pro- 
 ceeded throiigii the middle of the town with a 
 eword in his hand, towards the sepulchres. 
 Tiierc he drew water from a 
 
 neighbouring 
 
 EL 
 
 spring, and washed and anointed the naoiia- 
 ments ; after which he sacrificed a bull upon a 
 pile of wood, invoking Jupiter and infernal 
 Mercury, and inviting to the entertainment the 
 souls of those happy heroes who had perished 
 in the defence of their country. After this he 
 filled a bowl with wine, saying, I drink to those 
 who lost their lives in the defence of the liber- 
 ties of Greece. There was also a festival of 
 the same name observed by the Samians in 
 honour of the god of Love. Slaves also, when 
 they obtained their liberty, k^^pt a holiday, 
 Avhich they called Elewtheria. 
 
 Eleutho, a surname of Juno Lucina, froos 
 her presiding over the delivery of pregnant 
 women. Pindar. Olymp. 6. 
 
 Eleutherocilices, a people of Ciliciay 
 never subject to kings. Cic. 15, ad Fam. ep. 
 4, 1. 5, ad Alt. 20. 
 
 Eleutheros, a river of Syria, falling into 
 the Mediterranean. Plin. 9, c. 10. 
 
 Eticius, a surname Of Jupiter, worshipped 
 on mount Aventine. Onid. Fast. 3, v. 328. 
 
 Eliensis and EnACA,asect of philosophers 
 founded by Phaedon of Elis, who w^as origin- 
 ally a slave, but restored to liberty by AI- 
 cibiades, Diog. — Strab. 
 
 Elimea, or Elimiotis, a district of Ma- 
 cedonia, or of lllyricum according to others. 
 Liv. 42, c. 53, 1. 45, c. 30. 
 
 Elis, a country of Peloponnesus at the 
 west of Arcadia, and north of Messenia, ex- 
 tending along the coast, and watered by the 
 river Alpheus. The capital of the country, 
 called Elis, now Belvidere, became large and 
 populous in the age of Demosthenes, though 
 in the age of Homer it did not exist. It was 
 originally governed by kings, and received its 
 name from Eleus, one of its monarchs. Elis 
 was famous for the horses it produced, whose 
 celerity was so often known and tried at the 
 Olympic games. Strab. 8. — Plin. 4, c. 5.— 
 Pans. 5.~0vid. Met. 5, v. 494.— Cic. Fam. 
 13, ep. 26. ae I>iv. 2, c. 12.— Liv. 27, c. 32. 
 — Virg. G. 1, V. 59, 1. 3, v. 202. 
 
 Eliphasii, a people of Peloponnesus. 
 Polyb. n. 
 
 Elissa, a queen of Tyre, more commonly 
 known by the name of Dido. Vid. Dido. 
 Elissus, a river of Elis. 
 Ellopia, a town of Euboea. An an- 
 cient name of that island. 
 
 Elorus, a river of Sicily on the eastern 
 coasts, called after a king of the same name. 
 Herodot. 7, c. 145. 
 
 Elos, a city of Achaia, called after a ser- 
 vant maid of Atharaas of the same name. 
 ELOTiE. Vid. Helotaj. 
 Elpenor, one of the companions of Ulys- 
 ses, changed into a hog by Circe's potions, and 
 afterwards restored to his former shape. He 
 fell from the top of ahouse where he was sleep- 
 ing, and was killed. Ovid. Met. 14, v. 252. — 
 Homer. Od. 10, v. 552, 1. 11, v. 51. 
 
 Elpinice, a daughter of Miltiades, wlio 
 married a man that promised to release from 
 confinement her brother and husband, whom 
 the laws of Athens had made responsible for 
 the fine imposed on his father. C. JVep. in 
 Cim. 
 Ei.uiNA, a surname of Ceres. 
 Elyces, a man killed by Perseus. Oviii. 
 Met. 5, fnb. 3. 
 
EM 
 
 Elymais, a country of Persia, between the 
 Persian gulf and Media. The capital of the 
 country was called Elymais, and was famous 
 for a rich temple of Diana, which Antiochus 
 Epiphanes attempted to plunder. The Ely- 
 means assisted Antiochus the Great in his wars 
 against the Romans. None of their kings are 
 named in history. Siraho. 
 
 Elymi, a nation descended from the Tro- 
 jans, in alliance with the people of Carthage. 
 Fans. 10, c. 8. 
 
 Elymus, a man at the court of Acestes in 
 Sicily. Virg. JEn. 5, v. 73. 
 
 Elyrus, a town of Crete. Id. 10, c. 16. 
 Elysium, and Elysii Campi, :i place or isl- 
 and in the infernal regions, where, according 
 to the mythology of the ancients, the souls of 
 the virtuous were placed aft^r death. There 
 happiness was complete, the pleasures were 
 innocent and refined. Bovvers, for ever green , 
 delightful meadows with pleasant streams, were 
 the most striking objects. The air was whole- 
 some, serene, and temperate ; the birds con- 
 tinually warbled in the groves, and the inhabi- 
 tants were blessed with another sun and other 
 stars. The employment of the heroes who 
 dwelt in these regions of bliss were various ; 
 the manes of Achilles are represented as wag- 
 ing war with wild beasts, while the Trojan 
 chiefs are innocently exercising themselves in 
 managing horses, or in handling arms. To 
 these innocent amusements some poets have 
 added continual feasting and revelry, and they 
 suppose that the Elysian fields were filled with 
 all the incontinence and voluptuousness which 
 could gratify the low desires of the debauchee. 
 The Elysian fields were, according to some, in 
 the Fortunate Islands on the coast of Africa, 
 in the Atlantic. Others place them in the 
 island of Leuce ; and, according to the author- 
 ity of Virgil, they were situate in Italy. Ac- 
 cording to Lucian, they were near the moon ; 
 or in the centre of the earth if we believe Plu- 
 tarch. Virg. Mn. 6, v. G38.— Homer. Od. 4.— 
 Findar. — Tibull. 1, el. 3, v. 57. — Lucian. — 
 Flut. de Consul. 
 
 Emathia, a name given anciently, and 
 particularly by the poets, to the countries 
 ^vhich formed the empires of Macedonia and 
 Thessaly. Virg. G. 1, v. 492, 1. 4, v. 390.— 
 Lucan. 1, v. 1, 1. 10, v. 50, 1. 6, v. 620, 1. 7, v. 
 427.— Orirf. Met. 5, v. 314. 
 
 Emathion, a son of Titan and Aurora, who 
 reigned in Macedonia. The country was cal- 
 led Emathia from his name. Some suppose 
 that he was a famous robber, destroyed by 
 Hercules. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 313. — Justin. 7, c. 
 
 1. A man killed at the nuptials of Perseus 
 
 and Andromeda. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 100. 
 
 Emathion, a man killed in the wars of Tur- 
 Rus. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 571. 
 
 Embatum, a place of Asia, opposite Chios. 
 
 Estbolima, a town of India. Curt. 8, c. 12. 
 
 Emerita, a town of Spain, famous for dy- 
 ing wool. Plin. 9, c. 41. 
 
 Emessa and Emissa, a town of Phoenicia. 
 
 EMODA,a mountain of Iidia. 
 
 Empedocles, a philosnrher, noet, and his- 
 torian of Agrigentum in Sicily, who ilourished 
 444 B. C. He was ihe disciple of Telau- 
 ges the Pythajjcrean, and warmly adopted 
 the doctrine of transmigration. He wrote a 
 f «»em upon the opinions of Pythagoras, very 
 
 EN 
 
 much commended, in which he spoke of the 
 various bodies which nature had given him. 
 He was first a girl, afterwards a boy, a shrub, 
 a bird, a .fish, and lastly Empedocles. His 
 poetry Avas bold and animated, and his verses 
 were so universally esteemed, that they were 
 publicly recited at the Olympic games with 
 those of Homer and Hesiod. Empedocles was 
 no less remarkable for his humanity and social 
 virtues than for his learning. He showed him- 
 self an inveterate enemy to tyranny, and re- 
 fused to become the sovereign of his country. 
 He taught rhetoric in Sicily, and often alle- 
 viated the anxieties of his mind as well as the 
 pains of his body with music. It is reported 
 that his curiosity to visit the flames of the cra- 
 ter of lEXnSi, proved fatal to him. Some main- 
 tain that he wished it to be believed that he 
 was a god, and that his death might be un- 
 known, he threw himself in the crater and 
 perished in the flames. His expectations, 
 however, were frustrated, and the volcano, by 
 throwing up one of his sandals, discovered to 
 the world that Empedocles had perished by 
 fire. Others report that he lived to an ex- 
 treme old age, and that he was drowned in the 
 sea. Horat. 1, ep. 12, v. 20. — Cic. de Orat. 1, 
 c. 50, &.C. — Diog. in vita. 
 
 Emperamus, a Lacedaemonian general in 
 the second Messenian Mar. 
 
 Empoclus, an historian. 
 
 Emporia Punica, certain places near the. 
 Syrtes. 
 
 Empori;e, a town of Spain in Catalonia, 
 now jimpurias. Liv. 34, c. 9 and 16, 1. 26, 
 c. 19. 
 
 Enceladus, a son of Titan and Terra, the 
 most powerful of all the giants who conspired 
 against Jupiter. He was struck with Jupiter's 
 thunders, and overwhelmed under mount JEt- 
 na. Some suppose that he is the same as Ty- 
 phon. According to the poets, the flames of 
 JEtna. proceeded from the breath of Encela- 
 dus ; and as often as he turned his weary side, 
 the whole island of Sicily felt the motion, and 
 shook from its very foundations. Virg. JEn. 
 3, V. 578, k.c. A son of ^S^gyptus. 
 
 Encheleje, a town of Illyricum, where 
 Cadmus was changed into a serpent. Lucan. 
 3, V. 189.— S/rc&. 7. 
 
 Endeis, a nymph, daughter of Chiron. 
 She married ^acus king of Egina, by whom 
 she had Peleus and Telamon. Pans. 2, c. 29, 
 —ApoUod. 3, c. 12. 
 
 Endera, a place of -Ethiopia. 
 
 Endymion, a shepherd, son of .(Ethlius and 
 Calyce. It is said that he required of Jupiter 
 to grant to him to be always young, and to 
 sleep as much as he would ; whence came the 
 proverb of Endymionis so7nmim dor7)iire, to 
 express a long sleep. Diana saw him naked 
 as he slept on mount Latmos, and was so 
 struck with his beauty that she came dowu 
 from heaven every night to enjoy his company. 
 Endyraion married Chromia, daughter of Ito- 
 nus, oraccording to some, Hyperipna, daughter 
 of Areas, by vvhom he had three sons. Pa^on, 
 Epeus, and iEolus, and a daughter called Eu- 
 rydice ; and so little ambitious did he show 
 liimself of sovereignly, that he made his crown 
 1 he prize of the best racer among his sons, nn 
 honourable distinction which was gained by 
 Epeus. The fable of Endymion'? amours with 
 
EN 
 
 Diana, or the moon , arises from his knowledge 
 of astronomy, and as he passed the night on 
 some high mountain, to observe the heavenly 
 bodies, it has been reported that he was court- 
 ed by the moon. Some suppose that there 
 were two of that name, the son of a king of 
 EHs, and the shepherd or astronomer of Caria. 
 The people of Heraclea maintained that En- 
 dymion died on mount Latmbs, and the Eleans 
 pretended to show his tomb at Olympia in Pe- 
 loponnesus. Propert. 2, el. 15. — Cic. Tusc. 
 1. — Juv. 10. — Theocrit. 3. — Pans. 5, c. 1, 1. 6, 
 C.20. 
 
 Eneti, or Heneti, a people near Paphlago- 
 nia. 
 
 Engyum, uowGangi, a town of Sicily freed 
 from tyranny by Timoleon. Cic. Ver. 3, c. 43, 
 1. 4, c. 44.— Ital. 14, v. 230. 
 
 Enienses, a people of Greece. 
 
 Eniopeus, a charioteer of Hector, killed by 
 Diomedes. Homer. II. 8, v. 120. 
 
 Enipeus, a river of Thessaly flowing near 
 
 Pharsalia. Lucan. 6, v. 373. A river of 
 
 Elis in Peloponnesus, of which Tyro the 
 daughter of Salmoneus became enamoured. 
 Neptune assumed the shape of the river god 
 to enjoy the company of Tyro. Ovid. Am. 3, 
 el. 5. — Strab. 
 
 Enispe, a town of Arcadia. Paus. 8, c. 25. 
 
 Enna, now Castro Jannif a town in the mid- 
 dle of Sicily, with a beautiful plain, where Pro- 
 serpine was carried away by Pluto. Mela, 2, 
 c. I.—Cic. Ver. 3, c. 49, 1. 4, c. 104.— Ovid. 
 Fast. 4, V. 522.— Liv. 24, c. 37. 
 
 EjjNiA, was the wife of Macro, and after- 
 wards of the emperor Caligula. Tacit. Ann. 
 6, 0. 45. 
 
 Q. Ennius, an ancient poet, born at Ru- 
 dii in Calabria, He obtained the name and 
 privileges of a Roman citizen by his genius 
 and the brilliancy of his learning. His style is 
 rough and unpolished, but his defects, which 
 are more particularly attributed to the age in 
 which he lived, have been fully compensated 
 by the energy of his expressions and the fire of 
 his poetry. Quintilian warmly commends 
 him, and Virgil has shown his merit, by intro- 
 ducing many whole lines from his poetry into 
 his own compositions, which he calls pearls 
 gathered from the dunghill. Enn 'US Avrote in 
 heroic verse 18 books of the annals of the Ro- 
 man republic, and displayed much knowledge 
 of the world, in some dramatical and satirical 
 compositions. He died of the gout, contracted 
 by frequent intoxication, about 169 years be- 
 fore the christian era, in the 70th year of his 
 age. Ennius was intimate with the great men 
 of his age ; he accompanied Cato in his ques- 
 torship in Sardania, and was esteemed by him 
 of greater value than the honours of a tri- 
 umph ; and Scipio, on his death bed, ordered 
 his body to be buried by the side of his poeti- 
 cal friend. This epitaph was said to be writ- 
 ten upon him : 
 Aspicite, o cives, senis Ennii imaginis formam ! 
 
 Hie vestrum pinxit maxima facta putrum. 
 Nemo me lacrymisdecoret, neque funerajlet it 
 
 Faxit : cur ? volilo virus per era virum. 
 Conscious of his merit as the first epic poet of 
 Rome, Ennius bestowed on himself the appel- 
 lation of the Homer of Latium. 01 the tra- 
 gedies, comedies, annals, and satires which he 
 wrote, nothing remains but fragments hap];)ily 
 
 EP 
 
 collected from the quotations of ancient a«« 
 thors. The best edition of these is by Hesse- 
 lius, 4to. Arast. 1707. Ovid. 2, Trist. v. 424. 
 —Cic. de Finib I, c. 4, de Offic. 2, c. 18.— 
 Quintit. 10, c. 1. — Lucret. 1, v. 117, &c. — C. 
 A''ep. in Catone. 
 
 Ennomus, a Trojan prince, killed by Achil- 
 les. Homer. II. 2, v. 365, 1. 1 1, v. 422. 
 
 EnnosigjEus, terrce concussoTy a surname of 
 Neptune. Juv. 10, v. 182. 
 
 Enope, a town of Peloponnesus, near Py- 
 los. Paus. 3, c. 26. 
 
 Enops, a shepherd loved by the nymph 
 Neis, by whom he had Satnius. Homer. II. 14. 
 The father of Thestos. A Trojan kill- 
 ed by Patroclus. //. 16. 
 
 Ends, a maritime town of Thrace. 
 
 Enosichthon, a surname of Neptune. 
 
 EnotoccetjE, a nation whose ears are de- 
 scribed as hanging down to their heels. Strab. 
 
 Entella, a town of Sicily inhabited by 
 Campanians. Ital. 14, v. 205. — Cic. Ver. 3, 
 V.43. 
 
 Entellus, a famous athlete among the 
 friends of ^neas. He was intimate with Eryx, 
 and entered the lists against Dares, whom he 
 conquered in the funeral games of Anchises, 
 in Sicily. Virg. JFn. 5, v. 387, &.c. 
 
 Enyalius, a surname of Mars. 
 
 Envo, a sister of Mars, called by the Latin.*; 
 Bellona, supposed by some to be daughter of 
 Phorcys and Ceto. Ital. 10, v. 203. 
 
 EoNE, a daughter of Thespius. Apollod. 
 
 EoRDiEA, a district at the west of Macedo- 
 nia. Liv. 31, c. 39, 1. 33, c. 8, 1. 42, c. 63. 
 
 Eos, the name of Aurora among the Greeks, 
 whence the epithet Eous is applied to all the 
 eastern parts of the world. Ovid. Fast. 3, v. 
 406. A. A. 3, V. 537, 1. 6, v. 418.— Virg. G. 1, 
 V.288, 1. 2, V. 115. 
 
 Eous, one of the horses of the sun. Ovid. 
 Met. 2, V. 153, &c. 
 
 Epagris, one of the Cyclades, called by 
 Aristotle Hydrussa. Plin. 4, c. 12. 
 
 EpAminondas, a famous Theban descend- 
 ed from the ancient kings of Bcpotia. His fa- 
 ther's name was Polymnus. He has been ce- 
 lebrated for his private virtues and military ac- 
 complishments. His love of truth was so great 
 that he never disgraced himself by falsehood. 
 He formed a most sacred and ipviolable friend- 
 ship with Pelopidas, whose life he saved in a 
 battle. By his advice Pelopidas delivered 
 Thebes from the power of Laced<emon. This 
 was the signal of war. Eparainondas was set 
 at the head of the Theban armies, and defeat- 
 ed the Spartans at the celebrated battle of 
 Leuctra, about 371 years B. C Epaminondas 
 made a proper use of this victorious campaign, 
 and entered the territories ofLacedajmon with 
 50,0(X) men. Here he gained many friend* 
 and partisans ; but at his return to Thebes he 
 was seized as a traitor for violating the laws of 
 his country. While he was making the The- 
 ban arms victorious on every side, he neglect- 
 ed the law which forbade any citizen to retain 
 in his hands the supreme power more than one 
 month, and all his eminent services seemed 
 unable to redeem him from death. He paid 
 implicit obedience to the laws of his country, 
 and only begged of his judges that it might be 
 inscribed on his tomb that he had sufi'ered 
 death for saving his country from ruin. This 
 
EP 
 
 animated reproach was felt ; he was pardoned, 
 and invested again with the sovereign power. 
 He was successful in a war in Thessaly, and 
 assisted the Eleans against the Lacedaemoni- 
 ans. The hostile armies met near Mautinea, 
 and while Epaminondas was bravely fighting 
 in the thickest of the enemy, he received a 
 fatal wound in the breast, and expired ex- 
 claiming, that he died unconquered, when he 
 heard that the Bojotians obtained the victory, 
 in tlie 48th year of his age, 363 years before 
 tlhrist. The Thebans severely lamented his 
 deatb ; in him their power was extinguished, 
 for only during his life they had enjoyed free- 
 dom and independence among the Grecian 
 states. Epaminondas was frugal as well as 
 virtuous, and he refused with indignation the 
 rich presents which were oflfered to him by 
 Artaxerxes the king of Persia. He is repre- 
 sented by his biographer as an elegant dancer 
 and a skilful musician, accomplishments high- 
 ly esteemed among his countrymen. Plut. in 
 Parall. — C. J^ep. in vita. — Xenoph. Qucesl. 
 GrcBC. — Diod. 15. — Polyb 1. 
 
 EpANTELii, a people of Italy. 
 
 Epaphroditus, a freedman punished with 
 death for assisting Nero to destroy himself. 
 
 Suet, in JVer. A freedman of Augustus sent 
 
 to spy Cleopatra. Plut. A name assumed 
 
 by Sylla. 
 
 Epaphus, a son of Jupiter and lo, who found- 
 ed a city in Egypt, which he called Memphis, 
 in honour of his wife, who was the daughter 
 of the Nile. He had a daughter called Libya, 
 who became mother of iEgyptus and Danaus 
 by Neptune. He was worshipped as a god at 
 Memphis. Herodot. 2, c. 153. — Ovid. Met. 1, 
 T. 699, kc. 
 
 Epasnactus, a Gaul in alliance with Rome, 
 kc. Cces. Bell G. 8, c. 44. 
 
 Epebolus, a soothsayer of Messenia, who 
 prevented Aristodemus from obtaining the 
 sovereignty. Pans. 4, c. 9, &c. 
 
 Epei and Elei, a people of Peloponnesus. 
 Plin. 4, c. 5. 
 
 Epetium, now Viscio, a town oflllyricum. 
 
 Epecs, a son of Endymion, brother to 
 Paeon, who reigned in a part of Peloponnesus. 
 His subjects were called from him Epi. Pans. 
 
 5, c. 1. A son of Panopeus, who was the 
 
 fabricator of the famous wooden horse which 
 proved the injin of Troy. Virg. JEn. 2, v. 264. 
 —Justin. 20, c. 2.— Pans. 10, c. 26. 
 
 Ephesus, a city of Ionia, built, as Justin 
 mentions, by the Amazons, or by Androchus, 
 son of Codrus, according to Strabo ; or by 
 Ephesus, a son of the river Cayster. It is 
 famous for a temple of Diana, which was 
 reckoned one of the seven wonders of the 
 world. This temple was 425feet long and200 
 feet broad. The roof was supported by 127 
 columns, sixty feet high, which had been pla- 
 ced there by so many kings. Of these columns, 
 36 were carved in the most beautiful manner, 
 one of which was tiie work of the famous Sco- 
 pas. This celebrated building was not totally 
 .completed till 220 years after its foundation. 
 Ctesi[)hon was the chief architect. There was 
 above the entrance a huge stone, which, ac- 
 cording to Pliny, had been placed there by 
 Diana herself. /The riches which were in the 
 temple were immense, and the goddess who 
 presided over it was wor.«l»ipped with the must 
 
 EP 
 
 awful solemnity. This celebrated temple was 
 burnt on the night that Alexander was born, 
 [Vid. Erostratus] and soon after it rose from 
 its ruins with more splendour and magni- 
 ficence. Alexander offered to rebuild it at bis 
 own expense, if the Ephesians would place 
 upon it an inscription which denoted the name 
 of the benefactor. This generous offer was 
 refused by tlie Ephesians, who observed, iu 
 the language of adulation, that it was impro- 
 per that one deity should raise temples to the 
 other. Lysimachus ordered the town of Ephe- 
 sus to be called Arsinoe, in honour of his wife ; 
 but after his death the new appellation was 
 lost, and the town was again known by its 
 ancient name. Though modern authors are 
 not agreed about the ancient ruins of this 
 once famed city, some have given the barbar- 
 ous name of Ajasalouc to Avhat they con- 
 jecture to be the remains of Ephesus. The 
 words literoe. Epfvesicp are applied to letters 
 containing magical powers. Pliii. 36, c. 14.—- 
 Strab. 12 and 14. — Mela, 1, c. 17. — Pans. 7, c. 
 2. — Plut in Mex. — Justin. 2, c. 4. — Callim. in 
 Dian.—Ptol. b.—Cic. de JYat. D. 2. 
 
 EphetjE, a number of magistrates at Athens 
 first instituted by Demophoon, the son of The- 
 seus. They were reduced to the number of 
 51 by Draco, who, according to' some, first 
 established them. They were superior to the 
 Areopagites, and their privileges were great 
 andnumerous. Solon, however, lessened their 
 power, and intrusted them only with the trial 
 of manslaughter and conspiracy against the 
 life of a citizen. They were all more than 
 fifty years old, and it was required that their 
 manners should be pure and innocent, and 
 their behaviour austere and full of gravity. 
 
 Ephialtes or Ephialtus, a giant, son of 
 Neptune, who grew nine inches every month. 
 
 [Vid. Aloeas.] An Athenian, famous for 
 
 his courage and strength. He fought with the 
 Persians against Alexander, and was killed at 
 
 Halicamassus. Diod. 17. A Trachinian 
 
 who led a detachment of the army of Xerxes 
 by a secret path to attack the Spartans at 
 Thermopylae. Pans. 1, c. 4. — Herodot. 7, c. 
 213. 
 
 EpHoRi, powerful magistrates at Sparta, 
 who were first created by Lycurgus ; or, ac- 
 cording to some, by Theopompus, B. C. 760. 
 They were five in number. Like censors in 
 the state, they could check and restrain the 
 authority of the kings, and even imprison 
 them, it guilty of irreguleu-ities. They fined 
 Archidamus for marrying a wife of small sta- 
 ture, and imprisoned Agis for his unconsti- 
 tutional behaviour. They were much the 
 same as the tribunes of the people at Rome, 
 created to watch with a jealous eye over the 
 liberties and rights of the populace. They 
 had the management of the public money, and 
 were the arbiters of peace and war. Their 
 office was annual, and they had the privilege 
 of convening, proroguing, and dissolving the 
 greater and less assemblies of the people. The 
 former was composed of 9000 Spartans, all in- 
 habitants of the city ; the latter of 30,000 La- 
 cedajmonians, inhabitants of the inferior towni 
 and villages. C. JS'ep. in Pau-s. 3. — .iristot. 
 Pol 2, c. 7. 
 
 Ephorus, an orator and historian of Cumar 
 in J^oiia, abonl 3.32 years before Christ. He 
 
EP 
 
 was disciple to Isocrates, by whose advice he 
 wrote an history which gave an account of all 
 the actions and battles that had happened be- 
 tween the Greeks and barbarians for 750 
 years. It was greatly esteemed by the an- 
 cients. It is now lost. QuintiL 10, c. 1. 
 
 Ephyra, the ancient name of Corinth, 
 which it received from a nymph of the same 
 name, and thence Ephyreus is applied to 
 Dyrrhachium, founded by a Grecian colony. 
 Virg. G. 2, V. 264.— Otic/. Met. 2, v. 239.— 
 Lucan. 6, v. 17. — Stat. Theb. 4, v. 59.—Jlal. 
 
 14, V. 181. A city of Threspotia in Epirus. 
 
 Another in Elis. ^tolia. One of 
 
 Cyrene's attendants. Virg. G. 4, v. 343. 
 
 Epicaste, a name of Jocasta the mother 
 
 and wife of CEdipus. Pans. 9, c. 5. A 
 
 daughter of ^geus, mother of Thestaius by 
 Hercules. 
 
 Epicerides, a man of Cyrene, greatly es- 
 teemed by the Athenians for his beneficence. 
 Demost. 
 
 Epicharis, a woman accused of conspira- 
 cy against Nero. She refused to confess the 
 associates of her guilt, though exposed to the 
 greatest torments, &.c. Tacit. 15, Ann. c. 51. 
 
 Epicharmus, a poet and Pythagorean phi- 
 losopher of ^icily, who introduced comedy 
 at Syi-acuse, in the reign of Hiero. His com- 
 positions were imitated by Plautus. He wrote 
 some treatises upon philosophy and medicine, 
 and observed that the gods sold all their kind- 
 nesses for toil and labour. According to Aris- 
 totle and Pliny, he added the two letters j^and 
 a to the Greek alphabet. He flourished about 
 440 years before Christ, and died in the 90th 
 year of his age. Horat. 2, ep. 1, v. 58. — Diog. 
 Sand S.—Cic. ad Mic. 1, ep. 19. 
 
 Epicles, a Trojan prince killed by Ajax. 
 Homer. II. 12, v. 378. 
 
 Epiclides, a Lacedaemonian of the fami- 
 ly of the Eurysthenidae. He was raised to the 
 throne by his brother Cleomcnes 3d. in the 
 place of Agis, against the laws and constitu- 
 tion of Sparta. Paus. 2, c. 9. 
 
 Epicrates, a Melesian, servant to J. Cae- 
 sar. A poet of Ambracia. JElian. The 
 
 name is applied to Pompey, as expressive of 
 supreme authority. Cic. Att. 2, ep. 3. 
 
 Epictetus, a stoic philosopher of Hiero- 
 polis in Phrygia, originally the slave of Epa- 
 phrodKus, the freedman of Nero. Though 
 tJriven from Rome by Domitian, he returned 
 after the emperor's death, and gained the es- 
 teem of Adrian and Marcus Aurelius. Like 
 the stoics, he supported the doctrine of the 
 immortality of the soul, but he declared him- 
 self strongly against suicide, which was so 
 warmly adopted by his sect. He died in a 
 very advanced age. The earthen lamp of 
 which he made use, was sold some time after 
 his death at 3000 drachmas. His Enchiridion 
 is a faithful picture of the stoic philosophy, 
 
 and his dissertations, which were delivered to 
 his pupils, were collected by Arrian. His 
 style is concise and devoid of all ornament, 
 full of energy and useful maxims. The value 
 of his compositions is well known from the 
 saying of the emperor Antoninus, who thanked 
 the gods he could collect from the writings of 
 Epictetus wherewith to conduct life with hon- 
 our to himself and advantage to his country. 
 There are several good editions of the works 
 
 EP 
 
 of Epictetus, with those of Cebes and othersf ^ 
 the most valuable of which, perhaps, will he 
 found to be that of Reland, Traject. 4to. 1711 ; 
 and Arrian's by Upton, 2 vols. 4to. Lond. 1739. 
 EpicuRUS, a celebrated philosopher, son of 
 Neocles and Cherestrata, born at Gargettus 
 in Attica. Though his parents were poor, and 
 of an obscure origin, yet he was early sent to 
 school, where he distinguished himself by the 
 brilliancy of his genius, and at the age of 12, 
 when his preceptor repeated to him this verse 
 from Hesiod, ^ 
 
 In the beginning of things the Chaos was 
 created. 
 Epicurus earnestly asked him who created it ? 
 To this the teacher answered, that he knew 
 not, but only philosophers. '• Then," say* 
 the youth, " philosophers henceforth shall in- 
 struct me." After having improved himself, 
 and enriched his mind by travelling, he visited 
 Athens, which was then crowded by the fol- 
 lowers of Plato, the Cynics, the Peripatetics, 
 and the Stoics. Here he established himself, 
 and soon attracted a number of followers by 
 the sweetness and gravity of his manners, and 
 by his social virtues. He taught them that the 
 happiness of mankind consisted in pleasure, 
 not such as arises from sensual gratification, or 
 from vice, but from the enjoyments of the 
 mind, and the sweets of virtue. This doctrine 
 was warmly attacked by the philosophers of 
 the different sects, and particularly by the 
 Stoics. They observed that he disgraced the 
 gods by representing them as inactive, given 
 up to pleasure, and unconcerned with the af- 
 fairs of mankind. He refuted all the accusa- 
 tions of his adversaries by the purity of his 
 morals, and by his frequent attendance on 
 places of public worship. When Leontium, 
 one of his female pupils, was accused of prosti- 
 tuting herself to her master and to all his dis- 
 ciples, the philosopher proved the falsity of 
 the accusation by silence and an exemplary 
 life. His health was at last impaired by con- 
 tinual labour, and he died of a retention of 
 urine, which long subjected him to the most 
 excruciating torments, and whicli he bore with 
 unparalleled fortitude. His death happened 
 270 years before Christ, in the 72d year of 
 his age. His disciples showed their respect 
 for the memory of their learned preceptor, by 
 the unanimity which prevailed among them. 
 While philosophers in every sect were at war 
 with mankind and among themselves, the fol- 
 lowers of Epicurus enjoyed perfect peace, and 
 lived in the most solid friendship. The day of 
 his birth was observed with universal festivity, 
 and during a month all his admirers gave 
 themselves up to mirth and innocent amuse- 
 ment. Of all the philosophers of antiquity, 
 Epicurus is the only one whose writings de- 
 serve attention for their number. He wrote 
 less than 300 volumes, according to Dio- 
 
 no 
 
 genes Laertius; and Chrysippus was so jealous 
 of the fecundity of his genius, that no sooner 
 had Epicurus published one of his volumes, 
 than he immediately composed one, that he 
 might not be overcome in the number of his 
 productions. Epicurus, however, advanced 
 truths and arguments unknown before ; but 
 Chrysippus said, what others long ago had said, 
 without showing any thing which might be 
 
EP 
 
 called originality. The followers of Epicurus 
 were numerous in every age and country, his 
 doctrines were rapidly disseminated over the 
 world, and when the gratification of the sense 
 was substituted to the practice of virtue, the 
 morals of mankind were undermined and de- 
 stroyed. Even Rome, whose austere simpli- 
 city had happily nurtured virtue, felt the at- 
 tack, and was corrupted. When Cyneas spoke 
 of the tenets of the Epicureans in the Roman 
 senate, Fabricius indeed entreated the gods 
 that all the enemies of the republic might be- 
 come his followers. But those were the feeble 
 •flForts of expiring virtue ; and when Lucretius 
 introduced the popular doctrine in his poetical 
 composition, the smoothness and beauty of the 
 numbers contributed, with the effeminacy of 
 the Epicureans, to enervate the conquerors of 
 the world. Diog. in vita. — JElian. V. H. 4, 
 c. IS.—Clc. de .Yai. D. 1, c. 24 and25.— ru5c. 
 3, 49. definib. 2, c. 22. 
 
 Epicydes, a tyrant of Syracuse, B. C. 213. 
 
 Epidamnus, a town of Macedonia on the 
 Adriatic, nearly opposite Brundusium. The 
 Romans planted there a colony which they 
 called Di/rrachiu77i, considering the ancient 
 name {ad damnum) ominous. Paus. 6, c. 10. 
 — Plin. 3, c. 23. — Plautus, Mtn. 2, ax:t. I, 
 V. 42. 
 
 EpidaphiVe, a town of Syria, called also 
 Antioch. Germanicus, son of Drusus, died 
 there. Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 83. 
 
 Epidauria, a festival at Athens in honour 
 of .^sculapius. A country of Peloponnei-u=. 
 
 Epidaurus, a town at the north of Argolis 
 in Peloponnesus, chiefly dedicated to the wor- 
 ship of iEsculapius, who had there a famous 
 temple. It received its name from Epidaurus, 
 a son of Argos and Evadne. It is now called 
 Pidaura. Strab. 8.—Virg. G. 3, v. 44.— Paus. 
 
 3, c. 2\.—Mela, 2, c. 3. A town of Dalraa- 
 
 tia, now Ragusi Vecchio. of Laconia. 
 
 EpiDiuM, one of the western isles of Scot- 
 land, or the Mull of Cantyre according to 
 ^ome. Ptoltm. 
 
 Epidius, a man who wrote concerning un- 
 usual prodigies. Plin. 16, c. 25. 
 
 Epidot.«, certain deities who presided 
 over the birth and grouch of children, and 
 were known among the Romans by the name 
 of Dii aveminci. They were worshipped by 
 1 he Lacedaemonians, and chiefly invoked by 
 iJjose who were persecuted by the ghosts of 
 the dead, he. Paus. 2, c. 17, Lc. 
 
 Epigenes, a Babylonian astrologer and his- 
 torian. Pli^. 7, c. 56. 
 
 Epigeus, a Greek killed by Hector. 
 
 Epigoni, the sons and descendants of the 
 Grecian heroes who Avere killed in the first 
 Theban war. The war of the Epigoni is fa- 
 mous in ancient history. It was undertaken 
 fen years after the first. The sons of those 
 who had perished in the first war, resolved to 
 uvenge the death of their fathers, and march- 
 ed against Thebes, under the command of 
 Thersander : or, according to others, of Alc- 
 ma3on, the son of Amphiaraus. The Argives 
 were assisted by the Corinthians, the people of 
 Messenia, Arcadia, and Megara. The The- 
 bans had engaged all their neighbours in their 
 quarrel, as in one common cause, and the two 
 hostile armies met and engaged on the banks 
 of the Glissas. The fight was obstinate and 
 
 EP 
 
 bloody, hot victory declared for the Epigoni, 
 and some of the Thebans fled to Illyricum with 
 Leodamas their general, while others retired 
 into Thebes, where they were soon besieged, 
 and forced to surrender. In this war iEgialeuB 
 alone was killed, and his father Adrastus was 
 the only person who escaped alive in the 
 first war. This whole war, as Pausanifeis ob- 
 serves, was written in verse ; and Callinus, 
 who quotes some of the verses, ascribes them 
 to Homer, which opinion has been adopted 
 by many writers. For my part, continues 
 the geographer, I own that next to the Iliad 
 and Odyssey of Homer, I have never seen a 
 finer poem. Paus. 9, c. 9 and 25.— Jlpollod. 
 1 and 3. — Diod. 4. This name has been appli- 
 ed to the sons of those Macedonian veterans 
 who in the age of Alexander formed connex- 
 ions with the women of Asia. 
 
 EpiGoNus, a mathematician of Ambracia. 
 
 Epigranea, a fountain of Bceotia. Plin 
 4,c. 7. 
 
 Epii and Epei, a people of Ells, 
 
 Epilaris, a daughter of Thespius. .^pol- 
 led, n 
 
 Epimelides, the founder of Corone. Paus. 
 4, c. 34. 
 
 Epimenes, a man who conspired against 
 Alexander's life. Curt. 8, c. 6. 
 
 Epimenides, an epic poet of Crete, con- 
 temporary with Solon. His father's name 
 was Agiasarchus, and his mother's Blasta. He 
 is reckoned one of the seven wise men, by 
 those who exclude Periander from the num- 
 ber. While he was tending his flocks one 
 day, he entered into a cave, where he fell 
 asleep. His sleep continued for 40, or 47, or 
 according to Pliny 57 years, and when he 
 awoke he found every object so considerably 
 altered, that he scarce knew where he was. 
 His brother apprized him of the length of his 
 sleep to his great astonishment. It is supposed 
 that he lived 289 years. After death he was 
 revered as a god, and greatly honoured by the 
 Athenians, whom he had delivered from a 
 plague, and to whom he had given many good 
 and useful counsels. He is said to be the first 
 who built temples in the Grecian communities. 
 Cic. de Div. 1, c. 34.— Dfog. in vita— Paus. 1, 
 c. \4.—Plut in Solon.— Val. Max. 8, c. 13.— 
 Strab. 10.— Plin. 7, c. 12. 
 
 EpiMETHEus, a son of Japetus and Cly- 
 mene, one of the Oceanides, who inconside- 
 rately married Pandora, by w^hom he had 
 Pyrrha, the wife of Deucalion. He had the cu- 
 riosity to open the box which Pandora had 
 brought with her. [Vid. Pandora,] and from 
 thence issued a train of evils, which from that 
 mom.ent have never ceased to afflict the human 
 race. Hope was the only one which remained 
 at the bottom of the box, not having suflicient 
 time to escape, and it is she alone which com- 
 forts men under misfortunes. Epimetheus 
 was changed into a monkey by the gods, and 
 sent into the island of Pithacusa. Apollod. |1, 
 c. 2 and l.—Hygin. fab. — Hesiod. Theog. [Vid. 
 Prometheus.] 
 
 EpiMETHis, a patronymic of Pyrrha, the 
 daughter of Epimetheus. Oiid. Met. 1, v. 390. 
 
 Epiuchus, a son of Lycurgus, who receiv- 
 ed divine honours in Arcadia. 
 
 EpiuxE, the wife of ili^sculapius. Paus. 2 
 c. 29. 
 
EQ 
 
 Epiphanea, a town of Cilicia, near Issus, 
 now Surpendkar. PUn. 5, c. 27.—Cic. adFam. 
 
 15, ep. 4. Another of Syria on the Eupra- 
 
 tes. PUn. 6, c. 24. 
 
 Epiphanes, (illustrious,) a surname given to 
 
 the Antiochus's, kings of Syria. A surname 
 
 of one of the Ptolemies, the fifth of the house 
 of the Lagidae. Slrab. 17. 
 
 Epiphanius, a bishop of Salamis, who 
 was active in refuting the writings of Origen ; 
 but his compositions are more vahiable for the 
 fragments v.hich they preserve than for their 
 own intrinsic merit. The only edition is by 
 Dionys. Petavkis, 2 vols. Paris, 1622. The 
 bishop died A. D. 403. 
 
 EpiPOL^ffi, a district of Syracuse, on the 
 north side, surrounded by a wall, by Diony- 
 sius, who, to complete the work expeditiously, 
 employed 60;000 men upon it, so that in 30 
 days he finished a wall 4 1-4 miles long, and 
 of great height and thickness. 
 
 Epirus, a country situate between Mace- 
 donia, Achaia, and the Ionian sea. It was for- 
 merly governed by kings, of whom Neopto- 
 lemus, son of Achilles, was on*' of the first. 
 It was afterwards joined to the empire of Ma- 
 cedonia, and at last became a part of the Ro- 
 man dominions. It is now called Laria. Strab. 
 '7.— Mela, 2, c. 3.—PtoL 3, c. 14.— Plin. 4, c. 
 l.—rirg. G. 3, V. 121. 
 
 Epistrophus, a son of Iphitus king of 
 Phoci3,who went to the Trojan war. Homer. II 
 
 Epitades, a man who first violated a law 
 ©f Lycurgus, which forbade laws to be made, 
 Plut. hi Agid. 
 
 Epitus. Vid. Epytus. 
 
 EpiuM, a town of Pelopohnesus on the bor- 
 ders of Arcadia. 
 
 Epuna, a beautiful girl, the fruit, it is said, of 
 a man's union with a mare. 
 
 Epopeus, a son of Neptime and Canace, 
 who came from Thessaly to Sicyon, and carri- 
 ed away Antiope, daughter of Nycteus king 
 of Thebes. This rape was follov/ed by a war, 
 in which Nycteus and Epoj)eus were both kil- 
 led. Pans. 2, c. &.—Apcllod. 1, c. 7, he. 
 
 A son of Aloeus, grandson to Phcebus. 
 
 He reigned at Corinth. Paus. 2, c. 1 and 3. 
 One of the Tyrrhene sailors, who at- 
 tempted to abuse Bacchus. Ovid. Met. 3, v. 
 619. 
 
 Eporedorix, a powerful person among 
 the iEdui, who commanded his couutryraen 
 in their war against the Sequani. C(zs. Bell. 
 G.7,c. 67. 
 
 Epulo, a Rutulian killed by Achates. Virg. 
 JEn. 12, V. 459. - 
 
 Epvtides, a patronymic given to Periphas 
 the son of Epytus, and the companion of As- 
 canius. Virg. JEn. 5, v. §47. 
 
 Eprius, a king of Alba. Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 
 
 44. A king of Arcadia. A king of Mes- 
 
 senia, of the family of the Heraclidae. The 
 
 father of Periphus, a herald in the Trojan war. 
 Homer. II. 17. 
 
 Equajusta, a town of Thessaly. 
 
 Equicolus, a Rutulian engaged in the wars 
 of iEneas. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 684. 
 
 Equiria, festivals established at Rome by 
 Romulus, in honour of Mars, when horse ra- 
 ces and games were exhibited in the Campus 
 Martius. Varro de L. L. 5, c, 3.~ Ovid. Fast. 
 2, V. 859. 
 
 ER 
 
 EQUOTUxicb'M, now Castel Franco, a lit- 
 tle town of Apulia, to which, as some sup- 
 pose, Horace alludes in this verse, 1 Sat. 5, 
 V. 87. 
 
 "Mansuri appidulo, versu quod dicere non 
 est." 
 
 Eracon, an oflScer of Alexander, impri- 
 soned for his craelty. Curt. 10. 
 
 ERiEA, a city of Greece, destroyed in the 
 age of Strabo, 3. 
 
 Erana, a small village of Cilicia on mount 
 Amanus. Cic. Fam. 15, ep. 4. 
 
 Erasenus, a river of Pehaponnesus, flow- 
 ing for a little space under the ground in Ar- 
 golis. Ovid. Met. 15, v. 275.— Plin. 2, c. 13. 
 
 Erasippus, a son of Hercules and Lysippe. 
 
 Erasistratus, a celebrated physician, 
 grandson to the philosopher Aristotle. He 
 discovered by the motion of the pulse the love 
 which Antiochus had conceived for his mo- 
 ther-in-law Stratonice, and was rewarded 
 with 100 talents for the cure by the father of 
 Antiochus. He was a great enemy to bleed- 
 ing and violent physic. He died B. C. 267. 
 Val. Max. 5, c. 7. — Plut. in Demetr. 
 
 Erato, one of the Muses, who presided 
 over lyiic, tender, and amorous poetry. She 
 is represented as crowned with ro^es and 
 myrtle, holding in her right hand a lyre, and 
 a lute in her left, musical instruments of 
 which she is considered by some as the in- 
 ventress. Love is sometimes placed by her 
 side holding a lighted flambeau, while she 
 herself appears with a thoughtful, but oftener 
 with a gay and animated look. She was in- 
 voked by lovers, especially in the month of 
 April, which, among the Romans, v/as more 
 particularly devoted to love. Apollod. 10. — 
 Virg. JEn. 7, v. SI.— Ovid, de Art. Am. 2, v. 
 
 425. One of the Nereides. Apollod. 1, c. 
 
 2. One of the Dryades, wife of Areas, king 
 
 of Arcadia. Pans. 8, c. 4. One of the Da- 
 
 naides who married Bromius. A queen of 
 
 the Armenians, after the death of Ariobar- 
 zancs, &-C. Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 4. 
 
 Eratosthenes, son of Agalus, was a na- 
 tive of Cyrene, and the second intro' >d with 
 the care of the Alexandrian librijy. H« 
 dedicated his time to grammatical criticism 
 and philosophy, but more particularly to poe- 
 try and mathematics. He has been called 
 a second Plato, the cosmographer, and the 
 geometer of the world. He is supposed to be 
 the inventor of the armillary sphere. With 
 the instruments with which the muiyficence of 
 the Ptolemies supplied the library of Alexan- 
 dria, he was enabled to measure the obliquity 
 of the ecliptic, which he called 20 1-2 degrees. 
 He also measured a degree of the meridian, 
 and determined the extent and circumference 
 of the earth with great exactness, by means 
 adopted by the moderns. He starved him- 
 self after he had lived to his 82d year, B. C. 
 194. Some few fragments remain of his 
 compositions. He collected the annals of the 
 Egyptian kings by order of one of the Ptole- 
 mies. 'Cic. ad Attic. 2, ep. 6. Varro de 
 
 R. R. 1, c. 2. 
 
 Eratostratus, an Ephesian, who burnt 
 the famous temple of Diana, the same night 
 that Alexander the Great was born. This 
 burning, as some writers have observed, was 
 not prevented or seen by the goddess oif the 
 
ER 
 
 place, who was then present at the labours of 
 Olympiag, and the birth of the con(iueror of 
 Persia. Eratostratus did this villany merely 
 to eternize his name by so uncommon an ac- 
 tion. Plat, in .^lex.— ral. Max. 8, c. 14. 
 
 Eratus, a son of Hercules and Dynaste. 
 
 Apollod. A king of Sicyon, who died B. C. 
 
 1671. 
 
 Erbessus, a town of Sicily north of Agri- 
 gentum, now Monit Bibiiio. Liv. 24, c. 30. 
 
 Erchia, a small village of Attica, the birth 
 place of Xenoplion. Laert. 2, c. 48. 
 
 Erebus, a deity of hell, son of Chaos and 
 Darkness. He married INlght, by whom he 
 had the light and the day. The poets often 
 used tlie word Erebus to signify hell itself, and 
 particularly that part where dwelt the souls 
 of those who had lived a virtuous life, from 
 whence they passed into the Elysiau fields. 
 Cic. de Kat. D. 3, c. n.— Virg. JEn. 4, v. 26. 
 
 Erechtheds, a son of Pandion 1st, was 
 the sixth king of Athens. He was father of 
 Cecrops 2d, Metion, PandoruS; and four 
 daughters, Creusa, Orithya, Pocris, and 
 Othonia, by Praxithea. In a war against 
 Eleusis he sacriticed Othonia, called also 
 Chthonia, to obtain a victory which the ora- 
 cle promised for such a sacriiice. In that war 
 he killed Euraolpus, Neptune's son, who was 
 the general of the enemy, for which he w^as 
 struck with thunder by Jupiter at Neptune's 
 request. Some say that he was drowned in the 
 sea. After death he received divine honours 
 at Athens. He reigned 50 years, and died 
 B. C. 1347. According to some accounts, he 
 first introduced the mysteries of Ceres at 
 Eleusis. Ovid. 6, v. 877.— Ptfus. 2, c. 2o.~ 
 Apollod.^, c. 15. — Cic. pro Sext. 21. — Tusc. 
 1, c. 48.— j\at. D. 3, c. 15. 
 
 Erechthides, a name given to the Athe- 
 nians, from their king Erechtheus. Ovid. 
 Met. 7, v. 430. 
 
 Erembi, a people of Arabia. 
 
 Eremus, a country of ^Ethiopia. 
 
 Erenea, a village of Megara. Pam. 1, 
 c. 44. 
 
 Eressa, a town of -^Eolia. 
 
 Eresus, a town of Lesbos, where Theo- 
 phrastus was born. 
 
 Eretria, a city of Euboea on the Euripus, 
 anciently called Melantis aud .irotria. It 
 WEis destroyed by the Persians, and the ruins 
 were hardly visible in the age of Strabo. It 
 received its name from Eretrius, a son of 
 Phaeton. Pans. 7, c. 8, kc.—Mela, 2, c. 7.— 
 Plin.4, c. 12.— C. JVep.in Mill. 4. 
 
 Eretum, a town of the Sabines near the 
 Tiber, whence came the adjective Eretinus. 
 Virg. JE>-. 7, V. lU.—TibulL 4, el. S, v. 4. 
 
 Ereuthalion, a man killed by Nestor 
 in a war between the Pylians and Arcadians. 
 Homer. II. 
 
 Ergane, a river whose waters intoxicate 
 as wine. A surname of Minerva. Paus. 5, 
 c. 14. 
 
 Ergenxa, a celebrated soothsayer of Etru- 
 ria. Pers. 2. v. 26. 
 
 EuciAS, a Rhodian, who wrote an history of 
 his country. 
 
 Erginus, a king of Orchomenos, son of 
 
 Clymeims. He obliged the Thebans to pay 
 
 him a yearly tribute of 100 oxen, because his 
 
 father had been killed by a Theban. Her- 
 
 35 
 
 ER 
 
 J cules attacked his servants, who came to raise 
 I the tribute, and mutilated them, and he af- 
 I terwards killed Erginus, who attempted to 
 I avenge their death by invading Bceotia with 
 
 an army. Paus. 9, c. 17. A river of 
 
 Thrace. Mela, 2, c. 2. A son of Neptune. 
 
 One of the four brothers who kept the 
 Acrocorinth, by order of Antigonus. Pa- 
 li/ten. 6. 
 
 Ekgin.vus, a man made master of the 
 ship Argo by the Argonauts, after the death 
 of Typhis. 
 
 Eribcea, a surname of Juno. Homer. 11. 
 
 5. The mother of Ajax Telamon. So- 
 
 pJiocl. 
 
 Eribotes, a man skilled in medicine, &c. 
 Orpheus. 
 
 Ericetes, a man of Lycaonia, killed by 
 Messapus, iu Italy. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 749. 
 
 Erichtho, a Thessalian woman famous 
 for her knowledge of poisonous herbs and me- 
 dicine. Lncan. 6, v. 507. One of the 
 
 Furies. Ovid. — Hesiod. 21, v. 151. 
 
 Ekichthonius, the fourth king of Athens, 
 sprang from the seed of Vulcan, which fell up- 
 on the ground when that god attempted to of- 
 fer violence to Minerva. He was very deform- 
 ed, and had the tails of serpents instead of 
 legs. Minerva placed him in a basket, which 
 she gave to the daughters of Cecrops, with 
 strict injunctions not to examine its contents. 
 Aglauros, one of the sisters, had the curiosity 
 to open the basket, for which the goddess pun- 
 ished her indiscretion by making her jealous of 
 her sister Herse. [Vid. Herse.] Erichthoii 
 was young when he ascended the throne of 
 Athens. He reigned 50 years, and died B. C. 
 1437. The invention of chariots is attributed 
 to him, and the manner of harnessing horses 
 to draw them. He was made a constellation 
 after death under the neune of Bootes. Ovid, 
 Met. 2, v. b^.—Hygin. fab. 166.— Apollod. 
 3, c. 14.— Paus. 4, c. 2.— Virg. G. 3, v. 113. 
 
 A son of Dardanus who reigned in Troy, 
 
 and died 1374 B. C. after a long reign oi 
 about 75 years. Apollod. 3, c. 10. 
 
 Ericinium, a town of Macedonia. 
 
 Ericusa, one of the Lipari isles, now 
 Alicudi. 
 
 Eridands, one of the largest rivers of Italy, 
 rising in the Alj)s and falling into the Adriatic 
 by several mouths ; now called the Po. It 
 was in its neighbourhood that the Heliades, 
 the sisters of Phaeton, were changed into 
 poplars, according to Ovid. Virgil calls it the 
 king of all rivers, and Lucan compares it to 
 the Rhino and Danube. An Eridanus is men- 
 tioned in heaven. Cic. in Aral. 145. — Clau- 
 dian de Cons. Hon. 6, v. 175. — Ovid. Met. 
 2, fab. 3. — Paus. 1, c. 3. — SlraJ). 5. — Lucan. 
 2, V. 409.— Virg. G. 1, v. 482.— JEn. 6, v. 659. 
 
 Erigone, a daughter of Icarius, who hung 
 herself wlien she heard tliat her father had 
 been killed by some shepherds whom he had 
 intoxicated. She was made a constellation, 
 now known under the name of Virgo. Bac- 
 chus deceived her by changing himself into 
 a beautiful grape. Ovid. Met. 6, fab. 4. — • 
 Stat. 11. Theh. v. 644.— Virg. G. 1, v. 33.— 
 
 Apollod. 3, c. 14— Hygin. fab. 1 and 24. A 
 
 daughter of J^gistiius and Clytemnestra, wh© 
 had by her brother Orestes, Penthilus, who 
 shared thr regal power with TimasemiS) lUe 
 
ER 
 
 legitimate son of Orestes and Hermione. Paus. 
 2, c. \S.—Paterc. 1, c. 1. 
 
 Erigoneius, a name applied to the Dog- 
 star, because looking towards Erigone, he. 
 Ovid. Fast. 5, v. 723. 
 
 Erigunus, a river of Thrace. A pain- 
 ter. Plin. 35, c. 11. 
 
 Erigvus, a Mitylenean, one of Alexander's 
 officers. Curt. 6, c. 4. 
 
 Erillus, a philosopher of Carthage, con- 
 temporary with Zeno. Diog. 
 
 Erindes, a river of Asia, near Parthia. 
 Tacit. Ann. ll,c. 16. 
 
 Erinna, a poetess of Lesbos, intimate with 
 Sappho. Plin. 34 c. 8. 
 
 Erinnys, the Greek name of the Eurae- 
 nides. The word signifies the fury of the 
 mind, «e«; vou?. [Vid. Eumenides,] Virg. JEn. 
 2, V. 337.— — A surname of Ceres, on account 
 of her amour with Neptune under the form of 
 ahorse. Paus. 8, c. 25 and 42. 
 
 Eriopis, a daughter of Medea. Paus. 
 2, c. 3. 
 
 Eriphanis, a Greek woman famous for 
 her poetical compositions. She was extreme- 
 ly fond of the hunter Melampus, and to enjoy 
 his company she accustomed herself to live in 
 the woods. Aihen. H. 
 
 Eriphidas, a Lacedaemonian, who being 
 sent to suppress a sedition at Heraclea, assem- 
 bled the people, and beheaded 500 of the ring- 
 leaders. Diod. 14. 
 
 Eriphyle, a sister of Adrastus king of 
 Argos, who married Amphiaraus. She was 
 daughter of Talaus and Lysimache. When 
 her husband concealed himself that he might 
 not accompany the Argives in their expedition 
 against Thebes, where he knew he was to per- 
 ish, Eriphyle suffered herself to be bribed by 
 Polynices with a golden necklace which had 
 been formerly given to Hei-mione by the god- 
 dess Venus, and she discovered where Am- 
 phiaraus was. This treachery of Eriphyle 
 compelled him to go to the war ; but before he 
 departed, he charged his son Alcmaeon to mur- 
 der his mother as soon as he was informed of 
 his death. Amphiaraus- perished in the expe- 
 dition, and his death was no sooner known than 
 his last injunctions were obeyed, and Eriphyle 
 was murdered by the hands of her son. Virg. 
 JEn. 6, V. 445. — Homer. Od. 11. — Cic.in Verr. 
 4, c. 18.— Apollod. 1, c. 9, 1. 3, c.6 and T.—Hy- 
 gin.faX). 73. — Paus. 5, c. 17. 
 
 Eris, the goddess of discord among the 
 Greeks. She is the same as the Discocdia of 
 the Latins. Vid. Discordia. 
 
 Erisicthon, a Thessalian, son of Triops, 
 who derided Ceres and cut down her groves. 
 This impiety irritated the goddess, who af- 
 flicted him with continual hunger. He squan- 
 dered all his possessions to gratify the cravings 
 of his appetite, and at last he devoured his own 
 limbs for want of food. His daughter Metra 
 had the power of transforming herself into 
 whatever animal she pleased, and she made 
 use of that artifice to maintain her father, who 
 sold her, after which she assumed another 
 ghape and became again his property. Oind. 
 Met. fab. 18. 
 
 EuiTHiJs, a eon of Actor, killed by Per- 
 seus. Ovid. Met. 5. 
 
 Ekixo, a Roman knight condemned by the 
 people for having whipped his son to death. 
 ii:encc, 1, da Clem. 14. 
 
 ER 
 
 ErocHus, a townof Phocis. Paus. 10, c. 8. 
 
 Eropcs, or^'EROPAS, a king of Macedonia, 
 who when in the cradle succeeded his fa- 
 ther Philip 1st, B. C. 602. He made war 
 against the Illyrians, whom he conquered. 
 Justin. 7, c. 2. 
 
 Eros, a servant of whom Antony demand- 
 ed a sword to kill himself Eros produced 
 the instrument, but instead of giving it to his 
 master, he killed himself in his presence. 
 
 Plut. in Anton. A comedian. Cic. pro 
 
 Rose. 2. A son of Chronos or Saturn, god 
 
 of love. Vid. Cupido. 
 
 Erostratus. Vid. Eratostratus. 
 
 Erotia, a festival in honour of Eros the 
 god of love. It was celebrated by the Thes- 
 pians every fifth year with sports and games, 
 when musicians and others contended. If any 
 quarrels or seditions had arisen among the 
 people, it was then usual to oflfer sacrifices 
 and prayers to the god, that he would totally 
 remove them. 
 
 Errvca, a town of the Volsci in Italy. 
 
 Erse, a daughter of Cecrops. Vid. Herse. 
 
 Erxias, a man who wrote an history of 
 Colophon. He is perhaps the same as the per- 
 son who wrote an history of Rhodes. 
 
 Eryalus, a Trojan chief, killed by Patro- 
 clus. Hoin.IL 16, v.41h 
 
 Erymas, a Trojan killed by Turnus. Virg. 
 JEn. 9, V. 702. 
 
 Erybium, a town at the foot of mount Par- 
 nassus. 
 
 Erycina, a surname of Venus from mount 
 Erj^x, where she \\<\A a temple. She was also 
 worshipped at Rome under this appTellation. 
 Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 814.— Horat. 1. Od. 2, v. 33. 
 
 Erymanthis, a surname of Callisto, as an 
 
 inhabitant of Erymanthus. Arcadia is also 
 
 known by that name. 
 
 Erymanthus, a mountain, river, and town 
 of Arcadia, where Hercules killed a pro- 
 digious boar, which he carried on his shoul- 
 ders to Eurystheus, who was so terrified 
 at the sight, that he hid himself In a brazen ves- 
 sel. Paus. 8, c. 24.----Virg. ACn. 6, v. 802.— 
 Plin. 4, c. 6.— Cic. Tusc. 2, c. 8, 1. 4, c. 22.— 
 Ovid. Met. 2, v. 499. 
 
 Erymn^, a town of Thessaly. Paus. 8, c. 
 24. — rOf Magnesia. 
 
 Erymneus, a Peripatetic philosopher who 
 flourished B. C. 126. 
 
 EuYMUs, a huntsman of Cyzicus. 
 
 Ervthea, an island between Gades and 
 Spain, where Gerjon reigned. Plin. 4, c. 
 22.— Mela, 3, c. 6.—Propert. 4, el. 10, v. 1.— 
 
 Sil. 16, V. 195.— Olid. Fast. 5, v. 649. A 
 
 dangiiter of Geryon. Paus. 10, c. 37. 
 
 Erythini, a town of Paphlagonia. 
 
 Ervtur^, a town of Ionia, opposite Chios, 
 once the residence of a Sibyl. It was built by 
 Neleus, the son of Codrus. Paiis. 10, c. 12. 
 
 —Liv. 4^, c. 28, 1. 38, c. 39 A town of 
 
 Bceotia. Id.6,c. 21. One hi Libya, 
 
 another in Locris. 
 
 Ervthr^el'm mare, a part of the ocean 
 on the coast of Arabia. As it has a commu- 
 nication withthe Persian gulf, and that of Ara- 
 bia or the Red Sea, it has often been mistaken 
 by ancient writers, who by the word Ery- 
 threan, understood indiscriminately either the 
 Red Sea or the Persian gulf It received this 
 name either from Erythras, or from \\\e red- 
 
ET 
 
 ness{»e»3^e!>?, ruber) of its sand or waters. Curt. 
 S, c. 9.—Plin. 6, c. 23.— Herodot. 1, c. 180 and 
 189, L 3, c. 93, 1. 4, c. 37.— Mela, 3, c. 8. 
 
 Erythras, a son of Hercules. Apollod. 
 A sonof Perseus and Andromeda, drown- 
 ed in the Red Sea, which from him was called 
 Erylhrczum. Arrian. Ind. 6, c. 19. — Mela, 3. 
 c. 7. 
 
 Erythrion, a son of Athamas and The- 
 mistone. Apollod. 
 
 Erythros, a place of Latium. 
 
 Eryx, a son of Butes and Venus, who rely- 
 ing upon his strength, challenged all strangers 
 to fight with him in the combat of the cestus. 
 Hercules accepted his challenge after many 
 had yielded to his superior dexterity, and 
 Eryx was killed in the combat, and buried on 
 the mountain, where he had built a temple to 
 Venus. Virg. JEn. 5, v. 402. An Indian kil- 
 led by his subjects for opposing Alexander, kc. 
 
 Curt. 8, c. 11. A mountain of Sicily, now 
 
 Giuliano near Drepanum, which received its 
 name from Eryx, who was buried there. This 
 mountain was so steep that the houses which 
 were built upon it seemed every moment rea- 
 dy to fall. Dasdalus had enlarged the top, and 
 enclosed it with a strong wall. He also conse- 
 crated there to Venus Erycina a golden heifer, 
 which so much resembled life, that it seemed 
 to exceed the power of art. Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 
 478.— Hi/gm. tab. 16 and 260.— Lu'. 22, c. 9.— 
 Mela, 2, c. 7.—Paus. 3, c. 16. 
 
 _ Eryxo, the mother of Battus, who artfully 
 killed the tyrant Learchus who courted her. 
 Herodot. 4, c. 160. 
 
 EsERNus, a famous gladiator. Cic. 
 
 EsQ,uiLi.gE, and Esquilinus mons, one of 
 the seven hills of Rome, which was joined 
 to the city by king Tullus. Birds of prey 
 generally came to devour the dead bodies of 
 criminals who had been executed there, and 
 thencp they w*ere called Esquilbvz alites. 
 Liv,2,c. U.—Horat.5, epod. v. 100.— Tacit. 
 Ann. 2, c. 32. 
 
 EssENDONJES, a people of Asia, above the 
 Palus Ma30tis, who eat the flesh of their pa- 
 rents mixed with that of cattle. They gilded 
 the head and kept it as sacred. Mela, 2, c. 1. 
 — Plin. 4, c. 12. 
 
 Essui, a people of Gaul. 
 ^ EsTiiEoTis, a district of Thessaly, on the 
 river Peneus. 
 
 EsuLA, a town of Italy, near Tibur. Horat. 
 3, Od. 29, V. 6. 
 
 EsTiAiA, solemn sacrifices to Vesta, of 
 which it was unlawful to carry away any thing 
 or communicate it to any body. 
 
 Etearchus, a king of Oaxus in Crete. 
 After the death of his wife, he married a wo- 
 man who made herself odious for her tyranny 
 over her step-daughter Phronima. Etearchus 
 i^ave ear to all the accusations which were 
 brought against his daughter, and ordered her 
 to be thrown into the sea. She had a son cal- 
 led Battus, who led a colony to Cyrene. He- 
 rodot. 4, c. 154. 
 
 Eteocx.es, a son of CEdipus and Jocasta. 
 After his fathers death, it was agreed betv.enn 
 him and his brother Polynices, timt they should 
 Itoth share the royalty, and reign alternately 
 each a year. Eteocles by right of seniority 
 first ascended the throne, but after the first 
 year of hi? reign was expired, he reftised to 
 
 ET 
 
 give up the crown to his brother according to 
 their mutual agreement. Polynices, resolving 
 to punish such an open violation of a solemn 
 engagement, went to implore the assistance of 
 Adrastus, king of Argos. He received that 
 king's daughter in marriage, and was soon af- 
 ter assisted with a strong army, headed by sev- 
 en famous generals. These hostile prepara- 
 tions were watched by Eteocles, who on his 
 part did not remain inactive. He chose seven 
 brave chiefs to oppose tiie seven leaders of the 
 Argives, and stationed them at the seven gates 
 of the city. He placed himself against his 
 brother Polynices, and he opposed Menalippus 
 to Tydeus, Polyphontes to Capaneus, Mega- 
 reus to Eteoclus, Hyperbius to Parthenopaeus, 
 and Lasthenes to Amphiaraus. Much blood 
 was shed in light and unavailing skirmishes, 
 and it was at last agreed between the two broth- 
 ers that the war should be decided by single 
 combat. They both fell in an engagement con- 
 ducted with the most inveterate fury on either 
 side, and it is even said that the ashes of these 
 two brothers, who had been so inimical one to 
 the other, separated themselves on the burn- 
 ing pile, as if even after death, sensible of re- 
 sentment, and hostile to reconciliation. Stat. 
 Theh.— Apollod. 3, c. 5, hc.—JEschyl. Sept. 
 atUe Theb. — Eurip in JPhcenis. — Pans. 5, c. 
 
 9, 1. 9, c. 6. A Greek, the first who raised 
 
 altars to the Graces. Paus. 
 
 Eteoclus, one of the seven chiefs of the 
 army of Adrastus, in his expedition against 
 Thebes, celebrated for his valour, for his disin- 
 terestedness and mananimity. He was killed 
 by Megareus, the son of Creon, under the 
 walls of Thebes. Eurip. — Apollod. 3, c. 6. 
 A son of Iphis. 
 
 ExEocRETiE, an ancient people of Crete. 
 
 Eteones, a town of Bceotia on the Asopus. 
 Stat. Theb. 7, v. 266. 
 
 Eteokeus, an officer at the court of Mene- 
 laus, when Telemachus visited Sparta. He 
 was son of Boethus. Homer. Od. 4, v. 22. 
 
 Eteonicus, a Lacedaemonian general, who, 
 upon hearing that Callicratidas was conquer- 
 ed at Arginusse, ordered the njessengers of 
 this news to be crowned, and to enter Mity- 
 lene in triumph. This so terrified Conon, 
 who besieged the town, that he concluded that 
 the enemy had obtained some advantageous 
 victory, and he raised the siege. Diod. 13. — 
 Polycen. 1. 
 
 Etesi.®, periodical northern winds of a 
 gentle and mild nature, very common for five 
 or six weeks in the months of spring and au- 
 tumn. Lucret. 5, v. 741. 
 
 Ethalion, one of the Terrhene sailors 
 changed into dolphuis for carrying away Bac- 
 chus. O^nd. Met. 3, V. 647. 
 
 Etheleum, a river of Asia, the boundary of 
 Troas and Mysia. Slrab. 
 
 Ethoda, a daughter of Amphion and 
 Niobe. 
 
 Ethemo.n, a person killed at the marriage 
 of Andromeda. Ovid. Met. 6, v. 163. 
 
 Etias, a daughter of .apneas. Paus. 
 c. 22. 
 
 ETrs, a town of Peloponnesus. Id.ib. 
 
 EtrCria. Vid. Hetruria. 
 
 Etrusci, the inhabitants of Etruria, 
 inous for their superstitions and enchantments 
 i^id. Hetruria. Cic. ad. fom. 6, ep. 0.— I»r 
 2, c. 34. 
 
 3, 
 
 fa- 
 
EV 
 
 Etylus, the father of Theocles. Id. 6, 
 «. 19. 
 
 EvADNE, a daughter of Iphis or Iphicles of 
 Argos, who slighted the addresses of Apollo, 
 and married Capaneus one of the seven chiefs 
 who went against Thebes. When her hus- 
 band had been struck with thunder by Jupi- 
 ter for his blasphemies and impiety, and his 
 ashes had been separated from those of the 
 rest of the Argives, she threw herself on his 
 burning pile and perished in the flames. Virg. 
 JEn. 6, V. 44T.—Propert. 1, el. 15, v. 21. 
 
 —Stat. Theb. 12, v. 800. A daughter of 
 
 the Strymon and Neaera, She married Ar- 
 gus, by whom she had four children, jipol- 
 lod. 2. 
 
 EvAGEs, a poet famous for his genius but 
 not for his learning. 
 
 EvAGORAs, a king of Cyprus who retook 
 Salamis, which bad been taken from his father 
 by the Persians. He made war against Ar- 
 taxerxes, the king of Persia, with the assist- 
 ance of the Egyptians, Arabians, and Tyrians, 
 and obtained some advantage over the fleet of 
 his enemy. The Persians however soon re- 
 paired their losses, and Evagoras saw himself 
 defeated by sea and land, and obliged to be 
 tributary to the power of Artaxerxes, and to 
 be stripped of all his dominions except the 
 town of Salamis. He was assassinated soon 
 after this fatal change of fortune, by an eunuch, 
 374 B. C. He left two sons, Nicoeles, who 
 succeeded him, and Protagoras, who deprived 
 his nephew Evagoras of his possessions Eva- 
 goras deserves to be commended for his sobri- 
 ety, moderation, and magnanimity, and if he 
 was guilty of any political error in the manage- 
 ment of his kingdom, it may be said that his 
 love of equity was a full compensation. His 
 grandson bore the same name, and succeeded 
 his father Nicoeles. He showed himself op' 
 pressive, and his uncle Protagoras took advan- 
 tage of his unpopularity to deprive him of his 
 power. Evagoras fled to Artaxerxes Ochus, 
 who gave him a government more extensive 
 than that of Cyprus, but his oppression ren- 
 dered him odious, and he was accused before 
 his benefactor, and by his orders put to death. 
 C. Mp. 12, c. %—Diod. \A.—Paus. 1, c. 3.— 
 
 Jusiin. 5, c. 6. A man of Ells who obtained 
 
 a prize at the Olympian games. Paus. 5, c. 
 
 8. A Spartan famous for his services to the 
 
 people of Elis. Id. 6, c. 10. A son of Ne- 
 
 leus and Chloris. Jipollod. 1, c. 9. A son 
 
 of Priam. Id. 3, c. 12. A king of Rhodes. 
 
 An historian of Lindos. Another of 
 
 Thasos, whose works proved sei-viceable to 
 Pliny in the completion of his natural history. 
 P/m. 10. 
 
 EvAGORE, one of th j Nereides. Apollod. 
 Evan, a surname c ^ Bacchus, which he 
 received from the wild ejaculation of Evmi ! 
 Evan .' by his priestesses. Ovul. Met. 4, v. 15. 
 — Virg. Jtln. r>, V. 517. 
 
 EvANDER, a son of the prophetess Cai*- 
 mente, king of Arcadia. An accidental mur- 
 der obliged him to leave iiis country, and he 
 came to Italy, where he drove the Aborigines 
 from their ancient possessions, and reigned in 
 that part of the country where Rome was af- 
 J terwards founded. He kindly received Her- 
 cules wlien he returned from the conquest of 
 Geiyon ; and he was the iirst who raised him 
 
 EU 
 
 altars. He gave .^neas assistance against tb« 
 Rutuli, and distinguished himself by his hos- 
 pitality. It is said that he first brought the 
 Greek alphabet into Italy, and introduced 
 there the worship of the Greek deities. He 
 was honoured as a god after death by his sub- 
 jects, who raised him an altar on mount Aven- 
 tine. Paus. 8, c. 43.— Liu. 1, c. I.—Iial.l, 
 V. 18. — Dionys. Hal. 1, c. 7. — Ovid. Fast. 1, 
 
 v. 500, 1. V. 9\.— Virg. JEn. 8, v 100, he. 
 
 A philosopher of the second academy, who 
 flourished B. C. 215. 
 
 EvANGELus, a Greek historian. A comic 
 
 poet. 
 
 EvANGORiDES, a man of Elis, who wrote an 
 account of all those who had obtained d prize 
 at Olyraj/ia, where he himself had been victo- 
 rious. Pans. 6, c. 8. 
 
 EvATHES, a man who planted a colony in 
 
 Lucania at the head of some Locrians. A 
 
 celebrated Greek poet. An historian of Mi- 
 letus. A philosopher of Saraos. A wri- 
 ter of Cyzicus. A son of (Enopion of 
 
 Crete, who migrated to live at Chios. Paus. 
 7, c. 4. 
 
 EvARCHTTs, a river of Asia Minor flowing 
 into the Euxine on the confines of Cappadocia^ 
 Flac.6,Y. 102. 
 
 Evas, a native of Phrygia, who accompa- 
 nied iEneas into Italy, where he was killed by 
 Mezentius. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 702. 
 
 Evax, an Arabian prince who wrote to Ne- 
 ro concerning jewels, &.C. P/m. 25, c. 2. 
 
 EuBAGES, certain priests held in great vene- 
 ration among the Gauls and Britons. Vid. 
 Druida;. 
 
 EuBATAS, an athlete of Cyrene, whom tht 
 courtezan Lais in vain endeavoured to seduce 
 Paus. Eliac. 1. 
 
 EuEius, an obscene writer, &.c. Ovid. Tri^t. 
 2, V. 415. 
 
 EuBCEA, the largest island in the .^Egean 
 sea after Crete, now called Negropont. It is 
 separated from the continent of Bceotia, by the 
 narrow stcaits of the Euripus, and was an- 
 ciently known by the different names of Ma- 
 cris, Oche, Ellopia, Chalcis, Mantis, j9sopis. 
 It is 150 miles long, 37 broad in its most ex- 
 tensive parts, and 365 in circumference. The 
 principal town was Chalcis, and it was reported 
 
 that in the neighbourhood of Chalcis the island 
 had been formerly joined to the continent. Eu- 
 boea was subject to the power of the Greeks ; 
 some of its cities, however, remained for some 
 time independent. Plin.4, c. 12. — Strab. 10. 
 
 — Ovid. Met. 14, v. 155. One of the three 
 
 daughters of the river AsterioH, who was one 
 
 of the nurses of Juno. Paus. 2, c. 17. One 
 
 of Mercury's mistresses. A daughter of 
 
 Thespius. .Apollod. 2. A town of Sicily 
 
 near Hybla. 
 
 Euisoicus, belonging to Eubcea. The epi- 
 thet is also applied to the country of Cuma?, 
 because that city was built by a colony from 
 Chalcis, a town of Eubcea. Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 
 ^dT.— Virg. JEn. 6, v. 2, 1. 9, v. 710. 
 
 EuBOTE, a daughter of Thespius. Apollod. 
 
 EuBOTEs, a son of Hercules. Id. 2. 
 
 EubiJle, an Athenian virgin, daughter of 
 Leon, sacrificed with her sister, by order of 
 the oracle of Delphi, for the safety of her 
 country, which laboured under a famine 
 ^Elia7i. V. II. 12, c. 18. 
 
EU 
 
 EuBULiDES, a philosopher of Miletus, pupil 
 and successor to Euclid. Demosthenes was 
 one of his pupils, and by his advice and encou- 
 ragement to perseverance he was enabled to 
 conquer the difficulty he felt in pronouncing 
 the letter R. He severely attacked the doc- 
 trines of Aristotle. I>wg. An historian 
 
 who wrote an account of Socrates, and of 
 
 Diogenes. Laertius. A famous statuary of 
 
 Athens. Pans. 8, c. 14. 
 
 EuBiJLDS, an Athenian orator, rival to De- 
 mosthenes. A comic poet. An historian 
 
 who wrote a voluminous account of Mithra:^. 
 A philosopher of Alexandria. 
 
 AucERUS, a man of Alexandria accused of 
 adultery with OctaWa, that Nero might have 
 occasion to divorce her. Tacit. Ann. 14, c. 60. 
 
 EucHENOR, a son of iEgyptus and Arabia. 
 ApoUod. 
 
 EucHiDES, an Athenian who went to Delphi 
 and returned the same day, a journey of about 
 107 miles. The object of his journey was to 
 obtain some sacred fire. 
 
 EucLiDEs, a native of Megara, disciple of 
 Socrates, B. C. 404. When the Athenians had 
 forbidden all the people of Megara on pain of 
 death to enter their city, Euclides disguised 
 himself in women's clothes to introduce him- 
 self into the presence of Socrates. Diog. in 
 
 Socrate. A mathematician of Alexandria, 
 
 who flourished 300 B. C. He dlstingubhed 
 himself by his writings on music and geome- 
 try, but particularly by 15 books on the ele- 
 ments of mathematics, which consist of prob- 
 lems and theorems with demonstrations. This 
 work has been greatly mutilated by commen- 
 tators. Euclid was so respected in his life- 
 time, that king Ptolemy became one of his 
 pupils. Euclid established a school at Alexan- 
 dria, which became so famous, that from his 
 age to the time of the Saracen conquest, no 
 mathematician was found but what had studied 
 at Alexandria. He was so respected that Pla- 
 to, himself a mathematician, being asked con- 
 cerning the building of an altar at Athens, re- 
 ferred his inquiries to the mathematician of 
 Alexandria. The latest edition of Euclid's 
 writings is that of Gregoiv, fol. Oson. 1703. 
 Val. Max. 8, c. 12.— C/c. deOrat. 3, c. 72. 
 
 EucLus, a prophet of Cyprus, who fore- 
 told the birth and greatness of the poet Ho- 
 mer, according to some traditions. Paus. 10, 
 c. 12. 
 
 EccRATE, one of the Nereides. Apollod. 
 
 EucRixES, the father of Procles the histo- 
 rian. Paus. 2, c. 21. 
 
 EccRiTus. Vld. Evephenus. 
 
 EtcTEMOx, a Greek of Cumaj, exposed to 
 great barbarities. Curl. 5, c. 5. An astro- 
 nomer who flourished B. C. 431. 
 
 EucRESFi, a people of Peloponnesus. 
 
 EuD.E.Mox, a general of Alexander. 
 
 EcDAMiDAS, a son of Archidamus 4th, 
 brother to Agis 4tb. He succeeded on tlie 
 Spartan throne, after his brother's death, B. 
 C. 330. Paus. 3, c. 10. A son of Archida- 
 mus, king of Sparta, who succeeded B. C. 268. 
 
 The commander of a garrison stationed 
 
 at TrcEzene by Cralprus. 
 
 El'damus, a son of Agesilaus of the Hcrac- 
 
 lidae. He s'lcceeded his father. A learned 
 
 naturalist and philosoi)her. 
 
 EcDEMUs, the physician of Livia,. the wiff 
 
 EV 
 
 of Drusus, he. Tacit, .inn. 4, c. 3. -An 
 
 orator of Megalopolis, preceptor to Philopce- 
 men. An historian of Naxos. 
 
 EuDociA, the wife of the emperor Theodo- 
 sius the younger, who gave the public some 
 compositions. She died A. D. 460. 
 
 EuDociMus, a man who appeased a mutiny 
 among some soldiers by telling them that an 
 hostile army was in sight. Polyaen. 
 
 EuDoRUA, one of the Nereides. One of 
 
 the Atlantides. 
 
 EuDuRus, a son of Mercury and Polimela, 
 who went to the Trojan war with Achilles, 
 Homer. II. 16. 
 
 EuDoxi Specula, a place in Egypt. 
 
 EuDoxiA, the wife of Arcadius, he A 
 
 daughter of Theodosius the younger, who 
 married the emperor Maximus, and invited 
 Genseric the Vandal over into Italy. 
 
 EuDoxus, a son of ^schines of Cnidus, 
 who distinguished himself by his knowledge of 
 astrology, medicine, and geometry. He was 
 the first who regulated the year among the 
 Greeks, among whom he first brought from 
 Egypt the celestial sphere and regular astrono- 
 my. He spent a great part of his life on the 
 top of a mountain, to study the motion of the 
 stars, by whose appearance he pretended to 
 foretell the events of futurity. He died in his 
 53d year, B. C. 352. Lucan. 10, v. 187.— 
 
 Diog. — Pefroti. 88. A native of Cyzicus, 
 
 who sailed all round the coast of Africa from 
 the Red Sea, and entered the Mediterranean 
 
 by the columns of Hercules. A Sicilian, 
 
 son of Agathocles. A physician. Diog. 
 
 EvELTHON, a king of Salamis in Cyprus. 
 
 EcEMERiDAS, an historian of Cnidus, 
 
 EvEMERUs, an ancient historian of Mess*- 
 nia, intimate with Cassander. He travelled 
 over Greece and Arabia, and wrote an history 
 of the gods, in which he proved that they all 
 had been upon earth, as mere mortal men. 
 Ennius translated it into Latin. It is now lost. 
 
 EvENOR, a painter, father to Parrhasius. 
 Plin. 35, c. 9. 
 
 EvENus, an elegiac poet of Paros. A 
 
 river running through iEtolia, and falling into 
 the Ionian sea. It receives its name from Eve- 
 nus, son of Mars and Sterope, who being una- 
 ble to overcome Idas, who had promised him 
 his daughter Marpessa in marriage, if he sur- 
 passed him in running, grew so desperate, 
 that he threw himself into the river, which 
 afterwards bore his name. Ovid. Met. 9, v. 
 
 104. — Sttab. 7. A son of Jason and Hyp- 
 
 sipyle, queen of Lemnos. Homer. II. 7, v. 467. 
 
 Evephenus, a Pythagorean philosopher, 
 whom Dionysius condemned to death because 
 he had alienated the people of Metapontum 
 from his power. The philosopher begged 
 leave of the tyrant to go and marry his sister, 
 and promised to return in six months. Diony- 
 sius consented by receiving Eucritus, who 
 pledged himself to die if Evephenus did not 
 return in time. Evephenus returned at the 
 appointed moment, to the astonishment of 
 Dionysius, and delivered his friend Eucritus 
 from tiic death which threatened him. The 
 tyrant was so pleased with lliese two friends, 
 that iie pardoned Evephenus, and begged to 
 shai'e their friendship and conrKleiice./*o/^ie/».5. 
 
 EvERES, a son of Peteralaus, the only one 
 of his family who did not peri?h in a battle 
 
EU 
 
 against Electryon. Jlpollod. 2. A son of 
 
 Hercules and Parthenope. The father of 
 
 Tiresias. £pollod. 
 
 EvERGETiE, a people of Scythia, called also 
 Erimaspi. Curt. 7, c. 3. 
 
 EvERGETES, a suiviame signifying benefac- 
 tor , given to Philip of Macedonia, and to An- 
 tigonus Doson, and Ptolemy of Egypt. It was 
 also commonly given to the kings of Syria and 
 Pontus, and we often see among the former an 
 Alexander Evergetes, and among the latter a 
 Mithridates Evergetes. Some of the Roman 
 emperors also claimed that epithet, so expres- 
 sive of benevolence and humanity. 
 
 EvESPERiDEs, apeopleof Africa. Herodoi: 
 4, c. 171. 
 
 EuGANEi, a people of Italy on the borders 
 of the Adriatic, who, upon being expelled by 
 the Trojans, seized upon a part of the Alps. 
 Sil. 8, v. G04.—Liv. I, c. 1. 
 
 EuGEON, an ancient historian before the 
 Peloponnesian war. 
 
 EuGENius, an usurper of the imperial title 
 after the death of Valentinian the 2d, A. D. 392. 
 
 EuHEMERUs. Vid. Evemerus. 
 
 EuHYDRUM, a town of Thessaly. Liv. 32, 
 e. 13. 
 
 EuHYUs and Evius, a surname of Bacchus, 
 given him in the war of the giants against Ju- 
 piter. Horat. 2, Od. 11, v. 17. 
 
 EviPPE, one of the Danaides who married 
 and murdered Imbras. — . — Another. Apollod. 
 
 2, c. 1. The mother of the Pierides, who 
 
 were changed into magpies. Ovid. Met. 5, 
 V. 303. 
 
 Evippus, a son of Thestius, king of Pleu- 
 pon, killed by his brother Iphiclus in the chase 
 
 of the Calydonian boar. Apollod. 1, c. 7. 
 
 A Trojan killed by Patroclus. Homer. II. 16, 
 V. 417. 
 
 EuLiMENE, one of the Nereides. 
 
 EuAtachius, a Campanian who wrote an 
 history of Annibal. 
 
 Eum^eus, a herdsman and steward of Ulys- 
 ses, who knew his master at his return home 
 from the Trojan war after 20 years absence, 
 and assisted him in removing Penelope's suit- 
 ors. He was originally the son of the king of 
 Scyros, and upon being carried away by pi- 
 rates, he was sold as a slave to Laertes, who 
 rewarded his fidelitv and services. Homer. 
 Od. 13, V. 403, 1. 14', V. 3, 1. 15, v. 288, 1. 16 
 and 17. 
 
 EuMEDEs, a Trojan, son of Dolon, who 
 came to Italy with iEneas, where he was kill- 
 ed by Turnus. Virg.^n. 12, V. MQ.—Ovid. 
 Trist. 3, el. 4, v. 27. 
 
 EuMELis, a famous augur. Stat. 4. Sylv. 8, 
 r. 49. 
 
 EuMELTJS, a son of Admetus, king of Pherai 
 in Thessaly. He went to the Trojan war, 
 and had the fleetest horses in the Grecian 
 army. "He distinguished himself in the games 
 made in honour of Patroclus. Homer. II. 2 
 and 23. A man whose daughter was chan- 
 ged into a bird. Ovid. Met. 7, c. 390. A 
 
 man contemporary with Triptolemus, of whom 
 he learned the art of agriculture. Pans. 7, 
 
 c. 18. One of the followers of ^neas, who 
 
 first informed his friends that his fleet had 
 been set on fire by the Trojan women. Virg. 
 
 .fEn. 5, V. G65. One of the Bacchiadae, who 
 
 wrote, among other thing?; a poetical history 
 
 EU 
 
 of Corinth, B. C. 750, of which a small frag^- 
 
 ment is still extant. Paus. 2, c. 1. A king 
 
 of the Cimmerian Bosphorus, who died B. C. 
 304. 
 
 EuMENEs, a Greek officer in the army of 
 Alexander, son of a charioteer. He was the 
 most worthy of all the officers of Alexander 
 to succeed after the death of his master. He 
 conquered Paphlagonia and Cappadocia, of 
 which he obtained the government, till the 
 power and jealousy of Antigonus obliged him 
 to retire. He joined his forces to those of 
 Perdiccas, and defeated Craterus and Neop- 
 tolemus. Neoptolemus perished by the hands 
 of Eumenes. When Craterus had been killed 
 during the war, his remains received an hon- 
 ourable funeral from the hand of the conquer- 
 or ; and Eumenes, after weeping over the 
 ashes of a man who once was his dearest 
 friend, sent his remains to his relations in 
 Macedonia. Eumenes fought against Anti- 
 pater and conquered him, and after the death 
 of Perdiccas, his ally, his arms were directed 
 against Antigonus, by whom he was con- 
 quered, chiefly by the treacherous conduct of 
 his officers. This fatal battle obliged him to 
 disband the greatest part of his army to se- 
 cure himself a retreat, and he fled with only 
 700 faithful attendants to Nora, a fortified 
 place on the confines of Cappadocia, where 
 he was soon besieged by the conqueror. He 
 supported the siege for a year with courage 
 and resolution, but some disadvantageous 
 skirmishes so reduced him, that his soldiers, 
 grown desperate, and bribed by the oflfers of 
 the enemy, had the infidelity to betray hira 
 into the hands of Antigonus. The conqueror, 
 from shame or remorse, had not the courage 
 to visit Eumenes ; but when he was asked by 
 his officers, in what manner he wished him to 
 be kept, he answered, Keep him as carefully 
 as you would keep a lion. This severe com- 
 mand was obeyed ; but the asperity of Anti- 
 gonus vanished in a few days, and Eumenes, 
 delivered from the weight of chains, was per- 
 mitted to enjoy the company of his friends. 
 Even Antigonus hesitated whether he shoidd 
 not restore to his liberty a man with whom he 
 had lived in the greatest intimacy while both 
 were subservient to the command of Alex- 
 ander, and these secret emotions of pity and 
 humanity were not a little increased by the 
 petitions of his son Demetrius for the release 
 of Eumenes. But the calls of ambition pre- 
 vailed ; and when Antigonus recollected what 
 an active enemy he had in his power, he or- 
 dered Eumenes to be put to death in the prison ; 
 (though some imagine he was murdered with- 
 out the knowledge of his conqueror.) His 
 bloody commands were executed B. C. 315. 
 Such was the end of a man who raised himself 
 to power by merit alone. His skill in public 
 exercises first recommended him to the notice 
 of Philip, and under Alexander his attachment 
 and fidelity to the royal person, and particu- 
 larly his military accomplishments, promoted 
 him to the rank of a general. Even his ene- 
 mies revered him ; and Antigonus, by whose 
 orders he perished, honoured his remains with 
 a splendid funeral, and conveyed his ashes to 
 his wife and family in Cappadocia. It has been 
 observed that Eumenes had such an universal 
 influence over the successors of Alexander, 
 
-of Hyrcaaia. 
 
 EuMENiDEs and Eumenes, a man mention- 
 ed Ovid. 3. Trist. el. 4, v. 27. 
 
 EuMi.viDEs, a name given to tiie Furies by 
 the ancients. They sprang from the drops of 
 blood which flowed from the wound which 
 Ccelus received from his son Saturn. Accord- 
 ing to others they were daughters of the earth, 
 and conceived from the blood of Saturn. 
 Some make them daughters of Acheron and 
 Night, or Pluto and Proserpine, or Chaos and 
 Terra, according to Sophocles, or as Epirae- 
 nides reports, of Saturn and Evonyme. Ac- 
 cording to the most received opinions, they 
 were three in number, Tisiphone, Megara, and 
 Aleclo, to w hich some add Nemesis. Plutarch 
 mentions only one, called Adrasta, daughter of 
 Jupiter arid Necessity. They were supposed 
 to he the ministers of the vengeance of the gods, 
 and llierefore appeared stern and inexorable ; 
 always employed in punishing the guilty upon 
 earth, as well as in tiie iiifernal regions. They 
 inflicted their vengeance upon earth by wars, 
 pestilence, and di.ssentions, and by the secret 
 stings of conscience ; and in hell they punished 
 the guilty by continual (lagellation and tor- 
 ments. They were f.lso called Furies, Erin- 
 nyes, and Diroi, and the appellation of Eume- 
 uides, which signifies benevolence and corapas- 
 
 EU 
 
 that none during his life time dared to assume 
 the title of king; and it does not a little reflect 
 to his honour, to consider that the wars he 
 carried on were not from private or interested 
 motives, but for the good and welfare of his 
 deceased benefactor's children. Plut. S/- C.JVep. 
 in Tita. — Diod. 19 — Justin. 13. — Curt. 10. — 
 Arian. A king of Pergamus, who succeed- 
 ed his uncle Phileta^rus on the throne, B. C. 
 263. He made war against Antiochus the son 
 of Seleucus, and enlarged his possessions by 
 seizing upon many of the cities of the kings of 
 Syria. He lived in alliance with the Romans, ' 
 and made war against Prusias, king of Bithynia. 
 He was a great patron of learning, and given 
 much to wine. He died of escess in drinking, 
 after a reign of 22 years. He was succeeded 
 
 by Attains. Strab. 15. The second of that 
 
 name succeeded his father Attains on the 
 throne of Asia and Pergamus. His kingdom 
 was small and poor, but he rendered it power- 
 ful and opulent, and his alliance with the 
 Romans did not a little contribute to the in- 
 crease of his dominions after the victories ob- 
 tained over Antiochus the Great. He carried 
 his arms against Prusias and Antigonus, and 
 died B. C. 159, after a reign of 38 yeai-s, lea%-- 
 ing the kingdom to his son Attains 2d. He has 
 been admii-ed for his benevolence and mag- 
 nanimity, and his love of learning greatly en- 
 riched the famous library of Pergamus, which 
 had Been founded by his predecessors in imita- 
 tion of the Alexandrian collection of thePtolo- 
 mies. His brothers were so attached to him, 
 and devoted to his interest, that they enlisted 
 among his body guards to show their fraternal 
 fidelity. Strab. 13. — Justin. 31 and 34. — Po- 
 
 lyb. A celebrated orator of Athens about 
 
 the beginning of the fourth century. Some of 
 
 his harangues and orations are extant. An 
 
 historical writer in Alexander's army. 
 
 El MENiA, a city of Phrygia, built by Atta- 
 ins in honour of his brother Eumenes. A 
 
 city of Thrace, of Cari.a. Ptin. 5, c. 29. 
 
 EU 
 
 slon, they received after they had ceased to 
 persecute Orestes, who in gratitude offered 
 them sacrifices, and erected a temple in hon- 
 our of their divinity. Their worship was al- 
 most universal, and people presumed not to 
 mention their names or fix their eyes upon 
 their temples. They were honoured with sac- 
 rifices and libations, and in Achaia they had a 
 temple, which when entered by any one guil- 
 ty of crime, suddenly rendered him furious, 
 and deprived him of the use of his reason. 
 In their sacrifices the votaries used branches of 
 cedar and of alder, hawthorn, saffron, and ju- 
 niper, and the victims were genei-ally turtle 
 doves and sheep, with libations of wine and 
 honey. They w-ere generally represented with 
 a grim and frightful aspect, with a black and 
 bloody gai-ment; and serpents wreathing round 
 their heads instead of hair. They held a burn- 
 ing torch in\)ne hand, and a whip of scorpions 
 in the other, and were always attended by- 
 terror, rage, paleness, and death. In hell they 
 were seated around Pluto's throne, as the 
 ministers of his vengeance. Mschyl. in Eumen. 
 — Sopkocl. in (Edip. Col. 
 
 EuiMENiDiA, festivals in honour of the Eu- 
 menides, called by the Athenians Ti^u.** dw., 
 venerable (roddesses. They were celebrated 
 once every year with sacrifices of pregnant 
 ewes, with offerings of cakes made by the 
 most eminent youths, and libations of honey 
 and wine. At Atliens none but free-born 
 citizens were admitted, such as had led a life 
 the most virtuous and unsullied. Such only 
 were accepted by the goddesses who punished 
 all sorts of wickedness in a severe manner. 
 
 EuMENius, a Trojan killed by Camilla in 
 Italy^ Virg. Mn. 11, v. G66. 
 
 EU3I0LPE, one of the Nereides. Apollod. 
 
 EuMOLPid:, the priests of Ceres at the cele- 
 bration of her festivals of Eleusis. All causes 
 relating to impiety or profanation were re- 
 ferred to their judgment, and their decisions, 
 though occasionally severe, were considered 
 as generally impartial. The Eumolpid«e were 
 descended from Eumolpus, a king of Thrace, 
 who was made priest of Ceres by Erechtheus 
 king of Athens. He became so powerful after 
 his appointment to the priesthood, that he 
 maintained a war against Erechtheus. This 
 war proved fatal to both ; Erechtheus and Eu- 
 molpus were both killed, and peace was re- 
 established amon^ their descendants, on con- 
 dition that the priesthood should ever remain 
 in the family of Eumolpus, and the regal pow- 
 er in the house of Erechtheus. The priest- 
 hood continued in the family of Eumolpus for 
 1200 years ; and this is still more remarkable, 
 because he who was once appointed to the 
 holy oiiice, was obliged to remain in perpe- 
 tual celibacy. Paus. 2, c. 14. 
 
 Eumolpus, a king of Thrace, son of Nep- 
 tune and Chione. He was thrown into the 
 sea by his mother, who wished to conceal her 
 shame from her father. Neptune saved his 
 life, and carried him into j^thiopia, where he 
 vv as brought up by Amphitrite, and afterwards 
 by a woman of the country, one of whose 
 daughters he married. An act of violence to 
 hissister-in-law obliged him to leave -(i^thiopia, 
 and he lied to Thrace w^ith his son Ismarus, 
 where he married the daughter of Tegyrius, 
 the king of the country. This connc.\iou with 
 
EU 
 
 the royal family, rendered him ambitious ; he 
 conspired against his father-in-law, and fled, 
 when the conspiracy was discovered, to Atti- 
 ca, where he was initiated in the mysteries of 
 Ceres of Eleusis, and made Hierophantes or 
 High Priest. He was afterwards reconciled to 
 Tegyrius, and inherited his kingdom. He 
 made war against Erechtheus, the king of 
 Athens, who had appointed hira to the office 
 of high priest, and perished in battle. His de- 
 scendants were also invested with the priest- 
 hood, which remained for about 1200 years in 
 that family. Vid. Eumolpidae. Apollod. 2, c. 
 5, &,c. — Hygin. fab. 73. — JHod. 5. — Paus. 2, c. 
 14. 
 
 EuMONiDES, aTheban, &ic. Plut. 
 
 EunjEus, a son of Jason by Hypsipyle, 
 daughter of Thoas. Homer. II. 7. 
 
 EuNAPius, a physician, sophist, and histo- 
 rian, born at Sardis. He flourished in the 
 reign of Valentinian and his successors, and 
 wrote a history of the Caesars, of which few 
 fragments remain. His life of the philosophers 
 of his age is still extant. It is composed with 
 fidelity and elegance, precision and correct- 
 ness. 
 
 EuNoMiA, a daughter of Juno, one of the 
 Horae. Apollod. 
 
 EuNOMLs, a son of Prytanes, who succeed- 
 ed his father on the throne of Sparta. Paus. 
 
 2, c. 36. A famous musician of Locris, rival 
 
 to Ariston, over whom he obtained a musical 
 
 prize at Delphi. Strab. 6. A man killed by 
 
 Hersules. Jlpollod. A Thracian, who ad- 
 vised Demosthenes not to be discouraged by 
 his ill success in his first attempts to speak in 
 
 public. Plut in Dcm. The father of Ly- 
 
 Gurgus, killed by a kitchen knife. Plut. in 
 Lye. 
 
 EuNus, a Syrian slave, who inflamed the 
 minds of the servile multitude by pretended 
 inspiration and enthusiasm. He filled a nut 
 with sulphur in his raouth, and by artfully 
 conveying fire to it, he breathed out flames to 
 the astonishment of the people, who believed 
 him to be a god, or something more than hu- 
 man. Oppression and misery compelled 2000 
 slaves to join his cause, and he soon saw him- 
 self at the head of 50,000 men. With such a 
 force he defeated the Roman armies, till Per- 
 penna obliged him to surrender by famine, and 
 exposed on a cross the greatest part of his fol- 
 lowers, B. C. 132. Plut. in Serf. 
 
 EuoNYMos, one of the Lipari isles. 
 
 EuoRAS, a grove of Laconia. Pans. 3, c. 10. 
 
 EuPAGiUM, a town of Peloponnesus. 
 
 EuPALAMON, one of the hunters of the 
 Galydonian boar. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 360. 
 
 EuPALAMus, the father of Daedalus and of 
 Matiadusa. Apollod. 3, c. 15. 
 
 EuPATOR, a son of Antiochus. The sur- 
 name of FAipalor was given to many of the 
 Asiatic princes, such as Mithridates, &.c. Strab. 
 
 EuPATOKiA, a town of Paphlagonia, built 
 by Mithridates, and called afterwards Pom- 
 peipolis by Pompey. Plin. 6, c. 2. Ano- 
 ther called Magnopolis in Pontus, now TeJie- 
 nikeli. Strab. 22. 
 
 EuPEiTHEs, a prince of Ithaca, father to 
 Antinous. In the former part of his life he 
 had fled before the vengeance of the Thespro- 
 tians, whose territories he had laid waste in the 
 
 EU 
 
 pursuit of some pirates. During the absence 
 of Ulysses he was one of the most importun- 
 ing lovers of Penelope. Homer. Od. 16. 
 
 EuPHAEi, succeeded Androcles on the 
 throne of Messenia, and in his reign the first 
 Messenian war began. He died B. C. 730. 
 Paus. 4, c. 5 and 6. 
 
 EuPHANTus, a poet and historian of Olyn- 
 thus, son of Eubulides, and preceptor to Auti- 
 gonus king of Macedonia. Diod. in End. 
 
 EuPHEMEj a woman who was nurse to the 
 Muses, and mother of Crocus by Pan. Patw. 
 
 EuPHEMUs, a son of Neptune and Europa, 
 who was among the Argonauts, and the hun- 
 ters of the Calydonian boar. He was so swift 
 and light that he could run over the sea with- 
 out scarce wetting his feet. Pindar. Pyth 4. 
 
 — Apollod. 1, c. 9. — Paus. 5, c. 17. One of 
 
 the Greek captains before Troy. Homer. II. 2, 
 V. 353. 
 
 EupHORBUS, a famous Trojan, son of Pan- 
 thous, the first who wounded Patroclus, whom 
 Hector killed. He perished by the hand of 
 Menelaus, who hung his shield in the temple 
 of Juno at Argos. Pythagoras, the founder of 
 the doctrine of the metempsychosis, or trans- 
 migration of souls, affirmed that he had been 
 once Euphorbus, and that his soul recollect- 
 ed many exploits which had been done while 
 it animated that Trojan's body. As a further 
 proof of his assertion, he showed at first sight 
 the shield of Euphorbus in the temple of Juno. 
 Ovid. Met. 15, v. 160.— Pau^. 2, c. 17.— Ho- 
 mer. 16 and 17. A physician of Juba, king 
 
 of Mauritania. 
 
 EuPHORioK, a Greek poet of Chalcis in 
 Euboea, in the age of Antiochus the Great. 
 Tiberius took him for his model for correct 
 writing, and was so fond of him that he hung 
 his pictures in all the public libraries. His fa- 
 ther's name was Polymnetus. He died in his 
 56th year, B. C. 220. Cicero de Nat. D. 2, c. 
 
 64, calls him Obscurum. The father of 
 
 jEschylus bore the same name. 
 
 EupHRANOR, a famous painter and sculptor 
 
 of Corinth. Plin. 34, c. 8. This name was 
 
 common to many Greeks. 
 
 Euphrates, a disciple of Plato who go- 
 verned Macedonia with absolute authority in 
 the reign of Perdiccas, and rendered himself 
 odious by his cruelty and jjedantry. After the 
 death of Perdiccas, he was murdered by Par- 
 
 menio. A stoic philosopher in the age of 
 
 Adrian, who destroyed himself, with the em- 
 peror's leave, to escape the miseries of old 
 age, A. D. 118. Dio. A large and cele- 
 brated river of Mesopotamia, risuig from 
 mount Taurus in Armenia, and discharging 
 itself with the Tigris into the Persian gulf. 
 It is very rapid in its course, and passes 
 through the middle of the city of Babylou, 
 It inundates the country of Mesopotamia at a 
 certain season of the year, and, like the Nile, 
 in Egypt, happily fertilizes the adjacent fields. 
 Cyrus dried up its ancient channel, and chang- 
 ed the course of the waters when he besieged 
 
 U.—Mela, 1, c.2, 1. 3, c. 8. 
 -Virg. G. 1, v. 609, I. 4, v. 
 
 Babylon. Strab. 
 —Plin. 5, c. 24.- 
 560. 
 
 Euphron, an aspiring man of Sicyon, who 
 enslaved his country by bribery. Diod. 15. 
 
 EuPHRosYNA, one of the Graces, sister to 
 Aglaia and Thalia. Paus. 9, c. 35. 
 
EU 
 
 fioPL/EA, an island of the Tyrrhene sea, 
 Bear Neapolis. Stat. 3, Silv. 1, 149. 
 
 EupoLiS; a comic poet of Athens, who 
 flourished 435 years before the Christian era, 
 and severely lashed the vices and immoralities 
 of his age. It is said that he had composed 17 
 dramatical pieces at the age of 17. He had a 
 dog so attached to him, that at his death he 
 refused all aliments, and starved himself on 
 his tomb. Some suppose that Alcibiades put 
 Eupolisto death because he had ridiculed him 
 in a comedy which he had written against the 
 Baptag; the priests of the goddess Cotytto, and 
 the impure ceremonies of their worship ; but 
 Suidas maintains that he perished in a sea figiil 
 between the Athenians and the Lacedaemo- 
 nians in the Hellespont, and that on that ac- 
 count his countrymen, pitying his fate, de- 
 creed that no poet should ever after go to war. 
 Horat. 1, Sat. 4, 1. 2, Sat. 10.— Cic. ad Mtic. 
 6, ep. I. — JElian. 
 EupoMPUs, a geometrician of Macedonia. 
 
 A painter. Plin. 34, c. 8. 
 
 EuRiANASSA, a town near Chios. Plin. 5, 
 C.31. 
 
 EuRiPiDESj a celebrated tragic poet, born 
 at Salamis the day on which the army of Xerx- 
 es was defeated by the Greeks. He studied 
 eloquence under Prodicus, ethics under So- 
 crates, and philosophy under Anaxagoras. He 
 applied himself to dramatical composition, and 
 his writings became so much the admiration 
 of his countrymen, that the unfortunate Greeks 
 who had accompanied Nicias in his expe- 
 dition against Syracuse, were freed from 
 slavery, only by repeating some verses from 
 the pieces of Euripides. The poet often re- 
 tired from the society of mankind, and con- 
 fined himself in a solitary cave near Salamis, 
 where he wrote and finished his most excel- 
 lent tragedies. The talents of Sophocles were 
 looked "upon by Euripides with jealousy, and 
 the great enmity which always reigned be- 
 tween the two poets, gave an opportunity to 
 the comic muse of Aristophanes to ridicule 
 them both on the stage with success and hu- 
 mour. During the representation of one of the 
 tragedies of Euripides, the audience, displeas- 
 ed with some lines in the composition, desired 
 the writer to strike them off. Euripides heard 
 the reproof with indignation ; he advanced for- 
 ward on the stage, and told the spectators that 
 he came there to instruct them, at)d not to re- 
 ceive instruction. Another piece, in which he 
 called riches the summum bonum and the admi- 
 ration of gods and men, gave equal dissatisfac- 
 tion, but the poet desired the audience to lis- 
 ten with silent attention, for the conclusion of 
 the whole would show them the punishment 
 v/hich attended the lovers of opulence. The 
 ridicule and envy to which he was continiially 
 exposed, obliged him at last to remove f:om 
 Athens. He retired to the court of Arche- 
 laus king of Macedonia, where he received 
 the most conspicuous marks of royal munifi- 
 cence and friendship. His eurl was as deplor a- 
 ble as it was uncommon. It is said that the 
 dogs of Archelaus n.et him in his solitary 
 walks, and tore iiis body to pieces 407 year:- 
 before the christian era. In the 7Sth year of 
 his age Euripides wrote 75 tragedies, of 
 which only 19 are extant ; the most approved 
 of wliich are his PhoenissaE?, Orestes, Medea, 
 
 36 
 
 EU 
 
 Andromache, Electra, Hippolytus, Ipliigenia 
 in Aulis, Iphigenia in Tauris, Hercules and 
 the Troades. He is peculiarly happy in ex- 
 pressing the passions of love, especially the 
 more tender and animated. To the pathos he 
 has added sublimity, and the most common 
 expressions have received a perfect polish 
 from his pen. In his person, as it is reported, 
 he Avas noble and majestic, and his deport- 
 ment was always grave and serious. He was 
 slow in composing, and laboured with dilficul- 
 ty, from which circumstance afoolisli and ma- 
 levolent poet once observed, that he had writ- 
 ten 100 verses in three days, while Euripides 
 had written only three. True, says Euripides, 
 but there is this difference between your poetry 
 and mine; yours will expire in three days, 
 but mine shall live for ages to come. Euripi-' 
 des was such an enemy to the fair sex, that 
 some have called him huroyw^; woman haters 
 and perhaps from this aversion arise the im- 
 pure and diabolical machinations which appear 
 in his female characters; an observation, hov/* 
 ever, which he refuted by saying he had faith- 
 fully copied nature. In spite of all his antipathy 
 he was married twice, but his connexions were 
 so injudicious, that he was compelled to divorce 
 both his wives. The best editions of this great 
 poet are that of Musgrave, 4 vols, 4to. Oxon. 
 1778; that of Canter apud Commelin, 12mo. 
 2 vols. 1597 ; and that of Barnes, fol. Cantab. 
 1694. There are also several valuable editions 
 of detached plays. Diod. 13. — Val. Max. 3, c. 
 7.— Cic. In. 1, c. 50* Or. 3, c. 7 — Arcad. 1, 4. 
 Qffic. 3 ; Finib. 2. Tusc. 1 and 4, &c. 
 
 EuRipns, a narrow strait wdiich separates 
 the island' of Eubcea from the coast of Bceotia. 
 Its flux and reflux, which continued regular 
 during 18 or 19 days, and were uncommonly 
 unsettled the rest of the month, was a mattef 
 of deep inquiry among the ancients, and it is 
 said that Aristotle thr^w himself into it be- 
 cause he was unable to find out the causes of 
 that phaenomenon. Liv. 28, c. 6. — Melui 2, c. 
 7.— Plin. 2, c. 95.Strab. 9. 
 
 EuRisTHENES. Vld. Eurystheues. 
 
 EuRoMus, a city of Caria. Liv. 32, c. 33, !. 
 33, c. 30. 
 
 EuROPA, one of the three grand divisions of 
 the earth, known among the ancients, extend- 
 ing, according to modern surveys, about SOOi^ 
 miles from north to south, and 2500 from east 
 to west. Though inferior in extent, yet it is 
 superior to the others in the learning, power, 
 and abilities of its inhabitants. It is bounded 
 on the east by the JEgean sea, Hellespont, 
 Euxiue, Palus Maeotis, and the Tenais in a 
 northern direction. The Meditej-ranean di- 
 vides it from Africa on the south, and on the 
 west and north it is washed by the Atlantic 
 and Northern Oceans. It is supposed to re- 
 ceive its name from Eiiropa, who was carried 
 there by Jupiter. Mela, 2, c. 1. — Plin. 3, 
 
 c. 1; Sic. Lucan.3, v. 275. — Virg. JF,\i. 7, 
 
 V. 222. A daughter of Agenor king of Phoe- 
 nicia and Telephassa. Siie was so beautiful, 
 
 that Jupiter became enamoured of her, and 
 the better to seduce her, he assumed the shape 
 of a bull, an^ mingled with the licrds of Age- 
 nor; while Europa, with her female atten- 
 dants, were gathering flowers in the meadows. 
 Europa caressed the beautiftd animal, and at 
 last had the courage <o sit upon his back. The 
 
EU 
 
 *;o(l took advantage of her situation, and with 
 precipitate steps retired towards the shore, 
 and crossed the sea with Europa on his back, 
 and an'ived safe in Crete. Here he assumed 
 his original shape, and declared his love. The 
 nymph consented, though she had once made 
 vows of perpetual celibacy, and she became 
 the mother of Minos, Sarpedon, and Rhada- 
 manthus. After this distinguished amour with 
 Jupiter, she married Asterius king of Crete. 
 This monarch seeing himself without children 
 by Europa, adopted the fruit of her amours 
 with Jupiter, and always esteemed Minos, 
 Sarpedon, and Rhadamanthus as his own chil- 
 dren. Some suppose that Europa lived about 
 1552 years before the christian era. Ovid. 
 Met. 2, fab. 13— Mosch. Idyl.—Apollod. 2, c. 
 
 6, 1. 3, c. 1. One of the Oceanides. Hesiod. 
 
 Th. 356. A part of Thrace near mount 
 
 Hasmus. Justin. 7, c. 1. 
 
 EubopjEus, a patronymic of Minos the son 
 of Europa. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 23. 
 
 EuROPS, a king of Sicyon, son of ^gialeus, 
 who died B. C. 1993. Fans. 2, c. 5. 
 
 EuRoPUS, a king of Macedonia, &:c. Justin. 
 
 7, c. 1. A town of Macedonia on the Ax- 
 
 ius. Plin. 4, c. 10. 
 
 EuROTAS, a son of Lelex, father to Sparta? 
 who married Lacedsemon. He was one of 
 the first kings of Laconja, and gave his name 
 to the river which flows near Sparta. ApoUod. 
 
 3, c. 16. — Paus. 3, c. 1. A river of Laco- 
 
 nia, flowing by Sparta. It was called by way of 
 eminence, Basilipotamos, the king of rivers, 
 and worshipped by the Spartans as a powerful 
 god. Laurels, reeds, myrtles, and olives, grew 
 on its banks in great abundance. Strab. 8. — 
 Paus. 3, c. \.—Liv. 35, c. ^9.— Virg. Ed. 6, 
 
 V. 82. — Ptol. 4. A river in Thessaly near 
 
 mount Olympus, called also Tilaresus. It 
 joined the Peneus, but was not supposed to 
 incorporate with it. Strab. 6. — Plin. 4, c. 8. 
 
 EuROTO, a daughter of Danaus by Polyxo. 
 JlpoUod. 
 
 EuRus, a wind blowing from the eastern 
 
 Latins sometimes 
 Trist. 1, el. 2. Met. 
 
 parts of the world. The 
 called it Vulturnus. Ovid. 
 11, he. 
 
 EuRYALE, a queen of the Amazons, wlio 
 
 assisted jJ^etes, fcc. Flacc. 4. A daughter 
 
 of Minos, mother of Orion by Neptune. A 
 
 daughter of Prcetus king of Argos. One of 
 
 the Gorgons who was immortal. Hesiod. 
 Theog. V. 207. 
 
 EuRYALus, one of the Peloponnesian chiefs 
 who went to the Trojan war with 80 ships. 
 Homer. II. 2. An illegitimate son of Ulys- 
 ses and Evippe. Sophocl. A son of Melas, 
 
 taken prisoner by Hercules, &c. JSpollod. 1, 
 
 c. 8. A Trojan who came with iEneas 
 
 into Italy, and rendered himself famous for 
 his immortal friendship Avilh Nisus. Vid. 
 
 I^isus. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 179. A pleasant 
 
 place of Sicily near Syracuse. Liv. 25, c. 25. 
 
 A Lacedaemonian general in the second 
 
 Messenian war. 
 
 EuRYBATKs, a herald in the Trojan war 
 who took Briseis from Achilles by order of 
 Agamenmon. Homer. II. 1, v. 32. — Ovid. 
 Heroid. 3. A warrior of Argos, often victo- 
 rious at the Nemean games, &.c. Paus. 1, c. 
 •J9. One of the Argonauts. 
 
 fijjRYBiA, the mother of Lucifer and all 
 
 EU 
 
 the stars. Hesiod. A daughter of Pontw 
 
 and Terra, mother of Astraeus, Pallas, an* 
 
 Perses, by Crius. A daughter of Thespius- 
 
 .^pollod. 
 
 EuRYBiADES, a Spartan general of the Gre- 
 cian fleet at the battles of Artemisium and Sa- 
 lamis against Xerxes. He has been charged 
 with want of courage, and with ambition. He 
 ottered to strike Themistocles when he wished 
 to speak about the manner of attacking the 
 Perjfians, upon which the Athenian said, Strike 
 me, but hear me. Herodot. 8, c. 2, 74, Lc — 
 Plut.in Them. — C. JVep. in Them. 
 
 EuRYBius, a son of Eurytus king of Argos, 
 killed in a war between his countrymen and 
 
 the Athenians. Apollod. 2, c. 8. A son of 
 
 Nereus and Chloris. Id. 1, c. 9. 
 
 EuRYCLEA, a beautiful daughter of Ops of 
 Ithaca. Laertes bought her for 20 oxen, and 
 gave her his son Ulysses to nurse, and treated 
 her with much tenderness and attention. Ho' 
 mer. Od. 19. 
 
 EuRYCLES, an orator of Syracuse who 
 proposed to put Nicias and Demosthenes to 
 death, and to confine to hard labour all the 
 
 Athenian soldiers in the quarries. Plut. 
 
 A Lacedaemonian at the battle of Actium on 
 
 the side of Augustus. Id. in Anton. A 
 
 soothsayer of Athens. 
 
 EuRYCRATEs, a king of Sparta, descended 
 from Hercules. Herodot. 7, c. 204. 
 
 EuRYCRATiDAs, a SOU of Auaxander, he. 
 Herodot. 7, c. 204. 
 
 EuRYDAMAS, a Trojau skilled in the in- 
 terpretation of dreams. His two sons were 
 killed by Diomedes during the Trojan war. 
 
 Homer. II. 5, v. 148. One of Penelope's 
 
 suitors. Od. 22, v. 283. A wrestler of Cy- 
 
 rene, who, in a combat, had his teeth dashed 
 to pieces by his antagonist, which he swallow- 
 ed without showing any signs of pain, or discon- 
 tinuing the fight. Mlian. V. H. 10, c. 19. 
 
 A son of iEgyptus. Apollod. 
 
 EuRYDAME, the wife of Leotychides, king 
 of Sparta. Herodot. 
 
 EuRYDAMiDAS, a king of Lacedaemon, of 
 the family of the Proclidae. Paus. 3, c. 10. 
 
 EuRYDxcE, the wife of Amyntas, king of 
 Macedonia. She had by her husband Alex- 
 ander, Perdiccas, and Philip, and one daughter 
 called Euryone. A criminal partiality for her 
 daughter's husband, to whom she offered 
 her hand and the kingdom, made her conspire 
 against Amyntas, who must have fallen a 
 victim to her infidelity, had not Eur)'one dis- 
 covered it. Amyntas forgave her. Alexander 
 ascended the throne after his father's death, 
 and perished by the ambition of his mother. 
 Perdiccas, who succeeded him, shared his fate ; 
 but Philip, who was the next in succession, 
 secured himself against all attempts from his 
 mother, and ascended the throne with peace 
 and universal satisfaction. Eurydice fled to 
 Iphicrates the Athenian generalfor protection. 
 The manner of her death is unknown. C. JYep. 
 
 in Iphic. 3.' A daughter of Amyntas, who 
 
 married her uncle Aridaeus, the illegitimate 
 son of Philip. After the death of Alexander 
 the Great, Aridaeus ascended the throne of 
 Macedonia, but he was totally governed by 
 the intrigues of his wife, who called back Cas- 
 sander, and joined her forces with his to 
 march against Polyperchon and Olyrapiaf* 
 
EU 
 
 Earydice was forsaken by her troops, Aridoeus 
 tvas pierced through with arrows by order of 
 Olympias, who commanded Eurydice* to de- 
 stroy herself either by poison, the sword, or 
 
 the halter. She chose the latter. The 
 
 wife of the poet Orpheus. As she fled before 
 AristcBus, who wished to offer her violence, 
 she was bit by a serpent in the grass, and 
 died of the wound. Orpheus was so discon- 
 solate that he ventured to go to hell, where, 
 by the melody of his lyre, he obtained from 
 Pluto the restoration of his wife to life, pro- 
 vided he did not look behind before he came 
 upon earth. He violated the conditions, as his 
 eagerness to see his wife rendered him forget- 
 ful. He looked behind, and Eurydice was for 
 ever taken from him, [Fit/. Orpheus.] Virg. 
 G. 4,v. 457, he— Pans. 9, c. ^O.—Ovid. Met. 
 
 10, v. 30, &;c. A daughter of Adrastus. 
 
 Apollod. 3, c. 12. One of the Danaides who 
 
 married Dyas. Jd. 2, c. 1. ^The wife of 
 
 Lycurgus, king of iS^emaea in Peloponnesus. 
 
 Jd. 1, c. 9. -A daughter of Actor. Id. 
 
 A wife of jEneas. Paus. 10, c. 26. A daugh- 
 ter of Amphiaraus. Id. 3, c. 17. A daugh- 
 ter of Antipater, who married one of the Pto- 
 lemies. Id. 1, c. 7, -A daughter of king 
 
 Philip. Id. 5, c. 17. A daughter of Lace- 
 daemon. Id. 3, c. 13. A daughter of Cly- 
 
 menus, who married Nestor. Homer. Od. 
 
 A wife of Demetrius, descended from Miltia- 
 des. Plut. in Demetr. 
 
 EuRYGASiA, a wife of (Edipus. j9poUod. 
 
 EuRYLEON, a king of the Latins, called also 
 Ascani'js. 
 
 EuRYLocHus, one of the companions of 
 Ulysses, the only one who did not taste the 
 potions of Circe. His prudence however for- 
 sook him in Sicily, where he carried away the 
 flocks sacred to Apollo, for which sacrilegious 
 crime he was shipwrecked. Homer. Od. 10, 
 
 V. 205, 1. 12, v. 195. -^Ovid. Met. 14, v. 287. 
 
 • ^A man who broke a conduit which con- 
 veyed water into Cyrrhae, &c. Polymn. 6. 
 
 A man who discovered the conspiracy which 
 was made against Alexander by Hermolaus 
 and others. Curt. 8, c. 6. 
 
 EuRiMACHUs, a powerful Theban who seized 
 Plata?a by treachery, he. One of Penelo- 
 pe's suitors. A son of Antenor. A lover 
 
 of Hippodamia. Pans. 
 
 EuRY.MEDE, the wife of Glaucus king of 
 Ephyra, Apollod. 
 
 EuRYMEDON, the father of Peribcea, by 
 whom Neptune had Nausithous. Homer. Od. 
 
 7, A river of Pamphylia, near which the 
 
 Persians were defeated by the Athenians un- 
 der Ciraon, B. C. 470. Liv. 33, c. 41, 1. 37, c. 
 
 23. A man who accused Aristotle of pro^ 
 
 pagating profane doctrines in the Lyceum. 
 
 Eui^YMKNEs, a son of Neleus and Chloris. 
 Jpollod. 
 
 EuRVNoME, one of the Oceanides, mother 
 
 of the Graces. Hesiod, A daughter of A- 
 
 poUo, mother of Adrastus and Eriphyle. 
 
 A woman of Lemnos, he. Place. 2, v. 136. 
 
 The wife of Lycurgus son of Aleus. jlpol- 
 
 lod. 3, c. 9. The mother of Asopus by Ju- 
 piter. Id. 3, c. 12. One of Penelope's fe- 
 
 jnale attendants. Homer. Od. 17, v. 515.—: — 
 An Athenian sent with a reinforcement to 
 Nicias in Sicily. Pint, in j\'ic. 
 
 EuKVNuMus, owe of tiic deities of UpU. 
 Paws, 10, c. 28. 
 
 EU 
 
 EuRToNE, a daughter of Amyntas king ef 
 Macedonia, by Eurydice. 
 
 EuRYPON, a king of Sparta, son of Sous. 
 His reign was so glorious, that his descendants 
 were called Eurypontida. Paus. 3, c. 7. 
 
 EuRYPiLE, a daughter of Thespius. 
 
 EuRYPYLUs, a sou of Telephus and Asty- 
 oclie, was killed in the Trojan wen- by Pyrrhu*. 
 He made his court to Cassandra. Homer. II. 
 
 11. A Grecian at the Ti'ojan war. Honur. 
 
 II. 2. A prince of Olenus who went with 
 
 Hercules against Laomedon. Paus. 7, c. 19. 
 
 -A son of Mecisteus who signalized himself 
 
 in the war of the Epigoui against Thebes. 
 
 Apollod. 3. A son of Temenus king of Mes- 
 
 senia, who conspired against his father's life. 
 Id. 3, c. 6. A son of Neptune killed by Her- 
 cules. Id. 2, c. 7. -One of Penelope's suit- 
 ors. Id 3, c. 10. — =--^AThessalian who became 
 delirious for looking into a box which fell to his 
 share after the plunder of Troy. Paus. 7, c. 
 
 19. A soothsayer in the Grecian camp be- 
 
 foi'e Troy, sent to consult the oracle of Apol- 
 lo, how his countrymen could return safe 
 home. The result of his inquiries was the in- 
 junction to offer an human sacrifice. Virg, 
 ^n.2,v.U4.-^0vid, 
 
 EuRYSTHENEs, a SOU of Aristodcmus, who 
 lived in perpetual dissention with his twin bro- 
 ther Procles, while they both sat on the Spar- 
 tan throne. It was unknown which of the two 
 was born first ; the mother, who wished to 
 see both her sons raised on the throne, refused 
 to declare it, and they were both appointed 
 kings of Sparta by order of the oracle of Del- 
 phi, B. C. 1102. After the death of the two 
 brothers, the Lacedaemonians, who knew not 
 to what family the right ojf seniority and suc- 
 cession belonged, permitted two kings to sit 
 on the throne, one of each family. The dC'? 
 scendants of Eurystbeues were called Eurys- 
 tkenida; and those of Procles, Proclidce. If 
 was inconsistent with the laws of Sparta for 
 two kings of the same fajnily to ascend the- 
 throne together, yet that law was Sometimes 
 violated by oppression and tyranny. Eurys- 
 thenes had a son called Agis, who succeeded 
 hiip. His descendants were called. Agidce, 
 There sat on the throne of Sparta 31 kings of 
 the family of Eurysthenes, and only 24 of the 
 Proclidce. The former were the more illus- 
 trious. Herodol. 4, c. 147, 1. 6, c. 52, — Paus. 
 3, c, 1. — C. JVep. in ^ges. 
 
 EurysthenidjK. P'id. Eurysthenes. 
 
 EuRYSTHEUS, a king of Arg03 and My- 
 cenas, son of Sthenelus and Nicippe the 
 daughter of Pelops. Juno hastened his birth 
 by two months, that he might come into the 
 world before Hercules the sou of Alcmena, 
 as the younger of the two was doomed by 
 order of Jupiter to be subservient to the will 
 of the other. [F^icl. Alcmena.] This natural 
 right was cruelly exercised by Eurystheus, 
 who was jealous of the fame of Hercules, 
 and who, to destroy so powerful a relation, 
 imposed upon him the most dangerous and 
 uncommon enterprises well known by the 
 name of the twelve labours of Hercules. The 
 success of Hercules in achieving those peri- 
 lous laboui's ajarnied Eurystheus in a greater 
 degree, and he furnished himself with a brar 
 zen vessel, where he might secure himself ^. 
 safe retreat in case of danger. After the deathj 
 
EU 
 
 of Hercules, Eurystheus renewed his cruelties 
 against his children, and made war against 
 Ceyx king of Trachinia, because he had given 
 them support, and treated them with hospi- 
 tality. He was killed in the prosecution of 
 this war by Hylhis the son of Hercules. His 
 head was sent to Alcmena the mother of Her- 
 cules, who mindful of the crnelties which her 
 son had suffered, insulted it and tore out the 
 eyes with the most inveterate fury. Eurys- 
 theus was succeeded on the throne of Argos 
 by Atreus his nephew. Hygin. fab. 30 and 32. 
 — Mpollod. 2, c. 4, he. — Pans. 1, c. 33, 1. 3, c, 
 6.— Odd. Met. 9, fab. 6.— Virg. JEn. 8, v. 
 292. 
 
 EuRVTi:, a daughter of Hippodamus, who 
 
 married Parthaon. JpoHod. The mother 
 
 of Hallirhotius, by Neptune. Id. 
 
 F,VRYTEJE„ a town of Achaia. Pans, 7, c. 
 18. 
 
 EuRYTiii.E, a daughter of Thespius. A 
 
 daughter of Leucippus. Apollod. 
 
 EujavTHEMis, the wife of Thestius, Mpol- 
 lod. 
 
 EuRYTHioN and EuRYTioN, a centaur whose 
 insolence to;_Hippodamia was the cause of the 
 quarrel between the Lapithse and Centaurs, 
 iit the nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid. Met. J2.— 
 Pards. 5, c. 10. — Hesiod, Theog. A herds- 
 man of Geiyon killed by Hercules. Apollod. 
 
 2. A king of Sparta, who seized upon 
 
 Mantinea by stratagem. Polyotn. 2. One 
 
 of the Argonauts. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 311. A 
 
 son of Lycaon, who signalized himself during 
 the funeral games exhibited in Sicily by iEne- 
 
 as. Virg. JEn. 6, v. 495. A silversmith. 
 
 td. 10, V. 499 A man of Heraclea convict- 
 ed of adultery. His punishment was the 
 cause of the abolition of the oligarchical 
 power there. Arislot. 5, Polit. 
 
 EuRYTis, (idos) a patronymic of lole 
 daughter of Eurytus. Ovid. Met. 9. fab. 11. 
 
 EuuYTUs, a son of Mercury, among the Ar- 
 gonauts. Place. 1, V. 439. A king of CEcha- 
 
 lia, father to lole. He offered his daughter 
 to him who shot a bow better than himself. 
 Hercules conquered him, and put him to 
 death because he refused him his daughter as 
 the prize of his victory, ^mllod. 2, c. 4 and 
 
 7. A son of Actor, concerned in the wars 
 
 between Augias and Hercules, and killed by 
 the hero. A son of Augias killed by Her- 
 cules as he was going to Corinth to celebrate 
 the Isthmian games, Jlpollod. A person kill- 
 ed in htJiitingthe Calydonian boar. A son 
 
 of Hippocoon. Id. 3, c. 10. A giant killed 
 
 by Hercules or Bacchus for making war against 
 the gods. 
 
 EusECiA, an empress, wife to Constantius, 
 &c. She died A. D. 360, highly and deserved- 
 ly lamented. 
 
 EusEBius, a bishop of Caesarea in great 
 favour with the emperor Constantine, He 
 was concerned in the theological disputes of 
 Arius and Athanasius, and distinguished him- 
 self by his writings, which consisted of an ec- 
 clesiastical history, the life of Constantine, 
 Chrouicon, Evangelical preparations, and 
 other numerous treatises, most of which are 
 now lost. Tlie best edition of his Praeparatio 
 find Denion.stratio Evangelica, isby Vigerus, 2 
 vols, folio ; Rotliomagi, 1628 ; and of his eccle- 
 fiiuslical history by Reading, (olio Cantab. 1720, 
 
 EU 
 
 EusEBius, a surname of Bacchus. 
 
 EusEPDs and Pedasus, the twin sons of 
 Bucolion killed in the Trojan war. Homer. II. 6. 
 
 EusTATHius, a Greek commentator on the 
 works of Homer. The best edition of this 
 very valuable author, is that published at Basil, 
 3 vols, folio, 1560. It is to be lamented the de- 
 sign of Alexander Politus, begun at Florence 
 in 1735, and published in the first five books of 
 the Iliad, is not executed, as a Latin transla- 
 tion of these excellent commentaries is among 
 
 the desiderata of the present day. A man 
 
 who wrote a very foolish romance in Greek, 
 entitled de hmeniotand Ismenes amoribus, edit- 
 ed by Gaulrainus, 8vo. Paris, 1617. 
 
 EuT^A, a town of Arcadia. Paws. 8, c. 27, 
 
 EuTELiDAS, a famous statuary of Argos. 
 Id. 6, c. 10. 
 
 Euterpe, one of the Muses, daughter to 
 Jupiter and Mnemosyne. She presided over 
 music, and was looked upon as the inventress 
 of the flute and of all wind instruments. She 
 is represented as crowned with flowers and 
 holding a flute in her hands. Some mytholo- 
 gists attributed to her the invention of tragedy, 
 more commonly supposed to be the production 
 
 of Melpomene. Vid. Musk. The name 
 
 of the mother of Themistoclos according to 
 some. 
 
 EVTHYCRATES, a sculptor of Sicyon, son of 
 Lysippus, He was peculiarly happy m the 
 propoilions of his statues. Those of Hercules 
 and Alexander were in general esteem, and 
 particularly that of Medea, which was carried 
 on a chariot by four horses. Plin. 34, c. 8.— — 
 A man who betmyed Olynthus to Philip. 
 
 EuTHYDEMus, an orator and rhetorician 
 who greatly distinguished himself by his elo- 
 quence, he, Sirab. 14. 
 
 EuTHYMUs, a celebrated boxer of Locri in 
 Italy, he. Paus. 6, c. 6. 
 
 EuTRAPELUs, a man described as artful and 
 
 fallacious by Horat. 1, ep. 18, v. 31.- A 
 
 hair-dresser. Martial. 7, ep. 82. 
 
 EuTRAPELus, (Volumn.) a friend of M. An- 
 tony, &.C. Cic. Farn. 32. 
 
 EuTROPius, a Latin historian in the age of 
 .Tulian, under whom he carried arms in the 
 fatal expedition against the Persians, His 
 origin as well as his dignity are unknown ; 
 yet some suppose, from the epithet of Claris- 
 simus prefixed to his history, that he was a 
 Roman senator. He wrote an epitome of the 
 history of Rome, from the age of Romulus to 
 the reign of the emperor Valens, to whom 
 the work was dedicated. He wrote a treatise 
 on medicine without being acquainted with 
 the art. Of all his works the Roman history 
 alone is extant. It is composed with concise- 
 ness and precision, but without elegance. The 
 best edition of Eutropius is that of Haverkamp, 
 Cu7n notis variorum, 8vo. L. Bat, 1729 and 
 
 1762. A famous eunuch at the court of Ar- 
 
 cadius the so» of Theodosius the Great, he. 
 
 EuTYCHiuE, a woman who was thirty times 
 brought to bed, and carried to the grave by 
 twenty of her children. Plin. 7, c. 3. 
 
 EuTYCniDEs, a learned servant of Atticus, 
 he. Cic. 15. ad Mtic- — -A sculptor. 
 
 EuxANTHius, a daughter of Minos and 
 Dexithea. .^pollod. 
 
 EuxExi DAS, a painter, &c. P/m, 35. 
 
 EuxENCs, a man who wrote a poetical 
 
EU 
 
 history of the fabulous ages of Italy, Dionys. 
 Hal. 1. 
 
 EuxiNDS PoNTDs, a sca between Asia and 
 Europe, partly at the north of Asia Minor 
 and at the west of Colchis. It was anciently 
 called «;«o-, inhospitable, on account of the 
 savage manners of the inhabitants on its coasts. 
 Commerce with foreign nations, and the plan- 
 tation of colonies in their neighbourhood, gra- 
 dually softened their roughness, and the sea 
 was no longer called Axenus, but Euxenus,. 
 hospitable. The Eusine is supposed by Hero- 
 dotus to be 13S7 .'uiles long and 420 broad. 
 Strabo calls It 1100 miles long and in circum- 
 ference 3125, It abounds in all varieties of 
 fish, and receives the tribute of above 40 
 rivers. It is not of great depth, except in the 
 eastei*!! parts, whence some have imagined 
 that it had a subterraneous communication 
 with the Caspian. It is called the Black sea, 
 from the thick dark fo?s which cover it. Ovid. 
 
 EX 
 
 el. 4, V, 54.--5iraA, 2, 
 -Plin. 3. — Herodot. 4, 
 
 Trist. 3, el, 13, 1. 4, 
 kc. — Mela, 1, c. 1. 
 c. 85. 
 
 EusiPPE, a woman who killed herself be- 
 cause the ambassadors of Sparta had offered 
 violence to her virtue, &c. 
 
 ExADius, one of the Lapithae at the nuptials 
 of Pirithous Homer. II. 1, v, 264, — Ovid, 
 Met. 12, V.266, 
 
 Ex^THES, a Parthian who cut off the head 
 of Crassus, kLC. Polyczn. 7. 
 
 ExAGONus, the ambassador of a nation in 
 Cyprus, who came to Rome and talked so much 
 of the power of lierbs, serpents, he. that the 
 consuls ordered him to be thrown into a vessel 
 full of serpents. These venomous creatures, 
 so far from hurting him, caressed him and 
 harmlessly licked him with their tongues. 
 Plin. 28, c. 3. 
 
 ExoMATR^:, a people of Asiatic Sarmatia. 
 Flacc. 6, v. 144. 
 
 FA 
 
 FA 
 
 FABARIA, festi\'als at Rome in honour of'ged the enemy without the command of the 
 Carna \v\ff. tS .Tanns;. whp.n hftana ( fah{F\ dictator. He was five times consul, twice dic- 
 tator, and once censor. He triumphed over 
 seven different nations in the neighbourhood 
 of Rome, and rendered himself illustrious by 
 
 his patriotism. Rusticus, an historian ia 
 
 the age of Claudius and Nero. He was inti- 
 mate with Seneca, and the encomiums which 
 Tacitus passes upon his style, makes us regret 
 
 the loss of his compositions. Marcellinusi 
 
 It was proposed, but did I an historian in the second century. A Ro- 
 man lawyer, whom Herat. 1, sat. 2, v. 134, 
 lidicules as having been caught in adultery. 
 Q. Maximus, a celebrated Roman, first 
 
 Carna wife oi" Janus, when beans (fabce) 
 were presented as an oblation. 
 
 Fabaris, now Far/a, a river of Italy in the 
 territories of the Sabines, called also Farfar- 
 us. Orid.Met. 14, v. 334.— Virg. JEy}. 7, v. 715. 
 
 Fabia. Vid. Fabius Fabricianus. 
 
 Fabia lex, de ambiiu, was to circumscribe 
 the number of Sect at ores, or attendants which 
 were allowed to candidates in canvassing for 
 some high office 
 not pass, 
 
 Fabia, a tribe at Rome, Horat. 1, ep. 7 
 v. 52. A vestal virgin, sister to Terentia, 
 
 Cicero's vvife. 
 
 Fabiani, some of the Luperci at Rome, in- 
 stituted in honour of the Fabian familv. 
 
 surnamed Verrucosus, from a wart on his lip, 
 and Agnicula. from his inoffensive manners. 
 From a dull and unpromising childhood he 
 
 Fabii, a noble and powerful family at i burst into deeds of valour and heroism, and 
 Rome, who derived their name from faba, aj was gradually raised by merit to the highest 
 bean, because some of their ancestors culti- offices of the state. In his first consulship, he 
 vated this pulse. They were said to be de- obtained a victory over Liguria, and the fatal 
 scended from Fabius, a supposed son of Her- j battle of i'hrasymenus, occasioned his election 
 cules by an Italian nymph ; and they were \ to the dictatorship. In this important office 
 once so numerous, that they took upon them-j be began to oppose Annibal, not by fighting 
 
 selves to wage war against the Veientes. The} 
 came to a general engagement near the Cre- 
 mera, in which all the family, consisting 
 of 3U6 men, were totally slain, B. C. 477. 
 There only remained one, whose tender 
 age had detained him at Rome, and from 
 him arose the noble Fabii in the following 
 ages. The family was divided into six diffe- 
 rent branches, the Jlmbusli, the Maximi, the 
 Vibulani; the Bnleones, the Dorsones, and the 
 Pictures, the three fiist of which are frequently 
 mentioned in the Roman history, but the 
 others seldom. fJionys. 9, c. 5 — Lii\ 2, c. 46, 
 Lc.—Flor. I, c. 2.— Odd. Trist. 2, v. 235.— 
 Virg. J£n. (>, v. S45. 
 
 Fabius Maximus Rullianus, was the first of 
 the Fabii who obtained the surname oi Maxi- 
 mus, for luisening the power of the populace 
 at elections. He was master of horse, and 
 his victories over tiie Samnites iu that capaci- 
 ty, nearly cott him his life, because he eiiga- 
 
 him in the open field like his predecessors, 
 but he continually harassed his army by coun- 
 termarches and ambu.^cades, for which he re- 
 ceived the surname of Cunctator or delayer. 
 Such operations for the commander of the Ro- 
 man armies, gave offence to some, and Fabius 
 was even accused of cowardice. He, however, 
 still pursued the measures which prudence and 
 refiection seemed to dictate as most salutary to 
 Rome, and he patiently bore to see his master 
 of horse I'aised to share the dictatorial dignity 
 with himself, by means of his enemies at 
 home. Wlienhehad laid down his office of 
 dictator, his L-uccessors, for a while, followed 
 his plan ; but the rashness of V'arro, and his 
 contempt for the operations of Fabius, occa- 
 sioned the fatal battle of Cannae. Tarentum 
 was obliged to surrender to his arms after the 
 battle of Canna?, and on that occasion the Car- 
 thaginian enemy observed (hat Fabius was (he 
 Annibal of Rome. When lie had made an 
 
FA 
 
 agre«ment with Annibal for the ransom of the 
 captives, which was totally disapproved by the 
 Roman senate, he sold all his estates to pay 
 the money, rather than foifeit his word to the 
 enemy. The bold proposal of young Scipio 
 to go and carry the war from Italy to Afiica, 
 was rejected by Fabius as chimerical and dan- 
 gerous. He did not, however, live to see the 
 success of the Roman arras under Scipio, and 
 the conquest of Carthage by measuree which 
 he treated with contempt and heard v/ith in- 
 dignation. He died in the 100th year of his 
 age, after he had been live times consul, and 
 twice honoured with a triumph. The Romans 
 were so sensible of his great raei'it and ser- 
 vices, that the expenses of his funeral were 
 defrayed from the public treasury. Plut. -m 
 
 vild — Flor. 2, c. 6. — Lio. — Polyb. His son 
 
 bore the same name, and showed himself 
 worthy of his noble father's virtues. During 
 his consulship he received a visit from his 
 father on horseback in the camp : the son or- 
 dered the father to dismount, and the old man 
 cheerfully obeyed, embracing his son, and say- 
 ing, I wished to know whether you knew what 
 it is to be consul. He died before his father, 
 and the Cunctator, with the moderation of a 
 philosopher, delivered a funeral oration over 
 
 the dead body of his son. Plut. in Fabio, 
 
 Pictor, the first Roman who wrote an histori- 
 cal account of his country, from the age of 
 Romulus to the year of Rome 536. He flour- 
 ished B. C. 225. The work which is now ex- 
 tant, and which is attributed to him, is a spu- 
 rious composition. A loquacious person 
 
 mentioned by Horat. 1, Sat. 1, v. 14. A Ro- 
 man consul, surnaraed Ambustus, because he 
 
 was struck with lightning. A lieutenant of 
 
 Caesar in Gaul. Fabricianus, a Roman as- 
 sassinated by his wife Fabia, that she might 
 more freely enjoy the company of a favourite 
 youth. His son was saved from his mother's 
 cruelties, and when he came of age he avenged 
 his father's death by murdering his mother 
 and her adulterer. The senate took cognizance 
 of the action, and patronized the parracide. 
 
 Plut. in Parall. A chief priest at Rome 
 
 when Brennus took the city. Plut. A Ro- 
 man sent to consult the oracle of Delphi, while 
 Annibal was in Italy. Another chosen dic- 
 tator merely to create new senators. A 
 
 lieutenant of Lucul lus, defeated by Mithridates. 
 
 A son of Paulus JCmilins, adopted into the 
 
 family of the Fabii. A Roman surnamed 
 
 Allobrogicus, from his victory over the Allo- 
 
 broges, iiic. Flor. 2, c. 17. Another chosen 
 
 general figainstthe Carthaginians in Italy. He 
 lost all his forces in a battle', and fell wounded 
 by the side of Annibal. Plut. in Parall. 
 
 A consul with J. Cccsar, who conquered Pom- 
 
 poy's adherents in Spain. A high priest 
 
 who wrote some annals, and made war against 
 Viriathus in Spain. Liv. 30, c. 26. — Flor. 3, 
 c. 2. Oor.so. Hrf. Dorso. 
 
 Fakrateria, a colony and town of the 
 Volsci in Latium. Hal. 8, c. 398. — Cic. Fam. 
 9, ep. 24. 
 
 FAnuicius, a Latin writer in the reign of 
 l^cro, who employed his pen in salirishig and 
 deliuning the senators. His works were burnt 
 
 by order of A'ero. Caius Luscinv.s, a cele- 
 
 >»ral.cd Roman, who, in his first consulship ob- 
 iain'.Ml .-cvrriil victories o\crthe Saranites aii<l 
 
 FA 
 
 Lucanians, and was honoured with a triumph. 
 The riches which were acquired in those bat- 
 tles were immense ; the soldiers were liberal- 
 ly rewarded by the consul, and the treasury 
 was enriched with 4(X) talents. Two years af- 
 ter Fabricius went as ambassador to Pyrrhus, 
 and refused with contempt the presents, and 
 heard with indignation the offers, which might 
 have corrupted the fidelity of a less virtuous 
 citizen. Pyrrhus had occasion to admire the 
 magnanimity of Fabricius ; but his astonish- 
 ment was more powerfully awakened when he 
 opposed him in the field of battle,' and when 
 he saw him make a discover}^ of the perfidious 
 offer of his physician, who pledged himself to 
 the Roman general for a sum of money to poi- 
 son his royal master. To this greatness of soul 
 were added the most consummate knowledge 
 of military affairs, and the greatest simplicity of 
 mannei-s. Fabricius never used rich plate at his 
 table ; a small salt-cellar, whose feet were of 
 horn, was the only silver vessel which appeared 
 in his house. This contempt of luxury and use- 
 less ornaments Fabricius wished to inspire 
 among the people ; and during his censorship 
 he banished from the senate Cornelius Rufinus, 
 who had been twice consul and dictator, be- 
 cause he kept in his house more than ten 
 pound weight of silver plate. Such were the 
 manners of the conqueror of Pyrrhus, who ob 
 served,that he wished ratherto command those 
 that had money than possess it himself. He 
 lived and died in the greatest poverty. His 
 body was buried at the public charge, and the 
 Roman people were obliged to give a dowry 
 to his two daughters, when they had arrived to 
 marriageable years. Val. Max. 2, c. 9, 1. 4, c. 
 4^.— Flor. 1. c. 18.— Cic. 3, de Offic.—Plut.iH 
 
 Pyrrh. — Virg. JEn. 6, v. 844. A bridge at 
 
 Rome built by the consul Fabricius, over th« 
 Tiber. Horat. 2. Ser. 3, v. 36. 
 
 Fabulla, a prostitute, he. Juv. 2, v. 68. 
 
 Facelina, a small place on the north of Si* 
 cily, where Diana had a temple. Serviui ail 
 Virg. Mn. 9, v. 111.— Hygin. 261. 
 
 Fadus, a Rutulian killed in the night by Eu- 
 ryalus. Virg. JFm. 9, v. 344. 
 
 FjesIjl^, now Fitsale, a town of £truna« 
 famous for its augurs. Cic. Mur. 24. — Ital. 
 8, v.AlQ.—Sallust. Cat. 27. 
 
 Falcidia lex was enacted by the tribune 
 Falcidius, A U.C. 713, concerning wills and 
 the rights of heirs. 
 
 Faleria, a town of Picenum, now Fallero- 
 na, of which the inhabitants were called Fa- 
 lerienses. Plin. 3^ c. 13, 
 
 Falejui, (or ium) now Palari, a town of 
 Etruria, of which the inhabitants are culled 
 Falisci. The Romans borrowed some of th^ir 
 laws from Falerii. The place w as famous for 
 its pastures, and for a peculiar sort of sausage. 
 Vid. Falisci. Martial. 4, ep. 46. — Liv. 10, c. 
 12 and m.-^Ovid. Fast. 1, v, 84.~PoTit. 4, el. 
 8, v. 41.— Cct^o R. It. 4 and 14.— Hcrvius m 
 Virg. Mn. 7, v. 695.— P/in. 3, c. 5. 
 
 Falkrina, a tribe at Rome. Liv. 9, c. 20, 
 
 Falernus, a fertile mountain and plain of 
 Campania, famous for its wine, which the Ro- 
 man poets have greatly celebrated. Ua\^)l, 
 c. 14. — Martial. VI, ep. 57. — Virg. G. 2, v. 9ti. 
 —Horat. 1, od. 20, v. 10. 2 6W. 4, v. 15.— 
 Sirab. 5, — Flor. 1, c. 15. 
 
 I'vLisci; a peop'e of Eiraria, originally u 
 
FA 
 
 Macedonian colony. When they were be/ieg- 
 cd by Camillus, a school-master went out of 
 the gates of the city with his pupils, and be- 
 trayed them into the hands of the Roman ene- 
 my, tniit by such a possession he might easily 
 oblige the place to surrender. Camillus heard 
 the proposal with indignation, and ordered the 
 man to be stripped naked and whipped back 
 to the town by those whom his perfidy wished 
 to betray. This instance of generosity opera- 
 ted upon the people so powerfully, that they 
 surrendered to the Romans. Pint, in Camil. 
 
 Faliscus Gratius. Vid. Gratius. 
 
 Fama, (fame) was worshipped by the an- 
 cients as a powerful goddess, and generally 
 represented blowing a trumpet, ^c. Stat. 
 3, Theb. 427. 
 
 Fannia, a woman of Minturnae, who hospi- 
 tably entertained Marius in his flight, though 
 he had formerly sat in judgment upon her, 
 and divorced her from her husband. 
 
 Fannia les, de Sumptibus, by Fannius the 
 consul, A. U. C. 593. It enacted that no per- 
 son should spend more than 100 asses a day 
 at the great festivals, and 30 asses on other 
 days, and ten at all other times. 
 
 Fannii, two orators of whom Cicero speaks 
 in Brut. 
 
 Fannius, an inferior poet ridiculed by 
 Horace because his poems and picture were 
 consecrated in the library of Apollo, on mount 
 Palatine at Rome, as it was then usual for such 
 as possessed merit. Horat. 1, Sat. 4, v. 21. 
 A person who killed himself when appre- 
 hended in a conspiracy against Augustus. 
 Mart. 12, ep. 80 Caius, an author in Tra- 
 jan's reign, whose history of the cruelties of 
 Nero is greatly regretted. 
 
 Fanum Vacun^e, a village in the country of 
 the Sabines. Horat. 1, ep. 10, v. 49. 
 
 Farfarus, a river of the Sabines, falling 
 into the Tiber, above Capena. Ovid. Met. 14, 
 T.330. 
 
 Fascelis, a surname of Diana, because her 
 statue was brought from Taurica by Iphige- 
 nia in a bundle of sticks, (fascis,) and placed 
 at Aricia. 
 
 Fascellina, a town of Sicily near Panof- 
 mus. Sit. 14, V. 261. 
 
 Faucula, a prostitute, who privately con- 
 veyed food to the Roman prisoners at Capua. 
 Liu. 26, c. 33. 
 
 Faventia, a town of Spain. PUn 3, c. 1. 
 
 Of italy. Ital. 8, v. 597. PUn. 14, c. 15. 
 
 Martial. 2, ep. 74. 
 
 Faveria, a town of Istria. Liv. 41, c. 11. 
 
 Faula, a mistress of Hercules. 
 
 Fauna, a deity among the Romans, daugh- 
 ter of Picus, and originally called Marica. 
 Her marriage with Faunus procured her the 
 name of Fauna, and her knowledge of futu- 
 rity that of Falua and Falidica. It. is said 
 that she never saw a man after her marriage 
 with FaunuS; and that her uncommon chastity 
 occasioned her being ranked among the god's 
 after death. She is the same, according to 
 some, as Bona Mater. Some mythologists 
 accnseher of dmnkermess, and say that she 
 i'<pired under the blows of her husband, for 
 an immoderate use of wine. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 
 47, &.C. — Warro.— Justin. 43, c. 1 
 
 Faunalia, festivals » 
 Faunus. 
 
 FE 
 
 FauN'i, certain deities of the country, re- 
 presented as having the legs, feet, and ears of 
 goats, and the rest of the body human. They 
 were called satyrs by the Greeks. The pea- 
 sants offered them a lamb or a kid with great 
 solemnity. Virg. G. I, v. 10. — Ovid. Met. 6, 
 v. 392. 
 
 Fauncs, a son of Picus, who is said to have 
 reigned in Italy about 1300 years B. C. Hi» 
 bravery as well as wisdom have given rise to 
 the tradition that he was son of Wars. He 
 raised a temple in honour of the god Pan, cal- 
 led by the Latins Lupercus, at the foot of the 
 Palatine hill, and he exercised hospitality to- 
 Vk-ards strangers with a liberal hand. His great 
 popularity, and his fondness for agriculturer 
 made his subjects revere him as one of their 
 country deities after death. He was repre- 
 sented with all the equipage of the satyrs, and 
 was consulted to give oracles. Dionys. 1, c. 7. 
 —Virg. ^n. 7, v. 47, 1. 8, v. 314, 1. 10, v. 55.— 
 Horat. 1, od. 17. 
 
 Favo, a Roman mimic, w^ho at the funeral 
 of Vespasian imitated the manners and ges- 
 tures of the deceased emperor. Suet, in Visp. 
 19. 
 
 Favorinus, a philosopher and eunuch un- 
 der Adrian, &c. 
 Fausta, a daughter of Sylla. &c. Horat. 
 
 1. Sat. 2, V. 64. The wife of the emperor 
 
 Constantine, disgraced for her cruelties and 
 vices. 
 
 Faustina, the wife of the emperor Anto- 
 ninus, famous for her debaucheries. Her 
 daugiiter, of the same name, blessed with beau- 
 ty, liveliness, and wit, became the most aban- 
 doned of her sex. She married M. Aurelius. 
 
 The third wife of the emperor Helioga- 
 
 balus bore that name. 
 
 Faustitas, a goddess among the Romans., 
 supposed to preside over cattle. Horat. 4. od. 
 5, v. 17. ^ 
 
 Faustulus, a shepherd ordered to expose 
 Romulus and Remus. He privately brought 
 them up at home. Liv. 1, c. 4. — Justin. 43, c. 
 2. — Plut. in Rom. 
 
 Faustus, an obscure poet under the first 
 Roman emperors, two of whose dramatic pie- 
 ces, Thebae and Tereus, Juvenal mentions, 7, 
 V. 12. 
 
 Februus, a god at Rome, who presided 
 
 over purifications. The Feralia, sacrifices 
 
 which the Romans offered to the gods Manes, 
 were also called Februa, whence the name of 
 the month of February, during which the ob- 
 lations were made. 
 
 Feciales, a number of priests at Rome, 
 employed in declaring war and making peace. 
 When the Romans thought themselves in- 
 jured, one of the sacerdotal body was em- 
 powered to demand redress, and after the al- 
 lowance of 33 days to consider the matter, 
 war was declared if submissions were not 
 made, and the Fecialis hurled a bloody spear 
 into the territories of the enemy in proof oi' 
 intended hostilities. Liv. 1, c. 3, 1. 4, c. 30. 
 
 Felginas, a Roman knight killed by Pom- 
 pey at Dyrrachium. C(es. 3, Bell. Civ. 
 
 Felix, M. Antosrs, a freed man of 
 Claudius Caisar, made governor of .Iud;ca, 
 Samaria, and Palestine. He is called by Sue- 
 Rome in honour of j tonius tlie husband of three queens, aa he mar- 
 ' rled the two Diusillac. one grand-daughter oi 
 
FE 
 
 Antony and Cleopatra, and the other a Jewish 
 princess, sister of Agrippa. The name of his 
 third wife is unknown. Suet, in CI. 18. — Ta- 
 tU. Ann. 12, c. 11. 
 
 Feltkia, a town of Italy at the north of 
 Venice. 
 
 Fene STELLA, a Roman historian in the age 
 
 of Augustus. He died at Cumae. One of 
 
 the gates at Rome. Ovid. Fast. 6, v. 578. 
 
 Fenni or FiNNi, the inhabitants of Finnin- 
 gia or Eningia, considered as Finland. Ta- 
 ait. G. 46.—Plin. 4, c. 13. 
 
 Feralia, a festival in honour of the dead, 
 observed at Rome the 17th or 21st of Fe- 
 bruary. It continued for 11 days, during 
 •which time presents were carried to the graves 
 of the deceased, marriages were forbidden, and 
 the temples of the gods were shut. It was 
 universally believed that the manes of their 
 departed friends came and hovered over their 
 graves, and feasted upon the provisions that 
 the hand of piety and affection had procured 
 for them. Their punishments in the infernal 
 regions were also suspended, and during that 
 time they enjoyed rest and liberty. 
 
 Ferentinum, a town of the Hernici, at the 
 east of Rome. The inhabitants were called 
 Ferentinafes or Ferentini. Sil. 8, v. 394. — 
 Liv. 1, c. 50, 1. 9, c. 43 and 44. 
 
 Ferentum, or Forentum, atown of Apulia, 
 HOW Forenza. Horat. 3, od. 4, v. 15. — Liv. 9, 
 c. 16 and 20. 
 
 Feretrius, a surname of Jupiter, aferen- 
 do, because he had assisted the Romans, or a 
 feriendo, because he had conquered their ene- 
 mies under Romulus. He had a temple at 
 Rome, built by Romulus, where the spoils call- 
 ed opima were always carried. Only two 
 generals obtained these celebrated spoils after 
 the age of Romulus. Liv. 1, c. 10. — Plut. in 
 Rom.—C. Mp. in Ait. 20. 
 
 FERiiE LATiNiE, festivals at Rome insti- 
 tuted by Tarquin the Proud. The principal 
 magistrates of 47 towns in Latium usually as- 
 sembled on a mount near Rome, w here they 
 idtogether with the Roman nriagistrates offered 
 a bull to Jupiter Latialis, of which thej' carried 
 home some part after the immolation, after 
 theyhad sworn mutual friendship and alliance. 
 It continued but one day originally, but in pro- 
 cess of time four days were dedicated to its 
 celebration. Dionys. Hal. 4, c. 49. — Cic. Ep. 
 6. — Liv. 21, &LC. The ferias among the Ro- 
 mans were certain days set apart to celebrate 
 festivals, and during that time it was unlawful 
 for any person to work. They were either 
 jiublic or private. The public weie of four 
 different kinds. The ferice stativcB were cer- 
 tain immoveable days always marked in the 
 calendar, and observed by the whole city with 
 much festivity and public rejoicing. The/emc 
 conceptivcB were moveable feasts, and the day 
 apppointed for the celebration was always 
 previously fixed by the magistrates or priests. 
 Among these were the fcrice, Latinw, which 
 were first established by Tarquin, and observed 
 by the consuls regularly before they set out 
 for the provinces ; the Compitalia, Lc. The 
 ferioi imperative, were appointed only by the 
 command of the consul, dictator, or pnetor, as 
 a f)ublic rejoicing for some important victory 
 gained over the enemy of Rome. The /ma 
 XuTfdincz Avcre regular days, ii\ which the 
 
 FI 
 
 people of the country and neighbouring towns 
 assembled together and exposed their respec- 
 tive commodities to sale. They were called 
 INundinae because kept every ninth day. The 
 feriiz privates, were observed only in families, 
 in commemoration of birth days, marriages, 
 funerals, and the like. The days on which the 
 ftri{R were observed were called by the Ro- 
 mans J\sti dies, because dedicated to mirth» 
 relaxation, and festivity. 
 
 Feronia, a goddess at Rome, who presid- 
 ed over the woods and groves. The name is 
 derived aftrendo: because she gave assistance 
 to her votaries, or perhaps from the town Fe- 
 ronia, near mount Soracte, where she had a 
 temple. It was usual to make a yearly sacri- 
 fice to her, and to wash the face and hands in 
 the waters of the sacred fountain, which flowed 
 near her temple. It is said that. those who 
 were filled with the spirit of this goddess could 
 walk barefooted over burning coals without 
 receiving any injury from the flames. The god- 
 dess had a temple and a grove about three miles 
 from Anxur, and also another in the district of 
 Capena. Liv. 33, c. 26.— Virg. JEn. 7, v. 697 
 and 800.— F«no de L. L. 4, c. 10.— ltd. 13.— 
 Strab. 5.—Horai. 1. Sat. 5, v. 24. 
 
 Fescennia, (iorum or ium,) a town of 
 Etruria, now Galese, where the Fescennine 
 verses were first invented. These verses, the 
 name of which conveys an idea of vulgar ob- 
 scenity, were a sort of rustic dialogue spoken 
 extempore, in which the actors exposed before 
 their audience the failings and vices of their 
 adverearies, and by a satirical humour and mer- 
 riment endeavoured to raise the laughter of 
 the company. They were often repeated at . 
 nuptials, and many lascivious expressions were 
 used for the genei'al diversion, as also at har- 
 vest-home, w hen gestures were made adapted 
 to the sense of the unpolished verses that were 
 used. They were proscribed by Augustus as 
 of immoral tendency. Plin. 3, c. 5. — Virg. 
 JEn. 7, v. mb.~Horat. 2, ep. 1, v. 145. 
 
 FEsijLi^:, or F^sul^, a town of Etruria> 
 where Sylla settled a colony. Cic. Cat. 3, 
 c. 6. 
 
 Festus, a friend of Domitian, uiio killed 
 
 himself in an illness. Martial. }.ep.79. 
 
 Porcius, a proconsul who succeeded Felix as 
 governor of Judae,a, under Claudius. 
 
 FiBRENus, a river of Italy, falling into the 
 Liris through Cicero's farm at Arpinum. 6x7. 
 8; v. 400.— Cic. Leg. 2, c. 1. 
 
 FicANA, a town of Latlnra, at the south of 
 Rome near the Tiber. Liv. 1, c. 33. 
 
 FicARiA, a small island on the east of Sar- 
 dinia, now SerjJtidera. Pirn. 3, c. 7. 
 
 FicuLEA or FicuLNEA, a town of Latium 
 beyond mount Sacer at the north of Rome. 
 Cicero had a villa theie, and the road that led 
 to the town was called Ficul.ncrisis, afterwards 
 JVtnnentana Via. Cic. 12. Alt. 34. — Lii. 1, c. 
 38, 1. 3, c. 52. 
 
 FiDENA, an inland town of Latium, uhose 
 inhabitants are called Fidcnales. The place 
 was conquered by the Romans B. C. 435. 
 Virg. JEn. 6, v. 773. — Juv. 1, v. 44 — Liv. 1, c. 
 14,15, and 27, 1. 2, c. 19, 1. 4, c. 17 and 21. 
 
 FiDENTU, a town of Gaul on the south of 
 the Po, between Placentia and Parma. Veil. 
 2, c. 2S.—Plin. 3, c. 15.— Cic. In. 2, c.54. 
 
 FiDi:s, the goddess of faith, oath?, and 
 
FL 
 
 honesty, worshipped by the Romans. Numa 
 was the first who paid her di\ine honours. 
 
 FiDicijLiE, a place of Italy. VcU. Max. 7, 
 c. 6. 
 
 FiDics Dius, a divinity by whom the Ro- 
 mans generally swore. He was also called 
 Sancus or Sanctus and Semipater, and he was 
 solemnly addressed in prayers the 5th of June, 
 which was yearly consecrated to his service. 
 Some suppose him to be Hercules. Ovid. 
 Fast. 6, V. 213.— Varro de L. L. 4, c. 10.— Di- 
 onys. Hal. 2 and 9. 
 
 Fimbria, a Roman officer who besieged 
 Mithridates in Pritane, and failed in his at- 
 tempts to take him prisoner. He was desert- 
 ed by his troops for his cruelty, upon which 
 he killed himself. Plut. in Lxicull. 
 
 FiRMUM, now Fermo, a town of Picenum 
 on the Adriatic, the port of which was called 
 CasUllum Firmanum. Cic. 8, Att. 12. — Plin. 
 7, c. 8. — Velleius. 1, c. 14. 
 
 M. FiRsiius, a powerful native of Seleucia 
 who proclaimed himself emperor, and was at 
 last conquered by Aurelian. 
 
 FiscELLCs, a part of the Apennine moun- 
 tains in Umbria, where the Nar rises. Hal. 8, 
 V. 518.— J'/i/i. 3, c. 12. 
 
 Flacilla Antonia, a Roman matron in 
 Nero's age, &.c. Tacit. Ann. 14, c. 7. 
 
 Fi.ACCus, a consul who marched against 
 Sylla, and was assassinated by Frimbria. Plut. 
 
 A poet. l^id. Valerius. A governor 
 
 of Egypt who died A. D. 39. Verrius, a 
 
 grammarian, tutor to the two grandsons of 
 Augustus, and supposed author of the Capito- 
 
 line marbles. A name of Horace. Vid. 
 
 Horatius. 
 
 ^LiA Flacilla, the mother of Arcadius 
 and Honorius, was daughter of Antonius, a 
 prefect of Gaul. 
 
 Flaminia Lex agraria, by C. Flaminius 
 the tribune, A. U. C. 525. It required that 
 the lands of Picenum, from which the Gauls 
 Senones had been expelled, should be divided 
 among the Roman people. 
 
 Flaminia Via, a celebrated road which led 
 from Rome to Ariminum and Aquileia. It 
 received its name from Flaminius, who built 
 it, and was killed at the battle of Thrasymenus 
 
 against Ann ibal. Agate of Rome opening 
 
 to the same road, now delpopolo. 
 
 C. Flaminius, a Roman consul of a turbu- 
 lent disposition, who was drawn into a battle 
 near the lake of Thrasymenus, by the artifice 
 of Annibal. He was killed in the engagement, 
 Avilh an immense number of Romans, B. C. 
 217. The conqueror wished to give a burial 
 to his body, but it was not found in the heaps 
 of slain. While the tribune of the people, he 
 proposed an agrarian law against the ad- 
 vice of his friends, of the senate, and of iiis 
 own father. Cic. de Inv. 2, c. 17. — Liv. 22, 
 c. 3, }iat.—Polyb.—Flor. 2, c. 6.—Val. Max. 
 1; c. 6. 
 
 T. Q. Flaminius or FlamixInus, a cele- 
 brated Roman raised to the consulship, A. U. 
 C. 656. He was trained in the art of war 
 against Annibal, and he showed himself ca- 
 pable in eveiy respect to discharge with ho- 
 nour the great oiBce with which he was in- 
 trusted. He wa£ sent at the head ot the Ro- 
 nan troops against Philip, king of Mace- 
 donia, and in his expedition he met with 
 
 FL 
 
 uncommon success. The Greeks gi'adually 
 declared themseWes his firmest supporters, 
 and he totally defeated Philip on the confines 
 ' of Epirus, and made all Locris, Phocis, and 
 Thessaly, tributary to the Roman power. 
 He granted peace to the conquered monarch, 
 and proclaimed all Greece free and indepen- 
 dent at the Isthmian games. This cele- 
 brated action procured the name of patrons 
 of Greece to the Romans, and insensibly 
 paved their way to universal dominion. 
 Flaminius behaved among them with the 
 greatest policy, and by his ready compliance 
 with their national customs and prejudices, 
 he gained uncommon popularity, and received 
 the name of fatlier and deliverer of Greece. 
 He was afterwards sent ambassador to king 
 Prusias, who had given refuge to Annibal, 
 and there his prudence and artifice hastened 
 out of the world a man who had long been 
 the terror of the Romans. Flaminius was 
 found dead in his bed, after a life spent ia 
 the greatest glory, in which he had imitated 
 with success the virtues of his model Scipio. 
 
 Plut. in vild. — Flor. Lucius, the brother 
 
 of the preceding, signalized himself in the 
 wars of Greece. He was expelled from the 
 senate for killing a Gaul, by Cato, his brother's 
 colleague in the censorship, an action which 
 was highly resented by Titus. Plat, in Flam. 
 
 Calp. Flamma, a tribune, who at the head 
 
 of 300 men saved the Roman army in Sicily, 
 B. C. 258, by engaging the Carthaginians and 
 cutting them to pieces. 
 
 Flanaticus sinus, a bay of the Flanates^ 
 in Liburnia, on the Adriatic, now the golf of 
 Carnjero. Plin. 3, c. 19 and 21. 
 
 Flavia lex agraria, by L. Flavius, A. 
 U. C. 693, for the distribution of a certaia 
 quantity of lands among Pompey's soldiers, 
 and the commons. 
 
 Flavianum, a town of Etruria, on the 
 Tiber, called also Flavinium. Virg. JEn. 7, r. 
 696.— Sil. 8, V. 492. 
 
 Flavinia, a town of Latium, which as- 
 sisted Turn us against JEaeas. (^irg. JEn. 7, 
 v. 696. 
 
 Flavius, a senator who conspired mtk 
 
 Piso against ^'ero, kc. Tacit. A tribune 
 
 of the people deposed by J. Caesar. A Ro- 
 man who informed Gracchus of the violent 
 
 measures of the senate against him. A 
 
 brother of Vespasian, ^. A tribune who 
 
 wounded one of Annibal's elephants in an 
 
 engagement. A schoolmaster at Rome in 
 
 the age of Horace. 1 Sat. 6, v. 72. One of 
 
 the names of the emperor Domitian. Juv. 
 4, V. 37. 
 
 Flevus, the right branch of the Rhine, 
 which formed a large lake on its falling int» 
 che sea, called Flevo, now Zuider-Zee. It was 
 afterwards called Htliam, now Ulie, when its 
 breadth became more contracted, and a fort 
 erected there obtained the name of Flevutit 
 Frisiorum. Tacit. An. 2, c. 6, 1. 4, v. 73. — Plin. 
 4,c. 15.— jtfe/fl, 3; c. 2. 
 
 Fl(3ra, the goddess of flowers and gar- 
 dens amongthe Romans, the same as the Chlo- 
 ris of the Giv^eks. Some suppose that she was 
 origiuali} acommon courtezan, who left to the 
 Romans the immense riches which she had ac- 
 quired by prostitution and lasciviousness,in re- 
 membranre of which a yearly festival was in 
 
FO 
 
 itiluted in her honour. She was worshipped 
 even among the Sabines, long before the loun- 
 dation of Rome, and likewise among the Pho- 
 ceans, who built Marseilles long before the ex- 
 istence of the capital of Italy. Tatius was the 
 first who raised her a temple in the city ot 
 Rome. It is said that she married Zephyrus, 
 and that she received from him the privileges 
 of presiding over flowers, and of enjoying per- 
 petual youth. [Fid. Floralia.] She was repre- 
 sented as crowned with flowers, and holding in 
 her hand the horn of plenty. Ovid. Fast. 5, v. 
 195, hc.—Varro de R. R. l.—Ladant. \, c. 
 
 20. A celebrated courtezan passionately 
 
 loved by Pompey the Great. She was so beau- 
 tiful, that when the temple of Castor and Pol- 
 lux at Rome was adorned with paintings, her 
 picture was drawn and placed among the rest. 
 
 Another courtezan, &c. Juv. 2, v. 49. 
 
 Floralia, games in honour of Flora at 
 Rome. They were instituted about the age 
 of Romulus, but they were not celebrated 
 with regularity and proper attention till the 
 year U. C. 580. They were observed yearly, 
 and exhibited a scene of the most unbounded 
 licentiousness. It is reported that Cato wished 
 once to be present at the celebration, and that 
 when he saw that the deference for his pre- 
 sence interrupted the feast, he retired, not 
 choosing to be the spectator of the prostitution 
 of naked women in a public theatre. This be- 
 haviour so captivated the degenerate Romans, 
 tliat the venerable senator was treated with the 
 most uncommon applause as he retired. Val. 
 Max. 2, c. IQ.— Varro de L. L. l—Faierc. 
 c. l.—Plin. 18, c. 29. 
 
 ' Florentia, atownof Italy on the Arnus, 
 now Florence, the capital of Tuscany. Tacit, 
 ^n. 1, c. 79.— FZor. 3, c. 21.— Piwi. 3, c. 5. 
 
 Florl\nus, a man who wore the imperial 
 purple at Rome only for two months, A. D.27d. 
 Florus, L. Anna3us Julius, a Latin historian 
 of the same family which produced Sen- 
 eca and Lucan, A. D. 116. He wrote an 
 abridgment of Roman annals in four books, 
 composed in a florid and poetical style, and ra- 
 ther a panegyric on many of the great actions 
 of the Romans, than a faithful and correct re- 
 cital of their history. He also wrOte poetry, 
 and entered the lists against the emperor 
 Adrian, who satirically reproached him vyith 
 frequenting taverns and places of dissipation. 
 The best editions of Florus are Duker's, 2 vols. 
 8vo. L Bat. 1722 and 1744; and that of J. 
 
 Frid. Fischer, 8vo. Lips. 1760. Julius, a 
 
 friend of Horace, who accompanied Claudius 
 Nero in his militaiy expeditions. The poet 
 has addressed two epistles to him. 
 
 Fluoma, a surname of Juno Lucina, who 
 under that appellation was invoked by theKo- 
 num matrons to stop excessive discharges of 
 blood. Ftst. de V. fig. 
 
 Folia, a woman of Ariminum, famous for 
 her knowledge of poisonous herbs, and for her 
 petulance. Ilorat. ep. 5, v. 42. 
 
 FoNS SoLis, a fountain in the province of 
 Cyrene, cool at mid-day and warm at the rising 
 and setting of the sun. Hervdot. 4, c. 181. 
 
 FoNTANus, a poet mentioned by Ovid. 
 Pont. 4, el. 16. 
 
 FoNiEiA, a vestal virgin. Cic. 
 FoNTKius Capito, au intimate friend of 
 Horace. 1 i>at. 5, v. 32. A Roman who 
 
 FO 
 
 raised commotions in Germany after the death 
 
 of Nero. Tacit. Hist. 1, c. 7. A man who 
 
 conducted Cleopatra into Syria by order of 
 Antony. Flut. in Ant. 
 
 Formic, a maritime town of Campania at 
 the south-east of Caieta. It was anciently the 
 abode of the Leestrygones,and it became known 
 for its excellent wines, and was called Mamur- 
 rarum urbs, from a family of consequence and 
 opulence who lived there. Liv. 8, c. 14, 1. 38, 
 C.36.— Hora^. 1. od. 20, v. 11, 1. 3. od. 17, 
 Sat. 1, 5, v. 'Sl.—Plin. 36, c. 6. 
 
 FoRMiANUM, a villa of Cicero near For- 
 mife, near which the orator was assassinated 
 Cic. Fam. 11, ep. 27, 1. 16, ep. 10.— Tacit. Ann. 
 16, c. 10. 
 
 FoRMio, now Risano, a river of Istria, the 
 ancient boundary of Italy eastward, afterwards 
 extended to the Arsia. Plin. 3, c. 18 and 19. 
 
 Fornax, a goddess at Rome who presided 
 over the baking of bread. Her festivals, called 
 Fornacalia, were first instituted by Numa. 
 Ovid. Fast. 2, v. 525. 
 
 Fuuo Appii, a people of Italy, whose cap- 
 ital was called Forum Appi. Plin. 3, c. 5. 
 
 FortOna, a powerful deity among the an- 
 cients, daughter of Oceanus accordiijg to Ho- 
 mer, or one of the Parcae according to Pindar. 
 She was the goddess of fortune, and from her 
 hand were derived riches and poverty, plea- 
 sures and misfortunes, blessings and pains. 
 She was worshipped in different parts of 
 Greece, and in Achaia; her statue held the. 
 horn of plenty in one hand, and had a winged 
 Cupid at its feet. In Boeotia she had a statue 
 which represented her as holding Plutus the 
 god of riches in her arms, to intimate that for- 
 tune is the source whence wealth and honours 
 flow. Bupalus was the first who made a statue 
 of Fortune for the people of Smyrna, and he 
 represented her with the poplar star upon her 
 head, and the horn of plenty in her hand. The 
 Romans paid particular attention to the god- 
 dess of Fortune, and had no less than eight 
 ditferent temples erected to her honour in 
 their city. Tullus Hostilius was the first who 
 built her a temple, and from that circumstance 
 it is easily known when her worship was first 
 introduced among the Romans. Her most 
 famous temple in Italy was at Antium, in La- 
 tium, where presents and offerings were re- 
 gularly sent from every part of the country. 
 Fortune has been called Pherepolis, the pro- 
 tectress of cities, Acrea, from the temple of 
 Corinth on an eminence, cuS-.s. She was called 
 Prenesline at Prajneste in Italy, where she had ; 
 also a temple. Besides she was worshipped 
 among the Romans under different names, such 
 as Female fortune, Vhile fortune. Equestrian, 
 Evil, Peaceful, Virgin, &.c. On the 1st of 
 April, which was consecrated to Venus among 
 the Romans, the Italian widows and marriage- 
 able virgins assembled in the temple of Virile 
 fortune, and after burning incense and strip- 
 ping themselves of their garments, they entrea- 
 ted the goddess to hide from the eyes of their 
 husbands whatever defects there might be on 
 their bodies. The goddess of Fortune is rep- 
 resented on ancient monuments with a horn oi 
 jilenty, and sometimes two in her hands. She 
 is blind-folded, and generally holds a wheel ia 
 her hand as an emblem of her inconstancy. 
 Sometimes she appears with wings, and tread< 
 
FO 
 
 upon the prow of a ship, and holds a rudder 
 in her hand. Dionys. Hal. 4. — Ovid. Fast. 
 6, V. 569. — Plut. de fort. Rom. and in Cor. — 
 €ic. de Div. 2. — Liv. 10. — £i(gustin. de. Civ. 
 D. 4. — Flor. i. — Val. Max. 1, c. 5. — Lucan. 
 
 FoRTUNATiE INSUL.?;, islands at the west of 
 Mauritania in the Atlantic sea. They are sup- 
 posed to be the Canary isles of the moderns, 
 thought to be only two in number, at a little 
 distance one from the other, and 10,000 sta- 
 dia from the shores of Libya. They Avere 
 represented as the seats of the blessed, where 
 the souls of the virtuous were placed after 
 death. The air was wholesome and temperate, 
 the earth produced an immense number of va- 
 rious fruits without the labours of men. When 
 they had been described to Sertorius in the 
 most enchanting colours, that celebrated ge- 
 neral expressed a wish to retire thither, and 
 to remove himself from the noise of the 
 world, and the dangers of war. Strab. 1. — 
 Plut. in Sertor. — Horat. 4, od. 8, v. 27. — Epod. 
 16.—Plin. 6, c. 31 and 32. 
 
 FoRULi, a town of the Sabines built on a 
 stony place, Strab. 5. — Virg. Mn. 7, v. 714. 
 
 FoRUM-APPii, a town of Latium on the 
 Appia v!a. Cic. 1, Att. 10.— Horat. 1, Sat. 3, 
 
 V. 3. Augustum, a place at Rome. Ovid. 
 
 Fast. 5, V. 652. Allieni, a town of Italy, 
 
 now Ferrara. Tacit. H. 3, c. 6. Aureliaj a 
 
 town of Etruria, now Montalto. Cic. Cat. 1, 
 
 c. 9. Claudii, another in Etruria, now Ori- 
 
 olo. Cornelii, another, now Imola, in the 
 
 Pope's dominions. Plin. 3, c. 16. — Cic. Fam. 
 
 12, ep. 5. Domitii, a town of Gaul, now 
 
 Frontignan, in Languedoc. Voconii, a town 
 
 of Gaul, now Gonsaron, between Antibes 
 and Marseilles. Cic. Fam. 10, ep. 17.—— 
 Lepidi, a town of ancient Gaul, south of 
 
 the Po. Popilii, another at the south of 
 
 Ravenna, on the Adriatic. Flaminii, a 
 
 town of Umbria, now San Giavane. Plin. 
 
 3, c. 14. Gallorum, a town of Gaul To- 
 
 gata, now Caslel Franco, in the Bolognese. 
 Cic. Fam. 10, ep. 30. Also a town of Ve- 
 nice, called Forajuliensis urbs, now Friuli. 
 
 Cic. Fam. 12, ep. 26. .lulium, a town of 
 
 Gaul Narbonensis, now Frejus, in Provence. 
 
 Cic. Fam. 10, ep. 17. — Strab. 4. Lebno- 
 
 rum, a town of Insubria. Polyh. Sempro- 
 
 nii, a town of Umbria, he. Many other pla- 
 ces bore the name of Forum wherever there 
 was a public market, or rather where the praj- 
 tor held his court of justice, (ferum vel con- 
 ventus,) and thence they were called some- 
 times conventusas well as/om, into which pro- 
 vinces Avere generally divided under the ad- 
 ministration of a separate governor. Cic. 
 Ver. 2, c. 20, I. 4, c. 48, 1. 5, c, 11.— Fa^m, 5, 
 Fam. 3, ep. 6 and 8.— Attic. 5, ep. 21. 
 
 Fosi, a people of Germany near the Elbe, 
 considered as the Saxons of Ptolemy. Tacit. 
 G.36. 
 
 Fossa, the straits of Bonifacio between 
 Corsica and Sardinia, called also Tephros. 
 
 Plin. 3, c. 6. Drusi or Druslani, a canal, 
 
 eight miles in length, opened by Drusus from 
 the Rhine to the Issel, below the separation of 
 I he Waal. Suet. Claud. I.— Tacit. Hist. 5, 
 
 c. 23. Mariana, a canal cut by Marius 
 
 from the Rhone to Marseilles during the Cim- 
 orian war, and now called Galejon. Some- 
 
 FU 
 
 times the word is used in the plural, Fossce' 
 as if more than one canal had been formed by 
 Marius. Plin. 3, c. 4.— Strab. 4.— Mela, 2, 
 c. 5. 
 
 Foss^ Philtstin^e, one of the mouths of 
 the Po. Tacit. Hist. 3, c. 9. 
 
 Franci, a people of Germany and Gaul, 
 whose country was called Francia. Claudian. 
 
 Fraus, a divinity worshipped among the 
 Romans, daughter of Orcus and Night. She 
 presided over treachery, &c. 
 
 Fregella, a famous town of the Volsci 
 in Italy, on the Liris, destroyed for revolting 
 from the Romans. Ital. 5, v. 452.— Liy 
 8, c. 22, 1. 27, c. 10, he— Cic. Fam. 13, ep. 
 76. ^ 
 
 FregenjE , a town of Etruria. Plin. 3, c. 5. 
 
 Frentan^i, a people of Italy, near Apu- 
 lia, who receive their name from the river 
 Frento, now Fortore, which runs through 
 the eastern part of their country, and falls 
 into the Adriatic opposite the islands of Dio- 
 mede. Plin. 3, c. 11.— Liv. 9, c. 45.— Sil. 8, 
 V. 520. 
 
 Fretum, (the sea) is sometimes applied 
 by eminence to the Sicilian sea, or the straits 
 of Messina. Cos. C. 1, c. 2Q.—Flor. 1, c. 26. 
 —Cic. 2. Att. 1. 
 
 Frigidus, a river of Tuscany. 
 
 Frisii, a people of Germany near the 
 Rhine, now the Prisons or Friesland. Tacit. 
 A. 1, c. 60.— Hist. 4, c. 15 and 72.— G. 34. 
 
 Sex. Jul. Frontinus, a celebrated geo- 
 metrician, who made himself known by the 
 books he wrote on aqueducts and stratagems, 
 dedicated to Trajan. He ordered at his 
 death that no monument should be raised 
 to his memory, saying, Memoria nostri du- 
 rabit, si vitam meruimus. The best edition of 
 Frontinus is that of Oudendorp, 8vo. L. Bat. 
 1779. 
 
 Fronto, a preceptor of M. Antoninus, by 
 
 whom he was greatly esteemed. Julius, a 
 
 learned Roman, who was so partial to the 
 company of poets, that he lent them his house 
 and gardens, which continually re-echoed the 
 compositions of bis numerous visitors. Juv. 1 , 
 Sat. v. 12. 
 
 Frusino, a small town of the Volsci on one 
 of the branches of the Liris. Juv. 3, v. 223. — 
 Liv. K), c. l.—Sil. 8, v. 399.— Cir. Ait. 11, 
 ep. 4 and 13. 
 
 FCciNus, a lake of Italy in the country of 
 the Marsi, at the north of the Liris, attempted 
 to be drained by J. Caesar and afterwards by 
 Claudius, by whom 30,000 men were employ- 
 ed for eleven years to perforate a mountain to- 
 convey the water into the Lids, but with no 
 permanent success. The lake surrounded by 
 a ridge of high mountains is now called Celano, 
 and is supposed to be 47 miles in circumfe- 
 i"ence, and not mo?e than 12 feet deep on an 
 average. Plin. 36, c. 15. — Tacit. Ann. 12, c. 
 56.— Firg.^n. 7, v. 751>. 
 
 FuFiDius, a wretched usuper, &.c. Horat. 1. 
 Sat. 2. 
 
 FuFius Geminus, a man greatly promo- 
 ted by the interest of Livia, he. Tacit. Ann. 
 5, c. 1 and 2. 
 
 Fugat.ia, festivals at Rome to celebrate the 
 flight of the Tarquins. 
 
 FulgVnatks, (sing. Fulginas) a people 
 of Umbria, whose cihief town was Fulginnn,»j . 
 
FU 
 
 now Foligno. Sil. It. 8, v. 462.-P/m. 1, c. 4, 
 
 ^' VfuI^ginus, a brave officer in Caesar's le- 
 «rions, &.C. Ccts. Bell. Civ. 
 "^ FuUoRA, a goddess at Rome who presided 
 over li^^htning. She was addressed to save 
 her vottries from the effects of violent storms 
 of thunder. Mg. de Civ. B. 6, c. 10. 
 
 FuLLiNUM and Fulginum, a small town ot 
 
 Urabria. -, ^ ^ • x^j 
 
 FuLvix LEX was proposed but rejected, 
 A U C 628, by Flaccus Fulvius. It tended 
 to make all the people of Italy citizens of 
 
 ■^TutviA, a bold and ambitious woman who 
 married the tribune Clodius, and afterwards 
 Curio, and at last M. Antony. She took a 
 part in all the intrigues of her husband s trium- 
 virate and showed herself cruel as well as re- 
 vengeful. When Cicero's head had been cut 
 off by order of Antony, Fulvia ordered it to 
 be brought to her, and with all the insolence 
 of barblrity, she bored the orators tongue 
 with her golden bodkin. Antony divorced her 
 to marry Cleopatra, upon which she attempt- 
 ed to avenge her wrongs, by persuading Au- 
 gustus to take up arms against her husband 
 When this scheme did not succeed, she raised 
 a faction against Augustus, in which she en- 
 gaged L. Antonius her brother-in-law, and 
 when all her attempts proved fruitless, she 
 retired into the east, where her husband receiv- 
 ed her with great coldness and indifference 
 This unkindoess totally broke her heart, and 
 she soon after died, about 40 years before the 
 christian era. Plut. in Cic. ^ Anton.— ^A 
 woman who discovered to Cicero the designs 
 of Catiline upon his life. Plut. m Ctc, 
 
 Fulvius, a Roman senator, intimate with 
 Augustus. He disclosed the emperor's secrets 
 to his wife, who made it public to all the Ro- 
 man matrons, for which he received so severe 
 a reprimand from Augustus, that he and his 
 
 wife hanged themselves in despair. -A 
 
 friend of C. Gracchus who was killed in a sedi- 
 tion with his son. His body was thrown into 
 the river, and his widow was forbidden to put 
 on mourning for his death. Plut. in Gracc/i 
 
 Flaccus Censor, a Roman who plundered 
 
 a marble temple of Juno, to finish the buildmg 
 of one which he had erected to Fortune. He 
 was always unhappy after this sacrilege. Ltv 
 
 25 c 2 Ser. Nobilior, a Roman consul 
 
 who went to Africa after the defeat of Regulus. 
 After he had acquired much glory against the 
 Carthaginians, he was shipwrecked at his re- 
 turn with 200 Roman ships. His grandson 
 Marcus was sent to Spain, where he greatly 
 signalized himself. He was afterwards re- 
 warded with the consulship. 
 
 FuNDANUs, a lake near Fundi in Jtaiy, 
 which discharges itself into the Mediterranean. 
 Tacit. Hist. 3, c. 69. 
 
 Fundi, a town of Italy near Caieta, on the 
 Appianroad, at the bottom of a small deep 
 bay called Lacus Fundanus. Horal. 1, Sat. 5, 
 V M^Liv. 8, c. 14 and 19, I. 38, c. 36.— 
 Plin. 3, c. 5.— Cic. Rail. 2, c. 25.-r-Tacit. Ann. 
 4, c. 59.— S/m6.5. 
 
 FU 
 
 FuRiiE, the three daughters of Nox and 
 Acheron, or of Pluto and Froserpine, accord- 
 ing to some. Vid. Eumenides. 
 
 FuRii, a family which migrated from Me- 
 dullia in Latium, and came to settle in Rome 
 under Romulus, and was admitted among the 
 patricians. Camillus was of this family, and it 
 was he who first raised it to distinction. Pint, 
 in Caniill. 
 
 FuRiA LEX de Testamentis, by C. Furius the 
 tribune. It forbade any person to leave as a 
 legacy more than a thousand asses, except te 
 the relations of the master who manumitted, 
 with a few more exceptions. Cic. 1. — Verr. 
 42. — Liv. 35. 
 
 FuRiNA, the goddess of robbers, worshipped 
 at Rome. Some say that she is the same 
 as the Furies. Her festivals were called Furi- 
 ualia. Cic. de Kat. 3, c. S.—Varro de L. L. 
 5, c. 3. 
 
 FuRius, a military tribune with Camillus. 
 He was sent against the Tuscans by his col- 
 league. A Roman slave who obtained big 
 
 freedom, and applied himself with unremit- 
 ted attention to cultivate a small portion of 
 land which he had purchased. The uncom- 
 mon fruits which he reaped from his labours 
 rendered his neigbbours jealous of his prosper- 
 ity. He was accused before a Roman tribunal 
 
 of witchcraft, but honourably acquitted. 
 
 M. Bibaculus, a Latin poet of Cremona, who 
 wrote annals in Iambic verse, and was univer- 
 sally celebrated for the wit and humour of his 
 expressions. It is said that Virgil imitated 
 his poetry and even borrowed some of his 
 lines. Horace however has not failed to ridi- 
 cule his verses. Quintil. 8, e. 6, hc.—Horat. 
 2, Sat. 6, V. 40. 
 
 FuRNius, a man accused of adultery with 
 Claudia Pulchra, and condemned, &ic. Ta- 
 cit. Hist. 4, V. 52. A friend of Horace, 
 
 who was consul, and distinguished himself 
 by his elegant historical writings. 1 Sat. 10, 
 V. 36. 
 
 Arist. Fuscus, a friend of Horace, as con- 
 spicuous for the integrity and propriety of his 
 manners, as for his learning and abilities. 
 The poet addressed his 22 Od. Lib. 1 and 1 
 
 Ep. 10, to him. Corn, a praetor sent by Do- 
 
 mitian against the Daci, where he perished. 
 jMy.4, V. 112. 
 
 FusiA LEX de Comiiiis, A. U. C. 527, 
 forbade any business to be transacted at the 
 public assemblies on certain days, though 
 
 among the fasti. Another A, U. C. 690, 
 
 which ordained that the votes in a public 
 
 assembly should be given separately. Ca- 
 
 ninia, another by Camillus and C. Caninius 
 Galbus, A. U. C. 751, to check the manumis- 
 sion of slaves. 
 
 Fusius, a Roman orator. Cic. 2. de Oral. 
 
 c. 22. A Roman killed in Gaul, while he 
 
 presided there over one of the provinces. 
 
 Co£s. Bell. G. T, c. 3. A Roman actor, 
 
 whom Horace ridicules. 2 Sat. 3, v. 60. He 
 intoxicated himself; and when on the stage, 
 he fell asleep whilst he personated Ilione, 
 where he ought to have been roused and mo- 
 ved by the cries of a ghost} but in vain. 
 
GA 
 
 GABLES, a people of Aquitain. Plm. 4, 
 c. 19. 
 
 Gabaza, a country of Asia, near Sogdiana, 
 Curt. 8, c. 4. 
 
 Gabellus, now La Secchia, a river falling 
 in a northern direction into the Po, opposite 
 Ihe Mincius. Plin. 3, c. 16. 
 
 Gaeene and Gabienb, a country of Persia. 
 Diod. 19. 
 
 Gabli or Gabina. Vid. Gabina. 
 
 Gabienus, a friend of Augustus, beheaded 
 by order of Sexl. Pompey. It is maintained 
 that he spoke after death. 
 
 Gabii, a city of the Volsci, built by the 
 kings of Alba, but now no longer in existence. 
 It was taken by the artifice of 5extus, the son 
 of Tarquin, who gained the confidence of the 
 inhabitants by deserting to them, and pretend- 
 ing that his father had ill treated him. Romu- 
 lus and Remus were educated there, as it was 
 the custom at that time to send there the 
 young nobility, and Juno was the chief deity 
 of the place. The inhabitants had a peculiar 
 mode of tucking up their dress, whence Gabi- 
 nus cinctus. Virg. JEn. 6, v. 773, 1. 7, v. 612 
 and 6821— Lii). 5, c. 46, 1. 6, c. 29, 1. 8, c. 9, 1. 
 10, c. 7.— Ovid. Fast. 2, v. 709.— P/u/. m Ro- 
 vml. 
 
 GlBiiVA, the name of Juno, worshipped at 
 Gabii. Virg. ^n. 7, v. 682. 
 
 GabInia lex de Comitiis, by A. Gabinius, 
 the tribune, A. IJ. C. 614. It required that in 
 the public assemblies for electing magistrates, 
 the votes should be given by tablets, and not 
 
 viva voce. Another for convening daily the 
 
 senate from the calends of February, to those 
 
 of March. Another, de Comitiis, which 
 
 made it a capital punishment to convene any 
 clandestine assembly, agreeable to the old law 
 
 of the twelve tables. Another, de Militia, 
 
 by A. Gabinius the tribune, A. U. C. 685. It 
 granted Pompey the power of carrying on the 
 war against the pirates, during three years, 
 and of obliging all kings, governors, and states, 
 to supply him with all the necessaries he want- 
 ed, over all the Mediterranean sea, and in the 
 maritime provinces, as far as 400 stadia from 
 the sea. Another, de Usurd, by Aul, Gabi- 
 nius the tribune, A. U. C. 685. It ordained 
 that no action should be granted for the re- 
 covery of any money borrowed upon small in- 
 terest, to be lent upon larger. This was an 
 usual practice at Rome, which obtained the 
 
 name of vcrsuram facere. Another against 
 
 fornication. 
 
 Gabinianus, a rhetorician, in the reign of 
 Vespasian. 
 
 Gabinius, a Roman historian. Aulius, 
 
 a Roman consul, who made war in Juda)a,and 
 re-established tranquillity there. He suffered 
 himself to be bribed, and replaced Ptolemy 
 Auletes on the throne of Egypt. He was ac- 
 cused, at his return, of receiving bribes. Ci- 
 cero, at the request of Pompey, ably defended 
 him. He was banished, and died about 40 
 years before Christ, at Salona. A lieuten- 
 ant of Antony. A consul, who behaved 
 
 with uncommon rudeness to Cicero. 
 
 Gades {iwn,) Gadis (is) and Gadira, a 
 small island in the Atlantic, on the Spanish 
 coast, 25 miles from the columns of Hercules. 
 It was sometimes called Tartessus, and Erylhia 
 according to Pliov, and is now known by the 
 
 GA 
 
 name of Cadis. Geryon, whom Hercules kill- 
 ed, fixed his residence there. Hercules, sur- 
 named Gaditanus, had there a celebrated 
 temple, in which all his labours were engraved 
 with excellent workmanship. The inhabi- 
 tants were called Gadifani, and there women 
 were known for their agility of body, and 
 their incontinency. Herat. 2, od. 2, v 11 — 
 Stat. 3, Sylv. 1, v. 183.— Lir. 21, c. 21, 1. 24, c. 
 49, 1. 26, c. 43.— Plin. 4, c. 2a.—Sirab. 3.— 
 Cic.pro Gab. — Justin. 44, c. 4. — Pans. 1, c. 
 35.— Ptol. 2, c. A.—Paterc. 1, c. 2. 
 
 Gaditancs, a surname of Hercules, from 
 Gades. Vid. Gades. 
 
 G^SATiE, a people on the Rhone, who as- 
 sisted the Senones in taking and plundering 
 Rome under Brennus. Strab. 5. 
 
 diTULiA, a country of Libya, near the 
 Garamantes, which foi-med part of king Masi- 
 nissa's kingdom. The country was the fa- 
 vourite retreat of wild beasts, and is now call- 
 ed Bildulgerid. Sallust. in Jug. — SU, 3, v 
 287.— Plin. 6, c. 4. 
 
 G^TiJLicos, Cn. Lentulus, an oflScer in the 
 age of Tiberius, &c. Tacit. Ann. 4, c. 42. 
 
 A poet who wrote some epigrams, in 
 
 which he displayed great genius, and more 
 wit, though he often indulged in indelicate ex- 
 pressions. 
 
 Gala, father of Masinissa, was king of Nu- 
 midia. 
 
 Galaerii, a nation near Thrace. 
 Galactophagi, a people of Asiatic Scythia. 
 Homtr. II. 3. 
 GAL.a:sus. Vid. Galesus. 
 Galanthis, a servant maid of Alcmena, 
 whose sagacity eased the labours of her mis- 
 tress. When Juno resolved to retard the birth 
 of Hercules, and hasten the labours of the wife 
 of Sthenelus, she solicited the aid of Luciua ; 
 who immediately repaired to the house of 
 Alcmena, and in the form of an old woman, 
 sat near the door with her legs crossed, and 
 her fingers joined. In this posture she uttered 
 some magical wo)ds, which served to prolong 
 the labours of Alcmena, and render her 
 state the more miserable. Alcmena had al- 
 ready passed some days in the most excrucia- 
 ting torments, when Galanthis began to sus- 
 pect the jealousy of Juno ; and concluded that 
 the old woman, who continued at the door al- 
 ways in the same unchanged posture, was the 
 instrument of the anger of the goddess. With 
 such suspicions Galanthis ran out of the house, 
 and with a countenance expressive of joy, she 
 informed the old woman that her mistress had 
 just brought forth. Lucina, at the words, rose 
 from her posture, and that instant Alcmena 
 was safely delivered. The uncommon laugh 
 which Galanthis raised upon this, made Luci- 
 na suspect that she had been deceived. She 
 seized Galanthis by the hair, and threw her on 
 the ground ; and while she attempted to resist, 
 she was changed into a weazel, and condemn- 
 ed to bring forth her young, in the most ago- 
 nizing pains, by the mouth, by which she had 
 uttered falsehood. This transformation al- 
 ludes to a Vulgar notion among the ancients, 
 who believed this of the weazel, because she 
 carries her young in her mouth, and continu- 
 ally shifts from place to place. The Boeotians 
 paid great veneration to the weazel, which, as 
 they supposed, facilitated the labours of Ale- 
 
GA 
 
 Mian, H. Mint. 2.— Ovid. Met. 9, 
 
 -An island 
 — A moun- 
 
 Vid. 
 
 Ttnena. 
 feb. 6. 
 
 Galata, a town of Syna.- 
 
 near Sicily. A town of Sicily 
 
 tain of Phocis. ^ ^ , .. 
 
 Galaxy, the inhabitants of Galatia 
 Galatia. 
 
 GiLATiEA and Galath^a, a sea nymph, 
 daughter of Nereus and Doris. She was pas- 
 sionately loved by the Cyclops Polyphemus, 
 whom she treated with cold,:|ess and disdain ; 
 while Acis, a shepherd of Sicily, enjoyed her 
 unbounded affection. The happiness of these 
 two lovers was disturbed by the jealousy of the 
 Cyclops, who crushed his rival to pieces with 
 a piece of a broken rock, while he sat in the 
 bosom of Galatsea. Galataea was inconsola- 
 ble for the loss of Acis, and as she could not 
 restore him to life, she changed him into a 
 fountain. Ovid. Met. 13, v. 789.— Firg. Mn. 
 
 9, V. 103. The daughter of a Celtic king, 
 
 from whom the Gauls were called Galatae. 
 
 Ammimi. 15. A country girl, &c. Virg. 
 
 Ed. 3. 
 
 Galatia, or Gallogr;ecia, a countiy of 
 Asia Minor, between Phrygia, the Euxine, 
 Cappadocia, and Bithynia. It received its 
 name from the Gauls, who migrated there un- 
 der Brennus, some time after the sacking of 
 Rome. Strah. \2.~Justin. 37, c. A.—Liv. 38, 
 c. 12, 40— Lwcaw. 7, v. bAO.— Cic. 6, Mt. 5.— 
 
 Plin. 5, c. S2.—Ptol. 5, c. 4. The name of 
 
 ancient Gaul among the Greeks. 
 
 Galaxia, a festival, in which they boiled a 
 mixture of barley, pulse, and milk, called 
 TxKctt.t'i by the Greeks. 
 
 Galba, a surname of the first of the Sul- 
 pitii, from the smallness of his stature. ^ The 
 v^ord signifies a small worm, or, according to 
 some, it implies, in the language of Gaul, fat- 
 ness, for which the founder of the Sulpitian 
 
 family was remarkable. A king among the 
 
 Gauls, who made war against J. Ceesar. Cas. 
 Belt. Gall. 2, c. 4. A brother of the em- 
 peror Galba, who killed himself, &c. A 
 
 mean buflToon, in the age of Tiberius. Juv. 5, 
 V. 4. Servius, a lawyer at Rome, who de- 
 fended the cause of adulterers witii great 
 warmth, as being one of the fraternity. Ho- 
 race ridicules him, 1. Sat. 2, v. 46. Servius 
 
 Sulpicius, a Roman who rose gradually to the 
 greatest offices of the state, and exercised his 
 power in the provinces with equity and un- 
 remitted diligence. He dedicated the great- 
 est part of his time to solitary pursuits, chiefly 
 to avoid the suspicions of Nero. His disap- 
 probation of the emperor's oppressive com- 
 mand in the provinces, was the cause of new 
 disturbances. Nero ordered him to be put to 
 death, but he escaped from the hands of the 
 executioner, and was publicly saluted empe- 
 ror. When he was seated on the throne, he 
 suftered himself to be governed by favourites, 
 who exposed to sale the goods of the citizens 
 to gratify their avarice. Exemptions were 
 sold at a high price, and the crime of murder 
 was blotted out, and impunity purchased with 
 a large sum of money. Such irregularities in 
 the emperor's ministers, greatly displeased the 
 people ; and when Galba refused to pay the 
 soldiers the money which he had promised 
 them, when he was raised to the throne, they 
 assassinated him in the 73d year of his age. 
 
 GA 
 
 and in the felghth of his reign, and proclaimed 
 Otho emperor in his room,, January 16th, A. D. 
 69. The virtues which had shone so bright in 
 Galba, when a private man, totally disappear- 
 ed when he ascended the throne ; and he who 
 showed himself the most impartial judge, for- 
 got the duties of an emperor, and of a father 
 of his people. Suet on. ^ Pint, in vita. — 
 
 Tacit. A learned man, grandfather to the 
 
 emperor of the same name. Suet, in Galb. 4. 
 
 Sergius, a celebrated orator before the 
 
 age of Cicero. He showed his sons to the Ro- 
 man people, and implored their protection, 
 by which means he saved himself from the 
 punishment which either his guilt or the per- 
 suasive eloquence of his adversaries, M. Cato 
 and L. Scribonius, urged as due to him. Cic. 
 de Orat. 1, c. 53. ad Her. 4, c. 5. 
 
 Galenus Claudius, a celebrated, physician 
 in the age of M. Antoninus and his successors, 
 born at Pergamus, the son of an architect. 
 He applied himself with unremitted labour 
 to the study of philosophy, mathematics, 
 and chiefly of physic. He visited the most 
 learned seminaries of Greece and Egypt ; and 
 at last came to Rome, where he soon render- 
 ed himself famous by his profession. Many, 
 astonished at his cures, attributed them to ma- 
 gic, and said that he had received all his know- 
 ledge from enchantments. He was very inti- 
 mate with Blarcus Aurelius, the emperor, 
 after whose death he returned to Pergamus, 
 where he died in his 90th year, A. D. 193. 
 He wrote no less than 300 volumes, the great- 
 est part of which were burnt in the temple of 
 Peace at Rome, where they had been deposi- 
 ted. Galenus confessed himself greatly in- 
 debted to the writings of Hippocrates, for his 
 medical knowledge, and bestowed great en- 
 comiums upon him. To the diligence, appli- 
 cation and experiments of those two celebra- 
 ted physicians, the moderns are indebted for 
 many useful discoveries ; yet, often their opin- 
 ions are ill-grounded, their conclusions hasty, 
 and their reasoning false. What remains of 
 the works of Galen, has been published, with- 
 out a Latin translation, in five vols, fol, Basil. 
 1538, Galen was likewise edited, together 
 with Hippocrates, by Charterius, 13 vols, fol. 
 Paris 1679, but very incorrect, 
 
 GaleoljE, certain prophets in Sicily, Cic. 
 
 Galeria, one of the Roman tribes. 
 
 The wife of Vetellius, Cas. Tacit. Hist. 2, c. 
 60. Fustina, the wife of the emperor An- 
 toninus Pius, 
 
 Galerius, a native of Dacia, made empe- 
 ror of Rome, by Diocletian, Vid. Masi- 
 raianus. 
 
 Galesus, now Galeso, a river of Calabria 
 flowing into the bay of Tarentum. The po- 
 ets have celebrated it for the shady groves in 
 its neighbourhood, and tlie fine sheep which 
 feed on its fertile banks, and w hose fleeces 
 were said to be rendered soft when they bath- 
 ed in the stream. Martial. 2, ep. 43, 1, 4, 
 ep. 2S.— Virs. G. 4, v. 126.— Horat. 2, od. 
 
 6j V. 10. A rich person of Latin m, killed 
 
 as he attempted to make a reconciliation be- 
 tween the Trojans and Rutulians, when As- 
 canius had killed the favourite stag of Tyrr- 
 heus ; which was the prelude of all the en- 
 mities between the hostile nations. Virg. JEn. 
 7, v. 335. 
 
GA 
 
 GaTuIlma, a celebrated country of Syria, 
 often mentioned in scripture. 
 
 Galinthiadia, a festival at Thebes, in hon- 
 our of Calinthias, a daughter of Prcetus. It 
 was celebrated before the festival of Hercules, 
 by whose orders it was first instituted. 
 
 Galli, a nation of Europe, naturally fierce, 
 and inclined to war. They were very super- 
 stitious ; and in their sacrifices they often im- 
 molated human victims. In some places, they 
 had large statues made with twigs, which they 
 filled with men, and reduced to ashes. They 
 believed themselves descended from Pluto ; 
 and from that circumstance they always reck- 
 oned their time not by the days, as other nations, 
 but by the nights. Their obsequies were splen- 
 did, and not only the most precious things, but 
 even slaves and oxen, were burnt on the fune- 
 ral pile. Children, among them, never ap- 
 peai-ed in the presence of their fathers, before 
 they were able to bear arms in the defence of 
 theu- country. Cces. Bell. G. — Stmb. 4.— Ta- 
 cit. Vid. Gallia. The priests of Cybele, 
 
 who received that name from the river Galljus, 
 in Phrygia, where they celebrated the festi- 
 vals. They mutilated themselves before they 
 were admitted to the priesthood, in imitation 
 of Aty s, the favourite of Cybele. ( Vid. Atys.) 
 The chief among them was called Archigal- 
 lus, who in his dress resembled a woman, and 
 carried, suspended to his neck, a large collar 
 with two representations of the head of Atys. 
 Vid. Corybantes, Dactyli, &.c. Diod. 4. — 
 Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 36. — Lucan. 1, v. 466. — Lu- 
 can. de Dea Syria. 
 
 Gallia, a large country of Europe, called 
 Galatia by the Greeks. The inhabitants were 
 called Galli, Celliberi, and Celtoschylhce, by 
 themselves Celtce, by the Greeks Galatce. An- 
 cient Gaul was divided into four different parts 
 by the Romans, called Gallia, Belgica, Narbo- 
 nensis, Aquitania, and Celtica. Gallia Belgi- 
 ca, was the largest province, bounded by Ger- 
 many, Gallia Narbonensis, and the German 
 ocean ; and contained the modern country of 
 Alsace, Lorraine, Picardy, with part of the 
 Low Couuti'ies, and of Champagne, and of the 
 isle of France. Gallia JVarbonensis, which 
 contained the provinces now called Langue- 
 doc, Provence, Dauphine, Savoy, was bounded 
 by the Alps and Pyrenean mountains, by A- 
 quitania, Belgium, and the Mediterranean. 
 Jiquilania Gallia, now called the provinces of 
 Poitou, Santonge, Guienne, Berry, Perigord, 
 Quercy, Limosin, Gascogny, Auvergne, he. 
 was situated between the Gerumna, the Pyre- 
 nean mountains, and the ocean. Gallia Cellica, 
 or Lugduntnsis, was bounded by Belgium, 
 Gallia iNarbonensis, tiie Alps, and the ocean. 
 It contained the country at present known by 
 the name of Lyonuois, Touraine, Franche 
 Co.nite, Seuenois, Switzerland, and part of 
 Normandy. Besides these grand divisions, 
 there is often mention made of Gallia Cisalpi- 
 na, or Citerior ; Transalpina or Ulterior, 
 which refers to that part of Italy which was 
 conquered by some of the Gauls who crossed 
 the Alps. By Gallia Cisalpina, the Romans 
 undeislood that part of tJaul which lies in Ita- 
 ly ; and by Traiutipiua, that which lies be- 
 yond the Al])3, in regaid only to -the inhabi- 
 tants of Rome. Gallia 6V5p«t/a?irt and Traiis- 
 vadana, is applied to a part of Italy tonquer- 
 
 GA 
 
 cd by some of the Gauls, and then it means 
 the country on this side of the Po, or beyond 
 the Po, with respect to Rome, By Gallia To- 
 gata, the Romans understood Cisalpine Gaul^ 
 where the Roman gowns, togce, were usually 
 worn, as the inhabitants had been admitted 
 to the rank of citizenship at Rome. Gallia 
 Nai'bonensis, was called Braccata, on account 
 of the peculiar covering of the inhabitants for 
 their thighs. The epithet of Comata, is ap- 
 plied to Gallia Celtica, because the people 
 suffered their hair to grow to an uncommon 
 length. The inhabitants were great warriors, 
 and their valour overcame the Roman armies, 
 took the cities of Rome, and invaded Greece, 
 in different ages. They spread themselves 
 over the greatest part of the world. They 
 were very superstitious in their religious cere- 
 monies, and revered the sacerdotal order, as 
 if they had been gods. ( Vid. Druidee.) They 
 long maintained a bloody war against the Ro- 
 mans ; and Caesar resided 10 years in their 
 country before he could totally subdue them. 
 CcBs. Bell. Gall. — Fans. 7, c. 6. — Strab. 5, &.e. 
 
 Gallicanos mons, a mountain of Cam- 
 pania. 
 
 Gallicus Ager, was applied to the coun- 
 try between Picenum and Ariminum, whence 
 the Galli Senones were banished, and which 
 Vv'as divided among the Roman citizens. Liv. 
 23, c. 14, 1. 39, c. 44— C-ic. Cat. 2.— Goes. Civ. 
 1, c. 29. Sinus, a part of the Mediterra- 
 nean on the coast of Gaul, now called the gulf 
 of Lyons. 
 
 Gallienus, Publ. Lucinius, a son of the 
 emperor Valerian. He reigned conjointly 
 with his father for seven years, and ascended 
 the throne as sole emperor, A. D. 260. In his 
 youth he showed his activity and military 
 character, in an expedition against the Ger- 
 mans and Sarmatae ; but when he came to the 
 purple he delivered himself up to pleasure 
 and indolence. His time was spent in the 
 greatest debauchery ; and he indulged him- 
 self in the grossest and most lascivious manner, 
 and his palace displayed a scene, at once o[ ef- 
 feminacy and shame, voluptuousness and im- 
 morality. He often appeared with his hair 
 powdered with golden dust; and enjoyed ti-an- 
 quillity at home, while his provinces abroad 
 were torn by civil quarrels and seditions. He 
 heard of the loss of a rich province, and of the 
 execution of a malefactor, with the same indif- 
 ference ; and when he was apprized that E- 
 gypt had revolted, he only observed, that he 
 could live without the produce of Egypt. He 
 w asof a disposition naturally inclined to raille- 
 ry and the ridicule of others. When his wife had 
 been deceived by a jeweller, Gallienus ordered 
 the malefactor to be placed in the circus, in 
 expectation of being exposed to the ferocity 
 of a lion. While the wretch trembled at tlie 
 expectation of instant death, the executioner, 
 by order of the emperor, let loosife % capon 
 upon him. An uncommon laugh was raised 
 upon this, and the emperor observed, that he 
 who had deceived others, should expect to be 
 deceived himself. In Ihe midst of these ridi- 
 culous diversions, Gallienus was alarmed by 
 the revolt of two of his officers, who had an- 
 sumed the imi)erial purple. This intelligence 
 rouhcd him from his lethargy ; he marclicd 
 ngain^^t his antagonists,, and put all the rebels 
 
GA 
 
 to the sword, without showing the least favour 
 either to rank, sex, or age. These cruelties 
 irritated the people and the army; emperors 
 were elected, and no less than thirty tyrants 
 aspired to the imperial purple. Gallienus re- 
 solved boldly to oppose his adversaries ; but 
 in the midst of his preparations, he was assas- 
 sinated at Milan by some of his officers, in the 
 50th year of his age, A. D. 268. 
 
 Gallinaria Svlva, a wood near Cumae in 
 Italy, famous as being the retreat of robbers. ' 
 Juv. 3, V. 307. 
 
 Gallipolis, a fortified town of the Salen- 
 tines, on the Ionian sea. 
 
 GALLOGRiECiA, a country of Asia Minor, 
 near Bithynia and Cappadocia. It was inhab- 
 ited by a colony of Gauls, who assumed the 
 name of Gallogrczciy because a number of 
 Greeks had accompanied them in their emi- 
 gration. Strab. 2. 
 
 C. Gallonius, a itoman knight appointed 
 over Gades, &-c. 
 
 P. Gallonius, a luxurious Roman, who, 
 as was observed, never dined well, because 
 he Avas never hungry. Cic. de Fin. 2, c. 8 
 and 28. 
 
 Gallus, Vid. Alectryon. -A general of 
 
 Otho, he. Plul. A lieutenant of Sylla. 
 
 An officer of M. Antony, &c. Caius, 
 
 a friend of the great African us, famous for 
 his knowledge of astronomy, and his exact 
 calculations of eclipses. Cic. de Senec 
 
 iElius, the 3d governor of Egypt in the age of 
 
 Augustus. Cornelius, a Roman knight, who 
 
 rendered himself famous by his poetical, as 
 well as military talents. He was passionately 
 fond of the slave Lycoris or Cytheris, and cel- 
 ebrated her beauty in his poetry. She proved 
 ungrateful, and forsook him to follow M. An- 
 tony, which gave occasion to Virgil to write 
 his tenth eclogue. Gallus, as well as the other 
 poets of his age, was in the favour of Augustus, 
 by whom he was appointed over Egypt. He 
 became forgetful of the favours he received ; 
 he pillaged the province, and even conspired 
 against his benefactor according to some ac- 
 counts, for which he was banished by the em- 
 peror. This disgrace operated so powerfully 
 upon him, that he killed himself in despair, 
 A. D. 26. Some few fragments remain of 
 his poetry, and it seems that he particularly 
 excelled in elegiac compositions. It is said, 
 that Virgil wrote an eulogium on his poetical 
 friend, and inserted it at the end of his Geor- 
 gics ; but that he totally suppressed it, for fear 
 of offending his imperial patron, of whose fa- 
 vours Gallus had shown himself so undeserv- 
 ing, and instead of that he substituted the 
 beautiful episode about Aristasus and Eury- 
 dice. This eulogium, according to some, 
 was suppressed at the particular desire of 
 Augustus. Quintil. 10, c. 1. — Virg. Ed. 6 
 and 10— Ovid. Amat. 3, el. 15, v. 29. 
 
 Vibius Gallus, a celebrated orator of Gaul, 
 in the age of Augustus, of whose orations 
 
 Seneca has preserved some fragments. A 
 
 Roman who assassinated Decius, the emperor, 
 and raised himself to the throne. He showed 
 himself indolent and cruel, and beheld with 
 the greatest indifference the revolt of his pro- 
 vinces, and the invasion of his empire by the 
 barbarians He was at last assassinated by his 
 .^oldicrs, A. P. 263. Flavins Claudius Con- 
 
 stantlnus, a brother of the emperor Julian, 
 raised to the imperial throne under the title of 
 Cajsar, by Constantius his relation. He con- 
 spired against his benefactor, and was publicly 
 
 condemned to be beheaded, A. D. 354. A 
 
 small river of Phrygia, whose waters were 
 said to be very efficacious, if drank in modera- 
 tion, in curing madness. Plin. 32, c. 2. — Ovid, 
 Fast. 4, V. 361. 
 
 Gamaxus, an Indian prince, brought in 
 chains before Alexander for revolting. 
 
 Gamelia, a surname of Juno, as Game- 
 lius was of Jupiter, on account of their pre- 
 siding over marriages. A festival privately 
 
 observed at three different times. The first 
 was the celebration of a marriage, the second 
 was in commemoration of a birth-day, and the 
 third was an anniversary of the death of a 
 person. As it was observed generally on the 
 1st of January, marriages on that day were 
 considered as of a good omen, and the month 
 was called Gamelion among the Athenians. 
 Cic. de Fin. 2, c 31. 
 
 Gandarit^, an Indian nation. 
 
 Gangama, a place near the Palus Maeotis. 
 
 GangariDjE, a people near the mouths of 
 the Ganges. They were so powerful that 
 Alexander did not dare to attack them. Some 
 attribute this to the weariness and indolence 
 of his troops. They were placed by Valer. 
 Flaccus among the deserts of Scythia. Jusiin. 
 12, c. 8.— Curt. 9, c. 2.— Virg. JEn. 3, v. 27.— 
 Flacc. 6, V. 67. 
 
 Ganges, a large river of India, falling into 
 the Indian ocean, said by Lucan to be the 
 boundary of Alexander's victories in the east. 
 It inundates the adjacent country in the sum- 
 mer. Like other rivers, it was held in the 
 greatest veneration by the inhabitants, and 
 this superstition is said to exist still in some 
 particular instances. The Ganges is now dis- 
 covered to rise in the mountains of Thibet, 
 and to run upwards of 2000 miles before it 
 reaches the sea, receiving in its course the 
 tribute of several rivers, 11 of which are supe- 
 rior to the Thames, and often equal to the 
 great body of the waters of the Rhine. Lucan. 
 3, V. IZO.—Slrab. b.—Plin. 6, c. Ql.—Cwt. 8, 
 c. 9.— Mela, 3, c. 7.— Virg. JEn. 9, v. 31. 
 
 Gannascus, an ally of Rome, put to death 
 by Corbulo, the Roman general, &,c. Tacit. 
 Ann. 11, c. 18. 
 
 GANYMisDE, a goddess, better known by the 
 name of Hebe. She was worshipped under 
 this name in a temple at Philus in Pelopon- 
 nesus. Pans. 2, c. 13. 
 
 Ganymedes, a beautiful youth of Phrygia, 
 son of Tros, and brother to llus and Assara- 
 cus. According to Lucian, he was son of 
 Dardanus. He was taken up to heaven by 
 Jupiter as he was hunting, or rather tending 
 his father's flocks on mount Ida, and he be- 
 came the cup-bearer of the gods in the place 
 of Hebe. Some say that he was carried away 
 by an eagle, to satisfy the shameful and un- 
 natural desires of Jupiter. He is generally 
 represented sitting on the back of a flying 
 eagle in the air. Pans. 6, c, 24. — Homer. It. 
 20, V. 2S\.— Virg. JEn. 5, v. 252.— Or/rf. Met. 
 10, v. Ibb.—Horat. 4, od. 4. 
 
 Gar.t.ticum, a town of Africa. 
 
 Garamantes (sing. Garamas,) a people in 
 the interior parts of Africa, now called the 
 
 .-^*v- 
 
GA 
 
 deserts of Zaara. They lived in common, and 
 acknowledged as their own only such children 
 as resembled them, and scarce clothed them- 
 selves, on account of the warmth of their cli- 
 mate. Virg. Mn. 4, v. 198, 1. 6, v. 795.— Lu- 
 ean. 4, v. 334.— Strab. 2.—Plin. 5, c. 8.—Sil. 
 It. 1, v. 142,1. 11, V. 181. 
 
 Garamantis, a nymph who became mo- 
 ther of larbas, Phileus, and Pilumnus, by Ju- 
 piter. Virg. ^11. 4, v. 198. 
 
 Garamas, a king of Libya, whose daughter 
 was mother of Ammon by Jupiter. 
 
 Garatas, a river of Arcadia, near Tegea, 
 on the banks of which Pan had a temple. 
 Paus. 8, c. 44. 
 
 Gareat^, a people of Arcadia. Pam. 8, 
 e. 45. 
 
 Gareathyra, a town of Cappadocia. 
 Strab. 12. 
 
 Garganus, now St. Angela, a lofty moun- 
 tain of Apulia, which advances in the form of 
 a promontory into the Adriatic sea. Virg. 
 «Sln 11, v. 257. — Lucan. 5, v. 880. 
 
 Gargaphia, a valley near Plataea, with a 
 fountain of the same name, where Actaeon was 
 torn to pieces by his dogs. Ovid. Met. 3, v. 156. 
 
 Gargaris, a king of the Curetes, who 
 first found the manner of collecting honey. 
 He had a son by his daughter, whom he at- 
 tempted in vain to destroy. He made him his 
 successor. Justin. 44, c. 44. 
 
 Gargarus, (plur. a, orum,) a town and 
 mountain of Troas, near mount Ida, famous 
 for its fertility. Virg. G. 1, v. J03. — Macrob. 
 5, c. 20.— Strab. 13.— Plin. 5, c. 30. 
 
 Gargettus, a village of Attica, the birth 
 place of Epicurus. Cic, Fani. 15, ep. 16. 
 
 Gargittius, a dog which kept Geryon's 
 flocks. He was killed by Hercules. 
 
 Gargilius Martialis, an historian. 
 
 A celebrated hunter. Horat.l, ep. 6, v. 57. 
 
 Gabites, a people of Aquitain,in Gaul. 
 
 Garumna, a river of Gaul, now called 
 Garonne, rising in the Pyrenean mountains, 
 and separating Gallia Celtica from Aquitania. 
 It falls into the bay of Biscay, and has, by the 
 persevering labours of Lewis 14th, a commu- 
 BJcation with the Mediterranean by the canal 
 of Languedoc, carried upwards of 100 miles 
 through hills, and over vallies. Mela, 3, c. 2. 
 
 Gastron, a general of Lacedaemon, &,c. 
 Polycen. 2. 
 
 GATHE.aE, a town of Arcadia. Paus. 8, 
 6.34. 
 
 Gatheatas, a river of Arcadia. Id. lb. 
 
 Gaugamela. a village near Arbela beyond 
 the Tigris, where Alexander obtained his 3d 
 victory over Darius. Curt. 4, c. 9. — Strab. 2 
 and 16. 
 
 Gaulus and Gauleon, an island in the 
 Mediterranean sea, opposite Libya. It pro- 
 duces no venomous creatures. Plin. 3, c. 8 
 
 Gaurus, a mountain of Campania, famous 
 for its wines. Lucan. 2, v. 667. — Sil. 12, v. 
 160.— 67a/. 3, Sylv. 5, v. 99. 
 
 Gaus andGAOs, a man who followed the 
 interestofArtaxerxes, from whom he revolt- 
 ed, and by whom he was put to death. Diod. 
 35. 
 
 Gaza, a famous town of Palestine, once 
 well fortified, as being the frontier place on 
 the confines of Egypt. Alexander took it after 
 a siege of two months. Diod. 17. 
 38 
 
 GE 
 
 Gebekx A, a town and mountain of Gaul, 
 Lucan. 1, v. 435. 
 
 Gedrosia, a barren province of Persia, 
 near India. Strab. 2. 
 
 Geganii, a family of Alba, part of which 
 migrated to Rome, under Romulus. One of 
 the daughters, called Gegani, was the first of 
 the vestals created by Numa. Plui. in JVum. 
 
 Gela, a town on the southern parts of Si- 
 cily, about 10 miles from the sea, according to 
 Ptolemy, which received its name from a small 
 river in the neighbourhood, called Gelas. It 
 was built by a Rhodian and Cretan colony, 713 
 years before the Christian era. After it had 
 continued in existence 404 years, Phintias, ty- 
 rant of Agrigentum, carried the inhabitants to 
 Phintias, a town in the neighbourhood, which 
 he had founded, and he employed the stones 
 of Gela to beautify his own city. Phintias was 
 also called Gela. The inhabitants were called 
 Gelemes, Geloi, and Gelani. Virg. JEn. 3, v. 
 702.— Paw;?. 8, c. 46. 
 
 Gelanor, a king of Argos, who succeeded 
 his father, and was deprived of his kingdom 
 by Danaus the Egyptian. Paus. 2, c. 16. 
 Vid. Danaus. 
 
 Gellia Cornelia lex, de Civitate, by 
 L. Gellius and Cn. Cornel. Lentujus, A. U. C. 
 681. It enacted, that all those who had been 
 presented with the privilege of citizens of 
 Rome by Pompey, should remain in the pos- 
 session of that liberty. 
 
 Gelhas, a native of Agrigentum, famous 
 for his munificence and his hospitality. Died. 
 \3.—Val.Max. 4, c. 8. 
 
 Gellius, a censor, he. Pint, in Pomp. 
 A consul who defeated a party of Ger- 
 mans in the interest of Spartacus. Plid. 
 
 Aulus Gellius. a Roman grammarian in 
 the age of M. Antoninus, about 130 A. D. 
 He published a work which he called JVoctes 
 Mtic(E, because he composed it at Athens 
 during the long nights of the winter. It is a 
 collection of incongruous matter, which con- 
 tains many fragments from the ancient writers, 
 and often serves to explain antique monu- 
 ments. It was originally composed for tho 
 improvement of his children, and abounds 
 with many gi'ammatical remarks. The beit 
 editionsof A. Gellius are, that of Gronovius, 
 4to. L. Bat. 1706, and that of Conrad, 2 vols. 
 8vo. Lips. 1762. 
 
 Gelo and Gelon, a son of Dinomenes, 
 who made himself absolute at Syracuse, 491 
 years before the Christian era. He conquer- 
 ed the Carthaginians at Himera, and made his 
 oppression popular by his great equity and 
 moderation. He reigned seven years, and his 
 death was universally lamented at Syracuse. 
 He was called the father of his people, and 
 the patron of liberty, and honoured as a demi- 
 god. His brother Hiero succeeded him. 
 Paus. 8, c. 42.—Herodol. 7, c. 153, kc.—Diod. 
 
 11. A man who attempted to poison Pyrr- 
 
 hus. A governor of Bceotia. A son of 
 
 Hiero the younger. Paus. 6, c. 9. A gene- 
 ral of Phocis, destroyed with his troops by the 
 Thessalians. Paus. 10, c. 1. 
 
 Geloi, the inhabitants of Gela. Virg. Mn. 
 3, V. 701. 
 
 Gelones and Geluni, a people ofScythia, 
 inured from their youth to labour and fatign* 
 They paint themselves to appear more l»rrl' 
 
GE 
 
 descended from 
 Virg. G. 2, V. 15. 
 1. — Claudian in 
 
 Mela, 1, c. 16. 
 
 ble in battle. They were 
 Gelonus, a son of Hercules. 
 -.^Ew, 8, V. 725.— Mela, 1, c 
 Ruf. 1, V. 315. 
 
 Gelds, a port of Caria. 
 
 Gemini, a sign of the zodiac which repre- 
 sents Castor and Pollux, the twin sons of Leda. 
 
 Geminius, a Roman, who acquainted M. 
 Antony with the situation of bis affairs at 
 
 Rome, &ic. An inveterate enemy of Ma- 
 
 rius. He seized the person of Marius, and 
 carried him to Minturnae. Plut. in Mario. 
 -Afriend of Pompey, from whom he re- 
 
 ceived a favourite mistress, called Flora. Plut. 
 Geminus. an astronomer and mathematician 
 of Rhodes, B.C. 77. 
 
 GsMONi;^, a place at Rome where the car- 
 casses of criminals were thrown. Suel. Tib. 
 53 and 61.— Tacit. Hist. 3, c. 74. 
 
 Genabum, a town of Gaul, now Orleam, 
 ■on the Loire. Cces. 5. C. 7, c. 3.—— Lxtcan. 
 1, V. 440. 
 
 Genauni, a people of Vindelicia. Horat. 
 4, Od. 14, V. 10. 
 
 Geneva, an ancient, populous, and well 
 fortified city, in the country of the Allobroges 
 xm the lake Lemanus, now of Geneva. 
 
 Genisus, a man of Cyzicus, killed by the 
 Argonauts, he. Place. 3, v. 45. 
 
 Genius, a spirit or dsmon, which, accor- 
 ding to the ancients, presided over the birth 
 and life of every man. Vid. Daemon. 
 
 Genseric, a famous Vandal prince, who 
 passed from Spain to Africa, where he took 
 Carthage. He laid the foundation of the Van- 
 clal kingdom in Africa, and in the course of 
 his military expeditions, invaded Italy, and 
 sacked Rome in July 455. 
 
 Gektius, a king of Illyricum, who impri- 
 soned the Roman ambassadors at the request 
 of Perseus king of Macedonia. This offence 
 was highly resented by the Romans, and Gen- 
 tiu3 was conquered by Anicius, and led in tri- 
 umph with his family, B. C. 169. Lii\ 43, c. 
 19, &c. 
 
 Genua, now Genoa, a celebrated town of 
 Liguria, which Annibal destroyed. It was re 
 built by the Romans. Lzt\21, c. 32, 1.28, c. 
 46, 1. 30, c. 1. 
 
 Genucius, a tribune of the people. - - A 
 consul. 
 
 Genijsus, now Semno, a river of Macedo- 
 nia falling into the Adriatic above Apollonia. 
 Lucan. 5, v. 462, 
 
 Genutia lex, de magistralibus, by L. Ge- 
 nutius the tribune, A U. C. 411. It ordained 
 that no person should exercise the same mag- 
 istracy within ten years, or be invested with 
 two offices in one year. 
 
 Georgica, a poem of Virgil in four books. 
 Tfie first treats of ploughing the ground; the 
 second of sowing it; the third speaks of the 
 management of cattle, &:c. and in the fourth, 
 the poet gives an account of bees, and of the 
 manner of keeping them among the Romans. 
 The word is derived from ytx terra and le-yov 
 opus, because it particularly treats of husband- 
 ry. The work is dedicated to Maecenas the 
 great patron of poetry in the age of Virgil. 
 The author was seven years in writing and 
 polishing it, and in that composition he showed 
 how much he' excelled all other writers. 
 He imitated Hesiod, who wrote a poem nearly 
 
 GE 
 
 on the same subject, called Opera and Hits. 
 
 Georgius Pisida. Vid. Pisida. 
 
 Gephyra, one of the cities of the Seleu- 
 cidas in Syria. Strab. 9. 
 
 G1&VRYKS.1, a people of Phoenicia, who 
 passed with Cadmus into Bceotia, and from 
 thence into Attica. Herodot.5, c. 57. 
 
 Ger^stus, a port of Eubcea. Liv. 31, c. 45. 
 
 Gerania, a mountain between Megara and 
 Coi'inth. 
 
 Gerantk-se, a town of Laconia. Pans. 3, 
 c. 2. 
 
 Geresticus, a harbour of Teios in Ionia, 
 Liv. 37, c. 27. 
 
 Gergithum, a town near Cumae in .^o- 
 lia. Plin. 5, c. 30, 
 
 Gergobia, a town of Gaul. Cces. B. G. 
 7, c. 9. 
 
 Gerion, an ancient augur. 
 
 Germakia, an extensive country of Eu- 
 rope, at the east of Gaul. Its inhabitants 
 were warlike, fierce, and uncivilized, and al- 
 ways proved a watchful enemy against the 
 Romans. Cajsar first entered their country, 
 but he rather checked their fury, than con- 
 quered them. His example was followed by 
 his imperial successors or their generals, who 
 sometimes entered the country to chastise the 
 insolence of the inhabitants. The ancient 
 Germans were very superstitious, and, in 
 many instances, their religion was the same as 
 that of their neighbours, the Gauls; whence 
 some have concluded that these two nations 
 were of the same origin. They paid uncom- 
 mon respect to their women, who, as they 
 believed, were endowed with something moi*e 
 than human. They built no temples to their 
 gods, and paid great attention to the heroes 
 and warriors which their country had produ- 
 ced. Their rude institutions gradually gave 
 rise to the laws and manners which still pre- 
 vail in the countries of Europe, which their 
 arms invaded or conquered. Tacitus, in whose 
 age even letters were unknown among them, 
 observed their customs with nicety, and has 
 delineated them with the genius of an histo- 
 rian, and the reflection of a philosopher. Ta- 
 cit, de Morib. Germ. — Mela, 1, c. 3, 1. 3, c. 3. 
 —Cces. Bell. G.— Strab. 4. 
 
 Germanicus Cjesar, a son of Drusus and 
 Antonia, the niece of Augustus. He was 
 adopted by his uncle Tiberius, and raised to 
 the most important offices of the state. When 
 his grandfather Augustus died, he was employ- 
 ed in a war in Germany, and the affection of 
 the soldiers unanimously saluted him emperor. 
 He refused the unseasonable honour, and ap- 
 peased the tumult which his indifference occa- 
 sioned. He continued his wars in Germany, 
 and defeated the celebrated Arminius,and was 
 rewarded with a triumph at his return to 
 Rome. Tiberius declared him emperor of the 
 east, and sent him to appease the seditions of 
 the Armenians. But the success of Germani- 
 cus in the east was soon looked upon with an 
 envious eye by Tiberius, and his death was 
 meditated. He was secretly poisoned at 
 Daphne, near Antioch, by Piso, A. D, 19, 
 in the thirty-fourth year of his age. The news 
 of his death was received with the greatest 
 grief, and the most bitter lamentations, and 
 Tiberius seemed to be the only one who 
 rejoiced in the fall of Germanicus, He had 
 
GE 
 
 married Agrippina, by whom he had nine 
 children, one of whom, Caligula, disgraced the 
 name of his illustrious father. Germanicus 
 has been commended, not only for his milita- 
 ry accomplishments, but also for his learning, 
 humanity, and extensive benevolence. In the 
 midst of war, he devoted some moments to 
 study, and he favoured the world witli two 
 Greek comedies, some epigrams, and a trans- 
 lation of Aratus in Latin vei*se. Sueton. 
 
 This name was common in the age of the em- 
 perors, not only to those who had obtained vic- 
 tories over the Germans, but even to those 
 who had entered the borders of their country 
 at the head of an army. Domitian applied the 
 name of Germanicus^ which he himself had 
 vainly assumed, to the month of September 
 in honour of himself. Suet in Dom. 13. — 
 Martial. 9, ep. 2, v. 4. 
 
 Germanii, a people of Pereia. Herodot. 1, 
 c. 125. 
 
 Gerrh^, a people of Scythia, in whose 
 country the Borysthenes rises. The kings of 
 Scythia were generally buried in their territo- 
 ries. Id. 4, c. 71. 
 
 Gerus and Gerrhus, a river of Scythia. 
 Id. 4, c. 56. 
 
 Geronthrje, a town of Laconia, where a 
 yeai'ly festival, called Geron/Arcea, was observ- 
 ed in honour of Mars. The god had there a 
 temple with a grove, into which no woman 
 was permitted to enter during the time of the 
 solemnity. Paus. Lacon, 
 
 Gervon and Geryones, a celebrated mon- 
 ster, born from the union of Cbrysaor with 
 Callirhoe, and represented by the poets as 
 having three bodies and three heads. He 
 lived in the island of Gades, where he kept 
 numerous flocks, which were guarded by a 
 two-headed dog, called Orthos, and by Eury- 
 thion. Herculusjby order of Eurystheus, went 
 to Gades, and destroyed Geryon, Orthos, and 
 Eurythion, and carried away all his flocks and 
 herds to Tirynthus. Hesiod. Theos- 187. — 
 Virg. ^m. 7, v. 661, 1. 8, v. 202.— Ital. 1, v. 
 Til .-—Apollod. 2.—Lucret. 5, v. 28. 
 
 Gessat^, a people of Gallia Togata. .FliU. 
 in Marc ell. 
 
 Gessoriacum, a town of Gaul, now Bou- 
 logne, in Picardy. 
 
 Gesses, a river of Ionia. 
 Geta, a man who raised seditions at Rome 
 in Nero's reign, &g. Tacit. Hist. 2, c. 72. 
 
 Septimius, a son of the emperor Severus, bro- 
 ther to Caracalla. In the eighth year of his age 
 he was moved with compassion at the fate of 
 someof thepartisansoflSigerand Albinus,Avho 
 had been ordered to be executed ; and hb fa- 
 ther, struck with his humanity, retracted his 
 sentence. After his father's death he reigned 
 at Rome, conjointly with his brother; but Car- 
 acalla, who envied his virtues, and was jealous 
 of his popularity, ordered him to be poisoned; 
 and when this could not be effected, he mur- 
 dered him in the armsofhis mother Julia, who, 
 in the attempt of defending the fatal blows 
 from his body, received a wound in her arm, 
 from the hand of her son, the 28th of March, 
 A. D. 212. Geta had not reached the 23d 
 year of his age, and the Romans had reason 
 to lament the death of so virtuous a prince, 
 while they groaned under tlie cruelties and 
 «ppression of Caracalla. 
 
 Gl 
 
 Getje, ( Getes, sing.) a people of European 
 Sc>lhia, near the Daci. Ovid, who was ban- 
 ished in their country, describes them as a sa- 
 vage and warlike nation. The word Geticus^ 
 is frequently used for Thracian. Ovid, de 
 Pont. Prist. 5, el. 7, v. ni.—Strah. 7. Stat. 2. 
 —Sylv. 2, V. 61, 1. 3, s. 1, v. ll.—Luean. 2, v. 
 54, 1. 3, V. 95. 
 
 Getulia. Vid. Gaetulia. 
 GiGAKTEs, the sons of Ccelus and Terra, 
 who, according to Hesiod, sprang from the 
 bloodof the wound which Ccelus received from 
 his son Saturn ; whilst Hyginus calls them 
 sons of Tartarus and Terra. They are re- 
 presented as men of uncommon stature, with 
 strength proportioned to their gigantic size. 
 Some of them, as Cottus, Briareus, and Gy- 
 ges, had 50 heads and 100 ai-ms, and ser- 
 pents instead of legs. They were of a terrible 
 aspect, their hair hung loose about their 
 shoulders, and their beard was suffered to 
 grow untouched. Pallene and its neighbour- 
 hood was the place of their residence. The 
 defeat of the Titans, with whom they are of- 
 ten ignorantly confounded, and to whom they 
 were nearly related, incensed them against 
 Jupiter, and they all conspired to dethrone 
 him. The god was alarmed, and called all the 
 deities to assist him against a powerful enemy, 
 who made use of rocks, oaks, and burning 
 woods for their weapons, and who had already 
 heaped mount Ossa upon Pelion, to scale with, 
 more facility the walls of heaven. At the sight 
 of such dreadful adversaries, the gods fled 
 with the greatest consternation into Egypt,, 
 where they assumed the shape of different- 
 animals to screen themselves from their pur- 
 suers. Jupiter, however, remembered that 
 they were not invincible, provided he called a 
 mortal to his assistance ; and by the advice of 
 Pallas, he armed his son Hercules in his cause. 
 With the aid of this celebrated hero, the giants 
 were soon put to flight and defeated. Some 
 were crushed to pieces under mountains or 
 buried in the sea ; and others were flayed alive/ 
 or beaten to death with clubs. (Vid. Encela- 
 dus, AloideSj Porphi/rion, Typkon, Otus, Ti- 
 taiies, fcc.) The existence of giants has beea 
 supported by all the writers of antiquity, 
 and received as an undeniable truth. Homer 
 tells- us, that Tityus, when extended on the 
 ground, covered nine acres ; and that Poly- 
 phemus eat two of the companions of Ulysses 
 at once, and walked along the shores of Sicily, 
 leaning on a staff which might have served 
 for the mast of a sliip. The Grecian heroes,, 
 during the Trojan war, and Turnus in Italy, 
 attacked their enemies by throwing stones^ 
 which four men of the succeeding ages would 
 be unable to move. Plutarch also mentions, 
 in support of the gigantic stature, that Serto- 
 rius opened the grave of Antasus in Africa, and 
 found a skeleton which measured six cubits ins 
 length. Apollod. 1, c. 6. — Paus. 8, c. 2, &,c. — 
 Ovid. Met. 1, v. 151. — Pint, in Sertor. — Hygin. 
 fab. 28, kc— Homer. Od. 7 and 10.— Virg. G.. 
 1, V. 280, ^n. 6, V. 580. 
 GiGARTUM, a town of Pheenicia. 
 Gjsis, one of the female attendants of Pa- 
 rysatis, who was privy to the poisoning of Sta- 
 tira. Plut. m Artax. 
 
 GiLDo, a governor of Africa, in the ceigUi 
 of Arcadius. He died A. D. 3t>8. 
 
 ^p 
 
GL 
 
 tiiLLO, an infamous adulterer, in Juvenal's 
 age. Juv. 1, V. 40. 
 
 GiNDANES, a people of Libya, who fed on 
 the leaves of the lotus. Herodot. 4, c. 176. 
 
 GiNDES, a river of Albania flowing into the 
 
 Cvrub. Another of Mesopotamia. Tibul. 
 
 4,' el. 1, V. 141. 
 
 GiNGE. Vid. Gigis. 
 
 GiNGUNUM, a mountain of Umbria. 
 
 Gippius, a Roman who pretended to sleep, 
 that his wife might indulge her adulterous pro- 
 pensities, &.C. 
 
 Gisco, son of Hamilcon the Carthaginian 
 general, was banished from his country by the 
 influence of his enemies. He was afterwards 
 recalled, and empowered by the Carthagi- 
 nians to punish, in what manner he pleased, 
 those who had occasioned his banishment. 
 He was satisfied to see them prostrate on the 
 ground, and to place his foot on their neck, 
 showingthatindependenceandforgivenessare 
 two of the most brilliant virtues of a great 
 mind. He was made a general soon after, in 
 Sicily, against the Corinthians, about 309 
 years before the christian era 5- and by his suc- 
 cess and intrepidity, he obliged the enemies of 
 his country to sue for peace. 
 
 Gladiatorii ludi, combats originally ex- 
 hibited on the grave of deceased persons at 
 Rome. They were first introduced at Rome 
 by the Bruti, upon the death of their father, 
 A. U. C. 488. It was supposed that the 
 ghosis of the dead were rendered propitious 
 by human blood ; therefore at funerals, it 
 was usual to murder slaves in cool blood. In 
 succeeding ages, it was reckoned less cruel to 
 oblige them to kill oi^e another like men, 
 than to slaughter them like brutes, therefore 
 the bai"barity was covered by the specious 
 show of pleasure and voluntary combat. 
 Originally captives, criminals, or disobedient 
 slaves, were trained up for combat; but 
 when the diversion became more frequent,and 
 was exhibited on the smallestoccasion,to pro- 
 cure esteem and popularity, many of the Ro- 
 man citizens enlisted themselves among the 
 gladiators, and INeroat one show exhibited no 
 less than 400 senators and 600 knights. The 
 people were treated with these combats not 
 only by the great and opulent, but the very 
 priests had their Ludi pontificales, and Ludi 
 sacerdotales. It is supposed that there were no 
 more than three pair of gladiators exhibited 
 by the Bruti. Their numbers, however, in- 
 creased with the luxury and power of the city ; 
 and the gladiators became so formidable, that 
 Spartacus, one of their body, had courage to 
 take up arms, and the success to defeat the 
 Roman armies, only with a train of hisfellow- 
 suflferers. The more prudent of the Romans 
 were sensible of the dangers which threatened 
 the slate, by keeping such a number of despe- 
 rate men in arms, and therefore, many salu- 
 tary laws were proposed to limit their number 
 as wei! as to settle the time in which the show 
 could be exhibited with safctyand convenience. 
 Under the emperors, not only senators and 
 knights, but even women engaged among the 
 gladiators, and seemed to forget the inferiority 
 of their sex. When there were to be any 
 .shows, hand-bills were circulated to give no- 
 tice to the people, and to mention the place, 
 number, time, and every circumEtance re- 
 
 GL 
 
 quisite to be known. When they were first 
 brought upon the arena, they walked round 
 the place with great pomp and solemnity, and 
 after that they were matched in equal pairs 
 with great nicety. They first had a skirmish 
 with wooden liles, c&\\edrudesor arma lusoria. 
 After this the effective weapons, such as 
 swords, daggers, &c. called arma decreloria 
 were given them, and the signal for the en- 
 gagement was given by the sound of a trum- 
 pet. As they had all previously sworn to fight 
 till death, or sufter death in the most excru- 
 ciating torments, the fight was bloody and ob- 
 stinate, and when one signified his submission 
 by surrendering his arms, the victor was not 
 permitted to grant him his life without the 
 leave and approbation of the multitude. This 
 was done by clenching the fingers of both hands 
 between each other, and holding the thumbs 
 upright close together, or by bending back 
 their thumbs. The first of these was called 
 pollicempremerej and signified the wish of the 
 people to spare the life of the conquered. The 
 other sign, called poUicem vertere, signified 
 their disapprobation, and ordered the victor 
 to put his antagonist to death. The victor 
 was generally rewarded with a palm, and other 
 expressive marks of the people's favour. He 
 was most commonly presented with a piZetts 
 and rudis. When one of the combatants re- 
 ceived a remarkable wound, the people ex- 
 claimed habet, and expressed their concern by 
 shouts. The combats of gladiators were some- 
 times different, either in w^eapons or dress, 
 whence they were generally distinguished into 
 the following ordei"s : The secutcres were 
 ai'med v/ith a sword and buckler, to keep 
 off the net of their antagonists, the retiarii. 
 These last endeavoured to throw their net 
 over the head of their antagonist, and in that 
 manner to entangle him, and prevent him 
 from striking. If this did not succeed, they 
 betook themselves to flight. Their dress was 
 a short coat with a hat tied under the chin 
 with broad ribbon. They wore a trident ia 
 their left hand. The threces, originally Thra- 
 cians, were armed with a faulchion, and small 
 round shield. The myrmiUones, called also 
 gain, from their Gallic dress, were much the 
 same as the secutores. They were, like them, 
 armed with a sword, and on the top of their 
 head-piece they wore the figure of a fish, em- 
 bossed, called f^ef^^ti©', whence their name. 
 The hoplomachi, were completely armed from 
 head to foot, as their name implies. The 
 satmiiies, armed after the manner of the Sam- 
 nites, wore a large shield broad at the top, 
 and growing more narrow at the bottom, more 
 conveniently to defend the upper parts of the 
 body. The essedarii, generally fought from 
 the essedum, or chariot used by the ancient 
 Gauls and Britons. The andabaim, ««?««•, 
 fought on horseback, with a helmet that cov- 
 ered and defended their faces and eyes. Hence 
 andabalarum more pugiuire, is to fight blind- 
 folded. The merldiani, engaged in the after- 
 noon. The postulatiiii, were men of great 
 skill and experience, and such as were gene- 
 rally produced by the emperors. The fiscales 
 were maintained out of the emperor's treasury, 
 Jiscus. The dimachfzri fought with two swords 
 in their hands, whence their name. After 
 these cruel exhibitions had been continued f»r 
 
GL 
 
 the amusement of the Roman populace, they 
 were abolished by Constantine the Great, near 
 600 years after their first institution. They 
 were, however, revived under the reign of 
 Constantius and his two successors, but Ho- 
 norius for ever put an end to these cruel bar- 
 barities. 
 
 Glanis, ariverof Cumae. Of Iberia. 
 
 Of Italy. Ital. 8, v. 454. 
 
 Glanum, a town of Gaul, now St. Remi, 
 in Provence. 
 
 Glaphyre and Glaphyra, a daughter of 
 Archelaus the high-priest of Bellona in Cap- 
 padocia, celebrated for her beauty and in- 
 trigues. She obtained the kingdom of Cap- 
 padocia for her two sons from M. Antony, 
 whom she corrupted by defiling the bed of 
 her husband. This amour of Antony with 
 Glaphyra, highly displeased his wife Fulvia, 
 who wished Augustus to avenge his infidelity, 
 by receiving from her the same favours which 
 
 Glaphyra received from Antony. Her 
 
 grand-daughter bore the same name. She was 
 a daughter of Archelaus king of Cappadocia, 
 and married Alexander, a son of Herod, by 
 whom she had two sons. After the death of 
 Alexander, she married her brother-in-law 
 Archelaus. 
 
 Glaphyrus, a famous adulterer. Juv. 6, 
 V. 77. 
 
 Gt.auce, the wife of Actagus, daughter of 
 
 Cychrseus. Apollod. A daughter of Cre- 
 
 theus, mother of Telamon. One of the 
 
 ISereides. A daughter of Creon, who mar- 
 ried Jason. {Vid. Creusa.] One of the Da- 
 naides. ApoUod. 
 
 Glaucia, a surname of the ServiHan fami- 
 ly. Cic. Oral. 3. 
 
 Glaucippe, one of the Danaides. Apol- 
 lod. 
 
 Glaocippus, a Greek, who wrote a trea- 
 tise concerning the sacred rites observed at 
 Athens. 
 
 Glaucon, a writer of dialogues at Athens. 
 Diog. in vit. 
 
 Glauconome, one of the Nereides. 
 
 Glaucopis, a surname of Minerva, from 
 the blueness of her eyes. Homer. — Hesiod. 
 
 Glaucus, a son of Hippolochus, the son of 
 Bellerophon. He assisted Priam in the Tro- 
 jan war, and had the simplicity to exchange 
 liis golden suit of armour with Diomedes 
 for an iron one, whence came the proverb 
 of Glauciet Diomedes pennut alio, to express 
 a foolish purchase. He behaved with much 
 courage, and was killed by Ajax. Virg. 
 JEn. t), v. 483.— Martial. 9, ep. 96.— f/bmer. 
 
 //. 6. A fisherman of Antbedon in Bceolia, 
 
 son of Neptune and Nais, or according to 
 others of Polybius the son of Mercuiy. 
 As he was fishing, he observed that all the 
 fishes which he laid on the grass received 
 fresh vigour as they touched the ground, and 
 immediately escaped from him by leaping 
 into the sea. He attributed the cause of it 
 to the grass, and by tasting it, he found him- 
 self suddenly moved with a desire of living in 
 the sea. Upon this he leaped into the water, 
 and was made a sea deity by Oceanus and 
 Tethys, at the request of the gods. After 
 this transformation he became enamoured of 
 the Nereid Scylla, whose ingratitude was 
 leverely punished by Circe. [Vid. Scylla.] 
 
 GL 
 
 He is represented like the other sea deities 
 with a long beard, dishevelled hair, and shag- 
 gy eyebrows, and with the tail of a fish. He 
 received the gift of prophecy from Apollo, 
 and according to some accounts he was the 
 interpreter of Nereus. He assisted the Ar- 
 gonauts in their expedition, and foretold them, 
 that Hercules, and the two sons of Leda, 
 would one day receive immortal honours. 
 The fable of his metamorphosis has been ex- 
 plained by some authors, who observe that 
 he was an excellent diver, who was devoured 
 by fishes as he was swimming in the sea. 
 Ovid. Met. 13, v. 905, hc.—Hygin. fab. 199.— 
 Mhen. 7. — ipollon. l.—Diod. 4. — Bristol, de 
 Rep. Del— Pans. 9, c. 22. A son of Sisy- 
 phus king of Corinth, by Merope the daughter 
 of Atlas, born at Potnia, a village of Bceotia. 
 He prevented his mares from having any com- 
 merce with the stallions, in the expectatioa 
 that they would become swifter in running, 
 upon which Venus inspired the mares with 
 such fury that they tore his body to pieces as 
 he returned from the games which Adrastus 
 had celebrated in honour of his father. He 
 was buried at Potnia. Hygin. fab. 250. — Virg. 
 
 G. 3, V. 3Qri .—Apollod. 1 and 2. A son of 
 
 Minos the 2d, and Pasiphae, who was smoth- 
 ered in a cask of honey. His father, ignorant 
 of his fate, consulted the oracle to know where 
 he was, and received for answer, that the 
 soothsayer who best described him an ox, 
 which Mas of three different colours among hii? 
 flocks, vvould best give him intelligence of his 
 son's situation. Poiyidus was found superior to 
 all the other soothsayers, and was commanded 
 by the king to find the young prince. When 
 he had found him, Minos confined him with 
 the dead body, and told him that he never 
 would restore his liberty, if he did not restore 
 him to life. Poiyidus was struck with the 
 king's severity, but while he stood in astonish- 
 ment, a serpent suddenly came towards the 
 body and touched it. Poiyidus killed the ser- 
 pent, and immediately a second came, who 
 seeing the other without motion or signs of life, 
 disappeared, and soon after returned with a 
 certain herb in his mouth. This herb he laid 
 on the body of the dead serpent, who was im- 
 mediately restored to life. Poiyidus, who had 
 attentively considered what passed, seized the 
 herb, and with it he rubbed the body of the 
 dead prince, who was instantly raised to life. 
 Minos received Glaucus with gratitude, but he 
 refused to restore Poiyidus to liberty, before he 
 taught his son the art of divination and prophe- 
 cy. He consented with great reluctance, and 
 when he was at last permitted to return to Ar- 
 golis, his native country, he desired his pupil 
 to spit in his mouth. Glaucus willingly con- 
 sented, and from that moment he forgot all the 
 knowledge of divination and healing which he 
 had received from the instruction of Poiyidus. 
 ilyginus ascribes the recovery of Glaucus to 
 ^sculapius. Apollod. 2, C.S.— Hygin. 136 and 
 
 251, &;c. A son of Epytus, who succeeded 
 
 his father on the throne of Messenia, about 10 
 centuries before the Augustan age. He intro- 
 duced the worship of Jupiter among the Do- 
 rians, and was the first who offered sacrifices 
 to Machaon the son of iEculapius. Paus. 
 
 4, c. 3. A son of Antenor, killed by 
 
 Agamemnon. Didys. Cret. 4. An Ar- 
 
GO 
 
 gonaut, the only one of the crew who was 
 not wounded in the battle against the Tyrrhe- 
 nians. Athtn. 7, c. 12. A son of Im- 
 
 brasus, killed by Turnus. Virg. JEn. 12, 
 y 343. A son of Hippolytus, Avhose de- 
 scendants reigned in Ionia.- An athlete of 
 
 Euboea. Paus. 6, c. 9. A son of Priam. 
 
 JlpoUod. 3. A physician of Cleopatra. Plut. 
 
 in Anton. A warrior, in the age of Pho- 
 
 cion. Id. in Phoc. A physician exposed 
 
 on a cross, because Hephaestion died while un- 
 der his care. Id. in Alex. An artist of 
 
 Cliois. Pans. A Spartan. Id. A grove 
 
 of Bosotia. Id. A bay of Caria, now the 
 
 gulf of Macri. Id. An historian of Rhe- 
 
 gium in Italy. A bay and river of Libya. 
 
 Of Peloponnesus. Of Colchis, falling 
 
 into the Phasis. 
 
 Glautias, a king of Illyricum, who educa- 
 ted Pyrrhus. 
 
 Glicon, a physician of Pansa, accused of 
 having poisoned the wound of his patron, he. 
 Suet, in Aug. 11. 
 
 Glissas, a town of Bceotia with a small 
 river in the neighbourhood. Paus.9., c. 19. 
 
 Glycera, a beautiful woman, celebrated 
 
 by Horace 1, .od. 19, 30. A courtezan of 
 
 Sicyon, so skilful in making garlands, that some 
 
 attributed to her the invention of them. A 
 
 famous courtezan, whom Harpalus brought 
 from Athens to Babylon. 
 
 Gf.v CERIUM, a harlot of Thespis who pre- 
 sented her countrymen with the painting of 
 
 Cupid, which Praxiteles had given her. 
 
 The mistress of Pamphilus in Terence's Andria. 
 
 Glycon, a man remarkable for his strength. 
 Herat. 1, ep. 1, v. 30. A physician who at- 
 tended Pansa, and was accused of poisoning 
 kis patron's wound. Suet. Aug. 11. 
 
 Glympes, a town on the borders of the La- 
 cedaemonians and Messenians. Polyb. 4. 
 
 Gnatia, a town of Apulia, about thirty 
 miles from Brundusium, badly supplied with 
 water. Horat. 1, Sat. 5. 
 
 Gnidus. Vid. Cnidus. 
 
 Gnossis and Gnossia, an epithet given to 
 Ariadne, because she lived, or was born at 
 Gnossus. The crown which she received 
 from Bacchus, and which was made a con- 
 stellation, is called Gnossia Stella. Virg. G. 
 1, V. 222. 
 
 Gnossus, a famous city of Crete, the resi- 
 dence of king Minos. The name of Gnossia 
 tellus, is often applied to the whole island. 
 Virg. JEn. 6, v. 23.— Slrab. 10.— Homer. Od. 
 
 GoBANiTio, a chief of the Arverni, uncle 
 to Vercingetorix. Cces. Bell. G. 7, c. 4. 
 
 GoBAR, a governor of Mesopotamia, who 
 checked the course of the Euphrates, that it 
 might not run rapidly through Babylon. Plin. 
 6, c. 26. 
 
 GoBAREs, a Persian governor, who surren- 
 dered to Alexander, &ic. Curl. 5, c. 31. 
 
 GoBRYAS, a Persian, one of the seven no- 
 blemen who conspired against the usurper 
 Smerdis. Vid. Darius. Herodot. 3, c. 70. 
 
 GoLGi, (orum) a place of Cyprus, sacred 
 to Venus Golgia, and to Cupid. Paus. 8, c. 5. 
 
 GoMPHT, a town of Thessaly, near the 
 springs of the Peneus at the foot of the Pindus. 
 
 GoKATAS, one of the Antigoni. 
 
 GoNiADES, nymphs in the neighbourhood 
 #f the river Cytherus. Slrab. 8. 
 
 GO 
 
 GoNiPPUS and Panormus, two youths of 
 Andania, who disturbed the Lacedaemonians 
 when celebrating the festivals of Pollux. Paus. 
 4, c. 27. 
 
 GoNNi and Gonocondylos, a town of Thes- 
 saly at the entrance into Tempe. Liv. 36, c. 
 10, 1. 42, c. 54.— Slrab. 4. 
 
 GoNOEssA, a town of Troas. Senec. in 
 Troad. 
 
 GoNussA, a town of Sicyon. Paus. 
 
 GoRDiiEi, mountains in Armenia, where 
 the Tigi-is rises, supposed to be the Ararat of 
 scripture. 
 
 GoRDiANUs, M. Antonius Africanus, a 
 son of Metius Marcellus, descended from 
 Trajan, by his mother's side. In the greatest 
 affluence, he cultivated learning, and was an 
 example of piety and virtue. He applied 
 himself to the study of poetry, and composed 
 a poem in 30 books upon the virtues of Titus 
 Antoninus, and M. Aurelius. He was such an 
 advocate for good-breeding and politeness, 
 that he never sat dawn in the presence of his 
 father-in-law, Annius Severus, who paid him 
 daily visits, before he was promoted to the 
 praBtorship. He was sometime after elected 
 consul, and went to take the government of 
 Africa, in the capacity of proconsul. After he 
 had attained his 80th year in the greatest 
 splendour and domestic tranquillity, he was 
 roused from his peaceful occupations by the 
 tyrannical reign of the Maximini, and he was 
 proclaimed emperor by the rebellious troops 
 of his province. He long declined to accept 
 the imperial purple, but the threats of imme- 
 diate death gained his compliance. Maximi- 
 nus marched against him with the greatest 
 indignation ; and Gordian sent his son, with 
 whom he shared the imperial dignity, to op- 
 pose the enemy. Young Gordian was killed : 
 and the father, worn out with age, and grown 
 desperate on account of his misfortunes, stran- 
 gled himself at Carthage, before he had been 
 six weeks at the head of the empire, A. D. 
 236. He was universally lamented by the army 
 
 and people. M. Antonius Africanus, son of 
 
 Gordian Us, was instructed by Serenus Samno- 
 ticus, who left him his library, which con- 
 sisted of 62,000 volumes. His enlightened 
 understanding, and his peaceful disposition, re- 
 commended him to the favour of the emperor 
 Heliogabalus. He was made prefect of Home, 
 and afterwards consul, by the emperor Alex- 
 ander Severus. He passed into Africa, in the 
 character of lieutenant to his father, who 
 bad obtained that province, and seven years 
 after he was elected emperor, in conjunction 
 with him. He marched against the partisans 
 ofMaximinus, his antagonist, in Mauritania, 
 and was killed in a bloody battle on the 25th 
 of June, A. D. 236, after a reign of about six 
 weeks. He was of an amiable disposition, but 
 he has been justly blamed by his biographers, 
 on account of his lascivious propensities, which 
 , reduced him to the weakness and infirmities of 
 old age, though he was but in his 46th year at 
 
 the time of his death. M. Antonius Pius, 
 
 grandson of the first Gordian, was but 12 years 
 old when he was honoured whh the title of 
 Cassar. He was proclaimed emperor, in the 
 Kith year of his age, and his election was at- 
 tended with universal marks of approbation. 
 In the 18th year of his age, he married Furia 
 
GO 
 
 Sabina Tranquillina, daughter of Misitheus, a 
 man celebrated for his eloquence and public 
 virtues. Misitheus was intrusted with the 
 most important offices of the state by his son- 
 in-law ; and his administration proved how de- 
 ~ servinghe wasof the confidence and aft'ection 
 of his imperial master. He corrected the va- 
 rious abuses which prevailed in the state, and 
 restored the ancient discipline among the sol- 
 diers. By his prudence and political sagacity, 
 all the chief towns in the empu-e were stored 
 with provisions, which could maintain the 
 emperor and a large army during 15 days upon 
 any emergency. Gordian was not less active 
 than his father-in-law ; and when Sapor, the 
 king of Persia, had invaded the Roman pro- 
 vinces in the east, he boldly marched to meet 
 him, and in his way defeated a large body of 
 Goths, in Mcesia. He conquered Sapor, and 
 took many flourishing cities in the east, from 
 his adversary In this success the senate de- 
 creed him a triumph, and saluted Misitheus as 
 the guardian of the republic. Gordian was as- 
 sassinated in the east, A. D. 244, by the means 
 of Philip, who had succeeded to the \irtuous 
 Misitheus, and who usurped the sovereign 
 power by murdering a w^arlike and amiable 
 prince. The senate, sensible of his merit, ho- 
 noured him with a most splendid funeral on 
 the confines of Persia, and ordered that the 
 descendants of the Gordians should ever be 
 free, at Rome, from all the heavy taxes and 
 burdens of the state. During the reign of 
 Gordianus, there was an uncommon eclipse of 
 the sun, in which the stars appeared in the 
 middle of the day. 
 
 GoRDiuM, a town of Phrygia. Justin. 11. 
 c. l.—Liv. 38, c. \Q.—Curt. 3, c. 1. 
 
 GoRDiDs, a Phrygian, who, though origi- 
 nally a peasant, was raised to the throne. Du- 
 ring a sedition, the Phrj^gians consulted the 
 oracle, and were told that all their troubles 
 would cease as soon as they chose for their 
 king, the first man they met going to the tem- 
 ple of Jupiter mounted on a chariot. Gor- 
 dius was the object of their choice, and he im- 
 mediately consecrated his chariot in the tem- 
 ple of Jupiter. The knot which tied the yoke 
 to the draught tree, was made in such an artful 
 manner that the ends of the cord could not be 
 perceived. From this circumstance a report 
 was soon spread, that the empire of Asia was 
 promised by the oracle to him that could untie 
 the Gordian knot. Alexander, in his conquest 
 of Asia, passed by Gordium ; and as he wished 
 to leave nothing undone which might inspire 
 his soldiers with courage, and make his ene- 
 mies believe that he was born to conquer Asia, 
 he cut tlie knot with his sword ; and from that 
 circumstance asserted that the oracle was real- 
 ly lultilled, and that his claims to universal 
 empire were fully justified. Jmlin. 1 1, c. 7. — 
 Curl. 3, c. 1. — .irrian. 1. A tyrant of Co- 
 rinth. Arislot. 
 
 GoKGASus, a man who received divine ho- 
 nours at Pherae in Messenia. Paus. 4, c. 30. 
 
 Gorge, a daughter of Gilneus, king of Ca- 
 lydon, by Althea, daughter of Thestius. She 
 married Andremon, by whom she had Oxiius, 
 who headed the Heraclidae when they made 
 an attempt upon Peloponnesus. Her tomb 
 was seen at Amphissa in Locris. Pans. 10, c. 
 3B.—Apollod. 1 and 2.~0dd. Met. 8, v. 542. 
 ■ One of 'he Danaide^. ,^^oUod, 2, c. 1. 
 
 GO 
 
 GoRGiAS, a celebrated sophist and orator^ 
 son of Carmantides, surnamed Leontinus, be- 
 cause born at Leontium in Sicily. He was 
 sent by his countrymen to solicit the assistance 
 of the Athenians against the Syracusans, and 
 was successful in his embassy. He lived to 
 hb 108th year, and died B. C. 400. Onlj 
 tw^o fragments of his compositions are extant. 
 Pans. 6, c. 17.— Cic. In Orat. 22, he. Seneet. 
 
 15, in Brut. 15.— quintil. 3 and 12. An 
 
 officer of Antiochus Epiphanes. An Athe- 
 nian, who wrote an account of all the 
 prostitutes of Athens. Athen. A Macedo- 
 nian, forced to war with Amyntas, ^c. Curt. 
 7, c. 1. 
 
 GoRGo, the wife of Leonidas king of Spar- 
 ta, &c. The name of the ship which car- 
 ried Perseus, after he had conquered Medusa, 
 
 GoRGoNEs, three celebrated sisters, daugh- 
 ters of Phorcys and Ceto, whose names were 
 Stheno, Euryale, and Medusa, all immortal 
 except Medusa. According to the mytholo- 
 gists, their hairs ^vere entwined with serpents, 
 their hands were of brass, their wings of the 
 colour of gold, theur body was covered with 
 impenetrable scales, and their teeth were as 
 long as the tusks of a wild boar, and they 
 turned to stones all those on whom they fixed 
 their eyes. Medusa alone had serpents in her 
 hair, according to Ovid, and this proceeded 
 from the resentment of Minerva, in whose 
 temple Medusa had gratified the passion of 
 rseptune, who was enamoured of the beauti- 
 ful colour of her locks, which the goddess 
 changed into serpents. ^Eschylus says, that 
 they had only one tooth and one eye between 
 them, of which they had the use each in her 
 turn ; and accordingly it was at the time that 
 they were exchanging the eye^ that Perseus 
 attacked them, and cut off Medusa's head. 
 According to some authors, Perseus, when he 
 went to the conquest of the Gorgpns, was 
 armed with an instrument like a scythe by 
 Mercury, and provided with a looking-glass 
 by Miner\'a, besides winged shoes, and a hel- 
 met of Pluto, which rendered all objects clear- 
 ly visible and open to the view, while the 
 person wiio w^ore it remained totally invisible. 
 With weapons like these, Pei-seus obtained an 
 easy victory ; and after his conquest returned 
 his arms to the different deities whose favours 
 and assistance he had so recently experienced. 
 The head of Medusa remained in his hands ; 
 and after he had finished all his laborious ex- 
 peditions, he gave it to Minerva, who placed 
 it on her ajgis, with which she turned into 
 stones all such as fixed their eyes upon it. It 
 is said, that after the conquest of the Gorgons, 
 Perseus took his flight in the air towards 
 .-Ethiopia ; and that the drops of blood which 
 fell to the ground from Medusa's head were 
 changed into serpents, which have ever since 
 infested the sandy deserts of Libya. The horse 
 Pegasus also arose from the blood of Medusa; 
 as well as Chrysaor with his golden sword' 
 The residence of the Gorgons was beyond the 
 ocean towards the west, according to Hesiod. 
 iEschylus makes them inhabit the easteru 
 parts of Scythia ; and Ovid, as the most re- 
 ceived opinion, supports that they lived in the 
 inland parts of Libya, near the lake of Triton, 
 or the gardens of the Hesperides. Diodorus 
 and others explain the fable of the Gorgons, 
 by supposing that they were a warlike race of 
 
GR 
 
 women near the Amazons, whom Perseus, 
 with the help of a large army, totally destroy- 
 ed. Hesiod. Theog. ^ Scut. — £pollon. 4. — 
 Apollod. 2, c. 1 and 4, he. — Homer. II. 5 and 
 11. — Virg. Xn. 6, Uc. — Diod. 1 and 4. — Paws. 
 2, c. 20, &ic. — JEschyl. Prom. Act. 4. — Pindar. 
 Pyth. 7 and 12. Olymp. 3. — Ovid. Met. 4, v. 
 618, &-C. — PalcBphat. de Phorcyn. 
 
 GoRGOMiA, a surname of Pallas, because 
 Perseus, armed with her shield, had conquer- 
 ed the Gorgon, who had polluted her temple 
 with Neptune. 
 
 GoRGoNius, a man ridiculed by Horace for 
 his ill smell. Horat. I, Sat. 2, v. 27. 
 
 GoRGOPHONE, a daughter of Perseus and 
 Andromeda, who married Perieres king of 
 Messenia, by whom she had Aphareas and 
 Leucippus. After the death of Perieres, she 
 married CEbalus, who made her mother of 
 Icarus and Tyndarus. She is the first vvhoai 
 the mythologists mention as having had a se- 
 cond husband. Pans. 4, c. 2. — Apollod. 1, 2, 
 and 3. One of the Danaides. JipoUod. 2, 
 
 G. 1. 
 
 GoRGoPHONUa, a son of Electryon and 
 Anaxo. Apollod. 2, c.4, 
 
 GoRGoPHORA, a surname of Minerva, from 
 her aegis, on which was the head of the Gor- 
 gon Medusa. Cic. 
 
 GoRGus, the son of Aristomenes the Mes- 
 seniau. He was married, when young, to a 
 virgin, by his father, who had experienced the 
 greatest kindnesses from her humanity, and 
 had been enabled to conquer seven Cretans 
 who had attempted his life, he. Paus. 4, c. 
 
 19. A son of Theron tyrant of Agrigentum. 
 
 A man whose knowledge of metals pro- 
 ved very serviceable to Alexander, he. 
 
 GoRGYTHioN, a son of Priam, killed by 
 Teucer. Homer. II. 8. 
 
 GortUjE, a people of Eubcea, who fought 
 with the Medes at the battle of Arbela. Curt. 
 4, c. 12. 
 
 GoRTV^N, Gortys, and Gortina, an inland 
 town of Crete. It was on the inhabitants of 
 this place, that Annibal, to save his money, 
 practised an artifice recorded in C. JVep. in 
 Jan. 9.—Plin. 4, c. 12.—Lucan. 6, v. 214, 1. 7, 
 V. 214.— Virg. JEn. 11, v. 773. 
 
 GoRTVNiA, a town of Arcadia in Pelopon- 
 nesus. Paus. 8, c. 28. 
 
 GoTTHi, a celebrated nation of Germany, 
 called also Gothones, Gutones, Gythones, and 
 Gultones. They were warriors by profession, 
 as well as all their savage neighbours. They 
 extended their power over all parts of the 
 world, and chiefly directed their arms against 
 the Roman empire. Their first attempt 
 against Rome was on the provinces of Greece, 
 whence they were driven by Constantine. 
 They plundered Rome, under Alaric, one of 
 their most celebrated kings, A. D. 410. From 
 becoming the enemies of the Romans, the 
 Goths gradually became their mercenaries ; 
 and as they were powerful and united, they 
 soon dictated to their imperial masters, and 
 introduced disorders, anarchy, and revolutions 
 in tiic wejt of Eui'ope. Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 2, 
 
 &.C. 
 
 Gracchus, T. Scmpronius, father of Ti- 
 berius and Caius Gracchus, twice consul, and 
 once censor, was distinguished by his integrity, 
 y? well as his j)rudeni;e and superior ability- 
 
 GR 
 
 either in the senate or at the head of the ar- 
 mies. He made war in Gaul, and met with 
 much success in Spain. He married Sempro- 
 nia, of the family of the Scipios, a woman of 
 great virtue, piety, and learning. Cic. de 
 Orat. 1, c. 48. Their children, Tiberius and 
 Caius, who had been educated under the 
 watchful eye of their mother, rendered them- 
 selves famous for their eloquence, seditions, 
 and obstinate attachment to the interests 
 of the populace, wliich at last proved fatal to 
 them. With a winning eloquence, affected 
 moderation, and uncommon popularity, Tibe- 
 rius began to renew the Agrarian law, which 
 had already caused such dissentions at Rome. 
 {Vid. Agraria.) By the means of violence, 
 his proposition passed into a law, and he was 
 appointed commissioner, with his father-in- 
 law Appius Claudius, and his brother Caius, 
 to make an equal division of the lands among 
 the people. The riches of Attains, which were 
 left to the Roman people by will, were distri- 
 buted without opposition ; and Tiberius en- 
 joyed the triumph of his successful enterprise, 
 wlien he was assassinated in the midst of his 
 adherents by P. Nasica, while the populace 
 were all unanimous to re-elect him to serve 
 the office of tribune the following year. The 
 death of Tiberius checked for a while the 
 friends of the people; but Caius, spurred by 
 ambition and furious zeal, attempted to remove 
 every obstacle which stood in his way by force 
 and violence. He supported the cause of the 
 people with more vehemence, but less modera- 
 tion, than Tiberius; and his success served 
 only to awaken his ambition, and animate his 
 resentment against the nobles. With the pri- 
 vileges of a tribune, he soon became the arbiter 
 of the republic, and treated the patricians with 
 contempt. This behaviour hastened the ruin 
 of Caius, and in the tumult he fled to the tem- 
 ple of Diana, where his friends prevented him 
 from committing suicide. This increased the 
 sedition, and he was murdered by order of the 
 consul Opimius, B. C. 121, about 13 years after 
 the unfortunate end of Tiberius. His body 
 was thrown into the Tiber, and his wife was 
 forbidden to put on mourning for his death. 
 Caius has been accused of having stained his 
 hands in the blood of Scipio Africanus the 
 younger, who was found murdered in his bed. 
 Plut. in vita. — Cic. in Cat. 1. — Lucan. 6, v. 796. 
 
 — Ftor. 2, c. 17, 1. 3, c. 14, he. Seraj)ronius, 
 
 a Roman, banished to the coast of Africa for 
 his adulteries with Jiilia the daughter of Au- 
 gustus. He was assassinated by order of Ti- 
 berius, after he had been banished 14 years. 
 Julia also shared his fate. Tacit. Atm. 1, c. 53. 
 
 ■ A general of the Sabines, taken by Q. 
 
 Cincinnatus. A Roman consul, defeated 
 
 by Annibal, he. C. J\cp. in Ann. 
 
 Gradivus, a surname of Mars among the 
 Romans, ])erhaps from K^«^««viM, brandishing a 
 spear. Though he had a temple without the 
 walls of Rome, and though Numa had estab- 
 lished the Salii, yet his favourite residence was 
 supposed to be among the fierce and savage 
 Thracians and Getaj, over whom he particu- 
 larly presided. Virg. ^n. 3, v. 35. — Homer. 
 Il.—Liv. 1, c. 20, 1. 2, c. 45. 
 
 Gr^eci, the inhabitants of Greece. Vid. 
 Graecia. 
 
 Gr^cia; a celebrated country of Europe^ 
 
GR 
 
 bounded on the west by the Ionian sea, south 
 by the MediteiTaiiean sea, east by the ^gean, 
 and north by Thrace and Dalraatia. It is 
 generally divided into four large provinces : 
 Macedonia, Epinis, Achaia or Hellas, and 
 Peloponnesus. This country has been reck- 
 oned superior to every other part of the earth, 
 on account of the salubrity of the air, the 
 temperature of the climate, the fertility of the 
 soil, and, above all, the fame, learning, and arts 
 of its inhabitants. The Greeks have severally 
 been called Achseans, Argians.Dauai, Delopes,, 
 Hellenians, lonians. Myrmidons, and Pelas- 
 gians. The most celebrated of their cities 
 were Athens, Sparta, Argos, Corinth, Thebes, 
 Sicyon, Mycenaj, Delphi, Trozeno, Salarais, 
 Megara, Pylos, &c. The inhabitants, whose 
 history is darkened in its primitive ages with 
 fabulous accounts and traditions, supported 
 that they were the original inhabitants of the 
 country, and born from tiie earth where they 
 dwelt ; and they heard with contempt the pro- 
 bable conjectures, which traced their origin 
 among the first inhabitants of Asia, and the 
 colonies of Egypt. In the first periods of their 
 history, the Greeks were governed by mon- 
 archs ; and there were as many kings as there 
 were cities. The monarchical power gradu- 
 ally decreased ; the love of liberty established 
 the republican government ; and no part of 
 Greece, excej)t Macedonia, remained in the 
 hands of an absolute sovereign. The expedi- 
 tion of the Argonauts first rendered the Greeks 
 respectable among their neighbours , and in 
 the succeeding age the wars of Thebes and 
 Troy gave opportunity to their heroes and 
 demi-gods to display their valour in the field 
 of battle. The simplicity of the ancient Greeks 
 rendered them virtuous ; and the establish- 
 ment of the Olympic games in particular, 
 where the noble reward of the conqueror was 
 a laurel crown, contributed to their aggran- 
 dizement, and made them ambitious of fame, 
 and not the slaves of riches. The austerity of 
 their laws, and the education of their youth, 
 particularly at Lacedsemon, rendered them 
 brave and active, insensible to bodily pain, 
 fearless and intrepid in the time of danger. 
 The celebrated battles of Marathon, Ther- 
 mopylae, Salamis, Plataea, and Mycale, suffi- 
 ciently show what superiority the courage of 
 a little army can obtain over millions of un- 
 disciplined barbarians. After many signal vic- 
 tories over the Persians, they became elated 
 with their success ; and when they found no 
 one able to dispute their power abroad, they 
 turned their arms one against the other, and 
 leagued with foreign states to destroy the most 
 flourishing of their cities. The Messenian 
 and Peloponnesian wars are examples of the 
 dreadful calamities v/hich arise from civil dis- 
 cord and long prosperity, and the success with 
 Wiiich the gold and the sword of Philip and of 
 his son corrupted and enslaved Greece, fatally 
 proved that when a nation becomes indolent 
 and dissipated at home, it ceases to be respec- 
 table in the eyes of the neighbouring states. 
 The annals of Greece however abound with 
 singular proofs of heroism and resolution. The 
 bold retreat of the ten thousand, who had as- 
 sisted Cyrus against his brother Artaxei-xes, re- 
 minded their countrymen of their superiority 
 ever all other nations ; and taught Alexander 
 39 
 
 GR 
 
 that the conquest of the east might be effected 
 with a handful of Grecian soldiers. While the 
 Greeks rendered themselves so illustrious by 
 their military exploits, the arts and sciences 
 were assisted by conquest, and received fresh 
 lustre from the application and industry of 
 their professors. The labours of the learned 
 were received with admiration, and the merit 
 of a composition was determined by the ap- 
 plause or disapprobation of a multitude. Their 
 generals were orators; and eloquence seemed 
 to be so nearly connected with the military 
 profession, that he was despised by his sol- 
 diers vv^ho could not address them upon any 
 emergency with a spirited and well-delivered 
 oration. The learning, as well as the virtues 
 of Socrates, procured him a name ; and the 
 writings of Aristotle have, perhaps, gained 
 him a more lasting fame than all the conquest.^ 
 and trophies of his royal pupil. Such were 
 the occupations and accomplishments of the 
 Greeks, their language became almost uni%'er- 
 sal, and their country was the receptacle of 
 the youths of the neighbouring states, where 
 they imbibed the principles of liberty and 
 moral virtue. The Greeks planted several 
 colonies, and totally peopled the western coasts 
 of Asia Minor. In the eastern parts of Italy, 
 there were also many settlements made; and 
 the country received from its Greek inhabi- 
 tants the name of Magna Grctcia. For some 
 time Greece submitted to the yoke of Alexan- 
 der and his successors ; and at last, after a 
 spirited though ineffectual struggle in the 
 Achaean league, it fell under the power of 
 Rome, and became one of its dependent 
 provinces, governed by a proconsul. 
 
 Grjecia magna, a part of Italy, where the 
 Greeks planted colonies, whence the name. 
 Its boundaries are very uncertain ; some say 
 tliat it extended on the southern parts of Italy, 
 and others suppose that iMagna Graecia com- 
 prehended only Campania and Lucania. To 
 these some add Sicily, which was likewise 
 peopled by Greek colonies. Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 
 (yi.—Strab. kc. 
 
 GrjEcinus, a senator put to death by Ca- 
 ligula, because he refused to accuse Sejanus, 
 kc. Senec. de Bene/. 2. 
 
 Gr.i;cus, a man from whom some suppose 
 that Greece receiv^ed its name. Aristot. 
 
 Graius, an inhabitant of Greece. 
 
 Grampius mons, the Grampian mountains 
 in Scotland. Tacit, Agric. 29. 
 
 GranIcus, a river of Bithynia, famous for 
 the battle fought there between the armies of 
 Alexander and Darius, 22d of May, B. C. 334, 
 when 600,000 Persians were defeated by 30,000 
 Macedonians. Diod. 17. — Plat, in Alex. — 
 Juslin. — Curt. 4, c. 1. 
 
 Granius Petronius, an officer who being 
 taken by Pompey's generals, refused the life 
 which was tendered to him; observing that 
 CjBsar's soldiers received not, but granted life 
 
 He killed himself Pint, in Cces. A ques- 
 
 tor whom Sylla had ordered to be strangled, 
 only one day before he died a natural death. 
 
 Plul. A son of the wife of Marius, by a 
 
 former husband. Quintus, a man intimate 
 
 with Crassus and other illustrious men of 
 Rome, whose vices he lashed with an unspar- 
 ing hand. Cic. Brut. 43 and 4(5. Oral. 2, c. 60. 
 
 Gr.\ti«, three goddcsso?. Vid. Cliarit€&^ 
 
GR 
 
 GiRATiANUs, a native of Pannonia, father 
 to the emperor Valentinian 1st. He was rais- 
 ed to the throne, though only eight years old : 
 and after he had reigned for some time con- 
 jointly with his father, he became sole empe- 
 ror in the 16th year of his age. He soon after 
 took, as his imperial colleague, Theodosius,^ 
 whom he appointed over the eastern parts of 
 the empu-e. His courage in the field is as re- 
 markable as his love of learning, and fondness 
 of philosophy. He slaughtered 30,000 Ger- 
 mans in a battle, and supported the tottering 
 state by his prudence and intrepidity. His 
 enmity to the Pagan superstition of his sub- 
 jects proved his ruin ; and Maximinus, who 
 undertook the defence of the worship of Ju- 
 piter aud of all the gods, Vv'as joined by an in- 
 finite number of discontented Romans, and 
 met Gratian near Paris in Gaul. Gratian was 
 forsaken by his troops in the field of battle, 
 and Vvas murdered by the rebels, A. D. 383, 
 
 in tlie £4th year of his age. A Roman 
 
 soldier, invested with the imperial purple by 
 the rebellious array in Britain, in ojjposition 
 to Honorius. He was assassinated four months 
 after, by those very troops to whom he owed 
 his elevation, A. D. 407. 
 
 Gratidia, a woman at Neapolis, called 
 Canidia by Horace. Epod. 3. 
 
 Gration, a giant killed by Diana. 
 
 Gratius Falisccs, a Latin poet, contem- 
 porary with Ovid, and mentioned only by 
 him among the more ancient authors. He 
 wrote a poem on coursing, called Cynegeticon, 
 much commended for its elegance and per- 
 spicuity. It may be compared to the Georgics 
 of Virgil, to which it is nearly equal in the 
 number of verses. The latest edition is of 
 Amst. 4to. 1728. Ovid. Pont. 4, el. 16, v. 34. 
 
 Gkavii, a people of Spain. Jtal. 3, v. 366. 
 
 Gravisc^, now Eremo de St. Augustino, 
 a maritime town cf Etruria, which assisted 
 ^neas against Turnus. The air was unwhole- 
 some, on account of the marshes and stagnant 
 waters in its neighbourhood. Virg. JEa. 10. 
 V. 184.— L?r. 40, c. 29, I. 41, c. 16. 
 
 Gravius, a Roman knight of Puteoli, killed 
 atDyrnichium, &;c. Cits. Bell. Civ. 
 
 Grecokiits, Theod. Thaumaturgus, a dis- 
 ciple of Origen, afterwards bishop of Neo- 
 ca3sarea, the place of his birth. He died 
 A. D. 266, and it is said he left only seven- 
 teen idolaters in his diocese, where he had 
 found only seventeen Christians. Of his works 
 are extant his gratulatory oration to Origen, 
 a canonical epistle, and other treatises in 
 Greek, the best edition of which is that of 
 
 Paris, fol. 1622. iSanzianzen, surnamed 
 
 the Divine, wa>i bishop of Constantinople, 
 x\ hich he resigned on its being disputed. His 
 wriiinas rival those of the most celebrated 
 orators of Greece, in eloquence, sublimity, 
 and variety. His sermons are more for phi- 
 lo'ophers than common hearers, but leplete 
 with seriousness and devotion. Era?inus said, 
 that he was afraid to translate his works, from 
 the apprehension of not transfusing into ano- 
 ther language the smartness and acumen of 
 liis style, and the statelinessand happy diction 
 of the whole. He died, A. D. 389. The best 
 edition is that of the Benedictines, the first 
 volume of which, in fol. was published at 
 ^aris, 1778. A bishop of JSyssa, author 
 
 GY 
 
 of the iSicene creed. His style is represented 
 as allegorical and affected ; and he has been 
 accused of mixing philosophy too much with 
 theology. His writings consist of commenta- 
 ries on scripture, moral discourses, sermons 
 on mysteries, dogmatical treatises, panegyrics 
 on saints ; the best edition of which is that of 
 Morell, 2 vols. fol. Paris, 1615. The bishop 
 
 died, A. D. 396. Another Christian writer, 
 
 whose works were edited by the Benedictines, 
 in four vols. fol. Paris, 1705. 
 
 Grinnes, a people among the Batavians. 
 Tacit. Hist. 5, c. 10. 
 
 Grosphus, a man distinguished as much for 
 his probity as his riches, to whom Horace ad- 
 dressed 2 Od. 16. 
 
 Grudii, a people tributary to the Nervii, 
 supposed to have inhabited the country near 
 Tournay or Bruges in Flanders. C(zs. G. 5, 
 c.38. 
 
 Grumentum, now Armenlo, an inland town 
 cf Lucania on the river Aciris. Liv. 23, c. 37, 
 1.27, C.41. 
 
 Gryllus, a son of Xenophon, who killed 
 Epaminondas, and was himself slain, at the 
 battle of Mantinea, B. C. 363. His father was 
 offering a sacrifice when he received the news 
 of his death, and he threw down the garland 
 nhich was on his head ; but he replaced it, 
 when he heard that the enemy's general had 
 fallen by his hands ; and he observed that his 
 death ought to be celebrated with every de- 
 monstration of joy, rather than of lamentation, 
 
 Aristot — Paus. 8, c. 11, iic. One cf the 
 
 companions of Ulysses, changed into a swine 
 by Circe. It is said that he refused to be re- 
 stored to his human shape, and preferred the 
 indolence and inactivity of this squallid ani- 
 mal. 
 
 Gryneum and Grynium, a town near Cla- 
 zomenae, where Apollo had a temple with an 
 oracle, on account of which he is called 
 Grynmis. Sirab. 13— Virg. Ed. 6, v. 72. JE7i. 
 4, V. 345. 
 
 Ghyneus, one of the Centaurs, who fought 
 against the Lapithee, &c. Ovid. Met. 12, v. 
 260. 
 
 Gyarus and Gyaros, an island in the 
 JEgean sea, near Delos. The Romans were 
 wont to send their culprits there. Ovid. 7. — 
 Met. V. 407. 
 
 Gyas, one of the companions of -iEneas, 
 v/ho distinguished himself at the games ex- 
 hibited after the death of Anchises in Sicily, 
 
 Virg. JEn. 5, v. 118, &c. A part of the 
 
 territories of Syracuse, in the possession of 
 
 Dionysius. A Rutulian, son of Melam- 
 
 pus, killed by iEneas in Italy. Virg. JEn. 10, 
 V. 318. 
 
 GvG^us, a lake of Lydia, 40 stadia from 
 Sardis. Propcrt. 3, el. 11, v. 18. 
 
 GvGK, a maid of Parysatis. 
 
 Gyges or Gyes, a son of Co?lus and Ter- 
 ra, represented as having 50 heads and a hun- 
 dred hand.s. He, with his brothers, made war 
 against the gods, and was afterwards punished 
 
 in Tartarus. Ovid. Trist. 4, el. 7, v. 18. 
 
 A Lydian. to whom Candaules, king of the 
 country, showed his wife naked. The queen 
 was so incensed at this instance of imprudence 
 and infirmity, in her husband, that she ordered 
 Gygcs, eitl.er to j)repare for death himself, or 
 murder Candaules. He ehose the latter, and 
 
GY 
 
 married the queen, and ascended the vacant 
 throne, about 718 years before the christian 
 era. He was the first of the Mermnada;, who 
 reigned in Lydia. He reigned 38 years, and 
 distinguished himself by the immense presents 
 which he made to the oracle of Delphi. Ac- 
 cording to Plato, Gyges descended into a 
 chasm of the earth, where he found a brazen 
 horse, whose sides he opened, and saw within 
 the body the carcass of a man of uncommon 
 size, from whose finger he took a famous bra- 
 zen ring. This ring, when put on his finger, 
 rendered him invisible ; and by means of its 
 virtue he introduced himself to the queen, 
 murdered her husband and married her, and 
 usurped the crown of Lydia. Herodot. 1, c. 
 8. — Plat. dial. 10, de rep. — Vah Max. 7, c. 1. 
 
 — Cic. Offic. 3, 9. A man killed by Turnus, 
 
 in his wars with ^neas. Virg. Mn. 9, v. 762. 
 
 A beautiful boy of Cnidus, in the age of 
 
 Horace. Horat. 2, Od. 5, v. 30. 
 
 GvLippus, a Lacedeemonian, sent B. C. 414, 
 by his countrymen to assist Syracuse, against 
 the Athenians. He obtained a celebrated 
 victory over Nicias and Demosthenes, the 
 enemy's generals, and obliged them to sur- 
 render. He accompanied Lysander in his 
 expedition against Athens, and was present 
 at the taking of that celebrated town. After 
 the fall of Athens, he was intrusted by the 
 conqueror with the money which had been 
 taken in the plunder, which amounted to 
 1500 talents. As he convej'^ed it to Sparta, 
 he had the meanness to unsew the bottom of 
 the bags which contained it, and secreted 
 about three hundred talents. His theft was 
 discovered; and to avoid the punishment 
 which he deserved, he fled from his country, 
 and by this act of meanness tarnished the glory 
 of bis victorious actions. Tibull. 4, el. 1, v. 199. 
 
 — Plut. in Mcid. An Arcadian in the Ru- 
 
 tulian war. Virg. JEn. 12, v. 272. 
 
 Gymnasia, a large city near Colchis. 
 Diod. 14. 
 
 Gymnasium, a place among the Greeks, 
 where all the public exercises were performed, 
 and where not only wrestlers and dancers ex- 
 hibited, but also philosophers, poets, and rhe- 
 toricians repeated their compositions. The 
 room was high and spacious, and could contain 
 many thousands of spectators. The laborious 
 exercises of the Gymnasium were ninning, 
 leaping, throwing the quoit, wrestling, and 
 boxing, which was called by the Greeks 
 rrsiTa^Aov, and by the Romans quinquertia. In 
 
 riding, the athlete led a horse, on which he 
 sometimes was mounted, conducting another 
 by the bridle, and jumping from the one upon 
 the other. Whoever came first to the goal, 
 and jumped with the greatest agility, obtained 
 the prize. In running a-foot the athletes 
 were sometimes armed, and he who came first 
 was declared victorious. Leaping was an use- 
 ful exercise: its primary object was to teach 
 the soldiers to jump over ditches, and pass over 
 eminences during a siege, or in the field of 
 battle. In throwing the quoit, the prize was 
 adjudged to him who threw it farthest. The 
 quoits were made either with wood, stone, or 
 mslal. The wrestlers employed all their dex- 
 
 GY 
 
 terity to bring their adversaiy to the ground, 
 and the boxers had their hands armed with 
 gauntlets, called also cestusrTkeir blows were 
 dangerous, and often ended in the death of one 
 of the combatants. In wrestling and boxing, 
 the athletes were often naked, whence the 
 word Gymnasium, yuiuio;, nudus. They anointed 
 themselves vyith oil to brace their limbs, and 
 to render their bodies slippery, and more 
 difficult to be grasped. Plin. 2. Ep 17. — C. 
 JYep. 20, c. 5. 
 
 Gymnesi.5;, two islands near the Iberus in 
 the Mediterranean, called Baleares by the 
 Greeks. Plut. 5, c. 8. — Sirab. 2. 
 
 Gymnetes, a people of Ethiopia, who 
 lived almost naked. Plin. 5, c. 8. 
 
 Gymni^, a town of Colchis. Xtiwph. 
 Jinah. 
 
 GYMNosoPHiSTiE, a certain sect of philo- 
 sophers in India, who, according to some, 
 placed their summum bonum in pleasure, and 
 their summum malum in pain. They lived 
 naked as their name implies, and for 37 years 
 they exposed themselves in the open air, to 
 the heat of the sun, the inclemency of the 
 seasons, and the coldness of the night. They 
 were often seen in the fields fixing their eyes 
 full upon the disc of the sun from the time 
 of its rising till the hour of its setting. Some- 
 times they stood whole days upon one foot 
 in burning sand, without moving or showing 
 any concern for what surrounded them. Alex- 
 ander was astonished at the sight of a sect of 
 men who seemed to despise bodily pain, and 
 who inured themselves to suffer the greatest 
 tortures without uttering a groan, or expres- 
 sing any marks of fear. The conqueror con- 
 descended to visit them, and his astonishment 
 was increased when he saw one of them ascend 
 a burning pile with firmness and unconcern, 
 to avoid the infirmities of old age, and stand 
 upright on one leg and unmoved, while the 
 flames surrounded him on every side. Vid. 
 Calanus. The Brachmans were a branch of 
 the sect of the Gymnosophista3. Vid. Brach- 
 manes. Sirab. 15, Sic. — Plin. 7, c. 2. — Cic. 
 Tusc. 5. — Lucan. 3, v. 240. — Curt. 8, c. 9. — 
 Dion. 
 
 GynjEceas, a woman said to have been the 
 wife of Faunus, and the mother of Bacchus 
 and of Midas. 
 
 Gynjecothcenas, a name of Mars at Tegea, 
 on account of a sacrifice ottered by the wo- 
 men without the assistance of the men, who 
 were not permitted to appear at this religious 
 ceremony. Pnus. 8, c. 48. 
 
 Gyndes, now Zeindeh, a river of Assyria, 
 falling into the Tigris. AVhen Cyrus marched 
 against Babylon, his army was stopped by this 
 river, in which one of his favourite horses was 
 drowned. This so irritated the monarch, that 
 he ordered the river to be conveyed into 360 
 different channels by his army, so that after 
 this division it hardly reached the knee. He- 
 rodot. 1, c. 189 and 202. 
 
 Gytheom, a sea-port town of Lacouia, at 
 the mouth of the Eurotas, in Peloponnesus, 
 built by Hercules and Apollo, who had there 
 desisted from their quarrels. The inliabitantf 
 were called Ch/theata'. Cic. OJ'w. 3. r. 11 
 
H 
 
 C.4. 
 
 HA 
 
 ABIS, a king of Spain, who first taught 
 his subjects agriculture, fcc. Justin. 44, 
 
 HadbianopoliS; a town of Thrace, on the 
 Hebrus. 
 
 Hadrianus, a Roman emperor. Vid. 
 
 Adrianus. C. Fabius, a praetor in Africa, 
 
 who was burnt by the people of Utica, for 
 conspiring with the slaves. Cic. Verr. 1, c. 27, 
 I. 5, c. 26. 
 
 Hadriaticum mare. Vid. Adriaticum. 
 
 HiEDUi. Vid. iEdui. 
 
 HjEmon, a Theban youth, son of Creon, 
 who was so captivated with the beauty of An- 
 tigone, tliat he killed himself on her tomb, 
 when he heard that she had been put to death 
 by his father's orders. Propert. 2, el. 8, v. 21. 
 A Rutulian engaged in the wars of Tur- 
 
 nus. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 685. A friend of 
 
 jEneas against Turnus. He was a native of 
 Lycia. Id. 10, v. 126. 
 
 H^MONiA. Vid. ^monia. 
 
 H^Mus, a mountain which separates Thrace 
 from Thessaly, so high that from its top are vi- 
 sible the Euxine and Adriatic seas, though this, 
 however, is denied by Strabp. It receives 
 its name from Heemus, son of Boreas and 
 Orithyia, who married Rhodope, and was 
 changed into this mountain for aspiring to di- 
 vine honours. Strah. 7, p. 313. — Plin. 4, c. 
 
 11. — Ovid. Met. 6, v. 87. rA stage-player. 
 
 Juv. 3, V. 99. 
 
 Hages, a brother of king Porus who op- 
 posed Alexander, he. Curt. 8, c. 5 and 14. 
 
 One of Alexander's flatterers. A man 
 
 of Cyzicus, killed by PoUus. Place. 3, v. 191. 
 
 Hagno, a nymph. A fountain of Arca- 
 dia. Paus. 8, c. 38. 
 
 Hagnagoka, a sister of Aristomenes. Paus. 
 
 HaljEsus and Halesus, a son of Aga- 
 memnon by Briseis or Clytemnestra. When 
 he was driven from home, he came to Italy, 
 and settled on mount Massicus, in Campania, 
 where he built Falisci, and afterwards assisted 
 Turnus against JE>x\tB.s. He was killed by 
 Pallas. Virg. ^n. 7, v. 724, 1. 10, v. 352. 
 
 A river near Colophon in Asia Minor. 
 
 Plin. 5, c. 29. 
 
 Halala, a village at the foot of mount 
 Taurus. 
 
 H ALCYONE. Vid. Alcyone. 
 
 Halentdm, a town at the north of Sicily. 
 Cic. Verr. 3, c. 43, 1. 4, c. 23. 
 
 Halesa, a town of Sicily. Cic. Verr. 2, 
 G. I.—Fam. 13, ep, 32. 
 
 Halesius, a mountain and river near 
 ^tna, where Proserpine was gathering flow- 
 ers when she was carried away by Pluto. 
 Colum. 
 
 Halia, one of the Nereides. Jipollod. 
 
 A festival at Rhodes in honour of the 
 
 .sun. 
 
 Haliacmon, a river which separates Thes- 
 saly from Macedonia, and falls into the Sinus 
 Thermiacus. Ca.s. Civ. 3, c. 36. — Plin. 31, c. 
 2.—Herodot. 7, c. 127. 
 
 Haliartus, a town of Bffiotia, founded by 
 Haliartus, the son of Thersander. The mon- 
 uments of Pandion king of Athens, and of 
 Lysander (he Lacedaemonian general, were 
 seen in that town. Liv. 42, c. 44 and 63. — 
 Paus. 9, c. 32. A town of Peloponnesus. 
 
 Halicarnassus, now Bodroun, a mari- 
 
 HA 
 
 time city of Caria, in Asia Minor, where the 
 mausoleum, one of the seven wonders of the 
 world, was erected. It was the residence of 
 the sovereigns of Caira, and was celebrated for 
 having given birth to Herodotus, Dionysius, 
 Heraclitus, &.c. Maxhn. Tyr. 35. — Vitruv. de 
 Arch. — Diod. 17. — Htrodot.% c. 178. — Strah. 
 14.~-Liv. 27, c. 10 and 16, 1. 33, c. 20. 
 
 HALicYiE, a town of Sicily, near Lilyba;- 
 um, now Saltme. Plin. 3, c. 8. — Cic. Verr. 
 2, c. 33.— Diorf. 14. 
 
 Haeieis, a town of Argolis. 
 
 Haeimede, a Nereid. 
 
 Halirrhotius, a son of Neptune and Eu- 
 ryte, who ravished Alcippe, daughter of 
 Mars, because she slighted his addresses. 
 This violence offended Mars, and he killed 
 the ravisher. Neptune cited Mars to appear 
 before the tribunal of justice to answer for the 
 murder of his son. The cause w^as tried at 
 Athens, in a place which has been called from 
 thence Areopagus, (k^jk, Mars, and -ffuyoi; vil- 
 lage,) and the murderer was acquitted. Apol- 
 lod. 3, c. 14.— Paus. 1, c. 21. 
 
 Halithersus, an old man, who foretold to 
 Penelope's suitors the return of Ulysses, and 
 their own destruction. Homer. Od. 1. 
 
 Halius, a son of Alcinous, famous for his 
 skill in dancing. Homer. Od. 8, v. 120 and 370. 
 
 A Trojan, who came with .^neas into 
 
 Italy, where he was killed by Turnus. Virg. 
 JF.n. 9, V. 767. 
 
 Halizones, a people of Panhlagonia. Strab. 
 14. 
 
 Halmus, a son of Sysiphus, father to Chry- 
 sogone. He reigned in Orchomenos. Paus. 
 9, c. 35. 
 
 Halmydessus, a town of Thrace, jlfek, 2, 
 c. 2. 
 
 Halocrates, a son of Hercules and Olyra- 
 pusa. Apollod. 
 
 Halone, an island of Propontis, opposite 
 Cyzicus. Plin. 5, c. 31. 
 
 Halosnesus, an island on the coast of 
 Macedonia, at the bottom of the Sinus Ther- 
 miacus. It was inhabited only by women, 
 who had slaughtered all the males, and they 
 defended themselves against an invasion. Me- 
 la, 2, c^7. 
 
 Halotia, a festival in Tegea. Paus. 
 
 Halotus., an eunuch, who used to taste 
 the meat of Claudius. He poisoned the em- 
 peror's food by order of Agrippina. Tacit. 
 Jinn. 2, c. 66. 
 
 Halus, a city of Achaia of Thessaly 
 
 of Parthia. 
 
 HALYyEETus, a man changed into a bird of 
 the same name. Ovid. Met. 3, v. 176. 
 
 Halyattes. Vid. Alyattes. 
 
 Haevcus, now Platani, a river at the soutb 
 of Sicily. 
 
 Halys, now Kizil-ermark, a river of Asia 
 Minor, rising in Cappadocia, and falling inta 
 the Eusine sea. It received its name »n9 tou 
 »x.cj, from salt, because its waters are of a salt 
 and bitter taste, from the nature of the soil 
 over which they flow. It is famous for the der 
 feat of Crresus, king of Lydia, who was mis- 
 taken by the ambiguous w^ord of this oracle : 
 
 If Crcesiis passes over the Halys, he shall dt^ 
 stroy a great empire. 
 That empire was his own. Cic. de Div,2, c. 
 
HA 
 
 QG.— Ciirt. 4, c. 11.— Strab. ll.—Lucan. 3, v. 
 
 272. — Herodot. 1, c. 28. A man of Cyzicus 
 
 killed by Pollux. Val. Fl. 3, v. 157. 
 
 Halyzia, a town of Epirus near the Ache- 
 lous, where the Athenians obtained a naval vic- 
 tory over the Lacedaemonians. 
 
 Hamadrvades, nymphs who lived in the 
 country, and presided over trees, with w^hich 
 they were said to live and die. The word is 
 lierived from a,«» simul and Vf quercus. Virg. 
 Lcl. 10.— Ovid. Met. 1, v. 647. 
 
 Ham^, a town of Campania near Cumae. 
 Liv. 23, c. 25. 
 
 Hamaxia, a city of Cilicia. 
 Hamilcar, the name of some celebrated 
 generals of Carthage. Vid. Amilcar. 
 
 Hammon, the Jupiter of the Africans. Vid. 
 Aaimon. 
 Hannibal. Vid, Annibal. 
 Hanno. Vid. Anno. 
 
 Harcalo, a man famous for his knowledge 
 of poisonous herbs, &c. He touched the most 
 venomous serpents and reptiles without recei- 
 ving the smallest injury. Sil. 1, v. 406. 
 
 Harmatelia, a town of the Brachmanes 
 in India, taken by Alexander. Diod. 17. 
 Harmatris, a town of iEolia. 
 Hamillus, an infamous debauchee, Juv. 
 10, V. 224. 
 
 Harsiodius, a friend of Aristogiton, who 
 delivered his country from the tyranny of the 
 Pisistratidae, B. C. 510. [^Vid. Aristogiton.] 
 The Athenians, to reward the patriotism of 
 these illustrious citizens, made a law that no 
 one should ever bear the name of Aristogiton 
 and Harmodius. Herodot. 5, c. 35. — Plin. 34, 
 c. 8. — Senec. Ir. 2. 
 
 Harmonia, or Hermionea, [Vid. Hermi- 
 one,] a daughter of Mars and Venus, who 
 married Cadmus. It is said, that Vulcan, to 
 avenge the infidelity of her mother, made her 
 a present of a vestment dyed in all sorts of 
 crimes, which in some measure inspired all 
 the children of Cadmus with wickedness and 
 impiety.^ Pans. 9, c. 16, &:c. 
 
 Harmonides, a Trojan beloved by Miner- 
 va. He built the ships in which Paris carried 
 away Helen. Homer. II. 5. 
 
 Harpagus, a general of Cyrus. He con- 
 quered Asia Minor after he had revolted from 
 Astyages, who had cruelly forced him to eat 
 the flesh of his son, because he had disobeyed 
 his orders in not putting to death the infant 
 Cyrus. Herodot. 1, c. 108.— Justin. 1, c. 5 and 
 
 ^ 'A river near Colchis. Diod. 14. 
 
 Harpalice. Vid. Harpalyce. 
 Harpalion, a son of Pylaemenes king of 
 Paphlagonia, who assisted Priam during the 
 Trojan war, and was killed by Merion. Ho- 
 vier. 11. 13, V. 643. 
 
 Harpalus, a man intrusted with the trea- 
 sures of Babylon by Alexander. H is hopes that 
 Alexander would perish in his expedition, ren 
 
 HA 
 
 dered hun dissipated, negligent, and vicious. 
 When he heard that the conqueror was re- 
 ttu-uing with groat resentment, he fled to 
 Athens, where, with his money, he corrupted 
 the orators, among whom was Demosthenes. 
 "When brought to justice, he escaped with im- 
 punity to Crete, where he was at last assassin- 
 ated by Thimbro, B C. 325. Pint, in Phoc. 
 —Diod. 17. A robbor who scorned (lie 
 
 gods. Cic. S. de Nat. D. .A celebrated as- 
 tronomer of Greece, 480 years B. C. 
 
 Harpalyce, the daughter of Harpalycus, 
 kmg of Thrace. Her mother died when she 
 was but a child, and herfather fed her with the 
 milk of cows and mares, and inured her eariv 
 to sustain the fatigues of hunting. When beV 
 father's kingdom was invaded by Neoptolemus. 
 the son of Achilles, she repelled and defeated 
 the enemy with manly courage. The death 
 ot her father, which happened soon after in a 
 sedition, rendered her disconsolate ; she fled 
 the society of mankind, and lived in the forests 
 upon plunder and rapine. Every attempt to 
 secure her proved fruitless, till her great swift- 
 ness was overcome by intercepting her with a 
 net. After death the people of tbe country 
 disputed their respective rights to the posses- 
 sions w;hich she acquired by rapine, and they 
 soon after appeased her manes by proper obla- 
 tions on her tomb. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 321.— Hy- 
 
 gin. fab. 163 and 252. A beautiful virgin, 
 
 daughter of Clymeneus and Epicaste, of Argos. 
 Her father became enamoured of her, and 
 gained her confidence, and enjoyed her com- 
 pany by means of her nurse, who introduced 
 him as a stranger. Some time after she 
 married Alastor; but the father's passion 
 became more violent and uncontrollable 
 in his daughter's absence, and he murder- 
 ed her husband to bring her back to Ar- 
 gos. Harpalyce, inconsolable for the death of 
 her husband, and ashamed of her father's 
 passion, which was then made public, resolved 
 to revenge her wrongs. She killed her young- 
 er brother, or according to some, the fruit 
 of her incest, and served it before her father. 
 She begged the gods to remove her from the 
 worid, and she was changed into an owl, and 
 Clymenus killed himself. Hygin. fab. 253, 
 
 hc.—Parthen. in Erot. .A mistress of 
 
 Iphiclus, son of Thestius. She died through 
 despair on seeing herself despised by her 
 lover. This mournful story was composed 
 in poetiy, in the form of a dialogue called Har- 
 palyce. Aiken. 14. 
 
 Harpalycus, one of the companions of 
 iEneas, killed by Camilla. Virg. JEn. 11, v. 
 
 675. The father of Harpalyce, king of the 
 
 Amymneans in Thrace. 
 
 Harpasa, a town of Caria. 
 
 Harpasus, a river of Caria. Liv. 33, 
 c. 13. 
 
 Harpocrates, a divinity supposed to be 
 the same as Orus the son of Isis, among the 
 Egyptians. He is represented as holding one 
 ofhis fingers on his mouth, and from thence 
 he is called the god of silence, and intimates, 
 that the mysteries of religion and philosophy 
 ought never to be revealed to tlie people. 
 The Romans placed hk statues atthe entrance 
 of their temples. CaluU. 75.— Varro de. L. L. 
 4, c. 10. 
 
 Harpocration, a Platonic philosopher 
 of Argos, from whom Stobajus compiled his 
 
 eclogues. A sophist called also yElius. 
 
 Valerius, a rhetorician of Alexandria, author 
 
 of a Lexicon on ten orators, Another, sia- 
 
 nained Caius. 
 
 HARPYi.ffi, winged monsters, who had the 
 face of a woman, the body of a vulture, and 
 had their feet and fingers arnud with sharp 
 claws. They were three in uumbcr, AeUf>.. 
 
HA 
 
 Ocypete, and Celeno, daughters of Neptune 
 and Terra. They were sent by Juno to plun- 
 der the tables of Phineus, whence they were 
 driven to the islands called Strophades by 
 Zethesand Calais. They emitted an infec- 
 tious smell, and spoiled whatever they touch- 
 ed by their filth and excrements. They plun- 
 dered .Eneas during his voyage towards Italy, 
 and predicted many of the calamities which at- 
 tended him. Virg. JEn. 3, v. 212, 1. 6, v. 289. 
 —Hesiod. Theog. 265. 
 
 Harudes, a people of Germany, Cess. G. 
 1, c. 31. 
 
 Haruspex, a soothsayer at Rome who 
 drew omens by consulting the entrails of 
 beasts that were sacrificed. He received the 
 name of Aruspex, nb aris. aspic iendis, and 
 that of Extispex, ah extis inspiciendis. The 
 order of Aruspices was first established at 
 Rome by Romulus, and the first Aruspices 
 were Tuscans by origin, as they wereparticu 
 larly famous in that branch of divination. They 
 had received all their knowledge from a boy 
 named Tages, who, as was commonly report- 
 ed, sprung from a clod of earth. [Firi. Tages.] 
 They were originally three, but the Roman 
 senate yeeu-ly sent sis noble youths, or, ac- 
 cording to others, twelve, to Etruria, to be 
 instructed in all the mysteries of the art. The 
 olfice of the Haruspices consisted in obsei-ving 
 these four particulars ; the beast before it was 
 sacrificed; its entrails; the flames which con- 
 sumed the sacrifice ; and the flour, frankin- 
 cense, &c. which was used. "If the beast was 
 led up at the altar with difficulty, if it esca- 
 ped from the conductor's hands, roared when 
 it received the blow, or died in agonies, the 
 omen was unfortunate. But, on the con- 
 trary, if it followed without compulsion, re- 
 ceived the blow without resistance, and died 
 without groaning, and after much eff'usion of 
 blood, the haruspex foretold prosperity. 
 When the body of the victim was opened, 
 fach part was scrupulously examined. If any 
 thing was wanting, if it had a double liver, or 
 a lean heart, the omen was unfortunate. If 
 the entrails fell from the hands of the hams- 
 pex, or seemed besmeared with too much 
 blood, or if no heart appeared, as for instance 
 it happened in the two victims which J. Cassar 
 oftered a little before his death, the omen was 
 equally unlucky. When the flame was quick- 
 ly kindled, and when it violently consumed 
 the sacrifice, and arose pure and bright, and 
 like a pyramid, without any paleness, smoke, 
 sparkling, or crackling, the omen was favour- 
 able. But the contrary augury was drawn 
 when the fire was kindled with difficulty, and 
 was extinguished before the sacrifice was to- 
 totally consumed, or when it rolled in circles 
 round the victim with intermediate spaces be- 
 tween the flames. In regard to the frankin- 
 cense, meal, water, and wine, if there was 
 any deficiency in the quantity, if the colour 
 was different, or the quality was changed, or 
 if any thing was done with irregularity, it 
 was deemed inauspicious. This custom of 
 «on.sulting the entrails of victims did not ori- 
 ginate in Tuscany, but it was in use among 
 the Chaldeans, Greeks, Egyptians, &,c. and 
 the more enlightened jiart of mankind well 
 knew how to render it subservient to their 
 wislics or t> rauny. Agesilaus, when in Egypt, 
 
 HE 
 
 raised the drooping spirits of his soldiers hy 
 a superstitious artifice. He secretly wrote in 
 his hand the word vu^ victory, in large charac- 
 ters, and holding the entrails of a victim in 
 his hand till the impression was communica- 
 ted to the flesh, he showed it to the soldiers, 
 and animated them by observing, that the 
 gods signified their approaching victories evea 
 by marking it in the body of the sacrificed an- 
 imals. Cic. de Div. 
 
 Hasdrubal. Vid. Asdrubal. 
 
 Q. Haterius, a patrician and orator at 
 Rome under the first emperors. He died in 
 the 90th year of his age. Tacit. Jinn. 4, c. 61. 
 
 Agrippa, a senator in the age of Tiberius, 
 
 hated by the tyrant for Jiis independence. 
 
 Tacit. Jinn. 6, c. 4. Antoninus, a dissipated 
 
 senator, whose extravagance was supported 
 by Nero. Id. 13, c. 34. 
 
 Haustanes, a man who conspired with 
 Bessus against Darius, &c. Curt. 8, c. 5. 
 
 Hebdole. Vid. Ebdorae. 
 
 Hebe, a daughter of Jupiter and Juno. 
 According to some she was the daughter of 
 Juno only, who conceived her after eating let- 
 tuces As she was fair, and alwp^ys in the 
 bloom of youth, *he was called the goddess of 
 youth, and made by her mother cup-bearer to 
 all the gods. She was dismissed from her 
 office by Jupiter, because she feli dovvn in an 
 indecent posture as she was pouring nectar to 
 the gods at a grand festival, and Ganymedes, 
 the favourite of Jupiter, succeeded her as 
 cup-bearer. She was employed by her mother 
 to prepare her chariot, and to harness her 
 peacocks whenever requisite. When Hercu- 
 les was raised to the rank of a god, he was re- 
 conciled to Juno by marrying her daughter 
 Hebe, by whom he had two sons, Alexiares 
 and Anicetus. As Hebe had the power of re- 
 .storing gods and men to the vigour of youth, 
 she, at the instance of her husband, perform- 
 ed that kind office to lolas his friend. Hebe 
 was worshipped at Sicyon, under the name of 
 Dia, and at Rome under the name of Juven- 
 tas. She is represented as a young virgin 
 crowned with flowers, and arrayed in a varie- 
 gated garment. Pans. 1, c. 19, 1. 2, c. 12. — 
 Ovid. Met. 9, v. 400. Fast. 9, Wl&.—.^pollod. 
 
 I, c.3,1. 2, c. 7. 
 
 Hebesus, a Rutulian, killed in the night by 
 Euryalus. Virg. w5En. 9, v. 344. 
 
 Hebrus, now Marissa, a river of Thrace, 
 which was supposed to roll its waters upon 
 golden sands. It falls into the ^Jgean sea. 
 The head of Orpheus was thrown into it after 
 it had been cut off by the Ciconian women. It 
 received its name from Hebrus son of Cyssan- 
 der, a king of Thrace, who was said to have 
 drowned himself there. Mela, 2, c. 2.-t- 
 Strab. '7.— Virg. JEn. 4, v. 463.— Ovid. Mif. 
 
 II, v. 50. A youth of Lipara, beloved by 
 
 Neobule. Horat. 3, od. 12. A man of Cy- 
 
 zicus, killed by Pollux. Flacc. 3, c. 149. 
 
 A friend of ^Eneasson of Dolichaon, killed by 
 Mezentius in the Rutulian war. Virg. JEn. 
 10, V. 696. 
 
 Hecale, a poor old woman who kindly re- 
 ceived Theseus as he was going against the 
 
 bull of Marathon, &ic, Plut. in Tfies. A 
 
 town of Attica. 
 
 Hecaj.esia, a festival in honour of Jupitw 
 of Hecale, instituted by Theseus, or in corn- 
 
HE 
 
 ■aemoration of the kindness of Heealc, which 
 Theseus had experienced when he went 
 against the bull of Mai-athon, kc. 
 
 Hecamede, a daughter of Arsinous, who 
 fell to tlie lot of Nestor after the plunder of 
 Tenedos by the Greeks. Homer. 11. U. v. 623. 
 
 Hecat.e fascm, a celebrated temple sacred 
 to Hecate, at Stratonice in Caria. Sirab. 14. 
 
 Hecatjeus, an historian of Miletus, born 
 649 yeai-s before Christ, in the reign of Darius 
 Hystaspes. Herodot. 2, c. 143. A Mace- 
 donian, intimate with Alexander. Diod. 17. 
 
 A Macedonian brought to the army 
 
 against his will by Amyntas, k,c. Curt. 7, c. 1. 
 
 Hecate, a daughter of Perges and Asterias, 
 the same as Proserpine, or Diana. She was 
 called Luna in heaven, Diana on eai-th, and 
 Hecate or Proserpine in hell, whence her 
 name of Diva irifonnis, ttrgemina, triceps. 
 She was supposed to preside over magic and 
 enchantments, and was generally represented 
 like a woman with tliree heads, that of a horse, 
 a dog, or a boar, and sometimes she appeared 
 with tiiree different bodies, and three different 
 faces only with one neck. Dogs, lambs, and 
 honey, were generally offered to her, espe- 
 cially in high ways and cross roads, whence 
 she obtained] the name of Trivia. Her power 
 was extended over heaven, the earth, sea, 
 and hell ; and to her khigs and nations sup- 
 posed themselves indebted for their prosperity. 
 Ovid. 7, Met. v. 94. Hesiod. Tlieog. — Horat. 
 
 3, od. 22.— Pans. 2, c. 22.— Virg. .En. A, 
 V. 511. 
 
 Hecatesia, a yeai'ly festival observed by 
 the Stratonicensians in honour of Hecate. 
 The Athenians paid also particular worship to 
 this goddess, who was deemed tbe patroness 
 of families and of childi-en. From this cu"- 
 cumstance the statues of the goddess were 
 erected before the doors of the houses, and 
 upon every new moon a public supper was 
 always provided at the expense of the richest 
 people, and set in the streets v.here the poorest 
 of the citizens were permitted to retire and 
 feast upon it, while they reported that Hecate 
 had devoured it. There were also expiatory 
 offerings, to supplicate the jioddess to remove 
 whatever evils might impend on the head of 
 the public, &,c. 
 
 Hecato, a native of Rhodes, pupil to Panse- 
 tius. He wrote on the duties of man, hue. 
 Cic. 3, Of. 15. 
 
 Hecatomboia; a festival celebrated in ho- 
 nour of Juno, by the Argians and people of 
 iEgina. It receives its name from i'-xrov, ic B^^^, 
 a sacrifice of a hundred bulls, which were al- 
 ways offered to the goddess, and the flesh dis- 
 tributed among the poorest citizens. There 
 v^ere also public games first instituted by Ar- 
 chinus, a kiug of Argos, in which the prize 
 was a shield of brass w ith a crown of m^Ttle. 
 
 Hecatompiio.sia, a solemn sacrifice offered 
 by the Messenians to Jupit(-'r,*\\hen any of 
 them had killed an hundred enemies. Fans. 
 
 4, c. 19. 
 
 Hecatompolis, an epithet given to Crete, 
 from the hundred cities which it once con- 
 tained. 
 
 HEc.\TOMPvros, an epithet applied to 
 Thebes in Eg} pt on account of its hundred 
 gates. Jlmmiun. 22,'* c. 10. Also the ca- 
 pital of Parthia, in the reign of the Arsaci- 
 
 HE 
 
 des. Ptol. 6, c. 5.-^Strab. U.—Plin. 6, c. 15 
 and 25. 
 
 Hecatonnesi, small islands between Lesbos 
 and Asia. Strab. 13. 
 
 Hector, son of king Priam and Hecuba, 
 was the most valiant of all the Trojan chiefs 
 that fought against the Greeks. He married 
 /indromache, the daughter of Eetion, by 
 whom he had Astyanax. He was appointed 
 captain of all the Trojan forces, when Troy 
 V, as besieged by the Greeks ; and the valour 
 with w^hich he behaved showed how well 
 qualified he was to discharge that important 
 ofSce. He engaged with the bravest of the 
 Greeks, and according to Hyginus, no less 
 than SI of the most valiant of the enemy per- 
 ished by his hand. When Achilles had driven 
 back the Trojans towEirds the city, Hector, too 
 great to fly, waited the approach of his enemy 
 near the Scean gates, though his father and 
 mother, with tears in their eyes, blamed his 
 rashness, and entreated him to retire. The 
 sight of Achilles tei'rified him, and he fled be- 
 fore him in the plain. The Greek pursued, 
 £md Hector was killed, and his body was drag- 
 ged in cruel triumph by the conqueror round 
 the tomb of Patroclus, whom Hector had kil- 
 led. The body, after it had received the gros- 
 sest insults, was ransomed by old Priam, and 
 the Trojans obtained from the Greeks a truce 
 of some days to pay the last oflJces to the 
 greatest of then* leaders. The Thebans boas- 
 ted in the age of the geographer Pausanias 
 that they had tbe ashes of Hector preserved 
 in an urn, by order of an oracie : which prom- 
 ised them undisturbed felicity if they were Ih 
 possession of that hero's remains. The epi- 
 thet of Hectoreus is applied by the poets to 
 the Trojans, as best expressive of valour and 
 intrepidity. Homer. II. 1, &.c. — llr^. JEn. 1, 
 kc.—Ovid. Met. 12 and V3.—Diclys. Cref. 
 — Dares. Phryg. — Hygin. fab. 90 and 112. — 
 Paiis.l. 3, and 9, c. 18, — Quintil. Smyrn. 1 
 
 and 3. A son of Parmenio drowned in the 
 
 iSile. Alexander honoured his remains with a 
 magnificent funeral. Curl. 4, c. 8, 1. 6, c. 9. 
 
 Hecuba, a daughter of Dymas, a Phrygian 
 prince, or according to others, of Ci?? .:, a 
 Thracian kiug, was the second wife of Prieini 
 king of Troy, and proved the chastest of wo- 
 men, and the most tender and unfortunate of 
 mothers. AVhen she was pregnant of Paris, 
 she dreamed that she had brought into the 
 world a bmning torch which had reduced her 
 husband's palace and all Troy to ashes. So 
 alarming a dream was explained by the sooth- 
 sayers, w ho declared that the son she should 
 bring into the world w ould prove the ruin of 
 his country . When Paris was bom, she ex- 
 posed him on mount Ida to avert the ca- 
 lamities w^hich tlireatened her family ; but 
 her attemj)ts to destroy him were fruitless, 
 and the prediction of the soothsayers was 
 fulfilled. [Vid. Paris.] During the Trojan 
 war she saw the greatest part of her children 
 perish by tlie hands of the enemy, and like a 
 mother, she confessed her grief by her tears 
 and lamentations, particularly at the death of 
 Hector, her eldest son. When Troy was taken, 
 Hecuba, as ojie of the captives, fell to the lot 
 of Ulysses, a man w horn she haled for his per- 
 fidy and avarice, and she embaiked with the 
 conquerors for Greece. The Greeks landed 
 
HE 
 
 in the Thracian Chersonesus to load with fresh 
 honours the grave of Achilles. During their 
 stay the heros ghost appeared to them, and 
 demanded, to ensure the safety of their return, 
 the sacrifice of Polyxena, Hecuba's daughter. 
 They coaij>Ued, and Polyxena was torn from 
 her mother to be sacrificed. Hecuba was in- 
 consolable, and her grief was still more increa- 
 sed at the sight of the body of her son Polydo- 
 rus washed on the shore, who had been re- 
 commended by his father to the care and hu- 
 manity of Polymnestor king of the couatiy. 
 [Vid. Polydorus.] She determined to revenge 
 the death of her son, and with the greatest in- 
 dignation went to tlie house of his murderer, 
 and tore his eyes and attempted to .deprive 
 him of his life. She was hindered from exe- 
 cuting her bloody purpose, by the arrival of 
 8ome Thracians, and she fled with the female 
 companions of her captivity. She was pursu- 
 ed, and when she ran after the stones that were 
 thrown at her,she found herself suddenly chan- 
 ged into a bitch, and when she attempted to 
 speak, found that she could only bark. After 
 this metamorphosis she threw herself into the 
 sea, according to Hyginus, and that place was, 
 from that circumstance, called Cywjv.m. He- 
 cuba had agreat number of children by Priam, 
 among whom were Hector, Paris, Deiphobus, 
 Pammon, Helenus, Polytes, Antiphon, Hippo- 
 nous, Polydorus, Troilus, and among the 
 daughters, Creusa, Ilione, Laodice, Polyxena, 
 and Cassandra, Ovid. Met. 11, v. 761, 1. 13, 
 V. ^\o.-'Hygin. fab. III.— Virg. JEn. 3, v. 44. 
 — Tuv. 10, v. 27l.—Slrab. 13.— Dictys. Cret. 
 4 and 5. — £pollod. 3, c. 12. 
 
 Hecub^e, Sepulciirum, a promontory of 
 Thrace. 
 
 KedI'la, a poetess of Samos. 
 
 Hedon^um, a village of Bffiotia. Pans. 9. 
 C.31. 
 
 Hedui. Vid. ^dui. 
 
 Hedymeles; an admired musician in Do- 
 Hiitian's age. The word signifies sweet music. 
 Juv. 6, V. 381. 
 
 Hegzluchus, a general of 6000 Athenians 
 .-:ent to Mantinea to stop the progress of Epa- 
 miiiondas. Dlod. 15. — — An Egyptian gene- 
 ral who flourished B. C. 128. 
 
 Hegemok, a Thracian poet in the age of 
 Alciblades. He wrote a poem called Giganto- 
 raachia, besides other works. JElian. V. H. 
 
 4, c. 11. Another poet who wrote a poem 
 
 on the war of Leuctra, &lc. JFIian. V. H. 
 
 8, c.ai. 
 
 Hegesianax, an historian of Alexandria, 
 wlio wrote an account of the Trojan war. 
 
 Hegesius, a t3-rant of Ephesus under the 
 
 patronage of Alexander. Polyxn. 6. A 
 
 philosopher who so eloquently convinced his 
 auditors of their failings and follies, and per- 
 suarJedthem that there were no dangers Eifter 
 death; that many were guiUy of suicide. Ptole- 
 my forbade him to continue his doctrines. 
 Cic. Tusc. 1, c. 34. An historian. A fa- 
 mous orator of Magnesia, who corrupted the 
 elegant diction of Attica, by the introduction 
 »f Asiatic idioins. Cic. oral. 67, 69. BrvA.S'3. 
 —Stmb. 9.-^PluL i7i Altx. 
 
 Hegesilochus, one of the chief magis- 
 trates of Rhodes in the reign of Alexander and 
 
 his father Philip. Another native ofRliodcs, 
 
 171 vears before the christian era. He cii2:a- 
 
 HE 
 
 ged his countrymen to prepare a fleet of 40 
 ships to assist the Romans against Perseus 
 king of Macedonia. 
 
 Hegesinous, a man who wrote a poem on 
 Attica. Pans. 4, c. 29. 
 
 Hegesinus, a philosopher of Pergamus, 
 of the second academy. He flourished B. C. 
 193. 
 
 Hegesippus, an historian who wrote some 
 things upon Pallene, he. 
 
 Hegesipyle, a daughter of Oloinis king of 
 Thrace, who mamed Miltiades, and became 
 mother of Cimon. Plut. 
 
 Hegesistratus, an Ephesian who consult- 
 ed the oracle to know in what particular 
 place he should fix his residence. He was di- 
 rected to settle where he found peasants dan- 
 cing with crowns of olives. This was in Asia, 
 where he founded Elea, &c. 
 
 Hegetorides, a Thasian, who, upon see- 
 ing his country besieged by the Athenians, 
 and a law forbidding any one on pain of deatli 
 to speak of peace, went to the market place 
 with a rope about his neck, and boldly told 
 his countrymen to treat him as they pleased, 
 provided they saved the city from the calami- 
 ties which the continuation of the war seemed 
 to threaten. The Thasians were awakened, 
 the law was abrogated, and Hegetorides par- 
 doned, he. Polyccn. 2. 
 
 Helena, the most beautiful woman of her 
 age, sprung from one of the eggs which Leda, 
 the wife of king Tyndarus, brought forth after 
 her amour with .Jupiter metamorphosed into 
 a swan, [Vid. Leda.] According to some au- 
 thors, Helen was daughter of IVemesis by Ju- 
 piter, and Leda was only her nurse ; and to 
 reconcile this variety of opinions, some ima- 
 gine that Nemesis and Leda are the same per- 
 sons. Her beauty was so universally admired, 
 even in her infancy, that Theseus, with his 
 friend Pirithous, carried her away before she 
 had attained her tenth year, and concealed 
 her at Aphidnai, under the care of his mother 
 ijBthra. Her brothers. Castor and Pollux, re- 
 covered her by force of arms, and she return- 
 ed safe and unpolluted to Sparta, her native 
 country. There existed, however, a tradition 
 recorded by Pausanias, that Helen was of nu- 
 bile years when carried away by Theseus, and 
 that she had a daughter by her ravisher, who 
 was intrusted to the care of Clytemnestra. 
 This violence offered to her virtue did not in 
 the least diminish, but it rather augmented, 
 her fame, and her hand was eagerly solicited 
 by the young princes of Greece. The most 
 celebrated of her suitors were Ulysses son of 
 Laertes, Antilochus son of JNestor, Slhenelus 
 son of Capaneus, Diomedes son of Tydeus, 
 Amphilochus son of Cteatus, Meges son of 
 Phileus, Agapenor son of Ancaeus, Thalpus 
 son of Eurytus, Mnestheus son of Peteus, 
 Schedius son of Epistropiius, Polyxenus son of 
 Agasthenes, Amphilochus son of Amphiaraus, 
 Ascalaphus and lalmus sons of the god Mars, 
 Ajax son of Oileus, Eumelus son of Admetus, 
 Polypcetes son of Pirithous, Elphenor son of 
 Chaleodon, Podalirius and Machaon sons of 
 iEsculapius, Leontcs son of Coronus, Philoc- 
 tetes son of Ptean, Protesilaus son of Iphiclus, 
 Eurypilus son of Evenion, Ajax and Teucer 
 sons of Telamon, Patroclus son of Menoetius, 
 Menelaus son of AUeus, Thoas, Idomeneus, 
 
HE 
 
 and Merion. Tyndarus was rather alarmed 
 than pleased at the sight of such a number of 
 illustrious princes, who eagerly solicited each 
 to become his son-in-law. He knew that he 
 could not prefer one without displeasing all 
 the rest, and from this perplexity he was at 
 last drawn by the artifice of Ulysses, who be- 
 gaa to be already known in Greece by his pru- 
 dence and sagacity. This prince, who clearlv 
 saw that his pretensions to Helen would not 
 probably meet with success in opposition to 
 so many rivals, proposed to extricate Tynda- 
 rus from all his difficulties, if he would promise 
 him his niece Penelope in marriage. Tynda- 
 rus consented, and Ulysses advised the king to 
 bind, by a solemn oath, all the suitors, that 
 they would approve of the uninfluenced choice 
 which Helen should make of one among them; 
 and engage to unite together to defend her 
 person and character if ever any attempts were 
 made to ravish her from the arms of her hus- 
 band. The advice of Ulysses was followed, the 
 princes consented, and Helen fixed her choice 
 upon Menelaus, and married him. Hermione 
 was the early fruit of this union, Avhich contin- 
 ued for three years with mutual happiness. 
 After this, Paris, son of Priam king of Troy, 
 oame to Lacedaeraon on pretence of sacrificing 
 to Apollo. He was kindly received by Mene- 
 laus, but shamefully abused his favours, and in 
 his absence in Crete he corrupted the fidelity 
 of his wife Helen, and persuaded her to follow 
 
 HE 
 
 him to Troy, B. C. 1 198. At his return Mene- 
 lausjhighly sensible of the injury he had receiv- 
 ed, assembled the Grecian p"rinces,and remind- 
 ed them of their solemn promises. They re- 
 solved to make war against the Trojans, but 
 they previously sent ambassadors to Priam to 
 demand the restitution of Helen. The influence 
 of Paris at his father's court prevented the res- 
 toration, and the Greeks returned home with- 
 out receiving the satisfaction they required. 
 Soon after their return their combined forces 
 assembled and sailed for the coast of Asia. The 
 behaviour of Helen during the Trojan war is 
 not clearly known. Some assert that she had 
 willingly followed Paris, and that she warmly 
 supported the cause of the Trojans ; while 
 cLhers believe that she always sighed after her 
 husband, and cursed the day in which she had 
 proved faithless to his bed. Homer represents 
 her as in the last instance, and some have ad- 
 ded that she often betrayed-the schemes and 
 resolutions of the Trojans, and secretly favour- 
 ed the cause of Greece. When Paris' was kil- 
 led, in the ninth year of the war, she volun- 
 tarily married Deiphobus, one of Priam's sons, 
 and when Troy was taken she made no scruple 
 i:o betray him, and to introduce the Greeks in- 
 to his chamber, to ingratiate herself with Me- 
 nelaus. She returned to Sparta, and the love 
 of Menelaus forgave the errors which she had 
 committed. Some however say that she ob- 
 tained her life even with difficulty from herhus- 
 band,whose resentment she had kindled by her 
 Infidelity. After she liad lived for some years 
 at Sparta, xMenelaus died, and she was driven 
 from Peloponnesus byMagapenthes and Nicos- 
 tratus,the illegitimate sons of her husband, and 
 she retired to Rhodes, where at that time Po- 
 lyxo, a native of Argos, reigned over the coun- 
 try. Polyxo remembered that her widowhood 
 originated in Helen, and that hrr hu5band Tle- 
 40 
 
 poleraus had been killed in the Trojan ^va^^ 
 which had been caused by the debaucheries 
 of Helen ; therefore she meditat'ed revenge. 
 While Helen one day retired to bathe in the 
 river, Polyxo disguised her attendants in the 
 habits of furies, and sent them with orders to 
 murder her enemy. Helen was tied to a tree 
 and strangled, and her misfortunes were after- 
 wards remembered, and the crimes of Polyxo 
 expiated by the temple which the KhodianS 
 raised to Helen Dendrltis, or tied to a tree. 
 There is a tradition mentioned by Herodotus, 
 which says that Paris was driven as he re- 
 turned from Sparta, upon the coast of Egypt- 
 where Proteus, king of the country, expelled, 
 him from his dominions for his ingratitude 
 to Menelaus, and confined Helen. From 
 that circumstance, therefore, Priam informed 
 the Grecian ambassadors that neither Helen 
 nor her possessions were in Troy, but in the 
 hands of the king of Egypt. In spite of this 
 assertion the Greeks besieged the town, and 
 took it after ten years siege, and Menelau? 
 by visiting Egypt, as he returned home, re- 
 covered Helen at the court of Proteus, and 
 was convinced that the Trojan war had beea 
 undertaken on very unjust and unpardonable 
 grounds. Helen was honoured after death as 
 a goddess, and the Spartans built her a temple 
 at Therapne, which had power of giving 
 beauty to all the deformed women that en- 
 tered it. Helen, according to some, was car- 
 ried into the island of Leuce after death, 
 where she married Achilles, who had beew 
 one of her warmest admirers. — The age of 
 Helen has been a matter of deep inquiry 
 among the chronologists. If she was born of 
 the same eggs as Castor and Pollux, v.'ho ac- 
 companied the Argonauts in their expeditioa 
 against Colchis about 35 veare before the Tro 
 jan war, according to some, she was no less 
 than 60 years old when Troy was reduced to 
 ashes, supposing that her brothers were only 
 15 when they embarked with the Argonauts. 
 But she is represented by FJomerso incompa- 
 rably beautiful during the siege of Troy, that 
 though seen at a distance she influenced the 
 counsellors of Pj-iam by the brightness of her 
 charms ; therefore we must su[)pose with 
 others, that her beauty remained long undi- 
 minished, and was extinguished only at her 
 death. Pau^. 3, c. 19, hc.—Apollod. 3, c. 10, 
 ^(^•—Hygin. fab. 77. —Herodot. 2, c. 112.— 
 Pint, in Thes. hc.—Cic. de offic. S.—JIoraL 
 3, od. 3.~Dicty3. Orel. 1, fcc— Qww/. Smyrn. 
 10, 13, he— Homer. II. 2. and Od. 4 and 1&." 
 A young woman of Sparta, often con- 
 founded with the daughter of Leda. As shft 
 was going to be sacrificed, because the lot had 
 fallen upon her, an eagle came and carried 
 away the knife of the pnest, upon which sho 
 was released, and the barbaraus custom of of- 
 fering human victims \A.as abolished. Aa 
 
 island on the coast of Attica, where Kelea 
 came after the siege of Troy. Piiu. 4, c. 12. 
 
 A daughter of tiie emperor Constantiue,' 
 
 who married Julian, The mother of Con* 
 
 stantine. She died in her 80th year, A. D. 328. 
 
 HfiLENiA, a festival in Laconia, m honour 
 j of Helen, who received ihere divine honours. 
 ' Ft was celebrated by viro ins riding upon mulcS; 
 land in chariots made of reeds and bullrushcs, 
 \ Hklkn-or. a Lydian prince who occompa- 
 
HE 
 
 "med ^neas to Italy, and was killed by the Ru- 
 tulians. His mother's name v/as Licymnia. 
 Virg. Mn. 9, v. 444, he. 
 
 Helekus, a celebrated soothsayer, son of 
 Priam and Hecuba, greatly respected by all 
 the Trojans. When Deiphobus was given in 
 marriage to Helen in preference to himself, 
 he resolved to leave his country, and he re- 
 tired to mount Ida, where Ulysses took him 
 prisoner by the advice of Chalcas. As he was 
 well acquainted with futurity, the Greeks 
 made use of prayers, threats, and promises, 
 to induce him to reveal the secrets of the Tro- 
 jans, and either the fear of death or gratifica- 
 tion of resentment, seduced him to disclose to 
 the enemies of his countiy, that Troy could 
 not be taken whilst it was in possession of the 
 Palladium, nor before Polydectes came from 
 bis retreat at Lemnos, and assisted to support 
 the siege. After the ruin of his country, he 
 fell to the share of P5Trhus the son of Achil- 
 les, and saved his life by warning him to 
 avoid a dangerous tempest, which in reality 
 proved fatal to all those who set sail. This 
 endeared him to Pyrrhus, and he received 
 from his hand Andromache, the widow of his 
 brother Hector, by whom he had a son called 
 Cestrinus. This marriage, according to some, 
 was consummated after the death of Pyrrhus, 
 who lived with Andromache as his wife. He- 
 ienus was the only one of Priam's sons who 
 survived the ruin of his country. After the 
 death of Pyrrhus, he reigned over part of 
 Epirus, which he called Chaonia in memory 
 of his brother Chaon, whom he had inad- 
 vertently killed. Helenus received jEneas as 
 he voyaged towards Italy, and foretold him 
 some of the calamities which attended his 
 fleet. The manner in which he received the 
 fi;ift of prophecy is doubtful. Vid. Cassandra. 
 ^Horner. II. 6, v. 76, 1. 7, v. 47.— Virfr. JEn. 3, 
 V. 295, he— Pans. 1, c. 11, 1. 2, c. 33.— Ovid. 
 Met. 13, v. 99 and 723, 1. 15, v. 437. 
 Butulian killed by Pallas. 
 
 Hflerm Lucus, a 
 Ovid Fast. 6, v. 105. 
 
 Heles or Hales, a river of Lucania near 
 Velia. Cic. ad Att. 16, ep. 7, Fum. 7, ep. 20. 
 
 Heliades, the daughters of the Sun and 
 Clymene. They were three in number, 
 Lampetie, Phaetusa, and Lamp.thusa, or se- 
 ven according to Hygin, Merope, Helie, j'Egle, 
 Lampetie, Pha-be, iEtheria, and Dioxippe. 
 They were so alUicted at the death of their bro- 
 ther Phaeton, [Fiti. Phaeton] that they Avere 
 changed by the gods into poplars, and their 
 tears into precious amber, on the banks of the 
 river Po. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 340.— Hi/gin. fab. 
 
 154. The first inhabitants of Rhodes. This 
 
 island being covered with mud when the world 
 was first created, was warmed by the cherish- 
 ing beams of the sun, and from thence sprang 
 seven men, which were called Heliades, »roTou 
 K?^«0', from the sun. The eldest of these, called 
 Ochlmus, married Hegetoria, one of the 
 nymphs of the island, and his brothers fied 
 from the country, for having put to death, 
 through jealousy, one of their number. Diod.b. 
 
 Heliasta;, a name given to the judges of 
 the most numerous tribunal at Athens. They 
 consisted of 1000, and sometimes of 1500 ; 
 
 Virg. JEn. 10, v. 388. 
 place near Rome. 
 
 HE 
 
 Helic.\on, a Trojan prince, son of Ab- 
 tenor. He married Laodice, the daughter of 
 Priam, whose form Iris assumed to inform 
 Helen of the state of the rival armies before 
 Troy. Helicaon was wounded in a night en- 
 gagement, but his life was spared by Ulysses, 
 who remembered the hospitality he had re- 
 ceived from his father Antenor. Hom(^. Id. 
 2, V. 123. 
 
 Helice, a star near the north pole, gene- 
 rally called Ursa Major. It is supposed ta 
 receive its name from the town of Helice, of 
 which Calisto, who was changed into the 
 Great Bear, was an inhabitant. Lucan. 2, 
 
 V. 237. A town of Achaia, on the bay of 
 
 Corinth, overwhelmed by the inundation of 
 the sea. Plin. 2, c. 92.— Or/rf. Met. 15, v. 
 
 293. A daughter of Silenus, king of iEgi- 
 
 ale. Pans. 7, c. 24. A daughter of Lycaon^ 
 
 king of Arcadia. 
 
 Helicon, now Zagaro-Vouni, a mountain 
 of Bceotia, on the borders of Phocis. It was 
 sacred to the Muses, who had there a temple. 
 The fountain Hippocrene flowed from this 
 mountain. Strab. 8.— Ovid. Met. 2, v. 219. 
 -Pans. 9, c. 28, he— Virg. JEn. 7, v. 641. 
 
 A river of Macedonia near Dium. Paus. 
 
 9, c. 30. 
 
 Heliconiades, a name given to the Muses 
 because they lived upon mount Helicon, 
 which was sacred to them. 
 
 Heliconis, a daughter of Thespius. Apol- 
 lod. 
 
 Heliodorus, one of the favourites of 
 Seleucus Philopator, king of Syria. He at- 
 tempted to plunder the temple of the Jews, 
 about 176 years before Christ, by order of 
 
 his master, he. A Greek mathematician 
 
 of Larissa. A famous sophist, the best edi- 
 tions of whose entertaining romance, called 
 JElhiopica, are Commelin, 8vo. 1596, and 
 
 Bourdelot, 8vo. Paris, 1619. A learned 
 
 Greek rhetorician in the age of Horace. 
 
 A man who wrote*^ treatise on tombs. A 
 
 poet. A geographer. A surgeon at 
 
 Rome in Juvenal's age. Juv. 6, v. 372. 
 
 Heliogabalus, a deity among the Phoe- 
 nicians. M. Aurelius Antoninus, a Ro- 
 man emperor, son of V'arius Marcellus, called 
 Heliogabalus, because he had been priest of 
 that divinity in Phamicia. After the death of 
 Macrinus he was invested with the imperial 
 pur[)le, and the senate, however unwilling to 
 submit to a youth only 14 years of age, ap- 
 proved of his election, and bestowed upon hira 
 the title of Augustus. Heliogabalus made his 
 gmnd-mother Mcesa, and his mother Scemia?,, 
 ills colleagues on the throne ; and to bestow 
 more dignity upon the sex, he chose a senate 
 of women, over which his mother presided^ 
 and prescribed all the modes and fashions 
 which prevailed in the empire. Rome how- 
 ever soon displayed a scene of cruelty and de- 
 bauchery ; the imperial palace was full of 
 prostitution, and the most infamous of the 
 populace became the favourites of the prince. 
 He raised his horse to the honours of the con- 
 sulship, and obliged his subjects to pay ado- 
 ration to tiie god Heliogabalus, which was 
 no other than a large black stone, whosr. 
 
 figure resembled that of a cone. To this ri- 
 they were seldom assembled, and only upon j diculous deity temples were raised at Rome,. 
 Hiattere of the greatest importance. Dtjuvsth. \ and the altars of the gods plundered to deck 
 contr. Tim.-^Dios. m Svt. 
 
HE 
 
 tiiose of the new divinity. In the midst of his 
 extravagances, Hehogabalus married four 
 wives, and not satisfied with following the plain 
 Jaw s of nature, he proiessed himself to be a 
 woman, and gave himself up to one of his otfi- 
 «ers, called Hierocles. In this ridiculous farce 
 he suffered the greatest indignities from his 
 pretended husband without dissatisfaction, and 
 Hierocles, by stooping to infamy, became the 
 most powerful of the lavourites, and enriched 
 himself by selling favours and offices to the 
 people. Such licentiousness soon displeased 
 liie populace, and Heliogabalus, unable to ap- 
 pease the seditions of the soldiers, whom his 
 rapacity and debaucheries had irritated, hid 
 himself in the hlth and excrements of the camp, 
 where he was found in the arms of his mother. 
 His head was severed trom his body the lOtli 
 of i\larch, A. D. 222, in the 18th year of his 
 age, alter a reign of three years, nine months, 
 and four days. He was succeeded byAlexander 
 Severus. His cruelties were as conspicuous as 
 his licentiousness. He burdened his subjects 
 with the most oppressive taxes, his halls w ere 
 covered with carpets of gold and silver tissue, 
 and his mats were made with the down of 
 hares, and with the soft feathers which were 
 found under the wings of partridges. He w as 
 fond of covering his shoes with precious stones, 
 to draw the admiration of the people as he 
 walked along the streets, atid he was the first 
 Ronaan who ever w ore a dress of silk. He of- 
 ten invited the most common of the people to 
 share his banquets, and made them sit down 
 on large bellows full ot wind, which, by sud- 
 denly emptying themselves, threw the guests 
 on the ground, and left tliem a prey to w ild 
 beasts. He often tied some of his tavourites 
 on a large wheel, and was particularly delight- 
 ed to see them whirled round like Ixious, and 
 sometimes suspended in the air, or sunk be- 
 neath the water. 
 
 Heliopolis, now Matarea, a famous city 
 of Lower Egypt, in which was a temple sa- 
 cred to the sun. The inhabitants worshipped 
 a bull called Mnevis, with the same ceremo- 
 nies as the Apis oi Memphis. Apollo hud an 
 oracle there. Cic. jY. D. 3, c. ^\.—Flin. 36, 
 c.26.—iitrab. lH.—Diod. 1. There was a small 
 village of the same name without the Delta 
 
 near Babylon. A town of Syria, now Bal- 
 
 beck. Plin. 5, c. 22. 
 
 Helisson, a town and river of Arcadia 
 Pans. 8, c. 29. 
 
 Helium, a name given to the mouth of the 
 Maese in Germany. Plin. 4, c. 15. 
 
 Helius, a celebrated favourite of the em- 
 peror Mero, put to death by order of Galba, 
 
 for his cruelties. The Greek name of the 
 
 sun, or Apollo. 
 
 Helixus, a river of Cos. 
 Hellamce, a sister of Clitus, who was 
 nurse to Alexander. Curl. 8, c. 1. 
 
 Helianicus, a celebrated Greek historian, 
 born at Mity lene. He wrote an history of the 
 ancient kings of the earth, with an account of 
 the founders of the most famous towns in every 
 kingdom, and died B. C. 411, in the 83th year 
 ot his age. Pans. 2, c. 3.~Cic. de Oral. 2, c 
 
 53.— .4m/. Gel. 15, c. 23. A brave officer 
 
 rewarded by Alexander. Curt. 5, c. 2. 
 
 An historian of Miletus, wlio v/roto a de^frip- 
 tion of the earth. 
 
 BE 
 
 He LLANO CRATES, E man of Larissa, fcc 
 Aristot. Polit. 5, c. 10. 
 
 Hellas, an ancient name of Thessaly, 
 more generally applied to the territories of 
 Acarnania, Attica, iEtolia, Doris, Locris, Bce- 
 otia, andPhocis, and also to all Greece. It 
 received this name from Deucalion, and now 
 iorms a part of Livadia. Plin. 4, c. l.—Slrab 
 8.— Mela, 2, c. S.—Pans. 2, c. 20. A beauti- 
 ful woman, mentioned by Horace as beloved 
 by Marius; the lover killed her in a fit of pas- 
 sion, and afterwards destroyed himself. Ho- 
 rat. 2, sat. 3, v. 277. 
 
 Helle, a daughter of Athamus and Ne- 
 phele, sister to Phryxus. She fled from her 
 father's house with her brother, to avoid the 
 cruel oppression of her mother-in-law, In&. 
 According to some accounts she was carried 
 through the air on a golden ram which her 
 mother had received from Neptune, and in 
 her passage she became giddy, and fell from 
 her seat into that part of the sea which from 
 her received the name of Hellespont. Others 
 say that she was carried on a cloud, or rather 
 upon a ship, from which she fell into the sea 
 and was drowned. Phryxus, after he had 
 given his sister a burial on the neighbouring 
 coasts, pursued his journey, and arrived safe 
 in Colchis. [Vid. Phryxus.] Ovid. Heroid 
 13, ^c. Met. 4, fab. 14. — Pindar. 4. — Pyth. 
 —Paus. 9, c. 34. 
 
 Hellen, son of Deucalion and Pyrrha, 
 reigned in Phthiotis about 1495 years before 
 the Christian era; and gave the name of Hel- 
 lenians to his subjects. He had, by his wife 
 Orseis, three sons ; iEolius, Dorus, and Xuthus, 
 who gave their names to the three different 
 nations known under the name of .^olians, 
 Dorians, and lonians. These last derive their 
 name from Ion, son of Xuthus, and from the 
 difference either of expression, or pronuncia- 
 tion, in their respective languages, arose the 
 different dialects well known in the Greek lan- 
 guage. Paus. 3, c. 20, 1. 7, c. l.—Diod. 5. 
 
 Hellenes, the inhabitants of Greece. Vid 
 Hellen. 
 
 Hellespontias, a wind blowing from the 
 north east. Plin. 2, c. 47. 
 
 Hellespontus, now the Dardanelles, a, 
 narrow^ strait between Asia and Europe, near 
 the Propontis, which received its name from 
 Helle, who was drowned there in her voyage 
 to Colchis. [Vid. Helle.] It is about 60 
 miles long, and, in the broadest parts, the 
 Asiatic coast is about three miles distant from 
 the European, and only half a mile in the nar- 
 rowest, according to modern investigation j 
 so that people can converse one with the 
 other from the opposite shores. It is celebra- 
 ted for the love and death of Leander, [Fid. 
 Hero,] and for the bridge of boasts which 
 Xerxes built over it when he invaded Greece, 
 The folly of this great prince is well known in 
 beating and fettering the waves of the sea, 
 whose impetuosity destroyed his ships, and 
 rendered all his labours ineffectual. Strab. 13. 
 —Plin. 8, c. '32.—Herodot. 7, c. 34.— Po/y6.— 
 Mela, 1, c. 1.— P/0/.5, c. 2.— Ovid. Met. 13, 
 
 V. 407.— Ln\ 31, c. 15, J. 33, c. 33. The 
 
 country along the Hellespont oh the Asiatic 
 coast bears the same name. Cic. I err. 1, c 
 24, Fnm. 13. en. 53.— S/m6. 12— Plin 5, t;, 
 
HE 
 
 Hellopia. a small countr>' of Eubcea. The 
 popie were called Hellopes. The whole 
 
 island bore the same name according to Stra- 
 bo. Plin. 4, c. 12. 
 
 Hellotia, two festivals, one of which was 
 obsened iii Crete, in honour of Europa. whose 
 bones were then carried in solemn procession: 
 with a myrtle garland no less than twenty cu- 
 bit? in circii inference, called *?jj»ts The other 
 festival was celebrated at Corinth with games 
 and races, where young men entered the lists 
 and generally ran with burning torcbesin their 
 hands. It was instituted in honour of Minerva, 
 surnamed Hellotis, »-s t». iy-c-^, from a certain \ 
 pond of Marathon, where one of her statues 
 •was erected, or *-3 '=- •>-^'» "<* •'=^-'* ■r-'' nt>3<r«, be- 
 cause bv her assistance Bellerophon took and 
 managed the horse Pegasus, whicii was the 
 oridoal cause of the institution of the festival. 
 Others derive the name from Hellotis, a Corin- 
 tliian woman, from the following ch-cum- 
 stance : when the Dorians and the Heraclidai 
 invaded Peloponnesus, they took and burnt 
 Corinth ; the inhabitants, and particularly the 
 women, escaped by flight, except Hellotis and 
 her sister Eur\-tione, who took shelter in Mi- 
 nerva's temple, relyjjig for salety upon the 
 sanctity of the place". When this v.as known, 
 the Dorians set fire to the t«mple, and the tn o 
 sisters perished in the flames. This wantoji 
 crusty was followed by a dreadful plague, 
 and the Dorians, to alleviate the misfortunes 
 which they suftered, were directed by the ora- 
 cle to appease the manes of the two sisters, 
 and therefore they raised a new temple to the 
 goddess Mi*ierva, and established the festi- 
 vals, which bore the name of one of the un- 
 fortunate women. 
 
 Helnes, an ancient king of Arcadia, Lc. 
 PolyiRn. 1. 
 
 Heloris, a general of the people of Rhe- 
 gium, sent to besiege Messana, which Diony- 
 fiusthe tyrant defended. He fell in battle, and 
 Lis troops were defeated. Diod. 14. 
 
 Helorc.w and Hzlorcs. now Muri Ucci, 
 a town and river of Sicily, whose swollen wa- 
 ters generally inundate the neighbouring coun- 
 try. Virg. JEn. 3, v. 698.— //a/. U, v 270. 
 
 A river oi Magna GrcBcia. 
 
 Heeos, a place of Arcadia. Puns. 8, c. 36. 
 
 A tow n of Laconia taken and destroyed 
 
 by the Lacedemonians under Agis the third, 
 of the race of the Heraclidae, because they re- 
 fused to pay the tribute which was imposed 
 upon them. The Lacedaemonians carried 
 their resentment so far, that, not satisfied wiih 
 the ruin of the city, they reduced the inhabi- 
 tants to the lowest and most miserable slavery, 
 and made a law which forbade their masters 
 either to give them their liberty, or to sell 
 them in any other countJ-y. To complete their 
 infamy, all the slaves of the state and the pri- 
 soners of war were called by the mean appel- 
 lation of Helotce. xNot only' the servile oliices 
 in which Ihey were employed denoted their 
 misery and slaverj', but they were obliged to 
 wear peculiar gai'menti, which exposed them 
 to greater contempt and ridicule. They ne- 
 ver were initructed in the liberal arts, and 
 4heir cruel masters often obliged them to 
 drink to excess, to show the free-born citi- 
 zens of Sj.arta the beastliness and disgrace of 
 iatoxjcatioa. They once every year received 
 
 HE 
 
 a number of stripes, that by this wanton fla- 
 gella*;on they might recollect that they were^ 
 born and died slaves. The Spartans even de- 
 clared war against them; but Plutarch, who, 
 from interested motives, endeavours to palliate 
 the guilt and cruelty of the people of Lacedae- 
 mon. declares that it was because they had as- 
 sisted the Messeniaris in their war against 
 Sparta, after it had been overthrown by a vio- 
 lent earthquake. This earthquake was sui>- 
 posed by all the Greeks to be a punishment 
 from heaven for the cruellies which the Lace- 
 daemonians had exercised against the Helots. 
 In the Peloponaesian war these misei-able 
 slaves behaved with uncommon bravery, and 
 were rewarded with their liberty by the Lace- 
 daemonians, and appe£u*ed in tlie temples and 
 at public shows crowned with garlands, and 
 with every mark of festivity and triumph. 
 This exultation did not continue long, and the 
 sudden disappearance of the two thousand ma- 
 numitted slaves was attributed to the inhuma- 
 nity of the Lacetlaemonians . Thucyd. 4. — Pol- 
 lux. 3, c. S.—Strab. 8.—Plut. in Lye. kc. — 
 ^rist. Polit. 2. — Paus. Lacon k.c 
 
 Helot.c and Helutes, the public slaves of 
 Spai'ta, kc. Vid. Helos. 
 
 Helvetia, a vestal virgin struck dead witk 
 lightning in Trajan's reign. 
 
 Helvetii, an ancient nation of Gaul, con- 
 quered by J. Ceesar. Theu- country is the 
 modern Switzerland. Cizs. Bell. G. 1, he- 
 Tacit. Hist. 1, c 67 and 69. 
 
 Helvia, the mother of Cicero. Ricina, 
 
 a town of Picenum. 
 
 Helvidia, the name of a Roman family. 
 Helvu, now Virers, a people of Gaul, 
 along the Rhone. Plin. 3, c. 4. 
 
 Helvillum, a town of Umbria, supposed 
 to be the same as Suillum, now Sigillo. Plin. 
 3, c. 14. 
 
 Helvina, a fountain of Aquinum, where 
 Ceres had a temple. Juc. 3, v. 320. 
 
 Helvics Cinsa proposed a law, which, 
 however was not passed, to permit Caesar to 
 marry whatever woman he chose. Suet, in 
 Cas. c. 52.— — A poet. Vid. Cinna. 
 Helcm, a river of Scythia. 
 Helymus and Pa>opes, two hunters at 
 the court of Acestes in Sicily. Firg. JEn. 6, 
 v. 73, 6:c. 
 
 Hemathiok, a son of Aurora and Cepha- 
 lus, or Tithouus. Apollod. 3 
 
 TIemithea, a daughter of Cycnus and Pro- 
 clea. She was so attached to her brother Te- 
 nes, tliat she refused to abandon him when 
 his father Cycnus exposed him on the sea. 
 They were carried by the wind to Tenedos, 
 where Hemithealong enjoyed tranquiilit)', till 
 .\chille3, captivated by her chai-ms, offered 
 her violence. She was rescued from his em- 
 brace by her brother Tenes, who was instantly 
 slaughtered by the offended hero. Hemi- 
 thea could not have been rescued from the at- 
 tempts of Achilles, had not the earth opened 
 and swallowed her. after she had fei-vently en- 
 treated the assistance of the gods. Vid. Te- 
 nes. Paus. 10, c. 14.— />iorf. 4. 
 
 Hemon. Vid. Hsemon. 
 
 HEaius. rid Haemus.- A Roman. Juv. 
 
 6, v 197. 
 
 Heneti, a people of Faphlagonia, who are 
 said to have settled in Italy near the Adriatiq, 
 
HE 
 
 Virbere tliey gave the name of Venetia to their 
 habitations. Liv. 1, c. 1. — Eurip. 
 
 Heniochi, a people of Asiatic Sarmatia, 
 neai' Colchis, descended from Amphytus and 
 Telechius, the charioteers ( "%«») of Castor 
 and Pollux, and thence called Lacedaemonii.' 
 Mela, I, c. 21.— Paierc. 2, c. 40.— Flacc. 3, v. 
 270, 1. 6, V. 42. 
 
 Henna. Vid. Enna. 
 
 HEPHiESTiA, the capital town of Lemnos. 
 
 A festival in honour of Vulcan (hp'.*.oq) at 
 
 Athens. There was then a race with torches 
 between three young men. Each in his turn 
 ran a race with a lighted torch in his hand, 
 and whoever could carry it to the end of 
 the course before it was extinguished, obtained 
 the prize. They delivered it one to the other 
 after they finished their course, and from that 
 circumstance we see many allusions in ancient 
 iiuthors, who compare the vicissitudes of hu-; 
 man affairs to this delivering of the torch, 
 particularly in these lines of Lucretius 2 : 
 Inque brevi spatio mutarUur scecla animantum, 
 Et quasi cursores vilai lampada tradant. 
 
 Heph^stiades, a name applied to the Li- 
 pari isle? as sacred to Vulcan. 
 
 HEPHiESTii, mountains in Lycia which are 
 set on fire by the lightest touch of a burning 
 torch. Their very stones burn in the middle 
 of water according to Pliny, 6, c. 106. 
 
 HEPHiEsTio, a Greek grammaiian of 
 Alexandria in the age of the emperor Verus. 
 Tliere remains of his compositions a treatise 
 entitled Enchiridion de metris «^ poemaie, the 
 best edition of which is that of Pauiv, 4to. 
 Ultraj. 1726. 
 
 HEPHiESTioN, E Macedonian famous for 
 bis intimacy with Alexander. He accompani- 
 ed the conqueror in his Asiatic conquests, and 
 was so faithful and attached to him, that Alex- 
 ander often observed that Craterus was the 
 friend of the king, but Hephsestion the friend 
 of Alexander. He died at Ecbatana 325 years 
 before the christian era, according to some 
 from excess of drinking, or eating. Alexan- 
 der was so inconsolable at the death of this 
 faithful subject, that he shed tears at the in- 
 telligence, and ordered the sacred fire to be 
 extinguished, which was never done but at the 
 death of a Persian monarch. The physician 
 ■who attended Hephaestion in his illness, was 
 accused of negligence, and by the king's order 
 inhumanly put to death, and the games were 
 interrupted. His body was intrusted to tlie 
 care ot Perdiccas, and honoured with the most 
 magnificent funeral at Babylon, He was so 
 like tlie king in features and stature, that he 
 was often saluted by the name of Alexander. 
 Curt. — Arrian. 7, he. — Plut. in Mlex. — JElian. 
 V. If. 7, c. 8. 
 
 Heptaphunos, a portico, which received 
 this name, because the voice was re-echoed 
 seven times in it. PHn. 36, c. 15. 
 
 Heptapolis, a country of Egypt, which 
 contained seven cities. 
 
 Heptapylos, a surname of Thebes in 
 Boeotia, from its seven gates. 
 
 Hera, the name of Juno among the Greeks. 
 
 A daughter of JNeptune and Ceres when 
 
 transformed into a mare. Apollod. 3. A 
 
 town of if^olia and of Arcadia. Pans. 6, c. 7. 
 
 A town of Sicily, called also Hybla. Cic 
 
 €(dj3tti€.2,c.l. 
 
 HE 
 
 Heraclea, an ancient town of Sicily, 
 near Agrigentum. Minos planted a colony 
 there w'hen he pursued Daedalus; and the 
 town anciently known by the name of Ma- 
 cara, was called from him Minoa. It was 
 called Heraclea after Hercules, when he ob- 
 tained a victory over Eryx. A town of 
 
 Macedonia. ^Another in Pontus, celebrated 
 
 for its naval power, and its consequence 
 among the Asiatic states. The inhabitants 
 conveyed home in their ships the 10,000 at 
 
 their return. Another in Crete. Another 
 
 in Parthia. Another in Bithynia. Ano- 
 ther in Phthiotis, near Thermopylge, called 
 also Track'm^a, to distinguish it from others. 
 
 Another in Lucania. Cic. Arch. 4. 
 
 Another in Syria. Another in Chersonesus^ 
 
 Taurica. Another in Thrace, and three in 
 
 Egypt, &.C. There were no less than 40 
 cities of that name in different parts of the 
 world, all built in honour of Hercules, whence 
 
 the name is derived. A daughter of Hiero, 
 
 tyrant of Sicily, &c. 
 
 Heragleia, a festival at Athens celebra- 
 ted every fifth year, in honour of Hercules. 
 The Thisbians and Thebans in Boeotia, obser- 
 ved a festival of the same name, in which they 
 offered apples to the god. This custom of of- 
 fering apples arose from this : It was always 
 usual to offer sheep, but the overflowing of the 
 river Asopus prevented the votaries of the 
 god from oliscrviiig it with the ancient ceremo- 
 ny ; and as the word y-w-*^ signifies both an apple 
 and a sheep, some youths, acquainted with the 
 ambiguity of the word, offered apples to the 
 god, with much sport and festivity. To repre- 
 sent the sheep, they raised an apple upon four 
 sticks as the legs, and two more were placed 
 at the top to represent the hox*ns of the victim, 
 Hercules was delighted with the ingenuity of 
 the youths, and the festivals were ever contin- 
 ued Avith the offering of apples. Pollux. 8, g. 
 9. There was also a festival at Sicyon in hon- 
 our of Hercules. It continued two days, the 
 first was called 9io,'x:«t«c, the second K(sK\ttx. 
 At a festival of the same name at Cos, the 
 priest officiated with a mitre on his head, and 
 in women's apparel.— —At'Lindus, a solemni- 
 ty of the same name was also observed, and at 
 the celebration nothing was heard but execra- 
 tions and profane words, and whosoever acci- 
 dentally dropped any other words, was accus- 
 ed of having profaned the sacred rites. 
 
 Heracleum, a promontory of Cappadocia. 
 
 A town of Egypt near Canopuson the 
 
 western mouth of the Nile, to which it gave 
 its name. Diod. 1. — Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 60. — 
 Sirab 2 and 17. — The port town of Gnossus 
 in Crete. 
 
 Heracleotes, a surname of Dionysius the 
 
 philosopher. A philosopher of Heracleai 
 
 who, like his master Zeno, and all the Stoics, 
 firmly believed that pain was not an evil. 
 A severe illness, attended with the most acute 
 pains, obliged him to renounce his principles, 
 and at the same time the philosophy oi the 
 stoics, about 264 years before the chnstian era. 
 He became afterwards one of the Cyrenaic 
 sect, which placed the summum bonum in plea- 
 sure. He wrote some poetiy, and chiefly 
 treatises of philosophy. Diog. in vit. 
 
 IlERACMDiE, the descendants of Hercules, 
 greatly celebrated in ancient history. Herca- 
 
HE- 
 
 les at his death left to his son Hyllus ail the 
 rights and claims which he had upon the Pelo- 
 ponnesus, and permitted him to many lole, as 
 soon as he came of age. The posterity of Her- 
 «ules were not more kindly treated by Eurys- 
 theus, than their father had been, and they 
 ■were obliged to retire for protection to the 
 court of Ceyx, king of Trachinia. Eurystheus 
 pursued them thither; and Ceyx, afraid of his 
 resentment, begged the Heraclidee to depart 
 from his dominions. From Trachinia they 
 earae to Athens, where Theseus, the king of 
 the countiy , who had accompanied their fatlier 
 in some of his expeditions, received them with 
 great humanity, and assisted them against 
 their common enemy, Eurystheus. Eurj^stheus 
 tvas killed by the hand of Hyllus himself, and 
 his children perished with him,, and all the ci- 
 ties of the Peloponnesus became the undisput- 
 ed property of the Heraclidae. Their triumph, 
 however, was short, their numbers w^ere les- 
 sened by a pestilence, and the oracle informed 
 them that they had taken possession of the Pe- 
 ioponnesus before the gods permitted their re- 
 turn. Upon this they abandoned Peloponne- 
 sus, and came to settle in the territories of the 
 Athenians, where Hyllus, obedient to his fa- 
 ther's commands, married lole, the daughter 
 of Eurytus. Soon after he consulted the ora- 
 cle, anxious to recover the Peloponnesus, and 
 the ambiguity of the answer determined him 
 to make a second attempt. PJie challenged to 
 single combat Atreus, the successor of Eurys- 
 theus on the throne of Mycena?, and it was 
 mutually agreed that the undisturbed posses- 
 sion of the Peloponnesus should be ceded to 
 whosoever defeated his advein^ary. Echemus 
 accepted the challenge for Atreus, and Hyllus 
 was killed, and the Heraclidae a second time 
 departed from Peloponnesus. Cleodoeus the 
 son of Hyllus, made a third attempt, and was 
 equally unsuccessful, and his son Aristomachus 
 some time after met with the same unfavoura- 
 ble reception, and perished in the field of bat- 
 tle. Aristodemus, Teraenus, and Chresphon- 
 tes, the three sons of Aristomachus, encoura- 
 ged by the more expressive and less ambiguous 
 word of an oracle, and desirous to revenge the 
 death of their progenitors, assembled a nume- 
 i'ous force, and with a fleet invaded all Pelopon- 
 nesus, Their expedition was attended with 
 success, and after some decisive battles they be- 
 came mastei-s of all the peninsula, which they 
 divided among themselves two years after. 
 The recovery of the Peloponnesus by the de- 
 scendants of Hercules forms an interesting 
 epoch in ancient histoiy, Vv'hich is universally 
 believed to have happened 80 years after the 
 Trojan war, or 1104 years before the christiar) 
 era. This conquest was totally achieved about 
 320 years after the first attempt of Hvllus. 
 Apoltod. 2. c. 7, hc—Herodot. 9, c. 2(i.—Paus. 
 1, c-. 17. — Paterc. 1, c. 2, — ClemtTis. Mex. 
 Strom. 1. — Thucyd. 1, c. 12, he. — Diod. 1, 
 k.c.—AristoL de Kep. 7, c. 26. 
 
 Hebaclides, a philosopher of Heraclea 
 in Pontus, for some time disciple of Seusippus 
 and Aristotle. He wished it to be believed 
 that he was carried into heaven the very day 
 <if his death, and the more firml} to render it 
 credible, he begged one of his friends to put a 
 serpent in his bed. The serpent disappoint- 
 ed him, and Iho noiJ^e v^i^ck fbe nnmber of 
 
 HE 
 
 viHtois otjcasioned, frightened him from the 
 bed before the philosopher had expired. He 
 lived about 335 years before the christian era. 
 Cic. Tusc. 5, ad Quint. 3. — Liog. in Pyth. 
 
 An historian of Pontus surnamed Lenihusy. 
 
 who flourished B. C. 177.—-^ — A man who, af- 
 ter the retreat of Dionysius the younger from 
 Sicily, raised cabals against Dion, in whose 
 hands the sovereign power was lodged. He 
 was put to death by Dion's order. C. JVep. in 
 Dion.'—^A youth of Syracuse in the battle in 
 which JVicias was defeated. - A son of Aga- 
 thocles.— — A man placed over a garrison at 
 
 Athens by Demetrius. A sophist of Lycia> 
 
 who opened a school at Smyrna in the age of 
 the emperor Severus. A painter of Mace- 
 donia, in the reign of king Perseus.- An 
 
 architect of Tarentum, intimate with Philip 
 king of Macedonia. He fied to Rliodes on 
 pretence of a quarrel with Philip, and set fire 
 
 to the Rhodian fleet. Polycen. -A man of 
 
 Alexandria. 
 
 Heraclitus, a celebrated Greek philo- 
 sopher ot Ephesus, who flourished about 500 
 yeajs before the chiistian era. His father's 
 name was Hyson, or Heracion. Katurally of 
 a melancholy disposition, he passed his time ia 
 a solitary and unsocial manner, and received 
 the appellation of the obscure phiIosoj)her, and 
 the mourner, from his unconquerable custom 
 of weeping at the foUiei^, frailty, and vicissi- 
 tude of human affairs. He employed his time 
 in writing ciiflerent treatises, and one particu- 
 larly, in which he supported that there was a 
 fatal necessity, and that the world was created 
 irom fire, which he deemed a god omnipotent 
 and omniscient. His opinions about the origin 
 of things were adopted by the Stoics, and Hip- 
 pocrates entertained the same notions of a 
 supreme power. Heraclitus deserves the ap- 
 pellation of man-hater for the rusticity with 
 which he answered the polite invitations of 
 Darius king of Persia. To remove himself 
 totally from the society of mankind, he retired 
 to the mountains, where for some time he fed 
 on grass in common with the wild inhabitants 
 of the place. Such a diet was soon productive 
 of a dropsical complaint, and the philosopher 
 condescended to revisit the town. The enig- 
 matical manner in which he consulted the phy- 
 sicians made his applications unintelligible, and 
 he w as left to depend for cure only upon him- 
 self. He fixed his residence in a dunghill, in 
 hopes tliat the continual warmth w hich pro- 
 ceeded from it might dissipate the watery ac- 
 cumulation and restore him to the enjoyment 
 of his former health. Such a remedy proved 
 ineifectuaJ, and the j)lii!osopher despairing of 
 a cure by the application of ox-dung, suffered 
 himself to die in the OOth year of his age. 
 Some say that he was torn to pieces by dogs. 
 
 Diog. in vita. — Ctcw. /ll^x. Str.b. A lyric 
 
 poet.- A writer of liaiitarnassus, intimate 
 
 with Callimachus. He was remarkable for 
 
 the elegance of his style.- A native of 
 
 Lesbos, who wrote an history of Macedonia. 
 ■ A writer of Sicyon, &c. Plut. 
 
 HEFuiCLius, a river of Greece. Pans. 10, c. 
 
 37.— —A brother of Conslantine, &.c. A 
 
 Roman emperor, k.c. 
 
 Hek^sa, a town of Arcadia, Festivals at 
 
 Argos in honour of Juno, who wasthepatron- 
 CKS of thf>t citv. Thev were also observed br 
 
HE 
 
 tije colonics of the Argives which had been 
 planted at Samos and Mginat. There were al- 
 ways two processions to the temple of the god- 
 rless without the city walls. Tlie first was of 
 the men in armour, the second of the women, 
 among whom the priestess, a woman of the 
 first quality, was drawn in a chariot by white 
 oxen. The Argives always reckoned their 
 years from her priesthood, as the Athenians 
 from their archons, or the Romans from their 
 consuls. When they came to the temple of 
 the goddess, they offered a hecatomb of oxen. 
 Hence the sacrifice is often called =^»tviuUx. and 
 sometimes xs;/tf.«, from >^xo:a bed, because Ju- 
 no presided over marriages, births. &c. There 
 was a festival of the same name in Elis, celebra- 
 ted every fifth year, in which sixteen matrons 
 
 Wove a garment for the goddess. There 
 
 were also others instituted by Hippodamia. 
 who had received assistance from Juno when 
 she married Pelops. Sixteen matrons, each 
 attended by a maid, presided at the celebra- 
 tion. The contenders were young virgins, who 
 being divided in classes, according to their 
 age, ran races each in their order, beginning 
 with the youngest. The habit of all was ex- 
 actly the same, their hair was dishevelled, and 
 their right shoulder bare to the breast, with 
 coats reaching no lower than the knee. She 
 who obtained the victory was rewarded with 
 erowns of olives, and obtained a part of the ox 
 that was offered in sacrifice, and was permitted 
 
 to dedicate her picture to the goddess. 
 
 There was also a solemn day of mourning at 
 Corinth, which bore the same name, in com- 
 memoration of Medea's children, who were 
 buried in Juno's temple. They had been slain 
 by the Corinthians ; who, as it is reported, to 
 avert the scandal which accompanied so bar- 
 barous a murder, presented Euripides with a 
 large sum of money to write a play, in which 
 Medea is represented as the murderer of her 
 
 children. Another festival of the same 
 
 name at Pallene, with games, in w^hich the 
 victor was reAvarded with a garment. 
 
 Herjei montzs, a chain of mountains at the 
 north of Sicily. Diod. 14. 
 
 HjsR.5:iM, a temple and grove of Juno, sit- 
 uate between Argos and Mycenee. A town 
 
 of Thrace. 
 
 Hr.RBESsus, a town of Sicily, at the north 
 of Agiigentum, built by a Phoenician or Car- 
 thaginian colony. -Si7. 14, v. 265. 
 
 Herbita, an inland town of Sicilv. Qie 
 ^^.2, c. 64, 1.3, c. 32. 
 
 Herceius, an epithet ^iren to Jupiter 
 Olid. lb. 2i<6.—Lucan. 9, v. 979. 
 
 Hercclant.v via, a mound raised between 
 the Lucrine lake and the sea, called also Hcr- 
 ■culenm tier. Sil. 12, v. 1 18. 
 
 Herculan'eum, a town of Campania, swal- 
 lowed up, with Pompeii, by an earthquake, 
 produced from an eruption of mount Vesu- 
 vius, August 24lh, A. D. 79, in the reiim of 
 Titus. After being buried under the lava for 
 more than 16(X» years, these famous cities 
 were discovered in the beginning of the 
 *ast century: Ht-rculaneum in 1713, about 24 
 feet under ground, by labourers digging for a 
 well, and Pompeii, 4U years after, about 12 feet 
 below the surface, aiid from the houses and 
 ihe streets, wliich in a great measure remain 
 -still perfect, h^ve been drawn bncts, ct^tyes. 
 
 HE 
 
 manuscripts; palYitings, and utensils, which 6o 
 not a little contribute to* enlarge our notions 
 concerning the ancients, and develope many 
 classical obscurities. The valuable antiquities, 
 so miraculously recovered, are presei-ved ia 
 the museum of Portici, a small town in the 
 neighbourhood, and the engravings, &c. ably- 
 taken from them, have been munificently pre- 
 sented to tlie different learned bodies of Eu- 
 rope. Seneca. JSTat. Q. 6, c. 1 and 26 —Of 
 Alt. 7, ep. 3.— Mela, 2, c. 4.—Paierc. 2, c. IQ. 
 Hercules, a celebrated hero, nho, after 
 death, was ranked among the gods, and re- 
 ceived divine honours. According to the an- 
 cients there were many persons of the same 
 name. Diodorus mentions three, Cicero six, 
 and some authors extend the number to no 
 less than forty-three. Of all these the son of 
 Jupiter and Alcmena, generally called the 
 Iheban, isthe most celebrated, and to him, 
 as may easily be imagined, tlie actions of the 
 otners have been attributed. The birth of 
 Hercules was attended with many miraculous 
 and supernatural events; and it is reported 
 that Jupiter, who introduced himself to the- 
 bed of Alcmena, was employed for three nights 
 m forming a child whom he intended to be the 
 greatest hero the world ever beheld. [Vid. 
 Alcmena.] Hercules was brought up at Tiryn- 
 thus; or, according to Diodorus, at Thebes^- 
 and before he had completed his eighth month* 
 the jealousy of Juno, intent upon his destruc- 
 tion, sent two snakes to devour him The 
 child, not terrified by the sight of theserpents> 
 boldly seized them in both his hands, and 
 squeezed them to death, while his brother 
 Iphiclus alarmed the house with his frightful 
 shrieks. [Vid. Iphiclus.] He was early in- 
 structed in the liberal arts, and Castor, the son 
 ot lyndarus, taught him how to fight, Eury- 
 tus how to shoot with a bow and arrows, Auto- 
 lycus to drive a chariot, Linus to play on the 
 lyre, and Eumolpus to sing. He, like the rest 
 ot his illustrious contemporaries, soon after 
 became the pupil of the centaur Chiron, and 
 under him he perfected and rendered himself 
 the most valiant and accomplished of the age> 
 In the 18th year of his age, he resolved to de- 
 liver the neighbourhood of mount Cithseron 
 trom a huge lion which preyed on the flocks 
 ot Amphitryon, his supposed father, and 
 wnich laid waste the adjacent country He 
 went to the court of Thespius, king of Thes- 
 pis, who shared in the general calamity, and 
 he received there a tender treatment, and was 
 entertained during fifty- days. The fifty dauHi- 
 tersof the king became all mothers by Hercu 
 les, during his stay at Thespis, and some say 
 tnat It was effected in one night After he had 
 destroyed the lion of mount Cithajron, he de- 
 livered his country from the annual tribute of 
 an hundred oxen which it paid to Erginu^ 
 [ Vid. Erginus.] Such public services became 
 univei-sally known, and Creon, who then sat 
 on the throne of Thebes, rewarded the patri- 
 otic deeds of Hercules by giving him his daugh- 
 ter in marriage, and intrusting him with the 
 government of his kingdom. As Hercules by 
 the will of Jupiter was subjected to the power 
 of Eurystheus, [Vid. Eurystheus,] and obliged 
 to obey him in every respect, Eurystiieus, ac- 
 quainted with his successes and rising power- 
 ordered him to jippcar at Mycenae and perform 
 
HE 
 
 the labours Which by priority of birth he was 
 empowered to impose upon him. Hercules 
 refused, and Juno, to punish his disobedience, 
 rendered him so delirious that he killed his 
 own children by Megara, supposing them to 
 be the offspring of Eurystheus. [Vid. Megara.] 
 When he recovered the use of his senses, he 
 was so struck with the misfortunes which liafd 
 proceeded from his insanity, that he concealed 
 himself and retired from the society of men 
 for some time. He afterwards consulted the 
 oracle of Apollo, and was told that he must 
 be subservient for twelve j^ears to the will of 
 Eurystheus, in compliance with the commands 
 of Jupiter : and tiiat after he had achieved 
 the most celebrated labours, he should be reck- 
 oned in the number of the gods. So plain and 
 expressive an answer detennined him to go to 
 Mycenae, and to bear with fortitude whatever 
 gods or men imposed upon him. Eurystheus 
 seeing so gi'eat a man totally subjected to him, 
 and apprehensive of so powerful an enemy, 
 oommanded him to achieve a number of en- 
 terprises the most difficult and arduous ever 
 known, generally called the 12 labours of Her- 
 cules. The favours of the gods had completely 
 armed him when he undertook his labouj-s. He 
 had received a coat of arms and helmet from 
 Minerva, a sword from Mercury, a horse from 
 Neptune, a shield from Jupiter, a bow and ar- 
 Bows from Apollo, and from Vulcan a golden 
 Guirass and brazen buskin, with a celebrated 
 club of brass, according to the opinion of some 
 writers, but more generally supposed to be of 
 v.'ood, and cut by the hero himself in the for- 
 est of Nema?a. — The first labour imposed upon 
 Hercules by Eurystheus, was to kill the lion of 
 Kemaga, which ravaged the country near x\Iy- 
 cena3. The hero, unable to destroy him with 
 his arrows, boldly attacked him with his club, 
 pursued him to his den, and after a close and 
 sharp engagement he choked him to death. 
 He carried the dead beast on his shoulders to 
 Mycenaj, and ever after clothed himself with 
 the skin. Eurystheus was so astonished at the 
 Sight of the beast, and at the courage of Her- 
 cules, that he ordered him never to enter the 
 gates of the city when he returned from his 
 expeditions, but to wait for his orders without 
 the walls. He even made himself a brazen ves- 
 sel, into which he retired whenever Hercules 
 returned. — The second labour of Hercules was 
 f o destroy the Lerniean hydra, which had seven 
 heads according to Apollodorus, 50 according 
 to Simonides, and 100 according to Diodorus. 
 This celebrated monster he attacked with his 
 arrows, and soon after he came to a close en- 
 gagement, and by means of his heavy club he 
 •destroyed the heads of his enem)-. But this 
 was productive of no advantage, for as soon as 
 one head was beaten to pieces by the club, im- 
 mediately two sprang up, and the labour of 
 Hercules would have remained unlinishod had 
 not he commanded his friend lolas to burn, 
 with u hot iron, the root of the head which he 
 hfid crushed to pieces. This succeeded, {Vid. 
 Hydra,] and Hercules became victorious, open- 
 e(i the belly of the monster, and dipped his ar- 
 rows in the gall to render the wounds which 
 he gave fatal and incurable. He was order- 
 ed in his third labour to bring alive aud unhurt 
 into the presence of Eurystheus a stag, famous 
 for \{? ioc Fcdible SAviftners, its golden horn?,, .lad 
 
 HE 
 
 brazen feet. This celebrated animal frequent-' 
 ed the neighbourhood of (Enoe, and Hercules 
 was employed for a whole year in continually 
 pursuing it, and at last he caught it in a trap, 
 or when tired, or according to others by slight- 
 ly wounding it and lessening its swiftness. Ag 
 he returned victorious, Diana snatched the 
 goat from him, and severely reprimanded 
 him for molesting an animal which wassacred 
 to her. Hercules pleaded necessity: and by 
 representing the commands of Eurystheus, he 
 appeased the goddess and obtained the beast. 
 
 The fourth labour was to bring alive to 
 
 Eurystheus a wild boar which ravaged the 
 neighbourhood of Erymanthus. In this expe* 
 dition he destroyed the centaurS; [Vid. Cen- 
 tauri,] and caught the boar by closely pursuing 
 hira through the deep snow. Eurystheus was 
 so frightened at the sight of the boar, that, ac- 
 cording to Diodorus, he hid himself in his bra- 
 zen vessel for .some days. In his fifth labour 
 
 Hercules was ordered to clean the stables of 
 Augias, where 3000 oxen had been confined 
 
 for many years. [Vid. Augias.] For his 
 
 sixth labour he was ordered to kill the carni- 
 vorous birds which ravaged the country neap 
 the lake Stymphalis in Arcadia. [Vid. Stym- 
 
 phalis.] In his seventh labour he brought 
 
 alive into Peloponnesus a prodigious wild bull 
 
 which laid waste the island of Crete. ^In his 
 
 eighth labour he was employed in obtaining 
 the mares of Diomedes, which fed upon human 
 flesh. He killed Diomedes, and gave him to 
 be eaten by his mares, which he brought to 
 Eurystheus. They were sent to mount Olym- 
 pus by the king of Mycena?, where they were 
 devoured by the wild beasts ; or, according to 
 others, they were consecrated to Jupiter, and 
 their breed still existed in the age of Alexander 
 
 the Great. For his ninth labour he was 
 
 commanded to obtain the girdle of the queen 
 
 of the Amazons, [ Vid. Hippolite.] In his 
 
 tenth labour he killed the monster Geryon, 
 kingofGades, and brought to Argos his nu- 
 merous Hocks which fed upon human flesh. 
 
 [Vid. Geryon.] The eleventh labour was 
 
 to obtain apples from the garden of the Hcs- 
 
 perides. [lid. Hesperides.] The twelfth 
 
 and last, and most dangerous of his labours, 
 was to bring upon earth the three-headed dog 
 Cerberus. This was cheerfully undertaken by 
 Hercules, and he descended into hell by a cave 
 on mount Tasnarus. He was permitted by 
 Pinto to carry away his friends Theseus and 
 PirithouK, who were condemned to punish- 
 ment in hell; and Cerberus also was granted 
 to his prayers, provided he made use of no 
 arms, but only force to drag liim away. Her- 
 cules, as some report, can-ied him back to 
 hell, after he had brought him before Eurys- 
 theus. — Besides these arduous labours, which 
 the jealousy of Eurystheus imposed upon him, 
 he also achieved others of his own accord 
 equally great and celebrated. [Vid. Cacus. 
 AntaMis, Busiris, Eryx, &c.] He accompa- 
 nied the Argonauts to Colchis before he de-f 
 livered himself up to the king of Mycenaj. He 
 assisted the gods in their wars again,st the; 
 giants, and it was through him alone that Ju- 
 piter obtained a victory. [Vid. Gigantes.j 
 He conquered Laomedon, and pillaged Troy. 
 [Vid. Laomedon.] When lole, the daughter 
 of Eurytus, king of (Echalia; of wliom he was. 
 
 I 
 
HE 
 
 <?eeply enamoured, was refused to his en- 
 treaties, he became the prey of a second fit 
 of insanity, and he murdered Ipliitus, the 
 only one of the sons of Eurytus who favoured 
 his addresses to lole. [Vld. Iphitus.] He 
 was some time, after purified of the murder, 
 and his insanity ceased j but the gods perse- 
 cuted him more, and he was visited by a dis- 
 order which obliged him to apply to the ora- 
 cle of Delphi for relief. The coldness with 
 which the Pythia received him, irritated him, 
 and he resolved to plunder Apollo's tem- 
 ple, and carry away the sacred tripod. Apol- 
 lo opposed him, and a severe contiict was be- 
 gun, which nothing but the interference of 
 Jupiter with his thunderbolts could have pre- 
 vented. He was upon this told by the oracle 
 that he must be sold as a slave, and remain 
 three years in the most abject servitude to re- 
 cover from his disorder. He complied ; and 
 Mercury, by order of Jujnter, conducted him 
 to Omphale queen of Lydia, to whom he was 
 «old as a slave. Here he cleared all the coun- 
 try from robbers ; and Omphale, who was as- 
 tonished at the greatness of his exploits, res- 
 tored him to liberty, and married him. Her- 
 cules had Agelaus, and Lamon according to 
 others, by Omphale, from whom Croesus king 
 of Lydia was descended. He became also en- 
 amoured of one of Omphale's female servants, 
 by whom he had Alceus. After he had com- 
 pleted the years of his slavery, he returned to 
 Peloponnesus, where he re-established on the 
 throne of Sparta, Tyndarus, who had been ex- 
 pelled by Hippocoon. He became one of De- 
 janira's suitors, and married her after he had 
 overcome all of his rivals. [Vid. Achelous.] He 
 was obliged to leave Calydon, his father-in- 
 law's kingdom, because he had inadvertently 
 killed a rnan with a blow of his fist, and it was 
 on account of this expulsion that he was not 
 present at the hunting of the Calydonian boar. 
 From Calydon he retired to the court of Ceyx, 
 king of Trachinia. In his Avay he was stopped 
 by the swollen streams of the Evenus, where 
 the centaur Nessus attempted to otfcr vio- 
 lence to Dejanira, under the perfidious pi'e- 
 tence of conveying her over the river. Her- 
 cules perceived the distress of Dejanira, and 
 killed the centaur, who as lie expired gave her 
 a tunic, which as he observed had the power 
 of recalling a husband from unlawful love. 
 [Vid. Dejanira.] Ceyx, king of Trachinia re- 
 ceived him and his wife -with great marks of 
 friendship, and purified him of the murder 
 which he had committed at Calydon. Hercu- 
 les was still mindful that he had once been re- 
 fused the hand of lole ; he therefore made 
 war against her father Eurytus, and killed 
 him with three of his sons, lole fell into the 
 hands of her father's murderer, and found that 
 she was loved by Hercules as much as before. 
 She accompanied him to mount (Eta, where 
 lie was going to raise an altar and otter a so- 
 lemn sacrifice to Jupiter. As he had not then 
 tlie tunic in which he arrayed himself to otier 
 a sacrifice, he sent Lichas to Dejanira in or- 
 der to provide himself a proper dress. Deja- 
 nira, informed of her husband's tender attach- 
 ment to lole, sent him a philter, or more pro- 
 bably the tunic which she had received from 
 INessus.and Hercules as soon as heiiad putiton 
 fell into a desperate distemper, and found the 
 41 
 
 HE 
 
 poison of the Lernaean hydra penetrate througii 
 his bones. He attempted to pull off tiie fatal 
 dress, but it was too late, and in the midst of 
 his pains and tortures he inveighed in the 
 most bitter imprecations against the credu- 
 lous Dejanira, the cruelty of Eurystheus, and 
 the jealousy and hati*ed of Juno. As the dis- 
 temper was incurable, he implored the pro- 
 tection of Jupiter, and gave his bow and ar- 
 rows to Philoctetes, and erected a large burn- 
 ing pile on the top of mount (Eta. He spread 
 on the pile the skin of the Nemsan lion, and 
 laid himself down upon it as on abed, leaning 
 his head on his club. Philoctetes, or accord- 
 ing to others. Paean or Hyllus, was ordered to 
 set fire to the pile, and the hero saw himself 
 on a sudden surrounded with the flames, with- 
 out betraying any marks of fear or astonish- 
 ment. Jupiter saw him from heaven, and 
 told to the surrounding gods that he would 
 raise to the skies tlie immortal parts of a hero 
 who had cleared the earth from so many mon^- 
 s'ers and tyrants. The gods applauded Jupi- 
 ter's resolution, the burning pile was suddenly 
 surrounded with a dark smoke, and after the 
 mortal parts of Hercules were consumed, he 
 was carried up to heaven in a chariot drawn by 
 four horses. Some loud claps of thunder ac- 
 companied his elevation, and his friends, una- 
 ble to find either his bones or ashes, showed 
 their gratitude to his memory by raising an al- 
 tar where the burning pile had stood. Me- 
 ncetius the son of Actor, offered him a sacn- 
 fice of a bull, a wild boar, and a goat, and en- 
 joined the people of Opus yearly to observe 
 the same religious ceremonies. His worship 
 soon became as universal as his fame, and Ju- 
 no, who had once persecuted him with such 
 inveterate fury, forgot her resentment, and 
 gave him her daughter Hebe in marriage. 
 Hercules has received many surnames and 
 epithets, either from the place where his wor- 
 ship was established, or from the labours 
 which he achieved. His temples w^ere nu- 
 merous and magnificent, and his divinity re- 
 vered. No dogs or flies ever entered his tem- 
 ple at Rome, and that of Gades, according to 
 Strabo, was always forbidden to women and 
 pigs. The Phoenicians offered quails on his 
 altars, and as it was supposed that he presided 
 over dreams, the sick and infirm were sent to 
 sleep in his temples, that they might receive 
 in their dreams the agreeable presages of the-ir 
 a[)proaching recovery. The white poplar was 
 particularly dedicated to his service. Hercules 
 is generally represented naked, with strong 
 and well proportioned limbs ; he is sometimes 
 covered with the skin of the Nemaean lion, and 
 liolds a knotted club in his hand, on which he 
 often leans. Sometimes he appears crowned 
 with the leaves of the poplar, and holding tlie 
 horn of plenty under his ai'ra. At other times 
 he is represented standing with Cupid,who in- 
 solently breaks to pieces his arrows and his clubj» 
 to intimate the passion of love in the hero, who 
 suffered himself to be beaten and ridiculed by 
 Omphale, who dressed herself in his armour 
 while he was sitting to spin with her female 
 servants. The cliildjcn of Hercules are as 
 numerous as the labours and dilRculties winch 
 he underwent, and indeed they became so 
 I powerful soon after hi.i death, that they alone 
 ^ had the courage t« invade ttll Peltpoftnef^a* 
 
HE 
 
 {fid. Her'aclldae). He was father of Deicoon 
 and Therimachus, by Megara ; of Ctesippus 
 By Astydaraia ; of Paleraon, by Autonoe; of 
 Everes, by Parthenope ; of Glycisonetes, Gy- 
 neus, and Odites, by Dejanira ; of Thessalus, 
 by Clialciope ; of Thestalus, by Epicaste ; of 
 TIepolemus, by Astyoche ; of Agathyrsus, 
 Gelon, and Scythia, by Echidna, &g. Such are 
 the most striking characteristics of the life of 
 Hercules, who is said to have supported for a 
 while the weight of the heavens upon his 
 shoulders, (Vid. Atlas,) and to have separated 
 by the force of his arm the celebrated moun-| 
 tains which wei-e afterwards called the bound- 
 aries of his laboui-3. (Vid. Abyla.j He is held 
 out by the ancients as a true pattern of virtue 
 and piety, and as his whole life had been era- 
 ployed for the common benefit of mankind, he 
 was deservedly rewarded Avith immortality. 
 His judicious choice of virtue in preference to 
 pleasure, as described by Xenophon, is well 
 known. Diod. land 4 — Cic. de JVat. D. 1, 
 &-C. — Apollod. 1 and 2. — Pans. 1. 3, 5, 9, and 
 10. — Hesiod. in Scut. Here. &c. — Hygin. fab. 
 29, 32, k,c.—Ovid. Met. 9, v. 236, kc.—Hcr. 
 9. .^mor. Trist. fcc. — Homer. II. 8, he. — 
 Theocr^t. 24. — Eurip. in Here. — Virg. JEn. 8, 
 V.294. — Lwcan. 3 and 6. — Ayollon 2. — Dionj/s. 
 fjal. 1. — Sophocl.in Trachin. — Plul.inAmphil. 
 -^Senec. in Here, farent. 4^ (E.I- — PUn. 4 c. 
 6, 1. 11, hc.—Philost. Icon. 2, c. ^.—Hnodot. 
 1, c. 7,1. 2, e. 42, k,c. — Qidrd. Smyrn. 6, v. 
 207, &c. — Callim. Hymn, in Dian. — Pindar. 
 Olymph. od. 3.—ItaL I, v. 438.— S7oi. 2. Theb. 
 V. 564. — Mela, 2, c. 1. — Lucian. Dial. — Lac- 
 lant. de fals. Rel. — Slrab. 3, &c. — Horat Od. 
 
 Sat. &.C. A son of Alexander the Great. 
 
 ——A surname of the omperor Commo- 
 dus, &c. 
 
 Herculeum, a promontory in the coun- 
 
 jtiy of the Brutii. Fretum, a name given 
 
 to the strait which forms a communication be- 
 tween the Atlantic and Mediterranean. 
 
 Herculeus, one of Agrippina's murderers. 
 Tacit. Ann. 14, c. 8. 
 Herculeus Lacus, a lake of Sicil3^ 
 Herculis ColumnjE, two lofty mountains, 
 situate one on the most southern extremi- 
 ties of Spain, and the other on the opposite 
 part of Africa. They were called by the an- 
 eients Myla and Calpe. They are reckoned 
 the boundaries of the labours of Hercules, and 
 according to ancient tradition they were Joined 
 together till tiiey were severed by the arm of 
 theherOjand a communication opened between 
 the Mediterranean and Atlantic seas. Dionys. 
 Perie^.—Sil. 1, v. U2.—Mela^ 1, c. 5, 1. 2, c. 
 
 6. — Plin. 3, c. 1. Monaici Portus, now Mo- 
 
 staco, a port town of Genoa. Tacit. H. 3, c. 
 42.—Lucan. 1, v. 405.— Virij;. JEn. 6, v. 830. 
 
 Labronisrc/ Liburni Portus, a sea port 
 
 town, now Leghorn. Promontorium,acape 
 
 at the bottom of Italy, on the Ionian sea, nov,' 
 Spartivento. Insulas, two islands near Sar- 
 dinia. Plin. 3, c. 7. Portus, a sea port of 
 
 the Brutii, on the western coast. Lucus, a 
 
 wood in Germany sacred to Hercules. Tacit. 
 
 i/2. 2, c. 12. A small island on the coast of 
 
 Spain, called Scombraria, from the tunny fish 
 (5co/»6ro*,) caught there. Sirab.S. 
 
 Hercyna, a nymph who accompanied 
 Ceres us she travelled over the world. A 
 yiver in Btaotia \so\c hev name. Pans. 9, 
 
 HE 
 
 Hercykia, a eelebrated forest of Germa' 
 ny, which, according to Caesar, required nine 
 days journey to cross it ; and which on some 
 parts was found without any boundaries,^ 
 though travelled over for sixty days successive- 
 ly . It contained the modern countries of Swit- 
 zerland, Basil, Spires, Transylvania, and a 
 great part of Russia. In length of time the 
 trees were rooted up, and when population in- 
 creased, the greatest part of it was made in- 
 habitable. Ca^. Bell. G. 6, c. 24.— Mela.— 
 Liv. 6, c. 64.— Tacit. G. 30. 
 
 Herd Off I A, a small town of Apulia, be- 
 tween the rivers Aufidus and Cerbalus, //«/, 
 1, V.568. 
 
 Herdonius, a man put to death by Tar- 
 quin, because he had boldly spoken against 
 him in an assembly, he. 
 
 Herea, a town of Arcadia on an eminence, 
 the bottom of which was watered by the Al- 
 plieus. It was built by Hereus the son of Ly- 
 caon, and was said to produce a wine posses- 
 sed of such unusual properties, as to give fe- 
 cundity to women and cause madness in men. 
 JElian. V. H. 13, c. Q.~Plin. 14, e. 18.— 
 Pans. 8, c. 24.— Plot. 3, c. 16. 
 
 Herejtnius Sekecio, a Roman histori- 
 an under Domitian. Taeit, Jlgric. 2, &c. 
 
 An officer of Sertorius defeated by Pom- 
 
 pey, ho,. Pint. A centurion sent in pur- 
 suit of Cicero by Antony. He cut oif the ora- 
 tor's head. Plut. in Cic. Caius, a man ta 
 
 whom Cicero dedicates his book de Rhe- 
 toricd, a work attributed by some to Cornifi- 
 
 cius. A Samnite general, &,c.^ Philo, a 
 
 Phoenician who wrote a book on Adrian's 
 reign. He also composed a treatise divi- 
 ded into 12 parts, concerning the choice of 
 books, he. 
 
 Hereus, a son of Lycaon, who founded 
 a city in Arcadia, called Herea. Paus. 8, c. 
 24. 
 
 HtRiLLus, a philosopher of Chalcedon,, 
 disciple to Zeno. Diog. 
 
 Herieus, a king of PrsRneste, son of the 
 nymph Feronia. As he had three lives, he 
 was killed three times by Evander. Virg. JEn. 
 8, v. 563. 
 
 Hermachus, a native of Mitylene, suc- 
 cessor and disciple of Epicurus, B. C. 257. 
 
 Herji^, statues of JNlercury in the city of 
 Athens. Cic. ad Mlic. 1, cp. 4 and 8. — C. 
 
 A^ep in Alcib. Two youths who attended 
 
 those who consulted the oracle ofTrophonius. 
 Paus. 9^ c. 39. 
 
 Herm^a, a festival hi Crete, when the 
 masters waited upon the servants. It was 
 also observed at Athens and Babylon, Paus. 
 8, c. 14. 
 
 Hi:RMJEUM, a town of Arcadia. A pro- 
 montory at the east of Carthage, the most 
 northern point of all Africa, now Cape Bon. 
 Liv. 29, c. 27.— Slrab. 17. 
 
 Hf.rmagoras iEoLiDES, a famous rhe- 
 torician, who came to Rome in the age of Au- 
 gustus. A philosopher of Amphipolis. — -^ 
 
 A famous orator and philosopher. 
 
 Her3l.\ndica, a town of the Vaccsei in 
 Spain. Liv. 21, c. 5. — Polyb. 3. 
 
 HermandGJbi, a people of Germany, cal- 
 led also Hermuriduri. 
 
 Hermanni, a people of Germany. 
 
 HEr.MAPHRuDiTus, a son of Venus an^ 
 
HE 
 
 Mercupy, educated on mount Ida by the 
 ISaiades. At the age of 15 he began to travel 
 to gratify his curiosity. When he came to 
 Caira, he bathed himself in a fountain, and 
 Salmacis, the nymph who presided over it, be- 
 eame enamoured (k him, and attempted to se- 
 duce him. Hermaphroditus continued deaf to 
 all entreaties and offers ; and Salmacis, endea- 
 vouring to obtain by force what was denied to 
 prayers, closely embraced him, and entreated 
 the gods to make them two but one body. Her 
 prayers were h/^ard, and Salmacis and Her- 
 maphroditus, now two in one body, still pre- 
 served the characteristics of both their sexes. 
 Hermaphroditus begged the gods that all who 
 bathed in that fountain might become effemi- 
 nate. Ovid. Met. 4, v. 347. — Hygin. fab. 271. 
 Hermas, an ancient father of the church, 
 iin or near the age of the apostles. 
 
 Hermath£NA, a statue which represented 
 Mercury and Minerva in the same body. 
 This statue was generally placed in schools 
 where eloquence and philosophy were taught, 
 because these two deities presided over the 
 arts and sciences. 
 
 Hermeas, a tyrant of Mysia, who revolted 
 from Artaxerxes Ochus, B. C. 350 
 eral of Antiochus, &.c. 
 
 Hermeias, a native of Methymna who 
 wrote an history of Sicily. 
 
 Hermes, the name of Mercury among the 
 
 Greeks. [Vid. Mercurius.] A famous 
 
 gladiator. Martial. 5, ep. 25. An Egyp- 
 tian philosopher. Vid. Mercurius Trisrae- 
 gistus. 
 
 Hermesianax, an elegiac poet of Colo- 
 phon, son of Agoneus. He was publicly hon- 
 oured with a statue. Pans. 6, c. 17. A na- 
 tive of Cyprus, who wrote an history of 
 Phrygia. Plut. 
 
 Hermias, a Galatian philosopher in the se- 
 cond centuiy. His irrido philo&ophoram gen- 
 tilium, was printed with Justin JMartyr's works, 
 fol. Paris 1615 and 1636, and ^vith the Oxford 
 edition of Tatian, 8vo. 1700. 
 
 Herminius, a general of the Hermanni, 
 
 &c. A Roman who defended a bridge 
 
 with Codes against the army of Porsenna. 
 
 Liv. % c. 10. A Trojan killed by Ca- 
 
 tillus in the Rutulian war. Virg. ^n. 11, 
 V. 642. 
 
 Hermione, a daughter of Mars and Venus, 
 who married Cadmus. The gods, except 
 
 -A gen- 
 
 Juno, honoured her nuptials with their pre- 
 sence, and she received, as a present, a rich 
 veil and a splendid necklace which had been 
 made by Vulcan. She was changed into a 
 serpent with her husband Cadmus, and pla- 
 ced in the Elysian fields, [Vid. Harmonia.] 
 
 ,apoliod. 3.— Ovid. Met. 4, fab. 13. A 
 
 daughter of Menelaus and Helen. She was 
 privately promised in marriage to Oi^estes the 
 son of Agamemnon; but her father, ignorant 
 of this pre-engageraent, gave her hand to 
 Pyrrhus the son of Achilles, whose services he 
 had experienced in the Trojan war. Pyrrhus, 
 at his return from Troy, carried home Her- 
 mione and married her. Hermione, tenderly 
 attached to her cousin Orestes, looked upon 
 Pyrrhus with horror and indignation. Ac- 
 cording to others, however, Hermione receiv- 
 ed the addresses of Pyrrhus with pleasure, and 
 i'vcn ropryached Andi'oruachc, his cpiJicubine, 
 
 HE 
 
 with stealing his affections from her. Her 
 jealousy of Andromache, according to some, 
 iiidiiced her to unite herself to Orestes, and to 
 destroy Pyrrhus. She gave herself to Orestes 
 after this murder, and received the kingdom 
 of Sparta as a dowry. Homer. Od. 4. — Eurip^ 
 in Andr. &r Orest.—Oiid. Heroid. 8.— Pro- 
 pert. 1,- A town of Argolis where Ceres 
 
 had a famous temple. The inhabitants lived 
 by fishing. The descent to hell from their 
 country was considered so short that no money, 
 according to the usual rite of burial, was put 
 into the mouth of the dead to be paid to 
 Charon for their passage. The sea on the 
 neighbouring coast was called Hermionicus 
 sinus. Plin. 4, c. 5. — Virg. in Ciri. 472. — 
 Strab. 8.— Mela, 2, c. 3.~Ptol. 2, c. 16.— 
 Pans. 2, c. 34. 
 
 HERMioNiiE, a city near the Riphaean 
 mountains. Orph.inArg. 
 
 HERMio^ficus SINUS, a bay on the coast o/ 
 Argolis near Hermione. Strab. 1 and 8. 
 
 Hermippus, a freed man, disciple of Phi- 
 lo, in the reign of Adrian, by whom he was 
 greatly esteemed. He wrote five books upon 
 
 dreams. A man \vho accused Aspasia, the 
 
 mistress of Pericles, bf impiety and prostitu^ 
 tion. He w^as son jbi tysis, and distinguished 
 himself as a poet by 40 theatrical pieces, and 
 other compositions, some of which are quoted 
 by Athenaeus. Plut. A Peripatetic philo- 
 sopher of Smyrna who flourished B. C. 210. 
 
 Hermocrates, a general of Syracuse, 
 against JN'icias the Athenian. His lenity to- 
 wards the Athenian prisoners was looked upon 
 as treacherous. He was banished from Sicily 
 without even a trial, and he was murdered as 
 he attempted to return back to his country, 
 
 B. C. 4^8.— Plut. in Mc. he. A sophist 
 
 celebrated for his rising talents. He died in 
 the 28th year of his age, in the reign of the 
 
 emperor Severus. ^The father-in-law of 
 
 Dionysius, tyrant of Sicily. A Rhodian 
 
 employed by Artaxerxes to corrupt the Gre- 
 cian states, he. A sophist, preceptor to 
 
 Pausanias the murderer of Philip, Died. 16. 
 
 Hermodorus, a Sicilian, pupil to Plato. 
 
 A i)hilosopher of Ephesus, who is said to 
 
 have assisted, as interpreter, the Roman de- 
 cemvirs in the composition of the ten tables of 
 laws which had been collected in Greece. Cic. 
 
 Tusc. 5, c. 36. — Plin. 34, c. 5. .A native, of 
 
 Salamis contemporary with Philo the Athe- 
 nian architect. Cic. in Oral. 1, c. 14. A poet 
 
 who wrote a book called Xq,««,«x on the laws ot^ 
 different nations. 
 
 Hermogenes, an architect of Alabanda ia 
 Caria, employed in building the temple of Di- 
 ana at Magnesia, He wrote a book upon his 
 
 profession. A rhetorician in the second 
 
 century, the best editions of whose rhelorica 
 are that of Sturmius, 3 vols. 12rao. Argent, 
 1571, and Laurentius Genev. 1614. He died 
 A. D. 161, and it is said that his body was 
 opened, aud his heart found hairy and of an 
 extraordinary size. At the age of 25, as is 
 
 reported, he totally lost his memory. A 
 
 lawyer in the age of Diocletian, X musi- 
 cian. Horat. 1, Sat. 3, v. 129. A sophist 
 
 of Tarsus, of such brilliant 'talents, tiiat at 
 the age of 15 he excited the attejition and 
 gained the paLi'onage of the emi)eror M. Aih 
 toninus. 
 
HE 
 
 Hermolaus, a young Macedonian among 
 the attendants of Alexander. As he was one 
 day hunting with tlie king he killed a wild 
 boar which was coming toAvards him. Alex- 
 ander, who followed close behind him, was so 
 disappointed because the beast had been killed 
 before he could dart at him, that he ordered 
 Hermolaus to be severely whipped This 
 treatment irritated Hermolaus, and he conspi- 
 red to take away the king's life, with others 
 who were displeased with the cruel treatment 
 he had received. The plot was discovei'ed by 
 one of the conspirators, and Alexander seized 
 them, and asked what had impelled them to 
 conspire to take his life. Hermolaus answered 
 for the rest, and observed that it was unwor- 
 thy of Alexander to treat his most faithful 
 and attached friends like slaves, and to shed 
 their blood without the least mercy. Alexan- 
 der ordered him to be put to death. Curt, 8, 
 c. 6. 
 
 Hermopolis, two towns of Egypt, now 
 jSshmwiein and Demenkur. Plin. 5, c. 9. 
 
 Hermotimus, a famous prophet of Clazo- 
 menae. It is said that his soul separated itself 
 from his body, and wandered in every part 
 of the earth to explain futurity, after which 
 it returned again and animated his frame. 
 His wife, who was acquainted with the 
 frequent absence of his soul, took advantage 
 of it and burnt his body, as if totally dead, 
 and deprived the sou) of its natural receptacle. 
 Hermotimus received divine honours in a 
 temple at Clazomenae, into which it was un- 
 lawful for women to enter. Plin. 7, c. 52, 
 &ic. — Lucian. 
 
 Hermunduri, a people of Germany, sub- 
 dued by Aurelius. They were at the north 
 of the Danube, and were considered by Ta- 
 citus as a tribe of the Suevi, but called, to- 
 gether with the Suevi, Hermiones by Pliny 
 4, c. 14. — Tacit. Jinn. 13; extra. — Veil. 2, c. 
 106. 
 
 Hermus, a river of Asia Minor, whose 
 gands, according to the poets, were covered 
 with gold. It flows near Sardis, and receives 
 the waters of the Pactolus and Hyllus, after 
 which it falls into the .^'igean sea. It is now 
 called Kedous or Sarabat. Virg. G. 2, v. 37. 
 — Lucan. 3, v. 210. — Martial. 8, ep. 78. — 
 m. 1, v. 169.— Plin. 5, c. 29, 
 
 Herkici, a people of Campania, celebra- 
 ted for their inveterate enmity to the rising 
 power of Rome. Liv. 9, c. 43 and 44. — Sit. 4, 
 V. 226.— Juv. 14, v. ISS.—Dionys. Hal. 8, c. 
 10.— Virg. JEn. 7, v 684. 
 
 Hero, a beautiful priestess of Venus at 
 nSestos, greatly enamoured of Leander, a 
 youth of Abydos. These two lovers were so 
 fahhful to one another, that Leander in the 
 night escaped from the vigilance of his family, 
 and swam across the Hellespont, while Hero 
 in Sesios directed his course by holding a 
 burning torch on the top of a high tower. Af- 
 ter many interviews of mutual allection and 
 tenderness, Leander was drowned in a tem- 
 pestuous night as he attempted his usual 
 course, and Hero in despair threw herself 
 down from her tower and perished in the 
 sea. Musaivs de Leand. ^ Hero. — Ovid. He- 
 roid. 17 and 18.— Virg. G. 3, v. 258. 
 
 Heruues, surnamed the Great and ,^sca- 
 lonitaj followed the interest of Brutus and Cas- 
 
 HE 
 
 sius, and afterwards that of Antony. He was 
 made king of Judaea by means of Antony, 
 and after the battle of Actium he was continu- 
 ed in his power by his flattery and submission 
 to Augustus, He rendered himself odious by 
 his cruelty, and as he knew that the day of his 
 death would become a day of mirth and fes- 
 tivity, he ordered the most illustrious of his 
 subjects to be confined and murdered the ve- 
 ry moment that he expired, that every eye 
 in the kingdom might seem to shed tears at 
 the death of Herod. He died in the 70th 
 year of his age, after a reign of 40 years. Jo- 
 
 sephus. Antipas, a son of Herod the Great, 
 
 governor of Galilaea, &,c. Agrippa, a i&w, 
 
 intimate with the emperor Caligula, he. This 
 name was common to many of the Jews, Jo^ 
 sephus. Atticus. Vid. Atticus. 
 
 Herodianus, a Greek historian- who flour- 
 ished A. D. 247. He was born at Alexandria, 
 and he was employed among the officers of the 
 Roman emperors. He wrote a Roman history 
 in eight books ; from the death of Marcus Au- 
 relius to Maximinus, His style is peculiarly 
 elegant, but it wants precision, and the work 
 too plainly betrays that the author was not a 
 perfect master of geography. He is accused 
 of being too partial to Maximinus, and too 
 severe upon Alexander Severus. His book 
 comprehends the history of 68 or 70 years, 
 and he asserts that he has been an eye-witness 
 of whatever he has written. The best editions 
 of his history are that of Politian, 4to. Dovan, 
 1525, who afterwards published a very valua- 
 ble Latin translation, and that of Oxford, 8vo. 
 1708. 
 
 Herodicus, a physician surnamed Gyni- 
 nastic, who flourished B. C. 443. A gram- 
 marian surnamed Craleleus, B. C. 123. 
 
 Herodotus, a celebrated historian of Ha- 
 licarnassus, whose fathers name was Lyxes, 
 and that of his mother Dryo. He fled to Sa- 
 mos when his countiy laboured under the op- 
 pressive tyranny of Lygdamis, and travelled 
 over Egypt, Italy, and all Greece. He after- 
 wards returned to Halicarnassus, and expelled 
 the tyrant; which patriotic deed, far from 
 gaining the esteem and admiration of the pop- 
 ulace, displeased and irritated them so that 
 Herodotus was obliged to fly to Greece from 
 the public resentment. To procure a lasting 
 fame, he publicly repeated at the Olympic 
 games, the history which he had composed, 
 in his 39th year, B. C. 445. It was received 
 with such universal applause that the names 
 of the nine Muses were unanimously given to 
 the nine books into which it is divided. This 
 celebrated composition, which has procured 
 its author the title of father of history, is writ- 
 ten in the Ionic nialect. Herodotus'is among 
 the historians what Homer is among the poets, 
 and Demosthenes among the orators. His 
 style abounds with elegance, ease, and sweet- 
 ness ; and if there is any of the fabulous or in- 
 credible, the author candidly informs the rea- 
 der that it is introduced upon the narration of 
 others. The work is an history of the wars of 
 the Persians against the Greeks, from the age 
 of Cyrus to the battle of Mycale in the reign 
 oi Xerxes, and besides this it gives an account 
 of the most celebrated nations in the world. 
 Herodotus had written another history of 
 Assyria and Arabia, which is not extsint. The 
 
HE 
 
 HE 
 
 life of Homer, generally attributed to him, is. Herse ; but Aglauros, through jealousy, dis- 
 supposed by some not to be the production of covered the amour. Mercury was so offend 
 his pen. Plutarch has accused him of male- 
 volence towards the Greeks ; an imputation 
 which can easily be refuted. The two best 
 editions of this great historian are thatof Wes- 
 sellng,fol. Amsterdam, 1763; and thatof Glas- 
 gow, 9 vols. 12mo. 1761. Cic. de kg. 1. de 
 orat. 2. — Dionys. Hal. 1. — Quintil. 10, c. 1. — 
 
 Pint, de mal. Herod. A man who wrote a 
 
 treatise concerning Epicurus. Biog. A 
 
 Theban wrestler of Megara, in the age of De- 
 metrius, son of Antigonus. He was six feet 
 and a half in height, and he ale generally tvi^en- 
 ty pounds of flesh, with bread in proportion, 
 
 at each of his meals. Mhen. 16. Another, 
 
 whose victories are celebrated by Pindar. 
 
 Heroes, a name which was given by the 
 ancients to such as were born from a god, or 
 to such as had signalized themselves by their 
 actions, and seemed to deserve immortality 
 by the service they had rendered their coun- 
 try. The heroes which Homer describes, such 
 as Ajax, Achilles, &c. were of such a prodi- 
 gious strength, that they could lift up and 
 throw stones which the united force of four or 
 live men of his age could not have moved. 
 The heroes were supposed to be interested in 
 the affairs of mankind after death, and they 
 were invoked with much solemnity. As the 
 altars of the gods were crowded with sacrifices 
 and libations, so the heroes were often hon- 
 oured with a funeral solemnity, in which their 
 great exploits were enumerated. The origin 
 of heroism might proceed from the opinions 
 of some philosophers, w^ho taught that the 
 souls of great men were often raised to the 
 stars, and introduced among the immortal 
 gods. According to the notions of the Stoics, 
 the ancient heroes inhabited a pure and se- 
 rene climate, situate above the moon. 
 
 Herois, a festival, celebrated every ninth 
 year by the Delphians, in honour of a he- 
 roine. There was in the celebration a great 
 number of mysterious rites, with a represen- 
 tation of something like Semele's resurrection. 
 
 Heron, two mathematicians, one of whom 
 is called the ancient and the other the younger. 
 The former, who lived about 100 years before 
 Christ, was disciple of Ctesibius, and wrote a 
 curious book translated into Latin, under the 
 title of Spiritualium Liber, the only edition of 
 which is that of Baldus. .^ug. Vind. 1616. 
 
 Heroopoi.is, a town of Egypt on the Arabic 
 
 gulf. 
 
 Herophila; a Sybil, who, as some suppose, 
 came to Rome in the reign of Tarquin. {Vid. 
 Sibyllae.) Paus. 10, c. 12. 
 
 HerophTlus, an impostor in the reign of 
 J. Ceesar, who pretended to be the grandson 
 of Marius. He was banished from Rome by 
 Caisar for his seditions, and was afterwards 
 
 strangled in prison. A Greek physician, 
 
 about 570 years before the Christian era. He 
 was one of the first who dissected bodies. Pli- 
 
 ny, Cicero, and Plutarch have greatly com- 
 ftiended him. 
 
 Herostratus, Vid. Erostratus. 
 
 Herpa, a town of Ca]}j)adocia. 
 
 Herse, a daughter of Cecrops, king of 
 Athens, beloved by Mercury. The god dis- 
 closed ins love to Aglauros, Herse's sister, in 
 hopes of procuring an pa«:v ndrais'sion to 
 
 ed at her behaviour, that he struck her with his 
 caduceus and changed her into a stone. Herse 
 became mother of Cephalus by Mercuiy, and 
 after death, she received divine honours at 
 
 Athens. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 559, i&ic. A wife 
 
 ofDanaus. Apollod. 
 
 Hersephoria, festivals of Athens, in hon- 
 our of Minerva, or more pi'obably of Herse. 
 
 Hersilia, one of the Sabines carried 
 away by the Romans at the celebration of the 
 Consualia. She was given and married to Ro- 
 mulus, though according to some she married 
 Hostus, a youth of Latium, by whom she had 
 Hostus Hostilius. After death she was pre- 
 sented with immortality by Juno, and receiv- 
 ed divine honours under the name of Ora, 
 Liv. 1, c. 11 — Olid. Met. 14, v. 632. 
 
 Hertha and Herta, a goddess among 
 the Germans, supposed to be the same as the 
 earth. She had a temple and a chai'iot dedi- 
 cated to her service in a remote island, and 
 was supposed to visit the earth at stated times, 
 when her coming was celebrated with the 
 greatest rejoicings and festivity. Tacit, de 
 Germ. 
 
 Heruli, a savage nation in the northern 
 parts of Europe who attacked the Romaa 
 power in its decline. 
 
 Hes^nus, a mountain near Pasonia. 
 
 Hesiodus, a celebrated poet born at As- 
 cra, in Bceotia. His father's name was Dius, 
 and his mother's Pycimede. He lived in the 
 age of Homer, and even obtained a poetical 
 prize in competition with him, according to 
 Varro and Plutarch. Quintilian, Philos- 
 tratus, and others, maintain that Hesiod 
 lived before the age of Homer ; but Val. Pa- 
 terculus, ^c. support that he flourished about 
 100 years after him, Hesiod is the first who 
 wrote a poem on agriculture. This compo- 
 sition is called, T/ie Works and the Days; 
 and, besides the instructions which are given 
 to the cultivator of the field, the reader is 
 pleased to find many moral reflections worthy 
 of a refined Socrates or a Plato. His 2Vie~ 
 ogony is a miscellaneous narration executed 
 without art, precision, choice, judgment, or 
 connexion, yet it is the more valuable for the 
 faithful account it gives of the gods of anti- 
 quity. His Shield of Hercules is but a frag- 
 ment of a larger poem, in w^hich it is suppo- 
 sed he gave an account of the most celebrated 
 heroines among the ancients. Hesiod, without 
 being master of the fire and sublimity of Ho- 
 mer, is admired for the elegance of his dic- 
 tion, and the sweetness of his poetry. Be- 
 sides these poems, he wrote others, now lost. 
 Pausanias says, that in his age, Hesiod's 
 verses were still written on tablets in the 
 temple of the Muses, of which the poet was 
 a priest. If we believe Clem. Mexand. 6, 
 Strom, the poet borrowed much from Mu- 
 sans. One of Lucian's dialogues bears the 
 name of Hesiod, and, in it, the poet is intro- 
 duced as speaking of himself Virgil, in his 
 Georgics, has imitated the compositions of 
 Hesiod, and taken his opera and dies for a mo- 
 del, as he acknowledges. Cicero strongly 
 commends him, and the Greeks were so par- 
 tial to Ins poetry and moral instructions, that 
 they ordered their childrco to learn all by 
 
ieart. Besiod was murdered by the sons of 
 Ganyctor of .Vaupactum, and his body was 
 thrown into the sea. Some dolphins brought 
 back the body to the shore, which was imme- 
 diately known, and the murderers were dis- 
 covered by the poet's dogs, and thrown into 
 the sea. If Hesiod flourished in the age of 
 Homer, he lived 907 B. C The best editions 
 of this poet are that of Robinson, 4to- Oxon. 
 1737, that of Loesner, 8vo. Lips. 1778, and 
 that of Farma, 4to. 1785. Cic. Fam. 6, ep. 
 18.— Pans. 9, c. 3, fee. — QuiyUil 10, c. I.— 
 Palerc. — Farro. — PluL de. 7 Sep. fy de Amm. 
 Sag. 
 
 Hasione, a daughter of Laomedon, king of 
 Troy, by Strymo, the daughter of the Sca- 
 mander. It fell to her lot to be exposed to a 
 sea monster, to whom the Trojans yearly pre 
 sented a marriageable virgin, to appease the 
 resentment of Aj)ollo and Neptune, whom 
 Laomedon had offended, but Hercules pro- 
 raised to deliver her, provided he received as 
 a reward six beautiful horses. Laomedon 
 consented, and Hercules attacked the monster 
 just as he was going to devour Hesione; and 
 he killed him with his club. Laomedon, how- 
 ever, refused to reward the hero's services : 
 and Hercules, incensed at his treachery, be- 
 sieged Troy, and put the king and all his fami- 
 ly to the sword, eyxept Podarces, or Priam, 
 who bad advised his father to give the promi- 
 sed horses to hi? sister's deliv^erer. The con- 
 queror gave Hesione in man-iage to his friend 
 Telamon, who had assisted him during the 
 war, and he established Priam upon his 
 father's throne. The removal of Hesione to 
 Greece proved at last fatal to the Trojans ; 
 and Priam, who remembered with indigna- 
 tion that his sister had been forcibly given to 
 a foreis'.ner, sent his son Paiis to Greece to re- 
 claim the possessions of Hesione, or more pro- 
 >.»ably to revenge his injuries upon the Greeks, 
 by carrying away Helen, which gave rise, 
 soon alter, to the Trojan war. Lycophron 
 mentions, that Hercules threw himself, armed 
 from head to foot, into the mouth of the mon- 
 ster to which Hesione was exposed, and that 
 iie tore his belly to pieces, and came out safe 
 only with the loss of his hair, after a confine- 
 ment of three davs. Homer. II. 6, v. 6!^. — 
 Diod. 4.—JpoUvd. 2, c. 6, kc.—Ovid. Met. 11, 
 T". 212. The wife of Nauplius. 
 
 HESPi:RiA, a large island of Africa, once 
 
 ihe residence of the Amazons. Diod. 3. 
 
 A name common both to Italy and Spain. It 
 is deri\'ed from Hesper or Vesper, the setting 
 sun, or the evening, whence the Greeks call- 
 ed Italy Hesperia, because it was situate at 
 the sotting sun, or in the west. The same 
 ziame, for similar reasons, was applied to Spain 
 bv the Latins. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 634, iic. — Ho- 
 r'at. L od. 34. v. 4, 1. 1, od. 27, v. '2S.—Sil 7, v. 
 
 lb.— Ovid. Met. 11, v. 258. A daughter of 
 
 the Cebrtnus. Ovid. Met. 11, v. 759. 
 
 Hesperides, three celebrated nymphs, 
 daughters of Hesperus. Apotlodorus men- 
 tions four, /Egle, Erythia, Vesta, and Arethu- 
 9a; and Diodorus confounds them with the 
 Atlantides, and supposes that they were the 
 same number. They were appointed to guard 
 the goklen apples which .Tuno gave to Jupiter 
 on the day of their nuptials; and the place of 
 •fhair residence; placed beyond the ocean by 
 
 HE 
 
 Hesiod, is more universally believed to be near 
 mount Atlas in Africa, according to Apollodo- 
 rus. This celebrated place or garden abound- 
 ed with fruits of the most delicious kind, and 
 was carefully guarded by a dreadful dragoa 
 which never slept. It was one of the laboui«s 
 of Hercules to procure some of the golden ap- 
 ples of tlie Hesperides. The hero, ignorant 
 of the situation of this celebrated garden, ap- 
 plied to the nymphs in the neighbourhood oC 
 the Po for information, and was told that Ke- 
 rens the god of the sea, if properly managed, 
 [Vid. Nereus] would direct him in his pur- 
 suits. Hercules seized Nereus as he was asleep, 
 and the sea-god unable to escape from his 
 grasp, answered all the questions which he 
 proposed. Some say tliat Nereus sent Hercules 
 to Prometheus, and that from him he received 
 all his information. When Hercules came in- 
 to Africa, be repaired to Atlas, and demanded 
 of him three of the golden apples. Atlas un- 
 loaded himself, and placed the bwden of the 
 heavens on the shoulders of Hercules, while 
 he went in quest of the apples. At his return 
 Hercules expressed his wish to ease the burden 
 by putting something on his head, and when 
 Atlas assisted him to remove his inconvenience, 
 Hercules artfully left the burden, and seized 
 the apples, which Atlas had thrown on the 
 ground. According to other accounts, Her- 
 cules gathered the apples himself, without the 
 assistance of Atlas, and he previously killed the 
 vvatchful dragon which kept the tree. These 
 apples were brought to Eurystheus, and after- 
 wards carried back by Minerva into the gar- 
 den of the Hesperides, as they could be pre- 
 served in no other place. Hercules is some- 
 times represented gathering the apples, and 
 the dragon which guarded the tree appeal's 
 bowing down his head, as having received a 
 mortal wound. This monster, as it is suppos- 
 ed, was the offspring of Typhon, and it had a 
 hundred heads and as many voices. This num- 
 ber, however, is reduced by some to only one 
 head. Those that attempt to explain mytholo- 
 g}'^, observe that the Hesperides were certain 
 persons who had an immense number of Hocks, 
 and that the ambiguous w^ord ,«>i>-oi, which sig- 
 nifies an apjjie, and a sheep, gave rise to the 
 fable of the golden apples of the Hesperides. 
 Biod. 4.— Ovid. Met. 4, v. 637, ice. 1. 9, v. 90. 
 — Hygin. fab. 30. — Jlpollod. 3, c. 5. — Hesiod. 
 Tfieog. V. 215, kc. 
 
 Hesperis. Vid. Hesperus. A town of 
 
 Cyrenaica, now Bernic or Bengazi, where 
 most authors have placed the garden of the 
 Hesperides. 
 
 Hesperitis, a country of Africa. Diod. 4. 
 
 Hespkkus, a son of Japetus, brother to 
 Atlas. He came to Italy, and the country re- 
 ceived the name of Hesperia from him, ac- 
 cording to some accounts. He had a daughter 
 called Hesperis, who married Atlas, and be- 
 came mother of seven daughters, called At- 
 lantides or Hesperides, Diod. 4. The 
 
 name of Hesperus was also applied to the pla- 
 net Venus, when it appeared after the set' 
 ting of the sun. It was called Phosphorus or 
 Lucifer when it preceded the sun. Cic. de 
 JVo/. D. 2, c. 2.—Senec. de Hippol. 749. Id. 
 in Med. 71. 
 
 Hestia, one of the Hesperides. Apollo^. 
 
 HESTI.EA, a town oi JEubce^ 
 
HI 
 
 HestJs, a deity among the Gauls, the same 
 As the Mars of the Romans. Lucan. 1. v. 445. 
 Hesychia, a daughter of Thespius. .-ijwl- 
 hd. 
 
 Hesychius, the author of a Greek lexi- 
 con in the beginning of the 3d century, a va- 
 luable work, which has been learnedly edited 
 by Albert, 2 vols. fol. L. Bat. 174^. 
 
 Hetriculum, nowL«f/aruro> atown in the 
 country of the Brutii. Liv. 30, c. 19. 
 
 Het'ruria and Etruria, a celebrated conn- 
 trv of Italy, at the west of the Tiber. It origi- 
 nallv contained twelve ditterent nations, 
 which had each their respective monarch, 
 called Lucunion. Their names were Veien- 
 tes, Clusini, Periisini, Cortonenses, Arretini, 
 Vetuloni, Volaterrani, Russellani, Volscinii, 
 Tarquinii, Falisci, and Caeretani. The inhabi- 
 tants were partieulafly famous for their sujier- 
 stition, and great confidence in omens, dreams, 
 au_guries, S^c. They all proved powerful and 
 Fesolute enemies to the rising empu-e of the 
 Romans, and were conquered only after much 
 effusion of blood. Plin. 3, c. 5. — Strab. 5. — 
 Pint, in Ro77i.—Mela, 2, c. 4. 
 
 HErRiPPA, a surname of Diana. 
 Hexapylcm, a gate at Syracuse. The ad- 
 joining place of the city, or the wall, bore the 
 same name. Diod. ll'and 14. — Liv. 24, c. 21, 
 1. 25, c. 24, 1. 32, c. 39. 
 
 Hiarbas or Iarbas, a king of Gastulia. Vid. 
 Jarbas. 
 
 HiBER, a name applied to a Spaniard, as 
 living near the river Hiberus or Iberus. Vid. 
 Iberus. 
 
 HiBERifiA and Hvbernia, a large island at 
 the west of Britain, now called Ireland. Some 
 of the ancients have called it Ibernia, Juver- 
 Da, Iris, Hierna, Ogygia, Iveruia. Juv. 2, v. 
 JQO. — Strab. A.— Orpheus. — Aristot. 
 
 HiBRiEDES, an Athenian general. Dionys. 
 Hal. 7. 
 
 HicETAON, a son of Laomedon, brother to 
 Priam, and father of Menalippus. Homer. 
 
 Jl, 3. The father of Thymoetes, who 
 
 oame to Italy with ^neas. Virg. JEn. 10, 
 T. 123. 
 
 HicETAS, a philosopher of SjTacuse, who 
 believed that the earth moved, and that all 
 the heavenly bodies were stationary. Diog. 
 
 in Phil. A tyrant of Syracuse. Vid. Icetas. 
 
 HiEMPSAL, a king of Psumidia, k,c. Pint. 
 HiERA, a woman who mai'ried Telephus, 
 Ring of Mysia, and who was said to surpass 
 
 Helen in beauty. The mother of Pandalus 
 
 and Bitias, by Alcanor. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 673. 
 
 One of the Lipari islands, called also 
 
 Theresia, now Vulcano. Pans. 10, c. 11. 
 HiERAPuLis, a town of Syria, near the 
 
 Euphrates. Another of Phrygia, famous 
 
 for hot baths, now BambvJckalasi. Another 
 
 •f Crete. 
 
 HiKR vx, a youth who awoke Arrr.is to in- 
 form him that Mercury was stealing lo. Mer- 
 ciny killed him, and changed him into a bird 
 
 ©fprey. .ipollod. 2, c. 1. Antiochus king 
 
 of Syria, and brother to Seleucus, received 
 the surname of Ilierax. Justin. 37, c. 3. 
 
 HI 
 
 HiERO 1st, a king of Syracuse, after hfs bro- 
 ther Gelon, who rendered himself odious in 
 tiie beginning of bis reign by his cruelty and 
 avarice. He made war against Theron, the 
 tjTant of Agrigentum, and took Himera. He 
 obtained three different crowns at the Olym- 
 pic games, two in horse races, and one at 8 
 chariot race. Pindar has celebrated him as 
 being victorious at Olympia. In the latter part 
 of his reign, the conversation of Simonides. 
 Epicharmus, Pindar, kc. softened in some 
 measure the roughness of his morals and the- 
 sevei-ity of his government, and rendered him 
 the patron of learning, genius, and merit- 
 He died, after a reign of 18 yeai-s, B. C. 467> 
 leaving the crown to his brother Thrasybulus> 
 who disgraced himself by his vices and tyranny, 
 
 Diod. 11. The second of that name, king- 
 
 of Syracuse, was descended from Gelon. He 
 was unanimously elected king by all the stated 
 of the island of Sicily, and appointed to carry 
 on the war against the Carthaginians. He 
 joined his enemies in besieging Messana, which 
 had surrendered to the Romans, but he was 
 beaten by Appius Claudius, the Roman con- 
 sul, and obliged to retire to Sjrracuse, where 
 he v,as soon blocked up. Seeing all hopes oi; 
 victory lost, he made peace with the Romans, 
 and proved so faithful to his engagements dur- 
 ing the fifty-nine years of his reign, that thfc 
 Romans never had a more firm, or more at- 
 tached ally. He died in the 94th year of his 
 age, about 225 years before the Christian era. 
 He was universally regretted, and all the Sici- 
 lians sliowed, by their lamentations, that they 
 had lost a common father and a friend. He li- 
 berally pErtronized the learned, and employed 
 the talents of Archimedes for the good of hi» 
 country. He wrote a book on agriculture, now 
 lost He was succeeded by Hieronvmus. 
 JElian. V. H. 4, S.— Justin. 23, c. 4.—F'lor. 2, 
 
 c. 2 — Liv. 16. An Athenian, intimate with 
 
 Nicias the general. Phii. in J\'ic. A Par- 
 thian, kc. Tacit 
 
 HiERoc.5:sAREA, a town of Lvdia. Tacit, 
 .4. 2, c. 47, 1.3, c, 62. 
 
 HiERocKPiA, an island near Paphos in 
 Cyprus. 
 
 HiERocLES,apersecutoroftheChrrstians un- 
 der Dioclesian, who pretended to find incon- 
 sistencies in Scripture, and preferred the mi- 
 racles of Thyaneus to those of Christ. Hi? 
 writings were refuted by Lactantius and Eu- 
 
 sebius. A Platonic philosopher, who taught 
 
 at Alexandria, and wrote a book on providence 
 and fate, fragments of which are presci'\ed by 
 Photius ; a commentary on the golden verses 
 of Pythagoras; and facetious moral verses - 
 He flourislied A. D 485. The best edition is 
 that of Asheton and Warren, Svo. London, 
 1742. A general in the interest of Deme- 
 trius. Polyan. 5. A governor of Bithj-nia 
 
 and Alexandria, under Diocletian,— —An offi 
 cer. Vid. Heliogabalus, 
 
 HiERODtLVii, a town of Libya. 
 HiERo*<iCA LEX, by Hiero, tyrant of Sicily, 
 to settle the quantity of corn, the price and 
 time of receiving it, between the fanners oi 
 Sicily, and the collectors of the corn tax a* 
 Rome. This law, on account of its justice and 
 
 An Egyptian philosopher in the third century. 
 HiERicHus, (unlis) the name of Jericho in 
 llie holy land, called the city of Palm-trees, | candour, was continued by the Romans whcR 
 from its abounding in datt^^ /*//?* 5. c. 14. {tliey became masters of Sicily. 
 Tacit. H. 5, c 6 | Hierosymvs, a tyrant of Sicily who sur - 
 
HI 
 
 creeled his father or grandfather Hi6ro, when 
 only 15 years old. He rendered himself odious 
 by his cruelty, oppression, and debauchery. 
 He abjured the alliance of Rome, which Hiero 
 bad observed with so much honour and advan- 
 tage. He was assassinated, and all his family 
 was overwhelmed in his fall, and totally extir- 
 pated, B. C. 214. An historian of Rhodes, 
 
 who wrote an account of the actions of Deme- 
 trius Ppliorcetes, by whom he was appointed 
 
 over Bceotia, B. C. 254. Plut. in Dtm. 
 
 An Athenian set over the fleet, while Conon 
 
 went to the king of Persia. A Christian 
 
 WTiter, commonly called St. Jerome, born in 
 
 Pannonia, and disthiguished for his zeal against 
 keretics. He wrote commentaries on the 
 prophets, St. Matthew's Gospel; he. a Latin 
 version, known by the name of Vulgate, po- 
 lemical treatises, and an account of ecclesiasti- 
 cal writers before him. Of his works, which 
 are replete with lively animation, sublimity, 
 and erudition, the best edition is that of Val- 
 larsius, fol. Veronag, 1734, to 1740, ten vols. 
 Jerome died A. D. 420, in his 91st year. 
 
 HiEKOPHiLus, a Greek physician. He in- 
 structed his daughter Agnodice in the art of 
 midwifery, he. Vid. Agnodice. 
 
 HiEROsoLYMA, a Celebrated city of Pales- 
 tine, the capital of Judasa, taken by Pompey, 
 who, on that account, is surnamed Hierosoly- 
 marius. Titus also took it and destroyed it the 
 8th of September, A. D. 70, according to Jo- 
 sephus, 2177 years after its foundation. In the 
 siege by Titus, 110,000 persons are said to 
 iiave perished, and 97,000 to have been made 
 prisoners, and afterwards either sold for slaves, 
 or wantonly exposed for the sport of their in- 
 solent victors to the finy of wild beasts. Jo- 
 seph. Bell. J. 7, c. 16, hc.—Cic. ad Attic. 2, 
 ep. 9. Flacc. 28. 
 
 HiGNATiA Via, a large road which led from 
 the Ionian sea to the Hellespont, across Ma- 
 cedonia, about 530 miles. Slrah. 7. 
 
 HiLARiA, a daughter of Leucippus and Phi- 
 lodice. As she and her sister Phoebe were going 
 to marry their cousins Lynceus and Idas, they 
 were carried away by Castor and Pollux, who 
 married them. Hilaria had Anagon by Castor, 
 and she, as well as her sister, obtained after 
 death the honours which were generally paid 
 to heroes. ApoUod. 3. — Propert. 1, el. 2, v. IQ. 
 
 —Pans. 2, c. 22, 1. 3, c. 19. .Festivals at 
 
 Rome in honour of the mother of the gods. 
 
 Hilarius, a bishop of Poictiers, in France, 
 who wrote several treatises, the most famous 
 of which is on the Trinity, in 12 books. The 
 only edition is that of the Benedictine monks, 
 lol. Paris, 1693. Hilary died A. D. 372, in his 
 80th year. 
 
 HiLr.EViuNES, a people of Scandanavia. 
 P/in. 4, c. 13. 
 
 Hi>ii.lla, now Ala, a small river in the 
 country of the Sabines. Virg. Mn. 7, v. 714. 
 
 HiMKRA, a city of Sicily built by the people 
 of Ztmclc, and destroyed by the Carthaginians 
 
 240 years after. Strab. 6. There were two 
 
 rivers of Sicily of the same name, the one, now 
 Fiumi de Termini, falling at the east of Panor- 
 raus into the Tuscan sea, with a town of the 
 name name at its mouth, and also celebrated 
 baths. Cic. Vcr. 4, c. 33. The other, now 
 Fiumc Salsa, running in a southern directioi 
 mt(\ dividing the islaod in aLmost two parts. 
 
 The ancient namd 
 -Mela, 2, c. 7. — 
 
 the 
 
 til 
 
 Liv. 34, c. 6, 1. 25, c. 49. — 
 
 of the Eurotas. Strab. 6 
 Polyb. 
 
 HiMiLco, a Carthaginiem, sent to explore 
 western parts of Europe. Fest. Avien. 
 A son of Amilcar, who succeeded his fa- 
 ther in the Command of the Cai-thaginian ar- 
 mies in Sicily. He died with his airay, by a 
 plague, B. C. 398. Justin. 19, c. 2. 
 
 HippAGoRAs, a man who wrote an account 
 of the republic of Carthage. Athen 14. 
 
 HippALcixMus, a son of Pelops and Hippo- 
 damia, who was among the Argonauts. 
 
 HjippALus,lhe first who sailed in open sea 
 from Arabia to India. Arrian. in Perip. 
 
 HippARCHiA, a woman in Alexander's age, 
 who became enamoured of Crates, the Cynic 
 philosopher, because she heard him discourse. 
 She married him, though he at first disdained 
 her addresses, and i-epresented his poverty and 
 meanness. She was so attached to him that 
 she was his constant companion, and was not 
 ashamed publicly to gratify his impurest de- 
 sires. She wrote some things, now lost. Vid. 
 Crates. Diog. 6. — Suidas. 
 
 HippARCHus, a son of Pisistratus, who suc- 
 ceeded his father as tyrant of Athens, with his 
 brother Hippias. He patronized some of the 
 learned men of the age, and distinguished him- 
 self by his fondness for literature. The seduc- 
 tion of a sister of Harmodius raised him many 
 enemies, and he was at last assassinated by a 
 desperate band of conspirators, with Harmo" 
 dius and Aristogiton at their head, 513 years 
 
 before Christ. JBHan. V. H. 8, c. 2. One 
 
 of Antony's freed men. The first person 
 
 who was banished by ostracism at Athens. 
 
 The father of Asclepiades. A mathemati- 
 cian and astronomer ofNicEea. He first dis- 
 covered that the interval between the vernal 
 and the autumnal equinox is 186 days, 7 days 
 longer than between the autumnal and vernal, 
 occasioned by the eccentricity of the earth's 
 orbit. He divided the heavens into 49 con- 
 stellations, 12 in the ecliptic, 21 in the north- 
 ern, and 16 in the southern hemisphere, and 
 gave names to all the stars. He makes no men- 
 tion of comets. From viewing a tree on a plain 
 from different situations, which changed its ap^ 
 parent position, he was led to the discovery 
 of the parallax of the planets, or the distance 
 between their real and apparent position, 
 viewed from the centre, and from the sur- 
 face of the earth. He determined longitude 
 and latitude, and fixed the first degree of lon- 
 gitude at the Cauarie.3. He likewise laid the 
 first foundations of trigonometiy, so essen- 
 tial to facilitate astronomical studies. He was 
 the, first who, after Thales and Sulpicius Gal- 
 lus, found out the exact time of eclipses, of 
 which he made a calculation for 600 years. 
 After a life of labour in the service of science 
 and astronomy, and after publishing several 
 treatises, and valuable observations on the ap- 
 pearance of the heavens, he died 125 years be- 
 fore the Christian era. Plin. 2, c.*^ 26, he. 
 
 An Athenian who conspired against He- 
 
 raclides, who kept Athens for Demeti'ius, hv. 
 Polyoen. 5. 
 HippARiNus, a son of Dionysius, whoejec- 
 •d Callipus from Syracuse, and seized the i| 
 overeign power for twenty -seven year?., Po- 
 iyan. o. The father of Pioji. 
 
HI 
 
 HiPPABioK, one of Dion's sons. 
 HiPPASuS; a son of Ceyx, who assisted 
 Hercules against Eurytus. Apollod. 2, c. 7. 
 
 A pupil of Pythagoras, born at Meta- 
 
 pontum. He supposed that every thing was 
 
 produced from fire. Diog. A centaur, 
 
 killed at the nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid. 
 
 Met. 12, V. 352. An illegitimate son of 
 
 Priam. Hygin. fab. 90. 
 
 HippEus, a son of Hercules by Procris, 
 eldest of the 50 daughters of Thestius. .ipol- 
 lod. 2, c. 7. 
 
 Hippi, four small islands near Erythae. 
 HippiA, a lascivious woman, kc. Juv. 6, 
 
 V. 82. A surname of Minerva, and also 
 
 of Juno. Paus, 5, c 15. 
 
 HippiAS, a phUosopber of Elis, who main- 
 tained that virtue consisted in not being in 
 want of the assistance of men. At the Olym- 
 pic games he boasted that he was master of all 
 the liberal and mechanical arts ; and he said 
 that the ring upon his finger, the tunic, cloak, 
 and shoes, which he then wore, were all the 
 work of his own hands. Cic. de Orat. 3, c. 32. 
 
 A son of Pisistratus, who became tyrant 
 
 of Athens after the death of his father, with 
 his brother Hipparchus. He was willing to 
 revengethedeathof his brother, who had been 
 assassinated, and for this violent measure he 
 was driven from his country. He fled to king 
 Darius in Persia, and was killed at the battle 
 of Marathon, fighting against the Athenians, 
 B. C, 490. He had five children by Myrr- 
 hine, the daughter of Callias. Horodot. 6. — 
 Thucyd. 7. 
 
 Hippis, an histcman and poet of Rhegium, 
 in the reign of Xerxes. JEiian. 8, H. A. c. 33. 
 Hippius, a surname of ZSeptune, from his 
 having raised a horse ('•^t^tc,-) from the earth in 
 his contest with Minerva concerning the giv- 
 ing a name to Athens. 
 
 Hippo, a daughter of Scedasus, who, upon 
 being ravished by the ambassadoi*s of Sparta, 
 killed herself, cursing the city that gave birth 
 to such men. Pans. 9, c. 13. A cele- 
 brated town of Africa, on the Mediterranean. 
 
 Hal. 3, v. 252. Strabo, 17, says, that there 
 
 are two of the same nsune in Africa, one of 
 which by way of distinction is called Regius. 
 Plin. 5, c. 3, 1. 9, c. H.—Mela, 1, c. l.—Lir. 29, 
 
 c. 3 and 32. Also a town of Spain. Liv. 
 
 39, c. 30. of the Brutii. 
 
 Hippobotes, a large meadow near the Cas- 
 pian sea, where 50,000 horses could graze. 
 
 Hippobotus, a Greek historian, who com- 
 posed a treatise on philosophers. Diog. in 
 Pylh. 
 
 Hippocentauri, a race of monsters who 
 dwelt in Thessaly. ViJ. Centauri. 
 
 Hippocoon, a son of (Ebalus, brother to 
 Tyndarus. He was put to death by Hercules 
 because he had driven his brother from the 
 kingdom of Lacedaemon. He was at the 
 chace cf the Calydoniau boar. Diod. 4. — 
 Apollod. 2, c. &ic. 1. 3, c. 10. — Pans. Lmcoh. 
 
 —OijVi. Met. 8, v. 314 A friend of .Eneas, 
 
 son of Hyrtachus, who distinguished himself 
 in the funeral games of Sicily. Virg. JEn. 3, 
 V. 492, kc. 
 
 HippocoRYSTES. a son of JEgyiptus of 
 
 HippocMon. Apollod. 
 
 HippocKATF, a daughter of Thespius. Apol- 
 
 4^2 
 
 HI 
 
 Hippocrates, a celebrated physician, of 
 Cos, one of the Cyclades. He studied physic, 
 in which his grandfather Nebrus was so emi- 
 nently distinguished ; and he improved him- 
 self by reading the tablets in the temples of 
 the gods, where each individual had written 
 down the diseases under which he had la- 
 boured, and the means by which he had reco- 
 vered. He delivered Athens from a dreadful 
 pestilence in the beginning of the Peloponne- 
 sian war, and he was publicly rewarded with 
 a golden crown, the privileges of a citizen of 
 Athens, and the initiation at the grand festi- 
 vals. Skilful and diligent in his profession, he 
 openly declared the measures which he had 
 taken to cure a disease, and candidly confesses, 
 that of 42 patients which were intrusted to his 
 care, only 17 had recovered, and the rest had 
 fallen a prey to the distemper in spite of his 
 medical applications. He devoted all his time 
 for the service of his country; and when Ar- 
 taserxes invited him, even by force of arms, 
 to come to his court, Hippocrates firmly and 
 modestly answered, that he was born to serve 
 his countrymen, and not a foreigner. He en- 
 joyed the rewards which his well-directed 
 labours claimed, and while he lived in the 
 greatest popularity, he was carefully employ- 
 ed in obser\'ing the symptoms and the growth, 
 of every disorder, and from his judicious re- 
 marks, succeeding physicians have received 
 the most valuable advantages. The experi- 
 ments which he had tried upon the human 
 frame increased his knowledge, and from his 
 consummate observations, he knew how to 
 moderate his own life as well as to prescribe to 
 others. He died in the 99th year of his age, B. 
 C. 361, free from all disorders of the mind and 
 body ; and after death he received with the 
 name of Great, the same honours which were 
 pa^ to Hercules. His writings, few of which 
 remain, have procured him the epithet of di- 
 vine, and show that he was the Homer of his 
 profession. According to Galen, his opinion 
 is as respectable as the voice of an oracle. He 
 wrote in the Ionic dialect, at the advice of De- 
 mocritus, though he was a Dorian. His me- 
 mory is still venerated at Cos, and the present 
 inhabitants of the island show a small house, 
 which Hippocrates, as they mention, once in- 
 habited. The best editions of his works are 
 tiat of Fassius, Genev. fol. 1657; of Linden, 
 2 vols. 8vo. Amst. 1665; and that of Mackius, 
 2 vols. fol. Viennae, 1743. His treatises, espe- 
 cially the Aphorisms, have been published se- 
 parately. Ptin. 7, c. 37.— 6Vc. de Orat. 3. 
 
 An Athenian general in the Peloponne- 
 
 sian war. Plut. A mathematician. Ar 
 
 officer of Chalcedon, killed by Alcibiades. 
 
 Plut. in Ale. A Syi-acusan defeated by 
 
 Marcellus- The father of Pisistratus A 
 
 tyrant of Gela. 
 
 HippocRATiA, a festival in honour of Nep- 
 tune in Arcadia. 
 
 Hippucrene, a fountain of Ba?otia, near 
 mount Helicon, sacred to the muses. It first 
 rose fi-om the ground, when struck by the feet 
 of the horse Pegasus, whence the name •-t«-* 
 zt<p«', the horse's fountain. Ovid. 5. Met. \. 256. 
 
 HippoDAMAS, a son of the Achelous 
 
 of Priam. Apollod. 
 
 HippoDA5iE and HippodamIa, a daughter 
 of (Enomaus, king of Pisa, in Elis, who 
 
HI 
 
 married Pelops son of Tantalus. Her father, 
 who was either enamoured of her himself, or 
 afraid lesthe should perish by one of his daugh- 
 ter's children, according to an oracle, refused 
 to marry her, except to him who could over- 
 come him in a chariot race. As tbe beauty 
 of Hippodamia was greatly celebrated, many 
 courted her, and accepted her father's condi- 
 tions; though death attended a defeat. Tliir- 
 teen had already been conquered, and for- 
 feited their lives, when Pelops came from Ly- 
 dia and entered the lists. Pelops previously 
 bribed Myrtilus, the charioteer of (Enomaus, 
 and ensured himself the victory. In the race, 
 (Enomaus, mounted on a broken chariot,which 
 the corrupted Myrtilus had purposely provi- 
 ded for him, was easily overcome, and was 
 killed in the course; and Pelops married 
 Hippodamia, and avenged the death of (Eno- 
 maus, by throwing into the sea the perfidious 
 Myrtilus, who claimed for the reward of his 
 treachery, the favour which Hippodamia could 
 grant only to her husband. Hippodamia be- 
 came mother of Atreus and Thyestes, and it is 
 said that she died of grief for the death of her 
 father, which her guilty correspondence wnth 
 Pelops and Myrtilus had occasioned. Virg. 
 G. 3, v. 7. — Hygin. fab. 84 and 2,o3.—Paus. 5, 
 c. 14, hc.—Diod. 4.— Ovid. Heroid. 8 and 17. 
 
 A daughter of Adrastus, king of Argos, 
 
 who married Pirithous, king of the Lapitha?. 
 The festivity which prevailed on the day of 
 her marriage was interrupted by the attempts 
 of Eurytus to offer her violence. ('Hrf. Piri- 
 thous.) She is called Ischomache by some, 
 and Deidamia by others. Ovid. Met. 12. — 
 
 Flut. in Thts. A daughter of Danaus. 
 
 Apollod. A mistress of Achilles, daughter 
 
 of Brises. A daughter of Anchises, who 
 
 married Alcathous. Homer. II. 13, v. 429. 
 
 Hipp6DAMus,a man of Miletus, who^set- 
 tled a republic without any previous know- 
 ledge of government. Aristot. 2. Polit. A 
 
 Pythagorean philosopher, An Athenian 
 
 who gave his house to his country when he 
 knew such a concession would improve the 
 
 port of the Piraeus. An Athenian archon. 
 
 — —A man famous for his voracious appetite. 
 
 HiPPODicE, one of the Danaides. Jipollod. 
 
 HippoDROMUs, a son of Hercules. Id. 
 
 A Thessalian, who succeeded in a school at 
 Athens, in the age of M. Antony. Pldlostr. 
 A place where horse races were exhibit- 
 ed. Martial. 12, ep. 50. 
 
 HippoLA, a town of Peloponnesus. Paus. 
 3, c. 25. 
 
 HippoLocHUS, a son of Bellerophon, father 
 to Glaucus, who commanded the Lycians du- 
 ring the Tf ojan war. A son of Glaucus also 
 
 bore the same name. Homer. II. 6, v. 119. 
 
 A son of Antimachus, slain in the Trojan 
 
 war. /r/. 11, V. 122. 
 
 HippoLYTE, a queen of the Amazons, given 
 in marriage to Theseus by Hercules, who bad 
 conquered her, and taken away her girdle by 
 order of Eurj'stheus. {Vid. Hercules.) She 
 had a son by Theseus, called Hip[)olytus. 
 
 Plut. in Thes. — Propcrt. 4, el. 3. The wife 
 
 of Acastus, who fell in love with Peleus, who 
 was in exile at her husband's court. She ac- 
 cused him of incontinence, aiid of attempts 
 upon her virtue, before Acastus, only because 
 he refused to gratify her desires. She is alio 
 
 Ropalus, king of Sicyon, 
 Apollo. Plut. in JVum.- 
 
 called Astyochia. {Fid. Acastus.) A daugh- 
 ter of Cretheus. Jipollod. 
 
 HippoLYTus, a son of Theseus and Hip- 
 polyte, famous for his virtues and bis misfor- 
 tunes. His step-mother Phaedra fell in love 
 whh him, and when he refused to pollute his 
 father's bed, she accused him of offering vio- 
 lence to her person before Theseus. Her ac- 
 cusation was readily believed, and Theseus en- 
 treated Neptune severely to punish the incon- 
 tinence of his son. Hippolytus fled from the 
 resentment of his father, and, as he pursued 
 his way along the sea shore, his horses were 
 so frightened at the noise of sea-calves, which 
 Neptune bad purposely sent there, that they 
 ran among the rocks till his chariot was bro- 
 ken and his body torn to pieces. Temples 
 were reused to his memory, particularly at 
 Trojzene, where he received divine honours. 
 According to some accounts, Diana restored 
 him to life. Ovid. Fast. 3, v. 268. Met. 15, 
 
 V. 469.— Virg. JEn. 7, v. 761, fee. A son of 
 
 greatly beloved by 
 —A giant, killed by 
 
 Mercury. A son of iEgyptus. Apollod. 1 
 
 and 2. A Christian writer in the third cen- 
 tury, whose works have been edited by Fa- 
 bricius, Hamb. fol. 1716. 
 
 HippoMACHus, a musician, who severely 
 rebuked one of bis pupils because he was prais- 
 ed by the multitude, and observed, that it was 
 the greatest proof of his ignorance, JElian. 
 2, V. H. c. 6. 
 
 HippoMEDON, a son of Nisimachus and 
 Mythidice, who was one of the seven chiefs 
 who went against Thebes. He was killed by 
 Ismarus, son of Acastus. Jipollod. 3, c. 6.— 
 Paus. 2, c, 36. 
 
 HippoMEDusA, a daughter of Danaus. Apol- 
 lod. 
 
 HippoMENEs, an Athenian archon, who 
 exposed his daughter Limone to be devoured 
 by horses, because guilty of adultery. Ovid. 
 
 in lb. 459. A son of Macareus and Me- 
 
 rope, who married Atalanta (Vid. Atalanta,) 
 with the assistance of Venus. These two fond 
 lovers were changed into lions by Cybele, 
 whose temple they had profaned in their im- 
 patience to consummate their nuptials. Ovid. 
 
 Met. 10, V. 585, &c. The father of Me- 
 
 gareus. 
 
 HippoMOLGi, a people of Scythia, who, as 
 the name implies, lived upon the milk of 
 horses. Hippocrates has given an account of 
 their manner of living. De aqua 4^< aer. 44. 
 Dionys. Perieg. 
 
 HippoN and Hippo, a town of Africa. 
 
 HippoNA, a goddess who presided over 
 horses. Her statues were placed in horses' 
 stables. Juv. 8, v. 157. 
 
 HippoNAx, a Greek poet, born at Ephe- 
 sus, 540 years before the Christian era. He 
 cultivated tbe same satirical poetry as Archi- 
 lochus, and was not inferior to him in tbe 
 beauty or vigour of his lines. His satirical 
 railleiy obliged him to fly from Epbesus. As 
 be was naturally deformed, two brothers, Bu- 
 pbalus and Anthermus, made a statue of him, 
 vvbicb, by tbe deformity of its features, expo- 
 sed the poet to universal ridicule. Hipponax 
 resolved to avenge the injury, and be wrote 
 such bitter invectives and satirical lampoons 
 against them, that they hanged themselves in 
 despair. Cic. adfamil. 7, ep. 24. 
 
HI 
 
 HiPPONiATES, a bay in the country of 
 the Brutii- 
 
 HiPPo.NiuM, a city in the country of the 
 Brutii, where Agathocles built a dock. Strab. 
 
 HiPPONous, the father of Periboea and 
 Capaneus. He was killed by the thunderbolts 
 of Jupiter before the walls of Thebes. Apol- 
 
 lod. 1, c. 8, 1. 3, c. 1. The first name of 
 
 Bellerophon. A son of Priam. 
 
 HippoPODEs, a people of Scythia, who 
 have h<yrses' feet. Dionys. Perieg. 
 
 HiPPOSTR-LTus, a favourite of Lais. 
 
 HiPPOADEs, the patronymic of ^olus, 
 grandson of Hippotas. by Segesta, as also of 
 Amastrus, hisson, who was killed in the Ru- 
 tulian war. Virg. Mn. 11, v. 674. — Ovid. 
 JIfef. 11, V. 431. 
 
 HippoTAS or HippoTES, a Trojan prince 
 
 changed into a river. {Vid. Crinisus.) The 
 
 father of iEolus, who from thence is called 
 Hippotades. Horn. Od. 10, v. 2. — Ovid. Her. 
 18, V. 46. Met. 14, v. 224. 
 
 HippOTHOE, a daughter of Mestor and 
 Lysidice, carried away to the islands called 
 Echinades, by Neptune, by whom she had a 
 
 son named Taphius. Jpollod.2, c.4. One 
 
 of the Nereides. Id. 1, c. 2. A daughter 
 
 of Pelias. Id. 
 
 HiPPOTHooN, a son of Neptune and Alope. 
 daughter of Cercyou, exposed in the woods 
 by his mother, that her amours with the 
 god might be concealed from her father. 
 Her shame was discovered, and her father or- 
 dered her to be put to death. Neptune chan- 
 ged her into a fountain, and the child was pre- 
 served by mares ; whence his name, and when 
 grown up, placed on his grandfather's throne 
 by the friendship of Theseus. Hygiii.{a.h. 187. 
 ^Paus. 1, c. 38. 
 
 HippoTHooNTis, one of the 12 Athenian 
 tribes, which received its name from Hippo- 
 thoon. 
 
 HippoTHous, a son of Lethus, killed by 
 Ajax in the Trojan war. Homer. II. 2 and 17. 
 
 A son of Priam. Apollod. 3, c. 12. 
 
 A son of ^gyptus. Id. One of the hun- 
 
 ters of the Calydonian boar. Ovid. Met. 1, 
 V. 307. 
 
 HippOTioN, a prince who assisted the 
 Trojans, and was killed by Merion. Homer. 
 II. 13 and 14. 
 
 HippuRis, one of the Cyclades. Mela, 
 2, c. 7. 
 
 Hippus, a river falling into the Phasis. 
 
 HiPsiDES, a Macedonian, &c. Curt. 7, c. 7. 
 
 HiRA, a maiitirae town of Peloponnesus. 
 Homer. II. 12. 
 
 HiRpiNi, a people of the Samnites. Sil. 
 8, v. 560. 
 
 Q. HiRPixus, a Roman, to whom Horace 
 dedicated his 2od. 11, and also 1, ep. 16. 
 
 HiRTUs, a debauched fellow, &ic. Jui\ 10, 
 V. 222. 
 
 HiRTiA LEX de magistraiibus, by A. Hir- 
 tius. It required that none of Pompey's ad- 
 herents should be raised to any othce or digni- 
 ty in the stale. 
 
 HiRTius, AuLus, a consul with Pansa, 
 who assisted Brutus when besieged at Mutina 
 by Antony. They defeated Antony, but were 
 both killed in battle, B. C. 43. Sue't. in Mg. 
 
 10. An historian, to whom the Sth book of 
 
 C<esar's history of the Gallic wars, as also that 
 of the Alexandrian and Spanish wars, is attri- 
 
 HO 
 
 buted. The style is inferior to that of Caesar's 
 Commentaries. The author, who was Caesar's 
 friend, and Cicero's pupil, is supposed to be 
 no other than the consul of that name. 
 
 HisBON, a Rutuiian, killed by Pallas. Virg. 
 Mn. 10, V. 384. 
 
 HisPALis, an ancient town of Spain, now 
 called Seville. Plin. 3, c. 3.—C(bs. Fam. 10, 
 ep. 32. 
 
 HisPANiA or Hispanic:, called by the poets 
 Iberia, Hesperia, and Hesperia Ultima, a 
 lai-ge country of Europe, separated from 
 Gaul by the Pyrenean mountains, and bound- 
 ed on every other side by the sea. Spain was 
 first known to the merchants of Phoenicia, and 
 from them passed to the Carthaginians, to 
 whose power it long continued in subjection. 
 The Romans became sole masters of it at the 
 end of the second Punic war, and divided it at 
 first into citerior and ulterior, which last was 
 afterwards separated into Boetica and Lusita- 
 nia by Augustus. The Hispania citerior was 
 also called Tarraconensis. The inhabitants 
 were naturally warlike, and they often des- 
 troyed a life which was become useless, and 
 even burdensome, by its infirmities. Spain 
 was famous for its rich mines of silver, which 
 employed 40,000 workmen, and daily yielded 
 to the Romans no less than 20,000 drachms. 
 These have long since failed, though in the 
 flourishing times of Rome, Spain was said ta 
 contain more gold, silver, brass, and iron, than 
 the rest of the world. It gave birth to Quin- 
 tilian, Lucan, Martial, Mela, Silius, Seneca, 
 &c. Justin. 44.— Strab. 3.— Mela, 2, c. 6.— 
 Plin. 3, c. 1 and 20. 
 
 Hispanus, a native of Spain ; the word 
 Hispaniensis was also used, but generally ap- 
 plied to a person living in Spain and not born 
 there. Martial. 12, prcef. 
 
 HisPELLUM, a town of Umbria. 
 
 Hispo, a noted debauchee, &c. Juv. 2, v. 50. 
 
 HispuLLA, a lascivious woman. Juv. 6, v. 74, 
 
 Histaspes, a relation of Darius lU. killed 
 in a battle, &,c. Curt. 4, c. 4. 
 
 HiSTER, a river. Vid. Ister. 
 
 HisTER Pacuvitjs, a man distinguished 
 as much by bis vices as his immense riches. 
 Juv. 2, v. 58. 
 
 Histi5:a, a city of Eubcea, anciwitly called 
 Talantia. It was near the promontory called 
 Ceueum. Homer. II. 2. 
 
 HisTi.5:oTis, a country of Thessaly, situate 
 below mount Olympus and mount Ossa, an- 
 ciently Ccdled Doris, from Dorus the son of 
 Deucalion, and inhabited by the Pelasgi. The 
 Pelasgi were driven from the country by the 
 Cad means, and these last were also disposses- 
 sed by the Perrhaebeans, who gave to their 
 newly-acquired possessions the name of Histi- 
 aeoiis, or Estiaeotis, from Estiaea, or Histiaea, a 
 town of Eubcea, which they had then lately 
 destroyed, and whose inhabitants they had car- 
 ried to Thessaly with them. Strab. — Herodot. 
 
 4. A small country of Eubcea, of which 
 
 Histiaea, or Estiaea, was the capital. 
 
 HisTi.«:us, a tyrant of Miletus, who exci- 
 ted the Greeks to take up arras against Persia. 
 Herodot. 5, &:c. An historian of Miletus. 
 
 HisTRiA. Vid. Istria. 
 
 HoDius, a herald in tlie Trojan war. 
 
 IIoLocRON, a mountain of Macedon. 
 
 HoMEROMASTU, B sumame given to Zoi- 
 lus the Clitic. 
 
HO 
 
 Hi^MKRUs, a celebrated Greek poet, the 
 most ancient of all the profane writers. The 
 age in which he lived is not known, though 
 some suppose it to be about 168 years after the 
 Trojan war, or, according to others, 160 years 
 before the foundation of Rome. According to 
 Paterculus, he flourished 968 years before the 
 Christian era, or 884, according to Herodotus, 
 who supposed him to be contemporary witii 
 Hesiod. The Arundelian Marbles fix his era 
 907 years before Christ, and make him also 
 contemporary with Hesiod. This diversity of 
 opinions proves the antiquity of Homer: and 
 the uncertainty prevails also concerning the 
 place of his nativity. No less than seven il- 
 lustrious cities disputed the right of having 
 given birth to the greatest of poets, as it is well 
 expressed in these lines : 
 Smyrna, Chios, Colophon, Salamis, Bhodos, 
 Argos, Athence, 
 
 Orhisde]) atria certatf Homere, tud. 
 
 He was called Melesigenes, because suppo- 
 sed to be born on the borders of the river Me- 
 les. There prevailed a report that he had es- 
 tablished a school at Chios in the latter part of 
 his life, and, indeed, this opinion is favoured by 
 the present inhabitants of the island, who still 
 glory in showing to travellers the seats where 
 the V enerable master and his pupils sat in the 
 hollow of a rock, at the distance of about four 
 miles from the modern capital of the island. 
 These difficulties and doubts have not been 
 removed, though Aristotle, Herodotus, Plu- 
 tarch, and others, have emploved their pen in 
 writing his life. In his two celebrated poems, 
 called the Iliad and Odyssey, Homer has dis- 
 played the most consummate knowledge of 
 human nature, and rendered himself immortal 
 by the sublimity, the fire, sweetness and ele- 
 gance of his poetry. He deserves a greater 
 share of admiration when we consider that he 
 wrote without a model, and that none of his 
 poetical imitators have been able to surpass, 
 or, perhaps, to equal their great master. If 
 there are any faults found in his poetry, they 
 are to be attributed to the age in which he 
 lived, and not to him ; and we must observe, 
 that the world is indebted to Homer for his 
 happy successor Virgil. In his Iliad, Homer 
 has described the resentment of Achilles, and 
 its fatal consequences in the Grecian array 
 before the walls of Troy. In the Odyssey, 
 the poet has for his subject the return of 
 Ulysses into his country, with the many 
 misfortunes which attended his voyage after 
 the fall of Troy. These two poems are each 
 divided into 24 books, the same number as 
 the letters of the Greek alphabet, and though 
 the Iliad claims aa uncontested superiority 
 over the Odyssey, vet the same force, the 
 same sublimity and elegance, prevail, though 
 divested of its more powerful fire ; and Lon- 
 ginus, tiie most refined of critics, beautifully 
 compares the Iliad to the mid-day, and the 
 Odyssey to the setting sun, and observes, that 
 the latter still preserves its original s])lendour 
 and majesty, though deprived of its meridian 
 heat. The poetiy of Homer, was so universal- 
 ly admired, that, in ancient times, every man 
 of learning could repeat vvitU facility any pas- 
 sage in the Iliad or Odyssey ; and, indeed, it 
 was a sufficient authority to settle disputed 
 btUB^aries, or to support any argument. The 
 
 HO 
 
 poems of Homer are the compositions of a 
 man who travelled and examined with the 
 most critical accuracy whatever deserved 
 notice and claimed attention. Modern travel- 
 lers are astonished to see the different scenes 
 which the pen of Homer described about 3000 
 years ago, still existing in the same unvaried 
 form, and the sailor, who steers his course 
 along the iEgean, sees all the promontories and 
 rocks which appeared to Nestor and Menelaus, 
 when they returned victorious from the Tro- 
 jan war. The ancients had such veneration 
 for Homer, that they not only raised temples 
 and altars to him, but oftered sacrifices, and 
 worshipped him as a god. The inhabitants of 
 Chios celebrated festivals every fifth year in 
 his honour, and medals were struck, which re- 
 presented him sitting on a throne, holding his 
 Iliad and Odyssey. In Egypt his memory was 
 consecrated by Ptolemy Philopator, who 
 erected a magnificent temple, within which 
 was placed a statue of the poet beautifully sur- 
 rounded with a representation of the seven 
 cities which contended for the honour of his 
 birth. The inhabitants of Cos, one of the 
 Sporades, boasted that Homer was buried in 
 their island; and the Cyprians claimed the 
 same honour, and said that he was born of 
 Themisto, a female native of Cyprus. Alex- 
 ander was so fond of Homer, that he general- 
 ly placed his compositions under his pillow, 
 with his sword; and he carefully deposited 
 the Iliad in one of the richest and most valu- 
 able caskets of Darius, observing, that the 
 most perfect work of human genius ought to 
 be preserved in a box the most valuable and 
 precious in the world. It is said, that Pisis- 
 tratus, tyrant of Athens, was the first who 
 collected and arranged the Iliad and Odyssey 
 in the manner in which they now appear to 
 us ; and that it is to the well-directed pursuits 
 of Lycurgus that we are indebted for their 
 preservation. Many of the ancients have 
 written the life of Homer, yet their in- 
 quiries and labours have not much contribu- 
 ted to prove the native place, the parentage, 
 and connexions, of a man whom some have 
 represented as deprived of sight. Besides 
 the Iliad and Odyssey, Homer wrote, ac- 
 cording to the opinion of some authors, a 
 poem upon Amphiaraus's expedition against 
 Thebes, besides the Phoceis, the Cercopes, 
 the small Iliad, the Epicichlides, and the Ba- 
 trachomyomachia, and many hymns to some 
 of the gods. The merit of originality is taken 
 very improperly, perhaps, from Homer, by 
 those who suppose, with Clemens Alex. 6 
 Slroni. that he borrowed from Orpheus, or 
 that, according to Suidas, (voce Corinnus) he 
 took his plan of the Iliad from Corinnus, an 
 epic poet, who wrote on the Tiojan war, at the 
 very time the Greeks besieged that famed city. 
 Agathon, an ancient painter, according to 
 iEIian, represented the merit of the poet in a 
 manner as bold as it is indelicate. Homer was 
 represented as vomiting, and all other poets 
 as swallowing what he ejected. Of the numer- 
 ous commentaries publislied on Homer, that of 
 Eustathius, bishop of Thessalonica, is by far 
 the most extensive and erudite. The best edi- 
 tions of Homer's Iliad and Odyssey may, per- 
 haps, be found to be Barnes, 2 vols, 4to. Can- 
 tab. 1711; that of Glasgow, 2 vols. fol. 1758; 
 
HO 
 
 that of Berglerus, 2 vols. 12mo. Amst. 1707 ; 
 that of Dr. Clarke, of the Iliad, 2 vols. 4to. 
 1729, and of the Odyssey, 1740; and that of 
 Oxford, 5 vols. 8vo. 1780, containing the scho- 
 lia, hymns, and an index. Herodot. 2, c. 53. 
 — Theocrit. Id.—Jristot. Poet.—Strab.—Dio. 
 Chrys. 33. Orat.—Paus. 2, 9, 10.— Helio- 
 ilor. ^.— Milan. V. H. 13.— Vol. Max. 8, c. 
 S.—quintU. 1, 8, 10, 12.— Paterc. 1, c. 5.— 
 
 Dionys. Hal. — Plut. in Alex. &ic. One 
 
 of the Greek poets called Pleiades, born at 
 Hierapolis, B.C. 263. He wrote 45 tragedies, 
 
 all lost. There were seven other poets, 
 
 of inferior note, who bore the name of Ho- 
 mer. 
 
 HoMoLE, alofty mountain of Thessaly, once 
 the residence of the Centaurs. Virg. Mn. 7, 
 v. 675. 
 
 HoMoLEA; a mountain of Magnesia. 
 
 HoMOLipPus, a son of Hercules and Zan- 
 this. Apollod. 
 
 HoMOLOiDES, one of the seven gates of 
 Thebes. Stat. Thtb. 7, v. 252. 
 
 Homonadenses, a people of Cilicia. 
 
 Honor, a virtue worshipped at Rome. 
 Her first temple was erected by Scipio Afri- 
 canus, and another was afterwards built by 
 Claud. Marcellus. Cic. de JYat. D. 2, c. 23. 
 
 HoNORius, an emperor of the western 
 empire of Rome, w^ho succeeded his father 
 Theodosius the Great, with his brother Ar- 
 cadius. He was neither bold nor vicious, but 
 he was of a modest and timid disposition, unfit 
 for enterprise, and fearful of danger. He 
 conquered his enemies by means of his 
 generals, and suffered himself and his people 
 to be governed by ministers, who took advan- 
 tage of their imperial master's indolence and 
 inactivity. He died of a dropsy in the 39th 
 year of his age, 15th of August, A. D. 423. 
 He left no issue, though he married two wives. 
 Under him and his brother the Roman power 
 ^^■as divided into two different empires. The suc- 
 cessors of Honorius, who fixed then* residence 
 at Rome, were called the emperors of the west, 
 and the successors of Arcadius, who sat on the 
 throne of Constantinople, were distinguished 
 by the name of emperors of the eastern Ro- 
 man empire. This division of power proved 
 fatal to both empires, and they soon looked 
 upon one another with indifference, contempt, 
 and jealousy. 
 
 HoRA, a goddess at Rome, supposed to be 
 Hersilia, who married Romulus. She was 
 said to preside over beauty. Ovid. Met. 14, 
 V. 851. 
 
 HoRACiTiE, a people nearlllyricum. 
 
 HoRAPOLi.o, a Greek writer, whose age is 
 unknown. His Hieroglyp/iica, a curious and 
 entertaining book, has been edited by Corn. 
 de Pauw, 4to. Ultraj. 1727. 
 
 HoR.E, three sisters, daughters of Jupiter 
 and Themis, according to Hesiod, called Eu- 
 nomia, Dice, and Irene. They were ihe same 
 as the seasons who presided oyer the spring, 
 summer, and winter, and were represented by 
 the poets as opening the gates of heaven and 
 of Olympus. Homer. II. 5, v. 749. — Pans. 6, 
 c. U.— Hesiod. Theog. v. 902. 
 
 HoRATiA, the sister of the Horatii, killed 
 by her brother for mourning the death of the 
 Curiatii. Cic. de Inv. 2, c. 20. 
 
 HoR.vTius CocLEs. Viii. Cocles.— — Q. . 
 
 HO 
 
 Flaccus, a celebrated poet, born at Venusia 
 His father was a freedman, and, though poor 
 in his circumstances, he liberally educated his 
 son, and sent him to learn philosophy at 
 Athens, after he had received the lessons of 
 the best masters at Rome. Horace followed 
 Brutus from Athens, and the timidity which 
 he betrayed at the battle of Philippi so ef- 
 fectually discouraged him, that he for ever 
 abandoned the profession of arms, and, at his 
 return to Rome, he applied himself to culti- 
 vate poetry. His rising talents claimed the 
 attention of Virgil and Varius, who recom- 
 mended him to the care of Mecaenas and 
 Augustus, the most celebrated patrons of li- 
 terature. Under the fostering patronage of 
 the emperor and of his minister, Horace gave 
 himself up to indolence and refined pleasure. 
 He was a follower of Epicurus, and while he 
 liberally indulged his appetites, he neglected 
 the calls of ambition, and never suffered him- 
 self to be carried away by the tide of popula- 
 rity or public employments. He even refused 
 to become the secretary of Augustus, and the 
 emperor was not offended at his refusal. He 
 lived at the table of his illustrious patrons as 
 if he were in his own house ; and Augustus, 
 while sitting at his meals ^vith Virgil at his 
 right hand and Horace at his left, often ridi- 
 culed the short breath of the former, and the 
 watery eyes of the latter, by observing that 
 he sat between tears and sighs, Ego sum inter 
 suspiria ^ lacrymas. Horace was warm in his 
 friendship, and, if ever any ill-judged reflec- 
 tion had caused offence, the poet immediately 
 made every concession which could effect a 
 reconciliation, and not destroy the good pur- 
 poses of friendly society. Horace died in the 
 57th year of his age,. B. C. 8. His gaiety was 
 suitable to the liveliness and dissipation of a 
 court ; and his familiar intimacy with Ma- 
 cffinas has induced some to believe that the 
 death of Horace w^as violent, and that he has- 
 tened himself out of the world to accompany 
 his friend. The 17th ode of his second book, 
 which was written during tlie last illness of 
 Mecccnas, is too serious to be considered as a 
 poetical rhapsody, or unmeaning effusion, and, 
 indeed; the poet survived the patron only three 
 w^eeks, and ordered his bones to be buried 
 near those of his friend. He left all his pos- 
 sessions to Augustus. The poetry of Horace, 
 so much commended for its elegance and 
 sweetness, is deservedly censured for the li- 
 centious expressions and indelicate thoughts 
 which he too frequently introduces. In his 
 odes he has imitated Pindar and Anacreon ; 
 and if he has confessed himself to be inferior 
 to the former, he has shown that he bears the 
 palm over the latter by his more ingenious 
 and refined sentiments, by the ease and me- 
 lody of his expressions, and by the pleasing 
 variety of his numbers. In his satires and 
 epistles, Horace displays much wit, and much 
 satirical humour, without much poetry, and 
 his style, simple and unadorned, differs little 
 from prosaical composition. In his art of 
 poetry he has shov;n much taste and judg- 
 ment, and has rendered in Latin hexameters, 
 what Aristotle had, some ages before, de- 
 livered to his pupils in Greek prose ; the poet 
 gives judicious rules and useful precepts to the 
 most powerful and opulent citizens of Rome,. 
 
HO 
 
 who, in the midst of peace and enjoyment, 
 wished to cultivate poetry and court the 
 muses. The best editions of Horace will be 
 found to be that of Basil, fol. 1580, illustrated 
 by eighty commentators ; that of Baxter's, 
 edited by Gesner, 8vo. Lips. 1752; and that of 
 Glasgow, 12rao. 1744. Suet, in Jiug. — 0^-id. 
 Trist. 4, el. 10, v. 49. Three brave Ro- 
 mans, born at the same birth, who fought 
 against the three Curiatii, about 667 years 
 before Christ. This celebrated fight was 
 fought between the hostile camps of the 
 people of Alba and Rome, and on their suc- 
 cess depended the victory. In the first at- 
 tack two of the Horatii were killed, and the 
 only surviving brother, by joining artifice to 
 valour, obtained an honourable trophy: by 
 pretending to lly from the field of battle, he 
 easily separated his antagonists, and, in at- 
 tacking them one by one, he was enabled to 
 conquer them all. As he returned victorious 
 to Rome, his sister reproached him with the 
 mm'der of one of the Curiatii, to whom she 
 was promised in marriage. He was incensed 
 at the rebuke, and killed his sister. This vio- 
 lence raised the indignation of the people ; he 
 was tried and capitally condemned. His emi- 
 nent services, however, pleaded in his favour ; 
 the sentence of death was exchanged for a 
 more moderate but more ignominious punish- 
 ment, and be was only compelled to pass un- 
 der the yoke. A trophy was raised in the 
 Roman forum, on which he suspended the 
 spoils of the conquered Curiatii. Cic. de In- 
 vent. 2, c. 26. — Liv. 1, c. 24, &,c. — Dionys. 
 Hal. 3, c. 3, A Roman consul, who de- 
 feated the Sabines. A consul, who dedica- 
 ted the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. Dur- 
 ing the ceremony he was informed of the 
 death of his son, but he did not forget the sa- 
 cred character he then bore for the feelings of 
 a parent, and ccutiniied the dedication after 
 ordering the body to be buried. Liv. 2. 
 
 HoRciAs, the general of 3000 Macedonians, 
 who revolted from Antigonus in Capnadocia. 
 Polymi. 4. 
 
 HoRMisDAS, a name which some of the 
 Persian kings bore in the reign of the Roman 
 emperors. 
 
 HoRKSTi, a people of Britain, supposed to 
 be tlie inhabitants of Eskdale now in Scotland. 
 Tacit. Ai;. 38. 
 
 HoRKATUs, a Macedonian soldier, who 
 fought with another private soldier in sight of 
 the whole army of Alexander. Curt. 9, c. 7. 
 
 HoRTKNsiA, a celebrated Roman lady, 
 daughter of the orator Hortensius, whose elo- 
 quence she had inherited in the most eminent 
 degree. When the triumvirs had obliged 
 14,000 women to give upon oath an account 
 of their possessions, to defra}' the expenses ot 
 the state, Hortensia undertook to plead their 
 cause, and was so successful in her attempt, 
 that 1000 of her female fellow-sufterers es- 
 caped from the avarice of the triumvirate. 
 To/. .Wax. 8, c. 3. 
 
 HoRTFNsiA L£X, by Q. Hortensius, the dic- 
 tator, A. U. C. 867. It ordered the whole body 
 of the Roman people to pay implicit obedience 
 to whatever was enacted by the commons. 
 The nobility, before this law was enacted, had 
 claimed an absolute exemption. 
 
 HoRTA, a divinity among the Romans, who 
 
 HY 
 
 presided over youth, and patronized all exhor- 
 tations to virtue and honourable deeds. She 
 is the same as Herselia. 
 
 HoRTA or HoRTiNUM, a town of the Sabines, 
 on the confluence of the Nar and the Tiber. 
 Virg. JEn. 7, v. 716. 
 
 Q. Hortensius, a celebrated orator, who 
 began to distinguish himself by his eloquence, 
 in the Roman forum, at the age of nineteen. 
 His friend and successor Cicero speaks with 
 great eulogium of his oratorical powers, and 
 mentions the uncommon extent of his memo- 
 ry. The affected actions of Hortensius at the 
 bar, procured him the ridiculous surname of 
 Dionysia, a celebrated stage-dancer at that 
 time. He was praetor and consul, and died 50 
 years before Christ, in his 63d year. His ora- 
 tions are not extant. Quintilian mentions them 
 as undeserving the great commendations which 
 Cicero had so liberally bestowed upon them. 
 Hortensius was very rich, and not less than 
 10,000 casks of Arvisian wine were found in 
 his cellar after his death. He had written 
 pieces of amorous poetry, and annals, all lost. 
 Cic. in JBriit. ad Mtic. de Oraf. &lc. — rarro 
 
 de R.R. 3, c. 5. Corbio, a grandson of the 
 
 orator of the same name, famous for hislasci- 
 
 viousness. A rich Roman, who asked the 
 
 elder Cato for his wife, to procreate children. 
 Cato gave his wife to his friend, and took her 
 again after his death. This behaviour of Cato 
 was highly censured at Rome, and it was ob- 
 served, that Cato's wife had entered the house 
 of Hortensius very poor, but that she returned 
 to the bed of Cato in the greatest opulence. 
 Plut. in Cat. — — A Roman, slain by Antony on 
 
 his brother's tomb. Id. A praetor who gave 
 
 up Macedonia to Brutus. Id. One of S)'!- 
 
 la's lieutenants. Id. A Roman, the first 
 
 who introduced the eating of peacocks at 
 Rome. This was at the feast he gave when he 
 was created augur. 
 
 HoRTONA, a town of Italy, on the confines of 
 the JEqm. Liv. 3, c. 30. 
 
 HoRus, a son of Isis, one of the deities of 
 the Egyptians. A king of Assyria. 
 
 HospiTALi.s, a surname of Jupiter among 
 the Romans, as the god of hospitality. 
 
 HosTiLiA LEX was cuactcd A. U. C, 583. 
 By it such as were among the enemies of the 
 republic, or absent when the state required 
 tbeir assistance, were guilty of rapine. 
 
 HosTiLiA, a large town on the Po. Tacil. 
 Mn. 2, c. 40.— P/m. 21, c. 12. 
 
 HosTius HosTiLius, a warlike Roman, pre- 
 sented with a crown of boughs by Romulus, 
 for his intrepid behaviour in a battle. Dionys. 
 
 Hal. A consul. A Latin poet, in the age 
 
 of J. Cccsar, who composed a poem on the 
 wars of Istria. Macrob. Sat. 6, c. 3 and 5. 
 
 HuA'Ni, a people of Sarmatia, v. ho invaded 
 the emj)ire of Rome in the fifth century, and 
 settled in Pannonia, to which they gave the 
 name of Hungary. 
 
 Hyacxnthia, an annual solemnity at Aray- 
 cla», in Laconia, in honour of Hyacinthus and 
 Apollo. It continued for three days, during 
 which time the grief of the people was so 
 great for the death of Hyacinthus, that they 
 did not adorn their hair with garlands during 
 their festivals, nor eat bread, but fed only upon 
 sweetmeats. They did not even sing paeans in 
 honour of Apollo, or observe aqy of the so* 
 
HY 
 
 lemnltieswhich were usual at other sacrifices. 
 On tbe second day of the festival there were a 
 number of diflferent exhibitions. Youths, with 
 their garments girt about them, entertained 
 the spectators, by playing sometimes upon the 
 flute, or upon the harp, and by singing anapestic 
 songs, in loud echoing voices, in honour of 
 Apollo. Others passed across the theatre 
 mounted upon horses richly adorned, and at 
 the same time, choirs of young men came up- 
 on the stage singing their uncouth rustic songs, 
 and accompanied by persons who danced at 
 the sound of vocal and instrumental music, 
 according to the ancientcustom. Some virgins 
 were also introduced in chariots of wood, cov- 
 ered at the top, and magnificently adorned. 
 Others appeared in race chariots. The city be- 
 gan then to be filled with joy, and immense 
 numbers of victims were offered on the altai-s 
 of Apollo, and the votaries liberally entertain- 
 ed their friends and slaves. During this latter 
 part of the festivity, all were eager to be pre- 
 sent at the games, and the city was almost de- 
 solate, and without inhabitants. Athen. 4. — 
 Ovid. Met. 10, v. 219.— Paws. 3, c. 1 and 19. 
 
 HvACiNTHus, a son of Amyclas and Dio- 
 mede, greatly laeloved by Apollo and Zephy- 
 rus. He returned the former's love, and Ze- 
 phyrus, incensed at his coldness and indiffer- 
 ence, resolved to punish his rival. As Apollo, 
 who was intrusted with the education of Hy- 
 acinthus, once played at quoit with his pupil, 
 Zephyrus blew the quoit, as soon as it was 
 thrown by Apollo, upon the head of Hyacin- 
 thus, and he was killed by the blow. Apollo 
 was so disconsolate at the death of Hyacinthus, 
 that he changed his blood into a flower, which 
 bore his name, and placed his body among the 
 constellations. The Spartans also established 
 yearly festivals in honour of the nephew of 
 their king. {Vid. Hyacinthia.] Paus. 3, c. 
 19. — Ovid. Met. 10, v. 185, &c. — Jipollod. 
 3, &c. 
 
 Hyades, five daughters of Atlas king of 
 Mauritania, who were so disconsolate at the 
 death of their brother Hyas, who had been 
 "liilled by a wild boar, that they pined away 
 and died. They became stars after death, and 
 were placed near Taurus, one of the 12 signs 
 of the Zodiac. They received the name of 
 Hyades from their brother Hyas. Their 
 names are Phaola, Ambrosiat Eudora, Coro- 
 nis, and Polyxo. To these some have added 
 Thione and Prodice, and they maintained, 
 that they were daughters of Hyas and iEthra, 
 one of the Oceanides. Euripides calls them 
 daughters of Erechtheus. The ancients sup- 
 posed that the rising and setting of the Hyades 
 was always attended with much rain, whence 
 the name Q'^pluo.) Ovid. Fad. 5, v. 165. — 
 llygin. fab. 182. — Eurip. in Ion. 
 
 Hy.\GMs, a Phrygian, father of Marsyas. 
 He invented the flule. Plut. de Mrisic. 
 
 Hyai.a, a city at the mouth of the Indus^ 
 where the govert)ment is the same as at Spar- 
 ta. One of Diana's attendant nvmphs. 
 
 Ovid. 
 
 Hyampolis, a city of Phocis, on the Cephi- 
 sus, founded by the Hyauthes. Herodvt. 8. 
 
 HvANTHi:s, the ancient name of the inha- 
 bitants of Bu'Otia, from king Hyas. Cadmus 
 is sometimes called Hyanthius, because hi; is 
 king of Ru^oii?. Odd. Md. 8. v. 147. 
 
 HY 
 
 Hyantis, an ancient name of Boeotia. 
 
 Hyarbita, a man who endeavoured to 
 imitate Timogenes, &.c. Horat. 1, ep. 19, 
 V. 15. 
 
 Hyas, a son of Atlas, of Mauritania, by 
 /Ethra. His extreme fondness for shooting 
 proved fatal to him, and, in his attempts to rob 
 a lioness of her whelps, he w^a3 killed by the 
 enraged animal. Some say that he died by 
 the bite of a serpent, and others that he was 
 killed by a wild boar. His sisters mourned his 
 death with such constant lamentations, that 
 Jupiter, in compassion to their sorrow, chan- 
 ged them into stars. [ Vid. Hyades.j Hygin. 
 tab. 192.— Ovid. Fast. 5, v. 170. 
 
 Hybla, a mountain in Sicily, called after- 
 wards Megara, where thyme and odoriferous 
 flowers of all sorts grew in abundance. It is 
 famous for its honey. There is, at the foot of 
 the mountain, a town of the same name. 
 There is also another near mount .3:tna, close 
 to Catana. Paus. 5, c. 2S.—Strab. 6.—Melay 
 2,c. 7. — Cic. Verr. 3, c. 43, 1.5, c. 25.—SiL 
 14, V. 2Q.—Stat. 14, v. 201. A city of Atti- 
 ca bears also the name of Hybla. 
 
 Hybreas, an orator of Caria, &;c. Strah. 13. 
 
 Hybrianes, a people near Thrace. 
 
 Hyccaron, (plur. a,) a town of Sicily, the 
 native place of Lais. 
 
 Hyda and Hyde, a town of Lydia, under 
 mount Tmolus, which some suppose to be the 
 same as Sardes. 
 
 HYDARA,atown of Armenia. Strah. 12. 
 
 Hydarnes, one of the seven noble Persians 
 who conspired to destroy the usurper Smer 
 dis, Sic. Herodot. 3 and 6. — Strab. 1 1. 
 
 Hydaspes, a river of Asia, flowing by Su- 
 
 ssL.— Virg. G. 4, v. 211. Another in India, 
 
 now Behut or Chelum, the boundaries of 
 Alexander's conquests in the east. It falls into 
 the Indus. Curt. 5, c. 2. — Lucan. 8, v. 227. 
 
 —Horat. 1, od. 22, v. 7.— Strab. 15. A 
 
 friend of .iJ^neas, killed in the Rutulian war. 
 Virg. M,n. 10, v. 747. 
 
 Hydra, a celebrated monster, which in- 
 fested the neighbourhood of the lake Lerna 
 in Peloponnesus. It was the fruit of Echid- 
 na's union with Typhon. It had an hundred 
 heads according to Diodonis ; fifty, according 
 to Simonides ; and nine, according to the more 
 received opinion of Apollodorus, Hyginus, &c- 
 As soon as one of these heads was cut oft", two 
 immediately grew up, if the wound was not 
 stopped by fire. It was one of the labours of 
 Hercules to destroy this dreadful monster, and 
 this he easily ettected with the assistance of 
 lolaus, who applied a burning iron to the 
 wounds as soon as one head was cut ofl^. 
 While Hercules was destroying the hydra, 
 Juno, jealous of his glory, sent a sea crab to 
 bite his fool. This new enemy was soon dis- 
 patched ; and Juno, unable to succeed in her 
 attempts to lessen the fame of Hercules, pla- 
 ced the crab among tlie conslellalions, where 
 it is now called the Cancer. The conqueror 
 dipped his arrows in the gall of the hydra, 
 and, from that circumstance, all tlie wounds 
 which he gave proved incurable and mortal. 
 Hesiod. Tfieog. — Jipollod. 2, c. 5. — Pans. 5, c. 
 17.— Ovid. Met. 9, v. 69.—Hurat. 4. od. 4, v. 
 61.— Virg. JKn. «, v. 276, 1. 7, v. 658. 
 
 Hydraotes, a river of India, crossed by 
 Alexander. 
 
HY 
 
 HydropIhoria, a festival observed at A- 
 thens, called aj^' «u (5>3§«v l^-^e, from carrying iva- 
 ter. It was celebrated in commemoration of 
 those who perished in the deluge of Deuca- 
 lion and Ogyges. 
 
 HvDRUNTUM and Hydrus, a city of Cala- 
 bria, 50 miles south of Brundusium. As the 
 distance from thence to Greece was only 60 
 miles, Pyrrhus, and afterwards Varro, Pom- 
 pey's lieutenant, meditated the building here 
 abridge across the Adriatic. Though so fa- 
 vourably situated, Hydrus, now called Otranto, 
 is but an insignificant town, scarce containing 
 3000 inhabitants. Plin. 3, c. 1 l.~Cic. 15, Alt. 
 21, 1. 16, ep. 5. — Lucan. 5, v. 375. 
 
 Hydrusa, a town of Attica. Strab. 9. 
 
 Hyela, a town of Lucania. Strab. 6. 
 
 Hyempsal, a son of Micipsa, brother to 
 Adherbal, murdered by Jugurtha, after the 
 death of his father. Sallust de Jug. Bell. 
 
 Hyettus, a town of Bceotia. Pans. 9, c. 
 24. 
 
 Hygeia or Hygiea, the goddess of health, 
 daughter of ^sculapius, held in great venera- 
 tion among the ancients. Her statues repre- 
 sented her with a veil, and the matrons usually 
 consecrated their locks to her. She was also 
 represented on monuments as a young woman 
 holding a serpent in one hand, and in the other 
 a cup, out of which the serpent sometimes 
 drank. According to some authors, Hygeia is 
 the same as Minerva, who received that name 
 from Pericles, who erected her a statue, be- 
 cause in a dream she had told him the means 
 of curing an architect, whose assistance he 
 Wanted to build a temple. Pint, in Pericl. — 
 Pans. 1, c. 23. 
 
 Hygiana, a town of Peloponnesus. 
 
 C. Jul. Hy.unus, a grammarian, one of 
 the freedmen of Augustus. He was a native 
 of Alexandria ; or, according to some, he was 
 a Spaniard, very intimate with Ovid. He was 
 appointed librarian to the library of mount 
 Palatine, and he was able to maintain himself 
 by the liberality of C. Licinius. He wrote a 
 mythological history, which he called fables, 
 and Poeticon ^5/7-onowtcon, besides treatises on 
 the cities of Italy, on such Roman families as 
 were descended from the Trojans, a book on 
 agriculture, commentaries on Virgil, the lives 
 of great men, he. now lost. The best edition 
 of Hyginus is that of Munkerus, 2 vols. 8vo. 
 Amst. 1681. These compositions have been 
 greatly mutilated, and their incorrectness and 
 their bad Latinity, have induced some to sup- 
 pose that they are spurious. Sutton, de Gram. 
 
 Hyla and Hylas, a riv^er of Mysia, where 
 
 Hylas was drowned. Virg. Q. 3, v. 6. A 
 
 colony of Phocis. 
 
 Hylactor, one of Actagon's dogs, from his 
 barking (uXc«/.too latro.) Ovid. Met. 3. 
 
 Hylje, asmall town of Bojotia. Plin. 4, c.7. 
 
 Hyla'.us, a name given to some centaurs, 
 one of whom was killed by Hercules on mount 
 
 Pholoe. Virg. Mn. 8, v. 294. Another by 
 
 Theseus, at the nuptials of Pirithous. Stat. 
 
 Th. 7, v. 267.— Ovid. Met. 12, v. 378. 
 
 Another killed by Bacchus. 67a/. Th. 6, v. 
 
 530.— r/rg. G. 2, v. 457. A fourth killed 
 
 by Atalaiita. ^9poUod.o. Oneof Actajon's 
 
 dogs. 
 
 Hylas, a son of Thiodamas, king of Mysia 
 and Menodice, stolen away by Hercules; and 
 
 HY 
 
 carried on board the ship Argo to Colchis. Ont 
 the Asiatic coast the Argonauts landed to tak& 
 a supply of fresh water, and Hylas, following 
 the example of his companions, went to the 
 fountain with a pitcher, and fell into the water 
 and was drowned. The poets have embellish- 
 ed this tragical story, by saying, that the 
 nymphs of the river, enamoured of the beau- 
 tiful Hylas, carried him away ; and that Her- 
 cules, disconsolate at the loss of his favourite 
 youth, filled the woods and mountains with 
 his complaints, and, at last, abandoned the 
 Argonautic expedition to go and seek him, 
 Jlpollod. 1, c. 9.—Hygin. fab. 14, 211.— Virg. 
 
 Eel. 6.^ — Propert. 1, el. 20. A river of Bi- 
 
 thynia. Plin. 5, c. 32. 
 
 Hylax, a dog mentioned in Virg. Eel. 8. 
 
 Hylias, a river of Magna Graecia. 
 
 Hyllaicus, a part of Peloponnesus, near 
 Messenia. 
 
 Hyllus, a son of Hercules and Dejanira, 
 who, soon after his father's death, married 
 lole. He, as well as his father, was persecu- 
 ted by the envy of Eurystheus, and obliged to 
 fly from the Peloponnesus. The Athenians 
 gave a kind reception to Hyllus and the rest 
 of the Heraclidae, and marched against Eu- 
 rystheus. Hyllus obtained a victory over his 
 enemies, and killed with his own hand Eu- 
 rystheus, and sent his head to Alcraena, his 
 grandmother. Sometime after he attempted 
 to recover the Peloponnesus with the Hera- 
 clidae, and was killed in single combat by 
 Echemus, king of Arcadia. [Vid. Heraclidae, 
 Hercules.] Herodot. 7, c. 204, &c. — Strab. 
 
 9.—Diod. 4.— Ovid. Met. 9, v. 279. A 
 
 river of Lydia, Tlowing into the Hermus. It 
 is called also Phryx. Liv. 37, c. 38. — Herodot. 
 1, c. 180. 
 
 Hylonome, the wife of Cyllaras, who kill- 
 ed herself the moment her husband wa« 
 murdered by the Lapithae. Ovid. Met. 12, v 
 405. 
 
 Hyloph.Xgi, a people of ^Ethiopia. Diod. 3. 
 
 HymenjEus and HyiMen, the god of mar- 
 riage among the Greeks, v/as son of Bacchus 
 and Venus, or, according to others, of Apollo 
 and one of the muses. Hymenaeus, according 
 to the more received opinions, was a young 
 Athenian of extraordinary beauty, but ignoble 
 origin. He became enamoured of the daugh- 
 ter of one of the richest and noblest of his 
 countrymen, and, as the rank and elevation of 
 his mistress removed him from her presence 
 and conversation, he contented himself to fol- 
 low her wherever she went. In a certain pro- 
 cession, in which all the matrons of Athens 
 went to Eleusis, Hymenreus, to accompany his 
 mistress, disguised himself in woman's clothes, 
 and joined the religious troop. His youth, and 
 the fairness of his features, favoured his dis- 
 guise. A great part of the procession was seiz- 
 ed by the sudden arrival of some pirates, and 
 Hymen teus, who shared the captivity of his 
 mistress, encouraged his female com])anions, 
 and assassinated their ravishers while they 
 were asleep. Immediately after this, Hyme- 
 naeus repaired to Athens, and promised to re- 
 store to liberty the matrons who had been en- 
 slaved, provided he was allowed to marry one 
 among them who was the object of his passion. 
 The Athenians consented, and Hymenaeus ex- 
 perienced so much felicity in his marriage 
 
HY 
 
 slate, that the people of Athens instituted fes- 
 tivals in his honour, and solemnly invoked him 
 at their nuptials, as the Latins did their Tha- 
 lassius. Hymen was generally represented as 
 crowned with flowers, chiefly with mai'joram 
 or roses, aad holding a burning torch in one 
 hand, andin the other a vest of a purple colour. 
 it was supposed that he always attended at 
 nuptials ; for, if not, matrimonial connexions 
 were fatal, and ended in the most dreadful ca- 
 lamities; and hence people ran about, calling 
 aloud. Hymen! Hymen! &;c. Ovid. Medea. 
 Met. 12, V. 21b.—Virg. JEn. 1, &c.— Caf u/Z. ep. 
 62. 
 
 Hymettus, a mountain of Attica, about 22 
 miles in circumference, and about two miles 
 from Athens, still famous for its bees and ex- 
 cellent honey. There was also a quarry of 
 marble there. Jupiter had there a temple ; 
 whence he is called Hymettius. Strab. 9. — 
 Jtal 2, V. 228, 1. 14, v. 200.— P/in. 36, c. 3.— 
 HoraL 2, od. 18, v. 3, 1. 2, Sat. 2, v. 15.— Cic. 
 %fm. 34. 
 
 Hypjepa or Ipep^, now Berki, a town of 
 Lydia, sacred to Venus, between mount Tmo- 
 lus and the Caystrus. Strab. 13. — Ovid. 
 Met. 11, V. 152. 
 
 ' Hypjesia, a countiy of Peloponnesus. 
 
 Hypanis, a river ot European Scythia, now 
 called Bog, which falls into the Borysthenes, 
 and with it into the Euxine. Herodot. 4, c. 52, 
 Uc. Odd. Met. 15, v. 285. A river of In- 
 dia. Another of Pontus. Cic. Tusc. 2, c. 
 
 39. A Trojan who joined himself to ^neas, 
 
 and was killed by his own people, who took 
 bim for one of the enemy in the night that 
 Troy was burned by the Greeks. Virg. JE71. 
 % v. 428. 
 
 HypARiuus, a son of Dion, who reigned at 
 
 Syracuse for two yeare after his father. 
 
 The father of Dion. 
 
 Hypates, a river of Sicily, near Camarina. 
 Ital. 14, V. 231. 
 
 Hypatha, atown of Thessaly. Liy.41, c. 25. 
 
 Hypatia, a native of Alexandria, celebra- 
 ted for her beauty, her virtues, and her great 
 erudition. She was assassinated 415 A. I). 
 
 Hypenor, a Trojan killed by Diomedes at 
 Troy. Homer. II. 5, v. 144. 
 
 Hyperbatus, a prastor of the Achasans, 
 B. C. 224. 
 
 Hyperbius, a son of iEgyptus. Apollod. 
 
 HvPERBOREi, a nation in the northern parts 
 of Europe and Asia, who were said to live to 
 an incredible age, even to a thousand years, 
 and in the enjoyment of all possible felicity. 
 The sun was said to rise and set to them but 
 once a year, and therefore perhaps they are 
 placed by Virgil under the nortii pole. The 
 word signifies /»eo/?/e loho inhabit beyond the 
 wind Boreas. Thrace was the residence of 
 Bore.is, according to the ancients. Whenever 
 the Hyperboreans made ofterings, they always 
 sent them towards the south, and the people 
 of Dodona were the first of the Greeks who 
 received them. The word Hyperboreans i- 
 applied, in general, to all those who inhabit 
 any cold climate. Plin. 4, c. 12, 1, 6, c. 17. — 
 Mela, 3, c. 5.— Virg. G.l,v. 240, 1. 3, v. 169 and 
 'SSl.—ilerodol. 4, c. 13, &LC.—Cic. JV. D. 3, c. 
 23, 1. 4, c. 12. 
 
 Hyperea and Hyperia, a fountain of 
 Thossttly, with a town of the same name. 
 43 
 
 HY 
 
 Slrah. 9. Another in Messenia, in Pelo- 
 ponnesus. Flacc. l,v. 375. 
 Hyperesia, a town of Achaia. Strab. 8. 
 Hyperides, an Athenian orator, disciple 
 to Plato and Socrates, and long the rival of 
 Demosthenes. His father's name was Glau- 
 cippus. He distinguished himself by his elo- 
 quence, and the active part he took in the 
 management of the Athenian republic. Af- 
 ter the unfortunate battle of Cranon, he was 
 taken alive, and, that he might not be com- 
 pelled to betray the secrets of his countiy, he 
 cutoflfhis tongue. He was put to death by 
 order of Antipater, B. C. 322. Only one 
 of his numerous orations remains, admired 
 for the sweetness and elegance of his style. 
 It is said, that Hyperides once defended the 
 courtezan Phryne, w^ho was accused of im- 
 piety, and that, when he saw his eloquence 
 ineffectual, he unveiled the bosom of his 
 client, upon which the judges, influenced by 
 the sight of her beauty, acquitted her. Plut. 
 inDemost.—Cic. in Or at. l,&ic.—Quiniil. 10, &c. 
 
 Hyperion, a son of Ccelus and Terra, who 
 married Thea, by whom he had Aurora, the 
 sun and moon. Hyperion is often taken by 
 the poets for the sun itself. Hesiod. Theog. — 
 Apollod. 1, c. 1 and 2. — Homer, hymn, ad Ap. 
 A son of Priam. — Jipollod. 1, c. 2. 
 
 Hypermnestra, one of the fifty daughters 
 of Danaus, who married Lynceus, son of 
 ^Egyptus. She disobeyed her father's bloody 
 commands, who had ordered her to murder 
 her husband the first night of her nuptials, and 
 suffered Lynceus to escape unhurt from the 
 bridal bed. Her father summoned her to ap- 
 pear before a tribunal for her disobedience, 
 but the people acquitted her, and Danaus was 
 reconciled to her and her husband, to whora 
 he left his kingdom at his death. Some say, 
 that Lynceus returned to Argos with an army, 
 and that he conquered and put to death his 
 father-in-law, and usurped his crown. Vid, 
 Danaides. Paus. 2, c. 19. — Apollod. 2, c. 1. — 
 
 Ovid. Heroid. 14. A daughter of Thestius. 
 
 Apollod. 
 
 Hyperochus, a man who wrote a poetical 
 history of Cuma. Pans. 10, c. 12. 
 
 Hyph^us, a mountain of Campania. Plut. 
 in Syll. 
 
 Hypsa, now Belid, a river of Sicily, fall- 
 ing into the Crinisus, and then into the Medi- 
 terranean near Selinus. Ital. 14, v. 228. 
 
 Hypsea, a Roman matron, of the family 
 of the Plautii. She was blind, according t9 
 Horace ; or, perhaps, was partial to some 
 lover, who was recommended neither by per- 
 sonal or mental excellence. Ilorat. 1, sat. 2t 
 V. 91. 
 
 Hypsenor, a priest of the Scamander, kill- 
 ed during the Trojan war. Homer. II. 5. 
 
 Hypseus, a sou of the river Peneus. A 
 
 pleader at the Roman bar before the age of 
 Cicero. Cic. de Orat. 1, c. 36, 
 
 Hypsigratea, the wife of Mithridalea, 
 who accompanied her husband in man's 
 clothes, when he fled before Pompey. Plat, 
 in Pomp. 
 
 Hypsicrates, a Phoenician, who wrote au 
 history of his country, in the Phoenician lan- 
 guage. This history was saved from the 
 flames of Carthage, whetj that city was taken 
 by Scipio, and translated into Greek 
 
HY 
 
 Hypsipides, a Macedonian in Alexander's 
 army, famous for his friendship for Menede- 
 mus, &LC. Curt. 7, c. 7. 
 
 HypsiPYLE, a queen of Lemnos, daughter 
 of Thoas and Myrine. During her reign, 
 Venus, whose altars had been universally 
 slighted, punished the Lemnian women, and 
 rendered their mouths and breath so ex- 
 tremely offensive to the smell, that their hus- 
 bands abandoned them, and gave themselves 
 up to some female slaves, whom they had ta- 
 ken in the war against Thrace. This contempt 
 was highly resented by all the women of Lein- 
 nos, and they resolved on revenge, and all 
 unanimously put to death their male relations, 
 Hypsipyle alone excepted, who spared the life 
 of her father Thoas, Soon after this cruel 
 murder, the Argonauts landed at Lemnos, in 
 their expedition to Colchis, and remained for 
 some time in the island. During their stay the 
 Argonauts rendered the Lemnian women 
 mothers, and Jason, the chief of the Argonau- 
 tic expedition, left Hypsipyle pregnant at his 
 departure, and promised her eternal fidelity. 
 Hypsipyle brought twins, Euneus and Nebro- 
 phonus, whom some have called Deiphilus or 
 Thoas. Jason forgot his vows and promises to 
 Hypsipyle, and the unfortunate queen was 
 soon after forced to leave her kingdom by the 
 Lemnian women, who conspired against her 
 life, still mindful that Thoas had been preser- 
 ved by means of his daughter. Hypsipyle, in 
 her flight, was seized by pirates, and sold to 
 Lycurgus, king of Nemaea. She was intrus- 
 ted with the care of Archemorus, the son of 
 Lycurgus ; and, when the Argives march- 
 ed against Thebes, they met Hypsipyle, and 
 obliged her to show them a fountain, where 
 they might quench their thirst. To do this 
 more expeditiously, she laid down the child on 
 the grass, and in her absence he was killed by 
 « serpent. Lycurgus attempted to revenge 
 tlie death of his son, but Hypsipyle was screen 
 ed from his resentment by Adrastus, the lead- 
 er of the Argives. Ovid. Heroid. 6. — Apol- 
 lon. I.— Stat. 6.—Theb.—Flac. ^.—Apollod. 
 1, c. 9, 1. 3, c. 6. — Hyghi. fab. 15, 74, &,c. 
 Vid. Archemorus. 
 
 Hyrcania, a large country of Asia, at 
 the north of Parthia, and at the west of Me- 
 dia, abounding in serpents, wild beasts, Lc. It 
 is very mountainous, and unfit for drawing 
 a cavalry in order of battle. Virg. JEn. 4, 
 V. 367.— Cic. Tusc. 1, c. 45.—Strab. 2 and 
 11. A town of Lydia, destroyed by a vio- 
 lent earthquake in the age of Tiberius. — LiiK 
 37, c. 3S. 
 
 Hvrcanum mare, a large sea, called also 
 Cfispian. Vid. Cespium mare. 
 
 Hyrcanus, a name common to some of 
 the high priests of Judea. Josephus. 
 
 Hyria, a country of Bceotia, near Aulis, 
 with a lake, river, and town of the. same 
 
 HY 
 
 name. It is more probably situate near 
 Tempe. It received its name from Hyrie? 
 a woman who wept so much for the loss oif 
 her son, that she was changed into a foun- 
 tain. Ovid. Met. 7, v. 372. — Htrodot. 7, c- 
 170. A town of Isauria,on the Calycadnus. 
 
 Hyrieus and Hvkkus, a peasant, or, as 
 some say, a prince of Tanagra, son of Nep- 
 tune and Alcyone, who kindly entertained 
 Jupiter, Neptune, and Mercury, when tra- 
 velling over Bceotia. Being childless, he asked 
 of the gods to give him a son without his mar- 
 rying, as he promised his Vrife, who was late- 
 ly dead, and whom he tenderly loved, that 
 he never would marry again. Tiie gods, to 
 reward the hospitality of Hyreus, made water 
 in the hide of a bull, which had been sacrificed 
 the day before to their divinity, and they or- 
 dered him to wrap it up and bury it in the 
 ground for nine montlis. At the expiration 
 of the nine months, Hyreus opened the earth, 
 and found a beautiful child in the bull's hide, 
 whom he called Orion. Firf. Orion. 
 
 Hyrmina, a town of Eiis, in Peloponnesus. 
 Strab. 8. 
 
 Hyrneto and Hyrnetho, a daughter of 
 Temenus, king of Argos, who married Dey- 
 phon, son of Celeus. She was the favourite of 
 her father, who greatly enriched her husband. 
 Jipollod. 2, c. Q.—Paus. 2, c. 19. 
 
 Hyrnithium, a plain of Argos, near Epi- 
 daurus, fertile in olives. Strab. 6. 
 
 Hyrtacus, a Trojan of mount Ida, father 
 to Nisus, one of the companions of ^neas. 
 Virg. JEn. 9, v. 177 and 406. Hence tlie pa- 
 tronymic of Hyrlacides is applied to Nisus. It 
 is also applied to Hippocoon. Id. 5, v. 492. 
 
 Hysia, a town of Bceotia, built by Nycteus, 
 
 Antiope's father. A village of Argos. 
 
 A city of Arcadia The royal residence of 
 
 the king of Parthia. 
 
 Hyspa, a river of Sicily. Ital. 14, v. 228. 
 
 Hyssus and Hyssi, a port and river of 
 Cappadocia, on the Euxine sea. 
 
 Hystaspes, a noble Persian, of the family 
 of the Achffimenides, His father's name wat 
 Arsames. His son Darius reigned in Persia 
 after the murder of the usurper Smerdis. It 
 is said, by Ctesias, that he wished to be car- 
 ried to see the royal monument which his son 
 had built between two mountains. The priests 
 who carried him, as rejiorted, slipped the 
 cord with which he was suspended in ascend- 
 ing the mountain, and he died of the fall. Hys- 
 taspes was the first who inU'oduced the learii- 
 ing and mysteries of the Indian Brachmans 
 into Persia, and to his researches in India the 
 sciences were greatly indebted, particularly in 
 Persia. Darius is called Hystaspes, or son of 
 Hystaspes, to distinguish him from his royal 
 successors of the same name. Herodot. 1, r 
 209, 1. 5, c. S3.— Ctesias Fragm. 
 
 HysTiEUs. Vid. Histiseus. 
 
JA 
 
 1A> the daughter of Midas, who married 
 Atys, &.C. 
 
 Iacchus, a surname of Bacchus, ab •«%"i', 
 from the noise and shouts which the bacchanals 
 raised at the festivals of this deity. Virg. Eel. 
 
 6, G. 1, V. IQd.—Odd. Met. 4, 15. Some 
 
 suppose him to be a son of Ceres ; because in 
 the celebration of the Eleusinian mysteries, 
 the word Iacchus was frequently repeated, 
 Herodot. 8, c. 65.— Pans. 1, c. 2. 
 
 Iader, a river of Dalmatia. 
 
 Ialemus, a wretched singer, son of the muse 
 Calliope. Mhen.l4. 
 
 Ialmknus, a son of Mars and Astyoche, who 
 went to the Trojan war with his brother Asca- 
 laphus, with 30 ships, at the head of the inha- 
 bitants of Orchomenos and Aspledon, in 
 Boeotia. Pans. 9, c. ST.— Homer. II. 2, v. 19. 
 
 Ialysus, a town of Rhodes, built by lalysus, 
 of whom Protogenes was making a beautiful 
 painting when Demetrius Poliorcetes took 
 Rhodes. The Telchines were born there. 
 Ovid. Met. 7, fab. 9.—Plin. 35, c. d.—Cic. 2, 
 ad Attic, ep. 21. — Plut. in Dem. — Mlian. 12, 
 G. 5. 
 
 Iambe, a servant maid of Metanira, wife 
 of Celeus, king of Eleusis, who tried to ex- 
 hilirate Ceres, when she travelled over Attica 
 in quest of her daughter Proserpine. From 
 the jokes and stories which she made use of, 
 free and satirical verses have been called Iam- 
 bics. Apollod 1,0.5, 
 
 Iajwbliccs, a Greek author^ who wrote 
 the life of Pythagoras, and the history of his 
 followers, an exhortation to philosophy, a 
 treatise against Porphyry's letter on the mys- 
 teries of the Egyptians, fee. He was a great 
 favourite of the emperor Julian, and died A. 
 D. 363. 
 
 Iamenus, a Trojan, killed by Leonteus. 
 Homer. II. 12, v. 139 and 193. 
 
 lAMiDiE, certain prophets among the Greeks, 
 descended from lamus, a son of Apollo, who 
 received the gift of prophecy from his father, 
 which remained among his posterity. Pans. 
 6, c. 2. 
 
 Janiculum and Janicularius mons, one of 
 the seven hills at Rome, joined to the city by 
 Ancus Martins, and made a kind of citadel, to 
 protect the place against an invasion. This 
 hill, {Vid. Janus) which was on the opposite 
 shore of the Tiber, was joined to the city by 
 the bridge Sublicius, the'first ever built across 
 that river, and perhaps in Italy. It was less 
 inhabited than the other parts of the city, on 
 account of the grossness of the air, though 
 from its top, the eye could have a command- 
 ing view of tlie whole city. It is famous for 
 the burial of king Nuraa and the poet Itali- 
 cus. Porsenna, king of Etruria, pitched his 
 camp on mount Janiculum, and the senators 
 took refuge thei-e in the civil wars, to avoid 
 the resentment of Octavius. Liv. 1, c. 33, he. 
 —Dio. 47.— Ovid. 1, Fast. v. 246.— Virg. 8, v. 
 358.— Mart. 4, ep. 64, 1. 7, ep. 16. 
 
 lAriiRA, one of the Nereides. 
 
 LvNTiiE, a girl of Crete, who married Iphis. 
 {Vid. Ii)his.) Ovid. Met. 9, v. 714, &,c. 
 
 Ianthea, one of the Oceanides. One of 
 
 the Nereides. Pans. 4, c. 30. — "Homer. II. 8, 
 V. 47. 
 
 Janus, the most ancient king who reigned 
 in Italy, He was a native of Thessaly, and 
 
 JA 
 
 son of Apollo, according to some. He came 
 to Italy, where he planted a colony and built 
 a small town on the river Tiber, which he 
 called Janiculum. Some authors make him 
 son of Ccelus and Hecate ; and others make, 
 him a native of Athens. During his reign, 
 Saturn, driven from heaven by his son Jupiter, 
 came to Italy, where Janus received him 
 with much hospitality, and made him his col- 
 league on the throne. Janus is represented 
 with two faces, because he was acquainted 
 with the past and the future ; or, according to 
 others, because he was taken for the sun, who 
 opens the day at his rising, and shuts it at his 
 setting. Some statues represented Janus with, 
 four heads. He sometimes appeared with a 
 beard, and sometimes without. In religious, 
 ceremonies, his name was always invoked the 
 first, because he presides over all gates and 
 avenues, and it is through him only that, 
 prayers can reach the immortal gods. Fronoi 
 that circumstance he often appears with a 
 key in his right hand, and a rod in his left. 
 Sometimes he holds the number 300 in one 
 hand, and in the other 65, to show that he 
 presides over the year, of which the first 
 month bears his name. Some suppose that he 
 is the same as the world, or Ccelus ; and from 
 that circumstance, they call him Eajius, aU. 
 eundo, because of the revolution of the hea- 
 vens. He was called by different names, sucli. 
 as Consivius a consorendo, because he presided 
 over generation; Quirinus or Martialis, be- 
 cause he presided over war. He is also called. 
 Palulcius ^ Clausius, because the gates of his 
 temples were opened during the time of war^. 
 and shut in time of peace. He was chiefly 
 worshipped among the Romans, where he had 
 many temples, some erected to Janus Bi- 
 frons, others to Janus Quadrifons, The tem- 
 ples of Quadrifons were built with four equal 
 sides, with a door and three windows on each 
 side. The four doors were the emblems of the 
 four seasons of the year, and the three windows 
 in each of the sides tlie three months in each 
 season, and a.11 together, the twelve months of 
 the year, Janus was generally represented in 
 statues as ayoungman. Afterdeath Janus was 
 ranked among the gods, for his popularity, and 
 thecivilization which he had introduced among 
 the wild inhabitants of Italy. His temple, which 
 was always open in time of war, was shut only 
 three times during above 700 years, under 
 Numa, 234 B. C. and under Augustus; and 
 during tljat long period of time, the Romans 
 were continually employed in war. Ovid. 
 Fast. 1, v. 65, he— Virg. ^n. 7, v. 607.— 
 
 Varro de L. L. 1, — Macrob. Sat. 1. A street 
 
 at Rome, near the temple of Janus. It was 
 generally frequented by usurers and money- 
 brokers, and booksellers also kept their shops 
 there. Horat. 1, ep. 1, 
 
 Japetjdes, a musician at the nuptials of 
 Perseus and Andromeda. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 
 111. 
 
 JAPiiTus, a son of Goelus or Titan, by Ter- 
 ra, who married Asia, or, according to others, 
 Clymene, by whom he had Atlas, Menoetius, 
 Prometheus, and Epimetheus. The Greeks 
 looked upon him as the father of all mankind, 
 and therefore from his antiquity old men were 
 frequerjtiy called Japeti. His sons received 
 the patronymic of lapelionidfs. Ovid. Met. 4, 
 
JA 
 
 V. 6^1.— Hesiod. Tlieog. 136 and 508.—^pollod. 
 1, c. 1. 
 
 Iapis; an iEtolian, who founded a city upon 
 the banks of the Timavus. Virg. G. 3, v. 475. 
 A Trojan, favourite of Apollo, from whora he 
 received the knowledge of the power of me- 
 dicinal herbs. Id. JEn. 12, v. 391. 
 
 Iapydia, a district of Illyricura, now Car- 
 niola, Liv. 43, c. b.—Tyhull. 4, v. 109.— Cic. 
 Balb. 14. 
 
 Iapvgia, a country on the confines of Italy 
 in the form of the peninsula between Taren- 
 tum and Brundusiura. It is called by some 
 Messapia, Peucetia, and Saleniinum. Plin. 3, 
 c. 1 1. — Strah. 6. 
 
 Iapyx, a son of Daedalus, who conquered a 
 part of Italy, which he called Japygia. Ovid. 
 Met. 14, V. 458. A wind which blows from 
 
 Apulia, and is favourable to such as sailed 
 from Italy towards Greece. It was nearly the 
 same as the Caurus of the Greeks. Horal. 1, 
 od. 3, V. 4, L 3, od. 7, v. 20. 
 
 Iarbas, a son of Jupiter and Garamantis 
 king of Gaetulia, from whom Dido bought land 
 to build Carthage. He courted Dido, but the 
 arrival of jEneas prevented his success, and 
 the queen, rather than marry Iarbas, destroyed 
 herself. Vid. Dido. Virg. Mn. 4, v. 36, &,c. 
 Justin. 18, c. Q.—Ovid. Fast. 3, v. 552. 
 
 Iaechas and Jarchas, a celebrated Indian 
 philosopher. His seven rings are famous for 
 their power of restoring old men to the bloom 
 and vigour of youth, according to the tradi- 
 tions of P/iilostr. in £poll. 
 
 Iardanus, a Lydian, father of Oraphale, 
 the mistress of Hercules. Herodot. 1, c. 7. 
 
 A river of Arcadia. Another in Crete. 
 
 Homer. 11. 7. 
 
 Iasides, a patronymic given to Palinurusas 
 descended from a person of the name of 
 
 Jasius. Virg. JEn. 6, v. 843. Also of Ja- 
 
 «us. Id. 12, V. 392. 
 
 Iasion and Iasius, a son of Jupiter and 
 Electra, one of the Atlantides, who reigned 
 over part of Arcadia, where he diligently ap- 
 plied himself to agriculture. He married the 
 goddess Cybele, or Ceres, and all the gods 
 were present at the celebration of his nuptials. 
 He had by Ceres two sons, Philomelus and 
 Plutus, to whom some have added a third, 
 Corybas, ^vho introduced the worship and 
 mysteries of his mother in Phrygia. He had 
 also a daughter, whom he exposed as soon 
 as born, saying that he would raise only male 
 chilriien. The child, who was suckled by a 
 she-bear and preserved, rendered herself fa- 
 mous afterwards under the name of Atalanta. 
 Jasion was killed with a thunderbolt of Ju- 
 piter, and ranked among the gods after death, 
 by the inhabitants of Arcadia. Hesiod. Theog. 
 970.— Virg. JEn. 3, v. l6S.--Hygin. Poet. 
 2, c. 4. 
 
 Iasis, a name given to Atalanta, daughter 
 of lasius. 
 
 Iasius, a son of Abas, king of Argos. A 
 
 son of Jupiter. Vid. Iasion. 
 
 Jason, a celebrated hero, son of Alcimede, 
 daughter of Phylacus, by ili^son the son of 
 Crelheus, and Tyro the daughter of Salmo- 
 neus. Tyro, before her connexion with Cre- 
 theus the son of iEoIus, had two sons, Pe-' 
 
 lias and Neleus, by Neptune. JKson was! was suspended. All were concerned for the 
 )dng of lolchos, and at his death the throne jfale of the Argonauts-, but Juno, who watched 
 
 JA 
 
 was usurped by Pelias, and iEson the lawful 
 successor was driven to retirement and obscu- 
 rity. The education of young Jason was in- 
 trusted to the care of the centaur Chiron, and 
 he was removed from the presence of the 
 usurper, who had been inform.ed by an oracle 
 that one of the descendants of ^olus would 
 dethrone him. After he had made the most 
 rapid progress in every branch of science, 
 Jason left the centaur, and by his advice went 
 to consult the oracle. He was ordered to go 
 to lolchos his native country, covered with 
 the spoils of a leopard, and dressed in the 
 garments of a Magnesian. In his journey he 
 was stopped by the inundation of the river 
 Evenus or Enipeus, over which he was car- 
 ried by Juno, who had changed herself into 
 an old woman. In crossing the streams he 
 lost one of his sandals, and at his arrival at 
 lolchos, the singularity of his dress and the 
 fairness of his complexion, attracted the notice 
 of the people, and drew a crowd around him 
 in the market place. Pelias came to see him 
 with the rest, and as he had been w arned by 
 the oracle to beware of a man who • should 
 appear at lolchos with one foot bare, and the 
 other shod, the appearance of Ja.son, who 
 had lost one of his sandals, alarmed him. His 
 terrors were soon aftj^r augmented. Jason, 
 accompanied by his friends, repaired to the 
 palace of Pelias, and boldly demanded the 
 kingdom which he had unjustly usurped. The 
 boldness and popularity of Jason intimidated 
 Pelias ; he was unwilling to abdicate the 
 crown, and yet he feared the resentment of 
 his adversary. As Jason was young and am- 
 bitious of glory, Pelias, at once to remove 
 his immediate claims to the crown, reminded 
 him that JEetes king of Colchis had severely 
 treated and inhumanly murdered their com- 
 mon relation Phryxus. He observed that 
 such a treatment called aloud for punishment, 
 and that the undertaking would be accom- 
 panied with much glory and fame. He far- 
 ther added, that his old age had prevented 
 him from avenging the death of Phryxas, and 
 that if Jason would undertake the expedition, 
 he would resign to him the crown of lolchos 
 when he returned victorious from Colchis. 
 Jason readily accepted a proposal which seem- 
 ed to promise such military fame. His in- 
 tended expedition was made known in every 
 part of Greece, and the youngest and bravest 
 of the Greeks assembled to accompany him, 
 and share his toils and glory. They embarked 
 on board a ship called Argo, and after a 
 series of adventures, they arrived at Colchis. 
 (Vid. Argonauta?.) JEeles promised to re- 
 store the golden fleece, which was the cause 
 of the death of Phryxus, and of the voyage 
 of the Argonauts, provided they submitted to 
 his conditions Jason was to tame bulls who 
 breathed llames, and who had feet and horns 
 of brass, and to plough with them a field 
 sacred to JMars. After this he was to sow 
 in the ground the teeth of a serpent from 
 which armed men would arise, whose fury 
 would be converted against him who ploughed 
 (he field. He was also to kill a monstrous 
 dragon who watched night and day at the 
 foot of the tree on which the jrolden fleece 
 
JA 
 
 with an anxious eye over the safety of Ja- 
 son, extricated them from all these difficul- 
 ties. Medea, the king's daughter, fell in love 
 with Jason, and as her knowledge of herbs, 
 enchaiitments, and incantation was uncom- 
 mon, she pledged herself to deliver her lover 
 from all his dangers if he promised her ^er- 
 
 ^r- 
 1%^ 
 
 nal fidelity. Jason, not insensible t ^ 
 charms and to her promise, vowed eternal 
 fidelity in the temple of Hecate, and re- 
 ceived from Medea whatever instruments 
 and herbs could protect him against the ap- 
 proaching dangers. He appeared in the field 
 of Mars, he tamed the fury of the oxen, 
 ploughed the plain, and sowed the dmgon's 
 teeth. Immediately an army of men sprang 
 from tlie field, and ran towards Jason. He 
 threw a stone amoug them, and they fell one 
 upon the otiier till all were totally destroyed. 
 The vigilance of the dragon was lulled to sleep 
 by the power of berbs, and Jason took from the 
 tree the celebrated golden fleece, which was 
 the sole object of his voyage. These actions 
 were all performed in the presence of ^etes 
 and his people, who were all equally astonish- 
 ed at the boldness and success of Jason. After 
 this celebrated conquest, Jason immediately 
 set sail for Europe witkMedea, who had been 
 so instrumental in his Aservation. Upon this 
 iEetes, desirous to revPige the perfidy of his 
 daughter Medea, sent bis son Absyrtus to pur- 
 sue the fugitives. Medea killed her brother, 
 and strewed his limbs in her father's way, that 
 she might more easily escape, while he was 
 employed in collecting the mangled body of 
 his son. (Vid. Absyrtus.) The return of the 
 Argorjauts in Thessaly w as celebrated with uni- 
 versal festivity ; but ^son, Jason's father, was 
 unable to attend on account of the infirmities 
 of old age. This obstruction was removed, and 
 Medea, at the request of her husband, restored 
 iKson to the vigour and sprightliness of youth. 
 (Vid. /Eson.) Telias the usurper of the crown 
 of loiciios wished also to see himself restored 
 to \he (iort-er of youth, and his daughters, per- 
 suaoed by Medea, who wished to avenge her 
 husband's wrongs, cut his body to pieces, and 
 placea his limbs in a caldron of boiling water. 
 The/: j.puulity was severely punished. Me- 
 dea salr-reJ the flesh to be consumed to the 
 bor.es, uiid Felias was never restored to life^ 
 This inhuman action drew the resentment of 
 the po^-ulace upon Medea, and she fled to Co- 
 rinth with her husband Jason, where they lived 
 in perfect union and love during ten successive 
 years. Jason's partialily for Glance, the daugh- 
 ter of the king of the country, afterwards dis- 
 turb(;d Liicir matrimonial happiness, and Medea 
 was divorced that Jason might more freely in- 
 dulge his amorous propensities. This infidel- 
 ity was severely revenged by Medea, {Vid. 
 Glauce) who destroyed her children in the 
 presence of their fatlier. (Vid. Medea.) Af- 
 ter his separation from Medea, Juson lived an 
 unsettled and melancholy life. A? he was one 
 day reposing himself by the side of the ship 
 which had carried liim to Colchis, a beam fell 
 upon his head, and lie was crushed to death. 
 This tragical event iiad been predicted to him 
 before by Medea, according to the relation of 
 same authors. Some say that he afterwards 
 returned to Colchis, where he seized the king- 
 dom, and reigned in great security. Eurip. 
 
 IB 
 
 in Med. — Ovid. Met. 7, fab. 2, 3, &c. — Dtod. 
 4.— Pans. 2 and 3.—£pollod. 1, c. 9.— Cic. dt 
 ^'at.^.—Ovid. Trist. 3, el. 9.—Strab. 7.— 
 ^poll. — Place. — Hygin. 5, kc. — Pindar. 3, A'em. 
 — Justin. 42, c. 2, iic. — Senec. in Med. — Tslez. 
 
 ad Lycophr. 175, &,c. — Athen. 13. A native 
 
 of Argos, who wrote an history of Greece in 
 four books, which ended at the death of Alex- 
 ander. He lived in the age of Adrian. A 
 
 tyrant of Thessaly who made an alliance with 
 the Spartans, and cultivated the friendship of 
 
 Timotheus. Trallianus, a man who wrote 
 
 tragedies, and gained the esteem of the kings 
 of Parthia. Polycen. 7. 
 
 Jasonid.s:, a patronymic of Thoas and 
 Euneus, sons of Jason and Hipsipyle. 
 
 Iasus, a king of Argos, Avho succeeded his 
 
 father Triopas. Paus. 2, c. 16. A son of 
 
 Ai-gus father of Agenor. A son of Argus 
 
 and Ismena. A son of Lycurgus of Arcadia. 
 
 An island w ith a town of the same name 
 
 on the coast of Caria. The bay adjoining was 
 called lasius sinus. Plin. 5, c. 28. — Liv. 32, c. 
 33, 1. 37, c. 17. 
 
 Iaxartes, now <Siror Sihon, a river of Sog- 
 diana, mistaken by Alexander for the Tanais. 
 It fahs into the east of the Caspian sea. Curt. 
 6 and 7. — Plin. 6, c. 16. — Arrian. 4, c. 15. 
 
 Iaziges, a people on the borders of the Pa- 
 ins Mseotis. Tacit. A. 12, c. 29.— Ovid. Trist, 
 2, V. 191. Pon^. 4, el. 7, V. 9. 
 
 Ibkria, a country of Asia between Colchis 
 on the west, and Albania on the east, governed 
 by kings. Pompey invaded it, and made great 
 slaughter of the inhabitants, and obliged them 
 to surrender by setting fire to the woods where 
 they had fled for safety. It is now called 
 Georgia. Plut. in Luc. Jinton. &;c. — Dio. 36. — 
 Flor. 3. — Place. 5, v. 166. — Appian. Parth. c. 
 
 An ancient name of Spain, derived from 
 
 the river Iberus. Lucan. 6, v. 258. — Horat. 4, 
 od. 14, V. 50. 
 
 Iberus, a river of Spain, now called Ebro, 
 which after the conclusion of the Punic war, 
 separated the Roman from the Carthaginian 
 possessions in that countrv. Lucan. 4, v. 335. 
 
 Plin. 3, c. 3.— Horat. 4, od. 14, v. 50. A 
 
 river of Iberia in Asia, flowing from mount 
 Caucasus into tlie Cyrus. Sirab. 3. A fab- 
 ulous king of Spain. 
 
 Ibi, an Indian nation. 
 
 Ibis, a poem of the poet Callimachus, in 
 which he bitterly satirises the ingratitude of 
 his pupil the poet Apollonius. Ovid has also 
 written a poem v.hich bears the same name, 
 and which, in the same satirical language, 
 seems, according to the 0])inion of some, to in- 
 veigh bitterly against Hyginus, the supposed 
 hero of the composition. Suidas. 
 
 Ibvcus, a lyric poet of Rhegium about 540 
 years before Chri.-(. He was murdered by 
 robbers, and at the moment of death he 
 implored the assistance of some cranes which 
 at that moment flew over his head. Some 
 lime aflej-, as the nmrderers »vere in the mar- 
 ket place, one of them observed some cranes 
 in the uir, and said to his companions, a- I^um* 
 1 5»xc» -ajs.<r»> , there are the birds that arc con- 
 scious of the death of Ibycus. These words 
 and the recent murder of Ibycus raised suspi- 
 cions in the people : the assassins were seized 
 and tortured, and thev confessed their guilt. 
 Cic. Tunc. 4, c. 43.-^vi:/«o;j. V. IL The 
 
IC 
 
 hujsband of Chloris whom Horace ridicules, 3, 
 od. 15. 
 
 IcADius, a robber killed by a stone, &c. 
 Cic. Fat. 3. 
 
 IcARiA, a small island in the ^gean sea, 
 between Chio, Samos, and Myconus, where 
 the body of Icarus was thrown by the waves, 
 and buried by Hercules. Ptol. 5, c. 2. — Mela, 
 2, c. I.—Strab. 10 and 14. 
 
 IcARis and Icariotis, a name given to 
 Penelope as daughter of Icarius. 
 
 IcARiuM MARE, a part of the -SIgean sea 
 near the islands of Mycone and Gyaros. Vid. 
 Icarus. 
 
 Icarius, an Athenian, father of Erigone. 
 He gave wine to some peasants, who drank it 
 with the greatest avidity, ignorant of its intox- 
 icating nature. They were soon deprived of 
 their reason, and the fury and resentment of 
 their friends and neighbours were immediately 
 turned upon Icarius, who perished by their 
 hands. After death he was honoured with 
 public festivals, and his daughter was led to 
 discover the placeof his burial by means of his 
 faithful dog Mcera. Erigone hung herself in 
 despair, and was changed into a constellation 
 called Virgo. Icarius was changed into the 
 star Bootes, and the dog Mcera into the star 
 
 Canis. Hygin. fab. 130.— jSpollod. 3, c. 14. 
 
 A son of ffibalus of Lacedaemon. He gave his 
 daughter Penelope in marriage to Ulysses king 
 of Ithaca, but he was so tenderly attached to 
 her, that he wished her husband to settle at 
 Lacedaemon. Ulysses refused, and when he 
 saw the earnest petitions of Icarius, he told 
 Penelope, as they were going to eml>ark, that 
 she might choose freely either to follow him 
 to Ithaca, or to remain with her father. Pe- 
 nelope blushed in the deepest silence, and 
 covered her head with her veil. Icarius upon 
 this permitted his daughter to go to Ithaca, 
 and immediately erected a temple to the god- 
 dess of modesty, on the spot where Penelope 
 had covered her blushes with her veil. Ho- 
 mer. Od. 16, V. 433. 
 
 IcAnus, a son of Dsp.dalus, who, with his 
 father, fied with wings from Crete to escape 
 the resentment of i\Iinos. His flight being too 
 high proved fatal lo him, the sun melted the 
 wax wliich cemented his wings, and he fell 
 into that pail of the ^^gean sea which was 
 called after his name. [Fit/. Diedalus.] Ovid. 
 Mel. 8, V. 178, he. A mountain of Attica. 
 
 Iccius, a lieutenant of Agrippa in Sicily. 
 Horace writes to him, 1 od. 29, and ridicules 
 him for abandoning the pursuits of philosophy 
 and the muses, for military employments. 
 
 One of the Rhemi in Gaul, ambassador to Cae- 
 sar. C(£s. B. G. 2, c. 3. 
 
 IcKLos, one of the sons of Somnus, who 
 chanp;cd himself into all sorts of animals, 
 whence the name {^fixoi si?nilis). Ovid. Met. 
 11, V. 640. 
 
 IcTNi, a people of Britain, who submitted 
 to tlie Roman power. They inhabited the 
 modern counties of Suffolk, Norfolk, Cam- 
 bridge, &i.c. Tacit. Ann. 12, c. 31. — C(ES. G. 
 6, c. 21. 
 
 IcETAS, a man who obtained the supreme 
 power at Syracuse after the death of Dion. 
 He attempted to assassinate Timoleon, for 
 which he was conquered, fcc. B. C. 340. C. 
 Akp. in Tim. 
 
 m 
 
 IcKN^, a towH of Macedonia, whence The* 
 mis and Nemesis are called Ichnae. Homer 
 in Jipoll. 
 
 IcHNusA, an ancient name of Sardinia, 
 which it received from its likeness to a humaa 
 foot. Pans. 10, c. 11.— Hal 12, v. 358.— 
 Plin. 3, c. 7. 
 
 IcHONOPHis, a priest of Heliopolis, at whose 
 house Eudoxus resided when he visited Egypt 
 with Plato. Diog. 
 
 IcHTHYOPHAGi, a pcoplc of .Ethiopia, who 
 received this name from their eating fishes. 
 There was also an Indian nation of the same 
 name, who made their houses with the bones 
 of fishes. Diod. S.—Strab. 2 and 15.— Plin. 
 6, c. 23, 1. 16, c. 7. 
 
 IcHTHYs, a promontory of Elis in Achaia. 
 Strab. 11. 
 
 L. IciLius, a tribune of the people who 
 made a law A. U. C. 397, by which mount 
 Aventine was given to the Roman people to 
 build houses upon. Lit. 3, c. 54. A tri- 
 bune who made a law A. U. C. 261, that for- 
 bade any man to oppose or interrupt a tribune 
 while he was speaking in an assembly. Liv. 2, 
 
 c. 58. A tribune who signalized himself by 
 
 his inveterate enmity against the Roman se- 
 nate. He took an actuae part in the manage- 
 ment of affaii's after fce 'murder of Virgi- 
 nia, &.C. W 
 
 leius, a harbour in Gaul, on the modem 
 straits of Dover, from which Caesar crossed 
 into Britain. 
 
 IcoNiuM, the capital of Lycaonia, now Ko' 
 niech. Plin. 5, c. 27. 
 
 Icos, a small island near Euboea. Strab. 9. 
 
 IcTiNcs, a celebrated architect, 430 before 
 Christ. He built a famous temple to Minerva 
 at Athens, &c. 
 
 Ictumulort7m vicus, a place at the foot of 
 the Alps abounding in gold mines. 
 
 IcuLisMA, a town of Gaul, now Angoulesme, 
 on the Charcnte. 
 
 Ida, a nymph of Crete who went into Phry- 
 gia, where she gave her name to a mountain 
 
 of that country. Virg. JEn. 8, v. 177. The 
 
 mother of Minos 2d. A celebrated moun- 
 tain, or more properly a ridge of mountains 
 in Troas, chiefly in the neighbourhood of 
 Troy. The abundance of its waters became 
 the source of many rivers, and particularly of 
 the Simois, Scamander, yEsepus, Granicus, 
 k.c. It was on mount Ida that the shepherd 
 Paris adjudged the prize of beauty to the god- 
 dess Venus. It was covered with green wood, 
 and the elevation of its top opened a fine ex- 
 tensive view of the Hellespont and the adja- 
 cent countries, from whicli reason the poets 
 say that it was frequented by the gods daring 
 tlie Trojan war. Strab. 13. — Me-la, 1, c. 18. 
 -Homer II. 14, v. 283.— Fir^. ^En. 3, 5, &c. 
 
 —Olid. Fast. 4, v. 19.—Horut. 3, od. 11. 
 
 A mountain of Crete, the highest in the island, 
 where it is reported that Jupiter was educated 
 by the Coiybantes, who, on that account, 
 were called Idaji. Strab. 10. 
 
 Id^a, the surname of Cybele, because 
 she was worshipped on mount Ida. Lucret. 
 2, V. 611. 
 
 Id^tas, a surname of Jupiter. An arm- 
 bearer and charioteer of king Priam, killed 
 during the Trojan war. Virg. w5Rn. 6, v. 487. 
 
 One of the attendants of Ascanius. /rf 
 
 P, V. 500. 
 
ID 
 
 iuALiSjthe countiy round mount Ida. Lu- 
 can. 3, V. 204. 
 
 Idalus, a mountain of Cypms, at the foot 
 of which is Idalium, a town with a grove sa- 
 cred to Venus, who was called Idaloea. Virg. 
 Mn. 1, V. QSb.—Catull. 37 and 62.— Proper^ 2, 
 el. 13. 
 
 loANTHYRSUs, a powcrful king of Scythia, 
 who refu;sed to give his daughter in marriage 
 to Dariu3 the 1st, king of Persia. This refu- 
 sal was the cause of a war between the two na- 
 tions, aud Darius marched against Idanthyr- 
 3us, at the head of 700,000 meij. He was de- 
 feated and retired to Persia, after an inglorious 
 campaign. Slrab. 13. 
 
 Idarnes, an officer of Darius, by whose 
 negligence the Macedonians took Miletus. 
 Curt. 4, c. 5. 
 
 Idas, a son of Aphareus and Arane, famous 
 for his valour and military glory. He was 
 among the Argonauts, and married Marpessa, 
 the daughter of Evenus king of ^tolia. Mar- 
 pessa was carried away by Apollo, and Idas 
 pursued his wife's ravisher with bows and ar- 
 rows, and obliged him to restore her. [Vid. 
 Marpessa.] According to ApoHodorus, Idas 
 with his brother Lynceus associated with Pol- 
 lux and Castor to carry away some flocks ; but 
 ivhen they had obtiaintt a sufficient quantity 
 of plunder, they refusS to divide it into equal 
 shares. This provoked the sons of Leda ; Lyn- 
 eeus was killed by Castor, and Idas, to revenge 
 his brother's death, immediately killed Castor, 
 and in his turn perished by the hand of Pol- 
 lux. According to Ovid and Pausanias, the 
 quarrel between the sons of Leda and those 
 of Aphareus arose from a more tender cause : 
 Idas and Lynceus, as they say, were going to 
 celebrate their nuptials with Phoebe and Hi- 
 laira,the two daughters of Leucippus ; but Cas- 
 tor and Pollux, who had been invited to. par- 
 take the common festivity, offered violence to 
 the brides and carried them away. Idas and 
 Lynceus fell in the attempt to recover their 
 wives. Homer. II. 9. — Hygin. fab. 14, 100, &.c. 
 —Ovid. Fast. 5, v. 700.— .^poUod. 1 and 3.— 
 
 Pans. 4, c. 2, and 1. 6, c. 18. A son of 
 
 ■ffigyptus. -A Trojan killed by Turnus, 
 Virg. JEu. 9, V. 575. 
 
 Idea or Id^ea, a daughter of Dardanus, 
 who became the second wife of Phineus king 
 of Bithynia, and abused the confidence repo- 
 sed in her by her husband, Vid. Phineus. 
 
 The mother of Teucer by Scamander. Apol- 
 lod. 
 
 Idessa, a town of Iberia on the confines of 
 Colchis. Slrab. 11. 
 
 Idex, a small river of Italy, now Jdice, near 
 Bononia. 
 
 Idistavisus, a plain, now Hasteubach, 
 where Germanicus defeated Arminius, near 
 Oldendorpon the Weser in Westphalia. Ta- 
 cit. A 2, c. IG. 
 
 Idmon, son of Apollo and Asteria, or as 
 some say, of Cyrene, was the prophet of the 
 Argonauts. He was killed iu hunting a wild 
 boar in Bithynia, where his body received 
 a magnificent funeral. He had predicted tlie 
 time and marmer of his death, ApoUod. 1, c. 
 
 9. — Orpheus. A dyer of Colophon, father 
 
 to Arachne. Ovid. j\lel. 6, v. 8. A man 
 
 of Cyaicus, killed by Hercules, ^c. Flacc. 3. 
 
 A son of .^gyplus,. killed by hi,s wife, Vid. 
 
 Danaides. 
 
 JE 
 
 iDofliiiNE, a daughter of Pheres, who marri- 
 ed Amythaon. JipoUod. 1, c. 9. 
 
 Idomeneus, succeeded his father Deuca- 
 lion on the throne of Crete, and accompanied 
 the Greeks to the Trojan war, with a fleet of 
 IK) ships. During this celebrated war he ren- 
 dered himself famous by his valour, and slaugh- 
 tered many of the enemy. At his return he 
 made a vow to Neptune in a dangerous tem- 
 pest, that if he escaped from the fury of the seas 
 and storms he would offer to the god whatever 
 living creature first presented itself to his eye 
 on the Cretan shore. This was no other than 
 his son, who came to congratulate his father up- 
 on his safe return. Idomeneus performed his 
 promise to tlie god, and the inhumanity and 
 rashness of his sacrifice rendered him so odious 
 in the eyes of his subjects, that he left Crete, 
 and migrated in quest of a settlement. He 
 came to Italy, and founded a city on the coast 
 of Calabria, which he called Salentum. He 
 died in an extreme old age, after he had had 
 the satisfaction of seeing his nevy kingdom 
 flourish, and his subjects happy. According 
 to the Greek scholiast of Lycophron, v. 1217, 
 Idomeneus, during his absence in the Trojan 
 war, intrusted the management of his king- 
 dom to Leucos, to whom he promised his 
 daughter Clisithere in marriage at his return. 
 Leucos at first governed with moderation; 
 but he was persuaded by Nauplius, king of 
 Eubcea, to put to death Meda the wife of his 
 master, with her daughter Clisithere, and to 
 seize the kingdom. After these violent mea- 
 sures, he strengthened himself on the throne 
 of Crete ; and Idomeneus, at his return, 
 found it impossible to expel the usurper. Ovid. 
 Met. 13, v. 358.— Hygin. 92.— Homer. II. II, 
 he. Od. 19.— Fans. 5, c. 25.— Virg. JEn. 3, y. 
 122. A son of Priam. A Greek histo- 
 rian of Lampsacus, in the age of Epicurus. 
 He wrote an histoiy of Samothrace, the life 
 of Socrates, &c. 
 
 Idothea, a daughter of Proetus, king of 
 Argos. She was restored to her senses with 
 her sisters, by Melampus. \yid. Prcetides.] 
 
 Homer. Od. 11, A daughter of Proteus, 
 
 the god who told Menelaus how he could re- 
 turn to his country in safety. Homer. Od. 4, 
 
 V. 363. One of the nymphs who educated 
 
 Jupiter. 
 
 Idrieus, the son of Euromus of Caria, 
 brother of Artemisia, who succeeded to Mau- 
 solus, and invaded Cyprus. Diod. 16. — Po- 
 tycEn. 7. 
 
 Idubeda, a river and mountain of Spain. 
 Strab. 3. 
 
 Idume and Idumea, a country of Sjnria, 
 famous for palm trees. Gaza is its capital, 
 where Cambyses deposited his riches, jjis he 
 was going to Egypt. Lucan. 3, v. 216, — Sil. 
 5, V. 600.— Virg. G. 3, v. 12. 
 
 Idya, one of the Oceanides, who married 
 ^etes king of Colchis, by whom she had Me- 
 dea, he. Hygin. — Hesiod. — Cic. de J\at. D. 3. 
 
 Jknisus, a town of Syria. Herodot. 3, c. 5. 
 
 J ERA, one of the Nereides. Homer. II. 18. 
 
 JerYciio, a city of Palestine, besieged and 
 taken by tlie Romans, under Vespasian and 
 Titus. Plin. 5, c. \A.— Strab. 
 
 Jerne, a name of Ireland. Strab. 1. 
 
 Jeromus and Jkronymus, a Greek of 
 Cardia, who wrote an hisioiy of Alexander. 
 
IL 
 
 A native of Rhodies, disciple of Aristotle, 
 
 of whose compositions some few historical 
 fragments remain. Dionys. Hal. 1, 
 
 Jerusalem, the capital of Judea. Vid. Hie- 
 rosolyma. 
 
 Jet^, a place of Sicily. Hal. 14, v. 272. 
 
 Igeni, a people of Britain. Tacit. 12 and 
 Ann. 
 
 Igilidm, now Giglio, an island of the Medi- 
 terranean, on the coast of Tuscany. Mela, 2, 
 «. 7.— Ccw.B. C. 1, c. 34. 
 
 Ignatius, an officer of Crassus in his Par- 
 thian expedition. A bishop of Antioch, 
 
 torn to pieces in the amphitheatre at Rome, 
 fey lions during a persecution, A. D. 107. 
 His writings were letters to the Ephesians, 
 Romans, he. and lie supported the divinity of 
 Christ, and the propriety of the episcopal or- 
 der, as superior to priests and deacons. The 
 best edition of his works is that of Oxon, in 
 «vo. 1708. 
 
 Iguvium, a town of Urabria, on the via 
 Flaminia, now Gubio. Cic. ad M. 7, ep. 13. 
 —Sil. 8, V. 460. 
 
 Ilaira, a daughter of Leucippus, carried 
 away with her sister Phcebe, by the sons of 
 Leda, as she was going to be married, he. 
 
 Ilea, more properly Ilva, an island of the 
 Tyrrhene sea, two miles from the continent. 
 Virg. JEn. 10, v. 173. 
 
 Ilecaones and Ilecaonenses, a people of 
 Spain. Liv. 22, c. 2 1 . 
 
 Ilerda, now Lerida, a town of Spain, the 
 capital of the Ilirgetes, on an eminence on the 
 right banks of the river Sicoris in Catalonia. 
 Liv. 21, c. 23, 1. 22, c. 2h—Lucan. 4, v. 13. 
 
 Ilergetes. Vid. Ilerda. 
 
 Ilia, or Rhea, a daughter of Numitor, 
 king of Alba, censecrated by her uncle Amu- 
 lius to the service of Vesta, which required 
 perpetual chastity, that she might not become 
 a mother to dispossess him of his crown. He 
 was however disappointed ; violence was offer- 
 ed to Ilia, and she brought forth Romulus and 
 Remus, who drove the usurper from his 
 throne, and restored the crown to their grand- 
 father Numitor, its lawful possessor. Ilia was 
 buried alive by Amulius for violating the 
 laws of Vesta ; and because her tomb was near 
 the Tiber, some suppose that she married the 
 god of that river, Horat. 1, od. 2. — Virg. Mn. 
 
 1, V. 277.— Ovid. Fast. 2, v. 598. A wife of 
 
 Sylla.^ 
 
 Iliaci ludi, games instituted by Augustus, 
 in commemoration of the victory he had ob- 
 tained over Antony and Cleopatra. They 
 are supposed to be the same as the Trojani 
 ludi and the Jlclia ; and Virgil says they were 
 celebrated by .ffineas, not only because they 
 were instituted at the time when he wrote 
 his poem, but because he wished to compli- 
 ment Augustus, by making the founder of 
 Lavinium solemnize games on the very spot 
 which was, many centuries after, to be im- 
 mortalized by the trophies of his patron. 
 During these games, were exhibited horse 
 races and gymnastic exercises. Virg. JEn. 3, 
 V. 280. 
 
 Iliacus, an epithet applied to such as be- 
 long to Troy. Virg.jEn. 1, v. 101. 
 
 Iliaetes, a surname given to Romulus, as 
 
 .«on of Ilia. Ovid. A name given to the 
 
 Trojan women. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 484. 
 
 IL 
 
 Ilias, a celebrated poem composed by 
 Homer, upon the Trojan war. It delineates 
 the wrdth of Achilles, and all the calamities 
 which befell the Greeks, from the refusal of 
 that hero to appear in the iield of battle. It 
 finishes at the death of Hector, w hom Achil- 
 les bad sacrificed to the shades of his friend 
 Patroclus. It is divided into 24 books. Vid. 
 
 Homerus. A surname of Minerva, from a 
 
 temple which she had at Daulis in Phocis. 
 
 InENSEs, a people of Sardinia. Liv. 40, c. 
 19, 1. 41, c. t> and 12. 
 
 InoN, a town of Macedonia. Liv. 31, c. 
 27.— —Vid. Ilium. 
 
 Ilione, the eldest daughter of Priam, wh» 
 married Polymnestor, king of Thrace. Virg. 
 JEn. 1, V. 657. 
 
 Ilioneus, a Trojan, son of Phorbas. He 
 came into Italy with ^i^neas. Virg. ^n. 1, v. 
 
 525. A son of Artabanus, made prisoner 
 
 by Parmenio, near Damascus. Curt, 3, c. 13- 
 
 One of Niobe's sons. Ovid. Met. 6, 
 
 fab. 6. 
 
 Ilipa, a town of Bajtica. Liv. 35, c. 1. 
 
 Inssus, a small river of Attica, falling into 
 the sea neai* the Pirasus. There was a tem- 
 ple on its banks, sacred to the Muses. Stat. 
 Theb. 4, y. 62. . V 
 
 Ilithyia, a goddeAclHed also Juno Lu- 
 cina. Some sup[)ose ^ier to be the same as 
 Diana. She presided over the travails of wo- 
 men ; and in her temple, at Rome, it was usual 
 to carry a small piece of money as an ofi'ering. 
 This custom was first established by Servius 
 Tullius, who by enfoi'cing it, was enabled to 
 know the exact number of the Roman people. 
 Hedod. Tk. 450.— Homer. [1. 11, od. 19.— 4?o/- 
 lod. 1 and 2. — Horat. cami. s<zcul. — Oxnd. Met. 
 9, V. 283. 
 
 Ilium or Ilion, a citadel of Troy, built by 
 Ilus, one of the Trojan kings, from whom it 
 received its name. It is generally taken for 
 Troy itself; and some have supposed that the 
 town was called Ilium, and the adjacent coun- 
 try Troja. [J^id. Troja.] Liv. 35, c. 43, 1. 
 37, c. 9 and '■il.—Virg. JEn. 1, hc.—Strab. 
 13.— Ovid. Met. 13, v. 505.— Horat. 3, od. 3.— 
 Justin. 11, c. 5, 1. 31, c. 8. 
 
 Illiberis, a town of Gaul, through which 
 Annibal passed, as he marched into Italy. 
 
 Illice, now Elche, a town of Spain with a 
 harbour and bay, Sinus ^ Portus Illicilanus, 
 now Alicant. Flin. 3, c. 3. 
 
 Illipula, two towns of Spain, one of which 
 is called Major, and the other Minor. 
 
 Illiturgis, Iliturgis, or Iliroia, a city 
 of Spain, near tlie modern Andujar on the 
 river Baetis, destroyed by Scipio, for having 
 revolted to the Carthaginians. Liv. 23, c. 49, 
 
 1. 24.C. 41,1. 26, c. 17. 
 
 Ilorcis, now Lorca, a town of Spain. 
 Plin. 3, c. 3. 
 
 Illyricum, Illyris, and Illyria, a coun- 
 try bordering on the Adriatic sea, opposite 
 Italy, whose boundaries have been different at 
 dift'erent times. It became a Roman province, 
 after Gentius its king had been conquered by 
 the preetor Anicius ; and it now forms part of 
 Croatia, Bosnia, and Sclavonia. Strab. 2 and 
 7.— Pans. 4, c.So.-Mcla, 2, c.2, kc.—Flor. 1, 
 
 2, &ic. 
 
 Illvricus sinus, that part of the Adriatic, 
 which is on the coast of lUyricum. 
 
 * 
 
IM 
 
 Illvrius, a son of Cadmus and Hermione, 
 from whom Illyricum received its name. 
 Apollod. 
 
 Ilca, now Elba, an island in the Tyrdiene 
 S€a, between Ualy and Corsica, celebrated for 
 its iron mines. The people are called Iluates. 
 Liv. 30, c.39.~Virg. Mn. 10, v. nS.—Plin. 
 3, c. 6, 1. 34, c. 14. 
 
 Iluro, now Oleron, a town of Gascony in 
 France. 
 
 Ilus, the 4th king of Troy, was son of Tros 
 by Callirhoe. He married Eurydice the daugh- 
 ter of Adrastus, by whom he had Themis, 
 who married Capys, and Laomedon the father 
 «f Priam. He built, or rather embellished, 
 the city of Ilium, called also Troy from his 
 lather Tros. Jui)iter gave him the Palladium, 
 a celebrated statue of Minerva, and promised 
 that as long as it remained in Troy, so long 
 would the town remain impregnable. When 
 the temple of Minerva w^as in flames, Ilus 
 rushed into the middle of the fire to save the 
 Palladium, for w-hich action he was deprived 
 of his sight by the goddess, though he recover- 
 ed it some time after. Hovier. II. — Strab. 13. 
 —Apollod. 3, c. 12.— Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 33, 1. 
 
 6, v. 419 A name of Ascanins, while he 
 
 was at Troy. Virg. ^n. 1, v, 272 A 
 
 friend of Turnus, killed by Pallas. Virg. ^n. 
 10, v. 400. \ 
 
 Jlyrgis, a town of Hispania Bsetica, now 
 Ilora. Polyb. 
 
 Imanuentius, a king of part of Britain, 
 killed by Cassivelaunus, &.c. Cces. Bell. G. 5. 
 
 Imaus, a large mountain of Scythia, which 
 is part of mount Taurus. It divides Scythia, 
 which is generally called Intra Imaum, and 
 Extra Imaum. It extends, according to some, 
 as far as the boundaries of the eastern ocean. 
 Plin. 6, c. n.— Strab. 1. 
 
 Imbarus, a part of mount Taurus in Ar- 
 menia. 
 
 Imbracides, a patronymic given to Asius, 
 as son of Imbracus. Virg. Mji. 10, v. 123. 
 
 Imbrasides, a patronymic given to Glau- 
 cus and Lades, as sons of Imbrasus. Virg. 
 ,En. 12, v. 343. 
 
 Imbrasus, or Parthenius, a river of Samos. 
 .luno, who was worshipped on the banks, re- 
 ceived the surname of Inibrasia. Paus. 7, c. 
 
 4. The father of Pirns, the leader of the 
 
 Thracians during the Trojan war. Virg. J£n. 
 10 and \'l.— Homer. It. 4, v. 520. 
 
 Imbreus, one of the Centaurs, killed by 
 Dryas, at the nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid. Met. 
 12, v. 310. 
 
 Imbrex, C. Licinius, a poet. Vid. Licinius. 
 
 Imbrius, a Trojan killed by Teucer, son of 
 Mentor. He had married Medesicaste, Pri- 
 am's daughter. Homer. II. 13. 
 
 Imerivum, a place of Samuium. 
 
 Imbros, now Embro, an island of the ^- 
 gean sea, near Thrace, 32 miles from Samo- 
 ihrace, with a small river and town of the 
 same name. Imbros was governed for some 
 time by its own laws, but afterwards subjected 
 to the power of Persia, Athens, Macedonia, 
 and tlie kings of Pergamus. It afterwards be- 
 came a Roman province. The divinities par- 
 ticularly worship|>ed there were Ceres and 
 
 Mercury. T/iu€ijd. 8. Plin. 4, c. 12. — //o- 
 
 »/i*r. //. 13.— ^/ra6. 2.— Mela, 2, c. l.—Ovid. 
 frist. 10, v. 18. 
 
 41 
 
 IN 
 
 I LvACHi, a name given to the Greeks, par- 
 ticularly the Argives, from king Inachus. 
 
 Inachia, a name given to Peloponnesus, 
 
 from the river Inachus. A festival in Crete 
 
 in honour of Inachus ; or, according to others, 
 
 of Ino's misfortunes. A courtezan in the 
 
 age of Horace. Epod. 12. 
 
 Inachidj;, the name of the eight first suc- 
 cessors of Inachus, on the throne of Argos. 
 
 iNACHiDES, a patronymic of Epaphus, as 
 grandson of Inachus. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 704. 
 
 And of Perseus, descended from Inachus. 
 
 Id. 4, fab. 11. 
 
 Inachis, a patronymic of lo, as daughter 
 of Inachus. Ovid. Fast. 1, v. 454. 
 
 Inachium, a town of Peloponnesus. 
 
 Inachus, a son of Oceanus and Tethys, 
 father of lo, and also of Phoroneus and ^gia- 
 leus. He founded the kingdom of Argos, and 
 was succeeded by Phoroneus, B. C. 1807, and 
 gave his name to a river of Argos, of which he 
 became the tutelar deity. He reigned Ct) 
 years. Virg. G. 3, v. 151.— .^pollod. 2, c. 3.— 
 Paus. 2, c. 15. A river of Argos. Ano- 
 ther in Epirus. 
 
 Inamames, a river in the east of Asia, as 
 far as which Semiramis extended her empire. 
 Polycen. 8. 
 
 Inarime, an island near Campania, with a 
 mountain, under Avhich Jupiter confined the 
 giant Typhoeus. It is now called Ischia, and 
 is remarkable for its fertility and population. 
 There was formerly a volcano in the middle 
 of the island. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 716. 
 
 InIrus, a town of Egypt, in whose neigh- 
 bourhood the town of T^aucratis was built by 
 
 the Milesians. A tyrant of Egypt, who 
 
 died B. C. 456. 
 
 Incitatus, a horse of the emperor Cali- 
 gula, made high priest. 
 
 Indathyrsus. Vid. Idanthyrsus. 
 
 India, the most celebrated and opulent of 
 all the countries of Asia, bounded on one side 
 by the Indus, from which it derives its name. 
 It is situate at the south of the kingdom of 
 Persia, Parthia, &,c. along the maritime coasts. 
 It has always been reckoned famous for the 
 riches it contains; and so persuaded were the 
 ancients of its wealth, that they supposed that 
 its very sands were gold. It contained 9000 
 dilTercnt nations, and 5000 remarkable cities, 
 according to geographers. Bacchus was the 
 first who conquered it. In more recent ages, 
 part of it was tributary to the power of Persia. 
 Alexander invaded it; but his conquest wa«< 
 checked by the valour of Porus, one of the 
 kings of the country, and the Macedonian war- 
 rior was unwilling or afraid to engage another. 
 Semiramis also extended her empire far in 
 India. The Romans knew little of the coun- 
 try, yet their power was so universally dread- 
 ed, that the Indians paid homage by their am- 
 bassadors to the emjteror Antoniiujs, Trajan, 
 he. India is divided into several provinces. 
 There is an India extra Gangem, an India ?'//- 
 ira Gangem, 'dnd mi lnd\a propria ; but thes^i 
 divisions are not particularly noticed bythfr 
 ancients, who, even in the age of Augustus, 
 gave the name of Indians to the ^.thioplan na- 
 tions. Diod. 1. — Strab. 1, kc. — Mela, 3, r 
 l.-Plin. 5, c. 28.— Cur/. 8, c. 10.— Justin. 1, 
 c. 2, 1. 12, c. 7. 
 
 Indibius, a princess of Spain, betrothrt^ 
 to Albutius. 
 
IN 
 
 Ind^gktes, a name given to those deities 
 who were worshipped only in some particular 
 places, or who were become gods from men, 
 as Hercules, Bacchus, &c. Some derive the 
 word from inde 4^ geniti, born at the same 
 place where they received their worship. 
 riVg. G. 1, v. 498.— Ovid. Met. 14, v. 608. 
 Indigeti, a people of Spain. 
 Indus, now Sinde, a large river of Asia, 
 from which the adjacent country has received 
 the name of India. It falls into the Indian 
 ocean by two mouths. According to Plato, it 
 was larger than the Nile ; and Pliny says that 
 19 rivers discharge themselves into it, before 
 it falls into the sea. Cic. JY. D. 2, c. 52.— 
 —Strab. 15.— Curt, 8, c.9.—Diod.2.—Ovid. 
 
 Fast. 3, v. 720.— P/w. 6, c. 20. A river of 
 
 Caria. Liv. 38, c. 14. 
 
 Indutiomarus, a Gaul conquered by 
 Caesar, kc. CcBsar. B. G. 
 Inferum mare, the Tuscan sea. 
 Ino, a daughter of Cadmus and Harmonia, 
 who nursed Bacchus. She married Athamas, 
 king of Thebes, after he had divorced Ne- 
 phele, by whom he had two children, Phryxus 
 and Helle. Ino became mother of Melicerta 
 and Learchus, and soon conceived an implaca- 
 ble hatred against the children of Nephele, 
 because they were to ascend the throne in 
 preference to her own. Phryxus and Helle 
 were informed of Ino's machinations, and they 
 escaped to Colchis on a golden ram, [Vid. 
 Phryxus.] Juno, jealous of Ino's prosperity, 
 resolved to disturb her peace ; and more 
 particularly, because she was of the descend- 
 ants of her greatest enemy, Venus. Tisi- 
 phone was sent by ovdev of the goddess to 
 the house of Athamas ; and she filled the whole 
 palace with such fury, that Athamas, taking 
 Ino to be a lioness, and her children whelps, 
 pursued her, and dashed her son Learchus 
 against a wall. Ino escaped from the fury of 
 her husband, and from a high rock she threw 
 herself into the sea, with Melicerta in her 
 arms. The gods pitied her fate, and Neptune 
 made her a sea deity, which was afterwards 
 called Leucothoe. Melicerta became also a 
 sea god, known by the name of Pala^mon. 
 Homer. Od. 5. — Cic. Tusc. de A'ut. D.S,c. 
 48.— Plut. Sipnp. 5.— Ovid. Met. 4, fab. 13, 
 &;c. Pans. 1, 2, &,c. Jipotlod. 2, c. A.—Hy- 
 gin. fab. 12, 14, and 15. 
 
 Inoa, festivals in memory of Ino, celebrated 
 yearly with sports and sacrifices at Corinth. 
 An anniversary sacrifice was also offered to 
 Ino at Megara, where she was first Avorship- 
 ped, under the name of Leucothoe. Ano- 
 ther in Laconia, in honour of the same. It 
 was usual at the celebration to throw cakes of 
 ilour into a pond, which, if they sunk, were 
 presages of prosperity ; but if they swam on 
 the surface of the waters, they were inauspi- 
 cious and very unlucky. 
 
 Inous, a patronymic given to the god Pa- 
 leemon, as son of Ino. Virg. JEa. 5, v. 823. 
 Inopus, a river of Delos, which tlie inha- 
 bitants suppose to be the Nile, coming from 
 Egypt under the sea. It was near its banks 
 that Apollo and Diana were born. PLia. 2, c. 
 103.— F/acc. 5, v. \Qb.— Strab. 6.— Pans. 2, c. 4. 
 lNsi;BRES, the inhabitants of Insubvia, a 
 country near the Po, supposed to be of Gallic 
 origin. They were conquered by the Romans, 
 
 10 
 
 and their country became a province, where 
 the modern towns of Milan and Pavia were 
 built. Strab. 5.— Tacit, ^nn. 11, c. 23.— P/in. 
 3, c. n.—Liv. 5, c. S4.—Ptol. 3, c. 1. 
 
 Intaphernes, one of the seven Persian 
 noblemen who conspired against Smerdis, who 
 usurped the crown of Persia. He was so dis- 
 appointed for not obtaining the crown, that he 
 fomented seditions against Darius, who had 
 been raised to the throne after the death of the 
 usurper. When the king had ordered him 
 and all his family to be put to death, his wife, 
 by frequently visiting the palace, excited the 
 compassion of Darius, who pardoned her, and 
 permitted her to redeem from death any one 
 of her relations whom she pleased. She ob- 
 tained her brother ; and when the king ex- 
 pressed his astonishment, because she prefer- 
 red him to her husband and children, she re- 
 plied, that she could procure another husband, 
 and children likewise; but that she could ne- 
 ver have another brother, as her father and 
 mother were dead. Intaphernes was put to 
 death. Herodot. 3. 
 
 Intemelium, a town at the west of Ligu- 
 ria, on the sea-shore. Cic. Div. 8, c. 14. 
 
 Interamna, an ancient city of Umbria, 
 the birth place of the historian Tacitus, and 
 of the emperor of the same name. It is situ- 
 ate between two branches of the Nar, (inter: 
 amnes) whence its name. Varro. L. L. 4, c. 
 
 5. — Tacit. Hist. 2, c. 64. A colony on the 
 
 confines of Samnium, on the Liris. 
 Intercatia, a town of Spain. 
 Interrex, a supreme magistrate at Rome, 
 who was intrusted with the care of the govern- 
 ment after the death of a king, till the elec- 
 tion of another. This office was exercised by 
 the senators alone, and none continued in 
 power longer than five days, or, according to 
 Plutarch, only 12 hours. The first interrex 
 mentioned in Roman history, is after the death 
 of Romulus, when the Romans quarrelled 
 with the Sabines concerning the choice of a 
 king. There was sometimes an interrex dur- 
 ing the consular government ; but this hap- 
 pened only to hold assemblies in the absence 
 of the magistrates, or when the election of 
 any of the acting officers was disputed, Liv. 
 1, c. 17. — Dionys. 2, c. 15. 
 
 Inui castrum. [Vid. Castrum Inui.] It 
 received its name from Inuus, a divinity sup- 
 posed to be the same as the Faunus of the 
 Latins, and worshipped in this city. 
 Invcus, a city of Sicily. Herodot. 
 Id, daughter of Inachus, or, according to 
 others, of Jasus or Pirenes, was priestess to 
 .luno at Argos. Jupiter became enamoured 
 of her ; bait Juno, jealous of his intrigues, dis- 
 covered the object of his affection, and sur- 
 prised him in the company of lo, though he 
 had shrouded himself in all the obscurity of 
 clouds and thick mists. Jupiter changed his 
 mistress into a beautiful heifer ; and the god- 
 dess, who well knew the fraud, obtained from 
 her husband the animal,whose beauty she had 
 condescended to commend, .luno command- 
 ed the hundred-eyed Argus to watch the 
 heifer; but Jupiter, anxious for the situation 
 of lo, sent Mercury to destroy Argus, and to 
 restore her to liberty. [Vid. Argus.] lo, 
 freed from the vigilance of Argus, was now 
 presecuted by Juno ; who sent one of the 
 
10 
 
 furies, or rather a malicious insect, to toi*ment 
 her. She wandered over the greatest part of 
 the earth, and crossed over the sea, till at last 
 she stopped on the banks of the Nile, still 
 exposed to the unceasing torments of Juno's 
 insect. Here she entreated Jupiter to restore 
 her to her ancient form ; and when the god 
 had changed her from a heifer into a woman, 
 she brought forth Epaphus. Afterwards 
 she married Telagonus king of Egypt, or 
 Osiris, according to others, and she treated 
 her subjects with such mildness and humani- 
 ty, that, after death, she received divine hon- 
 ours, and was worshipped under the name of 
 Isis. According to Herodotus, lo was carried 
 away by Phoenician merchants, who wished 
 to make reprisals for Europa, who had been 
 stolen from them by the Greeks. Some suppose 
 that lo never came to Egypt. She is some- 
 times called Phoronis, from her brother Pho- 
 roneus. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 748. — Paus. 1, c. 
 25, 1. 3, c. 18. — Moschus. — Apollod. 2, c. 1. — 
 Virg.Mn. 7, v. 789.— Hygin. fab. 145. 
 
 loEATES and Jobates, a king of Lycia, 
 father of Stenobffia, the wife of Proetu^s, king 
 of Argos. He was succeeded on the throne 
 by Bellerophon, to whom she had given one of 
 her daughters, called Philonoe, in marriage. 
 — [Vid. Bellerophon.] Apollod. 2, c. 2, — Hy- 
 gin fab. 57. 
 
 loBEs, a son of Hercules by a daughter of 
 Thespius. He diedin his youth. £pollod.2,c.7^ 
 
 JocASTA, a daughter of Menceceus, who 
 married Laius, king of Thebes, by whom she 
 had (Edipus. She afterwards married her son 
 (Edipus, without knowing who he was, and 
 had by him iEteocles, Polynices, &.c. [Vid. 
 Laius, GEdipus.] When she discovered that 
 she had married her own son, and had been 
 guilty of incest, she hanged herself in despair. 
 She is called Epicasta by some mythologists. 
 Stat. Theb. 8, v. 42. — Senec. and Sophocl. in 
 (Edip. — Apollod. 3, c. 5. — Hygin. fab. 66, he. 
 — Homer. Od. 11. 
 
 loLAiA, a festival at Thebes, the same as 
 that called Heracleia. It was Instituted in 
 honour of Hercules and his friend Tolas, who 
 assisted him in conquering the hydra. It con- 
 tinued during several days, on the first of 
 which were offered solemn sacrifices. The 
 next day horse races and athletic exercises 
 were ex^hibited. The following day was set 
 apart for wrestling ; the victors were crowned 
 with garlands of myrtle, generally used at fu- 
 neral solemnities. They were sometimes re- 
 warded with tripods of brass. The place 
 where the exercises were exhibited was called 
 lolaion, where there were to be seen the mo- 
 nument of Amphitryon, and the cenataph of 
 lolas, who was buried in Sardinia. These 
 monuments were strewed with garlands and 
 flowers on the day of the festival. 
 
 loi.AS or lor.AUs, a .son of Iphiclus, king 
 of Thessaly, who assisted Hercules in con- 
 quering the hydra, and burnt with a hot iron 
 the place where the heads had been cut off, 
 to prevent the growth of others. [Vid. Hy- 
 dra.] He was restored to his youth and vig- 
 our by Hebe, at the request of his friend Her- 
 cules. Some time afterwards, lolas assisted 
 the Heraclida3 against Eurystheus, and killed 
 the tyrant with his own hand. According to 
 VIntarch, lolas had a monument in BfPotia and 
 
 10 
 
 Phocis, where lovei's used to go and bind them" 
 selves by the most solemn oaths of fidelity, 
 considering the place as sacred to love and 
 friendship. According to Diodorus and Pau- 
 sanias, lolas died and was buried in Sardinia, 
 where he had gone to make a settlement at 
 the head of the sons of Hercules by the fifty 
 daughters of Thespius. Ovid. Met. 9, v. 399. 
 — Apollod. 2, c. 4. — Paus. 10, c. 17. A com- 
 piler of a Phoenician history. A friend of 
 
 iEneas, killed by Catillus in the Rutulian wars. 
 
 Virg. JEn. 1 1, v. 640. A son of Antipater, 
 
 cup-bearer to Alexander. Plut. 
 
 loLcnos, a town, of Magnesia above Deme- 
 trias, where Jason was hoi-n. It was founded 
 by Cretheus, son of .^olus and Enaretta. 
 Mela mentions it as at some distance from the 
 sea, though all the other ancient geogi*aphers 
 place it on the sea shore. Paus. 4, c, 2. — 
 Apollod. 1, c.Q.—StTah.S.—Mela, % c. 3.— 
 Lucan, 3, v. 192. 
 
 loLE, a daughter of Eurytus, king of C!ic]ia- 
 lia. Her father promised her in man-iage to 
 Hercules, but he refused to perform his engage- 
 ments, and lole Avas carried away by force. 
 [ Vid. Eurytus.] It was to extinguish the love 
 of Hercules for lole, that Dejanira sent him 
 the poisoned tunic, which caused his death. 
 [Vid. Hercules and Dejanira.] After the 
 death of Hercules, lole married his son Hyl- 
 lus, by Dejanira. Apollod. 2, c. 7. ---Ovid. Met. 
 9, v- 279. 
 
 Ion, a sonofXuthusandCreusa, daughter of 
 Erechtheus, who married Helice, the daugh- 
 ter of Selinus, king of .^giale. He succeeded 
 on the throne of his father-in-law, and built a 
 city, which he called Helice, on account of his 
 wife. His subjects from him received the 
 name'of lonians, and the country that of Ionia. 
 [Vid. lones and Ionia.] Apollod. 1, c. 7. — 
 Paus. 7, c. l.—Strab. 7.—Herodot. 7, c. 94, 1. 
 8, c. 44, A tragic poet of Chios, whose tra- 
 gedies, when represented at Athens, met with 
 universal applause. He is mentioned and 
 greatly commended by Aristophanes and 
 
 Athenasus, &c. Mien. 10, he. A native of 
 
 Ephesus, introduced in Plato's dialogues as 
 reasoning witli Socrates. 
 
 loNE, one of the Nereides. 
 
 loNEs, a name originally given to the sub- 
 jects of Ion, who dwelt at Helice^ In the age 
 of Ion the Athenians made a war against the 
 people of Eleusis, and implored his aid against 
 their enemies. Ion conquered the Eleusin- 
 ians and Eumolpus, who was at their head; 
 and the Athenians, sensible of his services, in- 
 vited him to come and settle among them; 
 and the more strongly to show their affection, 
 they assumed the name of lonians. Some 
 suppose that, after this victory, Ion passed 
 into Asia Minor, at the head of a colony. 
 When the Acha^ans were driven from Pelo- 
 ponnesus by the Heraclidic, eighty years after 
 the Trojan war,, they came to settle among 
 the lonians, who were then masters of Mgx- 
 alus. They were soon dispossessed of their 
 territories by the Acha3aus, and went to Atti- 
 ca, where they met with a cordial reception. 
 Their migration from Greece to Asia Minor 
 was about 60 years after tha return of the 
 Ileraclida?, B. C. 1044, and 80 years after tlie 
 departure of the j^:olians ; and they therefore 
 finally settled themselves, after a wandering 
 life of about 30 year*:. 
 
10 
 
 IusiA,»a country of Asia Minoir, bounded 
 ou the north by JEoWa, on the west by the 
 Mgenu and Icarian seas, on the south by Caria, 
 and on the east by Lydia and part of Caria. 
 It was founded by colonies from Greece, and 
 particularly Attica, by the lonians, or subjects 
 of Ion. Ionia was divided into 12 small states, 
 w hich formed a celebrated confederacy, often 
 mentioned by the ancients. These twelve 
 states were, Priene, Miletus, Colophon, Cla- 
 zomeH<e, Ephesus, Lebedos, Teos, PhocaDa, 
 Krythrae, Smyrna, and the capitals of Samos 
 and Chios. The inhabitants of Ionia built a 
 temple, which they called Pan Ionium, from 
 the concourse of people that flock there 
 from every part of Ionia. After they had 
 enjoyed for some time their freedom and in- 
 dependence, they were made tributary to the 
 power of Lydia by Cra>8us. The Athenians 
 assisted them to shake ott' the slavery of the 
 Asiatic monarchs ; but they soon forgot their 
 duty and relation to their mother country, 
 and joined Xerxes when he invaded Greece. 
 They were delivered from the Persian yoke 
 by Alexander, and restored to their original 
 independence. They were reduced by the 
 Romans under the dictator Sylla. Ionia has 
 been always celebrated for the salubrity of the 
 climate, the fruitfulness of the ground, and 
 the genius of its inhabitants. Hcrodot. 1, c. 6 
 and 28. — Strab. 14. — Mela, 1, c, 2, he. — Pans. 
 
 7, c. 1 An ancient name given to Hellas, 
 
 or Achaia, because it was for some time the 
 residence of the lonians. 
 
 Ionium mare, a part of the Mediterra- 
 nean sea, at the bottom of the Adriatic, ly- 
 ing between Sicily and Greece. That part of 
 the ^gean sea which lies on the coasts of 
 Ionia, in Asia, is called the sea of Ionia, and 
 not the Ionian sea. According to some au- 
 thors, the Ionian sea receives its name from 
 lo, who swam across there, after she had 
 been metamorphosed into a heifer. Strab. 1, 
 he. — Diqnys. Perieg. 
 
 loPAS, a king of Africa, among the suitors of 
 Dido. He was an excellent musician, poet, 
 and philosopher, and he exhibited his superior 
 abilities at the entertainment which Dido gave 
 10 jEneas. Virg. M.n. 1, v. 744. 
 
 laPE and JoppA, now Jafa, a famous town 
 of Phojnicia, more ancient than the deluge, 
 according to some traditions. It was about 
 forty miles from the capital of Judaea, and was 
 remarkable for a sea-port much frequented, 
 though very dangerous, on account of the great 
 rocks that lie before it. Strab. 16, he. — 
 
 Propert. 2, el. 28, v. 51. A daughter of 
 
 Iphiclesj who married Theseus. Plut. 
 
 loPHON, a son of Sophocles, who accused 
 his father of imprudence in the management 
 
 of his affairs, he. Lncian. de Macrob. A 
 
 poet of Gnossus, in Crete. Paus. 1, c. 34. 
 
 JoRDANEs, a river of Judaea, illustrious 
 in sacred history. It rises near mount Liba- 
 nus, and after running through the lake Sa- 
 raachonites, and that of Tiberias, it falls, after 
 a course of 150 miles, into the Dead sea. 
 Slrab. l(n. 
 
 JoRNANDEs, an historian who wrote on the 
 Goths. He died A. D. 552. 
 
 los, now Aio, an island in the Myrtoan sea, 
 at the south of iSaxos, celebrated, as some say, 
 for the tomb of Homer, and the birth of hik 
 xiiuLlicr. Pliii. 4, c. 12. 
 
 IP 
 
 JosEPHUs Flavids, a celebrated .few, 
 born in Jerusalem, who signalized his military 
 abilities in supporting a siege of forty-seven 
 days against Vespasian and Titos, in a small 
 town of Judaea. When the city surrendered 
 there were not found less than 40,000 Jews 
 slain, and the number of captives amounted ti> 
 1,200. Josephus saved his life by ffying into a 
 cave, where 40 of his countrymen had als» 
 taken refuge. He dissuaded them from com- 
 mitting suicide, and when they had all dravvn 
 lots to kill one another, Josephus fortunately 
 remained the last, and surrendered himself to^ 
 Vespasian. He gained the conqueror's esteem 
 by foretelling that he would become one day 
 the master of the Roman empire. Josephus 
 was present at the siege of Jerusalem by Ti- 
 tus, and received all the sacred books whicU 
 it contained from the conqueror's hands. He 
 came to Rome with Titus, where he was hon- 
 ouied with the name and yuivileges of a Ro- 
 man citizen. Here he made himself esteemed 
 by the emperors Vespasian and Titus, and * 
 dedicated his time to study. He wrote the 
 history of the wars of the Jews, first in Syriac» 
 and afterwards translated it into Greek. This 
 composition so pleased Titus, that he authen- 
 ticated it by placing his signature upon it, and 
 by preserving it in one of the public libraries. 
 He finished another work, which he divided 
 into twenty books, containing the history of 
 the Jewish anl'^uities, in some places subver- 
 sive of the authority and miracles mentioned 
 in the scriptures. He also wrote two books to 
 defend the Jews against Apion, their greatest 
 enemy ; besides an account of his own life, &.c. 
 Josephus has been admired for his lively and 
 animated style, the bold propriety of his ex- 
 pressions, the exactness of his descriptions, 
 and the persuasive eloquence of his orations. 
 He has been called the Livy of the Greeks. 
 Though, in some cases, inimical to the chris- 
 tians, yet be has commended our Saviour so 
 warmly, that St. Jerome calls him a christian 
 writer. Josephus died A. D. 93, in the 56th 
 year of his age. The best editions of his works 
 are Hudson's, 2 vols. fol. Oxon. 1720, and Ha- 
 vercamp's, 2 vols. fol. Amst. 1726, Sueton. in 
 Vcsp. he. 
 
 JoviANus Flavius Claudius, a native of 
 Pannonia, elected emperor of Rome by the 
 soldiers after the death of Julian. He at first 
 refused to be invested with the imperial pur- 
 ple, because his subjects followed the religious 
 principles of the late emperor ; but they re- 
 moved his groundlessappreT)ensions.and,when 
 they assured him that they were warm for 
 Christianity, he accepted the crown. He made 
 a disadvantageous treaty with the Persians, 
 against whom Julian was marching with a vic- 
 torious army. Jovian died seven months and 
 twenty days after his ascension, and was found 
 in his bed suffocated by the vapours of char- 
 coal, which had been lighted in his room, A. D. 
 364. Some attribute his death to intempe- 
 rance, and say that he was the son of a baker. 
 He burned a celebrated library at Antioch. 
 MarctUin. 
 
 IrniANAssA, a daughter of Prcetus, kingof 
 Argos, who, with her sisters Iphinoe and Ly- 
 sippe, ridiculed Juno, he. Vid.Ptai.WAes. 
 The wife of Ejidymion. 
 
 JrniLi.cs, or Iphicles, a son ef Amphi- 
 
IP 
 
 tryon and Alctnena, borii at the same birth 
 with Hercules. As these two children were 
 together in the cradle, Juno, jealous of Her- 
 cules, sent two large serpents to destroy him. 
 At the sight of the serpents, Iphicles alarmed 
 the house ; but Hercules, though not a year 
 old, boldly seized them, one in each hand, 
 and squeezed them to death. ApoUod. 2, c. 
 
 4. — Theocrit. 'A king of Phylace, in Phthio- 
 
 tis, son of Phylacus and Clymene. He had 
 bulls famous for their bigness, and the mon- 
 ster which kept them. Melampus, at the re- 
 quest of his brother, [Fid. Melampus] attempt- 
 ed to steal them away, but he was caught in 
 the fact, and imprisoned. Iphiclus soon re- 
 ceived some advantages from the prophetical 
 knowledge of his prisoner, and not only re- 
 stored him to liberty, but also presented him 
 with the oxen. Iphiclus, who was childless, 
 learned from the soothsayer how to become a 
 father. He had married Automedusa, and 
 afterwards a daughter of Creon, king of The- 
 bes. He was father to Podarce and Protesi- 
 laus. Homer. Od. 11, //. 13.— ,^pollod. 1, c. 9. 
 
 —Pans. 4, c. 36. A son of Thestius, king 
 
 of Pleuron. Apollod. 2, c. 1. 
 
 Iphicrates, a celebrated general of Athena, 
 w^ho, though son of a shoemaker, rose from 
 the lowest station to the highest offices in the 
 state. He made war against the Thracians, 
 obtained some victories over the Spartans, 
 and assisted the Persian king against Egypt. 
 He changed the dress and arms of his sol- 
 diers, and rendered them more alert and ex- 
 peditious in using their w-eapons. He marri- 
 ed a daughter of Cotys, king of Thrace, by 
 whom he had a son called Mnestheus, and 
 died 380 B. C. When he was once reproach- 
 ed of the meanness of his origin, he observed, 
 that he would be the first of his family, but 
 that his detractor would be the last of his own. 
 C. J^tp. in Iphic. A sculptor of Athens 
 
 An Athenian, sent to Darius the third, king of 
 Persia, &c. Cur^3, c. 13. 
 
 IpniDAAius, a son of Antenor and Theano, 
 killed by Agamemnon. Homer. II. 11. 
 
 Ipiuoemia, a Thessalian woman, ravished 
 by the Naxians, he. 
 
 Iphigknia, a daughter of Agamemnon and 
 Clytemnestra. When the Greeks, going to 
 the Trojan war, were detained by contrary 
 winds at Aulis, they were informed by one 
 of the soothsayers, that, to appease the gods, 
 they must sacrifice Iphigenia, Agamemnon's 
 daughter, to Diana. [Vid. Agamemnon.] 
 The father, who had provoked the goddess by 
 killing her favourite stag, heard this with the 
 greatest horror and indignation, and rather 
 than to shed the blood of his daughter, he 
 commanded one of his heralds, as chief of 
 the Grecian forces, to order all the assembly 
 to depart each to his respective home. Ulys- 
 ses and the other generals interfered, and Aga- 
 memnon consented to immolate his daughter 
 for the common cause of Greece. As Iphi- 
 genia was tei\derly loved by her mother, the 
 Greeks sent for Imm' on pretence of giving her 
 in marriage to Achilles. Clytemnestra gladly 
 l)ermilted her departine, and Iphigenia came 
 to Aulis : here slie saw the bloody prepara- 
 tions for the sacrifice ; she implor«;d the for- 
 y;ivcness and protection of her father, but 
 cars and ejitreatics were unavailing. Calchas 
 
 IP 
 
 took the knife in his hand, and, as he waa 
 going to strike the fatal blow, Iphigenia sud- 
 denly disappeared, and a goat of uncoramoa 
 size and beauty was found in her place for the 
 sacrifice. This supernatural change animated 
 the Greeks, the wind suddenly became fa- 
 vourable, and the combined fleet set sail from 
 Aulis. Iphigenia's innocence had raised the 
 compassion of the goddess on whose altar she 
 was going to be sacrificed, and she carried 
 herto Taurica, where she intrusted her with 
 the care of her temple. In this sacred office 
 Iphigenia was obliged, by the command of 
 Diana, to sacrifice all the strangers which 
 came into that country. Many had already 
 been offered as victims on the bloody altar, 
 when Orestes and Pylades came to Taurica. 
 Their mutual and unparalleled friendship, 
 [Fi(i. Pylades and Orestes] disclosed to Iphi- 
 genia that one of the strangers whom she was 
 going to sacrifice was her brother ; and, upon 
 this, she conspired with the two friends to 
 fly from the barbarous country, and carry 
 away the statue of the goddess. They suc- 
 cessfully effected their enterprise, and mur- 
 dered Thoas, who enforced the human sacrifi- 
 ces. According to some authors, the Iphigenia 
 who was sacrificed at Aulis was not a daughter 
 of Agamemnon, but a daughter of Helen by 
 Theseus. Homer does not speak of the sacri- 
 fice of Iphigenia, though very minute in the 
 description of the Grecian forces, adventures, 
 &c. The statue of Diana, which Iphigenia 
 brought away, was afterwards placed in the 
 grove of Aricia in Italy. Paus. 2, c. 22, 1. 3, 
 c. \Q.—Ovid. Met. 12, v. 3\.—Virg. JEn. 2, v. 
 1 IG. — JEschyl. — Euripid. 
 
 IpHiMEDiA, a daughter of Triopas, who 
 married the giant Alceus. She fled from her 
 husband, and had two sons, Otus and Ephial- 
 tes, by Neptune, her father's father. Homer. 
 Od. 11, V. 124.— Paw*. 9, c. 22.— £pollod. 
 1, c. 7. 
 
 Iphimedon, a son of Eurystheus, killed 
 in a w^ar against the Athenians and Heracli- 
 dst. ApoUod. 
 
 IpHijiKDusA, one of the daughters of Dana- 
 us, who married Euchenor. Vid. Danaides. 
 
 Iphinok, one of the principal women of 
 Lemnos, who conspired to destroy all the 
 males of the island after their return from a 
 
 Thraeian expedition. Flacc. 2, v. 163. 
 
 One of the daughters of Proitus. She died of 
 a disease while under the care of Melampus. 
 Fid. Prffitides. 
 
 IpHiNous, one of the centaurs. Ovid. 
 
 Iphis, son of Alector, succeeded his father 
 on the throne of Argos. He advised Polyni- 
 ces, who wished to engage Amphiaraus in the 
 Theban war, to bribe his wife Erij)hyle, by 
 giving her the golden collarof Harmonia. This 
 succeeded, and Eriphyle betrayed her husband. 
 
 Apollod. 3. — Flacc. 1, 3, and 7. A beautiful 
 
 youth of Salamis, of ignoble birth. He be- 
 came enamoured of Anaxarete, and the cold- 
 ness and contempt he met with rendered him 
 so desperate that he hung himself. Anaxarete 
 saw him carried to his grave without emotion, 
 and was instantly changed into a stone. Ovid. 
 
 Md. 14, V. 703. A daughter of Thespius. 
 
 JlpuUod. A mistress ol Patroclns, given 
 
 him by Achilles. Homtr. II. 9. A daugh- 
 ter of Ligdus and Tclcthusa, of Crete. Whe-n 
 
IP 
 
 Telethusa was pregnant, Ligdus ordered her 
 to destroy her child if it proved a daughter, 
 because his poverty could not afford to main- 
 tain an useless charge. The severe orders of 
 her hysband alarmed Telethusa, and she would 
 have obeyed, had not Isis commanded her in 
 a dream to spare the life of her child. Tele- 
 thusa brought forth a daughter, which was 
 given to a nurse, and passed for a boy under 
 the name of Iphis. Ligdus continued ignorant 
 of the deceit, and, when Iphis was come to 
 the years of puberty, her father resolved to 
 ^ive her in marriage to lanthe, the beautiful 
 daughter of Telestes. A day to celebrate the 
 nuptials was appointed, but Telethusa and her 
 daughter were equally anxious to put off the 
 marriage ; and, when all was unavailing, they 
 implored the assistance of Isis, by whose ad- 
 vice the life of Iphis had been preserved. The 
 goddess was moved, she changed the sex of 
 Iphis, and, on the morrow, the nuptials were 
 consummated with the greatest rejoicings. 
 Ovid. Met. 9, v. 666, &;c. 
 
 IpHiTioN, an ally of the Trojans, son of 
 Otryntheus and'Nais, killed by Achilles. Ho- 
 mer. II. 20, V. 382. 
 
 Iphitus, a son of Eurytus, king of (Echa- 
 lia. When his father had promised his daugh- 
 ter lole to him who could overcome him or 
 his sons in drawing the bow, Hercules accept- 
 ed the challenge and came off victorious. Eu- 
 rytus refused his daughter to the conqueror, 
 observing that Hercules had killed one of his 
 wives in a fury, and that loIe might perhaps 
 share the same fate. Some time after, Auto- 
 lycus stole away the oxen of Eurytus, and Her- 
 cules was suspected of the theft. Iphitus was 
 sent in quest of the oxen, and, in his search, 
 he met with Hercules, whose good favours he 
 had gained by advising Eurytus to give lole to 
 tiie conqueror. Hercules assisted Iphitus in 
 seeking the lost animals; but when he recol- 
 lected the ingratitude of Eurytus, he killed 
 Iphitus by throwing him down from the walls 
 ofTirynthus. Homer. Od. 21. — JlpoUod.%c. 
 
 6. A Trojan, who survived the ruin of his 
 
 country, and fled with /Eneas to Italy. Virg. 
 
 JEn. 2, v. 340, fcc. A king of Elis, son of 
 
 Praxonides, in the age of Lycurgus. He re- 
 established the Olympic games 338 years after 
 their institution by Hercules, or about 884 
 years before the christian era. This epoch is 
 famous in chronological history, as every thing 
 previous to it seems involved in fabulous ob- 
 scurity. Paterc. 1, c. 3. — Pans. 5, c. 4. 
 
 Iphthike, a sister of Penelope, who mar- 
 ried Eumeliis.^ She appeared, by the power 
 of Minerva, to her sister in a dream, to com- 
 fort her in the absence of her son Telema- 
 chus. Horn. Od. 4, v. 795. 
 
 Ipsea, the mother of iMedea. Ovid. Heroid. 
 17, V. 232. 
 
 Ipsus, a place of Phrygia, celebrated for 
 a battle which was fought there about 301 
 years before the Christian era, between Anti- 
 i'onus and his son, and Seleucus, Ptolemy, 
 Lysimachus, and Cassander. The former led 
 into the held an army of above 70,000 foot and 
 10,000 horse, with 15 elephants. The latter's 
 ibrces consisted of 64,0<X) infantry, besides 
 10,500 horse, 400 elephants, and 120 armed 
 riiariots. Antigonus and his iou were defeated. 
 riut. in Dcf:tetr. 
 
 IS 
 
 Ika, a city of Messenia, which Agamem- 
 non promised to Achilles, if he would resume 
 his arms to fight against the Trojans. This 
 place is famous in history as having supported 
 a siege of eleven years against the Lacedcemo- 
 nians. Its capture, B. C. 671, put an end to 
 the second Messenian war. Horn. II. 9, v. 150 
 and 292.— Strah. 7. 
 
 Iren^us, a native of Greece, disciple of 
 Polycarp, and bishop of Lyons in France. He 
 wrote on different subjects ; but, as what re- 
 mains is in Latin, some suppose he composed 
 in that language, and not in Greek. Frag- 
 ments of his works in Greek are however pre- 
 served, which prove that his style was simple, 
 though clear and often animated. His opin- 
 ions concerning the soul are curious. He 
 suffered martyrdom, A. D. 202. The best edi- 
 tion of his works is that of Grabe^ Oxon. fol. 
 1702. 
 
 Irene, a daughter of Cratinus the painter. 
 
 Plin. 35, c. 11. One of the seasons among 
 
 the Greeks, called by the moderns Hora. 
 Her two sisters were Dia and Eunomia, all 
 daughters of Jupiter and Themis. JlpoUod. 1, 
 c. 8. 
 
 Iresus, a delightful spot in Libya, near Gy- 
 rene, where Battus fixed his residence. The 
 Egyptians were once defeated there by the in- 
 habitants of Gyrene. Herodot. 4, c. 158, he. 
 
 Iris, a daughter of Thaumas and Electra, 
 one of the Oceanides, messenger of the gods, 
 and more particularly of Juno. Her office 
 was to cut the thread which seemed to detain 
 the soul in the body of those that were expir- 
 ing. She is the same as the rainbow, and, from 
 that circumstance, she is represented with 
 wings with all the variegated and beautiful 
 colours of the rainbow, and appears sitting be- 
 hind Juno, ready to execute her commands. 
 She is likewise described as supplying the 
 clouds with water to deluge the world. Hesiod. 
 Thcog. V. 266. — Ovid. Met. 1, v. 271 and seq. 
 1. 4, V. 481, 1. 10, V. 5S5.— Virg. JEn. 4, 
 
 V. 694. A river of Asia Minor, rising in 
 
 Cappadocia, and falling into the Euxine sea. 
 Flacc. 5, v. 121. A river of Pontus. 
 
 Irus, a beggar of Ithaca, who executed the 
 commissions of Penelope's suitors. When 
 Ulysses returned home, disguised in a beggar's 
 dress, Irus hindered him from entering the 
 gates, and even challenged him. Ulysses 
 brought him to the ground with a blow, and 
 dragged him out of the house. From his po- 
 verty originates the pi'oveib Iro pmiperior. 
 Homer. Od. 8, v. land 35. — Ovid. 2'rist. 3, el. 
 7, V. 42. A mountain of India. 
 
 Is, a small river falling into the Euphrates. 
 Its waters abound with bitumen. Herodot. 1, 
 
 c. 179. A small town on the river of the 
 
 same name. Id. ib. 
 
 IsADAS, a Spartan, who, upon seeing the 
 Thebans entering the city, stripped himself 
 naked, and, with a spear and sword, engaged 
 the enemy. He was rewarded with a crown 
 for his valour. Plut. 
 
 IsjEA, one of the Nereides. 
 
 IsiEus, an orator of Galchis, in Eubcca, who 
 came to Athens, and became there the pupil 
 of Lysias, and soon after the master of Demos- 
 thenes. Some suppose that he reformed the 
 dissipation and imprudence of his early years 
 by frugulity and temperance, Demosthenes 
 
 fi 
 
IS 
 
 imitated him in preference to Isocrates, be- 
 cause he studied force and energy of expres- 
 sion rather than floridness of style. Ten of his 
 sixty-four orations are extant. Juv. 3, v. 74. 
 
 — Flat. <le 10 Oral. Dem. Another Greek 
 
 orator, who came to Rome A. D. 17. He is 
 greatly recommended by Pliny the younger, 
 who observes, that he always spoke extem- 
 pore, and wrote with elegance, unlaboured 
 ease, and great correctness. 
 
 IsAMUs, a river of India. 
 
 IsANDER, a son of Bellerophon, killed in 
 <he war which his fathei' made against the So- 
 
 //. 6. 
 a river of Umbria. 
 
 lymni. Homer 
 
 IsAPis, a river of Umbria. Lucan. 2, v. 
 406. 
 
 IsAR and IsARA, tlie Isore, a river of Gaul, 
 where Fabius routed the Allobroges. It ri- 
 ses at the east of Savoy, and falls into the 
 Rhone near Valence. Plin. 3, c. 4. — Lucan. 
 
 1, V. 399. Another, called theOyse, which 
 
 falls into the Seine below Paris. 
 
 IsAR and IsjEus, a river of Vindelicia. 
 Slrab. 4. 
 
 IsARCHUs, an Athenian archon, B. C. 424. 
 
 IsAURA, (cE, or orum,) the chief town of 
 Isaura. Plin. 5, c. 27. 
 
 IsAURiA, a country of Asia Minor, near 
 mount Taurus, whose inhabitants were bold 
 and warlike. The Roman emperors, particu- 
 larly Probus and Gallus, made war against 
 them and conquered them. Flor. 3, c. 6. — 
 Slrab.— Cic. 15. Fam. 2. 
 
 IsADRicus, a surname of P. Servilius, from 
 his conquests over the Tsaurians. Ovid. 1. 
 Fa^. 594.— Cic. 6, Mt. 21. 
 
 IsuARus, a river of Umbria, falling into the 
 Adriatic. Another in Magna Graecia. Lu- 
 can. 2, v. 406. 
 
 IscHENiA, an annual festival at Olympia, 
 in honour of Ischenus, the grandson of Mer- 
 cury and Hierea, who, in a time of famine, 
 devoted himself for his country, and was hon- 
 oured with a monument near Olympia. 
 
 IscHOLAUS, a brave and prudent general 
 of Sparta, he. Polycen.. 
 
 IscHOMACHUs, a uoble athlete of Crotona, 
 about the consulship of M. Valerius and P. 
 Posthumius. 
 
 IscHOPOLis, a town of Pontus. 
 
 IsciA. Vid. (Enotrides. 
 
 IsDEGERDF.s, a king of Persia, appointed, 
 by the will of Arcadius, guardian to Theodo- 
 sius the Second. He died in hfe 31st year, 
 A. D. 408. 
 
 IsiA, certain festivals observed in honour of 
 Isis, whicli continued nine days. It was usual 
 to carry vessels full of wheat and barley, 
 as the goddess was supposed to be the first 
 who taught mankind the use of corn. These 
 festivals were adopted by the Romans, among 
 wiioia they soon degenerated into licentious- 
 ness. They were abolished by a decree of 
 the senate, A. U. C. G96. They were in- 
 troduced again, about 200 years after, by 
 'Comiriodiis. 
 
 IsiAcuKUM TORTUS, a harbour on the shore 
 of the Euxin^, near Dacia. 
 
 IsinoRUs, a native of Charax, in tlie age of 
 Ptolemy Lagus, who wrote some historical 
 
 treatises, besides a description of Parthia. 
 
 A disciple of Chrysostom, called Pelusiota, 
 
 om his living in Egypt. Of his epistles 2012 
 
 IS 
 
 remain, written in Greek, with conciseness and 
 elegance. The best edition is that of Paris, 
 
 fol. 1638. A Christian Greek writer, who 
 
 flourished in the 7th century. He is surnamed 
 Hispalensis. His works have been edited, fol. 
 de Bruel, Paris 1601. 
 
 Isis, a celebrated deity of the Egyptians^ 
 daughter of Saturn and Rhea, according to 
 Diodorus of Sicily. Some suppose her to be 
 the same aslo, who was changed into a cow, 
 and restored to her human form in Egypt, 
 where she taught agi-iculture, and gov^erned 
 the people with mildness and equity, for which 
 reasons she received divine honours after 
 death. According to some traditions mention- 
 ed by Plutarch, Isis married her brother Osi- 
 ris, and was pregnant b^ him even before she 
 had left her mother's womb. These two an- 
 cient deities, as some authors observe, com- 
 prehended all nature and all the gods of the 
 heathens. Isis was the Venus of Cyprus, the 
 Minerva of Athens, the Cybele of the Phry- 
 gians, the Ceres of Eleusis, the Proserpine 
 of Sicily, the Diana of Crete, the Bellona of 
 the Romans, &.c, Osiris and Isis reigned con- 
 jointly in Egj'pt, but the rebellion of Typhon, 
 the brother of Osiris, proved fatal to this 
 sovereign. [Vid. Osiris and Typhon] The 
 ox and cow were the symbols of Osiris and 
 Isis, because these deities, while on earth, had 
 diligently applied themselves in cultivating the 
 earth. [Vid. Apis.] As Isis was supposed 
 to be the moon and Osiris the sun, she was 
 represented as holding a globe in her hand, 
 with a vessel full of ears of corn. The Egyp- 
 tians believed that the yearly and regular inun- 
 dations of the Nile proceeded from the abund- 
 ant tears which Isis shed for the loss of Osiris, 
 whom Typhon bad basely murdered. The 
 word Isis, according to some, signifies ancient f 
 and, on that account, the inscriptions on the 
 statues of the goddess were often in these 
 words : / am all that has been, that shall bet 
 and none among mortals has hitherto taken off 
 my veil. The worship of Isis was universal in 
 Egypt ; the priests were obliged to observe 
 perpetual chastity, their head was closely 
 shaved, and they always walked barefooted, 
 and clothed themselves in linen garments. They 
 never eat onions, they abstained from salt with 
 their meat, and were forbidden to eat the flesh 
 of sheep and of hogs. During the night they 
 were employed in continual devotion near the 
 statue of the goddess. Cleopatra, the beauti- 
 ful queen of Egypt, was wont to dress herself 
 like this goddess, and affected to be called a 
 second Isis. Cic. de Div. 1, — Plut. de Isid. 
 4" Osirid. — Diod. 1. — Dionys. Hal. 1. — Hero- 
 dot. 2, c. b9.— Lucan. 1, v. 831. 
 
 IsM.iRus, (IsMARA, plur.) a rugged moun- 
 tain of Thrace, covered with vines and olives, 
 near the Hebrus, with a town of the same name. 
 Its wines are excellent. The word Ismarius is 
 indiscriminately used for Thracian. Homer. 
 Od.9.— Virg. G. 2, v. 37. JEn. 10, v. 351. 
 
 A Theban, son of Astacus. A son of 
 
 Eumolpus. Apollod. A Lydian who ac- 
 companied i'Encas to Italy, and fought with 
 great vigour against the Rutuli. Virg. JEn. 
 10, v. 139. 
 
 IsMENE, a daughter of (Edipus and Jocasta, 
 who, when hersi.ster Antigone had been con- 
 demned to be bTiriod alive by Creon, for giv- 
 
IS 
 
 ing burial to her brother Polynices against the 
 tyrant's positive orders, declared herself as 
 guilty as her sister, and insisted upon being 
 equally punished with her. This instance of 
 generosity was strongly opposed by Antigone, 
 who wished not to see her sister involved in 
 her calamities. Sophocl. in Antig. — Jlpollod. 3, 
 
 c. 5. A daughter of the river Asopus, who 
 
 married the hundred-eyed Argos, by whom 
 she had Jasus. Apollod. 2, c. 1. 
 
 IsMENTAs, a celebrated musician of Thebes. 
 When he was taken prisoner l)y the Scythi- 
 ans, Atheas, the king of the country, observ- 
 ed, that he liked the music of Ismenias better 
 than the braying of aji ass. Pint, in Apoph. 
 
 A Tbeban, bribed by Timocrates of 
 
 Rhodes, that he might use his influence to pre- 
 vent the Athenians and some other Grecian 
 statesfrom assisting Laceda:mon, against which 
 Xerxes was engaged in a war. Paus. 3, c. 9. 
 
 A Theban general, sent to Persia with an 
 
 embassy by his countrymen. As none were 
 admitted into the king's presence without pros- 
 trating themselves at his feet, Ismenias had 
 recourse to artifice to a^¥)id doing an action 
 which would prove disgraceful to his coun- 
 try. When he was introduced he dropped his 
 ring, and the motion he made to recover it 
 from the ground was mistaken for the most 
 submissive homage, and Ismenias had a satis- 
 factory audience of the monarch. A river 
 
 of Bceotia, falling into the Euripus, where 
 Apollo had a temple, from which he was called 
 Ismenius. A youth was yearly chosen by the 
 Boeotians to be the priest of the god, an office 
 to which Hercules was once appointed. Paus. 
 9, c. 10.— Ovid. Met. 2.—Strab. 9. 
 
 IsMENiDES, an epithet applied to the The- 
 ban women, as being near the Ismenus, a river 
 of Bceotia. Ovid. Met. 4, v. 31. 
 
 IsMF.Nius, a surname of Apollo, at Thebes, 
 where he had a temple on the borders of the 
 Ismenus. 
 
 Ismenus, a son of Apollo and Melia, one of 
 the Nereides, who gave his name to the La- 
 don, a river of Bceotia, near Thebes, falling 
 into the Asopus, and thence into the Euripus. 
 Paus. 9, c. 10. A son of Asopus and Me- 
 tope. Apollod.S, c. 12. A son of Amphion 
 
 and Niobe, killed by Apollo. Id. 3, c. 5. — 
 Ovid. Met. 6, fab. 6. 
 
 Isoc RATES, a celebrated orator, son of 
 Theodorus, a rich musical instrument maker 
 at Athens. He was taught in the schools of 
 Gorgias and Prodicus, but his oratorical abi- 
 lities were never displayed in public, and 
 I.«K)crates was f)revented by an unconquerable 
 timidity from speaking in the popular assem- 
 blies. He opened a school of eloquence al 
 Atliens, where he distinguished himself by the 
 number, character, and fame of his pupils, 
 and by the immense riches which he amassed. 
 He was intimate with Philip of Macedon, and 
 regularly corresponded with him ; and to his 
 familiarity with that monarch the Athenians 
 Mere indebted for some of the few peaceful 
 years which they passed. The aspiring am- 
 bition of Philip, however, displeased Isocrates, 
 and the defeat of the Athenians at Cheronasa 
 had such an etlect upon his spirit', that he did 
 not survive the disgrace of his i^otinfiy, but 
 ilied, after he had been four day^ a tak- 
 
 in<r Mriv^ nlirnrrif. in the 99tli vca. ul liii age, 
 
 IS 
 
 about 338 years before Christ, Isocrates he? 
 always been much admired for the sweetness 
 and graceful simplicity of his style, for the 
 harmony of his expressions, and the dignity of 
 his language. The remains of his orations ex- 
 tant inspire the world with the highest vene- 
 ration for his abilities, as a moralist, an orator, 
 and, above all, as a man. His merit, how- 
 ever, is lessened by those who accuse him of 
 plagiarism from the works of Thucydides, 
 Lysias, and others, seen particularly in his 
 panegyric. He was so studious of correctness 
 that his lines are sometimes poetry. The 
 severe conduct of the Athenians against So- 
 crates highly displeased him, and, in sphe of 
 all the undeserved impopularity of that great 
 philosopher, he put on mourning tlie day of 
 his death. About 31 of his orations are ex- 
 tant, Isocrates was honoured after death with 
 a brazen statue by Tiraotheus, one of his 
 pupils, and Aphareus, his adopted son. The 
 best editions of Isocrates are that of Battle, 2 
 vols. 8vo. Cantab. 1729, and that of Auger, 3 
 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1782. Pint, de 10 Orat. kc— 
 Cic. Orat. 20 de Jnv. 2, c. 126. in Brut. c. 15. 
 de Orat. 2, c. 6.— Qum/t7. 2, Uc.—Pattrc. 1, 
 
 c. 16. One of the officers of the Pelopon- 
 
 nesian fleet, &c. Thucyd. One of the dis- 
 ciples of Isocrates. A rhetorician of Syria^ 
 
 enemy to the Romans, he. 
 
 IssA, now Lissa, an island in the Adriatic 
 
 sea, on the coast of Dalmatia. A town of 
 
 Illyricum. Melaf 2, c. 7. — Strab. 1, he. — 
 Marcell. 26, c. 25. 
 
 IssE, a daughter of Macareus, the son of 
 Lycaon. She was beloved by Ajrollo, who to 
 obtain her confidence changed himself into 
 (he form of a shepherd to whom she was at- 
 tached. This metamorphosis of Apollo was 
 represented on the web of Arachne. Ovid. 
 Met. 6, V. 124. 
 
 Issus, now Aisse, a town of Cilicia, on the 
 confines of Syria, famous for a battle fought 
 there between Alexander the Great and the 
 Persians under Darius their king, in October, 
 B. C. 333, in consequence of which it was call- 
 ed Nicopolis. In this battle the Persians lost, 
 in the field of battle, 100,000 foot and 10,000 
 horse, and the Macedonians only 300 foot 
 and 150 horse, according to Diodorus Sicu- 
 lus. The Persian army, according to Justin, 
 consisted of40(.M>00 foot and 100,(K)0 horse, 
 and 61, (X)0 of the former and 10,000 of the 
 latter, were left dead on (he spot, and 40,000 
 were taken prisoners. The loss of the Ma- 
 cedonians, as he farther adds, was no more 
 than 130 foot and 150 horse. According to 
 Curtius, the Persians slain amounted to 100;000 
 foot andlO,000 horse; andlhoseof Alexander 
 to 32 foot, and 150 horse killed, and 504 
 wounded. This spot is likewise famous for 
 the defeat of Niger by Severus, A. D. 194. J 
 Pint, in Alex. —Justin 11, c. 9.— Curt. 3, r. | 
 l.—Arrian.-Diod. n.—Cic. 6, Atl. 20. Fam. 
 2, ep. 10. 
 
 IsTER and IsTRus, an historian, disciple tf> 
 Calimachus. Diug. A large river of Eu- 
 rope, falling into the Euxine sea, called also 
 
 the Danube. [Vid. Danubius.] A son of 
 
 yEgyptus. Apollod. 
 
 IsTHMiA, sacred games among the Greeks, 
 which received their name from the isthmus of 
 Corinth, where they were observed. Thev 
 
IT 
 
 IT 
 
 %vere celebrated in commemoration of Me- 1 in that part of Europe. The boundaries of 
 licerta, who was changed into a sea deity, | Italy appeared to have been formed by nature 
 when his mother Ino had thrown herself into itself, which seems to have been particularly 
 the sea with him in her arms. The body of 1 careful in supplying this country with what- 
 
 Melicerta, according to some traditions, when 
 cast upon the sea-shore, received an honour- 
 able burial, in memory of which the Isthmian 
 games were instituted, B. C. 132d. They 
 were interrupted after they had been cele- 
 brated with great regularity during some 
 years, and Theseus at last reinstituted them 
 in honour of Neptune, whom he publicly cal- 
 led his father. These games were observed 
 every third, or rather fifth year, and held so 
 sacred and inviolable, that even a public 
 calamity could not prevent the celebration. 
 When Corinth was destroyed by Mummius, 
 the Roman general, they were observed with 
 the usual solemnity, and the Sicyonians were 
 intrusted with the superintendence, which 
 had been before one of the privileges of the 
 ruined Corinthians. Combats of every kind 
 were exhibited, and the victors were reward- 
 ed with garlands of pine leaves. Sometime 
 after the custom was changed, and the victor 
 received a crown of diy and withered parsley. 
 The years were reckoned by the celebration 
 of the Isthmian games, as among the Ro- 
 mans from the consular government. Paus. 
 1, c. 44, 1. 2, c. 1 and 2.— P/m. 4, c. b.—Plut. 
 in Thes. 
 
 IsTHMics, a king of Messenia, &.c. Paus. 
 4, c. 3. 
 
 Isthmus, a small neck of land which 
 joins one country to another, and prevents 
 the sea from making them separate, such as 
 that oi Corinth, called often the Isthmus by 
 way of eminence, which joins Peloponnesus 
 to Greece. Nero attempted to cut it across, 
 and make a communication between the two 
 seas, but in vain. It is now called Hexamili. 
 Strab. 1. — Mela, 2, c. 2. — Plin. 4, c. 4. — Lucan. 
 1, V. 101. 
 
 IsTi^oTis, a country of Greece, near Ossa. 
 Vid. Histiseotis. 
 
 IsTRiA, a province at the west of Illyricum, 
 at the top of fhe Adriatic sea, whose inhabi- 
 tants were originally pirates, and lived on 
 plunder. They were not subjected to Rome 
 till six centuries after the foundation of that 
 city. Strah. l.—Mela, 2, c. 3.—Liv. 10, &,c. 
 —Plin. 3, c. 19.— Justin. 9, c. 2. 
 
 IsTROPOMs, a city of Thrace, near the 
 mouth of the Ister, founded by a Milesian col- 
 ony. Plin. 4, c. 11. 
 
 Isus and Antiphus, sons of Priam, the 
 latter by Hecuba, and the former by a concu- 
 bine. They were seized by Achilles, as they 
 fed their father's flocks om mount Ida; they 
 were redeemed by Priam, and fought against 
 ^he Greeks. They were both killed by Aga- 
 memnon. Homer. II. 11. A city of Rceotia. 
 
 Strab. 9. 
 
 Italia, a celebrated country of Europe, 
 bounded by the Adriatic and Tyrrhene seas, 
 and by the Alpine mountains. It has been 
 compared, and with some similitude, to a 
 man's leg. It has borne, at different periods, 
 the different names of Saturnia, (Enotria, Hes- 
 iieria, Ausonia, and Tyrrhenia, and it received 
 !ie name of Italy either from Italus, a king of 
 »lie country, or from Italos, a Greek word 
 ' hich signifitjs an o.x, an animal very common 
 
 ever may contribute not only to the support, 
 but also to the pleasures and luxuries of life. 
 It has been called the garden of Europe ; and 
 the panegyrics which Pliny bestows upon it 
 seem not in any degree exaggerated. The an- 
 cient inhabitants called themselves Aborigines , 
 offspring of the soil, and the country was soon, 
 after peopled by colonies from Greece. The 
 Pelasgi and the Arcadians made settlements 
 there, and the whole country was divided into 
 as many different governments as there were 
 towns, till the rapid increase of the Roman 
 power [Hrf. Roma] changed the face of Italy, 
 and united all its states in support of one 
 common cause. Italy has been the mother of 
 arts as well as of arms, and the immortal 
 monuments which remain of the eloquence 
 and poetical abilities of its inhabitants are 
 universally known. It was divided into ele- 
 ven small provinces or regions by Augustus, 
 though sometimes known under the three 
 greater divisions of Cisalpine Gaul, Italy pro- 
 perly so called, and Magna Grecia. The sea 
 above was called Superum, and that at the 
 south Inferum. Plol. 3, c. 1. — Dionys. Hat. 
 — Diod. 4. — Justin. 4, fee. — C. Kep. in Dion. 
 Mcib. he. — Liv. 1, c. 2, he. — Varro de R, 
 R. 2, c. 1 and 5.—Virg. ^n. 1, hc.—Polyb. 
 2.—Flor. 2.—JElian. V. H. 1, c. \Q.— Lucan. 
 2, V. 397, he.— Plin. 3, c. 5 and 8. 
 Italica, a town of Italy, called also Cor- 
 
 finium. A town of Spain, now Sevilla la 
 
 Vitja, built by Scipio for the accommodation 
 of his wounded soldiers. Gdl. 16, c. 13. — ■ 
 Appian Hisp. 
 
 Italicus, a poet. Vid. Silius. 
 
 Italus, a son of Telegonus. Hygin. fab. 
 
 127. An Arcadian prince, who came to 
 
 Italy, where he established a kingdom, called 
 after him. It is supposed that he received 
 divine honours after death, as iEneas calls up- 
 on him amongthe deities to whom he paid his 
 adoration when he entered Italy. Virg. ^n. 
 
 7, V. 178. A prince whose daughter Roma, 
 
 by his wife Leucaria, is said to have married 
 
 ^neas or Ascanius. Plut. in Rom. A king 
 
 of the Cherusci, &.c. Tadt. Ann. 1, c. 16. 
 Itargris, a river of Germany. 
 Itea, a daughter of Danaus. Hygin. fab. 
 170. 
 
 Itemales, an old man who exposed 
 (Edipus on mount Cithseron, he. Hygin. 
 fab. 65. 
 
 Ithaca, a celebrated island in the Ionian 
 sea, on the western parts of Greece, with a 
 city of the same name, famous for being part 
 of the kingdom of Ulysses. It is very rocky 
 and mountainous, measures about 25 miles 
 in circumference, and is now known by the 
 name of Isola del Compare, or Thiuchi. Ho- 
 mer. II. 2, V. 139. Od. 1, V. 186, 1. 4, v. 
 601, 1. 9, V. 20.— Strab. 1 and 8, Mela, 2, 
 c. 7. 
 
 IxHACtsiyE, three islands opposite Vibo, 
 on the coast of the Brutii. Baiae was cal- 
 led also Ithacesia, because built by Bajus the 
 pilot of Ulysses. Sil. 8, v. 540, 1. 12, v. 113. 
 
 Ithobalus, a king of Tyre, who died B. 
 C. 595. Josfphu" 
 
JU 
 
 Ithome, a town of Phthiotis, Homer. IL 
 % Another of Messenia, which surren- 
 dered, after ten years siege, to Lacedaemon, 
 724 years before the Christian era. Jupiter 
 was called Ithomates, from a temple which he 
 had there, where games were also celebrated, 
 and thes conqueror rewarded with an oaken 
 crown. Pans. 4, c. 32.— Slat. Theh. 4, v. 179. 
 —Strab.8. 
 
 Ithomaia, a festival in whicli musicians 
 contended, observed at Ithome, in honour of 
 Jupiter, who had been nursed by the nymphs 
 Ithome and Neda, the former of whom gave 
 her name to a city, and the latter to a river. 
 
 Ithyphallus, an obscene name of Priapus. 
 Columell. 10.— Diod. 1. 
 
 Itius Porutus, a town of Gaul, now Wet- 
 sand, or Boulogne in Picardy. Caesar set sail 
 from thence on his passage into Britain. Cors. 
 G.4, c. 21,1.5, c. 2 and 5. 
 
 Itonia, a surname of Minerva, from a place 
 in Boeotia, where she was worshipped. 
 
 Itonus, a king of Thessaly, son of Deuca- 
 lion, who first invented the manner of polish- 
 ing metals. Lucan. 6, v. 402. 
 
 Itdna, a river of Britain, now Eden in 
 Cumberland. 
 
 IxuuiEA, a country of Palestine, whose in- 
 habitants were very skilful in drawing the bow. 
 Lucan. 7, v. 230 and 514.— Firg. G. 2, v. 448. 
 —Strab. 17. 
 
 IxtjRUM, a town of Umbria. 
 
 ItyliJs, a son of Zetheus and ^don, killed 
 by his mother. [Vid. ui^don.] Homer. Od. 
 19, v. 462. 
 
 IxYRJEi, a people of Palestine. Vid. Ituraea, 
 
 Itys, a son of Tereus king of Thrace, by 
 Procne, a daughter of Pandion, king of Athens. 
 He was killed by his mother when he was 
 about six years old, and served up as meat be- 
 fore his father. He was changed into a pheas- 
 ant, his mother into a swallow, and his father 
 into an owl. [Vid. Philomela.] Ovid. Met. 
 6, V. 620. Amor. 2, el. 14, v. 29.—Harat. 4, 
 
 od. 12. A Trojan, who came to Italy with 
 
 iEneas, and was killed by Turnus. Virg. JEn. 
 9, V. 574. 
 
 JuBA, a king of Numidla and Mauritania, 
 who succeeded his father Hiempsal, and fa- 
 voured the cause of Pompey against J. Caj- 
 sar. He defeated Curio, whom Cajsar had 
 sent to Africa, and after the battle of Phar- 
 salia he joined his forces to those of Scipio. 
 He was conquered in a battle at Thapsus, 
 and totally abandoned by his subjects. He 
 killed himself with Petreius, who had shared 
 his good fortune and his adversity. His 
 kingdom became a Roman province, of 
 which Sallust was the first governor. Flat, 
 in Pomp. ^ C'ces. — Flor. 4, c. 12. — Suet, in 
 C(Es. c. 35. — Dion. 41. — Afela, 1, c. 6. — Lucan. 
 3, kc.—CcEsar. de Bell. Civ. 2.—Paterc. 2, c. 
 
 64. The second of that name was the son 
 
 of Juba the First. He was led among the 
 captives to Rome, to adorn the triumph of 
 Ceesar. His cajjtivity was the source of the 
 greatest honours, and his application to study 
 procured him more glory than he could have 
 obt£uned from the inheritance of a kingdom. 
 He gained the heart of the Romans by the 
 courteousness of his manners, and Augustus 
 rewarded his fidelity by giving him in mar- 
 riage Cleopatra, the 'daughter of Antony,' 
 
 JU 
 
 and conferring upon him the title of king, 
 and making him master of all the territories 
 which his lather once possessed. His popu- 
 larity was so great, that the Mauritanians 
 rewarded his benevolence by making him 
 one of their gods. The Athenians raised 
 him a statue, and the ^Ethiopians worshipped 
 him as a deity. Juba wrote an history of 
 Rome in Greek, which is often quoted and 
 commended by the ancients, but of which only 
 a few fragments remain. He also wrote on 
 the history of Arabia, and the antiquities of 
 Assyria, chiefly collected from Berosus. Be- 
 sides these, he composed some treatises upon 
 the drama, Roman antiquities, the nature of 
 animals, painting, grammar, &.c. now lost. 
 Strab. 17.— Suet, in Cal. 2Q.—Plin. 5, c. 25 
 and 32. — Dion. 51, &ic. 
 
 JuDAciLius, a native of Asculem, cele- 
 brated for his patriotism, in the age of Pom- 
 pey, &c. 
 
 JuD^A, a famous country of Syria, bound- 
 ed by Arabia, Egypt, Phoenicia, the Mediter- 
 ranean sea, and part of Syria. The inhabi- 
 tants, whose history is best collected from the 
 Holy Scriptures, were chiefly governed, after 
 the Babylonish captivity, by the high priests, 
 who raised themselves to the rank of princes, 
 B. C. 153, and continued in the enjoyment of 
 regal power till the age of Augustus. Plut. 
 de Osir. — Strab. 16. — Dion. 36. — Tacit. Hist. 
 5, c. 6. — Lucan. 2, v. 693. 
 
 JuGALis, a surname of Juno, because she 
 presided over marriage. Festiis. de V. Sig. 
 
 JuGANTEs, a people of Britain. Tacit. Ann. 
 12, c. 32. 
 
 JuGARius, a street in Rome below the 
 capitol. 
 
 JuGURTHA, the illegitimate son of Mana- 
 stabal, the brother of Micipsa. Micipsa and 
 Manastabal were the sons of Masinissa, king 
 ofNumidia. Micipsa, who had inherited his 
 father's kingdom, educated his nephew with 
 his two sons Adherbal and Hiempsal ; but as 
 he was of an aspiring disposition, he sent him 
 with a body of troops to the assistance of 
 Scipio, who was besieging IS'uraantia, hoping 
 to lose a youth whose ambition seemed to 
 threaten the tranquillity of his children. 
 His hopes were frustrated ; Jugurtha showed 
 himself brave and active, and endeared him- 
 self to the Roman general. Micipsa ap- 
 pointed him successor to his kingdom with 
 his two sons, but the kindness of the father 
 l)roved fatal to the children. Jugurtha de- 
 stroyed Hiempsal, and stripped Adheibal of 
 his possession, and obliged him to fly to 
 Rome for safety. The Romans listened to 
 the well-grounded complaints of Adherbal, but 
 Jugurtha's gold prevailed among the sena- 
 tors, and the suppliant monarch, forsaken in 
 his distress, perished by the snares of his ene- 
 my. Ca^^cilius Metellus was at last sent against 
 Jugurtha, and his firmness and success soon re- 
 duced the crafty Numidian, and obliged him to 
 lly among his savage neighbours for support. 
 Marius and Sylla succeeded Metellus, and 
 fought with equal success. Jugurtha was at 
 last betrayed by his father-in-law Bocchus, 
 from whom he claimed assistance, and he wa? 
 delivered into the hands of Sylla, after carry- 
 ing on a war of five years. He was exposed to 
 the view of the Roman people,, and dragged in 
 
JU 
 
 chains to adorn tbe triumph of Marius. He 
 was afterwards put in a prison, where he died 
 six days after of hunger, B. C. 106. The 
 name and the wars of Jugurtha have been im- 
 mortalized by the pen of Sallust. Sallust. in 
 Jug.—Flor. 3, c. l—Paterc. 2, c. 10, &c.— 
 Flut. in Mar. and Syll. — Eutrop.4, c. 3. 
 
 Julia lex, prima de provinciis, by J. 
 Caesar, A. U. C, 691. It confirmed the free- 
 dom of all Greece ; it ordained that the Ro- 
 man magistrates should act there as judges, 
 and that the towns and villages through which 
 the Romanmagistrates and ambassadors passed 
 should maintain them during their stay ; that 
 the governors, at the expiration of their office, 
 should leave a scheme oftheiraccountsintwo 
 cities of their province, and deliver a copy of 
 it at the public treasury ; that the provincial 
 governors should not accept of a golden crown 
 unless they were honoured with a triumph by 
 the senate ; that n&. supreme commander 
 should go out of his province, enter any domi- 
 nions, lead an army, or engage in a war, with- 
 out the previous approbation and command of 
 
 the Roman senate and people. Another, 
 
 de Sumplibus, m the age of Augustus. It li- 
 mited the expense of provisions on the dies 
 profesti, or days appointed for the transaction 
 of business, to 200 sesterces ; on common cal- 
 endarfestivals to 300 ; and on all extraordi- 
 nary occasions, such as marriages, births, k,c. 
 
 to 1000. Another, de provinciis, by J. Ca;- 
 
 sar. Dictator. It ordained, that no pretorian 
 province should be held more than one year, 
 and a consular province more than two years. 
 
 Another, called also Campana agraria, 
 
 by the same, A. U. C. 69L It required that 
 all the lands of Campania, formerly rented ac- 
 cording to the estimation of the state, should 
 be divided among the plebeians,and that all the 
 members of the senate should bind themselves 
 by an oath to establish, confirm, and protect, 
 
 that law. Another, de civitate, by L, J. 
 
 Caesar, A. U. C. 664. It rewarded with the 
 name and privileges of citizens of Rome all 
 such as, during the civil wars, had remained 
 the constant friends of the republican liberty. 
 When that civil war was at an end, all the Ital- 
 ians were admitted as free denizens, and com- 
 posed eight new tribes. Another, dcjudici- 
 
 bus, by J. Cassar. It confirmed the Pompeian 
 law in a certain manner, requiring the judges 
 to be chosen from the richest people in every 
 century, allowing the senators and knights in 
 the number, and excluding the tribuni ara- 
 
 rii. xVnother, de ambitu, by Augustus. It 
 
 restrained the illicit measures used at elec- 
 tions, and restored to the comitia their ancient 
 privileges, which had been destroyed by the 
 ambition and bribery of J. Caesar.- Ano- 
 ther, by Augustus, de adulterio and pudicitid. 
 It punished adultery with death. It was after- 
 wards confu'med and enforced by Domitian,. 
 
 Juvenal. Sat. 2, v. 30, alludes to it. Another, 
 
 called also, Papia, or Papia Popp(Ba, which 
 was the same as the following, only enlarged 
 by the consuls Papins and Poppaeus, A. U. C. 
 
 792. Another, (/e maritanJis orditiibus, by 
 
 Augustus. It proposed rewards to such as en- 
 gaged in matrimony, of a pai'ticulac descrip- 
 tion. It inflicted punishment on ceUbacy, and 
 permitted the patricians, the senators and sons 
 of senators excepted, to intermarry with the 
 
 JIJ 
 
 libertini, or children of those that had been 
 lib erti, or servants manumitted. Horace al- 
 ludes to it when he speaks of lex marita. . 
 
 Another^ de majestate, by J. Ca3sar. It pun- 
 ished with aquce ^ ignis interdicHo all such as 
 were found guilty of the crimen majestatis, of 
 treason against the state. 
 
 Julia, a daughter of J. Caesar, by Cor- 
 nelia, famous for her personal charms and 
 for her virtues. She married Corn. Cae- 
 pio, whom her father obliged her to divorce to 
 marry Pompey the Great. Her amiable dis- 
 position more strongly cemented the friend- 
 ship of the father and of the sonrin-law; but 
 her sudden death in child-bed, B. C. 53, broke 
 all ties of intimacy and relationship, and soon 
 
 produced a civil . war. Pint. The mother 
 
 ofM. Antony, whose humanity is greatly cele- 
 brated in saving her brother-in-law J. Caisar 
 
 from the cruel prosecutions of her son. An 
 
 aunt of J. Caesar, who married C. Marius. 
 Her funeral oratioa was publicly pronounced 
 
 by her nephew. The only daughter of the 
 
 emperor Augustus, remarkable for her beauty, 
 genius, and debaucheries. She was tenderly 
 loved by her father, who gave her in marriage 
 to Marcellus ; after whose death she was giv- 
 en to Agrippa, by whom she had five children. 
 She became a second time a widow, and was 
 married to Tiberius. Her lasciviousness and 
 debaucheries so disgusted her husband, that 
 he retired from the court of the emperor; 
 and Augustus, informed of her lustful propen- 
 sities and infamy, banished her from his sight, 
 and confined her in a small island on the coast 
 of Campania. She was starved to death, A. 
 D. 14, by order of Tiberius, who had suc- 
 ceeded to- Augustus as emperor of Rome. 
 
 Pint. A daughter of the emperor Titus, 
 
 who prostituted herself to her brother Domi- 
 tian. ^A daughter of Julia, the wife of 
 
 Agrippa, who married Lepidus, and was ba- 
 nished for her lixientiousness. A daughter 
 
 of Germanicus and Agrippina, born in the 
 island of Lesbos, A. D. 17. She married a se- 
 nator called M. Vinucius, at the age of 16, and 
 enjoyedthe most unbounded favours in the 
 court of her brother Caligula, who is ac- 
 cused of being her first seducer. She was 
 banished by Caligula, on siispicion of con- 
 spiracy. Claudius recalled her; but she was 
 soon after banislied by the powerful in- 
 trigues of Messalina, and put to death aboufe^ 
 the 24th year of her age. She was no 
 stranger to the debaucheries of the age, and 
 she prostituted herself as freely to the mean- 
 est of the people as to the nobler companions 
 of her brother's extravagance. Seneca, as. 
 some suppose, was banished to Corsica for 
 
 having seduced her. A celebrated woman, 
 
 born in Phcnnicia. She is also called Domna. 
 She applied herself to the study, of geometry 
 and philosophy, &,^c. and rendered.herself con- 
 spicuous, as much by her mental as by her per- 
 sonal charms* She came to Rome, where her • 
 learning recommended her to all the literati, 
 of the age. She married Septimius Severus, 
 who, twenty years after this matrimonial con- 
 nexion, was invested with the imperial pur 
 pie. Severus was guided by the prudence arid 
 advice of Julia, but he was blind to her foibles, 
 and often punished with the greatest severity 
 those vices which were enormous in the <ful- 
 
JU 
 
 press. She is even said to have conspired 
 against the emperor, but she resolved to blot, 
 by patronizing literature, the spots which her 
 debauchery and extravagance bad rendered 
 indelible iu the eyes of virtue. Her influence, 
 after the death of Severus, was for some time 
 productive of tranquillity and cordial union 
 between his tsvo sons and successors. Geta 
 at last, however, fell a sacrifice to his brother 
 Caracalla, and Julia was even wounded in the 
 arm while she attempted to screen her favour- 
 ite son from his brother's d-agger. According 
 to some, Julia committed incest with her sou 
 Caracalla, and publicly married him. She 
 starved herself when her ambitious views were 
 defeated by Macrinus, who aspired to tbe em- 
 pire in preference to her, after the death of 
 Caracalla. A town of Gallia Togata. 
 
 JuLiAcuMj a town of Germany, now Juliers. 
 
 JuLiANUs, a son of Julius Constantius, the 
 brctlier of Constantine the Great, born at 
 Constantinople. The massacre which attend- 
 ed the elevation of the sons of Constantine the 
 Great to the throne, nearly proved fatal to 
 Julian and to his brother Galius. The two 
 brothers were privately educated together, 
 and taught the doctrines of the Christian reli- 
 gion, and exhorted to be modest, temperate, 
 and to despise the gratification of all sensual 
 pleasures. Galius received the instruction of 
 bis pious teachers with deference and submis- 
 sion, but Julian showed his dislike for Chris- 
 tianity by secretly cherishing a desire to be- 
 come one of the votaries of Paganism. He 
 gave sufi&cient proofs of this propensity when 
 he went to Athens in the 24lh year of his age, 
 where he applied himself to the study of magic 
 and astrology. He was some time after ap- 
 pointed over Gaul, with the title of Caesar, by 
 Constans, and there he showed himself worthy 
 of the imperial dignity by his prudence, va- 
 lour, and the numerous victories he obtained 
 over the enemies of Rome in Gaul and Ger- 
 many. His mildness, as well as his conde- 
 scension, gained him the hearts of his soldiers; 
 and when Constans, to whom Julian was be- 
 come suspected, ordered him to send him part 
 of his forces to go into the east, the array im- 
 mediately mutinied, and promised immortal fi- 
 delity to their leader, by refusing to obey the 
 orders of Constans. They even compelled Ju- 
 lian, by threats and entreaties, to accept of the 
 title of independent emperor and of Augustus ; 
 and the death of Constans, which soon after 
 happened, left him sole master of theRoman em- 
 pire, A. D. 361. Julian then disclosed his reli- 
 gious sentiments, and publicly disavowed the 
 doctrines of Christianity, and oifered solemn 
 sacrifices to all the gods of ancient Rome. This 
 change of religious opinion was attributed to 
 the austerity with which he received the pre- 
 cepts of Christianity, or, according to others, 
 to the literary conversation and persuasive elo- 
 quence of some of the Athenian philosophers. 
 From this circumstance, therefore, Julian has 
 been called Jipostale. After he had made his 
 public entry at Constantinople, he determined 
 to continue the Persian war, and check those 
 barbarians, who had for 60 years derided the 
 indolence of the Roman emperors. When he 
 had crossed the Tigris, he burned his fleet, and 
 advanced with boldness into the enemy's coun- 
 try. His march was that of a cofiqueror, he 
 
 5\J 
 
 met with no opposition from a weak and indi- 
 gent enemy ; but the country of Assyria had 
 been desolate by the Persians, and Julian ^ 
 without corn or provisions, was obliged to re- 
 tire. As he could not convey his fleet again 
 over the streams of the Tigris, he took the 
 resolution of marching up the sources of the 
 river, and imitate the bold return of the ten 
 thousand Greeks. As he advanced through the 
 country he defeated the officers of Sapor, the 
 king ot Persia; but an engagement proved fa- 
 tal to him, and he received a deadly wound a& 
 he animated his soldiers to battle. He expired 
 the following night, the 27th of June, A. D. 
 363, in the 32d year of his age. His last mo- 
 ments were spent in a conversation with a phi- 
 losopher about the immortality of the soul, 
 and he breathed his last without expressing 
 the least sorrow for his fate, or the suddenness 
 of his death. Julian's character has been ad- 
 mired by some, and censured by others, but 
 the malevolence of his enemies arises from 
 his apostacy. As a man and as a monarch he 
 demands our warmest commendation ; but we 
 must blame his idolatry, and despise his bigot- 
 ted principles. He was moderate in his suc- 
 cesses, merciful to his enemies, and amiable in 
 his character. He abolished the luxuries which 
 reigned in the court of Constantinople, ^d 
 dismissed with contempt the numerous officers 
 which waited upon Constantiu.?, to anoint his 
 head or perfume his body. He was frugal in 
 his meals, and slept little, reposing himself on 
 a skin spread on the ground. He awoke at 
 midnight, and spent the rest of the night in 
 reading or writing, and issued early from his 
 tent to pay his daily visits to the guards around 
 the camp. He was not fond of public amuse- 
 ments, but rather dedicated his time to study 
 and solitude. When he passed through An- 
 tioch in his Persian expedition, the inhabitants 
 of the place, offended at his religious senti- 
 ments, ridiculed his person, and lampooned 
 him in satirical verses. The emperor made 
 use of the same arms for his defence, and ra- 
 ther than destroy his enemies by the sword, 
 he condescended to expose them to derision, 
 and unveil their follies and debaucheries in an 
 humorous work, which he called Misopogon, 
 or btard hater. He imitated the virtuous ex- 
 ample of Scipio and Alexander, and laid no 
 temptation for his virtue by visiting some fe- 
 male captives that had fallen into his hands, 
 In his matrimonial connexions, Julian rather 
 consulted policy than inclination, and his mar- 
 riage with the sister of Constantius arose from 
 his unwillingness to offend his benefactor, ra- 
 ther than to obey the laws of nature. He 
 was buried at Tarsus, and afterwards his body 
 was conveyed to Constantinople. He distin- 
 guished himself by his writings, as well as by 
 his military character. Besides his Misopo- 
 gon, he wrote the history of Gaul. He also 
 wrote two letters to the Athenians; and be- 
 sides, there are now extant sixty-four letters 
 on various subjects. His Caesars is the most 
 famous of all his compositions, being a satire 
 upon all the Roman emperors from J. Ceesar 
 to Constantine. It is written in the form of a 
 dialogue, in which the author severely attacks 
 the venerable character of M. Aurelius, whom 
 he had projiosed to himself as a pattern, and 
 speaks in a scurrilous and abusive language of 
 
JU 
 
 his relation Constantine. It has been observed 
 ot Julian, that, like Caesar, he could employ 
 at the same time his hand to write, his ear to 
 listen, his eyes to read, and his mind to dic- 
 tate. The best edition of his works is that of 
 Spanheim. fol. Lips. 1696; and of the Caesars, 
 that of Heusinger, 8vo. Gothae, 1741. Julian. 
 
 — Sficrat. — Eutrop. — Ainm. — Liban, k.c. 
 
 A son of Constantine. A maternal uncle 
 
 of the emperor Julian. A Roman empe- 
 ror. [Vid. Didius.] A Roman, who pro- 
 claimed himself emperor in Italy during the 
 
 reign of Diocletian, fee. A governor of 
 
 Africa. A counsellor of the emperor Ad- 
 rian. A general in Dacia, in Domitian's 
 
 reign. 
 
 J^Lii, a family of Alba, brought to Rome by 
 Romulus, where they soon rose to the great- 
 est honours of the state. J. Caesar and Au- 
 gustus were of this family ; and it was said, 
 perhaps through flattery, that they were li- 
 neally descended from .dEneas, the founder of 
 Laviniura. 
 
 JuLioMAGus, a city of Gaul, now Angers in 
 Anjou. 
 
 JuLiopoLis, ato^vn of Bithynia, supposed by 
 some to be the same as Tarsus of Cilicia. 
 
 JuLis, a town of the island of Cos, which 
 gave birth to Simonides, &:c. The Avails of 
 the city were all marble, and there are now 
 some pieces remaining entire, above 12 feet 
 in height, as the monuments of its ancient 
 splendour. Plin. 4, c. 12. 
 
 Julius Cesar. [Vid. Caesar.] Agri- 
 cola, a governor of Britain, A. C. SO, who 
 first discovered that Britain was an island by 
 sailing round it. His son-in-law, the historian 
 Tacitus, has written an account of his life. 
 
 Tacit in Agric. Obsequens, a Latin writ- 
 
 fer, who flourished A. D. 214. The best edi- 
 tion of his book dt prodigiis is that of Ouden- 
 
 dorp. 8vo. L. Bat. 1720. S. apra-tor, &,c. 
 
 Cic. ad Her. 2, c. 13. Agrippa, banished 
 
 from Rome by Nero, after the discovery of 
 the Pisonian conspiracy. Tacit. Ann. 15, c. 
 
 71. — '■ — Solinus, a writer {Vid. Solinus.] 
 
 Titianus, a writer in the age of Diocletian. His 
 son became famous for his oratorical po^^ers, 
 and was made preceptor in the family of Max- 
 iminus. Julius wrote a history of all the pro- 
 vinces of the Roman empire, greatly com- 
 mended by the ancients. He also wrote some 
 letters, in which he happily imitated the style 
 and elegance of Cicero, for which he was cal- 
 led the ape of his age. Africanus, a chro- 
 
 nologer, who flourished A. D. 220. Con- 
 
 stantius, the father of the emperor Julian, was 
 killed at the accession of the sons of Constan- 
 tine to the throne, and his son nearly shared 
 
 his fate. Pollux, a grammarian of Nau- 
 
 j)actus, in Egypt. [Vid. Pollux.] Canus, 
 
 a celebrated Roman, put to death by order of 
 Caracalla. He bore the undeserved punish- 
 ment inflicted on him with the greatest resig- 
 nation, and even pleasure. Proculus, a Ro- 
 man, who solemtdy declared to his country- 
 men, after Romulus had disappeared, that he 
 I'.ad seen him above an human shape, and that 
 he had ordered him to tell the Romans to 
 honour him as a god. Julius was believed. 
 
 Vial, in Rom.— Odd. Florus. [Vid.¥\o- 
 
 rus ] L. CiE.sar, a Roman consul, uncle to 
 
 Antony, the triumvir, the father of Ca.*sar tlie 
 
 JU 
 
 dictator. He died as he was putting on his 
 
 shoes. Celsus, a tribune imprisoned for 
 
 conspiring against Tiberius. Tacit. Aim. 6, c. 
 
 14. Maximinus, a Thracian, who, from a 
 
 shepherd, became an emperor of Rome. {^Vid. 
 Maximinus.] 
 
 luLus, the name of Ascanius, the son of 
 JEneas. [Vid. Ascanius.] A son of Asca- 
 nius, born in Lavinium. In the succession of 
 the kingdom of Alba, ^neas Sylvius, the son 
 of iEneas and Lavinia, was preferred to him. 
 He was, however, made chief priest. Dionys. 
 
 1. — Virg. JEn. 1, V. 271. A son of Antony 
 
 the triumvir and Fulvia. {Vid. Antonius Ju- 
 lius.] 
 
 JCnia lex Sacrata-, by L. Junius Brutus, 
 the first tribune of the people, A. U. C. 260. 
 It ordained that the person of the tribune 
 should be held sacred and inviolable ; that 
 an appeal might be made from the consuls to 
 the tribune; and that no senator should be 
 
 able to exercise the office of a tribune. 
 
 Another, A. U. C. 627, which excluded all 
 foreigners from enjoying the privileges or 
 names of Roman citizens. 
 
 JuNL\, a niece of Cato of Utica, who 
 married Cassius, and died 64 years after her 
 husband had killed himself at the battle of 
 
 Philippi. Calvina, a beautiful Roman lady, 
 
 accused of incest with her brother Silanus. 
 She was descended from Augustus. She was 
 banished by Claudius, and recalled by Nero. 
 Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 4. 
 
 Junius Blaesus, a proconsul of Africa under 
 the emperors. Tacit. Ann. 3, c. 35. Lu- 
 pus, a senator who accused Vitellius of aspi- 
 ring to the sovereignty, fcc. Tacit. Ann. 12, 
 c. 42. D. Silanus, a Roman who commit- 
 ted adultery with Julia, the grand-daughter of 
 Augustus, &c. Tacit. Ann. 3, c. 24. — —Bru- 
 tus. [Vid. Brutus.] 
 
 Juno, a celebrated deity among the an- 
 cients, daughter of Saturn and Ops. She was 
 sister to Jupiter, Pluto, Neptune, Vesta, Ce- 
 res, &c. She was born at Argos, or, accord- 
 ing to others, in Samos, and was intrusted to 
 the care of the Seasons, or, as Homer and 
 Ovid mention, to Oceanus and Tethys. Some 
 of the inhabitants of Argolis supposed, that 
 she had been brought up by the three daugh- 
 ters of the river Asterion ; and the people of 
 Stymphalus, in Arcadia, maintained, that she 
 had been educated under the care of Temenus, 
 the son of Pelasgus. Juno was devoured by 
 Saturn, according to some mythologists ; and, 
 according to ApoUodorus, she was again re- 
 stored to the world by means of a potion which 
 Metis gave to Saturn, to make him give up 
 the stone which his wife had given him to 
 swallow instead of Jupiter. [Vid. Saturnus.] 
 Jupiter was not insensible to the charms of his 
 sister ; and the more powerfully to gain her 
 confidence, he changed himself into a cuckoo, 
 and raised a great storm, and made' the air 
 unusually chill and cold. Under this form he 
 went to the goddess, all shivering. Jinio 
 pitied the cuckoo, and took him into her 
 bosom. When .Jupiter had gained these ad- 
 vantages, he resumed his original form, and 
 obtained the gratification of his desires, after 
 he had made a solemn promise of marriage to 
 his sister. The nuptials of Jupiter and Juno 
 were celebrated with the «ri*^atest solemnity ; 
 
JV 
 
 tlic gods, all mankind, and all the brute crea- 
 tion, attended. Chelone, a young woman, 
 was the only one who refused to eome, and 
 who derided the ceremony. For this impie- 
 ty, Mercury changed her into a tortoise, and 
 condemned her to perpetual silence ; from 
 which circumstance the tortoise has always 
 been used as a symbol of silence among the 
 ancients, By her marriage with Jupiter, Juno 
 became the queen of all the gods, and mistress 
 of heaven and earth. Her conjugal hap- 
 piness, however, Avas frequently disturbed by 
 the numerous amours of her husband, and she 
 showed herself jealous and inexorable in the 
 highest degree. Her severity to the mistres- 
 ses and illegitimate children of her husband 
 w^as unparalleled. She persecuted Hercules 
 and his descendants with the most inveterate 
 fury ; and her resentment against Paris, who 
 had given the golden apple to Venus in pre- 
 ference to herself, was the cause of the Tro- 
 jan war, and of all the miseries which happen- 
 ed to the unfortunate house of Priam, Her 
 severities to Alcmena, Ino, Athamas, Seraele, 
 &.C. are also well known. Juno had some chil- 
 dren by Jupiter. According to Hesiod, she 
 was mother of Mars, Hebe, and Ilithya, or 
 Lucina ; and besides these, she brought forth 
 Vulcan, without having any commerce with 
 the other sex, but only by smelling a certain 
 plant. This was in imitation of Jupiter, who 
 had produced Minerva from his brain. Ac- 
 cording to others, it was not Vulcan, but 
 Mars, or Hebe, whom she brought forth in 
 this manner, and this was after eating some 
 lettuces at the table of Apollo. The daily and 
 repeated debaucheries of Jupiter at last pro- 
 voked Juno to such a degree, that she retired 
 to Eubffia, and resolved for ever to forsake his 
 bed. Jupiter produced a reconciliation, after 
 he had applied to Citha3ron for advice, and 
 after he had obtained forgiveness by fraud and 
 artifice. [Ttf?. Daedal a.] This reconciliation, 
 however cordial it might appear, was soon 
 dissolved by new offences; and, to stop the 
 complaints of the jealous Juno, Jupiter had 
 often recourse to violence and blows. He 
 even punished the cruelties which she had ex- 
 ercised upon his son Hercules, by suspending 
 her from the heavens by a golden chain, and 
 tying a heavy anvil to her feet. Vulcan was 
 punished for assisting his mother in this de- 
 grading situation, and he was kicked down 
 from heaven by his father, and broke his leg 
 by the fall. This punishment rather irritated 
 than pacified Juno. She resolved to revenge 
 it, and she engaged some of the gods to con- 
 spire against Jupiter and to imprison him, but 
 Thetis delivered him from this conspiracy, by 
 bringing to his assistance the famous Briareus. 
 Apollo and Neptune were banished from 
 heaven for joining in the conspiracy, though 
 some attribute their exile to different causes. 
 The worship of Juno was universal, and even 
 more than that of Jupiter, according to some 
 authors. Her sacrifices were offered with the 
 greatest solemnity. She was particularly 
 worshipped at Argos, Samos, Carthage, and 
 afterwards at Rome. The ancients generally 
 offiered on her altars an ewe lamb and a sow 
 the first day of every montii. IS'o cows were 
 ever immolated to her, because she assumed 
 the nature of that animal \a hen the gods fled 
 
 JU 
 
 into Egypt in their war with the giants. 
 Among the birds, the hawk, tiie goose, and 
 particularly the peacock, often called Junonia 
 aviSf [ Fid. Argus,] were sacred to her. The 
 dittany, the poppy, and the Tily, were her fa- 
 vourite flowers. The latter flower was origin- 
 ally of the colour of the crocus ; but, when 
 Jupiter placed Hercules to the breasts of Juno 
 while asleep, some of her milk fell down upon 
 earth, and changed the colour of the lilies from 
 purple to a beautiful white. Some of the milk 
 also dropped in that part of the heavens which^ 
 from its whiteness, still retains the name of 
 the milky way, lacteavia. As Juno's power 
 was extended over all the gods, she often made 
 use of the goddess Minerva as her messenger, 
 and even had the privilege of hurling the thun- 
 der of Jupiter when she pleased. Her temples 
 were numerous, the most famous of which 
 were at Argos, Olympia, &,c. At Rome no 
 woman of debauched character was permitted 
 to enter her temple or even to touch it. The 
 surnames of Juno are various, they are de- 
 rived either from the function or things over 
 which she presided, or from the places where 
 her worship was established. She was the 
 queen of the heavBns; she protected cleanli- 
 ness, and presided over marriage and child- 
 birth, and particularly patronized the most 
 faithful and virtuous of the sex, and severely 
 punished incontinence and lewdness in ma- 
 trons. She was the goddess of all power and 
 empire, and she was also tlie patroness of 
 riches. She is represented sitting on a throne 
 with a diadem on her head, and a golden scep- 
 tre in her right hand. Some peacocks gen- 
 erally sat by her, and a cuckoo often perched 
 on her sceptre, while Iris behind her displayed 
 the thousand colours of her beautiful rainbow. 
 She is sometimes carried through the air in a 
 rich chariot drawn by peacocks. The Roman 
 consuls, when they entered upon office, were 
 always obliged to offer her a solemn sacrifice. 
 The Juno of the Romans was called Matrona 
 or Romana. She was generally represented 
 as veiled from head to foot, and the Roman 
 matrons always imitated this manner of dres- 
 sing themselves, and deemed it indecent in 
 any married woman to leave any part of her 
 body but her face uncovered. She has receiv- 
 ed the surname of Olympia, Samia, Lacedaj- 
 monia, Argiva, Telchinia, Candrena, Rescin- 
 thes, Prosymna, Imbrasia, Acrea, Cithaero- 
 neia, Bunea, Ammonia, Fluonia, Anthea, Mi- 
 gale, Gemelia, Tropeia, Boopis, Parthenos, 
 Teleia, Zera, Egophage, Hyperchinia, Juga, 
 Ilithyia, Lucinia, Pronuba, Caprotina, Mena, 
 Pupulonia, Lacinia, Sospita, Moneta, Curis, 
 Doniiduca, Februa, Opigenia, &.c. Cic. de 
 A'at. D. 2.—Paus. 2, kc.—JlpoUod. 1, 2, 3.— 
 ApoUon. 1. — Argon. — Horn. II. 1, &.c. — Virg. 
 JEn. 1, Lc.—Herodot. 1, 2, 4, hc.—Sii. I.— 
 Dionys.Hal. i.—Liv. 23, 24, 21,&LC.~0vid. 
 Met. 1, &c. Fast. 5, — Plut. qiioest. Rom. — 
 Tilmll. 4, el. 13.— Atfien. lo.—Plin. 34. 
 
 •TuNON.YLiA and Junoni.\, festivals at Rome 
 in honour of .Juno, the same as the He- 
 rasa of the Greeks. [Vid. Herxdi.] Liv. 27 ■, 
 c. 37. 
 
 JuNuxKs, a name of the protecting genii 
 of the women among the Romans. They gen- 
 erally swore by them, as the men by their ge- 
 nii. There were altars often erected to thei* 
 honour. Flin. 2, c. 7. — Seneca, ep. 110. 
 
JU 
 
 JuNONiA,two islands, supposed to be among 
 
 the Fortunate islands. A name which 
 
 Gracchus gave to Carthage, when he went with 
 €000 Romans to rebuild it. 
 
 JuNONiGENA, a sumame of Vulcan as son 
 of Juno. Ovid. Met. 4, v. 173. 
 
 JuNUNis PROMONTORiuM, a promoutory of 
 Peloponnesus. Laciniae templum, a tem- 
 ple of Juno in Italy, between Grotona and the 
 Licinian promontory. 
 
 Jupiter, the most powerful of all the gods 
 of the ancients. According to Varro, there 
 were no less than 300 persons of that name ; 
 Diodorus mentions two ; and Cicero three, two 
 of Arcadia, and one of Crete. To that of Ci"ete, 
 \vho passed for the son of Saturn and Ops, the 
 actionsof the rest have been attributed. Ac- 
 cording to the opinion of the mythologists, Ju- 
 piter was saved from destruction by his mother 
 and intrusted to the care of the Corybantes 
 Saturn, who had received the kingdom of the 
 world from his brother Titan on condition of 
 not raising male children, devoured all his 
 sons as soon as born ; but Ops, offended at her 
 husband's cruelty, secreted Jupiter and gave 
 a stone to Saturn, which he devoured on the 
 supposition that it was a male child. Jupiter 
 was educated in a cave on mount Ida, in Crete, 
 and fed upon the milk of the goat Amalthaea, 
 or upon honey according to others. He re- 
 ceived the name of Jupiter, quasi juvans pa- 
 ter. His cries were drowned by the noise of 
 cymbals and drums, which the Corybantes 
 beat at the express command of Ops. [Fi'd. 
 Coiybantes.] As soon as he was a year old, 
 Jupiter found himself sufficiently strong to 
 make war against the Titans, who had impris- 
 oned his father because he had brought up 
 male children. The Titans were conquered, 
 and Saturn set at liberty by the hands of his 
 son. Saturn, however, soon after, apprehen- 
 sive of the power of Jupiter, conspired against 
 his life, and was, for this treachery, driven 
 from his kingdom and obliged to fly for safety 
 into Latium. Jupiter, now become the sole 
 master of the empire of the world, divided it 
 with his brothers* He reserved for himself 
 the kingdom of heaven, and gave the empire of 
 the sea to Neptune, and that of the infernal re- 
 gions to Pluto. The peaceful beginning of 
 his reign was soon interrupted by the rebel- 
 lion of the giants, who were sons of the earth, 
 and who wibhed to revenge the death of their 
 relations the Titans. They were so powerful 
 that they hurled rocks, and heaped up moun- 
 tains upon mountains, to scale heaven, so that 
 all the gods to avoid their fury fled to Egypt, 
 where they escaped from the danger by as- 
 suming the form of ditterent animals. Jupiter, 
 however, animated them, and by the assistance 
 of Hercules, he totally overpowered the 
 gigantic race, which had proved such tre- 
 mendous enemies. [Vid. Gigantes.] Jupi- 
 ter, now freed from every apprehension, 
 gave himself up to the pursuit ot" pleasures. 
 He married Metes, Themis, Euronyme, Ce- 
 res, Mnemosyne, Latona, and Juno. [ Vid. Ju- 
 no.] He became a Proteus to gratify his pas- 
 sions. He introduced himself to Danae in a 
 shower of gold ; he corrupted Antiope in the 
 form of a satyr, and Leda in tlie form of a 
 ^;vvan; he became a bull to seduce Europa, and 
 X In enjoyed the company of iEgina in the form 
 
 JU 
 
 of aflame of fire. He assumed the habit of 
 Diana to corrupt Calisto, and became Amphi- 
 tryon to gain the affections of Alcmena. His 
 children were also numerous as well as his 
 mistresses. According to Apollodorus, 1, c. 
 3, he was father of the Seasons, Irene, Euno- 
 mia, the Fates, Clotho, Lachesis, and AtropoSj 
 by Themis ; of Venus, by Dione ; of the Gra- 
 ces, Aglaia, Euphrosyne, and Thalia, by Eu- 
 rynome, the daughter of Oceanus ; of Proser- 
 pine, by Styx ; of the nine Muses, by Mnem- 
 osyne, &.C. IVid. Niobe, Laodamia, Pyrrha, 
 Protogenia, Electra, Maia, Semele, he.} The 
 worship of Jupiter was universal ; he was the 
 Ammon of the Africans, the Belus of Baby- 
 lon, the Osiris of Egypt, &-c. His surnames 
 were numerous, many of which he received 
 from the place or function over which he pre- 
 sided. He was severally called Jupiter Fere- 
 trius, Inventor, Elicius, CapitoKnus, Latialis, 
 Pistor, Sponsor, Herceus, Anxurus, Victor, 
 Maximus, Optimus, Olympius, Fluvialis, &;c. 
 The worship of Jupiter surpassed that of the 
 other gods in solemnity. His altars were not 
 like those of Saturn and Diana, stained With 
 the blood of human victims, but he was de- 
 lighted with the sacrifice of goats, sheep, and 
 white bulls. The oak was sacred to him, be- 
 cause he first taught mankind to live upon 
 acorns. He is generally represented as sitting 
 upon a golden or ivory throne, holding, in one 
 hand, thunderbolts, just ready to be hurled, 
 and, in the other, a sceptre of cypress. His 
 looks express majesty, his beard flows long and 
 neglected, and the eagle stands with expand- 
 ed wings at his feet. He is sometimes repre- 
 sented with the upper parts of his body na- 
 ked, and those below the waist carefully cover- 
 ed, as if to show that he is visible to the gods 
 above, but that he is concealed from the sight 
 of the inhabitants of the earth. Jupiter had 
 several oracles, the most celebrated of which 
 were at Dodona, and Ammon in Libya. As 
 Jupiter was the king and father of gods and 
 men, his power was extended over the deities, 
 and every thing was subservient to his will, 
 except the Fates. From him mankind re- 
 ceived their blessings and their miseries, and 
 they looked upon him as acquainted with 
 every thing past, present, and future. He 
 was represented at Olympia with a crown like 
 olive branches, his mantle was variegated with 
 different flowers, particularly by the lily, ^and 
 the eagle perched on the top of the sceptre 
 which he held in his hand. The Cretans 
 represented Jupiter without ears, to signify 
 that the sovereign master of the world ought 
 not to give a partial ear to any particular per- 
 son, but be equally candid and propitious to 
 all. At LacedaBmon he appeared with four 
 heads, that he might seem to hear with greater 
 readiness the different prayers and solicitations 
 which were daily poured to him from every 
 part of the earth. It is said that Minerva 
 came all armed from his brains when he 
 ordered Vulcan to open his head. Paus. 1, 2, 
 k.c. — Liv. 1, 4, 5, &c. — Diod. 1 and 3. — 
 Homer. Id. 1,5, &.c. Od. 1, 4, &,c. — Ifymn. 
 ad. Jov. — Orpheus. — Callimac. Jov. — Pitidur. 
 Olynip. 1, 3, 5. — Apollon. 1, &.c. — Htsiod. 
 Theog. in Scul. — Here. Oper. et Dies. — 
 Lycophron. in Cass. — Virg. JEn. 1, 2, ^c. 
 G.?i.—Ovid..\hi. l,fab. \\kc.--Horat. 3. od. 
 
 1, kr.. 
 
JU 
 
 Jura, a high ridge of mountains separating 
 the Helvetii from the Sequani, or Switzerland 
 from Burgundy. Cas. G. 1, c. 2. 
 
 JusTiNus M. JuNiANus, a Latin historian 
 in the age of Antoninus, who epitomized the 
 history of Trogus Pompeius. This epitome, 
 according to some traditions, was the cause 
 that the comprehensive work of Trogus was 
 lost. It comprehends the history of the As- 
 syrian, Persian, Grecian, Macedonian, and 
 Roman enipires, he. in a neat and elegant 
 style. It is replete with many judicious re- 
 flections and animated harangues ; but the au- 
 thor is often too credulous, and sometimes ex- 
 amines events too minutely, while others are 
 related only in a few words too often obscure. 
 The indecency of many of his expressions 
 
 is deservedly censured. The best editions 
 
 of Justin are that of Ab. Gronovius, 8vo. L. 
 Bat. 1719, that of Hearne, 8vo. Oxon. 1703, 
 
 and that of Barbou, 12mo. Paris, 1770. 
 
 Martyr, a Greek father, formerly a Platonic 
 philosopher, born in Palestine. He died 
 in Egypt, and wrote two apologies for the 
 Christians, besides his dialogue with a Jew, 
 two treatises, fee. in a plain and unadorned 
 style. The best editions of Justin Martyr 
 are that of Paris, fol. 1636. Of his a])ologies, 
 2 vols. 8vo. 1700 and 1703, and Jebb's dia- 
 logue with Trypho, published in London, 
 
 1722. An emperor of the east who reigned 
 
 nine years, and died A. D. 526. Another 
 
 who died A. D. 564, after a reign of 38 years. 
 
 Another, who died 577 A, D. after a reign 
 
 of 13 years. 
 
 JuTURNA, a sister of Turnus, king of the 
 Rutuli. She heard with contempt the ad- 
 dresses of Jupiter, or, according to others, she 
 was not unfavourable to his passion, so that the 
 god rewarded her love with Immortality. She 
 was afterwards changed into a fountain of the 
 same name near the Numicus, falling into the 
 Tiber. The waters of that fountain were used 
 in sacrifices, and particularly in those of Vesta. 
 They had the power to heal diseases. Varro 
 de L. L. 1, c. \Q.—Ovid. Fast. 1, v. 708, 1. 2, v. 
 bSb.— Virg.Mn. 12, v. 139.— Cic. Cluent. 36. 
 
 Juvenilis, Decius Junius, a poet born at 
 Aquinum in Italy. He came early to Rome, 
 and passed some time in declaiming; after 
 which he applied himself to write satires, 16 
 of which are extant. He spoke with virulence 
 against the partiality of Nero for the panto- 
 mime Paris, and though all his satire and de- 
 clamation were pointed against this ruling fa- 
 vourite of the emperor, yet Juvenal lived in 
 security during the reign of Nero. After the 
 death of Nero, the effects of the resentment 
 of Paris were severely felt, and the satirist 
 was sent by Domitian as governor on the fron- 
 tiers of Egypt. Juvenal was then in the 80th 
 year of his age, and he suffered much from 
 the trouble which attended his office, or ra- 
 ther his exile. He returned, however, to Rome 
 after the death of Paris, and died in the reign 
 of Trajan, A. D. 128. His writings are fiery 
 and animated, and they abound with humour. 
 He is particularly severe upon the vice and dis- 
 sipation of the age he lived in ; but the gross 
 and indecent manner in which he exposes to 
 ridicule the follies of mankind, rather encour- 
 ages than disarms the debauched and licen- 
 tious. He wrote with acrimony against all his 
 
 iX 
 
 adversaries, and whatever displeased or offen- 
 ded him was exposed to his severest censure„ 
 It is to be acknowledged, that Juvenal is far 
 more correct than his contemporaries, a cir- 
 cumstance which some have attributed to his 
 judgment and experience, which were uncom- 
 monly mature, as his satires were the produc- 
 tions of old age. He may be called, and with 
 reason, perhaps, the last of the Roman poets. 
 After him poetry decayed, and nothing more 
 claims our attention as a perfect poetical com- 
 position. The best editions are those of Ca- 
 saubon, 4to. L. Bat. 1695, with Persius, and 
 of Hawkey, Dublin, 12rao. 1746, and of Gra;- 
 vius cum notis varioruin, 8vo. L. Bat. 1684. 
 
 JuvENTAs or JuvENTus, a goddess at Rome, 
 who presided over youth and vigour. She is 
 the same as the Hebe of the Greeks, and rep- 
 resented as a beautiful nymph, arrayed in va- 
 riegated garments. Liv. 5, c. 54j 1. 21, c. 62, 
 1. 36, c. 36. — Ovid, ex Pont. 1, ep. 9, v. 12, 
 
 JuvERNA, or HiBEKNiA, an island at the 
 west of Britain, now called Ireland. Juv. 2, 
 V. 160. 
 IxiBATiE, a people of Pontus. 
 IxioN, a king of Thessaly, son of Phlegas, 
 or, according to Hyginus, of Leontes, or, ac- 
 cording to Diodorus, of Antion, by Perimela 
 daughter of Amythaon. He mm-ried Dia, 
 daughter of Eioneus or Deioneus, and promi- 
 sed his father-in-law a valuable present for the 
 choice he had made of him to be his daughter's 
 husband. His unwillingness, however, to ful- 
 fil his promises, obliged Deioneus to have re- 
 course to violence to obtain it, and he stole 
 away some of his horses. Ixion concealed his 
 resentment under the mask of friendship ; he 
 invited his father-in-law to a feast at Larissa, 
 the capital of his kingdom, and when Deione- 
 us was come according to the appointment, lie 
 threw him into a pit which he bad previously 
 filled with wood and burning coals. This 
 premeditated treachery so irritated the neigh- 
 bouring princes that all of them refused to 
 perform the usual ceremony, by which a man 
 was then purified of murder, and Ixion was 
 shunned and despised by all mankind. Jupi- 
 ter had compassion upon him, and he car- 
 ried him to heaven, and introduced him at 
 the tables of the gods. Such a favour, which 
 ought to have awakened gratitude in Ixion, 
 served only to inflame his lust ; he became 
 enamoured of Juno, and attempted to se- 
 duce her. Juno was willing to gratify the pas- 
 sion of Ixion, though according to othei-s she 
 informed Jupiter of the attempts which had 
 been made upon her virtue. Jupiter made a 
 cloud in the shape of Juno, and carried it to 
 the place where Ixion had appointed to meet 
 Juno. Ixion was caught in the snare, and 
 from his embrace with the cloud, he had the 
 Centaurs, or according to others Centaurus. 
 [Vid. Centauri.] Jupiter, displeased with 
 the insolence of Ixion, banished him from 
 heaven ; but when he heard that he had sedu- 
 ced Juno, the god struck him with his thun- 
 der, and ordered Mercury to tie him to a 
 wheel in hell which continually whirls round. 
 The wheel was perpetually in motion, there- 
 fore the punishment of Ixion was eternal. 
 Diod. 4.—Hi/gi7i. fab. 62.— Pindar. 2. Pylk. 2. 
 — Virg. G. 4, V. AHA.—JEn. 6, v. m\.—Ovid. 
 Met. 12, y. 210 and '^m.—PhHoslr. Ic, 2. c. a •" 
 
IX 
 
 Laetant. iyi Tli. 2. One of the Heraclidae 
 
 who reigned at Corinth for 57 or 37 years. 
 He was son of Alethes. 
 
 IX 
 
 IxioNiDES the patronymic of Pirithotis son 
 of Ixion. Propert. 2, el. 1, v. 3S. 
 
 LA 
 
 LAANDER, a youth, brother to Nicocra- 
 les, tyrant of Cyrene, &-c. Polycen. 8. 
 
 Laarchus, the guardian of Battus of Cy- 
 rene. He usurped the sovereign power for 
 some time, and endeavoured to marry the 
 mother of Battus, the better to establish his 
 tyranny. The queen gave him a friendly in- 
 vitation, and caused him to be assassinated, 
 and restored the power to Battus. Polyan. 
 
 Labaris, a king of Egypt after Sesostris. 
 
 Labda, daughter of Amphion, one of the 
 Bacchiadse, born lame. She married Ection, 
 by whom she had a son whom she called Cyp- 
 selus, because she saved his life in a coffer. 
 \yid. Cypselus.] This coffer was preser- 
 ved at Olympia. Herodot. 5, c. 92. — Arisiot. 
 PoliL 5. 
 
 Labdacides, a name given to (Edipus, as 
 descended from Labdacus. 
 
 Labdacus, a son of Polydonis by Nycteis, 
 the daughter of Nycteus, king of Thebes. 
 His father and mother died during his child- 
 hood, and he was left to the care of Nycteus, 
 who at Ihs death left his kingdom in the hands 
 of Lycus, with orders tg restore it to Labda- 
 cus as soon as of age. He'vvas father to Laius. 
 It is unknown wJii»ther he ever sat qn the 
 throne of Thebes.* According to St£W(fs,%his 
 father's name • was Phoenix. His (^cen- 
 dants were 'calted %abdacidesTx Slat. ^Theb. 
 6, v. 451. — ApoJfod. 3, •» 5. — Paus. 2, c. 6, 
 L9,c.5. 4»- ^^ • 
 
 Labdalon, a promontory of Sicily, near 
 Syracuse. Diod. 13. 
 
 Labealis, a lake in Dalmatia, now Scuta- 
 ri, of which the neighbouring inhabitants were 
 called Labeates. Liv. 44, c. 31, 1. 45, c. 26. 
 
 L(beo, Antistius, a celebrated lawyer in 
 the age of Augustus, whose views he opposed, 
 and whose offers of the consulship he refused. 
 His works are lost He was wont to enjoy the 
 company and conversation of the learned for 
 six months, and the rest of the year was spent 
 in writing and composing. His father, of the 
 same name, was one of Cassar's murderers. 
 He killed himself at the battle of Philippi. 
 Horace 1, Sat. 3, v. 32, has unjustly taxed him 
 with insanity, because no doubt he inveighed 
 against his patrons. Appian. Alex. 4. — Suet, in 
 
 Aug. 45. A tribune of the people at Rome, 
 
 who condemned the censor Metellus to be 
 thrown down from the Tarpeian rock, because 
 he had expelled him from the senate. This 
 rigorous sentence was stopped by the interfe- 
 rence of another of the tribunes. Q. Fabius, 
 
 a Roman consul, A. U. C. 571, who obtained a 
 naval victory over the fleet of the Cretans. He 
 assisted Terence in composing his comedies, 
 
 according to some. Actius,an obscure poet 
 
 who recommended himself to the favour of 
 Nero by an incorrect translation of Homer into 
 Latin. The work is lost, and only this curious 
 line is preserved by an old scholiast ; Perseus 
 46 
 
 LA 
 
 1, V. 4. Crudum manduces Priamum, Pria- 
 mique Pisinnos. 
 
 Laberius, .r. Decimus, a Roman knight fa- 
 mous for his poetical talents in writing panto- 
 mimes. .T. Caesar compelled him to act one of 
 his characters on the stage. The poet consent- 
 ed with great reluctance, buthe showed his re- 
 sentment during the acting of the piece, by 
 throwing severe aspersions upon J. Caesar, by 
 warning the audience against his tyranny, and 
 by drawing upon him the eyes of the whole 
 theatre. Ceesar, however, restored him to the 
 rank of knight, which he had lost by appearing 
 on the stage ; but to his mortification, when he 
 went to take bis seat among the knights, no one 
 offered to make room for him, and even his 
 friend Cicero said, Recepissem te nisi anguste 
 sederem. Laberius was offended at the affec- 
 tation and insolence of Cicero, and reflected 
 upon his unsettled and pusillanimous beha- 
 viour during the civil wars of Caesar and Pom- 
 pey,by the reply oiMirumsi anguste sedes, qui so- 
 les duabmsellissedere. Laberius died ten months 
 after the murder of J. Caesar. Some fragments 
 remain of his poetry. Macrob. sat. 2, c, 3 
 and 7. — Horat. 1, sat. 10. — Senec. de Controv. 
 
 18. — Suet, in Cces. 39. Q. Durus, a tribune of 
 
 the soldiers in Caesar's legions, killed in Bri- 
 tain. C(Bs. Bell. G. 
 
 LabI'cum, now Colonna, a town of Italy, 
 called also Lavicum, between Gabii and Tuscu- 
 lum, which became a Roman colony about 
 four centuries B. C. Virg. Mn. 7, v. 796. — Liv. 
 
 2, c. 39, 1. 4, c. 47. 
 Labienus, an officer of Caesar in the wars 
 
 of Gaul. He deserted to Pompey, and was kil- 
 led at the battle of Munda. Ccrs. Bell. G. 6, 
 &.C. — Lucan. 5, v. 346. A Roman who fol- 
 lowed the interest of Brutus andCassius, and 
 became general oftheParthians against Rome. 
 He was conquered by the officers of Augustus. 
 Slrab. 12 and 14.— i)io.48. Titus, an histo- 
 rian and orator at Rome in the age of Augus- 
 tus, who admired his own compositions with 
 all the pride of superior genius and incompar- 
 able excellence. The senate ordered his papers 
 to be burnt on account of their seditious con- 
 tents ; and Labienus, unable to survive the loss 
 of his writings, destroyed himself. Suet, in, 
 Cal. 16. — Seneca. 
 
 Labinetus or Labynetus, a king of Baby- 
 lon, kc. Herodot. 1, c. 74. 
 
 Labotas, a river near Antioch in Syiia. 
 
 Strab. 16. A son of Echestratus, who made 
 
 war against Argos, &.c. 
 
 Labradeus, a surname of Jupiter in Ca- 
 ria. The word is derived from labrys, ^vhich 
 in the language of the country :jigniiies an 
 hatchet, which Jupiter's statue held in its 
 hand. Plut. 
 
 Labron, a part of Italy on the Mediter- 
 ranean, supposed to be Leghorn. Cic. 3, ad 
 Ifra 6, 
 
LA 
 
 Labyrinthus, a building whose numerous 
 passages and perplexing windings render the 
 escape from it difficult, and almost imprac- 
 ticable. There were four very famous among 
 the ancients, one near the city of Crocodiles or 
 Arsinoe, another in Crete, a third at Lemnos, 
 and a fourth in Italy, built by Porsenna. That 
 of Egypt was the most ancient, and Herodo- 
 tus, who saw it, declares that the beauty and 
 the art of the building were almost beyond 
 belief. It was built by twelve kings who at 
 one time reigned in Egypt, and it was intend- 
 ed for the place of their burial, and to comme- 
 morate the actions of their reign. It was di- 
 vided into 12 halls, or, according to Pliny, into 
 16, or as Strabo mentions, into 27. The halls 
 were vaulted according to the relation of He- 
 rodotus. They had each six doors, opening to 
 the north, and the same number to the south, 
 all surrounded by one wall. The edifice con- 
 tained 3000 chambers, 1500 in the upper part, 
 and the same number below. The chambers 
 above were seen by Herodotus, and astonished 
 him beyond conception, but he was not permit- 
 ted to see those below, where were buried the 
 holy crocodiles and the monarchs whose muni- 
 ficence had raised the edifice. The roofs and 
 wall were incrusted with marble, and adorned 
 with sculptured figures. The halls were sur- 
 rounded with stately and polished pillars of 
 whits stone, and according to some authors, 
 the opening of the doors was artfully attended 
 with a terrible noise, like peals of thunder. 
 The labyrinth of Crete was built by Daedalus, 
 in imitation of that of Egypt, and it is the most 
 famous of all in classical history. It was the 
 place of confinement for Daedalus himself, and 
 the prison of the Minotaur. According to 
 Pliny the labyrinth of Lemnos surpassed the 
 others in grandeur and magnificence. It was 
 supported by forty columns of uncommon 
 height and thickness, and equally admirable 
 for their beauty and splendour. Modern tra- 
 vellers are still astonished at the noble and 
 magnificent ruins which appear of the Egyp- 
 tian labyrinth, at the south of the lake Moeris, 
 about 30 miles from the ruins of Arsinoe. 
 .Mela, 1, c. 9.—Plin. 36, c. 13.— Strab. 10.— 
 JJiod. h—Herodot. 2, c. 148.~Virg. JEn. 
 6, v. 588. 
 
 Lacuna, an epithet applied to a female 
 native of Laconia, and, among others, to He- 
 len. Virg. JEn. 6, v. 511. 
 
 Lackd^mon, a son of Jupiter and Tay- 
 geta the daughter of Atlas, who married 
 Sparta the daughter of Eurotas, by whom he 
 had Amyclas and Eurydice the wife of Acri- 
 sius. He was the first who introduced the 
 worship of the Graces in Laconia, and who 
 first built them a temple. From Lacedaemon 
 and his wife, the capital of Laconia was called 
 Lacedaemon and Sparta. Jpollod. 3, c. 10. — 
 
 Hygin. fab. 155. — Fans. 3, c. 1. A noble 
 
 ciiy of Peloponnesus, the capital of Laconia, 
 CEdled also Sparta, and now known by the 
 uame of Misilra. It has been severally 
 known by the name of Lelegia, from the Le- 
 leges, the i st inhabitants of the country, or 
 from Lclex, one of their kings ; and Qilbalia, 
 from (Ebalus, the sixth king from Eurotas. It 
 was also called Hecaiompolis, from the hundred 
 cities which the whole province once contain- 
 ed. Lelex is supposed to have been the first 
 
 LA 
 
 king. His descendants, 13 in number, reign- 
 ed successively after him, till the reign of the 
 sons of Orestes, when the Heraclidae recover- 
 ed the Peloponnesus, about 80 years after the 
 Trojan war. Procles and Eurysthenes, the 
 descendants of the Heraclidae, enjoyed the 
 crown together, and after them it was decreed 
 that the two families should always sit on the 
 throne together. \_Vid. Eurysthenes.] These 
 two brothers began to reign B. C. 1102; their 
 successors in the family of Procles were called 
 ProclidcE, and afterwards Eurypontidm, and 
 those of Eurysthenes, Eurysthenida, and after- 
 wards £gid(B. The successors of Procles 
 on the throne began to reign in the following 
 order : Sous, 1060 B. C. after his father had 
 reigned 42 years : Eurypon, 1028 : Prytanis, 
 1021: Eunomus, 986: Polydectes, 907: Ly- 
 curgus, 898 : Charilaus, 873 : Nicander, 809 : 
 Theopompus, 770 : Zeuxidamus, 723 : Anax- 
 idamus, 690: Archidamus, 651: AgasicleSy 
 605 : Ariston, 564 : Demaratus, 526 : Leoty- 
 chides, 491 : Archidamus, 469 : Agis, 427 : 
 Agesilaus, 397: Archidamus, 361: Agis 2d, 
 338: Eudamidas, 330: Archidamus, 295: 
 Eudamidas 2d, 268 : Agis, 244 : Archidamus, 
 230; Euclidas, 225: Lycurgus, 219 :— The 
 successors of Eurysthenes were Agis, 1059 : 
 Echestratus, 1058 : Labotas, 1023 : Doryssus, 
 986: Agesilaus, 957: Archelaus, 913: Tele- 
 clus, 853: Alcamenes, 813: Polydorus, 776: 
 Eurycrates, 724 : Anaxander, 687 : Eurjxra- 
 tes 2d, 644 : Leon, 607 : Anaxandrides, 563 : 
 Cleomenes, 530: Leonidas, 491 : Plistarchus, 
 under guardianship of Pausanias, 480 : Plis- 
 toanax, 466 : Pausanias, 408 : Agesipolis, 397: 
 Cleombrotus, 380 : Agesiptolis 2d, 371 : Cleo- 
 meHe|!2d, 370: Aretus or Areus, 309: Acro- 
 tatus,4265: Areus 2d, 264 ;^ Leonidas, 257: 
 Cleombrotus? 243: Leonidas. ' restored, 241: 
 Cleomenes, 235 : A^fipolis, :il9. Under the 
 two last kings, Lycurgus and'A^sipolis, the 
 monarchical power was abolished, though Ma- 
 chanidas the t}Tant made himself absolute, 
 
 B. C. 210, and Nabis, 206, for 14 years. In 
 the year 191, B. C. Lacedaemon joined the 
 Achgean league, and about three years after 
 the walls were demolished by order of Philo- 
 poemen. The territories of Laconia shared 
 the fate of the Acbajan confedei-acy, and the 
 whole was conquered by Mummius, 147 B. 
 
 C. and converted into a Roman province. 
 The inhabitants of Lacedaemon have rendered 
 themselves illustrious for their courage and in- 
 trepidity, for their love of honour and liberty, 
 and for their aversion to sloth and luxury. 
 They were inured from their youth to labour, 
 and their laws commanded them to make war 
 their profession. They never applied them- 
 selves to any trade, but their only employ- 
 ment was arms, and they left every thing else 
 to the cai'e of their slaves. [Vid. Helotae.] 
 They hardened their body by stripes and 
 other manly exercises ; and accustomed them- ^ 
 selves to undergo hardships, and even to die ■ 
 without fear or regret. From their valour in ■ 
 the field, and their moderation and temper- 
 ance at home, they were courted and revered ' 
 by all the neighbouring princes, and tiieir 
 assistance was severally implored to protect 
 the Sicilians, Carthaginians, Thracians, Egyp- 
 tians, Cyreneans, kc. They were forbidden, 
 by the laws of their countiy, [Vid. Lycurgus,] 
 
LA 
 
 to visit foreign states, lest their morals should 
 be corrupted by an intercourse with effeminate 
 nations. The austere manner in which their 
 children were educated, rendered them un- 
 daunted in the field of battle, and from this 
 circumstance, Leonidas with a small band was 
 enabled to resist the millions of the army of 
 Xerxes at Thermopylae. The women were as 
 courageous as the men, and many a mother 
 has celebrated with festivals the death of her 
 son who had fallen in battle, or has cooly put 
 him to death if by shameful flight or loss of 
 his arms, he brought disgrace upon his coun- 
 try. As to domestic manners, the Lacedeemo- 
 nians as widely differed from their neighbours 
 as in political concerns, and their noblest wo- 
 men were not ashamed to appear on the stage 
 hired for money. In the affairs of Greece, the 
 interest of the Lacedaemonians was often pow- 
 erful, and obtained the superiority for 500 
 years. Their jealousy of the power and great- 
 ness of the Athenians is well known. The 
 authority of their monarchs was checked by 
 the watchful eye of the Ephori, who had the 
 power of imprisoning the kings themselves if 
 guilty of misdemeanors. [ Firf. Ephori.] The 
 Lacedaemonians are remarkable for the honour 
 and reverence which they paid to old age. 
 The names of Lactdxmon and Sparta are pro- 
 miscuously applied to the capital of Laconia, 
 and often confounded together. The latter 
 was applied to the metropolis, and the former 
 was reserved for the inhabitants of the suburbs, 
 or rather of the country contiguous to the 
 walls of the city. This propriety of distinction 
 was originally observed, but in process of time 
 it was totally lost, and both appellatives were 
 soon synonymous and indiscriminately applied 
 to the city and country. [Vid. Sparta, Laco- 
 nia.] The place where the city stood is now 
 called Paleo Chori, (the old town,) and the 
 ne^vone erected on its ruins at some distance 
 on the west is called Misatra. Liv. 34, c. 33, 
 I 45, c. 28.—Strab. 8.—Thucyd. l.—Paus. 3. 
 — Justin. 2, 3, fcc. — Herodot. 1, he. — Plut. in 
 
 Lye. he. — Diod. — Mela, 2. There were 
 
 some festivals celebrated at Lacedaemon, the 
 names of which are not known. It was cus- 
 tomary for the women to drag all the old 
 bachelors round the altars and beat them with 
 their fists, that the shame and ignominy to 
 which they were exposed might induce them 
 to marry, he. Athen. 13. 
 
 LACKDiEMoNii and Lacedjemones, the 
 inhabitants of Lacedaemon. [Vid. Lacedae- 
 mon.] 
 
 LacedjEmokius, a son of Cimon by Clito- 
 ria. He received this name from his father's 
 regard for the Lacedaemonians. Plut. 
 
 Lacerta, a soothsayer in Domitian's age, 
 who acquired immense riches by his art. Juv. 
 7, V. 114. 
 
 Lacetania, a district at the north of Spain. 
 Liv. 21, c. 23. 
 
 Lachakes, a man who seized the supreme 
 power at Athens when the city was in discord, 
 
 and was banished B. C. 296. Polyctn. 4. 
 
 An Athenian three times taken prisoner. He 
 deceived his keepers, and escaped, &.c. Id. 
 3. A son of AlithridatPs king of Bospho- 
 
 rus. He was received into alliance by Lucul- 
 
 lus. .\ robber condemned by M. Antony. 
 
 An Egyptian buried in the labyrinth near 
 
 Arsiiioe. 
 
 LA 
 
 Laches, an Athenian general in the age of 
 
 Epaminondas. Diod. 12. An Athenian 
 
 sent witli Caiias at the head of a fleet in the 
 first expedition undertaken against Sicily in 
 
 the Peloponnesian war. Justin. 4, c. 3. 
 
 An artist who finished the Colossus of Rhodes. 
 
 Lachesis, one of the Parcae, whose name 
 is derived from >^-xa*v, to measure out by lot. 
 She presided over futurity, and was repre- 
 sented as spinning the thread of life, or, ac- 
 cording to others, holding the .spindle. She 
 generally appeared covered with a garment 
 variegated with stars, and holding spindles ia 
 her hand. [Vid. Parcae.] Stat. Theb, 2, v. 
 249.— Martial. 4, ep. 64. 
 
 L^ciDAs, a Greek philosopher of Cyrene, 
 who flourished B. C. 241. His father's name 
 was Alexander. He was disciple of Arcesilaus, 
 whom he succeeded in the government of the 
 second academy. He was greatly esteemed 
 by king Attains, who gave him a garden where 
 he spent his hours in study. He taught his dis- 
 ciples to suspend their judgment, and never 
 speak decisively. He disgraced himself by the 
 magnificent funeral with which he honoured 
 a favourite goose. He died through excess of 
 drinking. Diog. 4. 
 
 Lacides, a village near Athens, which de- 
 rived its name from Lacius, an Athenian 
 hero, whose exploits are unknown. Here 
 Zephyrus had an altar sacred to him, and like- 
 wise Ceres and Proserpine a temple. Pans. 
 1, c. 37. 
 
 Lacinia, a surname of Juno from her 
 temple at Lacinium in Italy, which the Cro- 
 tonians held in great veneration, and where 
 there was a famous statue of Helen by Zeuxis. 
 [Vid. Zeuxis.] On an altar near the door 
 were ashes, which the wind could not blow 
 away. Fulvius Flaccus took away a marble 
 piece from this sacred place to finish a temple 
 that he was building at Rome to Fortune 
 Equestris ; and it is said, that for this sacri- 
 lege he afterwards led a miserable life, and 
 died in the greatest agonies. Strab. 6. — Ovid, 
 15. Met. V. 12 aud702.—Liy. 42,6.3.— Fa/. 
 Max. 1, c. 1. 
 
 Laciniensis, a people of Liburnia. 
 
 Lacinium, a promontory of Magna Grae- 
 cia, now cape Colonna, the southern boundary 
 of Tarentum in Italy, where Juno Lacinia had 
 a temple, held in great veneration. It receiv- 
 ed its name from Lacinius, a famous robber 
 killed there by Hercules. Liv. 24, c. 3, 1. 37, 
 c. 6, 1. 30, c. '20.~Virg. Mn. 3, v. 522. 
 
 LACMo^f, a part of mount Pindus where the 
 Inachus flows. Herodot. 9, c. 93. 
 
 Laco, a favourite of Galba, mean and cow- 
 ardly in his character. He was put to death. 
 An inhabitant of Laconia or Lacedaemon. 
 
 Lacobrica, a city of Spain where Sertorius 
 was besieged by Metellus. 
 
 Laconia, Laco.vica, and Laced^.mon, a 
 country on the southern parts of Peloponne- 
 sus, having Argos and Arcadia on the north, 
 Messenia on the west, the Mediterranean on 
 the south, and the bay of Argos at the east. 
 Its extent from north to south was about 60 
 miles. It is watered by the river Eurotas. 
 The capital is called Sparta, or Lacedcemon. 
 The inhabitants never went on an expedition 
 or engaged an enemy but at the full moon. 
 [Vid. Laceda-'mon.] The brevity with which 
 
they always expressed themselves is now be- 
 come proverbial, and by the epithet of Laco- 
 nic we understand whatever is concise and not 
 loaded with unnecessary words. The word 
 Laconicum is applied to some hot baths used 
 among the ancients, and first invented at La- 
 cedffimon. Cic. 4, M. 10.— Slrab. l.—Ptol. 
 3, c. 16.— Mela, 2, c. 3. 
 
 Lac RATES, a Theban general of a detach- 
 ment sent by Artaxerxes to the assistance of 
 the Egyptians. Diod. 16. 
 
 Lacrines, a Lacedagmonian ambassador to 
 Cyrus. Herodot. 1, c. 152. 
 
 Lactantius, a celebrated Christian wri- 
 ter, whose principal works are de ird divind, 
 de Dei operibus, and his divine institutions, 
 in seven books, in which he proves the ti'uth 
 of the Christian religion, refutes the objec- 
 tions, and attacks the illusions and absurdities 
 of Paganism. The expressive purity, elegance, 
 and energy of his style have gained him the 
 name of the Christian Cicero. He died A. D. 
 
 325. The best editions of his works are 
 
 that of Sparke, 8vo. Oxon. 1684, that of 
 Biineman, 2 vols, 8vo. Lips. 1739, and that of 
 Du Fresnoy, 2 vols. 4to. Paris, 1748. 
 
 Lacter, a promontory of the island of Cos. 
 Lacydes, a philosopher. \^Vid. Lacidas.] 
 Lacydus, an effeminate king of Argos. 
 Ladas, a celebrated courier of Alexander, 
 born at Sicyon. He was honoured with a bra- 
 zen statue, and obtained a cro^vn at Olympia. 
 Martial. 10, ep. lO.—Juv. 13, v. 97. 
 
 Lade, an island of the ^gean sea, on the 
 coast of Asia minor, where was a naval battle 
 between the Persians and lonians. Herodot. 
 6, c. 7. — Paus. 1, c. 35. — Strab. 17. 
 
 Lades, a son of Imbrasas, killed by Tarnus. 
 Virg. JEn. 12, v. 343. 
 Ladocea, a village of Arcadia. Paus. 
 Ladon, a river of Arcadia falling into the 
 Alpheus. The metamorphosis of Daphne into 
 a laurel, and of Syrinx into a reed, hap- 
 pened near its banks. Strab. 1. — Mela, 2, 
 c. ^.—Paus. 8, c. 25.— Ouirf. Met. 1, v. 659. 
 
 An Arcadian who followed .^neas into 
 
 Italy, where he was killed. Virg. ./En. 10, 
 
 V. 413. One of ActEeon's dogs. Ovid. Met. 
 
 3, V. 216. 
 L^LAPS, one of Actaeon's dogs. Ovid. Met. 
 
 3. The dog of Cephalus, ^ven him by 
 
 Frocris. [Hrf. Lelaps, &,c.] Id. Met. T. 
 La:LiA, a vestal virgin. 
 L^LiANus, a general, proclaimed emperor 
 in Gaul by his soldiers, A. D. 268, after the 
 death of Gallienus. His triumph was short; 
 he was conquered and put to death after a few 
 months reign by another general called Post- 
 humus, who aspired to the imperial puiple as 
 ■well as himself. 
 
 C. La:lius, a Roman consul, A. U. C. 
 614, surnamed Sapiens, so intimate with Af- 
 ricanus the younger, that Cicero represents 
 him in his treatise De Amkitia, as explain- 
 ing the real nature of friendship, with its at- 
 tendant pleasures. He made war with suc- 
 cess against Viriathus. It is said, that he as- 
 sisted Terence in the composition of his co- 
 medies. His modesty, humanity, and the man- 
 ner in which he patronized letters, are as ce- 
 lebrated as his greatness of mind and integrity 
 in tlie character of a statesman. Cic. de Oral. 
 Another consul who accompanied Scipio 
 
 Africanus the elder in his campaigns in Spaie 
 and Africa. Archelaus, a famous gramma- 
 rian. Suet. 
 
 L^NA and Le^na, the mistress of Har- 
 modius and Arlstogiton. Being tortured be- 
 cause she refused to discover the conspirators, 
 she bit off her tongue, totally to frustrate the 
 
 violent efforts of her executioners. A maa 
 
 who was acquainted with the conspiracy form- 
 ed against Cassar. 
 
 LjEnas, a surname of the Popilii at Rome. 
 L^neus, a river of Crete, where Jupiter 
 brought the ravished Europa. Strab. 
 
 L^PA Magna, a town of Spain. Mela, 3. 
 c. 1. 
 
 Laertes, a king of Ithaca, son of Arce 
 sius and Chalcomedusa, who married Anti- 
 clea, the daughter of Autolycus. , Anticlea 
 was pregnant by Sisyphus when she married 
 Laertes, and eight months after her union with 
 the king of Ithaca she brought forth a son 
 called Ulysses. [Firf. Anticlea.] Ulysses was 
 treated with paternal care by Laertes, though 
 not really his son, and Laertes ceded to him 
 his crown and retired into the country, where 
 he spent his time in gardening. He Avas found 
 in this mean employment by his son at his re- 
 turn from the Trojan war, after 20 years ab- 
 sence, and Ulysses, at the sight of his father, 
 whose dress and old age declared his sorrow, 
 long hesitated whether he should suddenly in- 
 troduce himself as his son, or whether he 
 should, as a stranger, gradually awaken the 
 paternal feelings of Laertes, who had believed 
 that his son was no more. This last measure 
 was preferred, and when Laertes had burst in- 
 to tears at the mention which was made of his 
 son, Ulysses threw himself on his neck, ex- 
 claiming, " father, lam he ivhom you tceep." 
 This welcome declaration was followed by a 
 recital of all the hardships which Ulysses had 
 suffered, and immediately after the father and 
 son repaired to the palace of Penelope the wife 
 of Ulysses, whence all the suitoi*s who daily 
 importuned the princess, were forcibly remo- 
 ved. Laertes was one of the Argonauts, accor- 
 ding to Jlpollodorus, 1, c. 9. — Homer. Od. 11 
 and 24.— Ovid. Met. 13, v. 32.—Heroid. 1, v. 
 
 98. A city of Cilicia which gave birth to 
 
 Diogenes, surnamed Latrtius from the place 
 of his birth. 
 
 Laertius Diogenes, a writer born at Laer- 
 tes. [Vid. Diogenes.] 
 
 LjEstrygones, the most ancient inhabitants 
 of Sicily. Some suppose them to be the same 
 as the people of Leontium, and to have been 
 neighbours to the Cyclops. They fed on hu- 
 man flesh, and when Ulysses came on their 
 coasts, they sunk his ships and devoured his 
 companions. [Fiti. Antiphates ] They were 
 of a gigantic stature, according to Homer, who 
 however does not mention their country, but 
 only speaks of Lamus as their capital. A colo- 
 ny of them, as some suppose, passed over into 
 Italy, with Lamus at their head, where they 
 bnilt the town of Formiae, whence the epithet 
 of L(£strygonia is often used for that oi For- 
 miana. Plin. 3, c. 5.— Ovid. Met. 14, v. 233, 
 &c. Fast. 4. ex Pont. 4, ep. 10. — Tzetz. in 
 Ltjcophr. V. 662 and 818.— Homer. Od. 10, v. 
 81.— 5i/.7, V. 276. 
 
 La:ta, the wife of the emperor Gratian. 
 celebrated for her humanity and generoua 
 sentiments. 
 
LA 
 
 LiETORiA LEX Ordered that proper per- 
 sons should be appointed to provide for the 
 security and the possessions of such as were 
 insane or squandered away their estates. It 
 made it a high crime to abuse the weakness 
 of persons under such circumstances. Cic. de 
 Offic. 3. 
 
 La:Tus, a Roman whom Commodus con- 
 demned to be put to death. This violence 
 raised Laetus against Commodus; he con- 
 spired against him, and raised Pertinax to the 
 
 throne. A general of the emperor Severus, 
 
 put to death for bis treachery to the emperor ; 
 or according to others on account of hispopu- 
 3arity. 
 
 Lisvi, the ancient inhabitants of Gallia 
 Transpadana. 
 
 L^viNus, a Roman consul sent against 
 Pyrrhus, A. U. C. 474. He informed the 
 monarch that the Romans would not accept 
 him as an arbitrator in the war with Taren- 
 tum, and feared him not as an enemy. He 
 
 was defeated by Pyrrhus. P. Val. a man 
 
 despised at Rome, because he was distinguish- 
 ed by no good quality. HoraL 1, Sat. 6, v. 12. 
 
 Lagaria., atownof Lucania. 
 
 Lagia, a name of the island Delos. Vid. 
 Delos. 
 
 Lagides, Vid. Lagus. 
 
 Laginia, a town of Caria. 
 
 Lagus, a Macedonian of mean extraction. 
 He received in marriage Arsinoe the daughter 
 of Meleager, who was then pregnant of king 
 Philip, and being willing to hide the disgrace 
 of his wife, he exposed the child in the v/oods. 
 An eagle preserved the life of the infant, fed 
 him with her prey, and sheltered him with 
 her wings against the inclemency of the air. 
 This uncommon preservation was divulged by 
 Lagus, who adopted the child as his own, and 
 called him Ptolemy, conjecturing that as his 
 life had been so miraculously preserved, his 
 days would be spent in grandeur and affluence. 
 This Ptolemy became king of Egypt after the 
 death of Alexander. According to other ac- 
 counts, Arsinoe was nearly related to Philip 
 king of Macedonia, and her marriage with 
 Lagus was not considered as dishonourable, 
 because he was opulent and powerful. The 
 first of the Ptolemies is called Lagus, to dis- 
 tinguish him from his successors of the same 
 name. Ptolemy, the first of the Macedonian 
 kings of Egypt, wished it to be believed that 
 he was the legitimate son of Lagus, and he 
 preferred the name of Lagides to all other ap- 
 pellations. It is even said that he established 
 a military order in Alexandria, which was call- 
 ed Lageion. The surname of Lagides was 
 transmitted to all his descendants on the Egyp- 
 tian throne till the reign of Cleopatra, Anto- 
 ny's mistress. Plutarch mentions an anecdote, 
 which serves to show how far the legitimacy 
 of Ptolemy was believed in his age. A pedan- 
 tic grammarian, says the historian, once dis- 
 playing his great knowledge of antiquity in 
 the presence of Ptolemy, the king suddenly in- 
 terrupted him with the question of. Pray, tell 
 vie, sir, ivho was the father of Peleus? Tell tne, 
 replied the grammarian, without hesitation, 
 tell me, if you can, king ! who the father of 
 Lagus was? This reflection on the meanness 
 of the monarch's birth did not in the least 
 irritate his resfutment; though the courtiers 
 
 LA 
 
 all glowed with indignation. Ptolemy praised 
 the humour of the grammarian, and showed 
 his moderation and the mildness of his tem- 
 per, by taking him under his patronage. Pans. 
 Attic. — Justin. 33. — Curt. 4. — Pint, de ird 
 
 cohib.—Lucan. 1, v. %M.—Ital. 1, v. 196. 
 
 A Rutulian, killed by Pallas son of Evander. 
 Virg. JEn. 10, v. 381. 
 Lagusa, an island in the Pamphylian sea- 
 Another near Crete. Strab. 10. — Plin. 
 
 5, c. 31. 
 
 Lagyra, a city of Taurica Chersonesus. 
 
 Laiaues, a patronymic of €Edipus son of 
 Laius. Ovid. Met. 6, fab. 18. 
 
 Laias, a king of Arcadia who succeeded 
 his father Cypselus, &,c. Paus. 8, c. 5.-— «A 
 king of Elis, he. 
 
 Lais, a celebrated courtezan, daughter of 
 Timandra the mistress of Alcibiades, born 
 at Hyccara in Sicily. She was carried away 
 from her native country into Greece, when 
 Nicias the Athenian general invaded Sicily. 
 She first began to sell her favours at Corinth 
 for 10,000 drachmas, and the immense num- 
 ber of princes, noblemen, philosophers, ora- 
 tors, and plebeians, who courted her em- 
 braces, show how much commendation is 
 owed to her personal charms. The expenses 
 which attended her pleasures, gave rise to 
 the proverb of J^fon cuivis homini contingit 
 adire Corinthum. Even Demosthenes himself 
 visited Corinth for the sake of Lais, but 
 when he was informed by the courtezan, that 
 admittance to her bed was to be bought at 
 the enormous sum of about 2001. English 
 money, the orator departed, and observed, 
 that he would not buy repentance at so dear 
 a price. The charms which had attracted 
 Demosthenes to Corinth, had no influence 
 upon Xenocrates. When Lais saw the phi- 
 losopher unmoved by her beauty, she visited 
 his house herself; but there she had no rea- 
 son to boast of the licentiousness or easy sub- 
 mission of Xenocrates. Diogenes the cynic 
 was one of her warmest admirers, and though 
 filthy in his dress and manners, yet he gained 
 her heart and enjoyed her most unbounded 
 favours. The sculptor Mycon also solicited 
 the favours of Lais, but he met with cold- 
 ness; he, however, attributed the cause of 
 his ill reception to the whiteness of his hair, 
 and dyed it of a brown colour, but to no 
 purpose : Fool that thou art, said the cour- 
 tezan, to ask what I refused yesterday to thy 
 father. Lais ridiculed the austerity of phi- 
 losophers, and laughed at the weakness of 
 those who pretended to have gained a superi- 
 ority over their passions, by observing that the 
 sages and philosophers of the age were not 
 above the rest of mankind, for she found them 
 at her door as often as the rest of the Atheni- 
 ans. The success which her debaucheriea 
 met at Corinth encouraged Lais to pass into 
 Thessal}^ and more jiarticularly to enjoy the 
 company of a favourite youth called Hippo- 
 stratus, She was however disappointed; the 
 women of the place, jealous of her charms, 
 and apprehensive of her corru])ting the fidelity 
 of their husbands, assassinated her in the tem- 
 ple of Venus, about 340 years before the 
 Christian era. Some suppose that tiiere were 
 two persons of this name, a mother and her 
 1 daughter. Cic. ad Vam. y, cp. 26. — Ovid 
 
LA 
 
 ^imor. 1, el. 5. — Plut. in Alcih. — Fans. 2, c. 2. 
 
 Laius, a son of Labdacus, who succeeded to 
 the throne of Thebes, which his grandfather 
 Nycteus had left to the care of his brother 
 Lycus, till his grandson came of age. He was 
 driven from his kingdom by Araphion and 
 Zethus, who were incensed against Lycus for 
 the indignities which Antiope had suffered. 
 He was afterwards restored, and married 
 Jocasta the daughter of Creon. An oracle in- 
 formed him that he should [>erish by the hand 
 of his son, and in consequence of this dread- 
 ful intelligence he resolved never to approach 
 his wife. A day spent in debauch and intox- 
 ication made him violate his vow, and Jocasta 
 brought forth a son. The child as soon as born 
 was given to a servant, with orders to put him 
 to death. The servant was moved with 
 compassion, and only exposed him on mount 
 Cithaeron, where his life was preserved by 
 a shepherd. The child called (Edipus was 
 educated in the court of Polybus, and an un- 
 fortunate meeting with his father in a narrow 
 road proved his ruin. (Edipus ordered his 
 fiather to make way for him without knowing 
 who he was ; Laius refused, and was instantly 
 murdered by his irritated son. His arm-bearer 
 or charioteer shared his fate. [Vid. (Edipus.] 
 Sop hod. in CEdip. — Hygin. 9 and 66. — Diod. 
 4.—Apollod. 3, c. b.—Paus. 9, c. 5 and 26.— 
 Plut. de Curios. 
 
 Lalage, one of Horace's favourite mistres- 
 ses. Horat. 1, od. 23, &.c. — Propert. 4, el. 
 
 7. A woman censured for her cruelty. 
 
 Martial. 2, ep. 66. 
 
 Lalassis, a river of Isauria. 
 
 Lamaciius, a son of Xenophanes, sent 
 into Sicily with Nicias. He was killed B. C. 
 414, before Syracuse, where he displayed 
 much courage and intrepidity. Plut. in Alcib. 
 
 A governor of Heraclea in Pontus, who 
 
 betrayed his trust to Mithridates, after he 
 had invited all the inhabitants to a sumptuous 
 feast. 
 
 Lamalmon, a large mountain of Ethi- 
 opia. 
 
 Lambrani, a people of Italy near the Lam- 
 brus. Suet, in Cces. 
 
 Lambrus, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, falling 
 into the Po. 
 
 Lamia, a town of Thessaly at the bottom 
 of the Sinus Maliacus or Lamiacus, and north 
 of the river Sperchius, famous for a siege it 
 supported after Alexander's death. [F«rf. La- 
 
 miacum.] Diod. 16, &,c. — Paus. 7, c. 6. A 
 
 river of Greece, opposite mount (Eta. A 
 
 daughter of Neptune, mother of Hierophile, 
 jin ancient Sibyl, by Jupiter. Paus. 10, c. 
 12. A famous courtezan, mistress to De- 
 metrius Poliorcetes. Plut. in Dem. — Allien. 
 n.—JFAian. V. H. 13, c. 9. 
 
 Lamia and Auxesia, two deities of 
 Crete, whose worship was the same as at 
 Eleusis. The Epidaurians made them two 
 statues of an olive tree given them by the 
 Athenians, provided they came to offer a 
 sacrifice to Minerva at Athens. Paus. 2, c. 
 30, &c. 
 
 Lamiacum Beli.um happened after the 
 death of Alexander, when the Greeks, and 
 particularly the Athenians, incited by their 
 orators, resolved to free Greece from the gar- 
 risons of the Macedonians. Leoslhe.n€s was 
 
 LA 
 
 appointed commander of a numerous forcfj 
 and marched against Antipater, who then pre- 
 sided over Macedonia. Antipater entered 
 Thessaly at the head of 13,000 foot and 600 
 horse, and was beaten, by the superior force 
 of the Athenians and of their Greek confede- 
 rates. Antipater after this blow fled to La- 
 mia, B. C. 323, where he resolved with all 
 the courage and sagacity of a careful gene- 
 ral, to maintain a siege with about the 8 or 
 9000 men that had escaped from the field of 
 battle. Leosthenes, unable to take the city 
 by storm, began to make a regular siege. His 
 operations were delayed by the frequent sal- 
 lies of Antipater ; and Leosthenes being killed 
 by the blow of a stone, Antipater made his es- 
 cape out of Lamia, and soon after, with the 
 assistance of the army of Craterus brought from 
 Asia, he gave the Athenians battle near Cra- 
 non, and though only 500 of their men were 
 slain, yet they became so dispirited, that they 
 sued for peace from the conqueror. Antipa- 
 ter at last with difficulty consented, provided 
 they raised taxes in the usual manner, received 
 a Macedonian garrison, defrayed the expenses 
 of the war, and lastly delivered into his hands 
 Demosthenes and Hyperides, the two orators 
 whose prevailing eloquence had excited their 
 countrymen against him. These disadvanta- 
 geous terms were accepted by the Athenians, 
 yet Demosthenes had time to escape and poi- 
 son himself Hyperides was carried before 
 Antipater, who ordered his tongue to be cut 
 off, and afterwards put him to death. Plut. 
 in Demost. — Diod. 17. — Justin. 11, &c. 
 
 lilmiJE, small islands of the ..^gean, oppo- 
 site Troas. Plin. 5, c. 31. A celebrated 
 
 family at Rome, descended from Lamus. 
 
 Certain monsters of Africa, who had the face 
 and breast of a woman, and the rest of the 
 body like that of a serpent. They allured 
 strangers to come to them, that they might 
 devour them, and though they were not en- 
 dowed with the faculty of speech, yet their 
 hissings were pleasing and agreeable. Some 
 believe them to be witches, or rather evil 
 spirits, Avho, under the form of a beautiful 
 woman, enticed young children and devoured 
 them. According to some, the fable of the 
 Lamiae is derived from the amours of Jupiter 
 with a certain beautiful woman called Lamia, 
 whom the jealousy of Juno rendered deform- 
 ed, and whose children she destroyed ; upon 
 which Lamia became insane, and so despe- 
 rate that she eat up all the children (hat came 
 in her way. They are also called Leniures. 
 [ Vid. Lemures.] Philoslr. in Ap. — Horat. Art. 
 Poet. V. 340.— Plut. de Curios.— Dion. 
 
 Lamias yEnus, a governor of Syria un- 
 der Tiberius. He was honoured with a 
 public funeral by the senate ; and as having 
 been a respectable and useful citizen, Horace 
 has dedicated his 26 od. lib. 1, to his praises, 
 
 as also 3 od. 17. — Tacit. Ann. 6, c. 37. 
 
 Another, during the reign of Doraitian, put to 
 death, &,c. 
 
 Lamirus, a son of Hercules by lole. 
 
 Lampedo, a woman of Lacedaemon, who 
 was daughter, wife, sister, and^raother of a 
 king. She lived in the age of Alcibiades. 
 Agrippina, the mother of Claudius, could 
 boast the same honours. Tacit. Ann. 12, c. 
 22 and ST.— Plut. in Age..— Plato in 1, Ale— 
 P/m.7,c. 41. 
 
LA 
 
 Lampktia, a daughter of Apollo and Neae- 
 xa. She, with her sister Phaetusa, guarded 
 her father's flocks in Sicily when Ulysses ar- 
 rived on the coasts of that island. These 
 flocks were fourteen in number, seven herds 
 of oxen and seven flocks of sheep, consisting 
 each of fifty. They fed by night as well as by 
 day, and it was deemed unlawful and sacrile- 
 gious to touch them. The companions of Ulys- 
 ses, impelled by hunger, paid no regard to 
 their sanctity, or to the threats and entreaties 
 of their chief; but they carried away and kil- 
 led some of the oxen. The watchful keepers 
 complained to their father, and Jupiter, at the 
 request of Apollo, punished the oftence of the 
 Greeks. The hides of the oxen appeared to 
 walk, and the flesh which was roasting by the 
 fire began to bellow, and nothing was heard but 
 dreadful noises and loud lowings. The com- 
 panions of Ulysses embarked on board their 
 ships, but here the resentment of Jupiter fol- 
 lowed them. A storm arose, and they all per- 
 ished except Ulysses, who saved himself on 
 the broken piece of a mast. Homer. Od. 12, 
 
 V. 119. — Propert. 3, el. 12. According to 
 
 Ovid. Met. 2, v. 349, Lampetia is one of the 
 Heliades, who was changed into a poplar tree 
 at the death of her brother Phaeton. 
 
 Lampeto and Lampedo, a queen of the 
 Amazons, who boasted herself to be the daugh- 
 ter of Mars. She gained many conquests in 
 Asia, where she founded several cities. She 
 was surprised afterwards by a band of barba- 
 rians, and destroyed with her female attend- 
 ants. Justin. 2, c. 4. 
 
 Lampeus and Lampia, a mountain of Ar- 
 cadia. Stat. 8. 
 
 Lampon, Lampos, or Lampus, one of the 
 
 horses of Diomedes. Of Hector. Of 
 
 Aurora. Homer. II. 8, Od. 23. A son of 
 
 Laomedon father of Dolops. A soothsayer 
 
 of Athens in the age of Socrates. Plut. in 
 Pericl. 
 Lamponia and Lamponium, a city of Troas. 
 
 Herodot. 5, c. 26. An island on the coast 
 
 of Thrace. Strab. 13. 
 
 Lamponius, an Athenian general sent by 
 his countrymen to attempt the conquest of 
 Sicily. Justin. 4, c. 3. 
 
 Lampridius JElius, a Latin historian in 
 the fourth centuiy, who wrote the lives of some 
 of the Roman emperors. His style is inele- 
 gant, and his arrangement injudicious. His 
 life of Commodus,Heliogabal us, Alexander Se- 
 verus, &.C. is still extant, and to be found in the 
 works of the Historice, Augusta Scriptores. 
 
 Lamprus, a celebrated musician, &lc. — C. 
 JVep. in Epain. 
 
 Lampsacus and Lampsacum, now Lamsaki, 
 a town of Asia Minor on the borders of the 
 Propontis at the north of Abydos. Priapus 
 was the chief deity of the place, of which he 
 was reckoned by some the founder. His tem- 
 ple there was the asylum of lewdness and de- 
 bauchery, and exhibited scenes of the most 
 unnatural lust, and hence the epithet Lamp- 
 sacius is used to express immodesty and wan- 
 tonness. Alexander resolved to destroy the 
 city on account of the vices of its inhabitants, 
 or more properly for its firm adherence to the 
 interest of Persia. It was, however, saved 
 from ruin by the artifice of Anaximenes. [Firf. 
 Anaximenes.] It was formerly called Pityusa, 
 
 LA 
 
 and received the name of Lampsacus, from 
 Lampsace, a daughter of Mandron, a king of 
 Phrygia, who gave information to some Pho- 
 ceans who dwelt there, that the rest of the in- 
 habitants had conspired against their life. This 
 timely information saved them from destruc- 
 tion. The city afterwards bore the name of 
 their preserver. The wine of Lampsacus was 
 famous, and therefore a tribute of wine was 
 granted from the city by Xerxes to maintain 
 the table of Themistocles. Mela, 1, c. 19. — 
 Strab. 13.— Pans. 9, c. 31.— Herodot. 5, c. 
 117. — C. J\'ep. in Themist. c. 10. — Ovid. 1. 
 Trist. 9, v. 26. Fast. 8, v. 345.— Liv. 33, c. 
 38, 1. 35, c. 42.— Martial. 11, ep. 17, 52. 
 
 Lamptera, a town of Phocaea in Ionia. 
 Lti;.37,c.31. 
 
 Lampteria, afestival atPellene in Achaia, 
 in honour of Bacchus, who was surnamed 
 Lampter from t^stpt^av, to shine, because du- 
 ring this solemnity, which was observed in the 
 night, the worshippers went to the temple of 
 Bacchus with lighted torches in their hands. 
 It was also customary to place vessels full of 
 wine in several parts of every street in the city. 
 Pans. 4, c. 21. 
 
 Lampus, a son of .-S^gyptus. A man of 
 
 Elis. A son of Prolaus. 
 
 Lamus, a king of the Laestrygones, who is 
 supposed by some to have founded Formise in 
 Italy. The family of the Lamise at Rome was, 
 according to the opinion of some, descended 
 from him. Horat. 3, od. 17. A son of Her- 
 cules and Omphale, who succeeded his mother 
 on the throne of Lydia. Ovid. Heroid. 9, v. 
 
 54. A Latin chief killed by Nisus. Virg. 
 
 JEa. 9, v. 334, A river of Boeotia. Paris. 
 
 9, c. 31. A Spartan general hired by JVec- 
 
 tanebusking of Egypt. Diod. 16. A city 
 
 of Cilicia. A town near Formia;, built by 
 
 the Lasstrygones. 
 
 Lamvrus, buffoon, a surname of one of the 
 
 Ptolemies. One of the auxiliaries of Tur- 
 
 nus killed by Nisus. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 334. 
 
 L.\NASSA, a daughter of Cleodaeus, who 
 married Pyrrhus, the son of Achilles, by 
 whom she had eight children. Plut. in Pyrr. 
 
 — Justin. 17, c. 3. A daughter of Agatho- 
 
 cles, who mai'ried Pyn'hus, whom she soon 
 after forsook for Demetrius. Plut. 
 
 Lancea., a fountain, &c. Paus. 
 
 Lancia, a town of Lusitania. Flor. 4, c. 12. 
 
 Landi, a people of Germemy conquered by 
 Caesar. 
 
 Langia, a river of Peloponnesus, falling 
 into the bay of Corinth. 
 
 Langobardi, a warlike nation of Germany, 
 along the Sprhe, called improperly Lombards 
 by some. Tacit. An. 2, c. 45, G. 40. 
 
 Langrobriga, a town of Lusitania. 
 
 Lanuvium, a town of Latiuni, about 16 
 miles from Rome on the Appian road. Juno 
 had there a celebrated temple which was fre- 
 quented by the inhabitants of Italy, and parti- 
 cularly by the Romans, whose consuls on first 
 entering upon office offered sacrifices lo the 
 goddess. The statue of the goddess was co- 
 vered with a goat's skin, and armed with a 
 buckler and spear, and wore shoes which were 
 turned upwards in the form of a cone. Cic. 
 pro Miir. de JVat. D. 1, c. 29. pro Milan. 10. 
 —Liv. 8, c. 14.—Ital. 13, v. 3(H. 
 
 Laobotas, or Labotas, a Spartan king, 
 
LA 
 
 of the family of the Agidae, who succeeded his 
 father Echestratus, B. C. 1023. During his 
 reign war was declared against Argos, by 
 Sparta. He sat on the throne for 37 years, and 
 was succeeded by Doryssus his son. PaM5.3,c.2. 
 
 Laocoon, a son of Priam and Hecuba, or, 
 according to others, of Antenor, or of Capys. 
 As being priest of ApoHo, he was commission- 
 ed by the Trojans to offer a bullock to Nep- 
 tune to render him propitious. During the 
 sacrifice two enormous serpents issiied from 
 the sea, and attacked Laocoon's two. sons 
 who stood next to the altar. The father im- 
 mediately attempted to defend his sons, but 
 the serpents falling upon him squeezed him in 
 their complicated wreaths, so that he died in 
 the greatest agonies. This punishment was in- 
 flicted upon him for his temerity in dissuading 
 the Trojans to bring into the city the fatal 
 wooden horse which the Greeks had consecra- 
 ted to Minerva, as also for his impiety in hurl- 
 ing a javelin against the sides of the horse as it 
 entered within the walls. Hyginus attributes 
 this to Ills marriage against the consent of Apol- 
 lo, or, according to others, for his polluting the 
 temple, by his commerce with his wife Anti- 
 ope, before the statue of the god. Virg. JEn. 2, 
 V. 41 and 201.— Hygin. fab. 135. 
 
 Laodamas, a son of Alcinous, king of the 
 Phaeacians, who offered to wrestle with Ulys- 
 ses, while at his father's court. Ulysses, mind- 
 ful of the hospitality of Alcinous, refused the 
 challenge of Laodamas. Homer. Od. 7, v. 170. 
 
 A son of Eteocles, king of Thebes. Pans. 
 
 9, c. 15. 
 
 Laodamia, a daughter of Acastus and As- 
 tydamia, who married Protesilaus, the son of 
 Iphiclus king of a part of Thessaly. The de- 
 parture of her husband for the Trojan war was 
 the source o( grief to her, but when she heard 
 that he had fallen by the hand of Hector her 
 son*ow was increased. To keep alive the 
 niemoiy of a husband whom she had tenderly 
 loved, she ordered a wooden statue to be made 
 and regularly placed in her bed. This was 
 seen by one of her servants, who informed 
 Iphiclus, that liis daughter's bed was daily defi- 
 led by an unknown stranger. Iphiclus watched 
 his daughter, and when he found that the intel- 
 ligence was false, he ordered the wooden image 
 to be burned, in hopes of dissipating his daugh- 
 ter's grief. He did not succeed. Laodamia 
 threw herself into the flames with the image, 
 and perished. This circumstance has givenoc- 
 casion to fabulous traditions related by the 
 poets, which mention, that Protesilaus was re- 
 stored to life, and to Laodamia, for three hours, 
 and that when he was obliged to return to the 
 infernal regions, he persuaded his wife to ac- 
 company him. Virg. JEn. 6, v. 447. — Ovid. 
 Her. ep. 13. — Hygin. fab. 104. — Propert. 1, el. 
 
 19. A daughter of Bellerophon by Achc- 
 
 mone the daughter of king lobates. She had 
 a son by Jupiter, called Sarpedon. She dedi- 
 cated herself to the service of Diana, and hun- 
 ted with her, but her haughtiness proved fatal 
 to her, and she perished by the arrows of the 
 goddess. Homer. II. 6, 12 and 16. A daugh- 
 ter of Alexander, king of Epirus, by Olympia 
 the daughter of Fyrrhus. She was assassina- 
 ted in the temple of Diana, where she had fled 
 for safety during a sedition. Her murderer, 
 railed MiJo, soon after turned his dagger 
 
 LA 
 
 against his own breast and killed himselC 
 Justin. 28, c. 3. 
 
 Laodice, a daughter of Priam and Hecuba, 
 who became enamoured of Acamas, son of 
 Theseus, when he came with Diomedes from 
 the Greeks to Troy with an embassy to de- 
 mand the restoration of Helen. She obtained 
 an interview and the gratification of her desires 
 at the house of Philebia, the wife of a gover- 
 nor of a small town of Troas, which the Greek 
 ambassador had visited. She had a son by Aca- 
 mas, whom she called Munitus. She after- 
 wards married Helicaon son of Antenor, and 
 Telephus king of Mysia. Some call her Asty- 
 oche. According to the Greek scholiast of Ly- 
 cophron, Laodice threw herself down from the 
 top of a tower and was killed when Troy was 
 sacked by the Greeks. Dictys. Cret. 1. — Paus. 
 
 13, c. 26.— Homer. II. 3 and 6. One of the 
 
 Oceanides. A daughter of Cinyras, by 
 
 whom Elatus had some children. ApoUod. 3, 
 
 c. 14. A daughter of Agamemnon, called 
 
 also Electra. Homer. II. 9. A sister of Mi- 
 
 thridates who married Ariarathes kingof Cap- 
 padocia, and afterwards her own brother Mi- 
 thridates. During the secret absence of Mi- 
 thridates, she prostituted herself to her ser- 
 vants, in hopes that her husband was dead ; 
 but when she saw her expectations frustrated, 
 she attempted to poison Mithridates,for which 
 
 she was put to death. A queen of Cappa- 
 
 docia, put to death by her subjects for poison- 
 ing five of her children. -A sister and wife 
 
 of Antiochus 2d. She put to death Berenice, 
 whom her husband had married. [Ftrf. Anti- 
 ochus 2d.] She was murdered by order of 
 
 Ptolemy Evergetes, B. C. 246. A daughter 
 
 of Demetrius shamefully put to death by Ara- 
 raonius the tyrannical minister of the vicious 
 
 Alexander Bala, king of Syria. A daughter 
 
 of Seleucus. The mother of Seleucus. 
 
 Nine months before she brought forth, she 
 dreamt that Apollo had introduced himself into 
 her bed, and had presented her with a precious 
 stone, on which was engraved the figure of an 
 anchor, commanding her to deliver it to her 
 son as soon as born. This dream appeared 
 the more wonderful, when in the morning she 
 discovered in her bed a ring answering the 
 same description. Not only the son that she 
 brought forth, called Seleucus, but also all his 
 successors of the house of tiie Seleucidae, had 
 the mark of an anchor upon their thigh. Jas- 
 tin. — Appian. in Syr. mentions this anchor, 
 though in a different manner. 
 
 LAooicEA, now Ladik, a city of Asia, on the 
 borders of Caria, Phrygia, and Lydia, celebra- 
 ted for its commerce, and the fine soft and 
 black wool of its sheep. It was originally cal- 
 led Diospolis, and afterwards RJioas; and re- 
 ceived the name of Laodiceain honour of La- 
 odice, the wife of Antiochus. Plin. 5, c. 29. — 
 Sirab, 12. — Mela, I, c. 15. — Cic. 5, Alt. 15. pro 
 
 Flacc. Another in Media destroyed by an 
 
 earthquake in the age of Nero. Another 
 
 in Syria, called by way of distinction Laodi- 
 
 cea Cabiosa, or ad Libanum. Another on 
 
 the borders of Ccelosyria. Strab. 
 
 L.\6dicenk, a province of Syria, which re- 
 ceives its name from Laodicea, its capital. 
 
 Laodocus, a son of Antenor, whose form 
 Minerva borrowed to advise Pandarus to 
 break the treaty which subsisted between the 
 
 I 
 
LA 
 
 Greeks and Trojans. Homer. II. 4. An at- 
 tendant of Antilochus. A son of Priam. 
 
 JpoUod. 3, c. 12. A son of Apollo and 
 
 Phthia. Id. 1; c. 7. 
 
 LaogS-Vus, a son of Bias, brother to Dar- 
 danus, killed by Achilles at the siege of Troy. 
 
 Horn. II. 20, v. 461. A priest of Jupiter, 
 
 killed by Merion in the Trojan war. Homer. 
 II. 16, V. 604. 
 
 Laogoras, a king of the Dryopes, who 
 accustomed his subjects to become robbers. 
 He plundered the temple of Apollo at Delphi, 
 and was killed by Hercules. ApoUod. 2, c. 7. 
 —Diod. 4. 
 
 Laogore, a daughter of Cinyras and Me- 
 tharme, daughter of Pygmalion. She died in 
 Egypt. Apollod. 3, c. 14. 
 
 Laomedon, son of Ilus king of Troy, mar- 
 ried Strymo, called by some Placia, or Leu- 
 cippe, by whom he had Podarces, afterwards 
 known by the name of Priam, and Hesione. 
 He built the walls of Troy, and was assisted 
 by Apollo and Neptune, whom Jupiter had 
 banished from heaven, and condemned to be 
 subservient to the will of Laomedon for one 
 year. When the walls were finished, Laome- 
 don refused to reward the labours of the gods, 
 and soon after his territories were laid waste 
 by the god of the sea, and his subjects were 
 visited by a pestilence sent by Apollo. Sacri- 
 fices were offered to the offended divinities, 
 but the calamities of the Trojans increased, 
 and nothing could appease the gods according 
 to the words of the oracle, but annually to ex- 
 pose to a sea monster a Trojan virgin. When- 
 ever the monster appeared the marriageable 
 maidens were assembled, and the lot decided 
 which of them was doomed to death for the 
 good of her country. When this calamity had 
 continued for five or six years, the lot fell upon 
 Hesione, Laomedon's daughter. The king was 
 unwilling to part with a daughter whom he 
 loved with uncommon tenderness, but his 
 refusal would irritate more strongly the wrath 
 of the gods. In the midst of his fears and 
 hesitation, Hercules came and offered to de- 
 liver the Trojans from this public calamity, 
 if I,aomedon promised to reward him with 
 a number of line horses. The king consent- 
 ed ; but when the monster was destroyed, he 
 refused to fulfil his engagements, and Her- 
 cules was obliged to besiege Troy, and take 
 it by force of arms. Laomedon was put to 
 death after a reign of 29 years, his daughter 
 Hesione was given in marriage to Telamon, 
 one of the conqueror's attendants, and Podar- 
 ces was ransomed by the Trojans, and placed 
 upon his father's throne. According to Hy- 
 gin'.if, the wrath of Neptune and Apollo was 
 kindied against Laomedon, because he re- 
 fused to offer on Iheir altars, as a sacrifice, all 
 the first born of his cattle, according to a 
 vow he had made. Homer. II. 21. — Virg. JEn. 
 2 and 9.— OyiV/. Met. 11, fab. Q.—Apollod. 2, 
 c. 6.— Pans. 7, c. 20.—Horat. 3, od. 3.—Hy- 
 giyi. 89. A demagogue of i\Iessana in Si- 
 cily. A satrap of Phoenicia, Lc. Curt. 10, 
 
 c. 10. An Athenian, k,c. Plui. An 
 
 Orchomeuian. Id. 
 
 L.^oMiiDONTEUs, an epithet applied to thf' 
 Trojans from their kii^ Laomedon. Firg. 
 JEn. 4, v. 542, 1. 7, v. 105, 1. 8, v. 18. 
 
 LioMEDOMiAD;*:, a patronymic given to 
 47 
 
 LA 
 
 the Trojans from Laomedon their king. Virg. 
 JEn. 3, V. 24S. 
 
 Laonome, the wife of Polyphemus, one of 
 the Argonauts. 
 
 Laonomene, a daughter of Thespius, by 
 whom Hercules had two sons. Teles and Me- 
 nippides, and two daughters, Lysidice and 
 Stentedice. Apollod. 2, c. 7. 
 
 Laothoe, a daughter of Altes, a king of 
 the Leleges, who married Priam, and became 
 mother of Lycaon and Polydorus. Homer. 
 
 II. 21, V. 85. One of the daughters of 
 
 Thespius, mother of Antidus, by Hercules. 
 Apollod. 2, c. 7. 
 
 Laous, a river of Lacedasmon. 
 
 Lapathus, a city of Cypi-us. 
 
 Laphria, a surname of Diana at Patrze in 
 Achaia, where she had a temple v.'ith a statue 
 of gold and ivoiy, which represented her in 
 the habit of a huntress. The statue was made 
 by Menechm js and Soidas, two artists of ce- 
 lebrity. This name was given to the goddess 
 from Laphirus, the son of Delphus, who con- 
 secrated the statue to her. There was a fes- 
 tival of the goddess there, called also Laphria, 
 of which Paus. 7, c. 18, gives an account. 
 
 Laphystium, a mountain of Boeotia, where 
 Jupiter had a temple, whence he was called 
 Laphystius. It was here that Athamas pre- 
 pared to immolate Phryxus and Helle, whom 
 Jupiter saved by sending them a golden ram, 
 whence the surname and the homage paid to 
 the god. Paus. 9, c. 34. 
 
 Lapideus, a surname of Jupiter among 
 the Romans. 
 
 LapIth^, a people of Thessaly. [Vid. 
 Lapithus. ] 
 
 Lapitho, a city of Cyprus. 
 
 Lapithus, a son of Apollo, by Stilbe. He 
 was brother to Centaurus, and married Orsi- 
 nome, daaghter of Eiironymus, by whom he 
 had Phorbas and Periphas. The name of 
 Lapilhcc was given to the numerous children 
 of Phorbas and Periphas, or rather to the in- 
 habitants of the country of which they had 
 obtained the sovereignty. The chief of the 
 Lapithai assembled to celebrate the nuptials of 
 Pirithous, one of their number, and among 
 them were Theseus, Dryas, Hopleus, Mop- 
 sus, Phalerus, Exadius, Proiochus, Titaresius, 
 &.C. The Centaurs v. ere also invited to par- 
 take the common festivity, and the amuse- 
 ments would have been harmless and innocent, 
 had not one of the intoxicated Centaurs offer- 
 ed violence to Hippodamia, the wife of Pirith- 
 ous. The Lapithse resented the injury, and 
 the Centaurs supported their companions, up- 
 on which the quaiTcl became universal, and 
 ended in blows and slaughter. Many of the 
 Centaurs were slain, and they at last were 
 obliged to retire. Theseus among the Lapi- 
 thse showed himself brave and intrepid in sup- 
 porting the cause of his friends, and Nestor al- 
 so was not less active in the protection of chas- 
 tity and innocence. This quarrel arose from 
 the resentment of Mars, whom Pirithous for- 
 got or neglected to invite among the other 
 gods, at the celebration of his nuptials, and 
 therefore the divinity punished the insult by 
 sowing dissention among the festive assembly. 
 [yid. Centauri.] Hesiod has described the 
 battle of the Centaurs and Lapilhae, as also 
 Ovidj in a more copious manner. The inven 
 
LA 
 
 iton of bits and bridles for horses is attributed 
 to the Lapithae. Virg. G. 3, v. 115. ^n. 6, v. 
 601, 1. 7, V. 305.— Ovid. Met. 12, v. 530, 1. 14, 
 V. 670. — Hesiod. in Scut. — Diod. 4. — Find. 2. 
 —Pylh. —Strab.9.—Slat. Thth. 7, v. 304. 
 
 LAPiTHiEUM, a town of Arcadia. Paus. 3, 
 c. 20. 
 
 Lailv or Laranda, one of the Naiads, 
 daughter of the river Almon in Latium, fa- 
 mous for her beauty and her loquacity, which 
 her parents long endeavoured to correct, but 
 in vain. She revealed to Juno the amours of 
 her husband Jupiter with Juturna, for which 
 the god cut oft" her tongue, and ordered Mer- 
 cury to conduct her to the infernal regions. 
 The messenger of the gods fell in love with 
 ber by the way, and gratified his passion. La- 
 ra became mother of two children, to whom 
 the Romans have paid divine honours accord- 
 ing to the opinion of some, under the name of 
 Lares. Ovid. Fast. 2, v. 599, 
 
 Larentia and Laurentia, a courtezan of 
 the first ages of Rome. [Vid. Acca.] 
 
 Lares, gods of inferior power at Rome, 
 who presided over houses and families. They 
 were two in number, sons of Mercury by 
 Lara. IVid. Lara.] In process of time their 
 power was extended not only over houses, but 
 also over the country and sea, and we find 
 Lares Urbani to preside over the cities, Fami- 
 Hares over houses, Rustici over the country, 
 Compitales over cross roads, Marini over the 
 sea, Viales over the roads, Patellarii, he. 
 According to the opinion of some, the wor- 
 ship of the gods Lares, who are supposed to 
 be the same as the manes, arises from the an- 
 cient custom among the Romans and other 
 nations of burying their dead in their houses, 
 and from their belief that their spirits contin- 
 ually hovered over the houses, for the protec- 
 tion ofits inhabitants. The statues ofthe Lares, 
 resembling monkies, and covered with the 
 skin of a dog, were placed in a nich behind 
 the doors ofthe houses, or around the hearths. 
 At the feet of the Lares was the figure of a 
 dog barking, to intimate their care and vigi- 
 lance. Incense was burnt on their altars, 
 and a sow was also otfered on particular days. 
 Their festivals were observed at Rome in the 
 'month of May, when their statues were 
 crowned with garlands of flowers, and ofter- 
 ings of fruit presented. The word Lares 
 seems to be derived from the Etruscan word 
 Lars, which signifies conductor or leader. 
 Ovid. Fast. 5, v. 129.— Juv. 8, v. 8.—PluL in 
 QucEst. Rom. — Varro de L. L. 4, c. 10. — Horat. 
 3, od. 23.— Plant, in jiul. ^ Cist. 
 
 Larga, a well known prostitute in Juve- 
 nal's age. Juv. 4, v. 25. 
 
 Largus, a Latin poet who wrote a poem 
 on the arrival of Antenor in Italy, where he 
 built the town of Padua. He composed with 
 ease and elegance. Ovid, ex Font. 4, ep. 16, 
 V. 17. 
 
 Larides, a son of Daucus or Dauuus who 
 assisted Turnus against jiEneas, and had his 
 Land cut oft" w ith one blow, by Pallas the son 
 of Evander. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 391. 
 
 L.viuNA, a virgin of Italy who accompa- 
 nied Camilla in her war against J:Ineas. Virg. 
 JFm. 11, v. 655. 
 
 Larinum or Larina, now Larino, a town of 
 the Frentani on the Tiferuus before it falls 
 
 LA 
 
 into the Adriatic. The inhabitants were cal- 
 led Larinates. Ital. 15, v. 565. — Cic. Clu. 63, 
 4. Mt. 12, 1. 7, ep. 13.— Liv. 22, c. 18, 1. 27, c. 
 40.— CcB^. a 1, c. 23. 
 
 Larissa, a daughter of Pelasgus, who gave 
 her name to some cities in Greece. Paus. 2, 
 
 c. 23. A city between Palestine and Egypt, 
 
 where Porapey was murdered and buried ac- 
 cording to some accounts. A large city oa 
 
 the banks ofthe Tigris. It had a small pyra- 
 mid near it, greatly inferior to those of Egypt- 
 
 A city of Asia Minor, on the southern 
 
 confines of Troas. Strab. 13. Another in 
 
 iEolia, 70 stadia from Cyme. It is suruamed 
 Phriconis by Strabo, by way of distinction. 
 
 Strab. 13.— Homer. II. 2, v. 640. Another 
 
 nearEphesus. Another on the borders of 
 
 the Peneus in Thessaly, also called Cremastty 
 from its situation, (PeiisUis,) the most famous 
 of all the cities of that name. It was here that 
 Acrisius was inadvertently killed by his grand- 
 son Perseus. Jupiter had there a famous tem- 
 ple, on account of which he is called Laris- 
 sceus. The same epithet is also applied to 
 Achilles, who reigned there. It is still extant, 
 and bears the same name. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 
 642.— Virg. JEn. 2, v. 197.— Lztcan 6.— Lip.31, 
 
 c. 46, 1. 42, c. 56. A citadel of Argos built 
 
 by Danaus. 
 
 Lariss^us. [Vid. Larissa.] 
 
 Larissus, a river of Peloponnesus flowing 
 between El is and Achaia. Strab. 8. — Liv. 
 27, c. 31.— Paus. 8, c. 43. 
 
 Larius, a lai'ge lake of Cisalpine Gaul, 
 through which the Addua runs in its way into 
 the Po, above Cremona. Virg. G. 2, v. 159. 
 
 Larnos, a small desolate island on the coast 
 of Thrace. 
 
 Laronia, a shameless courtezan in Juve- 
 nal's age. Jul'. 2, V. 86. 
 
 Lars Tolumnius, a king of the Veientes, 
 conquered by the Romans, and put to death, 
 A. U. C. 329. Liv. 4, c. 17 and 19. 
 
 T. Lartius Florus, a consul, who appeas- 
 ed a sedition raised by the poorer citizens, 
 and was the first dictator ever chosen at 
 Rome, B. C. 498. He made Spurius Cas- 
 sius his master of horse. Liv. 2, c. 18.—— 
 Spurius, one of the three Romans who alone 
 withstood the fury of Porsenna's army at the 
 head of a bridge, while the communication wa» 
 cutting down behind them. His compa- 
 nions were Codes and Herminius. [Vid. 
 
 Codes.] Liv. 2, c. 10 and 18. Dionys Hal. 
 
 — Val. Max. 3, c. 2. The name of Lartius 
 
 has been common to many Romans. 
 
 Lartol^etani, a people of Spain. 
 
 Larv^, a name given to the wicked spirits 
 and apparitions which, according to the 
 
 notions of the Romans, issued from their 
 graves in the night, and came to terrify the 
 world. As the word larva signifies amaskf 
 whose horrid and uncouth appearance often 
 serves to frighten children, that name has 
 been given to the ghosts or spectres which 
 superstition believes to hover around the 
 graves ofthe dead. Some call them Lemures. 
 Servius in Virg. JE7i. 5, v. 64, 1. v. 152. 
 
 Larymna, a town of Boeotia, where Bac- 
 chus had a temple and a statue. Another 
 
 in Caria. Strab. 9 and 16.— Mela, 1, c. 16, 1, 
 c. 3. 
 
 Larvsium, a mountain of Laconia. Paus. 
 3, c. 22. 
 
LA 
 
 LA 
 
 Lassia, an ancient name of Andros. 1 it was agreed, that the quarrel should be de* 
 
 Lassus or Lasus, a dithyrambic poet 1 cided by the two rivals, and Latinus promised 
 born at Hermione in Peloponnesus, about I his daughter to the conqueror. jJLneas ob- 
 600 years before Christ, and reckoned among I tained the victory, and married Lavinia. La- 
 the wise men of Greece by some. He is tinus soon after died, and was succeeded by his 
 
 particularly known by the answer he gave 
 to a man who asked him what could best 
 render life pleasant and comfortable.' Ex- 
 perience. He was acquainted with music. 
 Some fragments of his poetry are to be found 
 in Athenaeus. He wrote an ode upon the 
 Centaurs, and an hymn to Ceres, without 
 insertingthe letter S in the composition. Athtn. 
 10. 
 
 Lasthenes, a governor of Olynthus cor- 
 rupted by Philip king of Macedonia. A 
 
 Cretan demagogue conquered by Metellus 
 
 the Roman general. A cruel minister at 
 
 the court of the Seleucidae, kings of Syria. 
 
 Lasthenia, a woman who disguised her- 
 self to come and hear Plato's lessons. Diog. 
 Latagus, a king of Pontus who assisted 
 lEXes against the Argonauts, and was killed 
 
 by Darapes. Flacc. 5, v. 584. One of the 
 
 companions of -a:neas, killed by Mezentius. 
 Virg. JEn. 10, v. 697. 
 
 Lateral OS Plautus, a Roman consul 
 elect A. D. 65. A conspiracy with Piso 
 against the emperor Nero proved fatal to 
 him. He was led to execution, where he re- 
 fiised to confess the associates of the conspira- 
 cy, and did not even frown at the executioner, 
 who was as guilty as himself; but when a first 
 blow could not sever his head from his body, 
 he looked at the executioner, and shaking his 
 head, he returned it to the hatchet with the 
 greatest composure, and it was cut off. There 
 exists now a celebrated palace at Rome which 
 derives its name from its ancient possessors, 
 the Laterani. 
 
 Laterium, the villa of Q. Cicero at Arpi- 
 num, near the Liris. Cic. ad Attic. 10, ep. 1. 
 el. 4, ep. 7, adfr. 3, ep. 1. — Plin. 15, c, 15. 
 
 Latialis, a surname of Jupiter, who was 
 worshipped by the inhabitants of Latium upon 
 mount Albanus at stated times. The festivals 
 which were first instituted by Tarquin the 
 
 proud, lasted 15 days. Liv. 21. [Vid. Fe- 
 
 riee Latinae.] 
 
 LATiNi,the inhabitants of Latium. [Vid. 
 Latium.] 
 
 Latin lus Latiaris, a celebrated informer, 
 Stc. Tacit. 
 
 Latinus, a son of Faunus by Marica, king 
 of the Aborigines, in Italy, who from him were 
 called Latini. He married Amata, by Avhom he 
 had a son and a daughter. The son died in his 
 infancy, and the daughter, called Lavinia, was 
 secretly promised in marriage by her mother 
 to Turnus king of the Rutuli, one of her most 
 powerful admirers. The gods opposed this 
 union, and the oracles declared that Lavinia 
 must become the wife of a foreign prince. 
 The arrival of i^^neas in Italy seemed favour- 
 able to this prediction, and Latinus, by ofter- 
 ing his daughter to the foreign prince and ma- 
 king him his friend and ally, seemed to have 
 fulfilled the commands of the oracle. Tumus 
 however disapproved of the conduct of Latinus, 
 he claimed Lavinia as his lawful wife, and 
 prepared to support his cause by arms. iEneas 
 took up arms in his own defence, and Latium 
 was the seat of the war. After mutual losses 
 
 son-in-law. Virg. JEn. 9, k.c. — Ovid. Met. 13, 
 he— Fast. 2, kc.—Dionys. Hal. 1, c. 13.— 
 
 Liv. I, c. 1, &c. — Jitslin. 43, c. 1. A son 
 
 of Sylvius ^neas, surnamed also Sylvius. 
 He was the 5th king ef the Latins, and suc- 
 ceeded his father. He was father to Alba his 
 successor. Dionys. 1, c. 15.— -Lit'. 2, c. 3. 
 A son of Ulysses and Circe also bore this 
 
 name. 
 
 Latium, a country of Italy near the river 
 Tiber. It was originally very circumscribed, 
 extending only from the Tiber to Circeii, 
 but afterwards it comprehended the territo^ 
 ries of the Volsci, iEqui, Hernici, Ausones, 
 Umbii, and Rutuli. The first inhabitants 
 were called AborigineSf and received the 
 name of Latini from Latinus their king. 
 According to others the word is derived from 
 lateo, to conceal, because Saturn concealed 
 himself there when ilying the resentment of 
 his son Jupiter. Laurentum was the capital 
 of the country in the reign of Latinus, La- 
 vinium, under .^neas, and Alba under Asca- 
 nius. [Vid. Alba.] The Latins, though 
 originally known only among their neigh- 
 bours, soon rose in consequence when Ro- 
 mulus had founded the city of Rome in their 
 country. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 38, 1. 8, v. 322. 
 — Strab. 5. — Dionys. Hal. — Justin. 20, c. 1. 
 —Plut. in RomuL—Plin. 3, c. 12.— Tactf. 4, 
 Ann. 5. 
 
 Latius, a surname of Jupiter at Rome. 
 Stat. 5.—Sylv. 2, v. 392. 
 
 Latmus, a mountain of Caria near Mile- 
 tus. It is famous for the residence of Endy- 
 mion, whom the Moon regularly visited in 
 the night, whence he is often called Latmias 
 Heros. [Vid. Endymion.] Mela,. 1, c. 17. — 
 Ovid. Trist 2, v. 299. Art. Am. 3, v. SS,— Plin, 
 4, c. 29.— Strab. 14.— Cic. 1, Tus. 28. 
 
 Latobius, the god of heaUh among the 
 Corinthians. 
 Latoerigi, a people of Belgic Gaul. 
 Latois, a name of Diana as being th« 
 
 daughter of Latona. A country hous« 
 
 near Ephesus. 
 
 LatobUjE. [Vid. Latumia}.] 
 Latona, a daughter of Cceus the Titan and 
 Phoebe, or, according to. Homer, of Saturn. 
 She was admired for her beauty, and cele- 
 brated for the favours which she granted to 
 Jupiter. Juno,, always jealous of her hus- 
 band's amours, made Latona the object of 
 her vengeance, and sent the serpent Python to 
 disturb her peace and persecute her. Latona 
 wandered from place to place in the time 
 of her pregnancy, continually alarmed for 
 fear of Python. She was driven from heaven , 
 and Terra, influenced by Juno, refused to 
 give her a place where she might find rest 
 and bring forth. Neptune, moved with com^ 
 passion, struck with his trident^ and made im- 
 moveable the island of Delos, which before 
 wandered in the ^gean, and appeared some- 
 times above, and sometimes below, the surface 
 of the sea. Latona, changed into a quail by 
 Jupiter, came to Delos, w^here she resumed 
 her original shape, and gave birth to Apolli?^ 
 
LA 
 
 and Diana, leaning against a palm tree or an 
 olive. Her repose was of short duration ; 
 Juno discov^ered the place of her retreat, and 
 obliged her to fly frorji Delos. She wandered 
 over the greatest part of the world, and in 
 Caria, where her fatigue compelled her to 
 stop, she was insulted and ridiculed by peasants 
 of Vfc'hom she asked for v.'ater, while they 
 were weeding a marsh. Their refusal and in- 
 solence provoked her, and she entreated Ju- 
 piter to punish then* barbai-ity. Thpy \vere 
 all changed into frogs. She was exposed to 
 repeated insults by Niobe, who boasted her- 
 self greater than the nioiher.of Apollo aad 
 Diana, and ridiculed the presents which the 
 piety of her neighbours had offered to Latona. 
 fiVtd. x'iobc.] Her beauty pi'oved fatal to 
 the giant Tityus, whom Apollo and Diana put 
 to death. [Vid. Tityus.] At last, Latona, 
 though persecuted and exposed to the resent- 
 ment of Juno, became a powerful deity, and 
 saw her children receive divine honours. Her 
 worship was generally established where iier 
 children received adoration, particularly at 
 Argosj Delos, &c. where she bad temples. She 
 had an oracle in Egypt, celebrated for the true 
 decisive answers which ii gave, Diod. 5. — 
 Herodot^2, c. 155. — Pans. 2 and 3. — Homer. 
 11.21. Hymn in ^p. 8/- Dian. — Hesiod. Theog. 
 — ApoUod. 3, c. 5 and 10. — Ovid. Met. 6, v. 
 im.—Hygin. fab. 140. 
 Latopolis, a city of Egypt. Strah. 
 Latous, a name given to Apollo as son of 
 Latona, Ovid. Met. 6, fab. 9. 
 
 Latreus, one of the Centaurs, who, after 
 Ivillius Halesus was himself slain by Cseneus, 
 Ovid. Xet. 12, V. 463. 
 
 Laudamia, a daughter of Alexander king 
 of Epirus and Olympias daughter of Pyrrhus, 
 killed in a temple of Diana, by the enraged 
 
 populace, Jmtin. 28, c. 3. The wife of 
 
 Protesilaus. [Vid. Laodamia.] 
 Laudjce. [Vid. Laodice.] 
 L^verna, the goddess of thieves and dis- 
 honest persons at Rome. She did not only 
 preside over robbers, called from her Laver- 
 ■niones. but she protected such as deceived 
 others, or foi'raed their secret machinations in 
 obscurity and silence. Her worship was very 
 popular, and the Romans raised her an altar 
 near one of the gates of the city, which, from 
 that circumstance, was called the gate of La- 
 verna. She was generally represented by a 
 head without a body. Horat. 1, ep. 16, v. 60. 
 
 — Varro de L. L. 4, A place mentioned by 
 
 Plut. &c, 
 
 Lavernium, a temple of Laverna, near 
 Formiai. Cic. 7, M. 8. 
 
 Laufella, a wanton woman, &c. Juv. 6, 
 V. 319. 
 
 Laviana, a province of Armenia Minor. 
 Lavinia, a daughter of king Latiims and 
 Areata. She was betrothed to her relation 
 king Turnus, but because the oracle ordered 
 her father to marry her to a foreign piince, 
 she was given to .^neas after the death of 
 Turnus. [Vid. Latinus.] At her husband's 
 death she was left pregnant, and being fearfid 
 of the tyranny of Ascanius her sonin-law, she 
 fled into the woods, where she brought forth a 
 t.on called ^Encas Sylvius. Dionys. Hal. 1. — 
 Virg. JEn. 6 and l.—Orid. Met. 14, v, 507.— 
 Liv. 1, 0. 1. 
 
 LA 
 
 Lavinium, or Lavinum, a town of Italy, 
 built by iEneas, and called by that name in 
 honour of Lavinia, the founder's wife. It was 
 the capital of Latiura during the reign of 
 ^neas. Virg. Mi. 1, v. 262.—Strab. 5.— 
 Dionys. Hal. 1. — Liv. 1, c. 2. — Justin. 43, 
 c. 2. 
 Laura, a place near Alexandria in Egypt. 
 Laureacum, a town at the confluence of 
 the Ens and the Danube, now Lorch. 
 
 Laurentalia, certain festivals celebrated 
 at Rome in honour of Lamentia, on the 
 last day of April and the 23d of December. 
 They were, in process of time, part of the 
 Saturnalia. Ovid. Fast. 3, v. 57. 
 
 Lacrentes Agri, the country in the 
 neighbourhood of Laurentum. Tibull. 2, el. 
 5, V. 41. 
 Laurentia. [Vid. Acca.'\ 
 Laurentini, the inhabitants of Latium. 
 They received this name from the great num- 
 ber of laurels which grew in the country. 
 King Latinus found one of uncommon large- 
 ness and beauty, when he was going to build 
 a temple to Apollo, and the tree was consecra- 
 ted to the god, and preserved with the most 
 religious ceremonies. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 59. 
 
 Laurentius, belonging to Laurentum or 
 Latium. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 709. 
 
 Laurentum, now Paterna^ the capital 
 of the kingdom of Latium in the reign of La- 
 tinus. It is on the sea coast east of the Tiber. 
 [Vid. Laurentini.] Strab. 5. — Mela, 2, c. 4. 
 — Liv. 1, c. 1. — Virg. JEn. 7, v. 171. 
 
 Laurion, a place of Attica, where were 
 gold mines, from which the Athenians drew 
 considerable revenues, and with which they 
 built their fleets by the advice of Themis- 
 tocles. These mines failed before the age 
 of Strabo. Tliueyd. 2. — Pans. 1, c. 1.— 
 Slrab. 9. 
 
 Lauron, a town of Spain, where Pompey's 
 son was conquered by Ceesar's army. 
 
 Laus, now Laino, a town on a river of the 
 same name, which forms the southern bounda- 
 ry of Lucania. Slrab. 6. 
 
 Laus Pompeia, a town of Italy founded 
 by a colony sent thither by Pompe}^ 
 
 Lausus, a son of Numitor, and 'brother of 
 Ilia. He was put to death by his uncle 
 Amulius, who usurped his father's throne. 
 Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 54. A son of Mezentius, 
 
 king of the Tyrrhenians, killed by ^Eneas in 
 the war which his father and Turnus made 
 against the Trojans. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 649, 1. 
 10, v. 426, &LC. 
 
 Lautium, a city of Latiura, 
 
 Lautumi/e or IuATo^ux, a prison at Sy- 
 racuse cut out of the solid rock by Dionysius, 
 and now converted into a subterraneous gar- 
 den tiiled with numerous shrubs, flourishing in 
 luxuriaut variety. Cic. Ver. 5, c. 27. — Liv. 26, 
 V. 27, 1. 32, c. 26. 
 
 Leaues, a son of Astacus, who killed 
 Eteoclus. Jipollod. 
 
 LF.iKi, a nation of Pffionia near Macedonia, 
 
 Lk^na, an Athenian harlot. [Vid. Lana.] 
 
 Leander, a youth of Abydos, famous for 
 
 his amours with Hero. [Vid. Hero.] A 
 
 Milesian who wrote an historical commentary 
 upon his country, 
 
 Leandre, a daughter of Amyclas, who 
 raariied Areas. .ff/olUd. 
 
LE 
 
 Leajs'drias, a Lacedaemonian refugee of 
 Thebes, who declared, according to an ancient 
 oracle, thai Sparta wouid lose the superiority 
 over Greece when conquered by the Thebans 
 at Leuctra. Diod. 15. 
 
 Leanira, a daughter of Amyclas. [Vid. 
 Leandre.] 
 
 Learchcs, a son of Athamas and Ino, 
 crushed to death against a wall by his father, 
 in a fit of madness. [ Tirf. Athamas.] Ovid. 
 Fast. 6, V. 490. 
 
 Lebadea, now Lioadias, a town of Bceo- 
 tia, near mount Helicon. It received this 
 name from the mother of Aspledou, and be- 
 came famous for the oracle and cave of Tro- 
 phonius. No moles could live there, accord- 
 ing to Pliny. Strab. g. — Plin. 16, c. 36. — 
 Pans. 9, c. 59. 
 
 Leeedus or Lebedos, a town of Ionia, 
 at the north of Colophon, where festivals were 
 yearly observed in honour of Bacchus, and 
 where Tropbonius had a cave and a temple. 
 Lysimachus destroyed it, and carried part of 
 the inhabitants to Ephesus. It had been 
 founded by an Athenian colony, under one of 
 the sons of Codrus. Strab. 14 — Horat. 1, 
 ep. 11, V. 7. — Herodot. 1, c. 142. — Cic. 1, Div. 
 33. 
 
 Lebena, a commercial town of Crete, 
 with a temple sacred to ..Esculapius. Paas. 
 2, c. 26. 
 
 Lebinthos and Lebynthos, an island in the 
 JEgean sea, near Patmos. Strab. 10. — Mela, 
 2; c. 7.— Ovid. Met. 8, v. 222. 
 
 Lech.eum, now Pelago, a port of Corinth 
 in the bay of Corinth. Stat. Thtb. 2, v. 381. 
 — Lir. 32, c. 23. 
 
 Lectum, a promontory, now cape Baba, se- 
 parating Troas from iiiol'ia. Lix. 37, c. 37. 
 Lecythus, a town of Eubcea. 
 Leda, a daughter of king Thespius and 
 Eurylhemis, who married Tyndarus, king of 
 Sparta. She was seen bathing in the river 
 Eurotas by Jupiter, when she was some few 
 days advanced in her pregnancy, and the god, 
 struck with her beauty, resolved to deceive 
 her. He persuaded Venus to change herself 
 into an eagle, while he assumed the form of 
 a swan ; and after this metamorphosis. Jupi 
 ter, as if fearful of the tyrannical cruelty of 
 the bird of prey, fled through the air into the 
 arms of Leda, who willingly sheltered the 
 trembling swan from the assaults of his supe- 
 rior enemy. The caresses with which the 
 naked Leda received the swan, enabled Jupi- 
 ter to avail himself of his situation, and nine 
 months after this adventure, the wife of Tyn- 
 darus brought forth two eggs, of one of which 
 Eprang Pollux and Helena, and of the other 
 Castor and Cl3'teranestra. The two former 
 were deemed the ofl'spring of Jupiter, and the 
 others claimed Tyndarus for their father. 
 Some mythologists attribute this amour to 
 Nemesis, and not to Leda ; and they further 
 mention, that Leda was intrusted with the 
 education of the children which sprang from 
 the eggs brought forth by Nemesis. [Via. 
 Helena.] To reconcile this diversity of opin- 
 ions, others maintain that Leda received the 
 name of Nemesis after death. Homer and 
 Hesiod make no mention of the metamorphosis 
 
 LE 
 
 two ancient poets, and probably invented since 
 their age. ^pollod. 1, c. 8, 1.3, c. 10. — Ovid. 
 Met. 6, V. 109.— Hesiod. 17, v. 55.— Hygin. fab. 
 77. — Isocr. inHel. — Homer. Od. 11. — Eurip. in 
 
 Hel. A famous dancer in the age of Juvt- 
 
 iial 6, V. 63. 
 
 LEDiEl, an epithet given to Hermione, &c. 
 as related to Leda. Virg. JEn. 3, v. 328. 
 
 Ledus, now Lez, a river of Gaul near the 
 modern Montpelier. Mela, 2, c. 5. 
 
 Legio, a corps of soldiers in the Roman 
 armies, whose numbers have been different 
 at different times. The legion under Romu- 
 lus consisted of 3000 foot and 300 horse, and 
 was soon after augmented to 4000, after 
 the admission of the Sabines into the city. 
 When Annibal was in Italy it consisted of 6000 
 soldiers, and afterwards it decreased to 4000, 
 or 4500. Marius made it consist of 6200, 
 besides 700 horse. This was the period of its 
 greatness in numbers. Livy speaks of ten, 
 and even eighteen, legions kept at Rome. Du- 
 ring the consular government it was usual to 
 levy and fit up four legions, which were divi- 
 ded between the two consuls. This number 
 was however often increased, as time and oc- 
 casion required. Augustus maintained a stand- 
 ing army of twenty-three or twenty-five le- 
 gions, and this number was seldom diminished. 
 In the reign of Tiberius there were 27 legions, 
 and the peace establishment of Adrian main- 
 tained no less than 30 of these formidable bri- 
 gades. They ^vere distributed over the Ro- 
 man empire, and their stations were settled 
 and permanent. The peace of Britain was 
 protected by three legions ; sixteen were sta- 
 tioned on the banks of the Rhine and Danube, 
 viz. two in Lower, and three in Upper Ger- 
 many ; one in Noricum, one in Rhaetia, three 
 in Mcesia, four in Pannonia, and two in Dacia. 
 Eight were stationed on the Euphrates, six of 
 which remained in SjTia, and two in Cappado- 
 cia, while the remote provinces of Egypt, 
 
 Africa, and Spain, were guarded each by a 
 single legion. Besides these, the tranquillity 
 of Rome was preserved by 20,000 soldiers, who, 
 under the titles of city cohorts and of praetorian 
 guards, watched oter the safety of the mon- 
 arch and of the capital. The legions were 
 distinguished by different appellations, and 
 generally borrowed their name from the order 
 in A\ hich they were first raised, as prima, secun- 
 da, tertia, quarta, k.c. Besides this distinc- 
 tion, another more expressive was generally 
 added, as from the name of the emperor who 
 embodied them, as Jlugusta, Claudiana, Gal- 
 biana, Flavia, Ulpia, Trajana, Aniomana, k,c. 
 from the provinces or quarters where they 
 were stationed, as Britannica, Cyrenica, Gal- 
 lica, he. from the provinces which had 
 been subdued by their valour, as Parthica, 
 Scylhica, jlrabica, Jifricanc, kc. from the 
 names of the deities whom their generals 
 particularly \\ orshipped, as Mincrvia, JpolU- 
 naris, Lc. or from more trifling accidents, as 
 Martia, Fulminntrix, Rapa.v, Mjutrix, &.c. 
 Each legion was divided into ten cohorts, each 
 cohort into three manipuli, and every manipu- 
 lus into three centuries or ordines. The chief 
 commander of the legion was called legcdus, 
 lieutenant. The standards borne by the le- 
 of Jupiter into a swan, whence some have im- gions were various. In the fii'st ages of Rome 
 agineJ that tie fable was unknown to these j a wuii wa.? tlie standard, in honour of Romu- 
 
LE 
 
 lus ; after that a hog, because that animal was ge- 
 nerally sacrificed at the conclusion of a treaty, 
 and therefore it indicated that war is underta- 
 ken for the obtaining of peace. A minotaur 
 was sometimes the standard, to intimate the 
 secrecy with which the general was to act, in 
 commemoration of the labyrinth. Sometimes 
 a horse or a boar was used, till the age of Ma- 
 rias, who changed all these for the eagle, be- 
 ing a representation of that bird in silver, hold- 
 ing sometimes a thunderbolt in its claws. 
 The Roman eagle ever after remained in use, 
 though Trajan made use of the dragon. 
 
 Leitus, or Letus, a commander of the 
 Boeotians at the siege of Troy, He was saved 
 from the victorious hand of Hector and from 
 death by Idomenus. Homer. II. 2, 6, and 17. 
 
 One of the Argonauts, son of Alector. 
 
 Apollod. 2, c. 9. 
 
 Lelaps, a dog that never failed to seize 
 and conquer whatever animal he was ordered 
 to pursue. It was given to Pocris by Diana, 
 and Pocris reconciled herself to her husband 
 by presenting him with that valuable present. 
 According to some, Pocris had received it 
 from Minos, as a reward for the dangerous 
 wounds of which she had cured him. Hygin. 
 fab. \2S.—0vid: Met. 7, v. 771.— Paiw. 9, c. 
 
 19. One of Actaeon's dogs. Ovid. Met. 3, 
 
 V. 211. 
 
 Leleges, (a ^y, to gather) a wander- 
 ing people, composed of different unconnect- 
 ed nations. They were originally inhabitants 
 of Caria, and went to the Trojan war with 
 Altes their king. Achilles plundered their 
 country, and obliged them to retire to the 
 neighbourhood of Halicarnassus, where they 
 fixed their habitation. The inhabitants of La- 
 conia and Megara bore this name for some 
 time, from Lelex, one of their kings. Strab. 
 7 and 8.— Homer. II. 21, v. 85.— Plin. 4, c. 7, 
 1. 5, c. 30.— Virg. Mfi. 8, v. T26.—raus. 3, 
 e. 1. 
 
 Lelegeis, a name applied to Miletus, be- 
 eause once possessed by the Leleges. Plin. 
 5, c. 29. 
 
 Lelex, an Egyptian, who came with a co- 
 lony to Megara, where he reigned about 200 
 years before the Trojan war. His subjects 
 were called from him Leleges, and the place 
 
 Lelegeia mcenia. Paus. 3, c. 1. A Greek, 
 
 who was the first king of Laconia in Pelopon- 
 nesus. His subjects were also called Leleges, 
 and the country where he reigned Lelegia. Id. 
 
 Le.manis, a place in Britain, where Caesar 
 is supposed to have first landed, and therefore 
 placed by some at Lime in Kent. 
 
 Lemannus, a lake in the country of the Al- 
 lobroges, through which the Rhone flows by 
 Geneva. It is now called the lake of Geneva 
 or Lausanne. Lucan. 1, v. 396. — Mela^ 2, c. 5. 
 
 Lemnos, an island in the JEge^n sea, be- 
 tween Tenedos, Imbros, and Samothrace. It 
 was sacred to Vulcan, called Lemnius pater, 
 who fell there when kicked down from heaven 
 by Jupiter. [Vid. Vulcanus.] It was cele- 
 brated for two horrible massacres, that of the 
 Lemnian women murdering their husbands, 
 IVid. Hipsipyle,] and that of the Lemnians, 
 or Pelasgl, in killing all the children they had 
 had by some Athenian women, whom they 
 bad carried away to become their wives. 
 These two acts of*^ cruelty have given rise to 
 
 LE 
 
 the proverb of Lemnian actiont, which is ap- 
 plied to all barbarous and inhuman deed*. 
 The first inhabitants of Lemnos were the Pe- 
 lasgi, or rather the Thracians, w ho were mur- 
 dered by their wives. After them came the 
 children of the Lemnian widows by the Argo- 
 nauts, whose descendants were at last expelled 
 by the Pelasgi, about 1100 years before the 
 christian era. Lemnos is about 1 12 miles in cir- 
 cumference, according to Pliny, who says, that 
 it is often shadowed by mount Athos, though at 
 the distance of 87 miles. It has been called 
 Hipsipyle, from queen Hipsipyle. It is famous 
 for a certain kind of earth or chalk, called 
 terra Lemnia, or terra sigillaia, from the 
 seal or impression which it can bear. As 
 the inhabitants were blacksmiths, the poets 
 have taken occasion to fix the forges of Vulcan 
 in that island, and to consecrate the whole 
 country to his divinity. Lemnos is also cele- 
 brated for a labyrinth, which, according to 
 some traditions, surpassed those of Crete and 
 Egypt. Some remains of it were still visible 
 in the age of Pliny. The island of Lemnos, 
 now called Slalimene, was reduced under the 
 power of Athens by Miltiades, and the Ca- 
 rians, who then inhabited it, obliged to emi- 
 grate. Virg. JEn. 8, v. 454. — Homer. 11. 1, v. 
 593.— C. Mp. in Milt.— Strab. 1, 2, and 7.— 
 Herodot. 6, c. 140. — Mela, 2, c. 7. — Apollon. 1, 
 arg.—Flac. 2, v. 18.— Ovid. Art. Jm. 3, v. 672. 
 —Stat. 3. Theb. 274. 
 
 Lemovices, a people of Gaul, now Limou- 
 sin ^ Limoges. Cces. G. 7, G. 4. 
 
 Lemovii, a nation of Germany. Tacit, tic 
 Germ. 
 
 Lebiures, the manes of the dead. The 
 ancients supposed that the souls, after death, 
 wandered all over the world, and disturbed 
 the peace of its inhabitants. The good spirits 
 weje called Lares familiares, and the evil 
 ones were known by the name of Larva, or 
 Lemures. They terrified the good, and con- 
 tinually haunted the wicked and impious ; and 
 tiie Romans had the superstition to celebrate 
 festivals in their honour, called Lemuria, or 
 Lemuralia, in the month of May. They 
 were first instituted by Romulus to appease 
 the manes of his brother Remus, from whom 
 they were called Remuria, and, by corrup- 
 tion, Lemuria. These solemnities continued 
 three nights, during which the temples of the 
 gods were shut, and marriages prohibited. It 
 was usual for the people to throw black beans 
 on the graves of the deceased, or to burn them, 
 as the smell was supposed to be insupportable 
 to them. They also muttered magical words, 
 and, by beating kettles and drums, they be- 
 lieved that the ghosts would depart, and no 
 longer come to terrify their relations upon 
 earth. Ovid. Fast. 5, v. 421, he.— Herat. 2j 
 ep. 2, v. 209.— Persius 5, v. 185. 
 
 LisMURiA and Lemuralia. [Vid. Le- 
 mures.] 
 
 LENiEus, a surname of Bacchus, from 
 Moi, a wine press. There was a festival 
 called Lenaa, celebrated in his honour, in 
 which the ceremonies observed at the other 
 festivals of the god chiefly prevailed. There 
 were, besides, poetical contentions, he. Paus. 
 — Virg. G. 2, v. 4. ^n. 4, v. 201.— Ovid. 
 Met.4,v. 14. A leai'ned grammarian, or- 
 dered by Pompey to translate into Latin some 
 
LE 
 
 of the physical manuscripts of Mithridates, 
 king of Fontus. 
 
 Lentolus, a celebrated family at Rome, 
 which produced many great men in the com- 
 monwealth. The most illustrious were L. 
 Corn. Lentulus, a consul, A. U. C. 427, who 
 dispersed some robbers who infested Umbria. 
 
 Batiatus Lentulus, a man who trained 
 
 up some gladiators at Capua, which escaped 
 
 from his school. Corn. Lentulus, surnaraed 
 
 Suri. He joined in Catihne's conspiracy, and 
 assisted in corrupting the Allobroges. He was 
 convicted in full senate by Cicero, and put in 
 
 prison, and afterwards executed. A consul 
 
 who triumphed over the Samnites. Cn. 
 
 Lentulus, surnamed Gadulicus, was made con- 
 sul, A. D. 26, and was, some time after, put 
 to death by Tiberius, who was jealous of his 
 great popularity. He wrote an history, men- 
 tioned by Suetonius, and attempted also poe- 
 try. L. Lentulus, a friend of Pompey, 
 
 put to death in Africa. P. Corn. Lentulus, 
 
 a prcetor, defeated by the rebellious slaves 
 
 in Sicily. Lentulus Spinther, a senator, 
 
 kindly used by J. Caesar, &<c. A tribune at 
 
 the battle of Cannae. P. Lentulus, a friend 
 
 of Brutus, mentioned by Cicero (rfe Oral. 1, c. 
 48,) as a great and consummate statesman. — 
 Besides these, there are a few others, whose 
 name is only mentioned in history, and whose 
 life was not marked by any uncommon event. 
 The consulship was in the family of the Len- 
 luli in the yeai-s of Rome 427, 479, 517, 518, 
 553, 555, 598, oic. Tacit. Ann. — Liv. — Flor. — 
 Plin. — Plut. — Eutrop, 
 
 Leo, a native of Byzantium, who flourished 
 350 years before the Christian era. His phi- 
 losophical and political talents endeared him 
 to his countrymen, and he was always sent 
 upon every important occasion as ambassador 
 to Athens, or to the court of Philip king of 
 Macedonia. This monarch, well acquainted 
 with the abilities of Leo, was sensible that his 
 views and claims to Byzantium would never 
 succeed while it was protected by the vigi- 
 lance of such a patriotic citizen. To remove 
 him he had recourse to artifice and perfidy. A 
 letter was forged, in W'hich Leo made solemn 
 promises of betraying his country to the king 
 of Macedonia for money. This was no sooner 
 known than the people ran enraged to the 
 house of Leo, and the philosopher, to avoid 
 their fury, and without attempting his justifi- 
 cation, strangled himself. He had written 
 some treatises upon physic, and also the his- 
 tory of his country and the wars of Philip, in 
 %e\ex\ books, which have been lost. Flat. 
 
 A Corinthian at Syracuse, &.c. A king 
 
 of Sparta. A son of Eurycrates. Jllhen. 
 
 12. — Philostr. An emperor of the east, sur- 
 named the Thracian. He reigned 17 years, 
 and died A. D. 474, being succeeded by Leo 
 the Second for 10 months, and afterwards by 
 Zeno. 
 
 Leocorion", a monument and temple erect- 
 ed by the Athenians to Pasithea, Theope, and 
 Eubule, daughters of Leos, who immolated 
 themselves when an oracle had ordered that, 
 to stop the ragingpestilence, some of the blood 
 of the citizens must be shed. JElian. 12, c. 
 28.— Czc. JV.Z>. 3, c. 19. 
 
 Leocrates, an Athenian general, who 
 flourished B. C. 460, ^c. Diod. U. 
 
 LE 
 
 Leodamas, a son of Eteocles, one of the 
 seven Theban chiefs who defended the city 
 against the Argives. He killed ^gialeus, and 
 
 was himself killed by Alcmaeon. A son of 
 
 Hector and Andromache. Dictys. Crtt. 
 
 Leodocws, one of the Argonauts. Flacc. 
 
 Leogoras, an Athenian debauchee, wh» 
 maintained the courtezan Myrrhina. 
 
 Leon, a king of Sparta. Herodot. 7, c. 204. 
 
 A town of Sicily, near Syracuse. Liv. 24, 
 
 c. 25. 
 
 Leona, a courtezan, called also Lasna. Fit?. 
 Laena. 
 
 Leonatus, one of Alexander's generals. 
 His father's name was Eunus. He distinguish- 
 ed himself in Alexander's conquest of Asia,^ 
 and once saved the king's life in a dangerous 
 battle. After the death of Alexander, at the 
 general division of the provinces, he received 
 for his portion that part of Phrygia which bor- 
 ders on the Hellespont. He was empowered 
 by Perdiccas to assist Eumenes in making him- 
 self master of the province of Cappadocia, 
 which had been allotted to him. Like the rest 
 of the generals of Alexander, he was ambitious 
 of power and dominion. He aspired to the 
 sovereignty of Macedonia, and secretly com- 
 municated to Eumenes the different plans he 
 meant to pursue to execute his designs. He 
 passed from Asia into Europe to assist Anti- 
 pater against the Athenians, and was killed 
 in a battle which was fought soon after his ar- 
 rival. Historians have mentioned as an in- 
 stance of the luxury of Leonalus, that he em- 
 ployed a number of camels to procure some 
 earth from Egypt to wrestle upon, as, in his 
 opinion, it seemed better calculated for that 
 purpose. Plut. in Alex. — Curt. 3, c. 12, 1. 6, 
 c. 8.— Justin. 13, c. 2. — Diod. 18. — C. JVep.in 
 
 Eum. A Macedonian with Pyrrhus in Italy 
 
 against the Romans, 
 
 Leonidas, a celebrated king of Lacedas- 
 mon, of the family of the Euristhenidas, sent 
 by his countiymen to oppose Xerxes, king of 
 Persia, who had invaded Greece with about 
 five millions of souls. He was offered the 
 kingdom of Greece by the enemy, if he would 
 not oppose his views ; but Leonidas heard the 
 proposal with indignation, and observed, that 
 he preferred death for his country, to an un- 
 just though extensive dominion over it. Be- 
 fore the engagement Leonidas exhorted his 
 soldiers, and told them all to dine heartily, as 
 they were to sup in the realms of Pluto. The 
 battle was fought at Thermopylas, and the 300 
 Spartans,who alone had refused to abandon the 
 scene of action, withstood the enemy with 
 such vigour, that they were obliged to retire, 
 wearied and conquered, during three succes- 
 sive days, till Ephialtes, a Tracliinian, had the 
 perfidy to conduct a detachment of Persians 
 by a secret path up the mountains, whence 
 they suddenly fell upon therear of the Spar- 
 tans, and crushed them to pieces. Only one es- 
 caped of the 300; he returned home, where 
 he was treated with insult and reproaches, for 
 Hying ingloriously from a battle in which hi? 
 brave companions, with their royal leader, 
 had perished. This celebrated battle, which 
 happened 480 years before the Christian era, 
 taught the Greeks to despise the number of 
 the Persians, and to rely upon their own 
 strength and intrepidity. Temples were raised 
 
LE 
 
 to the fallen hero, and festivals, called Leo- 
 rUdea, yearly celebrated at Spai'ta, in.which 
 free-born youths contended. Leonides, as he 
 departed for the battle from Lacedeemon, gave 
 no other injunction to his wife, but, after his 
 death, to marry a man of virtue and honour, 
 to raise from her children deserving of the 
 name and greatness of her first husband. He- 
 rodot. 7, c. 120, he. — C. Mp. in Them. — 
 Justin. 2. — Val. Max. 1, c. 6. — Paus. 3, c. 4. 
 
 — Plut. in Lye. ^ Cleom. A king of Sparta 
 
 after Areus II. 257 years before Christ. He 
 was driven from his kingdom by Cleombrotus, 
 his son-in-law, and afterwards re-established. 
 -A preceptor to Alexander the Great 
 
 A friend of Parmenio, appointed commander, 
 by Alexander, of the soldiers who lamented 
 the death of Parmenio, and who formed a se- 
 parate cohort. Curt. 7, c. 2. A learned 
 
 man of Rhodes, greatly commended by Stra- 
 bo, &,c. 
 
 Leontium and Leontini, a town of Sicily, 
 about five miles distant from the sea-shore. 
 It was built by a colony from Chalcis, in Eu- 
 boea, and was, according to some accounts, 
 once the habitation of the Laestrigones, for 
 which reason the neighbouring fields are often 
 called L(Bsirigonii campi. The country was 
 extremely fruitful, whence Cicero calls it the 
 grand magazine of Sicily. The wine M^hich it 
 produced was the best of the island. The 
 people of Leontium implored the assistance of 
 the Athenians against the Syracusans, B. C. 
 427. Thucyd. Q.—Polyh. '7.— Ovid. Fast. 4, 
 V. 467. — Ital. 14, v. 126. — Cic. in Verr. 5. 
 
 Leoktium, a celebrated courtezan of Athens, 
 who studied philosophy under Epicurus, and 
 became one of his most renowned pupils. 
 She prostituted herself to the philosopher's 
 scholars, and even to Epicurus himself, if we 
 believe the reports which were raised by some 
 of his enemies. [Firf. Epicurus.] Metrodo- 
 pus shared her favours in the most unbounded 
 manner, and by him she had a son, to whom 
 Epicurus was so partial, that he recommend- 
 ed him to his executors on his dying bed. Le- 
 ontium not only professed herself a warm ad- 
 mirer and follower of the doctrines of Epicu- 
 rus, but she even wrote a book in support of 
 them against Theophrastus. This book was 
 valuable, if we believe the testimony and 
 criticism of Cicero, who praised the purity 
 and elegance of its style, and the truly Attic 
 turn of the expressions. Leontium had aiso 
 a daughter called Danae, who mairied So- 
 phron. Cic. de J\'at. D. 1, c. 33. 
 
 Leontocephalus, a strongly fortified city 
 of Phrygia. Plut. 
 
 Leonton, or Leontopolis, a town of Egypt 
 where lions were worshipped. Mlian. U. An. 
 12, c. l.—Plin. 5, c, 10. 
 Leontychides. Vid. Leotychides. 
 Leos, a son of Orpheus, who immolated 
 his three daughters for the good of Athens. 
 Vid. Leocorion. 
 
 Leosthenes, an Athenian general, who, 
 after Alexander's death, drove Antipater to 
 Thessaly, where he besieged him in the town 
 of Lamia. The success which for a while at- 
 tended his arms was soon changed by a fatal 
 blow whichhe rcceivedfrom aelone thrown by 
 the besieged, B, C. 323. The death of Leos- 
 thenes was followed bv a total defeat of the 
 
 LE 
 
 Athenian forces. The funeral oration over his 
 body was pronounced at Athens by Hyperi- 
 des, in the absence of Demosthenes, who had 
 been lately banished for taking a bribe from 
 Harpalus. [Vid. Lamiacum.] Diod. 17 and 
 18. — Strab. 9. — Another general of Athens, 
 condemned on account of the bad success 
 which attended his arms against Peparethos. 
 
 Leotychides, a king of Sparta, son of 
 Menares, of the family of the Proclidae. He 
 was set over the Grecian fleet, and by his cour- 
 age and valour he put an end to the Persian 
 war at the famous battle of Mycale. It is said 
 that he cheered the spirits of his fellow sol- 
 diers at Mycale, who were anxious for their 
 countrymen in Greece, by raising a report that 
 a battle had been fought at Plataea, in which 
 the barbarians had been defeated. This suc- 
 ceeded, and though the information "was false, 
 yet a battle was fought at Phvta^a, in which the 
 Greeks obtained the victory the same day that 
 the Persian fleet was destroyed at Mycale. 
 Leotychides was accused of a capital crime by 
 the Ephori, and, to avoid the punishment 
 which his guilt seemed to deserve, he fled to 
 the temple of Minerva at Tegea, where he 
 perished B. C. 469, after a reign of 22 years. 
 He was succeeded by his grandson Archida- 
 
 mus. Paus. 3, c. 7 and 8. — Diod. 11. A son 
 
 of Agis, king of Sparta, by Timaea. Thejegi- 
 timacy of his birth was disputed by some, and 
 it was generally believed that he was the son 
 of Alcibiades. He was prevented from as- 
 cending the throne of Sparta by Lysander, 
 though Agis had declared him upon his death- 
 bed his lawful son and heir, and Agesilaus was 
 ap-pointed in his place. C. JVep. in Ages. — 
 Plut.—Pavs. 3, c. 8. 
 
 Lephyrium, a city of Cilicia. 
 
 Lepida, a noble woman, accused of at- 
 tempts to poison her husband, from whom 
 she had been separated for 20 years. She was 
 condemned under Tiberius. Tacit. Ann. 3, c. 
 
 22. A woman who married Scipio. 
 
 Domitia, a daughter of Drusus and Antonia, 
 great niece to Augustus, and aunt to the em- 
 peror Nero. She is described by Tacitus as a 
 common prostitute, infamous in her manners, 
 violent in her temper, and yet celebrated for 
 her beauty. She was put to death by means 
 of her rival Agvippina, Nero's mother. Tacit. 
 A wife of Galba the emperor. A wife 
 
 of Cassius, &-C. 
 
 LepYdus M. iEMiLins, a Roman, cele- 
 brated as being one of the triumvirs with 
 Augustus and Antony. He was of an illus- 
 trious family, and, like the rest of his contem- 
 poraries, he was remarkable for his ambition, 
 to which was added a narrowness of mind, 
 and a great deficiency of military abilities. 
 He was sent against Caesar's murderers, and 
 some time after he leagued with M. Antony, 
 who had gained the heart of his soldiers by ar- 
 tilice, and that of their commander by his ad- 
 dress. When his influence and |)Ower among 
 the soldiers had made him one of the trium- 
 virs, he showed his cruelty, like his colleagues, 
 by his proscriptions, and even suffered his own 
 brother to be sacrificed to the dagger of the 
 triumvirate. He received Africa as his por- 
 tion in the division of the empire; but his in- 
 dolence soon rendered him despicable in the 
 eyes of his soldi'jrs and of his colleagues ; and 
 
LE 
 
 LE 
 
 Augustus, who was well acquainted with the j that Hercules killed the famous hydra. Virg. 
 unpopularity of Lepidus, went to his campion. 6, v. 803, 1. 12, v. 517. — Strah.^.-'M''lay 
 and obliged him to resign the power to which -2, c. 3. — Ovid. Met. 1, v. 597. — Lucret. 5. — 
 
 he was entitled as beiug a triumvir. After 
 this degrading event, he suuk into obscurity, 
 and retired, by order of Augustus, to Cerceii, 
 a small town on the coast of Latium, where 
 he ended his days in peace, B. C. 13, and 
 where he was forgotten as soon as out of power. 
 Appiaa. — Pint, in Aug. — Fior. 4, c. 6 and 7. 
 — ^-A Roman consul, sent to be the guardian 
 of young Ptolemy Epiphanes, whom his father 
 had left to the care of the Roman people. Ta- 
 cit. Aim. 2, c. 67. — Justin. 30, c. 3. A son 
 
 of Julia, the grand-daughter of Augustus. He 
 was intended by Caius as his successor in the 
 Roman empire. He committed adultery with 
 
 Agrippina when young. Dion. 59. An 
 
 orator mentioned by Cicero in Brut. A 
 
 censor, A. U. C. 734. 
 
 LepinuS; a mountain of Italy. Colum. 10. 
 
 Lepontii, a people at the source of the 
 Rhine. Plin. 5, c. 20. 
 
 Lepreos, a son of Pyrgeus, who built a 
 town in Elis, which he called after his own 
 name. He laid a wager that he would eat as 
 much as Hercules ; upon which he killed an 
 ox and eat it up. He afterwards challenged 
 Hercules to a trial of strength, and was killed. 
 Paus. 5, c. 5. 
 
 Leprium or Lepreos, a town of Elis. Cic. 
 6. Atl. 2.— Plin. 4, c. 5. 
 
 Leptines, a general of Demetrius, who 
 ordered Cn. Octavius, one of the Roman am- 
 bassadors, to be put to death. A son of 
 
 Hermocrates, of Syracuse, brother to Dio- 
 nysius. He was sent by his brother against 
 the Carthaginians, and experienced so much 
 success, that he sunk fifty of their ships. He 
 was afterwards defeated by Mago, and banish- 
 ed by Dionysius. H« always continued a 
 faithful friend to the interests of his brother, 
 though naturally an avowed enemy to tyranny 
 and oppression. He was killed in a battle with 
 
 the Carthaginians. Diod. 15. A famous 
 
 orator at Athens, who eudeavoured to unload 
 the people from oppressive taxes. He was op- 
 posed by Demosthenes. A tyrant of Apol- 
 
 lonia, in Sicilv, who surrendered to Timoleon 
 Diod. 16. 
 
 Leptis, the name of two cities of Africa, 
 one of which, called Major, now" Lehida, was 
 near the Syrtes, and had been built by a Ty- 
 rian or Sidonian colony. The other, called 
 Minor, now Lemta, was about eighteen Ro- 
 man miles from Adrumetum. It paid every 
 day a talent to the republic of Carthage, by 
 way of tribute. Lucan. 2, v. 2o\.—Plin. 
 5, c. 19. — Sallust. in Jug. 77. — Mela, 1, c. 8. 
 —Strab. 3, v. 257.— Cce*. C. 2, c. 38.— Cic. 5. 
 Verr. 59. 
 
 Lerja, an island in the .£gean sea, on the 
 coast of Caria, about eighteen miles in cir- 
 cumference, peopled by a Milesian colony. 
 Its inhabitants were very dishonest. Slrab. 
 10.— Herodot. 5, c. 125. 
 
 Lerina or Pl.\nasia, a small island in the 
 Mediterranean, on the coast of Gaul, at the 
 east of the Rhone. Tacit. Ann. 1, c. 3. 
 
 Lerna, a country of Argolis, celebrated 
 
 for a grove and a lake, where, according to 
 
 the poets, the Danaides threw the heads of 
 
 ^heir murdered husbands. It was thpre al»o 
 
 48 
 
 Slat. Theb. 4, v. 638.— Apollod. 2, c. 15. 
 
 There was a festival, called Lerruza, cele- 
 brated there in honour of Bacchus, Proser- 
 pine, and Ceres. The Argives used to cariy 
 tire to this solemnity from a temple upon 
 mount Crathis, dedicated to Diana. Paus. 
 
 Lero, a small island on the coast of Gaul, 
 called also Lerina. 
 Leros. Vid. Leria. 
 
 Lesbos, a large island in the -(Egean sea, 
 now known by the name of Metelin, 168 
 miles in circumference. It has been severally 
 called JEgira, Lasia, JEihiope, and Pelasgiay 
 from the Pelasgi, by whom it was first peopled ; 
 Macaria, fi'om Macareus who settled in it, 
 and Lesbos from the son-in-law and successor 
 of Macareus who bore the same name. The 
 chief towns of Lesbos were Methymna and 
 Mitylene. Lesbos was originally governed 
 by kings, but they were afterwards subjected 
 to the neighbouring powers. The wine which 
 it produced was greatly esteemed by the an- 
 cients, and still is in the same repute among 
 the moderns. The Lesbians were celebrated 
 among the ancients for their skill in music, and 
 their women for their beauty ; but the general 
 character of the people was so debauched and 
 dissipate, that the epithet of Lesbian was often 
 used to signify debaucheiy and extravagance. 
 Lesbos has given birth to many illustrious per- 
 sons, such as Arion, Terpander, &c. The best 
 verses w ere by way of eminence often called 
 Leshoum carmen, from Alca^us and Sappho, 
 who distinguished themselves for their poeti- 
 cal compositions, and were also natives of the 
 place. Diod. b.—Strab. 13.— Virg. G. 2, v. 
 90.— Horat. 1, ep. U.— Herodot. l,c. 160. 
 
 Lesbus or Lesbos, a son of Lapithas, 
 grandson of ^olus, who married Methymna, 
 daughter of Macareus. He succeeded his fa- 
 ther-in-law, and gave his name to the island 
 over which he reigned. 
 
 Lesches, a Greek poet of Lesbos, who flour- 
 ished B. C. 600. Some suppose him to be the 
 author of the little Iliad, of which only few 
 verses remain quoted by Paus. 10, c, 25. 
 
 Lestrygones. Vid. Laestiygones. 
 
 Letanum, a town of Propontis, built by the 
 Athenians. 
 
 Leth^sus, a river of Lydia, flowing by Mag- 
 nesia into the Meander. Sfrab. 10, Lc. 
 
 Another of Macedonia. Of Crete. 
 
 Lethe, one of the rivers of hell, whose wa- 
 ters the souls of the dead drank after they had 
 been confinedforacertain space of time in Tar- 
 tarus. It had the power of making them for- 
 get whatever they had done, seen, or heard, 
 
 before, as the name implies, ^>iJ>i, oblivion. 
 
 Lethe is a river of Africa, near the Syrtes, 
 which runs under the ground, and some time 
 after rises again, whence the origin of the fable 
 
 of the Lethean streams of oblivion. There 
 
 is also a river of that name in Spain. An- 
 other in Boeotia, whose waters werednmkby 
 those who consulted the oracle of Trophonius. 
 Lucan. 9, v. 355. — Ovid. Trisi. 4, el. 1, v. 47. 
 — Virg. a. 4, V. 545. ^n. 6, v. 714.— //«/. 1, 
 V. 235, 1. 10, v. 655.— Paus. 9, c. 39.— Moral. 
 4, od. 7, v. 27. 
 
 Lftu.?, a raounlaui of Liguria. Liv. 41, c 18. 
 
LE 
 
 Levana, a goddess at Rome, who presided 
 over the action of the person who took up from 
 the ground a newly born child, after it had 
 been placed there by the midwife. This was 
 generally done by the father, and so religiously 
 observed was this ceremony, that the legiti- 
 macy of a child could be disputed without it. 
 
 Leuca, a town of the Salentines near a cape 
 of the same name in Italy. Lucan. 5, v. 376. 
 
 ——A town of Ionia of Crete of Ar- 
 
 golis. Strab. 6, Sic. 
 
 LEUCASor Leucadia, an island of the Ionian 
 sea now called St. Maura, near the coast of 
 Epirus, famous for a promontoiy called Leu- 
 cate, Leucas, or Leucates, where desponding 
 lovers threw themselves into the sea. Sappho 
 bad recourse to this leap to free herself from 
 the violent passion which she entertained for 
 Phaon. The word is derived from Ae^>c:j, while, 
 on account of the whiteness of its rocks. Apol- 
 lo had a temple on the promontory, whence 
 he is often called Leucadius. The island was 
 formerly joined to the continent by a narrow 
 isthmus, which the inhabitants dug through 
 after the Pelopontiesian war. Ovid. Heroid. 
 15, V. m.—Slrab. 6, kc.—Ilal. 15, v. 302.— 
 
 Virg. JEn. 3, v. 274, 1. 8, v. 677. A town of 
 
 rhoenicia. 
 
 Leucasion, a village of Arcadia. Pans. 8, 
 C.25. 
 
 Leccaspis, a Lycian, one of the compa- 
 nions of yEneas, drowned in the Tyrrhene sea. 
 Virg. JEn. 6, v. 334. 
 
 Leucatje. Vid. Leucas. 
 
 Leuce, a small island in the Euxine sea, of 
 a triangular form; between the mouths of the 
 Danube and the Borysthenes. According to 
 the poets, the souls oi the ancient heroes were 
 placed there as in the Elysian fields, Avhere 
 they enjoyed perpetual felicity, and reaped the 
 repose to which their benevolence to man- 
 kind, and their exploits during life, seemed to 
 entitle them. From that circumstance it has 
 often been called the island of the blessed, k,c. 
 According to some accounts Achilles celebra- 
 ted there his nuptials with Iphigenia, or rather 
 Helen, and shared the pleasures of the place 
 with the manes of Ajax, he. Slrab. 2. — Me- 
 la, 2, c. I.—Jlmmian. 22.— Q. Calab. 3, v. 773. 
 One of the Oceanides whom Pluto car- 
 ried into his kingdom. 
 
 Leuci, a people of Gaul, between the Mo- 
 selle and the Maese. Their capital is now cal- 
 led Toul Goes. B. G. 1, c. 40. Mountains 
 
 on the west of Crete, appearing at a distance 
 like white clouds, whence the name. 
 
 Leucippe, one of the Oceanides. 
 
 Leucippides, the daughters of Leucippus. 
 Vid. Leucippus. 
 
 Leucippe, a celebrated philosopher of 
 Abdcra, about 428 years before Christ, disci- 
 ple to Zeno. He was the first who invented 
 the famous system of atoms and of a vacuum, 
 which was afterwards more fully explained by 
 Democritus and Epicurus. Many of his hy- 
 potheses have been adopted by the moderns, 
 with advantage. Diogenes has written bis life. 
 
 A brother of Tyndarus king of Sparta, 
 
 who married Philodice daughter of Inachus, 
 hy whom he had two daughters, Hilaira and 
 Plioibe, known by the patronymic of Leucip- 
 pides. They were carried away by their cou- 
 sins Castor and PoUax, as they were going to 
 
 LE 
 
 celebrate their nuptials with Lyncus and 
 Idas. Ovid, Fast. 5, v. 101.— Apollod. 3, c 
 
 10, &c.— PffW5. 3, 0. 17 and 26. A son of 
 
 Xanthus, descended from Bellerophon. He 
 became deeply enamoured of one of his sisters, 
 and when he was unable to check or restrain 
 his unnatural passion, he resolved to gratify 
 it. He acquainted his mother witli it, and 
 threatened to murder himself if she attempted 
 to oppose his views or remove his attection. 
 The mother, rather than lose a son whom she 
 tenderly loved, cherished his passion, and by 
 her consent her daughter yielded herself to 
 the arms of her brother. Some time after the 
 father resolved to give his daughter in mar- 
 rieige to a Lycian prince. The future hus- 
 band was informed that the daughter of Xan- 
 thus secretly entertained a lover, and he com- 
 municated the intelligence to the father. 
 Xanthus upon this secretly watched his daugh- 
 ter, and when Leucippus had introduced him- 
 self to her bed, the father, in his eagerness to 
 discover the seducer, occasioned a little noise 
 in the room. The daughter was alarmed, and 
 as she attempted to escape she received a 
 mortal wound from her father, who took her 
 to be the lover. Leucippus came to her as- 
 sistance, and stabbed his father in the dark, 
 without knowing who he was. This accidental 
 parricide obliged Leucippus to fly from his 
 country. He came to Crete, where the in- 
 habitants refused to give him an asylum, when 
 acquainted with the atrociousness of his crime, 
 and he at last came to Ephesus, where he died 
 in the greatest misery and remorse. Hermesi- 
 
 anax apud Parthen. c. 5. A son of (Eno- 
 
 maus, who became enamoured of Daphne, and 
 to obtain her confidence disguised himself in a 
 female dress, and attended his mistress as a 
 companion. He gained the affections of 
 Daphne by his obsequiousness and attention, 
 but his artifice at last proved fatal through the 
 influence and jealousy of his rival Apollo ; for 
 when Daphne and her attendants were bath- 
 ing in the Ladon, the sex of Leucippus was 
 discovered, and he perished by the darts of 
 the females. Parthen. Erotic, c. 15. — Pans. 8, 
 
 c. 20. A son of Hercules by Marse, one of 
 
 the daughters of Thespius. Apollod. 3, c. 7. 
 
 Leucola, a part of Cyprus. 
 
 Leucon, a tyrant of Bosphorus, who lived 
 in great intimacy with the Athenians. He 
 was a great patron of the useful arts, and 
 greatly encouraged commerce. Strab. — Diod. 
 
 14. A son of Athamas and Themisto. 
 
 Pans. 6, c. 22. A king of Pontus killed by 
 
 his brother, whose bed he bad defiled. Ovid. 
 
 in lb. 3. A town of Africa near Cyrene. 
 
 Herodot. 4, c. 160. 
 
 Leucone, a daughter of Aphidas, who gave 
 her name to a fountain of Arcadia. Pans. 
 8, c.44. 
 
 Leucones, a son of Hercules. J^pollod. 
 
 Leuconoe, a daughter of Lycambes. The 
 Leuconoe to whom Horace addresses his 1 od. 
 
 11, seems to be a fictitious name. 
 Leucopetua, a place on the isthmus of Co- 
 rinth, where the Achaeans were defeated by 
 
 the consul Mummius. A promontory six 
 
 miles east from Khegium in Italy, where the 
 Appcnines terminate and sink iuto the sea. 
 
 Leucopiirys, a temple of Diana, with a 
 city of the same name, near the Maeander. 
 
LE 
 
 LI 
 
 The goddess was represented under the figure I Leuttchides, a Lacedaemonian, made kin* 
 of a woman with many breasts, and crowned I of Sparta on the expulsion of Demaratus. He- 
 with victory. An ancient name of Tenedos. [ rodot. 6, c. 65, &c. — Vid. Leotvchides. 
 
 Pam. 10, c. U.—Slrab. 13 and 14. 
 Leccopolis, a town of Caria. 
 Leccos, a river of Macedonia near Pydna. 
 
 A man, k,c. Vid. Idomeneus. 
 
 Leucosia, a small island in the Tyrrhene 
 f^a. It received its name from one of the 
 companions of iEneas, who was drowned 
 there, or from one of the Sirens, who was 
 thrown there by the sea. Strab. 5. — Ovid. 
 Met. 15, V. 708. 
 
 Leucosyrii, a people of Asia Minor, called 
 
 afterwards Cappadocians. Strab. 12. The 
 
 same name is given to the inhabitants of Cili- 
 
 , cia where it borders on Cappadocia. C. JVep. 
 
 14, c. 1. 
 
 Leucothoa or Leucothea, the wife of 
 Athamas, changed into a sea deity. [Vid. 
 Ino.] She was called Mutura by the Romans, 
 ■who raised her a temple, where all the peo- 
 ple, partfcularly women, offered vows for 
 their brother's children. They did not entreat 
 the deity to protect their own children, be- 
 cause Ino had been unfortunate in her's. No 
 female slaves were permitted to enter the 
 temple, or if their curiosity tempted them to 
 transgress this rule, they were beaten away 
 with the greatest severity. To this supplica- 
 ting for other people's children, Ovid alludes 
 in these lines : Fast. 6. 
 
 JVon tamcn hanc,pro stripe tuupia maieradorat, 
 Ipsa parumfelix visa fuisst pareiis. 
 
 A daughter of king Orchamus by Eury- 
 
 nome. Apollo became enamoured of her, and 
 to introduce himself to her with greater facili- 
 ty, he assumed the shape and features of her 
 mother. Their happiness was complete, when 
 Clytia, who tenderly loved Apollo, and was 
 jealous of his amours with Leucothoe, disco- 
 vered the whole intrigue to her father, who 
 ordered his daughter to be buried alive. The 
 lover, unable to save her from death, sprinkled 
 nectar and ambrosia on her tomb, which pene- 
 trating as far as the body, changed it into a 
 beautiful tree, which bears the frankincense. 
 Ovid. Met. 4, v, 196. An island in the Tyrr- 
 hene sea, near Capreae. A fountain of Sa- 
 
 mos. A town of Eg;ypt of Arabia. 
 
 Mda, 2, c. 7. A part of Asia which pro- 
 duces frankincense. 
 
 Leuctra, a village of Bceotia, between 
 Plata^a and Thespia, famous for the victory 
 which Epaminondas the Theban general ob- 
 tained over the superior force of Cleombro- 
 tus, king of Sparta, on the 8th of July, B. C. 
 371. In this famous battle 4000 Spartans 
 were killed, with their king Cleombrotus, and 
 no more than 300 Thebans. From that time 
 the Spartans lost the empire of Greece, which 
 they had obtained for near 500 years. Plui. 
 in Pelop. 8f Ages. — C. JVep. in Epatn. — Justin. 
 (y, c. 6. — Xeiwphon. Hist. GrcBc. — Diod. 15. — 
 Pans. Lacon. — Cic. de offic. 1, c. 18. Tusc. 1, c. 
 46. All. 6, ep. l.—Strnb. 9. 
 
 Leuctrum, a town of Laconia. Strnb. 8. 
 Leucds, one of the com[)anions of Ulysses, 
 killed before Troy by Antiphus son of Priam. 
 Homer. It 4, v. 491. 
 
 Leucyanias, a river of Peloponnesus, flow- 
 ing into the Aiphens. Pays. 6, c. 21. 
 Levinus. Vid. LxviDus. 
 
 Lexovii, a people of Gaul, at the mouth of 
 the Seine, conquered with great slaughter by 
 a lieutenant of J. Cajsar. Cks. Bell. G. 
 
 LiBAMus, a celebrated sophist ofAntioch, 
 in the age of the emperor Julian. He was 
 educated at Athens, and opened a school at 
 Antioch, which produced some of the best and 
 most of the literary characters of the age. 
 Libanius was naturally vain and arrogant, and 
 he contemptuously refused the offers of the 
 emperor Julian, who wished to purchase his 
 friendship and intimacy by raising him to offi- 
 ces of the greatest splendour and affluence in 
 the empire. When Julian had imprisoned 
 the senators ofAntioch for their impertinence, 
 Libanius undertook the defence of his fellow- 
 citizens, and paid a visit to the emperor, in 
 which he astonished him by the boldness and 
 independence of his expressions, and the firm- 
 ness and resolution of his mind. Some of his 
 orations, and above 1600 of his letters, are ex- 
 tant; they discover much affectation and ob- 
 scurity of style, and we cannot perhaps mucli 
 regret the loss of writings which afforded no- 
 thing but a display of pedantry, and quotations 
 from Homer. Julian submitted his writings 
 to the judgment of Libanius with the greatest 
 confidence, and the sophist freely rejected or 
 approved, and showed that he was more at- 
 tached to the person than the fortune and 
 greatness of bis prince. The time of his death 
 is unknown. The best edition of Libanius 
 seems to be that of Paris, fol. 1606, with a se- 
 cond volume published by Morell, 1627. His 
 epistles have been edited by Wolf. fol. 1738. 
 
 LiBANus, a high mountain of Syria, famous 
 for its cedars. Strab. 6. 
 
 LiBENTiNA, a surname of Venus, who had 
 a temple at Rome, where the young women 
 used to dedicate the toys and childish amuse- 
 ments of their youth, when arrived at nubile 
 years. Vairo. de L. L. 5, c. 6. 
 
 LiBER, a surname of Bacchus, which signi- 
 fies /ree. He received this name from his de- 
 livering some cities of Bceotia from slavery, or 
 according to others, because wine, of which he 
 was the patron, delivered mankind from their 
 caresj and made them speak with freedom and 
 unconcern. The word is often used for wine 
 itself. Senec. de tranq. anim. 
 
 Libera, a goddess, the same as Proserpine. 
 
 Cic. in Ver. 4, c. 48. A name given to 
 
 Ariadne by Bacchus, or Liber, when he had 
 married her. Ovid. Fast. 3, v. 513. 
 
 LiBERALiA, festivals yearly celebrated in 
 honourof Bacchus the 17th of March. Slaves 
 were then permitted to speak with freedom, 
 and every thing bore the appearance of inde- 
 pendence. They are much the same as the 
 Dionysia of the Greeks. Varrc. 
 
 LiBERTAS, a goddess of Rome, who liad a 
 temple on mount Aventine, raised by T. 
 Gracchus, and improved and adorned by Pol- 
 lio with many elegant statues and orazen co- 
 lumns, and a gallery in which were deposited 
 the public acts of the state. She was repre- 
 sented as a woman in a light dress, holding a 
 rod in one hand, and a cap in tlie other, both 
 signs of independence, as *be former was use<l 
 by the magistrates in the manumission of fiaver. , 
 
LI 
 
 LI 
 
 end the latter was worn by slaves who were ! Libysis, Libystis, Libycus, LibysUcus, LihyS' 
 soon to be set at liberty. Sometimes a cat was | tinus, Libystceus. Virg. JEn. 4, v. 106, 1. 5, v 
 placed at her feet, as this animal is very fond 37. — Lucan. 4. — Sallust. he. 
 of liberty, and impatient when confined. Liv. 
 24, c. it>, 1. 25, c. T.—Ovid. Trist. 3, el. 1, v. 
 
 72.— P/uf. in Grac.—Dio. Cas. 44, 
 
 LiBETHRA, a fountain of Magnesia in Thes- 
 saly, or of Boeotia according to some, sacred 
 to the Muses, who from thence are called 
 Libethrides. Virg. Ecl.l, v. 21.— P/in. 4, c. 
 9.— Mela, 2, c. S.—Strab. 9 and 10. 
 
 LiBETHmDES, a name given to the Muses 
 from tlie fountain Libethra, or from mount 
 Libethrus in Thrace. 
 
 LiBici, LiBECii, or LiBRi, a people of Gaul 
 who passed into Italy, A. U. C. 364. Liv. 5, c. 
 35, 1. 21, c. 38.— Flin. 3, c. V.—Polyb. 2. 
 
 LiBiTiNA, a goddess at Rome who presided 
 over funerals. According to some she is the 
 same as Venus, or rather Proserpine. Servius 
 TuUius first raised her a temple at Rome, 
 where every thing necessary for funerals were 
 exposed to sale, and where the registers of 
 the dead were usually kept. Dionys. Hal. 4. 
 —Liv. 40, c. 19.— Fa/. Max. 5, c. 2.—Plut. 
 Quasi. Rom. 
 
 LiBo, a friend of Pompey, who watched 
 over the fleet, &:c. Plut. A Roman citi- 
 zen, &.C. Horat. 1, ep. 19. A friend of the 
 
 first triumvirate, who killed himself and was 
 condemned after death. 
 
 LiBON, a Greek architect who built the fa- 
 mous temple of Jupiter Olympius. He flour- 
 ished about 450 years before the Christian 
 era. 
 
 LiBOPHOENicES, the inhabitants of the coun- 
 try near Carthage. 
 
 LiBURNA, a town of Dalmatia. 
 LiBURNiA, now Croatia, a country of Illyri- 
 cum, between Istria and Dalmatia, whence a 
 colony came to settle in Apulia, in Italy. 
 There were at Rome a number of men whom 
 the magistrates employed as public heralds, 
 who were called Liburni, probably from being 
 originally of Liburnian extraction. Some 
 ships of a light construction but with strong 
 beaks were also called Liburnian. Propert. 
 a, el. 11, V. 44.— Juv. 4, v. 15.— Martial. 1, 
 ep. 50, V. 33. — Horat. 1, od. 37, v. 30. — 
 Epod. 1, V. 1. — Lacan. 3, v. 534. — Plin. 6, 
 ep. 16.— Mela, 2, c. d.—Strab. l.—Ptol. 2, 
 c. 17. 
 
 LiBURNiDES, an island on the coast of Li- 
 burnia, in the Adriatic. Strab. 5. 
 
 LiBURNUM 3IARE, the sca wliJch borders on 
 the coasts of Liburnia. 
 
 LiBURNUS, a mountain of Campania. 
 Libya, a daughter of Epaphus and Cassi- 
 opea, who became mother of Agenor and 
 Belus by Neptune. ApoUod. 2, c. 1, 1. 3, 
 
 c. 1. — Pans. 1, 44. A name given to Africa, 
 
 one of the three grand divisions of the ancient 
 globe. Libya, properly speaking, is only a 
 part of Africa, bounded on the east by Egypt, 
 and on the west by that part called by the 
 moderns the kingdom of Tripoli. Tlie an- 
 cients, according to some traditions mention- 
 ed by Herodotus, and others, sailed round 
 Afiica, by steering westward from the Red 
 Sea, and entered the Mediterranean by the 
 cohmms of Hercules, after a perilous naviga- 
 tion of three years. From the word Libya, 
 are derived the epithets of Uby^s, Libyssa, 
 
 LiBYcuM MARE, that part of the Mediter- 
 ranean, which lies on the coast of Cyreue. 
 Strab. 2. 
 
 LiBYCus and Libystis. [Fid. Libya.] 
 
 LiEYs, a sailor, &.c. Ovid. Met. 3. 
 
 LiBYSSA, a river of Bithynia, with a town 
 of the same name, where was the tomb of 
 Annibal, still extant in the age of Pliny. 
 
 LicATEs, a people of Vindelicia. 
 
 LiCHA, a city near Lycia, 
 
 LicHARDEs, small islands near Caeneum, a 
 promontory of Euboea, called from Lichas. 
 [Vid. Lichas.J Ovid. Met. 9, v. 155, 218.— 
 Strab. 9. 
 
 LicHAS, a servant of Hercules, who brought 
 him the poisoned tunic from Dejanira. He 
 was thrown by his master into the sea with 
 great violence, and changed into a rock in the 
 EuboEsan sea, by the compassion of the gods. 
 Ovid.Met.9,v.'2U. 
 
 LicHES, an Arcadian, who found the 
 bones of Orestes buried at Tegea, &c. He- 
 rodot. 
 
 LiciNiA LEX, was enacted by L. Licinius 
 Crassus, and Q. Mutius, consuls, A. U. C. 657. 
 It ordered all the inhabitants of Italy to be en- 
 rolled on the list of citizens in their respective 
 
 cities. Another by C. Licinius Crassus the 
 
 tribune, A. U. C. 608. It transferred the right 
 of choosing priests from the college to the 
 people. It was proposed but did not pass. 
 
 Another, by C. Licinius Stolo the tribune. 
 
 It forbade any person to possess 500 acres of 
 land, or keep more than lOO head of large 
 cattle, or 500 of small. Another by P. Lici- 
 nius Varus, A. U. C. 545, to settle the day 
 for the celebration of the Liidi ApoUhmris, 
 
 which was before uncertain. Another by 
 
 P. Licinius Crassus Dives, B. C. 110. It was 
 
 the same as the Fannian law, and farther re- 
 quired that no more tiian 30 a^ts should be 
 spent at any table on the calends, nones, or 
 nundinae, and only three pounds of fresh and 
 one of salt meat, on ordinary days. None of 
 
 the fruits of the earth were forbidden. 
 
 Another de sodalitiis, by M. Licinius the con- 
 sul, 690. It imposed a severe penalty on par- 
 ty clubs, or societies assembled or frequented 
 for election purposes, as coming under the 
 definition of ambitus, and of olFering violence 
 in some degree to the freedom and indepen- 
 dence of the people. Another called also 
 
 JEbulia, by Licinius and ^Ebutius the tribunes. 
 It enacted, that when any law was preferred 
 with respect to any office or power, the per- 
 son who proposed the bill, as well as his col- 
 leagues in office, his friends and relations, 
 should be declared incapable of be|||ig invest- 
 ed with the said office or power. 
 
 LiciNiA, the wife of C. Gracchus, who 
 attempted to dissuade her husband from his 
 seditious measnres by a pathetic speech. She 
 was der)rived of her dowry after the death of 
 Caius. A vestal virgin accused of incon- 
 tinence, but acquitted, A. U. C. 6li6. 
 
 Another vestal put to death for her lascivi- 
 ousness under Trejan. The wife of Mae- 
 cenas, distinguished for conjugal tenderness. 
 She was sister to Proculeius, and bore also the 
 name of Terentia. Horat. 2, od. 12, v. 18, 
 
LI 
 
 C. LicT»ius, a tribune of the people cele- 
 brated for the consequence of his family, for 
 his intrigues and abilities. He was a plebeian, 
 and was the first of that body who was 
 raised to the office of a master of horse to the 
 dictator. He was surnamed Stolo, or useless 
 sprout, on account of the law which he had 
 enacted during his tribuneship. [Vid. Licinia 
 lex by Stolo.] He afterwards made a law 
 xvhich permitted the plebeians to share the 
 consular dignity with the patricians, A. U. C. 
 388. He reaped the benefits of this law, and 
 was one of the first plebeian consuls. This 
 law was proposed and passed by Licinius, as 
 it is reported,atthe instigation of his ambitious 
 wife, who was jealous of her sister who had 
 married a patrician, and who seemed to be of 
 a higher dignity in being the wife of a consul. 
 Liv. 6, c. 34. — Plut. C. Calvus, a celebra- 
 ted orator and poet in the age of Cicero. He 
 distinguished himself by his eloquence in the 
 forum, and his poetry, which some of the an- 
 cients have compared to Catullus. His ora- 
 tions are greatly commended by Quintilian. 
 Some believe that he wrote annals quoted by 
 Dionysius of Halicarnassus. He died in the 
 30th year of his age. Quintil. — Cic. in Brut. 
 
 81. Macer, a Roman accused by Cicero 
 
 when praetor. He derided the power of his 
 accuser, but when he saw himself condemned, 
 he grew so desperate that he killed himself. 
 
 Plut. P. Crassus, a Roman, sent against 
 
 Perseus king of Macedonia. He was at first 
 defeated, but afterwards repaired his losses, 
 
 and obtained a complete victory, &c. A 
 
 consul sent against Annibal. Another who 
 
 defeated the robbers that infested the Alps. 
 
 A high priest. Caius Imbrex, a comic 
 
 poet in the age of Africanus, preferred by some 
 in merit to Ennius and Terence. His Naevia 
 and Ne2era are quoted by ancient authors, but 
 of all his poetry only two verses are preserved. 
 
 AuL Gel. A consul, &.c. Lucullus. [Firf. 
 
 Lucullus.] Crassus. [Vid, Crassus.] 
 
 Mucianus, a Roman who wrote about the his- 
 tory and geography of the eastern countries, 
 often quoted by Pliny. He lived in the reign 
 
 of Vespasian. P. Tegula, a comic poet of 
 
 Rome about 200 years before Christ. He is 
 ranked as the fourth of the best comic poets 
 which Rome produced. Few lines of his com- 
 positions are extant. He wrote an ode which 
 was sung all over the city of Rome by nine vir- 
 gins during the Macedonian war. Liv. 31, c. 12. 
 
 Varro Mursena, a brother of Proculeius, 
 
 who conspired against Augustus withFannius 
 Cajpio, and suffered for Jiis crime. Horace 
 addressed his 2 orf. to him, and recomniend- 
 
 ed equanimity in every situation. Dio. 54. 
 
 C. Fiavius Valerianus, a celebrated Roman 
 emperor. His father was a poor peasant of 
 Dalniatia, and himself a common soldier in the 
 Roman armies. His valour recommended him 
 to the notice of Galerius Maxiraianus, who had 
 once shared with him the inferior and subordi- 
 nate ofHces of the army, and had lately been in- 
 vested with the imi)erial purple by Diocletian. 
 Galerius loved him for his friendly services, 
 particularly during tlie Persian war, and he 
 showed his regard for his merit by taking him 
 as a colleague in the empire, and appointing 
 him over the province of PannoniaandRhatia. 
 Conslantiue, who was also one of the enape- , 
 
 LI 
 
 rors, courted the favour of Licinius, and made 
 his intimacy more durable by giving him his 
 sister Constantia in marriage, A. D. 313. The 
 continual successes of Licinius, particularly 
 against Maximinus, increased his pride, anti 
 rendered him jealous of the greatness of his 
 brother-in-law. The persecutions of the Chris- 
 tians, whose doctrines Constantine followed, 
 soon caused a rupture, and Licinius had the 
 mortification to lose two battles, one in Pan- 
 nonia, and the other near Adrianopolis. Trea- 
 ties of peace were made between the contend- 
 ing powers, but the restless ambition of Lici- 
 nius soon broke them: after many engagements, 
 a decisive battle was fought near Chalcedonia. 
 Ill fortune again attended Licinius; he was con- 
 quered, and fled to Nicomedia, where soon the 
 conqueror obliged him to surrender, and to re- 
 sign the imperial purple. The tears of Con- 
 stantia obtained forgiveness for her husband, 
 yet Constantine knew what a turbulent and ac- 
 tive enemy had fallen into his hands, therefore 
 he ordered him to be strangled at Thessaloni- 
 ca, A. D. 324. His family was involved in his 
 ruin. The avarice, licentiousness, and cruelty 
 of Licinius, are eis conspicuous as his misfor- 
 tunes. He Was an enemy to learning, and this 
 aversion totally proceeded from his ignorance 
 of letters and the rusticity of his education. 
 His son byConstantia bore also the same name. 
 He was honoured with the title of Caesar when 
 scarce 20 months old. He was involved in his 
 father's ruin, and put to death by order of Con- 
 stantine. 
 
 LiciNus, a barber and freedman of Au> 
 gustus, raised by his master to the rank and 
 dignity of a senator, merely because he hated 
 Pompey's family. Horat. Art. P. 301. 
 
 LicYMNiDS, a son of Electryon and brother 
 of Alcmena. He was so infirm in his old age, 
 that when he walked he was always supported 
 by a slave. Triptolemus, son of Hercules, see- 
 ing the slave inattentive to his duty, threw a 
 stick at him, which unfortunately killed Li- 
 cymnius. The murderer fled to Rhodes. A- 
 pollod. 2, c. I.—Diod. 5.— Homer. II. 2. — Pind. 
 Olymp. 7. 
 
 LiD£, a mountain of Caria. Herodot. 1, 
 c. 105. 
 
 Q. LiGARius, a Roman pro-consul of Afri- 
 ca, after Confidius. In the civil wars he fol- 
 lowed the interests of Pompey, and was par- 
 doned when Caesar had conquered his enemies. 
 Caesar, hov/ever, and his adherents, were de- 
 termined upon the ruin of Ligarius ; but Cice- 
 ro, by an eloquent oration, still extant, defeated 
 his accusers, and he was pardoned. He be- 
 came afterwards one of Caesar's murderers. 
 Cic. pro leg. — Plut. in Ccesar. 
 
 LiGEA, one of the Nereides. Virg. G. 4. 
 
 LiGER, a Rutulian killed by ^Eneas. Virg^. 
 JEn. 10, v. 576. 
 
 LiGER or LiGERis, uow La Loire, a large 
 river of Gaul falling into the ocean near 
 JNantes. Strab. 4.^Plin 4, c. 18.— Ca*. G. 7. 
 c. 55 and 75. 
 
 LigCkas, an officer of Antiochus king of 
 Syria, who took the town of Sardis by strata- 
 gem, fee. 
 
 LiGuKKS, the inhabitants of Liguria. Vio'. 
 Liguria. 
 
 LigiIria, a country at the west of Italy., 
 bounded o» tire east bv ;1ie jivcrMacra, ou 
 
LI 
 
 the south by part of the Mediterranean, called 
 the Ligustic sea ; on the west by the Varus, 
 and on the north by the Po. The commer- 
 cial town of Genoa was anciently and is now 
 the capital of the country. The origin of the 
 inhabitants is not known, though in their 
 chai'acter they are represented as vain, unpo- 
 lished, and addicted to falsehood. Accord- 
 ing to some they were descended from the an- 
 cient Gauls or Germans, or, as others sup- 
 port, they were of Greek origin, perhaps the 
 posterity of the Ligyes mentioned by Hero- 
 dotus. Liguria was subdued by the Romans, 
 and its chief harbour now bears the name 
 of Leghorn. Lucan. 1, v. 442. — Mela, 2, c. 
 J.—Strab. 4, he—Tacit Hist. 2, c. 15.— 
 Plin. 2, c. 6, kc.—Liv. 5, c. 35, 1. 22, c. 
 33, I. 39, c. 6, &LC.—C. JVep. in Ann.—Flor. 
 2, c. 8. 
 
 LiGURiNus, a poet. Martial. 3, ep. 50. 
 
 A beautiful youth in the age of Horace, 
 
 4, od. 1, V. 33. 
 
 LiGUS, a woman who inhabited the Alps. 
 She concealed her son from the pursuit of 
 Otho's soldiers, he. Tacit. Hist. 2, c. 13. 
 
 LigusticjE Alpes, a part of the Alps 
 which borders on Liguria, sometimes called 
 Maritimi. 
 
 LiGusTicuM Mare, the north part of 
 the Tyrrhene sea, now the gulf of Genoa. 
 Flin. 2, c. 47. 
 
 LiGYES, a people of Asia who inhabited the 
 country between Caucasus and the river Pha- 
 sis. Some suppose them to be a colony of the 
 Ligyes of Europe, more commonly called 
 Ligures. Herodot. 7, c. 72. — Dionys. Hal. 1, 
 c. \0.—Strab. 4.—Diod. 4. 
 
 LiGYRGUM, a mountain of Arcadia. 
 
 LiL^A, a town in Achaianear the Cephi- 
 sus. Stat. Theb. 7, v. 348. 
 
 LilybjEum, now Boca, a promontory of 
 Sicily, with a town of the same name near 
 the jEgates, now Marsella. The town was 
 strong and very considerable, and it main- 
 tained long sieges against the Cartliaginians, 
 Romans, he. particularly one of ten years 
 against Rome in the first Punic war. It had 
 a port large and capacious, which the Ro- 
 mans, in the wars with Carthage, endeavour- 
 ed in vain to stop and fill up with stones, on 
 account of its convenience and vicinity to the 
 coast of Africa. Nothing now remains of this 
 once powerful city but the ruins of temples 
 and aqueducts, Virg. JEn. 3, v. 706. — Mela, 
 % c. 7. — Strab. t>. — Cic. in Verr. 5. — C(es. de 
 Bell. Afric.—Diod. 22. 
 
 LiMiEA, a river of Lusitania. Strab. 3. 
 
 Limenia, a town of Cyprus. Id. 14. 
 
 Limn.*, a fortified place on the borders of 
 
 Laconia and Messenia. Paus. 3, c. 14. 
 
 A town of the Thracian Chereonesus. 
 
 LmsjEVM, a temple of Diana at Limnae, 
 from which the goddess was called Limnaea, 
 and worshipped under that appellation at 
 Sparta and Achaia. The Spartans wished to 
 fteize the temple in the age of Tiberius, but 
 the emperor interfered, and gave it to its law- 
 ful possessors, the Messenians. Paus. 3, c. 14, 
 1. 7, c. 20.— 2'acit. ..^nn. 4, c. 43. 
 
 LiMNATiDiA, a festival in honour of Diana, 
 ?*urnamed Limnutis, from Limnae, a school of 
 exercise at Trozp.ne, where she was worship- 
 ped, or from i^'f^v^; ponds, because s})e pre^i- 
 ded over fishermen. 
 
 LI 
 
 LiMNiACE, the daughter of the Ganges? 
 mother of Atys. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 48. 
 
 LiMNowiA, one of the Nereides. Homer. II. 
 18. 
 
 LiMON, a place of Campania between Nea- 
 polis and Puteoli. Stat. 3. Sylv. 1. 
 
 LiMONUM, a town of Gaul, afterwards 
 Pictavi, Poictiers. Cms. G. 8, c. 26. 
 
 LiMYRA, a town of Lycia at the mouth of 
 the Limyrus. Ovid. Met. 9, v. 645.— Fe//. 
 2, c. 102. 
 
 LiNCASii, a people of Gaul Narbonensis. 
 
 LiNDUM, a colony of Britain, now Lin- 
 coln. 
 
 LiNDus, a city at the south east part of 
 Rhodes, built by Cercaphus son of Sol and 
 Cydippe. The Danaides built there a temple 
 to Minerva, and one of its colonies founded 
 Gelain Sicily. It gave birth to Clebbulus, one 
 of the seven wise men, and to Chares and 
 Laches, who were employed in making and 
 finishing the famous Colossus of Rhodes. Strab. 
 14.— Homer. II. 2.— Mela, 2, c. 7.— Plin. 34. 
 — Herodot. 7, c. 153. A grandson of Apol- 
 lo. Cic. de JVat. D. 3. 
 
 LiNGoNEs, now Langres, a people of Gal- 
 lia Belgica, made tributary to Rome by J. Cae- 
 sar. They passed into Italy, where they made 
 some settlement near the Alps, at the head of 
 the Adriatic. Tacit. H. 4, c. 55. — Martial. 11, 
 ep. 57, V. 9, 1. 14, ep. 159. — Lucan. 1, v. 398. 
 — Cces. Bell. G. 1, c. 26. 
 
 LiNTERNA Palus, a lake of Campania. Ital. 
 7, V. 278. 
 
 LixNTERNUM, a town of Campania at th« 
 mouth of the river Clanis, where Scipio Afri- 
 caniis died and was buried. Liv. 34, c. 45. — 
 Sil. 6, V. 654, 1. 7, V. 278.— Ctc. 10. Alt. 13.— 
 Ovid. Met. \^,v. 113. 
 
 Linus. This name is common to diftierent 
 persons whose history is confused, and who are 
 often taken one for the other. One was son 
 of Urania and Amphimarus the son of Nep- 
 tune. Another was son of Apollo by P?am- 
 mathe daughter of Crotopus king of Argos, 
 Martial mentions him in his 78 ep. 1. 9. The 
 third, son of Ismenius, and born at Thebes in 
 Bosotia, taught music to Hercules, who in a fit 
 of anger, struck him on the head with his lyre 
 and killed him. He was son of Mercury and 
 Urania, according to Diogenes, who mentions 
 some of his philosophicalcompositions,in which 
 he asserted that the world had been created in 
 an instant. He was killed by Apollo, for pre- 
 suming to compare himself to him. Apollodo- 
 rus, however, and Pansanias, mention that his 
 ridicule of Hercules on his awkwardness in 
 holding the lyre was fatal to him. Apollod. 2, 
 c. 4.—Diog. h— Virg. Eel. 4.— Pans. 2, c. 15, 
 
 I. 9, C.20. A fountain in Arcadia, whose 
 
 waters were said to prevent abortion. Plin. 
 31, c. S. 
 
 LioDES, one of Penelope's suitors, killed 
 by Ulysses. Homer. Od. 22, fcc. 
 
 LiPARA, the largest of the iEolian islands 
 on the coast of Sicily, now called the Ldpari. 
 It had a city of the same name, which accord- 
 ing to Diodorus it received from Liparus the 
 son of Auson, king of these islands, whose 
 daughter Cyane was married by his successor 
 ^olus, according to Pliny. The inhabitants 
 of this island were powerful by sea, and from 
 the great tributes which they paid to Dionysiu.«^, 
 
LI 
 
 the tyrant of Syracuse, they may be called very 
 opulent. The island was celebrated for the 
 variety of its fruits, and its raisins are still in 
 general repute. It had some convenient har- 
 bours, and a fountain whose waters were much 
 frequented on account of their medicinal pow- 
 ers. According to Diodorus, iEolus reigned at 
 Lipara before Liparis. Lvv. 5, c. 28. — Plin. 3, 
 c. 9.—ItaL 14, V. bl.— Virg. JEn. 1, v. 56, 1. 8, 
 
 V. A\l.—Mtla, 2, c. I.—Strah. 6. A town 
 
 of Etruria. 
 
 Liparis, a river of Cilicia, whose waters 
 were like oil. Plin. 5, c. ^I.— Vitruv. 8, c, 3. 
 
 LiPHLUM, a town of the -Squi, taken by the 
 Romans. 
 
 LiPODORUS, one of the Greeks settled in 
 Asia by Alexander, &c. 
 
 L1Q.UENTIA, now lAvenza, a river of Cisal- 
 pine Gaul, falling into the Adriatic sea. Plin. 
 3, c. 18. 
 
 LiRc^us, a fountain near Nemaea. Stat. 
 Theb. 4, V. 711. 
 
 LiRioPE, one of the Oceanides, mother of 
 Narcissus by the Cephisus. Ovid. Met. 3, v, 
 
 311. A fountain of Boeotia on the borders 
 
 of Thespis, where Narcissus was drowned ac- 
 cording to some accounts. 
 
 LiRis, now Garigliano, a river of Campa- 
 nia, which it separates from Latium. It falls 
 into the Mediterranean sea. Mela, 2, c. 4. — 
 Horat. 3, od. 17. — Lucan. 2, v. 424. A war- 
 rior killed by Camilla, &-c. Virg. JEn. 11, v. 
 670. 
 
 LisiNiAs, a town of Thessaly. Liv. 32, c. 
 14. 
 
 LissA, the name of a fury whom Euripides 
 introduces on the stage as conducted by Iris, 
 at the command of Juno, to inspire Hercu- 
 les with that fatal rage which ended in his 
 death. 
 
 LissoN, a river of Sicily. 
 
 Lissus, now Alessoi a town of Macedonia on 
 the confines of lllyricum. Plin. 3, c. 2. — Liv. 
 
 44, c. 10. — Lucan. 5, v. 719. A river of 
 
 Thrace, falling into the jEgean sea, between 
 Thasos and Samothracia. It was dried up by 
 the army of Xerxes, when he invaded Greece. 
 Strab. l.—Herodot. 7, c. 109. 
 
 LisTA, a town of the Sabines, whose inha- 
 bitants are called Listini. 
 
 LiTABRUM, now Buitrago, a town of Spain 
 Tarraconensis. Liv. 32, c. 14, 1. 35, c. 22. 
 
 LiTANA, a wood in Gallia Togata. Liv. 23, 
 c. 24. 
 
 LiTAvicus, one of the ^dni, who as- 
 sisted Caesar with 10,000 men. Cas. Bell. G. 
 7, c. 37. 
 
 LiTERNUM, a town of Campania. 
 
 LiTHOBoLiA, a festival celebrated at Trce- 
 zene, in honour of Lamia and Auxesia, who 
 came from Crete, and were sacrificed by the 
 fury of the seditious populace, and stoned to 
 death. Hence the name of the solemnity, 
 u%?o:tx, lapidalion. 
 
 LiTHRus, a town of Armenia Minor. Strab. 
 
 LiTHUBiuM, a town of Liguria. Liv. 32, c. 
 29. 
 
 LiTVERSAS, an illegitimate son of Midas 
 king of Phrygia. He made strangers prepare 
 his harvest, and afterwards put them to death. 
 He was at last killed by Hercules. Theocrit. 
 Id. 10. 
 
 Liv/A Drusii.la, a celebrated Roman lady, 
 
 LI 
 
 daughter of L. Dfusus Calidianus. She mar- 
 ried Tiberius Claudius Nero, by whom she 
 had the emperor Tiberius and Drusus Germa- 
 nicus. The attachment of her husband to the 
 cause of Antony was the beginning of her 
 greatness. Augustus saw her as she fled from 
 the danger which threatened her husband, and 
 he resolved to marry her, though she was then 
 pregnant. He divorced his wife Scribonia,and, 
 with the approbation of the augurs, he cele- 
 brated his nuptials .with Livia. She now took 
 advantage of the passion of Augustus, in the 
 share that she enjoyed of his power and im- 
 perial dignity. Her children by Drusus were 
 adopted by the complying emperor; and that 
 she might make the succession of her son 
 Tiberius more easy and undisputed, Livia is 
 accused of secretly involving in one common 
 ruin, the heirs and nearest relations of Augus- 
 tus. Her cruelty and ingratitude are still 
 more strongly marked, when she is charged 
 with having murdered her own husband, to 
 hasten the elevation of Tiberius. If she was 
 anxious for the aggrandizement of her son, 
 Tiberius proved ungrateful, and hated a wo- 
 man to whom he owed his life, his elevation, 
 and his greatness. Livia died in the 86th year 
 of her age, A. D. 29. Tiberius showed him- 
 self as undutiful after her death as before, for 
 he neglected her funeral, and expressly com- 
 ralmded that no honours, either private or pub- 
 lic, should be paid to her memory. Tacit. Ann. 
 
 1, c. 3. Suet, in Aug. ^ Tib. — Dion. Cass. 
 
 Another. [Vid. Drusilla.] Another 
 
 called Horestilla, &c. She was debauched by 
 Galba, as she was going to marry Piso. Suet. 
 
 in Gal. 25. Another called also Ocellina. 
 
 She was Galba's step-mother, and committed 
 adultery with him. Id. lb. 3. 
 
 LiviA Lex, de soeiis, proposed to make all 
 the inhabitants of Italy free citizens of Rome. 
 M. Livius Drusus, who framed it, was found 
 
 murdered in his house before it passed 
 
 Another by M. Livius Drusus the tribune, A. 
 U. C. 662, which required that the judicial 
 power should be lodged in the hands of an 
 equal number of knights and senators. 
 
 LiviNEius, a friend of Pompey, &c. Ta- 
 cit. Ann. 3, c. 11, &c. 
 
 LiviLLA, a daughter of Drusus. A sister 
 
 of Caligula, &.c. Vid. Julia. 
 
 Livius Andronicus, a dramatic poet who 
 flourished at Rome about 240 years before the 
 Christian era. He was the first who turn- 
 ed the personal satires and fescennine v erses, 
 so long the admiration of the Romans, into 
 the form of a proper dialogue and regular 
 play. Though the character of a player, so 
 valued and applauded in Greece, was reckon- 
 ed vile and despicable among the Romans, 
 Andronicus acted a part in his dramatical 
 compositions, and engaged the attention of his 
 audience, by repeating what he had laborious- 
 ly formed after the manner of the Greeks. 
 Andronicus was the freedman of M. Livius 
 Salinator, whose children he educated. His 
 poetry was grown obsolete in the age of Cice- 
 ro, wiiose nicety and judgment wouldnoteven 
 recommend the reading of it. Some few of 
 his verses are preserved in the Corpus Poela- 
 
 rum. M. Salinator, a Roman consul sent 
 
 against the Illyrians. The success with which 
 he finished his campaign, and the victory 
 
LI 
 
 which some years after he obtained over As- 
 drubal, who was passing into Italy with a rein- 
 forcement for his brother Annibal, show how 
 deserving he was to be at the head of the Ro- 
 man armies. Liv. Drusus, a tribune who 
 
 joined the patricians in opposing the ambitious 
 
 views of C. Gracchus. Plut. in Grace. 
 
 An uncle of Cato of Utica. Plut. Titus a 
 
 native of Padua, celebrated-for his writings. 
 He passed the greatest part of his life at Na- 
 ples and Rome, but more particularly at the 
 court of Augustus, who liberally patronized 
 (he learned, and encouraged the progress of 
 literature. Few particulars of his life are 
 known, yet his fame was so universally spread, 
 even in his life time, that an inhabitant of Ga- 
 des traversed Spain, Gaul, and Italy, merely 
 to see the man whose writings had given him 
 such pleasure and satisfaction in the perusal. 
 Livy died at Padua, in his 67th year, and ac- 
 cording to some, on that same day Rome was 
 also deprived of another of its brightest orna- 
 ments by the death of the poet Ovid, A. D. 17. 
 It is said that Livia had appointed Livy to be 
 the preceptor to young Claudius the brother 
 of Germanicus, but death prevented the his- 
 torian from enjoying an honour to which he 
 was particularly entitled by his learning and 
 his universal knowledge. The name of Livy 
 is rendered immortal by his history of the Ro- 
 man empire. Besides this he wrote some phi- 
 losophical treatises and dialogues, with a letter 
 addressed to his son, on the merit of authors, 
 which ought to be read by young men. This 
 letter is greatly commended by Quintilian, 
 who expatiates with great warmth on the 
 judgment and candour of the author. His 
 Roman history was comprehended in 140 
 books, of which only 35 are extant. It began 
 ^vith the foimdation of Rome, and was con- 
 inued till the death of Drusus in Germany. 
 The merit of this history is \vell known, and 
 tiie high rank wiiich Livy holds among histo- 
 rians will never be disputed. He is always 
 great, his style is clear and intelligible, laboured 
 without atFectation, ditfusive without tedious- 
 ness, and argumentative without pedantry. In 
 his harangues he is bold and animated, and in 
 his narrations and descriptions, he claims a de- 
 cided superiority. He is always elegant, and 
 though many have branded his provincial 
 words with the name of Patavinily, yet the 
 expressions, or rather the orthography of 
 words, which in Livy are supposed to distin- 
 guish a native of a province of Italy from a 
 native of Rome, are not loaded with obscurity, 
 and the perfect classic is as familiarly acquaint- 
 ed with the one as with the other. Livy has 
 been censured, and perhaps with justice, for 
 being too credulous, and burdening his histo- 
 ry witii vulgar notions and superstitious tales. 
 He may disgust when he mentions that milk 
 and blood were rained from heaven, or that an 
 ox spoke, or a woman changed her sex, yet he 
 candidly confesses that he recorded only what 
 made an indelible impression upon the minds 
 of a credulous age. His candour has also been 
 called in question, and he has sometimes 
 .7hown himself too partial to his countrymen, 
 but every where he is the indefatigable sup- 
 porter or the cause of justice and virtue. The 
 works of Livy have been divided by some 
 of the moderns into 14 decades, eacii con- 
 
 LO 
 
 sisting of ten books. The first decade com- 
 prehends the history of 460 years. The se- 
 cond decade is lost, and the third compre- 
 hends the history of the second Punic war, 
 which includes about 18 years. In the fourth 
 decade, Livy treats of the wars with Mace- 
 donia and Antiochus, which contain about 23 
 years. For th« first five books of the fifth 
 decade, we are indebted to the researches 
 of the moderns. They were found at Worms, 
 A. D. 1431. These are the books that re- 
 main of Livy's history, and the loss which 
 the celebrated work has sustained by the ra- 
 vages of time, has in some measure been 
 compensated by the labours of J. Freinshe- 
 mius, who with great attention and industry 
 has made an epitome of the Roman history, 
 which is now incorporated with the remain- 
 ing books of Livy. The third decade seems 
 to be superior to the others, yet the author has 
 not scrupled to cop}" from his contemporaries 
 and predecessors,, and we find many pas- 
 sages taken word for word from Polybius, 
 in which the latter has shown himself more 
 informed in military affairs, and superior to 
 his imitator. The best editions of Livy will 
 be found to be those of Maittaire, 6 vols. 
 12mo. London, 1722; of Drachenborch, 7 
 vols. 4to. Amst. 1731, and of Ruddiman, 4 
 
 vols. 12mo. Edin. 1751. A governor of Ta- 
 
 rentum, who delivered his trust to Annibal, 
 
 &c. A high priest who devoted Decius to 
 
 the Dii manes. A commander of a Ro- 
 man fleet sent against Antiochus in the Helles- 
 pont. 
 
 Lixus, a river of Mauritania, with a city of 
 the same name. Antaeus had a palace there, 
 and according to some accounts it was in the 
 neighbourhood that Hercules conquered him. 
 Ital. 3, V. 25S.— Mela, 3, c. }0.—Strab.2. — — 
 A son of iEgyptus. Jlpollod. 
 
 LoBON, a native oi Argos, who wrote a 
 book concerning poets. Diog. 
 
 LocEus, a man who conspired against Alex- 
 ander with Dymnus, &.c. Curt. 6, c. 7. 
 
 LocHA, a large city of Africa, taken and 
 plundered by Scipio's soldiers. 
 
 Lochias, a promontory and citadel of Egypt 
 near Alexandria. 
 
 LocRi, a town of Magna Graecia in Italy on 
 the Adriatic, not far from Rhegium. It was 
 founded by a Grecian colony about 757 years 
 before the Christian era, as some suppose. 
 The inhabitants were called Locri or Locrenses. 
 Virg. JEn. 3, v. 399.—Strab.—Plin.—Ltv. 22, 
 
 c. 6, 1. 23, c. 30. A town of Locris in 
 
 Greece. 
 
 LocRis, a country of Greece, whose in- 
 habitants are known by the name of Ozolce, 
 Epicnemidii, and Opuniii. The country of 
 the Ozolae, called also Epizephyrii, from their 
 westerly situation, was at the north of the 
 bay of Corinth, and extended above 12 miles 
 northward. On the west it was separated 
 from -ffitolia by the Evenus, and it hali 
 Phocis at the east. The chief city was called 
 Naupactus. The Epicnemidii were at the 
 north of the Ozolae, and had the bay of Malia 
 at the east, and OEta at the north. They re- 
 ceived their name from the situation of their 
 residence near a mountain called Cnemis. 
 They alone, of all the Locrians, had the privi- 
 lege of sending members to the council^of the 
 
LO 
 
 Amphictyons. The Opuntii, who received 
 their name from their chief city, called Opus, 
 were situated on the borders of the Euripus, 
 and near Phocis and Euboea. Plin. 3, c. 5. — 
 Strah. 6, hc.—Plol.—Mela.—Liv. 26, c. 26, 1. 
 28, c. Q.—Paas. Ach. S^ Pfwc. 
 
 LocusTA, a celebrated woman at Rome in 
 the favour of Nero. She poisoned Claudius 
 and Britanicus, and at last attempted to de- 
 stroy Nero himself, for which she was execu- 
 ted. Tacit. Ann. 12, c. 66, k.c.—Sv£t. in JVer. 
 33. 
 
 LocuTius. Vid. Aius. 
 
 LoLLiA Paulina, a beautiful woman, daugh- 
 ter of M. LoUius, who married C. Memmius 
 Regulus, and afterwards Caligula. She was di- 
 vorced and put to death by means of Agrippi- 
 na. Tacit. Ann. 12, c. 1, he. 
 
 LoLLiANus SpuRius, a general proclaimed 
 emperor by his soldiers in Gaul, and soon af- 
 ter murdered, k.c. A consul, he. 
 
 M. LoLLius, a companion and tutor of C. 
 Caesar the son-in-law of Tiberius. He was con- 
 sul, and offended Augustus by his rapacity in 
 the provinces, Horace has addressed two of 
 bis epistles to him, &:c. Tacit. Ann. 3. 
 
 LoNDisuM, the capital of Britain, founded 
 as some suppose between the age of Julius 
 Caesar and Nero. It has been severally called 
 Londinium, Limdinum, he. Ammianus calls 
 it retustam oppidum. It is represented as a 
 considerable, opulent, and commercial town 
 in the age of Nero. Tacit. Ann. 14, c. 33. — 
 Ammian. 
 
 LoNGiRENUs, a man guilty of adultery 
 with Fausta, Sylla's daughter. Herat. 1, Sat. 
 2, V. 67. 
 
 LoNGiMANus, a surname of Artaxerxes, from 
 his iiaving one hand longer than the other. 
 The Greeks called him Macrochir. C. Aep. in 
 
 LoN'GiNus, DionysiiK Cassius, a celebrated 
 Greek philosopher and critic of Athens. He 
 was preceptor of the Greek language, and af- 
 terwards minister to Zenobia, the famous 
 queen of Palmyra, and his ardent zeal and 
 spirited activity to her cause proved, at last, 
 fatal to him. When the emperor Aurelian 
 entered victorious the gates of Palmyra, Lon- 
 ginus was sacrificed to the fury of the Roman 
 soldiers, A. D. 273. At the moment of death 
 he showed himself great and resolute, and 
 with a philosophical and unparalleled firm- 
 ness of mind, lie even repressed the tears and 
 sighs of the spectators who pitied his miserable 
 end. Longinus rendered his name immortal 
 by his critical remarks on ancient authors. 
 His treatise on the sublime, gives the world 
 reason to lament the loss of his other valuable 
 compositions. The best editions of this author 
 are tiiat of ToUius, 4to. Traj. adRhen. 1G94, 
 
 and that of Toup, Svo. Oxon. 1778. Cassius, 
 
 a tribune driven out of the senate for favouring 
 the interest of J. Cajsar. He was made gover- 
 nor of Spain by Caisar, he. A governor of 
 
 Judaea. A proconsul. A lawyer whom, 
 
 though blind and respected, Nero ordered to 
 be put to death, because he had in his posses- 
 sion a picture of Cassius one of Caesar's mur- 
 derers. Jav. 10, V. 6. 
 
 LoNGOBAUoi, a nation of Germany. Ta- 
 : d. de Germ. 
 
 LoNcijLA, a town of Latium on the bor- 
 
 LU 
 
 Liv. 2, c. 33 and 39, 1. 9, 
 of Spain 
 
 49 
 
 i ders of the Volsci 
 c. 39. 
 
 LoNGUNTiCA, a maritime city 
 Tarraconensis. Liv. 22, c. 20. 
 
 LoNGus, a Roman consul, &.c. A Greek 
 
 author who wrote a novel called the amours 
 of Daphnis and Chloe. The age in which he 
 lived is not precisely known. The best edi- 
 tions of this pleasing writer are that of Paris, 
 4to. 1754, and that of Villoison, Svo. Paris. 
 1778. 
 
 LoRDi, a people of Illyricum. 
 
 LoRYMA, a town of Doris. Liv. 37, c. 17. 
 
 LoTis or Lotos, a beautiful nymph, daugh- 
 ter of Neptune. Priapus offered her violence, 
 and to save herself from his importunities she 
 implored the gods, who changed her into a 
 tree called Lotus, consecrated to Venus and 
 Apollo. Ovid. Met. 9, v. 348. 
 
 LoTOPHAGi, a people on the coast of Africa 
 near the Syrtes. They received this name 
 from their living upon the lotus. Ulysses vi- 
 sited their country at his return from the Tro- 
 jan war. Herodot. 4, c. m.Strah. 17.— 
 Mela^ 1, c. I.—Plin. 5, c. 7, 1. 13, c. 17. 
 
 Lous or Aousj a river of Macedonia near 
 ApoUonia. 
 
 LuA, a goddess at Rome, who presided over 
 things which were purified by lustrations, 
 whence the name (a luendo.) She is supposed 
 to be the same as Ops or Rhea. 
 
 Luc A, now Lucca, a city of Etraria on the 
 
 river Arnus, Liv. 21, c. 5, 1. 41, c. 13 Cic 
 
 13,fam. 13. 
 
 LucAGus, one of the friends of Turnus kill- 
 ed by ^neas. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 575. 
 
 LucANi, a people of Italy, descended from 
 the Samnites, or from the Brutii. 
 
 LucANiA, a country of Italy, between t' 
 Tyrrhene and Sicilian seas, and bounded L 
 Picenum, Pucetia, and the country of the Bru- 
 tii. The country was famous for its grapes . 
 Strah. 6.— Plin. 3, c. 5.— Mela, 2, c. 4.—Liv 8, 
 c. 17, 1. 9, c. 20, 1. 10, c. U.—Horat. 2, ep. 2, 
 V. 178. ^ 
 
 Q. LucANius, a centurion in Caesar's armv, 
 he. CcEsar. Bell. G. 5. 
 
 LucANus, M. Ann^us, a native of Coi- 
 duba in Spain. He was early removed to 
 Rome, where his rising talents and more par- 
 ticularly his lavished pi-aiseg and panegyrics - 
 recommended him to the emperor Nero 
 This intimacy was soon productive of honour, 
 and Lucan was raised to the dignity of an au- 
 gur and qucestor before he had attained the 
 proper age. The poet had tlie imprudence 
 to enter the lists against his imperial patron ; 
 he chose for his subject Orpheus, and Nero 
 took the tragical story of Niobe. Lucan ob- 
 tained an easy victory, but Nero became jea- 
 lous of his poetical reputation, and resolved 
 upon revenge. The insults to which Lucan 
 was daily exposed, provoked at last his re- 
 sentment, and he joined Piso in a couspiracv 
 against the emperor. The whole was discov- 
 ered, and the poet had nothing left but to 
 choose the manner of his execution. He had 
 his veins opened iu a warm bath, and as hr 
 expired he pronounced with great energy the 
 
 lines which, in his Pharsalia, 1. 3, v. 039 
 
 642, he had put into the mouth of a soldier, 
 who died in the same manner as himself. 
 Some have accused him of pusillanimitviu tb«> 
 
LU 
 
 moment of his death, and say that, to free 
 himself from the punishment which threatened 
 him, he accused his own mother, and involved 
 her in the crime of which he was guilty. This 
 circuaistance, which throws an indelible blot 
 upon the character of Lucan, is not mentioned 
 by some writers, who observe that he expired 
 with all the firmness of a philosopher. He 
 died in his 26th year, A. D. 65. Of all his 
 compositions none but his Pharsalia remains. 
 This poem, which is an account of the civil 
 wars of Cassar and Pompey, is unfinished. 
 Opinions are various as to the merit of the po- 
 etry. It possesses neither the fire of Homer, 
 nor the melodious numbers of Virgil. If Lu- 
 can had lived to a greater age, his judgment 
 and genius would have matured; and he might 
 have claimed a more exalted rank among the 
 
 Eoets of the Augustan age. His expressions, 
 owever, are bold and animated, his poetry 
 entertaining, though his irregularities are nu- 
 merous, and to use the words of Quintilian, 
 he is more an orator than a poet. He wrote 
 a poem upon the burning of Rome, now lost. 
 It is said that his wife Polla Argentara, not 
 only assisted him in the composition of his 
 poem, but even corrected it after his death. 
 Scaliger says, that Lucan rather barks than 
 sings. The best editions of Lucan are those 
 of Oudendorp, 4to. L. Bat. 1728, of Bent- 
 ley, 4to. printed at Strawberry-hfll, 1760, 
 and of Barbou, 12mo. Pai'is, 1767. QuirUil. 
 10.— Suet.— Tacit. Ann. 15, he— Martial 
 
 7, ep. 20. Ocellus or Ucellus, an ancient 
 
 Pythagorean philosopher, whose age is un- 
 known. He wrote, in the Attic dialect, a 
 book on the nature of the universe, which he 
 deemed eternal, and from it were drawn the 
 systems adopted by Aristotle, Plato, and Philo 
 Judaeus. This work was first translated into 
 Latin by Nogarola. Another book of Ocellus 
 on laws, written in the Doric dialect, was 
 greatly esteemed by Archytas and Plato, a frag- 
 ment of which has been preserved by Stobaeus, 
 of which, however, Ocellus is disputed to be 
 the author. There is an edition of Ocellus, 
 with a learned commentary, by C. Emman. 
 Vizzanius, Bononise, 1646, in 4to. 
 
 LucARiA or LucEaiA, festivals at Rome, 
 celebrated in a large grove between the Via 
 Salaria and the Tiber, where the Romans hid 
 themselves when besieged by the Gauls. 
 Tacit. Ann. 1, c. 77. 
 
 L. LuccEius, a celebrated historian, asked 
 by Cicero to write a history of his consulship. 
 He favoured the cause of Pompey, but was af- 
 terwards pardoned by J. Caisar. Cic. ad Fam. 
 5, ep. 12, Uc. 
 
 LuccEius Albinds, a governor of Mauri- 
 tania after Galba's death, Lc. Tacit. Hist. 
 2, c. 68. 
 
 LuGENTUM, (or ia) a town of Spain, now 
 .iiirani. 
 
 LucERES, a body of horse composed of Ro- 
 man knights, first established by Romulus and 
 T&tius. It received its name either from Lu- 
 cumo, an Etrurian who assisted the Romans 
 against the Sabines, or from lucus, a grove 
 where Romulus had erected an asylum, or a 
 place of refuge for all fugitives, slaves, homi- 
 cides, &,c. that he might people his city. The 
 Latereswere some of these men, and they 
 were incorporated with the legions. Prap^rt. 
 4, el. 1. v. 31. "^ 
 
 LU 
 
 LocERiA, atown of Apulia, famous for wool, 
 Liv. 9, c. 2 and 12, 1. 10, c. 35.— Horat. 3, od, 
 15, v. 14. — Lucan. 2, v. 473. 
 
 LucERius, a surname of Jupiter, as the fa- 
 ther of light. 
 
 LucETius, a Rutulian, killed by Ilioneus. 
 Virg. Mn. 9, v» 570. 
 
 LuciANUs, a celebrated writer of Samo* 
 sata. His father was poor in his circumstan- 
 ces, and Lucian was early bound to one of his 
 uncles, who was a sculptor. This employ- 
 ment highly displeased him ; he made no pro- 
 ficiency in the art, and resolved to seek bis 
 livelihood by better means. A dream in which 
 Learning seemed to draw him to her, and to 
 promise lame and immortality, confirmed hia 
 resolutions, and he began to Avrite. The arti- 
 fices and unfair dealings of a lawyer, a life 
 which he had embraced, disgusted him, and he 
 began to study philosophy and eloquence. He 
 visited difterent places, and Antioch, Ionia, 
 Greece, Italy, Gaul, and more particularly 
 Athens, became successively acquainted with 
 the depth of his learning and the power of his 
 eloquence. The emperor M. Aurelius was 
 sensible of his merit, and appointed him re- 
 gister to the Roman governor of Egypt. He 
 died A. D. 180, in his 90th yeai*, and some of 
 the moderns have asserted that he was torn 
 to pieces by dogs for his impiety, particularly 
 for ridiculing the religion of Christ. The 
 works of Lucian, which are numerous, and 
 written in the Attic dialect, consist partly of 
 dialogues, in which he introduces different 
 characters with much dramatic propriety. 
 His style is easy, simple, elegant, and anima- 
 ted, and he has stored his compositions with 
 many lively sentiments, and much of the true 
 Attic wit. His frequent obscenities, and his 
 manner of exposing to ridicule not only the 
 religion of his country, but also that of every 
 other nation, have deservedly drawn upon 
 him the censure of every age, and brand- 
 ed him with the appellation of atheist and 
 blasphemer. He also wrote the life of Sostra- 
 tes, a philosopher of Bceotia, as also that of 
 the philosopher Demonax. Some have also 
 attributed to him, with great impropriety, the 
 life of Apollonius Thyaneus. The best edi- 
 tions of Lucian are that of Graevius, 2 vols. 
 8vo. Amst. 1687, and that of Reitzius, 4 vols. 
 4to. Amst. 1743. 
 
 LxTciFER, the name of the planet Venus, 
 or morning star. It is called Lucifer, w hen 
 appearing in the morning before the sun ; but 
 w hen it follows it, and appears some time after 
 its setting, it is called Hesperus. According 
 to some mythologists, Lucifer was son of Ju- 
 piter and Aurora. A Christian writer 
 
 whose work was edited by the Coleti, fo!. Ve- 
 net. 1778. 
 
 LuciFERi FANUM, a towu of Spain. 
 
 C. LuciLius, a Roman knight born at Au- 
 runca, illustrious not only for the respectability 
 of his ancestors, but more deservedly for the 
 uprightness and (he innocence of his own im- 
 maculate character. He lived in the greatest in- 
 timacy with Scipio the first Africanus, and even 
 attended him in his first war against Numantia. 
 He is looked upon as the founder of satire, and 
 as the first great satirical writer among the^ 
 Romans. He is superior to his poetical pre- 
 -decessors at Rome ; and though he wrote with 
 
LU 
 
 great roughness and inelegance, but with 
 much facility, he gained many admirers, whose 
 praises have often been lavished with too libe- 
 ral a hand. Horace compares him to a river 
 which rolls upon its waters precious sand ac- 
 companied with mire and dirt. Of the thirty 
 satires which he wrote, nothing but a few 
 verses remain. He died at Naples, the 46th 
 year of his age, B. C. 103. His fragments have 
 been collected and published with notes b}' 
 Fr. Dousa, 4to. L. Bat. 1697, and lastly by the 
 Vulpii, 8vo. Patav. 1735. quintil. 10, c. 1.— 
 Cic. de Oral. 2. — Horai. Luclnus, a fa- 
 mous Roman who fled with Brutus after the 
 battle of Philippi. They were soon after 
 overtaken by a party of horse, and Lucilius 
 suftered himself to be severely wounded by 
 the dart of the enemy, exclaiming that he was 
 Brutus. He was taken and carried to the con- 
 querors, whose clemency spared his life. Plut. 
 A tribune who attempted in vain to elect 
 
 Porapey to the dictatorship. A centurion, 
 
 &c. A governor of Asia under Tiberius. 
 
 ■ A friend of Tiberius. 
 LuciLLA, a daughter of M. Aurelius, cele- 
 brated for the virtues of her youth, her beau- 
 ty, debaucheries, and misfortunes. At the 
 age of sixteen her father sent her to Syria to 
 marry the emperor Verus, who was then em- 
 ployed in a war with the Parthians and Arme- 
 nians. The conjugal virtues of Lucilla were 
 great at first, but when she saw Verus plunge 
 himself into debauchery and dissipation, she 
 followed his example, and prostituted herself. 
 At her return to Rome she saw the incestuous 
 commerce of her husband with her mother, 
 &c. and at last poisoned him. She afterwards 
 married an old but virtuous senator, by order 
 of her father, and was not ashamed soon to 
 gratify the criminal sensualities of her brother 
 Coramodus. The coldness and indifterence 
 with which Comraodus treated her afterwards 
 determined her on revenge, and she with 
 many illustrious senators conspired against 
 his life, A. D. 185. The plot was discovered, 
 Lucilla was banished, and soon after put to 
 death by her brother, in the 38th year of her 
 
 LuciNA, a goddess, daughter of Jupiter and 
 Juno, or, according to others, of Latona. As 
 her mother brought her into the world with- 
 out pain, she became the goddess whom wo- 
 itien in labour invoked, and she presided 
 over the birth of children. She receives this 
 name either from lucus, or from lux^ as Ovid 
 explains it: 
 Gratia Lucince, dedil hcec iibi nomine lucus; 
 Aut quia principium tu, Dea, luds habes. 
 Some suppose her to be the same as Diana and 
 Juno, because these two goddesses were also 
 sometimes called Lucina, and presided over 
 the labours of women. She is called Ilythia 
 by the Greeks. She had a famous temple at 
 Rome, raised A. U. C. 396. Varr. de L. L. 4. 
 — Cic. de JVal. D. 2, c. 27.— Ovid. Fast. 2, v. 
 449. — Horat. Carm. Stc. 
 
 Lucius, a Roman soldier killed at the siege 
 of Jerusalem, by saving in his arms a man who 
 jumped down from one of the walls. Joseph. 
 
 A brother of M. Antony. [Fid. L. Anto- 
 
 nius.] A Roman general who defeated the 
 
 Etrurians, he. A relation of J. Cajsar. 
 
 A Roman ambassador, murdered by the Illyr- 
 
 LU 
 
 [ ians. A consul, he. A writer, called by 
 
 I some Saturantius Apuleius. He was born in 
 I Africa, on the borders of Nuraidia. He studied 
 I poetry, music, geometiy, &,c. at Athens, and 
 warmly embraced the tenets of tlie Platonists. 
 He cultivated magic, and some miracles are 
 attributed to his knowledge of enchantments. 
 He wrote in Greek and Latin, with great ease 
 and simplicity ; his style, however, is some- 
 times affected, though his eloquence was 
 greatly celebx-ated in his age. Some fragments 
 of his compositions are still extant. He dour- 
 ished in the reign of M. Aurelius. A bro- 
 ther of Vitellius, &c. A sorr of Agrippa, 
 
 adopted by Augustus. A man put to death 
 
 for his incontinence, &;c. The word Lucius 
 
 is a praenomen common to many Romans, of 
 whom an account is given under their family 
 names. 
 
 LucRETiA, a celebrated Roman lady, daugh- 
 ter of Lucretius, and wife of Tarquinius Col- 
 iatinus. Her accomplishments proved fatal 
 to her, and the praises which a number of 
 young nobles at Ardea, among whom were 
 Collatlnus and the sons of Tarquin, bestowed 
 upon the domestic virtues of their wives at 
 home, were productive of a revolution in the 
 state. While every one was warm with the 
 idea, it was universally agreed to leave the 
 camp and go to Rome, to ascertain the ve- 
 racity of their respective assertions. Collati- 
 nus had the pleasure to see his expectations 
 fulfilled in the highest degree, and, while the 
 wives of the other Romans were involved in 
 the riot and dissipation of a feast, Lucretia was 
 found at home, employed in the midst of her 
 female servants, and easing their labour by 
 sharing it herself The beauty and innocence 
 of Lucretia inflamed the passion of Sextus, the 
 son of Tarquin, who was a witness of her vir- 
 tues and industry. He cherished his flame, 
 and he secretly retired from the camp, and 
 came to the house of Lucretia, vvhere he met 
 with a kind reception. He showed himself un- 
 worthy of such a treatment, and, in Vie dead 
 of night, he introduced himself to Lucretia, 
 who refused to his entreaties what her Tear of 
 shame granted to his threats She yielded to 
 her ravisher when he threatened to murder 
 her, and to slay one of her slaves, and put him. 
 in her bed, that this apparent adultery might 
 seem to have met with the punishment it de- 
 served. Lucretia, in the morning, sent for her 
 husband and her father, and, after she had 
 revealed to them the indignities she had suf- 
 fered from the son of Tarquin, and entreated 
 them to avenge her wrongs, she stabbed her- 
 self with a dagger which she had previously 
 concealed under her clothes. This fatal 
 blow was the sign of rebellion. The body 
 of the virtuous Lucretia was exposed to the 
 eyes of the senate, and the violence and bar- 
 barity of Sextus, joined with the unpopularity 
 and oppression of his father, so irritated the 
 Roman populace, that that moment they ex- 
 pelled the Tarquina for ever from Rome. 
 Brutus, who was present at the tragical deatU. 
 of Lucretia, kindled the flames of rebellion* 
 and the republican or consular government 
 was established at Rome A. U. C. 244. Liv. 
 1, c 57, he. — Dionys. Hal. A. c. 15. — Ovid. 
 Fast. 2, V. lAl.— Val.Max. 6, c. l.—^/«^— • » 
 
 August.de Civ. D. 1, c. 19 The wife oS 
 
 Numa. Plut. 
 
LU 
 
 LucRETiLis, now Libretti, a mountain in 
 ihe country of the Sabines, hanging over a 
 pleasant valley, near which the house and farm 
 of Horace was situate. Horaf. 1, od, 17, v. 
 
 i.—cic.7,m. 11. 
 
 T. Lucretius Carus, a celebrated Roman 
 poet and philosopher, who was early sent to 
 Athens, where he studied under Zeno and 
 Phffidrus. The tenets of Epicurus and Em- 
 pedocles, which then prevailed at Athens, 
 Mere warmly embraced by Lucretius, and 
 when united with the infinite of Anaxiraander, 
 and the atoms of Democritus, they were ex- 
 plained and elucidated in a poem, in six books, 
 which is called i)e reram nalurd. In this 
 poem the masterly genius and unaffected ele- 
 gance of the poet are every where conspicu- 
 ous ; but the opinions of the philosopher are 
 justly censured, who gives no existence of 
 power to a supreme Being, but is the devoted 
 advocate of atheism and impiety, and earnestly 
 endeavours to establish the mortality of the 
 soul . This composition, which has little claim 
 to be called a heroic poem, was written and 
 finished while the poet laboured under a violent 
 delirium, occasioned by a philtre, which the 
 jealousy of his mistress or his wife Lucilia had 
 administered. It is said that he destroyed him- 
 self in the 44th year of his age, about 54 years 
 before Christ. Cicero, after his death, revised 
 and corrected his poems, which had been part- 
 ly written in the lucid intervals of reason and 
 of sense. Lucretius, whose poem shows that 
 he wrote Latin better than any other man ever 
 did, would have proved no mean rival of Virgil, 
 had he lived in the polished age of Augustus. 
 The best editions of his works are that of 
 Creech, 8vo. Oxon. 1695 ; that of Havercarap, 
 2 vols. 4to. Lug. Bat. 1725 ; and that of Glas- 
 gow, 12mo. 1759. Paterc.2, c. 36. — Quintil. 
 
 3, c. 1, 1. 10, c. 1. Quintus, a Roman who 
 
 killed himself because the inhabitants of Sul- 
 rao, over which he was appointed with a gar- 
 rison, seemed to favour the cause of J. Cssar. 
 C(£s. Bell. Civ. 1, c. 18. He is called Ves- 
 
 pillo. Sp. Tricipitinus, father of Lncretia, 
 
 wife of Collatinus, was made consul after the 
 death of Brutus, and soon after died himself. 
 Horatius Pulvillus succeeded him. Liv. 1, c. 
 
 58. — Plut.in Pub. An interrex at Rome. 
 
 A consul. Osella, a Roman, put to 
 
 death by Sylla because he had applied for the 
 consulship without his permission. Pint. 
 
 LucuiKUM, a town of Apulia. 
 
 LucRiNus, a small lake of Campania, op- 
 posite Puteoli. Some believe that it was made 
 by Hercules when he passed through Italy 
 with the bulls of Geryon. It abounded with 
 excellent oysters, and was united by Augus- 
 tus to the Avernus, and a communication 
 formed with the sea, near the harbour called 
 Julius Portus. The Lucrii^e lake disappeared 
 on the 30th of September, 153S, in a violent 
 earthquake, which raised on the spot a moun 
 tain 4 miles in circumference, and about 1000 
 feet t igh, with a crater in the middle. Cic. 4. 
 .^tl. lO.—Strab. 5 and 6— Mela, 2, c. 4.— 
 Properl. 1, el. 11, v. lO.—Virg. G. 2, v. 161. 
 —HoTui. 2, od. 15. 
 
 C. LucTATius Catulus, a Roman consul 
 with Murius. He assisted his colleague in 
 conqueriiig the Cjtiibrians. \^Via. Cimbricum 
 bollum.] He was eloquent as well as valiant. 
 
 LU 
 
 and his history of his consulship, which he 
 wrote with great veracity, convinces us of his 
 literary talents. That history is lost. Cic. da 
 
 Orat. — Varro de L. L. — Flor. 2, c. 2. C. 
 
 Catulus, a Roman consul, who destroyed the 
 Carthaginian fleet. Vid. Catulus. 
 
 LucuLLEA, a festival established by the 
 Greeks in honour of Lucullus, who had behav- 
 ed with great prudence and propriety in his 
 province. Plut. in Luc. 
 
 LucuLLi HORATi, gardens of Lucullus situa- 
 ted near Neapolis, &-c. Tacit. Ann. 11, c 
 
 1. Villa, a country seat near mount Mise- 
 
 nus, where Tiberius died. Tacit. Ann. 6, 
 c. 50. 
 
 Lucullus, Lucius Licinius, a Roman cele- 
 brated for his fondness of luxury and for his 
 military talents. He was born about 115 years 
 before the Christian era, and soon distinguished 
 himself by his proficiency in the liberal arts, 
 particularly eloquence and philosophy. His 
 first military campaign was in the Marsian 
 war, where his valour and cool intrepidity re- 
 commended him to public itotice. His mild- 
 ness and constancy gained him the admiration 
 and confidence of Sylla, aud from this connex- 
 ion hederived honour, and during his quaestor- 
 ship in Asia, and pretorship in Africa, he ren- 
 dered himself more conspicuous by his justice, 
 moderation, and humanity. He was raised to 
 the consulship A. U. C. 680, and intrusted with 
 the care of the Mithridatic war, and first dis- 
 played his military talents in rescuing his col- 
 league Cotta, whom the enemy had besieged 
 in Chalcedonia. This was soon followed by a 
 celebrated victory over the forces of Mithri- 
 dates, on the borders of the Granicus, and by 
 the conquest of all Bithynia. His victories by 
 sea were as great as those by land, and Mith- 
 ridates lost a powerful fleet near Lemnos. 
 Such considerable losses weakened the enemy, 
 and Mithridates retired with precipitation to- 
 wards Armenia, to the court of king Tigranes, 
 his father-in-law. His flight was perceived, 
 and Lucullus crossed the Eu{)hrates with great 
 expedition, and gave battle to the numerous 
 forces which Tigranes had already assembled 
 to support the cause of his son-in-law. Ac- 
 cordingtotheexaggerated account of Plutarch, 
 no less than 100,000 foot and near 55,000 
 horse, of the Armenians, lost their lives in that 
 celebrated battle. All this carnage was made 
 by a Roman army amounting to no more thau 
 18,000 men, of whom only five were killed and 
 100 wounded during the combat. The taking 
 of Tigranocerta, the capital of Armenia, was 
 the consequence of this immortal victory, and 
 Lucullus there obtained the greatest part of 
 the royal treasures. This continual success, 
 howcver,was attended with serious consequen- 
 ces. The severity of Lucullus, and the haugh- 
 tiness of his commands, offended his soldiers, 
 and displeased his adherents at Rome. Pom- 
 pey was soon after sent to succeed him, and to 
 continue the Mithridatic war, and the inter- 
 view which he had with Lucullus began with 
 acts of mutual kindness, and ended in the most 
 inveterate reproaches, and open enmity. Lu- 
 cullus was permitted to retire to Rome, and 
 only 1600 of the soldiers who had t-hared his 
 fortune and his glories were suffered to accom- 
 pany him. He was received with coldness at 
 Rome, and he obtained with difficuhy a tri- 
 
 I 
 
LU 
 
 umpb, which was deservedly claimed by his 
 fame,his successes, and his victories. In this en- 
 ded the days of his glory; and he retired to the 
 enjoyment of ease and peaceful society, and 
 no longer interested himself in the commotions 
 whicii disturbed the tranquillity of Rome. He 
 dedicated his time to studious pursuits, and to 
 literary conversation. His house was enriched 
 with a valuable library, which was opened for 
 the service of the curious, and of the learned. 
 Lucullus fell into a delirium in the last part 
 of his life, and died in the 67th or 68th year of 
 his age. The people showed their respect for 
 his merit, by their wish to give him an hon- 
 ourable burial in the Campus Martius; but 
 their oflfers were rejected, and he was private- 
 ly buried, by his brother, in his estate at Tus- 
 culum. Lucullus has been admired for his 
 many accomplishments, but he has been cen- 
 sured for his severity and extravagance. The 
 expenses of his meals were immoderate, his 
 halls were distinguished by the different names 
 of the gods ; and when Cicero and Pompey at- 
 tempted to surprise him, they were astonished 
 at the costliness of a supper which had been 
 prepared upon the word of Lucullus, who had 
 merely said to his servant that he would sup in 
 the hall of Apollo. In his retirement Lucullus 
 was fond of artificial variety ; subterraneous 
 cav'es and passages were dug under the hills on 
 the coast of Campania, and the sea water was 
 conveyed round the house and pleasure 
 grounds, where the fishes flocked in such abun- 
 dance that not less than 25,000 pounds worth 
 were sold at his death. In his public character 
 Lucullus was humane and compassionate, and 
 he showed his sense of the vicissitudes of hu- 
 man affairs by shedding tears at the sight of one 
 of the cities of Armenia, which his soldiers re- 
 duced to ashes. He was a perfect master of 
 the Greek and Latin languages, and he em- 
 ployed himself for some time to write a con- 
 cise history of the Marsi in Greek hexameters. 
 Such are the striking characteristics of a man 
 who meditated the conquest ofParthia, and for 
 a while gained the admiration of all the inhab- 
 itants of the east, by his justice and modera- 
 tion, and who might have disputed the empire 
 of the world with a Caesar or Pompey, had not, 
 at last, his fondness for retii'ement withdrawn 
 liim from the reach of ambition. Cic.pro ^rch. 
 4. — Qu(£st. Ac. 2, c. 1. — Plxd. in vita. — Flor. 
 3, c. 5. — Strab. — Jippian. in Millir. &.c. — Oro- 
 
 sius 6, &.C. A consul who went to Spain, 
 
 &c.- A Roman, put to death by Domitian. 
 
 ■A brother of Lucius Lucullus, lieutenant 
 under Sylla. A praetor of Macedonia. 
 
 LucuMO, the first name of Tarquinius Pris- 
 cus, afterwards changed into Lucius. The 
 word is Etrurian, and signifies prince or chief. 
 Plut. in Rom. 
 
 Luc us, a king of ancient Gaul. A town 
 
 ','f Gaul, at the foot of the Alps. 
 
 LuGDUNENSis Gallia, a part of Gaul, 
 which received its name from Lugdununi,the 
 capital city of the province. It was anciently 
 called Celtica. H(/. Gallia. 
 
 LugdCxVum, a town of Gallia Celtica, built 
 at the confluence of the Rhone and the Arar, 
 or Saone, by Manutius Plancus, when he was 
 governor of the province. This town, now 
 called Lyons, is the second city of France in 
 liniul of population. Jitv.l,v. 44. — Strab. 4. 
 
 LU 
 
 Batavorum, a town on the Rhine, just as 
 
 it falls into the ocean. It is now called Ley- 
 den, and is famous for its university. Con- 
 
 venarum, a town at the foot of the Pyrennees, 
 now St. Berlrand in Gascony. 
 
 Luna, {the moon) was daughter of Hype- 
 rion and Terra, and was the same, according 
 to some mythologists, as Diana. She was wor- 
 shipped by the ancient inhabitants of the earth 
 with many superstitious forms and ceremo- 
 nies. It was supposed that magicians and en- 
 chanters, particularly those of Thessaly, had 
 an uncontrollable power over the moon, and 
 that they could draw her down from heaven 
 at pleasure by the mere force of their incan- 
 tations. Her eclipses, according to their opi- 
 nion, proceeded from thence ; and, on that 
 account, it was usual to beat drums and cym- 
 bals, to ease her labours, and to render the 
 power of magic less effectual. The Arca- 
 dians believed that they were older than the 
 moon. Olid. Met. 12, v. 263, hc.—Tihull. 1, 
 el. 8, V. 2\.—Uesiod. Theog.— Virg. Ed. 8, 
 V. 69. A maritime town of Etruria, fa- 
 mous for the white marble which it produced, 
 and called also Lunensis portus. It contained 
 a fine capacious harbour, and abounded in 
 wine, cheese, &c. The inhabitants were na- 
 turally given to augury, and the observation of 
 uncommon phaenomena. Mela, 2, c. 4. — Lu- 
 can. 1, V. 596.— P/»i. 14, c. 6.— Lip. 34, c. 8. 
 —Sill. 8, V. 481. 
 
 LuPA, (a she-wolf) was held in great ve- 
 neration at Rome, because Romulus and Re- 
 mus, according to an ancient tradition, were 
 suckled and preserved by one of these animals. 
 This fabulous story arises from the surname of 
 Lupa, prostitute, which was given to the wife 
 of the shepherd Faustulus, to whose care and 
 humanity these children owed their preserva- 
 tion. Ovid. Fast. 2, v. 415. — Plut. in RomuL 
 
 Lupercal, a place at the foot of mount 
 Aventine, sacred to Pan, where festivals called 
 Lupercalia were yearly celebrated, and where 
 the she- wolf was said to have brought up Ro- 
 mulus and Remus. Virg. JEn. 8, v. 343. 
 
 Lupercalia, a yearly festiv^al observed at 
 Rome the loth of February, in honour of the 
 god Pan. It was usual first to sacrifice two 
 goats and a dog, and to touch with a bloody 
 knife the forehead of two illustrious youths, 
 who always were obliged to smile while they 
 were touched. The blood was wiped away 
 with soft wool dipped in milk. After this the 
 skins of the victims were cut in thongs, with 
 which whips were made for the youths. With 
 these whips the youths ran about the streets 
 all naked except the middle, and whipped 
 freely all those they met. Women in particu- 
 lar were fond of receiving the lashes, as they 
 superstitiously believed that they removed 
 barrenness, and eased the pains of child-birth. 
 This excursion in the streets of Rome was per- 
 formed by naked youths, because Pan is al- 
 ways represented naked, and a goat was sacri- 
 ficed, because that deity was supposed to have 
 the feet of a goat. A dog was added, as a ne- 
 cessary and useful guardian of the shecpfold. 
 This festival, as Plutarch mentions, was first 
 instituted by the Romans in honour of the she- 
 wolf which suckled Romulus and Remus. This 
 opinion is controverted by others, and Livy, 
 w iili Dionysius of Halicai'unssus, observes, that 
 
LU 
 
 ihty were introduced into Italy by Evander. 
 The name seems to be borrowed from the 
 Greek name of Pan, Lycceus, from kvxo;, a wolf; 
 not only because these ceremonies were like 
 the Lycasan festivals observed in Arcadia, but 
 because Pan, as god of shepherds, protected 
 the sheep from the rapacity of the wolves. 
 The priests who officiated at the Lupercalia 
 were called Lttpem. Augustus forbade any per- 
 son above the age of fourteen to appear naked, 
 or to run about the streets during the Luper- 
 calia. Cicero, in his Philippics, reproaches 
 Antony for having disgraced the dignity of the 
 consulship, by running naked, and armed with 
 a whip, about the streets. It was during the 
 celebration of these festivals that Antony of- 
 fered a crown to J. Cassar, whicli the indigna- 
 tion of the populace obliged him to refuse. 
 Ovid. Fast. 2, v. 427.— Farro L. L. 5, c. 3. 
 
 LuPERci, a number of priests at Rome, who 
 assisted at the celebration of the Lupercalia, 
 in honour of the god Pan, to whose service 
 they were dedicated. This order of priests 
 was the most ancient and respectable of all 
 the sacerdotal offices. It was divided into 
 two separate colleges, called Fabiani and 
 Quintiliani, from Fabius and Quintilius, two 
 of their high priests. The former were insti- 
 tuted in honour of .Romulus, and the latter of 
 Remus. To these two sacerdotnl bodies, J. 
 Cassar added a third, called, from himself, the 
 Julii, and this action contributed not a little to 
 render his cause unpopular, and to betray his 
 aspiring and ambitious views. [Vid. Luper- 
 calia.] Fans, in Rom. — Dio. Cas. 48. — Virg. 
 JEn. 8, v. 663. 
 
 LuPERcus, a grammarian in the reign of 
 the emperor Gallienus. He wrote some gram- 
 matical pieces, which some have preferred to 
 Herodian's compositions. 
 
 LupiAS or LupiA, now Lippe, a town of 
 Germany, with a small river of the same name, 
 falling into the Rhine. Tacit. Ann. 1, &c. 
 Lupus, a general of the emperor Severus. 
 
 A governor of Britain. A quaestor in 
 
 the reign of Tiberius, &.c. A comic writer 
 
 of Sicily, who wrote a poem on the return of 
 Menelaus and Helen to Sparta, after the des- 
 truction of Troy. Ovid, ex Pont. 4, ep. 16, v. 
 26. P. Rut, a Roman, who, contrary to the 
 omens, marched against the Marsi, and was 
 killed with his army. He has been taxed with 
 impiety, and was severely censured in the Au- 
 gustan age. Horat. 2, Sat. 1, v. 68. 
 
 LusiTANiA, a part of ancient Spain, whose 
 extent and situation have not been accurate- 
 ly defined by the ancients. According to the 
 better descriptions, it extended from the Tagus 
 to the sea of Cantabria, and comprehended 
 the modern kingdom of Portugal. The inha- 
 bitants were warlike, and were conquered by 
 the Roman army under Dolabella, B. C. 99, 
 with great difficulty. They generally lived 
 upon plunder, and were rude and unpolished 
 in their manners. It was usual among them 
 to expose their sick in the high roads, that 
 their diseases might be cured by the directions 
 and advice of travellers. They were very mo- 
 derate in their meals, and never eat but of one 
 dish. Their clothes were commonly black, 
 and they generally warmed themselves by 
 means of stone, heated in the fire. Stra^. 3. 
 —Mela, 2, c. 6, 1. 3, c. l.—Liv. 21, c. 43, 1. 
 7, G. 20. 
 
 LY 
 
 Lusius, a river of Arcadia. Cic. de .Va». 
 D. 3, c. 22.'-Paus. Arc. 28. 
 
 LusoNES, apeople of Spain near the Ibe- 
 rus, 
 
 LusTRicus Brutianus, a Roman poet. 
 Martial. 4, ep. 23. 
 
 LuTATius Catulus, a Roman who shut 
 the temple of Janus after peace had been 
 made with Carthage. Vid. Luctatius. 
 
 LuTERius, a general of the Gauls, de- 
 feated by Caesar, &.c. 
 
 LuTETiA, a town of Belgic Gaul, on the 
 confluence of the rivers Sequana andMatrona, 
 which received its name, as some suppose, 
 from the quantity of clay, lutum, whicn is in 
 its neighbourhood. J. Caesar fortified and em- 
 bellished it, from which circumstance some 
 authors call it Julii Civitas. Julian the apos- 
 tate resided there some time. It is now Parisj 
 and is the capital of France. C(es. de Bell. G. 
 6 and 7. — Strab. 4. — Ammian. 20. 
 
 C. LuTORius Prjscus, a Roman knight, 
 put to death by order of Tiberius, because 
 he had written a poem In which he had be- 
 wailed the death of Germanicus, who then 
 laboured under a severe illness. Tacit. Ann. 
 3, c. 49, kc. 
 
 Ly^sus, a surname of Bacchus. It is de- 
 rived from >'W«i', solvere, because wine, over 
 which Bacchus presides, gives freedom to the 
 mind, and delivers it from ^11 cares and me- 
 lancholy. Horat. ep. 9. — Lucan. 1, v. 675, 
 
 Lybas, one of the companions of Ulys- 
 ses, &c. 
 
 Lybya or LvBissA, a small village of Bi- 
 thynia, where Annibal was buried. 
 
 Lycabas, an Etrurian, who had been 
 banished from his country for murder. He 
 was one of those who offered violence to Bac- 
 chus, and who were changed into dolphins. 
 
 OijU Met. 4, v. 624. One of the Lapi- 
 
 thae, who ran away from the battle which was 
 fought at the nuptials of Pirithous. Id. Met. 
 12, V. 302. 
 
 Lycabetus, a mountain of Attioa, near 
 Athens. Stat. 
 
 Lycvea, festivals in Arcadia in honour of 
 Pan, the god of shepherds. They are the 
 
 same as the Lupercalia of the Romans. 
 
 A festival at Argos in honour of Apollo 
 Lycaeus, who delivered the Argives from 
 wolves, &c. 
 
 Lyceum, a celebrated place near the 
 banks of the Ilissus, in Attica. It was in 
 this pleasant and salubrious spot that Aris- 
 totle tatight philosophy, and as he generally 
 instructed his pupils in walking, they were 
 called Peripatetics, a wi^tTrceTiu,, ambulo. The 
 philosopher continued his instructions for 12 
 years, till, terrified by the false accusations of 
 Eurytoedon, he was obliged to fly to Chalcis. 
 
 Lyc^us, a mountain of Arcadia, sacred 
 to Jupiter, where a temple was built in hon- 
 our of the god by Lycaon, the son of Pelas- 
 gus. It was also sacred to Pan, whose fes- 
 tivals, called Lycop.a, were celebrated there. 
 Virg. G. 1, V. 16. ^n. 8, v. 343.Strab. 8.— 
 Horai. 1, od. 17, v. 2.— Ovid. Met. 1, v. 698. 
 
 Lycambes, the father of Neobule. He 
 promised his daughter in marriage to the 
 poet Archilocus, and afterwards refused to 
 fulfil his engagement when she had been 
 couited by a man whose opulence had more 
 
LY 
 
 influence than the fortune of the po»t. This 
 irritated Archilocus ; he wrote a bitter invec- 
 tive against Lycambes and his daughter, and 
 rendered them both so desperate by the satire 
 of his composition, that they hanged them- 
 selves. Horat. ep. 6, v. 13.— Ovid, in lb. 52.— 
 JriMot. Rhet. 3. 
 
 Lycaon, the first king of Arcadia, son of 
 Pelasgus and Melibcea. He built a town 
 called Lycosura on the top of mount Lycseus, 
 in honour of Jupiter. He had many wives, 
 by whom he had a daughter, called Calisto, 
 and fifty sons. He was succeeded oji the 
 throne by Nyctimus, the eldest of his sons. 
 He lived about 1820 years before the Chris- 
 tian era. Apollod. 3. — Hygin. fab. 176.— 
 Catul ep. IG.—Paus. 8, c. 2, &,c.— Ano- 
 ther king of Arcadia, celebrated for his cruel- 
 ties. He was changed into a wolf by Ju- 
 piter, because he offered human victims on 
 the altars of the god Pan. Some attribute 
 this metamorphosis to another cause. The 
 sins of mankind, as they relate, were become 
 so enormous, that Jupiter visited the earth to 
 punish wickedness and impiety. He came 
 to Arcadia, where he was announced as a 
 god, and the people began to pay proper 
 adoration to his divinity. Lycaon, however, 
 who used to sacrifice all strangers to his wan- 
 ton cruelty, laughed at the pious prayers of his 
 subjects, and to try the divinity of the god, 
 he served up human flesh on his table. This 
 impiety so irritated Jupiter, that he imme- 
 diately destroyed the house of Lycaon, and 
 changed him into a wolf. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 
 
 198, kc. These two raonarchs are often 
 
 confounded together, though it appears that 
 they were two different characters, and that 
 no less than an age elapsed between their 
 
 reigns. A son of Priam and Laothoe. He 
 
 was taken by Achilles, and carried to Lemnos, 
 whence he escaped. He was afterwards killed 
 by Achilles in the Trojan war. Homer. II. 21, 
 
 &,c. The father of Pandarus, killed by 
 
 Diomedes before Troy. A Gnossian artist, 
 
 who made the sword which Ascanius gave to 
 Euryalus. Tirg. ^n. 9, v. 304. 
 
 Lycaonia, a country of Asia, between 
 Cappadocia, Pisidia, Pamphylia, and Phrygia, 
 made a Roman province under Augustus. 
 Iconium was the capital. Sirab. 10. — Mela, 
 
 1, c. 2.—Liv. 27, c. 54, 1. 38, c. 39. Arcadia 
 
 bore also that name from Lycaon, one of 
 
 its kings. Dionys. Hal. An island in the 
 
 Tiber. 
 
 Lycas, a priest of Apollo in the interest of 
 Turnus. He was killed by jEneas. Virg. 
 
 JEn. 10, v. 315. Another officer of Turnus. 
 
 Id. 10, c. 561. 
 
 Lycaste, an ancient town of Crete, whose 
 inhabitants accompanied Idomeneus to the 
 
 Trojan war. Homer. II. 2. A daughter of 
 
 Priam by a concubine. She married Polyda- 
 mas, the son of Antenor. A famous courte- 
 zan of Drepanum, called Venus on account of 
 her great beauty. She had a son called Eryx 
 by Butes, son of Amycus. 
 
 Lycastum, a town of Cappadocia. 
 
 Lycastus, a son of Minos L He was fa- 
 ther of Minos II. by Ida, the daughter of Co- 
 
 rybas. Diod. 4. A son of Minos and Phi- 
 
 lonome, daughter of Nyctimus. He succeed- 
 e d his father on the thfone of Ai'cadia. Ptius. 
 8, c. 3 and 4. 
 
 LY 
 
 Lyce, one of the Amazons, kc. Flaec. €. 
 v. 374. 
 Lyces, a town of Macedonia. Lii\ 31, c. 
 
 Lyceum. Vid. Lycaeum. 
 
 Lychnidus, now Achridna, a city with a 
 lake of the same name, in lilyricum. Liv. 27, 
 c. 32, 1. 44; c. 15. 
 
 Lycia, a country of Asia Minor, bounded 
 by the Mediterranean on the south, Caria on 
 the west, Pamphylia on the east, and Phrygia 
 on the north. It was anciently called Milyas, 
 and Tremile, from the Milyae, or Solymi, a 
 people of Crete, who came to settle there. 
 The country received the name of Lycia from 
 Lycus, the son of Pandion, who established 
 himself there. The inhabitants have been 
 greatly commended by all the ancients, not 
 only for their sobriety and justice, but their 
 great dexterity in the management of the bow. 
 They were conquered by Crcesus, king of Ly- 
 dia, and afterwards by Cyrus. Though they 
 were subject to the power of Persia, yet they 
 were governed by Uieir own kings, and only 
 paid a yearly tribute to the Persian monarch. 
 They became part of the Macedonian empire 
 when Alexander came into the east, and after- 
 wards were ceded to the house of the Seleucidse. 
 The country was reduced into a Roman pro- 
 vince by the emperor Claudius. Apollo had 
 there his celebrated oracle at Patara, and the 
 epithet hyberna is applied to the country, be- 
 cause the god was said to pass the winter in 
 his temple. Virg. JEn. 4, v. 143 and 446, 1. 7, 
 v. 816.— S^ra6. Theb. 6, v. ^Q.—Herodot. 1, c. 
 n^.—Slat. 13.— Lw. 37, c. 16, 1. 38, c. 39. 
 
 Lycidas, a centaur killed by the Lapithae 
 at the nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid. Met. 12, 
 
 V. 310. A shepherd's name. Virg. Eel. 
 
 A beautiful youth, the admiration of 
 
 Rome in the age of Horace. Horat. 1, od. 4, 
 V. 19. 
 
 Lycimma, a town of Peloponnesus. 
 
 Lycimnia, a .slave, mother of Helenor by a 
 Lydian prince. Virg. M,n. 9, v. 446. 
 
 LYCisrus, an Athenian arch on.- ■■"A Mes- 
 senian of the family of the .ffipytidae. When 
 his daughters were doomed by lot to be 
 sacrificed for the good of their country, he 
 fled with them to Spai-ta, and Aristodemus 
 upon this cheerfully gave his own children, 
 and soon after succeeded to the throne. Paus. 
 
 4, c. 9. A youth of whom Horace was 
 
 enamoured. 
 
 Lycius, a son of Hercules and Toxicreta. 
 
 A son of Lycaon. An epithet given to 
 
 Apollo from his temple in Lycia, where he 
 gave oracles, particularly at Patara, where the 
 appellation of Lycics, sortes was given to his an- 
 swers, and even to the will of the Fates. Virg 
 JEn. 4, v. 346. A surname of Danaus. 
 
 Lycomedes, a king of Scyros, an island in 
 the JEge&n sea, son of Apollo and Parthenope. 
 He was secretly intrusted with the care of 
 young Achilles, jvhora his mother Thetis had 
 disguised in woman's clothes, to remove him 
 from the Trojan war, whei*e she knew he must 
 unavoidably perish. Lycomedes has rendered 
 himself famous for his treacheiy to Theseus, 
 who had implored his protection when driveji 
 from the throne of Athens by the usurper 
 Mnestheus. Lycomedes, as it is reported, 
 either envious of the fame of his illustrioif' 
 
LY 
 
 guest, or bribed by the emissaries of Mnee- 
 fheus, led Theseus to an elevated place, on 
 pretence of showing him the extent of his do- 
 miniotis, and perfidiously threw him down a 
 precipice, where he was killed. Plut. in Thes. 
 —Pans. 1, c. 17, 1. 7, c. 4.—ApoUod. 3, c. 13. 
 
 An Arcadian, wlio, with 500 chosen men, 
 
 put to flight 1000 Spartans, and 500 Argives, 
 
 &c, Diod. 15. A seditious person at Te- 
 
 gea. A Mantinean general, &lc. An 
 
 Athenian, the first who took one of the ene- 
 my 's ships at the battle of Salamis. Plat. 
 
 Lycon, a philosopher of Troas, son of As- 
 tyonax, in the age of Aristotle. He was great- 
 ly esteemed by Eumenes, Antiochus, he. He 
 died in the 74th year of his age. Diog. in vit. 
 
 A man who wrote the life of Pythagoras. 
 
 A poet. A writer of epigrams. A 
 
 player, greatly esteemed by Alexander. 'A 
 
 Syracusan who assisted in murdering Dion. 
 A peripatetic philosopher. 
 
 LycoNE,acity of Thrace. A mountain 
 
 of Argolis. Paus. 2, c. 24. 
 
 Lycophron, a son of Periander, king of 
 Corinth. The murder of his mother Melis§^a, 
 by his father, had such an effect upon him, 
 that he resolved never to speak to a man who 
 had been so wantonly cruel against his rela- 
 tions. This resolution was strengthened by 
 the advice of Procles, his maternal uncle, and 
 Periander at last banished to Corcyra a son 
 whose disobedience and obstinacy had render- 
 ed him odious. Cypselus, the eldest son of 
 Periander, being incapable of reigning, Lyco- 
 phron was the only surviving child who had 
 any claini to the crown of Corinth. But, when 
 the infirmities of Periander obliged him to 
 look for his successor, Lycophron refused to 
 come to Corinth while his father was there, 
 and he was induced to leave Corcyra, only on 
 promise that Periander would come and dwell 
 there while he remained master of Corinth. 
 This exchange, however, was prevented. The 
 4;^ircyreans, who were apprehensive of the ty- 
 itanny of Periander, murdered Lycophron be- 
 lore he left that island. Herodul. 3. — Arislot. 
 
 A brother of Thebe, the wife of Alexander, 
 
 tyrant of Pheras. He assisted his sister in mur- 
 dering her husband, and he afterwards seized 
 the sovereignty. He was dispossessed by Phi- 
 lip of Macedonia. Plut. — Diod. 16. A ge- 
 neral of Corinth killed by Nicias. Plut. in 
 
 Mc. .A native of Cythera, son of Mastor. 
 
 He went to the Trojan war with Ajax, the son 
 of Telamon, after the accidental murder of one 
 of his citizens. He was killed, &c. Horner. II. 
 15, V. 450. A famous Greek poet and gram- 
 marian, born at Chalcis, in Euboia. He was 
 one of the poets who flourished under Ptolemy 
 Philadelphus, and who, from their number, 
 obtained the name of Pleiades. Lycophron died 
 by the wonnd of an arrow. He wrote tra- 
 gedies, the titles of twenty of which have been 
 pre.served. The only remaining composition 
 of this poet is called Cassandra, or Mexandra. 
 It contains 14T4 verses, whose obscurity has 
 procured the epithet of Tenebrotus to its au- 
 thor. It is a mixture of prophetical effusions, 
 which, as he supposes, were given by Cassan- 
 dra during the Trojan war. The best editions 
 of Lycophron are that of Basil; 1546, fol. en- 
 riched with the Greek commentary of Tzet- 
 zes; that of Canter, Bvo. apud. Commelin, 
 
 LY 
 
 1596; and that of Potter, fol. Oxon. 17t«. 
 Ovid, in lb. 533.— Stat. 5. Sylv. 3. 
 
 Lycopolis, now Siut, a town of Egypt. 
 It received this name on account of the im- 
 mense number of wolves, a-wo., which repelled 
 an army of Ethiopians, who had invaded 
 Egypt. Diod. l.Strab. 17. 
 
 Lycopus, an Etolian who assisted the Cy- 
 reneans against Ptolemy. Polycen. 8. 
 
 Lycorea, a town of Phocis at the top of 
 Parnassus, where the people of Delphi took 
 refuge during Deucalion's deluge, directed by 
 the bowlings of wolves. Paus. Phoc. 6. 
 
 LycoreuS; the supposed founder of Lyco- 
 rea, on mount Parnassus, was son of Apollo 
 and Corycia. Hygin. fab. 161. 
 
 Lycorias, one of the attendant nymphs of 
 Cyrene. Virg. G. 4, v. 339. 
 
 Lycoris, a freedwoman of the senator Vo- 
 lumnius, also called Cytheris, and Volumnia, 
 from her master. She is celebrated for her 
 beauty and intrigues. The poet Gallus was 
 greatly enamoured of her, and his friend Vir^ 
 gil comforts him in his 10th eclogue, for the 
 loss of the favours of Cytheris, who followed 
 M. Antony's camp, and was become the As- 
 pasia of Rome. The charms of Cleopatra, 
 however, prevailed over those of Cytheris, and 
 the unfortunate courtezan lost the favours of 
 Antony and of all the world at the same time. 
 Lycoris was originallv a comedian. Vii^. Ed. 
 TlO.— Ovid. ^.^.3, v. 537. 
 
 Lycormas, a river of Etolia, whose sands 
 were of a golden colour. It was afterwards 
 called Evenus from king Evenus, who threw 
 himself into it. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 245. 
 
 Lycortas, the father of Polybius, who 
 flourished B. C, 184. He was chosen general 
 of the Achaean league, and he revenged the 
 death of Philopcemen, fee. Plut. 
 
 LycostJra, a city built by Lycaon on mount 
 Lycaeus in Arcadia. 
 
 Lyctus, a town of Crete, the country of 
 Idomeneus, whence he is often called Lyctius. 
 Virg.JEn.3,v.4Q\. 
 
 Lycurgides, annual days of solemnity ap- 
 pointed in honour of the lawgiver of Sparta. 
 The patronymic of a son of Lycurgus. Ovid, 
 in lb. v. 503. 
 
 Lycurgus, a king of Nemasa, in Pelopon- 
 nesus. He was raised from the dead by Mi- 
 
 culapius. Stat. Theb. 5, v. 638. A giant 
 
 killed by Osiris in Thrace. Diod. 1. A 
 
 king of Thrace, son of Dryas. He has been 
 represented as cruel and impious, on account 
 of the violence which he offered to Bacchus. 
 He, according to the opinion of the mytholo- 
 gists, drove Bacchus out of his kingdom, 
 and abolished his worship, for which impiety 
 he was severely punished by the gods. He 
 put his own son Dryas to death in a fury, and 
 he cutoff his own legs, mistaking them for 
 vine boughs. He was put to death in the great- 
 est torments by his subjects, who had been in- 
 formed by the oracle that they should not taste 
 wine till Lycurgus was no more. This fable is 
 explained by observing, that the aversion of 
 Lycurgus for wine, over which Bacchus pre- 
 sided, arose from the filthiness and disgrace of 
 intoxication, and therefore the monarch wisely 
 ordered all the vines of his dominions to be 
 cut down, that himself and his subjects might 
 be preserved from the extravagance and de- 
 
LY 
 
 baucheiy which are produced by too free an 
 use of wine, Hygin. fab. 132. — Homer. II. 6, 
 V. 130.— Apollod. 3, c. 5.— Ovid. Met. 4, v. 22. 
 ■^Virg. JEn. 3, v. U.—Horat. 2, od. 19 
 A son of Hercules and Praxithea, daughter of 
 
 Thespius. ApoUod. 2, c. 7. A son of Phe- 
 
 res, the son of Cretheus. Id. I, c. 9.— —An 
 orator of Athens? surnamed Ibis, in the age 
 of Demosthenes, famous for his justice and 
 impartiality when at the head of the govern- 
 ment. He was one of the thirty orators whom 
 the Athenians refused to deliver up to Alex- 
 ander. Some of his orations are extant. He 
 died about 330 years before Christ. Diod. 16, 
 
 A king of Tegea, son of Aleus, by Neaera, 
 
 the daughter of Pereus. He married Cleo- 
 phile, called also Eurynome, by whom he had 
 AmphidamaSj &c. Apollod. 3, c. 9. — Homer. 
 
 II. 7. A celebrated lawgiver of Sparta; 
 
 son of king Eunomus, and brother to Polydec- 
 tes. He succeeded his brother on the Spartan 
 throne ; but when he saw that the widow of 
 Polydectes was pregnant, he kept the king- 
 dom not for himself, but till Charilaus, his 
 nephew, was arrived to years of maturity. He 
 had previously refused to marry his brother's 
 widow, who wished to strengthen him on his 
 throne by destroying her own son Charilaus, 
 and leaving him in the peaceful possession of 
 the crown. The integrity with which he act- 
 ed, when guardian of his nephew Charilaus, 
 united with the disappointment and the resent- 
 ment of the queen, raised him many enemies, 
 and he at last yielded to their satire and ma- 
 levolence, and retired to Crete. He travelled 
 like a philosopher, and visited Asia and Egypt 
 without suffering himself to be corrupted by 
 the licentiousness and luxuiy which prevailed 
 there. The confusion which followed his de- 
 parture from Sparta, now had made his pre- 
 sence totally necessary, and he returned home 
 at the earnest solicitations of his countrymen. 
 The disorder which reigned at Sparta, induced 
 him to reform the government ; and the more 
 effectually to execute his undertaking, he had 
 recourse to the oracle of Delphi. He was re- 
 ceived by the priestess of the god with every 
 mark of honour, his intentions were warmly 
 approved by the divinity, and he was called 
 the friend of gods, and himself rather god than 
 man. After such a reception from the most 
 celebrated oracle of Greece, Lycurgus found 
 no difficulty in reforming the abuses of the 
 state, and all were equally anxious in promo- 
 ting a revolution which had received the sanc- 
 tion of heaven. This happened 884 years be- 
 fore the Christian era. Lycurgus first estab- 
 lished a senate, which was composed of 28 
 senators, whose authority preserved the tran- 
 quillity of the state, and maintained a due and 
 just equilibrium between the kings and the 
 people, by watching over the intrusions of the 
 former, and checking the seditious convulsions 
 of the latter. All distinction was destroyed, 
 and by making an equal and impartial division 
 of the land among the members of the com- 
 monwealth, Lycurgus banished luxury, and 
 encouraged the useful arts. The use of mo- 
 ney, either of gold or silver, was totally forbid- 
 den, and the introduction of heavy brass and 
 iron coin, brought no temptation to the dis- 
 honest, and left every individual in the pos- 
 session of his effects without an v fears of rob- 
 50 
 
 LY 
 
 beiy or violence. All the citizens dined in com- 
 mon, and no one had greater claims to indul- 
 gence or luxury than another. The inter- 
 course of Sparta with other nations was for- 
 bidden, and few were permitted to travel. 
 The youths were intrusted to the public mas- 
 ter as soon as they had attained their seventh 
 year, and their education was left to the wis- 
 dom of the laws. They were taught early to 
 think, to answer in a short and laconic man- 
 ner, and to excel in sharp repartee. They 
 were instructed and encouraged to carry things 
 by surprise, but if ever the theft was discover- 
 ed they were subjected to a severe punish- 
 ment. Lycurgus was happy and successful in 
 establishing and enforcing these laws, and by 
 his prudence and administration the face of 
 affairs in Lacedaemon was totally changed, and 
 it gave rise to a set of men distinguished for 
 their intrepidity, their fortitude, and their mag- 
 nanimity. After this, Lycurgus retired from 
 Sparta to Delphi, or according to others to 
 Crete, and before his departure he bound all 
 the citizens of Lacedaemon by a solemn oath, 
 that neither they nor their posterity, would 
 alter, violate, or abolish the laws which he had 
 established before his return. He soon after 
 put himself to death, and he ordered his ashes 
 to be thrown into the sea, fearful lest if they 
 were carried to Sparta the citizens should call 
 themselves freed from the oath which they 
 had taken, and empowered to make a revolu- 
 tion. The wisdom and the good effect of the 
 laws of Lycurgus have been firmly demon- 
 trated at Sparta, where for 700 years they re- 
 mained in full force, but the legislator has beea 
 censured as cruel and impolitic. He has 
 shown himself inhumane in ordering mothers 
 to destroy such of their children, whose feeble- 
 ness or deformity in their youth seemed to 
 promise incapability of action in maturer years, 
 and to become a burden to the state. His re- 
 gulations about marriage must necessarily be 
 censured, and no true conjugal felicity can be 
 expected from the union of a man with a per- 
 son whom he perhaps never knew before, and 
 whom he was compelled to choose in a dark 
 room, where all the marriageable women iii 
 the state assembled on stated occasions. The 
 peculiar dress which was appointed ifor tha 
 females, might be termed improper; and the 
 law must, for ever, be called injudicious, which 
 ordered them to appear naked on certain days 
 of festivity, and wrestle in a public assembly, 
 promiscuously with boys of equal age with 
 tliemselves. These tilings indeed contributed 
 as much to corrupt the morals of the Lacede- 
 monians, as the other regulations seemed to be 
 calculated to banish dissipation, riot, and de- 
 bauchery. Lycurgus has been compared to 
 Solon, the celebrated legislator of Athens, and 
 it has been judiciously observed that the former 
 gave his citizens morals conformable to the 
 laws which he had established, and that the 
 latter had given the Athenians laws which co- 
 incided with their customs and manners. The 
 office of Lycurgus demanded resolution, and 
 he showed himself inexorable and severe. In 
 Solon artifice was requisite,and he showed him- 
 self mild and even voluptuous. The modera* 
 tion of Lycurgus is greatly commended, par- 
 ticularly when we recollect that he treated 
 with the irrcatest humanity and coufid»*n<;e 
 
LY 
 
 Alcander, a youth who had put out one of his 
 eyesin a seditious tumult. Lycurgus had a son 
 called Antiorus, who left no issue. The Lace- 
 daemonians showed their respect for their great 
 le<^islator by yearly celebrating a festival in his 
 honour, called Lycurgidae or Lycurgides. The 
 introduction of money into Sparta in the reign 
 of Agis the son of Archidamus, was one of the 
 principal causes which corrupted the inno- 
 cence of the Lacedaemonians, and rendered 
 them the prey of intrigue and of faction. The 
 laws of Lycurgus were abrogated by Philopce- 
 men,B. C. 188, but only for a little time, as they 
 were soon after re-established by the Romans. 
 Plut. in vita. — Justin. 3, c. 2, kc. — Strab. 8, 
 10, 15, &ic. — Dionys. Hal. 2. — Paus. 3, c. 2. 
 
 Lycus, a king of Boeotia, successor to his 
 brother Nycteus, who left no male issue. He was 
 intrusted with the government only during the 
 minority of Labdacus the son of the daughter 
 of Nycteus. He was farther enjoined to make 
 war against Epopeus, who had carried away by 
 force Antiope the daughter of Nycteus. He 
 was successful in this expedition, Epopeus was 
 killed, and Lycus recovered Antiope and mar- 
 ried her though she was his niece. This new 
 connexion highly displeased his first wife Dirce, 
 and Antiope was delivered to the unfeeling 
 queen, and tortured in the most cruel manner. 
 Antiope at last escaped, and entreated her 
 sons, Zethus and Amphion, to avenge her 
 wrongs. The children, incensed on account 
 of the cruelties which their mother had suf- 
 fered, besieged Thebes, killed Lycus, and tied 
 Dirce to the tail of a wild bull, who dragged 
 her till she died. Paus. 9, c. 5. — JipoUod. 3. 
 G. 5. A king of Libya, who sacrificed what- 
 ever strangers came upon his coast. When 
 Diomedes at his return from the Trojan war, 
 had been shipwrecked there, the tyrant seized 
 him and confined him. He, however, escaped 
 by means of Callirhoe, the tyrant's daughter, 
 who was enamoured of him, and who hung 
 
 herself when she saw herself deserted. A 
 
 eon of Neptune by Celaeno, made king of a 
 
 f)art of Mysia by Hercules. He ottered vio- 
 ence to Megara, the wife of Hercules, for 
 which he was killed by the incensed hero. 
 Lycus gave a kind reception to the Argonauts. 
 Apollod. 3, c. W.—Hygin. fab. 18, 31, 32, 137. 
 
 A son of iEgyptus of Mars of Ly- 
 
 caon, king of Arcadia of Pandion, king of 
 
 Athens. The father of Arcecilaus. One 
 
 of the companions of iEneas. jSpollod. 2, c. 3. 
 — Paus. 1, &c. — Virg. JEn. 1, &.c. — Hygin. 
 
 fab. 97 and 159. An officer of Alexander in 
 
 the interest of Lysimachus. He made him- 
 self master of Ephesus by the treachery of 
 
 Andron, &.c. Polyan. 6. One of the cen 
 
 taurs. A son of Priam. A river of 
 
 Phrygia, which disappears near Colosse, «nd 
 rises again at the distance of about four stadia, 
 and at last falls into the Majander. Ovid. Met. 
 
 16, V. 273. A river of Sarmatia falling into 
 
 the Palus Maeotis. Another in Paphlagonia, 
 
 near Heraclea. Ovid. 4, ex Pont. el. 1, v. 47. 
 Another in Assyria. Another in Ar- 
 menia, falling into the Euxine near the Phaois. 
 
 Virg. G. 4, V. 367. One of the friends ol 
 
 ^t^neas, killed by Turnus. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 
 
 545 A youth beloved by Alcasus. Horat. 
 
 1, od. 32. A town of Crete. 
 
 LvDE, the wile of the poet Antiinachus, Lc. 
 
 LY 
 
 I Ovid. Trist. I, el. 6. A woman in Domi- 
 
 jtian's reign, who pretended she could remove 
 barrenness by medicines. Juv. 2, v. 141. 
 
 LyoiA, a celebrated kingdom of Asia Minor, 
 whose boundaries were different at different 
 times. It was first bounded by Mysia Major, 
 Caria, Phrygia Major, and Ionia, but in its 
 more flourishing times it contained the whole 
 country which lies between the Halys and the 
 iEgean sea. It was anciently called Maonia, 
 and received the name of Lydia from Lydus 
 one of its kings. It was governed by mo- 
 narchs who after the fabulous ages reigned 
 for 249 years in the following order : Ardysus 
 began to reign, 797 B. C. Alyattes, 761 ; Me- 
 les, 747 ; Candaules, 735 ; Gyges, 718 ; Ardy- 
 sus 2d, 680; Sadyattes, 631 ; Alyattes 2d, 619, 
 and Croesus, 562, who was conquered by Cy- 
 rus, B, C. 548, when the kingdom became a 
 province of the Persian empire. There were 
 three different races that reigned in Lydia, 
 the Atyadae, Heraclidae, and Mermnadae. The 
 history of the first is obscure and fabulous ; the 
 Heraclidae began to reign about the Trojan 
 war, and the crown remained in their family 
 for about 505 years, and was always transmit- 
 ted from father to son. Candaules was the last 
 of the Heraclidae; and Gyges the first, and 
 Croesus the last of the Mermnadse. The Ly- 
 dians were great warriors in the reign of the 
 Mermnadae. They invented the art of coining 
 gold and silver, and were the first who exhibit- 
 ed public sports, &.c. Herodot. 1, c, 6, 1. 3, c. 
 90, 1. 7, c. 14.— Strab. 2, 5, and \3.—Mela, 1, 
 c. 2. — Plin 3, c. 5. — Dionys. Hal. 1. — Diod. 4. 
 — Justin. 13, c. 4.— —A mistress of Horace, 
 he. 1, Od. 8. 
 
 LvDiAs, a river of Macedonia. 
 
 Lydius, an epithet applied to the Tiber 
 because it passed near Etruria, whose inhabi- 
 tants were originally a Lydian colony. Virg. 
 ^n.2,v. 781, 1. 8, v.479. 
 
 Lydus, a son of Atys and Callithea, king of 
 Maeonia, which from him received the name 
 of Lydia. His brother Tyrrhenus led a colony 
 to Italy, and gave the name of Tyrrhenia to 
 the settlement he made on the coast of the Me- 
 diterranean. Herodot. 7, c. 74. An eu- 
 nuch, fcc. 
 
 Lygdamis or Lygdamus, a man who made 
 
 made himself absolute at Naxos. Polycen. 
 
 A general of the Cimmerians who passed into 
 Asia Minor, and took Sardis in the reign of 
 
 Ardyes king of Lydia. Callim. An athlete 
 
 of Syracuse, the father of Artimisia the cele- 
 brated queen of Halicarnassus. Herodot. 7, 
 
 c. 99. A servant of the poet Propertius, or 
 
 of his mistress Cynthia. 
 
 Lygii, a nation of Germany. Tacit, dt 
 Germ. 42. 
 
 Lygouesma, a surname of Diana at Sparta, 
 because her statue was brought by Orestes 
 from Taurus, shielded round with osiers. 
 Paus. 3, c. 16, 
 
 Lygus. Vid. Ligus. 
 
 Lymxre, a town of Lycia. Ovid. Met. fab. 
 12. 
 
 Lymax, a river of Arcadia. Paus. 8, c. 41. 
 
 LvNciDEs, a man at the court of Cepheus. 
 Ovid. Met. 4, fab. 12. 
 
 LvNCEt?TiE, a noble family of Macedonia, 
 connected with the royal family. Justin. 11, 
 c. 2; kc. 
 
 II 
 
LY 
 
 LvNCESTES, asoa of Amyntas, inthe army 
 of Alexander, kc. Curt. 7, &.c. Alex- 
 ander, a son-in-law of Antipater, who con- 
 spired against Alexander, and was put to 
 death. Ibid. 
 
 Lyncestius, a river of Macedonia, whose 
 waters were of an intoxicating quality. Ovid. 
 Met. 17, V. 329. 
 
 Lynceus, son of Aphareus, was among the 
 hunters of the Calydonian boar, and one of the 
 Argonauts. He was so sharp sighted that, as 
 it is reported, he could see through the earth; 
 and distinguish objects at the distance of 
 above nine miles. He stole some oxen with his 
 brother Idas, and they were both killed by Cas- 
 tor and Pollux when they were going to cele- 
 brate their nuptials with the daughters of Leu- 
 cippus. Mpollod. 1 and 3. — Hygin. fab. — Pans. 
 4, c. 2.— Ovid. Met. 3, v. 303.— Apollon. Jirg. 
 
 1. A son of ^^gyptus, who married F'yperm- 
 
 nestra, the daughter of Danaus, His lite was 
 spared by the love and humanity of his wife. 
 [Firf. Danaides.] He made war against his 
 father-in-law, dethroned him and seized his 
 crown. Some say that Lynceus was reconciled 
 to Danaus, and that he succeeded him after 
 his death, and reigned forty-one years. Apol- 
 lod. 2, c. \.—Paus. 2, c. 16, 19, 25.— Ovid. 
 
 Htroid. 14. One of the companions of j^Eue- 
 
 as killed by Turnus. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 768. 
 
 Lyncus, Lynceus, or Lynx, a cruel king 
 of Scythia, or according to others, of Sicily. 
 He received, with feigned hospitality, Trip- 
 tolemus, whom Ceres had sent all over the 
 world to teach mankind agriculture, and 
 as he was jealous of his commission he resolved 
 to murder this favourite of the gods in his sleep. 
 As he was going to give the deadly blow to 
 Triptolemus, he was suddenly changed into a 
 lynx, an animal which is the emblem of per- 
 fidy and ingratitude. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 650. 
 
 Lyncos, a town of Macedonia, of which 
 the inhabitants were called Lyncestae. Plin. 
 2, c. 103, 1. 4, c. 10. 
 
 Lyndus, a town of Sicily. 
 LYRCiE, a people of Scythia, who live upon 
 hunting. 
 LYRca:us, a mountain of Arcadia. Vid. 
 
 tycasus. A fountain. Stat. Theb- 4, v. 711. 
 
 Lyrcea, a town of Peloponnesus, for- 
 merly called Lyncea. Paus. 2, c. 35. 
 
 Lyrcus, a king of Caunus in Caria, he. 
 Parthen. 
 
 Lyrnessus, a city of Cilicia, the native 
 country of Briseis, called from thence Lyr- 
 nesseis. It was taken and plundered by 
 Achilles and the Greeks, at the time of the 
 Trojan war, and the booty divided among the 
 conquerors. Homer. II. 2, v. 197. — Ovid. 
 Met. 12, V. 108.— Heroid. 3, v. 5. Trist. 4, 
 el. l,v. 15. 
 
 Lysander, a celebrated general of Sparta, 
 in the last years of ■ the Peloponnesian war. 
 He drew Ephesus from the interest of Athens, 
 and gained the friendship of Cyrus the young- 
 er. He gave battle to the Athenian fleet, 
 consisting of 120 ships, at .^gospotamos, and 
 destroyed it all, except three ships, with 
 which the enemy's general fled to Evagoras 
 king of Cyprus. In this celebrated battle, 
 which happened 405 years before the Chris- 
 tian era, the Athenians lost 3000 men, and 
 with them their empire and inflnence among 
 
 LY 
 
 the neighbouring states. Lysander well knew 
 how to take advantage of his victory, and 
 the following year Athens, worn out by a 
 long war of 27 years, and discouraged by its 
 misfortunes, gave itself up to the power of 
 the enemy, and consented to destroy the 
 Piraeus, to deliver up all its ships, except 13^ 
 to recall all those who had been banished, 
 and in short to be submissive in every de- 
 gi-ee to the power of Lacedaemon. Besides 
 these humiliating conditions, the government 
 of Athens was totally changed, and 30 tyrants 
 were set over it by Lysander. This glorious 
 success, and the honour of having put an 
 end to the Peloponnesian war, increased the 
 pride of Lysander. He had already begun to 
 pave his way to universal power, by establish- 
 ing aristocracy in the Grecian cities of Asia, 
 and now he attempted to make the crown of 
 Sparta elective. In the pursuit of his ambi- 
 tion he used prudence and artifice ; and as he 
 could not easily abolish a form of government 
 which ages and popularity had confirmed, he 
 had recourse to the assistance of the gods. His 
 attempt, however, to corrupt the oracles of 
 Delphi, Dodona, and Jupiter Ammon, proved 
 ineffectual, and he was even accused of using 
 bribes by the priests of the Libyan temple. 
 The sudden declaration of war against the 
 Thebans, saved him from the accusations of 
 his adversaries, and he was sent, together with 
 Pausanias, against the enemy. The plan of 
 his military operations was discovered, and the 
 Haliartians, whose ruin he secretly meditated, 
 attacked him unexpectedly, and he was 
 killed in a bloody battle which ended in the 
 defeat of his troops, 394 years before Christ. 
 His body was recovered by his colleague Pau- 
 sanias,and honoured witha magnificent funeral. 
 Lysander has been commended for hisbra very, 
 but his ambition deserves the severest censure, 
 and his cruelty and duplicity have greatly 
 stained his character. He was arrogant and 
 vain in his public as well as private conduct, 
 and he received and heard with the greatest 
 avidity the hymns which his courtiers and flat- 
 terers sung to his honour. Yet in the midst of 
 all his pomp, his ambition, and intrigues, he 
 died extremely poor, and his daughters were 
 rejected by two opulent citizens of Sparta to 
 whom they had been betrothed during the life 
 of their father. This behaviour of the lovers 
 was severely punished by the Lacedaemonians, 
 who protected from injury the children of a 
 man whom they hated for his sacrilege, his 
 contempt of religion, and his perfidy. The fa- 
 ther of Lysander, whose name was Aristoclites 
 or Aristocrates, was descended from Hercules, 
 though not reckoned of tjie race of the Hera- 
 clidae. Plut. ^ C. JVep. invitd.—Diod. 13.— 
 A Trojan chief, wounded by Ajax son of Tela- 
 mon before Troy. Homer. It. 11, v. 491. 
 One of the Ephori in the reign of Agis, &.c, 
 
 Plut. A grandson of the great Lysander. 
 
 Paus. 
 
 Lysandra, a daughter of Ptolemy Lagus, 
 who married Agathocies the son of Lysima- 
 chus. She was persecuted by Arsinoe, and 
 fled to Seleucus for protection. Paus. 1, c« 
 9, &.C. 
 
 Lysaniax, a man made king of Itnrsea by 
 Antony, &,c. 
 
 Lvsk, a daughter of Thespius. Jpollod 
 
LY 
 
 Lysiades, an Athenian, son of Phaedrus 
 
 the philosopher, &c, Cic. Philip. 5. An 
 
 Athenian archon. A tyrant of Megalopolis, 
 
 who died B. C. 226. Plat. 
 
 LvsiANASSA, one of the Nereides. Apol- 
 lod. 1, c. 2. A daughter of Epaphus, mo- 
 ther of Busiris. Id. 2, c. 5. 
 
 Lysias, a celebrated orator, son of Cepha- 
 lus, a native of Syracuse, His father left Sicily 
 and went to Athens, where Lysias was born 
 and carefully educated. In his 15tb year he 
 accompanied the colony which the Athenians 
 sent to Thurium, and after a long residence 
 there he returned home in his 47th year. He 
 distinguished himself by his eloquence, and by 
 the simplicity, correctness, and purity of his 
 orations, of which he wrote no less than 425 
 according to Plutarch, though the number may 
 with more probability be reduced to 230. Of 
 these 34 are extant, the best editions of which 
 are that of Taylor, 8vo. Cantab. 1740, and that 
 of Auger, 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1783. He died in 
 the 81st year of his age, 378 years before the 
 Christian era. Plut. de Orat. — Cic de Brut. 
 
 de Orat. — Quintil. 3, k.c. — Diog. 2. An 
 
 Athenian general, &,c. A town of Phry- 
 
 gia. Strab. Another of Syria, now Ber- 
 
 siech near Emesa. A tyrant of Tarsus, 
 
 B.C. 267. 
 
 LysrcLES, an Athenian sent with Chares 
 into Bceotia, to stop the conquests of Philip 
 of Macedonia. He was conquered at Cha^- 
 ronaea, and sentenced to death for his ill con- 
 duct there. 
 
 Lysidice, a daughter of Pelops and Hip- 
 podamia, who married Mastor the son of 
 Perseus and Andromeda. Apollod. 2, c. 4. 
 
 — Paus. 8, c. 14. A daughter of Thespius. 
 
 Apollod. 
 
 Lysimeche, a daughter of Abas the son 
 
 ofMelampus. Apollod. 1, c.9. A daughter 
 
 of Priam. Id. 3, c. 12. 
 
 Lysimachia, now Hexamili, a city on 
 the Thracian Chersonesus. Paus. 1, c. 9. 
 
 A town of ^tolia, built by Lysimachus. 
 
 Strab. 7 and 10. Another in ^olia. Mela, 
 
 % c. 2. 
 
 Lysimachus, a son of Agathocles, who 
 was among the generals of Alexander. After 
 the death of that monarch, he made him- 
 self master of part of Thrace, where he 
 built a town which he called Lysimachia, 
 He sided with Cassander and Seleucus against 
 Antigonus and Demetrius, and fought with 
 them at the celebrated battle of Ipsus. He 
 afterwards seized Macedonia, after expelling 
 Pyrrhus from the throne, B. C. 286; but 
 his cruelty rendered him odious, and the 
 murder of his son Agathocles so offended his 
 subjects, that the most opulent and powerful 
 revolted from him, and abandoned the king- 
 dom. He pursued them to Asia, and de- 
 clared war against Seleucus, who had given 
 them a kind reception. He was killed in a 
 bloody battle, 281 years before Christ, in 
 the 80th year of his age, and his body was 
 found in the heaps of slain only by the fidelity 
 of a little dog, which had carefully watched 
 near it. It is said that the love and respect of 
 Lysimachus for his learned master Callisthenes 
 proved nearly fatal to him. He. as .Justin 
 mentions, was i}iron\'n into the den of a hungry 
 iion, by order of Alexander, for having given 
 
 LY 
 
 Callisthenes poison, to save his life from igno- 
 miny and insult ; and when the furious animal 
 darted upon him, he wrapped his hand in his 
 mantle, and boldly thrust it into the lion's 
 mouth, and by twisting his tongue, killed an 
 adversary ready to devour him. This act of 
 courage in his self-defence recommended him 
 to Alexander. He was pardoned, and ever af- 
 ter esteemed by the monarch. Justin. 15, c. 
 
 3, &c. — Diod. 19, &.C. — Pans. 1, c. 10. Ara 
 
 Acarnaian, preceptor to Alexander the Great. 
 He used to call himself Phoenix, his pupil 
 Achilles, and Philip Peleus. Plut. in Mtx. — 
 Justin. 15, c. 3. An historian of Alex- 
 andria. A son of Aristides, rewarded by 
 
 the Athenians on account of the virtue of his 
 
 father. A chief priest among the Jews, 
 
 about 204 years before Christ, he. Jose- 
 
 pfius. A physician greatly attached to the 
 
 notions of Hippocrates. A governor of He- 
 
 raclea in Pontus, &.c. 
 
 Lysimelia, a marsh of Sicily near Syra- 
 cuse. 
 
 Lysinoe, now Agassolon, a city of Asia, 
 near Pamphylia. Liv. 38, c. 15. 
 
 Lysippe, a daughter of Prcetus. [Vid, 
 
 Prcetides.] A daughter of Thespius. 
 
 Lysippus, a famous statuary of Sicyon. 
 He was originally a white-smith, and after- 
 wards applied himself to painting, till his 
 talents and inclination taugnt him that he 
 was born to excel in sculpture. He flour- 
 ished about 325 years before the Christian 
 era, in the age of Alexander the Great. The 
 monarch was so partial to the aitist, that 
 he forbade any sculptor but Lysippus to 
 make his statue. Lysippus excelled in ex- 
 pressing the hair, and he was the first who 
 made the head of his statues less large, and the 
 body smaller than usual, that they might 
 appear taller. This was observed by one of 
 his friends, and the artist gave for answer, 
 that his predecessors had represented men in 
 their natural form, but that he represented 
 them such as they appeared. Lysippus made 
 no less than 600 statues, the most admired 
 of which were those of Alexander; one of 
 Apollo of Tarentum, 40 cubits high; one of 
 a man coming out of a bath, with which 
 Agrippa adorned his baths ; one of Socrates ; 
 and those of the 25 horsemen «who were 
 drowned in the Granicus. These were so 
 valued that in the age of Augustus, they 
 were bought for their weight in gold. Plut. 
 in Alex. — Cic. in Brut. c. 164. ad Her. 4, c. 
 148.— P/in. 37, c. 7. Paierc. 1, c. 11.— 
 
 Horat. 2, ep. 1, v. 240. A comic poet, 
 
 some of whose plays are mentioned by Athe- 
 
 naeus. Plin. 7, c. 37. A general of the 
 
 Achaean league. 
 
 Lysis, a Pythagorean philosopher, pre- 
 ceptor to Epaminondas. He flourished about 
 388 years before the Christian era. He is sup- 
 posed by some to be the author of the golden 
 verses which are attributed to Pythagoras. 
 C. A''ep. in Epam. 2. 
 
 Lysistratus, an Athenian parasite. 
 
 A brother of Lysippus. He was the first ar- 
 tist who ever made a statue with wax. Plin. 
 34, c. 8, 1.35, c. 12. 
 
 Lysituous, a son of Priam. Apollod. 
 Lyso, a friend of Cicero, o:c. Cie. 13, 
 fam. 19. 
 
LY 
 
 LvsTRA, a town of Laconia. 
 
 JLvTiA, a daughter of Hyacinthus, 
 
 LY 
 
 j death by the Athenians. Apollod. 
 put to I Lyzanias, a king of Chalcis, ha. 
 
 MA 
 
 MAGiE, a people of Arabia Felix. Mtla, 3, 
 c. 8. They are placed in Africa near the 
 larger Syrtis by Herodot. 4, v. 175. — Sil. 3, v. 
 275, 1.5, v.i94. 
 
 Macar, a son of Criasius or Crinacus, the 
 first Greek who led a colony to Lesbos. His 
 four sons took possession of the four neigh- 
 bouring islands,. Chios, Samos, Cos, and 
 Rhodes, which were called the seats of the Ma- 
 cares or the blessed ('/.«««r, beatus.) Dionys. Hal. 
 I.— Homer. II. 24.—Diod. 5.— Mela, 2, c. 7. 
 
 Macareus, an ancient historian. A son 
 
 of jSlolus, who debauched his sister Canace, 
 and had a son by her. The father being in- 
 formed of the incest, ordered the child to be 
 
 exposed, and sent a sword to his daughter, and 
 commanded her to destroy herself Maca- 
 reus fled to Delphi, where he became priest 
 of Apollo. Ovid. Met. mroid. U.in lb. 563. 
 ■One of the companions of Ulysses, left at 
 Caieta in Italy, where ^neas found him. 
 
 Ovid. Met. 14, v, 159. A son of Lycaon. 
 
 Jipollod. 3, c. Q.—Paus. 8, c. 3. 
 
 Macaria, a daughter of Hercules and De- 
 janira. After the death of Hercules, Eurys- 
 theus made war against the Heraclidae, whom 
 the Athenians supported, and the oracle de- 
 clared, that the descendants of Hercules should 
 obtain the victory, if any one of them devoted 
 himself to death. This was cheerfully accept- 
 ed by Macaria, who refused to endanger the 
 life of the children of Hercules by suffering 
 the victim to be drawn by lot, and the Atheni- 
 ans obtained a victory. Great honours were 
 paid to the patriotic Macaria, and a fountain 
 of Marathon was called by her name. Pans. 
 I, c. 32. An ancient name of Cyprus. 
 
 Macaris, an ancient name of Crete. 
 
 Macednus, a son of Lycaon. Apollod. 
 
 Macedo, a son of Osiris, who had a share 
 in the divine honours which were paid to his 
 father. He was represented clothed in a wolf's 
 skin, for which reason the Egyptians held that 
 animal in great veneration. Diod. 1. — Plut. 
 
 in Isid. et Os. A man who gave his name 
 
 to Macedonia. Some supposed him to be the 
 same as the son or general of Osiris, whilst 
 others considered him as the grandson of 
 Deucalion by the mother's side. Diod. 1. 
 
 Macedonia, a celebrated country, situated 
 between Thrace, Epirus, and Greece. Its 
 boundaries have been different at different 
 periods. Philip increased it by the conquest 
 of Thessaly and of part of Thrace, and ac- 
 cording to Pliny it contained no less than 150 
 different nations. The kingdom of Macedo- 
 nia, first founded B. C. 814, by Caranus, a de- 
 scendant of Hercules, and a native of Argos, 
 continued in existence 646 years, till the battle 
 of Pydna. The family of Caranus remained 
 in possession of the crown until the death of 
 Alexander the Great, and began to reign in 
 the following order: Caranus, after a reign of 
 28 years, was succeeded by Ccenu.S; who ascen- 
 
 MA 
 
 ded the throne 786 B. C. Thurimus, 774, Per^ 
 diccas 729, Argaeus 678, Philip 640, .^ropas 
 602, Alcetas or Alectas 576, Amyntas 547, Al- 
 exander 497, Perdiccas 454, Archelaus 413, 
 Amyntas 399, Pausanias 398, Amyntas 2d. 397, 
 Argaeus the tyrant 390, Amyntas restored 390, 
 Alexander 2d. 371, Ptolemy Alorites 370, Per- 
 diccas 3d. 366, Philip son of Amyntas 360, Al- 
 exander the Great 336, Philip Aridasus 323, 
 Cassander 316, Antipater and Alexander 298, 
 Demetrius king of Asia 294, Pyrrhus 287, Ly- 
 simachus 286, Ptolemy Ceraunus 280, Melea- 
 Iger two months, Antipater the Etesian 45 
 days, Antigonas Gonatas 277, Demetrius, 243, 
 Antigonus Doson 232, Philip 221, Perseus 179, 
 conquered by the Romans 168 B. C. at Pydna. 
 Macedonia has been severally called ^monia, 
 Mygdonia, Paeonia, Edonia, i^Emathia, &c. 
 The inhabitants of Macedonia were naturally 
 warlike, and though in the infancy of their em- 
 pire they were little known beyond the borders 
 of their country, yet they signalized them- 
 selves greatly in the reign of Philip, and added 
 the kingdom of Asia to their European domi- 
 nions by the valour of Alexander. The Ma- 
 cedonian phalanx, or body of soldiers, was 
 always held in the highest repute, and it re- 
 sisted and subdued the repeated attacks of the 
 j bravest and most courageous enemies. Liv. 
 \44.— Just. 6, c. 9, 1. 7, c. 1, k,c.Strab. 7. —Me- 
 la, 1, c. 3, &c.— P/wi. 4, c. 10, kc.—Curt. 3 and 
 4. — Pans. 8, c. 7. 
 
 Macedonicum bellum, was undertaken 
 by the Romans against Philip king of Mace- 
 donia, some few months after the second 
 Punic war, B. C. 200. The cause of this war 
 originated in the hostilities which Philip had 
 exercised against the Achseans, the friends 
 and allies of Rome. The consul Flaminius 
 had the care of the war, and he conquered 
 Philip on the confines of Epirus, and after- 
 wards in Thessaly. The Macedonian fleets 
 were also defeated ; Eubcea was taken ; and 
 Philip, after continual losses, sued for peace, 
 which was granted him in the fourth year 
 of the war. The ambition and cruelty of Per- 
 seus, the son and successor of Philip, soon irri- 
 tated the Romans. Another war was underta- 
 ken, in which the Romans suffered two defeats. 
 This, however, did not discourage them ; Pau- 
 lus iEmilius was chosen consul in the 60th year 
 of his age, and intrusted with the care of the 
 
 war. He came to a general engagement near 
 the city of Pydna. The victory sided with the 
 Romans, and 20,000 of the Macedonian sol- 
 diers were left on the field of battle. This de- 
 cisive blow put an end to the war, which had 
 already continued for three years, 168 years 
 before the christian era. Perseus and his sons 
 Philip and Alexander were taken prisoners, 
 and carried to Rome to adorn the triumph of 
 the conqueror. About fifteen years after, new 
 seditious were raised in Macedonia, and the 
 false pretensions of Aiidiiscus, who called him- 
 
MA 
 
 self the son of Perseus, obliged the Romans to 
 send an army to quell the commotions. An- 
 driscus at first obtained many considerable ad- 
 vantages over the Roman forces, till at last he 
 was conquered and delivered to the consul Me- 
 tellus, who carried him to Rome. After these 
 commotions, which are sometimes called the 
 third Macedonian war, Macedonia was finally 
 reduced into a Roman province, and governed 
 by a regular proconsul, about 148 years before 
 the Christian era. 
 
 Macedonicus, a surname given to Metel- 
 lus, from hi» conquests in Macedonia. It was 
 also given to such as had obtained any victory 
 in that province. 
 
 Macella, a town of Sicily, taken by the 
 consul Duilius. Liv. 26, c. 21. 
 
 Macer iEwYLius, a Latin poet of Verona, 
 intimate with TibuUus and Ovid, and com- 
 mended for his genius, his learning, and the 
 elegance of his poetry. He wrote some poems 
 upon serpents, plants, and birds, mentioned by 
 Ovid. He also composed a poem upon the 
 ruins of Troy, to serve as a supplement to Ho- 
 mer's Iliad. His compositions are now lost. 
 He died B. C. 16. Ovid. Trist. 4, el. 10, v. 44. 
 
 ex Pont. 2, ep. 10. — Quintil. 10, c. 1. L. 
 
 Claudius, a pro-praetor of Africa in the reign of 
 Nero. He assumed the title of emperor, and 
 was put to deatli by order of Galba. 
 
 Mach^ba, a river of Africa. A com 
 
 mon crier at Rome. Juv. 7, v. 9. 
 
 Machanidas, a man who made himself 
 absolute at Sparta. He was killed by Philo- 
 poemen, after being defeated at Matinea, B. C. 
 208. Nabis succeeded him. Plut. — Liv. 27, 
 C.30, 1.28, c. 5 and 7. 
 
 Machaon, a celebrated physician, son of 
 .lisculapius, and brother to Podalu-us. He 
 went to the Trojan war with the inhabitants 
 of Trica, Ithome, and CEchalia. According 
 to some, he was king of Messenia. As phy- 
 sician to the Greeks, he healed the wounds 
 which they received during the Trojan war, 
 and was one of those concealed in the wooden 
 horse. Some suppose that he was killed be- 
 fore Troy by Eurypylus the son of Telephus. 
 He received divine honours after death, and 
 had a temple in Messenia. Homer. II. 2, he. 
 — Ovid, ex Pont. 3, ep. 4. — Quint. Smyr, 6, v. 
 409.— rirg. Mn, 2, v. 263 and 426. 
 
 Macra, a river flowing from the Apennines, 
 and dividing Liguria from Etruria. Lucan. 2, 
 Y. 426.— Liv. 39, c. 32.— PZm. 3, c. 6. 
 
 Macri campi, a plain in Cisalpine Gaul, 
 near the river Gabellus. Liv. 41, c. 18, 1. 45, 
 
 c, 12. A plain near Mutina bears the same 
 
 name. Col. 7, c. 2. 
 
 Macrianus, Titus Fulvius Julius, an Egyp- 
 tian of obscure birth, who, from a private sol- 
 dier, rose to the highest command in the array, 
 and proclaimed himself emperor when Vale- 
 rian had been made prisoner by the Persians, 
 A. D. 260. His liberality supported his usur- 
 pation ; his two sons, Macrianus and Quietus, 
 were invested with the imperial purple, and 
 the enemies of Rome were severely defeated 
 either by the emperors or their generals. 
 When he had supported his dignity for a year 
 in the eastern parts of the world, Macrianus 
 marched towards Rome, to crush Gallienus, 
 who had been proclaimed emperor. He was 
 defeated in Illyricum by the lieutenant of Gal- 
 
 MA 
 
 lienus, and put to death with his son, at his 
 own expressive request, A. D.262. 
 
 Macrinus, M. Opilius Severus, a native 
 of Africa, who rose from the most ignominious 
 condition to the rank of praefect of the praeto- 
 rian guards, and at last of emperor, after the 
 death of Caracalla, whom he inhumanly sacri- 
 ficed to his ambition, A. D. 217. The begin- 
 ning of his reign was popular; the abolition of 
 the taxes, and an affable and complaisant be- 
 haviour, endeared him to his subjects. These 
 promising appearances did not long continue, 
 and the timidity which Macrinus betrayed in 
 buying the peace of the Persians by a large 
 sum of money, soon rendered him odious j 
 and while he affected to imitate the virtuous 
 Aurelius, without possessing the good qualities 
 of his heart, he became contemptible and in- 
 significant. This affectation irritated the 
 minds of the populace, and when severe pun- 
 ishments had been inflicted on some of the dis- 
 orderly soldiers, the whole army mutinied; 
 and their tumult was increased by their con- 
 sciousness of their power and numbers, which 
 Macrinus had the imprudence to betray, by 
 keeping almost all the military force of Rom» 
 encamped together in the plains of Syria. He- 
 liogabalus was proclaimed emperor, and Ma- 
 crinus attempted to save his life by flight. 
 He was, however, seized in Cappadocia, and 
 his head was cut oft' and sent to his successor, 
 June seventh, A. D. 218. Macrinus reigned 
 about two months and three days. His son, 
 called Diadumenianus, shared his father's fate. 
 
 A friend of the poet Persius, to whom 
 
 his second satire is inscribed. 
 
 Macro, a favourite of the emperor Tibe- 
 rius, celebrated for his intrigues, perfidy, 
 and cruelty. He destroyed Sejanus, and 
 raised himself upon the ruins of that unfor- 
 tunate favourite. He was accessary to the 
 murder of Tiberius, and conciliated the good 
 opinion of Caligula, by prostituting to him 
 his own wife called Ennia. He soon after 
 became unpopular, and was obliged by Cali- 
 gula to kill himself together with his wife, A. 
 D. 38. 
 
 Macrobii, a people of Ethiopia, cele- 
 brated for their justice and the innocence of 
 their manners. They generally lived to their 
 120th year, some say to a thousand ; and, 
 indeed, from that longevity they have ob- 
 tained their name (/*»>:eo; ^w;, long life) to 
 distinguish them more particularly from the 
 other inhabitants of j^thiopia. Alter so long 
 a period spent in virtuous actions, and freed 
 from the indulgences of vice, and from mala- 
 dies, they dropped into the grave as to sleep, 
 without pain and without terror. Orph. Ar- 
 gon. 1 105. — Herodot. 3, c. IT.— Mela, 3, c. 9. — 
 Plin. 7, c. 48.— Fa/. Max. 8, c. 3. 
 
 Macrobius, a Latin writer who died 
 A. D. 415. Some suppose that he was cham- 
 berlain to the emperor Theodosius II. but 
 this appears groundless, when we observe 
 that Macrobius was a follower of paganism, 
 and that none were admitted to the confidence 
 of the emperor, or to the enjoyment of high 
 stations, except such as were of the Christian 
 religion. Macrobius has rendered himself 
 famous for a composition called Saturnalia, a 
 miscellaneous collection of antiquities and 
 criticisms, supposed tQ have been the result 
 
of tt conversation of some of the learned Ro- 
 mans, during the celebration of the Saturnalia. 
 This was written for the use of his son, and the 
 bad latinity which the author has often intro- 
 duced, proves that he was not born in a part 
 of the Roman empire where the Latin tongue 
 was spoken, as he himself candidly confesses. 
 The Saturnalia are useful for the learned re- 
 flections they contain, and particularly for 
 some curious observations on the two greatest 
 epic poets of antiquity. Besides this, Macro- 
 bius wrote a commentary on Cicero's somnium 
 Scipionis, which is likewise composed for the 
 improvement of the author's son, and dedica- 
 ted to him. The best editions are that of 
 Gronovius, 8vo. L. Bat. 1670, and that of Lips. 
 8vo. 1777. 
 
 Macrochir, a Greek name of Artaxerxes, 
 the same as Longimanus. This surname 
 arises from his having one hand longer than 
 the other. C. JVep. in Reg. 
 
 Macrones, a nation of Pontus, on the con- 
 fines of Colchis and Armenia. Flacc. 5, v. 
 153.— Herodot. 
 
 Mactorivm, a town of Sicily at the south 
 near Gela. 
 
 Maculonos, a rich and penurious Roman, 
 he. Juv. 7, v. 40. 
 
 Madaura, a town on the borders of Nu- 
 midia and Gajtulia, of which the inhabitants 
 were called Madaurensis. It was the native 
 place of Apuleius. ^pul Met. 11. 
 
 Madestes, a town of Thrace. 
 
 Madetes, a general of Darius, who brave- 
 ly defended a place against Alexander. The 
 conqueror resolved to put him to death, though 
 thirty orators pleaded for his life. Sisygam- 
 bis prevailed over the almost inexorable Alex- 
 ander, and Madetes was pardoned. Curt. 6, 
 C.3. 
 
 Maduateni, a people of Thrace. Liv. 38, 
 c. 40. 
 
 Madyes, a Scythian prince who pursued 
 the Cimmerians in Asia, and conquered Cy- 
 axares, B. C. 623. He held for some time 
 the supreme power of Asia Minor. Herodot. 
 8, c. 103. 
 
 M/EANDER, a son of Oceanus and Tethys. 
 
 . A celebrated river of Asia Minor, rising 
 
 near Ce\ieme, and flowing through Caria and 
 Ionia into the iEgean sea between Miletus and 
 Priene, after it has been increased by the 
 waters of the Marsyas, Lycus, Eudon, Le- 
 thaeus, &.c. It is celebrated among the poets 
 for its windings, which amount to no less than 
 600, and from which all obliquities have re- 
 ceived the name of Mizandtrs. It forms in 
 its course, according to the observations of 
 some travellers, the Greek letters » ? ^ r & <«, 
 and from its windings Daedalus had the first 
 idea of his famous labyrinth. Ovid. Met. 8, v, 
 145, he. — Virg. JEn. 5, v. 254. — Lucan. 5, v. 
 208, 1. 6, V. 411.— Homer. II. 2.— Herodot. 2, c. 
 29.— Cic. Pis. 22.—Strab. 12, he— Mela, 1, c. 
 17. 
 
 M^ANDRiA, a city of Epirus. 
 
 MiKATiE, a people at the south of Scotland. 
 Dio. 76, c. 12. 
 
 MiECENAS. Vid. Mecaenas. 
 
 M^ui, a people of Mcedica, a district of 
 Thrace near Rhodope. Liv. 26, c. 26, 1. 40, 
 (•-. 21. 
 
 MELIUS, a Roman, thrown do wo from 
 
 MM 
 
 the Taipeian rock, for aspiring to tyranny at 
 Rome, in the early ages of the republic. 
 
 M^MACTERiA, sacrifices offered to Jupi- 
 ter at Athens in the winter month Maemacte- 
 rion. The god surnamed Mamades was en- 
 treated to send mild and temperate weather, 
 as he presided over the seasons, and was the 
 god oi the air. 
 
 MiENADEs, a name of the Bacchantes, or 
 priestesses of Bacchus. The word is derived 
 from /Mit^ofKu, to be furious, because in the cele- 
 bration of the festivals their gestures and ac- 
 tions were those of mad women. Ovid. Fast 
 4, V. 458. 
 
 Mjsnala, a town of Spain. 
 
 MiENALus, (plur. Maenala,; a mountain of 
 Arcadia sacred to the god Pan, and greatly 
 frequented by shepherds. It received its name 
 from Maenalus, a son of Lycaon. It was cov- 
 ered with pine trees, whose echo and shade 
 have been greatly celebrated by all the ancient 
 poets. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 216. — Virg. G. 1, v. 
 17. Ed. 8, v. 24.— Paw*. 8, c. S.—Strab. 8.— 
 
 Mela, 2, c. 3. A town of Arcadia. A 
 
 son of Lycaon. The father of Atalanta. 
 
 MiENius, a Roman consul. A dictator ac- 
 cused and honourably acquitted, &c.- A 
 
 spendthrift at Rome. Horat. 1, ep. 15, v. 26. 
 
 M^NON, a tyrant of Sicily, B. C. 285. 
 
 MvENus, a river of Germany, now called the 
 Mayne^ falling into the Rhine at Mayence. 
 
 MiEoNiA, a country of Asia Minor, the 
 same as Lydia. It is to be observed, that only 
 part of Lydia was known by the name of M«e- 
 onia, that is, the neighbourhood of mount 
 Tmolus, and the country watered by the Pac- 
 tolus. The rest on the sea coast was called 
 Lydia. Strab. 12.— Ovid. M^t. The Etru- 
 rians, as being descended from a Lydian colo- 
 ny, are often called Moeonida. (Virg. JEn. 
 11, V. 769.) and even the lake Thrasymenus in 
 their country is called Maonius lacus. SiL 
 Ital. 15, v. 35. 
 
 MiEONiD-a:, a name given to the Muses, be- 
 cause Homer, their greatest and worthiest fa- 
 vourite, was supposed to be a native of Mzeonia. 
 
 MiEoNiDEs, a surname of Homer, because, 
 according to the opinion of some writers, be 
 was born in Maeonia, or because his father's 
 
 name was Maeon. Ovid. The surname is 
 
 also applied to Bacchus, as he was worshipped 
 in Majonia. 
 
 MiEoNis, an epithet applied to Omphale as 
 queen of Lydia or Masonia. Ovid. The epi- 
 thet is also applied to Arachne as a native of 
 Lydia. Id. Met. 6. 
 
 M-KOTJE, a people of Asiatic Sarmatia 
 
 MiEoTis Palus, a large lake, or part of 
 the sea between Europe and Asia, at the 
 north of the Euxine, to which it communicates 
 by the Cimmerian Bosphorus, now called the 
 sea of Azoph or Zaback. It was worshipped 
 as a deity by the Massagetae. It extends about 
 390 miles from south-west to north-east, and 
 is about 600 miles in circumference. The Ama- 
 zons are called Maotides, as living in the 
 neighbourhood. Strah. — Mela, 1, c. 1, &c. — 
 Justin. 2, c. 1. — Curt. 6, c. 4. — Lucan. 2, he. — 
 Ovid. Fast 3, el. 12. ep. Sab. 2, v. 9. — Virs 
 JEn. 6, V. 739. 
 
 M^-.siA Sylva, a wood in Etruria, near tiie 
 mouth of the Tiber. Liv. I, c. 33. 
 
 MX.YIA, an immodest woman. Juv. 1, v. 23. 
 
MA 
 
 Mjevius, a poet of inferior note in the 
 \ueustan age, who made himself known by 
 his illiberal attacks on the character of the 
 first writers of his time, as well as by his af- 
 fected compositions. His name would have 
 sunk in oblivion if Virgil had not ridiculed 
 him in his third eclogue, and Horace in his 
 lOthepode. . 
 
 Magas, a king of Cyrene m the age ot 
 Ptolemy Philadelphus. He reigned 50 years, 
 and died B. C. 257. Polymn.2. 
 
 Magella, a town of Sicily about the mid- 
 dle of the island. 
 
 Maget^;, a people of Africa. 
 
 Magi, a religious sect among the eastern 
 nations of the world, and particularly in Per- 
 sia. They had great influence in the politi- 
 cal as well as religious aflfairs of the state, 
 and a monarch seldom ascended the throne 
 without their previous approbation. Zoro- 
 aster was founder of their sect. They paid 
 particular homage to fire, which they deemed 
 a deity, as pure in itself, and the purifier of 
 all things. In their religious tenets they had 
 two principles, one good, the source of every 
 thing good ; and the other evil, from whenc6 
 sprung all manner of ills. Their professional 
 skill in the mathematics and philosophy ren- 
 dered every thing familiar to them, and from 
 their knowledge of the phaenomena of the 
 heavens, the word Magi was applied to all 
 learned men; and in process of time, the 
 Ma^i, from their experience and profession, 
 we?e confounded with the magicians who 
 impose upon the superstitious and credulous. 
 Hence the word Magi and magicians became 
 synonymous among the vulgar. Smerdis, 
 one of the Magi, usurped the crown of Per- 
 sia, after the death of Cambyses, and the 
 fraud was not discovered till the seven noble 
 Persians conspired against the usurper, and 
 elected Darius king. From this circumstance 
 there was a certain day on which none of the 
 Magi were permitted to appear in public, as 
 the populace had the privilege of murdering 
 whomsoever of them they met. Strab.—Cic. 
 dc Div.—Herodot 3, c. 62, &c. 
 
 IVIagiiis, a lieutenant of Piso, he. A 
 
 man m the interest of Pompey, grandfather 
 to the historian Velleius Paterculus, &c. Pa- 
 
 terc.2,c. 115. . r r* i r-/ 
 
 Magna Gb«cia, a part of Italy, lid. 
 Graecia Magna. ^ 
 
 Magna Mater, a name given to Cybele. 
 Magnentius, an ambitious Roman who 
 distinguished himself by his cruelty and per- 
 fidy. He conspired against the life of Con- 
 stans, and murdered him in his bed. This 
 cruelty was highly resented by Constantius ; 
 and the assassin unable to escape from the fu- 
 ry of his antagonist, murdered his own mo- 
 ther and the rest of his relations, and after- 
 wards killed himself by falling upon a sword, 
 which he had thrust against a wall. He was 
 the first of the followers of Christianity who 
 ever murdered his lawful sovereign, A. D. 
 
 Magnes, a young man who found him- 
 self detained by the iron nails which were 
 under bis shoes as he walked over a stone 
 mine. This was no other than the magnet, 
 which received its name from the person who 
 had been first sensible of its power. Some 
 
 MA 
 
 say that Magnes was a slave of Medea, whom 
 that enchantress changed into a magnet. 
 
 Orph. de lapid. 10. v. 7. A son of iEolus 
 
 and Anaretta, who married Nais, by whom 
 
 he had Pierus, he. Apollod. 1, c. 7. A 
 
 poet and musician of Smyrna, in the age of 
 Gyges king of Lydia. 
 
 Magnesia, a town of Asia Minor on the 
 Mccander, about 15 miles from Ephesus, now 
 called Guzelhiser. It is celebrated for the 
 death of Themistocles, and for a battle which 
 was fought there 187 years before the Chris- 
 tian era, between the Romans and Antiochus 
 king of Syria. The forces of Antiochus 
 amounted to 70,000 men, according to Ap- 
 pian, or 70,000 foot and 12,000 horse, accord- 
 ing to Livy, which have been exaggerated by 
 Florus to 300,000 men ; the Romanarmy con- 
 sisted of about 28, or 30,000 men, 2000 of 
 which were employed in guarding the camp. 
 The Syrians lost 50,000 foot and 4000 horse, 
 and the Romans only 300 killed with 25 horse. 
 It was founded by a colony from Magnesia in 
 Thessaly, and was commonly called Magnesia 
 ad Mceandrum, to distmguish it from another 
 called Magnesia ad Sipylum, in Lydia, at 
 the foot of mount Sipylus. This last was de- 
 stroyed by an earthquake in the reign of Ti- 
 berius. A country on the eastern parts of 
 
 Thessaly, at the south of Ossa. It was some- 
 times called JEmonia and Magnus Campus. 
 
 The capital was also called I^lagnesia. A 
 
 promontory of Magnesia in Thessaly. Liv. 
 37. — Flor. 2. — Appian. 
 
 Mago, a Carthaginian general sent against 
 Dionysius tyrant of Sicily. He obtained a 
 victory, and granted peace to the conquered. 
 In a battle, which soon after followed this 
 treaty of peace, Mago wa's killed. His son 
 of the same name succeeded to Ihe command 
 of the Carthaginian army, but he disgraced 
 himself by flying at the approach of Timo- 
 leon, VN'ho had come to assist the Syracusans. 
 He was accused in the Carthaginian senate, 
 and he prevented by suicide the execution of 
 the sentence justly pronounced against him. 
 His body was hung on a gibbet, and exposed 
 
 to public ignominy. A brother of Annibal 
 
 the Great. He was present at the battle of 
 
 Cannae, and was deputed by his brother to 
 carry to Carthage the news of the celebrated 
 victory which had been obtained over the 
 Roman armies. His arrival at Carthage was 
 unexpected, and more powerfully to astonish 
 his countrymen on account of the victory at 
 Cannae, he emptied in the senate house the 
 three bushels of golden rings which had been 
 taken from the Roman knights slain in battle. 
 He was afterwards sent to Spain, where he de- 
 feated the two Scipios, and was himself, in 
 another engagement, totally ruined. He re- 
 tired to the Baleares, which he conquered ; 
 and one of the cities there still bears his name, 
 and is called Portus Magonis, Port MaJion. 
 After this he landed in Italy with an army, 
 and took possession of part of Insubria. He 
 was defeated in a battle by Quintilius Varus, 
 and died of a mortal wound 203 years before 
 the Christian era. Liv. 30, he. — C. JVep. m 
 Ann. 8, gives a very different account of his 
 death, and says, he either perished in a ship- 
 wreck, or was murdered by his servants. Per- 
 haps Annibal bad two brothers of that name. 
 
MA 
 
 A Carthaginian more known by the excel- 
 lence of his writings than by his military ex- 
 ploits. He wrote 28 volumes upon husban- 
 dry ; these were preserved by Scipio at the 
 taking ofCarthage, and presented to the Ro- 
 man senate. They were translated into Greek 
 by Cassius Dionysius of Utica, and into Latin 
 by order of the Roman senate, though Cato 
 had already written so copiously upon the sub- 
 ject ; and the Romans, as it has been obser- 
 ved,consulted the writings of Mago with great- 
 er earnestness than the books of the Sibylline 
 
 verses. Columella. A Carthaginian sent 
 
 by his countrymen to assist the Romans against 
 Pyrrhusand the Tarentines, with a fleet of 
 120 sail. This offer was politely refused by 
 the Roman senate. This Mago was father of 
 Asdrubal and Hamilcar. Val. Max. 
 
 Magon, a river of India falling into the 
 Ganges. Jlrrian. 
 
 AlAGONTiACDM or Magontea, a large 
 city of Germany, now called Ments. Tacit. 
 4, Hist. 15 and 23. 
 
 Magus, an officer of Turous, killed by 
 JEneas. Virg. Mn. 10, v. 522. 
 
 Maherbal, a Carthaginian who was at 
 the siege of Saguntum, and who commanded 
 the cavalry of Annibal at the battle of Canna. 
 He advised the conqueror immediately to 
 march to Rome, but Annibal required time to 
 consider on so bold a measure; upon which 
 Maherbal observed, that Annibal knew how to 
 conquer, but not how to make a proper use of 
 victory. 
 
 Maia, a daughter of Atlas and Pleione, 
 mother of Mercury by Jupiter. She was one 
 of the Pleiades, the most lu tinous of the se- 
 ven sisters. [Vid. Pleiades.] Apollod. 3, c. 
 
 \0.— Virg.M.n. 1, v. 301. A surname of 
 
 Cybele. 
 
 Majestas, a goddess among the Romans, 
 daughter of Honour and Reverence. (J^id, 
 6, Fast. 5, V. 25. 
 
 Majorianus, Jul. Valerius, an emperor 
 of the western Roman empire, raised to the 
 imperial throne A. D. 457. He signalized 
 himself by his private as well as public virtues. 
 He was massacred after a reign of 87 years by 
 one of his generals, who envied in his master 
 the character of an active, virtuous, and hu- 
 mane emperor. 
 
 Majorca, the greatest of the islands called 
 Baleares, on the coast of Spain, in the Medi- 
 terranean. Slrah. 
 
 Mala Fortuna, the goddess of evil for- 
 tune, was worshipped among the Romans. 
 Cic. de JVat. D. 3. 
 
 Malea, a promontory of Lesbos. Ano- 
 ther in Peloponnesus, at the south of Laconia. 
 The sea is so rough and boisterous there, that 
 the dangers which attended a voyage round it 
 gave rise to the proverb of Cum ad Maleam 
 dejlexeris ohliviscert qua sunt domi. Strab. 
 8 and 9.—Lucan. 6, v. 58.— Plut. in Arat.— 
 Vir<r.Mn.b,\.WS.—Melay%c. 3.~Liv. 21, 
 c. 44.-^0vid. Jim. 2, el. 16, v. 24, el. 11, v. 20 
 —Paus. 3, c. 23. 
 
 Maleventum, the ancient name of Be- 
 neventum. Liv. 9, c. 27. 
 
 Malho or Matho, a general of an army 
 of Carthaginian mercenaries, 268 B. C. 
 
 Malia, a city of Phthiotis near mount 
 <Eta and Thermopyla?. There were in its 
 6\ 
 
 MA 
 
 neighbourhood some hot mineral waters whicl* 
 the poet Catullus has mentioned. From Ma- 
 lia, a gulf or small bay in the neighbourhood, at 
 the western extremities ofthe island of Eubcea, 
 has received the name ofthe gulf of Malia, 
 Maiacum Fretum or Maliacus Sinus. Some 
 call It the gulf of Lamia from its vicinity to La- 
 mia It IS often taken for the Sinus Pelasgicits 
 
 i^^ ^"cients. Paiis. 1, c. 4.~Herodot 
 
 Malii, a people of Mesopotamia. 
 
 Malis, a servant maid of Omphale, beloved 
 by Hercules. 
 
 MALiEA or Mallia aqua. Vid. Malia. 
 
 Malleolus, a man who murdered his 
 mother, &;c. Clc. ad Heren. 1, c. 13. 
 
 Mallius, a Roman consul defeated by the 
 Gauls, kc. ' 
 
 MA;i.LOPHORA, (lanam ferens,) a surname 
 under which Ceres had a temple at Megara. 
 because she had taught the inhabitants the uti- 
 lity ot wool, and the means of tending sheep 
 to advantage. This temple is represented as 
 so old in the age of Pausanias, that it was fai- 
 ling to decay. Paus. 1, c. 44. 
 
 Mallos, a town of Cilicia. Lucan. 3, v. 
 
 Malthinus, a name under which Horace 
 has lashed some of his friends or enemies. 1, 
 Sat. 2, v. 27. 
 Mamaus, a river of Peloponnesus. 
 Mamercus, a tyrant of Catana, who sur- 
 rendered to Timoleon. His attempts to speak 
 ma public assembly at Syracuse were received 
 with groans and hisses, upon which he dashed 
 his head against a wall, and endeavoured to 
 destroy himself. The blows were not fatal, 
 and Mamercus was soon after put to death as 
 a robber, B. C. 340. Polya^n. 5.~C. JVep. in 
 
 Tim. A dictator at Rome, B. C. 437. 
 
 A consul with D. Brutus. 
 
 Mamerthes, a Corinthian who killed his 
 
 brother's son in hopes of reigning ; upon which 
 
 he \yas torn to pieces by his brother. Ovid. 
 
 m lb. 
 
 Mamertina, a town of Campania, famous 
 
 tor Its wines. A name of Messana in Si- 
 
 cily. Martial. 13, ep. Ul.—Strab.l. 
 
 Mamertini, a mercenary band of soldiers 
 which passed from Campania into Sicily, at 
 the request of Agathocles. When they were 
 in the service of Agathocles, they claimed the 
 privilege of voting at the election of magis- 
 trates at Syracuse, and had recourse to arms 
 to support their unlawful demands. The se- 
 dition was appeased by the authority of some 
 leading men, and the Campanians were or- 
 dered to leave Sicily. In their way to the 
 coast they were received with great kindness 
 by the people of Messana, and soon returned 
 perfidy for hospitality. They conspired against 
 the inhabitants, murdered all the males m the 
 city, and married their wives and daughters 
 and rendered themselves masters of the place' 
 After this violence they assumed the name of 
 ivlamertini, and called their city Mamertina, 
 from a provincial word, which in their Ian- 
 guage signified martial, or icarlike. The Ma 
 mertines were afterwards defeated by Hiero 
 and totally disabled to repair their ruined at'' 
 fairs. Plut. m Pyrrh. kc. 
 
 Mamilia Lex de limitibus, by the tri- 
 bune Mamilius. It ordained that in the 
 boundaries ofthe lands five gr six feet of land 
 
MA 
 
 should be left uncultivated, which no person 
 could convert into private property. It also 
 appointed commissioners to see it carried into 
 execution. 
 
 Mamilii, a plebeian family at Rome, de- 
 scended from the Aborigines. They first lived 
 at Tusculum, from whence they came to 
 Rome. Liv. 3, c. 29. 
 
 Mamilius Octavius, a son-in-law of Tar- 
 quin, who behaved with uncommon bravery 
 at the battle of Regillfe. He is also called 
 Manilius. Vid. Maniiius. 
 
 Mammea, the mother of the emperor Se- 
 verus, who died A. D. 235. 
 
 Mamurius Veturics, a worker in brass in 
 Numa's reign. He was ordered by the mo- 
 narch to make a number of ancylia or shields, 
 like that one which had fallen from heaven, 
 that it might be difficult to distinguish the 
 true one from the others. He was very 
 successful in his undertaking, and he asked 
 for no other reward but that his name 
 might be frequently mentioned in the hymns 
 which were sung by the Salii in tiie feast 
 of the Ancylia. This request was grant- 
 ed. Gvid. Fast. 3, v. 392.— Varro L. L. 5, 
 c. 6. 
 
 Mamurra, a Roman knight born at For- 
 mias. He followed the fortune of J, Cajsar in 
 Gaul, where he greatly enriched himself. He 
 built a magnificent palace on mount Coelius, 
 and was the first who incrusted his walls with 
 marble. Catullus has attacked him in his epi- 
 grams. Formiae is sometimes called Mamur- 
 rarumurbs. Plin. 36, c. 6. 
 
 Manastabal, son of Masinissa, w^ho was 
 fathei' to the celebrated Jugurtha. Sallttst. 
 Jug, bell. 
 
 C. Mancinus, a Roman general, who, 
 though at the head of an army of 30,000 men, 
 was defeated by 4000 Numantians B.C. 138. 
 He was dragged from the senate, he. Cic. in 
 Oral. 1, c. 40. 
 
 Mandane, a daughter of king Astyages, 
 married by her father to Cambyses, an ignoble 
 person of Persia. The monarch had dreamed 
 that his daughters urine had drowned all his 
 city, which had been interpreted in an unfa- 
 vourable manner by the soothsayers, who as- 
 sured him that his daughter's son would de- 
 throne him. The marriage of Mandane with 
 Cambyses would, in the monarch's opinion, 
 prevent the effects of the dream, and the chil- 
 dren of this connexion would , like their father, 
 be poor and unnoticed. The expectations of 
 Astyages were frustrated. He was dethroned 
 by his grandson. [Vid. Cyrus.] Ilerodot. 1, 
 c. 107. 
 
 Mandakes, an Indian prince and philoso- 
 pher, whom Alexander invited by his ambas- 
 sadors, on pain of death, to come to his ban- 
 quet, as being the son of Jupiter. The philo- 
 sopher ridiculed the threats and promises of 
 Alexander, he. Slrab. 15. 
 
 Mandela, a village in the country of the 
 Sabines, near Horace's country seat. Jlurat. 
 1, ep. 18, V. 105. 
 
 Mandonius, a prince in Spain, who for 
 some time favoured the cause of the Romans. 
 When he heard that Scipio the Roman com- 
 mander was ill, he raised coniraotlons in the 
 provinces, for which he was severely repri- 
 manded and punished. Liv. 2i>. 
 
 &,c. 
 
 MA 
 
 Mandrocles, a general of Artaxerxes, 
 &c. C.Mp.inDat. 
 
 Mandron, a king of the Bebryces, 
 Poly (en. 8. 
 
 Mandubii, a people of Gaul, (now Bur- 
 gundy) in Caesar's army, &.c. Cces. Bell. G. 
 7, c. 78. 
 
 Mandubratius, a young Briton who came 
 over to Caesar in Gaul. His father, Im- 
 manuentius, was king in Britain, and had been 
 put to death by order of Cassivelaunus. Cos. 
 Bell. G. 5, c. 20. 
 
 Manduria, a city of Calabria, near Ta- 
 rentum, whose inhabitants were famous for 
 eating dog's flesh. Plin, 2, c. 103. — Liv. 27, 
 c. 15. 
 
 Manes, a son of Jupiter and Tellus, who 
 reigned in Maeonia. He was father of Cotys 
 by Callirhoe, the daughter of Oceanus. 
 
 Manes, a name generally applied by the 
 ancients to the souls when separated from the 
 body. They were reckoned among the infer- 
 nal deities, and generally supposed to preside 
 over the burying places, and the monuments 
 of the dead. They were worshipped with great . 
 solemnity, particularly by the Romans. The 
 augurs always invoked them when they pro^ 
 ceeded to exercise their sacerdotal otfices. 
 Virgil introduces his hero as sacrificing to the 
 infernal deities, and to the Manes, a victim 
 whose blood was received in a ditch. The 
 word Manes is supposed to be derived from 
 Mania, who was by some reckoned the mo- 
 ther of those tremendous deities. Others derive 
 it from manor e-, quod per omnia adherea ter- 
 renaque manabant^ because they filled the air 
 particularly in the "night, and were intent to 
 molest and disturb the peace of mankind. 
 Some say, that manes comes from manis, an 
 old Latin word which signified good or propi- 
 tious. The word manes is differently used by 
 ancient authors; sometimes it is taken for the 
 infernal regions, and sometimes it is applied 
 to the deities of Pluto's kingdom, whence the 
 epitaphs of the Romans were always super- 
 scribed with D. M. Dis. Manibus^ to remind 
 the sacrilegious and profane, not to molest the 
 monuments of the dead, which were guarded 
 with such sanctity. Proper/. 1, el. 19. — Virg. 
 4, G. V. 469. JEn. 3, hc.—Horat. 1, Sat. 8, v. 
 
 28. A river of Locris. 
 
 Manetho, a celebrated priest of Heliopo- 
 lis in Egypt, surnamed the Mendesian, B. C. 
 261. He wrote in Greek an history of Egypt, 
 which has been often quoted and commended 
 by the ancients, particularly by Josephus. It 
 was chiefly collected from the writings of Mer- 
 cury, and from the journals and annals which 
 were preserved in the Egyptian temples. This 
 history has been greatly corrupted by the 
 Greeks. The author supported, that all the 
 gods of the Egyptians had been mere mortals, 
 and had all lived upon earth. This history, 
 which is now lo.st, had been epitomized, and 
 some fragments of it are still extant. There is 
 extant a Greek poem ascribed to Manetho, in 
 which the power of the stars, which preside 
 over the birth and fate of mankind, is explain- 
 ed. The Apotelesraata of this author were 
 edited in 4to. by Gronovius, L. Bat. 1698. 
 Mama, a goddess supposed to be the 
 
 mother of the Lares and Manes. -A female 
 
 servant of queen Berenice the daughter ol 
 
MA 
 
 Ptolemy. A mistress of Demetrius Polior- 
 
 cetes, called also Demo and Mania from her 
 folly. Plut.inDem. 
 
 Manilia lex, by Manilius the tribune, 
 A. U. C. 678. It required that all the forces of 
 LucuUus and his province, together with Bi- 
 thynia, which was then under the command of 
 Glabrio, should be delivered to Pompey, and 
 that this general should, without any delay, 
 declare war against Mithridates, and still re- 
 tain the command of the Roman fleet, and the 
 
 empire of the Mediterranean, as before. 
 
 Another which permitted all those whose fa- 
 thers had not been invested with public offices, 
 to be employed in the management of affairs. 
 ——A woman famous for her debaucheries, 
 Juv. 6, V. 242. 
 
 Manilius, a Roman who married the 
 daughter of Tarquin. He lived at Tusculum, 
 and received his father-in-law in his house, 
 when banished from Rome, &,c. Liv. 2, c. 15. 
 
 Caius, a celebrated mathematician and 
 
 poet of Antioch, who wrote a poetical treatise 
 on astronomy, of which five books are extant 
 treating of the fixed stars. The style is not 
 elegant. The age in which he lived is not 
 known, though some suppose that he flourish- 
 ed in the Augustan age. No author, however, 
 in the age of Augustus, has made mention of 
 Manilius. The best editions of Manilius are 
 those of Bentley, 4to. London, 1739, and Stoe- 
 berus, 8vo. Argentor, 1767. Titus, a learn- 
 ed historian in the age of Syllaand Marius. He 
 is greatly commended by Cicero, pro Roscio. 
 
 Marcus, another mentioned by Cicero de 
 
 Oral. 1, c. 48, as supporting the character of 
 a great lawyer, and of an eloquent and power- 
 ful orator. 
 
 Manimi, a people in Germany. Tacit. G. 
 43. 
 
 Manlia lex, by the tribune P. Manlius, A. 
 U. C. 557. It revived the office of treviri epu- 
 lones, first instituted by JNuma. The epulones 
 ■were priests, w ho prepared banquets for Jupi- 
 ter and the gods at public festivals, &c. 
 
 Manlius Torquatus, a celebrated Ro- 
 man, whose youth was distinguished by a lively 
 and cheerful disposition. These promising ta- 
 lents were, however, impeded by a difficulty 
 of speaking; and the father, unwilling to ex'- 
 pose his son's rusticity at Rome, detained 
 him in the country. The behaviour of the fa- 
 ther was publicly censured, and Marius Pom- 
 ponius the tribune cited him to answer for 
 his unfatheyly behaviour to his son. Young 
 Manlius was informed of this, and with a dag- 
 ger in his hand he entered the house of the 
 tribune, and made him solemnly promise that 
 he would drop the accusation. 'This action of 
 Manlius endeared him to the people, and soon 
 after be was chosen military tribune. In a 
 war against the Gauls, he accepted the chal- 
 lenge of one of the enemy, whose gigantic 
 stature and ponderous arms had rendered him 
 terrible and almost invincible in the eyes of 
 the Romans. The Gaul was conquered, and 
 Manlius stripped him of his arms, and from 
 the collar (torquis) which he took from the 
 enemy's neck, he was ever after surnamed 
 Torquatus. Manlius was Ihe first Romafl who 
 was raised to t)ie dictatorship, without having 
 been previou.sly consul. The severity of Tor- 
 quatus to his son, has been deservedly eensin-ed. 
 
 MA 
 
 This father had the courage and heart to put 
 to death his son, because he had engaged one 
 of the enemy, and obtained an honourable vic- 
 tory, without his previous permission. This 
 uncommon rigour displeased many of the Ro- 
 mans ; and though Torquatus was honoured 
 with a triumph, and commended by the senate 
 for his services, yet the Roman youth showed 
 their disapprobation of the consul's severity, 
 by refusing him at his return the homage which 
 every other conqueror received. Some time 
 after the censorship was oflfered to him, but he 
 refused it, observing, that the people could 
 not bear his severity, nor he the vices of the 
 people. From the rigour of Torquatus, all 
 edicts, and actions of severity and justice have 
 
 been called Manliana edicta. Liv. 7, c. 10. 
 
 Val. Max. 6, o. 9. Marcus, a celebrated 
 
 Roman, whose valour was displayed in the 
 field of battle, even at the early age of sixteen. 
 When Rome was taken by the Gauls, Manlius 
 with a body of his countrymen fied into the 
 capitol, which he defended when it was sud-. 
 denly surprised in the night by the enemy. 
 This action gained him the surname of Capi- 
 tohnus, and the geese, which by their clamour 
 had awakened him to arm himself in his owi* 
 defence, were ever after held sacred among' 
 the Romans. A law which Manlius proposed 
 to abolish the taxes on the common people, 
 raised the senators against him. The dictator, 
 Corn. Cossus, seized him as a rebel, but the 
 people put on mourning, and delivered from 
 prison their common father. This did not, in 
 the least, check his ambition ; he continued to 
 raise factions, and even secretly to attempt to 
 make himself absolute, till at last the tribunes 
 of the people themselves became hisaccusers^^ 
 He was tried in the Campus Martius ; but whe» 
 the distant view of the capitol which Manlius 
 had saved, seemed to influence the people in 
 bis favour, the court of justice was removed^ 
 and Manlius was condemned. He was thrown- 
 down from the Tarpeian rock, A U, C. 371, 
 and to render his ignominy still greater, none- 
 of his family v/ere afterwai-ds permitted to 
 bear the surname of Marcus, and the place 
 where his house had stood was deemed un- 
 worthy to be inhabited. Liv. 5, c.31, 1. 6, c. 5. 
 —Fl&r. 3, c. 13 and 26.— Fa/. Max. 6, c. 3.— 
 
 Virg. JEn. 6, v. 825. Imperiosus, father of 
 
 iManlius Torquatus. He was made dictator. 
 He was accused for detaining his son at home. 
 [Vid. Manlkis Torquatus.] Volso, a Ro- 
 man consul who received an army of Scipio in 
 Asia, and made war against the Gallo-grecians, 
 whom he conquered. He was honoured with 
 a triumph at his return, though it was at first 
 strongly opposed. Flor. 3, c. U.~Liv. 38, c. 
 
 12, &c. Caius, orAulus, a senaJorsent to 
 
 Athens to collect the best and wisest laws 
 of Solon, A. U. C. 300.— L/y. 2, c. 54, 1. 3, 
 
 G. 31. Another, called also Cincinnatus. 
 
 He made war against the Etrurians and Veien- 
 tes with great success. He died of a wound 
 
 he had received in a battle.- Another, who 
 
 in his praetorship reduced Sardinia. He was af- 
 terwords made dictator. Another, who was 
 
 defeated by a rebel army of slaves in Sicily. 
 
 A praetor in Gaul, who fought against the 
 
 Boii, with very little success. Another, cal- 
 led Attilius, who defeated a Carthr.^-inian fleet, 
 &c. Anotlicr, who conspired with CatiliiK> 
 
MA 
 
 zigainst the Roman republic. Another, in 
 
 whose consulship the temple of Janus was shut. 
 Another, who was banished under Tiberi- 
 us for his adultery. A Roman appointed 
 
 judge between his son Silanus and the province 
 of Macedonia. When all the parties had been 
 heard, the father said, " It is evident that my 
 son has suffered himself to be bribed, there- 
 fore I deem him unworthy of the republic and 
 of my house, and I order him to depart from 
 my presence." Silanus was so struck at the 
 rigour of his father, that he hanged himself. 
 
 Val. Max. 6, c. 5. A learned man in the 
 
 age of Cicero. 
 
 Mannus, the son of Thiasto, both famous 
 divinities among the Germans. Taxnt. de 
 Germ. c. 2. 
 
 J. Mansuetus, a friend of Vitellius, who 
 entered the Roman armies, and left his son, 
 then very young, at home. The son was pro- 
 moted by Galba, and soon after met a detach- 
 ment of the partisans of Vitellius in which his 
 father was. A battle was fought, and Mansue- 
 tus was wounded by the hand of his son, kc. 
 Tacit. Hist. 3, c. 25. 
 
 Mantinea, a town of Arcadia in Pelopon- 
 nesus. It was taken by Aratus and Anligonus, 
 and on account of the latter it was afterwards 
 called Antigonia. The emperor Adrian built 
 there a temple in honour of his favourite Al- 
 cinous. It is famous for the battle which 
 was fought there between Epaminondas at the 
 head of the Thebans, and the combined force 
 >of Lacedafmon, Achaia, Elis, Athens, and Ar- 
 cadia, about 363 years before Christ. The 
 Theban general was killed in the engagement, 
 and from that time Thebes lost its power 
 and consequence among the Grecian states. 
 Slrub.8.—C. Mp. in Epam.—Diod. l5.—Ptol. 
 3, c. 16. 
 
 Mantineus, the father of Ocalea, who mar- 
 ried Abas the son of Lynceus and Hyperm- 
 nestra. Apollod.2, c. 9. 
 
 Mantinorum oppinuM, a town of Corsica, 
 oow supposed to be Bastia. 
 
 Mantius, a son of Melarapus. 
 
 Manto, a daughter of the prophet Tire- 
 sias, endowed with the gift of prophecy. She 
 was made prisoner by the Argives when the 
 city of Thebes fell into their hands, and as she 
 was the worthiest part of the booty, the con- 
 querors sent her to Apollo, the god of Delphi, 
 as the most valuable present they could make. 
 Manto, often called Daphne, remained for 
 some time at Delphi, where she officiated as 
 priestess, and where she gave oracles. From 
 Delphi she came to Claros in Ionia, where she 
 established an oracle of Apollo. Here she 
 married Rhadius the .sovereign of the country, 
 by whom she had a son called Mopsus. Manto 
 afterwards visited Italy, where she married 
 Tiberinus the king of Alba, or, as the poets 
 mention, the god of the river Tiber. From 
 tliis marriage sprang Ocnus, who built a town 
 in the neighbourhood, which, in honour of 
 his mother, he called Mantua. Manto, accord- 
 ing to a certain tradition, was so struck at 
 tlie misfortunes which afflicted Thebes, her na- 
 tive country, that she gave way to her sorrow, 
 and was turned into a fountain. Some sup- 
 pose her to be the same who conducted iEneas 
 into bell, and who sold the Sibylline books to 
 Tarquin the Proud. She received divine 
 
 MA 
 
 honours after death. Virg. Mn. 1, v. 199,1. 
 10, V. 199.— Ovid. Met. 6, v. \57.—Diod. 4.— 
 Apollod. 3, c. I.—Strab. 14 and \Q.—Paus. 9, 
 c. 10 and 33, 1. 7, c 3. 
 
 Mantua, a town of Italy beyond the Po, 
 founded about 300 years before Rome, by Bi- 
 anor or Ocnus, the son of Manto. It was the 
 ancient capital of Etruria. When Cremona, 
 which had followed the interest of Brutus, 
 was given to the soldiers of Octavius, Mantua 
 also, w^hich was in the neighbourhood, shared 
 the common calamity, though it had favoured 
 the party of Augustus, and many of the inha- 
 bitants were tyrannically deprived of their 
 possessions. Virgil, who was among them, 
 and a native of the town, and from thence 
 often called Mantuanus, applied for redress 
 to Augustus, and obtained it by means of his 
 poetical talents. Slrab. 5. — Virg. Ed. l,kc. 
 G. 3, V. 12. .En. 10, v. 180.— Ovid. Jlmar. 3, 
 el. 15. 
 
 Maracanda, a town of Sogdiana. 
 
 Maratha, a village of Arcadia. Paus. 8, 
 c. 28. 
 
 Marathon, a village of Attica, 10 miles 
 from Athens, celebrated for the victory which 
 the 10,000 Athenians and 1000 Plataeans, un- 
 der the command of Miltiades, gained over 
 the Persian army, consisting of 100,000 foot 
 and 10,000 hoise, or, according to Val. Maxi- 
 mus, of 300,000, or, as .Justin says, of 600,000, 
 under the command of Datis and Artaphernes, 
 on the 28th of Sept. 490, B. C. In this bat- 
 tle, according to Herodotus, the Athenians 
 lost only 192 men, and the Persians 6,300. 
 Justin has raised the loss of the Persians in 
 this expedition, and in the battle, to 200,000 
 men. To commemorate this immortal victory 
 of their countrymen, the Greeks raised small 
 columns, with the names inscribed on the 
 tombs of the fallen heroes. It was also in the 
 plains of Marathon that Theseus overcame a 
 celebrated bull, which plundered the neigh- 
 bouring country. Erigone is called Mant' 
 thonia virgo, as being born at Marathon. 
 Stat. 5, Sylv. 3, v. 74.— C. A'ep. in MUt.^ 
 Herodot. 6, &,c. — Justin. 2, c. 9. — Fal. Max. 5, 
 c. 3. — Plut. in Parol. — A king of Attica, son 
 of Epopeus, who gave his name to a small 
 
 village there. Paus. 2, c. 1. A king of Si- 
 
 cyon. 
 
 Marathos, a town of Phoenicia. Mela, ], 
 c. 12. 
 
 Marc£Lla, a daughter of Octavia the sis- 
 ter of Augustus by Marcellus. She married 
 Agrippa. . 
 
 Mabcellinus Ammianus, a celebrated his- 
 torian, who carried arms under Constantius, 
 Julian, and Velens, and wrote an history of 
 Rome from the reign of Domitian, where 
 Suetonius stops, to the emperor Valens. 
 His style is neither elegant nor laboured, but 
 it is greatly valued for ils veracity, and in 
 many of the actions he mentions, the author 
 was nearly concerned. This histoiy was com- 
 posed at Rome, where Ammianus retired 
 from the noise and troubles of the camp, and 
 does not betray that severity against the Chris- 
 tians which other writers have manifested, 
 though the author was warm in favour of Pa- 
 ganism, the religion which for a while was 
 seated on the throne. It was divided into 
 thirty-one books, of which only the eighteen 
 
jVIA 
 
 last remain, beginning at the death of Magnen- 
 tius. Ammianus has been liberal in his enco- 
 miums upon Julian, whose favours he enjoyed, 
 and who so eminently patronized his religion. 
 The negligence with which some facts are 
 sometimes mentioned, has induced many to 
 believe that the history of Ammianus has suf- 
 fered much from the ravages of time, and that 
 it is descended to us mutilated and imperfect. 
 The best editions of Ammianus, are those of 
 Gronovius, fol. and 4to. L. Bat. 1693, and of 
 
 Ernesti, 8vo. Lips. 1773. An officer under 
 
 Julian. 
 
 Marcellds, Marcus Claudius, a famous 
 Roman general, who after the first Punic war, 
 had the management of an expedition against 
 the Gauls, where he obtained the Spolia 
 opima, by killing with his own hand Virido- 
 marus the king of the enemy. Such success 
 rendered him popular, and soon after he was 
 intrusted to oppose Annibal in Italy. He was 
 tlie first Roman who obtained some advan- 
 tage over this celebrated Carthaginian, and 
 showed his countrymen that Annibal was not 
 invincible. The troubles which were raised 
 in Sicily by the Carthaginians at the death 
 of Hieronymus, alarmed the Romans, and 
 Marceilus, in his third consulship, was sent 
 with a powerful force against Syracuse. He 
 attacked it by sea and land, but his operations 
 proved ineffectual, and the invention and in- 
 dustry of a philosopher [Vid. Archimedes] 
 were able to baffle all the efforts, and to destroy 
 all the great and stupendous machines and mi- 
 litary engines of the Romans during three suc- 
 cessive years. The perseverance of Marceilus 
 at last obtained the victory. The inattention 
 of the inhabitants during their nocturnal cele- 
 bration of the festivals of Diana, favoured his 
 operations ; he forcibly entered the town, and 
 made himself master of it. The conqueror 
 enriched the capital of Italy with the spoils of 
 Syracuse, and when he was accused of rapa- 
 ciousneso, for stripping the conquered city of 
 all its paintings and ornaments, he confessed, 
 that he had done it to adorn the public build- 
 ings of Rome, and to introduce a taste for the 
 fine artsand elegance of the Greeks among his 
 countrymen. After the conquest of Syracuse, 
 Marceilus was called upon by his country to 
 oppose a second time Annibal. In this cam- 
 paign he behaved with greater vigour than be- 
 fore ; the greatest part of the towns of the 
 Samnites, which had revolted, were recovered 
 by force of arms, and 3000 of the soldiers of 
 Annibal made prisoners. Some time after an 
 engagement with the Carthaginian general 
 proved unfavourable ; Marceilus had the dis- 
 advantage ; but on the morrow a more suc- 
 cessful skirmish vindicated his military char- 
 acter, and the honour of the Roman soldiers. 
 Marceilus, however, was not sufficiently vigi- 
 lant against the snares of his adversary. He 
 imprudently separated himself from his camp, 
 and was killed in an ambuscade in the 60th 
 year of his age, in his fifth consulship, A. U. C. 
 646. His body was honoured with a magnifi- 
 cent funeral by the conqueror, and his ashes 
 were conveyed in a silver urn to his son. 
 Marceilus claims our commendation for his 
 private as well as public virtues ; and the hu- 
 manity of a general will ever be remembered, 
 v.ho; at the surrender of Syracuse, wept at the 
 
 MA 
 
 thought that many were going to be exposed to 
 the avarice and rapaciousness of an incensed 
 soldieiy, which the policy of Rome and the 
 laws oi war rendered inevitable. Virg. JEn. 6, 
 
 V. Qbb.—Pattrc. 2, c. S8.—Pluf. in vita, &,c. 
 
 One of his descendants, who bore the same 
 name, signalized himself in the civil wars of 
 Caesar and Pompey, by his firm attachment to 
 the latter. He was banished by Caesar, but af- 
 terwards recalled at the request of the senate. 
 Cicero undertook his defence in an oration 
 
 which is still extant. The grandson of Pom- 
 
 pey's friend, rendered himself populsu* by his 
 universal benevolence and affability. He was 
 son of Marceilus by Octavia the sister of Au- 
 gustus. He married Julia, that emperor's 
 daughter, and was publicly intended as his suc- 
 cessor. The suddenness of his death, at the 
 early age of eighteen, was the cause of much 
 lamentation at Rome, particularly in the fami- 
 ly of Augustus, and Virgil procured himself 
 great favours by celebrating the virtues of this 
 amiable prince. [Vid. Octavia.] Marceilus 
 was buried at the public exj^iense. Virg. ^n. 
 6, V. 883.— 5ue/. in Aug.—Plut. in MarcelL— 
 Senec. Consol. ad Marc. — Paterc. 2, c. 93. 
 The son of the great Marceilus who took Sy- 
 racuse, was caught in the ambuscade which 
 proved fatal to his father, but he forced his 
 way from the enemy and escaped. He receiv- 
 ed the ashes of his father from the conqueror. 
 
 Plut. in MarcelL A man who conspired 
 
 against Vespasian. The husband of Octa- 
 via the sister of Augustus. A conqueror of 
 
 Britain. An officer under the emperor Ju- 
 lian. A man put to death by Galba. A 
 
 man who gave Cicero information of Catiline's 
 
 conspiracy. A colleague of Cato in the 
 
 quaestorship. A native of Pamphylia, who 
 
 wrote an heroic poem on physic, divided into 
 42 books. He lived in the reign of Marcus 
 
 Aurelius. A Roman drowned in a storm, 
 
 &c. 
 
 Marcia lex, by Marcius Censorinus. It 
 forbad any man to be invested with the office 
 of censor more than once. 
 
 Marcia, the wife of Regulus. When she 
 heard that her husband had been put to death 
 at Carthage in the most excruciating manner, 
 retorted the punishment, and shut up some 
 Carthaginian prisoners in a barrel, which she 
 had previously filled with sharp nails. The 
 senate was obliged to stop her wantonness and 
 cruelty. Diod. 24. A favourite of the em- 
 peror Commodus, whom he poisoned.- A 
 vestal virgin, punished for her incontinence. 
 
 A daughter of Philip, who married Cato 
 
 the censor. Her husband gave her to his 
 friend Hortensius for the sake of procreating; 
 children, and after his death he took her again 
 
 to his own house. An ancient name ofthe 
 
 island of Rhodes. A daughter of Cato of 
 
 Utica. A stream of water. Vid. Martia 
 
 aqua. 
 
 Marciana, a sister of the emperor Trajan, 
 who, on account of her public and private 
 virtues and her amiable disposition, was de- 
 clared Augusta and empress by her brother. 
 She died A. D. 113. 
 
 Marcianopolis, the capital of Lower Moe- 
 sia in Greece. It receives its name in honour 
 of the empress Marciana. 
 
 Marcianus, a native of Thrace, born oi 
 
MA 
 
 an obscure family. After he had for some 
 time served in the army as a common soldier, 
 he was made private secretary to one of the 
 otficers of Theodosiiis. His winning address 
 and uncommon talents raised him to higher 
 stations; and on the death of Theodosius the 
 2d, A. D. 450, he was invested with the impe- 
 rial purple in the east. The subjects of the 
 Roman empire had reason to be satisfied with 
 their choice. Marcianus showed himself ac- 
 tive and resolute, and when Attila, the barbar- 
 ous king of the Huns, asked of the emperor 
 the annual tribute which the indolence and 
 cowardice of his predecessors had regularly 
 paid, the successor of Theodosius firmly said, 
 that he kept his gold for his friends, but that 
 iron was the metal which he had prepared for 
 his enemies. In the midst of universal popu- 
 larity Marcianus died, after a reign of six years, 
 in the 69th year of his age, as he was making 
 warlike preparations against the barbarians 
 that had invaded Africa. His death was la- 
 mented, and indeed his merit was great, since 
 his reign has been distinguished by the appel- 
 lation of the golden age. Marcianus married 
 Pulcheria, the sister of his predecessor. It is 
 said, that in the years of his obscurity he found 
 a man who had been murdered, and that he 
 had the humanity to give him a private burial, 
 for which circumstance he was accused of the 
 homicide and imprisoned. He was condemned 
 to lose his life, and the sentence would have 
 been executed, had not the real murderer 
 been discovered, and convinced the world of 
 
 the innocence of Marcianus. Capella, a 
 
 writer. Vid. Capella. 
 
 M, Marcius Sabinus, was the progenitor 
 of the Marcian family at Rome. He came to 
 Rome with Numa, and it was he who advised 
 Ts'uraa to accept of the crown which the Ro- 
 mans offered to him. He attempted to make 
 himself king of Rome in opposition to TuUus 
 Hostilius, and when his efforts proved unsuc- 
 cessful, he killed himself His son, who mar- 
 ried a daughter of Numa, was made high priest 
 by his father-in-law. He was father of An- 
 
 cus Martius. Plut. in JVuma. A Roman 
 
 who accused Ptolemy Auletes, king of Egypt, 
 of misdemeanor, in the Roman senate 
 
 A Roman consul, defeated by the Samnites, 
 He was more successful against the Cartha- 
 ginians, and obtained a victory, &.c. 
 
 Another consul, who obtained a victory over 
 
 the Etrurians. Another, who defeated the 
 
 Hernici. A Roman who fought against 
 
 Asdrubal. A man whom Catiline hired to 
 
 assassinate Cicero. 
 
 Marcius Saltus, a place in Liguria, &:c. 
 
 Marcomanni, a people of Germany, who 
 originally dwelt on the banks of the Rhine 
 and the Danube. They proved powerful ene- 
 mies to the Roman emperors. Augustus 
 granted them peace, but they were afterwards 
 subdued by Antoninus and Trajan, &c. Pa- 
 terc. 2, c. 109.— Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 46 and 62, 
 G. 42. 
 
 Marcus, a praenomen common to many of 
 
 the Romans. Vid. .^milus, Lepidus, he. 
 
 A son of Cato, killed at Philippi, fee. 
 
 Carynensis, a general of the Achaean league, 
 255 B. C. 
 
 Mardi, a people of Persia, on the confines 
 of Media, They were very poor; and gene- 
 
 MA 
 
 rally lived upon the flesh of wild beists. Their 
 country, in latter times, became the residence 
 of the famous assassins destroyed by Hulakou 
 the grandson of Zingis Khan. Herodot. 1 and 
 3.—Plin. 6, c. 16. 
 
 Mardia, a place of Thrace, famous for a 
 battle between Constantine and Licinius, 
 A. D. 315. 
 
 Mardonius, a general of Xerxes, who, 
 after the defeat of his master at Thermopylae 
 and Salamis, was left in Greece with an army 
 of 300,000 chosen men, to subdue the country, 
 and reduce it under the power of Persia. His 
 operations were rendered useless by the cour- 
 age and vigilance of the Greeks; and, in a 
 battle at Plataea, Mardonius was defeated and 
 left among the slain, B. C. 479. He had been 
 commander of the armies of Darius in Eu- 
 rope, and it was chiefly by his advice that 
 Xerxes invaded Greece. He was son-in-law 
 of Darius. Plut. in Arist. — Herodot. 6, 7 and 
 S.—Diod. U.— Justin. 2, c. 13, kc. 
 
 Mardus, a river of Media, falling into the 
 Caspian sea. 
 
 Mare Mortuum, called also, from the 
 bitumen it throws up, the lake Asphallites, is 
 situate in Judaga, and near 100 miles long and 
 25 broad. Its waters are salter than those of 
 the sea, but the vapours exhaled from them 
 are not so pestilential as have been generally 
 represented. It is supposed that the 13 cities, 
 of which Sodom and Gomorrah, as mentioned 
 in the Scriptures, were the capital, were de- 
 stroyed by a volcano, and on the site a lake 
 formed. Volcanic appearances now mark the 
 face of the country, and earthquakes are fre- 
 quent. Plin. 5, c. 6. — Joseph. J. Bell. 4, c. 27. 
 — Strab. 16, p. 764. — Justin. 36, c. 3. 
 
 Mareotis, now Siwah, a lake in Egypt, 
 near Alexandria. Its neighbourhood is fa- 
 mous for wine, though some make the Ma- 
 reoiicum vinum grow in Ejiirus, or in a cer- 
 tain part of Libya, called also Mareotis, near 
 Egypt. Virg. G. 2, v. 91.— Horat. 1, od. 38, 
 V. 14. — Lucan. 3 and 10. — Strab. 17. 
 
 Marginia and Margiania, a town and 
 country near the river Oxus, at the east of 
 Hyrcania, celebrated for its wines. The vines 
 are so uncommonly large that two men can 
 scarcely grasp the trunk of one of them. Curt. 
 7, c. 10.— Ptol. 5. 
 
 Margites, a man against whom, as some 
 suppose, Homer wrote a poem, to ridicule his 
 superficial knowledge, and to expose his afi'ec- 
 tation. When Demosthenes wished to prove 
 Alexander an inveterate enemy to Athens, he 
 called him another Margites. 
 
 Margus, a river of Mcesia falling into the 
 Danube, with a town of the same name, now 
 Kastolats. 
 
 Mariaba, a city in Arabia near the Red 
 Sea. 
 
 Maria lex, by C. Marius, the tribune, 
 A. U. C. 634, It ordered the planks called 
 pontes, on which the people stood up to give 
 their votes in the comitia, to be narrower, 
 that no other might stand there to hinder the j 
 proceedings of the assembly by appeal, or I 
 other disturbances. — '—Another, called also 
 Porcia, by L. Marius and Porcius, tribunes, 
 A. U, C, 691. It fined a certain sum of 
 motley such commanders as gave a false ac- 
 count to the Roman senate of the number of 
 
MA 
 
 slain in a battle. It obliged them to swear 
 to the truth of their return when they enter- 
 ed the city, according to the best computa- 
 tion. 
 
 Mariamna, a Jewish woman, who mar- 
 ried Herodes, &:c. 
 
 Mariana FOSsiE, a town of Gaul Narbo- 
 ^ensis, which received its name from the 
 dyke (fossa,) which Marius opened from 
 thence to the sea. Plin. 3, c. 4. — Strab. 4. 
 
 Mariandynum, a place near Bithynia, where 
 the poets feigned that Hercules dragged Cer- 
 berus out of hell. Dionys — Ptol. 5, c. 1. — 
 Mela, 1, c. 2 and 19, 1. 2, c. 7. 
 
 Marias U3, a surname given to Jupiter, 
 from a temple built to his honour by Marius. 
 It was in this temple that the Roman senate 
 assembled to recall Cicero, a circumstance 
 communicated to him in a dream. Vol, Max. 
 1, c. 7. 
 
 Marica, a nymph of the river Liris, near 
 Minturnee. She married king Faunus, by 
 whom she had king Latinus, and she was af- 
 terwards called Fauna and Fatua, and honour- 
 ed as a goddess. A city of Campania bore 
 her name. Some suppose her to be the same 
 as Circe. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 47.— Liv. 27, c. 37. 
 
 A wood on the borders of Campania bore 
 
 also the name of Marica, as being sacred to 
 the nymph. Liv. 27, c. 37. — Horat. 3, od. 
 17, V. 7. 
 
 Maricus, a Gaul thrown to lions, in the 
 reign of Vitellius, who refused to devour him, 
 &.C. Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 61. 
 
 Marina, a daughter of Arcadius, &,c. 
 
 Marinus, a friend of Tiberius, put to 
 death, &.c. 
 
 Marion, a king of Tyre, in the age of 
 Alexander the Great. 
 
 Marissa, an opulent town of Judsea. 
 
 Marita lex. Vid. Julia de Maritandis. 
 
 Maris, a river of Scythia. A son of Ar- 
 
 raisodares, who assisted Priam against the 
 Greeks, and was killed by Antilochus. Ho- 
 mer. II. 6, v. 317. 
 
 Marisus, a river of Dacia. 
 
 C. Marius, a celebrated Roman, who, 
 from a peasant, became one of the most pow- 
 erful and cruel tyrants that Rome ever beheld 
 during her consular government. He was 
 born at Arpinum, of obscure and illiterate pa- 
 rents. His father bore the same name as 
 himself, and his mother was called Fulcinia, 
 He forsook the meaner occupations of the 
 country for the camp, and signalized himself 
 under Scipio at the siege of INumantia. The 
 Roman general saw the courage and intrepi- 
 dity of young Marius, and foretold the era of 
 his future greatness. By his seditions and 
 intrigues at Rome, while he exercised the 
 inferior offices of the state, he rendered him- 
 self known; and his marriage with Julia, 
 who was of the family of the Cajsars, contri- 
 buted in some measure to raise him to conse- 
 f]uencc. He passed into Africa as lieutenant 
 to the consul Melellus against Jugurtha, and, 
 after he had there ingratiated himself with ihe 
 soldiers, and raised enemies to his friend and 
 benefactor, he returned to Rome, and canvas- 
 sed for the.consulship. The extravagant pro- 
 mises he made to the people, and his malevo- 
 tent insinuations about the conduct of Metel- 
 lus, proved successful. He was elected,, and 
 
 MA 
 
 appointed to finish the war against Jugurtha. 
 He showed himself capable in every degree 
 to succeed to Metellus. Jugurtha was defeated, 
 and afterwards betrayed into the hands of the 
 Romans by the perfidy of Bocchus. JNo soon- 
 er was Jugurtha conquered than new honours 
 and fresh trophies awaited Marius. The pro- 
 vinces of Rome were suddenly invaded by an 
 army of 300,000 barbarians, and Marius was 
 the only man whose activity and boldness could 
 resist so powerful an enemy. He was elected 
 consul, and sent against the Teutones. The 
 war was prolonged, and Marius was a third and 
 fourth time invested with the consulship. At 
 last two engagements were fought, and not less 
 than 200,000 of the barbarian forces of the Am- 
 brones and Teutones were slain in the field of 
 battle, and 90,000 made prisoners. The fol- 
 lowing year was also marked by a total over- 
 throw of the Cimbri, another hoi-de of barba- 
 rians, in which 140,000 were slaughtered by 
 the Romans, and 60,000 taken prisoners. Af- 
 ter such honourable victories, Marius, with his 
 colleague Catulus, entered Rome in triumph, 
 and, for his eminent services, he deserved the 
 appellation of the third founder of Rome. He 
 was elected consul a sixth time; and, as his in- 
 trepidity had delivered his country from its for- 
 eign enemies, he sought employment at home, 
 and his restless ambition began to raise sedi- 
 tions, and to oppose the power of Sylla. This 
 was the cause and the foundation of a civil war. 
 Sylla refused to deliver up the command of the 
 forces with which he was empowered to pro- 
 secute the Mithridatic war, and he resolved to 
 oppose the authors of a demand which he con- 
 sidered as arbitrary and improper. He advan- 
 ced to Rome, and Marius was obliged to save 
 his life by flight. The unfavourable winds 
 prevented him from seeking a safer retreat in 
 Africa, and he was left on the coast of Cam- 
 pania, where the emissaries of his enemy soon 
 discovered him in a marsh, where he had 
 plunged himself in the mud, and left only his 
 mouth above the surface for respiration. He 
 was violently dragged to the neighbouring 
 town of Minturnae, and the magistrates, all de- 
 voted to the interest of Sylla, passed sentence 
 of immediate death on their magnanimous 
 prisoner. A Gaul was commanded to cut oft' 
 his head in tbe dungeon, but the stern coun- 
 tenance of Marius disarmed the courage of 
 the executioner, and, when he heard the ex- 
 clamation of Tune homo, audes occidere Caium 
 Marium, the dagger dropped from his hand. 
 Such an uncommon adventure awakened the 
 compassion of the inhabitants of Minturnae. 
 They released Marius from prison, and fa- 
 voured his escape to Africa, where he joined 
 his son Marius, who had been arming the 
 princes of the country in his cause. Marius 
 landed near the walls of Carthage, and he re- 
 ceived no small consolation at the sight of the 
 venerable ruins of a once powerful city, which 
 like himself had been exposed to calamitv, 
 and felt tlie cruel vicissitude of fortune. This 
 place of his retreat was soon known, and the 
 governor of Africa, to conciliate the favoui*s of 
 Sylla, compelled Marius to fly to a neighbour- 
 ing island. He soon after learned that Cinna 
 had embraced his cause at Rome, when the 
 Roman senate had stripped him of his consu- 
 lar dignity and bestowed it upon one of his 
 
MA 
 
 enemies. This intelligence animated Marius ; 
 be set sail to assist his friend, only at the head 
 of a thousand men. His army, however, gra- 
 dually increased, and he entered Rome like a 
 conqueror. His enemies were inhumanly sa- 
 crificed to his fury, Rome was filled with blood, 
 and he who had once been called the fathei* of 
 his country, marched through the streets of 
 the city, attended by a number of assassins, 
 who immediately slaughtered all those whose 
 salutations were not answered by their leader. 
 Such were the signals for bloodshed. When 
 Marius and Cinna had sufficiently gratified 
 their resentment, they made themselves con- 
 suls; but Marius, already worn out with old 
 age and infirmities, died sixteen days after he 
 had been honoured with the consular dignity 
 for the seventh time, B. C. 86. His end was 
 probably hastened by the uncommon quanti- 
 ties of wine which he drank when labouring 
 under a dangerous disease, to remove, by in- 
 toxication, the stings of a guilty conscience. 
 Such was the end of Marius, who rendered 
 himself conspicuous by his victories, and by 
 his cruelty. As he was brought up in the 
 midst of poverty and among peasants, it will 
 not appear wonderful that he always betrayed 
 rusticity in his behaviour, and despised in 
 others those polished manners and that studied 
 address which education had denied him. He 
 hated the conversation of the learned only be- 
 cause he was illiterate, and if he appeared an 
 example of sobriety and temperance, he owed 
 these advantages to the years of obscurity 
 which he had passed at Arpinum. His coun- 
 tenance was stern, his voice firm and imperi- 
 ous, and his disposition untractable. He al- 
 ways betrayed the greatest timidity in the 
 public assemblies, as he had not been early 
 taught to make eloquence and oratory his 
 pursuit. He was in the 70th year of his age 
 when he died, and Rome seemed to rejoice at 
 the fall of a man whose ambition had proved 
 fatal to so many of her citizens. His only 
 qualifications were those of a great general, 
 and with these he rendered himself the most 
 Tllustrious and powerful of the Romans, be- 
 cause he was ihe only one whoso ferocity 
 seemed capable to oppose the barbarians of 
 the north. The manner of his death, accord- 
 ing to some opinions, remains doubtful, though 
 some have charged him with the crime of 
 suicide. Among the instances which are men- 
 tioned of his firmness this may be recorded : 
 a swelling in the leg obliged him to apply to a 
 physician, who urged the necessity of cutting 
 it oft*. Marius gave it, and saw the operation 
 performed without a distortion of the face, and 
 without a groan. The physician asked the 
 other, and Marius cave it with equal compo- 
 fture. Plut. in vita. — Paierc. 2, c. 9. — Flor. 
 3, C.3. — Juv. 8, v. 245, &.c. — Lucan. 2, v. 69. 
 
 Caius, the son of the great Marius, was 
 
 as cruel as his fatlier, and shared his good and 
 his adverse fortune. He made himself consul 
 in the 25th year of his age, and murdered all 
 the senators who opposed his ambitious views. 
 He was defeated by Sylla, and fled to Praeneste, 
 
 where he killed himself Plut. in Mario.- 
 
 Fii?cus, a governor of Africa, accused of ex- 
 tortion in his province by Pliny the younger, 
 and banished from Italv. J"/m. 2, ep. 11. — 
 Juv. 1, V. 48. A lovJr, kc. Vid. Hellas. 
 
 MA 
 
 —One of the Greek fathers of the 5th cen- 
 tury, whose works were edited by Garner, 2 
 vols.fol. Paris, 1673; and Baluzius, ib. 1684. 
 
 M. Aurelius, a native of Gaul, who, from 
 
 the mean employment of ablacksmith, became 
 one of the generals of Gallienus, and at last 
 caused himself to be saluted emperor. Three 
 days after this elevation, a man who had shared 
 his poverty without partaking of his more pros- 
 perous fortune, publicly assassinated him, and 
 he was killed by a sword which he himself had 
 made in the time of his obscurity. Mariua 
 has been often celebrated for his great strength, 
 and it is confidently reported that he could 
 stop with one of his fingers only the wheel of a 
 
 chariot in its most rapid course. Maxiraus, 
 
 a Latin writer, who published an account of 
 the Roman emperors from Trajan to Alexan- 
 der, now lost. His compositions were enter- 
 taining, and executed with great exactness an4 
 fidelity. Some have accused him of inatten- 
 tion, and complain that his writings abounded 
 with many fabulous and insignificant storiea. 
 
 Celsus, a friend of Galba, saved from 
 
 death by Otho, kc. Tacit. Hist. 1, c. 45. 
 
 Sextus, a rich Spaniard, thrown down from 
 the Tarpeian rock, on account of his riches, 
 kc. Tacit. Ann. 6, c. 19. 
 
 M ARM AC us, the father of Pythagoras. 
 Diog. 
 Marmarenses, a people of Lycia. 
 Marmarica. Via. Marmaridae. 
 Marmarid.*, the inhabitants of that part 
 of Libya called Marmarica^ between Cyrene 
 and Egypt. They were swift in running, and 
 pretended to possess some drugs or secret pow- 
 er to destroy the poisonous effects of the bite 
 of serpents. Sil. It. 3, v. 300, 1. 11, v. 182.— 
 Lucan. 4, v. 680, 1. 9, v 894. 
 
 Marmarion, a town of Euboea, whence 
 Apollo is called Marmarinus. Strab. 10. 
 Maro. Vid. Virgilius. 
 Marobodui, a nation of Germany. Ta- 
 cit, dt Germ. 42, 
 
 Maron, a son of Evanthes, high priest of 
 Apollo, in Africa, when Ulysses touched upon 
 the coast. Homer. Od. 9, v. 179. An Egyp- 
 tian who accompanied Osiris in his conquests, 
 and built a city in Thrace, called from him 
 Maronea. Mela, 2, c. 2. — Diod. 1. 
 
 Maronea, a city of the Cicones, in Thrace, 
 near the Hebrus, of which Bacchus is the 
 chief deity. The wine has always been reck- 
 oned excellent, and with it, it was supposed, 
 Ulysses intoxicated the Cyclops Polyphemus. 
 Plin.U,c.4.—Herodot.—Mela, 2, c. 2.— Ti- 
 bull. 4, el. 1, V. 57. 
 
 Marpesia, a celebrated queen of the Am- 
 azons, who waged a successful war against the 
 inhabitants of mount Caucasus. The moun- 
 tain was called Marpesius Mans, from its fe- 
 male conqueror. Justin. 2, c. 4. — Virg. JEn. 6. 
 Marpessa, a daughter of the Evenus, who 
 married Idas, by whom she had Cleopatra, the 
 wife of Meleager. Marpessa was tenderly 
 loved by her husband ; and when Apollo endea- 
 voured to carry her away, Idas followed the 
 ravisher with a bow and arrows, resolved on 
 revenge. Apollo and Idas were separated by 
 Jupiter, who permitted Marpessa to go with 
 that of the two lovers whom she most approved 
 of. She returned to her husband. Homer. II. 
 9, V. 649.— Owd. Met. 8, v. 305.— v?po«orf. 1, 
 c. l.-.Pau^. 4, c. 2. 1-5, c. 18. 
 
MA 
 
 Marpesus, a town of Mysiau A moun- 
 tain of Pares, abounding in white marble, 
 whence Marptsia cautes. The quarries are 
 still seen by modern travellers. FzVg. JEn. 6, 
 V. 471.— P/m. 4, c. 12, 1. 36, c. 5. 
 
 Marres, a king of Egypt, who had a crow 
 which conveyed his letters wherever he plea- 
 sed. He raised a celebrated monument to this 
 faithful bird near the city of Crocodiles. JEli- 
 an. An. 6, c. 7. 
 
 Marruciki, a people of Picenum. Si7. //. 
 15, V. 564. 
 
 Marruvium or Marrubium, now San 
 Bentdetto, a place near the Liris, in Italy. 
 Virg. „En. 7, v. 750. — Sil. It. 8, v. 497. 
 
 Mars, the god of war among the an- 
 cients, was the son of Jupiter and Juno, ac- 
 cording to Heslod, Homer, and all the Greek 
 poets, or of Juno alone, according to Ovid. 
 This goddess, as the poet mentions, wished 
 to become a mother without the assistance 
 of the other sex, like Jupiter, who had pro- 
 duced Minerva all armed from his head, and 
 she was shown a flower by Flora in the 
 plains near Olenus, whose very touch made 
 women pregnant. [Vid Juno.] The educa- 
 tion of Mars was intrusted by Juno to the 
 god Priapus, who instructed him in dancing 
 and every manly exercise. His trial before 
 the celebrated court of the Areopagus, ac- 
 cording to the authority of some authors, for 
 the murder of Hallirhotius, forms an interest- 
 ing epoch in history. [Firf. Areopagitae.] 
 The amours of Mars and V^enus are greatly 
 celebrated. The god of war gained the affec- 
 tions of Venus, and obtained the gratification 
 of his desires; but Apollo, who was conscious 
 of the familiarities, informed Vulcan of his 
 wife's debaucheries, and awakened his suspi- 
 cious. Vulcan secretly laid a net around the 
 bed, and the two lovers were exposed, in each 
 others arms, to the ridicule and satire of all the 
 gods, till Neptune prevailed upon the husband 
 to set them at liberty. This unfortunate dis- 
 covery so provoked Mars that he changed into 
 a cock his favourite Alectryon, whom he had 
 stationed at the door to watch against the ap- 
 proach of the sun, [l^id. Alectryon,] and Ve- 
 Bus also showed her resentment by persecu- 
 ting with the most inveterate fury the children 
 of Apollo. In the wars of Jupiter and the Ti- 
 tans, Mars was seized by Otus and Ephialtes, 
 and confined for fifteen months, till Mercury 
 procured him his liberty. Duringthe Trojan 
 war Mars interested himselfon the side of the 
 Trojans, but whilst he defended these favour- 
 ites of Venus with uncommon activity, he was 
 wounded by Diomedes, and hastily retreated 
 to heaven to conceal hrs confusion and his re- 
 sentment, and to complain to Jupiter that Mi- 
 nerva had directed the unerring weapon of 
 his antagonist. The worship of Alars was not 
 very universal among the ancients; his tem- 
 ples were not numerous in Greece, but in 
 Rome he received the most unbounded hon- 
 ours, and the warlike Romans were proud of 
 paying homage to a deity whom they esteem- 
 ed as the patron of their city, and tlie father 
 of the first of their monarchs. His most cele- 
 brated temple at Rome was built by Augustus 
 after the battle of Philippi. It was dedicated 
 to Mars ullor, or the avtngtr. His priests 
 among the Romans were called Salii : they 
 
 MA 
 
 were first instituted by Numa, and their chief 
 office was to guard the sacred Ancylia, one of 
 which, as was supposed, had fallen down from 
 heaven. Mars was generally represented in 
 the naked figure of an o!d man, armed with a 
 lielmet, a pike, and a shield. Sometimes he 
 appeared in a military dress, and with a long 
 flowing beard, and sometimes without. He 
 generally rode in a chariot drawn by furious 
 horses, which the poets call Flight and Ter- 
 ror. His altars were stained with the blood 
 of the horse, on account of his warlike spi- 
 rit, and of the wolf, on account of his fe- 
 rocity. Magpies and vultures were also 
 offered to him, on account of their greediness 
 and voracity. The Scythians generally offer- 
 ed him asses, and the people of Caria dogs. 
 The weed called dog grass was sacred to him, 
 because it grows, as it is commonly reported, 
 in places which are fit for fields ot battle, or 
 where the ground has been stained with the 
 effusion of human blood. The surnames of 
 Mars are not numerous. He was called Gra- 
 divus, Mavors, Quirinus, Salisubsulus, among 
 the Romans. The Greeks called him Ares, 
 and he was the Enyalus of the Sabines, the 
 Camulusof the Gauls, and the Mamers of Car- 
 thage. Mars was father of Cupid, Anteros, 
 and Harmonia, by the goddess Venus. He 
 had Ascalaphus and lalmenus by Astyoche ; 
 Alcippe by Agraulos ; Molus, Pylus, Evenus, 
 and Thestius, by Demonice, the daughter 
 of Agenor. Besides these, he was the reputed 
 father of Romulus, CEnomaus, Bythis, Thrax, 
 Diomedes of Thrace, iic. He presided over 
 gladiators, and was the god oi hunting, and 
 of whatever exercises or amusements have 
 something manly and warlike. Among the 
 Romans it was usual for the consul, before h«- 
 went on an expedition, to visit the temple c« 
 Mars, where he offered his prayers, and in d 
 solemn manner shook the spear which was \f- 
 the hand of the statue of the god, at the samiV 
 time exclaiming, " Mara viliga ! god of war 
 watch over the safety of this city." Ovid 
 Fast. 5, v. 231. Trist. 2, v. 926.— Hygin. fab 
 l4H.— rirg. G. 4, V. 346. JEn. 8, v. 701.— Lm- 
 cian. in Eltctr. — Varro de L. L. 4, c. 10. — 
 Homtr. Od. 1. //. 5. — Flacc. 6. — Apollod. 1 
 kc. — Hesiod. Theog. — Pindar, od. 4, Pyth. — 
 i^uint. Smyr. 14. — Pans. 1, c. 21 and 28. — 
 Juv. 9, V. 102. 
 
 Marsala, a town of Sicily. 
 
 Mars*;ds, a Roman, ridiculed by Horace, 
 1 Sat. 2, V. 55, for his prodigality to courtezans. 
 
 Marse, a daughter of TUespius. Apollod. 
 
 Marsi, a nation of Germany who after- 
 wards came to settle near the lake Fucinus, in 
 Italy, in a country chequered with forests, 
 abounding with wild boars, and other ferocious 
 animals. They at first proved very inimical to 
 the Romans, out, in process of time, they be- 
 came their firmest supporters. They are par- 
 ticularly celebrated for the civil war in which 
 ihey were engaged, and which from them has 
 received the name of the Marsian war. The 
 large contributions they made to support the 
 interest of Rome, and the number of men 
 which they continually supplied to the repub- 
 lic, rendered them bold and aspiring, and they 
 claimed, with the rest of the Italian states, a 
 share of the honour and pri\ i'eges which were 
 enjoyed by the cifi;ren« of Rome, B C. ^\ 
 
MA 
 
 This petition, though supported by the Inter- 
 est, the eloquence, and the integrity of the 
 tribune Drusus, was received with contempt 
 by the Roman senate; and the Marsi, with 
 their allies, showed their dissatisfaction by 
 taking up arms. Their resentment was in- 
 creased when Drusus, their friend at Rome, 
 had been basely murdered by the means of 
 the nobles; and they erected themselves into 
 a republic, and Corfinium was made the capi- 
 tal of their new empire. A regular war was 
 now begun, and the Romans led into the field 
 an army of 100,000 men, and were opposed 
 by a superior force. Some battles were fought, 
 in which the Roman generals were defeated, 
 and the allies reaped no inconsiderable advan- 
 tages from their victories. A battle, however, 
 near Asculum proved fatal to their cause ; 
 4000 of them were left dead on the spot ; their 
 general, Francus, a man of uncommon expe- 
 rience and abilities, was slain, and such as es- 
 caped from the field perished by hunger in 
 the Apennines, where they had sought a shel- 
 ter. After many defeats and the loss of Ascu- 
 lum, one of their principal cities, the allies, 
 grown dejected and tired of hostilities which 
 had already continued for three years, sued 
 for peace one by one, and tranquillity was at 
 last re-established in the republic, and all the 
 states of Italy were made citizens of Rome. 
 The armies of the allies consisted of the Marsi, 
 the Peligni, the Vestini, the Herpini, Pora- 
 peiani, Marcini, Picentes, Venusini, Feren- 
 tanee, Apuli, Lucani, and Samnites. The 
 Marsi were greatly addicted to magic. Horat. 
 ep. 5, V. 76, ep 27, v. 29. — Jlppian. — Val. 
 
 .Vax. 8. — Paterc. 2. — Plut. in Sert. Mario, 
 TO. — Cic. pro Balb. — Strah. — Tacit. Ann. 1, 
 
 {g 50 and 56. G. 2. 
 
 Marsigni, a people of Germany. Tacit. 
 
 P r. 43. 
 
 .| Marsus Domitius, a Latin poet. 
 
 r. Marsyaba, a town of Arabia. 
 
 Marsyas, a celebrated piper of Celaena;, 
 
 ^n Phrygia, son of Olympus, or of Hyagnis, 
 
 -or CEagrus. He was so skilful in playing on 
 the flute, that he is generally deemed the in- 
 
 Ventor of it. According to the opinion of some 
 
 'he found it when Minerva had thrown it aside 
 on account of the distortion of her face when 
 she played upon it. Marsyas was enamoured 
 of Cybele, and he travelled with her as far as 
 Nysa, where he had the imprudence to chal- 
 lenge Apollo to a trial of his skill as a musician. 
 The god accepted the challenge, and it was mu- 
 tually agreed tliat he who was defeated should 
 be flayed alive by the conqueror. The Muses, 
 or according to Diodorus, the inhabitants of 
 Nysa, were appointed umpires. Each exerted 
 his utmost skill, and the victory, with much dif- 
 ficulty, was adjudged to Apollo. The god, 
 upon this, tied his antagonist to a tree and 
 flayed him alive. The death of Marsyas was 
 universally lamented ; (he Fauns, Satyrs, and 
 Dryads, wept at his fate, and from their 
 abundant tears, arose a river of Phrygia, well 
 % knoAvn by the name of Marsyas. The unfor- 
 tunate Marsyas is often represented on monu- 
 ments as tied, his hands behind his back to a 
 tree, while Apollo stands before him with his 
 lyre in his hands. In independent cities among 
 the ancients the statue of Marsyas was gene- 
 rally erected in the forum, to represent the 
 
 MA 
 
 intimacy which subsisted between Bacchus 
 and Marsyas, as the emblems of liberty. It 
 was also erected at the entrance of the Roman 
 forum, as a spot where usurers and merchants 
 resorted to transact business, being principal- 
 ly intended in terrorem litigaiorum ; a circum- 
 stance to which Horace seems to allude, 1 Sat. 
 6, V. 120. At Celaenae, the skin of Marsyas 
 was shown to travellers for some time ; it was 
 suspended in the public place in the form of a 
 bladder or a foot-ball. Hygin. (ah. 165. — Ovid. 
 Fast. 6, V. 707. Met. 6, fab. I.—Diod. 3.-— 
 Hal. 8, v. 503.— P/in. 5, c. 29, 1. 7, c. 56.— 
 
 Pans. 10, c. SO.— Apotlod. 1, c. 4. The 
 
 sources of the Marsyas were near those of the 
 Maeander, and those two rivers had their con- 
 tinence a little below the town of Celaena. 
 Liv. 38, c. IS.— Ovid. Met. 2, v. 263.— Lwcaw. 
 3, V. 208. A writer, who published a histo- 
 ry of Macedonia, from the first origin -and 
 foundation of that empire till the reign of 
 Alexander, in which he lived. An Egyp- 
 tian who commanded the armies of Cleo- 
 patra against her brother Ptolemy Physcon, 
 
 whom she attempted to dethrone. A man 
 
 put to death by Dionysius, the tyremt of Si- 
 cily. 
 
 Martha, a celebrated prophetess of Sy- 
 ria, whose artifice and fraud proved of the 
 greatest service to C. Marius in the numerous 
 expeditions he undertook. Plut. in Mario. 
 
 Martia, a vestal virgin, put to death for 
 
 her incontinence. A daughter of Cato. Vid. 
 
 Marcia. 
 
 Martia aqua, water at Rome, celebrated 
 for its clearness and salubrity. It was con- 
 veyed to Rome, at the distance of above 30 
 mileS; from the lake Fucinus, by Ancus Mar- 
 tins, whence it received its name. Tibull. 
 3, el. 7, v. 26.— P/m. 31, c. 3, 1. 36, c. 15. 
 
 Martiales LUDi, games celebrated at Rome 
 in honour of Mars. 
 
 Ma.rtialis, Marcus Valerius, a native of 
 Bilbilis in Spain, who came to Rome about the 
 20th year of his age, where he recommended 
 himself to notice by his poetical genius. As 
 he was the panegyrist of the emperors, he 
 gained the greatest honours, and was reward- 
 ed in the most liberal manner. Domitian 
 gave him the tribuneship; but the poet, un- 
 mindful of the favours he received, after 
 the death of his benefactor, exposed to ri- 
 dicule the vices and cruelties of a monster 
 whom, in his life time, he had extolled as 
 the pattern of virtue, goodness, and excel- 
 lence. Trajan treated the poet with coldness; 
 and Martial, after he had passed thirty-five 
 years in the capital of the world, in The great- 
 est splendour and affluence, retired to his na- 
 tive country, where he had the mortification 
 to be (he object of malevolence, satire, and 
 ridicule. lie received some favours from his 
 friends, and his poverty was alleviated by the 
 liberality of Pliny the younger, whom he had 
 panegyrized in his poems. Martial died about 
 the I04th year of the Christian era, in the 75th 
 year of his age. He is now well known by the 
 fourteen books of epigrams which he wrote, 
 and whose merit is now best described by 
 the candid confession of the author in this 
 line, 
 
 Hunt bona, sunt qu(£dam mediocria, sunt maJa 
 plura. 
 
MA 
 
 But the genius -which he displays In some of 
 his epigrams deserves commendation, though 
 many critics are liberal in their censure upon 
 his st,vle, his thoughts, and particularly upon 
 his puns, \\hich are often low and despicable. 
 In many ef his epigrams the poet has shown 
 himself' a declared enemy to decency, and the 
 book is to be read with caution which can cor- 
 rupt the purity of morals, and initiate the vo- 
 taries of virtue in the mysteries of vice. It has 
 been observed of Martial, that his talent was 
 e})igrams. Every thing he did was the subject 
 of an epigram. He wrote inscriptions upon 
 monuments in the epigrammatic style, and 
 even a new-years gift was accompanied with a 
 distich, and his poetical pen was employed in 
 begging a favour as well as satirizing a fault. 
 ThTbest editions of Martial are those of Ra- 
 der, fol. Mogunt, 1627, of Schriverius, 12mo. 
 L. Bat. 1619, and of Smids, 8vo. Amst. 1701. 
 A friend of Otho. A man who conspi- 
 red against Caracalla. 
 
 Martianus. Vid. Marcianus. 
 
 Martina, a woman skilled in the know- 
 ledge of poisonous herbs, Lc. Tacit. Ann. 2, 
 c. 79, Sic. 
 
 Martiniakus, an oflBcer, made Caesar by 
 Licinius, to oppose Constantine. He was put 
 to death by order of Constantine. 
 
 MartiCs, a surname of Jupiter in Attica, 
 expressive of his power and valour. Pans. 5, 
 c. 14. A Roman consul sent against Per- 
 seus, fcc. A consid against the Dalmatians, 
 
 &c. Another, who defeated the Carthagi- 
 nians in Spain. Another who defeated the 
 
 Privernates, &:c. 
 
 Marullus, a tribune of the people, who 
 tore the garlands which had been placed upon 
 Caesar's statues, and who ordered those that 
 had saluted him king to be imprisoned. He 
 ■was deprived of his consulship by J. Cssar. 
 
 Pint, A governor of Judaea. A Latin 
 
 poet in the reign of M. Aurelius. He satirized 
 the emperor with great licentiousness, but his 
 invectives were diregarded, and himself des- 
 pised. 
 
 Mards, (the Morava) a river of Germany, 
 which separates modern Hungary and Mora- 
 via. Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 63. 
 
 Massa B^sb, an informer at the couet of Do- 
 mitian. Juv. 1, v. 35. 
 
 . Mas^esylii, a people of Libya, where Sy- 
 phax reigned. Vid. Massy\a. 
 
 Masinissa, son of Gala, was king of a 
 small part of Africa, and assisted tlie Cartha- 
 ginians in their wars against Rome. He pro- 
 ved a most indefatigable and courageous ally, 
 but an act of generosity rendered him amica- 
 ble to the interests of Rome. After the de- 
 feat of Asdi-ubal, Scipio, the first Africanus 
 who had obtained thp victor)', found, among 
 the prisoners of war, one of the nephews of 
 Masinissa. He sent him back to his uncle 
 loaded with presents, and conducted him with 
 a detachment for the safety and protection of 
 his person. Masinissa was struck with the 
 generous action of the Roman general, he for- 
 got all former hostilities, and joined his troops 
 to those of Scipio. Thi.s change of sentiments 
 was not the eflect of a wavering or unsettled 
 mind, but Masinissa showed himself the most 
 attached and the firmest ally the Romans ever 
 had. It was to hi.s exertions they owed many 
 
 MA 
 
 of tlieir victories in Africa, and particularly 
 in that battle which proved fatal to Asdrubal 
 and Syphax. The IVumidian conqueror, 
 charmed with the beauty of Sophonisba, the 
 captive wife of Syphax, carried her to his 
 camp, and married her; but when he per- 
 ceived that this new connexion displeased 
 Scipio, he sent poison to his wife, and recom' 
 mended her to destroy herself, since he could 
 not preserve her life in a manner which be- 
 came her rank, her dignity, and fortune, 
 without offending his Roman allies. In the 
 battle of Zama, Masinissa greatly contributed 
 to the defeat of the great Annibal, and the 
 Romans, who had so often been spectators of 
 his courage and valour, rewarded his fidelity 
 with the kingdom of Syphax, and some of 
 the Carthaginian territories. At his death 
 Masinissa showed the confidence he had in, 
 the Romans, and the esteem he entertained 
 for the rising talents of Scipio Ji^milianus, by 
 intrusting him with the care of his kingdom, 
 and empowering him to divide it among his 
 sons. Masinissa died in the 97th year of his 
 age, after a reign of above sixty years, 149 
 years before the Christian era. He experien- 
 ced adversity as well as prosperity, and, ia 
 the first years of his reigo, he was exposed to 
 the greatest danger, and obliged often to save 
 his life by .seeking a retreat among his savage 
 neighbours. But his alliance with the Ro- 
 mans was the beginning of his greatness, and 
 he ever after lived in the greatest affluence. 
 He is remarkable for the health he long en* 
 joyed. In the last years of his life he was 
 seen at the head of his armies, behaving with 
 th€ most indefatigable activity, and he often 
 remained for many successive^ days on horse- 
 back, without a saddle under him, or a cover- 
 ing upon his head, and without showing the 
 least marks of fatigue. This strength of mind 
 and body he chiefly owed to the temperance 
 which he observed. He was seen eating brown 
 bread at the door of his tent, like a private 
 soldier, the day after he had obtained an im- 
 mortal victory over the armies of Carthage. 
 He left ^fty-four sons, three of whom were le- 
 gitimate, Micipsa, Gulussa, and Manastabal. 
 The kingdom was fairly divided among thera. 
 by Scipio, and the illegitimate children recei- 
 ved, as their portions, very valuable presents. 
 The djeath of Gulussa and Manastabal soon 
 after left Micipsa sole raasterof the large pos- 
 sessions of Masinissa. Strah. IJ. — Polyb. — 
 Appian. Lybic.-^Cic. de Sencct. — Vol. Max. 8. 
 Sallust. in Jug. — Liv. 25, &lq. — Oind. Fast. Q, v. 
 769. — Justin. 33, c. 1, 1. 38, c. 6. 
 
 Maso, a name common to several persons 
 mentioned by Cicero. 
 
 Massaga, a town of India, taken by Alex- 
 ander the Great. 
 
 Massaget^, a people of Scythia, who 
 had their wives in common, and dwelt in. 
 tents. They had no temples, but worshipped 
 the sun, to whom they offered horses, on ac- 
 count of their swiftness. When their parents 
 had come to a certain age, they generally put 
 them to death, and eat their flesh mixed with 
 that of cattle. Authors are divided with res- 
 pect to the place of their residence. Some 
 place them near the Caspian sea, others at the 
 north of the Danube, and some confound them 
 with the Getae and the Scythians Horat.. Jj 
 
MA 
 
 Oil. 35, V. 40. — Dionys. Per. 738. — Herodot. 1, 
 c, 204 — Strab. 1. — Mela, 1, c. 2. — Lucan. 2, v. 
 50. — Ji«/m. 1, c. 8. 
 
 Massana. Vid, Messana. 
 
 Massani, a nation at the mouth of the 
 Indus. 
 
 Massycus, a mountam of Campania, near 
 Miuturnae, famous for its wine, which even 
 now preserves its ancient character. Plin. 
 14, c. Q.—Horat. 1, od. 1, v. 19.— Kirg. G. 2, 
 
 V. 143. An Etrurian prince, who assisted 
 
 JEneas against Turnus with 1000 men. Virg. 
 JEn. 10, V. 166, &c. 
 
 Massilia, a maritime town of Gaul Narbo- 
 nensis, now called Marseilles, founded B. 
 C. 539, by the people of Phocasa, in Asia, 
 who quitted their country to avoid the tyran- 
 ny of the Persians. It is celebrated for its 
 laws, its fidelity for the Romans, and for its 
 being long the seat of literature. It acquired 
 great consequence by its commercial pursuits 
 during its infancy, and even waged war 
 against Carthage. By becoming the ally 
 of Rome, its power was established ; but in 
 v/armly espousing the cause of Pompey 
 against Caesar, its views were frustrated, and it 
 was so much reduced by the insolence and re- 
 sentment of the conqueror, that it never after 
 recovered its independence and warlike spirit. 
 Herodot. 1, c. 164. — Plin. 3, c. 4. — Justin. 37, 
 &c. — Strab. 1. — Liv. 5, c. 3. — Horat. ep. 16. — 
 Flor. 4, c. 2.—Cic. Flac. 26. Off. 2, 8.— Tacit. 
 Ann. 4, c. 44. Agr. 4. 
 
 Massyla, an inland part of Mauritania, 
 near mount Atlas. When the inhabitants, cal- 
 led Massyli, went on horseback, they never 
 used saddles or bridles, but only sticks. Their 
 character was warlike, their manners simple, 
 and their love of liberty unconquerable. Some 
 suppose them to be the same as the Masaesylii, 
 though others say half the country belonged 
 onl v to this last mentioned people. Liv. 24, c. 
 48,'l. 28, c. 17, 1. 29, c. 32.— 5t7. 3, v. 282, 1. 16, 
 V. Ml.— Lucan. 4, v. 682.— Firg. ^n. 4, v. 132. 
 
 Mastramela, a lake near Marseilles, mer 
 de Mariegues. Plin. 3, c. 4. 
 
 Masurius, a Roman knight under Tiberius, 
 learned, but poor. Pers. 5, v. 90. 
 
 Masus Domitius, a Latin poet. Vid. Domi- 
 tius. 
 
 Matho, an infamous informer, patronized 
 by Domitian. Juv. 1, v. 32. 
 
 Matieni, a people in the neighbourhood of 
 Armenia. 
 
 Matinus, a mountain of Apulia, abounding 
 in yew-trees and bees. Lucan. 9, v. 184. — 
 Horat. 4, od. 2, v. 27, ep. 16, v. 28. 
 
 Matisco, a town of the JEdxii, in Gaol, now 
 called Maeon. 
 
 Matralia, a festival at Rome in honour 
 of Matuta or Ino. Only matrons and free- 
 born women were admitted. They made of- 
 ferings of flowers, and carried their relations' 
 children in their arms, recommending them 
 to the care and patronage of the goddess whom 
 they worshipped. Varro de L. L. 5, c. 22.— 
 Ovid. Fast. 6, v. 47.~Plut. in Cam. 
 
 MvTRoNA, a river of Gaul, now called the 
 Marne, falling into the Seine. Auson. Mos. 
 
 462. One of (he surnames of Juno, because 
 
 she presided over marriage and over child- 
 birth. 
 
 Matbonalia, festivals at Rome in honour 
 
 MA 
 
 of Mars, celebrated by married women, in com- 
 memoration of the rape of the Sabines, and of 
 the peace which their entreaties had obtained 
 between their fathers and husbands. Flowers 
 were then oflfered in the temples of Juno. 
 Ovid. Fast. 3, v. 229.— Plut. in Rom. 
 
 Mattiaci, a nation of Germany, now Mar- 
 purg in Hesse. The Mattiacce aqua, was a 
 small town, now Wisbaden opposite Mentz. 
 Tacit, de Germ. 29. An. 1, c. 56. 
 
 Matuta, a deity among the Romans, the 
 same as the Leucothoe of the Greeks. She 
 was originally Ino, who was changed into asea 
 deity, [Vid. Ino and Leucothoe,] and she was 
 worshipped by sailors as such, at Corinth in 
 a temple sacred to Neptune. Only married 
 women and freeborn matrons were permit- 
 ted to enter her temples at Rome, where they 
 generally brought the children of their rela- 
 tions in their arms. Liv. 5, &.c. — Cic. de J^at. 
 D. 3, V. 19. 
 
 Mavors, a name of Mars. Vid. Mars. 
 
 Mavortia, an epithet applied to every 
 country whose inhabitants were warlike, but 
 especially to Rome, founded by the reputed 
 son of Mavors. Virg. M,n. 1, v. 280, and to 
 Thrace. Id. 3, v. 13. 
 
 Mauri, the inhabitants of Mauritania. 
 This name is derived from their black com- 
 plexion (i«w.o«.) Every thing among them 
 grew in greater abundance and greater per- 
 fection than in other countries. Strab. 17. — 
 Martial. 5, ep. 29, 1. 12, ep. 67.— Si7. Ital. 
 4, V. 569, 1. 10, V. 402.'-Mela, 1, c. 5, 1. 3, c. 10. 
 — Justin. 19, c. 2. — Sallust. Jug. — Virg. JEn. 
 4, V. 206. 
 
 Mauritania, a country on the western 
 part of Africa, which forms the modern king- 
 dom of Fez and Morocco. It was bounded on 
 the west by the Atlantic, south by Gaetulia, 
 and north by the Mediterranean, and is some- 
 times called Maurusia. It became a Roman 
 province in the reign of the emperor Claudius. 
 Vid. Mauri. 
 
 Maitrus, a man who flourished in the reign 
 of Trajan, or according to others, of the Anto- 
 nini. He was governor of Syene, in Upper 
 Egypt. He wrote a Latin poem upon the 
 rules of poetry and versification. 
 
 Maurusii, the people of Maurusia, a coun- 
 try near the columns of Hercules. It is also 
 called Mauritania. Vid. Mauritania. Virg. 
 M.n. 4, V. 206. 
 
 Mausolus, a king of Caria. His wife Ar- 
 temisia was so disconsolate at his death, 
 which happened B. C. 353, that she drank 
 up his ashes, and resolved to erect one of 
 the grandest and noblest monuments of an- 
 tiquity, to celebrate the memory of a hus- 
 band*whom she tenderly loved. This famous 
 monument, which passed for one of the se- 
 ven wonders of the world, was called Mau- 
 soleum, and from it all other magnificent se- 
 pulchres and tombs have received the same 
 name. It was built by four different archi- 
 tects. Scopas erected the side which faced 
 the east, Timotheus had the south, Leochares 
 had the \vest, and Bruxis the north. Pithis 
 was also employed in raising a pyramid over 
 this stately monument, and the top was 
 adorned by a chariot drawn by tour horses. 
 The expenses of this edifice were immense, 
 and this gave an occasion to the philosopher 
 
MA 
 
 Anaxagoras to exclaim, when he saw it, 
 how much money changed into stones! [Vid. 
 Artemisia.] Herodot. 7, v. 99. — Strab. 14. — 
 Diod. m.—Paus. 8, c. 16.—Flor. 4, c. 11. Gell. 
 10, c. 18.— Prapert. 3, el. 2, v. 21.— Suet. Aug. 
 100. 
 
 Maxentius, Marcus Aurellus Valerius, a 
 son of the emperor Maximianus Hercules. 
 Some suppose him to have been a suppositi- 
 tious child. The voluntary abdication of Dio- 
 cletian, and of his father, raised him in the 
 state, and he declared himself independent 
 emperor, or Augustus, A. D. 306. He after- 
 wards incited his father to re-assume his impe- 
 rial authority, and in a perfidious manner de- 
 stroyed Severus, who had delivered himself in- 
 to his hands, and relied upon his honour for 
 the safety of his life. His victories and suc- 
 cesses were impeded by Galerius Maximianus, 
 who opposed him with a powerful force. The 
 defeat and voluntary death of Galerius soon 
 restored peace to Italy, and Maxentius passed 
 into Africa, where he rendered himself odious 
 by his cruelty and oppression. He soon after 
 returned to Rome, and was informed that 
 Constantine was come to dethrone him. He 
 gave his adversaiy battle near Home, and, af- 
 ter he had lost the victory, he fled back to .the 
 city. The bridge over which he crossed the 
 Tiber was in a decayed situation, and he fell 
 into the river and was drowned, on the 24th 
 of September, A. D. 312. The cowardice and 
 luxuries of Maxentius are as conspicuous as his 
 cruelties. He oppressed his subjects with 
 heavy taxes to gratify the cravings of his plea- 
 sures, or the avarice of his favourites. He was 
 debauched in his manners, and neither virtue 
 nor innocence were safe whenever he was in- 
 clined to voluptuous pursuits. He was natu- 
 rally deformed, and of an unwieldy body. 
 To visit a pleasure ground, or to exercise him 
 self under a marble portico, or to walk on a 
 .shady terrace, was to him a Herculean labour, 
 which required the greatest exertions of 
 strength and resolution. 
 
 Corn. Maximiliana, a vestal virgin buried 
 alive for incontinency, A. D. 92. 
 
 Maximianus, Herculius Marcus Aurelius 
 Valerius, a native of Sirrnium, in Pannonia, 
 who served as a common soldier in the Ro- 
 man armies. When Diocletian had been rais- 
 ed to the imperial throne, he remembered the 
 valour and courage of his fellow soldier Max- 
 imianus, and rewarded his lidelity by making 
 him his colleague in the empire, and by ceding 
 to him the command of the j)rovinces of Italy, 
 Africa, and Spain, and the rest of the western 
 territories of Rome. Maximianus showed the 
 justness of the choice of Diocletian by his vic- 
 tories over the barbarians. In Britain success 
 did not attend his arms ; but in Africa he defeat- 
 ed and put to death Aurelius Juliaims, who had 
 proclaimed himself emperor. Soon after Dio- 
 cletian abdicated the imperial purple, and obli- 
 ged Maximianus to follow his example, on the 
 1st of April, A. D. 304. Maximianus reluctantly 
 complied with the command of a man to whom 
 he owed his greatness; but, before the first 
 year of his resignation had elapsed, he was rous- 
 ed from his indolence and retreat by the am- 
 bition of his son Maxentius. He re-assumed 
 the imperial dignity, and showed his ingrati- 
 tJtde to his son l)y wishinc; him to resign the 
 
 MA 
 
 sovereignty, and to sink into a private person. 
 This proposal was not only rejected with the 
 contempt it deserved, but the troops mutinied 
 against Maximianus, and he fled for safety to 
 Gaul, to the court of Constantine, to whom he 
 gave his daughter Faustina in marriage. Here 
 he again acted a conspicuous character, and re- 
 assumed the imperial power, which his misfor- 
 tunes had obliged him to relinquish. This of- 
 fended Constantine. But, when open violence 
 seemed to frustrate the ambitious views of 
 Maximianus, he had recourse to artifice. He 
 prevailed upon his daughter Faustina, to leave 
 the doors of her chamber open in the dead of 
 night; and, when she promised faithfully to 
 execute his commands, he secretly introduced 
 himself to her bed, where he stabbed to the 
 heart the man who slept by the side of his 
 daughter. This was not Constantine; Fausti- 
 na, faithful to her husband, had apprized him 
 of her father's machinations, and an eunuch 
 had been placed in his bed. Constantine 
 watched the motions of his father-in-law, and, 
 when he heard the fatal blow given to the eu- 
 nuch, he rushed in with a band of soldiers, and 
 secured the assassin. Constantine resolved to 
 destroy a man who was so inimical to his near- 
 est relations, and nothing was left to Maximi- 
 anus but to choose his own death. He strang- 
 led himself at Marseilles, A. D. 310, in the 
 60th year of his age. His body was found 
 fresh and entire in a leaden coffin about the 
 
 middle of the eleventh century. Galerius 
 
 Valerius, a native of Dacia, who in the first 
 yeajs of his life, was employed in keeping his 
 lather's fiocks. He entered the army, where 
 his valour and bodily strength recommended 
 him to the notice of his superiors, and particu- 
 larly to Diocletian, who invested him with the 
 imperial purple in the east, and gave him his 
 daughter Valeria in marriage. Galerius deser- 
 ved the confidence of his benefactor. He 
 conquered the Goths, and Dalmatians, and 
 checked the insolence of the Persians. In a 
 battle, however, with the king of Persia, Ga- 
 lerius was defeated ; and, to complete his ig- 
 nominy, and render him more sensible of his 
 disgrace, Diocletian obliged him to walk be- 
 hind his chariot arrayed in his imperial robes. 
 This humiliation stung Galerius to the quick; 
 he assembled another army, and gave battle to 
 the Persians. He gained a complete victory, 
 and took the wives and children of his enemy. 
 This success elated Galerius to such a degree, 
 that he claimed the most dignified appel- 
 lations, and ordered himself to be called the 
 son of Mars. Diocletiarj himself dreaded bis 
 power, and even, it is said, abdicated the im- 
 perial dignity by means of his threats. This re^ 
 signation, however, is attributed by some to a 
 voluntary act of the mind, and to a desire of 
 enjoying solitude and retirement. As soon as 
 Diocletian had abdicated, Galerius was pro- 
 claimed Augustus, A. D. 304, but his cruelty 
 soon rervdered him odious, and the Roman 
 peoj)le, offended at his oppression, raised 
 Maxentius to the imperial dignity the follow- 
 ing year, and Galerius was obliged to yield to 
 the torrent of his unpopularity, and to fly be- 
 fore his more fortunate adversary. He died 
 in the greatest agonies, A. D. 311. The bo- 
 dily pains and sufferings which preceded his 
 death, were, according to the christian wti- 
 
MA 
 
 MA 
 
 ters, the effects of the vengeance of an offend- by historians as of a gigantic stature ; he was 
 ed providence for the cruelty which he had eight feet high, and the bracelets of his wife 
 exercised against the followers of Christ. In | served as rings to adorn the fingers of his 
 his character, Galerius was wanton and ty- 1 hand. His voracity was as remarkable as his 
 
 pannical, and he often feasted his eyes with the 
 sight of dying wretches, w^hom his barbarity 
 had delivered to bears and wild beasts. His 
 aversion to learned men arose from his igno- 
 rance of letters ; and, if he was deprived of 
 the benefits of education, he proved the more 
 cruel and the more inexorable. Lactant. de 
 M. P. 33.— Eusebius 8, c. 16. 
 
 MaximInus, Caius Julius Verns, the son of 
 a peasant in Thrace. He was originally a 
 shepherd, and, by heading his countrymen 
 against the frequent attacks of the neighbour- 
 ing barbarians and robbers, he inured himself 
 to the labours and to the fatigues of a camp. 
 He entered the Roman armies, where he 
 gradually rose to the first offices ; and on the 
 death of Alexander Severus he caused him- 
 self to be proclaimed emperor, A. D. 233. 
 The popularity which he had gained when 
 general of the armies, was at an end when 
 he ascended the throne. He was delighted 
 with acts of the greatest barbarity, and no 
 less than 400 persons lost their lives on the 
 false suspicion of having conspired against 
 the emperor's life. They died in the greatest 
 torments, and, that the tyrant might the bet- 
 ter entertain himself from their sutterings, 
 some wei'e exposed to wild beasts, others ex- 
 pired by blows, some were nailed on crosses, 
 while others were shut up in the bellies of ani- 
 mals just killed. The noblest of the Roman 
 citizens were the objects of his cruelty ; and, 
 as if they were more conscious than others 
 of his mean origin, he resolved to spare no 
 means to remove from his presence a number 
 of men whom he looked upon with an eye of 
 envy, and who, as he imagined, hated him for 
 his oppression, and despised him for the po- 
 verty and obscurity of his early years. Such 
 is the character of the suspicious and tyran- 
 nical Maximinus. In his military capacity 
 he acted with the same ferocity ; and in an 
 expedition in Germany, he not only cut down 
 the corn, but he totally ruined and set fire 
 to the whole country, to the extent of 450 
 miles. Such a monster of tyranny at last 
 provoked the people of Rome. The Gordians 
 were proclaimed eraperors,but their innocence 
 and pacific virtues were unable to resist the 
 fury of Maximinus. After their fall, the Ro- 
 man senate invested twenty men of their num- 
 ber whh the imperial dignity, and intrusted 
 into their hands the care of the republic. 
 These measures so highly irritated Maximi- 
 nus, that, at the first intelligence, he howled 
 like a wild beast, and almost destroyed him- 
 self by knocking his head against the walls of 
 his palace. When his fury was abated, he 
 marched to Rome, resolved on slaughter. 
 His bloody machinations were stopped, and his 
 soldiers, ashamed of accompanying a tyrant 
 whose cruelties had procured him the name 
 of Busiris, Cyclops, and Phalaris, assassinated 
 him in his lent before the walls of Aquileia, 
 A. D. 236, in the 65th year of his age. The 
 news of his death was received with tlie great- 
 est rejoicings at Rome, public thanksgivings 
 were oll'ered, and whole hecatombs flamed on 
 the altars. Maximinus has been represented 
 
 corpulence ; he generally eat forty pounds of 
 flesh every day, and drank 18 bottles of wine. 
 His strength was proportionable to his gigantic 
 shape ; he could alone draw a loaded waggon, 
 and, with a blow of his fist, he often broke the 
 teeth in a horse's mouth ; he broke the hard- 
 est stones between his fingers, and cleft trees 
 with his hand. Htrodianus. — Jornand. de reb. 
 Get. — Capitol. Maximinus made his son, of 
 the same name, emperor, as soon as he was 
 invested with the purple, and his choice was 
 unanimously approved by the senate, by the 
 people, and by the array. Galerius Vale- 
 rius, a shepherd of Thrace, who was raised to 
 the imperial dignity by Diocletian, A. D. 305. 
 He was nephew to Galerius Maximianus, by 
 his mother's side, and to him he was indebted 
 for his rise and consequence in the Roman 
 armies. As Maximianus was ambitious and 
 fond of power, he looked with an eye of jea- 
 lousy upon those who shared the dignity of 
 emperor with himself. He declared war against 
 Licinius, his colleague on the throne, but a de- 
 feat, which soon after followed, on the 30th of 
 April, A. D. 313, between Heraclea and Adri- 
 anopojis, left him without resources and with- 
 out friends. His victoriousenemy pursued him, 
 and he fled beyond mount Taurus, forsaken and 
 almost unknown. He attempted to put an end 
 to his miserable existence, but his efforts were 
 ineffectual, and though his death is attributed 
 by some to despair, it is more universally be- 
 lieved that he expired in the greatest agonies, 
 of a dreadful distemper, which consumed him 
 day and night wuth inexpressible pains, and 
 reduced him to a mere skeleton. This miser- 
 able end, according to the ecclesiastical wri- 
 ters, was the visible punishment of heaven, for 
 the barbarities which Maximinus had exercis- 
 ed against the followers of Christianity, and 
 for the many blasphemies which he had utter- 
 ed. Lactant. — Euseb. ^A minister of the 
 
 emperor Valerian. One of the ambassadore 
 
 of young Theodosius toAttilakingof the Huns. 
 Maximus, Magnus, a native of Spain, who 
 proclaimed himself emperor, A. D. 383. The 
 unpopularity of Gratian favoured his usurpa- 
 tion, and he was acknowledged by his troops. 
 Gratian marched against him, but he was de- 
 feated, and soon after assassinated. Maximus 
 refused the honours of a burial to the remains 
 of Gratian ; and, when he had made himself 
 master of Britain, Gaul, and Spain, he sent 
 ambassadors into the east, and demanded of 
 the emperor Theodosius to acknowledge him 
 as his associate on the ihrone. Theodosius 
 endeavoured to amuse and delay him, but 
 Maximus resolved to support his claim by 
 arms, and crossed tlie Alps. Italy was laid 
 desolate, and Rome opened her gates to the 
 conqueror. Theodosius now determined to 
 revenge the audaciousness of Maximus, and 
 had recourse to artifice. He began to make a 
 naval armament, and Maximus, not to appear 
 inferior to his adversary, had already embark- 
 ed his troops, when Theodosius, by secret and 
 hastened marches, fell upon him, and besieged 
 him at Aquileia. Maximus was betrayed by 
 his soldiers, and the conqueror, moved with 
 
MA 
 
 compassion at the sight of his fallen and deject- 
 ed enemy, granted him life, but the multitude 
 refused him mercy, and instantly struck ofi'his 
 head, A. D. 388. His son Victor, who shared 
 the imperial dignity with him, was soon after 
 
 sacrificed to the fury of the soldiers. Petro- 
 
 aius, a Roman, descended of an illustrious fam- 
 ily. He caused Valentinian III. to be assas- 
 sinated, and ascended the throne, and, to 
 strengthen his usurpation, he married the em- 
 press, to whom he had the weakness and im- 
 prudence to betray that he had sacrificed her 
 husband to his love for her person. This de- 
 claration irritated the empress ; she had re- 
 course to the barbarians to avenge the death 
 of Valentinian, and Maximus was stoned to 
 death by his soldiers, and his body thrown into 
 the Tiber, A. D. 455. He reigned only 77 
 days. Pupianus. Vid. Pupianus. — —A cel- 
 ebrated cynic philosopher and magician of 
 Ephesus. He instructed the emperor Julian 
 in magic, and, according to the opinion of 
 .some historians, it was in the conversation and 
 company of Maximus that the apostacy of Ju- 
 lian originated. The emperor not only visited 
 the philosopher, but he even submitted his 
 writings to his inspection and censure. Maxi- 
 mus refused to live in the court of Julian, and 
 the emperor, not dissatisfied with the refusal, 
 appointed him high pontiff in the province of 
 Lydia, an office which he discharged with the 
 greatest moderation and justice. When Julian 
 went into the east, the philosopher promised 
 him success, and even said that his conquests 
 would be more numerous and extensive than 
 those of the son of Philip. He persuaded his 
 imperial pupil that, according to the doctrine 
 of metempsychosis, his body was animated by 
 the soul which once animated the hero whose 
 greatness and victories he was going to eclipse. 
 After the death of Julian, Maximus was almost 
 sacrificed to the fury of the soldiers, but the 
 interposition of his friends saved his life, and 
 he retired to Constantinople. He was soon 
 after accused of magical practices before the 
 emperor Valens, and beheaded at Ephesus, 
 A. D. 366. He wrote some philosophical and 
 rhetorical treatises, some of which were dedi- 
 cated to Julian. They are all now lost, dm- 
 
 mian. Tyrius, a Platonic philosopher, in 
 
 the reign of M. Aurelius. This emperor, who 
 was naturally fond of study, became one of 
 the pupils of Maximus, and paid great defer- 
 ence to his instructions. There are extant of 
 Maximus forty-one dissertations on moral and 
 philosophical subjects, written in Greek. The 
 best editions of which are that of Davis, 8vo. 
 Cantab. 1703 ; and that of Reiske, 2 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Lisp. 1774. One of the Greek fathers of 
 
 the seventh century, whose works were edited 
 
 by Combesis, 2 vols. fol. Paris, 1675. Pau- 
 
 lus Fabius, a consul with M. Antony's son. 
 Horace speaks of him, 4 od. 1, v. 10, as of a 
 gay handsome youth, fond of pleasure, yet in- 
 dustrious and indefatigable. An epithet ap- 
 plied to Jupiter, as being the greatest and 
 
 most powerful of all the gods. A native of 
 
 Sirmium, in Pannonia. He was originally a 
 gardener, but, by enlisting in the Roman army, 
 he became one of the military tribunes, and 
 his marriage with a woman of rank and opu- 
 lence, ^oon rendered him independent. He 
 was fiifhe'" ^ri iho euinf ror Probns. A gen- 
 
 ME 
 
 eral of Trajan, killed in the eastern provinces, 
 
 One of the murderers of Domitian, he. 
 
 A philosopher, a native of Byzantium, in 
 
 the age of Julian the emperor. 
 
 Mazaca, a large city of Cappadocia, the 
 capital of the province. It was called Caisarea 
 by Tiberius in honour of Augustus. 
 
 Mazaces, a Persian governor of Memphis. 
 He made a sally against the Grecian soldiers 
 of Alexander, and killed great numbers of 
 them. Curt. 4, c. 1. 
 
 Maz^us, a satrap of Cilicia, under Artax- 
 erxes Ochus. A governor of Babylon, son- 
 in-law to Darius. He surrendered to Alexan- 
 der, &ic. Curt. 5, c. 1. 
 
 Mazares, a satrap of Media, who reduced 
 Priene under the power of Cyrus. Herodot. 
 1, c. 161. 
 
 Mazaxes, (sing. Mazax.) a people of Afri- 
 ca, famous for shooting arrows. Lucan. 4, v. 
 681. 
 
 Mazeras, a river of Hyrcania, falling into 
 the Caspian sea. Plut. 
 
 Mazices and Mazyges, a people of Libya, 
 very expert in the use of missile weapons. 
 The Romans made use of them as couriers, 
 on account of their great, swiftness. Suet, in 
 JVer. 30.— Lucan. 4, v. 684. 
 
 Mecenas or Mec(enas, C. Cilnius, a cele- 
 brated Roman knight, descended from the 
 kings of Etruria. He has rendered himself 
 immortal by his liberal patronage of learned 
 men and of letters; and to his prudence and 
 advice Augustus acknowledged himself in- 
 debted for the security he enjoyed. His fond- 
 ness for pleasure removed him from the reach 
 of ambition, and he preferred to die, as he was 
 born, a Roman knight, to all the honours and 
 dignities which either the friendship of Augus- 
 tus or his own popularity could heap upon 
 him. It was from the result of his advice, 
 against the opinion of Agrippa, that Augustus 
 resolved to keep the supreme power in his 
 hands, and not by a voluntary resignation to 
 plunge Rome into civil commotions. The em- 
 peror received the private admonitions of Me- 
 coenas in the same friendly manner as they 
 were given, and he was not displeased with the 
 liberty of his friend, who tlu'ew a paper to him 
 with these words. Descend from the tribunal, 
 thou butcher! while he sat in the judgment- 
 seat, and betrayed revenge and impatience in 
 his countenance. He was struck with the ad- 
 monition, and left the tribunal without passing 
 sentence of death on the criminals. To the 
 interference of Meccenas, Virgil owed the res- 
 titution of his lands, and Horace was proud to 
 boast that his learned friend had obtained his 
 forgiveness from the emperor, for joining the 
 cause of Brutus at the battle of Philippi. Me- 
 cojnas was himself fond of literature, and ac- 
 cording to the most received opinion, he 
 wrote an history of animals, a journal of the 
 life of Augustus, a treatise ou the different 
 natures and kinds of precious stones, besides 
 the two tragedies of Octavia and Prome- 
 theus, and other things, all now lost. He 
 died eight years before Christ ; and, on his 
 death-bed, he particularly recommended his 
 poetical friend Horace to the care and con- 
 fidence of Augustus. Seneca, who has libe- 
 rally commended the genius and abilities of 
 INTecfvnas. has not withheld liit^ censure from 
 
ME 
 
 hi5dissipation,indolence,andeffeminateluxuiy. 
 From the patronage and encouragemeot which 
 the piances of heroic and lyric poetry, among 
 the Latins, received from the favourite of Au- 
 gustus, all patrons of literature have ever since 
 been called Meceenates. VMrgil dedicated to 
 him his Georgics, and Horace his Odes. Suet, 
 in Aug. 66, &.c. — Plut. in Aug. — Herodian. 7. 
 — Senec. ep. 19 and 92. 
 
 Meghaneus, a surname of Jupiter, from 
 his patronizing undertakings. He had a statue 
 near the temple of Ceres at Argos, and there 
 the people swore, before they went to the Tro- 
 jan war, either to conquer or to perish. Faus. 
 2, c. 22. 
 
 Mecisteus, a son of Echius or Talaus, was 
 ©ne of the companions of Ajax. He was kill- 
 ed by Polydamas. Homer. 11. 6, v. 28, iic. 
 A son of Lycaon. Apollod. 
 
 Mecrida, the wife of Lysimachus. Po- 
 ly cen. 6. 
 
 Medea, a celebrated magician, daughter of 
 ^etes, king of Colchis. Her mother's name, 
 according to the more received opinion of 
 Hesiod and Hyginus, was Idyia, or according 
 toothers, Ephyre, Hecate, Asterodia, Antiope, 
 and Nerasa. She was the niece of Circe. 
 "When Jason came to Colchis in quest of the 
 golden fleece, Medea became enamoured of 
 him, and it was to her well-directed labours 
 that the Argonauts owed their preservation. 
 [Vid. Jason and Argonautae.] Medea had an 
 interview with her lover in the temple of He- 
 cate, where they bound themselves by the 
 most solemn oaths, and mutually prorai?cdeter- 
 nal fidelity. No sooner had Jason overcome 
 all the ditticulties which j^^etes had placed in 
 his way, than Medea embarked with the con- 
 querors for Greece. To stop the pursuit of 
 her father, she tore to pieces her brother Ab- 
 syrtus, and left his mangled limbs in the way, 
 through which Ji^etes was to pass. This act 
 of barbarity some have attributed to Jason, 
 and not to her. When Jason reached lolchos, 
 his native country, the return and victories of 
 the Argonauts were celebrated with universal 
 rejoicings ; but ^son, the father of Jason, was 
 unable to assist at the solemnity, on account of 
 the intirmities of his age. Medea, at her hus- 
 band's request, removed the weakness of M- 
 son, and by drawing away the blood from his 
 veins and filling them again with the juice of 
 certain herbs, she restored to him the vigour 
 and sprightliness of youtli. This sudden change 
 in -/Eson astonished the inhabitants of lolchos, 
 and the daughters of Pelias were also desirous 
 to see their father restored, by the same pow- 
 er, to the vigour of youth. Medea, willing to 
 vevenge the injuries which her husband's fa- 
 mily had suffered from Pelias, increased their 
 curiosity, and by cutting to pieces an old ram 
 and making it again, in their presence, a 
 young lamb, she totally determined them to 
 try the same experiment upon their father's 
 body. They accordingly killed him of their 
 «wn accord, and boiled his flesh in a caldron, 
 but Medea refused to perform the same 
 friendly oflices to Pelias which she had done 
 to J-uSon, and he was consumed by the heat 
 of the fire, and even deprived of a burial. 
 This action greatly irritated the people of 
 lolchos, and Medea, with her husband, fled to 
 Corinth to &void the resentment of an offended 
 
 ME 
 
 populace. Here they lived for ten years with j 
 much conjugal tenderness; but the love of i 
 Jason for Glauce, the king's daughter, soon 
 interrupted their mutual harmony, and Me- 
 dea was divorced. Medea revenged the infi- 
 delity of Jason by causing the death of Glauce, 
 and the destruction of her family. [Vid. 
 Glauce.] This action was followed by another 
 still more atrocious. Medea killed two of her 
 children in their father's presence, and, when 
 Jason attempted to punish the barbarity of the 
 mother, she fled through the air upon a chariot 
 drawn by winged dragons. From Corinth 
 Medea came to Athens, where, after she had 
 undergone the necessary purification of her 
 murder, she married king iEgeus, or accord- 
 ing to others, lived in an adulterous manner 
 with him. From her connexion with .S^geus 
 Medea had a son, who was called Medus. 
 Soon after, when Theseus wished to make 
 himself known to his father, [Vid. iEgeus,] 
 Medea, jealous of his fame and fearful of his 
 power, attempted to poison him at a feast 
 which had been prepared for his entertain- 
 ment. Her attempts, however, failed of suc- 
 cess, and the sight of the sword which Theseus 
 wore by his side convinced iEgeus that the 
 stranger against whose life he had so basely 
 conspired was no less than Jiis own son. The 
 father and the son were reconciled, and Me- 
 dea, to avoid the punishment which her wick- 
 edness deserved, mounted her fiery chariot, 
 and disappeared through the air. She came 
 to Colchis, where, according to some, she was 
 reconciled to Jason, who had sought her in 
 her native country after her sudden departure 
 from Corinth. She died at Colchis, as Justin 
 mentions, when she had been restored to the 
 confidence of her family. After death, she 
 married Achilles in the Elysian fields, accord- 
 ing to the traditions mentioned by Simonidea. 
 The murder of Mermerus and Pheres, the 
 youngest of Jason's children by Medea, is not 
 attributed to their mother, according to xElian, 
 but the Corinthians themselves assassinated 
 them in the temj)le of Juno Acra^a. To avoid 
 the resentment of the gods, and to deliver 
 themselves from the pestilence which visited 
 their country after so horrid a massacre, they 
 engaged the poet Euripides, for five talents, 
 to write a tragedy, which cleared them of the 
 murder, and represented Medea as the cruel 
 assassin of her own children. And besides, 
 that this opinion might be the better credited, 
 festivals were appointed, in which the mother 
 was represented with all the barbarity of a 
 fury murdering her own sons. [P'id. He- 
 raea.] Apollod. 1, c. 9.—Hygin. fab. 21, 22, 
 23, &ic. — Plut. in This. — Dionys. Perieg. — 
 APAian. V. H. 5, c. 2\.~-Puus. 2, c. 3, 1. 8, c. 
 1. — Euripid. in Med. — Diod. 4. — Ovid. Met. 
 7, fab. 1, in Med.—Strab. l.—Cic. de ^'at. D. § I 
 3, c. 19. — Apollon. Arg. 3, Lc. — Orpheus. — 
 Place. — Lucan. 4, v. 556. 
 
 Medesicaste, a daughter of Priam, who 
 married Imbrius son of Mentor, who was kil- 
 led by Teucer during the Trojan war. Homer. i 
 //. 13, V. 172.— Apollod. 3. f 
 
 Media, a celebrated country of Asia, 
 bounded on the north by the Caspian Sea, west 
 by Armenia, south by Persia, and east by Par- 
 thia and Hyrcania. It was originally called 
 Aria, till the age of Medus; the sou of Medea, 
 
ME 
 
 who gave it the name of Media. The pro- 
 vince of Media was first raised into a kingdom 
 by its revolt from the Assyrian monarchy, B. 
 C. 820 ; and, after it had for some time en- 
 joyed a kind of republican government, Dei- 
 oces, by his artifice, procured himself to be 
 called king, 700 B. C. After a reign of 63 
 years he was succeeded by Phraortes, B. C. 
 647; who was succeeded by Cyaxares, B. C. 
 625. His successor was Astyages, B. C. 585, 
 in whose reign Cyrus became master of Me- 
 dia, B. C. 551 ; and ever after the empire was 
 transferred to the Persians. The Medes were 
 warlike in the primitive ages of their power ; 
 they encouraged polygamy, and were remark- 
 able for the homage which they paid to their 
 sovereigns, who were styled kings of kings. 
 This title was afterwards adopted by their 
 conquerors, the Persians, and it w^as still 
 in use in the age of the Roman emperors. 
 Justin. 1, c. 5. — Herodot. 1, &.c. — Polyb. 5 
 and lO.—Curt. 5, hc.—Diod. Sic. IS.— Cfe- 
 sias. 
 
 Mj:dias, a tyrant of Mysia, &ic. 
 
 Medicus, a prince of Larissa, in Thessaly, 
 who made war against Lycophron, tyrant of 
 Phera). Di^d. 14 
 
 Mediolanum, now Milan, the capital of 
 Insubria at the mouth of the Po. Liv. 5, c. 34, 
 
 I. 34, c. 46. Aulercorum, a town of Gaul, 
 
 now Evreux, in Normandy. Santonum, 
 
 another, now Saintes, in Guienne. 
 
 Mediomatrices, a nation Ihat lived on the 
 borders of the Rhine, now Melz. Strab. 4. — 
 C(BS. Bell. O. 4, c. 10. 
 
 Mediterraneum mare, a sea which di- 
 vides Europe and Asia Minor from Africa. 
 It receives its name from its situation, medio 
 terrm, situate in the middle of the land. It 
 has a communication with the Atlantic by 
 the columns of Hercules? and with the Eux- 
 ine through the JEgean. The word Mediter- 
 raneum does not occur in the classics; but it 
 is sometimes called internum, nostrum, or me- 
 dius liquor, and is frequently denominated in 
 Scripture the Great Sea. The first naval 
 power that ever obtained the command of 
 It, as recorded in the fabulous epochs of the 
 writer Castor, is Crete under Minos. After- 
 wards it passed into the hands of the Lydians, 
 B. C. 1179; of the Pelasgi, 1058; of the 
 Thracians, 1000; of the Rhodians, 916; of 
 the Phrygians, 893; of the Cyprians, 868 ; of 
 the Phoenicians, 826 ; of the Egyptians, 787 ; 
 of the Milesians, 753 ; of the Carians, 734 ; 
 and of the Lesbians, 676, which they retained 
 for 69 years. Herat. 3, od. 3, v. 46.— P/m. 2, 
 c. 68.—SallvM. Jug. n.—C(Es. B. G. 5, c. 1.— 
 Liv. 26, c. 42. 
 
 Meditrina, the goddess of medicines, 
 
 whose festivals, called Meditrinulia, were ce- 
 
 ^« lebrated at Rome the last day of September, 
 
 when they made offerings of fruits. Varro de 
 
 L. L. 5, c. 3. 
 
 Medoacus or Meduacus, a river in the 
 country of the Veneti, falling into the Adriatic 
 Sea. Liv. 10, c. 2. 
 
 Medobithyni, a people of Thrace. 
 
 Medobriga, a town of Lusitania, now de- 
 stroyed. Hirtius, 48. 
 
 Medon, son of Codrus the 17th and last 
 king of Athens, was the first archon that was 
 appointed with regal authority, B. C. 1070. 
 
 r " 
 
 ME 
 
 In the election Medon was preferred to his 
 brother Neleus, by the oracle of Delphi, and 
 he rendered himself popular by the justice 
 and moderation of his administration. His 
 successors were called from him Mtdontidoij 
 and the office of archon remained for above 
 200 years in the family of Codrus under 12 
 perpetual archons. Paus. 7, c. 2. — Paterc. 2, 
 
 c. 2. A man killed in the Trojan war. 
 
 jEneas saw him in tbe infernal regions. Virg. 
 
 Mn. 6, V. 483. A statuary of Laceda?mon, 
 
 who made a famous statue of Miner%'a, seen 
 in the temple of Juno at Olympia. Paus. 7, c. 
 17.-:> — One of the Centaurs, kc. Ovid. Met. 
 
 12, V. 303. One of the Tyrrhene sailors 
 
 changed into dolphins by Bacchus. Id. Met. 
 
 3, V. 671. A river of Peloponnesus. An 
 
 illegitimate son of Ajax Oileus. Homer.- 
 One of Penelope's suitors. Ovid. Heroid. li 
 A man of C}'^icus, killed by the Argo- 
 nauts. A king of Argos, who died about 
 
 990 years B. C. A son of Pylades by Elec- 
 
 tra. Paus. 2, c. 16. 
 
 Medontias, a woman of Abydos, with 
 whom Alcibiades cohabited as with a wife. 
 She had a daughter, &.c. Lysias. 
 
 Meduacus, two rivers, (Major, now Brenta» 
 and Minor, now Bachilione) falling near Ve- 
 nice into the Adriatic sea. Plin. 3, c. 16. — 
 Liv. 10, c. 2. 
 
 Meduana, a river of Gaul, flowing into 
 the Ligeris, now the Mayne. Lucan. 1, v. 
 438. 
 
 Medullina, a Roman virgin ravished by 
 her father, &c. Plut. in Paral. An infa- 
 mous courtezan in Juvenal's age. 6, v. 321. 
 
 Medus, now Kur, a river df Media, fall- 
 ing into the Araxes. Some take Medus ad- 
 jectively, as applying to any of the great ri- 
 vers of Media. Strab. 15. — Horat. 2, od. 9, 
 
 V. 21. A son of iEgeus and Medea, who 
 
 gave his name to a country of Asia. Medus, 
 when arrived to years of maturity, went to 
 seek his mother, whom the arrival of Theseus 
 in Athens had driven away. [Vid. Medea,] 
 He came to Colchis, where he was seized by 
 his uncle Perses, who usurped the throne of 
 iEetes, his mother's father, because the ora- 
 cle had declared that Perses should be mur- 
 dered by one of the grandsons of ^etes. Me- 
 dus assumed another name, and called him- 
 self Hippotes, son of Creon, Mean while 
 Meda arrived in Colchis disguised in the habit 
 of a priestess of Diana, and when she heard 
 that one of Creon's children was imprisoned, 
 she resolved to hasten the destruction of a per- 
 son whose family she detested. To effect 
 this with more certainty she told the usurper, 
 that Hippotes was really a son of Medea, sent 
 by his mother to murder him. She begged 
 Perses to give her Hippotes, that she might 
 sacrifice him to her resentment. Perses con- 
 sented. Medea discovered that it was her 
 own son, and she instantly armed him with 
 the dagger which she had prepared against 
 his life, and ordered him to stab the usur- 
 per. He obeyed, and Medea discovered who 
 he was, and made her son Medus sit on his 
 gi-andfather's throne. Hesiod. Theog. — Paus. 
 2. — JlpoUod. 1. — Justin. 42. — Senec. in Med. 
 —Diod. 
 
 MroitsA, one of the three Gorgons, daugh- 
 ter of Phorrys and Cctb. She was th« only 
 
ME 
 
 o?ie of the Gorgons who was subject to j 
 mortality. She is celebrated for her personal j 
 charms and the beauty of her locks. Neptune 
 became enamoured of her, and obtained her 
 favours in the temple of Minerva. This vio- 
 lation of the sanctity of the temple provoked 
 Minerva, and she changed the beautiful 
 locks of Medusa, which had inspired Nep- 
 tune's love, into serpents. According to Apol- 
 lodorus and others. Medusa and her sisters 
 came into the world with snakes 6n their 
 heads, instead of hair, with yellow wings and 
 brazen hands. Their body was also covered 
 with impenetrable scales, and their very looks 
 had the power of killing or turning to stones. 
 Perseus rendered his name immortal by the 
 conquest of Medusa. He cut off her head, 
 and the blood that dropped from the wound 
 produced the innumerable serpents that in- 
 fest Africa. The conqueror placed Medusa's 
 head on the aegis of Minerva, which he 
 had used in his expedition. The head still 
 retained the same petrifying power as be- 
 f'lre, as it was fatally known in the court of 
 Cepheus. [Vid. Andromeda.] Some sup- 
 pose, that the Gorgons were a nation of 
 women, whom Perseus conquered. [Vid. 
 Gorgones 1 Jpollod. 2, c. 4. — Hesiod. Theog. 
 Ovid. Met. 4, v. 6\S.—Lucaii. 9, v. 624. 
 — Jipollon. 4. — Hygin. fab. 151. A daugh- 
 ter of Priam. A daughter of Sthenelus. 
 
 ApoUod, 
 
 Megabizi, certain priests in Diana's tem- 
 ple at Ephesus. They were all eunuchs. 
 Q^uintil. 5, c. 12. 
 
 Megabyzus, one of the noble Persians 
 who conspii-ed against the usurper Smerdis. 
 He was set over an army in Europe by king 
 Darius, where he took Perinthus and con- 
 quered all Thrace. He was greatly esteemed 
 
 by his sovereign. Herodot. 3, k.c. A son 
 
 of Zopyrus, satrap to Darius. He conquered 
 
 Egypt, ^c. Horodot. 3, c. 160. A satrap 
 
 of Artaxerxes. He revolted from his king, 
 and defeated two large armies that had been 
 sent against him. The interference of his 
 friends restored him to the king's favour, and 
 he showed his attachment to Artaxerxes by 
 killing a lion Avhich threatened his life in 
 hunting. This act of affection in Megabyzus 
 was looked upon with envy by the king. He 
 was discarded and afterwards reconciled to 
 the monarch by means of his mother. He 
 died in the 76th year of his age B. C. 447, 
 greatly regretted. Ctesias. 
 
 Megacles, an Athenian arcbon who in- 
 volved the greatest part of the Athenians in 
 the sacrilege uhich was committed in the 
 
 conspiracy of Cylon. Pint, in Sol. A bi-o- 
 
 ther of Dion, who assisted his brother against 
 
 Dionysius, &c. A son of Alcmwon, who 
 
 revolted with some Athenians after the depar- 
 ture of Solon from Athens. He was ejected 
 
 by Pisistratus. A man who exchanged dress 
 
 with Pyrrhus when assisting theTarentines in 
 
 Italy. He was killed in that disguise. A 
 
 native of Messana in Sicily, famous for his in- 
 veterate enmity to Agathocles, tyrant of Syra- 
 cuse. A man who destroyed the leading 
 
 men of Mitylenc, because he had been punish- 
 ed. A man who wrote an account of the 
 
 lives of illustrious persons. Tlie maternal 
 
 grandfather of Alcibiade::. 
 
 ME 
 
 Megaclides, a peripatetic philosopliet ia 
 the age of Protagoras. 
 
 Meg.bra, one of the furies, daughter of 
 Nox and Acheron. The word is derived from 
 y{yxi;'.n> itividtre, odisse, and she is represented 
 as employed by the gods like her sisters to pu* 
 nish the crimes of mankind, by visiting them 
 with diseases, with inward torments, and with 
 death. Virg. ^n. 12, V.S4&. [Fici. Eume- 
 nides.] 
 
 Megale, the Greek name of Cybele, the 
 mother of the gods, whose festivals were call- 
 ed Megalesia. 
 
 Megaleas, a seditious person of Corinth. 
 He was seized for his treacheiy to king Phi- 
 lip of Macedonia, upon which he destroyed 
 himself to avoid punishment. 
 
 Megalesia, games in honour of Cybelt^ 
 instituted by the Phrygians, and introduced 
 at Rome in the second Punic war, when the 
 statue of the goddess was brought from Pes- 
 sinus. Liv. 29, c. U.—Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 337. 
 
 Megalia, a small island of Campania, neav 
 Neopolis. Stat. 2, Sylv. v. 80. 
 
 Megalopolis, a town of Arcadia in Pelo- 
 ponnesus, built by Epaminondas. It joined 
 the Achaean league B. C. 232, and was taken 
 and ruined by Cleomenes, king of Sparta. 
 The inhabitants were called MegalopolilcB, or 
 Megalapolitani. Strab. 8. — Paus. 9, c. 14. — 
 Liv. 28, c. 8. 
 
 Megamede, the wife of Thestius, mothei* 
 by him of 50 daughters. Jlpollod. 2. 
 
 Meganira, the wife of Ceieus, king of 
 Eleusis in Attica. She was mother to Tripto- 
 lemus, to whom Ceres, as she travelled over 
 Attica, taught agriculture. She received df- 
 vine honours after death, and she had an altar 
 raised to her, near the fountain where Ceres 
 had first been seen when she arrived in Atti- 
 ca. Paus. 1, c. 39. The wife of Areas. 
 
 £pollod. 
 
 Megapenthes, an illegitimate son of 
 Menelaus, who, after his father's return from 
 the Trojan war, was married to a daughter of 
 Alector, a native of Sparta. His mother's 
 name was Teridae, a slave of Menelaus. Ho- 
 mer. Od. 4. — Apollod. 3. 
 
 Megara, a daughter of Creon, king of 
 Thehes, given in marriage to Hercules, because 
 he had delivered the Thebans from the tyran- 
 ny of the Orchomenians. [Vid. Erginus.] 
 When Hercules went to hell by order of Eu- 
 lystheus, violence was offered to Megara by 
 Lycus, a Theban exile, and she would have 
 yielded to her ravisher, had not Hercules re- 
 turned that moment and punished him with 
 death. This murder displeased Juno, and she 
 rendered Hercules so delirious, that he killed 
 Megara and the three children he had by her 
 in a fit of madness, thinking them to be wild 
 beasts. Some say that Megai a did not perish 
 by the hand of her husband, but that he after- 
 wards married her to his friend lolas. The 
 names of Megara's children by Hercules were 
 Creoiitiades, 'iherimachus, and Deicoon. Hy- 
 gin. fab. 82. — Stutc. in Here. — ApoUod. 2, r 
 6.—Diod. 4. 
 
 Megara, (a^, and pi. orum,) a city of 
 Acliaia, the capital of a country called Mega- 
 vis, founded about 1131 B. C. It is situate 
 iieraly at an equal distance from Corinth and 
 Athens, on the Sinus Saronicus. It we^- 
 
ME 
 
 built upon two rocks, and is still in being, 
 and preserves its ancient name. It was called 
 after Megareus the son of Neptune, who was 
 buried there, or from Megareus a son of 
 Apollo. It was originally governed by twelve 
 kings, but became afterwards a republic, and 
 fell into the hands of the Athenians, from 
 whom it was rescued by the Heraclida3. At 
 the battle of Salamis the people of Megara 
 furnished 20 ships for the defence of Greece; 
 and at Plataea they had 300 men in the army 
 of Pansanias. There was here a sect of phi- 
 losophers called the Me^aric, who held the 
 world to be eternal. Cic. Arcad. 4, c. 42. 
 Oral. 3, c. 17.—Att. 1, ep. S.—Paus. 1, c. 39. 
 — Strab. 6. — Mela, 2, c. 3. A town of Sici- 
 ly founded by a colony from Megara in Atti- 
 ca, about 728 years before the Christian era. 
 It was destroyed by Gelon, king of Syracuse ; 
 and before the arrival of the Megareau colotiy 
 it was called Ht/bla, Slrab. 26, iic. — Virg. 
 .En. 3, V. 689. 
 
 Megareus, the father of Hippomenes, was 
 
 son of Onchestus. Ovid. Met. 10, v. 605. 
 
 A son of Apollo. 
 
 Megaris, a small country of Achaia, be- 
 tween Phocis on the west and Attica on the 
 east. Its capital city was called Megara. [Vid. 
 Megara.] Strab. S.—Flin. 3, c. S.—Mela, 2, c. 
 3 and 7. 
 
 Megarsus, a town of Sicily of Cilicia. 
 
 A river of India. 
 
 Megasthenes, a Greek historian in the 
 age of Seleucus Nicanor, about 300 years be- 
 fore Christ. He wrote about the Oriental 
 nations, and particularly tlie Indians. His 
 history is often quoted by the ancients. 
 What now passes as his composition is spu- 
 rious. 
 
 Meges, one of Helen's suitors, governor 
 of Dulichium and of the Echinades. He \vent 
 w-ith forty ships to the Trojan war. Homer. 
 
 11. 2. 
 
 Megilla, a native of Locris, remarkable 
 for beauty, and mentioned by Horat. 1, od. 
 27, V. 11. 
 
 Megista, an island of Lycia, with an har- 
 bour of the same name. Liv. 37, c. 22. 
 
 Megistias, a soothsayer who told the Spar- 
 tans that defended Thermopylae, that they all 
 should perish, k.c. Htrodot. 7, c. 219, kc. — -- 
 A river. [^Vid. Mella.] 
 
 Mela Pomponius, a Spaniard who flour- 
 ished about the 4oth yeair of the Christian 
 era, and distinguished himself by his geogra- 
 phy divided into three books, and written 
 with elegance, with great perspicuity and 
 brevity. The best editions of this book, cal- 
 led dt situ orbis, are those of Gronovius, 
 8vo. L. Bat. 1722, and Reinhold, 4to. Eton. 
 1761. 
 
 Mel^en*, a village of Attica. Siat. Theb. 
 
 12, V. 619. 
 
 Melampus, a celebrated soothsayer and 
 physician of Argos, son of Amythaon and 
 Idomenea, or Dorippe. He lived at Pylos in 
 Peloponnesus. His servants once killed two 
 large serpents who had made their nests at 
 the bottom of a large oak, and Melampus paid 
 so much regard to these two reptiles, that he 
 raised a burning pile and burned them upon it. 
 He also took particular care of their young 
 ones, and fed tb<?m with ruifk. Some time 
 
 ME 
 
 after this the young serpents crept to Melatu 
 pus as he slept on the grass near the oak, and 
 as if sensible of the favours of their benefactor, 
 they wantonly played around him, and softly 
 licked his ears. This awoke Melampus, who 
 was astonished at the sudden change which his 
 senses had undergone. He found himself ac- 
 quainted with the chirping of the birds, and with 
 all their rude notes, as they flew around him. 
 He took advantage of this supernatural gift, and 
 soon made himself perfect in the knowledge of 
 futurity, and Apollo also instructed him in the 
 art of medicine. He had soon after the hap- 
 piness of curing the daughters of Pratus, by 
 giving them ellebore, which from this circum- 
 stance has been called melampodium, and as a 
 reward for his trouble he married the eldest of 
 these princesses. [Vid. Proetides.] The ty- 
 ranny of his uncle Neleus, king of Pylos, obli- 
 ged him to leave his native country, and Prce- 
 tus, to show himself more sensible of his ser- 
 vices, gave him part of his kingdom, over 
 which he established himself. About this time 
 the personal charms of Pero, the daughter of 
 Neleus, had gained many admirers, but the fa- 
 ther promised his daughter only to him who 
 brought into his hands the oxen of Iphiclus. 
 This condition displeased many ; but Bias, who 
 was also one of her admirers, engaged his 
 brother Melampus to steal the oxen, and de- 
 liver them to him. Melampus was caught in 
 the attempt, and imprisoned, and nothing but 
 his services as a soothsayer and physician to 
 Iphiclus would have saved him from deaths 
 All this pleaded in favour of Melampus, but 
 when he had taught the childless Iphiclus how 
 to become a father, he not only obtained his 
 liberty, but also the oxea, and with them he 
 compelled Neleus to give Pero in marriage to 
 Bias. A severe distemper, which had render- 
 ed the women of Argos insane, was totally re- 
 moved by Melampus, and Anaxagoras, who 
 then sat on the throne, rewarded his merit b}' 
 giving him part of his kingdom, where he es- 
 tablished himself^ and where his posterity 
 reigned during six successive generations. He 
 received divine honours after death, and tem- 
 ples were raised to his memory. Homer. Od. 
 11, V. 287, 1. 15, v. 225.— Herodot. 2 and 9.— 
 Apollod 2, c. 2.— Pans. 2, c. 18, 1. 4, c. 3.— 
 
 Virg. G. 3, v. 550. The father of Cisseus 
 
 and Gyas. Virg.^n. 10. A son of Priam. 
 
 ApoUod. 3. One of Action's dogs. Ovid.. 
 
 Mtt.3. 
 
 Meeampvges, a surname of Horcules, from 
 the black and hairy appearance of his back; 
 
 Melanch^tes, one of Actaeon's dogs, so 
 called from his black hair. Ovid. Met. 3. 
 
 Melanchj.veni, a people near the Cimme- 
 rian Bosphorus. 
 
 Melanchrus, a tyrant of Lesbos who died 
 about 612 B. C. 
 
 Melane, the same as Samothrace. 
 
 Mei.anecs, a son of Eurytas, from whom 
 Eretria has been called Melaneis. A cen- 
 taur. Ovid. Mel. 12.- -One of Action's 
 
 dogs. Id. 2. An Ethiopian killed at the 
 
 nuptials of Perseus. Id. 5. 
 
 Mkeaniua, a surname of VenHs. 
 
 Mei, ANION, the same as Hippomenes, who 
 married Alalanta according to some n\vt!iOiO- 
 irists. .-hmllod. 3. 
 
MELA51PPE, a daughter of JEolus, who 
 had two children by Neptune, for which her 
 father put out both her eyes, and confined her 
 in a prison. Her children, who had been ex- 
 posed and preserved, delivered her from con- 
 finement, and Neptune restored her to hei' 
 eye-sight. She afterwards married Metapon- 
 tus. Hygin. fab. 186. A nymph who mar- 
 ried Itonus, son of Amphictyon. by whom she 
 had Bceolus, who gave his name to Boeotia. 
 Faus. 9, c. 1. 
 
 Melamppides, a Greek poet about 520 
 years before Christ. His grandson, of the 
 same name, flourished about 60 years after 
 at the court of Perdiccas the second, of Ma- 
 cedonia. Some fragments of their poetry are 
 extant. 
 
 Melanippus, a priest of Apollo, at Cy- 
 renC; killed by the tyrant Nicocrates. Poly- 
 
 an. 8. A son of Astacus, one of the The- 
 
 ban chiefs who defended the gates of Tiiebes 
 against the army of Adrastus king of Argos. 
 He was opposed by Tydeus, whom he slightly 
 wounded, and at last was killed by Amphia- 
 raus, who carried his head to Tydeus. Ty- 
 deus, to take revenge of the wound he had 
 Feceived, bit the head with such barbarity, 
 that he swallowed the brains, and Minerva, 
 offended with his conduct, took away the 
 herb which she had given him to curi^ his 
 wound, and he died, .dpollod. 1, c. 8. — 
 
 JEschyl. ante Theh. — Pans. 9, c. IS.-" A 
 
 son of Mars, who became enamoured of Co- 
 metho, a priestess of Diana Triclaria. He 
 concealed himself in the temple, and ravished 
 his mistress, for which violation of the sanc- 
 tity of the place, the two lovers soon after 
 perished by a sudden death, and the country 
 was visited by a pestilence, which was stopped 
 only after the offering of a human sacrifice 
 by the direction of the oracle. Pans. 7, c. 19. 
 A Trojan killed by Antilochus in the Tro- 
 jan war. Homer. II. 15. Another killed by 
 
 Patroclus. Another killed by Teucer. 
 
 A son of Agrius. Another of Priam.- — A 
 
 son of Theseus. 
 Melanosyri, a people of Syria. 
 Melanthii, rocks near the bland of Sa- 
 mos. 
 
 Melanthius, a man who wrote an history 
 
 of Attica. A famous painter of Sicyon. 
 
 Plin. 35. A tragic poet of a very malevo- 
 lent disposition, in the age of Phocion. Plul. 
 
 A Trojan killed by Eurypylus in the 
 
 Trojan war. Homer. Od. A shepherd in 
 
 Theocrit. Idyll. A goat-herd killed by Te- 
 
 lemachus after the return of Ulysses. Ovid. 
 
 ], Heroid. An elegiac poet. Plut. 
 
 Melantho, a daughter of Proteus, ravished 
 by Neptune under the form of a dolphin. 
 Ovid. Met. 6, v. 12. One of Penelope's wo- 
 men, sister to Melanthius. Uomer. II. 18, 
 &.C. and Od. 18. 
 
 Malanthds, Melanthes, or Melanthius, 
 a son of Andropompus, whose ancestors were 
 kings of Pylos. He was driven from his pa- 
 ternal kingdom by the Heraclids, and cnme 
 to Athens, where king Thyma?tus resigned 
 the crown to him, provided he fought a battle 
 against Xanthus, a general of the Boeotians, 
 who made war against him. He fought and 
 conquered, [Vid. Apaturia,] and his family, 
 surnamed the JYeleidce, sat on the throne q{ 
 
 ME 
 
 Athens, till the age of Codrus. He succeeded 
 to the crown 1128 years B. C. and reigned 
 
 37 years. Paus. 2, c. 18. -A man of Cy- 
 
 zicus. Flacc. A river of European Sarma- 
 
 tia falling into the Borysthenes. Ovid. Pont. 
 4, ep. 10, V. 65. 
 
 Melas, (ae), a river of Peloponnesus. 
 
 Of Thrace, at the west of the Thracian Cher- 
 
 sonesus. Another in Thessaly, in Achaia, 
 
 in Boeotia, in Sicily, in Ionia, 
 
 inCappadocia. A son oi Neptune. Ano- 
 ther, son of Proteus. — — Ason of Phryxus who 
 was among the Argonauts, and was drowned 
 in that part of the sea which bore his name. 
 Apollod^\. 
 
 Meld/e, or Meldorumurbs, a city of Gaul, 
 now Meaux in Champagne. 
 
 Mei.eager, a celebrated hero of anti- 
 quity, son of (Eneus, king of .ffitolia by Al- 
 thaea, daughter of Thestius. The Parcae were 
 present at the moment of his birth, and pre* 
 dieted his future greatness. Clotho said, that 
 he W'Ould be brave and courageous; Lachesis 
 foretold his uncommon strength, and Atropos 
 declared that he should live as long as that 
 fire-brand, which was on the fire, remained 
 entire and nnconsumed. Althaea no sooner 
 heard this, than she snatciied the stick from 
 the fire, and kept it with the most jealous 
 care, as the life of her son was destined to de- 
 pend upon its preservation. The fame of 
 Meleager increased with his years ; he signa- 
 lized himself in the Argonatic expedition, 
 and afterwards delivered his country from the 
 neighbouringinhabitants,whomadewar against 
 his father, at the instigation of Diana, whose 
 altars (Eneus had neglected. [Vid. (Eneus.] 
 No sooner were they destroyed, than Diana 
 punished the negligence of (Eneus by a greater 
 calamity. She sent a hnge wild boar, which 
 laid waste all the country, and seemed invin- 
 cible on account of its immense size. It be- 
 came soon a public concern, all the neighbour- 
 ing princes assembled to destroy this terrible 
 animal, and nothing became more famous in 
 mythological history, than the hunting of the 
 Calydonian boar. The princes and chiefs 
 who assembled, and who are mentioned by 
 mythologists, are Meleager, son of (Eneus, 
 Idas and Lynceus, sons of Aphareus, Dryajj 
 son of Mars, Castor and Pollux sons of Ju- 
 piter and Leda, Pirithous son of Ixion, The- 
 seus son of JEgeus, Anceus and Cepheus 
 sons of Lycurgus, Admetus son of Pheres, 
 .Tason son of iEson, Peleus and Taleraon sons 
 of yEacus, Iphicles son of Amphitryon, Enry- 
 trion son of Actor, Atalanta daughter of Schoe- 
 neus, lolas the friend of Herculus, the sons of 
 Thestius, Amphiaraus son of Oileus, Protheus, 
 Cometes, the brothers of AlthEca, Hippothous 
 son of Cercyon, Leucippus, Adrastus, Ceneus, 
 Phileus, Echeon, Leiex, Phoenix son of Amyn- 
 tor, Panopeus, Hyleus, Hippasus, Nestor, Me- 
 noetius, the father of Patroclus, Amphicides, 
 Laertes the father of Ulysses, and the four sons 
 of Hippocoon. This troop of armed men at- 
 tacked the boar with unusual fury, and it was 
 at last killed by Meleager. The conqueror 
 gave the skin and the head to Atalanta, who 
 had first wounded the animal. This partiality 
 to a woman irritated the others, and particu- 
 larly Toxeus and Plexippus, the brothers of 
 Althaea, and they endeavoured to rob Atalanta 
 
ME 
 
 of the honourable present. Meleager defended 
 a woman, of whom he was enamoured, and 
 killed his uncles in the attempt. Mean time 
 the news of this celebrated conquest had al- 
 ready reached Calydon, and Althaea went to 
 the temple of the gods to return thanks for 
 the victory which her son had gained. As she 
 ■went she met the corpses of her brothers that 
 were brought from the chase, and at this 
 mournful spectacle she filled the whole city 
 with her lamentations. She was upon this in- 
 formed that they had been killed by Meleager, 
 and in the moment of resentment, to revenge 
 the death of her brothers, she threw into the 
 fire the fatal stick on which her son's liCe de- 
 pended, and Meleager died as soon as it was 
 consumed. Homer does not mention the fire- 
 brand, whence some have imagined that this 
 fable is posterior to that poet's age. But he 
 says that the death of Toxeus and Plexippus 
 so irritated Althaea, that she uttered the most 
 horrible curses and imf)recations upon the head 
 of her son, Meleager married Cleopatra, the 
 daughter of Idas and Marpessa, as also Ata- 
 lanta, according to some accounts. Apollod. 1, 
 c. %.—Apollon. 1, arg. 1, v. 997, I. 3, v. 518.— 
 Flacc. 1 and Q.~Paus. 10, c. 3l.-^Hygin. 14. 
 
 — Ovid. Met. 8. — Homer. Jl. 9. A general, 
 
 who supported Aridaeus when he had been 
 made king after the death of his brother Al- 
 exander the Great. A brother of Ptolemy, 
 
 made king of Macedonia B. C. 280 years. He 
 was but two months invested with the regal 
 
 authority. A Greek poet in the reign of 
 
 Seleucus the last of the Seleucidae. He was 
 born at Tyre and died at Cos. It is to his 
 Avell-directed labours that we are indebted for 
 the anthofogia, or collection of Greek epi- 
 grams, which he selected from 46 of the best 
 and most esteemed poets. The original collec- 
 tion of Meleager has been greatly altered by 
 succeeding editors. The best edition of the 
 anlhologia, is that of Brunk, in 3 vols. 4to. and 
 .8vo. Agenlor, 1772. 
 
 Meleagrides, the sisters of Meleager, 
 daughters of (Eneus and Althtea. They were 
 so disconsolate at the death of their brother 
 Meleager, that they refused all aliments, and 
 were, at the point of death, changed into birds 
 called Meleagrides, whose feathers and eggs, 
 as it is supposed, are of a different colour. The 
 youngest of the sisters. Gorge and Dejanira, 
 who had been married, escaped this meta- 
 morphosis. Apollod. 1, c 8. — Ovid. Met. 8, 
 V. 540.— P/m. 10, c. 26. 
 
 Melesandkr, an Athenian general who 
 diedB. C. 414. 
 
 Meles (etis,) a river of Asia Minor, in 
 Ionia near Smyrna. Some of the ancients 
 supposed that Homer was born on the banks 
 of that river, from which circumstance they 
 call him Melesigenes, and his compositions 
 MetetcEce c/iartcr. It is even supported that 
 he composed his poems in a cave near the 
 source of that river. Strab. 12. — Stat. 2.— 
 Hiflv. 7, V. 34.— Tibull. 4, el. 1, v. 201.— 
 
 Paus. 7, c. 5. A beautiful Athenian youth, 
 
 greatly beloved by Timagoras, whose atfecttons 
 he repaid with the greatest coldness and in- 
 difference. He even ordered Timagoras to 
 leap down a precipice, from the top of the 
 citadel of Athens, and Timagoras, not to dis- 
 oblige him, obeyed; nnd was killed in the fall. 
 
 ME 
 
 This token of true friendship and affecUon 
 had such an effect upon Meles, that he threw 
 himself down from the place, to atone by his 
 death for the ingratitude which he had shown 
 
 to Timagoras. Perns. 1, c. 30. A king of 
 
 Lydia, who succeeded his father Alyattes, 
 about 747 years before Christ. He was father 
 to Candaules, 
 
 Melesigenes, or Melesigena, a name 
 given to Homer. Fid. Meles. 
 
 Me HA, a daughter of Oceanus, who mar- 
 ried Inachus. A nymph, Ike. Apollod. — 
 
 A daughter of Oceanus, sister to Caaathus. 
 She became mother of Ismarius and Tenerus 
 by Apollo. Tenerus was endowed with the 
 gift of prophecy, and the river Ladon inBoeo- 
 tia assumed the name of Ismarus. Paus. 6, 
 c. 10. One of the Nereides. A daugh- 
 ter of Age nor. 
 
 Melibcea, a daughter of Oceanus, wiio 
 
 married Pelasgus. A daughter of Am- 
 
 phion and Niobe. Apollod. A maritime 
 
 town of Magnesia in Thessaly, at the foot of 
 mount Ossa, famous for dying wool. The 
 epithet of Mdibmus is applied to Philoctetes 
 because he reigned there. Firg. Mn. 3, v. 
 
 401, 1. 5, V. 261.— Herodot. 7, c. 188. 
 
 Also an island at the mouth of the Orontes in 
 Syria, whence Melibos perpura. MtL 2, c. 3. 
 
 Melib(eus, a shepherd introduced in Vir- 
 gil's eclogues. 
 
 Melicerta, Melicertes, or Melicer- 
 Tus, asonof Athamas and [no. He was sa- 
 ved by his mother, fi-om the fury of his father, 
 who prepared to dash him against a wall as he 
 had done his brother Learchus. The mother 
 was so terrified that she threw herself into the 
 sea, with Melicerta in her arms. Neptune had 
 compassion on the misfortunes of Ino and her 
 son, and changed them both into sea deities. 
 Ino was called Leucothoe or Matuta, and Me- 
 licerta was known among the Greeks by the 
 name ofPalgeraon,and among the Latins bythat 
 ofPortumnus. Some suppose that the Isthmian 
 games were in honour of Melicerta. Vid. IstU- 
 miau. Apollod. 1, c. 9, 1. 3, c, 4. — Paus. 1, c. 
 44. — Hygiii. fab. 1 and 2. — Ovid. Met. 4, v. 
 529, &;c. — Plid. de Symp. 
 
 MeligCnis, one of the ^Eolian islands near 
 Sicily. 
 
 Melina, a daughter of Thespius, mother 
 of Laomedon, by Hercules. 
 
 Melisa, a town ofMagna Graecia. 
 
 Melissa, a daughter of Mellssus king of 
 Crete, who with her sister Amaltha^a, fed Ju- 
 piter with the milk of goats. She first found 
 out the means of collecting honey ; whence 
 some have imagined that she was changed 
 into a bee, as her name is the Greek word for 
 that insect. Colunietl.- One of the Ocean- 
 ides, who married Inachus, by whom she had 
 
 Phoroneus and iEgialus. A daughter of 
 
 Procles, who married Periander, the son of 
 Cypselus, by whom in her pregnancy she was 
 killed vv ith a blow of his fool, by the false accu- 
 sation of his concubines. Diog. Laert. — Paus. 
 
 1, c. 28. A woman ofCorinth, who refused 
 
 to initiate others in the festivals of Ceres, after 
 she had received admission. She was torn to 
 pieces upon this disobedience, and the goddess 
 made a swarm of bees rise from her body. 
 
 Melissus, a king of Crete, father to Me- 
 Ijs.sa and Amaltha^a. Hygin. P. A. 2, c. 13. — 
 
ME 
 
 Lacl&nl. 1, c. 22. An admiral of, the Sa- 
 
 mian fleet B. C. 441. He was defeated b> 
 
 Pericles, fcc. Plut. in Per. A philosopher 
 
 of Samos, who maintained that the world 
 was infinite, immoveable, and without a va- 
 cuum. According to his doctrines, no one 
 could advance any argument upon the power 
 or attributes of providence, as all human 
 knowledge was weak and imperfect. The- 
 mistocles was among his pupils. He flourished 
 about 440 years before the Christian era. 
 
 Diog. A tVeedraan of Mecaenas, appointed 
 
 librarian to Augustus. He wrote some come- 
 dies. Ovid. Pont. 4, ep. 16, v. 30. — Sueton. de 
 Gram. 
 
 Mkijta, an island in the Libyan sea, be- 
 tween Sicily and Africa, now called Malta. 
 The soil was fertile, and the country famous 
 for its wool. It was first peopled by the Phoe- 
 nicians. St. Paul was shipwrecked there, and 
 cursed all venomous creatures, which now are 
 not to be found in the whole island. Some, 
 however, suppose that the island on which the 
 Apostle was shipwrecked, was another island 
 of the same name in the Adriatic on the coast 
 of Illyricum, now called Melede. Malta is 
 now remarkable as being the residence of the 
 knights of Malta, formerly of St. John of Je- 
 rusalem, settled there A. D. 1630, by the con- 
 cession of Charles V. after their expulsion 
 from Rhodes by the Turks. Strab. 6. — Mela, 
 
 2, C.7. — Cic.in Veri'.4,c. 46. Another on 
 
 the coast of Illyricum in the Adriatic, now 
 
 Melede. Plin. 3, c. 26. An ancient name 
 
 of Samothrace. Slrab. 10. One of the 
 
 Nereides. Virg. Mn. 5, v. 826. 
 
 Melitene, a province of Armenia. 
 
 Melitus, a poet and orator of Athens, 
 who became one of the principal accusers of 
 Socrates. After his eloquence had prevailed, 
 and Socrates had been put ignominionsly to 
 death, the Athenians repented of their seve- 
 rity to the philosopher, and condemned his ac- 
 cusers. Melitus perished among them. His 
 character was mean and insidious, and his po- 
 ems had nothing great or sublime. Diog. 
 
 Sp. Melius, a Roman ki)ig!it accused of 
 aspiring to tyranny, on account of his uncom- 
 mon liberality to the populace. He was sum- 
 moned to appear by the dictator L. Q. Cincin- 
 natus, and when he refused to obey, he was 
 put to death by Ahala, the master of horse. 
 A.U. C. 314. Varro de L. L. 4.— Val. Max. 
 6, c. 3. 
 
 Memxandrus, a Milesian who wrote an 
 account of the wars of the Lapithaj and Cen- 
 tuars. JElian. V. /Ml, c. 2. 
 
 Meela or Mela, a small river of Cisal- 
 pine Gaul falling into the Allius and with it 
 into the Po. Caiull. 68, v. 33.— Virg. G. 4, 
 V. 278. 
 
 Melia AnntTus, the father of Lucan. He 
 was accused of being privy to Piso's con- 
 spiracy against Nero, upon which he opened 
 bis veins. Tacit. 16, Ann. c. 17. 
 
 Melobosis, one of the Oceanides. 
 
 Melon, an astrologer who feigned mad- 
 ness and burnt his house that he might not go 
 to an expedition, which he knew would be at- 
 tended with great calamities. An interpre- 
 ter of king Darius. Curl 5, c. 13. 
 
 Melos, now Milo, an island between Crete 
 and Peloponnesus, about 24 miles from Scyl- 
 
 ME 
 
 iieura, about GO miles in circumference, and 
 jf an oblong figure. It enjoyed its indepen- 
 dence for above 700 years before the time of 
 the Peloponnesian war. This island was ori- 
 ginally peopled by a Lacedaemonian colony, 
 1116 years before the Christian era. From 
 this reason the inhabitants refused to join the 
 rest of the islands and the Athenians against 
 the Peloponnesians. This refusal was severely 
 punished. The Athenians took Melos, and 
 put to the sword all such as were §ble to bear 
 arms. The women and children were made 
 slaves and the island left desolate. An Athe- 
 nian colony re-peopled it, till Lysander re- 
 conquered it and re-established the original in- 
 habitants in their possession. The island pro- 
 duced a kind of earth successfully employed 
 in painting and medicine. Strab. 7. — Mela, 2, 
 c. 7.— Plin. 4, e. 12, 1. 35, c. 9.—Tfmcyd. 2, &c. 
 
 Melpes, now Melpa, a river of Lucania, 
 falling into the Tyii'hene sea. Plin. 3, c. 5. 
 
 Melpia, a village of Arcadia. Paiis. 8, 
 c. 38. 
 
 Melpomene, one of the muses, daughter 
 of Jupiter and Mnemosyne. She presided 
 over tragedy. Horace has addressed the finest 
 of his odes to her, as to the patroness of lyric 
 poetry. She was generally represented as a 
 young woman wiUi a serious countenance. 
 Her garments were splendid ; she wore a bus- 
 kin, and held a dagger in one hand, and in the 
 other a sceptre and crowns. Horat. 3, od. 4. 
 — Hesiod. Theog. 
 
 Memaceni, a powerfal nation of Asia, 
 &.C. Curt. 
 
 Memmia Sulpitia, a woman who mar- 
 ried the emperor Alexander Severus. She 
 died when young. 
 
 Memmia Lex, ordained that no one should 
 be entered on the calendar of criminals who 
 was absent on the public account. 
 
 Memmius, a Roman citizen accused of 
 
 ambitus. Cic. ad fratrem, 3. A Roman 
 
 knight who rendered himself illustrious for 
 his eloquence and poetical talents. He was 
 made tribune, praetor, and afterwards gover- 
 nor of Bithynia. He was accused of extor- 
 tion in his province and banished by J. Caesar, 
 though Cicero undertook his defence. Lucre- 
 tius dedicated his poem to him. Cic. in Brut. 
 Regulus, a Roman of whom JNero obser- 
 ved that he deserved to be invested with the 
 
 imperial purple. Tacit. Jinn. 14, c. 47. 
 
 A Roman who accused Jugurtha before the 
 
 Roman people. A lieutenant of Pompey, 
 
 &c. The family of the Mcmmii were ple- 
 beians. They were descended according to 
 some accounts from Mnestheus, the friend of 
 iEneas. Virg. .En. 5, v. 117. 
 
 Memnox, a king of Jilthiopia, son of 
 Tithonus and Aurora. He came with a body 
 of 10,000 men to assiet bis uncle Priam, dur- 
 ing the Trojan war, ^vhere he belmved with 
 great courage, and killed Antilochus, JNestor's 
 son. The aged father challenged the -iEthio- 
 plan monarch, but Memnon refused it on 
 account of the venerable age of Nestor, and 
 accepted that of Achilles. He was killed in 
 the combat in the sight of the Grecian and 
 Trojan armies. Aurora was so disconsolate at 
 the death of her son, that she flew to Jupiter 
 all bathed in tears, and begged the god to 
 grant her son such honours as might distiR-> 
 
ME 
 
 wuish him from other moilals, Jupiter consent- 
 ed, and immediately a numerous flight of birds 
 issued from the burning pile on which the body 
 was laid, and after they had flown three times 
 round the flames, they divided themselves into 
 two separate bodies, and fought with such acri- 
 mony that above half of them fell down into 
 the Are, as victims to appease the manes of 
 Memnon. These birds were called Memno- 
 . lilts ; and it has been observed by some of 
 the ancients, that they never failed to return 
 yearly to the tomb of Memnon, in Troas, and 
 repeat the same bloody engagement, in honour 
 of the hero, from whom they received their 
 name. The iElhiopians or Egyptians, over 
 whom Memnon reigned, erected a celebrated 
 statue to the honour of their monarch. This 
 statue had the wonderful property of uttering 
 a melodious sound every day, at sun-rising, 
 like that which is heard at the breaking of the 
 string of a harp when it is wound up. This 
 was effected by the rays of the sun when they 
 fell upon it. At the setting of the sun, and in 
 the night, the sound was lugubrious. Tlws is 
 supported by the testimony of the geographer 
 Strabo, who confesses himself ignorant whe- 
 ther it proceeded from the basis of the statue, 
 or the people that were then round it. This 
 celebrated statue was dismantled by order of 
 Cambyses, when he conquered Egypt, and its 
 Fuins still astonish modern travellers by their 
 grandeur and beauty. Memnon was the in- 
 ventor of the alphabet, according to Antlcli- 
 des, a writer mentioned by Pliny, 7, c. 66. 
 
 Mosch. in Bioii. Ovid. Met. 13, v. 678, fitc. 
 
 — JElian. 5, c. 1. — Paus. 1, c. 42, 1. 10, c. 31. 
 — Strab. 13 and 17. — Juv. 16, v. 5. — Philos- 
 tra. in Apollod. — Plin. 36, c. 7. — Homer. Od. 
 
 9. — Quint. Calab. A general of the Persian 
 
 forces when Alexander invaded Asia. He 
 distiug-uished himself by his attachment to the 
 interest of Darius, his valour in the field, the 
 soundnessof his counsels, and his great saga- 
 city. He defended Miletus against Alexander, 
 and died in the midst of his successful enter- 
 prises, B. C. 333. His wife Barsine was taken 
 prisoner with the wife of Darius. Diod. 16. 
 A governor of Ccelosyria. A man ap- 
 pointed governor of Thrace by Alexander. 
 
 A man who wrote an history of Heraclea 
 
 in Pontus, in the age of Augustus. 
 
 Memphis, a celebrated town of Egypt, on 
 the western banks of the Nile, above the Del- 
 ta. It once contained many beautiful temj)les, 
 particularly those of the god Apis, (bos Mem- 
 pkites.) whose worship was observed with the 
 greatest ceremonies. [Vid. Apis.] It was in 
 the neighbourhood of Memphis tiiat those fa- 
 mous pyramids were built, whose grandtur and 
 beauty still astonish the modern traveller. 
 These noble monuments of Egyptian ,vTinity, 
 which pass for one of tlie wonders of the 
 world, are about 20 in number, three of 
 which by their superior size particularly claim 
 attention. The largest of these is 481 feet 
 in height, measured perpendicularly, and the 
 area of its basis is on 480,249 square feet, or 
 something more than 11 English acres of 
 ground. It has steps all round with massy and 
 polished stones, so large that the breadth 
 and depth of every step is on*i single stone. 
 The smallest stone, according to ai! ancient 
 historiau, is not less than 30 feet. The num 
 
 ME 
 
 ] ber of steps, according to modern observation, 
 I amounts to 208, a number which is not al- 
 ways adhered to by travellers. The place 
 where Memphis formerly stood is not now 
 known ; the ruins of its fallen grandeur were 
 conveyed to Alexandria to beautify its pala- 
 ces or to adorn the neighbouring cities. Ti- 
 buLl. 1, el. 7, V. 28.— Si7. It. 14, v. 660.— 5/ra6. 
 17.— .¥£/a, 1, c. 9.— Diod. l.—Plut. in Jsid.— 
 
 Herodot. 2, c. 10, &c. — Joseph, ant. Jud. 8. 
 
 A nymph, daughter of the Xile, who married 
 Ephesus, by whom she had Libya. She gave 
 her name to the celebrated city of Memphis. 
 
 Apollod. 2, c. 1. The wife of Danaus. Jipel- 
 
 lod. 2, c. 1. 
 
 Memphitis, a son of Ptolemy Physeon 
 king of Egypt. He was put to death by his 
 father. 
 
 Me5a, a goddess worshipped at Rome, and 
 supposed to preside over the monthly infirmi- 
 ties of women. She was the same as Juno. 
 According to some, the sacrifices offered to 
 her were young puppies that still sucked their 
 mother. Aug. d& Civ. D. 4, e. 2. — FUn. 29, 
 c. 4. 
 
 Mena or Menes, the first king of Egypt^ 
 according to some accounts. 
 
 Menalcas, a shepherd in Virgil's eclogues. 
 
 Menalcidas, an intriguing Lacedaemonian 
 in the time of the famous Achaean league. He 
 was accused before the Romans, and he kill^ 
 ed himself. 
 
 Mesalippe, a sister of Antiope, queen of 
 the Amazons, taken by Hercules when that 
 hero made war against this celebrated nation. 
 She was ransomed, and Hercules received in 
 exchange the arms and belt of the queen. Juv, 
 8, V. 229. A daughter of the centaur Chi- 
 ron, beloved and ravished by uEolus, son of 
 Hellen. She retired into the woods to hide her 
 disgrace from the eyes of her father, and when 
 she had brought forth, she entreated the god» 
 to remove her totedly from the pursuits of 
 Chiron. She was changed into a mare, and 
 called Ocyroe. Some suppose that she assum- 
 ed the name of Menalippe, and lost that of 
 Ocyroe. She became a constellation after 
 death, called the horse. Some authors call 
 her Hippe or Evippe. Plygin. P. Ji. 2, c. 18. 
 
 — Pollux.'^. .^IeuaIippe is a name common 
 
 toother persons, but it is generally s^eiiMela- 
 nippt, by the best authors. V^id. iMelanippe. 
 
 Menalippus, Vid. Melanippius. 
 
 Menakder, a celebrated comic poet of 
 Athens, educated under Theophrastus. He 
 was universally esteemed by the Greeks, and 
 received the appellation of Prince of the iVew 
 Comedy. He did not disgrace his composi- 
 tions like Aristophanes, by mean and indecent 
 reflections and illiberal satire, but his writings 
 were replete with elegance, refined wit, and 
 judicious observations. Of 108 comedies which 
 he wrote, nothing remains but a few frag- 
 ments. It is said, that Terence translated all 
 these, and indeed we have cause to lament 
 the loss of such valuable writings when we are 
 told by the ancients that the elegant Terence, 
 so much admired, was in the opinion of his 
 countrymen reckoned inferior to Menander. 
 It is said that iMenander drowned himself in 
 the 52d year of his age, B. C. 293, because 
 the compositious of his rival Philemon obtain- 
 
 I ed more applause than his tiwn. 
 
 Only eight ef 
 
ME 
 
 his numerous comedies were rewarded With a 
 poetical prize. The name of his father was 
 Diopythus, and that of his mother Hegistrata. 
 His fragments, with those of Philemon, were 
 pubHshed by Ciericus, 8vo. 1709. Quintil. 10, 
 
 c. 1. — Palerc. 1, c. 16. A man who wrote 
 
 an account of embassies, ho,. A king of 
 
 Bactria, whose ashes were divided among his 
 
 subjects, &.C An historian of Ephesus. 
 
 Another of Pergamus. An Athenian gene- 
 ral defeated at ^Egospotamos by Lysander. 
 
 An Athenian sent to Sicily with Nicias. A 
 
 man put to death by Alexander for deserting 
 a fortress of which he had the command. 
 
 An officer under Mithridates sent against Lu- 
 cullus. 
 
 Menapii, a people of Belgic Gaul, near 
 the Mosa. Cczs. B. Gall. 
 
 Menapis, a Persian exHe made satrap of 
 Hyrcania, by Alexander. Curt. 6, c. 4. 
 
 Menas, a fx'eedman of Pompey the Great, 
 who distinguished himself by the active and 
 perfidious part he took in the civil wars which 
 were kindled between the younger Pompey 
 and Augustus. When Pompey invited Augus- 
 tus to his galley, Menas advised his master to 
 seize the person of his enemy, and at the same 
 time the Roman empire, by cutting the cables 
 of his ship. No, replied Pompey, 1 would 
 have approved of the measure if you had done 
 it without consulting me ; but I scorn to break 
 my word. Suet, in Oct. — Horace ep. epod. 4, 
 has ridiculed the pride of Menas, and recalled 
 to his mind his former meanness and obscurity. 
 
 Menchkres, the 12th king of Memphis. 
 
 Mjendes, a city of Egypt near Lycopolis, 
 on one of the mouths of the Nile, called the 
 Mendesian mouth. Pan under the form of a 
 goat was worshipped tliere with the greatest 
 solemnity. It was unlawful to kill one of these 
 animals, with which the Egyptians were not 
 ashamed to have public commerce, to the dis- 
 grace of human nature, from the superstitious 
 notion that such embraces had given birth to 
 ihe greatest heroes of antiquity, as Alexander, 
 Scipio, &,c. Herodot. 2, c. 42 and 46. — Strab. 
 XT.—Diod. 1. 
 
 Menecles, an orator of Alabanda in Caria, 
 who settled at Rhodes. Cic. de Orat. 2, c. 63. 
 — S/m6. 14. 
 
 Meneclides, a detractor of the character 
 of Eparainondas. C. JVep. in Epam. 
 
 Menecrates, a physician of Syracuse, 
 famous for his vanity and arrogance. He 
 was generally accompanied by some of his 
 patients whose disorders he had cured. He 
 disguised one in the habit of Apollo, and the 
 other in that of iEsculapius, while he reserv- 
 ed for himself the title and name of Jupit#r, 
 whose power was extended over those inferior 
 deities. He crowned himself like the master 
 of the gods, and in a letter which he wrote 
 to Philip king of Macedon, he styled himself, 
 in these words, Menecrates Jupiter to king 
 Philip^ greeting. The Macedonian monarch 
 answered, Philip to Menecrates, greeting, and 
 better sense. Philip also invited him to one of 
 his feasts, but when the meats were served 
 up, a table was put separate for the physician, 
 on which he was served only with perfumes 
 and frankincense, like the father of the gods. 
 This entertainment displeased Menecrates ; 
 lie remembered that he was a jnortal. and 
 
 ME 
 
 hurried away from the company. He lived 
 about 360 years before the Christian era. The 
 book which he wrote on cures is lost. Milan. 
 
 V. H. 10, c. b\.—Alhen. 7, c. 13. One of 
 
 the generals of Seleucus. A physician un- 
 der Tiberius. A Greek historian of Nysa, 
 
 disciple to Aristarchus, B. C. 119. Strab. 16 
 An Ephesian architect who wrote on agri- 
 culture. Varro de R. R. An historian. 
 
 A man appointed to settle the dispute:^ of 
 
 the Athenians and Lacedaemonians in the 8th 
 year of the Peloponnesian war. His father's 
 
 name was Amphidorus. An officer in the 
 
 fleet of Pompey the son of Pompey the Great. 
 
 Menedemus, an officer of Alexander killed 
 
 by the Daha;. Curt. 7, c. 6. A Socratic 
 
 philosopher of Eretria, who was originally a 
 tent maker, an employment which he left for 
 the profession of arms. The persuasive elo- 
 quence and philosophical lectures of Plato had 
 such an influence over him that he gave up bis 
 offices in the state to cultivate literature. It is 
 said that he died through melancholy when 
 Antigonus, one of Alexander's generals, had 
 made himself master of his country, B. C.301, 
 in the 74th year of his age. Some attribute 
 his death to a different cause, and say, that he 
 was falsely accused oflreason, for which he be- 
 came so desperate that he died after he had 
 passed seven days without taking any aliments. 
 He was called the Eretrian Bull, on account 
 
 of his gravity. Strab. 9. — Diog. A Cynia 
 
 philosopher of Lampsacus, who said that he 
 was come from hell to observe the sins and 
 wickedness of mankind. His habit was that of 
 the furies, and his behaviour was a proof of his 
 insanity. He wasdiscipleofColotes of Lamp- 
 sacus. Diog. An officer of Lucullus. 
 
 A philosopher of Athens. Cic. de Orat. 1, 
 c. 19. 
 
 Menegetas, a boxer or wrestler in Phi- 
 lip of Macedon's army, &:c. Polyain. 
 
 Menelai portus, an harbour on the coast 
 of Africa, between Cyrene and Egypt. 
 
 C. jYep. in Ages. 8. — Strab. 1. Mons, a 
 
 hill near Sparta, with a fortification, called 
 MenetaiuTii. Liv. 34, c. 28. 
 
 Mi:xi:LAiA, a festival celebrated at The- 
 rapna3 in Laconia, iu honour of Menelaus. 
 He had there a temple, where he was wor- 
 shipped with his wife Helen as one of the su- 
 preme gods. 
 
 Menelaus, a king of Sparta, brother to 
 Agamemnon. His father's name was Atreus, 
 according to Homer, or according to the more 
 probable opinion of Hesiod, Apollodorus, kc 
 he was the son of Plislhenes and JErope. 
 IVid. Plisthenes. ] He was educated with his 
 brother Agamemnon in the house of Atreus, 
 but soon alter the death of this monarch, Thy- 
 estcs his brother U5ur{)ed the kingdomand ban- 
 ished the two children of Plislhenes. Mene- 
 laus and Agamemnon came to the court of 
 ttneus king of Calydonia, who treated them 
 with tenderness and paternal care. Trom Ca- 
 lydonia they went to Sparta, where, like the 
 rest of the Grecian princes, they solicited (he 
 marriage of Helen the daughter of kingTyn- 
 darus. By the artifice and advice of Ulysses, 
 Helen was permitted to choose a husband, and 
 she fixed her eyes upon Menelaus and married 
 him, after her numerous suitors had solemnly 
 bound themselves bv an oath to defend her, 
 
ME 
 
 and protect her person against the violence 
 or assault of every intruder. [Firf. Helena.] 
 As soon as the nuptials were celebrated.Tyn- 
 darus resigned the crown to his son-in-law, and 
 ibeir happiness was complete. This was, how- 
 ever, of short duration ; Helen was the fairest 
 woman of the age, and Venus had pi'omised 
 Paris the son of Priam to reward him witli 
 such a beauty. [F/d. Paris.] The arrival of 
 Paris in Sparta was the cause of great revolu- 
 tions. The absence of Menelaus in Crete gave 
 opportunities to the Trojan prince to corrupt 
 the fidelity of Helen, and to carry away home 
 what the goddess of beauty had promised to 
 him as his due. This action was highly re- 
 sented by Menelaus \ he reminded the Greek 
 princes of their oath and solemn engagements 
 when they courted the daughter of Tyndarus, 
 and immediately all Greece took up arms to 
 defend his cause. The combined forces assem- 
 bled at Aulis inBoeotia, where they chose Aga- 
 memnon for their general, and Calchas for 
 their high priest ; and after their applications 
 to the court of Priam for the recoverj-^ of He- 
 len had proved fruitless, they marched to meet 
 their enemies in the field. During the Trojan 
 war Menelaus behaved with great spirit and 
 courage, and Paris must have fallen by bis 
 hand, had not Venus interposed and redeem- 
 ed him from certain death. He also expressed 
 his wish to engage Hector, but Agamemnon 
 hindered him from fighting with so powerful 
 an adversary. In the tenth year of the Tro- 
 jan war, Helen, as it is reported, obtained the 
 forgiveness and the good graces of Menelaus 
 by introducing him, with Ulysses, the night that 
 Troy was reduced to ashes, into the chamber 
 of Deiphobus, whom she married after the 
 death of Paris. This perfidious conduct to- 
 tally reconciled her to her first husband; and 
 she returned with him to Sparta, during a voy- 
 age of eight years. He died some time after 
 his return. He had a daughter called Her- 
 mione, and Nicostratus according to some, 
 by Helen, and a son called Megapenthes by a 
 concubine. Some say that Menelaus went to 
 Egypt on his return from the Trojan war to 
 obtain Helen, who had been detained there by 
 the king of tiie country. [Fif/. Helena.] The 
 palace which Menelaus once inhabited was 
 still entire in the days of Pausanias, as well as 
 the temple which had been raised to his me- 
 mory by the people of Sparta. Homer. Od. 
 4, he. n. 1, hc.—Apolloil. 3, c. 10.— Pauj. 3, 
 c. 14 and 19. — Diclys. Cret. 2, &c. — Virg. Mn. 
 2, &,c. — Quiniil. Sniyrn. 14. — Ovid. Heroid. 5 
 and 13. — Hygin.f-dh. 79. — Eurip.in Iphig. — 
 
 Proptrt. 2. — Sophocles. A lieutenant of 
 
 Ptolemy set over Salamis. Polyocn.—Paus. 
 A city of Egypt. Slrab. 14. A mathe- 
 matician in the age of the emperor Trajan. 
 
 Menf.nius Agrippa, a celebrated Roman 
 who appeased the Roman populace in the 
 infancy of the consular government by repeat- 
 ing the well known fable ofthebelly and limbs. 
 He flourished 495 B. C. Liv. 2, c. 16, 32, 33. 
 
 A Roman consul. An insane person in 
 
 the age of Horace. 
 
 MenephroN) a man who attempted to 
 offer violence (o his own mother. He was 
 changed into a wild beast. Ovid Met. 7, v. 
 367. 
 
 MeneSj the first king of Egypt. He built 
 
 ME 
 
 the town of Memphis as it is generally suppo% 
 &ed, and deserved, by his abilities and popula- 
 rity, to be called a god after death. Herodot 
 2, c. 1 and 90.— Diod. 1. 
 
 Menesthjei Portus; a town of Hispa- 
 nia Bffitica. 
 
 Menesteus, or Menestheus, or Mnes- 
 THEUS, a son of Pereus, who so insinuated 
 himself into the favour of the people of A- 
 thens, that, during the long absence of The- 
 seus, he was elected king. The lawful mo= 
 narch at his return home was expelled, and 
 Mnesthcas established his usurpation by his 
 popularity and great moderation. As he had 
 been one of Helen's suitoi's, he went to the 
 Trojan war at the head of the people of Athens, 
 and died in his return in the island of Melos. 
 He reigned 23 years, 1205, and was succeeded 
 by Deraophoon, the son of Theseus. Pint, in 
 Thes. A sonof Iphicrates who distinguish- 
 ed himself in the Athenian armies. C. JS'e-p, 
 in Tim. 
 
 Menesthius, a Greek killed by Paris in 
 the Trojan war. 
 
 Menetas, a man set governor over Baby- 
 lon by Alexander. Curt. 5, c. 1. 
 
 Meninx, or LoTopflAGiTis Insula, now 
 Zerbi, an island on the coast of Africa, 
 near the Syrtis Minor. It was peopled by 
 the people of Neritos, and thence called XerU 
 tia. Plin. 5, c. H.—Strab. 17 .—Si/. It. 3, v. 
 318. 
 
 Menippaj one of the AiBazoos vvho assist-- 
 ed ^etes, &i.c. 
 
 Menippides, a son of Hercules. Apollod.^ 
 
 AIenippus, a Cynic philosopher of Phoeni- 
 cia. He was origmally a slave, and obtained 
 his liberty with a sum^^ of money, and became 
 one of the greatest- usurers at Thebes. He 
 grew so desperate fronithe continual reproach^ 
 es and insults to which he was daily exposed 
 on account of his meanness, that he destroyed- 
 himself. He wrote 13 books of satires which 
 have been lost. M. Van-o composed satires, 
 in imitation of his style, and called them Jlfe- 
 
 nippean. A native of Stratonice who was 
 
 preceptor to Cicero for some time. Cic. 
 Br. 91. 
 
 Menius, a plebeian consul at Rome. He 
 was the first who made tlje rostrum at Rome 
 with the beaks (rostra) of the enemy's ships. 
 
 A son of Lycaon, killed by the same tliun 
 
 derbolt which destroyed his father. Ovid, 
 lb. 472. 
 
 Mennjs, a town of Assyria, abounding in 
 bitumen. Curt. 5, c. 1. 
 
 Menodotus, a physician.- A Samiaii 
 
 historian. 
 
 Mek/eceus, a Theban, father of Hippo- 
 nome, Jocasta, and Creon. A young The- 
 ban, soa of Creon. He offered himself to. 
 death, when Tiresias,^to ensure victory on the. 
 side of Thebes against the Argive forces, or- 
 dered the Thebans to sacrifice one of the 
 descendants of those who sprang from the dra- 
 gon's teeth, a«d he killed himself near the 
 cave where the dragon of Mars bad formerly 
 resided. The gods required tUs sacrifice be-^ 
 cause the dragon had been killed by Cadmus,, 
 and no sooner was Creon dead than his coun- 
 trymen obtained the victory. Slat. Theb. 10> 
 V. 614. — Eurip. Phttn. — Apollod. 3, c. 6.-» 
 Cic. Tmc. ],c.9S.^SopliQcl. in.'lnti^ 
 
ME 
 
 MENffiT-ES, the pilot of the ship of Gyas, 
 at the naval games exhibited by ^neas at the 
 anniversary of his fathers death. He was 
 thrown into the sea by Gyas for his inatten- 
 tion, and saved himself by swimming to a rock. 
 Virg. JEn. 5, v. 161, &-c.— — An Arcadian 
 killed by Turnus in the war of ^neas. Id. 12, 
 V. 617. 
 
 Mencetiades. Vid. MenoRtius. 
 
 Men(etius, a son of Actor and ^gina 
 after her amours with Jupiter. He left his mo- 
 ther and went to Opus, where he had, by 
 Sthenele, or according to others, by Philome- 
 la or Polymela, Patroclus, often called from him 
 Mencetiades. Mencetius was one of the Ar- 
 gonauts. Apollod. 3, c. 24, — Homer. 11. 1, v. 
 Zm.—Hygin. fab. 97. 
 
 Menon, a Thessalian commander in the 
 expedition of Cyrus the younger against his 
 brother Artaxerxes. He was dismissed on 
 the suspicion that he had betrayed his fellow 
 
 soldiers. Diod. 14. A Thessalian refused 
 
 the freedom of Athens, though he furnished a 
 
 number of auxiliaries to the people. The 
 
 husband of Semiramis. A sophist in the 
 
 age of Socrates. One of the first kings of 
 
 Phrygia. Dionys Hal, A scholar of Phi- 
 dias, &.C. 
 
 Menophilus, an eunuch to whom Mithri- 
 dates, when conquered by Pompey, intrusted 
 the care of his daughter, Menophilus mur- 
 dered the princess for fear of her falling into 
 the enemy's hands, Ammian. 16. 
 
 Menta or MiNTHE. Vid. Minthe. 
 
 Mentes, a king of the Taphians in iEto- 
 lia, son of Anchialus, in the time of the Tro- 
 jan war. 
 
 Mentissa, a town of Spain. Liv. 26, c. 17. 
 
 MEiNTo, a Roman consul, &,c. 
 
 Mentor, a faithful friend of Ulysses. 
 
 A son of Hercules. A king of Sidonia who 
 
 revolted against Artaxerxes Ochus, and after- 
 wards was restored to favour by his treachery 
 
 to his allies, he. Diod. 16. An excellent 
 
 artist in polishing cups and engraving flow- 
 ers on them, Plin. 33, c. 11. — Mart. 9, ep. 
 63, V. 16. 
 
 Menyllus, a Macedonian set over the 
 garrison which Antipater had stationed at 
 Athens. He attempted in vain to corrupt the 
 innocence of Phocion, Plut, 
 
 Mera, a priest of Venus. Stat. Theb. 8, 
 
 V. 478. A dog of Ecarius, who by Jiis cries 
 
 showed Erigone where her murdered father 
 had been thrown. Immediately after this dis- 
 covery, the daughter hung herself in despair, 
 and the dog pined away, and was made a con- 
 stellation in the heavens, known by the name 
 of Canis. Ovid. Met. 7, v. 363. — Hygin. fab. 
 130.—^lian. Hist. An. 7, c. 28. 
 
 Mera or MffiRA, one of the Atlantides 
 "who married Tegeates son of Lycaon. Paus. 
 8, c. 48. 
 
 Mercurii Promontorium, a cape of Afri- 
 ca near Clypea. Liv. 26, c. 44, 1. 29, c. 27. 
 — Plin. 5, c 4. 
 
 Mercurius, a celebrated god of antiquity, 
 called Hermes by the Greeks. There were 
 no less than five of this name according to Ci- 
 cero; a son of CceIus and Lux; a son of Va- 
 lens and Coronis ; a son of the Nile ; a son of 
 Jupiter and Maia; and another called by the 
 Egyptians Thaut? Some add a sixth, a son 
 
 ME 
 
 of Bacchus and Proserpine. To the son of 
 Jupiter and Maia, the actions of all the others 
 have been probably attributed, as he is the 
 most famous, and the best known. Mercury 
 was the messenger of the gods, and of Jupiter 
 in particular ; he was the patron of traveller* 
 and of shepherds; he conducted the souls 
 of the dead into the infernal regions, and not 
 only presided over orators, merchants, de- 
 claimers, but he was also the god of thieves, 
 pickpockets, and all dishonest persons. His 
 name is derived a mem6i«, because he was 
 the god of merchandise among the Latins. 
 He was born, according to the more received 
 opinion, in Arcadia, on mount Cyllene, and 
 in his infancy he was intrusted to the care of 
 the Seasons. The day that he was born, or 
 more probably the following day, he gave an 
 early proof of his craftiness and dishonesty, 
 in stealing away the oxen of Admetus which 
 Apollo tended. He gave another proof of 
 his thievish propensity, by taking also the 
 quiver and arrows of the divine shepherd, and 
 he increased his fame by robbing Neptune of 
 his trident, Venus of her girdle. Mars of hi» 
 sword, Jupiter of his sceptre, and Vulcan of 
 many of his mechanical instruments. Those 
 specimens of his art recommeded him to the 
 notice of the gods, and Jupiter took him as 
 his messenger, interpreter, and cup-bearer ia 
 the assembly of the gods. This last office he 
 discharged till the promotion of Ganymede. 
 He was presented by the king of heaven with 
 a winged cap caWe^petasus, and with wings 
 for his feet called talaria. He had also a 
 short sword called /iCTye, which he lent to Per- 
 seus. AVith these he was enabled to go into 
 whatever part of the universe he pleased with 
 the greatest celerity, and besides he was per- 
 mitted to make himself invisible, and to assume 
 whatever shape he pleased. As messenger of 
 Jupiter he was intrusted with all his secrets. 
 He was ambassador and plenipotentiary of 
 the gods, and he was concerned in all alliances 
 and treaties. He was the confidant of Jupi- 
 ter's amours, and he often was set to watch 
 over the jealousy and intrigues of Juno. The 
 invention of the lyre and its seven strings is 
 ascribed to him. This he gave to Apollo, and 
 received in exchange the celebrated caduceus 
 with which the god of poetry used to drive the 
 flocks of king Admetus. [F^/rf. Caduceus.] Ia 
 the wars of the giants against the gods. Mer- 
 cury showed himself brave, spirited, and ac- 
 tive. He delivered Mars from the long con- 
 finement which he suffered from the superior 
 power of the Aloides. He purified the Da- 
 naides of the murder of their husbands, he 
 tied Ixion to his wheel in the infernal regions, 
 he destroyed the hundred-eyed Argos, he 
 sold Hercules to Omphale the queen of Ly- 
 dia, he conducted Priam to the tent of Achil- 
 les, to redeem the body of his son Hector, 
 and he carried the infant Bacchus to the 
 nymphs of JNysa. Mercury had many sur- 
 names and epithets. He was called Cyllenius, 
 Caduceator, Acacetos, from Acacus, an Ar- 
 cadian ; Acacesius, Tricephalos, Triplex, 
 Chthonius, Camillus, Agoneus, Delius, Ar- 
 eas, k.c. His children are also numerous as 
 well as his amours. He was father of Auto- 
 lycus, by Chione; Myrtillus, by Cleobula; 
 Libys, by Libya; Echion and Eurytus, by 
 
ME 
 
 Antianira; Cephalus, by Creusa; Prylis, by 
 Issa; and of Priapus, according to some. He 
 was also father of Herraaphroditus, by Venus ; 
 of Eudorus, by Polimela; of Pan,by Dryope, 
 or Penelope. His worship was Avell establish- 
 ed, particularly in Greece, Egyjjt, and Italy. 
 He was worshipped at Tanagra in Boeotia, 
 under the name of Criophorus, and repre- 
 sented as carrying a ram on his shoulders, be- 
 cause he delivered the inhabitants from a pes- 
 tilence by telling them to carry a ram in that 
 manner round the walls of their city. The 
 Koman merchants yearly celebrated a festival 
 on the 15th of May, in honour of Mercury, 
 in a temple near the Circus Maximus. A 
 pregnant sow was then sacrificed and some- 
 times a calf, and particularly the tongues of 
 animals were offered. After the votaries had 
 sprinkled themselves with water with laurel | 
 leaves, they offered prayers to the divinity, 
 and entreated him to be favourable to them, 
 and to forgive whatever artful measures, false 
 oaths or falsehoods they had used or uttered 
 in the pursuit of gain. Sometimes Mercury 
 appears on monuments with a large cloak 
 round his arm, or tied under his chin. The 
 chief ensigns of his power and oifices are his 
 caducensj his jjetasus, and his talaria. Some- 
 times he is represented sitting upon a cray 
 fish, holding in one hand his caduceus, and 
 in the other the claws of the fish. At other 
 times he is like a young man without a beard, 
 holding in one hand a purse, as being a tute- 
 lary god of merchants, with a cock on his 
 wrists as an emblem of vigilance, and at his 
 feet a goat, a scorpion, and a fly. Some of his 
 statues represented him as a youth facino 
 erecto. Sometimes he rests his foot upon a tor- 
 toise. In Egypt his statues represented him 
 with the head of a dog, whence he was often 
 confounded with Anubis, and received the 
 sacrifice of a stork. Offerings of milk and ho- 
 ney were made because he was the god of 
 eloquence, whose powers were sweet and 
 persuasive. The Greeks and Romans offered 
 tongues to him by throwing them into the fire, 
 as he was the patron of speaking, of which the 
 tongue is the organ. Sometimes his statues 
 represent him as without arms, because, ac- 
 cording to some, the power of speech can pre- 
 vail over every thing even without the assist- 
 ance of arms. Homer. Od. 1, &,c. II. 1, &ic. 
 Hymn, in Merc. — Lucian. in Mort. Dial. — 
 Ovid. Fast. 5, v. 667. Met. 1, 4, II, 14.— 
 Martial. 9, ep. 35. — Stat. Theb. 4. — Pans. 1, 
 7, 8 and 9. — Orpheus. — Plut. in JVum. — Varro 
 de L. L. Q.—Plut. in PhcBd.—Liv. 36.— Virg. 
 G. 1. JEn. 1, V. 4S.—Diod. 4 and 6.—Apollod. 
 1, 2 and 3. — Apollon. Jirg. 1, — Horat. 1, od. 
 lO.—Hygin. fab. P. A. %—Tzetz. in Lye. 219. 
 — Cic. de Nat. D. — Lactantius. — Philoslr. 1. 
 icon. c. 27. — Manil. — Macrob. 1, Sat. c. 19. 
 
 Trismegistus, a priest and philosopher of 
 
 Egypt, who taught his countrymen how to 
 cultivate the olive, and measure their lands, 
 and to understand hieroglyphics. He lived in 
 the age of Osiris, and wrote 40 books on the- 
 ology, medicine, and geography, from which 
 Sanchoniathon the Phoenician historian has 
 taken his theogonia. Diod. 1 and 5. — Plut. de 
 hid. ^ Os.—Cic. 3, de JVat. D. 
 
 Mkretrix, a name under which Venus 
 was worshipped at Abydos and at Saraos, be- 
 
 ME 
 
 cause both those places had been benefitted 
 by the intrigues or the influence of courtezans. 
 Athen. 13. 
 
 Meriunes, a charioteer of Idoraeneus king 
 of Crete during the Trojan war, son of Mo- 
 lus, a Cretan prince, and Melphidis. He sig- 
 nalized himself before Troy, and fought with 
 Deiphobus the son of Priam, whom he wound- 
 ed. He was greatly admired by the Cretans, 
 who even paid him divine honours after death. 
 Horat. 1, od. 6, v. \b.— Homer. It. 2, &c.— 
 
 Dictys. Cret. 1, &:c. — Ovid. Met 13, fab. 1. 
 
 A brother of Jason son of ^son, famous for 
 his great opulence and for his avarice. Po- 
 ly an. 6, c. 1. 
 
 Mermeros, a centaur. Ovid. Met. 12, v. 
 
 305. A Trojan killed by Antilochus. ^A 
 
 son of Jason and Medea, who was father to 
 Ilus of Corinth. Pav^. 2, c. 3. 
 
 Mermnad^:, a race of kings in Lydia of 
 which Gyges was the first. They sat on the 
 Lydian throne till the reign of Croesus, who 
 was conquered by Cyrus king of Persia. They 
 were descendants of the Heraclidae, and pro- 
 bably received the name of Mermnadae from 
 Mermnas, one of their own family. They 
 were descended from Lemnos, or according 
 to others, from Agelaus the son of Omphale by 
 Hercules. Herodot. 1, c. 7 and 14. 
 
 Meroe, now Nuabia, an island of Ethiopia 
 with a town of the same name, celebrated for 
 its wines. Its original name was Saba, and 
 Cambyses gave it that of Meroe from his sis- 
 ter. Strab. n.— Herodot. 2, c. 31.— P/in. 2, 
 c. \r6.—Mela, l.—Lucan. 4, v. 333, 1. 10, v. 
 163 and 303. 
 
 Merope, one of the Atlantides. She mar- 
 ried Sisyphus son of j5]o1us, and, like her 
 sisters, was changed into a constellation after 
 death. [Vid. Pleiades.] It is said, that in the 
 constellation of the Pleiades the star of Me- 
 rope appears more dim and obscure than the 
 rest, because she, as the poets observe, mar- 
 ried a mortal, while her sisters married some 
 of the gods, or their descendants. Ovid. Fast. 
 4, V. 175.— D/od. 4.—Hygin. fab. 192.— Apol- 
 
 lod. 1, 0. 9. A daughter of Cypselus who 
 
 married Cresphontes king of Messenia, by 
 whom she had three children. Her husband 
 and two of her children were murdered by 
 Polyphontes. The murderer obliged her to 
 maiTy him, and she would have been forced 
 to comply had not Epytus or Telephontes, her 
 3d son, revenged his father's death by assassi- 
 nating Polyphontes. Apollod. 2, c. 6. — Pans. 
 
 4, c. 3. A daughter of (Enopion beloved 
 
 by Orion. Apollod. 1, c. 4. A daughter of 
 
 the Cebrenus who married iEsacus the sou of 
 
 Priam. A daughter of Erechtheus mother 
 
 of Daedalus. Plut. in Thes. A daughter of 
 
 Pandarus. A daughter of the river Sanga- 
 
 rius who married king Priam. 
 
 Merops, a king of the island of Cos, who 
 married Clymene, one of the Oceanides. He 
 was changed into an eagle, and placed among 
 the constellations. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 763. — 
 Apollod. S.—Hygin. P. A. 2, c. 16. A cele- 
 brated soothsayer of Percosus in Troas, who 
 foretold the death of his sous Adrastus and 
 Amphius, who were engaged in the Trojan 
 war. They slighted their father's advice and 
 
 were killed by Diomedes, Homer. II. 2. 
 
 On? of the companions of iEaeas, killed by 
 Turnus. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 703. 
 
ME 
 
 !\Ieros, a mountain of India sacred to Jupi- 
 ter. It is called by Pliny, 6, c. 21, Nysa. 
 Bacchus was educated upon it, whence arose 
 the fable that Bacchus was confined in the 
 thigh (mi^®>) of his father. Mela, 2, c. 7. — 
 Plin. 8, c. 13.— Curt. 8, c. 10.— Diod. 1. 
 
 Merula Corn, a Roman who fought against 
 the Gauls, and was made consul by Octavius 
 in the place of Cinna. He sometime after 
 killed himself in despair, &c. Plut. 
 
 Mesabates, an eunuch in Persia, flayed 
 alive by order of Parysatis, because he had cut 
 off the head and right hand of Cyrus. Plut. 
 in .irtax. 
 
 Mesabius, a mountain of Bceotia hanging 
 over the Euripus. Paas. 9, c. 22. 
 
 Mesapia, an ancient name of Bceotia. 
 
 Mesaubios, a servant of Eumaeus the ste- 
 ward of Ulysses. Homer. Od. 14, v. 449. 
 
 Mesembria, now Mesevria, a maritime city 
 of Thrace. Hence Mesembriacm. Ovid. 1, 
 
 Ti^ist. 6, v. 37. Another at the mouth of 
 
 the fiissus. 
 
 Mr.sENE, an island in the Tigris, where 
 Apavuea was built, now Disel. Plin. 6, c. 27. 
 
 Mesomedes, a lyric poet in the age of the 
 emperor Antoninus. 
 
 Mesopotamia, a country of Asia which 
 receives its name from its situation {i^<t@' 
 77BT«^©.) between the rivers Tigris and Eu- 
 phrates. It is yearly inundated by the Eu- 
 phrates, and the water properly conveyed 
 over the country by canals. It is now called 
 Diarbec. Strab. 2. — Mela, 1, c. 11. — Cic.de 
 A'at. D. 2, c. 52. 
 
 Messala, a name of Valerius Corvinus, 
 from his having conquered Messana in Sicily. 
 This family was very ancient ; the most cele- 
 brated was a friend of Brutus, who seized the 
 camp of Augustus at Philippi. He was after- 
 wards reconciled to Augustus, and died A. D. 
 9, in his 77th year. Plut. Another con- 
 sul, &£c'. The father of Valeria who mar- 
 ried the dictator Sylla. Id. A great flat- 
 terer at the court of Tiberius. A governor 
 
 of Syria. A tribune in one of the Roman 
 
 legions during the civil war between Vespasian 
 and Viteilius, of which he wrote an historical 
 
 account mentioned by Tacitus. Orat. 14. 
 
 A consul with Domitius, he. A painter at 
 
 Rome, who flourished B. C. 235. A writer 
 
 whose book, dt Augusti progenie was edited 
 12mo. L. Bat. 1648. 
 
 Messalina Valeria, a daughter of Mes- 
 sala Barbatus. She married the emperor 
 Claudius, and disgraced herself by her cruel- 
 ties and incontinence. Her husband's palace 
 ■was not the only seat of her lasciviousness, but 
 she prostituted herself in the public streets; 
 and few men there were at Rome who could 
 not boast of having enjoyed the favours of the 
 impure Messalina. Her extravagancies at last 
 irritated her husband ; he commanded her to 
 appear before him to answer to all the accusa- 
 tions which were brought against her, upon 
 which she attempted to destroy herself, and 
 when her courage failed, one of the tribunes, 
 who had been sent to her, dispatched her with 
 his sword, A. D. 48. It is in speaking of her 
 debaucheries and lewdness that a celebrated 
 satirist says, 
 
 Et lassata viris, necdum satiata, recessit. 
 Juv.— Tacit. Ann. 11, c. '<i1.Swt. in Claud. 
 
 ME 
 
 — I>io.—— Another called also Statilia. She 
 was descended of a consular family, and mar- 
 ried the consul Atticus Vistinus whom Nero 
 murdered. She received with great marks of 
 tenderness her husband's murderer, and mar- 
 ried him. She had married four husbands be- 
 fore she came to the imperial tbrone ; and af- 
 ter the death of Nero she retired to literary 
 pursuits, and peaceful occupations. Otho 
 courted her, and would have married her had 
 he not destroyed himself In his last moments 
 he wrote her a very pathetic and consolatory 
 letter, he. Tacit. Ann. 
 
 Messalinus M. Vai.er, a Roman officer in 
 the reign of Tiberius. He was appointed go- 
 vernor of Dalmatia, and rendered himself 
 known by his opposition to Piso, and by his 
 attempts to persuade the Romans of the ne- 
 cessity of suffering women to accompany the 
 camps on their different expeditions. Tacit. 
 
 Ami. 3. One of Domitian's informers. 
 
 A flatterer of the emperor Tiberius. 
 
 Messana, an ancient and celebrated town 
 of Sicily on the straits which separate Italy 
 from Sicily. It was anciently called Zancle, 
 and was founded 1600 years before the Chris- 
 tian era. The inhabitants, being continually 
 exposed to the depredations of the people of 
 Cuma, implored the assistance of the Messe- 
 nians of Peloponnesus, and with them repel- 
 led the enemy. After this victorious cam- 
 paign, the Messenians entered Zancle, and 
 lived in such intimacy with the inhabitants 
 that they changed their name, and assumed 
 that of the Messenians, and called their city 
 Messana. Another account says, that Anax- 
 ilaus, tyrant of Rhegium, made war against 
 the Zancleans Avith the assistance of the Mes- 
 senians of Peloponnesus, and that after he 
 had obtained a decisive victory, he called the 
 conquered city Messana in compliment to his 
 allies, about 494 years before the Christian 
 era. After this revolution at Zancle, the Ma- 
 mertini took possession of it and made it the 
 capital of the neighbouring country. [Vid. 
 Mamertini.] It afterwards fell into the hands 
 of the Romans, and was for some time the 
 chief of their possessions in Sicily. The in- 
 habitants were called Messenii, Messanien- 
 ses, and Mamertini. The straits of Messa- 
 na have always been looked upon as very dan- 
 gerous, especially by the ancients, on account 
 of the rapidity of the currents, and the irreg- 
 ular and violent flowing and ebbing of the 
 sea. Strab. 6.— Mela, 2, c. l.—Paus. 4, c. 
 23. — Diod. 4. — Thucyd. 1, &c. — Herodot. 6, c. 
 23, 1.7, c. 28. 
 
 Messapia, a country of Italy, between 
 Tarentum and Biundusium. It is the same 
 as Calabria. It received its name from Mes- 
 sapus, the son of Neptune, who left a part of 
 Bceotia called Messapia, and came to Italy, 
 where he assisted the Rutulians against ^neas. 
 Ovid. Met. 14, v. 5\3.—Virg. JEn. 7, v. 691, I. 
 8, v. 6, 1.9, V. 27. 
 
 Messatis, a town of Achaia. Paus. 7, c 
 18. 
 
 Messe, a town in the island of Cithera 
 Stat. 1. Theb. 4, v. 226. 
 
 Messeis, a fountain of Thessaly. Strab. 9. 
 
 Messene, a daughter of Triopas, king of Ar- 
 gos, who married Polycaon son of Lelex, 
 king of Laconia. She encouraged her hus' 
 
ME 
 
 band to levy troops, and to seize a part of Pe- 
 loponnesus, which, after it had been conquer- 
 ed, received her name. She received divine 
 honours after her death, and had a magnifi- 
 cent temple at Ithome, where her statue was 
 made half of gold and half of Parian marble. 
 — Pans. 4, c. 1 and 13. 
 
 Messjene or Messena, now Maura-Matra, 
 a city in the Peloponnesus, the capital of the 
 country called Messenia. The inhabitants 
 have rendered themselves famous for the war 
 which they carried on against the Spartans, 
 and which received the appellation of the 
 Messenian war. The first Messenian war 
 arose from the following circumstances : The 
 Messenians offered violence to some Spartan 
 women who had assembled to offer sacrifices 
 in a temple, which was common to both na- 
 tions, and which stood on the borders of their 
 respective territories, and besides they killed 
 Teleclus, the Spartan king, who attempted 
 to defend the innocence of the females. This 
 account, according to the Spartan traditions, 
 is contradicted by the Messenians, who ob- 
 serve that Teleclus with a chosen body of 
 Spartans assembled at the temple, before men- 
 tioned, disguised in women's clothes, and all 
 secretly armed with daggers. This hostile 
 preparation was to surprise some of the neigh- 
 bouring inhabitants; and in a quarrel which 
 soon after arose, Teleclus and his associates 
 were all killed. These quarrels were the cause 
 of the first Messenian war, which began B. C. 
 743 years. It was carried on with vigour and 
 spirit on both sides, and after many obstinate 
 and bloody battles had been fought and con- 
 tinued for 19 years, it was at last finished by 
 the taking of Ithome by the Spartans, a place 
 which had stood a siege of ten years, and been 
 defended with all the power of the Messe- 
 nians. The insults to which the conquered 
 Messenians were continually exposed, at last 
 excited their resentment, and they resolved to 
 shake off the yoke. They suddenly revolted, 
 and the second Messenian war was begun 685 
 B. C. and continued 14 years. The Messeni- 
 ans at first gained some advantages, but a fatal 
 battle in the third year of the war so totally 
 disheartened them that they fled to Ira, where 
 they resolved to maintain an obstinate siege 
 against their victorious pursuers. The Spar- 
 tans were assisted by the Samians in besieging 
 Ira, and the Messenians were at last obliged 
 to submit to the superior power of their ad- 
 versaries. The taking of Ira, by the Lace- 
 dajmonians, after a siege of 11 years, put an 
 end to the second Messenian war. Peace was 
 se-established for some time in Peleponnesus, 
 but after the expiration of 200 years, the 
 Messenians attempted a third time to free 
 themselves from the power of Laceda3mon, 
 B. C. 465. At that time the Helots had re- 
 volted from the Spartans, and the Messeni- 
 ans, by joining their forces to these wretched 
 slaves, looked upon tlieir respective calamities 
 as common, and tliought themselves closely 
 interested in each other's welfare. The Lace- 
 daemonians were assisted by the Athenians, 
 but they soon grew jealous of one another's 
 power, and their political connexion ended 
 in the most inveterate enmity, and at last ii> 
 open war. Ithome was the place v\ Aluch the 
 Messenians had a ?econd time gaiijered all 
 
 ME 
 
 their forces, and though ten yeai-s had already 
 elapsed, both parties seemed equally confi- 
 dent of victory. The Spartans were afraid 
 of storming Ithome, as the oracle of Delphi 
 had threatened them with the greatest calami- 
 ties, if they offered any violence to a place 
 which was dedicated to the service of Apollo. 
 The Messeniansj however, were soon obliged 
 to submit to their victorious adversaries, B. C. 
 453, and they consented to leave their native 
 country, and totally to depart from the Pelo- 
 ponnesus, solemnly promising that if they ever 
 returned into Messenia, they would suffer 
 themselves to be sold as slaves. The Messe- 
 nians upon this, miserably exiled, applied to 
 the Athenians for protection, and were per- 
 mitted to inhabit Naupactus, whence some of 
 them were afterwards removed to take pos- 
 session of their ancient territories in Messe- 
 nia, during the Peloponnesian war. The third 
 Messenian war was productive of great revo- 
 lutions in Greece, and though almost a private 
 quarrel, it soon engaged the attention of zdl 
 the neighbouring states, and kindled the 
 flames of dissention every where. Every 
 state took up arras as if in its own defence, or 
 to prevent additional power and dominion 
 to be lodged in the hands of its rivals. The 
 descendants of the Messenians at last returned 
 to Peloponnesus, B. C. 370, after a long ban- 
 ishment of 300 years. Paus. Mess. he. — Jus- 
 tin. 3, c. 4, hc.—Strab. 6, Lc.— Thucyd. 1, &,c. 
 Diod. 11, k.c.—Plut. in Cym. hc—Polycen. 3. 
 —Polyb. 4, kc. 
 
 Messenia, a province of Peloponnesus, 
 situate between Laconia, Elis, Arcadia, and 
 the sea. Its chief city is Messena. [Vid. 
 Messene.] 
 
 Mestor, a son of Perseus and Andromeda, 
 who married Lysidice, daughter of Pelops, by 
 
 whom he had Hippothoe. A son of Pteri- 
 
 laus. Of Priam. Apollod. 
 
 Me SOLA, a town of Italy, in the country of 
 the Sabines. 
 
 Metabus, a tyrant of the Privernates, 
 He was father of Camilla, whom he conse- 
 crated to the service of Diana, when he had 
 been banished from his kingdom by his sub- 
 jects. Virg. JEn. 11, v. 540. 
 
 Metagitnia, a festival in honour of Apol- 
 lo, celebrated by the inhabitants of Melite, 
 who migrated to Attica. It receives its name 
 from its beieg observed in the month called 
 Metagitnion. 
 
 Metakira, the wife of Celeus, king of 
 Eleusis, who first taught mankind agriculture 
 She is also called Meganira. jjpollod. 1, c. 5. 
 
 Metapontum, a town of Lucania in Italy, 
 founded about 1269 years B C. by Metabus, 
 the father of Camilla, or Epeus, one of the 
 companions of IS'estor. Pythagoras retired 
 there for some time, and perished in a sedi- 
 tion. Annibal made it his head quarters when 
 in that part of Italy, and its attachment to 
 Carthage was afterwards severely punished by 
 the Roman coiiquerors, who desti'oyed its lib- 
 erties and indei^endence. A few broken pil- 
 lars of ncarble are now the only vestiges of 
 Metapontum. Strab. 5. — Mela, 2, c. 4.— Jus- 
 tin. 12, c. 2.—lAv. 1, 8, 25, 27, he. 
 
 Metapontus, a son of Sisyphus, who 
 mrmri'd Thenna. fVid. Theana] Ht/'j;in. 
 tab. 186. . 
 
ME 
 
 Metaurus, now Metro, a town with a 
 small river of the same name in the country of 
 the Brutii The river Metaurus falls into the 
 Tyrrhene sea above Sicily, and is famous for 
 the defeat of Asdrubal by the consuls Livy and 
 Nero. Horat. 4, od. 4, v. 38. — Mela, 2, c. 4. 
 — Lucan. 2, v. 496. 
 
 Metella, the wife of Sylla. 
 
 Metelli, the surname of the family of 
 the Caecilii at Rome, the most known of 
 whom were — A general who defeated the 
 Achaeans, took Thebes, and invaded Mace- 
 donia, ik.c. Q. Caecilius, who rendered 
 
 himself illustrious by his successes against Ju- 
 gurtha the Numidian king, from which he was 
 surnamed JSumidicus. He took, in this expe- 
 dition, the celebrated Marius, as his lieuten- 
 ant, and he had soon cause to repent of the 
 confidence he had placed in him. Marius rais- 
 ed himself to power by defaming the charac- 
 ter of his benefactor, and Metellus was recall- 
 ed to Rome and accused of extortion and ill- 
 management. Marius was appointed succes- 
 sor to finish the Numidian war, and Metellus 
 was acquitted of the crimes laid to his charge 
 before the tribunal of the Roman knights, who 
 observed that the probity of his whole life and 
 the ojreatness of his exploits were greater 
 proofs of his innocence, than the most power- 
 ful arguments. Cic. de Oral. 1, c. 48. — Sallust. 
 
 de Bell. Jug. L. Caecilius, another, who 
 
 saved from the flames the palladium, when 
 Vesta's temple was on fire. He was then high 
 priest. He lost his sight and one of his arms 
 in doing it, and the senate, to reward his zeal 
 and piety, permitted him always to be drawn 
 to the senate house in a chariot, an honour 
 which no one had ever before enjoyed. He 
 also gained a great victory over the Carthagi- 
 nians in the first Punic war, and led in his tri- 
 umph 13 generals, and 120elephants taken from 
 the enemy. He was honoured with the dicta- 
 torship, and the office of master of horse, &,c. 
 Q.Caicilius CeIer,another who distinguish- 
 ed himself by his spirited exertions against Ca- 
 tiline. He married Clodia the sister of Clodius, 
 who disgraced him by her incontinence and las- 
 civiousuess. He died 57 years before Christ. 
 He was greatly lamented by Cicero, who shed 
 tears at the loss of one of his most faithful and 
 
 valuable friends. Cic. de Ccel. L. Cajcilius, 
 
 a tribune in the civil wai*sof J. Caesar and Pom- 
 pey. He favoured the cause of Pompey, and 
 opposed Caesar when he entered Rome with a 
 victorious army. He refused to open the gates 
 of Saturn's temple, in which were deposited 
 great treasures, upon which they were broke 
 open by Caesar, and Metellus retired, when 
 
 threatened with death. Q. Caecilius, the 
 
 grandson of the high priest, who saved the pal- 
 ladium from the flames, was a warlike general, 
 who, from his conquest of Crete and Macedo- 
 nia, was surnamed Macedonicus. He had six 
 sons, of which four are pai-ticularly mentioned 
 
 by Plutarch. Q. Caecilius, surnamed Balea- 
 
 ricus, from his conquest of the Beleares. 
 
 L. Cajcilius, surnaajed Diadematus, but sup- 
 posed the same as that called Lucius with 
 the surname of Dabnaiicus, from a victory 
 obtained over the Dalmatians during his con- 
 sulship with Mutius Sca^vola. Caius Cae- 
 cilius, surnamed Caprarius, who was consul 
 with Carbo, A. U. C. 641. The fourth 
 
 ME 
 
 was Marcus, and of these four brothers it is 
 remarkable, that two of them triumphed in 
 one day, but over what nations is not men- 
 tioned by Eutrop. 4. Nepos, a consul, 
 
 Sic. Another, who accused C. Curio, his 
 
 father's detractor, and who also vented his 
 resentment against Cicero when going to ba- 
 nishment. Another, who, as tribune, op- 
 posed the ambition of Julius Caesar. A 
 
 general of the Roman armies against the Si- 
 cilians and Carthaginians. Before he marched 
 he offered sacrifices to all the gods, except 
 Vesta, for which neglect the goddess was so 
 incensed, that she demanded the blood of his 
 daughter Metella. When Metella was going 
 to be immolated, the goddess placed a heifer 
 in her place, and carried her to a temple at 
 Lanuvium, of which she became the priestess. 
 Lucius Ca3cilius, or Quintus, surnamed 
 
 Creticus, from his conquest in Crete, B. C. 
 66, is supposed by some to be the son of 
 
 Metellus Macedonicus. Cimber, one of the 
 
 conspirators against J. Caesar. It was he who 
 gave the signal to attack and murder the dic- 
 tator in the senate-house. Pins, a general 
 
 in Spain, against Sertorius, on whose head he 
 set a price of 100 talents, and 20,00 acres of 
 land. He distinguished himself also in the 
 Marsian war, and was high priest. He obtain- 
 ed the name of Pius from the sorrow he show- 
 ed during the banishment of his father Metel- 
 lus JYumidicus, whom he caused to be recalled. 
 Paterc. 2, c. 5. — Sallust. Jug. 44. A con- 
 sul who commanded in Africa, &ic. Val. Max. 
 —Plin.—Plut.—Liv.— Paterc. 2.—Flor. 3, c. 
 8. — Paus. 7, c. 8 and 13. — Cic. in Tusc. he. — 
 Juv. 3, V. 138. — Appian. Civ. — Cmsar. bell. 
 Civ. — Sallust. in Jug. 
 
 Metharma, a daughter of Pygmalion king 
 of Cyprus, and mother of Adonis by Cinyras, 
 &.C. Apollod. 3, c. 14. 
 
 Methion, the father of Phorbas, &c. Ovid. 
 .WeL5, fab.3. 
 
 Methodius, a bishop of Tyre, who main- 
 tained a controversy against Porphyry. The 
 best edition is that of Paris, fol. 1657. 
 
 Methone, a town of Peloponnesus, where 
 king Philip gained his first battle over the 
 Athenians, B. C. 360. A town of Mace- 
 donia, south of Pella, in the siege of which, 
 according to Justin. 7, c. 6, Philip lost his 
 
 right eye. Another in Magnesia. Homer. 
 
 II. 2, V. 71. 
 
 Methydrium, a town of Peloponnesus, 
 near Megalopolis. Val. Place. 
 
 Methymna, (now Porto Petero), a town 
 of the island of Lesbos, which receives its 
 name from a daughter of Macareus. It is 
 the second city of the island in greatness, 
 population, and opulence, and its territory 
 is fruitful, and the w ines it produces, excel- 
 lent. It was the native place of Arion. When 
 the whole island of Lesbos revolted from the 
 power of the Athenians, Methymna alone re- 
 mained firm to its ancient allies. Diod. 5. — 
 Thucyd. 3.— Horat. 2, sat. 8, v. 50.— Virg. 
 G. 3, V. 90. 
 
 Metiadusa, a daughter of Eupalamus, who 
 married Cecrops, by whom she had Pandion. 
 Apollod. 3, c. 15. 
 
 Metiha Lex, was enacted A. U. C. 536, 
 to settle the power of the dictator and of his 
 master of horse, witUia certain bounds. 
 
ME 
 
 Metilii, a patrician fami^jr brought from 
 Alba to Rome, by TuUus Hostilius. Dionys. 
 Hal. 
 
 Metilius, a man who accused Fabius Maxi- 
 mus before the senate, toe. 
 
 JVLetiochus, a son of Miltiades, who was 
 taken by the Phoenicians, and given to Da- 
 rius king of Persia. He was tenderly treated 
 by the monarch, though his father had con- 
 quered the Persian armies in the plains of 
 
 Marathon. Plut. — Herodot. 6, c. 41. An 
 
 Athenian intrusted with the care of the roads, 
 &c. Plut. 
 
 Metion, a son of Erechtheus, king of 
 Athens, and Praxithea. He married Alcippe, 
 daughter of Mars and Agraulos. His sons 
 drove Pandion from the throne of Athens, and 
 were afterwards expelled by Pandion's chil- 
 dren. Jipollod. 3, c. ]5. — Paus. 2, c. 6. 
 
 Metis, one of the Oceanides. She was 
 Jupiter's first wife, celebrated for her great 
 prudence and sagacity above the rest of the 
 gods. Jupiter, who was afraid lest she should 
 bring forth into the world a child more cun- 
 ning and greater than himself, devoured her 
 in the first month of her pregnancy. Some 
 time after this adventure the god had his head 
 opened, from which issued INIinerva armed 
 from head to foot. According to Apollodorus, 
 1, c. 2, Metius gave a potion to Saturn, and 
 obliged him to throw up the children he had 
 devoured. Hesiod. Tiieog. v. 890. — Apollod. 
 1, c.S.—Hygin. 
 
 Metiscus, a charioteer to Turnus. Virg. 
 JEn. 12, V. 46y. 
 
 Metids Curtius, one of the Sabines who 
 fought against the Romans on account of the 
 
 stolen virgins. Suffetius, a dictator of Alba, 
 
 in the reign of TuUius Hostilius. He fought 
 against the Romans, and at last, finally to set- 
 tle their disputes, he proposed a single com- 
 bat between tlie Horatii and Curiatii. The 
 Albans were conquered, and Metius promised 
 to assist the Romans against their enemies. 
 In a battle against the Veientes and Fidenates, 
 Metius showed his infidelity by forsaking the 
 Romans at the first onset, and retired to a 
 neighbouring eminence, to wait for the event 
 of the battle, and to fall upon whatever side 
 proved victorious. The Romans obtained the 
 victory, and Tullus ordered Metius to be tied 
 between two chariots, which were drawn by 
 four horses two different ways, and his limbs 
 were torn away from his body, about 669 years 
 before the Christian era. Liv. 2, c. 23, &-c. 
 
 —Flor. 1, c. 3.— Virg. ^n. 8, v. 642. 
 
 A critic. Vid. Tarpa. Carus, a celebrated 
 
 informer under Domitian, who enriched him- 
 self with the plunder of those who were sac- 
 rificed to the emperor's suspicion. 
 
 Metcecia, festivals instituted by Theseus in 
 commemoration of the people of Attica hav- 
 ing removed to Athens. 
 
 Meton, an astrologer and mathematician 
 of Athens. His father's name was Pausanias. 
 He refused to go to Sicily with his country- 
 men, and pretended to be insane, because he 
 foresaw the calamities that attended that ex- 
 pedition. In a book called Enneadecaterides, 
 or the cycle of 19 years, he endeavoured to ad- 
 just the course of the sun, and of the moon, 
 and supported, that the solar and lunar years 
 could regularly begin from the same point in 
 
 The daughter 
 
 ME 
 
 the heavens. This is called by the moderes 
 the golden numbers. He flourished B. C. 432. 
 
 Vitruv. 1. — Plut. in Kicia. A native of 
 
 Tarentum, who pretended to be intoxicated 
 that he might draw the attention of his coun- 
 trymen, when he wished to dissuade them 
 from making an alliance with king P3n'rhus. 
 Plut.inPyrr. 
 
 Metope, the wife of the river Sangarius. 
 She was mother of Hecuba, 
 of Ladon, who maiTied the Asopus. 
 river of Arcadia. 
 
 Metra, a daughter of Eresichthon, a Thes- 
 salian prince, beloved by Neptune. When her 
 father had spent all his fortune to gratify the 
 canine hunger under which he laboured, she 
 prostituted herself to her neighbours, and re- 
 ceived for reward oxen, goats, and sheep, 
 which she presented to Eresichthon. Some 
 say that she had received from JNeptune the 
 power of changing herself into m hatever ani- 
 mal she pleased, and that her father sold her 
 continually to gratify his hunger, and that she 
 instantly assumed a different shape, and be- 
 came again his property. Ovid.Met.8, fab. 21. 
 
 Metragyrte, one of the names of Tellus 
 or Cybele. 
 
 Metrobius, a player greatly favoured by 
 Sylla. Plut. 
 
 Metrocles, a pupil of Theophrastus, who 
 had the care of the education of Cleombrotus 
 and Cieomenes. He suffocated himself when 
 old and infirm. Diog. 
 
 Metrodorus, a physician of Chios, B. C. 
 444. He was a disciple of Democritus, and 
 had Hippocrates among his pupils. His com- 
 positions on medicine, &,c. are lost. He sup- 
 ported that the world was eternal and infinite, 
 and denied the existence of motion. Diog. 
 A painter and philosopher of Stratonice, B. C. 
 171. He was sent to Paulus iEmylius, who, 
 after the conquest of Perseus, demanded of 
 the Athenians a philosopher and a painter, 
 the former to instruct his children, and the lat- 
 ter to make a painting of his triumphs, Metro- 
 dorus was sent, as in him alone were united 
 the philosopher and the painter. P/m. 35, c. 
 11. — Cic. 5, de Finib. 1. de Oral. 4. Jicad. — 
 
 Diog. in Epic. A friend of Mithridates, 
 
 sent as ambassador to Tigranes, king of Arme- 
 nia. He was remarkable for his learning, 
 moderation, humanity, and justice. He was 
 put to death by his royal master for his infi- 
 delity, B. C. 72. Strab.—Plut. Another, of 
 
 a very retentive memory. 
 
 Metrophanes, an otficer of Mithridates, 
 who invaded Euboea, &c. 
 
 Metropolis, a town of Phrygia on the 
 
 Mseander. Another of Thessaly nearPhar- 
 
 salia. 
 
 Mettius, a chief of the Gauls, imprisoned 
 by J. Ca?sar. Cces. Bell. G. 
 
 Mettus. Vid. Metius. 
 
 Metulum, a town of Libumia, in besieg- 
 ing of which Augustus was wounded. Diog, 
 49. 
 
 Mevania, now Bevagna, a town of Ura- 
 bria, on the Clitumnus, the birth-place of the 
 poet Propertius. Lucan. 1, v. 473. — Propert. 
 4, el. 1, v. 124. 
 
 Mevius, a wretched poet. Vid. M«vius. 
 
 Mezestius, a king of the Tyrrhenians 
 when /Kneas reme into Italy. He was remark- 
 
MI 
 
 able for his cruelties, and put his subjects to 
 death by slow tortures, or. sometimes tied a 
 man to a dead corpse face to face, and suffered 
 him lo die in that condition. He was expel- 
 led by his subjects, and fled to Turnus, who 
 employed him in his war against the Trojans. 
 He was l<illed by .S^neas, with his son Lausus. 
 Dionys. Hal. 1, c. 15. — Justin. 43, c. 1. — Liv. 
 1, c. %—Virg. JEn. 7, v. 648, 1. 8, v. 482.— 
 Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 881. 
 
 MicEA, a virgin of Elis, daughter of Philo- 
 demus, murdered by a soldier called Lucius, 
 &,c. Plut, de cl. Mul. 
 
 MiciPSA, a king of Numidia, son of Masi- 
 nissa, who, at his death, B. C. 119, left his 
 kingdom between his sons Adherbal and Hy- 
 empsal, and his nephew Jugurtha. Jugurtha 
 abused his uncle's favours by murdering his 
 two sons. Salhist. de Jug. — Flor. 3, c. 1. — 
 Plut. in Gr. 
 
 MicYTHus, a youth, through whom Dio- 
 medon, by order of the Persian king, made an 
 attempt to bribe Epaminondas. C. JVep. in 
 
 Epa.4. A slave of Anaxilaus of Rhegium. 
 
 Herodot. 7, c. 170. 
 
 Midas, a king of Phrygia, son of Gordius 
 or Gorgias. In the early part of his life, ac- 
 cording to some traditions, he found a large 
 treasure, to which he owed his greatness and 
 opulence. The hospitality he showed to Si- 
 lenus, the preceptor of Bacchus, who had 
 been brought to him by some peasants, was 
 liberally rewarded ; and Midas, when he con- 
 ducted the old man back to the god, was per- 
 mitted to choose whatever recompense he 
 pleased. He had thelmprudenceand the avarice 
 to demand of the god that whatever he touch- 
 ed might be turned into gold. Fiis prayer was 
 granted, but he was soon convinced ot his in- 
 judicious ciioice ; and when the very meats 
 which he attempted to eat became gold in his 
 mouth, he begged Bacchus to take away a 
 present, which must prove so fatal to the re- 
 ceiver. He was ordered to %vash himself in the 
 river Pactolus, whose sands were turned into 
 gold by the touch of Midas. Some time after 
 this adventure, Midas had the imprudence to 
 support that Pan was superior to Apollo in 
 singing and in playing upon the ilute, for 
 which rash opinion the offended god changed 
 his ears into those of an ass, to show his igno- 
 rance and stupidity. This Midas attempted 
 to conceal from the knowledge of his subjects, 
 but one of his servants saw the length of his 
 ears, and being unable to keep the secret, and 
 afraid to reveal it, apprehensive of the king's 
 resentment, he opened a hole in the earth, 
 and after he had whispered there that Midas 
 had the ears of an ass, he covered tiie place as 
 before, as if he had buried his words in the 
 ground. On that place, as the poets mention, 
 grew a number of reeds, which, when agitated 
 by the wind, uttered the same sound that had 
 been buried beneath, and published to the 
 world that Midas had the ears of an ass. Some 
 explain the fable of the ears of Midas, by the 
 supposition that he kepta number of informers 
 and spies, who were continually employed in 
 gathering every seditious word that might drop 
 Irom the mouths of his subjects. Midas, ac- 
 cording to Slrabo, died of drinking bull's hot 
 tilood. This he did, as Plutarch mentions, to 
 free himself from the numerous ill dreams 
 
 MI 
 
 wliicii continually tormented him. Mida?, 
 according to some, was son of Cybele. He 
 built a town which he called Ancyrw. Ovid. 
 'iMet. 11, fab. 5. — Plut. de Superst. — Strab. 1. — 
 Hi/gin. fab. 191,274.— .¥aa;. Tyr. 30.— Pans. 1, 
 c. 4.— Fa/. Max. 1, c. Q.—Uerodol. 1, c. 14.— 
 JElian. V. H. 4 and 12.— Cic. de Div. 1, e. 36, 
 1. 2: c. 31. 
 
 MiDEA, a town of Argolis. P<n«. 6, c. 20. 
 
 Of Lycia. Stat. T/ieb. 4, v. 45. Of ,Bck- 
 
 otia, drowned by the inundations of the lake 
 
 Copais. Strab. 8. A nymph who had As- 
 
 pledon by rs'eptune. Pans. 9, c. 38. A 
 
 mistress of Electryon. jipollod. 
 
 MiLANioN, a youth who became enamour- 
 ed~of Atalanta. He is supposed by some to 
 be the same as Meleager or Hippomanes- 
 
 Ovid. Art. Jim. 2, v. 188. A son of Am- 
 
 phidamas. 
 
 MiLESii, the inhabitants of Miletus. Vid. 
 Miletus. 
 
 MiLESioRUM MURus, a place of Egypt at 
 the entrance of one of the mouths of the Nile- 
 
 MiLEsius, a surname of Apollo. A na- 
 tive of Miletus. 
 
 MiLETiA, one of the daughters of Scedasus, 
 ravished with her sister by some young The- 
 bans. Plut. and Pans. 
 
 MiLETiuM, a town of Calabria, built by 
 
 the people of Miletus of Asia. A town of 
 
 Crete. Homer. II. 2, v. 154. 
 
 Miletus, a son of Apollo, who fled from 
 Crete to avoid the wrath of Minos, whom he 
 meditated to dethrone. He came to Caria, 
 where he budt a city which he called by his 
 own name. Some suppose that he only con- 
 quered a city there called Anactoria, which 
 assumed his name. They farther say, that he 
 put the inhabitants to the sword, and divided 
 Ihe women among his soldiers. Cyanea, a 
 daughter of the Maeander, fell to his share. 
 Strab. 14.— Ovid. Aht. 9, v. 446.— Paws. 7, c. 
 
 2. — Apollod. 3, c. 1. A celebrated town of 
 
 Asia Minor, the capital of all Ionia, situate 
 about ten stadia south of the mouth of the ri- 
 ver Marauder, near the sea coast on the con- 
 fines of Ionia and Caria. It was founded by a 
 Cretan colony under Miletus, or, accordfctg-iQ 
 others, by Neleus, the son of Codrus, or by 
 Sarpedon, Jupiter's son. It has successively 
 been called Lelegeis, Pithyusa, and Anactoria. 
 The inhabitants, called JV/i/em, were very pow- 
 erful, and long maintained an obstinate war 
 against the kings of Lydia. They early ap- 
 plied themselves to navigation, and planted no 
 less than 80 colonies, or, according to Seneca, 
 380, in different parts of the world. Miletus 
 gave birth to Thales, Anaximencs, Anaxiroan- 
 der, HecatEeus, Timotheus the musician, Pit- 
 tacus one of the seven wise men, &,c. Miletus 
 was also famous for a temple and an oracle of 
 Apoilo Didymaius, and for its excellent wool, 
 with which were made stuffs and garments, 
 held in the highest reputation, both for soft- 
 ness, elegance, and beauty. The words Mile- 
 si(E J'abida, or Milcsiaca, were used to express 
 wanton and ludicrous plays. Ovid. Trist. 2, 
 V. AVi.—Capilolin. in Alb. U.— Virg. G. 3, v. 
 SOa.— Strab. 15.— Pans. 7, c. 2.— Mela, 1, c. 17- 
 — Plin. 5, c. 29. — Herodot. 1, kc. — Senec. de 
 Consol. ad Alb. 
 
 MiLiAS, a part of Lycia. 
 I MiLicHus, a freedman who discovered 
 
MI 
 
 t*iso's conspiracy against Nero. Tacit. 15, 
 ^nn. c. 54. 
 
 MiLiNus, a Cretan king, he. 
 
 MiLioNiA, a town of the Samnites taken by 
 the Romans. 
 
 MiLO, a celebrated athlete of Crotona in 
 Italy, His father's name was Diotimus. He 
 early accustomed himself to carry* the greatest 
 burdens, and by degrees became a monster in 
 strength. It is said that he carried on his 
 shoulders a youn^^ bullock four years old, for 
 above forty yai'ds; and afterwards killed it with 
 one blow of hi? fist; and eat it up in one day. 
 He was seven times crowned at the Pythian 
 games, and six at Olympia. He presented 
 himself a seventh time, but no one had the 
 courage or boldness to enter the lists against 
 him. He was one of the disciples of Pytha- 
 goras, and to his uncommon strength the 
 learned preceptor and his pupils owed their 
 life. The pillar which supported the roof of 
 the school suddenly gave way, but Milo sup- 
 ported the whole weight of the building, and 
 gave the philosopher and his auditors time to 
 escape. In his old age Milo attempted to pull 
 up a tree by the roots and break it. He part- 
 ly effected it, but his stren^h being gradually 
 exhajsted, the tree when half cleft reunited, 
 and his hands remained pinched in the body 
 of the ti'ee. He was then alone, and being un- 
 able to disentangle himself, he was eaten up 
 by the wild beasts of the place, about 500 years 
 before the christian era. Ovid. Met. 15. — 
 Cic. de Seyied. — Val. Max. 9, c. 12. — Strab. 
 
 16. — Pans. 6, c. 11. T. Annius, a native of 
 
 Lanuvium. who attempted to obtain the consul- 
 ship at Rome by intrigue and seditious tumults. 
 Clodius the tribune opposed his vieAvs, yet 
 Milo would have succeeded had not an unfor- 
 tunate event totally frustrated his hopes. As 
 he was going into the country, attended by his 
 wife and a numerous retinue of gladiators and 
 servants, he met on the Appian road his ene- 
 my Clodius, who was returning to Rome with 
 three of his friends and some domestics com- 
 pletely armed. A quarrel arose between the 
 servants. Milo supported his attendants, and 
 the dispute became general. Clodius received 
 many severe wounds, and was obliged to retire 
 to a neighbouring cottage. Milo pursued his 
 enemy in his retreat, and ordered his servants 
 to dispatch him. Eleven of the servants of 
 Clodius shared his fate, as also the owner of 
 the house v.ho had given them reception. The 
 body of the murdered ti'ibunewes carried to 
 Ron:e, and exposed to public view. The ene- 
 mies of Milo inveighed bitterly against the vio- 
 lence and barbarity with which the sacred per- 
 son of a tribune had been treated. Cicero un- 
 dertook the defence of Milo, but the continual 
 clamours of the friends of Clodius, and the 
 sigl't of an armed soldiery, which surrounded 
 the seat of judgment, so terrified the orator, 
 that he forgot the greatest part of his argu- 
 ments, and the defence he made was weak and 
 injudicious. Milo was condemned and ba- 
 nished to Massilia. Cicero soon after sent his 
 exiled friend a copy of the oration which he 
 had delivered in his defence, in the form in 
 which we have it now ; and Milo, after he had 
 read it, exclaimed, Cicero, hadst thou 
 spoken before my accusers in these terms, 
 Milo would not be now eating fi^s at Mar- 
 55 
 
 MI 
 
 seilles. The friendship and cordiality of Cicerd 
 and Milo were the fruits of long intimacy and 
 familiar intercourse. It was by the successful 
 labours of Milo that the orator Avas recalled 
 from banishment and restored to his friends. 
 Cic. pro Milan. — Paterc. 2, c. 47 and 68. — 
 
 Dio. 40. A general of the forces of Pyrrhus* 
 
 He was made governor of Tarentum, and that 
 he might be reminded of his duty to his sove* 
 reign, Pyrrhus sent him as a present a chain, 
 which was covered with the skin of JSiciasthe 
 physician, who had perfidiously offered the 
 Romans to poison his royal master for a sura 
 
 of money. Polycen. 8, k.c. A tyrant of 
 
 Pisa in Elis, thrown into the river Alpheusby 
 his subjects for his oppression. Ovid, in lb- 
 V. 325. 
 
 MiLONius, a drunken buffoon at Rome, ac- 
 customed to dance when intoxicated. Horat. 
 2, Sat. 1, V. 24. 
 
 MiLTAs, a soothsayer, who assisted Dion in 
 explaining prodigies, he. 
 
 MiLTiADEs, an Athenian, son of Cypsc- 
 lus, who obtained a victory in a chariot race 
 at the Olympic games, and led a colony of his 
 countrj^men to the Cherscnesus. The causes 
 of this appointment are striking and singular* 
 TheTliracianDolonci, harassed bya long war 
 with the Absynthians, were directed by the 
 oracle of Delphi to take for their king the first 
 man they met in their return home, who invi- 
 ted them to come under his roof and partake 
 of his entertainments. This was Miltiades, 
 whom the appearance of the Dolonci, their 
 strange arms and garments, had struck. He 
 invited them to his house, and was made ac- 
 quainted wdth the commands of the oracle. 
 He obeyed, and when the oracle of Delphi had 
 approved a second time the choice of the 
 Dolonci, he departed for the Chersonesus, and 
 was invested by the inhabitants with sovereign 
 power. The first measure he took was to 
 stop the further incursions of the Absynthians, 
 by building a strong wall across the Isthmus. 
 When he had established himself at home, and 
 fortified his dominions against foreign inva- 
 sion, he turned his arms against Lampsacus. 
 His expedition was unsuccessful ; he was ta- 
 ken in an ambuscade and made prisoner. 
 His friend Croesus, king of Lydia, was inform- 
 ed of his captivity, and he procured his release 
 by threatening the people of Lampsacus with 
 his severest displeasure. He lived a few years 
 after he had recovered his liberty. As he had 
 no issue, he left his kingdom and possessions to 
 Stesagoras the son of Cimon, who was his bro- 
 ther by the same mother. The memory of 
 Miltiades was greatly honoured by the Dolon- 
 ci, and they regularly celebrated festivals and 
 exhibited shows in commemoration of a raaa 
 to whom they owed their greatness and preser- 
 vation. Some time after Stesagoras died witli- 
 out issue, and Miltiades the son of Cimon, 
 and the brother of the deceased, was sent by 
 the Athenians with one ship to take possession 
 of the Chersonesus. At his arrival Miltiades 
 appeared mournful, as if lamenting the recent 
 death of his brother. The principal inhabi- 
 Itants of tho country visited the new governor 
 I to condole with bin: ; but their confidence in 
 I his sincerity proved fatal to them. Miltiade* 
 seised their pereons, and made himself abso- 
 1 lute in Chersonesus ; and to strengthea him- 
 
MI 
 
 self he married Hegesipyla, the daughter of 
 Olorus the king of the Thracians. His pros-' 
 perity however was of short duration. In the 
 third year of his government his dominions 
 were threatened by an invasion of the Scythian 
 P^omades, whom Darius had some time be- 
 fore irritated by entering their country. He 
 fled before them, but as their hostilities were 
 but momentary, he was soon restored to his 
 kingdom. Three years after he left Cherso- 
 nesus and set sail for Athens, where he was 
 received with great applause. He was present 
 at the celebrated battle of Marathon, in which 
 all the chief officers ceded their power to him,. 
 and left the event of the battle to depend upon 
 his superior abilities. He obtained an impor- 
 tant victory IVid. Marathon] over the more 
 numerous forces of his adversaries; and when 
 he had demanded of his fellow-citizens an olive 
 crown as the reward of his valour in the field 
 of battle, he was not only refused, but severe- 
 ly reprimanded for presumption. The only 
 reward, therefore, that he received for a vic- 
 tory which proved so beneficial to the interests 
 of universal Greece, was in itself simple and 
 inconsiderable, though truly great in the opin- 
 ion of that age. He was represented in the 
 front of a picture among the rest of the com- 
 manders who fought at tiie battle of Mara- 
 thon, and he seemed to exhort and animate 
 his soldiers to fight with courage and intre- 
 pidity. Some time after Miltiades was intrust- 
 ed with a fleet of 70 ships, and oi*dered to 
 punish those islands which had revolted to the 
 Persians. He was successful at first, but a 
 sudden report that the Persian fleet was com- 
 ing to attack him, changed his operations as 
 he was besieging Paros. He raised the siege 
 and returned to Athens, where he was ac- 
 cused of treason, and particularly of holding 
 correspondence with the enemy. The falsity 
 of these accusations might have appeared, if 
 Miltiades had been able to come into the as- 
 sembly. A wound which he had received be- 
 fore Paros detained him at home, and his ene- 
 mies, taking advantage of his absence, became 
 more eager in their accusations and louder in 
 their clamours. He was condemned to death, 
 but the rigour of his sentence was retracted 
 on the recollection of his great services to the 
 Athenians, and he was put into prison till he 
 had paid a fine of 60 talents to the state. His 
 inability to discharge so great a sum detained 
 him in confinement, and soon after his wounds 
 became incurable, and he died about 489 years 
 before the christian era. His body was ran- 
 somed by his son Cimon, who was obliged to 
 borrow and pay the 50 talents, to give his fa- 
 ther a decent burial. The crimes of Miltiades 
 were probably aggravated in the eyes of his 
 countrymen, when they remembered how he 
 made himself absolute in Chersonesns ; and in 
 condemning the barbarity of the Athenians 
 towards a general, who was the source of their 
 military prosperity, we must remember the 
 jealousy which ever reigns among a free and 
 independent people, and how watchful they 
 are in defence of the natural rights which they 
 see wrested from others by violence and op- 
 pression Cornelius IMepos has written the 
 life of Miltiades the son of Cimon, but his his- 
 tory is incongruous and not authentic ; and the 
 author; by confounding the actions of the son 
 
 MI 
 
 of Cimon with those of the sob of Cypselui. 
 has made the whole dark and unintelligible. 
 Greater reliance in reading the actions of both 
 the Miltiades is to be placed on the narration 
 of Herodotus, whose veracity is confirmed, 
 and who was indisputably more informed and 
 more capable of giving an account of the life 
 and exploits of men who flourished in his age? 
 and of which he could see the living monu- 
 ments. Herodotus was born about six years 
 after the famous battle of Marathon, and C 
 Nepos, as a writer of the Augustan age, flour- 
 ished about 450 years after the age of the fa- 
 ther of history. C. JVep. in vitd. — Herodot. 4, 
 c. 137, 1. 6, c. 34, kc.—Plut. in Cim.— Val. 
 
 Max. 5, c. 3. — Justin. 2. — Pans. An archon 
 
 at Athens. 
 
 MiLTo, a favourite mistress of Cyrus the 
 younger. [^'^iW. Aspasia.] 
 
 MiLA-^ius, a parasite at Rome, he. Horat. 2, 
 
 sat. 7. A bridge at Rome over the Tiber, 
 
 now called Pont de Molle. Cic. ad Mt. 13, ep. 
 33.— Sal. Cat. 45.— Tacit. A. 13, c. 47. 
 
 MiLYAS, a country of Asia Minor, better 
 known by the name of Lycia. Its inhabi- 
 tants, called Milyades, and afterwards Salymiy 
 were of the numerous nations which formed 
 the army of Xerxes in his invasion of Greece. 
 Herodot. — Cic. Verr. 1, c. 38, 
 
 MiMALLoNEs, the Bacchanals, who when 
 they celebrated the orgies of Bacchus put 
 horns on their heads. They are also called 
 Mimallonides, and some derive their name 
 from the mountain Mimas. Pers. 1, v. 99. — 
 Ovid. A. A. v. 541.— 5/af . Thth. 4, v. 660. 
 
 Mimas, a giant whom Jupiter destroyed 
 
 with thunder. Horat. 3, od. 4. A high 
 
 mountain of Asia Minor, near Colophon. Ovid. 
 
 Met. 2, fab. 5. A Trojan, son of Theano 
 
 and Amycas, born on the same night as Paris, 
 with whom he lived in great intimacy. He 
 followed the fortune of i5i)neas, and was killed 
 by Mezentius. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 702. 
 
 MiMNERMus, a Greek poet and musician 
 of Colophon in the age of Solon. He chiefly 
 excelled in elegiac poetry, whence some have 
 attributed the invention of it to him, and, in- 
 deed, he was the poet who made elegy an 
 amorous poem, instead of a mournful and 
 melancholy tale. In the expression of love, 
 Propertius prefers him to Homer, as this verse 
 shows : 
 Plus in amore valet Mininermi rcrsvs Homero. 
 
 In his old age Mimnermus became enam- 
 oured of a young girl called Nanno. Some 
 few fragmeiiis of his poetry remain collected 
 by StobcKus. He is supposed by some to b« 
 the inventor of the pentameter verse, which 
 others however attribute to Callinus or Ar- 
 chilochus. The surname of Ligustiades, Kty^ 
 (shrill voiced), has been applied to him, though 
 some imagine the word to be the name of his 
 father. Strab. 1 and 14.—Paus. 9, c, 29.— 
 Diog. 1. — Proper I. 1, el. 9, v. 11. — Horat. 1, 
 ep. 6, Y, 65. 
 
 MiNCius, now Mincio, a river of Venetia, 
 flowing from the lake Benacus, and falling 
 into the Po. Virgil was born on its banks, 
 Virg. Ed. 7, v. 13. G. 3, v. 15. Mn. 10, v. 206. 
 
 MiNDARUs, a commander of the Spartan 
 fleet during the Peloponnesian war. He was 
 defeated by the At^ienians, and died 410 B 
 C. Plut. 
 
 Ji 
 
MI 
 
 MiN'iiDES, the daughters of Mlnyas or Mi- 
 neus, king of Orchomenos, in Bceotia. They 
 were three in number, Leuconoe, Leucippe, 
 and Alcithoe. Ovid calls the two lirst Cly- 
 mene and Iris. They derided the orgies of 
 Bacchus, for which impiety the god inspired 
 them mth an unconquerable desire of eating 
 human flesh. They drew lots which of tliem 
 should give up her son as food to the rest. 
 The lot fell upon Leucippe, and she gave up 
 her son Hippasus, who was instantly devour- 
 ed by the three sisters. They were changed 
 into bats. In commemoration of this bloody 
 crime, it was usual among the Orchomenians 
 for the high priest, as soon as the sacrifice 
 was finished, to pursue, with a drawn sword, 
 all the women who had entered the temple, 
 and even to kill the first he came up to. Ovid. 
 Met. 4, fab. 12.— Plut Quc^t. Gr. 38. 
 
 Minerva, the goddess of wisdom, war. and 
 all the liberal arts, was produced from Jupi- 
 ter's brain without a mother. The god, as it 
 is reported, married Metis, whose superior 
 prudence and sagacity above the rest of the 
 gods, made him apprehend that the children 
 of such an union would be of a more exalted 
 nature, and more intelligent than their father. 
 To prevent this, Jupiter devoured Metis in 
 her pregnancy, and some time after, to relieve 
 the pains which he saffered in his head, he 
 ordered Vulcan to cleave it open. Minerva 
 came all armed and grown up from her fa- 
 ther's brain, and immediately was admitted 
 into the assembly of the gods, and made one 
 of the most faithful counsellors of her father. 
 The power of Minerva was great in hea- 
 ven ; she could hurl the thunders of Jupiter, 
 prolong the life of men, bestow the gift of pro- 
 phecy, and, indeed, she was the only one of 
 all the divinities, whose authority and conse- 
 quence were equal to those of Jupiter. The 
 actions of Minerva are numerous, as w'ell as 
 the kindness by which she endeared her- 
 self to mankind. Her quarrel with Neptune 
 concerning the right of giving a name to 
 the capital of Cecropia deserves attention. 
 The assembly of the gods settled the dispute 
 by promising the preference to which ever 
 ofthe two gave the most useful and neces- 
 sary present to the iniiabitants of the earth. 
 Neptune, upon this, struck the ground with 
 his trident, and immediately a horse is- 
 sued from the earth. Minerva produced 
 the olive, and obtained the victory by the 
 unanimous voice of the gods, who observ^ed 
 that the olive, as the emblem of peace, is far 
 preferable to the horse, the symbol of war 
 and bloodshed. The victorious deity called 
 the capital Alhtnai, and became the tutelar 
 goddess of the place. Minerva was always 
 very jealous of her power, and the manner in 
 which she punished the prestimption of Ar- 
 achne is well known. [Fit/. Arachne.] The 
 attempts of Vulcan to offer her violence, are 
 strong marks of her virtue. Jupiter had 
 sworn by the Styx to give to Vulcan, who 
 made him a complete suit of armour, what- 
 ever he desired. Vulcan demanded Minerva, 
 and the father of the gods, who had permitted 
 Minerva to live in })erpetual celibacy, con- 
 sented, but privately advised his daughter to 
 make all the resistance she couhl to frustrate 
 the attempts of her lover. Tb« prayers and 
 
 MI 
 
 the force of Vulcan proved ineffectual, and 
 her chastity was not violated, though the god 
 left on her body the marks of his passion; 
 and, from the impurity which proceeded from 
 this scuffle, and which Minerva threw down 
 upon the earth wrapped up in wool, was born 
 Erichthon, an uncommon monster. [Vid. 
 Erichthonius.] Minerva was the first who 
 built a ship, ajjd it was her zeal for navigation, 
 and her care for the Argonauts, which placed 
 the prophetic tree of Dodona behind the ship 
 Argo, when going to Colchis. She was known 
 among the ancients by many names. She wa& 
 called Athena, Pallas. [Vid. Pallas.] Parthe^ 
 nos, from her remaining in perpetual celibacy ; 
 Tritonia, because worshipped near the lake 
 Tritonis ; Glaucopis, from the blueness of 
 her eyes ; Argorea, from her presiding over 
 markets ; Hippia, because she first taught man- 
 kind how to manage the horse ; Stratea and 
 Area, from her martial chai-acter; Corypha- 
 genes, because born from Jupiter's brain: SaiS| 
 because worshipped at Sais, he. Some at- 
 tributed to her the invention of the fiute^ 
 whence she was surnamed Andon, Luscinia, 
 Musica, Salpiga, &,c. She, as it is reported,, 
 once amused herself in playing upon her fa- 
 vourite flute before Juno and Venus, but the 
 goddesses ridiculed the distortion of her face 
 in blowing the instrument. Minerva, con- 
 vinced of the justness of their remarks by 
 looking at herself in a fountain near mount 
 Ida, threw away the musical instrument, and 
 denounced a melancholy death to him who 
 found it. Marsyas was the miserable proof 
 of the veracit)^ of her expressions. The wor- 
 ship of Minerva was universally established: 
 she had magnificent temples in Egypt, Phoe- 
 nicia, all parts of Greece, Italy, Gaul, and 
 Sicily. Sais, Rhodes, and Athens, particularly 
 claimed her attention, and it is even said, that 
 Jupiter rained a shower of gold upon the island 
 of Rliodes, which had paid so much venera- 
 tion and such an early reverence to the divi- 
 nity of his daughter. The festivals celebrated 
 in her honour were solemn and magnificent 
 [Vid. Panatliensea.] She was invoked by- 
 every artist, and particularly such as worked 
 in wool, embroidery, painting, and sculpture. 
 It was the duty of almost every member of 
 society to implore the assistance and patron- 
 age of a deity who presided over sense, taste, 
 and reason. Hence the poets have had occa- 
 sion to say, 
 
 Tu nifdl invitcL diceSf faeiesve Minerva j 
 and, 
 
 Qui bene placarif Pallade, doefus erit. 
 Minerva was represented in different ways, 
 according to the different chai'acters in which 
 she appealed. She generally appeared with a 
 countenance full more of masculine firmness 
 and composure, than of softness and grace. 
 iVIost usually she was represented with a hel- 
 met on her head, with a large plume nodding 
 in the air. In one hand she held a spear, and 
 in the other a shield, with the dying head of 
 Medusa upon it. Sometimes this Gorgon's 
 head was on her breast-plate, with living ser- 
 pents writliuig round it, as well as round her 
 shield and helmet. In most of her statues she 
 is represented as sitting, and sometimes she 
 holds, in one hand a distaff, instead of a spear^ 
 When she appeared as the goddess of tUe lib€>. 
 
MI 
 
 ral arts, she was arrayed in a variegated veil, 
 which the ancients called peplum. Sometimes 
 Minerva's helmet was covered at the top with 
 the figure of a cock, a bird which, on account 
 of his great courage, is properly sacred to the 
 goddess of war. Some of her statues repre- 
 sented her helmet with a sphinx in the middle, 
 supported on either side by griflBns. In some 
 medals, a chariot drawn by four horses, or 
 sometimes a dragon or a serpent, with winding 
 spires, appear at the top of her helmet. She 
 was partial to the olive tree ; the owl and the 
 cock were her favourite birds, and the dragon 
 among reptiles w^as sacred to her. The func- 
 tions, offices, and actions of Minerva, seem so 
 numerous, that they undoubtedly originate in 
 more than one person. Cicero speaks of five 
 persons of this name ; a Minerva, mother of 
 Apollo ; a daughter of the Nile, who was wor- 
 shipped at Sais, in Egypt ; a third, born from 
 Jupiter's brain; a fourth, daughter of Jupiter 
 and Coryphe ; and a fifth, daughter of Pallas, 
 generally represented with winged shoes. This 
 last put her father to death because he at- 
 tempted her virtue. Pans. 1, 2, 3, fcc— 
 Eorat. 1, od. 16, 1. 3, od. 4.—Virg. Mn. 2, 
 hc.—Strab. 6, 9, and IS.—Phihst. Icon- 2.— 
 Ovid. Fast, S, Lc, Met. 6.—Cic. de JVat. D. 1, 
 c. 15, 1. 3, c. 23, hc—^pollo(l. 1, k,c.~Pm- 
 dar. Olymp. 1.-^Lucan. 9, v. 354.^5ojt7/jocZ. 
 CEdip. —Homer. Jl. kc. Od. Hymn. ad. Pall.— 
 JDiod. b.—Hcsiod. Theog.—JEschyl. in Eum. 
 — Lucian. Dial — Cltm. Mex. Strom. 2. — 
 Orpheus, Hymn. 31.— Q. Sm^n. 14, v. 448. 
 ^Jlpollon. l.—Hygin. fab. 168.— Slat. Thtb. 2, 
 V. 721,1. 7, hc.-^Callim. in Cerer.—JElian, V. 
 
 -Plut. in Lye. &c. 
 
 H. 12.— C. Mp. in Pans. 
 —Thucyd. 1,—Herodot. 5, 
 
 MiNERY^ Castrum, a town of Calabria, 
 
 now Castor.i Promontorium, a cape at the 
 
 most southern extremity of Campania. 
 
 MiNERVALiA, festivals at Rome in honour of 
 Minerva, celebrated in the months of March 
 and June. During the solemnities scholars 
 obtained some relaxation from their studious 
 pursuits, and the present, which it was usual 
 for them to offer to their masters, was called 
 Mmerval, in honour of the goddess Minerva, 
 •who patronized over literature, Varro dt R. 
 -R. 3, c. 2.— Ovid Trist. 3, v. e09,r-Liv, 9, 
 
 MiNio, now Mgrwne, a riyer of Etruria, 
 lallmg into the Tyrrhene sea. Virg. Mi. 10, 
 y. 183.- — One olthe favourites of Antiochus, 
 kmg of Syria. 
 
 MiNN/Ei, a people of Arabia, on the Red sea, 
 Phn. 12, 0. 14. 
 
 MiNo, a town of Sicily, built by Minos, 
 when he was pursuing Daedalus, and called 
 
 also Heracha. A town of Peloponnesus. 
 
 ' A town of Crete. 
 
 MiNois, belonging to Minos. Crete is cal- 
 led Mtnoia regna, as being the legislator's 
 
 kingdom. Virg. JF.n. 6, v. 14. A patrony- 
 
 ^^l?^ Ai'adne. Ovid.Mt.8,\. 157. 
 
 MiNos, a king of Crete, son of Jupiter and 
 f"''5^Pa'^vho gave laws to his subjects B. C. 
 J-lOb, vyhich still remained jn full force in the 
 age ot the philosopher Plato. His justice and 
 moderation procured him the appellation of 
 the favourite of the gods, the confident of Ju- 
 piter, the wise legislator, in every city of 
 urpece ; gjid, according to the poets, he was 
 
 MI 
 
 rewarded for his equity, after death, with 
 the office of supreme and absolute judge 
 in the infernal regions. In this capacity he 
 IS represented sitting in the middle of the 
 shades, and holding a sceptre in his hand. 
 The dead plead their different causes before 
 him, and the impartial judge shakes the fatal 
 urn, which is filled with the destinies of man- 
 kind. He married Ithona, by whom he had 
 Lycastes, who was the fatlier of Minos 2d. 
 Homer. Od. 19, v. 118.- Virg. JEn. 6, v. 432, 
 — Jlpollod. 3, c. 1. — Hygin. fab. 41. — Diod. 4. 
 
 — Horai. 1, od. 28. The 2d. was a son of 
 
 Lycastes, the son of Minos 1. and king of 
 Crete. He married Pasiphae, the daughter 
 of Sol and Perseis, and by her he had many 
 children. He increased his paternal dominions 
 by the conquest of the neiglibourhitg islands, 
 but he showed himself cruel in the war which 
 he carried on against the Athenians, ^vho had 
 put to death his son Androgens. [Vid. An- 
 drogeus. He took Megara by the treachery 
 of Scylla, [Vid. Scylla,] and, not satisfied 
 with a victory, he obliged the vanquished to 
 bring him yeaj-ly to Crete seven chosen boys 
 and the same number of virgins, to be devour- 
 ed by the Minotaur. {Vid. Minotaurus.] 
 This bloody tribute was at last abolished 
 when Theseus had destroyed the monster. 
 [F?rf. Theseus.] When Dtedalus, whose in- 
 dustry and invention had fabricated the laby- 
 rinth, and whose imprudence in assisting Pa- 
 siphae, in the gratification of her unnatural 
 desires, had offended IVIinos, fled from the 
 place of bis confinement with wings, [Vid, 
 Daedalus,] and arrived safe in Sicily, the in- 
 censed monarch pursued the offender, resolved 
 to punish his infidelity. Cocalus, king of 
 Sicily, who had hospitably received Daidalus, 
 entertained his royal guest with dissembled 
 fi-iendship ; and that he might not deliver to 
 him a man whose ingenuity and abilities hs 
 so well knew, he put Minos to death. Some 
 say that it was the daughters of Cocalus who 
 put the king of Crete to death, by detaining 
 him so long in a bath till he fainted, after 
 which they suffocated him. Minos died about 
 35 years before the Trojan war. He was 
 father of Androgens, Glaucus, and Deuca- 
 lion, and two daughters, Phecdia and Ariadne, 
 Many authors have confounded the two raon- 
 aichs of this name, the grandfather and the 
 grandson, but Homer, Plutarch, and Diodo- 
 rus, prove plainly that they were two different 
 persons. Paus. iuJlck. 4, — Plut. in 2'hes. — 
 Hygin. fab. 41.— Ovid. Met. 8, v. 141.— DioJ. 
 4.— Virg JEn. 6, v. 2\.—Plut. in Min.— Mien. 
 Place. 14. 
 
 Minotaurus, a celebrated monster, half 
 a man and half a bull, according to this verse 
 ofOvid, ,^..5. 2, v. 24. 
 
 Semibovemque virum. semivirumque bovem. 
 It was the fruit of pasiphae 's amour with a bull. 
 Minos refused to sacrifice a white bull to iSep- 
 tune, an animal which he had received from 
 the god for that purpose, This offended Nep- 
 tune, and be made Pasiphae, the wife of Mi- 
 nos, enamoured of this fine bull, which had 
 been refused to his altars. Da;dalus prostitu- 
 ted his talents in being subservient to the 
 queen's unnatural desires, and, by his means, 
 Pasiphae's horrible passions were gratified, 
 and the Minotaur came into the world. Mir 
 
 i 
 
MI 
 
 nos confined in the labyrinth a monster which 
 eonvinced the world of his wife's lascivious- 
 ness and indecency, and reflected disgrace 
 upon his family. The Minotaur usually de- 
 voured the chosen young men and maidens, 
 whom the tyranny of Minos yearly exacted 
 from the Athenians, Theseus delivered his 
 country from this shameful tribute, when it 
 had fallen to his lot to be sacrificed to the vo- 
 racity of the Minotaur, and, by means of Ari- 
 adne; tUe king's daughter, he destroyed the 
 monster, and made his escape from the wind- 
 ings of t>ie labyrinth. The fabulous tradition 
 of the Miootaur,and of the infamous commerce 
 of Pasiphae with a favourite bull, has been of- 
 ten esplained. Some suppose that Pasiphae 
 was eaaiaoured of one of her husband's cour- 
 tiers, called Taums, and that Deedalus favoui-- 
 ed the passions of the queen by suffering his 
 house to become the retreat of the two lovers. 
 Pasiphas, some time after, brotight twins into 
 the world, one of whom greatly resembled Mi- 
 nos, and the other Taurus, In the natural re- 
 semblance of their countenance with that of 
 their supposed fathers originated their name^ 
 9.ai consequently the fable of the Minotaur. 
 Odd. Met. S. lab, 2.—Hygin. fab. 40.— Plut. in 
 Thes.—Palaphal.—Virg. JEn. 6, v. 26. 
 
 TvIiNTHE, a daughter of Cocytus, loved by 
 Pluto. Proserpine discovered her husband's 
 amoui, and changed his mistress into an herb, 
 called by the same name, mint. Ovid. Met. 
 10, V, 729, 
 
 MiNTURi^.E, a town of Campania, between 
 Sinuessa and Formiae. It Vvas in the marshes, 
 in its neighbourhood, that Marius concealed 
 himself in the mud, to avoid the partisans of 
 Sylla. The people condemned him to death, 
 but when his voice alone had terrified the ex- 
 ecutioner, they showed themselves compas- 
 sionate, and favoured his escape, Marica was 
 worshipped there, hence maricoe regna applied 
 to the place. Strab. 2. — Mda, 2, c. 4. — Liv. 
 S, c. 10, 1. 10, c. 21, 1. 27, c. ZQ.-^Paterc. 2, c. 
 14. — Lucan. 2, v. 424. 
 
 MiNLTiA, a vestal virgin, accused of de- 
 bauchery on account of the beauty and ele- 
 gance of her dress. She was condemned to 
 be buried alive because a female supported the 
 false accusation, A. U. C. 418. Liv. 8, c. 15. 
 
 A public way from Rome to Brundusium. 
 
 [Vid. Via.] 
 
 MiNCTius, Augurinus, a Roman consul 
 
 slain in a battle against the Samnites. A 
 
 tribune of the people who put Mailius to death 
 when he aspired to the sovereignty of Rome. 
 He was honoured with a brazen statue for caus- 
 ing the corn to be sold at a reduced price to 
 
 the people. Liv. 4, c. 16. — Plin. 18, c. 3. 
 
 Rufus, a master of horse to the dictator Fa- 
 bius Maximus. His disobedience to the com- 
 mands of the dictator was productive of an ex- 
 tension of his prerogative, and the master of 
 the horse was declared equal in power to the 
 dictator. Minutius, soon after this, fought witli 
 ill success against Annibal, and was saved by 
 the interference of Fabius : which circum- 
 stance had such an effect upon him that he laid 
 down his power at the feet of his deliverer, 
 und swore that he would never act again but 
 by his directions. He was killed at the battle 
 of Cannae. Liv. — C. JVtp.in .Inn. A Ro- 
 man consul who defended Conolauus from 
 
 MI 
 
 the insults of the people, he. Another, de- 
 feated by the .iS^qui, and disgraced by the dic- 
 tator Cincinnatus. An officer under Ceesar, 
 
 in Gaul, who afterwards became one of the 
 conspirators against his patron. Cos. B. G. 6, 
 
 c. 29. A tribune who warmly opposed the 
 
 views of C. Gracchus. A Roman chosea 
 
 dictator, and obliged to lay down his office, 
 because, during the time of his election, the 
 
 sudden cry of a rat was heard. A Roman, 
 
 one of the first who were chosen quaestors. 
 
 Felix, an African lawyer, who flourished 
 
 207 A. D. He has Avritten an elegant dialogue 
 in defence of the Christian religion, called 
 Octavius, from the principal speaker in it. 
 This book was long attributed to Arnobius, 
 and even printed as an 8th book (Ociavus) till 
 Balduinus discovered the imposition in his 
 edition of Felix, 1560. The two last editions 
 are that of Davies, 8vo. Cantab, 1712 ; and of 
 Grouovius, 8vo. L. Bat, 1709. 
 
 MiNV^, a name given to the inhabitants of 
 Orchomenos, in Boeotia, from Minyas, king of 
 the country. Orchomenos, the son of Miny- 
 as, gave his name to the capital of the coun- 
 try, and the inhabitants still retained their ori- 
 ginal appellation in contradistinction to the 
 Orchomenians of Arcadia. A colony of Or- 
 chomenians passed into Thessaly, and settled 
 in lolchos ; from which circumstance the peo- 
 ple of the place, and particularly the Argo- 
 nauts, were called Minyas. This name they 
 received, according to the opinion of some, 
 not because a number of Orchomenians had 
 settled among them, but because the chief and 
 noblest of them were descended from the 
 daughters of Minyas. Part of the Orchome- 
 nians accompanied the sons of Codrus when 
 they migrated to Ionia. The descendants of 
 the Argonauts, as well as the Argonauts them- 
 selves, received the xiame of Minyee. They 
 first inhabited Lemnos, where they had been 
 born from the Lemnian women w ho had mur- 
 dered their husbands. They were driven 
 from Lemnos by the Pelasgi about 1160 years 
 before the Christian era, and came to settle in 
 Laconia, from whence they passed into Cal- 
 liste with a colony of Lacedaemonians. Hygin. 
 fab. 14. — Pans. 9, c. 6. — .Mpollan. 1, arg. — 
 Herodot. 4, c. 145. 
 
 Mjnvas, a king of Boeotia, son of Neptune 
 and Tritegonia, the daughter of jEoIus. Some 
 make him the son of INeptune and Callirrhoe, 
 orofChryses, iNeptune's son, and Chrj-soge- 
 nia, the daughter of Halmus. He married 
 Clytodora, by whom he had Presbon, Pericly- 
 menus, and Eteoclymenus. He was father of 
 Orchomenos, Diochithondes, and Athamas, by 
 a second marriage with Phanasora, the daugh- 
 ter of Paon. According to Plutarch and Ovid, 
 he had three daughters, called Leuconoe, Al- 
 cithoe, and Leucippe. They were changed 
 into bats. [Vid. Mineides.] Pans. 9, c. 36. 
 —Plut. (lucest. Grac. 38.— Ovid. Met. 4, v. 1 
 and 468. 
 
 MiNYcus, a river of Thessaly falling into 
 the sea near Arene, called afterwards Orcho- 
 menos. Homtr. II. 11. — Strab. 8. 
 
 Mjnveides. [Fid. Mineides.] 
 
 ?,IiNYiA, a festival observed at Orchome- 
 nos in honour of Minyas, the king of the 
 place. The Orchomenians were called Mi- 
 nytC; and the river upon whose banks thei*' 
 
MI 
 
 town was built, Mynos. A small island near 
 
 Patmos. 
 
 MiNYTUS, one of Niobe's sons. Apollod. 
 
 Ml RACES, an eunuch of Parthia, he. Flacc. 
 6, V. 690. 
 
 MisENUM or MisENus. [VidiMlsenns.'] 
 
 MisENus, a son of ^olus, who was piper 
 to Hector. After Hector's death he followed 
 jEneas to Italy, and was drowned on the coast 
 of Campania, Isecause he had challenged one 
 of the Tritons. iEneas afterwards found his 
 body on the sea-shore, and buried it on a pro- 
 montory which bears his name, now Miseno. 
 There was also a town of the same name on 
 the promontory, at the west of the bay of Na- 
 ples, and it had also a capacious harbour, 
 where Augustus and some of the Roman em- 
 perors generally kept stationed one of their 
 fleets, rirg. JEn. 3, v. 239, 1. 6, v. 164 and 
 234. — Strah. 6.— Mela, 2, c. 4. — Liv. 24, c. 13. 
 —Tacit. H. 2, c. 9, M. 15, c 51. 
 
 MisiTHEus, a Roman, celebrated for his 
 virtues and his misfortunes. He was father- 
 in-law to the emperor Gordian, whose coun- 
 sels and actions he guided by his prudence and 
 moderation. He was sacrificed to the ambi- 
 tion of Philip, a wicked senator, who succeed- 
 ed him as praefect of the praetorian guards. 
 He died A. D. 243, and left all his possessions 
 to be appropriated for the good of the public. 
 
 MiTBRAS, a god of Persia, supposed to be 
 the sun, or according to others, Venus Urania. 
 His worship was introduced at Rome, and the 
 Romans raised him altars, on which was this 
 inscription, Deo Soli MitlircR, or Soli Deo in- 
 victo Milhrce. He is generally represenU.d as 
 a young man, whose head is covered \v:'h a 
 turban, after the manner of the Persian?. He 
 supports his knee upon a bull that lies en the 
 ground, and one of whose horns he holds in 
 one hand, while with the other he plunges a 
 dagger into his neck. Stat. Theh. 1, v. 720. — 
 Curt. 4, c. 13. — Claudian.de Laud. Slil. 1. 
 
 MiTHRACENSES, a Pcrsiau who fled to Al- 
 exander after the murder of Darius by Bessus. 
 Curl. 5. 
 
 MiTHRADATEs, a herdsman of Astyages, 
 ordered to put young Cyrus to death. He re- 
 fused, and educated him at home as his own 
 son, &.C. Herodot. Judin. 
 
 MiTHRENES, a Persian who betrayed Sar- 
 des, &:c. Curt. 3. 
 
 MiTHRiDATEs Ist, was the third king of 
 Pontus. He was tributaiy to the crown of 
 Persia, and his attempts to make himself in- 
 dependent proved fruitless. He was con- 
 quered in a battle, and obtained peace with 
 difficulty. Xenophon calls him merely a 
 governor of Cappadocia. He was succeeded 
 by Ariobarzanes, B. C. 363. Diod.—Xenoph. 
 The second of that name, king of Pon- 
 tus, was grandson to Mithridates I. He made 
 himself master of Pontus, which had been con- 
 quered by Alexander, and been ceded to Anti- 
 gonus at the general division of the Macedo- 
 nian empire among the conquerors generals. 
 Tie reigned about 26 years, and died at the ad- 
 vanced age of 84 years, B. C. 302. He was 
 succeeded by his son Mithridates III. Some 
 say that Antigonus put him to death, because 
 he favoured the cause of Cassander. Jippian. 
 j^fith. — Diod. Tiie HI was son of the pre- 
 ceding monarch. He enlarged his paternal 
 
 MI 
 
 possessldns by the conquest of Cappadocia and 
 Paphlagonia, and died after a reign of 36 years, 
 Diod. The IV. succeeded his father Ario- 
 barzanes, who was the son of Mithridates III. 
 
 The V. succeeded his father Mithridates 
 
 IV. and strengthened himself on his throne by 
 an alliance with Antiochus the Great, whose 
 daughter Laodice he married. He was suc- 
 ceeded by his son Pharnaces. The VI, suc- 
 ceeded his father Pharnaces. He was the first 
 of the kings of Pontus who made alliance with 
 the Romans. He furnisned them with a fleet 
 in tiie third Punic war, and assisted them 
 against Aristonicus,who had laid claim to the 
 kingdom of Pergamus. This fidelity was re- 
 warded ; he was called Evergetes, and recei- 
 ved from the Roman people the province of 
 Phrygia Major, and was called the friend and 
 ally of Rome. He was murdered B. C. 123. 
 
 Appian. Miihr. — Justin. 37, he. The VII. 
 
 surnamed Eupator, and The Great, succeeded 
 his father Mithridates VI. though only at the 
 age of 11 years. The beginning of his reign 
 wasmai'kedby ambition, cruelty, and artifice. 
 He murdered his own mother, who had been 
 left by his father coheiress of the kingdom, and 
 he fortified his constitution by drinking anti- 
 dotes against the poison with which his ene- 
 mies at court attempted to destroy him. He 
 early inured his body to hardship, and employ- 
 ed himself in many manly exercises, often re- 
 maining whole months in the country, and ma- 
 king the frozen snow and the earth the place 
 of his repose. Naturally ambitious and cruel, 
 he spared no pains to acquire himself power 
 and dominion. He murdered the two sons 
 whom his sister Laodice had hadby Ariarathes, 
 king of Cappadocia, and placed one of his own 
 children, only eight years old, on the vacant 
 throne. These violent proceedings alarmed 
 Nicomedes, kingof Bithynia, who had married 
 Laodice, the widow of Ariarathes. He sub- 
 orned a youth to be king of Cappadocia, as the 
 third son of Ariarathes, and Laodice was sent 
 to Rome to impose upon the senate, and assure 
 them that her third son was now alive, and that 
 his pretensions to the kingdom of Cappadocia 
 were just and well grounded. Mithridates used 
 the same arms of dissimulation. He also sent 
 to Rome Gordius, the governor of his son, who 
 solemnly declared before the Roman people, 
 that the youth who sat on the throne of Cappa- 
 docia was the third son and lawful heir of Ari- 
 arathes, and that he was supported as such by 
 Mithridates. This intricate affair displeased the 
 Roman senate, and, finally to settle the dispute 
 between the two monarchs, the powerful ar- 
 biters took away the kingdom of Cappadocia 
 from Mithridates, and Paj)hlagonia from Ni- 
 comedes. These two kingdoms being thus 
 separated from their original possessors, were 
 presented with their freedom and indepen- 
 dence ; but the Cappadocians refused it, and 
 received Ariobarzanes for king. Such were 
 the first seeds of enmity between Rome and the 
 king of Pontus. [Vid. Mithridaticum helium.] 
 Mithridates never lost an opportunity by which 
 he might lessen the influence of his adversa- 
 ries ; and the more effectually to destroy their 
 power in Asia, he ordered all the Romans that 
 were in his dominions to be massacred. This 
 was done in one night, and no less than 150,000, 
 according to Plutarch, or 80,00a Romans, as 
 
MI 
 
 Appian mentions, were made, at one blow, 
 the victims of his cruelty. This universal mas- 
 sacre called aloud for revenge. Aquilius, and 
 soon after Sylla, marched against Mithridates 
 with a lai-ge army. The former was made 
 prisoner, but Sylla obtained a victory over the 
 king's generals, and another decisive engage- 
 ment rendered him master of all Greece, Ma- 
 cedonia, Ionia, and Asia Minor, which had 
 submitted to the victorious arms of the mon- 
 arch of Pontus. This ill-fortune was aggrava- 
 ted by the loss of about 2(X).000 men, who were 
 killed in the several engagements that had 
 been fought ; and Mithridates, weakened by 
 repeated ill success by sea and land, sued for 
 peace from the conqueror, which he obtained 
 on condition of defraying the expenses which 
 the Romans had incurred by the war, and of 
 remaining satisfied with the possessions which 
 he had received from his ancestors. While 
 these negociations of peace were carried on, 
 Mithridates was not unmindful of his real in- 
 terest. His poverty, and not his inclinations, 
 obliged him to wish for peace. He immedi- 
 ately took the field with an army of 140,000 
 infantry, and 16,000 horse, which consisted of 
 his own forces and those of his son-in-law 
 Tigranes, king of Armenia. Vvith such a nu- 
 merous army, he soon made himself master 
 of-the Roman provinces in Asia ; none dared 
 to oppose his conquests, and the Romans, re- 
 lying on his fidelity; had withdrawn the great- 
 est part of their armies from the country. 
 The news of his warlike preparations was no 
 sooner heard, than LucuUus, the consul, 
 marched into Asia, and without delay, he 
 blocked up the camp of Mithridates, who was 
 then besieging Cyzicus. The Asiatic mon- 
 arch escaped from him, and fled into the 
 heart of his kingdom. LucuUus pursued him 
 with the utmost celerity, and would have 
 taken him prisoner after a battle, had not the 
 avidity of his soldiers preferred tlie plundering 
 of a mule loaded with gold, to the taking of a 
 monarch who had exercised such cruelties 
 against their countrymen, and shown himself 
 so faithless to the most solemn engagements. 
 After this escape, Mithridates was more care- 
 ful about the safety of his person, and he even 
 ordered his wives and sisters to destroy them- 
 selves, fearful of their falling into the enemy's 
 bands. The appointment of Glabrio to the 
 command of the Roman forces, instead of 
 LucuUus, was favourable to Mithridates, and 
 he recovered the greatest part of his dominions. 
 The sudden arrival of Pompey, hov.ever, 
 soon put an end to his victories. A battie, in 
 the night, was fought near the Euphrates, in 
 which the troops of Pontus laboured under 
 every disadvantage. The engagement was by 
 mooii-light, and as the moon then shone in 
 the face of the enemy, the lengthened shadows 
 of the arms of the Romans having induced 
 Mithridates to believe that the two armies 
 Were close together, the arrows of his soldiers 
 were darted from a great distance, and their 
 ettbrts rendered inelloctual. An universal 
 overthrow ensued, and Mithridates, bold in 
 his misfortunes, rushed through the thick 
 ranks of the enemy, at the iiead of 800 horse- 
 men, 500 of wiiich perished in the attempt to 
 foUow him. He fled to Tigranes, but that 
 monarch refused an asylum to his father-in- 
 
 MI 
 
 law, whom he had before supported with all 
 the coUected forces of his kingdom. Mithri- 
 dates found a safe retreat among the Scythians, 
 and, though destitute of power, friends, and 
 rosources, yet he meditated the destruction of 
 the Roman empire, by penetrating into the 
 heart of Italy by land. These wild projects 
 were rejected by his followers, and he sued 
 for peace. It was denied to his ambassadors, 
 and the victorious Pompey declared, that, to 
 obtain it, Mithridates must ask it in person. 
 He scorned to trust himself in the hands of 
 his enemy, and resolved to conquer or to die. 
 His subjects i-efused to follow him any longer, 
 and they revolted from him, and made his son 
 Pharnaces king. The son showed himself mi- 
 grateful to his father, and even, according to 
 some writers, he ordered him to be put to 
 death. This unnatural treatment broke the 
 heart of Mithridates ; he obliged his wife to 
 poison herself, and attempted to do the same 
 himself. It was in vain ; the frequent anti- 
 dotes he had taken in the early part of his life, 
 strengthened his constitution against the poi- 
 son, and, when this was unavailing, he at- 
 tempted to stab himself. The blow was not 
 mortal ; and a Gaul, who was then present, at 
 his own request, gave him the fatal stroke, 
 about 63 years before the christian era, in the 
 72d year of his age. Such were the misfor- 
 tunes, abilities, and miserable end of a man, 
 who supported himself so long against the 
 power of Rome, and who, according to the 
 declaration of the Roman authors, proved a 
 more powerful and indefatigable adversary to 
 the capital of Italy, than the great Annibd, 
 and Pyrrhus, Perseus, or Antiochus. Mithri- 
 dates has been commended for his eminent 
 virtues, and censured for his vices. As a 
 commander he deserves the most unbounded 
 applause, and it may create admiration to see 
 him waging war with such success during so 
 many years, against the most pow^erful people 
 on earth, led to the field by a Sylla, a Lucul- 
 lus, and a Pompey. He was the greatest 
 monarch that ever sat on a throne, according 
 to the opinion of Cicero ; and, indeed, no 
 better proof of his militaiy character can be 
 brought, than the mention of the great re- 
 joicings which happened in the Roman armies 
 and in the capital at the news of his death. 
 No less than twelve days were appointed for 
 public thanksgivings to the immortal gods, and 
 Pompey, who had sent the first intelligence of 
 his death to Rome, and who had partly has- 
 tened his fall, was rewarded with the most un- 
 common honours. [Vid. Ampia lex.] It is 
 said, that Mithridates conquered 24 nations, 
 whose different languages he knew, and spoke 
 with the same ease and fluency as his own. 
 As a man of letters he also deserves attention. 
 He was acquainted with the Greek language, 
 and even wrote in that dialect a treatise on 
 botany. His skill in physic is well known, and 
 even now there is a celebrated antidote which 
 bears his name, and is called MUhridate. 
 Superstition, as well as nature, had united to 
 render him great; and if we rely upon the 
 authority of Justin, his birth was accompani- 
 ed by the appearance of two large comets, 
 whioh were seen for seventy days successive- 
 ly, aud whose splendour eclipsed the mid-day 
 sun, and covered the fourth-part of the 
 
M! 
 
 heavens. Justin. 37, c. 1, &.c. — Strab. — 
 Diod. 14.— Flor. 3, c. 5, &ic.—Plut. in Syll. 
 Luc. Mar. .^ Pomp. — Vol. Max. 4, c. 6, &c. 
 '—Dio. 30, &.C. — jippidn. Mithrid. — Plin. 2, 
 c. 97, 1. 7, c. 24, 1. 25, c. 2, 1. 33, c. 3, &;c.— 
 Cic. pro Man. &-c. — Paterc. 2, c. 18. — Eu- 
 
 trop. 5. — Joseph. 14. — Oros. 6, &.c, A king 
 
 of Parthia, who took Demetrius prisoner, 
 ——A man made king of Armenia by Tiberi- 
 us. He was afterwards imprisoned by Cali- 
 gula, and set at liberty by Claudius. He was 
 murdered by one of his own nephews, and his 
 family w^ere involved in his ruin. Tacit. Ann. 
 
 Another, king of Armenia. A king 
 
 of Pergamus, who warmly embraced the 
 cause of J. Caesar, and was made king of 
 Bosphorus by him. Some supposed him to 
 be the son of the great Mithridates by a con- 
 cubine. He was murdered, &c. A king 
 
 of Iberia. Another of Comagena. A 
 
 celebrated king of Parthia, who enlarged his 
 possessions by the conquest of some of the 
 neighbouring countries. He examined with a 
 careful eye the constitution and political regu- 
 lations of the nations he had conquered, and 
 framed from them, for the service of his own 
 subjects, a code of laws. Justin. — Orosius. 
 
 Another, who murdered his father, and 
 
 made himself master of the crown. A king 
 
 of Pontus, put to death by order of Galba, &tc. 
 
 A man in the armies of Artaxerxes. He 
 
 was rewarded by the monarch for having 
 wounded Cyrus the younger ; but, when he 
 boasted he had killed him, he Avas cruelly put 
 
 to death. Plut. in Artax. A son of Ario- 
 
 barzanes, who basely murdered Datames. C. 
 JVep. in Dot. 
 
 MiTHRiDATicuM Bellum, begun 89 years 
 B. C. was one of the longest and most cele- 
 brated wars ever carried on by the Romans 
 against a foreign power. The ambition of 
 IWithridates, from whom it receives its name, 
 may be called the cause and origin of it. 
 His views upon the kingdom of Cappadocia, 
 of which he was stripped by the Romans, 
 first engaged him to take up arms against the 
 republic. Three Roman officers, L. Cassius, 
 the proconsul, M. Aquilius, and Q. Oppius, op- 
 posed Mithridates with the troops of Bithynia, 
 Cappadocia, Paphlagonia, and Gallo-graecia. 
 The army of these provinces, together with 
 the Roman soldiers in Asia, amounted to 
 70,000 men, and 6000 horse. The forces of 
 the king of Pontus were greatly superior to 
 these ; he led 250,000 foot, 40,000 horse, and 
 130 armed chariots, into the field of battle, un- 
 der the command of Neoptoleraus and Arche- 
 laus. His fleet consisted of 400 ships of war, 
 well manned and provisioned. In an engage- 
 ment the king of Pontus obtained the victory, 
 and dispersed the Roman forces in Asia. He 
 became master of the greatest part of Asia, 
 and the Hellespont submitted to his power. 
 Two of the Roman generals were taken, and 
 M. Aquilius, who was the principal cause of 
 the war, was carried about in Asia, and expos- 
 ed to the ridicule and insults of the populace, 
 and at last put to death by Mithridates, who 
 ordered melted gold to be poured down his 
 throat, as a slur upon the avidity of the Ro- 
 mans. The conqueror took every possible 
 advantage ; he subdued all the islands of the 
 .'Egcan .sea, and, though Rhodes refused to 
 
 MI 
 
 submit to his power, yet all Greece was sodrt 
 over-run by his general Archelaus, and made? 
 tributary to the kingdom of Pontus. Mean- 
 while the Romans, incensed against Mithri- 
 dates on account of his perfidy, and of his 
 cruelty in massacring 80,000 of their country- 
 men in one day all over Asia, appointed Syl- 
 la to march into the east. Sylla landed in 
 Greece, where the inhabitants readily ac- 
 knowledged his power; but Athens shut her 
 gates agamstthe Roman commander, and Ar- 
 chelaus, who defended it, defeated, with the 
 greatest courage, all the efforts and opera- 
 tions of the enemy. This spirited defence 
 was of short duration. Archelaus retreated 
 into Boeotia, where Sylla soon followed him. 
 The two hostile armies drew up in a line of 
 battle near Chaeronea, and the Romans ob- 
 tained the victory, and, of the almost innu- 
 merable forces of the Asiatics, no more than 
 10,000 escaped. Another battle in Tliessaly, 
 near Orchomenos, proved equally fatal to the 
 king of Pontus. Dorylaus, one of his gene- 
 rals, was defeated, and he soon after sued for 
 peace. Sylla listened to the terms of ac- 
 commodation, as his presence at Rome was 
 now become necessary to quell the commotions 
 and cabals which his enemies had raised against 
 him. He pledged himself to the king of Pon- 
 tus to confirm liim in the possession of his do- 
 minions, and to procure him the title of friend 
 and ally of Rome ; and Mithridates consented 
 to relinquish Asia and Paphlagonia, to deliver 
 Cappadocia to Ariobarzanes, and Bithynia to 
 Kicomedes, and to pay to the Romans 2000 
 talents to defray the expenses of the war, 
 and to deliver into their hands 70 galiies 
 with all their rigging. Though Mithridates 
 seemed to have re-established peace in his 
 dominions, yet Fimbria, whose sentiments 
 were contrary to those of Sylla, and who 
 made himself master of an army by intrigue 
 and oppression, kept him under continual 
 alarms, and rendered the existence of his 
 power precarious. Sylla, who had returned 
 from Greece to ratify the treaty which had 
 been made with Mithridates, rid the world 
 of the tyrannical Fimbria; and the king of 
 Pontus, awed by the resolution and deter- 
 mined firmness of his adversary, agreed to 
 the conditions, though with reluctance. The 
 hostile preparations of Mithridates, which 
 continued in the time of peace, became sus- 
 pected by the Romans, and Mura?na, who 
 was left as governor of Asia in Sylla's ab- 
 sence, and who wished to make himself 
 known by some conspicuous action, began 
 hostilities by taking Comana, and plundering 
 the temple of Bellona. Mithridates did not 
 oppose him, but he complained of the breach 
 of peace before the Roman senate. Mtirsena 
 was publicly reprimanded; but as he did not 
 cease from hostilities, it was easily understood 
 that he acted ^y the private directions of the 
 Roman people. The king upon this marched 
 against him, and a battle was fought, in which 
 both the adversaries claimed the victory. This 
 was the last blow which the king of Pontus 
 received in tliis war, which is called the se- 
 cond Mithridatic war, and which continued 
 for about three years. SyMa, at that time, 
 was made perpetual dictator at Rome, and he 
 commanded Murjena to retire from tlie king- 
 
Ml 
 
 dona of Mithridates. The death of Sylla 
 changed the face of affairs ; the treaty of peace 
 between the king of Pontus and the Roomns- 
 which had never been committed to writing, 
 demanded frequent explanations, and Mithri- 
 dates at last threw oft' the mask of friendship, 
 and <?eclared war. Nicomedes, at his death, 
 left his kingdom to the Romans, but Mithri- 
 dates disputed their right to the possessions of 
 the deceased monarch, and entered the field 
 with 120,000 men, besides a fleet of 400 ships 
 in his ports, 16,000 horsemen to follow him, 
 and 100 chariots armed with scythes. Lucul- 
 lus was appointed over Asia, and intrusted 
 with the care of the Mithridatic war. His 
 valour and prudence showed his merit ; and 
 Mithridates, in his vain attempts totakeCyzi- 
 cum, lost no less than 300,000 men. ; Success 
 continually attended the Roman arms. The 
 king of Pontus was defeated in several bloody 
 engagements, and with difficulty saved his life, 
 and retired to his son-in-law Tigranes, king of 
 Armenia. Lucullus pursued him, and, when 
 his application for the person of the fugitive 
 monarch had been despised by Tigranes, he 
 marched to the capital of Armenia, and terri- 
 fied, by his sudden approach, the numerous 
 forces of the enemy. A battle ensued. The 
 Romans obtained an easy victory, and no less 
 than 100,00(» foot of the Armenians perished, 
 and only five men of the Romans were killed. 
 Tigranocerla, the rich capital of the country, 
 fell into the conqueror's hands. After such 
 signal victories, Lucullus had the mortification 
 to see his own ti*oops mutiny, and to be dis- 
 possessed of the command by the arrival of 
 Pompey. The new general showed himself 
 worthy to succeed Lucullus. He defeated Mi- 
 thridates, and rendered hisaffaire so desperate, 
 that the monarch fled for safety into the coun- 
 try of the Scythians, where, for a while, he 
 meditated the ruin of the Roman empire, and 
 with more wildness than prudence, secretly 
 resolved to invade Italy by land, and march 
 an army across the northern wilds of Asia 
 and Europe to the Apennines. Not CMily the 
 kingdom of Mithridates had fallen into the 
 enemy's hands, but also all the neighbouring 
 kings and princes were subdued, and Pompey 
 saw prostrate at his feet Tigranes himself, that 
 king of kings, who had lately treated the Ro- 
 mans with such contempt. Meantime, the 
 wild projects of Mithridates terrified his sub- 
 jects ; and they, fearful to accompany him in 
 a march of above 2000 miles across a barren 
 and uncultivated country, revolted and made 
 his son king. The monarch, forsaken in his 
 old age, even by his own children, put an end 
 to his life, (Vid. Mithridates VII.) and j^ave 
 the Romans cause to rejoice, as the third Mith- 
 ridatic war was ended in his fall B. C. 63. 
 Such were the unsuccessful struggles of Mith- 
 ridates against the power of Rome. He was 
 always full of resources, and the Romans had 
 never a greater or more dangerous war to 
 sustain. The duration of the Mithridatic war 
 is not precisely known. According to Justin, 
 Orosius, Florus, and Eutropius, it lasted for 
 forty years ; but the opinion of others, who 
 fix its duration to 30 years, is far more credi- 
 ble ; and, indeed, by proper calculation, there 
 elapsed no more than 26 years from the time 
 ^hat Mithridates fir-t entered th*^ field against 
 5G 
 
 MI 
 
 the Romans, till the time of his d^th. Jip~ 
 pian. in Afithrid. — Justin. 37, &;c. — Flor. 2, 
 i^c. — Lit'. — Plut. in Luc. he. — Orosius. — Pa- 
 terc. — Dion. 
 
 MiTHRioATis, a daughter of Mithridates 
 the Great. She was poisoned by her father. 
 
 Mithrobarzanes, a king of Armenia, kc. 
 An officer sent by Tigranis against Lu- 
 cullus, &c. Piul. The father-in-law of 
 
 Datamas. 
 
 MiTVLENE and MiTVLENa:, the capital city 
 of the island of Lesbos, which receives its 
 name from Mitylene, the daughter of Meca- 
 reus, a king of the country. It Avas greatly 
 commended by the ancients for the stateliness 
 of its buildings, and fruitfulness of its soil, 
 but more particularly for the great men it pro- 
 duced. Pittacus, Alcaeus, Sappho, Terpander, 
 Theophanes, Hellenicus, k,c. were all natives 
 of Mitylene. It was long a seat of learning, 
 and, with Rhodes and Athens, it had the hon- 
 our of having educated many of the great 
 men of Rome and Greece. In the Pelopon- 
 nesian war the Mityleneans suffered greatly 
 for their revolt from the power of Athens; 
 and in the Mithridatic wars, they had the 
 boldness to resist the Romans, and disdain the 
 treaties which had been made between Mithri- 
 dates and Sylla. Cic. de leg. ag. — Strab. 13. 
 —Mela, 2, c. l.—Diod. 3 and 12.-— Paterc. 1, 
 c. 4.—Horat. 1, od. 7, kc.— Thucyd. 3, &-c.— - 
 Plut. in Pomp. he. 
 
 MiTYs, a man whose statue fell upon his 
 murderer and crushed him to death, he. Arts- 
 tot. 10, dc Poet. A river of Macedonia. 
 
 MizJEi, a people of Elymai&. 
 
 Mnasalces, a Greek poet, who wrote ep- 
 igrams. Athen. — Strab. 
 
 Mnasias, an historian of Phcenicia. 
 
 Another of Colophon. A third of Patrae, 
 
 in Achaia, who flourished 141 B. C. 
 
 Mxasicles, a general of Thymbro, &c. 
 Diod 58. 
 
 Mnasilus, a youth who assisted Chromis 
 to tie the old Silenus, whom they found asleep 
 in a cave. Some imagine that Virgil spoke of 
 Varus under th.e name of Mnasilus. Virg, 
 Ed. 6, V. 13. 
 
 MnASippiDAs, a Lacedaemonian who im- 
 posed upon the credulity of the people, he 
 PolycBu. 
 
 Mnasippus, a Lacedaemonian sent with 
 a fleet of 65 sliips and 1500 men to Corcyra, 
 where he was killed, he. Diod. 15. 
 
 Mnasitheus, a friend of Aratus. 
 
 MflAsoN, a tyrant ofElatia. who gave 1200 
 pieces of gold for twelve pictures of twelve 
 gods to Asclepiodorus. Plin. 35, c. 16. 
 
 Mnasyeicm, a place in Rhodes. Strab. 14. 
 
 Mne.von, a surname given to Artaxerxes, 
 on account of his retentive memory. C. Aep. 
 in Reg. A Rhodian. 
 
 Mnkmosvne, a daughter of Ccelus and 
 Terra, mother of the nine Muses, by .lupiter, 
 who assumed the form of a shepherd to enjoy 
 her company. The word Mnemosyne signifies 
 memory f and therefore the poets have rightly- 
 called memory tlie mothsr of the muses, be- 
 cause it is to that mental endowment that 
 mankind are indebted for their progress in 
 science. Ovid. Met. 6, fab. 4.— Pindar. Islh. 
 
 Q.— Hcsiod. Theog.—Jipollod. 1, c. 1, &-c. 
 
 A fouutaia of Boeotia, whose waters were gc- 
 
MCE 
 
 jierally drunk by those who consulted the 
 oracle of Trophonius. Paus. 9, c. 39. 
 
 Mnesarchus, a celebrated philosopher of 
 Greece, pupil to Panaetius, &c. Cic. de Oral. 
 I, c. 11. 
 
 Mnesidamus, an officer who conspired 
 against the lieutenant of Demetrius. Poiy- 
 an. 5. 
 
 Mnesilaus, a son of Pollux and Phoebe. 
 £pollod. 
 
 Mnesimache, a daughter of Dexamenus 
 kingof Olenus, courted by Eurytion, whom 
 Hercules killed. Apollod. 2. 
 
 Mnesimachus, a comic poet. 
 
 Mnester, a frecdman of Agrippina, who 
 murdered himself at the death of his mistress. 
 Tacit. M. 14, c. 9. 
 
 Mnestheus, a Trojan, descended from 
 Assaracus. He obtained the prize given to 
 the best sailing vessel by ^neas, at the fune- 
 ral games of Anchises, in Sicily, and became 
 the f)rogenitor of the family of the Memmii 
 
 at Rome. Virg. JEn. 4, v. 116, &c. A 
 
 son of Peteus. [Vid. Menestheus.] A 
 
 freedman of Aurelian, &.c. Euirop. 9. — 
 .^ur Vict. 
 
 Mnestia, a daughter of Danaus. ^pollod. 
 
 Mnestra, a mistress of Cimon. 
 
 MxEVis, a celebrated bull, sacred to the sun, 
 in the town of Heiiopolis. He was wor- 
 shipped with the same superstitious ceremo- 
 nies as Apis, and, at his death, he received 
 the most magnificent funeral. He was the 
 emblem of Osiris. Diod. 1. — Plut. dt hid. 
 
 Moaphernes, the uncle of Strabo's mo- 
 ther, &c. Strab. 12. 
 
 MoDESTus, a Latin writer, whose book 
 
 MO 
 
 De re Militarih&s been elegantly edited in two 
 vols. 8vo, Vesaliaj. 1670. 
 
 Modia, a rich widow at Rome. Juv. 3, 
 V.130, 
 
 M(EciA, one of the tribes at Rome. Liv. 
 8, c. 17. 
 
 McENus, now Mayne, a river of Germany, 
 which falls into the Rhine by Mentz. Tacit, 
 de Germ, 28. 
 
 McERAGETEs, factoTum ductoT^ a surname 
 of Jujnter. Paus. 5, c. 15. 
 
 Mceris, a king of India, who fled at the ap- 
 proach of Alexander. Curt. 9, c. 8. A 
 
 steward of the shepherd Menalcas in Virgil's 
 
 Ed. 9. A king of Egypt. He was the last 
 
 of the 300 kings from Menes to Sesostris, and 
 reigned 68 years. Herodoi. 2, c. 13. A ce- 
 lebrated lake in Egypt, supposed to have been 
 dug by the king of the same name. It is about 
 220 miles in circumference, and intended as a 
 reservoir for the superfluous waters during the 
 inundation of the Nile. There were two py- 
 ramids in it, 600 feet high, half of which lay 
 under the water, and the other appeared above 
 the surface. Herodot. 2, c. 4, &c. — Mela, 1, 
 c. 6.— P/in. 36, c. 12. 
 
 M(EDi, a people of Thrace, conquered by 
 Philip of Macedonia. 
 
 MffioN, a Sicilian, who poisoned Agatho- 
 cles, he. 
 
 McERA, a dog. [Vid. Mera.] 
 
 McEsiA, a country of Europe, bounded on 
 the south by the mountains of Dalmatia, north 
 by mount Ha?mus, extending from the con- 
 fluence of the Snvus and the Danube to the 
 shores of the Kuxhio. It M'as divided into 
 
 Upper find Lower Mcesia. Lower Mcesia was 
 on the borders of the Euxine, and contained 
 that tract of country which received the name 
 of Pontus from its vicinity to the sea, and 
 which is now part of Bulgaria. Upper Mcesia 
 lies beyond the other, in the inland country, 
 now called Servia. Plin. 3, c. 26. — Virg. G. 1, 
 V. 102. 
 
 MoLEiA, a festival in Arcadia, in comme- 
 moration of a battle in which Lycurgus ob- 
 tained the victory. 
 
 Moi.ioN, a Trojan prince who distinguished 
 himself in the defence of his country against 
 the Greeks, as the friend and companion of 
 Thymbreeus. They were slain by Ulysses and 
 Diomedes. f/omer. //. 11, v. 320. 
 
 MoLioNE, the wife of Actor, son of Phor- 
 bas. She became mother of Ctealus and Eu- 
 rytus, who, from her, are called Molionides, 
 Paus. 8, c. 14, — Apollod. 2, c 7. 
 
 MoLo, a philosopher of Rhodes, called also 
 Apollonius, Some are of opinion that Apol- 
 lonius and Molo are two different persons, 
 who were both natives of Alabanda, and dis- 
 ciples of Menecles, of the same place. They 
 both visited Rhodes, and there opened a 
 school, but Molo flourished some time after 
 Apollonius. Molo had Cicero and J. Caesar 
 among his pupils. [Firf. Apollonius.] Cic.de 
 
 Oral. A prince of Syria, who revolted 
 
 against Antiochus, and killed himself when his 
 rebellion was attended with ill success. 
 MoLOEis, a river of Bceotia, near Plataea. 
 MoLORCHUs, an old shepherd near Cleo- 
 nee, who received Hercules with great hospi- 
 tality. The hero, to repay the kindness he 
 received, destroyed the JNemaean lion, which 
 laid waste the neighbouring country , and there- 
 fore, the JNemaean games, instituted on this 
 occasion, are to be understood by the words 
 Lucus Molorchi. There were two festivals 
 instituted in his honour, called Malorchece. 
 Martial. 9, ep. 44, 1, 14, ep. 44. — jlpollod. 
 2,c.5.— Firg. G.3,\'.19.^Stat. Theb. 4, v. 
 160. 
 
 MoLossr, a people of E{)irus, who inha- 
 bited that part of the country which was 
 called Molossia or Molossis from king Molos- 
 sus. This country had the bay of Ambracia on 
 the south, and the country of the Perrbaebeans 
 on the east. The dogs of the place were 
 famous, and received the name of Molossi 
 among the Romans. Dodona was the capital 
 of the country according to some writers. 
 Others, however, reckon it as the chief city of 
 Thesprotia. Lucret. 5, v. 10, 62. — Lucan. 4, 
 V. 440. — i:>trab. 7. — Liv. — Justin. 7, c. 6. — C. 
 JVcp. 2, c. S.—Virg. G.3, v. 495.~-Horat. 2, 
 Sal. 6, V. 114. 
 Molossia, or Molossis. Vid. Molossi. 
 MoLossus, a son of Pyrrhus and Andro- 
 mache. He reigned in Epirus after the death 
 of Helenus, and part of his dominions received 
 the name of Molossia from him. Paus. 1, c. 
 
 11. A surname of Jupiter in Epiius. 
 
 An Athenian general, kc. Id. in Thes. 
 The father of Merion of Crete. [^Vid. Molus.] 
 Homer. Od. 6. 
 
 MoLPADiA, one of the Amazons, &c. 
 Plut. 
 
 MoLPus, an author 
 tory of Lacedaemon. 
 MoLUP, a Cretan, 
 
 who wrote an his* 
 
 father of Merione^t- 
 
MO 
 
 Homtr. Od. 6. A son of Deucalion.—— 
 
 Another, son of Mars and Demonice. 
 
 MoLYCRiON, a town of ^olia between the 
 Evenus and Naupactum. Pans. 5, c. 3. 
 
 MoMEMPHis, a town of Egypt. Strab. 17. 
 
 MoMns, the god of pleasantry among the 
 ancients, son of Nox, according to Hesiod. 
 He was continually employed in satirizing the 
 gods, and whatever they did was freely turned 
 to ridicule. He blamed Vulcan, because in 
 the human form which he had made of clay, 
 he had not placed a window in his breast, by 
 which whatever was done or thought there, ' 
 might be easily brought to light. He censured 
 the house which Minerva had made, because 
 the goddess had not made it moveable, by 
 which means a bad neighbourhood might be 
 avoided. In the bull which Neptune had pro- 
 duced, he observed that his blows might have 
 been surer if his eyes had been placed nearer 
 the horns. Venus herself was exposed to his 
 satire ; and when the sneering god had found 
 no fault in the body of the naked goddess, he . 
 observed as she retired, that the noise of her 
 feet was too loud, and greatly improper in the 
 goddess of beauty. These illiberal reflections 
 upon the gods were the cause that Momus was 
 driven from heaven. He is generally repre- 
 sented raising a mask from his face, and hold- 
 ing a small figure in his hand. Hesiod. in 
 Theog. — Lucian. in Henn. 
 
 MoNA, an island between Britain and Hi- 
 bernia, anciently inhabited by a number of 
 Druids. It is supposed by some to be the 
 modern \sls.ndo( Anglesey, and by others, the 
 island oiMan. Tacit. 14. Ann. c. 18 and 29. 
 
 MoNiESES, a king of Parthia, who favoured 
 the cause of M. Antony against Augustus. 
 
 Horat. 3, od. 6, c. 9. A Parthian in the age 
 
 of Mithridates, Lc. 
 
 MoNDA, a river between the Durius and 
 Tagus, in Portugal. Ptin. 4, c. 22. 
 
 MoNESos, a general killed by Jason at Col- 
 chis, &ic. 
 
 MoNETA, a surname of Juno among the 
 Romans. She received it because she advised 
 them to sacrifice a pregnant sow to Cybele, to 
 avert an earthquake. Cic. de Div. 1, c. 15. — 
 Livy says, (7, c. 28,) that a temple was vowed 
 to Juno, under this name, by the dictator 
 Furius, when the Romans waged war against 
 the Aurunci, and that the temple was raised 
 to the goddess by the senate, on the spot 
 where the house of Manlius Capitolinus had 
 formerly siood.—Saidas, however, says, that 
 Juno was surnamed Moneta, from assuring 
 the Romans, when in the war against Pyrrhus 
 they complained of want of pecuniary ■ re- 
 sources, that money could never fail to those 
 who cultivated justice. 
 
 MoNiMA, a beautiful woman of Miletus, 
 whom Mithridates the Great married. When 
 his affairs grew desperate, Mithridates ordered 
 his wives to desti-oy themselves ; Moniraa at- 
 tempted to strangle herself, but when her ef- 
 forts were unavailing, she ordered one of her 
 attendants to stab her. Pint, in Luc. 
 
 MoNi.-\rus, a philosopher of Syracuse. 
 
 MoNODUS, a son of Prusias. He had one 
 continued bone instead of a row of teeth, 
 whence his name (/-ux^' "^Q')- PUn. 7, c. 16 
 
 MoNCEcus, now Monaco, a town and port 
 of Liguria, where Hercules had*a temple, 
 
 MO 
 
 whence he is called Monoecius, and the har- 
 bour iiercu/wPortiw. Slrab.4. — Virg. .^n. 6, 
 v. 830. 
 
 MoNOLEus, a lake of ^Ethiopia. 
 MoNOPHAGE, sacrifices in ^dna. 
 MoNOPHiLus, an eunuch of Mithridates. 
 The king intrusted him with the care of one 
 of his daughters ; and the eunuch, when he 
 saw the affairs of his master in a desperate sit- 
 uation, stabbed her lest she should fall into the 
 enemy's hands, &.c. 
 
 MoNs SACER, a mountain near Rome, 
 where the Roman populace retired in a tu- 
 mult, which was the cause of the election of 
 the tribunes. 
 
 MoNS seVerus, a mountain near Rome, &c. 
 MoNTANus, a poet who wrote in hexame- 
 ter and elegiac verses. Ovid, ex Pont. 4. 
 
 An orator under Vespasian. A favourite 
 
 of Messalina. One of the senators whom 
 
 Domitian consulted about boiling a turbot. 
 Juv. 4. 
 
 MoNYCHus, a powerful giant, who could 
 root up trees and hurl them like a javelin. He 
 receives his name from hisliaving the feet of a 
 horse, as the word implies. Juv. 1, v. 11. 
 MoNYMA. [Vid. Monima.] 
 MoNYMus, a servant of Corinth, who, not 
 being permitted by his master to follow Dio- 
 genes the cynic, pretended madness, and ob- 
 tained his liberty. He became a great admi- 
 rer of the philosopher, and also of Crates, and 
 even wrote something in the form of face- 
 tious stories. Diog. Laert. 
 
 MoPHis, an Indian prince conquered by 
 Alexander. 
 
 MopsiuM, a hill and town of Thessaly, be- 
 tween Tempe and Larissa. Liv. 42. 
 
 MopsopiA, an ancient name of Athens, from. 
 Mopsus one of its kings, and from thence the 
 epithet of Mopsopius is often applied to aa 
 Athenian. 
 
 Mopsuhestia, or Mopsos, a town of Cili- 
 cia near the sea. Cic Fani. 3, c. 8. 
 
 Mopsos, a celebrated prophet, son of 
 Manto and Apollo, during the Trojan war. 
 He was consulted by Amphimachus, king of 
 Colophon, who wished to know what success 
 would attend his arms in a war which he was 
 going to undertake. He predicted the great- 
 est calamities ; but Calchas, who had been a 
 soothsayer of the Greeks during the Trojan 
 war, promised the greatest successes. Amphi- 
 machus followed the opinion of Calchas, but 
 the opinion of Mopsus was fully verified. This 
 had such an effect upon Calchas that he died 
 soon after. His death is attributed by some 
 to another mortification of the same nature. 
 The two soothsayers, jealous of each other's 
 fame, came to a trial of their skill in divina- 
 tion. Calchas first asked his antagonist liow 
 many figs a neighbouring tree bore ; ten thou- 
 sand except one, replied Mopsus, and one 
 single vessel can contain them all. The tigs 
 were gathered, and his conjectures were true. 
 Mopsus, now to try his adversary, asked him 
 how many young ones a certain pregnant sow 
 would bring forth. Calchas confessed his ig- 
 norance, and Mopsus immediately said, that 
 the sow would bring forth on the morrow ten 
 young ones, of which only one should be a 
 male, all black, and that the females should 
 all he known by their white •'treats. THc 
 
MO 
 
 MU 
 
 morrow proved the veracity of his prediction, j lory of his countiy in his own mother tongue, 
 
 and Calchas died by excess of the grief which | A philosopher of Sidon. He is supposed 
 
 his defeat produced. Mopsus after death was [to be the founder of anatomical philosophy, 
 ranked among the gods ; and had an oracle at ' Strab. A Greek bucolic poet in the age of 
 
 Malia, celebrated for the true and decisive 
 answers which it gave. Strab. 9. — Pans. 7, c. 
 3. — Ammian. 14, c. 8. — Plut. de orac. defect. 
 
 A son of Arapyx and Chloris, born at Ti- 
 
 taressa in Thessaly. He was the prophet and 
 soothsayer of the Argonauts, and died at his 
 return from Colchis by the bite of a serpent in 
 Libya. Jason erected him a monument on the 
 sea shore, where afterwards tlie Africans built 
 him a temple where he gave oracles. He has 
 often been confounded with the son of Manto, 
 as their professions andtheirnames were alike. 
 
 Hygin. fab. 14, 128, 173.— Strab. 9. A 
 
 shepherd of that name in Virg. Ed. 
 
 MoRGANTiuM (or ia), a town of Sicily, 
 near the mouth of the Simethus. Cic. in Vtr. 
 3, c. 18. 
 
 MouiNi, a people of Belgic Gauh on the 
 shores of the British ocean. The shortest pas- 
 sage in Britain was from their Territories. 
 They were called extremi hominurn by the Ro- 
 mans, because situate on the extremities of 
 Gaul. Their city, called Morinorum caslel- 
 lum, is now Mount Cassel, in Artois } and Mo- 
 rinorum civitas, is Terouenne, on the Lis. 
 -Virg. JEn. 8, v. 726.— Cffs. 4, Bdl G. 21. 
 
 MoRiTASGUs, a king of the Senones at the 
 arrival of Caesar in Gaul. CcEsar.B. G. 
 MoRiiJS, ariver of Bceotia. Plut. 
 Morpheus, the son and minister of tlie god 
 Somnus, who naturally imitated the grimaces, 
 gestures, words, and manners, of mankind. 
 He is sometimes called the god of slee[). He 
 is generally represented as a sleeping child, of 
 great corpulence, and with wings. He holds 
 a vase in one hand, and in the other are some 
 poppies. He is represented by Ovid as seni 
 to inform by a dream and a vision the unhap- 
 py Alcyone of the fate of her husband Ceyx 
 Ovid. Met. 11, fab. 10. 
 
 Mors, one of the infernal deities born of 
 JNight, without a father. She was worshipped 
 by the ancients, particularly by the Lacedse- 
 monians, with great solemnity, and represent- 
 ed not as an actually existing power, but as an 
 imaginary being. Euripides introduces her in 
 on'3 Of his tragedies on the stage. The moderns 
 represent her as a skeleton armed with a 
 scythe and a scymetar. 
 
 MoRTUUM Mare. [Vid. Mare Mortunm.] 
 MoRYs, a Trojan killed by Meriones during 
 the Trojan war. Homer. II. 13, &.c. 
 
 MosA, a river of Belgic Gaul falling into the 
 German ocean, and now called the Maese or 
 Meuse. The bridge over it, Mosoepons, is now 
 supposed to be MacslridU. Tadt. H. 4, c. 
 66. 
 
 MoscHA, now Muscat, a port of Arabia on 
 the Red Sea. 
 
 MoscHi, a people of Asia, at the west of 
 the Caspian sea. Mela, 1, c. 2, I. 3, c. 5. — 
 Lucan. 3, v. 270. 
 
 MoscHioN, a name common to four diffe- 
 rent writers, whose compositions, character, 
 and native place are unknown. Some frag- 
 ments of their writings remain, some few 
 verses and a treatise ne mortis mulierum, edi- 
 ted by Gesner, 4to. Basil. 1566. 
 Moscuus, a Phccnician who wrote the his- 
 
 Ptolemy Philadelphus. The sweetness and 
 elegance of his eclogues, which are still ex- 
 tant, make the world regret the loss of poeti- 
 cal pieces no way inferior to the productions 
 of Theocritus. The best edition of Moschus 
 with Bion is that of Haskin, 8vo. Oxon. 1743. 
 A Greek rhetorician of Pergaraus in the 
 
 age of Horace, defended by Torquatus in an 
 accusation of having p«)isoned some of his 
 friends. Herat. 1, ep. 5, v. 9. 
 
 MosELLA, a river of Belgic Gaul falling 
 into the Rhine, at Coblentz, and now called 
 the Moselle. Flor. 3, c. 10. — Tadt. Jin. 13, 
 c. 53. 
 
 Moses, a celebrated legislator and general 
 among the Jews, well known in sacred history. 
 He was born in Egypt, 1571 B. C. and after 
 he had performed his miracles before Pha- 
 raoh, conducted the Israelites through the 
 Red Sea, and given them laws and ordinan- 
 ces, during their peregrination of 40 years in 
 the wilderness of Arabia ; he died at the age 
 of 120. His writings have been quoted and 
 commended by several of the heathen au- 
 thors, who have divested themselves of their 
 prejudices against an Hebrew, and extolled 
 his learning and the effects of his wisdom. 
 Longinus. — Diod. 1. 
 
 MosYCHLus, a mountainof Lemnos. JVte- 
 and. 
 
 MosYWiEci, a nation on the Euxine sea, in 
 vvhose territories the 10,0(X) Greeks staid on 
 their return from Cunaxa. Xenoph. 
 
 MoTHONE. a town of Magnesia, where Phi- 
 lip iost one of his eyes. Jusiin. 7, c. 6. The 
 word is often spelt Methone. 
 
 MoTYA, a town of Sicily, besieged and 
 taken by Dionysius, tyrant of Syracuse. 
 
 MuciANus, a factious and intriguing genera! 
 under Otho and Vitellius, kc. 
 
 Mucius. [Vid. Mutius.] 
 
 MucRi?:, a village of Samnium. Jtal. 9, v.- 
 565. 
 
 MuLciBER, a surname of Vulcan, (a mul- 
 cendo ferrum,) from his occupation. Ovid. 
 Md. 2, v. 5. \_Vid. Vulcanus.] 
 
 MuLucHA, a river of Africa, dividing Numi- 
 dia from Mauritania. Plin. 5, c. 2. 
 
 MuLvius Pons, a bridge on the Flaminian 
 Avay, about one mile distant from Rome. 
 Mart. 3, ep. 14. 
 
 L. MuMMius, a Roman consul, sent against 
 the Achaeans, whom he conquered, B. C. 
 147. He destroyed Corinth, Thebes, and 
 Calchis, by order of the senate, and ob- 
 tained the surname of Jldiaicus from his 
 victories. He did not enrich himself with 
 the spoils of the enemy, but returned home 
 without any increase of fortune. He was so 
 unacquainted with the value of the paintings 
 and works of the most celebrated artists of 
 Greece, which were found in the plunder of 
 Corinth, that he said to those who conveyed 
 them to Rome, that if they lost them or in- 
 jured them, they should make others in their 
 stead. Paterc. 1, c. \3.—Sirah. 8.— Plin. 34, 
 c. 7, 1. 37, c. Ti.~Flor. 2, c. e.—Paus. 5, c. 
 
 24. P^blius, a man commended by C. 
 
 Publicius for the versatility of his mind, and 
 
MU 
 
 the propriety of his manners. Cic. de Orat. 
 
 2. A Latin poet. Macrobius. 1. Satur. 10. 
 
 M. a praetor. Cic. in Ver. Spurius, a 
 
 brother of Achaicus before mentioned, dis- 
 tinguished as an orator, and for his fondness 
 for tlie stoic philosophy. Cic. ad Brut. 25. ad 
 Att. 13, ep. 6. V lieutenant of Crassus de- 
 feated, &.C. Plut. in Crass. 
 
 MuNATius, Plancus, a consul sent to the 
 rebellious army of Germanicus. He was al- 
 most killed by the incensed soldiery, who sus- 
 pected that it was through him that they had 
 not all been pardoned and indemnified by a 
 decree of the senate. Caipurnius rescued him 
 
 from their fury. An orator and disciple of 
 
 Cicero. His father, grandfather, aiid great- 
 grandfather bore the same name. He was 
 with Caesar in Gaul, and was made consul 
 vvith Brutus. He promised to favour the re- 
 publican cause for some time, but he deserted 
 again to Caisar. He was long Antony's fa- 
 vourite, but he left him at the battle of Actium 
 to conciliate the favoui-s of Octavius. His 
 services were great in the senate ; for, through 
 his influence and persuasion, that venerable 
 body flattered the conqueror of Antony with 
 the appellation of Augustus. He was rewarded 
 
 with the office of censor. Piut. in Ant. 
 
 Gratus, a Roman knight who conspired with 
 
 Piso against Nero. Tacit. Ann. 15, c. 30. 
 
 Suet, in Aug. 23. A friend of Horace, ep. 3, 
 
 V. 31. 
 
 MuNDA, a small town of Hispania Bsetica, 
 celebrated for a battle which was fought there 
 on the ITth of March, B. C. 45, between 
 Ceesar and the republican forces of Rome, 
 under Labienus and the sons of Pompey. 
 Caesar obtained the victory after an obstinate 
 and bloody battle, and by this blow put an 
 end to the Roman republic. Pompey lost 
 30,000 men, and Caesar only 1000, and 500 
 wounded. Sil. Ital. 3, v. 400.— /fiW. Bell. 
 Hisp. 27. — Lucan. 1. 
 
 MuNiTus, a son of Laodice, the daughter of 
 Priam by Acamas. He was intrusted to the 
 eare of ^thra as soon as born, and at the tak- 
 ing of Troy he was made known to his fa- 
 ther, who saved his life, and carried him to 
 Thrace, where he was killed by the bite of a 
 serpent. Parthen. 16. 
 
 MuNj'CHiA, (and m) a port of Attica, be- 
 tween the Piraeus and the promontory of Su- 
 niura, called after king Munydius, who built 
 there a temple to Diana, and in whose honour 
 he instituted festivals called Munycliia. The 
 temple was held so sacred that whatever crim- 
 inals fled there for refuge were pardoned. Du- 
 ring the festivals they offered small cakes which 
 they called aviphipiionlesi »vi to-j u.u?»^»*»-, from 
 shining all around, because there were lighted 
 torches hung round when they were carried to 
 the temple, or because they we re otfcred at 
 the full moon, at which time the solemnity was 
 oljserved. it was particularly in honour of 
 Diana, who is the same as the moon, because it 
 was full moon when Themistocles conquered 
 the Persian fleet at Salamis. The port of Mu- 
 nycbia was well fortified, and of great conse- 
 quence ; therefore the Lacedcemonians, when 
 sovereigns of Greece, always kept a regular 
 garrison there. Plut. — Olid. Met. 2, v. 709. 
 h)lrab.'2. — Pans. l,c. 1. 
 
 MuRJSiTA, a celebrated Roman, left at the 
 
 MU 
 
 1 head of the armies of the republic in Asia by 
 I Sylla. He invaded the dominions of Mithrt- 
 ( dates with success, but soon after met with a 
 I defeat. He was honoured with a triumph at 
 his return to Rome. He commanded one of 
 the wings of Sylla's army at the battle against 
 Archelaus near Chaeronea. He was ably de- 
 fended in an oration by Cicero, when his char- 
 acter was attacked and censored. Cic. pre 
 
 Mur. — Appian. de Mithrid. A man put t© 
 
 death for conspiring against Augustus, B.C. 22. 
 
 MuRciA. [Vid. Murria.] 
 
 MuRCus, an enemy of the triumvirate of 
 
 J. Caesar. Statins, a man who murdered 
 
 Piso in Vesta's temple in Nero's reign. Tacit. 
 H.l.c. 43. 
 
 MuRGANTiA, a town of Samnium. Liv. 
 25, c. 27. 
 
 MuRRHENDS, a friend of Turnus killed by 
 iEneas, he. Virg. JEn. 12, v. 529. 
 
 MuRSA, now Essek, a town of Hungary, 
 where the Drave falls into the Danube. 
 
 MuRTiA, or Myrtia, (a /»wfT©3) a supposed 
 surname of Venus, because she presided over 
 the myrtle. This goddess was the patron of 
 idleness and cowardice. Varro de L. L. 4, 
 C.32. 
 
 Mus, a Roman consul. [Vld. Decius.] 
 
 MusA Antokius, a freedman and physician 
 of Augustus. He cured his imperial master 
 of a dangerous disease under which he labour- 
 ed, by recommending to him the use of the 
 cold bath. He was greatly rewarded for this 
 celebrated cure. He was honoured with a 
 brazen statue by the Roman senate, which 
 was placed near that of iEsculapius, and Au- 
 gustus permitted him to wear a golden ring, 
 and to be exempted from all taxes. He was 
 not so successtui in recommending the use of 
 the cold bath to Marcellusas he had been to 
 Augustus, and his illustrious patient died un- 
 der his care. The cold bath was for a Jong 
 time discontinued, till Charmis of Marseilles 
 introduced it again, and convinced the world 
 of its gi-eat benefits. Musa was brother to Eu- 
 phorbus the physician of kin^ Juba. Two 
 small treatises, de herbd Bolaruca, and de iu- 
 enda Vulttudint, are supposed to be the pro- 
 ductions of his pen. A daughter of Nico- 
 
 medes, king of Bithynia. She attempted to 
 recover her father's kingdom from the Ro- 
 mans, but to no purpose, though Caesar es* 
 poused her cause. Palerc. 2. — Suet, in Cces. " 
 
 MusiE, certain goddesses who presided over 
 poetry, music, dancing, and all the liberal 
 arts. They were daughters of Jupiter and 
 Mnemosyne, and were nine in number; Clio, 
 Euterpe, Thalia, Melpomene, Terpsichore - 
 Erato, Polyhymnia, Calliope, and Urania 
 Some suppose that there were in ancient times 
 only three muses, Melete, Mneme, and Ace- 
 de^ others four, TeLxiope, Acede, Arche, 
 Melete. They were, according to others, 
 daughters of Pierus and Antiope, from which 
 circumstance they are all called Pierides. The 
 name of Pierides might probably be derived 
 from mount Pierus where tliey were born. 
 They have been severally called Castalide.-. 
 Aganippides, JUbethrides, Aonides, Ikliconi- 
 ades, 6lc. from the places where they were 
 worshipped, or over which they presided 
 Apollo, who was the patron and the conductor 
 of the muses, has recdted the nanae of Musa- 
 
MU 
 
 gtles, or leader of the muses. The same Sur- 
 name was also given to Hercules. The palm 
 free, the laurel, and all the fountains of Pin- 
 dus, Helicon, Parnassus, &.c. were sacred to 
 the muses. They were generally represented 
 as young, beautiful, and modest virgins. They 
 were fond of solitude, and commonly appear- 
 ed in diflferent attire according to the arts and 
 sciences over which they presided. [Ptd. 
 Clio, Euterpe, Thalia, Melpomene, &,c.] 
 Sometimes they were represented as dancing 
 in a chorus, to intimate the near and indisso- 
 luble connexion which exists between the li- 
 beral arts and sciences. The muses sometimes 
 appear with wings, because by the assistance 
 of wings they freed themselves from the vio- 
 lence of Pyrenaeus. Their contest with the 
 daughters of Pierus is well known. [Vid. 
 Pierides.] The worship of the muses was 
 universally established, particularly in the 
 enlightened parts of Greece, Thessaly, and 
 Italy. No sacrifices were ever offered to 
 them, though no poet ever began a poem 
 without a solemn invocation to the goddesses 
 who presided over verse. There were fes- 
 tivals instituted in their honour in several 
 parts of Greece, especially among the Thes- 
 pians, every fifth year. The Macedonians 
 observed also a festival in honour of Jupiter 
 and the muses. It had been instituted by 
 king Archelaus, and it was celebrated with 
 stage plays, games, and different exhibitions, 
 which continued nine days according to the 
 number of the muses. Plut. Erot. — Pollux. 
 Machin. in Tim.— Pans. 9, c. 29.—ApoUod. 
 1, c. 3.—Cic. de JVat. D. 3, c. 2\.—Hesiod. 
 Theog.—Virg. ^n.—Ovid. Met. 4, v. 310.— 
 Homer. Hymn. Mus.—Juv. I.—Diod. I.— Mar- 
 tial. 4, ep. 14. 
 
 Mus^us, an ancient Greek poet, supposed 
 to have been son or disciple of Linus or Or- 
 pheus, and to have lived about 1410 years be- 
 fore the christian era. Virgil has paid great 
 honour to his memory by placing him in the 
 Elysian fields attended by a great multitude, 
 and taller by the head than his followers. 
 None of the poet's compositions are extant. 
 The elegant poem of the loves of Leander 
 and Hero, was written by a Musaeus who 
 jSourished in the fourth century, according to 
 the more received opinions. Among the 
 good editions of Musaeus two may be selected 
 as the best, that of Rover, 8vo. L. Bat. 1727 ; 
 and that of Schroder, 8vo. Leovard, 1743. 
 
 Virg. JEn. 6, v. 677. — Diog. A Latin poet 
 
 whose compositions were very obscene. Mar- 
 tial. 12, ep. 96. A poet of Thebes who liv- 
 ed during the Trojan war. 
 
 MusoNius RuFus, a stoic philosopher of 
 Etruria in the reign of Vespasian. Tadt. 
 Hist. 3, c. 81. 
 
 MuTA, a goddess who presided over silence 
 among the Romans, Ovid. Fast. 2, v. 580. 
 
 MusTELA, a man greatly esteemed by Cice- 
 ro. Ad. Attic. 12. A gladiator. Cic. 
 
 MuTHULLus., a river of Kumidla. Sallusl. 
 Jug. 48. 
 
 MuTiA, a daughter of Q. Mutius Scsevola 
 and sister of Metellus Celer. She was Pom- 
 pey's third wife. Her incontinent behaviour 
 so disgusted her husband, that at his return 
 from the Mithridatic war, he divorced her, 
 ihoiigh she had born^ him three children. She 
 
 MU 
 
 afterwards married M. Scaurus. Augustus 
 
 greatly esteemed her. Plut. in Pomp. A 
 
 wife of Julius Caesar, beloved by Clodius the 
 
 tribune. Suet, in Cou. 50. The mother of 
 
 Augustus. 
 
 MuTiA Lex, the same as that which was 
 enacted by Licinius Crassus, and Q. Mutius, 
 A. U. C. 657. [Tirf. LiciniaLex.] 
 
 MuTicA, or MuTYCE, a town of Sicily, 
 west of the capePachynus. Cic. in Ver. 3, c. 43. 
 
 MuTiLiA, a woman intimate with Livia 
 Augusta. T{icit. Ann. 4, c. 12. 
 
 MuTiNA, a Roman colony of Cisalpine 
 Gaul, where M. Antony besieged D. Brutus, 
 whom the consuls Pansa and Hirtius delivered. 
 Two battles on the loth of April B C. 43, were 
 fought, in which Antony was defeated, and at 
 last obliged to retire. Mutina is now called 
 Modena. Lucan. 1, v. 42, 1. 7, v. 872.— Si/. 8, 
 V. 592.— Ovid. Met. 15, v. 822.— Cic. Fam. 10, 
 ep. 14. Brut. ep. 5. 
 
 MuxiNES, one of Annibal's generals, who 
 was honoured with the freedom of Rome on 
 delivering up Agrigentum. Liv. 25, c. 41, 1. 
 27, c. 5. 
 
 MuTiNUS. [Vid. Mutunus.] 
 
 Mutius, the faiher-in-law of C. Mai'ius. 
 A Roman who saved the life of voun"; Ma- 
 
 rius, by conveying hini away from the pursuits 
 
 of his enemies in a loud of straw. A friend 
 
 of Tiberius Gracchus, by whose means he was 
 
 raised to the office of tribune. C. Scaevola, 
 
 surnamed Cordus, became famous for his cou- 
 rage and intrepidity. When Porsenna, king 
 of Etruria, had besieged Rome to reinstate 
 Tarquin in all his rights and privileges, Mutius 
 determined to deliver his country from so 
 dangerous an enemy. He disguised himself 
 in the habit of a Tuscan, and as he could 
 fluently speak the language, he gained an easy 
 introduction into the camp, and soon into the 
 royal tent. Porsenna sat alone with his sec- 
 retary when Mutius entered. The Roman 
 rushed upon the secretary and stabbed him 
 to the heart, mistaking him for his royal mas- 
 ter. This occasioned a noise, and Mutius, 
 unable to escape, was seized and brought be- 
 fore the king. He gave no answer to the in- 
 quiries of the courtiers, and only told them that 
 he was a Roman, and to give them a proof of 
 his fortitude, he laid his right hand on an altar 
 of burning coals, and sternly looking at the 
 king and without uttering a groan, he boldly 
 told him, that 300 young Romans like himself 
 had conspired against his life, and entered his 
 camp in disguise, determined either to destroy 
 him or perish in the attempt. This extraordi- 
 nary confession astonished Porsenna ; he 
 made peace with the Romans and retired from 
 their city. Mutius obtained the surname of 
 •Sccevula, because he had lost the use of his 
 right hand by burning it in the presence of 
 the Etrurian king. Plut. in Par. — Flor. 1, c. 
 
 10. — Liv. 2, c. 12. Q. Scajvola, a Roman 
 
 consul. He obtained a victory over the Dal- 
 matians, and signalized himself greatly in the 
 Marsian war. He is highly commended by 
 Cicero, whom he instructed in the study of 
 
 civil law. Cic. — Plut. Another appointed 
 
 proconsul of Asia, which he governed with so 
 much popularity, that he was generally pro- 
 posed to others as a pattern of equity and mod- 
 eration. Cicero speaks of Irlm as eloquent. 
 
MY 
 
 learned, and ingenious, equally eminent as an 
 orator and as a lawyer. He was murdered in 
 the temple of Vesta, during the civil war of 
 Mariusand Sylla, 82 years before Christ. Plut. 
 —Cic. de Orat. I, c. 48.— Paterc. 2, c. 22. 
 
 MutOnus, or MuTiNus, a deity among the 
 Romans, much the same as the Priapus of the 
 Greeks. The Roman matrons, and particu- 
 larly new married women, disgraced them- 
 selves by the obscene ceremonies which cus- 
 tom obliged them to observe before the statue 
 of this impure deity. August, de Civ. D. 4, c. 
 9, 1. 6, c. 9.—Lactant. 1, c. 20. 
 
 MuTUsca:, a town of Umbria. Virg. ,Mn 
 
 7;V. 711. 
 
 MuzERis, a town of India, now Vizindruk. 
 Plin. 6, c. 23. 
 
 Myagrus or Myodes, a divinity among the 
 Egyptians, called also Achor. He was en- 
 treated by the inhabitants to protect them from 
 flies and serpents. His worship passed into 
 Greece and Italy. Plin. 10, c. 28. — Paus. 8, 
 0.26. 
 
 Mycale, a celebrated magician, who boast- 
 ed that he could draw down the moon from 
 
 her orb. Ov'ul. Met 12, v. 263. A city 
 
 and promontory of Asia Minor opposite Sa- 
 mos, celebrated for a battle which was fought 
 there between the Greeks and Persians on 
 the 22d of September, 479 B. C. the same 
 day that Mardonius was defeated at Plataea. 
 The Persians were about 100,000 men, that 
 had just returned from the unsuccessful ex- 
 pedition of Xerxes in Greece. They had 
 drawn their ships to the shore and fortified 
 themselves, as if determined to support a 
 siege. They suffered the Greeks to disem- 
 bark from their fleet without the least molesta- 
 tion, and were soon obliged to give way before 
 the cool and resolute intrepidity of an inferior 
 number of men. The Greeks obtained a com- 
 plete victory, slaughtered some thousands of 
 the enemy, burned their camp, and sailed 
 back to Samos with an immense booty, in 
 which were seventy chests of money among 
 other very valuable things. Herodot. — Justin. 
 
 2, c. 14. — Diod. A woman's name. Juv. 4, 
 
 V. 141. 
 
 Mycalessus, an inland town of Bceotia, 
 where Ceres had a temple. Paus. 9, c. 19. 
 
 MYCENiE, a town of Argolis, in Pelopon- 
 nesus, built by Perseus, son of Danae. It was 
 situate on a small river at the east of the Ina- 
 chus, about 50 stadia from Argos, and receiv- 
 ed its name from Mycene, a nymph of Laco- 
 nia. It was once the capital of a kingdom, 
 whose monarchs reigned in the following or- 
 der : Acrisius 1344 B. C. Perseus, Electryon, 
 Maestor, and Sthenelus ; and Sthenelus alone 
 for eight years; Atreus and Thyestes, Aga- 
 memnon, /Kgysthus, Orestes, ^pytus, who 
 was dispossessed 1104 B. C. on the return 
 of the Heraclidae. The town of Mycenaj was 
 taken and laid in ruins by the Argives B. C. 
 668; and it was almost unknown where it 
 stood in the age of the geographer Strabo. 
 Paus. 2, c. IQ.—Strab. e.—Virg.JEn. 6, v. 839. 
 — Mela, 2, c. 3. The word Mycemzus is used 
 for Agamemnon as he was one of the kings 
 of Mycena?. 
 
 Mycenis. (Idis,) a name applied to Iphi- 
 genia as residing at Mycenae. Ovid. Met. 12, 
 v,3I. 
 
 MY 
 
 MyeERiNUS, a son of Cheops, king of Egy^st. 
 After the death of his father he reigned with 
 great justice and moderation. Herodot. 2, c. 
 129. 
 
 Myciberna, a town of the Hellespont. 
 Diod. 12. 
 
 Mycithos, a servant of Anaxilaus, tyrant 
 of Rhegium. He was intrusted with the care 
 of the kingdom, and of the children of the 
 deceased prince, and he exercised his pow- 
 er with such fidelity and moderation, that 
 he acquired the esteem of all the citizens, and 
 at last restored the kingdom to his master's 
 children when come to years of maturity, and 
 retired to peace and solitude with a small por- 
 tion. He is called by some Micalus. Justin. 
 4, c. 2. 
 
 Mycon, a celebrated painter, who witU 
 others assisted in making and perfecting the 
 Poecile of Athens. He was the rival of Polyg- 
 
 notus. Plin. 33 and 36. A youth of Athens 
 
 changed into a poppy by Ceres. 
 
 Myconos, (or E,) one of the Cyclades 
 between Delos and Icaria, which received its 
 name from Myconus, an unknown person. 
 It is about three miles at the east of Delos, 
 and is thirty-six miles in circumference. It 
 remained long uninhabited on account of the 
 frequent earthquakes to which it was subject. 
 Some suppose that the giants whom Hercules 
 killed were buried under that island, whence 
 arose the proverb of every thing is under My- 
 cone, applied to those who treat of difterent 
 subjects under one and the same title, as if 
 none of the defeated giants had been buried 
 under no other island or mountain about My- 
 cone. Strabo observes, and his testimony is 
 supported by that of modern travellers, that 
 the inhabitants of Mycone became bald very 
 early, even at the age of 20 or 25, from which 
 circumstance they were called by way of 
 contempt, the bald heads of Mycone. Pliny 
 says that the children of the place were al- 
 ways born without hair. The island was poor, 
 and the inhabitants very avaricious ; whence 
 Archilochus reproached a certain Pericles, 
 that he came to a feast like a Myconian, that 
 is, without previous invitation. Virg. M.n. 3, 
 V. IQ.—Slrab. 10.— Plin. 11, c. 37, 1. 12, c.7, 
 1. 14, c. \.—Alhen. l.—Thucyd. 3, c. 29.— 
 Mela, 2, c. 7.— Ovid. Met. 7, v. 463. 
 
 Mydon, one of the Trojan chiefs who de- 
 fended Troy against the Greeks. He was kill- 
 ed by Antilochus. Homer. II. 5, v. 580. 
 
 Myecphoris, a town of Egypt, in a small 
 island near Babastis. 
 
 Myenus, a mountain of j^tolia. Plut. dt 
 Flum. 
 
 Mygdon, a brother of Amycus, killed in a 
 war against Hercules. A brother of Hecu- 
 ba. [ Vid. Mygdon us.] 
 
 Mygdonia, a small province of Macedo- 
 nia near Thrace, between the rivers Axius 
 and Strymon. The inhabitants, called Myg- 
 dones, migrated into Asia, and settled near 
 Troas, where the country received the name 
 of their ancient habitation. Cybele was called 
 Mygdonia, from the worship she received 
 in Mygdonia in Phrygia. Horat. 2, od. 12, 
 V. 22, 1. 3, od. 16, v. 4\.—0vid. Met. 6, v. 45. 
 
 A small province of Mesopotamia bears 
 
 also the name of Mygdonia, and was probably 
 peopled by a Macedonian colony. FlacQ. 3, 
 
MY 
 
 Sao.— Piirt. 4, c. 10.— Ot'id. flerotrf. CO.— Jfo- 
 rat. 2, od. 12. 
 
 Mygdokus, or Mygdos", a brother of He- 
 cuba, Priana's wife, who reigned in part of 
 Thrace. His son Corcebus was called Myg- 
 donides from hira, Virg. JEn. 2, v. 341. — 
 
 Homer. 11. 3. A small river running through 
 
 Mesopotamia 
 
 Mylassa (orum), a town of Caria. Liv. 
 38, c. 39. 
 
 Myle or Mylas, a small river on the 
 east of Sicily, with a town of the same name. 
 
 Liv. 24, c. 30 and 31.— Site^ ^ug. 16. Also 
 
 a town of Thessaly, now Mulazso. Liv. 42, 
 c. 54. 
 
 Myles, a son of Lelex. 
 
 Mylitta, a surname of Venus among the 
 Assyrians, in whose temples all the women 
 were obliged to prostitute themselves to stran- 
 gers. Herodot. 1, c. 131 and 199.— Slrab. 16. 
 
 Myndus, a maritime town of Caria near 
 Halicamassus. Cic. Fam. 3, ep. 8. — Mela, 1, 
 c. 16.— P/in. 5, c. 29. 
 
 Mynes, a prince of Lyrnessus, who mar- 
 ried Briseis. He was killed by Achilles, and 
 his wife became tlie property of the conqueror. 
 Homer. II. 3. 
 
 Myni.e. [rid. Minyae.] 
 
 Myonia, a town of Phocis. Pans. 
 
 Myonnesus, a town and promontory of 
 Ionia, now Jalanghi-Liman. Liv. 37, c. 13 and 
 
 27. 
 
 Myra (orum or cb), a town of Lycia on a 
 high hill, two miles from the sea. Pli7i. 5, c. 
 21. Slrab. 14. 
 
 Myriandros, a town of Seleucia in Syria, 
 on the bay of Issus, which is sometimes called 
 Sinus Myriandricus. Liv. 2, c. 108. 
 
 Myrina, a maritime town of iEolia, called 
 also Sebastopoli^, and now Sanderlic. Tacit. 
 
 Mn. 2, c. 47.— Liv. 33, c. 30.— Slrab. 13. 
 
 A queen of the Amazons, &c. Dion. 4. 
 
 Atownof Lemnos, now Pa^jo Castro. Plin. 
 
 4^ c. 12. A town of Asia destroyed by an 
 
 earthquake in Trajan's reign. The wife of 
 
 Thoas king of Lemnos, by whom she had Hip- 
 sipyle. 
 
 Myrinus, a surname of Apollo, from My- 
 rina in iEolia, where he was worshipped. 
 
 A gladiator. Mart. 12, c. 29. 
 
 Marie, a town of Arcadia, called also Me- 
 2;alopolis. 
 
 Myrl-«:jE or Apamea, a town of Bithynia. 
 Plin. 5, c. 32. 
 
 Myrmecides, an artist of Miletus men- 
 tioned as making chariots so small that they 
 could be covered by the wing of a fly. He 
 also inscribed an elegiac distich on a grain of 
 Indian sesamum. Cic. 4. ^cad. — JEllan. V. 
 
 H. 1. 
 
 Myrmidoxes, a people on tije sotithern 
 borders ofThessaly, who accompanied Achilles 
 to the Trojan war. They received their name 
 from Myrmidon, a son of Jupiter and Eury- 
 roedusa, who married one of the daughters of 
 iEolus, son of Helen. His son Actor married 
 JEgina, the daughter of the Asopus. He gave 
 his name to his subjects who dwelt near the 
 river Peneus in Thessaly. According to some, 
 the Myrmidons received their name from 
 their having been originally ants, fjeyf/'i. [ Vid. 
 iEacus.] According to Strabo, they received 
 it from their industry, because they imitated 
 
 MY 
 
 the diligence of the ants, and like them were 
 indefatigable, and were continually employed 
 in cultivating the earth. Ovid. Met. 7, v. 654. 
 — Strab. — Hygin. fab. 52. 
 
 Myron, a tyrant of Sicyon. A man of 
 
 Priene, who wrote an history of Messenia. 
 
 Paus. 4, c. 6. A celebrated statuary of 
 
 Greece, peculiarly happy in imitating nature. 
 He made a cow so much resembling life, that 
 even bulls were deceived and approached her 
 as if alive, as is frequently mentioned by many 
 epigrams in the Anthologia. He flourished 
 about 442 years before Christ. Ovid. Art. 
 Am. 3, V. Z\9.—Paus.—Juv. Q.—Propert. 2, el. 
 41. 
 
 Myronianus, an historian. Diog. 
 
 Myronides, an Athenian general, who con- 
 quered the Thebans. Polymn. 
 
 Myrrha, a daughter of Cinyras, king of 
 Cyprus. She became enamoured of her fa- 
 ther, and introduced iierself into his bed un- 
 known. She had a son by him, called Adonis. 
 When Cinyras was apprized of the incest he 
 had committed, he attempted to stab his 
 daughter, and Myrrha fled into Arabia, where 
 she was changed into a tree called myrrh. 
 Hygin. fab. 58 and 276.— Ovid. Met. 10, v. 298. 
 — Plut. in Par. — ApoUod. 3. 
 
 Myrsilus, a son of Myrsus, the last of the 
 Heraclidae, who reigned in Lydia. He is also 
 called Candaules. [Vid. Candaules.J 
 
 Myrsus, the father of Candaules. Herodot. 
 
 1, c. 7. A Greek historian in the age of 
 
 Solon. 
 
 Myrtale, a courtezan of Rome, mistress 
 to the poet Horace. 1. od. 33. 
 
 Myrtea, a surname of Venus. [Vid. Mur- 
 tia.j 
 
 Myrtilds, a son of Mercury and Phaetusa, 
 or Cleobule, or Clymene, was arm-bearer to 
 (Enomaus, king of Pisa. He was so expe- 
 rienced in riding, and in the management of 
 horses, that he rendered those of (Enomaus 
 the swiftest in all Greece. His infidelity 
 proved at last fatal to him. CEnomaus had 
 been informed by an oracle, that his daughter 
 Hippodaraia's husband should cause his death, 
 and on that account he resolved to marry her 
 only to him who should overcome him in a 
 chariot race. This seemed totally impo.ssible, 
 and to render it more terrible, (Enomaus de- 
 clared that death would be the consequence of 
 a defeat in the suitors. The charms of Hip- 
 podamia were so great that many sacrificed 
 their life in the fruitless endeavour to obtain 
 her hand. Peiops at last presented himself, 
 undaunted at the fate of those who had gone 
 before him, but before he entered the course 
 he bribed Myrtilus, and assured him that he 
 should share Hippodamia's favours if he re- 
 turned victorious from the race. Myrtilus, who 
 was enamoured of Hippodamia, gave an old 
 chariot to (Enomaus, which broke in the 
 course and caused his death. Peiops gained 
 the victory, and married Hippodamia ; and 
 when Myrtilus had the audacity to claim the 
 reward promised to his perfidy, Peiops threw 
 him headlong into the sea, where he perished. 
 The body of Myrtilus according to some was 
 carried by the waves to the sea shore, where 
 he received an honourable burial, and as he 
 was the son of Mercury, he was made a con- 
 stellation. Diod. 4. — Hygin. fab. 84 and 224. 
 — Pans. 8, c. 14. — Apollo^u 1. 
 
MY 
 
 ikTyRTis, a Greek woman who distinguished 
 kerself by her poetical talents. She flour- 
 ished about 500 years B. C. and instructed the 
 celebrated Corinna in the several rules of ver- 
 sification. Pindar himself, as some report, 
 was also one of her pupils. 
 
 Myrtoum Mare, a part of the JEgean 
 sea which lies between Eubosa, Attica, and 
 Peloponnesus, as far as cape Malea. It re- 
 ceives this name from Myrto, a woman, or 
 from Myrtos, a small island opposite to 
 Carystos in Euboea; or from Myrtilus, the 
 son of Mercury, who was drovi^ned there, 
 &c. Pans. 8, c. 14.~Hygin. fab. 84.—Plin. 4, 
 e. 11. 
 
 Myrtuntium, a name given to that 
 part of the sea which lies on the coast 
 of Epirus between the bay of Ambracia and 
 Leu c as. 
 
 Myrtusa, a mountain of Libya, Callim. 
 in ^poll. 
 
 Mys, (myos,) an artist famous in working 
 and polishing silver. He beautifully repre- 
 sented the battle of the centaure and Laplthae 
 on a shield in the hand of Minerva's statue 
 made by Phidias. Pans. 1, c. 28. — Martial. 
 
 8, ep. 34 and 51, 1. 14, ep. 93.—Propert. 3, el. 
 
 9, V. 14. 
 
 MvscELLUs, or MiscELLUs, a native of 
 Rhypae in Achaia, who founded Crotona in 
 Italy, according to an oracle, which told him 
 to build a city where he found rain with fine 
 weather. The meaning of the oracle long 
 perplexed him, till he found a beautiful wo- 
 man all in tears in Italy, which circumstEmce 
 he interpreted in his favour. According to 
 some, Myscellus, who was the son of Her- 
 cules, went out of Argos, without the per- 
 mission of the magistrates, for which he was 
 condemned to death. The judges had put each 
 a black ball as a sign of condemnation, but 
 Hercules changed them all and made them 
 white, and had his son acquitted, upon which 
 Myscellus left Greece, and came to Italy. 
 where he built Crotona. Ovid. Met. 15, v. 
 19. — Strab. 6 and 8. — Suidas. 
 
 Mysia, a country of Asia Minor gene- 
 rally divided into major and minor. Mysia 
 minor was bounded on the north and west by 
 the Propontis and Bithynia, and Phrygia on 
 the southern and eastern borders. Mysia ma- 
 jor had iEolia on the south, the iEgean on the 
 west, and Phrygia on the north and east. Its 
 
 MY 
 
 chief cities were Cizicum, Larapsacus, &c. 
 The inhabitants were once very warlike, but 
 they greatly degenerated ; and the words My- 
 sorum ultimus were emphatically used to sig- 
 nify a person of no merit. The ancients gene- 
 rally hired them to attend their funerals as 
 mourners, because they were naturally melan- 
 choly and inclined to shed tears. They were 
 once governed by raouarchs. They are sup- 
 posed to be descended from the Mysians of Eu- 
 rope, a nation which inijabited that part pf 
 Thrace which was situate between mount Hae- 
 mus and the Danube. Strab. — Herodoi. 1, &c. 
 Cic.in Verr. — Flacc. 27. — Flor. 3, c 5. — ^p- 
 
 pian. in Mithrid. A festival in honour of 
 
 Ceres, surnamed Mysia from Mysias, an Ar- 
 give, who raised her a temple near Pallene in 
 Achaia. Some derive the word ^- reu nxxrtxv, to 
 cloy or satisfy, because Ceres was the first 
 who satisfied the wants of men by giving them 
 corn. The festival continued during sevea 
 days, &c. 
 
 Myson, a native of Sparta, one of the se- 
 ven wise men of Greece. When Anacharsis 
 consulted the oracle of ApoUe, to know whicli 
 was the wisest man in Greece, he received 
 for answer, he who is now ploughing his 
 fields. This was Myson. Diog. in V^il. 
 
 Mystes, a son of the poet Valgius, whose 
 early death was so lamented "by the father, 
 that Horace wrote an ode to allay the grief of 
 his friend. Horat. 2, od. 9. 
 
 Mythecus, a sophist of Syracuse. He 
 studied cookery, and when bethought himself 
 sufficiently skilled in dressing meat, he went 
 to Sparta, where he gained much practice, 
 especially among the younger citizens. He 
 was soon after expelled the city by the magis- 
 trates, who observed that the aid of Mythecus 
 was unnecessary, as hunger was the best sea- 
 soning. 
 
 Mytilene. [P7c?. Mitylene.] 
 
 Myus, (Myimiis,) a town of Ionia on the 
 confines of Caria. founded by a Grecian colo- 
 ny. It is one of the 12 capital cities of Ionia, 
 situate at the distance of about 30 stadia from 
 the mouth of the Masander. Artaxerxes 
 king of Persia gave it to Themistocles to 
 maintain him in meat. Magnesia was to sup^ 
 port him in bread, and Lampsacus in wine. 
 C. Nep. in Themis. — Strab. 14. — H^rodot. 1, 
 c. 142.— DiQd. n. 
 
 NA 
 
 NABAZANES, an officer of Darius third 
 at the battle of Issus. He conspired with 
 Bessus to murder his royal master, either to 
 obtain the favour of Alexander, or to seize 
 the kingdom. He was pardoned by Alexan- 
 der. Curt. 3, kc.—Diod. 17. 
 
 Nabath^a, a country of Arabia, of which 
 the capital was called Petra. The word is 
 «f"ten applied to any of the eastern countries 
 of the world by the poets, and seems to be 
 derived from Nabath the son of Ismael. Ovid. 
 M9t. I, r. «1, 1. i, V. l^.-Strab 16.— Lu- 
 67 
 
 NA 
 
 can. 4, V. 63. — Juv. 11, v. 126. — Seneca, wt 
 Her. (Et. 160, kc. 
 
 N.\Bi3, a celebrated tyrant of Lacedeemon^ 
 who in all acts of cruelty and oppression 
 surpassed a Phalaris or a Dionysius. His 
 iiouse was filled with flatterers and with spies, 
 who were continually employed in watching 
 the words and the actions of his subject*. 
 When he had exercised every art in plunder- 
 ing the citizens of Sparta, he made a slatut, 
 which in resemblance was like his wife, and 
 was clothed in the most magniMcent appartl, 
 
NA 
 
 and vrhenever any one refused to deliver up 
 iis riches, the tyrant led him to the statue, 
 which immediately, by means of secret springs, 
 seized him in its arms, and tormented him in 
 the most excruciating manner with bearded 
 points and prickles, hid under the clothes. 
 To render his tyranny more popular, Nabis 
 made an alliance with Flaminius, the Roman 
 general, and pursued with the most invete- 
 rate enmity the war which he had undertaken 
 against the Achaeans. He besieged Gythium, 
 and defeated Philopcemen in a naval battle. 
 His triumph was short, the general of the 
 Achaeans soon repaired his losses, and Nabis 
 uas defeated in an engagement, and treache- 
 rously murdered as he attempted to save his 
 life by flight, B. C. 192, after an usurpation of 
 14 years. Polyh. 13.— Justin. 30 and 31.— 
 Pint, in Phil.— Pans. 7, c. S.—Flor. 2, c. 7. 
 ——A priest of Jupiter Ammon, killed in the 
 second Punic war, as he fought against the 
 Romans. Sil. 15, v. 672. 
 
 Nabonassar, a king of Babylon after the 
 division of the Assyrian monarchy. From 
 him the JVabonassarean epoch received its name, 
 agreeing with the year of the world 3237, or 
 746 B.C. 
 
 Nacri campi, a place of Gallia Togatanear 
 Mutina. Liv. 41, c. 18. 
 
 Nad A G ARA. [ Vid. Nargara.] 
 
 N^NiA, the goddess of funerals at Rome, 
 ivhose temple was without the gates of the 
 ^ty. The songs which were sung at funerals 
 were also called ncBnia. They were generally 
 filled with the praises of the deceased, but 
 sometimes they were so unmeaning and im- 
 proper, that the word became proverbial to 
 signify nonsense. Varro de Vita P. R. — Plaal. 
 Asin. 41, c. 1, v. 63. 
 
 Cn. N^vius, a Latin poet in the first Pu- 
 Bic war. He was originally in the Roman ar- 
 mies, but afterwards he applied himself to 
 Study, and wrote comedies, besides a poetical 
 account of the fii'st Punic war in which he 
 had served. His satirical disposition displeas- 
 ed the consul Metellus, who drove him from 
 Rotnc. He passed the rest of his life in Utica, 
 where he died, about 203 years before the 
 Christian era. Some fragments of his poetry 
 are extant. Cic. Tusc. 1, c. 1. de, Senect. — 
 Ilorat. 2, ep. 1, c. 63. A tribune of the peo- 
 ple at Rome, who accused Scipio Africanus 
 
 ©f extortion. An augur in the reign of 
 
 Tarquin. To convince the king and the Ro- 
 mans of his power, as an augur, he cut a flint 
 with a razor, and turned the ridicule of the 
 ipopulace into admiration. Tarquin rewarded 
 nis merit by erecting him a statue in the comi- 
 tiutTiy which was still in being in the age of 
 Augustus. The ra^or and flint were buried 
 near it under an attar, and it was usual among 
 the Remans to make witnesses in civil causes 
 swear near it. This miraculous event of cut- 
 ting a flint with a razor, though believed by 
 some writers, is treated as fabulous and im- 
 probable by Cicero, who himself had been an 
 augur. Dionys. Hal. — Liv. 1, c. 36. — Cic. de 
 divin. 1, c. n', de A'. D. 2, c. 3, 1. 3, c. 6, 
 
 N.s:voLus, an infamous pimp in Domitian's 
 reign. Juv. 9, v. 1. 
 
 Naharvah, a people of Germany. Tacit. 
 Germ. 43. 
 
 Kaiades or NAicrs, certain inferior dei- 
 
 NA 
 
 I ties who presided over rivers, springs, welilV 
 I and fountains. The Naiades generally inhab* 
 j ited the country, and resorted to the woods 
 I or meadows near the stream over which they 
 presided, whence tlie name (fxmv to Jlow.) 
 They are represented as young and beautiful 
 virgins, often leaning upon an urn, from 
 which flows a stream of water. JEg]e was 
 the fairest of the Naiades, according to Vir- 
 gil. They were held in great veneration 
 among the ancients, and often sacrifices of 
 goats and lambs were offered to them with 
 libations of wine, honey, and oil. Some- 
 times they received only offerings of milk, 
 fruit, and flowers. [ Vid. Nymphaj.] Virg. Eel. 
 fi.—Ovid. Met. 14, v. 328.— Homer. Od. 13. 
 
 Nais, one of the Oceanides, mother of 
 Chiron or Glaucus, by Magnes. JipoUod. 1, 
 
 c. 9. A nymph, mother by Bucolion of 
 
 ^gesus and Pedasus. Homer. II. 6. A 
 
 nymph in an island of the Red Sea, who by 
 her incantations turned to fishes all those who 
 approached her residence after she had admit- 
 ted them to her embraces. She was herself 
 changed into a fish by Apollo. Ovid. Met. 4, 
 V. 49, &.C. — The word is used for water by 
 TibuU. 3, 7. 
 
 Naissus or N^ssus, now Mssa, a town of 
 Moesia, the birth place of Constantine, as- 
 cribed by some to Illyricum or Thrace. 
 
 Namtdates, a people of Gaul near the Alps. 
 Cces. B. G. 3, c. 1. 
 
 NAPiE^, certain divinities among the an- 
 cients who presided over the hills and woods 
 of the country. Some suppose that they were 
 tutelary deities of the fountains and the Naia- 
 des of the sea. Their name is derived front 
 v^i, a grove. Virg. G. 4, v. 565. 
 
 Napata, a town of ^Ethiopia. 
 
 Naphilus, a river of Peloponnesus falling 
 into the Alpheus. Paus. 1. 
 
 N AR, now JVera, a river of Umbria, whose 
 waters, famous for their sulphureous proper- 
 ties, pass through the lake Veliuus, and issuing 
 from thence with great rapidity, fall into the 
 Tiber. Ovid. Met. 14, v. 330.— Virg. Mn. 7, 
 V. 517. — Cic. ad Attic. 4, ep. 15. — Tadt. Arvnr 
 1, c. 79, 1. 3, c. 9. 
 
 Narbo Martius, now Narhonne^ a towa 
 of Gaul founded by the consul Marcius, A. U, 
 C. 636. It became the capital of a large pro- 
 vince of Gaul, which obtained the name of 
 Gallia JVarbonensis. Paterc. 1, c. 16, 1. 2, c. 8. 
 —Pli7i. 3. 
 
 IS ARBONEK313 Gallia, one of the four great 
 divisions of ancient Gaul, was bounded by 
 the Alps, the Pyrenean mountains, Aquitania, 
 Belgicum, and the Mediterranean, and con- 
 tained the modern provinces of Languedoc, 
 Provence, Dauphine, and Savoy. 
 
 Narceus, a son of Bacchus and Physcoa. 
 Pau3. 6, c. 16. 
 
 Nakcea, a surname of Minerva in Elis, 
 from her temple there erected by Narcaeus. 
 
 Narcissus, a beautiful jouth, son of Cephi- 
 sus and the nymph Liriope, born at Thespia 
 in BcBotia. He saw his image reflected in a 
 fountain, and became enamoured of it, think- 
 ing it to be the nymph of the place. His fruit- 
 less attempts to approach this beautiful object 
 so provoked him that he grew desperate and 
 killed himself. His blood was changed into a 
 flower, which still bear»iu«naae. Tkenyuphs; 
 
NA 
 
 "ijiised a funeral pile to burn his body, accord- 
 ingto Ovid, but theyfound nothing buta beau- 
 tiful flower. Pausanias says, that Narcissus 
 had a sister as beautiful as himself, of whom 
 he became deeply enamoured. He often 
 hunted in the woods in her company, but his 
 pleasure was soon interrupted by her death, 
 and still to keep afresh her memory, he fre- 
 quented the groves, where he had often at- 
 tended her, or reposed himself on the brim of 
 a fountain, where the sigh L of his own reflect- 
 ed image still awakened tender sentiments. 
 Pans. 9, c. 2\.—Hygin. fab. 271.— Ovid. Met. 
 
 3, V. 346, &LC. — PhilostraL 1. A freed-man 
 
 and secretary of Claudius, who abused his 
 trust and the infirmities of his imperial master, 
 and plundered the citizens of Rome to enrich 
 himself. Messalina, the emperor's wife, en- 
 deavoured to remove him, but Narcissus sacri- 
 ficed her to his avarice and resentment. Agrip- 
 pina, who succeeded in the place of Messali- 
 na, was more successful. Narcissus was ban- 
 ished by her intrigues, and compelled to kill 
 himself, A. D. 54. Nero greatly regretted his 
 loss, as he had found him subservient to his 
 most criminal and extravagant pleasures. Ta- 
 cit. — Sueton. A favourite of the emperor 
 
 Nero, put to death by Galba. A wretch 
 
 who strangled the emperor Commodus. 
 
 Nargara, a town of Africa, where Hanni- 
 bal and Scipio came to a parley. Liv. 30, c. 29. 
 
 Narisci, a nation of Germany, in the Up- 
 per Palatinate. Tacit, de Germ. 42. 
 
 Narnia or Narna, anciently Kequinum. 
 now Kami, a town of Umbria, washed by the 
 river Nar, from which it received its name. 
 In its neighbourhood are still visible the re- 
 mains of an aqueduct and of a bridge erected 
 by Augustus, Liv. 10, c. 9. 
 
 Naro, now Narenta, a river of Dalmatia 
 falling into the Adriatic, and having the town 
 of JVarona, now called JVarensa, on its banks, 
 a little above the mouth. 
 
 Narses, a king of Persia, A D. 294, defeat- 
 ed by Maximianus Galerius, after a reign of 
 
 .>even years. An eunuch in the court of 
 
 Justinian, who was deemed worthy to succeed 
 Belisarius, &ic. A Persian general, &;c. 
 
 Narthecis, a small island near Samos. 
 
 Narycia, or VM, or Narvx, a town of 
 JMagna Graecia, built by a colony of Locrians 
 after the fall of Troy. The place in Greece 
 from which they came bore the same name, 
 and was the country of Ajax Oileus. The 
 word JVarycianis more universally understood, 
 as applying to the Italian colony, near which 
 pines and other trees grew in abu«4.ance. 
 f^irg. G. 2, V. 438. JEn. 3, v. 399.— Olid. Met. 
 15, V. 705. 
 
 Nasamones, a savage people of Libya near 
 the Syrtes, who generally lived upon plunder. 
 Curt. 4, c. 7. — Lucan. 9, v. 439. — Herodot. 2, 
 c. 165.— .S't7. //. 2, V. 116, 1. 11, V. 180. 
 
 NASCioor Natio, a goddess at Rome, who 
 presided over the birth of children. She had 
 a temple at Ardea. Cic. de JVat. D. 3, c. 18. 
 
 Nasica, the surname of one of the Sci- 
 pios. Nasica was the first who invented the 
 measuring of time by water, B. C. 159, about 
 134 years after the introduction of sun-dials 
 at Rome, Vid. Scipio. An avaricious fel- 
 low who married his daughter to Coranus, a 
 man as mean as himself, that he might not 
 
 NA 
 
 only not repay the money he had borrawe^, 
 but moreover become his creditor's heir. Co- 
 ranus, understanding his meaning, purposely 
 alienated his property from him and his daugh- 
 ter, and exposed him to ridicule. Horai. 2* 
 Sai. 5, v. 64, &c. 
 
 Nasidjenus, a Roman knight, w^hose luxu- 
 ry, arrogance, and ostentation exhibited at aa 
 entertainment he gave to Mecasnas, were ridi- 
 culed by Horace, 2, Sat. 8. 
 
 L. Nasidius, a man sent by Porapey to 
 assist the people of Massilia. After the battle 
 of Pharsalia, he followed the interest of Pom- 
 pey's children, and afterwards revolted to An-- 
 lony. Appian. 
 
 Naso, one of the murderers of J Caesar. 
 One of Ovid's names. Vid. Ovidius. 
 
 Nassus or Nasus, a town of Acarnania, 
 near the mouth of the Aehelous. Liv. 26, 
 c. 24.— —Also a part of the town of Syra- 
 cuse. 
 
 Nasua, a general of the Suevi, when Cae-. 
 sar was in Gaul. 
 
 Natahs Ahtonius, a Roman knight w^fao 
 conspired against Nero with Piso. He was 
 pardoned for discovering the conspiracy, &c. 
 Tacit. Jinn. 15, c. 50. 
 
 Natiso, now Katisone, a river rising in the 
 Alps, and falling into the Adriatic east of Aqui- 
 leia. Plin. 3, c. 18. 
 
 Natta, a man whose manner of living was 
 so mean that his name became almost prover*- 
 bial.at Rome. Horat. 1, od. 6, v. 124. 
 
 Nava, now JVape, a river of Germany, fall- 
 ing into the Rhine at Bingen, below Mentz^ 
 Tacit. Hist. 4, c. 70. 
 
 Naubolus, a charioteer of Laius, king ojf 
 
 Thebes. A Phocean, father of Iphitus. 
 
 The sons of Iphitus were called JVaubolides^ 
 
 from their grandfather. A son of Lernus, 
 
 one of the Argonauts. 
 
 Naucles, a general of the mercenary 
 troops of Lacedaeraon against Thebes, he. 
 
 Naucrates, a Greek poet, who was em- 
 ployed by Artemisia to write a panegyric 
 
 upon Mausolus. Another poet. Atktn. 
 
 9.— —An orator who endeavoured to ali- 
 enate the cities of Lycia from the interest of 
 Brutus. 
 
 Naucratis, a city of Egypt oa the left 
 side of the Canopic mouth of the Nile, It 
 was celebrated for its commerce, and no ship 
 was permitted to land at any other place, but 
 was obliged to sail directly to the city, there 
 to deposit its cargo. It gave birth to Atiie- 
 naeus. The inhabitants were called Kaucra- 
 lilcE or A'aucrafiotce. Herodot. 2, c, 97 and- 
 119.— Plin. 5, c. 9. 
 
 Navius AcTius, a famous augur. Vid. 
 Naevius. 
 
 Naolociius, a maritime town of Sicily 
 
 near Pelorum. A town of Thrace on the 
 
 Euxine sea. Plin. 4, c. 11. A promontory 
 
 of the island of Irabros. A town of the Lo- 
 
 cri. Plin. 4, c. 3, 
 
 Naupactus or Nacpactum, a cityofiEto- 
 lia, at the mouth of the Evenus, now call- 
 ed Lepanto. The word is derived from 
 vceu,- Si TTttyiv/m, because it was there that the 
 Heraclidffi built the first ship, which carried 
 them to Peloponnesus. It first belonged to 
 the Locri Ozolae, and afterwards fell into the 
 hands of the Athenians, who gave it to th» 
 
NA 
 
 Messenians, who had been driven from Pelo- i 
 ponuesus by the Lacedcemonians. It became 
 the property of the Laceda3inonians, after the 
 battle of /Egospotanaos, and it was restored 
 to the Locri. Philip of Macedonia afterwards 
 took it and gave it to the yEtolians, from which 
 circumstance, it has generally been called one 
 of the chief cities of their country. Strab. 4. 
 Pans— 4, c. 2d.--Mela, 2, c. 3,— Ovid. Fast. 
 2, V. 43. 
 
 Nauplja, a maritime city of Peloponnesus, 
 the naval station of the Argives. The famous 
 fountain Canathos was in its neighbourhood. 
 Pans. 2, c. 38. — Strab. 8. 
 
 Naupiadks, a patronvmic ofPalamedesson 
 of r^auplius. Oind. Mel 13, v. 39. 
 
 Nauphus, a sou of iSeptune and Amymone, 
 king of Eubffia. He was father to the cele- 
 brated Palamedes, who was so unjustly sa- 
 crificed to the artifice and resentment of 
 Ulysses by the Greeks during the Trojan 
 ^va^. The death of Palamedes highly irritated 
 Nauplius. and to revenge the injustice of 
 the Grecian princes, he attempted to de- 
 bauch their wives and ruin their charactei*. 
 When ih.e Greeks returned from the Trojan 
 war; ixaupiius saw thein with pleasure dis- 
 tressed in a sLorm on the coasts of Eubuea. 
 ana to make their disaoter still more univer- 
 sal, he lif^hted iires on such places as were 
 surrounded with the most dangerous rocks, 
 that the fleet mi&;ht be shipwrecked upon the 
 coast. This sui^ceeded, but Nauplius Vv'as so 
 disappointed when he saw Ulysses and Dio- 
 medes escape from the general calamity, that 
 he threw himself into the sea. According to 
 some mythologists there were two persons 
 of this name, a native of Argos, who wejit 
 to Colchis with Jason. He w&s son of ]\ep- 
 tuf.e and Amymone. The other was king 
 of Eubcea, and lived during the Trojan war. 
 He was, according to some, son of Clytonas, 
 one ot the descendants of JNauplius, the Ar- 
 gonaut. The Ai-gonaut was remarkable for 
 his knowledge of sea atlairs, and of astrono- 
 my. He built the town of INauplia, and sold 
 Auge, daughter of Aleus, to king Teuthras, to 
 withdraw her from her father's resentment. 
 Orvh. ..:ru;on. — .Bpollod. 2, c. 7. — j^pollon. I, 
 &.C. — Ftacc. 1 and 5. — Slrab. S. — Paus. 4, c. 35. 
 — /.//,4"^ri. fab. 116. 
 
 Nauportus, a town of Pannonia on a river 
 
 of the same name, now called Ober, or Upper 
 
 Laybach. Veil. Put. 2, c. 110.— P/iJi. 3, c. 18.— 
 
 Tad:. Ann. 1, c. 20. 
 
 Naura, a country of Scythia in Asia. Curl. 
 
 8. Oi i.idia within the Ganges, jirrian. 
 
 Nausicaa, a daughter of Alcinous, king of 
 the Pha^aceans. She met Uiysses shipwreck- 
 ed on Ijer father's coasts, and it w as to her hu- 
 manity that he owed the kind reception be ex- 
 perienced from the king. She married, ac- 
 cording to Aristotle and Dictys, Telemachus 
 the son of Ulysses, by whom she had a son 
 ealled Perseptolis or Ptoliporthus. Homer. 
 
 Od. 6. Paus. 6, c. 19.—Hygin. fab. 126. 
 
 INausicles, an Athenian sent to assist the 
 Phociaus with 5000 foot, &i.c. 
 
 JSAusiMENKS, an Athenian whose wife lost 
 her voice from the alarm she received in see- 
 ing he;- .son guilty of incest. 
 
 Nausithok, one of the JN'ereides. 
 JVausithous; a king of the Phaeaceans, fa- 
 
 NE 
 
 ther to Alcinous. He was son of Neptune 
 and Periboea. Hesiod makes him son of Ulys- 
 ses and Calypso. Hesiod. Th. 1, c. 16. The 
 
 pilot of the vessel which carried Theseus int* 
 Crete. 
 
 Naustathmus, a port of Phocaea in Ionia.. 
 
 Liv. 37, c. 31. Also a port of Cyrenaica, 
 
 no»v Bondaria. Strab. 17. 
 
 Nautes, a Trojan soothsayer, who comfort- 
 ed iEncas when his fleet had been burnt in Si- 
 cily. Virg. JEn. 5, v. 704, He was the pro- 
 genitor of the Nautii at Rome, a family t» 
 whom the palladium of Troy was, in conse* 
 quence of the service of their ancestors, in- 
 trusted. Virg. JF.n. 5, v. 794. ^ 
 
 Naxos, now JVaxia, a celebrated island in 
 the j^^gean sea, the largest and most fertile of 
 all the Cyclades, about 105 miles in circumfe- 
 rence, and 30 broad. It was formerly called 
 Strongyle, Dia, DionysiaSf and Callipolis, and 
 received the name of Naxosfrom iNaxus, who 
 was at the head of a Carian colony, which set- 
 tled in the island. Naxos abounds with all 
 sorts of fruits, and its wines are still in the same 
 repute as formerly. The Naxians were an- 
 ciently governed by kings, but they afterwards 
 exchanged this form of government for are- 
 public, and enjoyed iheir liberty, till the age 
 of Pisistratiis, who appointed a tyrant over 
 them. They were reduced by the Persians ; 
 but in the expedition of Darius and Xerxes 
 against Greece, they revolted and fought on the 
 side of the Greeks. During the Peloponnesiaa 
 war, they supported the interest of Athens. 
 Bacchus was the chief deity of the island. Th© 
 capital was also called Naxos ; and near it, oa 
 the 20th Sept. B. C. 377, the Lacedaemo- 
 nians were defeated by Chabrias. Tkucyd. 1, 
 cic. — Herodot. — Diod. 5, &ic. — Ovid. Met. 3, v. 
 m6.— Virg. ^n. 3, v. 125.— Paus. 6, c. 16.— 
 
 Pindar. An ancient town on the eastern 
 
 side of Sicily, founded 759 years before the 
 Christian era. There was also another town 
 at the distance of five miles from Naxos, w'hick 
 bore the same name, and was often called by 
 conti'adistinction Taurominium. Plin. 3. — 
 
 Diod. 13. A town of Crete, noted for 
 
 liones. Plin. 36, c. 7. A Carian who gave 
 
 his name to the greatest of the Cyclades. 
 
 Nazianzus, a town of Cappadocia where 
 St. Gregory was born, and hence he is called 
 jXazianzenus. 
 
 Nea or JYova insula, a small island betweea 
 Lemnos and the Hellespont, which rose out 
 of the sea during an earthquake. Plin. 2, c. 
 87. 
 
 NEiERA, a nymph, mother of Phaetusa and 
 
 Lampetia by the Sun, Homer. Od. 12. A 
 
 woman mentioned in Virgil's Ed. 3. A 
 
 mistress of the poet Tibullus.— ^ — A favourite 
 
 of Horace. A daughter of Pereus, who 
 
 married Aleus, by whom she had Cepheus, 
 Lycurgus, and Auge, who was ravished by 
 
 Hercules. Jipollod. 3, c. 9. — Paus. 8, c. 4. 
 
 The wife of Autolycus. Paus. A daughter 
 
 of Niobe and Amphion. -The wife of the 
 
 Strymon. .^pollod. 
 
 NejEthus, now JVelo, a river of Magna 
 Graecia near Crotona. Ovid. Met. 15, v. 61. 
 
 Nealcfs, a friend of Turnus in his war 
 against il^neas. Virg, ^n. 10, v. 753. 
 
 Nealices, a painter, amongst whose capi- 
 tal pieces are mentioned a painting of Venus, 
 
NE 
 
 a sea-fight between the Persians and Egyp- 
 tians, and an ass drinking on the shore, with a 
 crocodile preparing to attack it. 
 
 Neandros, (or ia,) a town of Troas. Plin. 
 5, c. 30. 
 
 Neanthes, an orator and historian of Cy- 
 zicum, who flourished 257 years B. C. 
 
 Neapolis, a city of Campania, anciently 
 called Parthenope, and now known by the 
 name of JVapIes, rising like an amphitheatre 
 at the back of a beautiful bay 30 miles in cir- 
 cumference. As the capital of that part of 
 Italy, it is now inhabited by upwards of 
 350,000 souls, who exhibit the opposite marks 
 of extravagant magnificence, and extreme po- 
 verty. Augustus called it Neapolis. Suet, in 
 
 Aug. 98. A town in Africa. A city of 
 
 Thrace. A town of Egypt. Of Pales- 
 tine. Of Ionia. Also a part of Syracuse. 
 
 Liv. 25, c. 24. — Cic. in Ver. 5. 
 
 Nearchus, an officer of Alexander in his 
 Indian expedition. He was ordered to sail 
 upon the Indian ocean with Onesicritus and 
 lo examine it. He wrote an account of this 
 voyage and of the king's life ; but his veracity 
 has been called in question by Arrian. After 
 the king's death he was appointed over Lycia 
 and Pamphylia. Curt. 9, c. 10. — Polycen. 9. 
 — Justin. 13, c. 4. — Sirab. 2, &c.-< A beau- 
 tiful youth, &,c. Horat. 3, od. 20. An old 
 
 man mentioned by Cicero de Senect. 
 
 Nebo, a high mountain near Palestine, be- 
 yond Jordan, from the top of which Moses 
 was permitted to view the promised land. 
 
 Nebrissa, a town of Spain, now Lebrixa. 
 
 Nebrodes, a mountain of Sicily, where 
 the Himera rises. Sil. 14, v. 237. 
 
 Nebrophonos, a son of Jason and Hypsi- 
 
 pyle. Apotlod, One of Actason's dogs. 
 
 Ovid. Met. 3. 
 
 Nebula, a name given to Nephele the 
 wife of Athamas. Laetant. ad act. Stat. 1, 
 c. 65. 
 
 Necess'itas, a divinity who presided over 
 the destinies of mankind, and who was re- 
 garded as the mother of the Parcae. Paus. 2, 
 
 €.4. 
 
 Nechos, a king of Egypt, who attempted 
 to make a communication between the Me- 
 diterranean and Red seas, B. C. 610. No less 
 than 12,000 men perished in the attempt. It 
 was discovered in his reign (hat Africa was 
 eircumnavigable. Herodot. 2, c. 158, 1. 4, c. 
 42. 
 
 Necropolis, one of the suburbs of Alexan- 
 dt'ia. 
 
 Nectanebus and Nectanabis, a king of 
 Egypt, who defended his country against 
 the Persians, and was succeeded by Tachos, 
 B. C. 363. His grandson, of the same name, 
 made an alliance with Agesilaus king of Spar- 
 ta, and with his assistance he quelled a re- 
 bellion of his subjects. Some time after ho 
 was joined by the Sidonians, Pha3iiicians, and 
 inhabitants of Cyprus, who had revolted from 
 the king of Persia. This powerful confedera- 
 cy was soon attacked by Darius the king of 
 Persia, who marched at the head of his 
 troops. Nectanebus, to defend his frontiers 
 against so dangerous an enemy, levied 20,000 
 mercenary soldiers in Greece, the same num- 
 ber in Libya, and 60,000 were furnished in 
 Egypt, This numerous body was not equal to 
 
 NE 
 
 the Persian forces ; and Nectanebus, defeat- 
 ed in a battle, gave up all hopes of resistance 
 and fled into ^Ethiopia, B. C. 350, where he 
 found a safe asylum. His kingdom of Egypt 
 became from that time tributeuy to the king 
 of Persia. Pint. Jlges. — Diod. 16, &c. — 
 Poly(Rn. 2. — Kep. in Ages. 
 
 Necysia, a solemnity observed by the 
 Greeks in memory of the dead. 
 
 Neis, the wife of Endymion. Apollod. 
 
 Neleus, a son of Neptune and Tyro. He 
 was brother to Pelias, with whom he was ex- 
 posed by his mother, who wished to conceal 
 her infirmities from her father. They were 
 preserved and brought to Tyro, who had then 
 married Cretheus king of lolchos. After the 
 death of Cretheus, Pelias and Neleus seized 
 the kingdom of lolchos, which belonged to 
 .3ison the lawful son of Tyro by the deceased 
 monarch. After they had reigned for some 
 time conjointly, Pelias expelled Neleus from 
 lolchos. Neleus came to Aphareus king of 
 Messenia, who treated him with kindness, and 
 permitted him to build a city, which he called 
 Pylos. Neleus married Chloris the daughter 
 of Amphion, by whom he had a daughter and 
 twelve sons, who were all, except Nestor, 
 killed by Hercules, together with their father, 
 Neleus promised his daughter in marriage on- 
 ly to him who brought him the bulls of Iphi- 
 clus. Bias was the successful lover. Vid. Me- 
 lampus. Ovid. Met. 6, v. 418. — Paus. 4, c. 
 
 SQ.— Apollod. 1, c. 9j 1. 2, c. 6. ^A river of 
 
 Eubcea. 
 
 Nelo, one of the Danaides. Apollod. 2, 
 
 NEMiEA, a town of Argolis between Cleonae 
 and Philius with a wood, where Hercules, in 
 the 16th year of his age, killed the celebrated 
 Nemasan lion. This animal, born of the hun- 
 dred-headed Typhon, infested the neighbour- 
 hood of Nema?a, and kept the inhabitants un- 
 der continual alarms. It was the first labour 
 of Hercules to destroy it ; and the hero, when 
 he found that his arrows and his club wer« 
 useless against an animal whose skin was hard 
 and impenetrable, seized him in his arms and 
 squeezed him to death. The conqueror 
 clothed himself in the skin, and games were 
 instituted to commemorate so great an event. 
 The Nemaean gantes were originally instituted 
 by the Argives in honour of Archemorus, who 
 died by the bite of a serpent, [Vid. Arche- 
 morus,] and Hercules some time after renew- 
 ed them. They were one of the four great 
 and solemn games, which were observed in 
 Greece. The Argives, Corinthians, and the 
 inhabitants of Cleonae, generally presided by 
 turns at the celebration, in which were exhibit- 
 ed foot and horse races, chariot races, boxing, 
 wrestling, and contests of every kind, both 
 gymnical and equestrian. The conqueror was 
 rewarded with a crown of olive, afterwards of 
 green parsley, in memory of the adventure of 
 Archemorus, whom his nurse laid down on a 
 sprig of that plant. They were celebrated 
 every third, or according to others every fifth 
 year, or more properly on the 1st and 3d year 
 of every Olympiad, on the 12th day of the Co- 
 rinthian month Panemos, which corresponds 
 to our August. They served as an era to the 
 Argives, and to the inhabitants of the neigh- 
 bouring country. It was always usual for an 
 orat«> to pronounce a funeral oration in me^ 
 
NE 
 
 mory of the death of Archemonia, and those I atterwartli 
 who distributed the prizes were always dress- j Germ. 28. 
 cd ill mourning. Liv. 27, c. 30 and 31, 1. 34, c. 
 41.— Ovid. Met. 9, v. 97, ep. 9, v. 61.— 
 Pau^. in Corinth. — Clem. Mexand. — At hen. — 
 Polymi.—Strab. S.—Hygin. fab. 30 and 273. 
 — Jpollod. 3, c. 6. A river of Pelopon- 
 nesus falling into the bay of Corinth. Liv. 33, 
 e. 15. 
 
 NiiMAUstjs, a town of Gaul in Languedoc, 
 near the mouth of the Rhone, now JYismes. 
 
 Nemesia, festivals in honour of Nemesis, 
 [Vid. Nemesis.] 
 
 M. AuREL. Olymp. Nemesianus, a Latin 
 poet, born at Carthage, of no very brilliant 
 talents, in the third century, whose poems 
 on hunting and bird-catching were published 
 by Burman, inter scriptores rei venaticae, 4to. 
 L. Bat. 1728. 
 
 Nemesis, one of the infernal deities, daugh- 
 ter of Nox. She was the goddess of vengeance, 
 always prepared to punish impiety, and at the 
 same time liberally to reward the good and 
 virtuous. She is made one of the Parcae by 
 some mythologists, and is represented with a 
 helm and a wheel. The people of Smyrna 
 were the first who made her statues with 
 wings, to show with what celerity she is pre- 
 pared to punish the crimes of the wicked both 
 by sea and land, as the helm and the wheel in 
 her hands intimate. Her power did not only 
 exist in this life, but she was also employed 
 after death to find out the most effectual and 
 rigorous means of correction. Nemesis was 
 particularly worshipped at Rhamnus in Attica, 
 where she had a celebrated statue 10 cubits 
 long, made of Parian marble by Phidias, or ac- 
 cording to others, by one of his pupils. The 
 Romans were also particularly attentive to the 
 adoration of a deity whom they solemnly in- 
 voked, and to whom they offered sacrifices be- 
 fore they declared war against their enemies, 
 to show the world that their wars were under- 
 taken upon the most just grounds Her statue 
 at Rome was in the capitol. Some suppose 
 that Nemesis was the person whom Jupiter 
 deceived in the form of a swan, and that Le- 
 da was intrusted with the care of the children 
 which sprang from the two eggs. Others ob- 
 serve that Leda obtained the name of Nemesis 
 after death. According to Pausanias, there 
 were more than one Nemesis. The goddess 
 Nemesis was surnamed Rhanmusia, because 
 worshipped at Rhamnus, and Jldrastia from 
 tile temple which Adrastus kingof Argos erect- 
 ed to her when he went against Thebes to re- 
 venge the indignities which his son-m-lawPoly- 
 nices had suffered in being unjustly drivenfrom 
 his kingdom by Eteocles. The Greeks celebra- 
 ted a festival called JVtmesin, in piemory of de- 
 ceased persons, as the g-oddess Nemesis was 
 supposed to defend the relics and the memory 
 of llie dead from all insult. Hygin. P. Ji. 2, c. 
 S.—Paus. 1, c. 33.— £pollod. 3, c. 10.— 
 Hesiod. Theog. 224.— Plin. U, c. 2S, 1. 36, c. 
 5. A mistress of Tibullus, 2, el. 3, v. 55. 
 
 Nemesius, a Greek writer whose elegant 
 ai»d useful treatise de Naiura Hoviinis, was 
 edited in 12rao. Ant. apud. Plant. 1565, and 
 in 8vo. Oxon, 1671. 
 
 Nemetacum, a town of Gaul, now Jirras. 
 
 Nemetes, a nation of Germany, now 
 forming the inhabitaxits of Spire, which wae 
 
 called J^ovioma^mi Taui. at 
 
 j Nemokalia, festivals observed in the 
 I woods of Aricia, in honour of Diana, who pre- 
 sided over the country and the forests, on 
 which account that part of Italy was some- 
 times denominated ^emorensis ager. Ovid, dt 
 Ji. Ji. 1, V. 259. 
 
 Nemossus, (or um,) the capital of the 
 Averni in Gaul, now Cltnnord. Lucan. 1. v. 
 4\9. —Strab. 4. 
 
 NeobCJle, a daughter of Lycambus, bC' 
 trothed to the poet Archilochus. [Vid. Ly- 
 cambes.] floral ep. 6, v. 13, 1. 1, ep. v. 19>. 
 
 — Ovid, in lb. 54. A beautiful woman t© 
 
 whom Horace addressed 3, od. 12. 
 
 NeocjESaria, a town of Pontus. 
 
 Neochabis, a king of Egypt. 
 
 Neocles, an Athenian philosopher, father, 
 or according to Cicero, brother to the philos- 
 opher Epicurus. Cic. 1, de Nat. D. c. 21. — 
 
 Diog. The father of Themistocles. JEliajn... 
 
 V. H. 2, &.C.— C. Mp. in Them. 
 
 Neocenes, a man who made himself abso- 
 lute, &,c. Diod. 15. 
 
 Neomoris, one of the Nereides. Jipol- 
 lod. 1. 
 
 Neoi*, a town of Phocis. There was also 
 
 another of the same name in the same coun- 
 try on the top of Parnassus. It was afterwards 
 called Tithorea. Plut. in Syll. — Pam. — Phoc. 
 — Herodot. 8, c. 32. One of the command- 
 ers of the ten thousand Greeks who assisted 
 Cyrus against Artaxerxes. 
 
 Neontichos, a town of jEtolia near the 
 Hermys. Herodot. — Plin. 
 
 Neoptolemus, a king of Epirus, son ©f 
 Achilles and Deidamia, called Pyrrhv^, from 
 the yellow colour of his hair. He was carefully 
 educated under the eye of his mother, and 
 gave early proofs of his valour. After the 
 death of Achilles, Calchas declared in the as- 
 sembly of the Greeks that Troy could not be 
 taken without the assistance of the son of the 
 deceased hero. Immediately upon this Ulysseft 
 and Phffinix were commissioned to bring Pyrr- 
 hus to the war. He returned with tiiem with 
 pleasure, and received the name of Neoptole- 
 mus, {new soldier,) because he bad come late 
 to the field. On his arrival before Troy he 
 paid a visit to the tomb of his father, and wept 
 over his ashes. He afterwards, according to 
 some authors, accompanied Ulysses to Lemnos 
 to engage Philoctetes to come to the Trojan 
 war. He greatly signalized himself during the 
 remaining time of the siege, and he was the 
 first who entered the wooden horse. He was 
 inferior to none of the Grecian warriors in 
 valour, and Ulysses and Nestor alone could 
 claim a superiority over him in eloquence, 
 wisdom, and address. His cruelty, however, 
 was as great as that of his father. Not satis- 
 fied with breaking down the gates of Priam's 
 palace, he exercised the greatest barbarity 
 upon the remains of his family, and without 
 any regard to the sanctity of the place where 
 Priam had taken refuge, he slaughtered him 
 without mercy ; or, according to others, drag- 
 ged him by the hair to the tomb of his father, 
 where he sacrificed him, and where he cut off 
 his head, and carried it in exultation through 
 the streets of Troy, fixed on the point of a 
 spear. He sJbo sacrificed Astyanax to bis fury^ 
 
NE 
 
 alid miffloiated Polysenaon th« tomb of Achil- 
 les according to those who deny that that sac- 
 rifice was voluntary. V/hcn Troy was taken, 
 the captives were divided among the conque- 
 rors, and Pyrrhus had for his share Andro- 
 mache the widow of Hector, and Helenas the 
 son of Priana. With these he departed for 
 Greece, and he probably escaped from destruc- 
 tion by giving credit to'the words of Helenas, 
 who foretold him that if he sailed with the rest 
 of the Greeks, his voyage would be attended 
 with fatal consequences, and perhaps with 
 death. This obliged him to take a different 
 course from the rest of the Greeks, and he 
 travelled over the greatest part of Thrace, 
 where he had a severe encounter with queen 
 Harpalyce. [Fw/. Harpalyce.] The place of 
 his retirement after the Trojan war is not 
 known. Some maintain that he went to Thes 
 saly, where his grandfather still reigned j but 
 this is confuted by others, who observe per- 
 haps with more reason, that he went to Epi- 
 rus, where he laid the foundations of a new 
 kingdom, because his grandfather Peleus had 
 been deprived of his sceptre by Acastus the 
 son of Pelias. JSeoptoleraus lived with An- 
 iiromache after his arrival in Greece, but it is 
 unknown whether he treated her as a lawful 
 wife, or a concubine. He had a son by this 
 unfortunate princess called Molossus, and 
 two others, if we rely on the authority of 
 Pausanias. Besides Andromache he married 
 Hermione the daughter of Menelaus, as also 
 Lanassa the daughter of Cleodseus, one of the 
 descendants of Hercules. The cause of his 
 death is variously related. Menelaus, before 
 the Trojan war, had promised his daughter 
 Hermione to Orestes, but the services he ex- 
 perienced from the valour and the courage of 
 Neoptolemus during the siege of Troy, indu- 
 oed him to reward his merit by making him 
 his son-in-law. The nuptials were accordingly 
 celebrated, but Hermione became jealous of 
 Andromache, and because she had no children, 
 she resolved to destroy her Trojan rival v.rho 
 seemed to steal away the affections of their 
 common husband. In the absence of Neoptole- 
 mus at Delphi, Hermione attempted tp murder 
 Andromache, but she was prevented by the 
 interference of Peleus, or according to others, 
 of the populace. "When she saw her schemes 
 defeated, she determined to lay violent hands 
 Upon herself to avoid the resentment of Neop- 
 tolemus. The sudden arrival of Orestes chan- 
 ged her resolutions, and she consented to elope 
 with her lover to Sparta. Orestes at the same 
 time, to revenge and to punish his rival, caused 
 him to be assassinated in the temple of Delphi, 
 and he was murdered at the foot of the altar 
 by Machareus the priest, or by the hand of 
 Orestes himself, according to Virgil, Patercu- 
 lus, and Hyginus. Some say that he was mur- 
 dered by the Delphians, who had been bribed 
 b}' the presents of Orestes. It is unknown why 
 Neoptolemus went to Delphi. Some support 
 that he wished to consult the oracle, to know 
 how he might have children by the barren 
 Hermione ; others say, that he went thither to 
 offer the-spoils which he had obtained during 
 (he Trojan war, to appease the resentment of 
 Apollo, whom ho had provoked by calling him 
 the cause of the death of Achilles, The plun- 
 der oi the rich temple gi Delphi, if we believe 
 
 NE 
 
 otbew, was tiie object of the journey of Neep*- 
 tolemus, and it cannot but be observed, that 
 he suffered the same death and the same bar- 
 barities which he had inflicted in the temple of 
 Minerva upon the aged Priam and his wretched 
 family. From this circumstance the ancients 
 have made use of the proverb of JVeoptolernic 
 revenge when a person had suffered the same 
 savage treatment which others had received 
 from his hand. The Delphians celebrated a 
 festival with great pomp and solemnity in me- 
 mory of Neoptolemus, who had been slain ia 
 his attempt to plunder their temple, because, 
 as they said, Apollo, the patron of the place, 
 had been in some manner accessary to the 
 death of Achilles Patsrc. 1, c. 1. — Virg. 
 M.n. 2 and 3.— Paiw. 10, c. 24.— Ovid. Met 
 13, v. 834, 455, &,c. Heroid. S.—Strab. 9.— 
 Find. JVem. 7. — Eurip. Androm. and Or6St. 
 kc. — Pliit. in Pyrr. — Justin. 17, c. 3. — ZHc* 
 tys. Cret. 4, 5, and d.— Homer. Od. 11, v. 604: 
 //. 19, v. 326.— 5op/w)c/. Philod.—ApoUod. 3, 
 c. 13.—Eygin. fab. 97 and 102.— Pfdlostr. Her: 
 
 19, k.c. — Dares. Phryg. — Q. Smyrn. 14. 
 
 A king of the Molossi, father of Oly rapias, the 
 
 mother of Alexander. Justin. 17, c. 3. 
 
 Another, king of Epirus. An uncle of the 
 
 celebrated Pyrrhus who assisted the Taren- 
 tines. He was made king of Epirus by the 
 Epirots, who had revolted from their la^vful 
 sovereign, and was put to death when he at- 
 tempted to poison his nephew, &,c. FhU. m 
 
 Pyrr. A tragic poet «f Athens, great'y 
 
 favoured by Philip, king of Macedonia. When 
 Cleopatra, the monarch's daughter, was mar- 
 ried to Alexander of Epirus, he wrote some 
 verses which proved to be prophetic of the 
 tragical death of Philip. Diod. 16. A re- 
 lation of Alexander. He was the first who 
 climbed the walls of Gaza when that city was 
 taken by Alexander. After the king's death 
 he received Armenia as his province, and 
 made war against Eumenes. He was support- 
 ed by Craterus, but an engagement with Eu- 
 menes proved fatal to his cause. Craterus 
 was killed, and himself mortally wounded, by 
 Eumenes, B. C. 321. C. ffep. in Eumen. ■ • ■ 
 One of the officers of Mithridates the Great, 
 beaten by Lucullus in a naval battle. Flut. in 
 Luc. A tragic writer. 
 
 Neoris, a large country of Asia, near Ge- 
 drosia, almost destitute of waters. The inha- 
 bitants were called Kcorita, and it was usual 
 among them to suspend their dead bodies on 
 the boughs of trees. Diod. 17. 
 
 Njepb, a constellation of the heavens, the 
 
 same as Scorpio. An inland town of Etm- 
 
 ria, called also Nepete, whose inhabitants are 
 called Keptsxni. Itai. 8, v. 490. — Liv. 6, c. 19, 
 1. 26, c. 34. 
 
 Njsphalia, festivals in Greece, in honour of 
 Mnemosyne, the mother of the Muses and 
 Aurora, Venus, &ic. No wine was used during 
 the ceremony, but merely a mixture of water 
 and honey. Pollux. 6, c. 3. — Athtn. 15. — 5ia- 
 das, 
 
 Nkphrle, the first wife of Athamas, king 
 of Thebes, and mother of Phryxus and Helle. 
 She was repudiated on pretence of being sub- 
 ject to fits of insanity; and Athamas married 
 Ino, the daughter of Cadmus, by whom he 
 had several children, Ino became jealous of 
 Neph^le, because her childrea >vould ?uccef d 
 
NE 
 
 to tbeir father's throne before her's by right 
 of seniority, and she resolved to destroy them. 
 JVephele was apprized of her wicked inten- 
 tions, and she removed her children from the 
 reach of Ino, by giving tneai a celebrated 
 ram, sprung from the union of Neptune and 
 Theophane, on whose back they escaped to 
 Colchis. [Vid. Phryxus.j Nephele was alter- 
 wards changed into a cioud, whence her name 
 is given by the Greeks to the clouds. Some 
 call her JSebula, which word is the Latin 
 translation of Neplide. The fleece of tne 
 ram, vv'hich saved the life of Nepheie's chil- 
 dren, is often called the Ktpkuian fleece. 
 Apollod. 1, c. 9. — Hygin. 2, he. — Ovid. Met. 
 11, V. 195. — Flacc. 11, v. 66. A moun- 
 tain of Thessaly, once the residence of the 
 Centaurs. 
 
 Wephelis, a cape of Cilicia. Liv. 38, c. 20. 
 
 JVepherites, a king of Egypt, who assist- 
 ed the Spartans against Persia, when Agesi- 
 laus was in Asia. He sent them a fleet of 
 100 ships, which were intercepted by Conon, 
 as they were sailing towards Rhodes, inc. 
 JDiod. 14. 
 
 Nephus, a son of Hercules. 
 
 Nepia, a daughter of Jasus, who mar- 
 ried Olympus, king of Mysia, whence the 
 plains of Mysia are sometimes called jYepice 
 eumpi. 
 
 Corn. Nepos, a celebrated historian in the 
 Kcign of Augustus. He was born at Hostilia, 
 and, like the rest of his learned contempora- 
 ries, he shared the favours and enjoyed the 
 patronage of the emperor. He was the inti- 
 mate friend of Cicero and of Atticus, and re- 
 commendedhimself to the notice of the great 
 and opulent by delicacy of sentiment and a 
 lively disposiiion. According to some writers 
 he composed three books of chronicles, as alse 
 a biographical account of all the most celebra- 
 ted kings, generals, and authors of antiquity. 
 Of all his valuable compositions, nothing re- 
 mains but his lives of the illustrious Greek and 
 Roman generals, which have often been attri- 
 buted to TEmyliusProbus, who published them 
 in his own name in the age of Theodosius, to 
 conciliate the favour and the friendship of that 
 emperor. The language of Cornelius has al- 
 ways been admired, and as a writer of the 
 Augustan age, he is entitled to many commen- 
 dations for the delicacy of his expressions, the 
 elegance of his style, and the clearness and 
 precision of his narrations. Some support 
 that he translated Dares Phrygius from the 
 Greek original ; but the inelegance of the dic- 
 tion, and its many incorrect expressions, plain- 
 ly prove that it is the production, not of a wri- 
 ter of the Augustan age, but the spurious com- 
 position of a more modern pen. Cornelius 
 speaks of his account of the Greek historians 
 in Dion. c. 3. Among the many good editions 
 of Cornelius Nepos, two may be selected as 
 the best, that of Verheyk, 8vo. L. Bat. 1773, 
 
 and that of Glasgow, 12mo. 1761. Julius, 
 
 an emperor of the west, ^c. 
 
 Nepotianus Flavins Popilius, a son of Eu- 
 tropia, the sister of the emj)eror Constantine. 
 He proclaimed himself emperor after the 
 death of his cousin Constans, and rendered 
 himself odious by his cruelty and oppression. 
 He was murdered by Anicetus, alter one 
 month's reign, and his family were involved 
 in his roin. 
 
 NE 
 
 NbptHys, wife of Typhon, became enam 
 oured of Osiris, her brother-in-law, and intro- 
 duced herself to his bed. She had a son cal- 
 led Anubis by him. Flut. in Isid. 
 
 NeptCni fanum, a place near Cenchreae, 
 
 Mela, 1, c. 19. Another in the island of Ca- 
 
 iauria. Another near Mantinea. 
 
 iSEPTijNiA, a town and colony of Magna 
 Grsecia. 
 
 Neptunium, a proraontoiy of Arabia, at the 
 entrance of the gulf. 
 
 Neptunius, an epithet applied to Sext. Pom- 
 pey, because he believed himself to be god of 
 tne sea, or descended from him, on account 
 of his superiority in ships, kc. Horat. Epod. 
 9.— Dion. 48. 
 
 Neptijnus, a god, son of Saturn and Ops, 
 and brother to Jupiter, Pluto, and Juno. He 
 was devoured by his father the day of his 
 birth, and again restored to life by means of 
 Metis, who gave Saturn a certain potion. Pau- 
 sanias says, that his mother concealed him in 
 a sheep-fold in Arcadia, and that she imposed 
 upon her husband, telling him that she had 
 brought a colt into the world, which was in- 
 stantly devoured by Saturn. Neptune shared 
 with his brothers the empire of Saturn, and 
 received as his portion the kingdom of the 
 sea. This, however, did not seem equivalent 
 to the empire of heaven and earth, which Ju- 
 piter had claimed, therefore he conspired to 
 dethrone him with the rest of the gods. The 
 conspiracy was discovered, and Jupiter con- 
 demned Neptune to build the walls of Troy. 
 [ Vid. Laomedon.j A reconciliation was sooa 
 after made, and Neptune was re-instituted to 
 all his rights and privileges. Neptune dispu- 
 ted with Minerva the right of giving a name to 
 the capital of Cecropia, but he was defeated, 
 and the olive which the goddess suddenly rais- 
 ed from the earth was deemed more sei-vice- 
 able for tiie good of mankind, than the horse 
 which Neptune had produced by striking the 
 ground with his trident, as that animal is the 
 emblem of war and slaughter. This decision 
 did not please Neptune, he renewed the com- 
 bat by disputing for Trcezene, but Jupiter set- 
 tled their disputes by permitting them to be 
 conjointly worshipped there, and by giving 
 the name of Polias, or the protectress of the 
 city, to Minerva, and that of king of Trcezene 
 to the god of the sea. He also disputed his 
 right tor the isthmus of Corinth with Apollo j 
 and Briareus the Cyclops, who was mutually 
 ciiosen umpire, gave the isthmus to Neptune, 
 and the promontory to Apollo. Neptune, as 
 being god of the sea, was entitled to more 
 power than any of the other gods, except Ju- 
 piter. Not only the ocean, rivers, and foun- 
 tains, were subject to him, but he also could 
 cause earthquakes at his pleasure, and raise 
 islands from the bottom of the sea with a 
 blow of his trident. The worship of Neptune 
 was established in almost every part of the 
 earth, and the Libyans in particular venerated 
 him above all other nations, and looked upon 
 him as the first and greatest of the gods. The 
 Greeks and the Romans were also attached t9 
 ais worship, and they celebrated their Isth- 
 mian games and Consualia with the greatest 
 solemnity. He was generally represented sit- 
 ting in a chariot made of a shell, and drawn 
 by sea horses or dolphins. Sometimes ht is 
 
NE 
 
 drawn by winged horses, and holds his trident 
 in his hand, and stands up as his chariot flies 
 oyer the surface of the sea. Homer repre- 
 sents him as issuing from the sea, and in three 
 steps crossing the whole horizon. The moun- 
 tains and the forests, says the poet, trembled 
 as he walked ; the whales, and all the fishes of 
 the sea, appear round him, and even the sea 
 herself seems to feel the presence of her god. 
 The ancients generally sacrificed a bull and a 
 horse on his altars, and the Roman soothsay- 
 ers always offered to him the gall of the vic- 
 tims, which in taste resembles the bitterness 
 of the sea water. The amours of Neptune 
 are numerous. He obtained, by means of a 
 dolphin, the favours of Amphitrite, who had 
 made a vow of perpetual celibacy, and he pla- 
 ced among the constellations the fish which 
 had persuaded the goddess to become bis 
 wife, He also married Venilia and Sala- 
 cia, which are only the names of Amphitrite, 
 according to some authors, who observe that 
 the former word is derived from venire, allu- 
 ding to the continual motion of the sea. Sala- 
 ciais derived from salum, which signifies the 
 sea, and is applicable to Amphitrite. Nep- 
 tune became a horse to enjoy the company of 
 Ceres. [Vid. Arion.] To deceive Theo- 
 phane he changed himself into a ram. [Vid. 
 Theophane.] He assumed the form of the 
 river Enipeus, to gain the confidence of Tyro, 
 the daughter of Salmoneus, by whom he had 
 Pelias and Neleus. He was also father of 
 Phorcus and Polyphemus by Thoosa ; of Ly- 
 cus, Nycteus, and Eupheraus, by Celeno ; 
 of Chryses by Chrysogenia; of Ancaeus by 
 Astypalae *, of Boeotus and Hellen by Antiope ; 
 of Leuconoe by Themisto; of Agenor and 
 Bellerophon by Eurynome, the daughter 
 of Nysus ; of Antas by Alcyone the daughter 
 of Atlas ; of Abas by Arethusa ; of Actor 
 and Dictys by Agemede the daughter of Au- 
 gias; of Megareus by (Enope daughter of 
 Epopeus ', of Cycnus by Harpalyce ; of Taras, 
 Otus, Ephialtes, Dorus, Alesus, &c. The 
 word Keptmws is often used metaphorically 
 by the poets, to signify sea water. In the 
 Consualia of the Romans, horses were led 
 through the streets finely equipped and crown- 
 ed with garlands, as the god in whose honour 
 the festivals were instituted, had produced the 
 horse, an animal so beneficial for the use of 
 mankind. Pans. 1, 2, he. — Homer. 11. 7, 
 hc—Varro de L. L. 4.—Cic. de JVat. D. 2, 
 c. 26, 1. 2, c. 25.— Hesiod. Theog. — Virg. JE^i. 
 1, V. 12, &,c. 1. 2, 3, kc.—JSpollod. 1, 2, he. 
 Olid. Met. 6, v. 117, hc.—Herodot. 2, c. 50, 
 1. 4, c. 188. — Macrob. Saturn. 1, c. 17. — 
 Aug. de Civ. D. 18. — Ptut. in Them. — Hy- 
 gin. fab. 157. — Eurip. in Phceniss. — Flacc. — 
 Jlpollon. Rhod. 
 
 Nerf.ides, nymphs of the sea, daughters 
 ©fNereusand Doris. They were fifty, ac- 
 cording to the greater number of the raytho- 
 logibts, whose names are as follows : Sao, Am- 
 phitrite, Proto, Galataja, Thoe, Eucrate, 
 Eudora, Galena, Glauce, Thetis, Spio, Cy- 
 mothoe, Melita, Thalia, Agave, Eulimene, 
 Erato, Pasithea, Doto, Eunice, Nesea, Dyna- 
 mene, Pherusa, Protomelia, Actea, Penope, 
 Doris, Cyraatolege, Hippothoe, Cymo.Eione, 
 Hipponoe, Cymodoce, Neso, Eupoippe, Pro- 
 noe, Themisto. Glauconome,,Hftliiriede, Pon- 
 58 
 
 NE 
 
 toporia, Evagora, Liagora, Polynomc, Lao- 
 madia, Lysianassa, Autonoe, Menippe, E- 
 varne, Psamathe, Nemertes. In those which 
 Homer mentions, to the number of 30, we find 
 the following names difl'erent from those spoken 
 of by Hesiod : Halia, Limmoria, lera, Amphi- 
 troe, Dexamfene, Amphinorae, Callianira, Ap- 
 seudes, Callanassa, Clymene, Janira, Nassa, 
 Mera, Orithya, Amathea. ApoUodorus, who 
 mentions 45, mentions the following names 
 different from the others ; Glaucothoe, Pro- 
 tomedusa, Pione, Plesaura, Calypso, Cranto, 
 Neomeris, Dejanira, Polynoe, Melia, Dione, 
 Isea, Dero, Eumolpe, lone, Ceto. Hyginus 
 and others differ from the preceding authors 
 in the following names : Drymo, Xantho, Li- 
 gea, Phyllodoce, Cydippe, Lycorias, Cleio, Be- 
 roe, Ephira, Opis, Asia, Deopea, Arethusa, 
 Crenis, Eurydice, and Leucothoe. The Ne- 
 reides were implored as the rest of the deities ; 
 they had altars, chiefly on the coast of the sea, 
 where the piety of mankind made offerings of 
 milk, oil, and honey, and often of the flesh of 
 goats. When they were on the sea shore they 
 generally resided in grottos and caves which 
 were adorned with shells, and shaded by the 
 branches of vines. Their duty was to attend 
 upon the more powerful deities of the sea, and 
 to be subservient to the will of Neptune. They 
 were particularly fond of alcyons, and as they 
 had the power of ruffling or calming the wa- 
 ters, they were always addressed by sailors, 
 who implored their protection that they might 
 grant them a favourable voyage and a prosper- 
 ous return. They are represented as young 
 and handsome virgins, sitting on dolphins, and 
 holding Neptune's trident in their hand, or 
 sometimes garlands of flowers. Orpheus Hymn. 
 23.— Catul.de Rapt.—Pel.— Ovid. Met. 11, v. 
 361, hc.^Stat. 2, Sylv. 2, 1. 3, Sylv.l.—Paus. 
 2, c. 1. — jipollod. l,c. 2, and 2. — Hesiod.Theog.- 
 — Homer. Jl. 18, V. 39.— -P/m. 36, c. b.—Hy- 
 gin, he. 
 
 Nereics, a name given to Achilles, as sou 
 of Thetis, who was one of the Nereides. Horat. 
 ep. 17, V. 8. 
 
 Nereus, a deity of the sea, son of Oceanus 
 and Terra. He married Doris, by whom he 
 had 50 daughters, called the Nereides. [Vid. 
 Nereides.] Nereus was generally represented 
 as an old man with a long flowing beard, and 
 hair of an azure colour. The chief place of his 
 residence was in the jilgean sea, where he was 
 surrounded by his daughters, who often danced 
 in chorusses round him. He had the gift of 
 prophecy, and informed those that consulted 
 him of the different fates that attended ihem. 
 He acquainted Paris with the consequences of 
 his elopement with Helen ; and it was by his 
 directions that Hercules obtained the goldea 
 apples of the Hesperides ; but the sea god often 
 evaded the importunities of inquirers by assu- 
 ming different shapes,and totally escaping from 
 their grasp. The word JVereus is often taken 
 for the sea itself. Nereus is sometimes called 
 the most ancient of all the gods. Hesiod. Theog. 
 — Hygin. — Homer. II. 18. — Apollod. — Orpheus 
 Argon. — Horat. 1, od. 13. — Eurip. inlphig. 
 
 Nerio, or Neriene, the wife of Mars. 
 Gell B. c. 21. 
 
 Neripiius, a desert island near the Thra- 
 cian Chersonesus. 
 
 NerYtos, a mountain In the island of Iflla- 
 
NE 
 
 •NE 
 
 ca, as also a small island in the Ionian sea, . innocent, his character was injured, but not 
 according to Mela. The word Neritos is the lives of the people. But his conduct soon 
 often applied to the whole island of Ithaca, became more abominable ; he disguised him- 
 and Ulysses, the king of it, is called JVeritius self in the habit of a woman, and was publicly 
 rfiu:, andhis ship JVeritia navis. The people [ married to one of his eunuchs. This violence 
 
 of Saguntum, as descended from a Neritian 
 colony, are called JVeritia proles. Sil. It. 2, 
 V. 317.— Virg. JEn. 3, v. Ill.—PUn. 4.— 
 Mela, 2, c. l.—Ovid. Met. 13, v. 712. Rem. 
 A. 263. 
 
 Neritum, a town of Calabria, now called 
 ^ardo. 
 
 Nerius, a silversmith in the age of Ho- 
 race, 2 SaX. 3, v. 69. An usurer in Nero's 
 
 age, who was so eager to get money, that he 
 married as often as he could, and as soon des- 
 troyed his wives by poison, to possess himself 
 of their estates. Ftrs. 2, v. 14. 
 
 Nero, Claudius Doraillus Caesar, a cele- 
 brated Roman emperor, son of Caius Domi- 
 tius Ahenobarbus and Agrippina the daughter 
 of Germanicus. He was adopted by the em- 
 peror Claudius, A. D. 50, and four years after 
 he succeeded to him on the throne. The be- 
 ginning of his reign was marked by acts of the 
 greatest kindness and condescension, by afta- 
 bility, complaisance, and popularity. The 
 object of his administration seemed to be the 
 good of his people ; and when he was desired 
 to sign his name to a list of malefactors that 
 were to be executed, he exclaimed, / wish to 
 heaven Icould not write. He was an enemy 
 to flattery, and when the senate had liberally 
 commended the wisdom of his government, 
 Nero desired them to keep their praises till he 
 deserved them. These promising virtues were 
 soon discovered to be artificial, and Nero dis- 
 played the propensities of his nature. He de- 
 livered himself from the sway of his mother, 
 and at last ordered her to be assassinated. This 
 unnatural act of barbarity might astonish some 
 of the Romans, but Nero had his devoted ad- 
 herents; and when he declared that he had 
 taken away his mother's life to save himself 
 from ruin, the senate applauded his measures, 
 and the people signified their approbation. 
 Many of his courtiers shared the unhappy fate 
 of Agrippina, and Nero sacrificed to his fury 
 or caprice all such as obstructed his pleasure, 
 or diverted his inclination. In the night he 
 generally sallied out from his palace, to visit 
 the meanest taverns, and all the scenes of de- 
 bauchery which Rome contained. In this 
 tJOcturnal riot he was fond of insulting the 
 people in the streets, and his attempts to offer 
 violence to the wife of a Roman senator, 
 nearly cost him his life. He also turned 
 actor, and publicly appeared on the Roman 
 stage in the meanest characters. In his at- 
 tempts to excel in music, and to conquer the 
 disadvantages of a hoarse rough voice, he mo- 
 derated his meals, and often passed the day 
 without eating. The celebrity of the Olym- 
 pian games attracted his notice. He passed 
 into Greece, and presented himself as a can- 
 didate for the public honour. He was defeated 
 in wrestling, but the flattery of the spectators 
 adjudged him the victory, and Nero returned 
 to Rome with all the pomp and splendour of 
 an eastern conqueror, drawn in the chariot of 
 Augustus, and attended by a band of musi- 
 cians, actors, and stage dancers from every 
 part of the empire. These private and pub- 
 lic amusemeuts of the emperor were indeed 
 
 to nature and decency was soon exchanged for 
 anotlier; Nero resumed his sex, and cele 
 brated his nuptials with one of his meanest ca- 
 tamites, and it was on this occasion that one of 
 the Romans observed, that the world would 
 have been happy if Nero's father had had such 
 a wife. But now his cruelty was displayed in 
 a more superlative degree, and he sacrificed 
 to his wantonness his wife OctaviaPoppaja, and 
 the celebrated writers, Seneca, Lucan, Petro- 
 nius, &.C. The Christians also did not escape 
 his barbarity. He had heard of the burning of 
 Troy, and as he wished to renew that dismal 
 scene, he caused Rome to be set on fire in 
 different places. The conflagration became 
 soon universal, and during nine successive days 
 the fire was extinguished. All was desola- 
 tion, nothing was heard but the lamentations 
 of mothers whose children had perished in the • 
 flames, the groans of the dying, and the conti- 
 nual fall of palaces and buildhigs. Nero was 
 the only one who enjoyed the general con- 
 sternation. He placed himself on the top of a 
 high tower, and he sang on his lyre the des- 
 truction of Troy, a dreadfid scene which his 
 barbarity had realized before his eyes. He 
 attempted to avert the public odium from his 
 head, by a feigned commiseration of the mise- 
 ries of his subjects. He began to repair the 
 streets and the public buildings at his own ex- 
 pense. He built himself a celebrated palace, 
 which he called his golden house. It was pro- 
 fusely adorned with gold, with precious stones, 
 and whatever was rsu-e and exquisite. It con- 
 tained spacious fields, artificial lakes, woods, 
 gardens, orchards, and whatever could exhibit 
 beauty and grandeur. The entrance of this 
 edifice could admit a large colossus of the em- 
 peror 120 feet high ; the galleries w^ere each a 
 mile long, and the whole was covered with 
 gold. The roofs of the dining halls represent- 
 ed the firmament, in motion as well as in fig- 
 ure, and continually turned round night and 
 day, showering down all sorts of perfumes and 
 sweet waters. When this grand edifice, which, 
 according to Pliny, extended all round the ci- 
 ty, was finished, Nero said, that now he could 
 lodge like a man. His profusion was not less 
 remarkable in all his other actions. When 
 he went a fishing his nets were made with 
 gold and silk. He never appeared twice in 
 the same garment, and when he undertook a 
 voyage, there were thousands of servants to 
 take care of his wardrobe. This continuation 
 of debauchery and extravagance at last rous- 
 ed the resentment of the people. Many 
 conspiracies were formed against the empe- 
 ror, but they were generally discovered, and 
 such as were accessary suffered the greatest 
 punishments. The most dangerous conspiracy 
 against Nero's life was that of Piso, from 
 which he was delivered by the confession of a 
 slave. The conspiracy of Galba proved more 
 successful ; and tne conspirator, when he was 
 informed that his plot was known to Nero, de- 
 clared himself emperor. The unpopularity 
 of Nero favoured his cause; he was acknow- 
 ledged by (ftllthe Roman empire, and the se- 
 nate condemned the tyrant that sat on the 
 
ne 
 
 tiirone lo be dragged naked through the 
 streets of Rome, and whipped to death, and af- 
 terwards to be thrown down from the Tarpeian 
 rock like the meanest malefactor. This, how- 
 ever, was not done, and Nero, by a voluntary 
 death, prevented the execution of the sen- 
 tence. He killed himself, A. D. 68, in the 
 32d year of his age, after a reign of 13 years 
 and eight months. Rome was filled w ith ac- 
 clamation at the intelligence, and the citizens, 
 more strongly to indicate their joy, wore caps, 
 such as were generally used by slaves who had 
 received their freedom. Their vengeance was 
 not only exercised against the statues of tlie 
 deceased tyrant, but his friends were the ob- 
 jects of the public resentment, and many 
 were crushed to pieces in such a violent man- 
 ner, that one of the senators, amid the uni- 
 versal joy, said that he was afraid they pliould 
 soon have cause to wish for Nero. The ty- 
 rant, as he expired, begged that his head 
 might not be cut off from his body, and ex- 
 posed to the insolence of an enraged popu- 
 lace, but that the whole might be burned on 
 the funeral pile. His request was granted by 
 one of Galba's freedraen, and his obsequies 
 were performed with the usual ceremonies. 
 Though his death seemed to-be the source of 
 universal gladness, yet many of his favourites 
 lamented his fall, and were grieved to see that 
 their pleasures and amusements were stopped 
 ty the death of the patron of debauchery and 
 extravagance. Even the king of Parthia sent 
 embassadors to Rome to condole with the 
 Romans, and to beg that they w ould honour 
 and revere the memory of JSero. His sta- 
 tues were also crowned with garlands of 
 flowers, and many believed that he was not 
 dead, but that he would soon make bis ap- 
 pearance, and take due vengeance upon his 
 enemies. It will be sufficient to observe, in 
 5nishing the character of this tyrannical em- 
 peror, that the name of JVero is even now 
 used emphatically to express a barbarous and 
 unfeeling oppressor. Pliny calls him the com- 
 mon enemy and the fury of mankind, and in 
 this he has been followed by p.11 writers^ who 
 exhibit Nero as a pattern ot the most execra- 
 ble barbarity and unpardonable wantoimess. 
 Plut. in Galb. — Suet, in viid. — Plin. 7, c. 8, 
 &c. — Dio. 64. — AurtL Victor. — Tacit. Ann. 
 
 Claudius, a Roman general sent into 
 
 Spain to succeed the two Scipios. He suffer- 
 ed himself to be imposed upon by Asdmbal, 
 and was soon after succeeded by young Scipio. 
 He was afterwards made consul, and inter- 
 cepted Asdrubal, who was passing from Spain 
 into Italy with a large reinforcement for his 
 brother Annibal. An engagement was fought 
 near the river Metaurus, in which 66,000 of 
 the Carthaginians were left in the field of bat- 
 tle, and great numbers taken prisoners, 207 
 B. C. Asdrubal, the Carthaginian general, 
 was also killed, and his head cut off and thrown 
 into his brother's camp by the conquerors. 
 Appian. in Han. — Oros. 4. — Liv. 27, &.c. — 
 Horat. 4, od. 4, v. 37.— F/or. 2, c. 6.— VaL 
 Max. 4, c. I. Another, who opposed Cice- 
 ro when he wished to punish with death such 
 as were accessary to Catiline's conspiracy. 
 
 A son of Germanicus, who was ruined by 
 
 Sejanus, and banished from Rome by Tiberius. 
 He died in the place of his exile. His death 
 
 NE 
 
 I was voluntary, according to some. Suelan. in 
 I Tiber. — Domitian was called JVero, because 
 his cruelties surpassed those of his predeces- 
 sors, and also Calvus, from the baldness of his 
 
 head. Juv. 4. The Neros were of the 
 
 Claudian family, which, during the republican 
 times of Rome, was honoured with 28 con- 
 sulships, five dictatorships, six triumphs, 
 seven censorships, and two ovations. They 
 assumed the surname of Nero, which, in the 
 language of the Sabines, signifies strong and 
 warlike. 
 
 Neronia, a name given to Artaxata by Ti- 
 ridates, who had been restored to his kingdom 
 by Nero, whose favours he acknowledged by 
 calling the capital of his dominions after the 
 name of his benefactor. 
 
 NeuoniaNji; Therm,*:, baths at Rome, made 
 by tlie emperor Nero. 
 
 Nertoerigia, a town of Spain, on th& 
 Bilbilis. 
 
 Nerva Cocceius, a Roman emperor after 
 the death of Domitian, A. D. 96. He ren- 
 dered himself popular byJiis mildness, his 
 generosity, and the active jp&rt he took in the 
 management of affairs. He suffered no sta- 
 tues to be raised to his honour, and he applied 
 to the use of tlie government all the gold and 
 silver statues which flattery had erected to his 
 predecessor. In his civil character he was 
 the pattern of good manners,, of sobriety and 
 temperance. He forbad the mutilation of 
 male children, and gave no countenance to 
 the law which permitted the maiTiage of an 
 uncle with his niece. He made a solemn de- 
 claration that no senator should suffer death, 
 during his reign ; and this he observed with 
 such sanctity that, when two members of the 
 senate had conspired against his life, he was 
 satisfied to tell them that he was informed of 
 their wicked machinations. He also con- 
 ducted them to the public spectacles, and- 
 seated himself between them, and, v^hen a 
 sword was offered to him, according to the 
 usual custom, he desired the conspirators to 
 try it upon his body. Such goodness of heart, 
 such confidence in the self-conviction of the 
 human mind, and such reliance upon the con- 
 sequence of bis lenity and indulgence, con- 
 ciliated the affection of all his subjects% Yet, 
 as envy and danger are the constant compa- 
 nions of greatness, the praetorian guards at last 
 mutinied, and Nerva nee^ly yielded to their 
 fury. He uncovered his aged neck in the 
 presence of the incensed soldiery, and bade 
 them wreak their vengeance upon him, pro- 
 vided they spared the life of those to whom he 
 was indebted for the empire, and whom his 
 honour commanded him to defend. His seem-^ 
 ing submission was unavailing, and he was at 
 last obliged to surrender, to the fury of his 
 soldiers, some of his friends and supporters. 
 Tlie infirmities of his age, and his natuml ti- 
 midity, at last obliged him to provide himself 
 against any future mutiny or tumult, by choos- 
 ing a worthy successor. He liadmany friends 
 and relations, but he did not consider the ag- 
 grandizement of bis family, and he chose for 
 his sou and successor, Trajan, a man of whose 
 virtues and greatness of mind he was fully 
 convinced. This voluntary choice was ap- 
 proved by the acclamations of the people, anA 
 the wi?dora and prudence which marked thif 
 
NE 
 
 reign of Trajan, showed how discerning was 
 the judgment, and how affectionate were the 
 intentions of Nerva for the good of Rome. 
 He died on the 27th of July; A. D. 98, in his 
 72d year, and his successor showed his re- 
 spect for his merit and his character by raising 
 him altars and temples in Rome, and in the 
 provinces, and by ranking him in the number 
 of the gods. JNerva was the first Roman em- 
 peror who was of foreign extraction, his father 
 being a native of Crete. Plin. paneg. — Diod. 
 
 69. M. Cocceius, a consul in the reign of 
 
 Tiberius. He starved himself, because he 
 would not be concerned in the extravagance 
 of the emperor. A celebrated lawyer, con- 
 sul with the emperor Vespasian. He was fa- 
 ther to the emperor of that name. 
 
 Nervii, a warlike people of Belgic Gaul, 
 who continually upbraided the neighbouring 
 nations for submitting to the power of the 
 Romans. They attacked J. Caesar, and were 
 totally defeated. Their country forms the 
 modern province of Hainault. Lucan. 1, v. 
 428.— Cow. Bell. G. 2, c. 15. 
 
 JNerulum, an inland town of Lucania, now 
 Lagonegro. Liv. 9, g. 20. 
 
 Nerium, or Artabrum, a promontory of 
 Spain, now Cape Finisterre. Strab. 3. 
 
 Nes ACTUM, a town of Istria at the mouth 
 of the Arsia, now CastelJVuovo. 
 
 NESiEA, one of the iVereides. Virg. G. 4, v. 
 338. 
 
 Nesimachus, the father of Hippomedon, 
 a native of Argos, who was one of the seven 
 chiefs who made war against Thebes. Hygin. 
 lO.—Schol. Stat. Th. 1, v. 44. 
 
 Nesis, (w, or idis), now JVisita, an island 
 on the coast of Campania, famous for aspara- 
 gus. Lucan and Statins speak of its air as un- 
 wholesome and dangerous. Plin. 19, c. 8. — 
 Lucan. 6, v. 90. — Cic ad Alt. 16, ep. 1 and 2. 
 Stat. 3, Sylv. 1, v. 148. 
 
 Nessus, a celebrated centaur, son of Ixion 
 and the Cloud. He offered violence to De- 
 janira, whom Hercules had intrusted to his 
 care, with orders to carry her across the river 
 Evenus. [Firf. Dejanira.] Hercules saw the 
 distress of his wife from the opposite shore of 
 the river, and immediately he let fly one of 
 his poisoned arrows, which struck the centaur 
 to the heart. Nessus, as he expired, gave the 
 tunic he then wore to Dejanira, assuring her 
 that from the poisoned blood which had 
 flowed from his wounds, it had received the 
 jiovver of calling a husband away from unlaw- 
 lul loves. Dejanira received it with pleasure, 
 and this mournful present caused the death 
 of Hercules, [Vid. Hercules.] ApoUod. 2, 
 c. 7. — Olid. ep. 9. — Senec. in Here. fur. — 
 
 Paus. 3, c. 28.— Diod. 4. A river. [Vid. 
 
 Nestus.] 
 
 Nestocles, a famous statuary of Greece, 
 rival to Phidias. Plin. 34, c. 8. 
 
 Nestor, a son of Neleiis and Chloris, 
 nepiiew to Pelias, and grandson to Neptune. 
 He had eleven brothers, who were all killed, 
 with his father, by Hercules. His tender age 
 detained him at home, and was the cause of 
 his preservation. The conqueror spared his 
 life, and placed him on the throne of Pylos. 
 He married Eurydice, the daughter of Cly- 
 menes, or, according to others, Anaxibia, the 
 daughter of Atreus. He early distinguished | 
 
 NE 
 
 I himself in the field of battle, and was present 
 ! at the nuptials of Pirithous, when a bloodr 
 j battle was fought between the Lapithaj ana 
 Centaurs. As king of Pylos and Messenia 
 he led his subjects to the Trojan war, where 
 he distinguished himself among the rest of the 
 Grecian chiefs, by eloquence, address, wis- 
 dom, justice, and an uncommon prudence of 
 mind. Homer displays his character as the 
 most perfect of all his heroes ; and Agamem- 
 non exclaims, that if he had ten generals like 
 Nestor, he should soon see the walls of Troy 
 reduced to ashes. After the Trojan war, 
 Nestor retired to Greece, where he enjoyed, 
 in the bosom of his family, the peace and tran- 
 quillity which were due to his wisdom and to 
 his old age. The manner and the time of 
 his death are unknown ; the ancients are all 
 agreed that he lived three generations of men, 
 which length of time some suppose to be 300 
 years, though, more probably, only 90, al- 
 lowing 30 years for each generation. From 
 that circumstance, therefore, it was usual 
 among the Greeks and the Latins, when they 
 wished along and happy life to their friends, 
 to wish them to see the years of Nestor. He 
 had two daughters, Pisidice and Polycaste; 
 and seven sons, Perseus, Straticus, Aretus, 
 Echephron, Pisistratus, Antilochus, and Tra- 
 siraedes. Nestor was one of the Argonauts, 
 according to Valerius Flaccus 1, v. 380, &lc. 
 — Dictys. Cret. 1, c. 13, &c. — Homer. II. 1, 
 &c. Od.3 and U.— Hygin. fab. 10 and 273.— 
 Paus. 3, c. 26, 1. 4, c. 3 and 31.— Apollod. 1, 
 c. 9, 1. 2, c. I.—Ovid. Met. 12, v. 169, &c. 
 
 — Horat. 1, od. 15. A poet of Lycaonia 
 
 in the age of the emperor Severus. He was 
 father to Pisander, who, under the emperor 
 
 Alexander, wrote some fabulous stories. 
 
 One of the body guards of Alexander. Polycen. 
 
 Nestorius, a bishop of Constantinople, 
 who flourished A. D. 431. He was condemn- 
 ed and degi-aded from his episcopal dignity for 
 his heretical opinions, &.c. 
 
 Nesttjs, or Nessus, now JVesto, a small 
 river of Thrace, rising in mount Rhodope, 
 and falling into the iEgean sea above the 
 island of Thasos. It was for some time the 
 boundary of Macedonia on the east, in the 
 more extensive power of that kingdom. 
 
 Netum, a town of Sicily, now called JVb/o, 
 on the eastern coast. Sil. 14, v. 269. — Cic. in 
 Ver.4, c. 26, I. 5, c. 51. 
 
 Neuri, a people of Sarmatia. Mela, 2, c. 1. 
 
 Nic.«A, a widow of Alexander, who mar- 
 ried Demetrius. A daughter of Antipater, 
 
 who married Perdiccas. A city of India, 
 
 built by Alexander on the very spot where 
 he had obtained a victory over king Porus. 
 
 A town of Achaia near Thermopylae, 
 
 on the bay of Alalia. A town of lUyricum. 
 
 Another in Corsica Another ia 
 
 Thrace. In Bceotia. A town of Bithy- 
 
 nia, (now JVice or ls-7iik), built by Antigo- 
 nus, the son of Philip, king of Macedonia. 
 It was originally called Anligonia, and after- 
 wards JViccea, by Lysimachus, who gave it the 
 name of his wife, who was daughter of Anti- 
 pater. A town of Liguria, built by the 
 
 people of Massilia, in commemoration of a 
 victory. 
 
 Nicagoras, a sophist of Athens in the 
 reign of the emperor Philip. He wrote the 
 
 ii 
 
NI 
 
 lives of illustrious men, and was reckoned 
 one of the greatest and most learned men of 
 his age. 
 
 NiCANDER, a king of Sparta, son of Cha- 
 rillus, of the family of the Proclidae. He 
 
 reigned 39 years, and died B. C. 770. A 
 
 writer of Chalcedon. A Greek gramma- 
 rian, poet, and physician, of Colophon, 137 
 B. C. His writings were held in estimation, 
 but his judgment cannot be highly commended, 
 since, without any knowledge of agriculture, 
 he ventured to compose a book on that intri- 
 cate subject. Two of his poems, entitled 
 Thtriaca, on hunting, and Ahxipharmaca, 
 on antidotes against poison, are still extant ; 
 the best editions of which are those of Gor- 
 ragus, with a translation in Latin verse by 
 Grevinus, a physician at Paris, 4to. Paris, 
 1557, and Salvinus, 8vo. Florent. 1764. Cic. 1, 
 de Orat. c. 16. 
 
 NiCAJVOR, a man who conspired against the 
 
 life of Alexander, Cu7-t. 6. A son of Par- 
 
 menio, who died in Hyrcania, &;c. A sur- 
 name of Demetrius. [Vid. Demetrius 2d.] 
 
 An unskilful pilot of Antigonus. Polycen. 
 
 A servant of Atticus. Cic. 5, ep. 3. 
 
 A Samian, who wrote a treatise on rivers. 
 
 A governor of Media, conquered by Seleucus. 
 He had been governor over the Athenians 
 under Cassander, by whose orders he was put 
 
 to death. A general of the emperor Titus, 
 
 wounded at the siege of Jerusalem. A man 
 
 of Stagira, by whom Alexander the Great sent 
 a letter to recall the Grecian exiles. Diod. 18. 
 
 A governor of Munychia, who seized the 
 
 Piraeus, and was at last put to death by Cas- 
 sander, because he wished to make himself ab- 
 solute over Attica. Diod. 18. A brother of 
 
 Cassander, destroyed by Olympias. Id. 19. 
 
 A general of Antiochus, king of Syria. 
 
 He made war against the Jews, and showed 
 himself uncommonly cruel. 
 
 NiCARCHUs, a Corinthian philosopher in the 
 
 age of Periander. Plut. An Arcadian 
 
 chief, who deserted to the Persians at the re- 
 turn of the ten thousand Greeks. 
 
 NiCARTHiDEs, a man set over Persepolis 
 by Alexander. 
 
 JVicATOR, a surname of Seleucus, king of 
 Syria, from his having been unconquered. 
 
 Nice, a daughter of Thestius. Apollod. 
 
 NicEPHORiuM, a town of Mesopotamia, on 
 the Euphrates, where Venus had a temple. 
 Liv. 32, c. 33.— Taci/. Ann. 6, c. 41. 
 
 NicEPHORius, now Khabour, a river which 
 flowed by the walls of Tigranocerta. Tacit, 
 jinn. 15, c. 4. 
 
 NicEPHoRus Cji:sar, a Byzantine histori- 
 an, whose works were edited, fol. Paris, 1661. 
 Gregoras, another, edited fol. Paris, 
 
 1702. A Greek ecclesiastical historian, 
 
 whose works were edited by Ducajus, 2 vols. 
 Paris, 1630. 
 
 JSicER, now the JVecker, a river of Germany 
 falling into the Rhine at the modern town of 
 Manbeim. Jiuson. Mos. 423. 
 
 Niceratus, a poet who wrote a poem in 
 praise ofLysander. The father ofNicias. 
 
 NicETAS, one of the Byzantine historians, 
 whose works were edited fol. Paris, 1647. 
 
 NicETERiA, a festival at Athens, in me- 
 mory of the victory which Minerva obtained 
 
 NI 
 
 over Neptune, in their dispute about giving a 
 name to the capital of the country. 
 
 NiciA, a city. [Vid. Nicaea.] A river 
 
 falling into the Po at Brixellum. It is now 
 called Lensa, and separates the duchy of Mo- 
 denafrom Parma. 
 
 NiciAs, an Athenian general, celebrated for 
 his valour and for his misfortunes. He early 
 conciliated the good will of the people by his 
 liberality, and he established his military cha- 
 racter by taking the island of Cythera from 
 the power of Lacedaemon. When Athens de- 
 termined to make war against Sicily, Nicias 
 was appointed, with Alcibiadesand Lamachus, 
 to conduct the expedition which he reprobat- 
 ed as impolitic, and as the future cause of ca- 
 lamities to the Athenian power. In Sicily he 
 behaved with great firmness, but he often 
 blamed the quick and inconsiderate measures 
 of his colleagues. The success of the Athe- 
 nians remained long doubtful. Alcibiades was 
 recalled by his enemies to take his trial, and 
 Nicias was left at the head of affairs. Syra- 
 cuse was surrounded by a wall, and, though 
 the operations were carried on slowly, yet 
 the city would have surrendered, had not the 
 sudden appearance of Gylippns, the Corinthian 
 ally of the Sicilians, cheered up the courage of 
 the besieged at the critical moment. Gylip- 
 pus proposed terms of accommodation to the 
 Athenians, which were refused ; some battles 
 were fought, in which the Sicilians obtained 
 the advantage, and Nicias at last, tired of his 
 ill success, and grown desponding, demanded 
 of the Athenians a reinforcement or a succes- 
 sor. Demosthenes,. upon this, was sent with 
 a powerful fleet, but the advice of Nicias was 
 despised, and the admiral, by his eagerness 
 to come to a decisive engagement, ruined his 
 fleet and the interest of Athens. The fear 
 of his enemies at home prevented Nicias 
 from leaving Sicily ; and when, at last, a con- 
 tinued series of ill success obliged him to com- 
 ply, he found himself surrounded on every 
 side by the enemy, without hope of escaping. 
 He gave himself up to the conquerors with 
 all his army, but the assurances of safety 
 which he had received soon proved vain and 
 false, and he was no sooner in the hands of 
 the enemy than he was shamefully put to 
 death with Demosthenes. His troops were 
 sent to quarries, where the plague and hard 
 labour diminished their numbers and aggra- 
 vated their misfortunes. Some suppose that 
 the death ofNicias was not violent. He per- 
 ished about 413 years before Christ, and the 
 Athenians lamented in him a great and val- 
 iant but unfortunate general. Flut. in vita. — 
 C. JVep. in Alcib. — Thucyd. 4, he. — Diod. 15. 
 -A grammarian of Rctme, intimate with 
 
 Cicero. Cic. in epist. A man of Nica, 
 
 who wrote an history of philosophers. A 
 
 physician of Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, who 
 made an ofter to the Romans of poisoning his 
 master for a sum of money. The Roman ge- 
 neral disdained his ofters, and acquainted 
 Pyrrhus with his treachery. He is oftener 
 
 called Cineas. A painter of Athens, in the 
 
 age of Alexander. He was chiefly happy in 
 his pictures of women. JFMan. V. H. 2, c. 31. 
 ISiciPPE, a daughter of Pelops, who mar- 
 ried Sthenekjs.— — A daughter of Thespias. 
 Apollod. 
 
NI 
 
 Nicippus, a tyrant of Cos, one of whose 
 slieep brought forth a Hon, which was consi- 
 dered as portending his future greatness, and 
 his elevation to the sovereignty. Mlian. V. 
 H. 1, c. 29. 
 
 Nico, one of the Tarentine chiefs who con- 
 spired against the life of Annibal. Liv. 30. 
 - ■ A celebrated architect and geometrician. 
 He was father to the celebrated Galea, the 
 
 prince of physicians. One of the slaves of 
 
 Craterus. The name of an ass which Au- 
 gustus met before the battle of Actiura, a cir- 
 cumstance which he considered as a favoura' 
 
 ble omen. The name of an elephant re- 
 
 aaarkable for his fidelity to king PjTrhus. 
 
 NicocHARES, a Greek eoroic poet in the 
 age of Ai'istophanes. 
 
 NicocLES, a familiar friend of Phocion, con- 
 demned to death. Plut. A king of Sala- 
 
 mis, celebrated for his contest with a king of 
 Phoenicia, to prove which of the two was 
 
 most eflferainate. A king of Paphos, who 
 
 reigned under the protection of Ptolemy, king 
 of Egypt. He revolted from his friend to 
 the king of Persia, upon which Ptolemy or- 
 dered one of his servants to put him to death, 
 to strike terror into the other dependant 
 princes. The servant, unwilling to murder the 
 monarch, advised him to kill himt.^elf JVicocles 
 obeyed, and all his family followed his exam- 
 ple, 310 years before the Christian era. An 
 
 ancient Greek poet, who called physicians a 
 happy race of men, because light publijhed 
 their good deeds to the world, and the earth 
 
 hid all their faults and imperfections. A 
 
 king of Cyprus, who succeeded his father Eva- 
 goras on the throne, 374 years before Christ. 
 It was with him that the philosopher Isocl-ates 
 
 corresponded. A tyrant of Sicyon, deposed 
 
 by means of Aratus, the Achaean. Plv,i. in 
 Aral. 
 
 NicocRATES, a tyrant of Cyrene. An 
 
 author at Athens. A king of Salamis in 
 
 Cyprus, who made himself known by the va- 
 luable collection of books which he had. .^- 
 then. 1. 
 
 NicocREON, a tyrant of Salamis, in the 
 age of Alexander the Great. He ordered the 
 philosopher Anaxarchus to be pounded to 
 pieces in a mortar. 
 
 NicoDEMUs, an Athenian appointed by 
 Conon over the fleet which was going to the 
 assistance of Artaxerses. Diod. 14. A ty- 
 rant of Italy, &-C. An ambassador sent to 
 
 Pompey by Aristobulus. 
 
 NicoDORUS, a wrestler of Mantinea, who 
 studied philosophy in his old age. JElian. V. 
 H. 2, c. 22. — Suidm. An Athenian archon. 
 
 NicoDRoMUs, a son of Hercules and Nice. 
 
 JtpoUod. An Athenian who invaded JEgi- 
 
 na, &,c. 
 
 NicoLAUs, a philosopher. A celebrated 
 
 Syracusan, who endeavoured, in a pathetic 
 speech, to dissuade his countrymen from offer- 
 ing-violence to the Athenian prisoners who 
 had been taken with Nicias their general. His 
 
 eloquence was unavailing. An officer of 
 
 Ptolemy against Antigonus. A peripatetic 
 
 philosopher and historian in the Augustan age. 
 
 NicoMACHA, a daughter of Themistocles. 
 
 NicoMACHus, the father of Aristotle, whose 
 .son also bore the same name. The phi- 
 losopher composed his ten books of morals 
 
 NI 
 
 for tiie use and improvement of his s»u, and 
 thence they are called Nicomachea. Suidas. 
 One of Alexander's friends, who disco- 
 vered the conspiracy of Dymus. Curt. 6. 
 An excellent painter. A Pythagorean phi- 
 losopher. 'A Lacedaemonian general, con- 
 quered by Timotheus. A writer in the fifth 
 
 century, he. 
 
 NicoMEDES 1st, a king of Bithynia, about 
 278 years before the Christian era. It was by 
 his exertions that this part of Asia became a 
 monarchy. He behaved with great cruelty to 
 his brothers, and built a town which he called 
 by his own name, jYicomedia. Justin. — Pans. 
 
 &c. The 2d, was ironically surnamed Phi- 
 
 lopaier, because he drove his father Prusias 
 from the kingdom of Bithynia, and caused 
 him to be assassinated, B. C. 149. He reigned 
 59 years. IVlithridates laid claim to his king- 
 dom, but all their disputes were decided by 
 the Romans, who deprived Nicomedes of the 
 province of Paphlagonia, and his ambitious 
 rival of Cappadocia. He gained the affections 
 of his subjects by a courteous behaviour, and 
 by a mild and peaceful government. Justin. 
 The 3d, son and successor of the pre- 
 ceding, was dethroned by his brother Socrates, 
 and afterwards by the ambitious Mithridates. 
 The Romans re-established him on his throne, 
 and encouraged hira to make reprisals upon 
 the king of Poatus. He followed their advice, 
 aod he was, at last, expelled another time 
 from his dominions, till Sylla came into Asia, 
 who restored him to his former power and 
 
 affluence. Strab. — Appian, ^The fourth of 
 
 that name, was son and successor of Nico- 
 medes 3d. He passed his life in an easy and 
 tranquil manner, and enjoyed the peace which 
 his alliance with the Romans had procured 
 him. He died B. C. 75, without issue, and 
 left his kingdom, with all his possessions, to 
 the Roman people. Strab. 12. — Appian. Mi- 
 thrid. — Justin. 38, c. 2, Lc. — Flor. 3, c. 5. 
 
 A celebrated geometrician in the age of 
 
 the philosopher Eratosthenes. He made him- 
 self known by his useful machines, k,c. 
 
 An engineer in the army of Mithridates. 
 
 One of the preceptors of the emperor M. An- 
 toninus. 
 
 NicoMEDiA, fnow Is-nikmid,) a town of 
 Bithynia, founded by Nicomedes 1st. It was 
 the capital of the country, and it has been 
 compared, for its beauty and greatness, to 
 Rome, Antioch, or Alexandria. It became 
 celebrated for being, for some time, the resi- 
 dence of the emperor Constantine, and most 
 of his imperial successors. Some suppose that 
 it was originally called Astacus, and Olbia, 
 though it was generally believed that they 
 were all different cities. Ammian. 17. — Pam. 
 5, c. 12.— P/tn. 5, kc— Strab. 12, Lc. 
 
 NicoN, a pirate of Phaere, in Peloponnesus, 
 
 &ic. Polyatn. An athlete of Thasos, 14 
 
 limes victorious at the Olympic games.— —A 
 native of Tarentum. [^Vid. Nico.] 
 
 NicoKiA, a town of Pontus. 
 
 NicoPHANEs, a famous painter of Greece, 
 whose pieces are mentioned with commenda- 
 tion. Plin. 35, c. 10. 
 
 NicoPHRON, a comic poet of Athens some 
 time after the age of Aristophanes. 
 
 NicopoLis, a city of Lower Egypt.' A 
 
 town of Armenia, built by Pompey the Great 
 
NI 
 
 in memory of a victory which he had there 
 obtaiQcd over the forces of Mithridates. Strab. 
 12.— —Another in Thrace, built on the banks 
 of the IVestus by Trajan, in memory of a vic- 
 tory which he obtained there over the bar- 
 barians. A town of Epirus, built by Au- 
 gustus after the battle of Actium. Another, 
 
 near Jerusalem, founded by the emperor 
 Vespasian. Another, in Mcesia, Ano- 
 ther, in Dacia, built by Trajan, to perpetuate 
 the memory of a celebrated battle. Ano- 
 ther, near the bay of Issus, built by Alexan- 
 der. 
 
 JVicosTRATA, a courtezan who left all her 
 possessions to Sylla. — The same as Carmente, 
 mother of Evander. 
 
 NicosTRATus, a man of Argos of great 
 strength. He was fond of imitating Hercules 
 by clothing himself in a lion's skin. Diod. 16. 
 One of Alexander's soldiers. He con- 
 spired against the king's life, with Hermolaus. 
 
 Curt. 8. A painter who expressed great 
 
 admiration at the sight of Helen's picture by 
 
 Zeuxis. ^lian. 14, c, 47. A dramatic 
 
 actor of louia. A comic poet of Argos. 
 
 An orator of Macedonia, in the reign of 
 
 the emperor M. Antoninus. A son of Me- 
 
 nelaus and Helen. Pans. 2, c. 18. A 
 
 general of the Achaeans, who defeated the 
 Macedonians. 
 
 NicoTELEA, a celebrated woman of Messe- 
 Bia, who said that she became pregnant of 
 Aristomenes by a serpent. Paus. 4, c. 14. 
 
 NicoTELEs, a Corinthian drunkard, k,c. 
 Elian. V. H. 2, c. 14. 
 
 Niger, a friend of M. Antony, sent to him 
 
 by Octavia. A surname of Clitus, whom 
 
 Alexander killed in a fit of drunkenness. 
 
 C. Pescennius Justus, a celebrated governor 
 in Syria, well known by his valour in the Ro- 
 man armies, while yet a private man. At the 
 death of Pertinax he was declared emperor 
 of Rome, and his claims to that elevated sit- 
 uation were supported by a sound understand- 
 ing, prudence of mind, moderation, cou- 
 rage, and virtue. He proposed to imitate the 
 actions of the venerable Ajitoninus, of Trajan, 
 of Titus, and M. Aurelius. He was remark- 
 able for his fondness for ancient discipline, 
 and never sutFered his soldiers to drink wine, 
 but obliged them to quench their thirst with 
 water and vinegar. He forbade the use of sil- 
 ver or gold utensils in his camp, all the bakers 
 and cooks were driven away, and the soldiers 
 ordered to live, during the expedition they 
 undertook, merely upon biscuits. In his pun- 
 ishments, Niger was inexorable : he condemn- 
 ed ten of his soldiers to be beheaded in the 
 presence of the army, because they had stolen 
 and eaten a fowl. The sentence vtfas heard 
 V. ith groans ; the army interfered ; and, when 
 IS'iger consented to diminish the punishment 
 for fear of kindling rebellion, he yet ordered 
 the criminals to make each a restoration of 
 ten fowls to the person whose property they 
 had stolen ; they were, besides, ordered not 
 to light a fire the rest of the campaign, but to 
 live ujion cold aliments, and to drink nothing 
 but water. Such great qualifications in a 
 general seemed to promise the restoration of 
 ancient discipline in the Roman armies, but 
 the death of Niger frustrated every hope of 
 Vsform. Sererus, who had also been inrested 
 
 NI 
 
 \vith the imperial purple, marched against 
 him ; some battles were fought, and Niger wai 
 at last defeated, A. D. 194. His head was 
 cut off, and fixed to a long spear, and carried 
 in triumph through the streets of Rome. 
 He reigned about one year. Herodian. 3. — 
 Ezttrop. 
 
 Niger, or Nigris, (itis,) a river of 
 Africa, which rises in .Ethiopia, and falls 
 by three mouths into the Atlantic, little 
 known to the ancients, and not yet satis- 
 factorily explored by the moderns. Plin, 
 5, c. 1 and 8.— Mela, 1, c. 4, 1. 3, c. 10. — 
 Ptol. 4, c. 6. 
 
 P. NiGiDics FiGDLus, a celebrated philo- 
 sopher and astrologer at Rome, one of the 
 most learned men of his age He was inti- 
 mate with Cicero, and gave his most unbias^ 
 sed opinions conceraing the conspirators who 
 had leagued to destroy Rome with Catiline. 
 He was made praetor, and honoured with a 
 seat in the senate. In the civil wars he follow- 
 ed the interest of Pompey, for which he was 
 banished by the conqueror. He died in the 
 place of his banishment, 47 years before Christ. 
 Cit. ad Fara. 4, ep. 13.— Lwcan. 1, v. 639. 
 
 NiGRiTJE, a people of Africa, who dwell on 
 the banks of the Niger. Mda, 1, c. 4.—Plinr. 
 5, c. 1. 
 
 NiLEUs, a son of Codrus, who conducted a 
 colony of lonians to Asia, where he built 
 Ephesus, Miletus, Priene, Colophon, Myus, 
 Teos, Lebedos, Clazomenas, &c. Pai«. 7, c. 
 2, fcc. .A philosopher who had in his pos- 
 session all the writings of Aristotle. Alhen. J, 
 
 NiLus, a king of Thebes, who gave his 
 name to the river which flows through the 
 middle of Egypt and falls into the Mediterra- 
 nean sea. The Nile, anciently called >Slgyp- 
 tus, is one of the most celebrated rivers in the 
 world. Its sources were unknown to the an- 
 cients, and the moderns are equally ignorant 
 of their situation, whence an impossibility is 
 generally meant by the proverb of JVili caput 
 qucerere. It flows through the middle of Egypt 
 in a northern direction, and when it comes to 
 the town of Cercasorum, it then divides itself 
 into several streams, and falls into the Medi- 
 terranean by seven mouths. The most eastern 
 canal is called the Pelusian, and the most west- 
 ern is called the Canopic mouth. The other 
 canals are the Sebennytican, that of Sais, the 
 Mendesian, Bolbitinic, and Bucolic. They 
 have all been formed by nature, except the two 
 last, which have been dug by the labours of 
 men. The island which the Nile forms by its 
 division into several streams is called Delta, 
 from its resemblance to the fourth letter of the 
 Greek alphabet. The Nile yearly overflows 
 the country, and it is to those regular inunda- 
 tions that the Egj'ptians are indebted for the 
 fertile produce oi their lands. It begins to rise 
 in the month of May for 100 successive days, 
 and then decreases gradually the same num- 
 ber of days. If it does not rise as high as 16 
 cubits, a famine is generally expected, but if 
 it exceeds this by many cubits, it is of the most 
 dangerous consequences ; houses are overturn- 
 ed, the cattle are drowned, and a great num- 
 ber of insects are produced from the mud, 
 which destroy the fruits of the earth. The 
 river, therefore, proves a blessing or a calam- 
 ity to Egypt, anH the prosperity of the nation 
 
depends so much upon it, that the tiibutei of 
 the inhabitants were in ancient times, and are 
 still, under the present government, propor- 
 tioned to the rise of the waters. The causes 
 of the overflowings of the Nile, which remain- 
 ed unknown to the ancients, though searched 
 with the greatest application, are owing to the 
 heavy rains which regularly fall in ^Ethiopia, 
 in the monthi| of April and May, and which 
 rush down like torrents upon the country, and 
 lay it all under water. These causes, as some 
 people suppose, were well known to Homer, 
 as he seems to show it, by saying, that the 
 Nile flowed down from heaven. The inhabi- 
 tants of Egypt, near tlie banks of the river, 
 were called JViliaci, JViligeruB, &c. and large 
 <;anals were also from this river denominated 
 MH, or Euripi. Cic. Leg. 2, c. 1, ad Q. //•. 
 3, ep. 9, ad Mt. 11, ep, 12.— Strab. 17. —Ovid. 
 Met. 5, V. 187, 1. 15, V. Ib^.—Mda, 1, c. 9, 1. 
 3, c. 9. — Seneca, quasi. JVat. 4. — Lucan. 1, 2, 
 &,c. — Claudian, ep. de .IVilo. — Virg. G. 4, v. 
 288. ^n. 6, V. 800, 1. 9, v. Z\.—Diod. 1, he. 
 — Herodot. 2. — Lucret. 6, v. 712. — Jlmmian. 
 
 ^.—Paus. 10, c. 32.— P/in. 5, c. 10. One 
 
 •f the Greek fathers who flourished A. D. 440. 
 His works were edited at Rome, fol. 2 vols. 
 1668 and 1678. 
 
 NiKNius, a tribune who apposed Clodius 
 the enemy of Cicero. 
 
 NiNiAS. Vid. Ninyas. 
 
 NiNus, a son of Belus who built a city to 
 which he gave his own name, and founded the 
 Assyrian monarchy, of which he was the first 
 sovereign, B. C. 2059. He was very warlike, 
 and extended his conquests from Egypt to the 
 extremities of India and Bactriana. He be- 
 came enamoured of Serairamis the wife of one 
 of his officers, and he married her after her 
 husband had destroyed himself through fear of 
 his powerful rival. Ninus reigned 62 years, 
 and at his death he left his kingdom to the 
 care of his wife Semiramis, by whom he had 
 a son. The history of Ninus is very obscure 
 and even fabulous according to the opinion of 
 some. Ctesias is the principal historian from 
 whom it is derived^ but little reliance is to be 
 placed upon him, when Aristotle deems him 
 unworthy to be believed. Ninus after death 
 received divine honours, and became the Jupi- 
 ter of the Assyrians and the Hercules of the 
 Chaldeans. Ctesias. — Diod. 2. — Justin. 1, c. 
 
 1. — Herodot. 2. A celebrated city, now 
 
 JVino, the capital of Assyria, built on the 
 banks of the Tigris by Ninus, and called Mn- 
 eveh in Scripture. It was, according to the 
 relation of Diodorus Siculus, fifteen miles long, 
 nine broad, and forty-eight in circumference. 
 It was surrounded by large walls 100 feet high, 
 on the top of which three chariots could pass 
 together abreast, and was defended by 1500 
 towers each 200 feet high. Ninus was taken 
 by the united armies of Cyaxares and Nabopo- 
 lassar king of Babylon, B. C. 606. Strab. 1.— 
 Diod. 2.— Herodot. 1, c. 185, kc,—Paus. 8, c. 
 33. — Lucian. 
 
 NiNYAS, a .son of Ninus and Serairamis, 
 king of Assyria, who succeeded his mother 
 who had voluntarily abdicated the crown. 
 Some su[)pose that Semiramis was put to 
 death by her own son, because she had en- 
 couraged him to commit incest. The reign 
 of ^inyas is remarkable for its luxury and 
 
 NI 
 
 extravagance. The prince left the care of 
 the government to his favourites and minis- 
 ters, and gave himself up to pleasure, riot, 
 and debauchery, and never appeared in 
 public. His successors imitated the example 
 of his voluptuousness, and therefore their 
 name or history are little known till the age 
 of Sardanapalus. Justin. 1, c. 2. — Diod. 1^ 
 SiC. 
 
 NioBE, a daughter of Tantalus, king of 
 Lydia by Euryanassa or Dione. She married 
 Amphion the son of Jasus, by whom she 
 had ten sons and ten daughters according to 
 Hesiod, or two sons and three daughters ac- 
 cording to Herodotus. Homer and Proper- 
 tius say, that she had six daughters and as ma- 
 ny sons; and Ovid, ApoUodorus, &,c. accord- 
 ing to the more received opinion, support that 
 she had seven sons and seven daughters. The 
 sons were Sipylus, Minytus, Tantalus, Age- 
 nor, Pbaedimus, Damasichthon, and Ismenus ; 
 and those of the daughters, Cleodoxa, Etho- 
 dae or Thera, Astyoche, Phthia, Pelopia of 
 Chloris, Asticratea, and Ogygia. The num- 
 ber of her children increased her pride, and 
 she had the imprudence not only to prefer 
 herself to Latona, who bad only two children, 
 but she even insulted her, and ridiculed the 
 worship which was paid to her, observing, 
 that she had a better claim to altars and sacri- 
 fices than the mother of Apollo and Diana. 
 This insolence provoked Latona. She en^ 
 treated her children to punish the arrogant 
 Niobe. Her prayers were heard, and imme- 
 diately all the sons of Niobe expired by the 
 darts of Apollo, and all the daughters, except 
 Chloris, who had married Neleus king of Py- 
 los, were equally destroyed by Diana ; and Ni- 
 obe, struck at the suddenness of her misfor- 
 tunes, was changed into a stone. The carcasses 
 of Niobe's children, according to Homer, were 
 left unburied in the plains for nine successive 
 days, because Jupiter changed into stones all 
 such as attempted to inter them. On the 
 tenth day they were honoured with a funeral 
 by the gods. Homer. It. 24. — JElinn. V. H. 
 12, c. ZQ.—Apollod. 3, c. 5.— Ovid. Met. 
 fab. 5. — Hygin. fab. 9. — Horat. 4, od. 6. — 
 
 Properf. 2, el. 6. A daughter of Phoro- 
 
 neus, king of Peloponnesus, by Laodice. She 
 was beloved by Jupiter, by whom she had a 
 son called Argus, who gave his name to Argia 
 or Argolis, a country of Peloponnesus. Pam. 
 2, c. 22.— Apollod. 2, c. 1, 1. 3, c. 8. 
 
 NiPHiEus, a man killed by horses, &,c. 
 Virg. M.n. 10, v. 570. 
 
 NiPHATES, a mountain of Asia, which di- 
 vides Armenia from Assyria, and from which 
 the Tigris takes its rise. Virg. G. 3, v. 30. — 
 Strab. 11. — Mela, 1, c. 15. A river of Arme- 
 nia falling into the Tigris. Horat. 2, od. 9, v. 
 20. — Lucan. 3, v. 245. 
 
 NiPHE, one of Diana's companions. Ovid. 
 Mel. 3, v. 245. 
 
 NiREUs, a king of Naxos, son of Charops 
 and Aglaia, celebrated for his beauty. He was 
 one of the Grecian chiefs during the Trojan 
 war. Homer. II. 2.— Horat. 2, od . 20. 
 
 NiSA, a town of Greece. Homer. II. 2. 
 
 A country woman. Virg. Eel. 8. A place. 
 
 Vid. Nysa. A celebrated plain of Media 
 
 near the Caspian sea- famous for its horses 
 HcTfdot. 3, c. 106 
 
NI 
 
 NisiCA, a naval station on the coasts of Me- 
 gan's. Slrab. 8. A town of Parthia, called 
 
 Virg. JEn. 5, v. 826. 
 
 also Nisa. 
 
 NisyEE, a sea nymph, 
 
 NiSEiA. Vid. Nisus. 
 
 NisiBis, a tonn of Mesopotamia, built by a 
 eolony of Macedonians on the Tigris, and 
 celebrated as being a barrier between the pro- 
 vinces of Rome and the Persian empire du- 
 ring the reign of the Roman emperors. It was 
 sometimes called Antiochia Mygdonica. Joseph. 
 
 20, 0. 2. Sirab. 11. — Aminian. 2o, he. — 
 
 Plin. 6, c. 13. 
 
 Nisus, a son of Hyrtacus, born on mount 
 Ida, near Troy. He came (o Italy witii iEnea^, 
 and signalized himself by his valour against the 
 Rutulians. He was united in the closest friend- 
 ship with Euryalus, a young Trojan, and with 
 him he entered, in the'dead of night, the ene- 
 my's camp. As they were returning victori- 
 ons,after much bloodshed, they were perceived 
 by the Rutulians, who attacked Euryalus. Ni- 
 sus, in endeavouring to rescue his friend from 
 the enemy's darts, perished himself with him, 
 and their heads were cut off and fixed on a 
 spear, and carried in triumph to the camp. 
 Their death was greatly lamented by all the 
 Trojans, and their great friendship, like that of 
 a Pylades and an Orestes, or of a Theseus and 
 Pirithous, is become proverbial. Virg. JEn. 
 9, V. 176, Sic. A king of Dulichium, re- 
 markable for his probity and virtue. Homer. 
 
 Qd. 18. A king of Megara, son of Mars, or 
 
 more probably of Pandion. He inherited his 
 father's kingdom with his brothers, and receiv- 
 ed as his portion the country of Megaris. The 
 peace of the brothers was interrupted by the 
 hostilities of Mino?, who wished to avenge the 
 death of his son Androgeus, who had been 
 murdered by the Athenians. Megara was be- 
 sieged, and Attica laid waste. The fate of Ni- 
 sus depended totally upon a yellow lock,which, 
 as long as it continued upon his head,according 
 to the words of an oracle, promised him life, 
 and success to his affairs. His daughter Scyl- 
 la (often called Xiscia Virgo,) saw from the 
 walls of Megara the royal besieger, and she 
 became desperately enamoured of him. To 
 obtain a more immediate interview with this 
 obiect of her passion, she stole away the fa- 
 tal' hair from her father's head as he was 
 asleep ; the town was iminediately taken, but 
 Minos disregarded the services of Scylla, and 
 she threw herself mto the sea. The gods 
 changed her into a lark, and Nisus assumed 
 the nature of the hawk at the very moment 
 that he gave himself death, not iO fall into the 
 enemy's hands. These two birds have conti- 
 nually been at vaiiance with each olher, and 
 Scylla, by her apprehensions at the sight of 
 her father, seems to suffer the punishment 
 which her perfidy deserved. ApoUod. 3, c. 15. 
 ^Paiis. 1, c. \9.—Sirab. 9.— Ovid. Met. 8, v. 
 6, Lc.— Virg. G. 1, v. 404, Lc. 
 
 NisYKos, an island in the MrCRn sea, at 
 the west of Rhodes, with a *own of the same 
 name. It was originally joined to Jie island 
 of Cos, according to Pliny, and »t bor^ the 
 name of Porphyria. Neptnie, Avho was sup- 
 posed to have separated th"m 'mW a blow oi 
 his trident, and to have then over\< helmed the 
 giant Polybotes, was worshippea there, and 
 called jYisf/reus. Apollod. 1; c 6.~JVfe/«r, 2, c 
 
 7._5/,y7) I A 
 
 • 9 
 
 NO 
 
 NiTETis, a daughter of Apries, king of Egypt' 
 married by his successor Amasis to Cyrus. Po- 
 ly cen. 8. 
 
 NiTioBRiGES, a people of Gaul, supposed 
 to be Agenois, in Guienne. Cces. B. G. 7, 
 c. 7. 
 
 NiTocRis, a celebrated queen of Babylon, 
 who built a bridge across the Euphrates, in 
 the middle of that city, and dug a number of 
 reservoirs for the superfluous waters of that 
 river. She ordered herself to be buried over 
 one of the gates of the city, and placed an in- 
 scription on her tomb, which signified that her 
 successors would find great treasures within, if 
 ever they were in need of money, but that 
 their labours would be but ill repaid if ever they 
 ventured to open it without necessity. Cyrus 
 opened it through curiosity, and was struck to 
 find within these words : If thy avarice had 
 not been insaliable, thou never wouldst have vio- 
 lated the monuments of the dead. Herodot. 1, 
 
 c. 185. A queen of Egypt, who built a third 
 
 pyramid. 
 
 NiTRiA, a country of Egypt, v?ith two towns 
 of the same name, above Memphis. 
 
 NiVARiA, an island at the west of Africa, 
 supposed to be Teneriff, one of the Canaries, 
 Piin. 6, c. 32. 
 
 No AS, a river of Thrace, falling into the Is* 
 ter. Herodot. 4, c. 46. 
 
 NocMON, a Trojan killed by Turnus. Virg. 
 ^n. 9, V. 767. 
 
 NoctilOca, a surname of Diana. She 
 had a temple at Rome, on mount Palatine, 
 where torches were generally lighted in the 
 night. Varro. de L. L. 4. — Horat. 4, od. 6^ 
 V. 38. 
 
 NoLA, an ancient town of Campania, Avhich 
 became a Roman colony before the first Punic 
 w^ar. It was founded by a Tuscan, or, accord- 
 ing to others, by an Eubcean colony. It is said 
 that Virgil had introduced the name of Nola 
 in his Georgics, but that, when he was refused 
 a glass of water by the inhabitants as he passed 
 through the city, he totally blotted it out of his 
 poem, and substituted the word ora, in the 
 225th line of the 2d book of his Georgics. Nola 
 was besieged by Annibal, and bravely defend- 
 ed by Marcellus. Augustus died there on his re- 
 turn from Neapolis to Rome. Bells were first 
 invented there in the beginning of the fifth 
 century, from which reason they have been 
 called A''ol(B or Campana, in Latin. The in- 
 ventor was St. Paulinus, the bishop of the 
 place, who died A. D. 431, though many ima- 
 gine that bells were known long before, and 
 only introduced into churches by that prelate. 
 Before his time, congregations were called to 
 the church by the noise of wooden rattles, 
 (sacra ligna.) Paierc. 1, c. 7. — Suet. in Aug. — 
 Sit. 8, V 517, 1. 12, V. 161.— A. Gellius, 7, c. 20. 
 —Liv. 23, c. 14 and 39, 1. 24, c. 13. 
 
 NoMADES, a name given to all those uncivil- 
 ized people who had no fixed habitation* and 
 who continually changed the place of their 
 residence to go in quest of fresh pasture, for 
 the jmmerous cattle which they tended. There 
 were Nomades in Scythia, India, Arabia, and 
 Africa. Those of Africa were afterwards call- 
 ed JVumidia7is, by a small change of the letters 
 w ilif'h composed their name. Ital. 1, v. 215. 
 — Piin. 5, c. o. — Herodot. 1, c. 15, 1. 4, c. 187. 
 —Strab. 7.— Mela, 2, c. 1, 1. 3. c. 4.— F^r^. <?. 
 .3, v. Si3.~.p(rff. 8; c i^. 
 
NO 
 
 NesfA, a town of Sicily. Diod. 11.— Sil. 14, 
 V. 266. 
 
 NoME5TANUs, an epithet applied to L. 
 Cassius as a native of Nomentum. He is 
 mentioned by Horace as a mixture of luxury 
 and dissipation. Horat. 1, Sat. 1, v. 102, and 
 alibi. 
 
 Nomentum, a town of the Sabines in Italy, 
 famous for wine, and now called Lamcntana. 
 The dictator, Q. Servilius Priscus, gave the 
 Veientes and Fidenates battle there, A. U. C. 
 312, and totally defeated them. Ovid. Fast. 4, 
 V. 905.— Ltv. 1, c. 38, 1. 4, c. 22.— Virg. JFm. 6, 
 V. 773. 
 
 NoMii, mountains of Arcadia. Pavs. 
 
 NoMiDS, a surname given to Apollo, be- 
 cause he fed ("f^'O" pasco) the flocks of king 
 Admetus in Thessaly. Cic. de A''at. D. 2, c. 
 33. 
 
 NoNACRis, a town of Arcadia, which re- 
 ceived its name from a wife of Lycaon. 
 There was a mountain of the same name in 
 the neighbourhood. Evander is sometimes 
 called Konacrius heros, as being an Arcadian 
 by birth, and Atalanta JYonacria, as being a 
 native of the place. Curt. 10, c. 10. — Ovid. 
 Fast. 5, V. 97. M&t. 8, fab. 10.— Pans. 8, c. 
 17, &c. 
 
 Nonius, a Roman soldier, imprisoned for 
 paying respect to Galba's statues, &:c. Tacit. 
 
 Hist. 1, c. 56. A Roman who exhorted his 
 
 countrymen after the fatal battle of Pharsalia, 
 and the flight of Pompey, by observing that 
 eight standards (aguiloe) still remained in the 
 camp; to which Cicero answered, rede, si no- 
 bis cum graculis helium esset. 
 
 NoNNius Marcellus, a grammarian whose 
 treatise de varia signijicatione verborum was 
 edited by Mercer, 8vo. Paris, 1614. 
 
 NoNNus, a Greek writer of the 5th century, 
 who wrote an account of the embassy he had 
 undertaken to JCthiopia, among the Saracens 
 and other eastern nations. He is also known 
 by his Dionysiaca, a wonderful collection of 
 heathen mythology and erudition, edited 4to. 
 Antwerp, 1569. His paraphrase on John was 
 edited by Heinsius, 8vo. L. Bat. 1627. 
 
 NoNus, a Greek physician, whose book de 
 errmium morborum curalio7ie, was edited in 
 12mo. Argent, 1568, 
 
 NopiA or Cnopia, a town of Bceotia, where 
 Amphiaraus had a temple. 
 
 Nora, now JVour, a place of Phrygia, where 
 Eumenes retired for some time, &c. C. Kepos. 
 A town. Vid. Norax. 
 
 NoRAX, a son of Mercury and Eurytbaea, 
 who led a colony of Iberians into Sai-dinia, 
 where he founded a town, to which he gave 
 the name of Nora. Paus. 10, c. 17. 
 
 NoRBA, a town of the Volsci. Liv. 2, c. 34. 
 
 Caisarea, a town of Spain on the Tagus. 
 
 C. NoRBAM's, a young and ambitious Ro- 
 man who opposed Sylla, and joined his inte- 
 rest to that of young Marius. In his consulship 
 he marched against Sylla, by whom he was 
 
 defeated, k,c. Plul. A friend and general of 
 
 Augustus, employed in Macedonia against the 
 republicans. He was defeated by Brutus, &,c. 
 NorTcum, a country of ancient Illyricum, 
 which now forms a part of modern J5aranaand 
 Austria. It extended between the Danube, 
 and part of the Alps and Vindelicia. Its sa- 
 ^'*ige inhabitants, who were once governed by 
 
 NO 
 
 kings,made many incursions upon the Romafi^; 
 and were at last conquered under Tiberiu^ 
 and the country became a dependent province. 
 In the reign of Dioclesian, Noricum was divi- 
 ded into two parts, Ripense and Mediterra- 
 nean. The iron that was drawn from Noricum 
 was esteemed excellent, and thence J^oricu9 
 etisis was used to express the goodness of a 
 sword. Dionys. Perieg. — Strab. 4. — Plin. 34, 
 c. 14.— Tacit. Hist. 3, c. 5.— Horat. 1, od. 16, v. 
 9.— Orirf. JVfe^ 14, v. 712. 
 
 NoRTHipPus, a Greek tragic poet. 
 
 NoRTiA, a name given to the goddess of For,- 
 tune among the Etrurians. Lav. 7, c. 3. 
 
 NoTHus, a son of Deucalion. A sur- 
 name of Darius, king of Persia, from his ille- 
 gitimacy. 
 
 NoTiuM, a town of ^Eolia, near the Cay- 
 s(er. It was peopled by the inhabitants of 
 Colophon, who left their ancient habitations 
 because Notium was more conveniently situ- 
 ated in being on the sea shore. Liv. 37, c. 26, 
 38, 39. ., 
 
 NoTus, the south wind, called also Auster. 
 
 NoviE (tabernce), the new shops built in the 
 forum at Rome, and adorned with the shields 
 
 of the Cimbri. Cic. Oral. 2, c. 66. The 
 
 Veteres tabemce were adorned with those of 
 the Samnites. Liv. 9, c. 40. 
 
 NovARiA, a town of Cisalpine Gaul, aow 
 JVovara in Milan. Tacil. Hist. 1, c. 70. 
 
 NovATUs, a man who severely attacked the 
 character of Augustus, under a fictitious name. 
 The emperor discovered him, and only fined 
 him a small sum of money. 
 
 NovEsjuM, a town of the UWi, on the west 
 of the Rhine, now called JVuys^ near Cologne. 
 Tacit. Hist. 4, c. 26, he. 
 
 NoviODUNUM, a town of the JEdui ia 
 Gaul, taken by J, Caesar. It is pleasantly 
 situated on the Ligeris, and now called JVoyorip 
 or, as others suppose, JVevera. Cces. Bell. G. 
 2, c. 12. 
 
 NovioMAGus, or Neomagus, a town of Gbm], 
 
 now JVizeux in Normandy. Another called 
 
 also JS^emeles, now Spire. Another in Bata- 
 
 via, now JVimeguen, on the south side of the 
 Waal. 
 
 NoviuM, a town of Spain, now JVoya. 
 
 Novius Priscus, a man banished from 
 Rome by Nero, on suspicion that he was 
 accessary to Piso's conspiracy. Tacit, jinn. 
 15, c. 71. A man who attempted to as- 
 sassinate the emperor Claudius. Two bro- 
 thers obscurely born, distinguished in the age 
 of Horace for their officiousness. Horat. 1, 
 sat. 6. 
 
 Novum Comum, a town of Insubria, oa 
 the lake Larinus, of which the inhabitants 
 were called JVovocomenses. Cic. ad Div. 13, 
 c. 35. 
 
 Nox, one of the most ancient deities among 
 the heathens, daughter of Chaos. From 
 her union with her brother Erebus, she gave 
 birth to the Day and the Light. She was 
 also the mother of the Parcae, Hesperides, 
 Dreams, of Discord, Death, Momus, Fi-aud, 
 he. She is called by some of the poets the 
 mother of all things, of gods as well as of 
 men, and therefore she was worshipped with 
 great solemnity by the ancients. She had « 
 famous statue in Diana's temple at Ephesus. 
 It wa» usual to oifer her a black sheep, as 
 
 W 
 
NU 
 
 a^e was the mother of the furies. The cock 
 was also offered to her, as that bird proclaims 
 the approach of day, during the darkness of 
 the night. She is represented as mounted on 
 a chariot and covered with a veil bespangled 
 with stars. The constellations generally went 
 before her as her constant messengers. Some- 
 times she is seen holding two children under 
 iser arms, one of which is black, representing 
 tdeath, or rather night, and the other white, 
 representing sleep or day. Some of the mo- 
 derns have described her as a woman veiled 
 in mourning, and crowned with poppies, and 
 carried on a chariot drawn by owls and 
 bats. Virg. ^n. 6, v. 9o0.--0vid. Fast. 1, 
 V. 455.— Paw*. 10, c. S8.—Hesiod. Theog. 125 
 and 212. 
 
 NucERiA, a town of Campania, taken by 
 Annibal. It became a Roman colony under 
 Augustus, and was called JVuceria Constantia, 
 or Alfaitrna. It now bears the name of JVb- 
 eeraf and contains about thirty thousand in- 
 habitants. Lucan. 2, v. 472.— Ltr. 9, c. 41, 1. 
 27, c. 3.— /to/. 8, V. ^\.— Tacit. Ann. 13 and 
 
 14. A town of Umbria, at the foot of the 
 
 Apennines. Strah. — Plin. 
 
 NuiTHONES, a people of Germany, possess- 
 ing the country now called Mecklenburg and 
 Pomerania. Tacit. G. 40. 
 
 Noma Marcius, a man made governor of 
 Rome by Tullus Hostilius. He was son-in-law 
 of Numa Pompilius, and father to Ancus Mar- 
 tius. Tadt. A. 6, c. 1 \.—Uv. 1, c. 20. 
 
 Numa Pompilius, a celebrated philosopher, 
 born at Cures, a village of the Sabines, on the 
 day that Romulus laid the foundation of 
 Rome. He married Tatia the daughter of 
 Tatius the king of the Sabines, and at her 
 death he retired into the country to devote 
 himself more freely to literary pursuits. At 
 the death of Romulus, the Romans fixed upon 
 him to be their new king, and two senators 
 were sent to acquaint him with the decisions 
 of the senate and of the people. Numa refus- 
 ed their offers, and it was not but at the re- 
 peated solicitations and prayers of his friends, 
 that he was prevailed upon to accept the roy- 
 alty. The beginning of his reign was popular, 
 and he dismissed the 300 body guards which 
 his predecessor had kept around his person, 
 observing that he did not distrust a people 
 who had compelled him to reign over them. 
 He was not, like Romulus, fond of war, and 
 military expeditions, but he applied himself to 
 tame the ferocity of his subjects, to inculcate 
 in their minds a reverence for the deity, and 
 to quell their dissentions by dividing all the 
 citizens into different classes. He established 
 different orders of priests, and taught the Ro- 
 mans not to worship the deity by images ; and 
 from his example no graven or painted statues 
 appeared in the temples or sanctuaries of 
 Rome for upwards of 160 years. He encou- 
 raged the report which was spread of his pay- 
 ing regular visits to the nymph Egeria, and 
 made use of her name to give sanction to the 
 Jaws and institutions which he had introdu- 
 ced. He established the college of the vestals, 
 and told the Romans that the safety of the 
 empire depended upon the preservation of 
 the sacred muylt or ahidd which, as was gene- 
 rally believed, had dropped down from hea- 
 ven. He dedicated a temple to Janus, which; 
 
 NU 
 
 during his whole reign, remained shut as a 
 mark of peace and tranquillity at Rome. 
 Numa died after a reign of 43 years, in which 
 he had given every possible encouragement to 
 the useful arts, and in which he had cultivated 
 peace, B. C. 672. Not only the Romans, but 
 also the neighbouring nations, were eager to 
 pay their last offices to a monarch whom they 
 revered for his abilities, moderation, and hu- 
 manity. He forbade his body to be burnt ac- 
 cording to the custom of the Romans, but he 
 ordered it to be buried near mount Janiculum, 
 with many of the books which he had written. 
 These books were accidentally found by one 
 of the Romans about 400 years after his death, 
 and as they contained nothing new or interest- 
 ing, but merely the reasons why he had made 
 innovations in the form of worship and in the 
 religion of the Romans, they were burnt by or- 
 der of the senate. He left behind one daugh- 
 ter called Pompilia, who married Numa Mar- 
 cius, and became the mother of Ancus Martins 
 the fourth king of Rome. Some .say that he 
 had also four sons, but this opinion is ill found- 
 ed. Phit. in vita. — Varro. — Liv. 1, c. IS — 
 Plin. 13 and 14, kc.—Flor. 1, c. 2.— I7r^. 
 JEn. 6, v. 809, 1. 9, v, 562.— Cic. de jYat. D, 
 3, c. 2 and 17.— Fa/. Max. 1, c. 2,.-^Dionys. 
 
 Hal. 2, c. 59.— Ovid. Fast. 3, &,c. One of 
 
 the Rutulian chiefs killed in the night by Nisus 
 and Euryalus. Vid. JEn. 9, v. 454. 
 
 NuMANA, a town of Picenum in Italy, of 
 which the people were called Numanaits, 
 Mela, 2, c. 4. 
 
 NuMANTiA, a town of Spain, near the 
 sources of the river Durius, celebrated for the 
 war of fourteen years, which, though unpro- 
 tected by walls or towers, it bravely main- 
 tained against the Romans. The inhabitants 
 obtained some advantages over the Roman 
 forces, till Scipio Africanus was empowered 
 to finish the war, and to see the destruction of 
 Numantia. He began the siege with an 
 army of sixty thousand men, and was bravely- 
 opposed by the besieged, who were no more 
 than 4000 men able to bear arms. Both ar- 
 mies behaved with uncommon valour, and the 
 courage of the Numantines was soon changed 
 into despair and fury. Their provisions be- 
 gan to fail, and they fed upon the flesh of their 
 horses, and afterwards of that of their dead 
 companions, and at last were necessitated 
 to draw lots to kill and devour one another. 
 The melancholy situation of their affairs ob- 
 liged some to surrender to the Roman gene- 
 ral. Scipio demanded them to deliver them- 
 selves up on the morrow; they refused, 
 and when a longer time had been granted to 
 their petitions, they retired and set fire to 
 their houses, and all destroyed themselves, 
 B. C. 133, so that not even one remained to 
 adorn the triumph of the conqueror. Some 
 historians, however, deny that, and support 
 that a number of Numantines delivered them- 
 selves into Scipio's hands, and that fifty of 
 them were drawn in triumph at Rome, and 
 the rest sold as slaves. The fall of Numan- 
 tia was more glorious than that of Carthage 
 or Corinth, though inferior to them. The 
 conqueror obtained the surname of Kumanti- 
 nus. Flor. 2, c. IS—Appian. Ibcr.—Paterc. 
 2, c. 3.— Cic. 1. of.—Strab. Q.^Mda, 2, c. 
 Pint. —llorat. 2, od. 12; v. 1. 
 
NU 
 
 Nt'MANTiNA, a woman accused under Tibe- 
 rius of making her husband insane by enchant- 
 ments, kc. Tacit. Ann. 4, c. 22. 
 
 NuMANUs Remulus, a Rutulian who accus- 
 ed the Trojans of edeminacy. He had raai'- 
 ried the younger sister of Turnus, and was 
 killed bv Ascanias during the Rutuiian war. 
 Virg. JEn. 9, v. 592, &€. 
 
 NuMKNEs, a follower of the doctrines of 
 Plato and Pathagoras, born at Apamea in 
 Syria. He flourished in the reign of M. An- 
 toninus. 
 
 NuMENiA, or Neo3ienia, a festival observ- 
 ed by the Greeks at the beginning of every 
 Junar month, in honour of all the gods, but 
 especially of Apollo, or the Sun, who is 
 justly deemed the author of light and of 
 whatever distinction is made in the months, 
 seasons, days, and nights. It was observed 
 with games and public entertainments, which 
 were provided at the expense of rich citizens, 
 and which were always frequented by the 
 poor. Solemn prayers were otfered at Athens 
 during the solemnity, for the prosperity of the 
 republic. The demi-gods as well as the heroes 
 of the ancients, were honoured and invoked 
 in the festival. 
 
 NuMENius, a philosopher who supposed that 
 Chaos, from which the world was created, 
 was animated by an evil and maleficent soul. 
 He lived in the second century. 
 
 JNuMENTANA VIA, a road at Rome, which 
 Jed to mount Sacer, through the gate Vimi- 
 nalis. Liv. 3, c. 52. 
 
 NuMERiA, a goddess at Rome who presided 
 over numbers. Aug. de Civ. D. 4, c. 11. 
 
 NuMERiANus, M. Aurelius, a son of the 
 emperor Carus. He accompanied his father 
 into the east with the title of Caesar, and at 
 his death he succeeded him with his brother 
 Carinus, A. D. 282. His reign was short. 
 Eight months after his father's death, he was 
 murdered in his litter by his father-in-law 
 Arrius Aper, who accompanied him in an 
 expedition. The murderer, who hoped to 
 ascend the vacant throne, continued to follow 
 the litter as if the emperor was alive, till he 
 found a proper opportunity to declare his 
 sentiments. The stench of the body however 
 soon discovered his perfidy, and he was sa- 
 crificed to the fury oi the soldiers. Numeria- 
 nus has been admired for his learning as well 
 as his moderation. He was naturally an elo- 
 quent speaker, and in poetry he was inferior 
 
 to no writer of his age. A friend of the 
 
 emperor Severus, 
 
 JNuMERius, a man who favoured the es- 
 cape of Marius to Africa, &i.c. A friend of 
 
 Pompey taken by J. Caesar's adherents, &c. 
 Pirn. 
 
 JNuMiciA VIA, one of the great Roman 
 i«oads which led from the capital to the town 
 of Brundusium. 
 
 IS'Cmicus, a small river of Latium, near 
 Lavinium, where the dead body of iEneas was 
 found, and where Anna, Dido's sister, drown- 
 ed herself. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 150, kc. Sil. 
 
 1, v. :WJ.—Ovid. Met. 14, v. 358, &ic. Fast. 3, 
 
 V. 643. A friend of Horace, to whom he 
 
 addressed 1 ep. 6. 
 
 NuMiDA, a surname given by Horace, 1 od. 
 3G, to one of the generals of Augustus, from 
 his conquests in Numidia. Some suppose that 
 a is Pomponius, others Plotiub. 
 
 NU 
 
 JNi^MiDiA, an inland country of Africa,r 
 which now forms the kingdom o( Algiers and 
 Bildnlgerid. It was bounded on the north by 
 the Mediterranean sea, south by Gajlulia, west 
 by Mauritania, and east by a part of Libya 
 which was called Africa Propria. The inhabi- 
 tants were called J^omades, and afterwards 
 Mnnidop.. It was the kingdom of Masinissa, 
 who was the occasion of the third Punic war, 
 on account of the ofience he had received from 
 the Carthaginians. Jugurtha reigned there, 
 as also Juba the father and son. It was con- 
 quered, and became a Roman province, of 
 which Sallust was the first governor. The 
 Numidians were excellent warriors, j-and ia 
 their expeditions they always endeavoured to 
 engage with the enemy in the night time. 
 They rode without saddles or bridles, whence 
 they have been called infrceni. They had their 
 wives in common as the rest of the barbarian 
 nations of antiquity. Sallust. in Jug. — Flor. 
 2, c. lo.—Slrab. 2 and i7.— Mela, 1, c. 4, &c. 
 — Ovid. Met. 15, v. 764. 
 
 NuMiDius QuADRATus, a govcmoF of Syria 
 under Craudius. Tacit. Ann. 12. 
 
 NuMisTRo, a ^town of the Brutii in Italy. 
 Liv. 46, c. 17. 
 
 NuMiTOR, a son of Procas, king of Alba, 
 who inherited his father's kingdom with his 
 brother Amulius, and began to reign con- 
 jointly with him. Amulius was too avaricious 
 to bear a colleague on the throne ; expel- 
 led his brother, and that he might more 
 safely secure himself he put to death his sou 
 Lausus, and consecrated his daughter Ilia to 
 the service of the goddess Vesta, which de- 
 manded perpetual celibacy. These great pre- 
 cautions were rendered abortive. Ilia be- 
 came pregnant, and though the two children 
 whom she brought forth were exposed in 
 the river by order of the tyrant, their life 
 was preserved, and Numitor was restored to 
 his throne by his grandsons, and the tyranni- 
 cal usurper was put to death. Dionys. Hal. — 
 Liv. 1, c. 3. — Plul. in liomul. — Ovid. Fast. 4, 
 
 V. 55, &.C. — Virg. JEn. 6, v. 768. A son of 
 
 Phorcus who fought with Turnus against M- 
 
 neas. Virg, JEn. 10, v. 342. A rich and 
 
 dissolute Roman in the age of Juvenal 7, v. 74. 
 
 NuMiTCRius, a Roman who defended Vir- 
 ginia, to whom Appius wished to offer violence. 
 
 He was made military tribune. Q. Pullus, 
 
 a general of Fregeliae, &.c. Cic. dt Inv, 2, c, 
 
 NuiMONius. Vid. Vala. 
 
 NuNcoREWs, a son of Sesostris king of E- 
 gypt, who made an obelisk, some ages after 
 brought to Rome, and placed in the Vatican. 
 Plin. 36, c. 11. He is called Pheron by He- 
 rodotus. 
 
 NuNDiNA, a goddess whom the Romans 
 invoked when they named their children. 
 This happened the ninth day after their birth, 
 whence the name of the goddess, A'ona dies. 
 Macrob. Sat. 1, c. 16, 
 
 NuNDiNiE. Vid. Feria*. 
 
 NuRs^a:, a town of Italy. Virg. JEn. 7, 
 v. 744. 
 
 NiRsciA, a goddess who patronized the 
 Etrurians. Juv. 10, v. 74. 
 
 NuRsiA, now Aorza, a town ofPicenum 
 whose inhabitants are called J\yrsini. Its si- 
 tuation was exposed, and the air cousidered as 
 
NY 
 
 nnwholesome. Sil. It. 8, v. 416. — Virg. Mn. 
 7, V. 116.— Mariial. 13, ep. 20.— Lif. 28, 
 c. 45. 
 
 Is\'TRiA, a town of Illyricum. Polyb. 2. 
 
 Nycteis, a daughter of Nycteus, who was 
 
 mother of Labducus. A patronymic of An- 
 
 tiope the daughter of Nycteus, mother of Am- 
 phion and Zetbus by Jupiter, who had assu- 
 med the siiape of a satyr to enjoy her com- 
 pany. Ovid. Met. 6, v. 1 10. 
 
 j>}VcTELiA, festivals in honour of Bacchus, 
 [Vid. Nyctelius,] observed on mount Cithae- 
 ron. Plut.in Symp. 
 
 IVvcTELius, a surname of Bacchus, be- 
 cause his orgies were celebrated in the night. 
 (w5 nox, riKtw perficio.) The word lalex J\'t/c- 
 telius thence signify wine. Seneca in (Edip. — 
 Pans. 1, c. 40.— Ovid, ^fet.4, v. 15. 
 
 Nycteus, a son of Hyrieus and Clonia. 
 
 A son of Chthonius. A son of Neptune by 
 
 Celene, daughter of Atlas, king of Lesbos, or 
 of Thebes, according to the more received 
 opinion. He married a nymph of Crete cal- 
 led Polyxo or Almathaea, by whom he had two 
 daughters, Nyctimene and Antiope. The 
 first of these disgraced herself by her criminal 
 amours with her father, into whose bed she 
 introduced herself by means of her nurse. 
 When the father knew the incest he had com- 
 mitted, he attempted to stab his daughter, 
 who was immediately changed by Minerva in- 
 to an owl. Nycteus made war against Epopeus, 
 who had carried away Antiope, and died of a 
 wound which he had received in an engage- 
 ment, leaving his kingdom to his brother Ly- 
 cus, whom he entreated to continue the war, 
 and punish Antiope for her immodest conduct. 
 [Vid. Antiope.] Pau^. 2, c. 6. — Hygin. fab. 
 157 and 204.— Ovid. Met. 2, v. 590, &ic. 1. 6, v. 
 110, itc. 
 
 NvcTiMESE, a daughter of Nycteus. I'td. 
 Nycteus. 
 
 Nyctisius, a son of Lycaon, king of Ar- 
 cadia. He died without issue, and left his 
 kingdom to his nephew Areas, the son of Ca- 
 li5to. Paus. 8, c. 4. 
 
 Nymb^um, a lake of Peloponnesus in La- 
 conia. Id. 3, v. 23. 
 
 NymphjE, certain female deities among the 
 ancients. They were generally divided into 
 two classes, nymphs of the land and nymphs 
 of the sea. Of the nymphs of the earth, some 
 presided over woods, and were called Dryades 
 and Hamadryades, others presided over moun- 
 tains, and were called Oreades, some presided 
 over hills and dales, and were called JS'apcecE, 
 k.c. Of the sea nymphs, some were called 
 Oceanides, JSYreides, JVaiades, Potamidts, 
 Limnades, 8ic. These presided not only over 
 the sea, but also over rivei*s, fountains, streams, 
 and lakes. The nymphs Sxed their residence 
 not only in the sea, but also on mountains, 
 rocks, in woods or caverns, and their grottos 
 were beautified by evergreens and delightful 
 and romantic scenes. The nymphs were im- 
 mortal according to the opinion of some my- 
 thologists ; others supposed that, like men, 
 they were subject to mortality, though their 
 life was of long duration. They lived for se- 
 veral thousand years according to Hesiod, or 
 as Plutarch seems obscurely lo intimate, they 
 lived above 9720 years. The number of the 
 nymphs is not precisely known. There were 
 
 NY 
 
 above 3000, according to Hesiod, whose pow- 
 er was extended over the diflferent places of 
 the earth, and the various functions and oc« 
 cupations of mankind. They were worship- 
 ped by the ancients, though not with so much, 
 solemnity as the superior deities. They had 
 no temples raised to their honour, and the on- 
 ly offerings they received were milk, honey, 
 oil, and sometimes the sacrifice of a goat. 
 They were generally represented as young and 
 beautiful virgins, veiled up to the middle, and 
 sometimes they held a vase, from which they 
 seemed to pour water. Sometimes they had 
 grass, leaves, and shells instead of vases. It 
 was deemed unfortunate to see them nakttd, 
 and such sight was generally attended by a de- 
 lirium, to which Propertius seems to allude ia 
 this verse, wherein he speaks of the innocence 
 and simplicity of the primitive ages of the 
 world, 
 
 A'ecfuerat nudas pcsna videre Deas. 
 The nymphs were generally distinguished by 
 an epithet which denoted the place of theii* 
 residence; thus the nymphs of Sicily were 
 called Sicelidis ; those of Corycus, Corycides, 
 &LC. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 320, 1. 5, v. 412, 1. 9, 
 651, &c. Fast. 3, v. 169.— Pans. 10, c. 3. — 
 Plut. de Orac. def. — Orpheus. Arg. — Hesiod. 
 TheGg.—Propert. 3, el. 12.— Homer. Od. 14. 
 
 Nymph^um, a port of Macedonia. Ct&r. 
 
 btU. civ. A promontory of Epirus on the 
 
 Ionian sea. A place near the \\'allsof Apol- 
 
 lonia, sacred to the nymphs, where Apollo had 
 also an oracle. The place was also celebrated 
 for the continual flames of fire which seemed 
 to rise at a distance from the plains. It was 
 there that a sleeping satyr was once caught and 
 brought to Sylla as he returned from the Mi- 
 thridatic war. This monster had the same 
 features as the poets ascribe to the satyr. He 
 was interrogated by Sylla, and by his interpre- 
 ters, but his articulations were unintelligible, 
 and the Roman spurned from him a creature 
 which seemed to partake of the nature of a 
 beast more than that of a man. Plut. in Syl- 
 la.—Dio. 41.— Plin. 5, c. 29.—Strab. l.—Liv. 
 
 42, c. 36 and 49. A city of Taurica Cherso- 
 
 nesus. The building at Rome where the 
 
 nymphs were worshipped, bore also this name, 
 being adorned with their statues and with 
 fountains and water-falls, which afforded an 
 agreeable and refreshing coolness. 
 
 Nymph^us, a man who went into Caria at 
 the head of a colony of Melians, iic. Polycen. 8. 
 
 NvMPHiDius, a favourite of Nero, who 
 said that he was descended from Caligula. He 
 was raised to the consular dignity, and soon 
 after disputed the empire with Galba. He was 
 slain by the soldiers, i^c. Tacit. Ann. 15. 
 
 Nymphis, a native of Heraclea, who wrote 
 an history of Alexander's life and actions, di- 
 vided into 24 books. JEHan. 7, dt Anim. 
 
 Nymphodorus, a writer of Amphipolis. 
 A Syracutan who wrote an history of 
 
 Sicily. 
 
 Nympholeptes, or Nymphomanes, pos- 
 sessed by the nymplis. This name was given 
 to the inhabitants of mount Cithieron, who be- 
 lieved that tliey were inspired by the nymphs. 
 Plut. i}i Aris!. 
 
 Nymphon, a native of Colophon, Stc. Cic. 
 adfru. 1. 
 
 Nypsius, a general of Dionysius the tyrant. 
 
NY 
 
 ■wfeo took Syracuse, and put all the inhabit- 
 ants to the sword. Diod. 16. 
 
 Nysa or Nyssa, a town of Ethiopia, at the 
 south of Egj'pt, or according to others, 
 of Arabia. This city, with another of the 
 same name in India,was sacred to the god Bac- 
 chus, who was educated there by the nymphs 
 of the place, and who received the name of 
 Dionysius, which seems to be compounded of 
 A«; &£ NuTse, the name of his father, and that of 
 the place of his education. The god made this 
 place the seat of his empire and the capital of 
 the conquered nations of the east. Diodorus, in 
 his third and fourth books, has given a prolix 
 account of the birth of the god at JVysa, and 
 ©f his education and heroic actions. Mela, 3, 
 c. T.—Ovid. Met. 4, v. 13, kc.—Ital 7, v. 198. 
 
 —Curt. 8, c. 10.— Virg. JEn. 6, v. 805. 
 
 According to some geographers there were 
 no less than ten places of the name of Nysa. 
 One of these was on the coast of Eubcea, fa- 
 mous for its vines, which grew in such an un- 
 
 NY 
 
 common manner, that if a twig was planted 
 in the ground in the morning, it immediately 
 produced grapes, which were full ripe in the 
 
 evening. A city of Thrace. Another 
 
 seated on the top of mount Parnassus, and 
 sacred to Bacchus. Juv. 7, v. 63. 
 
 NvsiEus, a surname of Bacchus, because he 
 was worshipped at Nysa, Propert. 3, el. 17, 
 
 V. 22. A son of Dionysius of Syracuse. C. 
 
 JYep. in Dion. 
 
 NysAs, a river of Africa, rising in -SIthiopia.- 
 
 Nysi^e poKTiE, a small island in Africa. 
 
 Nysiades, a name given to the nymphs 
 of Nysa, to whose care Jupiter intrusted the 
 education of his son Bacchus. Ovid. Met. 3, 
 V. 314, Sic. 
 
 Nysiros, an island. Vid. Nisyros. 
 
 Nysius, a surname of Bacchus as the pr«« 
 tecting god of Nysa. Cic. Flac. 25. 
 
 Nyssa, a sister of Mithridates the Great. 
 Plut. 
 
 oc 
 
 O ARSES, the original name of Artaxerxes 
 Memnon. 
 
 Oarus, a river of Sam atia, falling into the 
 Palus Moeotis. Hercdot 4. 
 
 Oasis, a town about the middle of Libya, at 
 the distance of seven days journey from The- 
 bes in Egypt, where the Persian army sent by 
 Cambyses to^plunder Jupiter Ammon's temple 
 was lost in the sands. There were two other 
 cities of that name very little known. Oasis be- 
 came a place of bani^iment under the lower 
 empire. Strab. 17. — Zosim. 5, c. 97. — Hero- 
 dot. 3, c. 26. 
 
 Oaxes, a river of Crete which received its 
 name from Oasus the son of Apollo. Virg. 
 Ed. 1, V. 66. 
 
 Oaxus> a town of Crete where Etearchus 
 
 reigned, wiio founded Cyrene. A son of 
 
 Apollo and the nymph Anchiale. 
 
 Obringa, now Ahr, a river of Germany 
 falling into the Rhine above Rimmagen. 
 
 Obxjltronius, a quajstor put to death by 
 Galba's orders, &c. Tacit. 
 
 OcALEA or Ocalia, a town of Bceotia. 
 
 Homer. 11. 2. A daughter of Mantineus, 
 
 who married Abas, son of Lynceus and Hy- 
 permnestra, by whom she had Acrisius and 
 Prmtus. Apollod. 2, c. 2. 
 
 Ocr.iA, a woman who presided over the sa- 
 cred rites of Vesta for 57 years with the great- 
 est sanctity. She died in the reign of Tiberius, 
 and the daughter of Domilius succeeded her. 
 Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 86. 
 
 OcEANiDEs, and OcEAjfiTiDES, sea nymphs, 
 daughters of Oceanus, from whom they 
 received their name, and of the goddess 
 Tethys. They were 3000 according to 
 Apollodorus, who mentions the names of 
 seven of them ; Asia, Styx, Electra, Doris, 
 Eurynome, Amphitrite, and Metis. Hesiod, 
 speaks of the eldest of them, and reckons 41, 
 Pitlio, Admete, Prynno, lanthe, Rhodia, 
 Hippo, Callirhoe, Urania, Clyraene, Idyia, 
 Pasithoe, Clythia, Zeuso, Galnxaufe, PJex- 
 
 OC 
 
 aure, Perseis, Pluto, Thoe, Polydora, Melo* 
 bosis, Dione, Cerceis, Xantha, Acasta, lanira, 
 Telestho, Europa, Menestho, Petrea, Eudora, 
 Calypso, Tyche, Ocyroe, Crisia, Amphiro, 
 with those mentioned by Apollodorus except 
 Amphitrite. Hyginus mentions 16 whose 
 names are almost gdl different from those of 
 Apollodorus and Hesiod, which difference pro- 
 ceeds from the mutilation of the original text. 
 The Oceanides, as the rest of the inferior 
 deities, were honoured with libations and 
 sacrifices. Prayers were offered to them, and 
 they were entreated to protect sailors from 
 storms and dangerous tempests. The Argo- 
 nauts, before they proceeded to their expe- 
 dition, made an offering of flour, honey, and 
 oil, on the sea shore, to all the deities of the 
 sea, and sacrificed bulls to them, and entreated 
 their protection. When the sacrifice was made 
 on the sea shore, the blood of the victim was 
 received in a vessel, but when it was in open 
 sea, the blood was permitted to run down 
 into the waters. When the sea was calm the 
 sailors generally offered a lamb or a young 
 pig, but if it was agitated by the winds, and 
 rough, a black bull was deemed the most ac- 
 ceptable victim. Jlomer.Od. 3. — Horat. — Jpol^ 
 ion. Arg. — Virg. G. 4, v. 341. — Hesiod. Theog. 
 ^49.—Apollod^. 1. 
 
 Oceanus, a powerful deity of the sea, son 
 of Ccelus and Terra. He married Tetbys, by 
 whom he had the most principal rivers, such 
 as the Alpheus, Peneus, Strymon, he. with 
 a number of daughters, who are called from 
 him Oceanides. [^Vid. Oceanides.] Accord- 
 ing to Homer, Oceanus ivas the father of all 
 the gods, and on that account he received fre- 
 quent visits from the rest of the deities. He 
 is generally represented as an old man with a 
 long flowing beard, and sitting upon the waves 
 of the sea. He often hoids apike in his hand, 
 while ships under sail appear at a distance, or 
 a sea monster stands near him. Oceanus pre- 
 .sided over every part of the sea, and even the 
 
cc 
 
 rivers were su"bjected to his power. Tke an- 1 
 rients were superstitious in their worship to 
 •Oceanus, and revered with great solemnity a^ 
 deity to whose care they intrusted themselves 
 when going on any voyage. Hesiod. Theog. — 
 Ovid. Fast, o, v. 81, &:c. — ^^pollod. 1. — Cic. de 
 /fat. D.'S,c. 2^.— Homer. 11. 
 
 Ocellus, an ancient philosopher of Luca- 
 nia. Vid. Lucanus. 
 
 OcELUM, a town of Gaul. C(BS. Bell. G. 1, 
 c. 10. 
 
 OcHA, a mountain of Eubcca, and the name 
 
 ©f Eubcea itself. A sister of Ochus buried 
 
 alive by his orders. 
 
 OcHESius, a general of .^tolia in the Tro- 
 jan war. Homer. II. 5. 
 
 OcHus, a surname given toArlaxerxestbeSd 
 
 king of Persia. [Vid. Artaxerses.] A man 
 
 of Cyzicus who was killed by the Argonauts. 
 
 Flacc. 3. A prince of Persia, who refused 
 
 to visit his native country for fear of giving all 
 
 the women each a piece of gold. Plut. 
 
 A river of India, or of Bactriana. Plin. 6, c. 
 16, 1. 31, c. 7. A king of Persia. He ex- 
 changed this name for that of Darius. Vid. 
 Darius Nothus, 
 
 OcNUs, a son of the Tiber and of Manto, 
 who assisted iEneas against Turnus. He built 
 a town which he called Mantua after his mo- 
 ther's name. Some suppose that he is the 
 game as Bianor. Virg. Ed. 9, Mn. 10, v. 198. 
 
 A man remarkable for his industry. He 
 
 had a wife as remarkable for her profusion ; 
 she always consumed and lavished away what- 
 ever the labours of her husband had earned. 
 He is represented as twisting a cord, which an 
 ass standing by eats up as soon as he makes it, 
 whence the proverb of the cord of Ocnus often 
 applied to labour which meets no return, and 
 which is totally lost. Propert. 4, el. 3, v. 21. — 
 Plin. 35, c. 11.— Pau*. 10, c. 29. 
 
 OcRicuLUM, now Otricoli, a town of Um- 
 bria near Rome. Cic. pro. Mil. — Liv. 19, c. 41. 
 
 OcRiDioN, a king of Rhodes who was reck- 
 oned in the number of the gods after death. 
 Plut. in GrcEC. qucest. 27. 
 
 OcRisiA, a woman of Corniculum, who 
 was one of the attendants of Tanaquil the 
 wife of Tarquinius Priscus. As she was 
 throwing into the flames, as offerings, some of 
 the meats that were served on the table of 
 Tarquin, she suddenly saw in the fire what 
 Ovid calls obscceni forma virilis. She informed 
 the queen of it, and when by her orders she 
 had approached near it, she conceived a son 
 who was called Servius TuUius, and who being 
 educated in the king's family, afterwards suc- 
 ceeded to the vacant throne. Some suppose 
 Ihat Vulcan had assumed that form whicn was 
 presented to the eyes of Ocrisia, and that the 
 god was the father of the sixth king of Rome. 
 Plut. de fort. Rom.— Plin. 36, c. 27.— Ovid. 
 Fast. 6, V. 627. 
 
 OcTAciLLius, a slave who was manumit- 
 ted, and who afterwards taught rhetoric at 
 Rome. He had Pompey the Great in the 
 number of his pupils. Hueton. in EUit. — Mar- 
 iial. 10, ep. 79. 
 
 OcTAviA, a Roman lady sister to the em- 
 peror Augustus and celebrated for her beauty 
 and virtues. She married Claudius Marcellus, 
 and after his death M. Antowy. Her marriage 
 v'iili AiitOQV was a political step to reooncile 
 
 oc 
 
 her brother and her husband. Antony proved 
 for some time attentive to her, but he soon af- 
 ter despised her for Cleopatra, and when she 
 attempted to withdraw him from this unlawful 
 amour by going to meet him at Athens, she was 
 secretly rebuked and totally banished from his 
 presence. This aifront was highly resented by 
 Augustus, and though Octavia endeavoured to 
 pacify him by palliating her husband's beha- 
 viour, he resolved to revenge her cause by arms. 
 After the battle of Actlum and the death of 
 Antony, Octavia, forgetful of the injuries she 
 had received, took into her house all the chil- 
 dren of her husband, and treated them with, 
 maternal tenderness. Marcellas her son by 
 her first husband was married to a niece of Au- 
 gustus, and publicly intended as a successor to 
 his uncle. His sudden death plunged all his 
 family into the greatest grief. Virgil, whom 
 Augustus patronized, undertook upon himself 
 to pay a melancholy tribute to the memory of 
 a young man whom Rome regarded as her fu- 
 ture father and patron. He was desired to re- 
 peat his composition in the presence of Augus- 
 tus and of his sister. Octavia burst into tears 
 as soon as the poet began; but when he men- 
 tioned, Tu Marcellus eris, she swooned away. 
 This tender and pathetic encomium upon the 
 merit and the virtue of young Marcellus was 
 liberally rewarded by Octavia, and Virgil re- 
 ceived 10,000 sesterces for every one of the 
 verses. Octavia had two daughters by Antony, 
 Antonia Major and Antonia Minor. The elder 
 married L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, by whoni 
 she had Cn. Domitius the father of the em- 
 peror Nero by Agrippina the daughter of 
 Germanicus. Antonia Minor, who was as 
 virtuous and as beautiful as her mother, mar- 
 ried Drusus the son of Tiberius, by whom she 
 had Germanicus, and Claudius, who reigned 
 before Nero. The death of Marcellus con- 
 tinually preyed upon the mind of Octavia, 
 who died of melancholy about 10 years before 
 the Christian era. Her brother paid great re- 
 gard to her memory, by pronouncing himself 
 her funeral oration. The Roman people alsd 
 showed their respect for her virtues by their 
 wish to pay her divine honours. Suet, in -Aug, 
 
 — Plvi. in Anton, kx,. A daughter of the 
 
 emperor Claudius by Messalina. She was be- 
 trothed to Silanus, but by the intrigues of 
 Agrippina, she was married to the emperor 
 Nero in the 16th year of her age. She was 
 soon after divorced on pretence of ban'enness, 
 and the emperor married Poppaja, who exer- 
 cised her enmity upon Octavia by causing her 
 to be banished into Campania. She was after- 
 wards recalled at the instance of the people, 
 and Poppeea, who was resolved on her ruin, 
 caused her again to be banished to an island, 
 where she was ordered to kill herself by open- 
 ing her veins. Her head was cut off and car- 
 ried to Poppaea. Sutt. in Claud. 27, m JVer. 
 7 and 35.— Tacit. Ann. 12. 
 
 OcTAVjANus, or OcTAVius C^sAR, the ne- 
 phew of Cajsar the dictator. After the battle 
 of Actium and the final destruction of the 
 Roman republic, the servile senate bestowed 
 upon hiai tlio lille and surname o( Augustus as 
 expressive of his greatness and dignity. Vid. 
 Augustus. 
 
 OcTAvius, a Roman ofiicer Viho brought 
 Perseus, king of Macedouin, a prisoner to th« 
 
OD 
 
 consul. He was sent by his countrymen to 
 be guardian to Ttolemy Eupator, tlie young 
 king of Egypt^ wliere he behaved with the 
 greatest arfbganee. He was assassinated by 
 Lysias, who was before regent of Egypt. The 
 
 murderer was sent to Rome. A man who 
 
 opposed Metellus in the reduction of Crete by 
 means of Pompey. He was obliged to re- 
 tire from the island. A man who banished 
 
 Cinna from Rome and became remarkable for 
 his probity and fondness of discipline. He 
 was seized and put to death by order of his 
 successful rivals Marius and Cinna. A Ro- 
 man who boasted of being in the numbeiyof 
 Caesar's murderers. His assertions were false, 
 yet he was punished as if he liad been aoices- 
 
 sary to the conspiracy. A lieutenant of 
 
 Crassus in Parthia. He accompanied his ge- 
 neral to the tent of the Parthian con<iueror, 
 and was killed by the enemy as he attempted 
 to hinder them from carrying away Crassus. 
 -——A governor of Cilicia. He died in his 
 province, and Lucullus made applications to 
 
 succeed him, &ic. A tribune of the people 
 
 at Rome, whom Tib. Gracchus his Colleague 
 
 Weposed. A commander of the forces of 
 
 Antony against Augustus. An officer who 
 
 killed himself, he. A tribune of the peo- 
 ple, who debauched a woman of Pontus from 
 her husband. She proved unfaithfut to him, 
 upon which he murdered her. He \fas con^ 
 deraned under Nero. Tacit. Ann. ^ JtMst. — 
 
 Plut. in vilis. — Flor. — Liv. &c. A poet in 
 
 the Augustan age intimate with Horace. He 
 also distinguished himself as an historian. He- 
 rat . 1. Sat. 10, V. 82. 
 
 OctodOrus, a village in the modern country 
 of Swit^ez'land, now called Martigny. Cces. 
 B. G. 3, c. 1. 
 
 OcTOGESA, a town of Spain, a little above 
 the mouth of the Iberus, now called Mequi- 
 nensa. Cas. B. G. 1, c. 61. 
 
 OcTOLOPWuM, a place of Greece. Liv. 
 31. 
 
 OcYALUS, one of the Phascians with Alci- 
 nous. Homer. Od. 
 
 OcYPETE, one of the Harpies who infected 
 whatever she touched. The name signifies 
 &wi ft flying. Hesiod. Tlieog. 265. — £pollod. 1, 
 
 c. 9. A daughter of Thaumas. A 
 
 daughter of Danaus. 
 
 OcYROE, a daughter of Chiron by Chariclo, 
 who had the gift of prophecy. She was 
 changed into a mare, [Vid. Melanippe.] 
 
 Ovid. Met. 2, v. 638, kc. A woman daugh- 
 
 txr of Chesias, carried away by Apollo as she 
 was going to a festival at Miletus. 
 
 Oden ATUS, a celebrated prince of Palmy- 
 ra. He early inured himself to bear fatigues, 
 and by hunting leopards and wild beasts, he 
 accustomed himself to the labours of a mi- 
 litary life. He was faithful to the Romans ; 
 and when Aurelian had been taken prisoner 
 by Sapor, king of Persia, Odenatus warmly 
 interested himself in his cause, and solicited 
 his release by writing a letter to the conc^ueror 
 and sending him presents. The king ot Per- 
 sia was offended at the liberty of Odenatus; 
 he tore the letter, and ordered the presents 
 which were otlercd to be thrown into a river. 
 To punish Odenatus, who had the impudence, 
 a5 he observed, to pay homage to so great a 
 rnonarch as himself, lie ordered him to appear 
 
 OD 
 
 before bim, on pain of being devoted to i'll" 
 stant destruction, with all his family, if he 
 dared to refuge. Odenatus disdained the sum- 
 mons of SapOr, and opposed force to force. 
 He obtained some advantages over the troops 
 of the Persian monarch, and took his wife 
 prisoner with a great and rich booty. These 
 services were seen with gratitude by the Ro- 
 mans; and Gallienus, the then reigning em- 
 peror, named Odenatus as his colleague on the 
 throne, and gave the title of Augustus to 
 his children, and to his wife the celebrated 
 Zenobia. Odenatus, invested with new power, 
 resolved to signalize himself more conspicu- 
 ously by conquering the northern barbarians, 
 but his exultation was short, and he perished 
 by the dagger of one of his relations, whom 
 he had slightly offended in a domestic enter- 
 tainment. He died atEmessa, about the 267th 
 year of the Christian era. Zenobia succeeded 
 to all his titles and honours. 
 
 Odessus, a sea port town at the west of 
 the Euxine sea in Lower Mocsia, below the 
 mouths of the Danube. Ovid. 1, Trist. 9, 
 V.37. 
 
 Odeum, a musical theatre at Athens. Vi- 
 truv. 5, c. 9. 
 
 Odinus, a celebrated hero of antiquity, 
 who flourished about 70years before the Chris- 
 tian era, in the northern parts of ancient Ger- 
 many, or the modern kingdom of Denmark. 
 He was at once a priest, a soldier, a poet, a 
 monarch, and a conqueror. He imposed upon 
 the credulity of his superstitious countrymen, 
 and made them believe that he could raise the 
 dead to life, and that he was acquainted with 
 futurity. When he had extended his power, 
 and increased his fame by conquest, and by 
 persuasion, he resolved to die in a different 
 manner from other men. He assembled his 
 friends, and with the sharp point of a lance he 
 made on his body nine different wounds in the 
 form of a circle, and as he expired he declar- 
 ed he was going into Scythia, where he should 
 become one of the immortal gods. He fur- 
 ther added, that he would prepare bliss and fe- 
 licity for such of his countrymen as lived a 
 virtuous life, who fought with intrepidity, and 
 who died like heroes in the field of battle. 
 These injunctions had the desired effect ; his 
 countrymen superstitiously believed him, and 
 always recommended themselves to his pro- 
 tection whenever they engaged in a battle, 
 and they entreated him to receive the souls of 
 such as had fallen in war. 
 
 OurrEs, a son of Ixion, killed by Mopsus, 
 at the nuptials of Pirilhous. Ovid. Met. 12, 
 
 V. 457. A prince killed at the nuptials of 
 
 Andromeda. Id. ib. 5, v. 97. 
 
 Odoacer, a king of the Heruli, who de- 
 stroyed the western empire of Rome, and 
 called himself king of Italy, A. D.476. 
 
 Odomanti, a people of Thrace, on the 
 eastern banks of the Slrymon. Liv. 45, c. 4. 
 
 Odowes, a people of Thrace. 
 
 Odrys/e, an ancient people of Thrace, be- 
 tween Abdera and the river Jster. The epi- 
 thet of Odrysiusis often applied to a Thraciau. 
 Ovid. Met. 6, v. 490, 1. 13, v. 554.— S/af. Ach. 
 1, V. 184.— Liu. 39, c. 53. 
 
 Odvssea, one of Homer's epic poems, in 
 which he describes in 24 books the adventures 
 of Ulysses on his rettirn from the Trojan was'- 
 
(ED 
 
 with other material circumstances. The whole 
 ef the action comprehends no more than 55 
 days. It is not so esteemed as the Iliad of that 
 poet. Vid. Homerus. 
 
 OoyssEUM, a promontory of Sicily, at the 
 westofPachynus. 
 
 (Ea, a city of Africa, now Tripoli. Pliyi. 5, 
 
 c. 4.—Sil. Ital. 3, V. 257. Also a place in 
 
 -/Egina. Herodot. 5, c. 83. 
 
 (Eagrus or CEager, the father of Or- 
 pheus by Calliope. He was king of Thrace, 
 and from him mount Hamus, and also the 
 Hebrus, one of the rivers of the country, has 
 received the appellation of (Eagrius, though 
 Servius, in his commentaries, disputes the 
 explanation of Diodorus, by asserting that the 
 ffiagrius is a river of Thrace, whose waters 
 supply the streams of the Hebrus. Ovid, in 
 Jb. 414.— ^poUon. 1, arg.— Virg. G. 4, v. 
 624.— Hal. 5, V. 463.— Diod.—Apollod. 1, c. 3. 
 CEanthe, and Q2anthia, a town of Phocis, 
 where Venus had a temple. Fans. 10, c. 
 38. 
 
 (Eax, a son of Naupliiis and Clymene. 
 He was brother to Palamedes, whom 'he ac- 
 companied to the Trojan war, and whose 
 death he highly resented on his return to 
 Greece, by falsing disturbances in the family 
 of some of the Grecian princes. Dictys. Crd. 
 —.Spollod. 2.—Hygin. fdih. 117. 
 
 (Ebalia, the ancient name of Laconia, 
 tvhich it received from king (Ebalus, and 
 thence Q^balides peur is applied to Hyacinthus 
 as a native of the country, and (Ehalius san- 
 guis is used to denominate his blood. Pans. 3, 
 
 c. l.—Apollod. 3, c. 10. The same name is 
 
 given to Tarentum, because built by a Lace- 
 diemonian colony, whose ancestors were go- 
 verned by (Ebalus. Virg. G. 4, v. 125— 5'i/ 
 12, V. 451. 
 
 (Ebalus, a son of Argalus or Cynortas, 
 who was king of Laconia. He married Gor- 
 gophone the daughter of Perseus, by whom 
 he had Hippocoon, Tyndarus, kc. Pau3. 
 
 3, c. \.—^ipoliod. 3, c. 10. A son of Telon 
 
 and the nymph Sebethis, who reigned in the 
 
 neighbourhood of Neapolis in Italy. Virir 
 
 ^n.7, V. 734. ^' 
 
 (Ebares, a satrap of Cyrus, against the 
 
 Medes. Polyczn. 7. A groom of Darius son 
 
 of Hystaspes. He was the cause that his mas- 
 ter obtained the kingdom of Persia, by his arti- 
 fice in making his horse neigh first. [Vid. Da- 
 Fius Ist.J Herodot. 3, c. 85— Justin. 1, c. 10. 
 (Echalia, a country of Peloponnesus in 
 Laconia, with a small town of the same name. 
 This town was destroyed by Hercdies, while 
 Eurytus was king over it, from which circum- 
 stance it is often called Eurylopolis. A 
 
 small town of Eaboea, where, according to 
 some, Eurytas reigned, and not in Peloponne- 
 sus. Strah. 8, 9 and 10. — Virg. .JEn. 8. v, 291. 
 — Ovid. Heroid. 9, Md. 9, v. 136.— 5o;)/ioc. in 
 Track. 74 and Schol. 
 
 (EcLiDES, a patronymic of Amphiaraus, son 
 ©f (Ecleus. Ovid. Md. 8, fab. 7. 
 (EcLEUs. Vid. Oicleus. 
 (EcuMENios, wrote in the middle of the 
 10th century a paraphrase of some ofthe books 
 of the New Testament in Greek, edited in 2 
 vols. foi. Paris Itiyl. 
 
 (Edipudia, a fountain of Thebes in Boeotia. 
 
 (Edipus, a son of Laius, king of Thebes 
 
 60 
 
 (EB 
 
 and Jocasta. As being descended from Venus- 
 by his father's side, (Edipus was born to be 
 exposed to all the dangers and the calamities 
 which Juno could inflict upon the posterity of 
 the goddess of beauty. Laius the father of 
 (Edipus, was informed by the oracle, as soon 
 as he married Jocasta, that he must perish by 
 the hands of his son. Such dreadful intelli- 
 gence awakened his fears, and to prevent the 
 tulfilling of the oracle, he resolved never to 
 apprpach Jocasta ; but his solemn resolutions 
 were violated in a fit of intoxication. Thtt 
 queen became pregnant, and Laius, still intent 
 to stop this evil, ordered his wife to destroy 
 her child as soon as it came into the world. 
 The mother had not the courage to obey, yet 
 she gave the child as soon as born to one of hep 
 domestics, with orders to expose him on th« 
 mountains. The servant was moved with pity, 
 but to obey the commandof Jocasta, he bored 
 thefeetof the child and suspended him with 
 a twig by the heels to a tree on mount Cithee- 
 ron, where he was soon found by one of the- 
 shepherds of Polybus king of Corinth. The 
 shepherd carried him home ; and Peribcea. 
 the wife of Polybus, who had no children^ 
 educated him as her own child, with maternal 
 tenderness. Tlie accomplishments of the 
 infant, who was named (Edipus, on account of 
 the swelling of his feet {^*h^tumto y^oU; pedes,) 
 soon became the admiration ofthe age. His 
 companions envied his strength and his ad- 
 dress ; and one of them, to mortify his rising 
 ambition, told him he was an illegitimate child. 
 This raised his doubts: he asked Peribcea, 
 who, out of tenderness, told him, that his sus- 
 picions were ill founded. Not satisfied with 
 this, he went to consult the oracle of Delphi* 
 and was there told not to return home, for if 
 he did, he must necessarily be the murderer 
 of his father, and the husband of his mother. 
 This answer of the oracle terrified him ; he 
 knew no home but the house of Polybus, 
 therefore he resolved not to return to Corinth, 
 where such calamities apparently attended 
 him. He travelled towards Phocis, and in his 
 journey met in a narrow road Laius on a 
 chariot with his arm-bearer. Laius haughtily 
 ordered (Edipus to make way for him. (Edi- 
 pus refused, and a contest ensued, in which 
 Laius and his arm-bearer were both killed. 
 As (Edipus was ignorant of the qualitySife 
 ofthe rank of the men whom he had just kH IIS, 
 he continued his journey, and was attracted 
 to Thebes by the fame of the Sphynx. This 
 terrible monster, whom Juno had sent to lay- 
 waste the country. [Vid. Sphynx,] resorted 
 in the neighbourhood of Thebes, and devoured 
 all those who attempted to explain, without 
 success, the enigiuas which he proposed. The 
 calamity was now become an object of public 
 concern, and as the succesbful explanation of an 
 enigma would end in the doalh ofthe snyhnx, 
 Creou, who at the death of Laius had 'ascen- 
 ded the throne of Thebes, promised his crown 
 and Jocas(ato him who succeeded in the at- 
 tempt. The enigma proposed was this: What 
 animal in the morning walks upon four feet, <lt 
 noon upon two, and in the evening upon three? 
 This was left tor (E.lipus toe.xplain; he came to 
 Ibe monster and said, that man, in the morn- 
 ing of life, walks upon his hands and his kei ; 
 when ht) has attained the year'! of m»nh»od', 
 
(EN 
 
 he walks upon ln'« two legs; and in the eren- 
 ing, he supports his old age with the assistance 
 of a staff. The monster, mortified at the true 
 explanation, dashed his head against a rock 
 and perished. (Edipus ascended the throne 
 of Thebes, and married Jocasta, by whom he 
 had two sons, Polynices and Eteocles, and two 
 daughters, Ismene and Antigone. Some years 
 after, the Theban territories were visited with 
 a plague ; and the oracle declared that it 
 should cease only when the murderer of king 
 Laius was banished from Boeotia. As the death 
 of Laius had never been examined, and the 
 circumstances that attended it never known, 
 this answer of the oracle was of the greatest 
 concern to the Thebans ; but (Edipus, the 
 friend of his people, resolved to overcome 
 every difficulty by the most exact inquiries. 
 His researches were successful, and he was 
 soon proved to be the murderer of his father. 
 The melancholy discovery was rendered the 
 more alarming, when (Edipus considered, that 
 he had not only murdered his father, but that 
 he had committed incest with his mother. In 
 the excess of his grief he put out his eyes, as 
 unworthy to see the light, and banished him- 
 self from Thebes, or, as some say, was banish- 
 ed by his awn sons. He retired towards At- 
 tica, led by his daughter Antigone, and came 
 near Colonos, where there was a grove sacred 
 to the Furies. He remembered that he was 
 doomed by the oracle to die in such a place, 
 and to become the source of prosperity to the 
 country, in which his bones were buried. A 
 messenger upon this was sent to Theseus, 
 king of the country, to inform him of the re- 
 solution of (Edipus. When Theseus arrived, 
 CEdipus acquainted him, with a prophetic 
 voice, that the gods had called him to die in 
 the place where he stood ; and to show the 
 truth of this he walked himself, without the as- 
 sistance of a guide, to the spot where he must 
 expire. Immediately the earth opened and 
 (Edipus disappeared. Some suppose that 
 (Edipus had not children by Jocasta, and that 
 the mother murdered herself as soon as she 
 knew the incest which had been committed. 
 His tomb was near the Areopagus, in the age 
 ofPausanias. Some of the ancient poets re- 
 present him in hell, as suflfering the punish- 
 ment which crimes like his seemed to deserve. 
 According to some, the four children which 
 he had were by Euriganea, the daughter of 
 Periphas, whom he married after the death 
 of Jocasta. Apollod. 3, c. 5. — Hygin. fab. 66, 
 &,c. — Eurip. in Phaniss. &.c. — Sophod. (Edip. 
 Ti/r. h Col. Anlig. &ic. — Hesiod. Theog. 1. — 
 Homer. Od. U, c. 210.— Pans. 9, c. 5, &c.— 
 Stat. Theb. 8, v. 642. — Senec. in (Edip. — Pin- 
 dar. Olymp. 2. — Diod. 4. — Athen. 6 and 10 
 
 (Eme, a daughter of Danaus, by Crino. 
 JipoUod. 
 
 (Enan.thes, a favourite of young Ptolemy 
 king of Egypt. 
 
 (Ene, a small tmva of Argolis. The people 
 are called (Eneadat. 
 
 (Eni: A, a river ofAseyria. Jimmian. 
 
 (Enkus, a king of Calydon in .^Etolia, son 
 of Parthaon or Portheu.';, and Euryte. He 
 married Althai the daughter of Thestius, by 
 whom he had Clymenns, Meleager, Gorge, 
 and Dejanira. After Althaj's death, he mar- 
 ried Periboea the daughter of Hippopous, by 
 
 (EN 
 
 whom he had Tydeus, In a general sacrificej?^ 
 which (Eneus made to all the gods upon reap- 
 ing the rich produce of his fields, he forgot 
 Diana, and the goddess to revenge this unpar- 
 donable neglect, incited his neighbours to take 
 up arms against him, and besides she sent a 
 wild boar to lay waste the country of Calydo- 
 nia. The animal was at last killed by Melea- 
 ger and the neighbouring princes of Greece, 
 in a celebrated chase, known by the name of 
 the chase of the Calydonian boar. Some time 
 after, Meleager died, and (Eneus was drivea 
 from his kingdom by the sons of his brother. 
 Agrius Diomedes, however, his grandson, soon 
 restored him to his throne; but the continual 
 misfortunes to which he was exposed, render- 
 ed him melancholy. He exiled himself front 
 Calydon, and left his crown to his son-in-law 
 Andremon. He died as he was going to Ap- 
 golis. His body was buried by the care oC, 
 Diomedes, in a town of Argolis which from, 
 him received the name of (Enoe. It is report- 
 ed that (Eneus received a visit from Bacchus , 
 and that he suffered the god to enjoy the 
 favours of Althsea, and to become the father of 
 Dejanira, for which Bacchus permitted that 
 the wine of which he was the patron should 
 be called among the Greeks by the name of 
 (Eneus (oiw@>j. Hygin. fab. 129. — Jlpollod. 1, c^ 
 9.— Homer. II. 9, v. b^9.—Diod. 4.— Paiw. 2, 
 c. 25.— Ovid. Met. 8, v. 510. 
 
 (ENi.iDiE, a town of Acarnania. Liv. 26, 
 c. 24, 1. 38, c. 11. 
 
 (Enides, a patronymic of Meleager son of 
 (Eneus. Ovid. Met. 8, fab. 10. 
 
 (Enoe, a nymph who married Sicinus the 
 son of Thoas, king of Lemnos. From her the 
 
 island of Sicinus has been called (Enoe. 
 
 Two villages of Attica were also called (Enoe. 
 
 Herodot. 5, c. 74. — Plin. 4, c. 7. A city of 
 
 Argolis, where (Eneus fled when driven from 
 
 Calydon. Pans. 2, c. 25» A town of Elia 
 
 in the Peloponnesus. Strab. — JipoUod. 1, c. 
 S.—Paus. 1, &c. 
 
 (Enomaus, a son of Mars by Sterope the 
 daughter of Atlas. He was king of Pisa in 
 Elis, and father of Hippodamia by Evaretc 
 daughter of Acrisius, or Eurythoa, the daugh- 
 ter of Danaus. He was informed by the ora- 
 cle that he should perish by the hands of hi* 
 son-in-law; therefore as he could skilfully drive 
 a chariot, he determined to marry his daugh- 
 ter only to him who could out-run him, on 
 condition that all who entered the list should 
 agree to lay down their life if conquered. 
 Many had already perished ; when Pelops soa 
 of Tantalus, proposed himself. He previously 
 bribed Myrtilus the charioteer of (Enomaus, 
 by promising him the enjoyment of thefavouie 
 of Hippodamia, if he proved victorious. Myr- 
 tilus gave his master an old chariot, whose 
 axle-tree broke on the course, which was froia 
 Pisa to the Corinthian isthmus, and (Eno- 
 maus was killed. Pelops married Hippodamia^ 
 and became king of Pisa. As he expired, 
 (Enomaus entreated Pelops to revenge the per- 
 fidy of Myrtilus, which was executed. Those 
 that had been defeated when Pelops entered 
 the list were Marmax, Alcathous, Euryalus, 
 Eiiryniachus, Capetus, Lasius, Acrias, Chal- 
 codon, Lycurgus, Tricolonus, Prias, Aristo- 
 maclius, /Eolius, Eurythrus, and Chronius. 
 .^'Jpullod. 2, c. 4. — Diod. 4. — Pans. 5> c. 17, lu 
 
(EN 
 
 0, c. 11, &c. — Jjpollon. Rhod. 1. — Proptrt. 1, 
 «1. 2, V. 20.— OrwZ. in 76. 367. ^r/. Am. 2, v. 
 2.—Heroid. 8, v. 70. 
 
 (Enon, a part of Locris on the bay of Co- 
 rinth. » 
 
 (Enona, an ancient name of the island 
 ^gina. It'is a\so caWed (Enopia. Herodot.8, 
 a. 46. Two vHhiges of Attica are also cal- 
 led GEnona, or rather (Enoe, A town of 
 
 Troas, the birth place of th€ nymph (Enone. 
 Strab. 13. 
 
 (Enone, a nymph of mount Ida, daughter of 
 the river Cebrenus in Phrygia. As she had 
 received the gift of prophecy, she foretold to 
 Paris, whom she married before he was dis- 
 covered to be the son of Priam, that his voy- 
 age Into Greece wou4d be attended with the 
 most serious consequences, and the total ruin 
 of his country, and that he should have re- 
 course to her medicinal knowledge at the hour 
 of death. Ail these predictions were fulfilled ; 
 and Paris when he had received the fatal 
 ■wound, ordered his body to be carried to 
 CEnone, in hopes of being cured by her assist- 
 ance. He expired as he came into her pre- 
 sence ; and (Enone was so struck at the sight 
 of his dead body, that she bathed it with her 
 tears, and stabbed herself to the heart. She 
 was mother of Corythus by Paris, and this 
 son perished by the hand of his father when 
 be attempted, at the instigation of OEnone, to 
 persuade him to withdraw his affection from 
 Helen. Diclys. Crtt. — Ovid de Rem. Amor. 
 V. 457. Htroid. 5. — Lucan. 9. 
 
 (Enopia, one of the ancient names of the 
 island j^^gina. Ovid. Mel. 7, v. 473. 
 
 (Enopid£S, a mathematician of Chios. 
 Diod. 1. 
 
 (Enopion, a son of Ariadne by Theseus, 
 or, according to others, by Bacchus. He 
 married Helice, by whom he had a daughter 
 called Hero, or Merope, of whom the giant 
 Orion became enamoured. The father un- 
 willing to give his daughter to such a lover, 
 and afraid of provoking him by an open refu- 
 sal, evaded his applications, and at last put out 
 his eyes when he was intoxicated. Some sup- 
 pose that this violence was offered to Orion 
 after he had dishonoured Merope. ffinopion 
 received the island of Chios from Rhadaman- 
 thus, who had conquered most of the islands 
 of the iEgean sea, and his tomb was still seen 
 there in the age of Pausanias. Some suppose, 
 and with more probability, that he reigned 
 not at Chios, but at yEgina, which from 
 him was culled ffinopia. Plat, in Tkes. — Apol- 
 lod. 1, c. 4^.— Diod. Pans. 7, c. 4. — Apollon. 
 Rhod. 3. 
 
 (Enothi, the inhabitants of (Enotria. 
 
 (Enotria, a part of Italy which was after- 
 wards called Lucania. It received this name 
 from CEnotrus the son of Lycaon, who settled 
 there with a colony of Arcadians. The (Eno- 
 trians afterwards spread themselves into Um- 
 bria and as far as Lalium, and the country of 
 the Sabines, according to some writers. The 
 name of (Enotria is sometimes applied to Italy. 
 That part of Italy where (Enotrus settled, was 
 before inhabited by the Ausones. Dionys.Hal. 
 2, c. \\.-^Puus. 1, c. S.—Virt^. JEn. 1, v. 536, 
 1.7,v. 85.— //a/.8, v. 220. 
 
 CEnotrTdes, two small islands on the coast 
 of Lucania, where some of the JRomans were 
 
 OG 
 
 banished by the emperors. They were celled 
 Iscia and Pontia. 
 
 (Enotkus, a son of Lycaon of Arcadia. He 
 passed into Magna Graecia with a colony, and 
 gave the name of (Enotria to that part of the 
 country where he settled. Dionys. Hal. 1, c. 
 U.—Pam. 1, c. 3. 
 
 (ENuSi?:, small islands neas Chios. Plin. 5, 
 
 c. 3 J. — Thucyd. 8. Others on the coast of 
 
 tlie Peloponnesus, near Messenia. Mela, 2, c. 
 17.— Plin. 4, c. 12. 
 
 (Eowus, a son of Licymnius, killed at Spar* 
 ta, where he accompanied Hercules; and as 
 the hero liad promised Licymnius to bring 
 back his son, he burnt the body, and presented 
 the ashes to the afflicted father. From this cir- 
 cum.stance arose a custom of burning the dead 
 
 among the (ireeks. Schol. Homer. II A 
 
 small river of Laconia. Liv. 34, c. 28. 
 
 (Eroe, an island of BcEotia formed by th« 
 Asopus. Herodot. 9, c. 50. 
 
 (Eta, now Banina, a. celebrated mountain 
 between Thessaly and Macedonia, upon which 
 Hercules burnt himself. Its height has given 
 occasion to the poets to feign that the sun, 
 moon, and stars rose behind it. Mount (Eta, 
 properly speaking, is a long chain of moun- 
 tains which runs from the straits of Ther- 
 mopylae and the gulf of Malia, in a western 
 direction, to mount Pindus, and from thence 
 to the bay of Ambracia. The straits or 
 passes of mount (Eta are called the straits of 
 Thermopylae from the hot baths and mineral 
 waters which are in the neighbourhood. 
 These passes are not more than 25 feet in 
 breadth. Mela, 2, c. 3.-~CaiiUl. 66, v. 54, 
 —Apollod. 2, c. 7.—Paus. 10, c. 20, &,c.— 
 Ovid. Heroid. 9, Met. 2, v. 216, 1. 9, v. 204, 
 hc^ — Virg. Eel. 8. — Plin. 25, c. 6. — Seneca 
 
 in Med. — Lucan. 3, he. A small town at 
 
 the foot of Mount ffito near Thermopylae. 
 
 (Exi'Lus, or (Etylum, a town of Laco- 
 nia, which received its name from (Etylus, one 
 of the heroes of Argos. Serapis had a temple 
 there. Paus. 3, c. 25, 
 
 OiELLLs, a man whom, though unpolished, 
 Horace represents as a character exemplary 
 for wisdom, economy, and moderation. 
 HoTat, 2, sat. 2, v, 2. 
 
 Ofi, a nation of Germany. Tacit, de 
 Germ. 28. 
 
 Ogdolapis, a navigable river flowing from 
 the Alps. Slrab. 6. 
 
 Ogworus, a king of Egypt. 
 
 Oglosa, an island in the Tyrrhene sea, east 
 of Corsica, famous for wine, and now called 
 Monte Christo. Plin. 3, c. 6. 
 
 OoMius, a name of Hercules among the 
 Gauls. Lucian. in Here. 
 
 Ogoa, a deity of Mylassa in Caria, under 
 whose temi)le, as was supposed, the ssa pas- 
 sed. Paus. 8, c. 10. 
 
 Ocur.NiA LEX, by Q. and Cn. Ogulnius, 
 tribunes of the people, A. U. C. 453. It in- 
 creased the number of Pontilices and augurs 
 from four to nine. The addition was made to 
 both orders from plebeian families. A Ro- 
 man lady as poor as she was lascivious. Juv. 
 6, v. 351. 
 
 Ogyges a celebrated monarch, the most 
 ancient of those that reigned in Greece. He 
 was son of Terra, or, as some suppose, of 
 Neptune, and married Thebe the daughter of 
 
OL 
 
 Jupiter. He reigned in Bceotia, which, from 
 him, is sometimes called Ogygia, and his pow- 
 er was also extended over Attica. It is suppo- 
 sed that he was of Egyptian or Phoenician ex- 
 traction ; but his origin, as well as the age in 
 which he lived, and the duration of his reign, 
 are so obscure and unknown, that the epithet 
 of Ogygian is often apj)lied to every thing of 
 dark antiquity. In the reign of Ogygis there 
 was a deluge, which so inundated the territo- 
 ries of Attica, that they remained waste for 
 near 200 years. This, though it is very un- 
 certain, is supposed to have happened about 
 1764 years before the Christian era, previous 
 to the deluge of Deucalion. According to 
 some writers, it was owing to the overflowing 
 of one of the rivers of the country. The 
 reign of Ogyges was also marked by an un- 
 common appearance in the heavens, and as it 
 is reported, the planet Venus changed her co- 
 lour, diameter, figure, and her course. Varro. 
 de R. R.3, c. l.—Paus. 9, c. b.—Aug. de Civ. 
 D. 18, he. 
 
 Ogygia, a name of one of the gates of 
 Thebes in Boeotia. Lucan. 1, v. 675. 
 
 One of the daughters of Niobe and Amphion, 
 changed into stones. Apollod. — Pans. 9, c. 8. 
 ——An ancient name of Bceotia, from Ogy- 
 ges who reigned there. The island of Ca- 
 lypso, opposite the promontory of Lacinium 
 in Magna Grascia, where Ulysses was ship- 
 wrecked. The situation, and even the exist- 
 ence of Calypso's island, is disputed by some 
 writers. Plin. 3, c. 10. — Homer. Od. 1, v. 52 
 and 85, 1.5, v. 254, 
 
 Ogyris, an island in the Indian ocean. 
 
 OicLEUs, a son of Antiphates and Zeux- 
 ippe, who married Hypermneitra, daughter 
 of Thestius, by whom he had Iphianira, Po- 
 lybcea, and Amnhiaraus. He w as killed by 
 Laomedon when defending the ships which 
 Hercules had brought to Asia when he made 
 war against Troy. Homer. Od. 15. — Diod. 4. 
 -—.ipollod. 1, c. 8, I. 3, c. 6. — Perns. 6, c. 17. 
 
 OiLEus, a king of the Locrians. His fa- 
 ther's name was Odoedocus, and his mother's 
 Agrianome. He married Eriope, by whom he 
 had Ajax, called Oileus from his father, to 
 discriminate him from Ajax the son of Tela- 
 mon. He had also another son called Medon, 
 by a courtezan called Khene. Oileus was one 
 of the Argonauts. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 45. — 
 ApoUon. 1. — Hygin. fab. 14 and 18. — Homer. 
 11. 13 and Ib.—Jpollod. 3, c. 10. 
 
 Olane, one of the m.ouths of the Po. 
 
 A mountain of Armenia, 
 
 Olanus, a town of Lesbos. 
 
 Oi.ASTR^, a people of India. Lucan. 3, 
 V. 249.~P/m. 6, c. 20. 
 
 Olba, or Olbus, a town of Cilicia. 
 
 Olbia; a town of Sarmatia at the conflu- 
 ence of the Hypanis and the Boryslhenes, 
 about 15 miles from the sea according to Pliny. 
 It was afterwards called Boryslhenes and MUe- 
 topolis, because peopled by a Milesian colony, 
 and is now supposed to be Oczakovo. Slrab. 7. 
 
 — Plin. 4, c. 12. A town of Bithynia. 
 
 Mela, 1, c. 19. A town of Gallia Narbo- 
 
 uensis, Mela, 2, c. 5. The capital of Sar- 
 dinia. Claudian. 
 
 Oi.Bius, ariver of Arcadia. Paus.S, c. 14. 
 
 Olbus, one of iEta's auxiliaries. Val. Fl. 
 e, V. 639. 
 
 OL 
 
 OixHiNiuM, or OlcixNium, now Didcignoy 
 a town of Dalmatia, on the Adriatic. Liv. 45, 
 c. 26. 
 
 Oleades, a people of Spain. Liv. 21, c. 5. 
 
 Olearos, or Oliros, one of the Cyclade?, 
 about 16 miles in circumference, separated 
 from Paros by a strait of seven miles. Virg, 
 Jf-ln. 3, V. nQ.—Ovid. Met. 7, v. 4m.— Slrab. 
 10.— Plin. 4, c. 12. 
 
 Oleatrum, a town of Spain, near Sagun- 
 tum. Slrab. 
 
 Olen, a Greek poet of Lycia, who flo«i- 
 rished some time before the age of Orpheus, 
 and composed many hymns, some of which 
 were regularly sung at Delphi on solemn oc- 
 casions. Some suppose that he was the first 
 who established the oracle of Apollo at Del- 
 phi, where he first delivered oracles. Hero- 
 dot. 4, c. 35. 
 
 Olenius, a Lemnian, killed by his wife. Val. 
 Fl. 2, v. 164. 
 
 Olenus, a son of Vulcan, who married Le- 
 thgea, a beautiful woman, who preferred her- 
 self to the goddesses. She and her husband 
 were changed into stones by the deities. Ovid. 
 
 Met. 10, V. 68. A famous soothsayer of 
 
 Etruria. Plin. 28, c. 2. 
 
 Olenus, orOLENUM, a town of Peloponne- 
 sus, between Patrae and Cyllene, The goat 
 Amalthaea, which was made a constellation by 
 Jupiter, is called Olenia, from its residence 
 there, Paus 7, c 22.— Ovid. Met. 3.—Strab. 
 8. — Apollod. 1, c. 8. Another in ^Etolia. 
 
 Oleorus, one of the Cyclades, now Anti 
 Para. 
 
 Olgasys, a mountain of Galatia. 
 
 Oligyrtis, a town of Peloponnesus. 
 
 Olinthus, a town of Macedonia. 
 
 Olisipo, now Lisbon, a town of ancient 
 Spain on the Tagus, surnamed Felicitas Jidiuy 
 (Plin. 4, c. 22,) and called by some Ulyssippo, 
 and said to be founded by Ulysses. Mela, 3, 
 c. 1. — S&linus 23. 
 
 Olitingi, a town of Lusitania. Mela, 3, 
 c. 1. 
 
 Oeizon, a town of Magnesia, in Thessaly. 
 Hovier. 
 
 T. Ollids, the father of Poppaea, destroyed 
 on account of his intimacy w ith Sejanus, &c. 
 
 Tacit. Ann. 13, c, 45. A river rising in the 
 
 Alps, and falling into the Po, now called the 
 Oglio. Plin. 2, c. 103. 
 
 Ollovico, a prince of Gaul, called the friend 
 of the republic by the Roman senate. C(ES% 
 Bell. G. 7, c. 31. 
 
 OLMiiE, a promontory near Megara. 
 
 Olmius, a river of Bceotia, near Helicon, 
 sacred to the Muses. Stat. Theb. 7, v. 284. 
 
 Olooson, now^ Alessone, a town of Magnesia. 
 Horn. 
 
 0L0P«YXus,a town of Macedonia, on mount 
 Athos. Herodot. 7, c. 22. 
 
 Olp^e, a fortified place of Epirus, now Forte 
 Castri. 
 
 Olus, (untis,) a town at the west of Crete. 
 
 Olympeum, a place of Delos. Anotlier 
 
 in Syracuse. 
 
 Olympia, (orum,) celebrated games which 
 received their name, either from Olympia, 
 where they were observed, or from Jupiter 
 Olympius, to whom they were dedicated. 
 They were, according to some, instituted by 
 Jupiter, after his victory over the Titans, and 
 
OL 
 
 first observed by the Idaei Dactyli, B. C. 1453, 
 Some attribute the institution to Pelops, after 
 lie had obtained a victory over CEnomaus and 
 married Hippodamia ; but the more probable, 
 and indeed the more received opinion is, that 
 they were first established by Hercules in hon- 
 our of Jupiter Olympius, after a victory ob- 
 tained over Augias, B. C. 1222. Strabo ob- 
 jects to this opinion, by observing, that if they 
 had been established in the age of Homer, the 
 poet would have undoubtedly spoken of them, 
 as he is in every particular careful to mention 
 the amiasements and diversions of the ancient 
 Greeks. But they were neglected after their 
 first institution by Hercules, and no notice 
 was taken of them according to many writers, 
 till Iphitus, in the age of the lawgiver of Spar- 
 ta, renewed them, and instituted the celebra- 
 tion with greater solemnity. This reinstitu- 
 tion, which happened B. C. 884, forms a cele- 
 brated epoch in Grecian history, and is the 
 beginning of the Olympiads. [Vid. Olympias.] 
 They, however, were neglected for some time 
 after the age of Iphitus, till Coroebus, who ob- 
 tained a victory B. C. 776, reinstituted them 
 to be regularly and constantly celebrated. The 
 care and superintendance of the games were 
 intrusted to the people of Elis, till they were 
 excluded by the Piseeans B. C. 364, after the 
 destruction of Pisa. These obtained great 
 privileges from this appointment ; they were 
 in danger neither of violence nor war, but they 
 were permitted to enjoy their possessions with- 
 out molestation, as the games were celebrated 
 vrithin their territories. Only one person su- 
 perintended till the 50th olympiad, when two 
 were appointed. In the 103d olympiad, the 
 number was increased to twelve, according to 
 the number of the tribes of Elis. But in the 
 following olympiad, they were reduced to 
 eight, and afterwards increased to ten, which 
 number continued till the reign of Adrian. 
 The presidents were obliged solemnly to swear, 
 that they would act impartially, and not take 
 any bribes, or discover why they rejected some 
 of the combatants. They generally sat naked, 
 and held before them the crown which was 
 prepared for the conqueror. There were also 
 certain otHcers to keep good order and regu- 
 larity, called uxvrxi, much the same as the Ro- 
 man lictors, of whom the chief was called 
 «\uT«px»,-. No women were permitted to ap- 
 pear at the celebration of the Olympian games, 
 and whoever dared to trespass this law, was 
 immediately thrown down from a rock. This, 
 however, was sometimes neglected, for we find 
 not only women present at the celebration, but 
 also some among the combatants, and some re- 
 warded with the crown. The preparations for 
 these festivals were great. No person was per- 
 mitted to enter the lists if he had not regularly 
 exercised himself ten months before tlie cele- 
 bration at the public gymnasium of Elis. No 
 unfair dealings were allowed, and whoever at- 
 tempted to bribe his adversary, was subjected 
 to a severe fine. No criminals, nor such as were 
 conjiected with impious and guilty persons, 
 were suffered to present themselves as combat- 
 ants ; and even the father and relations were 
 obliged to swearthat they would have recourse 
 to no artifice which might decide the victory 
 in favour of their friends. The wrestlers were 
 appointed by lot. Some little balk, saper- 
 
 OL 
 
 I scribed with a letter, were thrown into asiivcr 
 [urn, and such as drew the same letter.were 
 I obliged to contend one with the other. He 
 I who had an odd letter remained the last, and 
 he often had the advantage, as he was to en- 
 counter the last who had obtained the superi* 
 ority over his adversary. He was called »?*V.'. 
 In these games were exhibited running, leaping, 
 wrestling, boxing, and the throwing of the 
 quoit, which was called altogether 7rtvT<>t^}^v, or 
 quinquertium. Besides these, there were horse 
 and chariot races, and also contentions in 
 poetry, eloquence, and the fine arts. The 
 only reward that the conqueror obtained, was 
 a crown of olive ; which, as some suppose, was 
 in memory of the labours of Hercules, which 
 were accomplished for the universal good of 
 mankind, and for which the heio claimed no 
 other reward but the consciousness of having 
 been the friend of humanity. So small and 
 trifling a reward stimulated courage and vir- 
 tue, and was more the source of great honours 
 than the most unbounded treasures. The sta- 
 tues of the conquerors, called Olympionicae, 
 were erected at Olympia, in the sacred wood 
 of Jupiter. Their return home was that of a 
 warlike conqueror; they were drawn in a cha- 
 riot by four horses, and every where received 
 with the greatest acclamations. Their en- 
 trance into their native city was not through 
 the gates, but, to make it more grand and 
 more solemn, a breach was made in the walls. 
 Painters and poets were employed in cele- 
 brating their names ; and indeed the victories 
 severally obtained at Olympia are the subjects 
 of the most beautiful odes of Pindar. The 
 combatants were naked ; a scarf was originally 
 tied round their waist, but when it had en- 
 tangled one of the adversaries, and been the 
 cause that he lost the victory, it was laid aside, 
 and no regard was paid to decency. The Olym- 
 pic games were observed every fifth j'^ear, or 
 to speak with greater exactness, after a revo- 
 lution of four years, and in the first month of 
 the fifth year, and they continued for five suc- 
 cessive days. As they were the most ancient 
 and the most solemn of all the festivals of the 
 Greeks, it will not appear wonderful that they 
 drew so many people together, not only the 
 inhabitants of Greece, but of the neighbouring 
 islands and countries. Find. Olymp. 1 and 2. 
 Strab. e.— Pans. 5, c. 67, kc—Diod. 1, kc. 
 
 —Plut. in Thes. Lye. kc. ^lian. V. H- 10, 
 
 V. 1. — Cic. Tusc. 1, c. 46. — Lucian. de Gym. 
 Tzels. in Lycophr.—Aristotel.—Stat. Theb. 6. 
 
 ~C. JVtp. in Pr(zf.— Virg. G. 3, v. 49. -A 
 
 town of Elis in Peloponnesus, where Jupiter 
 had a temple with a celebrated statue 50 cu- 
 bits high, reckoned one of the seven wonders 
 of the world. The Olympic games were cele- 
 brated in the neighbourhood. Strab. 8. — 
 Pmcs. 3, c. 8. 
 
 Olympias, a certain space of time which 
 elapsed between the celebration of the Olym- 
 pic games. The Olympic games were cele- 
 brated after the expiration of four complete 
 years, whence some have said that they were 
 observed every fifth year. This period of 
 time was called Olympiad, and became a cele- 
 brated era among the Greeks, who computed 
 their time by it. The custom of reckoning 
 time by the celebration of the Olympic games 
 was not introduced at the first insUlutiou of 
 
OL 
 
 these festivals, but to speak accurately, only 
 the year in which Coroebus obtained the prize. 
 This olympiad, which has always been reck- 
 oned the first, fell, according to the accurate 
 and learned computations of some of the mo- 
 derns, exactly 776 years before the Christian 
 era, in the year of the Julian period 3938, and 
 23 years before the building of Rome. The 
 games were exhibited at the time of the full 
 moon, next after the summer solstice ; there- 
 fore the olympiads were of unequal lengths, 
 because the time of the full moon differs 11 
 days every year, and for that reason they 
 sometimes began the next day after the sol- 
 stice, and at other times four weeks after. The 
 computations by olympiads ceased, as some 
 suppose, after the 364th, in the year 440 of the 
 Christian era. It was universally adopted, not 
 only by the Greeks, but by many of the neigh- 
 bouring countries, though still the Pythian 
 games served as an epoch to the people of 
 Delphi and to the Bceotians, the Nemaean 
 games to the Argives and Arcadians, and the 
 Isthmian to the Corinthians and the inhabi- 
 tants of the Peloponnesian isthmus. To the 
 olympiads history is much indebted. They 
 have served to fix the time of many moment- 
 ©us events, and indeed before this method of 
 computing time was observed, every page of 
 Mstory is mostly fabulous, and filled with ob- 
 scurity and contradiction, and no true chrono- 
 logical account can be properly establisned and 
 maintained with certainty. Tiie mode of com- 
 putation, which was used after the suppression 
 of the olympiads aad of the consular fasti of 
 JRorae, was more useful as it was more univer- 
 sal ; but while the era of the creation of the 
 world prevailed in the east, the western nations 
 in the 6th century began to adopt vviih more 
 propriety the Christian epoch, which was pro- 
 pagated in the 8th century, and at last, m the 
 10th, became legal and popular. A cele- 
 brated woman who was daughter of a king of 
 Epirus, and who married Philip king of Mace- 
 donia, by whom she had Alexander the Great. 
 Her haughtiness, and more probabiy her infi- 
 delity, obliged Philip to repudiate her, and 
 to marry Cleopatra, the niece of king Atta- 
 lus. Olympias was sensible of this injury, 
 and Alexander showed his disapprobation of 
 bis father's measures by retiring from the 
 court to his mother. The murder of Philip, 
 •which soon followed this disgrace, and which 
 some have attributed to the iutiigues of Olym- 
 pias, was productive of the greatest extrava- 
 IjancieaT. The queen paid the highest honour 
 to her husband's murderer. She gathered his 
 mangled limbs, placed a crown of gold on his 
 head, and laid his ashes near those of Philip. 
 The administration of Alexander, who had 
 succeeded his father, was, in some instance, 
 •liensive to Olympias ; but, when the ambition 
 of her son was concerned, she did not scruple 
 to declare publicly, that Alexander was not the 
 son of Philip, but that he was the offspring of 
 an enormous serpent which had supernaturally 
 introduced itself into her bed. When Alexan- 
 iler was dead, Olympias seized the government 
 of Macedonia, and, to establish her usurpation, 
 she cruelly put to death Arida^us, with his wife 
 Auiydice, asalsoNicanor, the brother of Cas- 
 sander, with one hundred leading men of Ma- 
 (^edon, who were inimical to her interest. 
 
 OL 
 
 Sucli barbarities did not long remain unpun- 
 ished; Cassander besieged her inPydna, wher« 
 she had retired with the remains of her fami- 
 ly, and she was obliged to surrender after an 
 obstinate siege. The conqueror ordered her 
 to be accused, and to be put to death. A body 
 of 200 soldiers were directed to put the bloody 
 commands into execution, but the splendour 
 and majesty of the queen disarmed their cour- 
 age, and she was at last massacred by those 
 whom she had cruelly deprived of their chil- 
 dren, about 316 years before the Christian era. 
 Justin. 7, c. 6, I. 9, c. 7. — Plut. in Jilex.-^ 
 Curl. — Paus.———A fountain of Arcadia, which 
 flowed for one year and the next was dry. 
 Pam. 8, c. 29. 
 
 Olympiodoros, a musician, who taught 
 
 Epaminondas music. C. JVep. A native of 
 
 Thebes, in Egypt, who flourished under Theo- 
 dosius 2d, and wrote 22 books of history, ia 
 Greek, beginning with the seventh consulship 
 of Honorius, and the second of Theodosius, 
 to the period when Valentinian was made em- 
 peror. He wrote also an account of an em- 
 bassy to some of the barbarian nations of the 
 north, &,c. His style is censured by some as 
 low, and unworthy of an historian. The com- 
 mentaries of Olympiodorus on the Meteora of 
 Aristotle, were edited apud. Aid. 1550, in fol. 
 
 An Athenian olficer, present at the battle 
 
 of Platffia, where he behaved with great va- 
 lour. Plut. 
 
 Olympius, a surname of Jupiter at Olym- 
 pia, where the god had a celebrated tempi© 
 and statue, which passed for one of the seven 
 wonders of the world. It was the work of 
 Phidas. Paus. 7, c. 2. A native of Car- 
 thage, called also Nemesianus. Fid. Neme- 
 sianus. A favourite at the court of Ho- 
 norius, who was the cause of Stilicbo's deatli. 
 
 Olympus, a physician of Cleopatra, queea 
 of Egypt, who wrote some historical treatises. 
 
 Plut. in Anion. A poet and musician of 
 
 Mysia, son of Maeon and disciple to Maisyas. 
 He lived before the Trojan war, and distin- 
 guished himself by his amatory elegies, his 
 hymns, and particularly the beautiful airs 
 which he composed, and which were still pre- 
 served in the age of Aristophanes. Plato in 
 
 Min. — Jlristot. Pol. 8. Another musician of 
 
 Phrygia, who lived in the age of Midas. He 
 is frequently confounded with the preceding. 
 
 Pollux. 4, c. 10. A son of Hercules and Eu- 
 
 bcea. Jlpollod- A mountain of Macedonia 
 
 and Thessaly, now iMcha. The ancients sup- 
 posed that it touched the heavens with its top; 
 and, from that circumstance, they have placed 
 the residence of the gods there, and have made 
 it the court of Jupiter. It is about one mile 
 and a half in perpendicular height, and is co- 
 vered with pleasant woods, caves, and grottoes. 
 On the top of the mountain, according to the 
 notions of the poets, there was neither wind 
 nor rain, nor clouds, but an eternal spring. 
 Homer. II. 1, he. — Virg. Mn. 2, 6, he. — Ovid. 
 
 Met. — Lucan. 5. — Mda, 2, c. 3. — Strab. 8. 
 
 A mountain of Mysia, called the Mysian Olym- 
 pus, a name it still preserves. Another, in 
 
 El is. Another, in Arcadia. And ano- 
 ther, in the island of Cyprus, now Santa 
 Croce. Some suppose the Olympus of Mysia 
 
 and of Ciiicia to be the same. A town on 
 
 the coast of Lycia. 
 
OM 
 
 Oltmpusa, a daughter of Thespius. £pol 
 
 ON 
 
 Olynthus, a celebrated town and republic 
 of Macedonia, on the isthmus of the penin- 
 sula of Pallene. It became famous for its 
 flourishing situation, and for its frequent dis- 
 putes with the Athenians, the Lacedaemoni- 
 ans, and with king Philip, who destroyed it, 
 and sold the inhabitants for slaves. Cic. in 
 
 Verr. — Plui. de Ir. coh. he. — Mela, 2, c. 2. 
 
 Herodot. 1, c. 121. —Curt. 8, c. 9. 
 
 Olyras, a river near Thermopylae, which, 
 as the mythologists report, attempted to ex- 
 tinguish the funeral pile on which Hercules 
 was consumed. Strab. 9. 
 Olyzon, a town of Thessaly. 
 Omarius, a Lacedaemonian sent to Darius, 
 &c. Curt. 3, c. 13. 
 
 Ombi and Tentyra, two neighbouring ci- 
 ties of Egypt, whose inhabitants were always 
 in discord one with another. Juv. 15, v. 35. 
 Ombri. Vid. Umbri. 
 
 Omole or HoMOLE, a mountain of Thessa- 
 ly. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 675. There were some 
 
 festivals called HomoUia, which were cele- 
 brated in BcEotia in honour of Jupiter, sur- 
 joamed Homoleius. 
 
 Omophagia, a festival in honour of Bac- 
 chus. The word signifies tht mting of raw 
 flesh. Vid. Dionysia. 
 
 Omphale, a queen of Lydia, daughter of 
 Jardanus. She married Tmolus, who, at his 
 death, left her mistress of his kingdom. Om- 
 phale had been informed of the great exploits 
 of Hercules, and wished to see so illustrious 
 a hero. Her wish was soon gratified. After 
 the murder of Eurytus, Hercules fell sick, 
 and was ordered to be sold as a slave, that he 
 might recover his health, and the right use of 
 his senses. Mercury was commissioned to sell 
 fcim, and Omphale bought him, and restored 
 bim to liberty. The hero became enamoured 
 of his mistress, and the queen favoured his 
 passion, and had a son by hinx, whom some 
 call Agelaus, and others Lamon. From this 
 son were descended Gyges and Crcesus ; but 
 this opinion is different from the account 
 which makes these Lydian mouarehs spring 
 from Alcasus, a son of Hercules, by Malis. 
 one of the female servants of Omphale. Her- 
 cules is represented by the poets as so despe- 
 rately enamoured of the queen, that, to con- 
 ciliate her esteem, he spins by her side amoag 
 her women, while she covers herself with 
 the lion's skin, and arms herself with the club 
 of the hero, and often strikes him with her 
 eandals for the uncouth manner with which 
 he holds the distaff, kc. Their fondness was 
 mutual. As they once travelled together, 
 they came to a grotto on mount Tmolus, 
 where the queen dressed herself in the ha- 
 bit of her lover, and obliged him to appear in 
 a female garment. After they had supped, 
 they both retired to rest in different rooms, 
 as a sacrifice on the morrow to Bacchus re- 
 ijuired. In the night, Faunus, or rather Pan, 
 who was enamoured of Omphale, introduced 
 himself into the cave. He went to the bed 
 of the queen, but the lion's skin persuaded 
 him that it was the dress of Hercules, and 
 therefore he repaired to the bed of Hercules 
 in hopes to find there the object of his afl'ec- 
 tioM. The female dress of Hercules deceived 
 
 him, and he laid himself down by his side. 
 The hero was awaked, and kicked the intruder 
 into the middle of the cave. The noise awoke 
 Omphale, and Faunus was discovered lying^ 
 on the ground, greatly disappointed and 
 ashamed. Ovid. Fast. 2, v. 305, hc.—jjpollod. 
 1, c. 9, 1. 2, c. l.—Diod. 4.~Propert. 3, eL 12, 
 
 Omphalos, a place of Crete, sacred to Ju- 
 piter, on the border of the river Triton. It 
 received its name from the umbilical chord 
 (:m?*xoj) of Jupiter, which fell there soon after 
 his birth. Diod. 
 
 Omphis, a king of India, who delivered 
 hjmself up to Alexander the Great. Curt. 8, 
 c. 12. ' 
 
 OsjEVM, or O.EKEUM, a promontory and 
 town of Dalmatia. Liv. 43, c. 19. 
 
 Onarus, a priest of Bacchus, who is sup- 
 posed to have married Ariadne after she 
 had been abandoned by Theseus. Plut «i 
 Thes. 
 
 Onasimus, a sophist of Athens, who flourish- 
 ed in the reign of Constantine. 
 
 Onatas, a famous statuary of Mgludi, boil 
 of Micon. Pau^. 8, c. 42. 
 
 OxVCHEMiTEs, a wind which blows from On- 
 chesmus, a harbour of Epirus, towards Italy. 
 The word is sometimes spelt Arichesites and 
 Anchemites. Cic. ad Attic. 7, ep. 2.~Ptok- 
 mceus. 
 
 Onchestus, a town of Bceotia, founded by 
 Onchestus, a son of Neptune. Paus. 9, c. 24 
 
 Oneiok, a place of Arcadia. Paus. 8, c. 
 25. 
 
 Onesicrittjs, a cynic philosopher of /Egi- 
 na, who went with Alexander into Asia, and 
 was sent to the Indian Gymnosophists. He 
 wrote an history of the king's life, which has 
 been censured for the romantic, exaggerat- 
 ed, and improbable narrative it gives, it ir- 
 asserted, that Alexander, upon reading it, said 
 that he should be glad to. come to life again 
 for some time, to see what reception the his- 
 torian's work met with. Plui. in dltx.—Curt, 
 9, G. 10. 
 
 Onesimus, a Macedonian nobleman, treated 
 with great kindness by the Roman emperorsi 
 He wrote an account of the life of the empe- 
 ror Probus and of Carus, with great precision 
 and elegance. 
 
 Onesippus, a son of Hercules. Apollod. 
 
 Onesius, a king of Salamis, who revolted 
 from the Persians. 
 
 OifEToRiDEs, an Athenian officer, who 
 attempted to murder the garrison which. 
 Demetrius had stationed at Athens, &.c. Po- 
 ly an. 5. 
 
 Onium, a place of Peloponnesus, near Co- 
 rinth. 
 
 Onoba, a town near the columns of Hercu- 
 les. Mela, 3, c. 1. 
 
 Onobai.a, a river of Sicily. 
 
 Onochonus, a river of Thessaly, falling into 
 the Peneus. It was dried up by the army of 
 Xei-xes. Herodot. 7, c. 196. 
 
 Onomacritus, a soothsayer of Athens. If 
 is generally believed, that the Greek poem.' 
 on the Argonautic expedition, attributed to 
 Orpheus, was written by Onomacritus. Th« 
 elegant poems of Musaeus are also, by some, 
 supposed io be the production of his pen. 
 He flonxished about 51« vear» before th* 
 
OP 
 
 Ghristian era, and was expelled from Athens 
 by Hipparchus, one of the sons of Pisistratus. 
 
 Herodot. 7, c. 6. A Locrian, who wrote 
 
 concerning laws, kc. Bristol. 2. Potit. 
 
 Onomarchus, a Phocian, son of Euthy- 
 crates, and brother of Philomelas, whom he 
 succeeded, as general of his countrymen, in 
 the sacred war. After exploits of valour and 
 perseverance, he was defeated and slain in 
 Thessaly by Philip of Macedon, who ordered 
 kis body to be ignominiously hung up, for 
 the sacrilege offered to the temple of Delphi. 
 He died 353 B. C. Arislot. Pol. 5, c. 4.— 
 
 I>iod. 16. A man to whose care Antigonus 
 
 intrusted the keeping of Eumenes. C. JVep. 
 ■in Eum. 
 
 ONOMASTomDES,a Lacedaemonian ambassa- 
 dor sent to Darius, &c. Curt. 3, c 13. 
 
 Onomastus, a freedman of the emperor 
 Otho. Tacit. 
 
 Onophas, one of the seven Persians who 
 conspired against the usurper Smerdis. Cle- 
 
 sias. An officer in the expedition of Xerxes 
 
 against Greece. 
 
 ' Onosander, a Greek writer, whose book De 
 Tmperatoris Imiitutiont has been edited by 
 Schwebel, with a French translation, fol. INfo- 
 rimb. 1752. 
 
 Onythes, a friend of ^Eneas, killed by Tur- 
 Bus. Virg. JEn. 12, v. 514. 
 
 Opalia, festivals celebrated by the Romans 
 in honour of Ops, on the 14th of the calends 
 of January. 
 
 Ophelas, a general of Cyrene, defeated by 
 Agathocles. 
 
 Opheltes, a son of Lycurgus, king of 
 Thrace. He is the same as Archemorus. Vid. 
 
 Archemorus. The father of Euryalus, whose 
 
 friendship with Nisus is proverbial. Virg. JEn. 
 
 9j v. 201. One of the companions of Acoetes, 
 
 changed into a dolphin by Bacchus. Ovid. 
 Met. 3, fab. 8. 
 
 OpHENsis, a town of Africa. Tacit. Hist. 4, 
 c. 50. 
 
 Ophiades, an island on the coast of Arabia, 
 so called from the great number of serpents 
 found there. It belonged to the Egyptian kings, 
 and was considered valuable for the topaz it 
 produced. Diod. 3. 
 
 Ophias, a patronymic given to Combe, as 
 slaughter of Ophius, an unknown person. 
 Ovid. Met. 7, V. 382. 
 
 OpHioNEus, was an ancient soothsayer in the 
 age of Aristodemus. He was born blind. 
 
 Ophis, a small river of Arcadia, which falls 
 into the Alpheus. 
 
 Ophiusa, the ancient name of Rhodes. 
 
 A small island near Crete. A town of Sar- 
 
 jiiatia. An island near the Baleares, so call- 
 ed from the number of serpents which it pro- 
 duced («?<i serpens.) It is now called Formen- 
 t^ra. 
 
 OpnRYNiuM, a town of Troas, on the Helles- 
 ji»ont. Hector had a grove there. Slrab. 13. 
 
 Opici, the ancient inhabitants of Campania, 
 from whose mean occupations the word Opi- 
 CU3 has been used to express disgrace. Juv. 3, 
 V. 207. 
 
 OriLius, a grammarian, who flourished 
 about 94 years before Christ. He wrote a book 
 called Libri Mumrum. 
 
 I/. OpiMius, a Roman who made himself 
 consul in opposition to (be interest and efforts 
 
 OP 
 
 of the Gracchi. He showed himself a moat 
 inveterate enemy to C. Gracchus and his ad- 
 herents, and behaved during his consulship, 
 like a dictator. He was accused of bribery, 
 and banished. He died of want at Dyrrachi- 
 um. Cic. pro Sext. Plane. ^ tn Pis. — Plut. 
 
 A Roman, who killed one of the Cimbri 
 
 in single combat. A rich usurer at Rome 
 
 in the age of Horace, 2 sat, 3, v. 142. 
 
 Opis, a town on the Tigris, afterwards call- 
 ed Antiocbia. Xenoph. Anah. 2. A nymph 
 
 who was among Diana's attendants. Virg. 
 
 JEn. 11, V. 532 and 867. A town near the 
 
 mouth of the Tigris. One of Cyrene's at- 
 tendants. Virg. G. 4, V. 343. 
 
 Opiter, a Roman consul, &.c. 
 
 Opitergini, a people near Aquileia, on the 
 Adriatic. Their chief city is called Opitergum, 
 now Oderso. Lucan. 4, v. 416. 
 
 Opites, a native of Argos, killed by Hector 
 in the Trojan war. Homer. II. 
 
 OppiA, a vestal virgin, buried alive for her 
 incontinence. 
 
 Oppia lex, by C. Oppius, the tribune, A. 
 U. C. 540. It required that no woman should 
 wear above half an ounce of gold, have par- 
 ty-coloured garments, or be carried in any 
 city or town, or to any place within a mile's 
 distance, unless it was to celebrate some sa- 
 cred festivals or solemnities. This famous 
 law, which was made while Annibal was in 
 Italy, and while Rome was in distressed cir- 
 cumstances, created discontent, and, 18 years 
 after, the Roman ladies petitioned the assem- 
 bly of the people that it might be repealed. 
 Cato opposed it strongly, and made many 
 satirical reflections upon the women for their 
 appearing in public to solicit votes. The tri- 
 bune Valerius, who had presented their pe- 
 tition to the assembly, answered the objec- 
 tions of Cato, and his eloquence had such an 
 influence on the minds of the people, that the 
 law was instantly abrogated with the unani- 
 mous consent of all the comitia, Cato alone 
 excepted. Liv. 33 aud 34. — Cic. dc Orat. 3. 
 
 Oppianus, a Greek poet of Cilicia in the 
 second century. His father's name was Age- 
 silaus, and his mother's Zenodota. He wrote 
 some poems celebrated for their elegance and 
 sublimity. Two of his poems are now ex- 
 tant, five books on fishing, called alieuticon, 
 and four on hunting, called cynegeticon. The 
 emperor Caracalla, was so pleased with his 
 poetry, that he gave him a piece of gold for 
 every verse of his cynegeticon ; from which 
 circumstance the poem received the name of 
 the golden verses of Oppian. The poet died 
 of the plague in the 3c>t.h year of his age His 
 countrymen raised statues to his honour, and 
 engraved on his tomb, that the gods had has- 
 tened to call back Oppian in the flower of 
 youth, only because he had already excelled 
 all mankind. The best edition of his works is 
 that of Schneider, 8vo. Argent. 1776. 
 
 Oppidius, a rich old man introduced by 
 Horace, 2 sat. 3, v. 168, as wisely dividing 
 his possessions among his two sons, and warn- 
 ing them against those follies, and that ex- 
 travagance which he believed he saw rising 
 in them. 
 
 C. Oppius, a friend of Julius Cajsar, cele- 
 brated for his life of Scipio Africanus, and of 
 Pompey the Great, In the latter, he paid not 
 
OR 
 
 much regard to historical facts, and took eve- 1 
 ry opportunity to defame Pompey, to extol the | 
 character of his patron Caeear. In the age of, 
 Suetonius, he was deemed the true author of 
 the Alexandrian, African, and Spanish wars, 
 which some attribute to Caesar, and others to' 
 A. Hirtius. Tacit. £nn. 12. — Suet, in Cies. ^i. 
 
 An officer sent by the Romans against 
 
 Mithridates, He met with ill success, and was 
 
 «ent in chains to the king,&c. A Roman, 
 
 who saved his aged father from the dagger of 
 the triumvirate. 
 
 Ops, (opis,) the daughter of Ccelus and Ter- 
 ra, the same as the Rhea of the Greeks, who 
 married Saturn, and became mother of Jupi- 
 ter. She was known among the ancients by 
 the different names of Cybde, Bona Dea, 
 Magna Mater, T/iyn, Tellm, Proserpina, and 
 «ven of Juno and Minerva; and the worship 
 which was paid to these apparently several 
 deities, was offered merely to one and the 
 same person, mother of the gods. The word 
 Ops, seems to be derived from Opus; because 
 the goddess, who is the same as the earth, 
 gives nothing without labour. Tatius built 
 her a temple at Rome. She was generally 
 represented as a matron, with her right hand 
 opened, as if offering assistance to the help- 
 less, and holding a loaf in her left hand. Her 
 festivals were called Opalia, &,c. Varro de 
 l^ L_ 4.—Dionys. Hal 2, kc.— Tibull. el. 4, v. 
 €8.—Flin. 19, c. 6. 
 
 Optatos, one of the fathers whose works 
 were edited by Du Pin, fol. Paris, 1700. 
 
 OpTiMus MAXiMus, cpithets given to Jupiter, 
 to denote his greatness, omnipotence, and 
 supreme goodness. Cic. D. K. D. 2, c. 25. 
 
 Opus, {ppunlis,) a city of Locris, on the Aso- 
 pus, destroyed by an earthquake. Strab. 9. — 
 Mela, 2, c. 3.— Lir. 28, c. 7. 
 
 Ora, a town of India, taken by Alexander. 
 One of Jupiter's mistiesses. 
 
 Oraculum, an answer of the gods to the 
 questions of men, or the place where those 
 answers were given. Nothing is more famous 
 than the ancient oracles of Egypt, Greece, 
 Rome, &.C. They were supposed to be the 
 will of the gods themselves, and they were 
 consulted, not only upon every important mat- 
 ter, but even in the affairs of private life. To 
 make peace or war, to introduce a change of 
 government, to plant a colony, to enact laws, 
 to raise an edifice, to marry, were sufficient 
 reasons to consult the will oi the gods. Man- 
 kind, in consulting them, showed that they 
 wished to pay implicit obedience to the com- 
 mand of the divinity, and, when they had been 
 favoured with an answer, they acted with 
 more spirit and with more vigour, conscious 
 that the undertaking had met with the sanction 
 and approbation of heaven. In this, therefore, 
 it will not appear wonderful that so many 
 places were sacred to oracular purposes. The 
 small province of Bceotia could once boast of 
 her 25 oracles, and Peloponnesus of the same 
 number. IS'ot only the chief of the gods gave 
 oracles, but, in process of time, heroes were 
 admitted to enjoy the same privileges ; and 
 the oracles of a Trophonius and an Antinous 
 were soon able to rival the fame of Apollo and 
 of Jupiter. The most celebrated oracles of 
 antiquity were those of Dodona, Delphi, Ju- 
 piter Amraon,&c. [Vid. Dodona, Delphi, Am- 
 «1 
 
 OR 
 
 mon.] The temple of Delphi seemed to claim 
 a superiority over the other temples ; its fame 
 was once more extended, and its riches were 
 so great, that not only private persons, but 
 even kings and numerous armies, made it an 
 object of plunder and of rapine. The manner 
 of delivering oracles was different. A priest- 
 ess at Delphi [Fie?. Pythia] was permitted to 
 pronounce the oracle of the god, and her de- 
 livery of the answer was always attended with 
 acts of apparent madness and desperate fury. 
 Not only women, but even doves, were the 
 ministers of the temple of Dodona, and the 
 suppliant votary was oftea startled to \xeas his 
 questions readily answere J tiy the decayeu 
 trunk, or the spreading branches of a neigh- 
 bouring oak. ^nnr^on conveyed his answer* 
 in a plain and open manner ; but Amphiaraus 
 required many ablutions and preparatory cere- 
 monies, and he generally communicated his 
 oracles to his suppliants in dreams and visions. 
 Sometimes the first words that were heard, 
 after issuing from the temple, were deemed 
 the answers of the oracles, and sometimes the 
 nodding or shaking of the head of the statue, 
 the motions of fishes in a neighbouring lake, 
 or their reluctance in acceptiag the food which 
 was offered to them, were as strong and valid as 
 the most express and the minutest explana- 
 tions. The answers were aho sometimes given 
 in verse, or written on tablets, but their mean- 
 ing was always obscure, and often the cause of 
 disaster to such as consulted them. Croesus, 
 when he consulted the oracle of Delphi, was 
 told that, if h^ crossed the Halys, he should 
 destroy a great empire ; he supposed that that 
 empire was the empire of his enemy, but un- 
 fortunately it was his own. The words of Credv 
 ie, ^acida, Romanes vincere posse, which 
 Pyrrhus received when he wished to assist the 
 Tarentines against the Romans, by a favourable 
 interpretation for himself, proved his ruin. 
 Nero was ordered by the oracle of Delphi, 
 to beware of 73 years; but the pleasing idea 
 that he should live to that age rendered him 
 careless, and he was soon convinced of his 
 mistake, when Galba, in his 73d year, had the 
 presumption to dethrone him. It is a ques- 
 tion among the learned, whether the cracles 
 were given by the inspiration of evil spirits, 
 or whether they proceeded from tiie impos- 
 ture of the priests. Imposture, hovvev^er, and 
 forgery, cannot long flourish, and falsehood 
 becomes its own destroyer ; and, on the con- 
 trary, it is well known how much confidencs 
 an enlightened age, therefore, much more 
 the credulous and the superstitious, places 
 upon dreams and romantic stories. Some 
 have strongly believed, that all the oracles of 
 the earth ceased at the birth of Christ, but 
 the supposition is false. It was, indeed, the 
 beginning of their decline, but they remaiiied 
 in repute, and were consulted, though, per- 
 haps, not so frequently, till the fourth centu- 
 ry, when Christianity began to triumph over 
 paganism. The oracles often suffered them- 
 selves to be bribed. Alexander did it, but it 
 is well known that Lysander failed in the at- 
 tempt. Herodotus, who first mentioned the 
 corruption which often prevailed in the oracu- 
 lar temples of Greece and Egypt, has been 
 severely treated for his remarks by the histo- 
 rian Plutarch. Demojithencs is also a witness 
 
OR 
 
 of the corruption, and he observed, that the 
 oracles of Greece were servilely subservient to 
 the will and pleasure of Philip, king of Mace- 
 donia, as he beautifully expresses it by the 
 word (;t\i7T7:i{st\: If some of the Greeks, and 
 other European and Asiatic countries, paid so 
 much attention to oracles, and were so fully 
 persuaded of their veracity, and even divinity, 
 many of their leading men and of their philo- 
 sophers were apprized of the deceit, and paid 
 no regard to the command of priests whom 
 money could corrupt, and interposition silence. 
 The Egyptians showed themselves the most 
 superstitious of mankind, by their blind ac- 
 ijuiescence to the imposition of the priests, who 
 persuaded them that the safety and happiness 
 of their life depended upon jfife irere motions 
 of an ox, or the tameness of a crot.^dile. 
 Homer, II. Od. 10.— Htrodot. 1 and H.—Xeno-^a 
 memor. — Strab. 5, 7, &.c. — Paus. 1, kc. — 
 Pint, de defect, orat. de J^ges. ^ de Hor. ma- 
 lign.— Cic. de Div. 1, c. 19.— Justin. 24, c. 6. 
 ^Liv. dn.—JElian. V. H. 6.—C. JVep in Lys. 
 •^Arisloph. in Equit. ^ Plut. — Demosth. Phil. 
 — Ovid. Met. 1. 
 
 Or^a, a small country of Peloponnesus. 
 
 Paus. 2, c. 30. Certain solemn sacrifices 
 
 of fruits offered in the four seasons of the 
 year, to obtain mild and temperate r^reather. 
 They were oftered to the goddesses who pre- 
 sided over the seasons, who attended upon 
 the sun, and who received divine worship at 
 Athens. 
 
 Orasus, a man who killed Ptolemy, the 
 son of Pyrrbus. 
 
 Orates, a river of European Scythia, 
 Ovid, ex Pont. 4, el. 10, v. 47. As this river 
 is not now known, Vossius reads Cretes, a 
 ylver which is found in Scythia. Val Place. 4, 
 V. Ill9.— Thucyd. 4. 
 
 Orbelus, a mountain of Thrace or Mace- 
 donia. 
 
 OrbIlius Pupillus, a grammarian of 
 Beneventum, who was the first instructor of 
 the poet Horace. He came to Rome in the 
 consulship of Cicero, and there, as a public 
 teacher, acquired more fame than money. He 
 was naturally of a severe disposition, of which 
 his pupils often felt the effects. He lived al 
 most to his 100th year, and lost his memory 
 some time before his death. Suet, de Jllust. 
 Gr. 9.—Horai. 2, ep. 1, v. 71. 
 
 Orbitaniun, a town of the Samnites. 
 Liv. 24, c. 20. 
 
 Orbona, a mischievous goddess at Rome, 
 who, as it was supposed, made children die. 
 Her temple at Rome was near that of the 
 ^ods Lares. Cic. de JVat. D. 3, c. 25.— P/w. 
 2, c. 7. 
 
 Orcades, islands on the northern coasts of 
 Britain, now called the Orkneys. They were 
 unknown till Britain was discovered to be an 
 island by Agricola, who presided there as go- 
 vernor. Tacit, in Jigric. — Jur. 2, v. 161, 
 
 Orch.\lis, an eminence of Bceotia near 
 Haliartus, called also Alopecos. Plut. in Lys. 
 
 Okchamus, a king of Assyria, father of 
 Leucothoe, by Eurynome. He buried his 
 daughter alive for her amours with Apollo. 
 Ovid. jMet. 4, v. 212. 
 
 Orchia lkx, by Orchius, the tribune, 
 A. U. C. 566. It was enacted to limit the 
 number of guests that were to be admitted to 
 
 OR 
 
 an entertainment ; and it also enforced, that 
 during supper, which was the chief meal 
 among the Romans, the doors of every house 
 should be left open. 
 
 Orchomenus or Orchomenum, a town of 
 Bceotia, at the west of the lake Copais. It 
 was anciently called Minyeia, and from that 
 circumstance, the inhabitants were often cal- 
 led Minyans of Orchomenos. There was at 
 Orchomenos a celebrated temple, built by 
 Eteocles son of Cephisus, sacred to the Gra- 
 ces, who were from thence called the Orcho- 
 menian goddesses. The inhabitants founded 
 Teos in conjunction with the lonians, under 
 the sons of Codrus. Plin. 4, c. 8. — Htrodot. 
 
 1, c. 146.— Paws. 9, c. 37.— Strab. 9. 
 
 A town of Arcadia, at the north of Manti- 
 
 nea. Homer. II. 2. A town of Thessaly, 
 
 with a river of the same name. Strab. — 
 j> son of Lycaon, king of Arcadia, who gave 
 his name to a city of Arcadia, &c. Paus. 8. 
 
 A SOB of Minyas, king of Bceotia, who 
 
 gave the name of Orchomenians to his sub- 
 jects. He died without issue, and the crown 
 devolved to Clymenus, the son of Presbon, 
 &c. Paus. 9, c. 36. 
 
 Orcus, one of the names of the god of hell, 
 the same as Pluto, though confounded by 
 some with Charon. He had a temple at 
 Rome. The word Orcus, is generally used t» 
 signify the infernal regions. Herat. 1, od. 29, 
 kc.— Virg. JEn. 4, v. 502, he— Ovid. Mel. 14, 
 v. 116, &.C. 
 
 Orcvnia, a place of Cappadocia, where 
 Euraenes was defeated by Antigonus. 
 
 Ordessus, a river of Scythia, which falls 
 into the Ister. Herodot. 
 
 Obuovices, the people of North Wales ia 
 Britain, mentioned by Tacit. Ann. 12, c. 63. 
 
 Oreaoes, nymphs of the mountains (o^v 
 moiu) daughters of Phoroneus and Hecate. 
 Some call them Orestiades, and give them Ju- 
 piter for father. They generally attended 
 upon Diana, and accompanied her in hunting. 
 Virg. Mn. 1, V. 504.— Homer. //. Q.—Slrab. 10. 
 —Ovid. Met. 8, v. 787. 
 
 Oreas, a son of Hercules and Chryseis. 
 
 Orest.«, a people of Epirus. They receiv- 
 ed their name from Orestes, who fled to Epi- 
 rus when cured of his insanity. Lucan. 3, 
 V. 249. Of Macedonia. Liv. 33, c. 34. 
 
 Orestes, a son of Agamemnon and Clytem- 
 nestra. When his father was cruelly murder- 
 ed by Clytemnestra and .S^gisthus, young 
 Orestes was saved from his mother's dagger 
 by means of his sister Electra, called Laodicea 
 by Homer, and he was privately conveyed to 
 the house of Strophius, who was king of Pho- 
 cis, and who had married a sister of Agamem- 
 non. He was tenderly treated by Strophius, 
 who educated him with his son Pylades. The 
 two young princes soon became acquainted, 
 and, from their familiarity, arose the most in- 
 violable attachment and friendship. When 
 Orestes was arrived to years of manhood, be 
 visited Mycenge, and avenged his father's 
 death by assassinating his mother Clytemnes- 
 tra, and her adulterer ^Sgisthus. The manner 
 in which he committed this murder is various- 
 ly reported. According to iEschylus, he was 
 commissioned by Apollo to avenge his father, 
 and, therefore, he introduced himself, with 
 his friend Pylades, at the court of Mycen», 
 
OR 
 
 pretending to bring the news of the death of 
 Orestes from king Strophius. He was at first 
 received with coldness, and, when he came 
 into the presence of iEgisthus, who wished 
 to inform himself of the particulars, he mur- 
 dered him, and soon Clytemnestra shared the 
 adulterer's fate. Euripides and Sophocles 
 mention the same circumstances, .^gisthus 
 was assassinated after Clytemnestra, according 
 to Sophocles; and, in Euripides, Orestes is 
 represented as murdering the adulterer, while 
 he offers a sacrifice to the nymphs. This 
 murder, as the poet mentions, irritates the 
 guards, who were present, but Orestes ap- 
 peases their fury by telling them who he is, 
 and immediately he is acknowledged king of 
 the country. Afterwards, he stabs his mother, 
 at the instigation of his sister Electra, after 
 he has upbraided her for her infidelity and 
 cruelty to her husband. Such meditated mur- 
 dei-s receive the punishment which, among 
 the ancients, was always supposed to attend 
 parricide. Orestes is tormented by the Furies, 
 and exiles himself to Argos,where he is still pur- 
 sued by the avengeful goddesses. Apollo him- 
 self purifies him, and he is acquitted by the una- 
 nimous opinion of the Areopagites, whom Mi- 
 nerva herself instituted on this occasion, ac- 
 cording to the narration of the poet iSlschylus, 
 who flatters the Athenians in his tragical story, 
 by representing them as passing judgment, 
 even upon the gods themselves. According to 
 Pausanias, Orestes was purified of the mur- 
 der, not at Delphi, but at Trcezene, where 
 still was seen a large stone at the entrance of 
 Diana's temple, upon which the ceremonies 
 of purification had been performed by nine of 
 ihe principal citizens of the place. There was 
 also, at Megalopolis in Arcadia, a temple dedi 
 eated to the Furies, near which Orestes cut 
 off one of his fingers with his teeth in a fit of 
 insanity. These different tiaditions are con- 
 futed by Euripides, who says that Orestes, 
 after the murder of his mother, consulted the 
 oracle of Apollo at Delphi, where he was in- 
 formed that nothing could deliver him from 
 the persecutions of the Furies, if he did not 
 bring into Greece Diana's statue, which was 
 in the "taurica Chersonesus, and which, as it 
 is reported by some, had fallen down from 
 heaven. This was an arduous enterprise. 
 The king of Chersonesus always sacrificed on 
 the altars of the goddess all such as entered the 
 borders of his country. Orestes and his friend 
 were both carried before Thoas, the king of 
 the place, and they were doomed to be sacri- 
 ficed. Iphigenia was then priestess of Diana's 
 temple, and it was her office to immolate 
 these strangers. The intelligence that they 
 were Grecians delayed the preparations, and 
 Iphigenia was anxious to learn something about 
 a country which had given her birth. [Fit/. 
 Iphigenia.] She even interested herself iu 
 their misfortunes, and offered to spare the life 
 of one of them, provided he would convey 
 letters to Greece from her hand. This was 
 a difficult trial ; never was friendship more 
 truly displayed, according to the words of 
 Ovid, tx Pont. 3, el. 2. 
 Irejubet Fylades carum moriturus Oreslem, 
 Hie negat ; inque vicem pufipicU uterque vwri. 
 At last Pylades gave way to the pressing en- 
 treaties of his friend, and consented to carry 
 
 OR 
 
 the letters of Iphigenia to Greece, llie^e 
 were addressed to Orestes himself, and, there- 
 fore, these circumstances soon led to a total 
 discovery of the connexions of the priestess 
 with the man whom she was going to immo- 
 late. Iphigenia was convinced that he was her 
 brother Orestes, and, when the causes of their 
 journey had been explained, she resolved, with 
 the two friends, to fly from Chersonesus. and 
 to carry away the statue of Diana. Their flight 
 was discovered, and Thoas prepared to pursue 
 them; but 'Minerva interfered, and told him 
 that all had been done by the will and approba* 
 tion of the gods. Some suppose that Orestes 
 came to Cappadocia from Chersonesus, and 
 that there he left the statue of Diana at Coma- 
 na. Others contradict this tradition, and, ac- 
 cording to Pausanias, the statue of Diana Or- 
 thia was the same as that which had been car- 
 ried away from the Chersonesus. Some also 
 suppose that Orestes brought it to Aricia, in 
 Italy, where Diana's worship was established. 
 After these celebrated adventures, Orestes 
 ascended the throne of Argos, where he reign- 
 ed in perfect security, and married Hermione, 
 the daughter of Menelaus, and gave his sister 
 to his friend Pylades. The marriage of Ores- 
 tes with Hermione is a matter of dispute 
 among the ancients. All are agreed that she 
 had been promised to the son of Agamemnon, 
 but Menelaus had married her to Neoptole- 
 raus, the son of Achilles, who had shown him- 
 self so truly interested in his cause during the 
 Trojan war. The marriage of Hermione with 
 Neoptolemus displeased Orestes; he remem- 
 bered that she had been early promised to him, 
 and therefore he resolved to recover her by 
 force or artifice. This he effected by causing 
 Neoptolemus to be assassinated, or assassinat- 
 ing him himself. According to Ovid's epistle of 
 Hermione to Orestes, Hermione had always 
 been faithful to her first lover, and even it was 
 by her persuasions that Orestes removed hex 
 from the house of Neoptolemus. Hermione 
 was dissatisfied with the partiality of Neopto- 
 lemus for Andromache, and her attachmentfor 
 Orestes was increased. Euripides, however, 
 and others, speak differently of Hermione'e 
 attachment to Neoptolemus : she loved him so 
 tenderly, that she resolved to murder Andro- 
 mache, who seemed to share, in a small degree.- 
 the affections of her husband. She was ready 
 to perpetrate the horrid deed when Oreste.'s 
 came into Epirus,and she was easily persuaded 
 by the foreign prince to withdraw herself, in 
 her husband's absence, from a country which 
 seemed to contribute so much to her sorrows. 
 Orestes, the better to secure the affections of 
 Hermione, assassinated Neoj>tolemas, [Vid. 
 Neoptolemus,] and retired to his kingdom of 
 Argos. His old age was crowned with peace 
 and security, and he died in the 90th year of 
 his age, leaving his throne to his son Tisarne*- 
 nes, by Hermione. Three yeai-s after, the 
 Heraclidae recovered the Peloponnesus, and 
 banished the descendants of Menelaus from 
 the throne of Argos. Orestes died in Arcadia, 
 as some suppose, by the bite of a serpent ; and 
 the Lacedaemonians, who hnd become his sub- 
 jects at the death ot Menelaus, were directed 
 by an oracle to bring his bones to Sparta. 
 They were, some time after, discovered at 
 Tegea; and bi^ statue appeared to be .leren 
 
 i 
 
OR 
 
 eubiti, according to the traditions mentioned 
 by Herodotus and others. The friendship of 
 Orestes and of Py lades became proverbial, and 
 therv\ o friends received divine honours among 
 the Scythians, and were worshipped in tem- 
 ples. Paus. 1. 2, 4, kc. — Pater c. 1, c. 1 and 
 S.—Apollod. 1, hc.-^Strah. 9 and \Z.—Ovid. 
 Heruid. 8. Ex Pont. 3, el. 2. Met. 15. in lb. 
 •^Luripid. in Or est. — jindr. he. Ipliig. — So- 
 phocl. in Eleclr. kc. — JEschyl. in Eum. /Igam. 
 hc.—Herodot. 1, c. 69.—Hygin. fab. 120 and 
 261. — Plut. in Lye. — Diclys. 6, he. — Pindar. 
 Pyth. 2.—Plin. 'SS.-^Virg. JEn. 3, he— Homer. 
 Od. 3, V. 304, 1. 4, V. d'S^.— Tzetz. ad Lycophr. 
 
 1374. A son of Achelous. jipollod. A 
 
 man sent as ambassador by Attila, king of the 
 Huns, to the emperor Theodosius. He was 
 highly honoured at the Roman court, and his 
 son Augustulus was the last emperor of the 
 western empire. A governor of Egypt un- 
 der the Roman emperors. A robber of 
 
 Athens, who pretended madness, &.c. Aris- 
 
 toph. ach. 4. 7. A general of Alexander. 
 
 Curt. 4, c. 108. 
 
 Oresteum, a town of Arcadia, about 18 miles 
 from Sparta. It was founded by Orestheus, a 
 son of Lycaon, and originally called Orestht- 
 sium, and at'terwards Oresteum, from Orestes, 
 the son of Agamemnon, who resided there for 
 some time after the murder of Clytemneslra. 
 Paus. 8, c. 8. — Euripid. 
 
 Op.ESTiD.E, the descendants or subjects of 
 Or'-'stes, the son of Agamemnon. They were 
 driven from the Peloponnesus by the Hera- 
 clida?, and came to settle in a country which, 
 from them, was called Oreslidce. at the south- 
 west of Macedonia, Some suppose that that 
 part of Greece originally received its name 
 from Orestes, who fled and built there a cit} , 
 which gave its founder's name to the whole 
 province. Thucyd. 2 — Liv. 31. 
 
 AuREL. Orestilla, a mistress of Catiline. 
 Cic. ad Div. 7, c. 7. 
 
 Orf.stjS; or Orestida, apart of Macedonia. 
 Cic. de Harusp. 16. 
 
 Oret/e, a people of Asiatic Sarmatia, on the 
 Eu.xine Sea. 
 
 OiiETANi, a people of Spain, whose capital 
 was Oretum, now Orelo. Liv. 21, c. 11, 1. 35, 
 c. 7. 
 
 Oretilia, a woman who married Caligula, 
 by whom she was soon after banished. 
 
 OuEUM, one of the principal towns of Eu- 
 bcea. Liv. 28, c. 6, 
 
 Orga, or Org AS, a river of Phrygia, falling 
 into the iVJt^ander. 6lrab. — Plin. 
 
 Orgessum, a town of Macedonia. Liv. 3L 
 c. 27. 
 
 Orgetorix, one of the chief men of the 
 Helvetii, while Caesar was in Gaul. He form- 
 ed a conspiracy against the Romans, and when 
 accused, he destroyed himself. Cces. 
 
 Orgia, festivals in honour of Bacchus. 
 They are the same as the Bacchanalia, Dio- 
 nysia, kc. which were celebrated by the an- 
 cients to commemorate the triumphs of Bac- 
 chus in India. Vid. Dionysia. 
 
 Oribasus, a celebrated physician, greatly 
 esteemed by the emperor Julian, in whose 
 reign he flourished. He abridged the works 
 of Galenus, and of all the most respectable 
 writers on physic, at the request of the em- 
 peror. He accompanied Julian into the east, 
 
 OR 
 
 but his skill proved ineffectual in attempting 
 to cure the fatal wound which his benefactor 
 had received. After Julian's death, he fell in- 
 to the hands of the barbarians. The best edi- 
 tion of his works is that of Dundas, 4to. L. 
 
 Bat. 1745.- One of Actason's dogs, ab o((^, 
 
 mans, and fiMm, scando. Ovid. Met. 
 
 Oricum or Oricus, a town of Epirus, on 
 the Ionian sea, founded by a colony from Col- 
 chis according to Pliny. It was called Dar 
 dania, because Helenus and Andromache, 
 natives of Troy or Dardania, reigned over 
 the country after the Trojan war. It had a 
 celebrated harbour, and was greatly esteemed 
 by the Romans on account of its situation, 
 but it was not well defended. The tree which 
 produces the turpentine grew there in abun- 
 dance. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 136. — Liv. 24, c. 40. 
 —Plin. 2, c. 89— C'CE5. Bell. Civ. 3, c. 1, &c. 
 — Lucan. 3, v. 187. 
 
 Oriens, in ancient geography, in taken for 
 all the most eastern parts of the world, such 
 as Parthia, India, Assyria, he. 
 
 Origen, a Greek writer, as much cele- 
 brated for the easiness of his manner, his hu- 
 mility, and modesty, as for his learning and 
 the sublimity of his genius. He was sur named 
 Adamantus, from his assiduity, and became 
 so rigid a Chris! ian, Itiat he made himself an 
 eunuch, by following the literal sense of a pas- 
 sage in the Greek testament, which speak* 
 of the voluntary eunuchs of Christ. He suf- 
 fered martyrdom in his 69th year, A. C. 254. 
 His works were excellent and numerous, and 
 contained a number of homilies, commenta- 
 ries on the holy scriptures, and different trea- 
 tises, besides the Hexapla, so called from its 
 being divided into six columns, the first ©f 
 which contained the Hebrew text, the second, 
 the same text in Greek characters, the third, 
 the Greek version of the Septuagint, the 
 fourth, that of Aquila, the fifth, that of Sym- 
 machus, and the sixth, Theodosian's Greek 
 version. This famous work first gave the 
 hint for the compilation of our Polyglot Bi- 
 bles. The works of Origen have been learn- 
 edly edited by the Benedictine monks, though 
 the whole is not 5"et completed, in four vols. 
 fol. Paris, 1733, 1740, and 1759. The Hexa- 
 pla was published in 8vo. at Lips. 1769, by 
 Car. Frid. Bahrdt 
 
 Origo, a courtezan in the age of Horace. 
 Horat. 1, Sat. 2, v. 55. 
 Orinus, a river of Sicily. 
 Oriobates, a general of Darius at the bat- 
 tle of Arbela, he. Curt. 4. 
 
 Orion, a celebrated giant sprung from the 
 urine of Jupiter, Neptune, and Mercury. 
 These three gods, as they travelled over Bce- 
 otia, met with great hospitality from Hyrieus, 
 a peasant of the country, who was ignorant of 
 their dignity and character. They were en- 
 tertained with whatever the cottage afforded, 
 and, when Hyrieus had discovered that they 
 were gods, because Neptune told him to fill 
 up Jupiter's cup with wine, after he had serv- 
 ed it before the rest, the old man welcomed 
 them by the voluntary sacrifice of an ox. Pleas- 
 ed with his piety, the gods promised to grant 
 him whatever he required, and the old man, 
 who had lately lost his wife, to whom he had 
 promised never to marry again, desired them 
 that, as he was childless, they would give him 
 
OR 
 
 a S0B without another marriage. The gods 
 consented, and they ordered him to bury in 
 the ground the skin of the victim, into which 
 they had all three made water. Hyrieus 
 did as they commanded, and when, nine 
 months after, he dug for the skin, he found 
 in it a beautiful child, whom he called Urion, 
 ah urina. The name was changed into Orion 
 by the corruption of one letter, as Ovid says,. 
 Ferdidit antiquum litlera prima sonum. Orion 
 soon rendered himself celebrated, and Diana 
 took him among her attendants, and even be- 
 came deeply enamoured of him. His gigantic 
 stature, however, displeased CEnopion, king of 
 Chios, whose daughter Hero or Merope he 
 demanded in marriage. The king, not to 
 deny him openly, promised to make him his 
 son-in-law as soon as he delivered his island 
 from wild beasts. This task, which CEnopion 
 deemed impracticable, was soon performed 
 bv Orion, who eagerly demanded his reward. 
 CEnopion, on pretence of complying, intoxi- 
 cated his illustrious guest, and put out his eyes 
 on the sea shore, where he had laid himself 
 down to sleep. Orion finding himself blind 
 when he awoke, was conducted by the sound 
 to a neighbouring forge, where he placed one 
 of the workmen on his back, and, by his di- 
 rections, went to a place where the rising sun 
 was seen with the greatest advantage. Here 
 he turned his face towards the luminary, and, 
 as it is reported, he immediately recovered 
 his eye-sight, and hastened to punish the per- 
 fidious cruelty of (Enopion. It is said that 
 Orion was an excellent workman in iron •, and 
 that he fabricated a subterraneous palace for 
 Vulcan. Aurora, whom Venus had inspired 
 with love, carried him away into the island of 
 Delos, to enjoy his company with greater se- 
 curity ; but Diana, who was jealous of this, de- 
 stroyed Orion with her arrows. Some say 
 that Orion had provoked Diana's resentment; 
 by offering violence to Opis, one of her female 
 attendants, or, according to others, because he 
 had attempted the virtue of the goddess her- 
 self. According to Ovid, Orion died of the 
 bite of a scorpion, which the earth produced, 
 to punish his vanity in boasting that there was 
 not on earth any animal which he could not 
 conquer. Some say that Orion was the son 
 of JSeptune and Euiyale, and that he bad re- 
 ceived from his father the privilege and power 
 of walking over the sea without wetting his 
 feet. Others make him son of Terra, like the 
 rest of the giants. He had married a nymph 
 called Sida before his connexion with the fa- 
 mily of CEnopion ; but Sida was the cause of 
 her ow-n death, by boasting herself fairer than 
 Juno. According to Diodorus, Orion was a 
 celebrated hunter, superior to the rest of 
 mankind by his strength and uncommon sta- 
 ture. He built the port of Zancle, and forti- 
 fied the coast of Sicily against the frequent 
 inundations of the sea, by heaping a mound of 
 earth, called Pelorum, on which he built a 
 temple to the gods of the sea. After death, 
 Orion was placed in heaven, where one of the 
 constellations still bears his name. The con- 
 stellation of Orion, placed near the feet of the 
 bull, was composed of 17 stars, in the form of 
 a man holding a sword, wliich has given oc- 
 casion to the poets often to speak of Orion's 
 sword. As tlia constellation of Orion, which 
 
 OR 
 
 rises about the ninth day of March, and sets 
 about the 21st of June, is generally supposed 
 to be accompanied, at its rising, with great 
 rains and storms, it has acquired the epithet 
 of aquosu.s, given it by Virgil. Orion was 
 buried in the island of Delos, and the monu- 
 ment which the people of Tanagra in Bceotia 
 showed, as containing the remains of this 
 celebrated hero, was nothing but a cenotaph. 
 The daughters of Orion distinguished them- 
 selves as much as their father, and, when the 
 oracle had declared that Bceotia should not be 
 delivered from a dreadful pestilence before 
 two of Jupiter'3 children were immolated on 
 the altars, they joyfully accepted the offer, 
 and voluntarily sacrificed themselves for the 
 good of their country. Their names w^ere 
 Menippe and Metioche. They had been care- 
 fully educated by Diana, and Venus and Mi- 
 nerva had made them very rich and valuable 
 presents. The deities of hell were struck at 
 the patriotism of the two females, and imme- 
 diately two stars were seen to arise from the 
 earth, which still smoked with the blood, and 
 they were placed in the heavens in the form 
 of a crown. According to Ovid, their bodies 
 were burned by the Thebans, and, from their 
 ashes, arose two persons, whom the gods 
 soon after changed into constellations. Diod, 
 4.— Homer. Od. 6, v. 121, 1. 11, v. 309.— 
 Virg.JEn. 3, v. bVI.—ApoUod. 1, c. A.— Ovid. 
 Met. 8 and 13. Fast. 5, &ic.— Hi/gin. fab. 126, 
 and F. A. 2, c. 44, k.c.—Frop(,rt. 2, el. 13.— 
 Virg. M.n. 1, he. Horat. 2, od. 13, 1. 3, od. 4 
 and 27, epod. 10, Sic. — Lucan. 1, &c. — Ca- 
 lull, de Btren. — Falephat. 1. — Farthen. erotic. 
 20. 
 
 Orissus, a prince of Spain, who put Ha- 
 milcar to flight, 6ic. 
 
 Ori SULLA LiviA, a Roman matron, taken 
 away from Piso, &.c. 
 
 Oritjc., a people of India, who submitted 
 to Alexander, &x. Strab. 15, 
 
 Orithylv, a daughter of Erechtheus, king 
 of Athens, by Praxithea. She was courted 
 and carried away by Boreas, king of Thrace, 
 as she crossed the llissus, and became mother 
 of Cleopatra, Chione, Zetes, and Calais, Apol^ 
 Ion. 1. — ApoUod. 3, c, 15. — Orpheus. — Ovid, 
 Met. 6, V. 706. Fast. 5, v. 204.— Pawj. 1, c. 
 
 19, 1. 5, c. 19. One of the Nereides. * 
 
 A daughter of Cecrops, who bore Europus 
 
 to Macedon. One of the Amazons, famous 
 
 for her warlike and intrepid spirit. Justin. 3, 
 c. 4. 
 
 Oriti.vs, one of the hunters of the Calydo- 
 nian boar. Ovid. Met. 8, fab. 8, 
 
 Oriundus, a river of lUyricum. Uv. 4Ai 
 c.31. 
 
 Ormesus, a king of Tbessaly, son of Cer- 
 caphus. He built a town which was called 
 Ormenium. He was father of Amyntor. Ho- 
 
 mer. II. 9, v. 448. k man who settled at 
 
 Rhodes. A son of Eurypylus, &c. 
 
 Or.sba, a town of Argolis, famous for a 
 battle fought there between the Lacedsemo-- 
 nians and Argives. Diod. 
 
 Orneates, a surname of Priapus, at 
 Ornea. 
 
 Orneus, a centaur, son of Txion and the 
 
 Cloud. Ovid. .Met. 12, v, 302. A son of 
 
 Erechtheus, king of Athens, who built Ornea, 
 in Peloponnesus. Pau*. 2, c. 2$. 
 
OR 
 
 Ornithic, a wind blowing from the north 
 in the spring, and so called from the ap- 
 pearance of birds (o^i'^sj, aves). Colum. 11, 
 
 c. 2. 
 
 Oknithon, a town of Phoenicia, between 
 Tyre and Sidon. 
 
 Ornitus, a friend of ^neas, killed by Ca- 
 milla in the Rutulian wars. Virg. Mn. 11, 
 y. 677. 
 
 Ornospades, a Parthian, driven from his 
 country by Artabanus- He assisted Tiberius, 
 and was made governor of Macedonia, iic. 
 Tadt Ann. 6, c. 37. 
 
 Ornytion, a son of Sisyphus, king of Co- 
 rinth, father of Phocus. Pau^. 9, c. 17. 
 
 Ornytus, a man of Cyzicus, killed by the 
 Argonauts, &c. Val Fl. 3, v. 173. 
 
 Oroanda, a town of Pisidia, now Haviran. 
 Liv. 38, c. 18. 
 
 Orobia, a town of Eubcea. 
 
 Orobii, a people of Italy, near Milan. 
 
 Orodes, aprinceof Parthia, who murder- 
 ed his brother Mithridates, and ascended his 
 throne. He defeated Crassus, the Roman tri- 
 umvir, and poured melted gold down the throat 
 ©f his fallen enemy, to reproach him for his 
 avarice and ambition. He followed the inter- 
 est of Cassius and Brutus at Philippi. It is 
 said, that, when Orodes became old and infirm, 
 his thirty children applied to him, and dispu- 
 ted, in his presence, their right to the succes- 
 sion. Phraates, the eldest of them, obtained 
 the crown from his father, and, to hasten him 
 out of the world, he attempted to poison him. 
 The poison had no effect, and Phraates, still 
 determined on his father's death, strangled 
 him with his own hands, about 37 years before 
 the Christian era. Orodes had then reigned 
 about 50 years. Justin. 42, c. 4.^Paterc. 2, 
 
 c. 30. Another king of Parthia, murdered 
 
 for his cruelty. Josephus, 18. Jud. — —A son 
 of Artabanus, kin^ of Armenia. Tacit. Ann. 
 6^ c. 33. One ot the friends of ^neas in Ita- 
 ly, killed by Mezentius. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 732, 
 
 &c. 
 
 Or(Etes, a Persian governor of Sardis, fa- 
 mous for his cruel murder of Polycratea. He 
 died B. C. 521. Herodot. 
 
 Oromedon, a lofty mountain in the island 
 
 of Cos. Theoci-it. 7. A giant. Propert. 3, 
 
 el. 7, v. 48. 
 
 Orontas, a relation of Artaxerses, sent to 
 Cyprus, where he made peace with Evagoras, 
 iic. Polyan. 7. 
 
 Orontes, a satrap of Mysia, B. C. 385, 
 
 who rebelled from Artaxerses, he. Id. A 
 
 o-overnor of Armenia. Id. A king of the 
 
 Lycians during the Trojan war, who followed 
 iEIneas, and perished in a shipwreck. Virg. 
 
 .En. 1, v. 117, 1. 6, V. 34. A river of Syria, 
 
 (now Asi.) rising in Coelosyria, and falling, af- 
 ter a rapid and troubled course, into the Me- 
 diteri-anean, below Antioch. According to 
 Strabo, who mentions some fabulous accounts 
 concerning it, the Orontes disappeared under 
 <'round, for the space of five miles. The word 
 Ih-onttus is often used as Syrius. Dionys. 
 Per ieg.— Ovid. Md. 2, v. 24Q.-^Strab. 16.— 
 Patu. 8, c. 20. 
 
 Orophersks, a man who seized the king- 
 dom of Cappadocia. He died B. C. 154. 
 
 Ohopus, a town of Bceotia, on the borders 
 of Attica, near tho Euripus, which received 
 
 OR 
 
 its name from Oropus, a son of Macedea.- 
 It was the frequent cause of quarrels betweem 
 ttie Boeotians and the Athenians, whence some 
 have called it one of the cities of Attica, and 
 was at last confirmed in (he possession of the 
 Athenians, by Philip, king of Macedon. Ara- 
 phiaraus had a temple there Pans. 1, c. 34. — 
 
 Strab. 9. A small town of Eubcea. 
 
 Another in Macedonia. 
 
 Orosius, a Spanish writer, A. D. 416, who 
 published an universal history, in seven books, 
 from the creation to his own time, in which, 
 though learned, diligent, and pious, he betray- 
 ed a great ignorance of the knowledge of his- 
 torical facts, and of chronology. The best 
 edition is that of Havercarap, 4to. L. Bat. 1767. 
 
 Orospeda, a mountain of Spain. Strab. 3. 
 
 Orpheus, a son of (Eager, by the muse 
 Calliope. Some suppose him to be the son of 
 Apollo, to render his birth more illustrious. 
 He received a lyre from Apollo, or, according 
 to some, from Mercury, upon which he 
 played with such a masterly hand, that even 
 the most rapid rivers ceased to flow, the sa- 
 vage beasts of the forest forgot their wild- 
 ness, and the mountains moved to listen to his 
 song. All nature seemed charmed and ani- 
 mated, and the nymphs were his constant 
 companions. Eurydice was the only one who 
 made a deep impression on the melodious 
 musician, and their nuptials were celebrated. 
 Their happiness, however, was sljort ; Aris- 
 taeus became enamoured of Eurydice, and, 
 as she fled from her pursuer, a serpent, 
 tbat was lurking in the grass, bit her foot, 
 and she died of the poisoned wound. Her 
 loss was severely felt by Orpheus, and he 
 resolved to recover her, or perish in the at- 
 tempt. With his lyre in his hand, he en- 
 tered the infernal regions, and gained an 
 easy admission to the palace of Pluto. The 
 king of hell was charmed with the melody of 
 his strains, and, according to the beautiful 
 expressions of the poets, the wheel of Ixion 
 stopped, the stone of Sisyphus stood still, 
 Tantalus forgot his perpetual thirst, and 
 even the furies relented. Pluto and Pro- 
 serpine were moved with his sorrow, and 
 consented to restore him Eurydice, pro- 
 vided he forebore looking behind till he 
 had come to the extremest borders of hell. 
 The conditions were gladly accepted, and 
 Orpheus was already in sight of the upper 
 regions of the air, when he forgot his pro- 
 mises, and turned back to look at his long 
 lost Eurydice. He saw her, but she instantly 
 vanished from his eyes. He attempted to 
 follow her, but he was refused admission •, 
 and the only comfort he could find, was to 
 sooth his grief at the sound of his musica! 
 instrument, in grottos, or on the moun- 
 tains. He totally separated himself from the 
 society of mankind ; and the Thracian wo- 
 men, whom he had otlended by his coldness 
 to their amorous passion, or, according t» 
 others, by his unnatural gratifications, and 
 impure indulgences, attacked him while they 
 celebrated the orgies of Bacchus, and after 
 they had torn his body to pieces, they threw 
 his head into the Hebrus, which still arti- 
 culated the words Eui^dice ! Eurydice ! as 
 it was carried down the stream into the 
 JEgean sea. Orpheus wa3 one of tb© Ar- 
 
OR 
 
 gonauts, of which celebrated expedition he 
 wrote a poetical account still extant. This 
 is doubted by Aristotle, who says, according to 
 Cicero, that there never existed an Or- 
 pheus, but that the poems which pass un- 
 der his name, are the compositions of a Py- 
 thagorean philosopher named Cercops. Ac- 
 cording to some of the moderns, the ^rgo- 
 nautica, and the other poems attributed to 
 Orpheus, are the production of the pen of 
 Onamacritus, a poet who lived in the age of 
 Pisistratus, tyrant of Athens. Pausanias, how- 
 ever, and Diodorus Siculus, speak of Or- 
 pheus as a great poet and musician, who ren- 
 dered himself equally celebrated by his know- 
 ledge of the art of war, by the extent of 
 his understanding, and by the laws which he 
 enacted. Some maintain that he was killed 
 by a thunderbolt. He was buried at Pieria 
 in Macedonia, according to Apollodorus. The 
 inhabitants of Dion boasted that his tomb 
 was in their city, and the people of mount 
 Libethrus, in Thrace, claimed the same hon- 
 our, and farther observed, that the nightin- 
 gales which built their nests near his tomb, 
 sang with greater melody than all other birds. 
 Orpheus, as some report, after death received 
 divine honours ; the muses gave a honourable 
 burial to his remains, and his lyre became one 
 of the constellations in the heavens. The 
 best edition of Orpheus, is that of Gesner, 
 8vo. Lips. 1764. Diod. 1, kc. — Pans. 1, &;c. 
 —Apollod 1, c. 9, hc.—Cic. de Nat. D. 1, 
 G. 2S.—Jipollon. l.—Virg. JFm. 6, v. 645. G. 
 4, V. 457, &c. — Hygin. fab. 14, &,c. — Ovid. 
 Met. 10, fab. 1, &c. 'l. 11, fab. I.— Plato. Po- 
 lit, 10.— Horat. 1, od. 13 and 35.— Orpheus. 
 
 Orphica, a name by which the orgies 
 of Bacchus were called, because they had 
 been introduced in Europe from Egypt by 
 Orpheus. 
 
 Orphane, a nymph of the infernal regions, 
 mother of Escalaphus by Acheron. Ovid. 
 Met. 5, V. 549, 
 
 Orsedice, a daughter of Cinyras and Me- 
 tharme. Apollod. 
 
 Orseis, a nymph who married Hellen. 
 Apollod. 
 
 Orsillus, a Persian who fled to Alexan- 
 der, when Bessus murdered Darius. Curt. 5, 
 0.31. 
 
 Orsilochus, a son of Idomeneus, killed 
 by Ulysses in the Trojan war, &.c. Homer. 
 
 Od. 13, V. 260. A son of the river Al- 
 
 pheus. A Trojan killed by Camilla in the 
 
 Hutulian wars, &.c. Virg. JEn. 11, v. 636 
 and 690. 
 
 Orsines, one of the officers of Darius, at 
 the battle of Arbela, Curt. 10, c. 1. 
 
 Orsippus, a man of Megara, who was pre- 
 vented from obtaining a prize at the Olympic 
 games, because his clothes were entangled 
 as he ran. This circumstance was the cause 
 that, for the future, all the combatants were 
 obliged to appear naked. Paus. 1, c. 44. 
 
 M. Ortalus, a grandson of Hortensius, 
 who was induced to marry by a present from 
 Augustus, who wished that ancient family not 
 to be extinguished. Tacit. Jinn. 2, c. 37. — 
 Val. Max. 3, c. 6. — Sud. in Tiber. 
 
 Orthagoras, a man wiio wrote a trea- 
 tise on India, &c. JFAian. de Anim. A 
 
 musician In the age of Epaminondas.— — A 
 
 OS 
 
 tyrant of Sicyon, who mingled severity witU 
 justice in his government. The sovereign au- 
 thority remained upwards of 100 years in his 
 family. 
 
 OrthjEa, a daughter of Hyacinthus. ^pol' 
 lod. 
 
 Orthe, a town of Magnesia. Plin. 
 
 Orthia, a surname of Diana at Sparta. 
 In her sacrifices it was usual for boys to be 
 whipped. [Vid. Diamastigosis.] Plut. in 
 Thes. he. 
 
 Orthosia, a town of Caria. Liv. 45, c. 
 25.- Of Phoenicia. Plin. 5, c. 20. 
 
 Orthrus, or Orthos, a dog which belong- 
 ed to Geryon, from whom and the Chimaera, 
 sprung the sphynx and the Nemaean lion. He 
 had two heads, and was sprung from the union 
 of Echidna and Typhon. He was destroyed 
 by Hercules. Hesiod. Theog. 310. — Apollod. 
 2, c. 5. 
 
 Ortona. Vid. Artona. 
 
 Ortygia, a grove near Ephesus, Tacit. 
 
 Ann. 3, c. 61. A small island of Sicily, 
 
 within the bay of Syracuse, which formed 
 once one of the four quarters of that great 
 city. It was in this island that the celebrated 
 fountain Arethusa arose. Ortygia is now the 
 only part remaining of the once famed Syra- 
 cuse, about two miles in circumference, and 
 inhabited by 18,000 souls. It has suffered, 
 like the towns on the eastern coast, by the 
 eruptions of .^tna. Virg. JEn. 3, v. 694. — 
 
 Rom. Od. 15, V, 403. An ancient name of 
 
 the island of Delos. Some suppose that it re- 
 ceived this name from Latona, who fled thither 
 when changed into a quail, (ae^E,) by Jupiter, 
 to avoid the pursuits of Juno. Diana was cal- 
 led Ortygia^ as being born there ; as also Apol- 
 lo. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 651. Fast. 5, v. 692.— 
 Virg. .En. 3, v. 124. 
 
 Ortygius, a Rutulian killed by iCneas. 
 Virg. JEn. 9, v. 573. 
 
 Orus, or HoRus, one of the gods of the 
 Egyptians, son of Osiris and of Isis. He as- 
 sisted his mother in avenging his father, who 
 had been murdered by Typhon. Orus was 
 skilled in medicine ; he was acquainted with 
 futurity, and he made the good and the hap- 
 piness of his subjects the sole object of his 
 government. He was the emblem of the suu 
 among the Egyptians, and he was generally 
 represented as an infant, swathed in variega- 
 ted clothes. In one hand he held a stafl^, which 
 terminated in the head of a hawk, in the other 
 a whip with three thongs. Herodot. 2. — Plut. 
 
 de Isid. ^ Os.—Diod. 1. The first king of 
 
 Trcezene. Paus. 2, c. 30. 
 
 Oryander, a satrap of Persia, Sic. Po- 
 lyan. 7. 
 
 Oryx, a place of Arcadia on the Ladon. 
 Pauj. 8, c. 25. 
 
 Osaces, a Parthian general, who received 
 a mortal wound from Cassius. Cic. ad Att. 5, 
 ep. 20. 
 
 OscA, a town of Spain, now Huesca, in 
 Arragon. Liv. 34, c. 10. 
 
 OscnoPHORiA, a festival observed by the 
 Athenians. It receives its name «to tou ^epiie t«,- 
 aryjeg, from tarrying boughs hung up with 
 grapes, called o<rx«». Its original institution is 
 thus mentioned by Plut. in Thes. Theseus, 
 at his return from Crete, forgot to hang out 
 the white sail by which his father was to be 
 
OS 
 
 itpprizeu of bis Success. This aeriect was 
 fatal to -^geus, who threw himself into the 
 sea and perished. Theseus no sooner reach- 
 ed the land, than he sent a herald to inform 
 his father of his safe return, and in the mean 
 time he hegan to make the sacrifices which he 
 vowed when he first set sail from Crete. The 
 herald, on his entrance into the city, found 
 the people in great agitation. Some lamented 
 the king's death, while others, elated at the 
 «udden news of the victory of Theseus, crown- 
 ed the herald with garlands in demonstration 
 of their joy. The herald carried back the 
 garlands on his staff to the sea shore, and after 
 he had waited till Theseus had finished his 
 sacriiii.e, he related the melancholy story of 
 the king's death. Upon this, the people ran 
 in crowds to the city, showing their grief by 
 cries and lamentations. From that circum- 
 stance therefore, at the feast of Oschophoria, 
 not the herald, but his staff, is crowned with 
 garlands, and all the people that are pre- 
 sent always exclaim «a«x«-j, ts «, the first of 
 which expresses haste, and the other a con- 
 steination or depression of spirits. The his- 
 torian further mentions, that Theseus, when 
 he went to Crete, did not take with him the 
 usual number of virgins, but that instead of 
 two of them, he filled up the number with two 
 youths of his acquaintance, whom he made 
 pass for women, by disguising their dress, and 
 by using them to the ointments and perfumes 
 of women as well as by a long and successful 
 imitation of tlieir voice. The imposition suc- 
 ceeded, their sex was not discovered in Crete, 
 and when Theseus had triumphed over the 
 Minotaur, he, with these two youths, led a 
 procession with branches in their hands, in the 
 same habit which is still used at the celebration 
 of the Oschophoria. The branches which 
 were carried were in honour of Bacchus or of 
 Ariadne, or because they returned in autumn, 
 when the grapes were ripe. Besides this pro- 
 cession, there were also a race exhibited, in 
 which only young men, whose parents were 
 both alive, u ere permitted to engage. It was 
 usual for them to run from the temple of Bac- 
 chus to that of Minerva, which was on the 
 sea shore. The place where they stopped 
 was called ot^«k?«€*s , because the bouglis which 
 they carried in their hands were deposited 
 there. The rewards of the conqueror was a 
 cup called 7nv'^» ttxo-c, five fold, because it con- 
 tained a mixture of five different things, wine, 
 honey, cheese, meal, and oil. Plut. in. Thts. 
 
 Osci, a people between Campania and the 
 country of the Volsci, who assisted Turnus 
 against JEneA.?,. Some supposed that they are 
 the same as the 0/?i«, the word Osci being a 
 diminutive or abbreviation of the other. The 
 language, the plays, and ludicrous expressions 
 of this nation, are often mentioned by the an- 
 cients, and from their indecent tendency some 
 suppose the word obscanum, (quasi osceman,) 
 is derived. Tacit. Ann. 4, c. 14. — Cic. Fam. 
 7,ep.l.— Lip. 10, c. 20.— Strab. b.—PLin. 3, 
 c. 5.— FiVg.^n.T, v.730. 
 
 Oscics, a mountain with a river of the 
 same name in Thrace. Thucyd. 
 
 Oscus, a general of the fleet of the emperor 
 Otho Tacit. \, hist. 17. 
 
 Osi, a people of Germany. Tadl. G. 28 
 and 43. 
 
 OS 
 
 OsiNDS, a king of Clusium, who assisted 
 
 .^neas against Turnus. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 655. 
 Osiris, a great deity of the Egyptians, son 
 of Jupiter and Niobe. All the ancients great- 
 ly differ in their opinions concerning this cele- 
 brated god, but they all agree that as king of 
 Egypt, he took particular care to civilize his 
 subjects, to polish their morals, to give them 
 good and salutary laws, and to teach them 
 agriculture. After he had accomplished a re- 
 form at home, Osiris resolved to go and 
 spread civilization in the other parts of the 
 earth. He left his kingdom to the care of 
 his wife Isis, and of her faithful minister 
 Hermes or Mercury. The command of his 
 troops at home was left to the trust of Hercu- 
 les, a warlike officer. In his expedition Osiris 
 was accompanied by his brother Apollo, and 
 by Anubis, Macedo, and Pan. His march 
 was through ^Ethiopia, where his army wa» 
 increased by the addition of the Satyrs, a 
 hairy race of monsters, who made dancing 
 and playing on musical instruments their chief 
 study. He afterwards passed through Arabia 
 and visited the greatest part of the kingdoms 
 of Asia and Europe, where he enlightened the 
 minds of men by introducing among them 
 the worship of the gods, and a reverence for 
 the wisdom of a supreme being. At his return 
 home Osiris found the minds of his subjects 
 roused and agitated. His brother Typhon had 
 raised seditions, and endeavoured to make 
 himself popular. Osiris, whose sentiments 
 w^ere always of the most pacific nature, en- 
 deavoured to convince his brother of his ill 
 conduct, but he fell a sacrifice to the attempt. 
 Typhon murdered him in a secret apartment, 
 and cut his body to pieces, which were divi- 
 ded among the associates of his guilt. Typhon, 
 according to Plutarch, shut up his brothe.*- in 
 a coffer and threw him into the iNile. The 
 inquiries of Isis discovered the body of her 
 husband on the coast of Phoenicia, where it 
 had been conveyed by the waves, but Typhon 
 stole it as it was cai-rying to Memphis, and he 
 divided it amongst his companions, as was be- 
 fore observed. This cruelty incensed Isis; 
 she revenged her husband's death, and with 
 her son Orus she defeated Typhon and the 
 partisans of his conspiracy. She recovered 
 the mangled pieces of her husband's body, the 
 genitals excepted, which the murderer had 
 thrown into the sea; and to render him all 
 the honour which his humanity deserved, she 
 made as many statues of wax as there were 
 mangled pieces of his body. Each statue con- 
 tained a piece of the flesh of the dead mon- 
 arch ;and Isis, after she had summoned in her 
 presence one by one, the priests of all the dif- 
 ferent deities in her dominions, gave them each 
 a statue, intimating, that in doing that she had 
 preferred them to all the other communities 
 of Egypt, and she bound them by a solemn 
 oath that they would keep secret that mark 
 of her favour, and endeavour to show their 
 sense of it by establishing a form of worship 
 and paying divine honours to their prince. 
 They were further directed to choose what- 
 ever animals they pleased to represent the per- 
 son and the divinity of Osiris, and tbey were 
 enjoined to pay the greatest reverence to that 
 representative of divinity, and to bury it when 
 dead with the greatest solemnity. To render 
 
OS 
 
 tiieir establishment more popular, each sacer- 
 dotal body had a certain portion of land allot- 
 ted to them to maintain them, and to defray 
 the expenses which necessarily attended the 
 sacrifices and ceremonial rites. That part of 
 the body of Osiris which had not been recov- 
 ered, was treated with more particular atten- 
 tion by Isis, and she ordered that it should 
 receive honours more solemn, and at the same 
 time more mysterious than the other members. 
 [Vid. Phallica.] As Osiris had particularly in- 
 structed his subjects in cultivating the ground, 
 the priests chose the ox to represent him, and 
 paid the most superstitious veneration to that 
 animal. [Vid. Apis.] Osiris, according to 
 the opinion of some mythologists, is the same 
 as the sun, and the adoration which is paid by 
 different nations to an Anubis, a Bacchus, a 
 Dionysius, a Jupiter, a Pan, &c. is the same as 
 that which Osiris received in the Egyptian 
 temples. Isis also after death received divine 
 honours as well as her husband, and as the ox 
 was the symbol of the sun, or Osiris, so the 
 cow was the emblem of the moon, or of Isis. 
 Nothing can give a clearer idea of the power 
 and greatness of Osiris than this inscription, 
 which has been found on some ancient mo- 
 numents; Saturn, the youngest of all the 
 gods, was my father ; I am Osiris, who con- 
 ducted a large and numerous army as far as 
 the deserts of India, and travelled over the 
 greatest part of the world, and visited the 
 streams of tlie Ister, and the remote shores of 
 the ocean, diffusing benevolence to all the in- 
 habitants of the earth. Osiris was generally 
 represented with a cap on his head like a 
 mitre, with two horns ; he held a stick in his 
 left hand, and in his right a whip with three 
 thongs. Sometimes he appears with the head 
 of a hawk, as that bird, by its quick and 
 piercing eyes, is a proper emblem of the sun. 
 Fhit. in Idd. ^ Os.—FIerodot. 2, c. 144.— 
 Diod. I.— Homer. Od 12, v. 323.— JEliati. de 
 Anim. 3. — Lucan. de Dea Syr. — Plin. 8.— 
 
 A Persian general, who lived 450 B. C. 
 
 A friend of Turnus, killed in the Rutulian war. 
 Virg. J£n. 12, v. 458. 
 
 OsisMii, a people of Gaul in Britany. Mela, 
 3, c. 2.—Cas. B. G. 2, c. 34. 
 
 OsPHAGus, a river of Macedonia. Lit'. 31, 
 C.39. 
 
 OsRHOENK, a country of Mesopotamia, 
 which received this name from one of its 
 kings called Osrhoes. 
 
 OssA, a lofty mountain of Thessaly, once 
 the residence of the Centaurs. It was for- 
 merly joined to mount Olympus, but Her- 
 cules, as some report, separated them, and 
 made between them the celebrated valley of 
 Tempe. This separation of the two moun- 
 tains was more probably effected by an earth - 
 fjuake, which happened, as fabulous accounts 
 represent, about 1885 years before the Chris- 
 tian era. Ossa was one of those mountains 
 which the giants, in their wars against the 
 gods, heaped up one on the other to scale the 
 heavens with more facilitv. Mela, 2, c. 3. — 
 Chid. Met. 1, v. 156, 1. 2, v. 225, 1. 7, v. 
 22^1. Fast. 1, V 3<J7, I. 3, v. 441.— 67/-«6. 9. 
 
 — Lucan. 1 and 6. — Virg. G. 1, v. 281. A 
 
 town of Macedonia. 
 
 OsTEODES, an island near the Lipari isles. 
 
 (><riA, a town built at the mouth of the 
 62 
 
 OT 
 
 river Tiber by Ancus Martius, king of Romci 
 about 16 miles distant from Rome. It had a 
 celebrated harbour, and was so pleasantly sit- 
 uated that the Romans generally spent a part 
 of the year there as in a country seat. There 
 was a small tower in the port, like the Pharos 
 of Alexandria, built upon the wreck of a 
 large ship which had been sunk there, and 
 which contained the obelisks of Egypt vvitli 
 which the Roman emperors intended to adorn 
 the capital of Italy. In the age of Strabo the 
 sand and mud deposited by the Tiber had 
 choked the harbour, and added much to the 
 size of the small islands, which sheltered the 
 ships at the entrance of the river. Ostia and 
 her harbour called Portus, became gradually 
 separated, and are now at a considerable dis- 
 tance from the sea. Flor. 1, c. 4, 1. S, c. 21. — 
 Liv. 1, c. 33. — Mela, 2, c. 4. — Seuton. — Plin. 
 
 OsTORius Scapula, a man made gover- 
 nor of Britain. He died A. D. 55. Tacit. Ann. 
 
 16, c. 23. Another, who put himself t» 
 
 death when accused before Nero, &c. Id. 14, 
 
 c. 48. Sabinus, a man who accused Sora- 
 
 nus, in Nero's reign. Id. 16, c. 33. 
 
 OsTRACiNE, a town of Egypt, on the con- 
 fines of Palestine. Plin. 5, c. 12. 
 
 OsYMANDYAs, a magnificent king of Egypt 
 in a remote period. 
 
 Otacihus, a Roman consul sent against the 
 Carthaginians, he. 
 
 Otanes, a noble Persian, one of the sevea 
 who conspired against the usurper Smerdis. 
 It was through him that the usurpation was 
 first discovered. He was afterwards appoint- 
 ed by Darius over the sea coast of Asia Minor, 
 and took Byzantium. Herodot. 3, c. 70, &c. 
 
 Otho, M. Salvius, a Roman emperor 
 descended from the ancient kings of Etruria. 
 He was one of Nero's favourites, and as such, 
 he was raised to the highest offices of the state, 
 and made governor of Pannonia by the in- 
 terest of Seneca, who wished to remove hint 
 from Rome, lest Nero's love for Poppaja 
 should prove his ruin. After Nero's death 
 Otho conciliated the favour of Galba the new 
 emperor; but when he did not gain his point, 
 and when Galba had refused to adopt him as 
 his successor, he resolved to make himself ab- 
 solute without any regard to the age or digni- 
 ty of his friend. The great debts which he had 
 contracted encouraged his avarice, and he 
 caused Galba to be assassinated, and he made 
 himself emperor. He was acknowledged by 
 the senate and the Roman people, but the 
 sudden revolt of Vitellius in Germany render- 
 ed his situation precarious, and it was mutual- 
 ly resolved that their respective right to the 
 empire should be decided by arms. Otho ob- 
 tained three victories over his enemies, but in 
 a general engagement near Brixellum, his 
 
 forces were defeated, and he stabbed himself 
 when all hopesof success were vanished, after 
 a reign of about three months, on the 20ih of 
 April, A. D. 69. It has been justly observed, 
 that the last moments of Otho's life were those 
 of a philosopher. He comforted his soldiers, 
 who lamented his fortune, and he expressed 
 his concern for their safety, when they ear- 
 nestly solicited to ; ay him the last friendly 
 offices before he stabbed himself, and he ob- 
 served that it was better that one inan should 
 die, than that all should be involved in ruin 
 
ov 
 
 ov 
 
 for his obstiuacf . His nephew was pale and [ peclatfons were frustrated ; his son was boos 
 distressed, fearing the anger and haughtiness I a poet, and nothing could deter him from 
 of the conqueror; but Otho comforted him, ; pursuing his natural inclination, though he 
 and observed, that Vitellius would be kind and i was often reminded that Homer lived and 
 
 affectionate to the friends and relations of 
 Otho, since Otho was not ashamed to say, that 
 in the time of their greatest enmity, the 
 mother of Vitellius had received every friend- 
 ly treatment from his hands. He also burnt 
 tne letters which, by falling into the hands of 
 Vitellius, might provoke his resentment against 
 those who had favoured the cause of an un- 
 fortunate general. These noble and humane 
 sentiments in a man who was the associate of 
 Nero's shameful pleasures, and who stained 
 his hand in the blood of his master, have ap- 
 
 f)eared to some wonderful, and passed for the 
 eatures of policy, and not of a naturally vir- 
 tuous and benevolent heart. Plut. in rita. — 
 Suet.— Tacit. 2, Hist. c. 50, !kc.—Juv. 2, v. 
 
 90. Roscius, a tribune of the people, who, 
 
 in Cicero's consulship, made a regulation to 
 permit the Roman knights at public spectacles 
 to have the 14 first rows after the seats of the 
 senators. This was opposed with virulence 
 by some, but Cicero ably defended it, &c. 
 Horal. ep. 4, v. 10. The father of the Ro- 
 man emperor Otho was the favourite of 
 Claudius. 
 
 Othuyades, one of the 300 Spartans who 
 fought against 300 Argives, when those two 
 rations disputed their respective right to 
 Thyrea. Two Argives, Alcinor and Cronius, 
 and Othryades, survived the battle. The Ar- 
 gives went home to carry the ncAvs of their 
 victory, but Othryades, who had been reck- 
 oned among the number of the slain, on ac- 
 count of his wounds, recovered himself and 
 carried some of the spoils of which he had 
 Stripped the Argives, into the cimp of his 
 countrymen ; and after he had raised atrophy, 
 and had written with bis own blood the word 
 tici on his shield, he killed himself, unwilling 
 to survive the death of his countrymen. Val. 
 Max. 3, c. 2. — Plut. Parall. A patrony- 
 mic given to Pantheus, the Trojan priest of 
 Apollo, from his father Othryas. Virg. vEw. 
 2, v. 319. 
 
 Othryonkus, a Thracian who came to 
 the Trojan war in hopes of marrying Cassan- 
 dra. He was killed by Idomeneus. Homer. 
 II. 13. 
 
 Othrvs, a mountain, or rather a chain of 
 mountains in Thessaly, the residence of the 
 Centaurs. Sirab. 9. — Herodot. 7, c. 129. — 
 Virg. ^n. 7, v. 675. 
 
 Otreus, a king of Phrygia, son of Cisseus, 
 and brother to Hecuba. 
 
 Otroeda, a small town on the confines of 
 Bithynia. 
 
 Orus and Ephialtes, sons of Neptune. 
 Vid. Aloides. 
 
 Otvs, a prince of Paphlagonia, who i-c- 
 voltedfrom the Persians to Agesilaus. Xenoph. 
 
 OviA, a Roman lady, wife of C. Lolllus. 
 Cit.Mtt. 21. 
 
 P. OviDi'js Naso, a celebrated Roman 
 poet born at Sulmo, on the 20th of March, 
 about 43 B. C. As he vi as intended for the 
 bar, his father sent him eaily to Rome, and 
 removed him to Athe;is in the si.xteenth year 
 of his age. The progress of Ovid in the study 
 of eloquence was great, but the father's ex- 
 
 died in the greatest poverty. Every thing he 
 wrote was expressed in poetical numbers, a^ 
 he liimself says, et quod tentabam scribere ver- 
 sus erat. A lively genius and a fertile ima- 
 gination soon gained him admirers; the 
 learned became his friends; Virgil, Proper- 
 tius, Tibullus, and Horace, honoured him with 
 their correspondence ; and Augustus patron- 
 ised him with the most unbounded liberality. 
 These favours, however, were but momentary, 
 and the poet was soon after banished to To- 
 mos, on the Euxine sea by the emperor. The 
 true cause of this sudden exile is unknown. 
 Some attribute it to a shameful amour with 
 Livia the wife of Augustus, while bthei-s sup- 
 port that it arose from the knowledge which 
 Ovid had of the unpardonable incest of the 
 emperor with his daughter .Julia. These rea- 
 sons are indeed merely conjectural ; the cause 
 was of a very private and very secret nature, 
 of which Ovid himself is afraid to speak, a» 
 it arose from error and not from criminality. 
 It was, however, something improper in the 
 family and court of Augustus, as these line* 
 seem to indicate : 
 
 Cur aliquid vidi f Cvr noxia Ivmina feci f 
 Our inprudenti cognita culpa mihi est ? 
 
 Inscius Jictaon vidit sine vesta Dianum ; 
 Prmdafuit canibm non minus ilk suis. 
 Again, 
 
 Inscia quod crimen viderunt luniina plector, 
 Peccatumque oculos est habuisse tneum. 
 And in another place, 
 
 Perdiderunt cum me duo crimina, carmen el 
 error, 
 Jillerixisfacti culpa tilenda mihi est. 
 In his banishment, Ovid l>etrayed his pusil- 
 lanimity, and however afflicted and distressed 
 his situation was, yet the flattery and impa- 
 tience vvhicb he showed in his writings are a 
 disgrace to his pen, and expose him more to 
 ridicule than pity. Though he prostituted his 
 pen and his time to adulation, yet the em- 
 peror proved deaf to all entreaties, and refu- 
 sed to listen to his most ardent friends at 
 Rome, who wished for the return of the poet 
 Ovid, who undoubtedly wished for a Brutus 
 to deliver Rome of her tyrannical Augustus, 
 continued his flattery even to meantiess; and 
 when the emperor died, he was so mercenary 
 as to consecrate a temple to the departed ty- 
 rant on the shore of the Euxine, where he 
 roi^iilarly ottered frankincense every morning. 
 Tiberius proved as regardless as his predeces- 
 sor to the entreaties which were made far 
 Ovid, and the poet d.i<3d in the 7th orStli yeai* 
 of his banishment, in the 59th year of his age, 
 A. D. 17, and was buried at Tomos. In the 
 year 1508 of the Christian era, the following 
 epitaph was found at Stain, in the moderu 
 kingdom of Austria. 
 Hie situs est vates quem Diri Caisarisira 
 
 ..iugvsti patria cedcre jussit humo. 
 Sapc. miser voluU pat riis ocewnbtre terris, 
 
 iScd frustra ! Hunc illifata dedere locum. 
 Thh. however, is an imposition lo render cel- 
 ebraled an obscure coiiier of the world which 
 never contained the bones of Ovid. The 
 greatest pait of Ovid's poem-j ai-e remainrng. 
 
ov 
 
 His Metatnoi'phoaes in 15 books are estvemely 1 
 curious, on account of the many different my- | 
 thological facts and traditions which they re-i 
 late, but they can have no claim to an epic j 
 poem. la composing this, the poet was more 
 indebted to the then existing traditions, and to 
 the theogony of the ancients, than to the 
 powers of his own imagination. His Fasli 
 were divided into 12 boolis, the same number 
 ai? the constellations in the zodiac; but of these, 
 six have perished, and the learned world have 
 reason to lament the loss of a poem which 
 must have thrown so much light upon the re- 
 ligious rites and ceremonies, festivals and sa- 
 crifices of the ancient Romans, as we may 
 judge from the six that have survived the rava- 
 ges of time and barbarity. His Trivia, which 
 are divided into five books, contain much ele- 
 gance and softness of expression, as also his 
 Elegies on difterent subjects. The Heroides are 
 nervous, spirited, and diffuse, the poetry is ex- 
 cellent, the language varied, but the expres- 
 sions are often too wanton and indelicate, a 
 fault which is common in his compositions. 
 His three books of Amorum, and the same 
 number de Arte Amandh with the other de 
 Remtdio Amoris, are written with great ele- 
 gance, and contain many flowery descriptions ; 
 but the doctrine which they hold forth is dan- 
 gerous, and they are to be read with caution, 
 as they seem to be calculated to corrupt the 
 heart, and sap the foundations of virtue and 
 morality. His Ibis, which is written in imita- 
 tion of a poem of Callimachus of the same 
 name, is a satirical performance. Besides 
 these, there are extant some fragments of 
 other poems, and among these some of a tra- 
 gedy called Medea. The talents of Ovid as a 
 dramatic writer have been disputed, and some 
 have observed, that he who is so often void of 
 sentiment, was not born to shine as a tragedian. 
 Ovid has attempted perhaps too many sorts of 
 poetry at once. On whatever he has written, 
 he has totally exhausted the subject and left 
 nothing unsaid. He every where paints nature 
 with a masterly hand, and gives strength to 
 the most vulgar expressions. It has been judi- 
 ciously observed, that his poetry after his ban- 
 ishment from Rome, was destitute of that spi- 
 rit and vivacity which we admire in his other 
 compositions. His Fasti are perhaps the best 
 written of all his poems, and after them we 
 may fairly rank his love verses, his Heroides, 
 and after all his Mctamorp/ioses, which were 
 not totally finished when Augustus sent him 
 into banishment. His Epistles from Pontus, 
 are the language of an abject and pusillanimous 
 flatterer. However critics may censure the 
 indelicacy and the inaccuracies of Ovid, it is 
 to be acknowledged that his poetry contains 
 great sweetness and elegance, and, like that of 
 Tibullus, charms the ear and captivates the 
 mind. Ovid married three wives, but of the 
 last alone he speaks with fondness and affec- 
 tion. He had only one daughter, but by which 
 of his wives is unknown ; and she herself be- 
 came mother of two children, by two hus- 
 bands. The best editions of Ovid's works are 
 those of Biirman, 4 vols. 4to. Amst. 1727 ; of 
 L. Bat. 1670, inSvo. and of Utrecht, in 12mo. 
 4 vols. 1713. Ovid. Trist. 3 and 4, kc—Pa- 
 terc. 2. — Martial. 3 and 8. A man who ac- 
 companied his friend CiEsonius when banished 
 from Rome by ?\ero. Martini. 7, ep. 43. 
 
 oz 
 
 OviKiA LEX, was enacted to permit the 
 censors to elect and admit among the munber 
 of the senators the best and the worthiest of 
 the people. 
 
 OviNius, a freedman of Vatinius, the friend 
 
 of Cicero, he. Quintil. 3, c. 4. Quiiitus, 
 
 a Roman senator, punished by Augustus for 
 disgracing his rank in the court of Cleopatra. 
 Eutrop. 1. 
 
 OxATHREs, a brother of Darius, greatly 
 honoured by Alexander, and made one of his 
 
 generals. Curt. 7, c. 5. Another Persian, 
 
 who favoured the cause of Alexander. Curt. 
 
 Oxidates, a Persian whom Darius con- 
 demned to death. Alexander took him pri- 
 soner, and some time after made him gover- 
 nor of Media. He became oppressive and wa? 
 removed. Curt. 8, c. 3, 1. 9, c. 8. 
 
 Oaimes, a people of European Sarmatia. 
 
 OxioNi?:, a nation of Grermans, whom su- 
 perstitious traditions represented as having the 
 countenance human, and the rest of the body 
 like that of beasts. Tacit, de Germ. 46. 
 
 Oxus, a large river of Bactriana, now Gi- 
 hon, falling into the east of the Caspian sea. 
 Plin. 16, c. 6. Another in Scythia. 
 
 OxYAREs, a king of Bactriana, who sur- 
 rendered to Alexander. 
 
 OxYCANUs, an Indian prince in the age of 
 Alexander, &.c. 
 
 OxYDRACiE, a nation of India. Curt. 9, c.4. 
 
 OxYLus, a leader of the Heraclidse, when 
 they recovered the Peloponnesus. He was 
 rewarded with the kingdom of Elis. Paus. 5, 
 
 c. 4. A son of Mars and Protogenia. Apol- 
 
 lod. I, c. 7. 
 
 OxYNTHEs, a king of Athens, B. C. 1149. 
 He reigned 12 years. 
 
 OxYPoRDs, a son of Cinyras and Metharme. 
 Apollod. 3, c. 14. 
 
 OxYRYNCHUs, a towH of Egypt on the Nile. 
 Strab. 
 
 OziNEs, a Persian imprisoned by Craterus, 
 because he attempted to revolt from Alexan- 
 der. Curt. 9, c. 10. 
 
 Oz6l.« or Ozon, a people who inhabited 
 the eastern parts of jEtolia, which were call- 
 ed Osolea. This tract of territory lay at the 
 north of the bay of Corinth, and extended 
 about twelve miles northward. They received 
 their name from the bad stench (o<f»!) of their 
 bodies and of their clothing, which was the 
 raw hides of wild beasts, or from the offensive 
 smell of the body of Nessus the centaur, which 
 after death was left to putrify in the country 
 without the honours of a burial. Some de- 
 rive it with more propriety from the stench 
 of the stagnated water in the neighbouring 
 lakes and marshes. According to a fabulous 
 tradition, they received their name from a 
 very different circumstance : During the reio'n 
 of a son of Deucalion, a bitch brought into the 
 world a stick instead of whelps. The stick 
 was planted in the ground by the king, and it 
 grew up to a large vine and produced grapes, 
 from which the inhabitants of the country 
 were called OzoIce, not from •^"', to smell bad, 
 hut from ot^, a brancJi or sprout. The name 
 of Ozolaj, on account of its indelicate signifi- 
 cation, highly displeased the inhabitants, and 
 they exchanged it soon for that of if'^.toliani. 
 Pan* 10. r :^«?— -/frrwrfo/. 8, c. 32. 
 
PA 
 
 PACATIANUS, Titus Julius, a general of 
 the Roman armies, who proclaimed him- 
 self emperor in Gaul, about the latter part of 
 Philip's reign. He was soon after defeated, 
 
 A. D. 249, and put to death, kc. 
 
 Paccics, an insignificant poet in the age of 
 Doraitian. Juv. 7, v 12. 
 
 Paches, an Athenian who took Mitylene, 
 &c. ^rist. Polit. 4. 
 
 Pachinus, or Pachynus, now P(issaro, a 
 promontory of Sicily, projecting about two 
 miles into the sea, in the form of a peninsula, 
 at the south-east corner of the island, with a 
 small harbour of the same name. Slrab. 6. — 
 Mela, 2, c. I.— Virg. JEn, 3, v. 699.— Paus. 5. 
 c. 25. 
 
 M. Paconius, a Roman put to death by 
 
 Tiberius, &,c. Suei. in Tib. 61. A stoic 
 
 philosopher, son of the preceding. He was 
 banished from Italy by Nero, and he retired 
 from Rome with the greatest composure and 
 indifference, ^rrian. 1, c. 1. 
 
 Pacorus, the eldest of the thirty sons of 
 Orodes, king of Parthia, sent against Crassus, 
 whose army he defeated, and whom he took 
 prisoner. He took Syria from the Romans 
 and supported the republican party of Pom- 
 pey, and of the murderers of Julius Caesar. 
 He was killed in a battle by Ventidius Bassus, 
 
 B. C. 39, on the same day (9th of June) that 
 Crassus had been defeated. Flor. 4, c. 9. — 
 
 Horal. 3, od. 6, v. 9 A king of Parthia, 
 
 who made a treaty of alliance with the Ro- 
 mans, &,c, Another, intimate with king 
 
 Decebalus. 
 
 Pactolus, a celebrated river of Lydia, 
 rising in mount Tmolus, and falling into the 
 Hermus after it has watered the city of Sar- 
 des. It was in this river that Midas washed 
 himself when he turned into gold whatever he 
 touched ; and from that circumstance it ever 
 after rolled golden sands, and received the 
 name of Chrysorrhoas. It is called Tmolus by 
 Pliny, Strabo observes, that it had no golden 
 sands in his age. Virg. JEn. 10, v, 142. — Strab. 
 18.— Oviil. Met.UyV. 86.— Herodul. 5, c. 110. 
 —Plin. 33, c. 8. 
 
 Pactyas, a Lydian intrusted with the care 
 of the treasures of Croesus at Sardes. The 
 immense riches which he could command, 
 corrupted him, and to make himself indepen- 
 dent, he gathered a large army. He laid siege 
 to the citadel of Sardes, but the arrival of one 
 of the Persian generals soon put him to flight. 
 He retired to Cumee and afterwards to Les- 
 bos, where he was delivered into the hands of 
 Cyrus. Htrodot. 1, c, 154, he. — Paus. 2, c. 
 35. 
 
 Pactye, a town of the Thracian Cherso- 
 nesus. 
 
 Pactyes, a mountain of Ionia, near Ephe- 
 sus. Slrab. 14. 
 
 Pacdvius, M. a native of Brundusium, 
 son of the sister of the poet Ennius, who 
 distinguished himself by his skill in painting, 
 and by his poetical talents. He wrote satires 
 and tragedies which were represented at 
 Rome, and of some of which the names are 
 preserved, as Peribcea, Hermione, Atalanta, 
 nione, Teucer, Antiope, he. Orestes was 
 considered as the best finished performance ; 
 the style, however, though rough and without 
 6hker purity or elegance, deserved tlie wax- 
 
 raendation of Cicero andQuintilian, who per- 
 ceived strong rays of genius and perfection 
 frequently beaming through the clouds of the 
 barbarity and ignorance of the times. The 
 poet in his old age retired to Tarentum, where 
 he died in his 90th year, about 131 years be- 
 fore Christ. Of all his compositions about 437 
 scattered lines are preserved in the collections 
 of Latin poets. Cic. de Orat. 2, ad Heren.2, c. 
 27.—Horat. 2, ep. 1, v. ^Q.—Quintil. 10, c. 1. 
 
 Padj5:i, an Indian nation, who devour their 
 sick before they die. Herodoi. 3, c. 99. 
 
 Padinum, now Bondeno, a town on the Po, 
 where it begins to branch into different chan- 
 nels. Plin. 3, c. 15. 
 
 Padua, a town called also Patavivm, in the 
 country of the Venetians, founded by Antenor 
 immediately after the Trojan war. It was the 
 native place of the historian Livy. The inha- 
 bitants were once so powerful that they could 
 levy an army of 20,000 men. Slrab. 5. — Me- 
 la, 2, c. 4.— Virg. JEn. 1, v. 251. 
 
 Padus, (now called the Po) a river in Italy, 
 known also by the name of Eridanus, which 
 forms the northern boundary of the territories 
 of Italy. It rises in mount Vesulus, one of the 
 highest mountains of the Alps, and after it has 
 collected in its course the waters of above 30 
 rivers, discharges itself in an eastern direction 
 into the Adriatic sea by seven mouths, two of 
 which only, the Plana or Volano, and the 
 Padusa, were formed by nature. It was for- 
 merly said that it rolled gold dust in its sand, 
 which was carefully searched by the inhabi- 
 tants. The consuls C. Flaminius Nepos, and 
 P. Furius Philus, were the first Roman gene- 
 rals who crossed it. The Po is famous for the 
 death of Phaeton, who, as the poets mention, 
 was thrown down there by the thunderbolts of 
 Jupiter. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 258, he— Mela, 2, 
 c. 4.—Lucan. 2, he— Virg. JEn. 9, v. 680.— 
 Strab. 5. Plin. 37, c. 2. 
 
 Padusa, the most southern mouth of the 
 Po, considered by^ some writers as the Po it- 
 self. \^Vid. Padus.] It was said to abound in 
 swans, and from it there was a cut to the town 
 of Ravenna. Virg. JEn. 11, v. 455. 
 
 P^AN, a surname of Apollo, derived from 
 the word pcean, an hymn which was sung in 
 his honour, because he had killed the serpent 
 Python, which had given cause to the people 
 to exclaim, lo Paean ! The exclamation of lo 
 Paean ! was made use of in speaking to the 
 other gods, as it often was a demonstration of 
 joy. Juv. 6, v. 111.— Ovid. Met. 1, v. 538, 1, 
 14, v. 720.— Lwcan. 1, he— Strab. 18. 
 
 P^DAUETus, a Spartan, who, on not being 
 elected in the number of the 300 sent on an 
 expedition, he. declared, that instead of being 
 mortified, he rejoiced that 300 men better 
 than himself could be found in Sparta. Plut. 
 in Lye. 
 
 PiEDius, a lieutenant of J. Caesar in Spain, 
 who proposed a law to punish with death all 
 such as were concerned in the mui'der of his 
 patron, &,c. 
 
 PiEMANi, a people of Belgic Gaul, supposed 
 to dwell in the present country at the west of 
 Luxemburg. Cas. G. 2, c. 4. 
 
 Fxati, a Greek historian. Plut. in Thes. 
 
 A celebrated physician who cured the 
 
 wounds which the gods received during the 
 Trojan war. Ftoax hiai physicians are some- 
 
PA 
 
 tsBies called Paonii, and herbs serviceable in 
 medicinal processes PcBonix herbce. Virg. JEn. 
 7, V. 1^9.— Ovid. Met. 15, v. 535. 
 
 PiEONES, a people of Macedonia who inha- 
 bited a small part of the country called Pceonia. 
 Sftme believe that they were descended from 
 a Trojan colony. Pans. 5, c. 1. — Herodot. 5, c. 
 
 13, &c. 
 
 P;E6NiA,acountry of Macedonia, at the west 
 of the Strymon. It received its name from Pae- 
 on, a son of Endymion, who settled there. Liv. 
 42, c. 51, 1. 45, c. 29. A small town of Attica. 
 
 PiSONiDES, a name given to the daughters of 
 Pierus, who were defeated by tlie Muses, be- 
 cause their mother was a native of Paeonia. 
 Ovid. Met. 5, ult. fab. 
 
 PiEos, a small town of Arcadia. 
 ' PiEsos, a town of the Hellespont, called also 
 Apczsos, situated at the north of Lampsacus. 
 When it was destroyed the inhabitants migrated 
 to Lampsacus, where they settled. They were 
 of Milesian origin. Strab. 13 — Homer. II. 2. 
 
 PiESTPM, a town of Lucania, called also 
 J{eptunia and Posidonia by the Greeks, where 
 the soil produced roses which blossomed twice 
 a year. The ancieut walls of the town, about 
 three miles in extent, are still standing, and 
 likewise venerable remains of temples and 
 porticoes. The Sinus Pcestanus, on which it 
 stood, is now called the gulf of Salerno. Virg. 
 G. 4, V. \\9.—0vid. .Met. 15, v. 708. Pont. 2, 
 el. 4, V. 28. 
 
 PiETOviuM, a town of Pannonia. 
 
 C^cinnaP^tus, the husband of Arria. [Vid. 
 Arria.] A governor of Armenia, under Ne- 
 ro- A Roman who conspired with Catiline 
 
 against his country. A man drowned as he 
 
 was going to Egypt to collect money. Propert. 
 3, el. 7, V. 5. 
 
 PAGiE, a town of Megaris. Of Locris. 
 
 Plin. 4, c. 3. 
 
 Pagasve or Pagasa, a town of Magnesia, in 
 Macedonia, with an harbour and a promonto- 
 ry of the same name. The ship Argo was built 
 there, as some suppose, and according to Pro- 
 pertius, the Argonauts set sail from that har- 
 bo'ur. From that circumstance, not only the 
 ship Argo, but also the Argonauts themselves, 
 were ever after distinguished by the epithet of 
 PagascEUs. Pliny confounds Pagasas with De- 
 meTrias, but they are different, and the latter 
 was peopled by the inhabitants of the former, 
 who preferred the situation of Demetrias for 
 its conveniences. Ovid. Met. 7, v. 1, 1. 8, v. 
 .349.— Lwca/i. 2, v. 715, 1. 6, v. 400.— Mela, 2, c. 
 3 and 1.— Strab. 9.— Propert. I, el. 20, v. 17.— 
 Plin. 4, c. S.—ApoUon. Wind. 1, v. 238, &;c. 
 
 Pagasus, a Trojan killed by Camilla. Virg. 
 Mn. 11, V. 670. 
 
 Pagr^, a town of Syria, on the borders of 
 Cilicia. Strab. 16. 
 
 Pagus, a mountain of -r.olia. Pans. 7, c. 5. 
 
 Pai.acjum, or Palatium, a town of the 
 
 Thraciaii Chersonesua. A small village, on 
 
 the Palatine hill, where Rome was afterwards 
 built. 
 
 Pal;e, a town at the south of Corsica, now 
 St. Bonifacio. 
 
 PALiEA, a town of Cyprus. Of Cephalle- 
 
 nia. 
 
 Pal£apulis, a small island on the coast of 
 Spain. Strab. 
 
 Paliemon, or Palkmon, a sea deity; son 
 
 PA 
 
 of Athamas and Ino. His original name wa^ 
 
 Melicerta. and he assumed that of Palsmon, 
 after he had been changed into a sea deity by 
 Neptune. [Vid. Melicerta.] A noted gram- 
 marian at Rome in the age of Tiberius, who 
 made himself ridiculous by his arrogance and 
 
 luxury. Juv. 6, v. 451. — Martial. 2, ep. 86. 
 
 A son of Neptune, who was amongst the Ar- 
 gonauts. ApoUod. 
 
 Pal/epaphos, the ancient town of Paphos', 
 in Cyprus, adjoining to the new. Strab. 14. 
 
 PaLjEpharsalus, the ancient town of Phar- 
 salus in Thessaly. Cas. B. A. 48. 
 
 Paljephatus, an ancient Greek philosopher, 
 whose age is unknown, though it can be ascer- 
 tained that he flourished between the times of 
 Aristotle and Augustus. He wrote 5 books rfe 
 incredibilibus, of which only the first remains, 
 and in it he endeavours to explain fabulous 
 and mythological traditions by historical facts. 
 The best edition of Palaephatus is that of J. 
 Frid. Fischer, in 8vo. Lips. 1773. An he- 
 roic poet of Athens, who wrote a poem on 
 
 the creation of the world. A disciple of 
 
 Aristotle, born at Abydos. An historian of 
 
 Egypt. 
 
 Pal^polis, a town of Campania, built by a 
 Greek colony, where Naples afterwards was 
 erected. Liv. 8, c. 22. 
 
 Pal^ste, a village of Epirus near Oricus, 
 where Caesar first landed with his fleet. Lm- 
 can. 5, V. 460. 
 
 Paljcstina, a province of Syria, &lc. Hero- 
 dot. 1, c. 105.— 5i7. It. 3, v. 606.— S/}a6. 16. 
 
 PaljEstinus, an ancient name of the river 
 Strymon. 
 
 Pal5:tyru3, the ancient town of Tyre, on 
 the continent. Strab. 16. 
 
 Palamedes, a Grecian chief, son of Nau- 
 plius king of Eubcea by Clymene. He was 
 sent by the Greek princes who were going to 
 the Trojan war, to bring Ulysses to the camp, 
 who, to withdraw himself from the expedition, 
 pretended insanity ; and the better to impose 
 upon his friends, used to harness different ani- 
 mals to a plough, and sow salt instead of barley 
 into the furrows. The deceit was soon per- 
 ceived byjPalamedes ; he knew that the regret 
 to part from his wife Penelope, whom he had 
 lately married, was the only reason of the 
 pretended insanity of Ulysses ; and to demon- 
 strate this, Palamedes took Teleraachus, whom 
 Penelope had lately brought into the world, 
 and put him before the plough of his father. 
 Ulysses showed that he was not insane, by 
 turning the plough a different way, not to hurt 
 his child. This having been discovered, Ulys- 
 ses was obliged to attend the Greek princes to 
 the war; but an immortal enmity arose be- 
 tween Ulysses and Palamedes. The king of 
 Ithaca resolved to take every opportunity to 
 distress him ; and when all his expectations 
 were frustrated, he had the meanness to bribe 
 one of his servants, and to make him dig a 
 hole in his master's tent, and there conceal a 
 large sum of money. After this, Ulysses 
 forged a letter in Phrygian characters, which 
 king Priam was supposed to have sent to Pa- 
 lamedes. In the letter tiie Trojan king seem- 
 ed to entreat Palamedes to deliver into fcis 
 hands the Grecian army, according to the 
 conditions which had been previously agreed 
 npon, when he received the money. This 
 
PA 
 
 forged letter was carried by means of Ulysses 
 before the princes of the Grecian army. Pa- 
 lamedes was summoned, and he made the 
 most solemn protestations of innocence, but 
 all was in vain; the money that was discover- 
 ed in his tent served only to corroborate the 
 accusation. He was found guilty by all the 
 army, and stoned to death. Homer is silent 
 about the miserable fate of Palamedes, and 
 Paasanias mentions that it had been reported 
 by some that Ulysses and Diomedes had 
 drowned him in the sea, as he was fishing on 
 the coast. Philostratus, who mentions the 
 tragical story above related, adds, that Achilles 
 and Ajax buried his body with great pomp on 
 the sea shore, and that they raised upon it a 
 small chapel, where sacrifices were regularly 
 oflfered by the inhabitants of Troas. Pala- 
 medes was a learned man as well as a soldier, 
 and, according to some, he completed the al- 
 phabet of Cadmus by the addition of the four 
 letters, S, $, /., s, during the Trojan war. 
 To him also is attributed the invention of 
 dice and backgammon ; and, it is said, he was 
 the first who regularly ranged an army iii a 
 line of battle, and who placed sentinels round 
 a camp, and excited their vigilance and atten- 
 tion by giving them a watch word. Hygin. 
 fab. 95, 105, &,c, — Amllod. 2, &,c. — Diclys. 
 Cret. 2, c. 15.— Ovid. Met. 13, v, 56 and 308.— 
 Pam. 1, c. 31.—Manil. 4, v. ^b.—Philoslral. 
 V. 10, c. 6. — Euripid. in Phce/niss.— Martial. 13, 
 ep. 75. — Plin. 7, c. 56. 
 
 Palantia, a town of Spain. Mela, % c. 6. 
 Palatinus mons, a celebrated hill, the 
 largest of the seven hills on which Rome was 
 built. It was upon it that Romulus laid the 
 fii-st foundation of the capital of Italy, in a 
 quadrangular form, and there also he kept his 
 court, as well as Tullas Hostilius, and Au- 
 gustus, and all the succeeding emperors, from 
 which circumstance the word Palalium has 
 ever since been applied to the residence of a 
 monarch or prince. The Palatine hill re- 
 ceived its name from the goddess Pales, or 
 from the Palaltni, who originally inhabited 
 the place, or from balare or palare, the bleat- 
 ings of sheep, which were frequent there, or 
 perhaps from the word palantes, '^andermg, 
 because Evander, when he came to settle in 
 Italy, gathered all the inhabitants, and made 
 them all one society. There were some 
 games celebrated in honour of Augustus, and 
 called Palatine, because kept on the hill. Dio. 
 Cass. 53.— ItaJ. 12. v. 709.— Lit'. 1, c. 7 and 
 33.— Ovid. Met. 14, v. 822.— Juv. 9, v. 23. 
 — Martial, i, ep. 71. — Varro. de L. L. 4, c. 
 
 3. — Cic. in CalU. 1. Apollo, who was 
 
 worshipped on the Palatine hill, was also 
 called Palalinus. His temple there had been 
 built, or rather repaired, by Augustus, who 
 had enriched it with a library, valuable for 
 the various collections of Guek and Latin 
 manuscripts which it contained, as also for the 
 Sibylline books deposited there. Horat. 1, ep. 
 3, V. 17. 
 
 Palantium, a town of Arcadia. 
 Palkis, or PaLj*;, a town in the island of 
 Cephallenia. Pans. 6, c. 15. 
 
 ^ALEs, the goddess of sheepfolds and of 
 pastures among the Romans. She was wor- 
 shipped with great solemnity at Rome, and 
 her festivals; ealled Pa/t/itf, were celebrated 
 
 PA 
 
 the very day that Romulus began to lay tWfr 
 foundation of the citv of Rome. Virg. G. 3, 
 V. 1 and 294.— Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 722, kc—Pa- 
 terc. 1, c. 8. 
 
 Palforius Sura, a writer removed from 
 the senate by Domitian, who suspected hina of 
 attachment to Vitellius, kc, Jav. 4, v. 53. 
 
 Palibothra, a city of India, supposed now 
 to be Patna, or, according to others, Mlaha- 
 bad. Strab. 15. 
 
 Palici, or Palisci, two deities, sons of 
 Jupiter by Thalia, whom^schylus calls Mtn&f 
 in a tragedy which is now lost, according to 
 the words of Macrobius. The nymph jEtna, 
 when pregnant, entreated her lover to remove 
 her from the pursuits of Juno. The god con- 
 cealed her in the bowels of the earth, and 
 when the time of her delivery was come, th© 
 earth opened, and brought into the world two 
 children, who received the name of Palici, 
 otTre Tou TTxini *<»r^x*, because they came again into 
 the world from the bowels of the earth. These 
 deities were worshipped with great ceremo- 
 nies by the Sicilians, and near their temple 
 were two small lakes of sulphureous water, 
 which were supposed to have sprung out of 
 the earth at the same time that they were 
 born. Near these pools it was usual to take 
 the most solemn oaths, by those who wished 
 to decide controversies and quarrels. If any of 
 the persons who took the oaths perjured them- 
 selves, they were immediately punished in a 
 supernatural manner by the deities of the 
 place, and those whose oath was sincere de- 
 parted unhurt. The Palici had also an oracle 
 which was consulted upon great emergencies, 
 and which rendered the truest and most une- 
 quivocal answers. In a superstitious age, the 
 altars of the Palici were stained with the blood 
 of human sacrifices, but this barbarous cus- 
 tom was soon abolished, and the deities were 
 satisfied with their usual offerings. Virg, 
 ^En. 9, V. 5S5.— Ovid. Met. 5, v. 506.— Diod. 2. 
 —Macrob. Saturn. 5, c. lO.—Ital. 14, v. 219. 
 
 Palilia, a festival celebrated by the Ro- 
 mans, in honour of the goddess Pales. The 
 ceremony consisted in burning heaps of straw, 
 and in leaping over them. No sacrifices were 
 oflfered, but the purifications were made with 
 the smoke of horses' blood, and with the ashes 
 of a calf that had been taken from the belly of 
 his mother, after it had been sacrificed, and 
 with the ashes of beans. The purification of 
 tlie flocks was also made with the smoke of 
 sidphur, of the olive, the pine, the laurel, and 
 the rosemary. Offerings of mild cheese, boil- 
 ed wine, and cakes of millet, were afterwards 
 made to the goddess. This festival was ob- 
 served on the 21st of April, and it was during 
 the celebration that Ron)ulus first began to 
 build his city. Some call this festival Parilia 
 quasi a pariendo, because the sacrifices were 
 offered to the divinity for the fecundity of the 
 flocks. Ovid. Met. 11, v. 774. Fast. 4, v. 721, 
 ^c. I. 6, v. 251.— Propert. 4, el. 1, v. 19.— T/- 
 bull.2,c\.5, V.87. 
 
 Palinurus, a skilful pilot of the ship of 
 yEiieas. He fell into the sea in his sleep, and 
 was three days exposed to the tempests and 
 the waves of the sea, and at last came safe to 
 the sea shore near Velia, where the cruel in- 
 habitants of the place murdered him to obtain 
 his clothes. His body was left uoburied on the 
 
PA 
 
 sea shore, and as, according to the religion of 
 the ancient Romans, no person was suffered to 
 cross the Stygian lake before one hundred 
 years were elapsed, if his remains had notbeen 
 decently buried, we find .a:neas, when he vis- 
 ited the infernal regions, speaking to Palinu- 
 rus, and assuring him, that though his bones 
 were deprived of a funeral, yet the place 
 wjjere his body was exposed should soon be 
 adorned with a monument, and bear his name, 
 and accordingly a promontory was called Pali- 
 nurus, now Puliauro. Virg. JF.n. 3, v. 513, 1. 
 5, V. 840, &c. 1. 6, V. M\.—Ovul. dt Rem. 577. 
 —Mela, 2, c. 4.—Strab.—Horat. 3, od. 4, v. 28. 
 
 Paliscorum, or PalIcorum Stagnum, a 
 sulphureous pool in Sicily. [FtVi. Palici.] 
 
 Paliuros, now Nahil, a river of Africa, 
 with a town of the same name at its mouth, 
 at the west of Egypt, on the Mediterranean 
 Strab. 17. 
 
 Pallades, certain virgins, of illustrious 
 parents, who were consecrated to Jupiter by 
 the Thebans of Egypt. It was required that 
 they should prostitute themselves, an infamous 
 custom, which was considered as a purifica- 
 tion, during which they were publicly mourn- 
 ell, and afterwards they were permitted to 
 marry. Slrab. 17. 
 
 Palladium, a celebrated statue of Pallas. 
 It was about three cubits high, and represent- 
 ed the goddess as sitting and holding a pike in 
 her right hand, and in her left a dislatf and a 
 spindle. It fell down from heaven near the 
 tent of [lus, as that prince was building the ci- 
 tadel of Ilium. Some nevertheless suppose that 
 it fell at Pessinus in Phrygia, or, according to 
 others, Dardanus received it as a present from 
 his mother Electra. There are some authors 
 who maintain that the Palladium was made 
 with the bones of Pelops by Abaris; but ApoUo- 
 dorus seems to say, that it was no more than 
 a piece of clock-work which moved of itself. 
 However discordant the opinions of ancient 
 authors be about this famous statue, it is uni- 
 versally agreed, that on its preservation de- 
 pended the safety of Troy. This fatality was 
 well known to the Greeks during the Trojan 
 war, and therefore Ulysses and Diomedes were 
 commissioned to steal it away. They effected 
 their purpose, and if we rely upon the author- 
 ity of some authors, they were directed how to 
 carry it away by Helenus the son of Priam, 
 who proved in this unfaithful to his country, 
 because his brother Deiphobus, at the death 
 of Paris, had married Helen, of whom he was 
 enamoured. Minerva was displeased with the 
 violence which was offered to her statue, and 
 according toVirgil, the Palladium itself appear- 
 ed to have received life and motion, and by the 
 flashes which started from its eyes, and its 
 sudden springs from the earth, it seemed to 
 show the resentment of the goddess. The true 
 Palladium, as some authors observe, was not 
 carried away from Troy by the Greeks, but 
 only one of the statues of similar size and shape, 
 which were placed near it, to deceive what- 
 ever sacrilegious persons attempted to steal it. 
 The Palladium, therefore, as they say, was 
 conveyed safe from Troy to Italy V)y vfeneas, 
 and it was afterwards preserved by the Ro- 
 mans with tl'.e greatest secrecy rmd venoiation, 
 in the temple of Vesta, a circumstance wliich 
 none but the vestal virgins knew. Htrodian. 
 
 PA 
 
 1, c. lAyhc.—Ovid. Fast. 6, v. 422, &c. Met, 
 13, v. 3S6.—Dictys. Cret. 1, c. ^.-^Jipollod. 3, 
 c. 12. — Dionj/s. Hal 1, &c. — Homer. II. 10. — 
 ^//•g. JEn. 2, v. 166, 1. 9, v. 151.— P/a/. de reb. 
 Rom. — Lucan.9. — Dares. — Phryg. — Juv. 3, v. 
 139. • 
 
 Palladius, a Greek physician, whose trea- 
 tise on fevers was edited 8vo. L. Bat. 1745, 
 A learned Roman under Adrian, he 
 
 Pallanteum, a town of Italy, or perhaps 
 more properly a citadel, built by Evander, oa 
 mount Palatine, from whence its name origi> 
 nates. Virgil says, it was called after Pallas, 
 the grandfather of Evander; but Dionysius 
 derives its name from Palantium, a town of 
 Arcadia. Dionys. 1, c. 31. — Virg. JEn. 8, v. 
 54 and 341. 
 
 Pallantia, a town of Spain, now PalenciOi, 
 on the river Cea. Mela, 2, c. 6. 
 
 Pallantias, a patronymic of Aurora, as 
 being related to the giant Pallas. Ovid. Met, 
 9, fab. 12. • 
 
 Pallantidis, the 50 sons of Pallas, the 
 son of Pandion, and the brother of iEgeus. 
 They w ere all killed by Theseus, the son of 
 iEgeas, whom they opposed when he came to 
 take possession of his father's kingdom. This 
 opposition they showed in hopes of succeed- 
 ing to the throne, as JEgeus left no children, 
 except Theseus, whose legitimacy was even 
 disputed, as he was born at Troezene. Plut. 
 in Thes.—Paus. 1. c. 22. 
 
 Palias, (adis) a daughter of Jupiter, the 
 same as Minerva, The goddess received this 
 name either because she killed the giant Pai- 
 las, or perhaps from the spear which she 
 seems to brandish in her hands {7r»\\ii .) For 
 the functions, power, and character of the 
 goddess, vid. Minerva. 
 
 Pallas, (anlis) a son of king Evander, 
 sent with some troops to assist ^neas. He 
 was killed by Turnus, the king of the Rutuii, 
 after he had made a great slaughter of the 
 
 enemy. Virg. JEn. 8, v. 104, &z,c. One 
 
 of the giants, son of Tartarus and Terra. He 
 was killed by Minerva, who covered herself 
 with his skin, whence, as some suppose, she 
 
 is called Pallas. Apollod. 3, c. 12. A son of 
 
 Crius and Eurybia, who married the nymph 
 Styx, by whom he had Victory, Valour, &c, 
 
 Hesiod. Theog. A son of Lycaon. A 
 
 son of Pandion, father of Clvtus and Butes. 
 
 Ovid. Met. 7, fab. H .—Apollod. A freed- 
 
 man of Claudius, famous for the power and 
 the riches he obtained. He advised the em- 
 peror, his master, to marry Agrijipina, and to 
 adopt her son Nero for his successor. It was 
 by his means, and those of Agrippina, that the 
 death of Claudius was hastened, and that Nero 
 was raised to the throne. Nero forgot to 
 whom he was indebted for the crown. He 
 discarded Pallas, and some time after caused 
 him to be put to death, that he might make 
 himself master of his great riches, A. D. 61. 
 Tacit. 12. .inn. c. 53. 
 
 Pallkne, a small peninsula of Macedonia, 
 formeily called Phlegra, situate above the bay 
 of Therma) on the Jilgean sea, and containing 
 live cities, the principal of which is called Pal- 
 lone. U was in this place, according to some 
 of the ancients, that mi engagement happc. ed 
 betVkCen the gods and the giants. Liv. 31, c. 
 45,1. 45, c. SU.—J-tVff. G. 4, r.B9l.-0vut. 
 
PA 
 
 Jikt. 15, V. 357. A village of Attica, where 
 
 Minerva had a temple, and where the Pal- 
 lantides chiefly resided. Herodot. 1, c. 161. — 
 Plut. in Thes. 
 
 Pallenses, a people of Cephallenia, whose 
 chief town was called Pala, or Palaea. Liv. 
 38, c. 18.— Polyb. 5, c. 3. 
 
 Palma, a governor of Syria. 
 
 Palmaria, a small island opposite Tarra- 
 cina, in Latiura. Plin. 3, c. 6. 
 
 Palmyra, the capital of Palmyrene, a coun- 
 try on the eastern boundaries of Syria, now 
 called Theudemor, or Tadmor. It is famous 
 for being the seat of the celebrated Zenobia, 
 and of Odenatus, in the reign of the empe- 
 ror Aurelian, Jt is now in ruins, and the 
 splendour and magnificence of its porticos, 
 temples, and palaces, are now daily exam- 
 ined by the curious and the learned. Plin. 
 6, c. 26 and 30. 
 
 Palphurius, oneof the flatterers of Domi- 
 tfan. Juv. 4, V, 53. 
 
 Palumbinum, a town of Samnium. Liv. 10, 
 c. 45. 
 
 Pamisos, a river of Thessaly, falling into the 
 Peneus. Herodot. 7, c. 129.— P/in. 4, c. 8. 
 Another of Messenia in Peloponnesus. 
 
 Pammenes, an Athenian general, sent to 
 assist Megalopolis, against the Mantineans, 
 
 &.C. An astrologer. A learned Grecian, 
 
 who was preceptor to Brutus. Cic. Brut. 
 97. Orat. 9. 
 
 Pammon, a son of Priam and Hecuba. 
 jipollod. 
 
 Pampa, a village near Tentyra, in Thrace. 
 Juv. 15, v. 76. 
 
 Pamphilus, a celebrated painter of Mace- 
 donia, in the age of Philip, distinguished above 
 his rivals by a superior knowledge of litera- 
 ture and the cultivation of those studies which 
 taught him to infuse, more successfully, grace 
 and dignity into his pieces. He was founder 
 ef the school for painting at Sicyon, and he 
 made a law which was observed not only in 
 Sicyon, but all over Greece, that none but 
 the children of noble and dignified persons 
 should be permitted to learn painting. Apel- 
 
 les was one of his pupils. Diog. A son of 
 
 Neoclides, among the pupils of Plato. Diog. 
 
 Pamphos, a Greek poet, supposed to have 
 lived before Hesiod's age. 
 
 Pamphyla, a Greek woman who wrote a 
 general history in 33 books, in Nero's reign. 
 This history, so much commended by the an- 
 cients, is lost. 
 
 Pamphvlia, a province of Asia Minor, an- 
 ciently called Mopsopia, and bounded on the 
 south by a part of the Mediterranean, called 
 the Pamphylian sea, west by Lycia, north by 
 Pisidia, and east by Cilicia. It abounded 
 with pastures, vines, and olives, and was peo- 
 pled by a Grecian colony. Strab. 14. — Mela, 
 l.—Paus. 7, c. 3.— Plin. 5, c. 26.— Liv. 37, c. 
 23 and 40. 
 
 Pan, was the god of shepherds, of hunts- 
 men, and of all the inhabitants of the couutry. 
 He was the son of Mercury, by Dryope, ac- 
 cording to Homer. Some give him Jupiter 
 and Callisto for parents, others Jupiter and 
 Ybis, or Oneis. Lucian, Hyginus, ^:.c. support 
 that he was the son of Mercury and t*cnclope, 
 the daughter of Icarius, and that the god gain- 
 ful the atfections of the princes'^ rlnder the form 
 
 PA 
 
 of a goat, as she tended her father's flocks oh 
 mount Taygetus, before her marriage with the 
 king of Ithaca. Some authors maintain that 
 Penelope became mother of Pan during the 
 absence of Ulysses in the Trojan war, and 
 that he was the offspring of all the suitors that 
 frequented the palace of Penelope, whence he 
 received the name of Pan, which signifies all 
 or every thing. Pan was a monster in appear- 
 ance, he had two small horns on his head, his 
 complexion was ruddy, his nose flat, and his 
 legs, thighs, tail, and feet, were those of a goat. 
 The education of Pan was intrusted to a nympb 
 of Arcadia, called Sinoe, but the nurse, accord- 
 ing to Homer, terrified at the sight of such a 
 monster, fled away and left him. He was wrap- 
 ped up in the skin of beasts by his father, and 
 carried to heaven, where Jupiter and the gods 
 long entertained themselves with the oddity of 
 his appearance. Bacchus was greatly pleased 
 with him, and gave him the name of Pan. 
 The god of shepherds chiefly resided in Arca- 
 dia, where the woods and the most rugged 
 mountains were his habitation. He invented 
 the flute with seven reeds, which he called Sy- 
 rinx, in honour of a beautiful nymph of the 
 same name, to whom he attempted to offer vi» 
 olence, and who was changed into a reed. He 
 was ''continually employed in deceiving the 
 neighbouring nymphs, and often with success. 
 Though deformed in his shape and features, 
 yet he had the good fortune to captivate Diana, 
 and of gaining her favour, be transforming 
 himself into a beautiful white goat. He was 
 also enamoured of a nym[)h of the mountains 
 called Echo, by whom he had a son called 
 Lynx. He also paid his addresses to Omphale, 
 queen of Lydia, and it is well known in what 
 manner he was received. [Vid. Omphale.} 
 The worship of Pan was well established, par- 
 ticularly in Arcadia, where he gave oracles 
 on mount Lycaeus. His festivals, called by the 
 Greeks Lyccea, were brought to Italy by Evan- 
 der, and they were well known at Rome by the 
 name of the Lupercalia. [Vid. Lupercalia.] 
 The worship, and the different functions of 
 Pan, are derived from the mythology of the 
 ancient Egyptians. This god was one of the 
 eight great gods of the Egyptians, who ranked 
 before the other 12 gods, whom the Romans 
 called Consentes. He was worshipped with 
 the greatest solemnity all over Egy{!t. His 
 statues represented him as a goat, not because 
 he was really such, but this was done for mys- 
 terious reasons. He was the emblem of fe- 
 cundity, and they looked upon him as the 
 principle of all things. His horns, as some 
 observe, represented the rays of the sun, and 
 the brightness of the heavens was expressed 
 by the vivacity and the ruddiness of his com- 
 plexion. The star which he wore on his iireast, 
 was the symbol of the firmament, and his 
 hairy legs and feet denoted the inferior parts 
 of the earth, sucli as the woods and plants. 
 Some suppose that he appeared as a goat, be- 
 cause when the gods fled into Egypt in their 
 war against the giants, Pan transformed himself 
 into a goat,an exawiple which was immediately 
 followed by all thfe deities. Pan, according to 
 some, is the same as Faunus, and he is the 
 chief of all the Satyrs. Plutarch mentions, 
 that in the reign of Tiberius, au extraordinary 
 voire M'ns heard nfNTr the Echinades ia th« 
 
PA 
 
 JoHian sea, which exclaimed that the great 
 Pan was dead. This was readily believed by 
 the emperor, and the astrologers Avere con- 
 sulted, but they were unable to explain the 
 meaning of so supernatural a voice, which pro- 
 bably proceeded from the imposition of one of 
 the courtiers who attempted to terrify Tibe- 
 rius. In Egypt, in the town of Mendes, which 
 word also signifies a goat, there was a sacred 
 goat kept with the most ceremonious sanctity. 
 The death of this animal was always attended 
 with the greatest solemnities, and like that of 
 another Apis, became the cause of an univer- 
 sal mourning. As Pan usually terrified the 
 inhabitants of the neighbouring country, that 
 kind of fear which often seizes men, and which 
 is only ideal and imaginary, has received from 
 him the name of panic fear. This kind of 
 terror has been exemplified not only in indi- 
 viduals, but in numerous armies, such as that 
 of Brennus, which was thrown into the great- 
 est consternation at Rome, without any cause 
 or plausible reason. Ovid. Fast. 1, v. 396, 1. 
 2, V.277. Met. 1, v. 689.— Firg. G 1, v. 17. 
 ^n. 8, V. 343. G. 3, v. 892.— Juv. 2, v. 142. 
 —Pans. 8, c. 30.— 7<a/. 13, v. 327.— Farro de 
 L. L. 5, c. 3. — Liv. 1, c. 5. — Dionys. Hal. 1. — 
 Herodol. 2, c. 46 and 145, Uc.—Diod. 1.— Or- 
 pheus Hymn. 10. — Homer. Hymn, in Pan. — Lu- 
 cian. Dial. Merc. 4" Pan. — .^polled. 1, c. 4. 
 
 Panacea, a goddess, daughter of ^sculapi- 
 «s, who presided over health. Lucan. 9, v. 
 918— PZin. 35, c. ll,&c, 
 
 PANiETius, a stoic philosopher of Rhodes, 
 138 B. C. He studied at Athens for some 
 time, of which he refused to become a citizen, 
 observing, that a good and modest man ought 
 to be satisfied with one country. He came to 
 Rome, where he reckoned among his pupils 
 Leelius and Scipio the second Africanus. To 
 the latter he was attached by the closest ties 
 of friendship and familiarity ; he attended him 
 in his expeditions and partook of all his plea- 
 sures and amusements. To the interest of 
 their countrymen at Rome the Rhodians were 
 greatly indebted for their prosperity and the 
 immunities which they for some time enjoyed. 
 Panaetius wrote a treatise on the duties of man, 
 whose merit can be ascertained from the en- 
 comiums which Cicero bestows upon it. Cic. 
 in Offic. de Div. 1. In Acad. 2, c. 2. de N. D. 
 
 2, c. 46. A tyrant of Leontini in Sicily, B. 
 
 C. 613. Polymi. 5. 
 
 PANiETOLiUM, a general assembly of the 
 ^tolians. Liv 31, c. 29, 1. 35, c. 32. 
 
 Panares, a general of Crete, defeated by 
 Metellus, &,c. 
 
 Panariste, one of the waiting women 
 of Berenice, the wife of king Antiochus. 
 Poly an. 8. 
 
 Panathkn.€a, festivals in honour of Mi- 
 nerva the patroness of Athens. They were 
 first instituted by Erichtheus or Orpheus, and 
 called Aihenaa ; but Tiieseus afterwards re 
 Dcwed them, and caused them to be celebrated 
 and observed by all the tribes of Athens, which 
 he had united into one, and from which rea- 
 son the festivals received their name. Some 
 suppose that they are the same as the Roman 
 Qnitiquatria, as they are often called by that 
 name among the Latins. In the first years of 
 the institution, they were cbservedouly during 
 one da\-, but afterwards the time was pro- 
 
 C:3 
 
 PA 
 
 longed, and the celebration was attended WAh 
 greater pomp and solemnity. The festivals 
 were two ; the great PanathencEa(!^7 »'■»), which' 
 were observed every 5th year, beginning on the 
 22d of the month called Hecalombaon, or 7th 
 of July, and the lesser Panathencza (."•■^*) ; 
 which were kept every 3d year, or rather an- 
 nually, beginning on the 2lst or 20th of the 
 month called Thargelion, corresponding to the 
 5th or 6th day of the month of May. In the 
 lesser festivals there were three games con- 
 ducted by ten presidents chosen from the tea 
 tribes of Athens, who continued four years ia 
 oflSce. On the evening of the first day there 
 was a race with torches, in which men on foot, 
 and afterwards on horseback, contended. 
 The same was also exhibited in the greater 
 festivals. The second combat was gymnical, 
 and exhibited a trial of strength and bodily 
 dexterity. The last was a musical contention, 
 first instituted by Pericles. In the songs 
 they celebrated the generous undertaking of 
 Harmodius and Aristogiton, who opposed the 
 Pisistratidae, and of Thrasybulus, who deli- 
 vered Athens from its thirty tyrants. Phry- 
 nis of Mitylene was the first who obtained the 
 victory by playing upon the harp. There 
 were besides other musical instruments, oa 
 wliich they played in concert, such as flutes, 
 k.c. The poets contended in four plays, called 
 from their number rtT^mxaytx. The last of these 
 was a satire. There was also at Sunium an 
 imitation of a naval fight. Whoever obtained 
 the victory in any of these games was reward- 
 ed with a vessel of oil, which he was permitted 
 to dispose of in whatever manner he pleased, 
 and it was unlawful for any other person to 
 transport that commodity. The conqueror 
 also received a crown of the olives which 
 grew in the groves of Academus, and were 
 sacred to Minerva, and called /uo^j*m, from i^eo;, 
 death, in remembrance of the tragical end oi" 
 Hallirhotius the son of Neptune, who cut his 
 own legs when he attempted to cut down the 
 olive which had given the victory to Minerva 
 in preference to his father, when these tw» 
 deities contended about giving a name to 
 Athens. Some suppose that the word is de- 
 rived from A'£€«, a part, because these olives 
 were given by contribution by all such as at- 
 tended at the festivals. There was also a 
 dance called Pyrrhichia, performed by young 
 boys in armour, in imitation of Minerva, who 
 thus expressed her triumph over the van- 
 quished Titans. Gladiators were also intro- 
 duced when Athens became tributary to the 
 Romans. During the celebration, no persoa 
 was permitted to appear in dyed garments, 
 and if any one transgressed he was punished 
 according to the discretion of the president of 
 the games. After these things, a sumptuous 
 sacrifice was ottered, in which every one of 
 the Athenian boroughs contributed an ox, and 
 the whole was concluded by an entertainment 
 for all the company with the flesh that re- 
 mained from the sacrifice. In the greater fes- 
 tivals, the same rites and ceremonies were 
 usually observed, but with more solemnity and 
 magnificence. Others were also added, parti- 
 cularly the procession, in which Minerva's 
 sacred ttitt;^-, or garment, was carried. This 
 garment was woven by a select number of 
 virgin"; railed i«vt:-»c:^<, from \j^, tcark. Thev 
 
PA 
 
 were superintended by two of the a??'!^''?^*, or 
 young virgins, not above seventeen years of 
 age, nor under eleven, whose garments were 
 white and set off with ornaments of gold. Mi- 
 nerva's j^ep/jw was of a white colour, without 
 sleeves, and embroidered with gold. Upon it 
 were described the achievements of the god- 
 dess, particularly her victories over the giants. 
 The exploits of Jupiter and the other gods 
 were also represented there, and from that 
 circumstance men of courage and bravery are 
 said to be nlf.t ttcttkoj, worthy to be portrayed 
 in Minerva's sacred garment. In the proces- 
 sion of the peplus, the following ceremonies 
 were observed. In the ceramicus, without the 
 city, there was an engine built in the form of a 
 ship, upon which Minerva's garment was 
 hung as a sail, and the whole was conducted, 
 not by beasts, as some have supposed, but by 
 subterraneous machines, to the temple of Ce- 
 res Eleusinia, and from thence to the citadel, 
 where the peplus was placed upon Minerva's 
 statue, which was laid upon a bed woven or 
 strewed with flowers, which was called jrxaxi,. 
 Persons of all ages, of every sex and quality, 
 attended the procession, which was led by old 
 men and women carrying olive branches in 
 their hands, from which reason they were call- 
 ed ^a\\s:;aj:i, bearers af green boughs. Next 
 followed men of full age with shields and 
 spears. They Were attended by the ^tm/.:*, or 
 foreigners, who carried small boats as a token 
 of their foreign origin, and from that account 
 they were called (r/.«?>j<?o-e«, boat bearers. After 
 them came the women attended by the wives 
 of the foreigners called ^V^o;''? because they 
 carried water pots. Next to these came young 
 men crowned with millet and singing hymns 
 to the goddess, and after them followed select 
 virgins of the noblest families, called x»*/;(po.o», 
 basket bearers, because they carried baskets, 
 in which were certain things necessary for the 
 celebration, with whatever utensils were also 
 requisite. These several necessaries were ge- 
 nerally in the possession of the chief manager 
 of the festival called »eyy^><^eo(, who distributed 
 them when occasion offered. The virgins 
 were attended by the daughters of the foreign- 
 ers, who carried umbrellas and little seats, 
 from which they were named Jfi^td^e^oi, seat 
 carriers. The boys, called w^oiUufx:*, as it may 
 be supposed, led the rear clothed in coats 
 generally worn at processions. The necessa- 
 ries for this and every other festival were pre- 
 pared in a public hall erected for that purpose, 
 between the Pirzean gate and the temple of 
 Ceres. The management and the care of the 
 whole was intrusted to the w^o^u^axj?, or people 
 employed in seeing the rites and ceremonies 
 properly observed. It w^as also usual to set all 
 prisoners at liberty, and to present golden 
 crowns to such as had deserved well of their 
 country. Some persons were also chosen to 
 sing some of Homer's poems, a custom which 
 was first introduced by Hipparchus the son of 
 Pisistratus. It was also customary in this fes- 
 tival and every other quinquennial festival, to 
 pray for the prosperity of the Plalffians, whose 
 services had been so conspicuous at the battle 
 of Marathon. Ptut. in Thes. — Paus. Jlrc. 2. — 
 JElian. V. H. 8, c. 2.—.ipol[od. 3, c. 14. 
 
 PanciijKa, Pakchea, or Panchaia, an 1 
 ifiland of Arabia Felix, where Jupiter Triphy- ' 
 
 PA 
 
 lius had a magnificent temple. A part of 
 
 Arabia Felix, celebrated for the myrrh, frank- 
 incense, and perfumes which it produced.. 
 Virg. G. 2, v. 139, 1. 4, v. 379.— Cu/ex. 87.— 
 Ovid. Met. 1, v. 309, hc.—Diod. 5.—Lucret. 2, 
 V. 417. 
 
 Panda, two deities at Rome, who presided 
 one over the openings of roads ; and the other 
 over the openings of tovvn». Varro de P. JR. 
 1. JJ. Gell. 13, c. 22. 
 
 Pandama, a girl of India favoured by Her- 
 cules, &c. Polycen. 1. 
 
 Pandaria, or Pandataria, a small island 
 of the Tyrrhene sea. 
 
 Pandakus, a son of Lycaon, who assisted 
 the Trojans in their war against the Greeks, 
 He went to the war without a chariot, and 
 therefore he generally fought on foot. He 
 broke the truce which had been iigreed upon 
 between the Greeks and Trojans, and wounded 
 Menelaus and Diomedes, and showed himself 
 brave and unusually courageous. He was al 
 last killed by Diomedes; and jEneas, who 
 then carried him in his chariot, by attempting 
 to revenge his death, nearly perished by the 
 hand of the furious enemy. Dictys. Cret, 2, 
 c. 35. — Homer. II. 2 and 5. — Hygin. fab, 112. — 
 Virg. JEn. 5, v. 495. — Strab. 14. — Serviui in 
 loco. A son of Alcanor killed with his bro- 
 ther Britias by Turnus. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 735. 
 
 A native of Crete punished with death for 
 
 being accessary to the theft of Tantalus. What 
 this theft was is unknown. Some, however, 
 suppose that Tantalus stole the ambrosia and 
 the nectar from the tables of the gods to which 
 he had been admitted, or that he carried away 
 a dog which watched Jupiter's temple in Crete> 
 in which crime Padarus was concerned, and 
 for which he suffered. Paudarus had two 
 daughters, Camiroand Clytia, who were als» 
 deprived of their mother by a sudden deaths 
 and left without friends or protectors. Venus 
 had compassion upon them, and she fed them 
 with milk, honey, and wine. The goddesses 
 were all equally interested in their welfare. 
 Juno gave them wisdom and beauty, Diana a 
 handsome figure and regular features, and Mi- 
 nerva instructed them in whatever domestic 
 accomplishments can recommend a wife. Ve- 
 nus wished still to make their happiness more 
 complete ; and when they were come to nu- 
 bile years the goddess prayed Jupiter to grant 
 them kind and tender husbands. But in her 
 absence the Harpies carried away the virgins 
 and delivered them to the Eumenides to share 
 the punishment which their father suffered. 
 Paus. 10, c. 30. Pindar. 
 
 Pandahus, or Pandareus, a man who 
 had a daughter called Philomela. She was 
 changed into a nightingale, after she had kill- 
 ed, by mistake, her son Itylus, w hose death 
 she mourned in the greatest melancholy 
 Some suppose him to be the same asPandiou; 
 king of Athens. 
 
 Pandataria, an island on the coast of Lu- 
 caiiia, tiow called Santa Maria. 
 
 Pandates, a friend of Datames at the court 
 of Artaxerxes. C. JS'ep.inDat. 
 
 Pa.ndemia, a surname of Venus, expres- 
 sive of her great power over the affections of 
 mankind. 
 
 Panj)kmus, one of the surnames of the 
 god of love, among the Egyptians and the 
 
PA 
 
 PA 
 
 Greeks, who distinguished two Cupids, one of] her a beautiful box, which she was ordered 
 whom was the vulgar, called Pandemus, and i to present to the man who married her; 
 
 and by the commission of the god, Mercury 
 
 conducted her to Prometheus. The artful 
 mortal was sensible of the deceit, and as he 
 had always distrusted Jupiter, as well as the 
 rest of the gods, since he had stolen fire away 
 from the sun to animate his man of clay, he 
 sent away Pandora without suftering himself 
 to be captivated by her charms. His brother 
 Epiraetheus was not possessed of the same 
 prudence and sagacity. He married Pandora, 
 and when he opened the box which she pre- 
 sented to him, there issued from it a multi- 
 tude of evils and distempers, which dispersed 
 themselves all over the world, and which, 
 from that fatal moment, have never ceased to 
 atiict the human race. Hope was the only 
 one who remained at the bottom of the box, 
 and it is she alone who has the wonderful pow- 
 er of easing the labours of man, and of render- 
 ing his troubles and sorrows less painful in 
 life. Hesiod. Theog. 4^ Dios. — Apollod. 1, c. T . 
 
 — Paus. 1, c. 24. — Hygxn. 14. A daughter 
 
 of Erechtheus kins: of Athens. She was sister 
 
 another of a purer, and more celestial origin. 
 Plut. in Erot. 
 
 Pandia, a festival at Athens established 
 by Pandion, from whom it received its name, 
 or because it was observed in honour of Jupi- 
 ter, who can r^ 7t»vtx StytJttv, move and turn all 
 things as he pleases. Some suppose that it 
 concerned the moon, because it does ^^xito-: 
 wjM, move incessantly by showing itself day 
 and night, rather than the sun, which never 
 appears but in the day time. It was celebra- 
 ted after the Dionysia, because Bacchus is 
 sometimes taken for the Sun or Apollo, and 
 therefore the brother, or, as some will have it, 
 the sun and the moon. 
 
 Pandion, a king of Athens, son of Erich- 
 thon and Pasithea, who succeeded his father, 
 B. C. 1437. He became father of Procne and 
 Philomela, Erechtheus, and Butes. During 
 his reign there was sucb an abundance of corn, 
 wine, and oil, that it was publicly reported 
 that Bacchus and Minerva had personally 
 visited Attica. He waged a successful war 
 against Labdacus king of Bceotia, and gave 
 his daughter Procne in marriage to Tereus, 
 king of Thrace, who had assisted him. The 
 treatment which Philomela received from her 
 brother-in-law, Tereus, [Vid. Philomela] was 
 the source of infinite grief to Pandion, and he 
 died, through excess of sorrow, after a reign 
 of 40 years. There was also another Pandion, 
 son of Cecrops 2d. by Metiaduca, who suc- 
 ceeded to his father, B. C. 130. He was 
 driven from his paternal dominions, and fled 
 to Pylas, king of Megara, who gave him his 
 daughter Pelia in marriage, and resigned his 
 crown to bim. Pandion became father of 
 four children, called from him Pandionidce, 
 .Sgeus, Pallas, Nisus, and Lycus. The 
 eldest of these children recovered his fa- 
 ther's kingdom. Some authors have con- 
 founded the two Pandions together in such 
 an indiscriminate manner, that they seem 
 to have been only one and the same person. 
 Many believe that Philomela and Procne 
 were the daughters, not of Pandion the 1st. 
 but of Pandion the 2d. Ovid. Met. 6, v. 676. 
 — Apollod. 3, c. 15 — Paus. 1, c. 5. — Hygin. 
 
 fab. 48. A son of Phineus and Cleopatra, 
 
 deprived of his eye-sight by his father. Apol- 
 lod. 3, c. 15. A son of ^gyptus and He- 
 
 phffistina. A king of the Indies in the age of 
 Augustu.^. 
 
 Pandora, a celebrated vvomaa, the first 
 mortal female that ever lived, accordii>g to 
 the opinion of the poet Hesiod. She was 
 made with clay by Vulcan, at the request of 
 Jupiter, who wished to punish the impiety and 
 artifice of Prometheus, by giving him a wife. 
 When this woman of clay had been made by 
 the artist, and received lite, all the gods vied 
 in making her presents. Venus gave her 
 beauty and the art of pleasing ; the Graces 
 gaye her the power of captivating; Apollo 
 latiglit her how to sing; .Mercury instructed h«;r 
 in eloquence; and Minerva gave her the most 
 rich and splendid ornaments. From all these 
 valuable presents, which she had received 
 from the gods, the Avoman was called Pandora, 
 which intimates that she had received every 
 necessary gift ^*v S.'^v. Jupitor ^(yor Mii* ga'.o 
 
 to Protogenia, who sacrificed herself for her 
 country at the beginning of the Sceotian war. 
 
 PandGrus, a son of Erechtheus king oi 
 Athens. 
 
 Pandosia, a towa in the country of the 
 Brutii, situate on a mountain. Alexander king 
 
 of tbe Molossi died' there. Strab. 6. A 
 
 town of Epirus. Ptin. 4, c. 1. 
 
 Pandrosos, a daughter of Cecrops, king 
 of Athens, sister to Aglauros and Herse. 
 She was the only one of the sisters who had 
 not the fatal curiosity to open a basket which 
 Minerva had intrusted to their care. [Tii. 
 Erich thonius,] for which sincerity a temple 
 was raised to her near that of Minerva, and 
 a festival instituted to her honour, called Pan- 
 drosia. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 138. —Apollod. 3.— 
 Paus. 1, &c. 
 
 Panenus, or Pyn^us, a celebrated painter, 
 who was for some time engaged in painting 
 the battle of Marathoji. Plin. 35. 
 
 Panceus, a mountain of Ttiraqe, anciently 
 called Mans Caraniinus, and joined to mount 
 Rhodope near the sources of the river Nestus, 
 It was inhabited by four different nations. It 
 was on this mountain that Lycurgus, the Thra- 
 cian king, was torn to pieces, and that Or- 
 pheus called the attention of the wild beasts, 
 and of the mountains and woods to listen to 
 his song. It abounded in gold and silver 
 mines. Herodot. 5, c. i6,&ic. I. 7, c. 113. — Virg. 
 a. 4, V. 4&2.~Ovid. Fast. 3, v. T39.— Tkucyd. 
 'l.—Lucan. 1, v. 679, 1. 7, v. 482. 
 
 Paniasis, a man who wrote a poem upoa 
 Hercules, ^c. Vid. Panyasis. 
 
 Panionil.m, a place at the foot of mount 
 Mycale, near the town of Ephesusin Asia Mi- 
 nor, sacred to Neptune of Helice. It was iii 
 this jilace that all the slates of.Io^iia assembled, 
 either to consult for their own safety and pros- 
 perity, or to cerebrate festivals, or to offer a 
 sacrifice for the good of all the nation, whence 
 the name 5r»i.oi.o» all Ionia. The deputies of 
 the twelve Ionian cities which assembled 
 there were those of Miletus, Myus, Priene, 
 Epliesu.'5, Lebedos, Colophon, Clazoineuse* 
 Phorcwa, Teos, Chios, Samos,and Erythrae. !( 
 the bnll oirpred in sacriHcc bellowed, it WR"; 
 
PA 
 
 accounted an omen of the highest favour, as 
 the sound was particularly acceptable to the 
 god of the sea, as in some manner it resem- 
 bled the roaring of the waves of the ocean. 
 Herodot. 1, c. 148, hc.—Slrab. 14.— Mela, 1, 
 c. 17. 
 
 PANius,a place at Coelo-Syria, where An- 
 tiochus defeated Scopas, B. C. 198. 
 
 Pannonia, a large country of Europe, 
 bounded on th€ east by Upper Mcesia, south 
 by Dalmatia, west by JNoricum, and north by 
 the Danube. It was divided by the ancients 
 into lower and upper Pannonia. The jnhtib- 
 itants were of Celtic origin, and were first in- 
 vaded by J. Caesar, and conquered in the reign 
 of Tiberius. Philip and his son Alexander 
 some ages before had successively conquered 
 it. Sirmium was the ancient capital of all 
 Pannonia, which contains the modern provin- 
 ces of Croatia, Carniola, Sclavonia, Bosnia, 
 Windisch, March, with part of Servia, and of 
 the kingdoms of Hungary and Austria. Lu- 
 can. 3, v. 95, 1. 6, v. 220.— Tibull. 4, el. 1, v. 
 109.— Pltji. 3.— Dion. Cass. 49.— Strab. 4 and 
 "7. — Jomaiid. — Paierc. 2, c. 9. — Suet. Aug. 
 20. 
 
 Panolbius, a Greek poet, mentioned by 
 Suidas. 
 
 Pakomphjeus, a surname of Jupiter, either 
 because he w^as worshipped by every nation 
 on earth, or because he heard the prayers and 
 the supplications which were addressed to 
 him, or because the rest of the gods derived 
 from him their knowledge of futurity (yr^i 
 omnis, o,u(;!y, vox.) Ovid. Met. 11, v. 198. — Ho- 
 mer. II. 8. 
 
 Panope, or Panopea, one of the Nereides, 
 Ti'hom sailors generally invoked in storms. 
 Her name signifies, giving every assist- 
 ance., or seeing every thing. Hesiod. Theog. 
 2dl.— Virg. JEn. 5, v. 825.— One of the 
 
 daughters of Thespius. Apollod.2, c. 7. A 
 
 town of Phocis, called also Panopeus. Ovid. 
 Met. 3, V. \9.—Liv. 32, c. l&.-Paus. 10, c. 4. 
 —Stat. Thtb. 7, v. 344.— Homer. II. 2, v. 27. 
 Orf. ll,v.580. 
 
 Panopks, a famous huntsman among the 
 attendants of Acestes, king of Sicily, who was 
 one of those that engaged in the games exhib- 
 ited by iEneas. Virg. ASn. 5, v. 300. 
 
 Panopeus, a son of Phocus and Asterodia, 
 who accompanied Amphitryon when he made 
 war against the Teleboans. He was father to 
 Epeus, who made the celebrated wooden 
 horse at the siege of Troy. Pans. 2, c. 29. — 
 Apollod. 2, c. 4. A town of Phocis, be- 
 tween Orchomenos and the Cephisus. JPaus. 
 10, c. 4.— Strab. 9. 
 
 Panopion, a Roman saved from death by 
 the uncommon fidelity of his servant. When 
 the assassins came to murder him as being 
 proscribed, the servant exchanged clothes 
 with his master, and let him escape by a back 
 door.' He afterwards went into his master's 
 bed, and suffered himself to be killed as if 
 ^ / anopion himself. Val. Max. 
 >g»", Panopulis, the city of Pan, a town of Eevpt, 
 ■* called also Clicmmis. Pan had there a Tern- 
 pie, wliere he was worshipped with great 
 solemnity, and represented in a statue /asctVio 
 longis-nmo 6^ credo. Diod. b.—Slrab. 17. 
 
 Panoptes, a name of Argus, frojn the 
 power of his eyes. ^wUod. 2. 
 
 **f' 
 
 pa 
 
 Panormus, now called Palermo, a town of 
 Sicily, built by the Phoenicians, on the north- 
 west part of the island, w-ith a good and capa- 
 cious harbour. It was the strongest hold of 
 the Carthaginians in Sicily, and it was at last 
 taken with diificulty by the Romans. Mela^ 
 
 2, c. I.-Ital. 14, V. 262. A town of the 
 
 Thracian Chersonesus. A town of Ionia, 
 
 near Ephesus. Another in Crete, in 
 
 Macedonia, • — Achia, Samos. A 
 
 Messenian who insulted the religion of the 
 Lacedaemonians. Vid. Gonippus. 
 
 Panotii, a people of Scythia, said to have 
 very large ears. Plin. 4, c. 13. 
 
 Pansa., C. Vibius, a Roman consul, who, 
 with A. Hirtius, pursued the murderers of J. 
 Caesar, and was killed in a battle near Mutina. 
 On his death-bed he advised young Octa- 
 vius to unite his interest with that of Antony, 
 if he wished to revenge the death of Julius 
 Caesar, and from his friendly advice soon af- 
 ter rose the celebrated second triumvirate. 
 Some suppose that Pansa was put to death by 
 Octavius himself, or through him, by the phy- 
 sician Glicon, who poured poison into the 
 wounds of his patient. Pansa and Hirtius 
 were the two last consuls who enjoyed the 
 dignity of chief magistrates of Rome witiifuU 
 power. The authority of the consuls after- 
 waids dwindled into a shadow. Paierc. 2, c. 
 6.—pio. 46.— Ovid. Trist. 3, el. b.—Plut. fy 
 Appian. 
 
 Pantagnostus, a brother of Polycrates, 
 tyrant of Samos. Polycen. 1. 
 
 Pantagyas, a small river on the eastern 
 coast of Sicily, which falls into the sea, after 
 running a short space in rough cascades over 
 rugged stones and precipices. Virg JEn. 3, 
 v. 689.— //a/. 14, v. 232.— Ovid. Fast.4, v. 471. 
 
 Pantaleon, a king of Pisa, who presided at 
 the Olympic games, B. C. 664, after exclu- 
 ding the Eleans, who on that account expung- 
 ed the Olympiad from the Fasti, and called 
 it the 2d' Anolympiad. They had called for 
 the same reason the 8th the 1st Anolympiad, 
 
 because the Pisseans presided. An ^toiian 
 
 chief. Liv. 42, c. 15. 
 
 Pantanus lacus, the lake of Lesina, is 
 situated in Apulia at the mouth of the Fren- 
 to. Plin. 3, c. 12. 
 
 Pantauchus, a man appointed over iEtolia 
 by Demetrius, Lc. Plut. 
 
 Panteus, a friend of Cleomenes, king of 
 Sparta, he. Plut. 
 
 Panthides, a man who married Italia, the 
 daughter of Tbemistocles. 
 
 Panthea, the wife of Abradates, cele- 
 brated for her beauty and conjugal affection. 
 She was taken prisoner by Cyrus, who refu- 
 sed to visit her, not to be ensnared by the 
 power of her personal charms. She killed 
 herself on the body of her husband, who 
 had been slain in a battle, he. [l^id. Ab- 
 radates.] Xenoph. Cyrop. — Suidas. The 
 
 mother of Eumajus, the faithful servant of 
 Ulysses. 
 
 Pantheon, a celebrated temple at Rome, 
 built by Agrippa, in the reign of Augustus, 
 and dedicated to all the gods, whence the 
 name ^»: .'«55. It was struck with lightning 
 some time after, and partly destroyed. Adrian 
 repaired it, and it still remains at Rome, con- 
 veitetl into a Christian temple, the admiration 
 
PA 
 
 «f the curious. Plin. 36, c. 15. — Marcell 16, 
 c. 10. 
 
 Pantheus, or Panthcs, a Trojan, son of 
 Othryas tbe priest of Apollo. When his coun- 
 try was burnt by the Greeksj he followed the 
 fortune of JEneas, and was killed. Virg. JF.n. 
 2, V. 429. 
 
 Panthoides, a patronymic of Euphorbus. 
 the son of Fanthous. Pythagoras is some- 
 times called by that name, as he asserted that 
 he was Euphorbus during the Trojan war. 
 Horat. 1, od. 28, v. lO.—Gvid. Met. 15, v 161. 
 
 A Spartan general killed by Pericles at 
 
 the battle of Tanagra. 
 
 Panticap^um, now Kerche, a town of Tau- 
 rica Chersonesus, built by the Milesians, and 
 governed some time by its own laws, and 
 afterwards subdued by the kings of Bosphorus. 
 It was, according to Strabo, the capital of the 
 European Bosphorus. Mithridates the Great 
 died there. Plin. — Strab. 
 
 Panticapes, a river of European Scythia, 
 which falls into the Borysthenes, supposed to 
 be the Samara of the moderns. Herodot. 4, c. 
 54. 
 
 Pantilius, a buffoon, ridiculed by Horat. 1, 
 Sat. 10, V. 78. 
 
 Pantasis, an ancient Greek, uncle to the 
 historian Herodotus. He celebrated Hercules 
 in one of his poems, and the louians in an- 
 other, and was universally esteemed. Alhen. 2. 
 
 Pany.\sus, a river of Illyricum, falling into 
 the Adriatic, near Dyrrhachium. Ptolem. 
 
 Papxus, a name of Jupiter among tlie Scy- 
 thians. Herodot. 4. 
 
 Paphages, a king of Ambracia, killed by 
 a lioness deprived of her whelps. Or>id. in lb. 
 V. 502. 
 
 Paphia, a surname of Venus because the 
 
 goddess was worshipped at Paphos. An 
 
 ancient name of the island of Cyprus. 
 
 Paphlagonia, now Penderachia, a coun- 
 try of Asia Minor, situate at the west of the 
 river Halys, by which it was separated from 
 Cappadocia. It was divided on the west 
 from the Bithynians, by the river Parthe- 
 nius. Herodot. 1, c. 72. — Strab. 4. — Mela. — 
 Plin.— Curt. 6, c. 11.— C/c. Rull. 2, c. 2 
 and 19. 
 
 Paphos, now Bafo, a famous city of the 
 island of Cyprus, founded, as some suppose, 
 about 1184 years before Christ, by Agepenor. 
 at the head of a colony from Arcadia. The 
 goddess of beauty was particularly worship- 
 ped there, and all male animals were offer- 
 ed on her altars, W'hich though 100 in num- 
 ber, daily smoked with the profusion of 
 \rabian frankincense. The inhabitants were 
 very effeminate and lascivious, and the young 
 virgins were permitted by the laws of the 
 place, to get a dowry by prostitution. Strab. 
 rt, Lc.—Plin. 2, c. 96.— Mela. 2, c. l.—Ho- 
 Vier. Od. 8.— Virg. JEn. 1, v. 419, &:c. 1. 10, v. 
 rA, he— Horat. 1, od. 30, v. I.— Tacit. A. 3, 
 c. 62, H. 2, c. 2. 
 
 Paphus, a son of Pygmalion, by a statue 
 which had been changed into a woman by 
 Venus, [r/rf. Pygmalion.] Ovid. Met. \Qy\. 
 297. 
 
 Papia r.Ex, de peregrinis, i)y Papius (lie tri- 
 bune, A. U. C. 688, which rcijuired that all 
 ■^trnngers should be driven away from Rome. 
 li was afterwards confirmed and cxrcndef? hr 
 
 PA 
 
 I the Julian law.—— Another called Papia Popf 
 I p^a, because it was enacted by the tribunes, 
 ' M. Papius Mutilus, and Q. PoppaBus Secun- 
 dus, who had received consular power from 
 the consuls for six months. It was called the 
 Julian law, after it had been published by or- 
 der of Augustus, who himself was of the Ju- 
 lian family, Vid. Julia lex de Maritandis or- 
 dinibus. Another to empower the high- 
 priest to choose 20 virgins for the service 
 
 of the goddess Vesta. Another in the age 
 
 of Augustus. It gave tbe patron a certain 
 right to the property of his client, if he had 
 left a specified sura of money, or if he had not 
 three children. 
 
 Papianus, a man who proclaimed himself 
 emperor some time after the Gordians. He 
 was put to death. 
 
 Papias, an early Christian writer who first 
 propagated the doctrine of the Milennium. 
 There are remaining some historical frag- 
 ments of his. 
 
 Papinianus, a writer, A. D. 212. Vid. M- 
 myllus Papinianus. 
 
 Papinius, a tribune who conspired against 
 
 Caligula. A man who destroyed himselff 
 
 kc. Tacit. Ann. 6, c. 49. 
 
 Papiria, the wife of Paulus jEmylius. She 
 was divorced. Plut. 
 
 Papirius, a centurion engaged to rourd^, 
 Piso, the proconsul of Africa. T(zcit. Hist. 4, 
 c. 49. A patrician, chosen rex sacrorum, af- 
 ter the expulsion of the Tarquins from Rome. 
 A Roman who wished to gratify his unna- 
 tural desires upon the body of one of his slaves 
 called Publilius. The slave refused, and was 
 inhumanly treated. This called for the inter- 
 ference of justice, and a decree was made 
 which forbid any person to be detained in fet- 
 ters, but only for a crime that deserved such a 
 treatment, and only till the criminal had suf- 
 fered the punishment which the law s directed. 
 Creditors also had a right to arrest the goods 
 and not the person of their debtors. Liv. 8, 
 c. 28. Carbo, a Roman consul who under- 
 took the defence of Opimius, who was accused 
 of condemning and putting to death a number 
 of citizens on mount Aventinus without the 
 formalities of a trial. His client was acquitted. 
 Cursor, a man w ho first erected a sun- 
 dial in the temple of Quirinus at Rome, B. C. 
 293 ; from which time the days began to be di- 
 vided into hours. A dictator who ordered 
 
 his master of horse to be put to death, because 
 he bad fought and conquered the enemies of 
 the republic without his consent. The people 
 interfered, and the dictator pardoned him. 
 Cursor made war against the Sabines and con- 
 quered them, and also triumphed over the 
 Samnites. His great severity displeased the 
 people. He flourished about 320 years before 
 
 the Christian era. Liv. 9, c. 14. One of 
 
 his family, surnamed Pralextattis, from an 
 action ot his whilst he wore the prcetexta, « 
 certain gown for young men. His father of 
 the same name, carried him to the senate 
 house, where affairs of the greatest importance 
 were then in debate before the senators. The 
 mother of young Papirius wished to know what 
 had passed in the senate; but Papirius, un- 
 willing to betray the secrets of that august as- 
 sembly, amused his mother by telling her that 
 \{ heA l-ocn considered whether it ivould be 
 
PA 
 
 more advantageous to the republic to give two 
 wives to one husband, than two husbands to 
 one wife. The mother of Papirius was alarm- 
 ed, and she communicated the secret to the 
 Other Roman matrons, and, on the morrow, 
 they assembled in the senate, petitioning that 
 one woman might have two husbands, rather 
 than one husband two wives. The senators 
 were astonished at this petition, but young Pa- 
 pirius unravelled the whole mystery, and from 
 that time it was made a law araongthe senators, 
 that no young man should for the future be in- 
 troduced into the senate house, except Papi- 
 rius. This law was carefully observed till the 
 age of Augustus, who permitted children of all 
 ages to hear the debates of the senators. Ma- 
 
 erob. Sat. 1, c. 6. Carbo, a friend of Cinna 
 
 and Marius. He raised cabals against Sylla 
 and Pompey, and was at last put to death by 
 order of Pompey, after he had rendered him- 
 self odious by a tyrannical consulship, and af- 
 ter he had been proscribed by Sylla. A 
 
 consul defeated by the armies of the Cimbri. 
 
 Crassus, a dictator who triumphed over 
 
 the Samnites. A consul murdered by the 
 
 Gauls, k,c. A son of Papirius Cursor who 
 
 defeated the Samnites, and dedicated a temple 
 
 to Romulus Quirinus. Maso, a consul, who 
 
 conquered Sardinia and Corsica, and reduced 
 them into the form of a province. At his re- 
 turn to Rome, be was refused a triumph, up- 
 on which he introduced a triumphal proces- 
 sion, and walked with his victorious army to 
 the capitol, wearing a crown of myrtle on his 
 head. His example was afterwards followed 
 by such generals as were refused a triumph by 
 
 the Roman senate. Val. Max. 3, c. 6. The 
 
 family of the Papirii was patrician, and long 
 distinguishftd for its services to the state. It 
 bore the different surnames of Crassus, Cur- 
 sor, Mugillanus, Maso, Prcelextatus, and Pec- 
 tus, of which the three first branches became 
 the most illustrious. 
 
 Papiri.v lex, by Papirius Carbo, A. U. 
 C. 621. It required that, in passing or reject- 
 ing laws in the comitia, the votes should be 
 
 given on tablets. Another, by the tribune 
 
 Papirius, which enacted that no person 
 should consecrate any edifice, place, or thing, 
 Tvithout the consent and permission of the 
 
 people. Cic. pro domo 50. Another, A. 
 
 U. C. 563, to diminish the weight, and in- 
 crease the value of the Roman as. Ano- 
 ther, A. U. C. 421, to give the freedom 
 
 of the city to the citizens of Acerrce. 
 
 Another, A. U. C. 623. It was proposed, 
 but not passed. It recommended the right of 
 choosing a man tribune of the people as often 
 as he wished. 
 
 Papim.v lex was enacted to settle the 
 rights of husbands and wives if they had no 
 children.— —Another, by which a person less 
 than 50 years old could not marry another 
 of 60. 
 
 Pappus, a philosopher and mathematician 
 of Alexandria, in the reign of Theodosius the 
 Great. 
 
 Papyrius. Vid. Papirius. 
 
 Parabyston, a tribunal at Athens, where 
 causes of inferior consequence were tried by 
 11 judges. Pans. 1, c. 40. 
 
 Pauvdisus, a town of Syria or Phoeni- 
 cia. Ftin. 6^ c. 23.— 57;a&, 16. In the 
 
 PA 
 
 I plains of Jericho there was a large palace, with 
 J a garden beautifully [)lanted with trees, and 
 I called Balsami Paradisus. 
 I Parjetac^, or Taceni, a people between 
 Media and Persia, where Antigonus was de- 
 feated by Eumenes. C. JYep. in Eum. 8. — 
 Strab. 11 and 16.—Plin. 6, c. 26. 
 
 PARiETONiuM, a towu of Egypt at the west 
 of Alexandria, where Isis was worshipped. 
 The word ParcEtonius is used to signify Egyp- 
 tian, and is sometimes applied to Alexandria, 
 which was situate in the neighbourhood. 
 Strab. n.—Flor. 4, c. U.~-Lucan. 3, v. 295, 1. 
 10, v. 9.— Ovid. Met. 9, v. 712. A 2, el. 13, 
 V.7. 
 
 Parali, a division of the inhabitants of At- 
 tica ; they received this name from their being 
 near the sea coast, nx^it and «^;. 
 
 Paralus, a friend of Dion, by whose assis- 
 tance he expelled Dionysius. A son of Pe- 
 ricles. His premature death was greatly la- 
 mented by his father. Plut. 
 
 Parasia, a country at the east of Media. 
 
 Parasius, a son of Philonomia by a shep- 
 herd. He was exposed on Erymanthus by his 
 mother, with his twin brother Lycastas. 
 Their lives were preserved 
 
 Parc;e, powerful goddesses, who presided 
 over the birth and the life of mankind. They 
 were three in number, Clotho, Lachesis, and 
 Atropos, daughters of Nox and Erebus, Jac- 
 cording to Hesiod, or of Jupiter and Themis, 
 according to the same poet in another poem. 
 Some make them daughters of the sea. Clo- 
 tho, the youngest of the sisters, presided over 
 the moment in which we are born, and held a 
 distatfin her hand; Lachesis spun out all the 
 events and actions of our life : and Atropos, 
 the eldest of the three, cut the thread of hu- 
 man life with a pair of scissors. Their diffe- 
 rent functions are well expressed in this an- 
 cient verse : 
 Clotho colum retinet, Lachesis net, ^ Atropos 
 
 occat. 
 The name of the Parcae, according to V'arro, is 
 derived a part u or parturiendo, because they 
 presided over the birth of men, and, by cor- 
 ruption, the word/?/jfrca,is formed, {vom parla 
 or partus, but, according to Servius, they are 
 called so by Aniiphrasis, quod ncmini parcant. 
 The power of the Parcue was great and exten- 
 sive. Some suppose that Uiey were subjected 
 to none of the gods but Jupiter ; while others 
 support, that even Jupiter himself was obedi- 
 ent to their commands ;and indeed we see the 
 father of the gods, in Homer's Iliad, unwilling 
 to see PalrocliiS perish, yet obliged, by the sa- 
 peiior power of the Fates, to aijfindon him to 
 his destiny. According to the more received 
 opinions, they were the arbiters of the lifi^ and 
 death of mankind, and \vi)atever good or evH 
 befalls us in the world, immediately proceeds 
 from the Fates or Parca;. Some make them 
 ministers of the king of hell, and represent 
 them as sitting at the loot of his throne ; others 
 represent them as placed on radiant thrones, 
 amidst the celestial spheres, clothed in robes 
 sj)angled with stars, and wearing crowns on 
 their heads. According to Pausanias, the 
 names of the'Parca3 were different from those 
 already mentioned. The most ancient of all 
 as the ;^eograr)her observes, was Venus Urania? 
 who [uesided over the biith of men ; the s© • 
 
PA 
 
 €ond was Fortune ; flythia was the third. To 
 these some add a fourth, Proserpina, who of- 
 ten disputes with Atropos the right of cutting 
 the thi-ead of human life. The worship of the 
 Parcas was well established in some cities of 
 Greece; and though mankind were well con- 
 vinced that they were inexorable, and that it 
 %vas impossible to mitigate them, yet they were 
 eager to show a proper respect to their divini- 
 ty, by raising them temples and statues. They 
 received the same worship as the Furies, and 
 their votaries yearly sacrificed to them black 
 sheep, during which solemnity the priests were 
 obliged to wear garlands of flowers. The 
 Parcae were generally represented as three 
 old women with chaplets made with wool, 
 and interwoven with the flowers of the Nar- 
 cissus. They were covered with a white robe, 
 and fillet of the same colour, bound with 
 chaplets One of them held a distaflf, another 
 the spindle, and the third was armed with 
 scissors, with which she cut the thread which 
 her sisters had spun. Their dress is differ- 
 ently represented by some authors. Clotho 
 appears in a variegated robe, and on her head 
 is a crown of seven stars. She holds a distaff 
 in her hand reaching from heaven to earth 
 The robe which Lachesis wore was variega- 
 ted with a great number of stars, and near 
 her were placed a variety of spindles. Atro- 
 pos W£is clothed in black ; she held scissors in 
 her hand, with clues of thread of diflferent 
 sizes, according to the length and shortness of 
 the lives whose destinies they seemed to con- 
 tain. Hyginus attributes to them the inven- 
 tion of these Greek letters, », ,3, y., r, v, and 
 others call them the secretaries of heaven, 
 and the keepers of the archives of eternity. 
 The Greeks call the Parcse by the different 
 names of ^«t», .-j* «, x»)f, uuxefu.y,, which are ex- 
 pressive of their power and of their inexor- 
 able decrees. Hcsiod. Theog. ^ scut. Her. 
 —Pans. 1, c. 40, 1. 3, c. li, 1. 5, c. 15.— 
 Homer. II. 20. Od. l.—Tfieocrit. \.~Calli- 
 mach. in Dian.—JElian. Anim. 10. — Piiidar. 
 Olymp. 10. J\^em. 7. — Eurip. in Iphig. — Plut. 
 de facie in orbe Lunce. — Hygin- in prof. fab. 
 Sf-fah.Til.— Varro.—Orph. liymn. 5S.—£pol- 
 lon. i, iic. — Claudian. de rapt. Pros. — Ly- 
 coph. ^ Tzetz, he— Herat. 2, od. 6, &c.— 
 Ovid. Met. 6, v. 533.— Lwcan. Z.— Virg. Ed. 
 4, ^n. 3, &,c. — Stnec. in Here. Fur. — Stat. 
 Theb. 6. 
 
 Parentalia, a festival annually observed 
 at Rome in honour of the dead. The friends 
 and relations of the deceased assembled on the 
 occaiion, when sacrifices were offered, and 
 banquets provided, ^neas first established it. 
 Otid. Fast. 2, v. 544. 
 
 Park.vtium, a port and town of Istria. 
 Plin. 3, c. 19. 
 
 Paris, the son of Priam, king of Troy, by 
 Hecuba, also called Alexander. He was des- 
 tined, even before his birth, to become the 
 ruin of his country ; and when his mother, in 
 the first month of her pregnancy, had dream* 
 ed that she bhould bring forth a torch which 
 would set fire to her palace, the soothsayers 
 foretold the calamities which might be ex- 
 pected from the imprudence of her future son, 
 find which would end in the destruction of 
 Troy. Priam, to prevent so great and so 
 alarming an evil; ordered bis slave Archelaus 
 
 PA 
 
 to destroy the child as soon as bom. The 
 slave, either touched with humanity, or influ- 
 enced by Hecuba, did not destroy him, but 
 was satisfied to expose him on mount Ida, 
 where the shepherds of the place found him, 
 and educated him as their own son. Some 
 attribute the preservacion of his life, before he 
 was tound by the shepherds, to the moiherlj 
 tenderness of a she-bear which suckled him. 
 Young Paris,, tl.ough educated among shep- 
 herds and peasants, gave early proofs of cou- 
 rage and intrepidity, and from his care in pro- 
 tecting the flocks of mount Ida ugaiiist the ra- 
 pacity of the wild beasts, he obtained the name 
 of Alexander {helper or defender.) He gained 
 the esteem of all the shepherds, and his 
 graceful countenance and manly deportment 
 recommended him to the favour'of (Enone, a 
 nymph of Ida, whom he married, and with 
 whom he lived with the most perfect tender- 
 ness. Their conjugal peace was soon disturb- 
 ed. At the marriage of Peleus and Thetis, 
 the goddess of discord, who had not been in- 
 vited to partake of the entertainment, showed 
 her displeasure by throwing into the assembly 
 of the gods who were at the celebration of the 
 nuptials, a golden apple, on which were writ- 
 ten the words, Detur pulchriori. All the 
 goddesses claimed it as their own ; the conten- 
 tion at first became general, but at last only 
 three, Juno, Venus, and Minerva, wished to 
 dispute their respective right to beauty. The 
 gods, unwilling to become arbiters in an affair 
 ot so tender and so delicate a nature, appoint- 
 ed Paris to adjudge the prize of beauty to the 
 fairest of the goddesses; and indeed the shep- 
 herd seemed properly qualified to decide so 
 great a contest, as his wisdom was so well 
 established, and his prudence and sagacity so 
 well known. The goddesses appeared before 
 their judge without any covering or orna- 
 ment, and each tried, by promises and en- 
 treaties, to gain the attention of Paris, and 
 to influence his judgment. Juno promised 
 him a kingdom; Minerva, military glory 
 and Venus, the fairest woman in the world 
 for his wife, as Ovid expresses it. Heroid 17, 
 y. 118. 
 
 Unaquecum regnum; belli daret altera lau- 
 dem; 
 Tyndaridis conjux, Tertia dixit, erij. 
 After he had heard their several claims and 
 promises, Paris adjudged the prize to Venus, 
 and gave her the golden apple, to which, per- 
 haps, she seemed entitled, as the goddess of 
 beauty. This decision of Paris in favour of 
 Venus, drew upon the judge and his family 
 the resentment of the two other goddesses. 
 Soon after, Priam proposed a contest among 
 his sons and other princes, and promised to 
 reward the conqueror with one of the finest 
 bulls of mount Ida. His emissaries were sent 
 to procure the animal, and it was found in 
 the possession of Paris, who reluctantly yield- 
 ed it up. The shepherd was desirous of ob- 
 taining again this favourite animal, and he 
 went to Troy, and entered the lists of the 
 combatants. He was received with the great- 
 est applause, and obtained the victory'^over 
 his rivals, Nestor, the son of Neleus ; Cyc- 
 nus, son of Neptune ; Polites, Helenas, and 
 Deiphobus, sons of Priam. He also obtained 
 a supciiority over Hector binwelf, un J the 
 
PA 
 
 prince, enraged to see himself conquered by 
 an unknown stranger, pursued him closely, 
 and Paris must have fallen a victim to his 
 brother's resentment, had he not fled to the 
 altar of Jupiter. This sacred retreat pre- 
 served his life ; and Cassandra, the daughter 
 of Priam, struck with the similarity of the 
 features of Paris with those of her brothers, 
 inquired his birth and his age. From these 
 circumstances she soon discovered that he 
 was her brother, and as such she introduced 
 him to her father and to his children. Priam 
 acknowledged Paris as his son, forgetful of 
 the alarming dream which had influenced 
 kim to meditate his death, and all jealousy 
 ceased among the brothers. Paris did not long 
 suffer himself to remain inactive ; he equipped 
 a fleet, as if willing to redeem Hesione, his fa- 
 ther's sister, whom Hercules had carried 
 away, and obliged to marry Telamon, the son 
 of iEacus. This was the pretended motive of 
 his voyage, but the causes were far diff"erent. 
 Paris recollected that he was to be the hus- 
 band of the fairest of women ; and if he had 
 been led to form those expectations while he 
 was an obscure shepherd of Ida, he had now 
 every plausible reason to see them realized, 
 since he was acknowledged son of the king of 
 Troy. Helen was the fairest woman of the 
 age, and Venus had promised her to him. On 
 these grounds, therefore, he visited Sparta, the 
 residence of Helen, who had married Mene- 
 laus. He was received with every mark of re- 
 spect, but he abused the hospitality of Mene- 
 laus, and, while the husband was absent in 
 Crete, Paris persuaded Helen to elope with 
 him, and to fly to Asia. Helen consented, and 
 Priam received her into his palace without dif- 
 ficulty, as his sister was then detained in a fo- 
 reign country, and as he wished to show him- 
 self as hostile as possible to the Greeks. This 
 affair was soon productive of serious conse- 
 quences. When Menelaus had married Helen, 
 all her suitors had bound themselves by a so- 
 lemn oath to protect her person, and to defend 
 her from every violence, [Fid. Helena,] and 
 therefore the injured husband reminded them 
 •f their engagements, and called upon them to 
 recover Helen. Upon this, all Greece took up 
 arms in the cause of Menelaus. Agamemnon 
 was chosen general of all the combined forces, 
 and a regular war was begun. [Firf. Troja] 
 Paris, meanwhile, who had refused Helen to 
 the petitions and embassies of the Greeks, 
 armed himself, with his brothers and subjects, 
 to oppose the enemy; but the success of the 
 war Vv as neither hindered nor accelerated by 
 his means. He fought with little courage, and 
 at the very sight of Menelaus, whom he had 
 so recently injured, all his resolution vanished, 
 and he retired from the front of the army, 
 where he walked before like a conqueror. In 
 a combat with Menelaus, which he undertook 
 at the persuasion of his brother Hector, Paris 
 must have perished, had not Venus interfered, 
 and stolen him from the resentment of his ad- 
 versary. He nevertheless wounded, in ano- 
 ther battle, Machaon, Euryphilus, and Dio- 
 medes; and, according to some opinions, he 
 killed with one of his arrows the great Achil- 
 les. [Vid. Achilles.] The death of Paris is 
 differently related ; some suppose that he was 
 mortally wounded by one of the arrows of Phi- 
 
 PA 
 
 loctetes, which had been once in the possessioi? 
 of Herculee, and that when he found himself 
 languid on account of his wounds, he ordered 
 himself to be carried to the feet of CEnone, 
 whom he had basely abandoned, and who in 
 the years of his obscurity, had foretold him that 
 he would solicit her assistance in his dying mo- 
 ments. He expired before he came into the 
 presence of (Enone, and the nymph still mind- 
 ful of their former loves, threw hei*self upon 
 his body, and stabbed herself to the heart, 
 after she had plentifully bathed it with her 
 tears. According to some authors, Paris did 
 not immediately go to Troy when he left the 
 Peloponnesus, but he was driven on the coast 
 of Egypt, where Proteus, who was king of the 
 country, detained him, and, when he heard 
 of the violence which had been offered to the 
 king of Sparta, he kept Helen at his court, 
 and permitted Paris to retire. [Vid. Helena.] 
 Diclys. Cret. 1, 3, and 4. — Apollod. 3, 
 c. 12. — Homer. II. — Ovid. Htroid. 5, 16, and 
 \1.— quint. Calah. 10, v. 290.—HoraL od. 
 3. — Eurip. in Iphig. — Hygin. fab. 92 and 
 273.— Virg. JEn. 1, hc.—JElian. V. IT. 12, 
 c. 42.-~Paus. 10, c. 27.— Ctc. de Div.— 
 Lycophr. 4^ Tzetz. in Lye. A celebra- 
 ted player at Rome, in the good graces 
 of the emperor Nero, kc. Tacit. Ann. 13, 
 c. 19, &ic. 
 
 Parisades a king of Pontus in the age of 
 
 Alexander the Great.- Another, king of 
 
 Bosphorus. 
 
 Parish, a people and a city of Celtic Gaul» 
 now called Paris, the capital of the kingdom 
 of France. C(bs. Bell. G. 6, c. 3. 
 
 Parius, a river of Pannonia, falling int© 
 the Danube. Strab. 
 
 Parisum, now Camanar, a town of Asia 
 Minor, on the Propontis, where Archilochus 
 was born, as some say. Slrab. 10. — Plin. 7, 
 c. 2, 1. 36, c. 5. 
 
 Parma, a town of Italy, near Cremona, 
 celebrated for its wool, and now for its cheese. 
 The poet Cassius and the critic Macrobius, 
 were born there. It was made a Roman colo- 
 ny A. U. C. 569. The inhabitants are called 
 Parmenensis and Pannani. Cic. Philip. 14, 
 — Lfv. 39, c. 55. — Slrab. 5. — Horat. 1, ep. 4, 
 V.3.— Cic. Phil. 14, c. 3.— Farro. L. L. 7, c. 
 3l.—Martial.% ep. 43, v. 4, 1. 5, ep. 13, v. 3 
 and 14, v. 155. 
 
 Parmenides, a Greek philosopher of Elis, 
 who flourished about 605 years before Christ. 
 He was son of Pyres of Elis, and the pupil of 
 Xenophanes, or of Anaximander, according to 
 some. He maintained that there were only two 
 elements, fire and the earth ; and he taught 
 that the first generation of men was produced 
 from the sun. He first discovered that the 
 earth was round, and habitable only in the two 
 temperate zones, and that it was suspended in 
 the centre of the universe, in a fluid lighter 
 than air, so that all bodies left to themselves 
 fell on its surface. There were, as he suppo- 
 sed, only two sorts of philosophy — one found- 
 ed on reason, and the other on opinion. He 
 digested this unpopular system in verses, of 
 which a few fragments remain. Diog. 
 
 Parmenio, a celebrated general in the ar- 
 mies of Alexander, who enjoyed the king's 
 confidence, and was more attached to his per- 
 son as a man than ;»-= a monarch. When Da» 
 
PA 
 
 Jius king of Persia offered Alexander all the 
 country which lies at the west of the Euphra- 
 tes, with his daughter Statira in marriage; and 
 10,00 talents of gold, Parmenio took occasion 
 to observe, that he would without hesitation 
 accept of these conditions if he were Alexan- 
 der ; so would /, were I Parmenio-, replied the 
 conqueror. This friendship, so true and in- 
 violable, was sacrificed to a moment of re- 
 sentment and suspicion ; and Alexander, who 
 had too eagerly listened to a light and per- 
 haps a false accusation, ordered Parmenio and 
 his son to be put to death, as if guilty of trea- 
 son against his person. Parmenio was in the 
 70th year of his age, B. C. 330. He died in 
 the greatest popularity, and it has been judi- 
 ciously observed, that Parmenio obtained 
 many victories without Alexander, but Alex- 
 ander not one without Parmenio. Curt. 7, 
 &c. — Plut. in Jilex. 
 
 Parnassus, a mountain of Phocis, ancient- 
 ly called Larnassos, from the boat of Deu- 
 calion (f^v*r^ which was carried there in the 
 universal deluge. It received the name of 
 Parnassus from Parnassus the son of Neptune, 
 by Cleobula, and was sacred to the Muses, 
 and to Apollo and Bacchus. The soil was bar- 
 ren, but the vallies and the green woods that 
 covered its sides, rendered it agreeable, and 
 fit for solitude and meditation. Parnassus 
 is one of the highest mountains of Europe, 
 and it is easily seen from the citadel of Corinth, 
 though at the distance of about 80 miles. Ac- 
 cording to the computation of the ancients, it 
 is one day's journey round. At the north of 
 Parnassus, there is a large plain about eight 
 miles in circumference. The mountain, ac- 
 cording to the poets, had only two tops, called 
 Hyampea and Tithorea, on one of which the 
 city of Delphi was situated, and thence it was 
 called Biceps. Strab. 8, 9. — Ovid. Met. 1. v. 
 317, 1. 2, V. 221, 1. 5, V. 218.—Lucan. 5, v. 71, 
 
 1. 3, v. nS.—Liv. 42, c. 16.—Sil. It. 15, v. 
 3U.—Mela, 2, c. 3.— Pans. 10, c. 6.—Propert. 
 
 2, el. 23, V. 13, 1. 3, el. 11, v. 54. A son of 
 
 Neptune, who gave his name to a mountain 
 of Phocis. 
 
 Parnes, (etis), a mountain of Africa, 
 abounding in vines. Stat. 12. Theb. v. 620. 
 
 Parnessus, a mountain of Asia near Bac- 
 triana. Dionys. Per. 737. 
 
 Parni, a tribe of the Scythians, who inva- 
 ded Parthia. Strab. 11. 
 
 Paron and Heraclides, two youths who 
 killed a man who had insulted their father. 
 Plut. Apophth. 
 
 Paropamisos, a ridge of mountains at the 
 north of India, called the Stony Girdle, or 
 Indian Caucasus. Strab. 15. 
 
 Paropus, now Calisano, a town at the north 
 of Sicily, on the shores of the Tyrrhene sea. 
 Polyij. 1, c. 24. 
 
 Paroreia, a town of Thrace, near mount 
 Haemas. Liv. 39, c. 27. A town of Pelo- 
 ponnesus. A district of Phrygia Magna. 
 
 Strab. 12. 
 
 Paros, a celebrated island among the Cy- 
 clades, about seven and an half miles distant 
 from Naxos, and twenty-eight from Delos. 
 According to Pliny, it is half as large as Naxos, 
 that is, about thirty-six or thirty-seven miles 
 in circumference, a measure which some of 
 the moderns have extended to fifty and even 
 64 
 
 PA 
 
 j eighty miles. It has borne the different names 
 I of Pactia, Minoa, Hirin, Demetrius, Zacyn- 
 thus, Cabaniis, and Hykassa. It received 
 the name of Paros, which it still bears, from 
 Paro?, a son of Jason, or as some maintain, of 
 Parrhasius. The island of Paros was rich and 
 powerful, and well known for its famous mar- 
 ble, which was alwaj-s used by the best statu- 
 aries. The best quarries were those of Mar- 
 pesus, a mountain where still caverns, of the 
 most extraordinary dtipth, are seen by modern 
 travellers, and admired as the sources from 
 whence the labyrinth of Egypt and the porti- 
 coes of Greece received their splendour. Ac- 
 cording to Pliny, the quarries were so uncom- 
 monly deep, that, in the clearest weather, the 
 workmen were obliged to use lamps, from 
 which circumstance the Greeks have called 
 the marble Lychnites, worked by the light of 
 lamps. Paros is also famous for the fine cat- 
 tle which it produces, and for its partridges, 
 and wildpigeons. The capital city was called 
 Paros. It was first peopled by the Phoenicians, 
 and afterwards a colony of Cretans settled ia 
 it. The Athenians made war against it, be- 
 cause it had assisted the Persians in the inva- 
 sion of Greece, and took it, and it became a 
 Roman province in the age of Pompey. Ar- 
 chilochus was born there. The Parian mar- 
 bles, perhaps better known by the appellatioa 
 of Jirundelian, were engraved in this island ia 
 capital letters, B. C.264, and as a valuable chro- 
 nicle, preserved the most celebrated epochas 
 of Greece, from the year 1582, B. C. These 
 valuable pieces of antiquity were procured ori- 
 ginally by M. de Peirisc, a Frenchman, and 
 afterwards purchased by the earl of Arundel, 
 by whom they were given to the university of 
 Oxford, where they are still to be seen. Pri- 
 deaux published an account of all the inscrip- 
 tions in 1676. Mela, 2, c. 7. Strab. 5. — C. 
 Kep. in Milt. S^ Alc.— Virg. Mn. 1, v. 593. 
 G. 3, V. 34.— Ovid. Met. 3, v. 419, 1. 7, r. 
 466.— PZm. 3, c. 14, 1. 36, c. ll.—Diod. 5, 
 and Thucyd. 1. — Herodot. 5, Sic. — Horat. 1, 
 od. 19, V. 6. 
 
 Parphorus, a native of Colophon, who, 
 at the head of a colony, built a town at the 
 foot of Ida, which was abandoned for a situa- 
 tion nearer his native city. Strab. 14. — Pans. 
 7, c. 3. 
 
 Parrhasia, a town of Arcadia, founded 
 by Parrhasius the son of Jupiter. The Ar- 
 cadians are sometimes called Parrhacians, and 
 Areas Parrhasis, and Carmenta, Evander's 
 mother, Parrhasiadea. Lucan. 2, v. 237. — 
 l^irg. ^n. 8, v. 3S4.~0vid. Met. 8, v. 315. 
 Fast. 1, V. 61S.— Trist. 1, v. 190.— Paus. 8. c. 27. 
 
 Parrhasius, a famous painter, son of Eve- 
 nor of Ephesus, in the age of Zeuxis, about 
 4 15 years before Christ. He was a great mas- 
 ter of his profession, and particularly excelled 
 in strongly expressingthe violent passions. He 
 was blessed with a great genius and much in- 
 vention, and he was particularly happy in his 
 designs. He acquired himself great reputa- 
 tion by his pieces, but by none more than that 
 in which he allegorically represented the people 
 of Athens, with all the injustice, the clemency, 
 the fickleness, timidity, the arrogance, and in- 
 consistency, which so eminently characterized 
 that celebrated nation. He once entered the 
 Ibts against ZcuiJs, and when they had produ- 
 
PA 
 
 ced their respective pieces, the birds came to 
 pick with the greatest avidity the grapes which 
 Zeuxis had painted. Immediately Parrhasius 
 exhibited his piece, and Zeuxis said, remove 
 ffour curtain, that we may see the painting. 
 The curtain was the painting, and Zeuxis ac- 
 knowledged himself conquered by exclaiming. 
 Zeuxis has deceived birds ; but Parrhasius has 
 deceived Zeuxis himself. Parrhasius grew so 
 vain of his art, that he clothed himself in pur- 
 ple, and wore a crown of gold, calling him- 
 self the king of painters. He was lavish in 
 his own praises, and by his vanity too often 
 exposed himself to the ridicule of his enemies. 
 Plut. in Thes. de Poet. aud. — Paus. 1, c. 28. — 
 
 Plin. 35, V. 10, — Horat. 4, od. 8. A son of 
 
 Jupiter, or, according to some, of Mars, by a 
 nymph called Philonomia. 
 
 Parthamisiris, a king of Armenia, in the 
 feign of Trajan. 
 
 Parthaon, a son of Agenor and Epicaste, 
 who married Euryte, daughter of Hippoda- 
 miis, by whom he had many children, among 
 wliora were (Eneus and Sterope, Parthaon 
 M'as brother to Demonice, the mother of Eve- 
 nus by Mars, and also to Molus, Pylus, and 
 Thestius. He is called Portheus by Homer, 
 II. U.—Jpollod. 1, c. I.—Hysin. fab. 129 and 
 
 239. A son of Peripetus and father of Aris- 
 
 tas. Paus. 8. 
 
 ParthenijE and Parthenu, a certain num- 
 ber of desperate citizens of Sparta, During 
 the Messenian war, the Spartans were absent 
 from their city for the space of ten years, and 
 it Vv'as unlawful for them to return, as they 
 had bound themselves by a solemn oath not 
 to revisit Sparta before they had totally sub- 
 dued Messenia, This long absence alarmed 
 the Lacedaemonian women, as well as the 
 magistrates. The Spartans were reminded by 
 their wives, that if they continued in their re- 
 solution, the state must at last decay for want 
 of citizens, and Avhen they had duly consider- 
 ed this embassy, they empowered all the young 
 men in the army, who had come to the war 
 while yet under age, and who therefore were 
 not bound by the oath, to return to Sparta, 
 and, by a familiar and promiscuous intercourse 
 with all (he unmarried women of the state, to 
 raise a future generation. It was carried into 
 execution, and the children that sprang from 
 this union were called Partheniae, or sons of 
 virgins, (^ttm^U^©,.') The Avar with Messenia 
 was some time after ended, and the Spartans 
 returned victorious; but the cold indifference 
 with which they looked upon the Partheniae 
 was attended with serious consequences. The 
 Partheniae knew they had no legitimate fa- 
 thers, and no inheritance, and that therefore 
 their life depended upon their own exertions. 
 This drove them almost to despair. They 
 joined with the Helots, whose maintenance 
 was as precarious as their own, and it was mu- 
 tually agreed to murder all the citizens of 
 Sparta and to seize their possessions. This 
 massacre was to be done at a general assem- 
 bly, and the signal was the throwing of a cap 
 in the air. The whole, however, was disco- 
 vered through the diffidence and apprehen- 
 sions of the Helots ; and when the people had 
 assembled, the Partheniae discovered that all 
 was known, by the voice of a crier, who pro- 
 4:Iaimed that no man should throw up his cap. 
 
 PA 
 
 The Piartheniae, though apprehensive of pan 
 ishment, were not visibly treated with greater 
 severity ; their calamitous condition was at- 
 tentively examined, and the Spartans, afraid 
 of another conspiracy, and awed by their num- 
 bei's, permitted them to sail for Italy, witb 
 Phalantus, their ringleader at their head. They 
 settled in Magna Graecia, and built Tarentum, 
 about 707 years before Christ. Justin. 3, c. 
 5. — Strab. 6. — Paus. in Lacon. &.c. — Plid, in 
 Apoph. 
 
 Parthenias, a river of Peloponnesus, 
 flowing by Elis. Paus. 6, c, 21. The an- 
 cient name of Samos. Plin. 5, c. 31. 
 
 Parthenion, a mountain of Peloponnesus 
 at the north of Tegea. Paus. 
 
 Parthenius, a river of Paphlagonia, which, 
 after separating Bithynia, falls into the Eux- 
 ine sea, near Sesamum ; it received its name 
 either because the virgin Diana, (jtzJj.q,) 
 bathed herself there, or perhaps it received 
 it from the purity and mildness of its waters. 
 Herodot. 2, c. i04.— Plin. 6, c. 2. A moun- 
 tain of Arcadia, which was said to abound 
 in tortoises. Here Telephus had a temple, 
 Atalanta was exposed on its top and brought 
 up there. Paus. 8, c. 54. — JElian. V. H. 13. 
 — .^polled. 2, c, 7. A favourite of the em- 
 peror Domitian, He conspired against hig 
 imperial master, and assisted to murder him. 
 
 A river of European Sarmatia, Ovid. 
 
 ex Pont. 4, el, 10, v. 49.- A friend of JE- 
 
 neas killed in Italy. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 748. — -- 
 A Greek writer whose Romance de ^matoriie 
 Affeclionibus has been edited in 12mo. Basils 
 1531. 
 
 Parthenon, a temple of Athens, sacred 
 to Minerva. It was destroyed by the Per- 
 sians, and afterwards rebuilt by Pericles, in a 
 more magnificent manner. All the circum* 
 stances which related to the birth of Minerva 
 were beautifully and minutely represented in 
 bass relief, on the front of the entrance. The 
 statue of the goddess, 26 cubits high, and made 
 of gold and ivory, passed for one of the mas- 
 ter pieces of Phidias. Plin. 34. 
 
 ParthenoPjEus, a son of Meleager and 
 Atalanta, or, according to some, of Milanioa 
 and another Atalanta. He was one of the 
 seven chiefs who accompanied Adrastus the 
 king of Argos in his expedition against Thebes, 
 He was killed by Amphidicus. Apollod. 3, c. 
 
 \).—Paus. 3, c. 12, 1. 9, c. 19.- A son of 
 
 Talaus. 
 
 Parthenope, one of the Sirens. A 
 
 daughter of Stymphalus. £pollod. A city 
 
 of Campania, afterwards called INeapolis, or 
 the new city, w'hen it had been beautified and 
 enlarged by a colony from Euboea. It is now 
 called JVaptes. It received the name of Par- 
 thenope from one of the Sirens, whose body 
 was found «n the sea shore there. Virg. G. 
 4, v. 5(54. — Strab. 1 and 5. — Paterc. 1, c. 4. — 
 Homer. Od. 12, v. 167.— //a/. 12, v. 33. 
 
 Pabthia, a celebrated country of Asia, 
 bounded on the west by Media, south by 
 Carraariia, north by Hyrcania, and east by 
 Aria, ike. containing, according to Ptolemy, 
 25 large cities, the most capital of which was 
 called Hecaiompylos, from its hundred gates. 
 Some su[)pose that the present capital of ihe 
 country is built on the ruins of Hecatompy- 
 los. According to some authors; the Far- 
 
PA 
 
 fliatts were Scythians by origin, who made 
 an invasion on the more southern provinces of 
 Asia, and at last fixed their residence near 
 Hyrcania. They long remained unknown 
 and unnoticed, and became successively tri- 
 butary to the empire of the Assyrians, Medes, 
 and Persians. When Alexander invaded Asia., 
 the Parthians submitted, like the other de- 
 pendent provinces of Persia, and they were 
 tor some time under the power of Eumenes, 
 Antigonus, Seleucus Nicanor, and Anliochus, 
 till the rapacity and oppression of Agathocles, 
 a lieutenant of the latter, roused their spirit, 
 and fomented rebellion. Arsaces, a man of 
 obscure origin, but blessed with great mili- 
 tary powers, placed himself at the head of 
 his countrymen, and laid the foundation of 
 the Parthian empire, about 250 years before 
 the Christian era. The Macedonians at- 
 tempted in vain to recover it; a race of active 
 and vigilant princes, who assumed the sur- 
 name of Arsacides, from the founder of their 
 kingdom, increased its power, and rendered 
 it so formidable, that, while it possessed 18 
 kingdoms between the Caspian and Arabian 
 seas, it even disputed the emj)ire of the 
 world with the Romans, and could never be 
 subdued by that nation, which had seen no 
 people on earth unconquered by their arms. 
 It remained a kingdom till the reign of Ar- 
 tabanus, w^ho was killed about the year 229 
 of the Christian era, and from that time it 
 became a province of the newly re-established 
 kingdom of Persia under Artaxerxes, The 
 Parthians were naturally strong and warlike, 
 and were esteemed the most expert horsemen 
 and archers in the world. The peculiar cus- 
 tom of discharging their arrows while they 
 were retiring fuU speed, has been greatly cele- 
 brated by the ancients, particularly by the 
 poets, who all observe that their flight was 
 more formidable than their attacks. This 
 manner of fighting, and the wonderful ad- 
 dress and dexterity with which it was per- 
 formed, gained them many victories. They 
 were addicted much to drinking, and to every 
 manner of lewdness, and their laws permitted 
 them to raise children even by their mothers 
 and sisters. Strab. 2, c. 6, he. — Curt. 6, c. 11. 
 —Flor. 3, c. b.—Virg. G, 3, v. 31, kc. Mn. 7, 
 V. 60©-. — Ovid, art. am. 1, &.c. Fast. 5, v. 
 580.— Z>io. Cass. 40.—Plol. 6, c. 5.—Plin. Q, 
 c. 25. — Polyb. 5, ^c. — Marctllin. — Herodian. 
 3, Lc—Lucan. 1, v. 230, 1. 6, v. 50, 1. 10, v. 
 63. — Justin. 41, c. 1. — Horat.,l, od. 19, v. 11, 
 1. 2, od. 13, v, 17. 
 
 Parthini, a people of lUyricum, Liv. 29, c. 
 12, 1. 33, c. 34, 1. 44, c. 30.— Swe^ Aug. 19.— 
 Cic. in Pis. 40. 
 
 Parthyene, a province of Parthia, accord- 
 ing to Ptolemy, though some authors support 
 that it is the name of Parthia itself. 
 
 Parysades, a king of Pontus, B. C. 310. Di- 
 ed. A king of the Cimmerian Bosphorus, 
 
 who flourished 284 B. C. 
 
 Parysatis, a Persian princess, wife of Da- 
 rius Ochus, by whom she had Artaxerxes 
 Memnon, and Cyrus the younger. She was 
 so extremely partial to her younger son, that 
 she committed the greatest cruelties to en- 
 courage his ambition, and she supported him 
 with all her interest in his rebellion against 
 his brother Memnon. The death of Cvrus 
 
 PA 
 
 at the battle of Cunaxa, was revenged witit 
 the grossest barbarity, and Parysatis sacri- 
 ficed to her resentment all such as she found 
 concerned in his fall. She also poisoned Sta- 
 tira, the wife of her son Artaxerxes, and or- 
 dered one of the eunuchs of the court to 
 be flayed alive, and his skin to be stretched 
 on two poles before her eyes, because he 
 had, by order of the king, cut off the hand 
 and the head of Cyrus. These cruelties of- 
 fended Artaxerxes, and he ordered his mother 
 to be confined in Babylon ; but they were soon 
 after reconciled, and Parysatis regained all her 
 power and influence till the time of her death. 
 Pliit.inArt.—Ctes. 
 
 Pasargaoa, a town of Persia, near Car- 
 mania, founded by Cyrus, on the very spot 
 where he had conquered Astyages. The 
 kings of Persia were always crowned there, 
 and the Pasargadaj were the noblest families 
 in Persia, in the number of which were the 
 Ach»menides. Strab. 15. — Plin. 8, c. 26. — 
 Herodot. 1, c. 125.— wlfe/cr, 3, c.8. 
 
 Paseas, a tyrant of Sicyon in Peloponne- 
 sus, father to Abantidas, k,c. Plut. in Arat. 
 
 Pasicles, a grammarian, he. 
 
 Pasicrates, a king of part of the island of 
 Cyprus. Plut. 
 
 Pasiphae, a daughter of the Sun and of 
 Perseis, who married Minos king of Crete. 
 She disgraced herself by her unnatural pas- 
 sion for a bull, which, according to some au- 
 thors, she was enabled to gratify by means of 
 the artist Dgedalus, This celebrated bull bad 
 been given to Minos by Neptune^ to be offer- 
 ed on his altars. But as the monarch refused 
 to sacrifice the animal on account of his beau- 
 ty, the god revenged his disobedience by in- 
 spiring Pasiphae with an unnatural love for it. 
 This fabulous tradition, which is universally 
 believed by the poets, who observe that the 
 Minotaur was the fruit of this infamous com- 
 merce, is refuted by some writers, who sup- 
 pose that the infidelity of Pasiphae to her hus- 
 band was betrayed in her affection for an offi- 
 cer called Taurus ; and that Dajdalus, by per- 
 mitting his house to be the asylum of the two 
 lovers, was looked upon as accessary to the 
 gratification of Pasiphae's lust. From this 
 amour with Taurus, as it is farther remarked, 
 the queen became mother of twins, and the 
 ni^Qae of Minolaunis arises from the resera- 
 iJkpce of the children to the husband and the 
 mrer of Pasiphae. Minos had four sons by 
 Pasiphae, Castreus, Deucalion, Glaucus, and 
 Androgens, and three daughters, Hecate, 
 Ariadne, and Phaedra, [t'id. Minotaurus.] 
 Plato de Min.—Plut.in Thes.—Apollod. 2, c. 1. 
 — Virg. JFm. 6, v. 24. — Hygin. fab. 40.— Diod. 
 4.— Ovid. Heroid. 4, v. 57 and 165. 
 
 Pasithea, one of the Graces, also called 
 
 Agluia. Pans. 9, c. 35. One of the iNe- 
 
 reides. Hesiod. A daughter of Atlas. 
 
 Pasitigris, a name given to the river Ti- 
 gris. Strab. 15.— Plin. 6, c. 20. 
 
 Passaron, a town of Epirus, where, after 
 sacrificing to Jupiter, the kings swore to go- 
 vern accordint: to law, and the peoj)le to obey 
 and to defend the country. Plut. in Pyrrh.—^ 
 Liv. 45, c. 26 and 33. 
 
 Passxenus, a Roman who reduced Numi- 
 
 din, he. Tacit. Ann. Paiilus, a Romaa 
 
 knight, nephew to the poet Propertins, wh-^© 
 
PA 
 
 elegiac compositions he imitated. He like- 
 wise attempted lyric poetry, and with suc- 
 cess, and chose for his model the writings of 
 
 Horace. Plin. ep. 6 and 9. Crispus, a 
 
 man distinguished as an orator, but more as 
 the husband of Domitia, and afterwards of 
 Agrippina, Nero's mother, kc. Tacit. Ann. 
 6, c. 20. 
 
 Pasus, a Thessalian in Alexander's army, 
 &c. 
 
 Patala, a harbour at the mouth of the 
 Indus, in an island called Patale. The river 
 here begins to form a Delta like the Nile. Pli- 
 ny places this island within the torrid zone. 
 Plin. 2, c. 73.— Curl. 9, c. T.—Strab. 15.— 
 Arrian. 6, c. 17. 
 
 Patara, (orum) now Patera, a town of 
 Lycia, situate on the eastern side of the mouth 
 of the river Xanthus, with a capacious har- 
 bour, a temple, and an oracle of Apollo, sur- 
 named Patareus, where was preserved and 
 shown in the age of Pausanias, a brazen cap 
 which had been made by the hands of Vulcan, 
 and presented by the god to Telephus. The 
 god was supposed by some to reside for the 
 six winter months at Patara, and the rest of 
 the year at Delphi. The city was greatly em- 
 bellished by Ptolemy Philadelphus, who at- 
 tempted in vain to change its original name in- 
 to that of his wife Arsinoe. Liv. 37, c. 15. — 
 Strab. U.—Pau^. 9, c. Al.—Horat. 3, od. 14, 
 V.64.— Oiirf. Met. 1, V. 516.— Mela, \, c. 15. 
 
 Patavium, a city of Italy, at the north of 
 the Po, on the shores of the Adriatic, now cal- 
 led Padua, and once said to be capable of send- 
 ing 20,000 men into the field. [Vid. Padua.] 
 It is the birth place of Livy, from which rea- 
 son some writers have denominated Patavini- 
 iy those peculiar expressions and provincial 
 dialect, which they seem to discoverin the his- 
 tonar:'s ?\y\e. not strictly agreeable to the pu- 
 rity and refined language of the Roman au- 
 thors who flourished in or near the Augustan 
 age. Martial. 11, ep 17, v. 8. — Quintil 1, c. 5, 
 66, 1. 8, c. 13.— LtV. 10, c. 2, 1. 41, c. 27.— 
 Strab. 5. — Mela, 2, c. 4. 
 
 Patercui.us, a Roman whose daughter, 
 Sulpicia, w'as pronounced the chastest matron 
 at Rome. Plin. 7, c. 35. Velleius, an his- 
 torian. Vid, Velleius. 
 
 P.TiziTHEs, one of the Persian Magi, who 
 raised his brother to the throne because he 
 resembled Smerdis, the brother of Cambv- 
 ses, kc. Herudot. 3, c. 61. Qi 
 
 Patmos, one of the Cyclades, with a small 
 town of the same name, situate at the south of 
 Icaria. and measiiring30milesin circumference 
 according to Pliny, or only ISaccordiiig to mo- 
 dern travellers. It has a large harbour, near 
 which are some broken columns, the most an- 
 cient in that part of Greece. The Romans ge- 
 nerally banished their culprits there. It is now 
 called Palmosa. Strab — Plin. 4, c. 12. 
 
 Pairx., an ancient town at the north-west 
 of Peloponnesus, anciently called Aroe. Di- 
 ana had there a temple, and a famous statue 
 of gold and ivory. Pans. I.e. 6. — Ovid. Met 
 6, V. 417— Lu'. 27, c. 29.— Mela, 2, c. 3. 
 
 Patho, a daughter of Thestius. Apollod. 
 An epicurean phil()soi)her intimate with 
 Cicero. Cic. ad Div. 13, c. 1. 
 
 Patrocles, an officer of the fleet of 
 Seleucus and Antiocbus. He discovered 
 
 PA 
 
 several countries, and it is said that the wrot# 
 an history of the world. Strab. — P/m.6, c. 17, 
 
 Patrocli, a small island on the coast of 
 Attica. Paus. 4, c. 5, 
 
 Patroclus, one of the Grecian chiefs 
 during the Trojan war, sou of Mencetius by 
 Sthenele, whom some called Philomela, or Po- 
 ly mela. The accidental murder of Clysonymus, 
 the son of Amphidamus, in the time of his 
 youth, obliged him to fly from Opus, where 
 his father reigned. He retired to the court of 
 Peleus king of Phthia, where he was kindly 
 received, and where he contracted the most in- 
 timate friendship with Achilles the monarch's 
 son. When the Greeks went to the Trojan 
 war, Patroclus also accompanied them at 
 the express command of his father, who had 
 visited the court of Peleus, and he embarked 
 with 10 ships from Phthia. He w^as the con- 
 stant companion of Achilles; he lodged in the 
 same tent ; and when his friend refused to ap- 
 pear in the field of battle, because he had 
 been offended by Agamemnon, Patroclus imi- 
 tated his*exampie, and by his absence was the 
 cause of the overthrow of the Greeks. But 
 at last Nestor prevailed on him to j-eturn to 
 the war, and Achilles permitted him to ap- 
 pear in his armour. The valour of Patroclus, 
 together with the terror which the sight of 
 the arras of Achilles inspired, soon routed 
 the victorious armies of the Trojans, and 
 obliged them to fly within their walls for safe- 
 ty. He w ould have broken down the walls of 
 the city ; but Apollo, w^ho had interested him- 
 self for the Trojans, placed himself to oppose 
 him, and Hector, at the instigation of the god, 
 dismounted from his chariot to attack him, as 
 he attempted to strip one ofthe Trojans whom 
 he had slain. The engagement was obstinate, 
 but at last Patroclus was oveipowered by the 
 valour of Hector, and the interposition of 
 Apollo. His arms became the property of the 
 conqueror, and Hector would have severed 
 his head from his body had not Ajax and 
 Menelaus intervened. His body was at last 
 recovered and carried to the Grecian camp, 
 where Achilles received it with the bitterest 
 lamentations. His funeral was observed with 
 the greatest solemnity. Achilles sacrificed 
 near the burning pile twelve young Trojans, 
 besides four of his horses and two of his dogs* 
 and the whole was concluded by the exhibition 
 of I'uneral games, in which the conquerors were 
 liberally rewarded by Achilles. The death 
 of Patroclus, as it is described by Homer, 
 gave rise to new events ; Achilles forgot his 
 resentment against Agamemnon, and entered 
 the field to avenge the fall of his friend, and 
 his anger w as gratified only by the slaughter 
 of Hector, who had more powerfully kindled 
 his wrath by appearing at the head of the Tro- 
 jan armies in the armour which had been 
 taken from the body of Patroclus. The patro- 
 nymic oi Actorides is often applied to Patroc- 
 lus, because Actor was father to Mencetius. 
 Diclys. Cret. 1, &.c. — Homer. II. 9, &lc. — Apol- 
 lod. 3, c. 13.— Hygin. fab. 97 and 276.— Orirf. 
 
 Met. 13, v. 273. A son of Hercules. Apol- 
 
 lod. An officer of Ptolemy Philadelphus. 
 
 Patron, an Arcadian at the games exhi- 
 bited by iEneas in Sicily. Virg. JEn. 6, v. 
 298. 
 
 PA.TR0US, a surname of Jupiter among the 
 
PA 
 
 Greeks, represented by his statues as having 
 three eyes, which some suppose to signify that 
 he reigned in three different places, in hea- 
 ven, on earth, and in hell. Paiw. 2. 
 
 Patulcius, a surname of Janus, which 
 he received a paleo because the doors of his 
 t«mple were always open in the time of war. 
 Some suppose that he received it because he 
 presided over gates, or because the year be- 
 gan by the celebration of his festivals. Ovid. 
 Fast. 1, V. 129. 
 
 Paventia, a goddess who presided over 
 terror at Rome, and who was invoked to pro- 
 tect her votaries from its eiFects. ^ug. de 
 Civ.4,c. 11. 
 
 Paula, the first wife of the emperor He- 
 liogabalus. She was daughter of the prefect 
 of the pretorian guards. The emperor divor- 
 ced her, and Paula retired to solitude and ob- 
 scurity with composure. 
 
 Paulika, a Roman lady who married Sa- 
 turn inus, a governor of Syria, in the reign of 
 the emperor Tiberius. Her conjugal peace 
 was disturbed, and violence was offefed to her 
 virtue by a young man called Mundus, who 
 was enamoured of her, and who had caused 
 her to come to the temple of Isis by means of 
 the priests of the goddess, who declared that 
 Anubis wished to communicate to her some- 
 thing of moment. Saturninus complained to 
 the emperor of the violence which had been 
 offered to his wife, and the temple of l?is was 
 overturned and Mundus banished, he. Jo- 
 seph. A. 18, c. 4. The wife of the philoso- 
 pher Seneca, who attempted to kill him when 
 IVero had ordered her husband to die. The 
 emperor however prevented her, and she 
 lived some few years after in the greatest me- 
 lancholy. Tacit, Jinn. 15, c. 63, &c. A sister 
 
 of the emperor Adrian. The wife of the 
 
 emperor Maximinus. 
 
 Paulinus Pompeius, an officer in Nero's 
 reign, who had the command of the German 
 armies, and finished the works on the banks 
 of the Rhine, which Drusus had begun 63 
 years before. Tacit. Ann. 13, c. 53. — Sueto- 
 nius. A Roman general, the first who 
 
 crossed mount Atlas with an army. He 
 wrote a history of this expedition in Africa, 
 which is lost. Paulinus also distinguished 
 himself in Britain, he. He followed the arms 
 
 of Otho against Vilellius. Plin. 5, c. 1. 
 
 Valerius, a friend of Vespasian. Julius, a 
 
 Batavian nobleman, put to death by Fon- 
 teius Capito, on pretence of rebellion. Ta- 
 cit. H. 4, c. 13. 
 
 Paulus iEniYLius, a Roman, son of the 
 .^mylius who fell at Cannae, was celebrated 
 for his victories, and received the surname of 
 Macedonicus from his conquest of Macedo- 
 nia. In the early part of life he distinguished 
 himself hy his uncommon application, and by 
 his fondness for military discipline. His first 
 appearance in the field was attended with great 
 success, and the barbarians that had revolted 
 in Spain were reduced with the greatest faci- 
 lity under the power of the Romans. In his 
 first consulship liis arms were directed against 
 the Ligurians, whom he totally subjected. His 
 applications for a second consulship proved 
 abortive ; but when Perseus the king of Mace- 
 donia had declared war against Rome, the abi- 
 lities of Paulus were remembered, and he was 
 
 PA 
 
 honoured with the consulship about the 60tb 
 year of his age. After this appointment he 
 behaved with uncommon vigour, and soon a 
 general engagement was fought near Pydna, 
 The Romans obtained the victory, and Per- 
 seus saw himself deserted by all his subjects. 
 In two days the conqueror made himself mas- 
 ter of all Macedonia, and soon after the fugi- 
 tive monarch was brought into his presence. 
 Paulus did not exult over his fallen enemy ; 
 but when he had gently rebuked him for his 
 temerity in attacking the Romans, he addres- 
 sed himself in a pathetic speech to the officers 
 of his army who surrounded him, and feelingly 
 enlarged on the instability of fortune, and the 
 vicissitude of all human affairs. When he had 
 finally settled the government of Macedonia 
 with ten commissioners from Rome, and after 
 he had sacked 70 cities of Epirus, and divided 
 the booty amongst his soldiers, Paulus return- 
 ed to Italy. He was received with the usual 
 acclamations, and though some of the seditious 
 soldiers attempted to prevent his triumphal 
 entry into the capitol, yet three days were ap- 
 pointed to exhibit the fruits of his victories- 
 Perseus with his wretched family adorned the 
 triumph of the conqueror, and as they were 
 dragged through the streets, before the cha- 
 riot of Paulus, they drew tears of compassion 
 from the people. The riches which the Ro- 
 mans derived from this conquest were im- 
 mense, and the people were freed from all 
 taxes till the consulship of Hirtius and Pansa ; 
 but while every one of the citizens received 
 some benefit from the victories of Paulus, the 
 conqueror himself was poor, and appropria- 
 ted for his own use nothing of the Macedo- 
 nian treasures except the library of Perseus. 
 In the office of censor, to which he was after- 
 wards elected, Paulus behaved with the 
 greatest moderation, and at his death, whick 
 happened about 168 years before the Chris- 
 tian era, not only the Romans, but their 
 very enemies confessed, by their lamen- 
 tations, the loss which they had sustain- 
 ed. He had married Papiria, by whom he 
 had two sons, one of which was adopted by 
 the family of Maximus, and the other in 
 that of Scipio Africanus. He had also two 
 daughters, one of whom married a son of 
 Cato, and the other ililius Tubero. He af- 
 terwards divorced Papiria ; and when his 
 friends wished to reprobate his conduct in 
 doing so, by observing that she was young and 
 handsome, and that she had made him father 
 of a fine family, Paulus replied, that the shoe 
 which he then wore was new and well made, 
 but that he was obliged to leave it off, though 
 no one but himself, as he said, knew where it 
 pinched him. He married a second wife, by 
 whom he had two sons, whose sudden death 
 exhibited to the Romans in the most engaging 
 view, their father's philosophy and stoicism. 
 The elder of these sons died five days before 
 Paulus triumphed over Perseus, and the other 
 three days after the public procession. Thii 
 domestic calamity did not shake the firmness 
 of the conqueror; yet before he retired to a 
 private station, he harangued the people, and 
 in mentioning the severity of fortune upon 
 his family, he expressed his wish that every 
 evil might be averted from the republic by 
 tJje sarrifiee of the domestic prosperity of an 
 
PA 
 
 iadividtial. Plut. in vit&.—Liv. '^, 44, fcc. 
 
 ^Justin. 33, c. 1, &c. Samosatenus, an 
 
 Author in the reign of Gallieuus. Maxi- 
 
 mus. [Vid- Maximus Fabius.] iEginela, 
 
 a Greek physician, whose work was edited 
 epud. Md. fol. 1528. L. ^raylius, a con- 
 sul, who, when opposed to Annibal in Italy, 
 checked the rashness of his colleague Varro, 
 and recommended an imitation of the conduct 
 of the great Fabius, by harassing and not 
 facing the enemy in the held. His advice was 
 rejected, and the battle of Canns, so glo- 
 rious to Annibal, and so fatal to Rome, soon 
 followed. Paulus was wounded, but when 
 he might have escaped from the slaughter, by 
 accepting a horse generously otfered by one 
 of his officers, be disdained to fly, and per- 
 ished by the darts of the enemy. Horat. od. 
 
 12, V. 38. — Liv. 22, c. 39. Julius, a Latin 
 
 poet in the age of Adrian and Antoninus. 
 He wrote some poetical pieces recommend- 
 ed by A. Gellius. 
 ' Paulus. Vid. if^mylius. 
 
 Favor, an emotion of the mind which re- 
 ceived divine honours among the Romans, 
 and was considered of a most tremendous 
 power, as the ancients sw^ore by her name in 
 tbe most solemn manner. Tullus Hostilius, 
 the third king of Rome, was the first who 
 built her temples, and raised altars to her 
 honour, as also to Pallor, the goddess of pale- 
 ness. Cic. de JVat. D. 8, c. 17. 
 
 Pausanias, a Spartan general, who greatly 
 signalized himself at the battle of Plataea, 
 against the Persians. The Greeks were very 
 sensible of his services, and they rewarded his 
 merit with a tenth of the spoils taken from the 
 Persians. He was afterwards set at the head 
 of the Spartan armies, and extended his con- 
 quests in Asia ; but the haughtiness of his be- 
 baviour created him many eneniies, and the 
 Athenians soon obtained a superiority in the 
 affairs of Greece. Pausanius was dissatisfied 
 with his countrymen, and he offered to betray 
 Greece to the Persians, if he received in mar- 
 riage as the reward of his perfidy, the daugh- 
 ter of their monarch. His intrigues were dis- 
 covered by means of a youth, who was in- 
 trusted with his letters to Persia, and who re- 
 fused to go on the recollection that such as 
 had been employed in that office before had 
 never returned. The letters were given to 
 the Ephori of Sparta, and the perfidy of Pau- 
 sanias laid open. He fled for safety to a tem- 
 ple of Minerva, and as the sanctity of that 
 place screened him from the violence of his 
 pursuers, the sacred building was surrounded 
 with heaps of stones, the first of which was 
 carried there by the indignant mother of the 
 unhappy man. He was starved to death in 
 the temple, and died about 471 yeai-s before 
 the Christian era. There was a festival, and 
 solemn games instituted in his honour, in 
 w^hich only free-born Spartans contended. 
 There was also an oration spoken in his praisC; 
 in which his actions were celebrated, particu- 
 larly the battle of Plataea, and the defeat of 
 Mardonius. C Mp. m vita. — Plut. in Arul. S,- 
 
 Them.—Hcrodot. 9. A favourite of Philip 
 
 king of Macedonia. He accompanied the 
 prince in an expedition against the lUyrians, 
 
 in which he was killed. Another, at the 
 
 court of king Philip, very intimate w ilh the 
 
 PA 
 
 preceding. He was grossly and unnaturally 
 abused by Attalus, one of the friends of Phi- 
 lip, and when he complained of the injuries he 
 had received, the king in some measure disre- 
 garded his remonstrances, and wished them to 
 be forgot. This incensed Pausanias ; he resol- 
 ved to revenge himself, and when he had 
 heard from his master Hermocrates the so- 
 phist, that the most effectual way to render 
 himself illustrious, was to murder a person 
 who had signalized himself by uncommon ac- 
 tions ; he stabbed Philip as he entered a pub- 
 lic theatre. After this bloody action he attempt- 
 ed to make his escape to his chariot, which 
 waited for him at the door of the city, but he 
 was stopped accidentally by the twig of a vine, 
 and fell down. Attalus, Perdiccas, and other 
 friends of Philip, who pursued him, immedi- 
 ately fell upon him and despatched him. Some 
 support that Pausanias committed this mur- 
 der at the instigation of Olympias, the wife of 
 Philip, and of her son Alexander. Diod. 16. 
 
 — Justin. 9. — Plut. in Apoph. A king of 
 
 Macedonia, deposed by Amyntas, after a 
 year's reign. Diod. Another who attempt- 
 ed to seize upon the kingdom of Macedonia, 
 from which he was prevented by Iphicrates 
 the Athenian. A friend of Alexander the 
 Great, made governor of Sardis. A physi- 
 cian in the age of Alexander. Plut. A ce- 
 lebrated orator and historian, who settled at 
 Rome, A. D. 170, where he died in a very ad- 
 vanced age. He wrote an history of Greece in 
 ten books, in the Ionic dialect, in which he 
 gives, with great precision and geographical 
 knowledge, an account of the situation of its 
 different cities, their antiquities, and the seve- 
 ral curiosities which they contained. He has 
 also interwoven mythology in his historical 
 account, and introduced many fabulous tradi- 
 tions and superstitious stories. In each book 
 the author treats of a separate country, such 
 as Attica, Arcadia, Messenia, Elis, kc. Some 
 suppose that he gave a similar description of 
 Phoenicia and Syria. There was another 
 Pausanias, a native of Cassarea in Cappadocia, 
 who wrote some declamations, and who is of- 
 ten confounded with the historian of that 
 name. The best edition of Pausanias is that of 
 Khunius, fol. Lips, 1696. A Lacedaemo- 
 nian who wrote a partial account of his coun- 
 try. A statuary of Apollonia, whose abili- 
 ties were displayed in adorning Apollo's tem- 
 ple at Delphi. Pans. 10, c. 9. A king of 
 
 Sparta, of the family of the Eurysthenidee, who 
 died 397 B. C. after a reign of 14 years. 
 
 Pausias, a painter of Sicyon, the first who 
 understood how to apply colours to wood or 
 ivory by means of fire. He made a beautiful 
 painting of his mistress Glycere, whom he re- 
 presented as sitting on the ground, and ma- 
 king garlands with flowers, and from this cir- 
 cumstance the picture, which was bought af- 
 terwards by Pucullus for two talents, receiv- 
 ed the name of Sleplmnoplocon. Some time 
 after the death of Pausias, the Sicyonian.s 
 were obliged to part with the pictures they pos- 
 sessed, to deliver themselves from an enor- 
 mous debt, and M. Scaurusthe Roman bought 
 them all, in which were those of Pausias, to 
 adorn the theatre, whichliad been built du- 
 ring his edileship. Pausias lived about 360 
 vears before Christ. Plin. 35, c. 11. 
 
L 
 
 FE 
 
 Paisilttpus, a mountala near Naples> 
 ■which receives its name from the beauty of its 
 situation, (-«-«" '^u'^/;, cessare facio dolor.) The 
 natives show there the tomb of Virgil, and re- 
 gard it with the highest veneration. There 
 were near some fish ponds belonging to the 
 emperor. The mountain is now famous for a 
 subterraneous passage, near half a mile in 
 length, and 22 feet in breadth, which aififords a 
 safe and convenient passage to travellers. Stat. 
 4. Sylv. 4, V. 52.— Pfo'n. 8, c. d3.—Strab. 5.— 
 Senec. ep. 5 and 57. 
 
 Pax, an allegorical divinity among the an- 
 cients. The Athenians raised her a statue, 
 which represented her as holding Plutus, the 
 god of wealth, in her lap, to intimate that 
 peace gives rise to prosperity and to opulence, 
 and they were the first who erected an altar 
 to her honour after the victories obtained by 
 Timotheus over the Lacedasmonian power, 
 though Plutarch asserts it had been done after 
 the conquests of Cimon over the Persians. 
 She was represented among the Romans with 
 the horn of plenty, and also carrying an olive 
 branch in her hand. The emperor Vespasian 
 built her a celebrated temple at Rome, which 
 was consumed by tire in the reign of Com- 
 modus. Tt was customary for men of learn- 
 ing to assemble in that temple, and even to 
 deposit their writings there, as in a place of 
 the greatest security. Therefore, when it 
 was burnt, not only books, but also many 
 valuable things, jewels, and immense trea- 
 sures, were lost in the general conflagration. 
 C. JVep. in Timoth. 2. — Plut. in Cim. — Paus. 9, 
 c. 16. 
 
 Paxos, a small island between Ithaca and 
 the Echinades in the Ionian sea. 
 
 Peas, a shepherd, who, according to some, 
 set on fire the pile oh which Hercules was 
 burnt. The hero gave him his bow aad ar- 
 rows. Apollod. 2. 
 
 Ped^us, an illegitimate son of Antenor. 
 Homer. 11. 7. 
 
 Pedacia, a woman of whom Horace, 1, 
 sat. 8, v. 30, speaks as of a contemptible cha- 
 racter. 
 
 Pedani. Vid. Pedum. 
 
 Pedanius, a prefect of Rome, killed by one 
 of his slaves, for having denied him his liber- 
 ty, &c. Tacit. 14, Ann. c. 42. 
 
 Pedasa, iprum,) a town of Caria, near Ha- 
 licarnassus. Liv. 35, c. 30. 
 
 Pedasus, a son of Bucolion, the son of Lao- 
 medon. His mother was one of the Naiads. 
 He was killed in the Trojan war by Eu- 
 
 ryalus. Homer. II. 6, v. 21. One of the 
 
 four horses of Achilles. As he was not im- 
 mortal, like the other three, he was killed by 
 
 Sarpedon. Id. 16. A town near Pylos in 
 
 ihe Peloponnesus. 
 
 Pediadis, apart of Bactriana, through which 
 the Oxus flows. Polyb. 
 
 Pedias, the wife of Cranaus. 
 
 Pedius Bl^sus, a Roman, accused by 
 the people of Cyrene, of plundering the tem- 
 ple of ii^sculapius. He was condemned un- 
 der Nero, &ic. Tacit. Ann. 14, c. 18. 
 
 A nephew of Julius Caesar, who commanded 
 
 one of his legions in Gaul, &.c. Poplicola, a 
 
 lawyer in the age of Horace. His father was 
 one of J. Caesar's heirs, and became consul 
 with Augustus after Pansa's death. 
 
 PE 
 
 Pedo, a lawyer, patronized by Doipitianv 
 
 Juv. 7, V. 129. Albinovanus. [Vid. Albi* 
 
 novanus.] 
 
 Pedianus Asconius, flourished A. D. 76. 
 
 Pedum, a town of Latiura, about ten miles 
 from Rome, conquered by Camiilus. The in- 
 habitants were called Pedani. Liv. 2, c. 39, 1 
 8, c. 13 and \4.—Horat. 1- ep. 4., v. 2. 
 
 Peg*, a fountain at the foot of mount Arr 
 ganthus in Bithynia, into which Hylas fell* 
 Propert. 1, el. 20, v. 33. 
 
 Pegasides, a name given to the musesy 
 from the horse Pegasus, or from the fountain 
 which Pegasus had raised from the ground, by 
 striking it with his foot. Ovid, Her. 15, v. 27. 
 
 PiEGASis, a name given to (Enone by Ovid* 
 (Her. 5.) because she was daughter of the river 
 ("n:") Cebrenus. 
 
 Pegasium Stagnum, a lake near Ephesus* 
 which arose from the earth when Pegasuf 
 struck it with his foot. 
 
 Pegasus, a winged horse, sprung from the 
 blood of Medtisa, when Perseus had cut oft' her 
 head. He received his name from his being 
 born, according to Hesiod, near the sources 
 (rTiryyi) of the ocean. As soon as born he left 
 the earth, and flew up into heaven, or rather, 
 according to Ovid, he fixed his residence on 
 mount Helicon, where, by striking the earth 
 with his foot, he instantly raised a fountain, 
 which has been called Hippocrene. He be- 
 came the favourite of the muses ; and being 
 afterwards tamed by Neptune or Minerva, he 
 was given to Bellerophon to conquer the Chi- 
 maera. No sooner was this fiery monster de- 
 stroyed, than Pegasus threw down his rider, 
 because he was a mortal, or rather, according 
 to the more received opinion, because he at- 
 tempted to fly to heaven. This act of temeri- 
 ty in Bellerophon, was punished by Jupiter, 
 who sent an insect to torment Pegasus, which 
 occasioned the melancholy fall of his rider. 
 Pegasus continued his flight up to heaven, and 
 was placed among the constellations by Jupi- 
 ter. Perseus, according to Ovid, was mounted 
 on the horse Pegasus, when he destroyed the 
 sea monster which was going to devour An- 
 dromeda. Hesiod. Theog. 282. — Horat. 4, od. 
 11, V. ^.—Horner. II. 6, v. 179.— Mpollod. 2, c. 
 3 and 4. — Lycophr. 17. — Pans. 12, c. 3 and 4. — 
 Ovid. Met. 4, v. 785.— Hygin. fab. 57. 
 
 Pelago, an eunuch, one of Nero's favour- 
 ites, &.C. Tacit. Ann. 14, c. 69. 
 
 Pelagon, a man killed by a wild boar. 
 
 Ovid. Met. 8, v. 360. A son of Asopus and 
 
 Metope. A Phocian, one of whose men 
 
 conducted Cadmus, and showed him where, 
 according to the oracle, he was to build a city. 
 
 Pelagonia, one of the divisions of Mace- 
 donia at the north. Liv. 26, c. 26, 1. 31, c. 29L 
 
 Pef.arge, a daughter of Potneus, who re- 
 established the worship of Ceres in Boeotia. 
 She received divine honours after death. 
 Paus. 9, c. 25. 
 
 Pelasgi, a people of Greece, supposed to 
 be one of the most ancient in the world. 
 They first Inhabited Argolis in Peloponnesus, 
 which, from them, received the name oi Pelas' 
 giOf and about 1883 years oefore the Christian 
 era, they passed into .iflmonia, and were af- 
 terwards dispersed in several parts of Greece. 
 Some of them fixed their habitation in Epirus, 
 others in Crete, others in Italy, and others in 
 
PE 
 
 Lesbos. From these different changes of situ- 
 ation in the Pelasgians, all the Greeks are 
 indiscriminately called Pelasgians, and their 
 country Pelasgia, though more properly speak- 
 ing, it should be confined to Thessaly, Epirus, 
 and Peloponnesus, in Greece. Some of the 
 Pelasgians, that had been driven from Attica 
 settled in Lemnos, where some time after 
 they carried some Athenian women, whom 
 they had seized in an expedition on the coast 
 ©f Attica. They raised some children by these 
 captive females, but they afterwards destroyed 
 them, with their mothers, through jealousy, 
 because they differed in manners as well as 
 language from them. This horrid murder 
 was attended by a dreadful pestilence, and 
 they were ordered, to expiate their crime, to 
 do whatever the Athenians commanded them. 
 This was to deliver their possessions into their 
 hands. The Pelasgians seem to have received 
 their name from Pelasgus, the first king, and 
 founder of their nation. Paus. 8j c. 1. — Strab. 
 6. — Herodot. 1. — Plut. in Rom. — Virg. JEn. 
 3. — Ovid. Met. — Flacc. — Senec. in Med. ^ 
 Agtm. 
 
 Pelasgia, or Pelasgiotis, a country of 
 Greece, whose inhabitants are called Pelasgi, 
 or PelasgiotcB. Every country of Gi'eece, and 
 all Greece in general, is indiscriminately call- 
 ed Pelasgia, though the name should be more 
 particularly confined to a part of Thessaly, 
 situate between the Peneus, the Aliacmon, 
 and the Sperchius. The maritime borders of 
 this part of Thessaly were afterwards called 
 Magnesia, though the sea, or its shore, still re- 
 tained the name of Pelasgicus Sinus, now the 
 gulf of Volo. Pelasgia is also one of the an- 
 cient names of Epirus, as also of Peloponne- 
 sus. Vid. Pelasgi. 
 
 Pelasgus, a son of Terra, or, according to 
 others, of Jupiter and Niobe, who reigned in 
 Sicyon, and gave his name to the ancient inha- 
 bitants of Peloponnesus. 
 
 Pelethronii, an epithet given to the Lapi- 
 thas, because they inhabited the town of Pele- 
 thronium, at the foot of mount Pelion in Thes- 
 saly ; or because one of their number bore the 
 name of Pelethronius. It is to them that man- 
 kind are indebted for the invention of the bit 
 with which they tamed their horses with so 
 much dexterity. Virg. G. 3, v. 115. — Ovid. 
 Met. 12, V. 452.— Lucan. 6, v. 387. 
 
 Peleus, a king of Thessaly, son of ^acus 
 and Endeis, the daughter of Chiron. He mar- 
 ried Thetis, one of tlie Nereids, and was the 
 only one among mortals who married an im- 
 mortal. He was accessary to the death of his 
 brother Phocus, and on that account he was 
 obliged to leave his father's dominions. He 
 retired to the court of Eurytus, the son of 
 Actor, who reigned at Phthia, or, according 
 to the less received opinion of Ovid, he fled 
 to Ceyx, king of Trachinia. He was purified 
 of his murder by Eurytus, with the usual 
 ceremonies, and the monarch gave him his 
 daughter Antigone in marriage. Some lime 
 after this, Peleus and Eurytus went to the 
 chase of the Calydonian boar, where the fa- 
 ther-in-law was accidentally killed by an arrow 
 which his son-in-law had aimed at the beast. 
 This unfortunate event obliged him to banish 
 biiusell from the court of Piithia, and he re- 
 tired to lolchos, where he wa^ purified of the 
 
 PE 
 
 murder of Eurytus, by Acastus the king of 
 the country. His residence at lolchos was 
 short; Astydamia, the wife of Acastus, be- 
 came enamoured of him ; and when she found 
 him insensible to her passionate declaration, 
 she accused him of attempts upon her virtue. 
 The monarch partially believed the accusa- 
 tions of his wife, but not to violate the laws of 
 hospitality by putting him instantly to death, 
 he ordered his officers to conduct him to 
 mount Pelion, on pretence of hunting, and 
 there to tie him to a tree, that he might be- 
 come the prey of the wild beasts of the place,. 
 The orders of Acastus were faithfully obeyed ; 
 but Jupiter, who knew the innocence of his 
 grandson Peleus, ordered Vulcan to set him 
 at liberty. As soon as he had been delivered 
 from danger, Peleus assembled his friends to 
 punish the ill treatment which he had receiv- 
 ed from Acastus. He forcibly took lolchos, 
 drove the king from his possessions, and put to 
 death the wicked Astydamia. After the death 
 of Antigone, Peleus courted Thetis, of whose 
 superior charms Jupiter himself had been 
 enamoured. His pretensions, however, were 
 rejected, and as he was a mortal, the god- 
 dess fled from him with the greatest abhor- 
 rence ; and the more effectually to evade his 
 inquiries, she generally assumed the shape 
 of a bird, or a tree, or of a tigress. Peleus 
 became more animated from her refusal ; he 
 offered a sacrifice to the gods, and Proteus 
 informed him that to obtain Thetis he must 
 surprise her while she was asleep in her 
 grotto, near the shores of Thessaly. This 
 advice was immediately followed, and The- 
 tis unable to escape from the grasp of Pe- 
 leus, at last consented to marry him. Their 
 nuptials were celebrated with the greatest 
 solemnity, and all the gods attended, and 
 made them each the most valuable presents. 
 The goddess of discord was the only one of 
 the deities who was not present, and she 
 punished this seeming neglect by throwing an 
 apple into the midst of the assembly of the 
 gods, with the inscription of detur pulchriori. - 
 [Vid. Discordia.] From the marriage of 
 Peleus and Thetis was born Achilles, whose 
 education was early intrusted to the Centaur 
 Chiron, and afterwards to Phcenix, the son 
 of Amyntor. Achilles went to the Trojan 
 war, at the head of his father's troops, and 
 Peleus gloried in having a son who was su- 
 perior to all the Greeks in valour and intre- 
 pidity. The death of Achilles was the source 
 of grief to Peleus ; and Thetis, to comfort her 
 husband, promised him immortality, and or- 
 dered him to retire into the grottos of the isl- 
 and of Leuce, where he would see and con- 
 verse with the manes of his son. Peleus had 
 a daughter called Potydora, by Antigone. Ho- 
 mer. II. 9, V. 482. — Eurip. in Androm. — Catul. 
 de Nupl. Pel. S^ Thet.—Ovid. Hero id. 5. Fast. 
 2, Met. 11, fab. 7 and S.—Apollod. 3, c. 12.— 
 Pans. 2, c, 29.— Z>iW. 4. Hygin. fab. 54. 
 
 Peliades, the daughter of Pelias. Vid, 
 Pelias. 
 
 Pelias, the twin brother of Neleus, was 
 son of JVeptune by Tyro, the daughter of Sal- 
 moneus. His birth was concealed from the 
 world by his mother, who wished her father to 
 be ignorant of her incontinence. He was ex- 
 posed in the woods, but bis life was preserved 
 
PE 
 
 PE 
 
 by shepherds, and he received the name ofPe- suraed, and refused to give the Peliades the 
 lias, from a spot of the colour of lead in his promised assistance, and the bones ofPelias 
 face. Some time after this adventure, Tyro { did not even receive a burial. The Peliades 
 married Cretheus, son of aEolus, king of lol- ' were four in number, Alceste, Pisidice, Pe- 
 chos, and became mother of three children, of 
 whom .^son was the eldest. Meantime Pelias 
 visited his mother, and was received in her fa- 
 mily, and after the death of Cretheus, he un- 
 justly seized the kingdom, which belonged to 
 the children of Tyro, by the deceased mon- 
 arch. To strengthen himself in his usurpa- 
 tion, Pelias consulted the oracle, and when he 
 was told to beware of one of the descendants 
 of -^olus, who should come to his court with 
 one foot shod, and the other bare, he private- 
 ly removed the son of i5^son, after he had pub- 
 licly declared that lie was dead. These pre- 
 cautions proved abortive. Jason, the sou of 
 TEson, who had been educated by Chiron, re- 
 turned to lolchos when arrived to years of 
 maturity, and as he had lost one of his shoes in 
 crossing the river Anaurus, or the Evenas, Pe- 
 lias immediately perceived that this was the 
 person w^hom he w^as advised so much to dread. 
 His unpopulEU-ity prevented him from acting 
 with violence against a stranger, whose uncom- 
 mon dress, and commanding aspect, had raised 
 admiration in his subjects. But his astonish- 
 ment was excited when he saw Jason arrive 
 at his palace, with his friends and his rela- 
 tions, and boldly demand the kingdom which 
 he usurped. Pelias was conscious that his 
 complaints were well founded, and there- 
 fore, to divert his attention, he told him that 
 he would voluntarily resign the crown to 
 him, if he went to Colchis to avenge the 
 death of Phryxus, the sou of Athamas, whom 
 .ffietes had cruelly murdered. He further 
 
 observed, that the expedition would be at- 
 tended with the greatest glory, and that no- 
 thing but the infirmities of old age had pre- 
 vented him himself from vindicating the hon- 
 our of his country, and the injuries of his 
 family, by punishing the assassin. This, so 
 warmly recommended, w^as as warmly ac- 
 cepted by the young hero, and his intended 
 expedition was made known all over Greece. 
 {Vid. Jason.] During the absence of Jason, 
 in the Argonautic expedition, Pelias mur- 
 dered ^son and all his family ; but accord- 
 ing to the more received opinion of Ovid. 
 iEson was still living when the Argonauts 
 returned, and he was restored to the vigour of 
 youth by the magic of Medea. This sudden 
 change in the vigour and the constitution of 
 ^son, astonished all the inhabitants of lol- 
 chos, and the daughters of Pelias, who had 
 received the patronymic of Pe/iarfes, expres- 
 sed their desire to see their father's infirmities 
 vanish, by the same powerful arts. Medea, 
 who wished to avenge the injuries which 
 her husband Jason had received from Pelias, 
 raised the desires of the Peliades, by cutting 
 an old ram to pieces, and boiling the flesh in 
 a caldron, and afterwards turning it into a 
 fine young lamb. After they had seen this 
 successful experiment; the Peliades cut their 
 father's body to pieces, after they had drawn 
 all the blood from his veins, on the assurance 
 that Medea would replenish them by her 
 incantations. The limbs were immediately 
 put into a caldron of boiling water, but 
 Medea suffered t-b« flesh to be totally con- 
 
 m 
 lopea, and Hippothoe, to whom Hyginus 
 adds Medusa. Their mother's name was 
 Anaxibia, the daughter of Bias, or Philomache, 
 the daughter of Amphion. After this parri- 
 cide, the Peliades fled to the court of Adme- 
 tus, where Acastus, the son-in-law of Pelias, 
 pursued them, and took their protector pri- 
 soner. The Peliades died, and were buried in 
 Arcadia. Hygiyi. fab. 12, 13, and 14. — Ovid. 
 .^ftt. 7, fab. 3 and 4.—Heroid. 12, v. 129.— 
 Paus. 8, c. 11. — .^pollod. 1, c. 9. — Seneca in 
 Med.—.^poUod. .4ri?. l.— Pindar. Pyth. 4.— 
 
 Diod. 4. A Trojan chief wounded by 
 
 Ulysses during the Trojan war. He survived 
 the ruin of his countiy, and followed the for- 
 tune of .^neas. Virg. JEn. 2, v. 435. The 
 
 ship Argo is called Pelias arbor, built of the 
 trees of mount Pelion. The spear of Achil- 
 les. Vid. Pelion. 
 
 Pelides, a patronymic of Achilles, and of 
 Pvrrhus, as being descended from Peleus. 
 Virg.Mn. '2, V. 264. 
 
 Peligni, a people of Italy, who dwelt 
 near the Sabines and Marsi, and had Cor- 
 finium and Sulmo for their chief towns. The 
 most expert magicians were among the Pe- 
 ligni, according to Horace. Liv. 8, c. 6 and 
 29, 1. 9, c. 41.— Grid ex Pont. 1, el. 8, v. 42.— 
 Sfrab. 5.—Horat. 3, od. 19, v. 8. 
 
 Pelignus, a friend of the emperor Clau- 
 dius, made governor of Cappadocia. Tacit, 
 dnn. 12, c. 49. 
 
 Pelin^us, a mountain of Chios. 
 Pelinn-sum, or Pelinna, a town of 
 Macedonia. Strab. 14, — Liv. 36, c. 10 and 14. 
 Pelion and Pelios, a celebrated mountain 
 of Thessaly, whose top is covered with pin« 
 trees. In their wars against the gods, the gi- 
 ants, as the poets mention, placed mount Ossa 
 upon Pelion, to scale the heavens with mor« 
 facility. The celebrated spear of Achilles, 
 which nonebutthe hero could wield, had beeix 
 cut down on this mountain, and was thence 
 called Pelias. It was a present from his pre- 
 ceptor Chiron, who, like the other Centaurs> 
 had fixed his residence here. Ovid. Mel. 1, v. 
 155,1. 13, V. 199.— Mela, 2, e. 3.— Strab. 9.^ 
 Virg. G. 1, V. 281, 1. 3, v. 94.— 5'enec. in Here. 
 ^ Med. 
 
 Pelium, a town of Macedonia. Lav. 31,. 
 c. 40. 
 
 Pell.v, a celebrated towm of Macedonia, on 
 the Ludias, not far from the sinus Thermaicus, 
 which became the capital of the country after 
 theruin of Edessa. Philip, king of Macedo- 
 nia, was educated there, and Alexander thfe 
 Great was born there, whence he is often cal- 
 led Pellfens Juvenis. The tomb of the poet 
 Euripides was in the neighbourhood. The 
 epithet Pellmus is often applied to Eg}'pt or 
 Alexandria, because the Ptolemies, kings of 
 the country, w^ere of Macedonian origin. Mar- 
 tial. 13, ep. 85.— Lucan. 5, v. 60, 1. 8, v. 475. 
 and 607, 1. 9, v. 1016 and 1073, 1. 10, v. 65.— 
 Mela, 2, c. S.-^Strab. I.—Liv. 42, c. 41-. 
 
 Peli.ane, a town of Laconia with a fountain 
 whose waters have a subterraneous comrau- 
 nicatiou with the waters of another fountain. 
 Paus.3,c.21.^Slrab.S. 
 
PE 
 
 ' Pellkne, a town of Achaia, in the Pelo- 
 ponnesus, at the west of Sicyon, famous for 
 its wool. It was built by the giant Pallas, or 
 according to others by Pellen of Argos, son of 
 Phorbas, and was the country of Proteus the 
 sea god. Slrah. 8.— Pans 7, c. 26.—Liv. 33, 
 c. 14. 
 
 Pelopea, or Pelopia, a daughter of Thyestes 
 the brother of Atreu.s. She had a son by her 
 father, who had offered her violence in a 
 wood, without knowing that she was his own 
 daughter. Some suppose that Thyestes pur- 
 posely committed this incest, as the oracle had 
 Lifcu-raed him that his wrongs should be aven- 
 ged, arid his brother destroyed, by a son who 
 should be born from him and Jiis daughter. 
 This proved too true. Pelopea afterwards 
 married her uncle Atreus, who kindly recei- 
 ved in his house his wife's illegitimate child, 
 called .ffigysthus, because preserved by goats, 
 (:iiyj;) when exposed in the mountains, ^gys- 
 thus br.came bis uncle's murderer. [Vid.Ms,ys- 
 thus.j Hypn. fab. 37, kc.—JElian. V. H. 12.— 
 Ovid. inib. v. 359. — Seneca. inAgam. 
 
 PELOPviiA, a festival observed by the peo- 
 ple of Elis in honour of Pelops. It was kept 
 in imitation of Hercules, who sacrificed to Pe- 
 lops in a trench, as it Avas usual, when the 
 manes and the infernal gods were the objects 
 of Vvorship. 
 
 Pelopia, a daughter of Niobe. A daugh- 
 ter of Pelias. The mother of Cycnus. 
 
 Pelopidas, a celebrated genera! of Thebes, 
 son of Hippoclus. He was descended of an 
 illustrious family, and was remarkable for his 
 immense possessions, which he bestowed with 
 great liberality to the poor and necessitous. 
 Many were the objects of bis generosity; 
 but "w^hen Epaminondas had refused to ac- 
 cept his presents, Pelopidas disregarded all 
 his wealth, and preferred before it the enjoy- 
 ment of his friend's conversation and of his 
 poverty. From their friendship and inter- 
 course the Thebans derived the most consider- 
 able advantages. No sooner had the interest 
 of Spc rta prevailed at Thebes, and the friends 
 of liberty and national independence been ban- 
 ished from the city, than Pelopidas, who was 
 in the number of the exiles, resolved to free 
 his countiy from foreign slavery. His plan was 
 bold and animated, and his deliberations were 
 slow. Meanwhile Epaminondas, who had 
 been left by the tyrants at Thebes, as being in 
 appearance a worthless and insignificant philo- 
 sopher, animated the youths of the city, and at 
 last Pelopidas, with eleven of his associates, en- 
 tered Thebes, and easily massacred the friends 
 of the tyranny, and freed the country from for- 
 eign masters. After this successful enterpi'ise, 
 Pelopidas was unanimously placed at the head 
 of the government, and so confident were the 
 Thebans of his abilities as a general and a magis- 
 trate, that they successively re-elected him 13 
 times to fill the honourable oflfice of governor 
 of Bceotia. Epaminondas shared with him the 
 sovereign power, and it was to their valour and 
 prudence that the Thebans were indebted for 
 a celebrated victory at the battle ofLeuctra. 
 In a warwhich Thebes carriedon against Alex- 
 ander, tyrant ofPheras, Pelopidas was appoin- 
 ted commander ; but his imprudence in trus- 
 ting himself unarmed into the enemy's camp, 
 nearly proved fatal to him. He was taken pri- 
 
 PE 
 
 goner,but Epaminondas restored him to liberty. 
 The perfidy of Alexander irritated him, and he 
 was killed bravely fighting in a celebrated bat- 
 tle in which his troops obtained the victory, 
 B. C. 436 years. He received an honour- 
 able burial ; the Thebans showed their sense 
 for his merit by their lamentations ; they 
 sent a powerful army to revenge his death 
 on the destruction of the tyrant of Pherae 
 and his relations, and his children were pre- 
 sented with immense donations by the cities 
 of Thessaly. Pelopidas is admired for his 
 valour, as he never engaged an enemy with- 
 out obtaining the advantage. The impo- 
 verished state of Thebes before his birth, 
 and after his fall, plainly demonstrates the 
 superiority of his genius and of his abilities, 
 and it has been justly observed that with 
 Pelopidas and Epaminondas the glory and 
 the independence of the Thebans rose and 
 set. Plut. S^ C. JYep in vitu.—Xenoph. Hist. 
 G.—Diod. \6.~-Polyb. 
 
 Peloponnesiacum Beleum, a celebrated 
 war which continued for 27 years be- 
 tween the Athenians and the inhabitants 
 of Peloponnesus with their respective allies. 
 It is the most famous and the most interest- 
 ing of all the wars which have happened 
 between the inhabitants of Greece ; and for 
 the minute and circumstantial description 
 vyhich wo have of the events and revolu- 
 tions which mutual animosity produced, we 
 are indebted more particularly to the cor- 
 rect and authentic writings of Thucydides 
 and of Xenophon. The circumstances which 
 gave birth to this memorable war are these : 
 the power of Athens under the prudent and 
 vigorous administration of Pericles, was al- 
 ready extended over Greece, and it had pro- 
 cured itself many admirers and more enemies, 
 when the Corcyreans, who had been planted 
 by a Corinthian colony, refused to pay to their 
 founders those marks of respect and reverence 
 which among the Greeks every colony was 
 obliged to pay to its mother country. The 
 Corinthians wished to punish that infidelity; 
 and when the people of Epidamnus, a consi- 
 derable town on the Adriatic,hadbeen invaded 
 by some of the barbarians of Illyricum, the 
 people of Corinth gladly granted to the Epi- 
 damnians that assistance which had in vain 
 been solicited from the Corcyreans, their 
 founders and their patrons. The Corcyreans 
 were offended at the interference of Corinth 
 in the affairs of their colony ; they manned 
 a fleet, and obtained a victory over the Co- 
 rinthian vessfls which had assisted the Epi- 
 damnians. The subsequent conduct of the 
 Corcyreans, and their insolence to some of 
 the Elians who had furnished a few ships 
 to the Corinthians, provoked the Pelopon- 
 nesians, and the discontent became gene- 
 ral. Ambassadors were sent by both parties 
 to Athens, to claim its protection and to 
 justify these violent proceedings. The great- 
 est pait of the Athenians heard their va- 
 rious reasons with moderation and with 
 compassion, but the enterprising ambition of 
 Pericles prevailed, and when the Corcyreans 
 had reminded the people of Athens, that in 
 all (he states of Peloponnesus they had to 
 dread the most malevolent enemies, and the 
 most insidious of rivals, they were listened to 
 
PE 
 
 with attention, and were promised support. 
 This step was no sooner taken than the Corin- 
 thians appealed to the other Grecian states, and 
 particularly to the Lacedasmonians. Their 
 complaints were accompanied by those of the 
 people of Megara and of ^gina, who bitterly 
 inveighed against the cruelty, injustice, and in- 
 solence of the Athenians. This had due 
 weight with the Lacedaemonians, who had long 
 beheld with concern and with jealousy the am- 
 bitious power of the Athenians, and they de- 
 termined to support the cause of the Corin- 
 thians. However, before they proceeded to 
 hostilities, an embassy was sent to Athens to 
 represent the danger of entering into a war 
 with the most powerful and flourishing of all 
 the Grecian states. This alarmed the Athe- 
 nians, but when Pericles had eloquently spo- 
 ken of the resources and the actual strength of 
 the republic, and of the weakness of the allies , 
 the clamours of his enemies were silenced, and 
 tlie answer which was returned to the Spar- 
 tans, was taken as a declaration of war. The 
 Spartans were supported by all the republics 
 of the Peloponnesus, except Argos and part 
 of Achaia, besides the people of Megara, Bceo- 
 tia, Phocis, Locris, Leucas, Ambracia, and 
 Anactoi'ium. The Plataeans, the Lesbians, Ca- 
 rians, Chians, IMessenians, Acarnanians, Za- 
 cynthians, Corcyreans, Dorians, and Tlira- 
 cians, were the friends of the Athenians, with 
 all the Cyclades, except Euboea, Samos, Melos, 
 and Thera. The first blow had already been 
 struck, May 7, B. C. 431, by an attempt of the 
 Boeotians to surprise Plataia; and therefore 
 Archidamus king of Sparta, who had in vain 
 recommended moderation to the allies, enter- 
 ed Attica at the head of an army of 60,000 
 men, and laid waste the country by fire and 
 sword. Pericles, who was at the head of the 
 government, did not attempt to oppose them 
 in the field ; but a fleet of a hundred and 
 fifty ships set sail without delay, to ravage the 
 coasts of the Peloponnesus. Megara was also 
 depopulated by an army of 20,000 men, and 
 the campaign of the first year of the war was 
 concluded in celebrating, v.ith the most so- 
 lemn pomp, the funerals of such as had nobly 
 fallen in battle. The following year was re- 
 markable for a pestilence which raged in 
 Athens, and which destroyed the greatest part 
 of the inhabitants. The public calamity was 
 still heightened by the approach of the Pelo- 
 ponneslan army on the borders of Attica, and 
 by the unsuccessful expedition of the Athe- 
 nians against Epidaurus, and in Thrace. The 
 pestilence which had carried away so many of 
 the Athenians proved also fatal to Pericles, and 
 he died about two years and six months after 
 the commencement of the Peloponnesian war. 
 The following years did not give rise to deci- 
 siv-e events ; but tiic re\^lt of Lesbos from the 
 alliance of the Athenians was productive of 
 fresh troubles. Mitylene, the capital of the 
 island, was recovered, and the inhabitants 
 treated with the greatest cruelty. The island 
 of Corcyra became also the seat of new sedi- 
 tions, and those citizens who had been carried 
 away prisoners by the Corinthians, and for 
 l>olitical reasons treated with lenity, and taught 
 to despise the alliance of Athens, were no 
 sooner returned home than they raised coni- 
 raotion.'s, and endeavoured to persuade Iheir 
 
 PE 
 
 countrymen to join the Peloponnesian con- 
 federates. This was strongly opposed; but 
 both parties obtained by turns the superiority, 
 and massacred, v/ith the greatest barbarity, all 
 those who obstructed their views. Some time 
 after, Demosthenes the Athenian general in- 
 vaded ./Etolia, Avhere his arms were attended 
 with the greatest success. He also fortified 
 Pylos in the Peloponnesus, and gained so many 
 advantages over the confederates, that they 
 sued for peace, which the insolence of Athens 
 refused. The fortune of the war soon after 
 changed, and the Lacedajmonians, under the 
 prudent conduct of Brasidas, made themselves 
 masters of many valuable places in Thrace. 
 But this victorious progress was soon stopped 
 by the death of their general, and that of 
 Cleon, the Athenian commander; and the 
 pacific disposition of Nicias, who was now^ at 
 the head of Athens, made overtures of peace 
 and universal tranquillity. Plistoana^, the king 
 of the Spartans, wished them to be accepted ; 
 but the intrigues of the Corinthians prevented 
 the discontinuation of the War, and therefore 
 hostilities began anew. But while war was 
 carried on with various success in different 
 parts of Greece, the Athenians engaged in a 
 new expedition ; they yielded to the persua- 
 sive eloquence of Gorgias of Leontiura, and 
 the ambitious views of Alcibiades, and sent a 
 fleet of 20 ships to assist the Sicilian states 
 against the tyrannical power of Syracuse, B. 
 C. 416. This was \varmly opposed by Nicias ; 
 but the eloquence of Alcibiades prevailed, and 
 a powerful fleet was sent against the capital of 
 Sicily. These vigorous, though impolitic mea- 
 sures of the Athenians, were not viewed with 
 indifference by the confederates. Syracuse, in 
 her distress, implored the assistance of Co- 
 rinth, and Gylippus was sent to direct her ope- 
 rations, and to defend her against the power of 
 her enemies. The events of battles were du- 
 bious, and though the Athenian army was ani- 
 mated by the prudence and intrepidity of Ni- 
 cias, and the more hasty courage of Demosthe- 
 nes, yet the good fortune of Syracuse prevail- 
 ed ; and, after a campaign of two years of 
 bloodshed, the fleets of Athens were totally 
 ruined, and the few soldiers that survived the 
 destructive siege, made prisoners of war. So 
 fatal a blow threw the people of Attica into 
 consternation and despair, and while they 
 sought for resources at home, they severely 
 felt themselves deprived of support abroad, 
 their allies were alienated by the intrigues of 
 the enemy, and rebellion was fomented in 
 their dependent states and colonies on the Asi- 
 atic coast. The threatened ruin, however, 
 was timely averted, and Alcibiades, who hatl 
 been treated with cruelty by his countrymen, 
 and who had for some time resided in Sparta, 
 and directed her military oj)eration3, now ex- 
 erted himself to defeat the designs of the con- 
 federates, by inducing the Persians to espouse 
 the cause of his country. But a short time af- 
 ter, tiic internal tranquillity of Athens was dis- 
 turbed, and Alcibiades, by wishing to abolish 
 the democracy, called away the attention of 
 his felio'.v-citizens from the persecution of a 
 war which had already cost them so much 
 blood. This, however, was but momentary; 
 the Athenians soon after obtained a naval vic- 
 tory, and the P«lopounesiau fleet Avas def«at- 
 
PE 
 
 ed by Alcibiades. The Athenians beheld 
 with rapture the success of their arras: but 
 when their fleet, in the absence of Alcibiades, 
 had been defeated and destroyed near Andros, 
 by Lysander,the Lacedaemonian admiral, they 
 showed their discontent and mortification by 
 eagerly listening to the accusations which 
 were brought against their naval leader, to 
 whom they gratefully had acknowledged them- 
 selves indebted for their former victories. Al- 
 cibiades was disgraced in the public assembly, 
 and ten commanders were appointed to suc- 
 ceed him in the management of the republic. 
 This change of admirals, and the appointment 
 of Callicratidas to succeed Lysander, whose 
 office had expired with the revolving year, 
 produced new operations. The Athenians fit- 
 ted out a fleet, and the two nations decided 
 their superiority near Arginusee, in a naval 
 battle. Callicratidas was killed, and the Lace- 
 dseraonians conquered ; but the rejoicings 
 which the intelligence of this victory occasion- 
 ed were soon stopped, when it was known that 
 the wrecks of some of the disabled ships of the 
 Athenians, and the bodies of the slain, had not 
 been saved from the sea. The admirals were 
 accused in the tumultuous assembly, and im- 
 mediately condemned. Their successors in of- 
 fice were not so prudent, but they were more 
 tmfortunate in their operations. Lysander was 
 again placed at the head of the Peloponnesian 
 forces, instead of Eteonicus, who had succeed- 
 ed to the command at the death of Callicrati- 
 das. The age and the experience of this gene- 
 ral seemed to promise something decisive, and 
 indeed an opportunity was not long wantingfor 
 the display of his military character. The su- 
 periority of the Athenians over that of the 
 Peli^onnesians, rendered the former insolent, 
 proud, and negligent, and, when they had 
 imprudently forsaken their ships to indulge 
 their indolence, or pursue their amusements 
 on the sea shore at ^Egospotamos, Lysander 
 attacked their fleet, and his victory was com- 
 plete. Of one hundred and eighty sail, only 
 nine escaped, eight of which fled under the 
 eoramand of Conon, to the island of Cyprus, 
 and the other carried to Athens the melancholy 
 news of the defeat. The Athenian prisoners 
 were all massacred; and when the Peloponne- 
 sian conquerors had extended their dominion 
 over the states and communities of Europe and 
 Asia, which formerly acknowledged the power 
 of Athens, they returned home to finish the 
 war by the reduction of the capital of Attica. 
 The siege was carried on with vigour, and sup- 
 ported with firmness, and the first Athenian 
 who mentioned capitulation to his countrymen, 
 was instantly sacrificed to the fury and the in- 
 dignation of the populace, and all the citizens 
 unanimously declared, that the same moment 
 would terminate their independence and their 
 lives. This animated language, however, was 
 not long continued; the spirit of faction was 
 not yet extinguished at Athens ; and it proved, 
 perhaps, more destructive to the public liberty, 
 ihantheoperalionsand assaults of tliePelopon- 
 nesian besiegers. Duringfour months, negocia- 
 tions were carried on with the Spartans by the 
 aristocratical part of the Athenians, and at last 
 it was agreed that, to establish the peace, the 
 fortifications of the Athenian harbours must be 
 demolished; together with the long walls which 
 
 PE 
 
 joined them to the city ; all their ships, except 
 12, were to be surrendered to the enemy j 
 they were to resign every pretension to their 
 ancient dominions abroad ; to recall from ban- 
 ishment all the members of the late aristocra- 
 cy ; to follow the Spartans in war, and, in the 
 time of peace, to frame their constitution ac- 
 cording to the will and the fjrescriptions of 
 their Peloponnesian conquerors. The terms 
 were accepted, and the enemy entered the 
 harbour, and took possession of the city, that 
 very day on which the Athenians had been ac- 
 customed to celabrate the anniversary of the 
 immortal victory which their ancestors had ob- 
 tained over the Persiansabout 76 years before, 
 near the island of Salamis. The walls and for- 
 tifications were instantly levelled witli the 
 ground, and the conquerors observed, that in 
 the demolition of Athens, succeeding ages 
 would fix the era of Grecian freedom. The day 
 was concluded with afestival, and the recitation 
 of one of the tragedies of Euripides, in which 
 the misfortunes of the daughter of Agamem- 
 non, who was reduced to misery, and banished 
 from her father's kingdom, excited a kindred 
 sympathy in the bosom of the audience, 
 who melted into tears at the recollection 
 that one moment had likewise reduced to; 
 misery and servitude the capital of Attica, 
 which was once called the common patro- 
 ness of Greece, and the scourge of Per- 
 sia. This memorable event happened about 
 404 years before the christian era, and 30 
 tyrants were appointed by Lysander over the 
 government of the city. Xen. Groec. Hist. 
 — Plut. in Lys. Per. Mcib. Nic. ^ Ages. — Diod. 
 1 1, &,c. — Aristophan. — Thucyd. — Plalo. — Arist. 
 Lycias. — Isocraies. — C. Nep. inLys.Alcib. &.c. — 
 Cic.inoff. 1,24. 
 
 Peloponnesus, a celebrated peninsula which 
 comprehends the most southern parts of 
 Greece. It received its name from Pelops, 
 who settled there, as the name indicates 
 (77>iA.5^@, n!/©', the island of Pelops), it had been 
 called before Argia^ Pelasgia, and Argoligf 
 and in its form, it has been observed by the 
 moderns, highly to resemble the leaf of the 
 plane tree. Its present name is Morea, which 
 seemsto be derived cither from the Greek word 
 yofjix, or the Lat in moms, which signifies a mul- 
 berry tree, which is found there in great abun- 
 dance. The ancient Peloponnesus was divided 
 into six dift'erent provinces, Messenia,Laconia, 
 Elis, Arcadia, Achaia propria, and Argolis, 
 to which some add Sicyon. These provinces 
 all bordered on the sea sliore, except Arca- 
 dia. The Peloponnesus was conquered, some 
 time after the Trojan war, by the Heraclidae 
 or descendants of Hercules, who had been 
 forcibly expelled from it. The inhabitants of 
 this peninsula rendered themselves illustrious, 
 like the rest of the Greeks, by their genius, 
 their fondness for the fine arts, the cultivation 
 of learning, and the profession of arms, but 
 in nothing more than by a celebrated war, 
 which they carried on against Athens and her 
 allies for 27 years, and which from them re- 
 ceived the name of the Peloponnesian war, 
 [Vid. Peloponnesiacum helium.] The Pelo- 
 ponnesus scarce extended 200 miles in length, 
 and 140 in breadth, and about 663 miles in 
 circumference. It was separated from Greece 
 by the narrow isthmus oi Corinth, which, as 
 
PE 
 
 being only five miles broad, Demetrius, Cse- 
 sar, Nero, and some others, attempted in vain 
 to cut, to make a communication between 
 the bay of Corinth and the Saronicus sinus. 
 Strah. 8.—Thucyd.—Diod. 12, &c. Pans. 3, c. 
 21, 1. 8, c. i.—Mela, 2, c. Z.—Plin. 4, c. 6.— 
 Herodot. S,c.AO. 
 
 Pklopea MiENJA, is applied to the cities of 
 Greece, but more particularly to Mycenag and 
 Argos, where the descendants of Pelops reign- 
 ed. Virg. JEn. 2, v. 193. 
 
 Pelops, a celebrated prince, son of Tan- 
 talus king of Fhrygia. His mother's name 
 was Euryanassa, or according to others Eu- 
 prytone, or Eurystemista, orDione. He wras 
 murdered by hi's father, M^ho wislied to try 
 the divinity of the gods who had visited 
 Phrygia, by placing on their table the limbs 
 of his son. The gods perceived his perfidious 
 cruelty, and they refused to touch the meat, 
 except Ceres, whom the recent loss of her 
 daughter had rendered melancholy and inat- 
 tentive. She eat one of the shoulders of 
 Pelops, and therefore, when Jupiter had 
 compassion on his fate, and restored him to 
 life, he placed a shoulder of ivory instead of 
 that which Ceres had devoured. This shoul- 
 der had an uncommon power, and it could 
 heal by its very touch, every complaint, and 
 remove every disorder. Some time after, the 
 kingdom of Tantalus was invaded by Tros, 
 king of Troy, on pretence that he had car- 
 ried away his son Ganymedes. This rape 
 had been committed by Jupiter himself; the 
 war, nevertheless, was carried on, and Tan- 
 talus, defeated and ruined, was obliged to 
 fly with his son Pelops, and to seek a shel- 
 ter in Greece. This tradition is confuted by 
 some who support, that Tantalus did not fly 
 into Gi'eece, as he had been some time before 
 confined by Jupiter in the infernal regions 
 for his impiety, and therefore Pelops was the 
 only one whom the enmity of Tros perse- 
 cuted. Pelops came to Pisa, where he be- 
 came one of the suitors of Hippodamia, the 
 daughter of king (Enomaus, and he entered 
 the lists against the father, who promised his 
 daughter only to him who could out-run 
 him in a chariot race. Pelops was not terri- 
 fied at the fate of the 13 lovers, who before 
 him had entered the course against (Eno- 
 maus, and had, according to the conditions 
 proposed, been put to death when conquered. 
 He previously bribed Myrtilus, the charioteer 
 of (Enomaus, and therefore he easily obtained 
 the victory. \^Vid. (Enomaus.] He married 
 Hippodamia, and threw headlong into the 
 sea Myrtilus, when he claimed the reward of 
 his perfidy. According to some authors, Pe- 
 lops had received some winged horses from 
 Neptune, with which he was enabled to out- 
 run (Enomaus. When he had established 
 himself on the throne of Pisa, Hippodamia's 
 possession, he extended his conquests over 
 the neighbouring countries, and from him 
 the peninsula, ot which he was one of the 
 monarchs, received the name of Pelopon- 
 nesus Pelops, after death, received divine 
 honours, and he was as much revered above 
 all the other heroes of Greece, as Jupiter 
 was above liie rest of the gods. He had a 
 temple at Olympia, near that of Jupiter, 
 v/here Hercules consecrated to him a small 
 
 PE 
 
 portion of land, and offered to him a sacri- 
 fice. The place where this sacrifice had 
 been ofi'ered, was religiously observed, and 
 the magistrates of the country yearly, on 
 coming into office, made there an offering 
 of a black ram. During the sacrifice, the 
 soothsayer was not allowed, as at other times, 
 to have a share of the victim, but he alone 
 who furnished the wood, was permitted to 
 take the neck. The wood for sacrifices, 
 as may be observed, was always furnished 
 by some of the priests, to all such as of- 
 fered victims, and they received a price 
 equivalent to what they gare. The white 
 poplar was generally used in the sacrifices 
 made to Jupiter and to Pelops. The chil- 
 dren of Pelops by Hippodamia were, Pi- 
 theus, TrcEzene, Atreus, Thyestes, he. be- 
 sides some by concubines. The time of his 
 death is unknown, though it is universally 
 agreed, that he survived for some time Hip- 
 podamia. Some suppose that the Palladium 
 of the Trojans was made with the bones of 
 Pelops. His descendants were called Pelo- 
 pida. Pindar, who in his first Olympic speaks 
 of Pelops, confutes the traditions of his ivory 
 shoulder, and says that Neptune took him up 
 to heaven, to become the cup-bearer to the 
 gods, from which he was expelled when the 
 impiety of Tantalus wished to make man- 
 kind partake of the nectar and the entertain- 
 ments of the gods. Some suppose that Pe- 
 lops first instituted the Olympic games in 
 honour of Jupiter, and to commemorate tke 
 victory which he had obtained over (Eno- 
 maus. Paus. 6, c. 1, &;c. — Apollod. 2, c. 5. 
 — Eurip. in Jphig. — Diod. 3. — Strab. 8. — 
 Mela, 1, c. 18.— Pindar. Od. l.— Virg. G.S, 
 v. 7.— Ovid. Met. 6, v. 404, kc.-^Hygin. feb. 
 9, 82 and 83. 
 
 Pelor, one of the men who sprang from 
 the teeth of the dragon killed by Cadmus. 
 Paus. 9, c. 5. 
 
 Peloria, a festival observed by the Thes- 
 salians, in commemoration of the news which 
 they received by one Pelorius, that the 
 mountains of Tempe had been separated by 
 an earthquake, and that the waters of the 
 lake which lay there stagnated, had found a 
 passage into the Alpheus, and left behind a 
 vast, pleasant, and most delightful plain, &c. 
 mhen. 3. 
 
 Pelorus, (v. is-dis. v. ias-iados) now cape 
 Faro, one of the three great promontories of 
 Sicily, on whose top was erected a tower to 
 direct the sailor on his voyage. It lies near 
 the coast of Italy, and received its name from 
 Pelorus, the pilot of the ship which carried 
 away Annibal from Italy. This celebrated 
 general, as it is reported, was carried by 
 the tides into the straits of Charybdis, and 
 as he was ignorant of the coast, he asked 
 the pilot of the ship the name of the promon- 
 tory, which appeared at a distance. The pi- 
 lot told him, it was one of the capes of Si- 
 cily, but Annibal gave no credit to his infor- 
 mation, and murdered him on the spot on 
 the apprehension that he would betray him 
 into the hands of the Romans, He was, how- 
 ever, soon convinced of his error, and found 
 that the pilot had spoken with great fidelity , 
 and, therefore, to pay honour to his memory, 
 and to atone for his cruelty, ho gave him ^ 
 
PE 
 
 magnificent funeral, and ordered that the pro 
 montoiy should bear his name, and from that 
 time it was called Felorum. Some suppose 
 that this account is false, and they observe, 
 that it bore that name before the age of An- 
 nibal. Val. Max. 9, c. 8. — Mela, 2, c. 7. — 
 Strab. b.—Virg. Mn. 3, v. 411 and 687.— 
 Ovid. Met. 5, v. 350, 1. 13, v. 727, 1. 15, v. 
 706. 
 
 Pelt^e, a town of Phrygia. 
 
 Pelusium, now Tinch, a town of Egypt, 
 situate at the entrance of one of the mouths of 
 the Nile, called from it Pelusian. It is about 
 20 stadia from the sea, and it has received the 
 name of Pelusium from the lakes and marshes 
 (57>)\©^,) which are in its neighbourliood. It 
 was the key of Egypt on the side of Phcenicia, 
 as it was impossible to enter the Egyptian ter- 
 ritories without passing by Pelusium, and 
 therefore on that account it was always well 
 fortified and garrisoned, as it was of such im- 
 portance for the security of the country. It 
 produced lentils, and was celebrated for the 
 linen stuffs made there. It is now in ruins. 
 Mela, 2, c. 9.—Colum. 5, c. 10.— Si7. //. 3, v. 
 25.— Liican. 8, v. 466, 1. 9, v. 83, 1. 10, v. 53.— 
 Liv. 44, c 19, 1.45, c. U.— Strab. Yl.—Virg. 
 G. 1, V. 228. 
 
 Penates, certain inferior deities among the 
 Romans, who presided over houses and the 
 domestic affairs of families. They were call- 
 ed Penates, because they were generally pla- 
 ced in the innermost and most secret parts of 
 the house, in penitissimd adium parte, quod, as 
 Cicero says, penitus insident. The place where 
 they stood was afterwards called Penetralia, 
 and they themselves received the name of 
 Penetrates. It was in the option of every 
 master of a family to choose his Penates, and 
 therefore Jupiter and some of the superior 
 gods are often invoked as patrons of domestic 
 affairs. According to some, the gods Penates 
 were divided into four classes ; the first com- 
 prehended all the celestial, the second the 
 sea gods, the third the gods of hell, and the 
 last all such heroes as had received divine 
 honours after death. The Penates were ori- 
 ginally the manes of the dead, but when su- 
 perstition had taught mankind to pay uncom- 
 mon reverence to the statues and images of 
 their deceased friends, their attention was 
 soon exchanged for regular worship, and they 
 were admitted by their votaries to share im- 
 mortality and power over the world, with a 
 Jupiter or a Minerva. Tlie statues of the Pe- 
 nates were generally made with wax, ivory, 
 silver, or earth, according to the affluence of 
 tiie worshipper, and the only offerings they 
 received were wine, incense, fruits, and some- 
 times the sacrifice of lambs, sheep, goats, k.c. 
 In the early ages of Rome, human sacrifices 
 were offered to them ; but Brutus, who ex- 
 pelled the Tarquins, abolished this unnatural 
 custom. When offerings were made to them, 
 their statues were crowned with garlands, 
 poppies, or garlic, and besides the monthly 
 day that was set apart for their worship, Iheir 
 festivals were celebrated during the Saturnalia. 
 Some have confounded the Lares and the Pe- 
 nates, but tliey were dilferent. Cic. de JVat. 
 J). 2, c. 27. Ver. 2. — Diomjs. 1. 
 
 I'EKDALitM, a ))romonlory of Cyprus. 
 
 Pi.NEiA or PjNEis, an epithet ujipHed to 
 
 PE 
 
 Daphne, as daughter of Peneus. Ovid. Mtt. 
 1, V. 452. 
 
 Penelius, one of the Greeks killed in the 
 
 Trojan war. Homer. 11. 2, v. 494. A son of 
 
 Hippalmus among the Argonauts. 
 
 Penelope, a celebrated princess of Greece, 
 daughter of Icarius, and wife of Ulysses, king 
 of Ithaca. Her marriage with Ulysses was cele- 
 brated about the same time that Menelaus 
 married Helen, and she retired with her hus- 
 band to Ithaca, against the inclination of her 
 father, who wished to detain her at Sparta, 
 her native country. She soon after became 
 mother of Telemachus, and was obliged to 
 part with great reluctance from her husband, 
 whom the Greeks obliged to go to the Trojan 
 war. [F^irf. Palamedes.] The continuation of 
 hostilities for ten years mcde her s.ad and me- 
 lancholy ; but when Ulysses did not return 
 like the other princes of Greece at the con- 
 clusion of the war, her fears and anxieties 
 wei-e increased. As she received no intelli- 
 gence of his situation, she was soon beset by a 
 number of importuning suitors, who Avished 
 her to believe that her husband was ship- 
 wrecked, and that therefore she ought not 
 longer to expect his retui-n, but forget his loss, 
 and fix her choice and affections on one of her 
 numerous admirers. She received tiieir ad- 
 dresses with coldness and disdain ; but as she 
 was destitute of power, and a prisoner as it 
 were in their hands, she yet flattered them 
 with hopes and promises, and declared that 
 she would make choice of one of them, as 
 soon as she had finished a piece of tapestry on 
 which she was employed. The work Avas done 
 in a dilatory manner, and she baffled their ea- 
 ger expectations, by undoing in the night what 
 she had done in the day-time. This artifice of 
 Penelope has given rise to the proverb of Pe- 
 nelope'szveb, which is applied to whatever la- 
 bour can never be ended. The return of 
 Ulysses,after an absence of twenty years, how- 
 ever, delivered her from fears and from her 
 dangerous suitors. Penelope is described by 
 Homer as a model of female virtue and chas- 
 tity, but some more modern writers dispute 
 her claims to modesty and continence, and 
 they represent her as the most debauched and 
 voluptuous of her sex. According to their opi- 
 nions therefore, she liberally gratified the de- 
 sires of her suitors, in the absence of her hus- 
 band, and had a son whom she called Pan, as if 
 to show that he was the offspring of all her ad- 
 mirers. Some, however, sup{)Ose, that I'an 
 was son of Penelope by Mercury, and that he 
 was born before his mother's marriage with 
 Ulysses. The god, as it is said, deceived Pe- 
 nelope, under the form of a beautiful goat, as 
 she was tending her father's flocks on one of 
 ,the mountains of Arcadia. After the return 
 of Ulysses, Penelope had a daughter, who 
 was called Ptoliporthe ; but if we believe 
 the traditions that were long preserved atMan- 
 tinea, Ulysses repudiated his wife for her in- 
 continence during his absence, and Penelope 
 fled to Sparta, and afterwards to Mantinea, 
 w here she died and was buried. After the 
 death of Ulysses, according to Hyginus, she 
 married Telegonus, her husband's son by Circe, 
 by order of the goddess Minerva. Some say 
 that her original name was Arnea,or Amirace, 
 and that she was called Penelope, when some 
 
PE 
 
 river birds called Penelopes bad saved her 
 from the waves of the sea, when her father had 
 exposed her. Icarius had attempted to de- 
 stroy her, because the oracles had told him 
 that his daughter by Periboea would be the 
 most dissolute of her sex. and a disgrace to 
 his family. JlpollocL 3, c. 10. — Puns. 3, c. 12. 
 Homer. II. 4'' Od. — Ovid. Heroid. 1, Met. — Aris- 
 tot. Hist. anim. 8. — Hygin. fab. 127. — viristoph. 
 in Avib. — Plin. 37. 
 
 Peneus, a river of The.ssaly, rising on mount 
 Pindus, and falling into the Thermean gulf, 
 after a wandering course between mount Ossa 
 and Olympus, through the plains of Tempe. 
 It received its name from Peneus, a son of 
 Oceanus and Teihys. The Peueus anciently 
 inundated the plains of Thessaly, till an earth- 
 quake separated the mountains Ossa and 
 Olympus, and formed the beautiful vale of 
 Tempe, where the waters formerly stagnated. 
 From this circumstance, therefore, it obtained 
 the name of Araxes, ab xgMTtra^ scindo . Daphne, 
 the daughter of the Peneus, according to the 
 fables of the mythologists, was changed into a 
 laurel on the banks of this river. This tradi- 
 tion arises from the quantity of laurels which 
 grow near the Peneus. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 452; 
 hc.—Strab. 9.— Mela, 2, c.^.— Virg. G. 4, v.^ 
 
 317. — Diod. 4. Also a small river of Elis in 
 
 Peloponnesus, better known under the name 
 of Araxes. Fazis. 6. c. 24. — Sirab. 8 and 11. 
 
 Penidas, one of Alexander's friends, who 
 went to examine Scythia under pretence of an 
 embassy. Curt. 6, c. 6. 
 
 PENNiNiE ALPES, a certain part of the Alps. 
 Liv. 21, c. 38. 
 
 Pentapulis, a town of India. A part of 
 
 Africa near Cyrene. It received this name 
 on account of the five cities which it contain- 
 ed ; Cyrene, Arsinoe, Berenice, Ptolemais or 
 
 Barce, and Apollonia. Plin. 5, c. 5. Also 
 
 part of Palestine, containing the five cities of 
 Gaza, Grath, Ascalon, Azotus, and Ekron. 
 
 Pentelicus, a mountain of Attica, where 
 were found quari-ies of beautiful marble. 
 Slrab. 9.— Pans. 1, c. 32. 
 
 Penthesilea, a queen of the Amazons, 
 daughter of Mars, by Otrera, or Orithya. She 
 came to assist Priam in the last years of the 
 Trojan war, and fought against Achilles, by 
 whom she was slain. The hero was so struck 
 with the beauty of Penthesilea, when he strip- 
 ped lier of her arms, that he even shed tears 
 lor having too violently sacrificed her to his fu- 
 ry. Thersites laughed at the partiality of the 
 hero, for whicJi ridicule he was instantly killed. 
 Lycophrou sa\'s, that Achilles slew Thersites 
 because he had put out the eyes of Penthesilea 
 when she was yet alive. The scholiast of Ly- 
 cophron dittei-s from that opinion, and de- 
 clares, that it was commonly believed, that 
 Achilles olFercd violence to the body of Pen- 
 thesilea when she was dead, and that Thersites 
 was killed because he bad reproached the hero 
 for this infamous action, in the presence of all 
 the Greeks. The death of Thersites so offen- 
 ded Dioniedes, that he dragged the body of 
 Penthesilea out of the camp, and threw it into 
 the Scamander. It is generally supposed, 
 that Achilles was enamoured of the Amazon 
 before he fought with her, and that she had 
 by him a son called Cayster. Dictys. Crtt. 
 3 and ^.—Puus. 10, c. 31.— Q. Calab. 1.— 
 
 Pl 
 
 Virg. M.n. 1, T. 495, I. 11, v. &&2.— Dares. 
 Phryg.—Lycophf. in Cass. 995, kc.~Huicin 
 fab. 112. ^"^ 
 
 PentheusjSOD ofEchion and Agave, was 
 king of Thebes in Bceotia. His refusal to ac- 
 knowledge the divinity of Bacchus was atten- 
 ded with the most fatal consequences. lie for- 
 bade his subjects to pay adoration to this new- 
 god : and when the Theban women had gone 
 out of the city to celebrate the orgies of Bac- 
 chus, Pentheus, apprized of the debauchery 
 which attended the solemnity, ordered the god 
 himself, who conducted the religious multi- 
 tude, to be seized. His orders were obeyed 
 with reluctance, but when the doors of the pri- 
 son in which Bacchus had been coniined, open- 
 ed of their own accord, Pentheus became 
 more irritated, and commanded his soldiers to 
 destroy the whole band of the bacchanals. 
 This, however, was not executed, for Bacchus 
 inspired the monarch with the ardent desire of 
 seeing the celebration of the orgies. Accord- 
 ingly he hid himself in a wood on mount Ci- 
 thcuiODjfrom vv hence he couidseeali ihe cere- 
 monies unperceived. But here his curiosity- 
 soon proved fatal ; be was descried oy tlie bac- 
 chanals, and they all rushed upon him. His 
 mother was the tirst v.ho attacked him, and 
 her example a\ as instciiiiiy followed by her two 
 sisters, Ino and Autonoe, and his body was 
 torn to pieces. Euripides introduces Bac- 
 chus among his priestesses, when Penthe- 
 us was put to cieaiu; but Ovid, who relates 
 the whole in the same manner, differs from 
 the Greek poet only in saying, that not Bac- 
 chus himself, but one of his priests, was pres- 
 ent. The tree on which the bacchanals found 
 Pentheus, was cut down by the Corinthians, 
 by order of the oracle, and with it two statues 
 ofthegodof wine were made, and placed 
 in the forum. Hygin. fab. IB^.— TheocHt. 
 2Q.—0vid. Met. 3, fab. 7, 8, and 9. Virg 
 ^n. 4, V. 4m.— Pans. 2, c. b.—Apollod. 3, 
 c. 5.—Euripid. in Bacch.-^Senec. — Phcenis 
 «^- Hipp. 
 
 Penthilus, a son of Orestes by Erigone, the 
 daughter of .^gysthus, who reigned conjointly 
 with his brother Tisarnenus at Argos. He 
 was driven some time after from his throne by 
 the Heraclidai, and he retired to Achaia, and 
 thence to Lesbos, where he planted a colony 
 Pans. 5, c. 4.—Strab. 13.~Faterc. 1, c. 1. 
 
 Penthvlls, a prince of Paphos, who assis- 
 ted Xerxes with 12 ships. He was seized by 
 the Greeks, to whom he communicated many 
 important things concerning the situation of 
 the Persians, kc. Htrodot. 7, c. 195. 
 
 Peparethos, a small island of the iEgeaa 
 sea, on the coast of Macedonia, about 20 miles 
 in circumference. It abounded in olives, and 
 its wines have always been reckoned excellent. 
 They were not, however, palatable before 
 
 they were seven 3ears old. Plin. 4, c. \2. 
 
 Ovid. Met. 7, V. 470.— Lt'r. 28, c. 5, 1. 31, 
 c. 28. ' 
 
 Pepiinos, a town of Laconia. Pam. 3, 
 c. 26. ' 
 
 Pephredo, a sea nymph, daughter of 
 Phorcys and Ceto. She was born with white 
 hair, and thence surnamed Graia. She had a 
 sister called Enyo. Hesiod. Th. 2'70.—J3pol- 
 lod. 
 
 Vt.^s.A, or BERiEjij a country of Judasa, 
 
PE 
 
 near Egypt. PUn. 5, c. 14. A part of Ca- 
 
 ria, opposite to Rhodes. Liv. 32, c. 33. A 
 
 colony of the Mityleneans in .SoUa. Liv. 37, 
 
 C.21. , ^ . 
 
 Perasippus, an ambassador sent to Danus 
 by the Lacedaemonians, &.c. Curt. 3, c. 
 
 13. 
 
 Percope, a city which assisted Priam du- 
 ring the Trojan war. Vid. Percote, 
 
 Percosids, a man acquainted with futurity. 
 He attempted in vain to dissuade his two 
 sons to go to the Trojan war, by telling them 
 that they should perish there. 
 
 Percote, a town on the Hellespont, be- 
 tween Abydos and Lampsacus, near the sea- 
 shore. Artaxerses gave it to Themistocles, 
 to maintain his wardrobe. It is sometimes 
 called Percope. Herodot. 1, c. 117. — Hom. 
 
 Perdiccas, the fourth king of Macedonia. 
 B. C. 729, was descended from Teraenus. He 
 increased his dominions by conquest, and in 
 the latter part of his life, he showed his son Ar- 
 geus where he wished to be buried, and told 
 him that as long as the bones of his descend- 
 ants and successors on the throne of Macedo- 
 nia were laid in the same grave, so long would 
 the crown remain in their family. These 
 injunctions were obsev:ved till the time of 
 Alexander, who was buried out of Macedonia. 
 Herodot. 7 and S.— Justin. 7, c. 2. Ano- 
 ther, king of Macedonia, son of Alexander. 
 He reigned during the Peloponnesian war, 
 and assisted the Lacedaemonians against A- 
 thens. He behaved with great courage on the 
 throne, and died B. C. 413, after a long 
 reign of glory and independence, daring which 
 he had subdued some of his barbarian neigh- 
 bours. Another, king of Macedonia, who 
 
 ■was supported on his throne by Iphicrates the 
 Athenian, against the intrusions of Pausanias. 
 He was killed in a war against the Iliyrians, 
 
 B. C. 360. Justin. 7, Sic. One of thefriends 
 
 and favourites of Alexander the Great. At the 
 king's death he wished to make himself abso- 
 lute ; and the ring which he had received from 
 the hand of the dying Alexander, seemed in 
 some measure to lavosjr his pretensions. The 
 better to support his claims to the throne, he 
 married Cleopatra, the sister of Alexander, 
 and strengthened himself by making a league 
 with Eumenes. His ambitious views were 
 easily discovered by Antigonus and the rest of 
 the generals of Alexander, who all wished, 
 Jike Perdiccas, to succeed to the kingdom and 
 honours of the deceased monarch. Antipater, 
 Craterus, and Ptolemy, leagued with Antigo- 
 nus against Iflm, and after much bloodshed on 
 both sides, Perdiccas was totally ruined, and 
 at last assassinated in his tent in Egypt, by his 
 own officers, about 321 years before the Chris- 
 tian era. Perdiccas had not the prudence 
 and the address which were necessary to con- 
 ciliate the esteem and gain the attachment 
 of his fellow soldiers, and this impropri- 
 ety of his conduct alienated the heart of his 
 friends, and at last proved his destruction. 
 Plut. in Alex.—Diod. 17 and 18.— Cur/. 10.— 
 C. Mp. Eum.—JElian. V. H. 12. 
 
 Pr.RDix, a young Athenian, son of the sis- 
 ter of Daedalus. He invented the saw, and 
 seemed to promise to become a greater artist 
 than had ever been known. His uncle was 
 jealous of his rising fame, and he threw him 
 
 was mother of Auge and 
 
 Apollod. 3. — Paus. 
 
 PE 
 
 down from the top of a tower, and put him to 
 death. Perdix was changed into a bird which 
 bears his name. Hygin fab. 39 and 274. — 
 Apollod. 3, c. \b.—Ovid. Met. 8, v.220,-&c. 
 Peren'na. Vid. Anna. 
 
 PepvEnnis, a favourite of the emperor Com- 
 modus. He is described by some as a virtu- 
 ous and impartial magistrate, while others 
 paint him as a cruel, violent, and oppressive 
 tyrant, who committed the greatest barbari- 
 ties to enrich himself. He was put to death 
 for aspiring to the empire. Herodian. 
 
 Pereits, a son of Elatus and Laodice, grand- 
 son of Areas, He left only one daughter 
 called NecBra, who 
 of Cepheus and Lycurgus. 
 8, c. 4. 
 
 Perga, a town of Pamphylia. Vid. Perge. 
 Liv. 38, c. 57. 
 
 Pergamus, Pergama, (Plur.) the citadel of 
 the city of Troy. The word is often used for 
 Troy. It was situated in the most elevated 
 part of the town, on the shores of the river 
 Scamander. Xerxes mounted to the top of 
 this citadel when he reviewed his troops as he 
 marched to invade Greece. Herodot. 7, c. 43. 
 —Virg. M.n. 1, v. 466, &,c. 
 
 Pergamus, now Bergamo, a town of Mysia, 
 on the banks of the Caycus. It was the ca- 
 pital of a celebrated empire called the king- 
 dom of Pergamus, which was founded by Phi- 
 lajterus, an eunuch, whom Lysimachus, after 
 the battle of Ipsus, had intrusted with the 
 treasures which he had obtained in the war. 
 Philseterus made himself master of the trea- 
 sures and of Pergamus in which they were 
 deposited, B. C. 283, and laid the foundations 
 of an empire, over which he himself presided 
 for 20 years. His successors began to reign in 
 the following order : his nephew Eumenes as- 
 cended the throne 263 B. C. ; Attains, 241 ; Eu- 
 menes the second, 197; Attains Philadelphus, 
 159; Attalus Philomator, 138, who, B. C. 133, 
 left the Roman people heirs to his kingdom, as 
 he had no children. The right of the Romans, 
 however, was disputed by an usurper, who 
 claimed the empire as his own, and Aquilius 
 the Roman general was obliged to conquer the 
 different cities one by one, and to gain their 
 submission by poisoningthe v/aters which were 
 conveyed to their houses, till the whole was 
 reduced into the form of a dependent province. 
 The capital of the kingdom of Pergamus was 
 famous for a library of 200,000 volumes, which 
 had been collected by the different monarchs 
 who had reigned there. This noble collection 
 was afterwards transported to Egypt by Cleo- 
 patra, with the permission of Antony, and it 
 adorned and enriched the Alexandrian library, 
 till it was most fatally destroyed by the Sara- 
 cens, A. D. 642. Parchment was first invent- 
 ed and made use of at Pergamus, to transcribe 
 books, as Ptolemy king of Egypt had forbid- 
 den the exportation of papyrus from his king- 
 dom, in order to prevent Eumenes from ma- 
 king a library as valuable and as choice as tliat 
 of Alexandria. From this circumstance parch- 
 ment has been called c/iar/«/7erg'amena. Gale- 
 nusthe physician and ApoUodorus the mytho- 
 logist were born there. .-Esculapius was the 
 chief deity of the country. PUn. 5 and 15. — 
 Isid. 6, c. n.—Strab.l3.—Liv. 29, c. 11, 1. 31, 
 c. 4Q.—Pliii. 10, c. 21, 1. 13, c. 11. A son of 
 
PE 
 
 >-eoptoleraus and Andromache, who, as some 
 suppose, founded Pergamus in Asia. Pans. 
 
 1, c. 11. 
 
 Perge, a town of Pamphylia, where Diana 
 had a magnificent temple, whence hersurname 
 of Pergaea. Apollonius the geometrician was 
 born there. Mela, 1, c. 14. — Strah. 14. 
 
 Pergus, a lake of Sicily near Enna, where 
 Proserpine was carried away by Pluto. Ovid, 
 o, V. 386. 
 
 Periandev, a tyrant of Corinth, son ofCyp- 
 selns. The first years of his government were 
 mild and popular, but he soon learnt to be- 
 come oppressive,when he h^d consulted the ty- 
 rant of Sicily about the surest way of reigning. 
 He received no other answer but whatever ex- 
 planation he w'ished to take place on the Si- 
 cilian tyrant's having, in the presence of his 
 messenger, plucked in a field all the ears of 
 corn which seemed to tower above the rest. 
 Periander understood the meaning of this an- 
 swer. He immediately surrounded himself 
 with a numerous guard, and put to death the 
 richest and most powerful citizens of Corinth. 
 He was not only cruel to his subjects, but his 
 fiamily also Avere objects of his vengeance. He 
 committed incest with his mother, and put to 
 death his wife Melissa, upon false accusation. 
 He also banished his son Lycophron to the is- 
 land of Corey ra, because the youth pitied and 
 wept at the miserable end of his mother, and 
 detested the barbarities of his father, Perian- 
 der died about 585 years before the Christian 
 era, in his 80th year, and by the meanness of 
 his flatterers he was reckoned one of the seven 
 wise men of Greece. Though he was tyranni- 
 cal, yet he patronized the fine arts ; he was 
 fond of peace, and he showed himself the 
 friend and protector of genius and of learning. 
 He used to say, that a man ought solemnly to 
 keep his word, but not to hesitate to break it, 
 if ever it clashed with his interest. He said al- 
 so that not only crimes ought to be punished, 
 but also every wicked and corrupted thought. 
 
 Diog. in vita. — Arist. 5, Polit. — Paus. 2. 
 
 A tyrant of Ambracia, whom some rank with 
 the seven wise men of Greece, and not the ty- 
 rant of Corinth. A man distinguished as a 
 
 physician, but contemptible as a poet. Plut. 
 ' — Lucan. 
 
 Periarchus, a naval commander of Spar- 
 ta conquered by Conon. Diod. 
 
 Perib(ea, the second wife of OEneus, king 
 of Calydon , was daughter of Hipponous. She 
 became mother of Tideus. Some suppose that 
 CEneus debauched her, and afterwards marri- 
 ed her. Hygin. fab. 69. A daughter of Al- 
 
 cathous, sold by her fathfer on suspicion that 
 she was courted by Telamon son of j5Cacus, 
 kingof^gina. She was carried to Cyprus, 
 where Telamon the founder of Salamis mar- 
 ried her, and she became mother of Ajax. 
 She also married Theseus, according to some. 
 She is also called Eribcea. Pans. 1, c. 17 and 
 
 42. — Hygin. 97. The wife of Polybus, king 
 
 of Corinth, who educated (Edipus as her own 
 child. A daughter of Eurymedon, who be- 
 came mother of Nansithous by Neptune. 
 
 The mother of Penelope, according to some 
 authors. 
 
 Peribomius, a noted debauchee, &.c. Juv. 
 
 2, V. 16. 
 
 Pericles, an Athenian of a nollt fami- 
 f^6 
 
 PE 
 
 ly, son of Xanthippus and Agariste. He was 
 naturally endowed with great powers, which 
 he improved by attending the lectures of Da- 
 mon, of Zeno, and of Anaxagoras. Under 
 these celebrated masters he became a com- 
 mander, a statesman, and an orator, and gain- 
 ed the atFections of the people by his uncom- 
 mon address and well directed liberality. 
 When he took a share in the administration of 
 public affairs, he rendered himself popular by 
 opposing Cimon, who was the favourite of the 
 nobility, and to remove eveiy obstacle which 
 stood in the way of his ambition, he lessened 
 the dignity and the power of the court of the 
 Areopagus, which the people had been taught 
 for ages to resi)ect and to venerate. He also 
 attacked Cimon, and caused him to be ban- 
 ished by the ostracism. Thucydides also, who 
 had succeeded Cimon on his banishment} 
 shared the same fate, and Pericles remained 
 for 15 years the sole minister, and as it may 
 be said the absolute sovereign of a lepublic 
 which always showed itself so jealous of its 
 liberties, and which distrusted so much the 
 honesty of her magistrates. In his ministerial 
 capacity Pericles did not enrich himself, but 
 the prosperit}'^ of Athens was the object of his 
 administration. He made war against the La- 
 cedemonians, and restored the temple of 
 Delphi to the care of the Phocians, who had 
 been illegally deprived ofthat honourable trust. 
 He obtained a victory over the Sicyonians near 
 Nemaa, and waged a successful war against the 
 inhabitants of Saraos at the request of his fa- 
 vourite mistress Aspacia. The Peloponnesian 
 war was fomented by his ambitious views. 
 [Vid. Peloponnesiacum bellum,] and when 
 he had warmly represented the flourishing 
 state, the opulence, and actual power of his 
 country, the Athenit'ns did not hesitate a mo- 
 ment to undertake a war against the most 
 powerful republics of Greece, a war which 
 continued for 27 years, and which was con- 
 cluded by the destruction of their empire, and 
 the demolition of their walls. The arms of the 
 Athenians were for some time crowned with 
 success ; but an unfortunate expedition raised 
 clamours against Pericles, and the enraged 
 populace attributed all their losses to him, and 
 to make atonement for their ill success, they 
 condemned him to pay 50 talents. This loss 
 of popular favour by republican caprice did 
 not so much attect Pericles as the recent death 
 of all his children, and when the tide of un- 
 popularity was passed by, he condescended to 
 come into the public assembly, and to view 
 with secret pride the contrition of his fellow 
 citizens, who universally begged his forgive- 
 ness for the violence which tliey had offered 
 to his ministerial character. He was again 
 restored to all his honours, and if possible in- 
 vested with more power and more authority 
 than before; but the dreadful pestilence which 
 had diminished the number of his family, 
 proved fatal to him, and about 420 yeai's be- 
 fore Christ, in his 70th year, he fell a sacrifice 
 to that terrible malady, which robbed Athens 
 of so many of her citizens, Pericles was for 
 40 years at the head of the administration, 2& 
 years with others, and 15 alone, and thu flour- 
 ishing state of the empire during his govern- 
 ment gave occasion to the Athenians public!; 
 to lament his loss, and venerate his memory. 
 
PE 
 
 As he was expiring, and seemingly senseless, ] 
 his friends that stood around his bed expatiated 
 with warmth on the most glorious actions of his 
 life, and the victories which he had won, when 
 he suddenly interrupted their tears and con- 
 versation, by saying, that in mentioning the ex- 
 ploits that he had achieved, and which were 
 common to him with all generals, they had 
 forgot to mention a circumstance which reflec- 
 ted far greater glory upon him as a minister, a 
 general, and above all. as a man. It is, says he, 
 that not a citizen in Athens has been obliged to 
 put on mourning on my account. The Athe- 
 nians were so pleased with his eloquence that 
 they compared it to thunder and lightning, and 
 as to another father of the gods, they gave him 
 the surname of Olympian. The poets, his flat- 
 terers, said that the goddess of persuasion, 
 with all her charms and attractions, dwelt up- 
 on his tongue. When he marched at the head 
 of the Athenian armies, Pericles observed that 
 he had the command of a free nation that were 
 Greeks, and citizens of Athens. He also de- 
 clared that not only the hand of a magistrate, 
 but also his eyes and his tongue should be pure 
 and undefiled. Yet great and venerable as this 
 character may appear, we must not forget the 
 follies of Pericles. His vicious partiality for 
 the celebrated courtezan Aspasia, subjected 
 him to the ridicule and the censure of his fel- 
 low citizens ; but if he triumphed over satire 
 and malevolent remarks, the Athenians had 
 occasion to execrate the memory of a man 
 who by his example corrupted the purity and 
 innocence of their morals, and who made li- 
 centiousness respectable, and the indulgence 
 of every impure desire the qualification of the 
 soldier as well as of the senator. Pericles lost 
 all his legitimate children by the pestilence, 
 and to call a natural son by his own name he 
 was obliged to repeal a law which he had 
 made against spurious children, and which he 
 had enforced with great severity. This son 
 called Pericles, became one of the ten gene- 
 rals who succeeded Alcibiades in the admin- 
 istration of aflairs, and like his colleagues he 
 was condemned to death by the Athenians, 
 after the unfortunate battle of Arginusaas. 
 Faus. 1, c. 25. — Phdinvitd. — Quintil. 12, c 
 9.—Ck. de Oral. S.—,mian. V. H.4,c. 10.— 
 Xe.nop/i. Hist. G. — Thucyd. 
 
 Periclymknus, one of the twelve sons of 
 ISeleus, brolher to Nestor, killed by Hercu 
 les. He was one of the Argonauts, and had 
 received from Neptune his grandfather the 
 power of changing himself into whatever 
 ehape he pleased. Jipollod. — Ovid. Md. 12, 
 V. 556. 
 
 Peridia, a Thcban woman, whose son was 
 killed by Turnus in the Rutulian war. Virg 
 JEn. 12, v. 515. 
 
 Periegetes Dionysius, a poet. Vid. Dio- 
 nysius. 
 
 Perieres, a son of tEoIuS; or according to 
 others of Cynortas. Apollod. The (chario- 
 teer of Mencpceus. Id. 
 
 Perigenes, an officer of Ptolemy, he. 
 
 Perigo.nE; a woman who had a son called 
 JVIelanippus, by Theseus. She was daughter 
 of Syiiuis the famous robber, whom Theseus 
 killed. She mairied Deioneus the son of Eu- 
 rytus, by consent of Theseus. Pint, in Thcs. 
 —Faus. 10, c. 25. 
 
 PE 
 
 Perilaus, an officer in the army of Alex- 
 ander the Great. Curt. 10. A tyrant of 
 
 Argos. 
 
 Perileus, a son of Jcarius and Peribcea. 
 
 Perilla, a daughter of Ovid the poet. 
 She was extremely fond of poetry and litera- 
 ture. Ovid. Fast. 3, el. 7, v. 1. 
 
 Perillus, an ingenious artist at Athens, 
 who made a brazen bull for Phaiaris, tyrant of 
 Agrigentum. This machine was fabricated to 
 put criminals to death by burning them alive, 
 and it was such that their cries were like the 
 roaring of a bull. When Perillus gave it Pha- 
 iaris, the tyrant mSde the first experiment up- 
 on the donor, and cruelly put him to death by 
 lighting a slow fire under the belly of the bull. 
 Plin. 34, c. 8. — Ovid, in art. ^m. I, v. 653, in 
 
 ib. 439. A lawyer and usurer in the age of 
 
 Horace. Horat. 2,^at. 3, v. 75. 
 
 Perimede, a daughter of yEolus, who 
 
 married Achelous. The wife of Licym- 
 
 nius. A woman skilled in the knowledge of 
 
 herbs and of enchantments. Theocril. 2. 
 
 Perimela, a daughter of Hippodamus, 
 thrown into the sea for receiving the addres- 
 ses of the Achelous, She was changed into 
 an island in the Ionian sea, and became one of 
 the Echinades. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 790. 
 
 Perinthia, a play of Menander's. Te- 
 rent.And.prol. 9. 
 
 Perinthus, a town of Thrace, on the 
 Propontis, anciently surnamed Mygdonica. 
 It was afterwards called Htradea-, in honour of 
 Hercules, and now Erekli. Mela, 2, c. 2. — 
 Pam. I, c. 29.— Plin. 4, c. U.—Liv. 33, c. 30. 
 
 Peripatetici, a sect of philosophers at 
 Athens, disciples to Aristotle. They received 
 this name from the place where they were 
 taught, called Ptripatoriy in the Lyceum, or 
 because they received the philosopher's lec- 
 tures as they walked («;«5r»Tow.-ei.) The Peri- 
 patetics acknowledged the dignity of human 
 nature, and placed their sumrnum honuin not 
 in the pleasures of passive sensation, but in the 
 due exercise of the moral and intellectual fa- 
 culties. The habit of this exercise, when gui- 
 ded by reason, constituted the highest excel- 
 lence of man. The philosopher contended that 
 our own happiness chiefly depends upon our- 
 selves, and though he did not require in his 
 followers that self-command to which othei"S 
 pretended, yet he allowed a moderate degree 
 of perturbation, as becoming human nature, 
 and he considered a certain sensibility of pas- 
 sion totally necessary, as by resentment we 
 are enabled to repel injuries, and the smart 
 which past calamities have inflicted, renders 
 us careful to avoid the repetition. Cic. Acad. 
 2, he. 
 
 Peripiias, a man who attempted, with 
 Pyrrhus, Priam's palace, he. Virg. JEn. 2, 
 
 V. 476. A son of iEgyptus, who married 
 
 Actaea. jSpollod. 2, c. 1. One of the La- 
 piths. Ovid. Met. 12, v. 449. Oneoftho 
 
 first kings of Attica, before the age of Cecrops, 
 according to some authors. 
 
 Periphates, a robber of Attica, son of 
 Vulcan, destroyed by Theseus. He is also 
 called Cory netes. Hygin. 38. — Diod. 5. * 
 
 Periphemus, an ancient hero of Greece, 
 to whom Solon sacrificed at Salamis, by order 
 of the oracle. 
 
 Pebisades, a people of Illyricura. 
 
PE 
 
 pERistHENEs, a son of iEgyptus, who mar- 
 ried Electra. Ap. 
 
 Peritanus, an Arcadian who enjoyed the 
 company of Helen after her elopement with 
 Paris. The offended lover punished the crime 
 by mutilation, whence mutilated persons were 
 called Peritani in Arcadia. Ptol. Heph. 1, m 
 init. 
 
 Peritas, a favourite dog of Al.?xander the 
 Great, in whose honour the monarch built a 
 city. 
 
 Peritonium, a town of Egypt on the west- 
 ern side of the Nile, esteemed of great impor- 
 tance, as being one of the keys of the coun- 
 try. Antony was defeated there by C. Gallus, 
 the lieutenant of Augustus. 
 
 Permessus, a river of Bceotia, rising in 
 mount Helicon, and flowing all round it. It 
 received its name from Permessus the father 
 of a nymph called Aganippe, who also gave 
 her name to one of the fountains of Helicon. 
 The river Permessus, as well as the fountain 
 Aganippe, were sacred to the Muses. Slrab. 
 S.—Propert. 2, el. 8. 
 
 Pero, or Pekone, a daughter of Neleus, 
 king of Pylos, by Chloris. Her beauty drew 
 many admirers, but she married Bias son of 
 Amythaon, because he had, by the assistance 
 of his brother Melampus, IVid. Melampus,] 
 and according to her father's desire, recovered 
 some oxen which Hercules had stolen away, 
 and she became mother of Talaus. Homer. Od. 
 11, V. 284.—Propert. 2, el. 2, v. 17.— Pans. 4, 
 
 c. 36. A daughter of Cimon, remarkable 
 
 for her filial affection. When her father had 
 been sent to prison, where his judges had con- 
 demned him to starve, she supported his life 
 by giving him the milk of her breasts, as to her 
 own child. Val. Max. 5, c. 4. 
 
 Peroe, a fountain of Boeotia called after Pe- 
 roe, a daughter of the Asopus. Pam. 9, c. 4. 
 
 Perola, a Roman who meditated the death 
 of Hannibal in Italy. His father Pacuvius 
 dissuaded him from assassinating the Cartha- 
 ginian general. 
 
 Perpenna, M. a Roman who conquered 
 Aristonicus in Asia, and took him prisoner. 
 
 He died B. C. 130. Another who joined the 
 
 rebellion of Sertorius, and opposed Pompey. 
 He was defeated by Metellus, and some time 
 after he had the meanness to assassinate Ser- 
 torius, whom he had invited to his house. He 
 fell into the hands of Pompey, who ordered 
 him to be put to death. Plut. in Sert. — 
 Paterc. 2, c. 30. A Greek who obtain- 
 ed the consulship at Rome. Val. Max. 3, 
 C.4. 
 
 Perperene, a place of Phrygia, where, 
 as some suppose, Paris adjudged the prize of 
 beauty to Venus. Strab. 5. 
 
 Perranthes, a hiil of Epirus, near Am- 
 bracia. Liv. 38, c. 4. 
 
 PKRRHiEJBiA, a part of Thessaly situate on 
 die borders of the Peneus, extending between 
 the town of Atraxandthevaleof Tempe. The 
 inhabitants were driven from their possessions 
 by tiieLapithaj, and retired into ^tolia, where 
 part of the country received the name of Perr- 
 /iMia. Propert. 2, el. 5, v. 33.— Strab. 9.— 
 Liv. 33, c. 34, 1. 39, c. 34. 
 
 Peras, or Perse IS, one of the Oceanides, 
 mother of ^tes, Circe, and Pasipl)ae, by 
 Apollo. JItsioif. Thcog.—^pollod. 3. 
 
 PE 
 
 Pers^, the inhabitants of Persia. Vid. 
 Persia. 
 
 Persjeus, a philosopher intimate with An- 
 tigonus, by Avhom he was appointed over the 
 Acrocorinth. He flourished B. C. 274. Diog. 
 Laert. in Zenon. 
 
 Persee, a fountain near Mycenae, in Pelo- 
 ponnesus. Pans. 2, c. 16. 
 
 Perseis, one of the Oceanides. A pa- 
 tronymic of Hecate as daughter of Perses. 
 Ovid. Met. 7, v. 69. 
 
 Persephone, a daughter of Jupiter and 
 Ceres, called also Proserpine. [Vid. Proser- 
 pina.] The mother of Amphion by Jasus. 
 
 Persepolis, a celebrated city, the capital 
 of the Persian empire. It was laid in ruins by 
 Alexander after the conquest of Darius. The 
 reason of this is unknown. Diodorus says that 
 the sight of about 800 Greeks, whom the Per- 
 sians had shamefully mutilated, so irritated 
 Alexander, that he resolved to punish the bar- 
 barity of the inhabitants of Persepolis, and of 
 the neighbouring country, by permitting his 
 soldiers to plunder their capital. Others sup- 
 pose that Alexander set it on fire at tlie insti- 
 gation of Thais, one of his courtezans, when 
 he had passed the day in drinking, and in 
 riot and debauchery. The ruins of Perse- 
 polis, now Estakar, or Tehel-Minar^ still as- 
 tonish the modern traveller by their gran- 
 deur and magnificence. Curt. 5, c. 7. — Diod. 
 17, Sic. — Jlrrian. — Plut. in Alex. — Justin. 11, 
 c. 14. 
 
 Perses, a son of Perseus and Andromeda. 
 From him the Persians, who were originally 
 called Cephenes, received their name. He- 
 
 rodot. 7, c. 61. A king of Macedonia. Vid. 
 
 Perseus. 
 
 Perseus, a son of Jupiter and Danae, the 
 daughter of Acrisius. As Acrisius had con- 
 fined his daughter in a brazen tower to pre- 
 vent her becoming a mother, because he was 
 to perish, according to the words of an oracle^ 
 by the hands of his daughter's son, Perseus 
 was no sooner born IVid. Danae] than he 
 was thrown into the sea with his mother 
 Danae. The hopes of Acrisius were frus- 
 trated ) the slender boat which carried Danae 
 and her son was driven by the winds upoa 
 the coasts of the island of Seriphos, one of 
 the Cyclades, where they were found by a 
 fisherman called Dictys, and carried to Poly- 
 dectes the king of the place. They were 
 treated with great humanity, and Perseus 
 was intrusted to the care of the priests of 
 Minerva's temple. His rising genius and 
 manly courage, however, soon displeased Po- 
 lydectes, and the monarch, who wished t» 
 offer violence to Danae, feared the resent- 
 ment of her son. Yet Polydectcs resolved 
 to remove every obstacle. He invited all 
 his friends to a sumptuous entertainment, 
 and it was requisite that all such as came 
 should present the monarch with a beauti- 
 ful horse. Perseus was in the number of 
 the invited, and the more particularly so, 
 as Polydecte^ knew that he could not re- 
 ceive from him the present which he ex- 
 pected from all the rest. Nevertheless Per- 
 seus, who wislied not to appear inferior to 
 the others in magnificence, told the king 
 that as he could not give him a horse, he 
 would bring him the head of Medusa, the 
 
PE 
 
 only one of the Gorgons who was subject 
 to mortality. The offer was doubly agree- 
 able to Polydectes, as it would remove Per- 
 seus from Seriphos, and on account of its 
 seeming impossibility, the attempt might per- 
 haps end in his ruin. But the innocence of 
 Perseus was patronized by the gods. Pluto 
 lent him his helmet, which had the wonderful 
 power of making its bearer invisible ; Minerva 
 gave him her buckler, which was as resplen- 
 dent as glass; and he received from Mercury 
 wings and the telaria, with a short dagger made 
 of diamonds, and called herpe. According to 
 some, it was from Vulcan, and not from 
 Mercury, that he received the herpe, which 
 was in form like a scythe. With these 
 arms Perseus began his expedition, and tra- 
 versed the air, conducted by the goddess Mi- 
 nerva. He w^ent to the Graiae, the sisters of 
 the Gorgons, who, according to the poets, had 
 wings like the Gorgons, but only one eye and 
 one tooth between them all, of whicb they 
 made use, each in her turn. They were three 
 in number, according to iEschylus and Apol- 
 lodorus y or only two, according to Ovid and 
 Hesiod. With Pluto's helmet, which render- 
 ed him invisible, Perseus was enabled to steal 
 their eye and their tooth while they were 
 asleep, and he returned them only when they 
 had informed him where their sisters tlie Gor- 
 gons resided. When he had received every 
 necessary information, Perseus flew to the 
 habitation of the Gorgons, which was situate 
 beyond the western ocean, according to He- 
 siod and Apollodorus ; or in Libya, according 
 to Ovid and Lucan, or in the deserts of Asiatic 
 Scythia, according to iEschylus. He found 
 these monsters asleep, and as he knew that 
 if he fixed his eyes upon them, he should be 
 instantly changed into a stone, he continually 
 looked on his shield, which reflected all the 
 objects as clearly as the best of glasses. He 
 approached them, and with a courage which 
 the goddess Minerva supported, he cut off 
 Medusa's head with one blow. The noise 
 awoke the two immortal sisters, but Pluto's 
 helmet rendered Perseus invisible, and the at- 
 tempts of the Gorgons to revenge Medusa's 
 death proved fruitless ; the conqueror made 
 his way through the air, and from the blood 
 which dropped from Medusa's head sprang all 
 those innumerable serpents which have ever 
 since infested the sandy deserts of Libya. 
 Chrysaor also, with his golden sword, sprung 
 from these drops of blood, as well as the horse 
 Pegasus, which immediately flew through the 
 air, and stopped on mount Helicon, where he 
 became the favourite of the Muses. Mean- 
 time Perseus had continued his journey across 
 the deserts of Libya, but the approach of night 
 obliged him to alight in the territories of At- 
 las, king of Mauritania. He went to the 
 monarch's palace, where he hoped to find a 
 kind reception by announcing himself as the 
 son of Jupiter, but in this he was disappointed. 
 Atlas recollected that, according to an ancient 
 oracle, his gardens w ere to be robbed of their 
 fruit by one of the sons of Jupiter, and there- 
 fore he not only refused Perseus the hospital- 
 ity he demanded, but he even offered violence 
 to his person. Perseus finding himself infe- 
 rior to his powerful enemy, showed him Me- 
 dusa's head, and instantly Atlas was changed 
 
 PE 
 
 into a large mountain which bore the same 
 name in the deserts of Africa. On the mor- 
 row Perseus continued his flight, and as he 
 passed across the territories of Libya, he dis- 
 covered, on the coasts of ^Ethiopia, the naked 
 Andromeda, exposed to a sea monster. He 
 was struck at the siglit, and oft'ered her father 
 Cepheus to deliver her from instant death if 
 he obtained her in marriage as a reward of 
 his labours. Cepheus consented, and imme- 
 diately Perseus, raising himself in the air, flew 
 towards the monster, which was advancing to 
 devour Andromeda, and he plunged his dag- 
 ger in his right shoulder, and destroyed it. 
 This happy event was attended with the great- 
 est rejoicings. Perseus raised three altars to 
 Mercury, Jupiter, and Pallas, and after he 
 had oft'ered the sacrifice of a calf, a bullock, 
 and a heifer, the nuptials were celebrated with 
 the greatest festivity. The universal joy, 
 however, was soon disturbed. Phineus, An- 
 dromeda's uncle, entered the palace with a 
 number of armed men, and attempted to car- 
 ry away the bride, whom he had courted and 
 admired long before the arrival of Perseus. 
 The father and mother of Andromeda inter- 
 fered, but in vain ; a bloody battle ensued, 
 and Perseus must have fallen a victim to the 
 rage of Phineus, had not he defended himself 
 at last with the same arms which proved fatal 
 to Atlas. He showed the Gorgon's head to 
 his adversaries, and they were instantly turned 
 to stone, each in the posture and attitude in 
 which he then stood. The friends of Cepheus, 
 and such as supported Perseus, shared not 
 the fate of Phineus, as the hero had previ- 
 ously warned them of the power of JMedusa's 
 head, and of the services which he received 
 from it. Soon after this memorable adven- 
 ture Perseus retired to Seriphos, at the very 
 moment that his mother Danae fled to the 
 altar of Minerva to avoid the pursuit of Poly- 
 dectes, who attempted to offer her violence. 
 Dictys, who had saved her from the sea, and 
 who as some say was the brother of Polydecte:?, 
 defended her against the attempts of her ene- 
 mies, and therefore Perseus, sensible of his me- 
 rit and of his humanity, placed him on the 
 throne of Seriphos, after he had with Medusa's 
 head turned into stones the wicked Polydectes 
 and the officers who were the associates of his 
 guilt. He afterwards restored to Mercury his 
 talaria and his wings, to Pluto his helmet, to 
 Vulcan his sword, and to Minerva her shield ; 
 but as he was more particularly indebted to the 
 goddess of wisdom for her assistance and pro- 
 tection, he placed the Gorgon's head on her 
 shield, or rather, according to the more re- 
 ceived opinion, on her asgis. After he had 
 finished these celebrated exploits, Perseus ex- 
 pressed a wish to return to his native country, 
 and accordingly he embarked for the Pelopon- 
 nesus, with his mother and Andromeda. When 
 he reached the Peloponnesian coasts he was in- 
 formed that Teutamias, king of Larissa, was 
 then celebrating funeral gamesin honour of his 
 father. This intelligence drew him to Larissa 
 to signage himself in throwing the quoit, of 
 which, accordingto some, he was the inventor. 
 But here he was attended by an eviLfate, and 
 had the misfortune to kill a man with a quoit, 
 which he had thrown in the air. This was 
 no other than his grandfather Acrisius, whe 
 
PE 
 
 ©n the first intelligence that his grandson had 
 reached the Peloponnesus, fled from his king- 
 dom of Argos to the court of his friend and 
 ally Tenlamia?, to prevent the fulfilling of 
 the oracle, which had obliged him to treat his 
 daughter with so much barbarity. Some sup- 
 pose with Pausanias, that Acrisius had gone 
 to Larissa to be reconciled to his grandson, 
 whose fame had been spread in every city of 
 Greece; and Ovid maintains that the grand- 
 father was under the strongest obligations to 
 his son-in-law, as through him he had received 
 his kingdom, from which he had been forcibly 
 driven by the sons of his brother Prcetus. 
 This unfortunate murder greatly depressed the 
 spirits of Perseus: by the death of Acrisius 
 he was entitled to the throne of Argos, but 
 he refused to reign there ; and to remove him- 
 self from a place which reminded him of the 
 parricide he had unfortunately committed, he 
 exchanged his kingdom for that of Tirynthus, 
 and the maritime coast of Argolis, where Me- 
 gapenthes the son of Prcetus then reigned. 
 When he had finally settled in this part of the 
 Peloponnesus, he determined to lay the foun- 
 dations of a new city, which he made the 
 capital of his dominions, and which he called 
 Mycenm, because the pommel of his sword, 
 called by the Greeks myces, had fallen there. 
 The time of his death is unknown, yet it is 
 nniversally agreed that he received divine hon- 
 ours like the rest of the ancient heroes. He 
 had statues at Mycenas and in the island of 
 Seriphos, and the Athenians raised him a tem- 
 ple, in which they consecrated an altar in hon- 
 our of Dictys, who had treated Danae and 
 her infant son with so much paternal tender- 
 ness. The Egyptians also paid particular hon- 
 our to his memory, and asserted that he often 
 appeared among them wearing shoes two cu- 
 bits long, which was always interpreted as a 
 sign of fertility, Perseus had by Andromeda, 
 Alceus, Sthenelus, Nestor, Electryon, and 
 Gorgophone, and after death, according to 
 6ome mythologists, he became a constellation 
 in the heavens. Herodot. 2, c. 91. — Jlpollod. 
 2, c. 4, ^c.—Paus. 2, c. 16 and 18, 1. 3, c. 17, 
 hc.—Apollon. Arg. 4, v. 1609.— /«a/. 9, v. 442. 
 — Ovid. Met. 4, fab. 16, 1. 6, fab. 1, &,c. — Lucan. 
 9, V. 668.— Hygin. fab. 64.— Hesiod. Theog. 
 270. ^ Scul. Here— Find. Pyth. 7, S^ Olymp. 3. 
 —Ital. 9.—Propert. 2.—Athen. VS.— Homer. II. 
 
 14. — Tzetz. in Lycoph. 17. A son of Nestor 
 
 and Anaxibia. Apollod. 1, c. 9. A writer 
 
 who published a treatise on the republic of 
 
 Sparta, A philosopher, disciple to Zeno. 
 
 Vid. Persasus. 
 
 Perseus, or Perses, a son of Philip king 
 of Macedonia. He distinguished himself like 
 is father, by his enmity to the Romans, and 
 when he had made sufficient preparations, he 
 declared war against them. His operations, 
 however, were slow and injudicious ; he want- 
 ed courage and resolution, and though he at 
 first obtained some advantages over the Ro- 
 man armies, yet his avarice and his timidity 
 proved destructive to his cause. When Pau- 
 lus was appointed to the command of the Ro- 
 man armies in Macedonia, Perseus showed his 
 inferiority by his imprudent encampments, 
 and when he had at last yielded to the advice 
 of his officers, who recommended a general 
 eMjagemcnt, and dra^wiuphis forces near the 
 
 PE 
 
 walls of Pydna, B, C. 168, he was the first 
 who ruined his own cause, and by flying as 
 soon as the battle was begun, he left the ene- 
 my masters of the field. From Pydna, Perseus 
 fled to Samothrace, but he was soon discover- 
 ed in his obscure retreat, and brought into the 
 presence of the Roman conqueror, where the 
 meanness of his behaviour exposed him to ri- 
 dicule, and not to mercy. He veas earned to 
 Rome, and dragged along the streets of the ci- 
 ty to adorn the triumph of the conqueror. 
 His family were also exposed to the sight of 
 the Roman populace, who shed tears on view- 
 ing in their streets, dragged like a slave, a mon- 
 arch who had once defeated their armies, and 
 spread alarm all over Italy, by the greatness of 
 his military preparations, and by his bold un- 
 dertakings, Perseus died in prison, or ac- 
 cording to some, he was put to a shameful 
 death the first year of his captivity. He had 
 two sons, Philip and Alexander, and one daugh- 
 ter, whose name is not known. Alexander, the 
 younger of these, was hired to a Roman car- 
 penter, and led the greatest part of his life in 
 obscurity, till his ingenuity raised him to no- 
 tice. He was afterwards made secretary t© 
 the senate. Liv. 40, &.c. — Justin. 33, c. 1, &.c. 
 — Plut. in Paulo. — Ftor. 2, c. 12. — Propert. 4, 
 el. 12, V. 39. 
 
 Persia, a celebrated kingdom of Asia, 
 which in its ancient state extended from the 
 Hellespont to the Indus, above 2800 miles, 
 and from Pontus to the shores of Arabia, 
 above 2000 miles. As a province, Persia was 
 but small, and according to the description of 
 Ptolemy, it was bounded on the north by 
 Media, west by Susiana, south by the Persian 
 gulf, and east by Carmania. The empire 
 of Persia, or the Persian monarchy, was first 
 founded by Cyrus the Great, about 569 years 
 before the christian era, and under the suc- 
 ceeding monarchs it became one of the most 
 considerable and powerful kingdoms of the 
 earth. The kings of Persia began to reign in 
 the following order: Cyrus, B, C. 669 : Cam- 
 byses, 529 : and after the usurpation of Smer- 
 dis for 7 months, Darius 621 : Xerxes the 
 Great 485 : Artabanus 7 months, and Artax- 
 erxes Longimanus 464: Xerxes II. 425: 
 Sogdianus 7 months, 424: Darius II. or 
 Nothus 423: Artaxerxes II. or Memnon 
 404 : Artaxerxes III. or Ochus, 358 : Arses 
 Arogus 337, and Darius III. or Codo- 
 
 or 
 
 manus, 336, who was conquered by Alex- 
 ander the Great 331, The destruction of the 
 Persian monarchy by the Macedonians was ea- 
 sily effected, and from that time Persia became 
 tributary to the Greeks, After the death of 
 Alexander, when the Macedonian empire was 
 divided among the officers of the deceased 
 conqueror, Seleucns Nicanor made himself 
 master of the Persian provinces, till the revolt 
 of the Parthians introduced new revolutionsiu 
 the east, Persia was partly reconquered from 
 the Greeks, and remained tributary to the 
 Parthians for near 600 years. After this the 
 sovereignty was again placed into the hands of 
 tiie Persians, by the revolt of Artaxerxes, a 
 common soldier, A. D. 229, who became the 
 founder of the second Persian monarchy, 
 which proved .so inimical to the power of the 
 Roman enjperors. In their national idjaracter, 
 the Persians were warlik(^ ; tlier were earJv 
 
PE 
 
 taught to ride, and to handle the bovr, and by 
 the manly exercises of hunting, they were in- 
 nured to bear the toils and fatigues of a milita- 
 ly life. Their national valour, however, soon 
 degenerated, and their want of employment 
 at home soon rendered them unfit for war. 
 In the reign of Xerxes, when the empire of 
 Persia was in the most flourishing state, a small 
 number of Greeks Were enabled repeatedly to 
 repel for three successive days, an almost in- 
 numerable army. This celebrated action, 
 which happened at Thermop3iae, shows in a 
 strong light the superiority of the Grecian sol- 
 diers over the Persians, and the battles that 
 before, and a short time after, were fought be- 
 tween the two nations at Marathon, Salamis, 
 Platsea, and Mycale, are again an incontestible 
 proof that these Asiatics had more reliance upon 
 their numbers and upon the splendour and rich- 
 ness of their ai'ms, than upon the valour and dis- 
 cipline of their troops. Their custom, too pre- 
 valent among eastern nations, of introducing 
 luxury into the camp, proved also in some mea- 
 sure destructive to their military reputation, 
 and the view which the ancients give us of the 
 army of Xerxes, of his cooks, stage-dancers, 
 concubines, musicians, andperfumers,isno ve- 
 ry favourable sign of the sagacity of a monarch, 
 who, by his nod, could command millions of 
 men to flock to his standard. In their religion 
 the Persians were very superstitious, they paid 
 the greatest veneration to the sun, the moon, 
 and the stars, and they offered sacrifices to fire, 
 but the supreme deity was never represented 
 by statues among them. They permitted po- 
 lygamy, and it was no incest among them to 
 marry a sister, or a mother. In their punish- 
 ments they were extremely severe, even to 
 barbarity. The monarch always appeared 
 with the greatest pomp and dignity ; his person 
 was attended by a guard of 15,000 men, and 
 he had besides, a body of 10,000 chosen horse- 
 men, called immortal. He styled himself, like 
 the rest of the eastern monarchs, the king of 
 kings, as expressive of his greatness and 
 his power. The Persians were formerly 
 called Cephenes, Jlchamenians, and AHceI, 
 and they are often confounded with the Par- 
 thians by the ancient poets. They received 
 the-name of Persians from Perses the son of 
 Perseus and Andromeda, who is supposed to 
 have settled among them. Persepolis was 
 tlie capital of the country. Curt. 4, c. 14, 1. 5, 
 c. 3. — Plut. in Artax. Mex. ^c. — Mela, 1, he. 
 — Strab. 2, 15. — Xenoph. Cyrop. — Herodot. 1, 
 c. 125, hc.—Apollod. 2.— Marcel. 23. 
 
 Pers'icum mark, or Persicus Sinus, a part 
 of the Indian ocean on the coast of Persia and 
 Arabia, now called the gulf of Balgora. 
 
 Persis, a province of Persia bounded by 
 Media, Carmania, Susiana, and the Persian 
 gulf It is often taken for Persia itself. 
 
 AuLus Persius Flaccus, a Latin poet of 
 Volaterra;. He w-as of an equestrian family, 
 and he made himself known by his intimacy 
 with the most illustrious Romans of the age. 
 The early part of his life was spent in his na- 
 tive town, and at the age of sixteen he was re- 
 moved to Rome, where he studied philosophy 
 under Cornutus the celebrated stoic. He also 
 received the instructions of Palemon the gram- 
 marian, and Virginius the rhetorician. iSatu- 
 rally of a mild disposition his character was 
 
 PE 
 
 unimpeached, his modesty remarkable, and 
 his benevolence universally admired. He dis- 
 tinguished himself by his satirical humour, and 
 made the faults of the orators and poets of his 
 age the subject of his poems. He did not even 
 spare Nero, and the more effectually to expose 
 the emperor to ridicule, he introduced into 
 his satires some of -his verses. The torvami- 
 malloneis implerunt cornua hombis, with the 
 three following verses, are Nero's according to 
 some. But though he was so severe upon 
 the vicious and ignorant, he did not forget his 
 friendship for Cornutus, and he showed his re- 
 gard for his character and abilities by making 
 mention of his name with g'-eat propriety in 
 his satires. It was by the advice of his learn- 
 ed preceptor that he corrected one of his po- 
 ems in which he had compared Nero to Midas, 
 and at his representation he altered the words 
 Auriculas asini Mida rex habet, into Aariculnn 
 asini quis non habet y Persius died in the 
 30th year of his age, A. D. 62, and left ail his 
 books, which consisted of seven hundred vo- 
 lumes, and a large sum of money, to his precep- 
 tor, but Cornutus only accepted the books, and 
 returned the money to the sisters and friends of 
 the deceased. The satires of Persius are six in 
 number, blamed by some for obscurity of style 
 and of language. But though they may appear 
 almost unintelligible to some, it ought to be 
 remembered that they were read with pleasure 
 and with avidity by his contemporaries, and 
 that the only difficulties which now appear to 
 the moderns, arise from thr>ir not knowing 
 the various characters which they described, 
 the vices which they lashed, and the errors 
 which they censured. The satires of Persius 
 are generally printed with those of Juvenal, 
 the best editions of which will be found to be 
 Hennin. 4to. L. B. 1695, and Hawkey, 12rao. 
 Dublin 1746. The best edition of Persius, se- 
 parate, is that of Meric Casaubon, 12mo. 
 Lond. 1647. Martial. — QuhUil. 10, c. 1. — Au- 
 gust, de Magist. 9. — Lactant. A man whose 
 
 quarrel with Rupilius is mentioned in a ridi- 
 culous manner by Horat. Sat. 7. He is call- 
 ed Hybrida, as being son of a Greek by a Ro- 
 man woman. 
 
 Pertinax, Publius Helvius, a Roman em- 
 peror after the death of Commodus. He was 
 descended from an obscure family, and, like 
 his father, who was either a slave or the son 
 of a manumitted slave, he for some time fol- 
 lowed the mean employment of drying wood 
 and making charcoal. His indigence, however, 
 did not prevent him from receiving a liberal 
 education, and indeed he was for some time 
 employed in teaching a number of pupils the 
 Greek and the Roman languages in Etniria. 
 He left this laborious profession for a military 
 life, and by his valour and intrepidity he gra-* 
 dually rose to ofl5ces of the highest trust in the 
 army, and was made consul by M. Aurelius 
 for his eminent services. He was afterwards 
 intrusted with the government of Mceaia, and 
 at last he presided over the city of Rome as 
 governor. When Commodus was murdered, 
 Pertinax was universally selected to succeed 
 to the imperial throne, and his x-efusal, and the 
 plea of old age and increasing infirmities, did 
 not prevent his being saluted emperor, and 
 Augustus. He acquiesced with reluctance, but 
 his aiildness, his economy, and the popularity 
 
PE 
 
 of hi administration, convinced the senate and 
 the people of the prudence and the justice of 
 their choice. He forbad his name to be inscri- 
 bed on such places or estates as were part of 
 the imperial domain, and exclaimed that they 
 belonged not to him,but to the public. He nielt- 
 ed all the silver statues which had been raised 
 to his vicious predecessor, and he exposed to 
 public sale all his concubines, his horses, his 
 arms, and all the instruments of his pleasure 
 and extravagance. With the money raised 
 from these he enriched the empire, and was 
 enabled to abolish all the taxes which Commo- 
 dus had laid on the rivers, ports, and high- 
 ways, through the empire. This patriotic ad- 
 ministration gained him the affection of the 
 worthiest and most discerning of his subjects, 
 but the extravagant and luxurious raised their 
 clamours against him, and when Pertinax at- 
 tempted to introduce among the pretor^dn 
 guards that discipline which was so necessary 
 to preserve the peace and tranquillity of Rome, 
 the flames of rebellion were kindled, and the 
 minds of the soldiers totally alienated. Per- 
 tinax was apprized of this mutiny, but he re- 
 fused to fly at the hour of danger. He scorned 
 the advice of his friends who wished him to 
 •withdraw from the impending storm, and he 
 unexpectedly appeared before the seditious 
 pretorians, and withoutfear or concern, boldly 
 asked them whether they, who were bound to 
 defend the person of their prince and emperor, 
 were come to betray him and to shed his blood. 
 His undaunted assurance and his intrepidity 
 >vould have had the desired eftect, and the sol- 
 diers had already begun to retire, when one of 
 the most seditious advanced and darted his ja- 
 velin at the emperor's breast, exclaiming, the 
 soldiers stnd you this. The rest immediately 
 folio wed the example , and Pertinax, muffling up 
 his head and calling upon Jupiter to avenge his 
 death, remained unmoved, and was instantly 
 dispatched. His head was cut off and carried 
 upon the point of a spear as in triumph to the 
 camp. This happened on the 28th of March 
 A. D. 195. Pertinax reigned only 87 days, and 
 his death was the more universally lamented 
 as it proceeded from a seditious tumult, and 
 robbed the Roman empire of a wise, virtuous, 
 and benevolent emperor. Diu. — Htrodian. — 
 Capitol. 
 
 Pertunda, a goddess at Rome, who pre- 
 sided over the consummation ofman'iage. tlei- 
 statue was generally placed in the bridal cham- 
 ber. Varro. apud Aug. Civ. D. 6, c. 9. 
 
 Perusia, now Perugia, an ancient town of 
 Etruria on the Tiber, built by Ocnus. L. An- 
 tonius was besieged there by Augustus, and 
 obliged to surrender. Strab. 5. — Litcaii. 1, v. 
 41.— Pa/erc. 2, c. 74.— Lir. 9, c 37, 1. 10, c. 30 
 and 37. 
 
 Pescennius. Vid. Niger. A man inti- 
 mate with Cicero. 
 
 Pessinus {unlis), a town of Phrygia, w here 
 Atys, as some suppose, was buried. It is par- 
 ticularly famous for a temple and a statue of 
 the goddess Cybele, who was from thence cal- 
 led Pessinuntia. Strab. 12. — Paus. 7, c. 17. 
 — Lir. 29, c. 10 and Ji. 
 
 Pet.vlia, a town of Eubcea. 
 
 Petalus, a man killed by Perseus at the 
 court of Cejiheus. Ovid. Met. 5, v. H5. 
 
 Petelia, or PiiTELLiA, a town. Vid. 
 PetiUa. 
 
 PE 
 
 Petelinus Lacus, a lake near one of the 
 gates of Rome. Liv. 6, c. 20. 
 
 Peteon, a town of Boeotia. Stat. Theb. 7, 
 V. 333.~Strab. 9. 
 
 Peteus, a son of Orneus, and grandson of 
 Erechtheus. He reigned in Attica, and be- 
 came father of Menestheus, who went with 
 the Greeks to the Trojan war. He is repre- 
 sented by some of the ancients as a monster, 
 half a man%nd half a beast. Apollod. 3, c. 10. 
 —Paus. 10, c. 35. 
 
 Petilia, now Strongoli, a town of Magna 
 Graecia, the capital of Lucania, built or per- 
 haps only repaired by Philoctetes, who, alter 
 his return from the Trojan war, left his coun- 
 try, Melibcea, because his subjects had revolt- 
 ed. Mela, 2, c. 4.— Liv. 23, c. 20.— Virg. Mn. 
 3,v.402.-~5'tra6. 6. 
 
 Petilia lex was enacted by Petilius the 
 tribune, to make an inquiry and to know how 
 much money had been obtained from the con- 
 quests over king Antiochus. 
 
 Petilii, two tribunes who accused Scipio 
 Africanus of extortion. He was acquitted. 
 
 Petilius, a praetor, who persuaded the peo- 
 ple of Rome to burn the books w^hich had 
 been found in Numa's tomb, about 400 years 
 after his death. His advice was followed. 
 Plut. in Kum. A plebeian decemvir, he. 
 
 A governor of the capitol, who stole 
 
 away the treasures intrusted to his care. He 
 was accused, but, though guilty, he was ac- 
 quitted as being the friend of Augustus. Ho- 
 rat. 1, Sat. 4, v. 94. 
 
 Petosikis, a celebrated mathematician of 
 Egypt. Juv. 6, V. 580. 
 
 Petra, the capital town of Arabia Petreea. 
 
 Strab. 16. A town of Sicily, near Hybia, 
 
 whose inhabitants are called Petrini 4^ Petren- 
 
 ses. A town of Thrace. Liv. 40, c. 22, 
 
 Another of Pieria in Macedonia. Liv. 
 
 39, c. 26.— Cic. in Verr. 1, c. 39. An ele- 
 vated place near Dyrrhachium. Lucan. 6, v. 
 
 16and lO.-Cces. Civ. 3, c. 42. Another in 
 
 Elis. Another near Corinth. 
 
 PETRiEA, one of the Oceanides. Hesiod. 
 
 Th. A part of Arabia, which has Syria at 
 
 the east, Egypt on the west, Palestine on the 
 north, and Arabia Felix at the south. This 
 part of Arabia was rocky, whence it has re- 
 ceived its name. It was for the most part also 
 covered with barren sands, and was intersper- 
 sed with some fruitful spots. Its capital was 
 called Petra, 
 
 Petreius, a Roman soldier who killed his 
 tribune during the Cimbrian wars, because he 
 hesitated to attack the enemy. He was re- 
 warded for his valour with a crown of grass. 
 
 Plin. 22, c. 6. A lieutenant of C. Antonius 
 
 who defeated the troops of Catiline. He took 
 the part of Pompey against Julius Cajsar. 
 When Cajsar had been victorious in every part 
 of the world, Petreius, who had retired into 
 Africa, attempted to destroy himself by fight- 
 ing with his friend king Juba in single com- 
 bat. Juba was killed lirst, and Petreius obliged 
 one of his slaves to run him through. Sallust. 
 Catil. — Jlpjiian. — Cas. 1. Civ. A centu- 
 rion in Ccesar's army in Gaul, he. Some read 
 Petronius 
 
 Petrinum, a town of Campania. Herat. 1, 
 ep. 5, V. 5. 
 
 IV.TRocoRii, the inhabitants of the modern 
 towuo'Perigord in France. Ca:s. 7, B. G. c. 76. ' 
 
PE 
 
 PetroKia, the wife of Vitellius. Tacit. Hist. 
 3, c. 64. 
 
 Petuonius, a governor of Egypt appointed 
 to succeed Gallus. He behaved with great 
 humanity to the Jews, and made war against 
 
 Candace queen of Ethiopia. Slrab. 17. 
 
 A favourite of Nero, put to death by Galba. 
 -i^ A governor of Britain. A tribune kill- 
 ed in Parthia with Crassus. A man banish- 
 ed by Nero to the Cyclades, when*Piso's con- 
 spiracy was discovered. Tacit. Ann. 15. 
 
 A governor of Britain in Nero's reign. He 
 
 Was put to death by Galba's orders. Maxi- 
 
 mus, a Roman emperor. Vid. Maximus. 
 
 Arbiter, a favourite of the emperor Nero, and 
 one of the ministers and associates of all his 
 pleasures and his debauchery. He was natu- 
 rally fond of pleasure and effeminate, and he 
 passed his whole nights in revels and the days 
 in sleep. He indulged himself in all the de- 
 lights and gaieties of life, but though he was the 
 most voluptuous of the age, yet he moderated 
 his pleasures, and wished to appear curious 
 and refined in luxury and extravagance. What- 
 ever he did seemed to be performed with an 
 air of unconcern and negligence ; he was af- 
 fable in his behaviour, and his witticisms and 
 satirical remarks appeared artless and natu- 
 ral. He was appointed proconsul of Bithynia, 
 and afterwards he was rewarded with the con- 
 sulship, in both of which honourable employ- 
 ments he behaved with all the dignity which 
 became one of the successors of a Brutus or a 
 Scipio. With his office he laid down his arti- 
 ficial gravity, and gave himself up to the pur- 
 suit of pleasure ; the emperor became more at- 
 tached to him, and seemed fonder of his com- 
 pany, but he did not long enjoy the imperial 
 favours. Tigellinus, likewise one of Nero's fa- 
 vourites, jealous of his fame, accused him of 
 conspiring against the emperor's life. The ac- 
 cusation was credited, and Petronius imme- 
 diately resolved to withdraw himself from Ne- 
 X'o's punishment by a voluntary death. This 
 was performed in a manner altogether unpre- 
 oedeiited, A. D. 6G. Petronius ordered his 
 veins to be opened, but without the eagerness 
 of terminating his agonies, he had them closed 
 at intervals. Some time alter they were open- 
 ed, and as if he wished to die in tiie same care- 
 less and unconcerned manner as he had lived, 
 he p-assed his time in discoursing with his 
 friends upon trilles, and listened with the 
 greatest avidity to love verses, amusing stories, 
 or laughable epigrams. Sometimes lie manu- 
 mitted his slaves orpunished them with stripes. 
 In this ludicrous manner he spent his last mo- 
 ments, till nature was exhausted, and before 
 he expired he wrote an epistle to the emperor, 
 in which he had described with a masterly hand 
 his nocturnal extravagances, and the daily im- 
 purities of his actions. This letter was care- 
 folly scaled, and after he had conveyed it pri- 
 vately to the emperor, Petronius broke his 
 signet, that it might not after his death be- 
 come a snare to the innocent. Petronius dis- 
 tinguished himself by his writings as well as 
 by his luxury and voluptuousness. He is the 
 author of many elegant but obscene composi- 
 tions still extant, among which is a poem on 
 the civil wars of Pompey and Caesar, superior 
 in some respects to the Pharsalia of Lucan. 
 Th«re is also the feast of Trimnlcion, in which 
 
 PE 
 
 he paints with too much licentiousness the 
 pleasures and the debaucheries of a corrupted 
 court and of an extravagant monarch re- 
 flections on die instability of human life a 
 
 poem on the vanity of dreams another on 
 
 the education of the Roman youth two 
 
 treatises, &.C. The best editions of Petronius 
 are those of Burman, 4to. Utr. 1709, and Rei- 
 nesius, 8vo. 1731. 
 
 Pettius, a friend of Horace, to whom the 
 poet addressed his eleventh epode. 
 
 Petus, an architect. Vid. Satyrus. 
 
 Peuce, a small island at the mouth of the 
 Danube. The inhabitants are called Peucctf 
 and Peucini. Strab. 7. — Lucan. 3, v. 202. — 
 Flin. 4, c. 12. 
 
 Peucestes, a Macedonian set over Egypt 
 by Alexander. He received Pefsia at the ge- 
 neral division of the Macedonian empire at the 
 king's death. He behaved with great cowar- 
 dice after he had joined himself to Eumenes. 
 
 C. JYep. in Eum. — Plut. — Curt. 4, c. 8. An 
 
 island which was visited by the Argonauts at 
 their return from the conquest of the golden 
 fleece. 
 
 Peucetia, a part of Magna Grajcia in Ita- 
 ly, at the north of the bay of Tarentum, be- 
 tween the Apennines and Lucania, called also 
 Mesapia and Calabria. It received its name 
 from Peucetus the son of Lycaon of Arcadia. 
 Strab. 6.—Plin. 3, c. 11.— Ovid. Met. 14, v. 
 513.— Paus. 10, c. 13. 
 
 Peucini, a nation of Germany, called also 
 Bastej-noE. Tacit, de Germ. 46. 
 
 Peucolaus, an officer who conspired with 
 Dymnus against Alexander's life. Curt. 6. 
 Another, set over Sogdiana. Id. 7. 
 
 Pexodorus, a governor of Caria, who of- 
 fered to give his daughter in marriage to Ari- 
 difius the illegitimate son of Philip. Plut. 
 
 Phacium, a town of Thessaly. Liv. 32, c. 
 13, 1. 36, c. 13. 
 
 Phacusa, a town of Egypt, on the eastern 
 mouth of the Nile. 
 
 Ph.?:a, a celebrated sow which infested the 
 neighbourhood of Cromyon. It was destroy- 
 ed by Theseus as he was travelling from Troe- 
 zene to Athens to make himself known to his- 
 father. Some supposed that the boar of Caly- 
 don sprang from this sow. Phiea, according 
 to some authors, was no other than a woman 
 who prostituted herself to strangers, whom she 
 murdered, and afterwards plundered. Plut. 
 in Tlies. — Slrab. 8. 
 
 Ph^acia, an island of the Ionian sea, neap 
 the coast of Epirus, anciently called Sclieria, 
 and afterwards Corcyra. The inhabitants, 
 called Pkceacts, were a luxurious and dissolute 
 people, for which reason a glutton was gene- 
 rally stigmatized by the epithet of Phopttx. 
 When Ulysses was shipwrecked on the coast 
 of Phaeacia, Alcinous was then king of the 
 island, whose gardens have been greatly cele- 
 brated. Horat. 1, ep. 15, v. 24— Oyfrf. Met. 
 13, v. 119.— Strab. 6 and l.—Propert. 3, el. 
 2, V. 13. 
 
 Ph;eax, an inhabitant of the island of Phaja- 
 
 cia. {Vid. Phaeacia.] A man who sailed 
 
 with Theseus to Crete. An Athenian who 
 
 opposed Alcibiades in his administration. 
 
 PHiECASiA, one of the Sporades in the iEge- 
 an. P/m. 4, c. 12. 
 
 PH.f;DJMUS, one of Niobe's children. Ajiol- 
 
PH 
 
 Zod . 3, c. 5. A Macedonian general who be- 
 trayed Eumenes to Antigonus. A celebrat- 
 ed courier of Greece. Stat. 6. 
 
 PH.^Doy, an Athenian put to death by the 
 30 tyrants. His daughters- to escape the op- 
 pressors and preserve their chastity, threw 
 
 themselves together into a well. A disciple 
 
 of Socrates. He had been seized by pirates 
 in his younger days, and the philosopher- who 
 seemed to discorer something uncommon and 
 promising in his countenance, bought bis liber- 
 ty for a sum of money, and ever after esteem- 
 ed him. Phaedon, after the death of Socrates, 
 returned to Elis, Ids native country, where he 
 founded a sect of philosophers called Elean. 
 The name of Phaidon is atfixed to one of the 
 dialogues of Plato. Macrob. Sat. 1, c. 11. — 
 
 Diog. An archon at Athens, when the 
 
 Athenians were directed by the oracle to re- 
 move the bones of Theseus to Attica. Plut. in 
 T/ies. 
 
 Ph.cdra, a daughter of Minos and Pasi- 
 phae- who married Theseus, by whom she 
 became mother of Acamas and Demophoon. 
 They had already lived for some time in con- 
 jugal felicity, when V'enus, who hated all the 
 descendants of Apollo, because that god had 
 discovered her amours with Mars, inspired 
 Phaedra with an unconquerable passion for 
 Hippolytus the son of Theseus, by the ama- 
 zon Hippolyte. This shameful passion Phae- 
 dra long attempted to stifle, but in vain ; and 
 therefore, in the absence of Theseus, she ad- 
 dressed Hippolytus with all the impatience of 
 a desponding lover. Hippolytus rejected her 
 with horror and disdain ; but PhEedra, incensed 
 on account of the reception she had met, re- 
 solved to punish his coldness and refusal. At 
 the return of Theseus she accused Hippolytus 
 of attempts upon her virtue. The credulous 
 father listened to the accusation, and without 
 hearing the defence of Hippolytus, he banish- 
 ed him from his kingdom, and implored Nep- 
 tune, who had promised to grant three of his 
 requests, to punish him in some exemplapy 
 manner. As Hippolytus fled from Athens, 
 his horses were suddenly terrified by a huge 
 sea-monster, which Neptune had sent on the 
 shore. He was dragged through [irecipices 
 and over rocks, and he was trampled under 
 the feet of his horses, and crushed under the 
 wheels of his chariot. When the tragical 
 end of Hippolytus was known at Athens, Phae- 
 dra confessed her crime, and hung herself in 
 despair, unable to survive one whose death 
 her wickedness and guilt had occasioned. The 
 death of Hippolytu?, and the infamous passion 
 of Phiedra. are the subject of one of the tra- 
 gedies of Euripides, and of Seneca. Phasdra 
 was buried at Trffizene, where her tomb was 
 still seen in the age of the geographer Pausa- 
 nias. near the temple of Venus, which she had 
 built to render the godde«s favourable to her 
 incestuous passion. There was near her tomb 
 ri myrtle, whose leaves were all full of small 
 holes, and it was reported, that Phaedra had 
 done this with a hairpin, when the vehemence 
 of her passion had rendered her melancholy 
 and almost desperate. She was rejjresentesl 
 in a paintins; in Apollo's temple at Delphi, a.^ 
 .suspended by a cord, and balancing herself in 
 the air, while Iier sister Ariadne stood near to 
 '''T, and fixed her evea upon her; a delicate 
 
 G7 
 
 PH 
 
 idea, by which the genius of the artist interna 
 
 ted her melancholy end. Plut. in T/ies. — 
 
 \Paus. I, c. 22, 1. 2,'c. S2.—I>lod. 4.—Hygin. 
 
 ' fab. 47 and 243. — Eurip. in Senec. 4' in Hipt 
 
 pol. — Virg.JEn. 6, v. 445. — Ovid Heroid. 4. 
 
 Ph^dria, a village of Arcadia. Paus. 8, c, 
 35 
 
 Ph^drus, one of the desciples of Socrates, 
 Cic. de JVat. D. 1. An Epicurean philoso- 
 pher. A Thracian who became one of the 
 
 freedmen of the emperor Augustus. He 
 translated into Iambic verses, the fables of 
 .(Esop, in the reign of the emperor Tiberius. 
 They are divided into five books, valuable for 
 their precision, purity, elegance, and simplici- 
 ty. They remained long buried in oblivion, 
 till they were discovered in the library of St. 
 Remi at Rheims. and published by Peter Pi- 
 thou, a Frenchman, at the end of the 16tfa 
 century. Phaedrus was for some time perse- 
 cuted by Sejanus, because this corrupt minis- 
 ter believed that he was satirised and abused 
 in the encomiums which the poet every where 
 pays to virtue- The best editions of Phaedrus 
 are those of Burman, 4to. Leyd. 1727 ; Hoog- 
 straten. 4to. Amst. 1701, and Barbou, 12mo. 
 Paris, 1754. 
 
 Ph-edyma, a daughter of Otanes, who first 
 discovered that Smerdis, who had ascended 
 the throne of Persia at the death of Cambyses, 
 was an impostor. Hcrodot. 3, c. 69. 
 
 PH.a:Mos6E, a priestess of Apollo. 
 
 Ph^snarete,. the mother of the philoso- 
 pher Socrates. She was a midwife by profes- 
 sion. 
 
 PHj£NiAS,a peripatetic philosopher, disciple 
 of Aristotle. He wrote an history of tyrants. 
 Diog. Laert. 
 
 PhjExna, one of the two Graces worship- 
 ped at Sparta, together with her sister Clita. 
 Lacedcemon first paid them particular honour. 
 Paus. 9. C.35. 
 
 Ph5;n>'is, a famous prophetess ia the age 
 of Antiochus. Paus. 10, c. 15. 
 
 PjSsaka, a town of Arcadia. 
 
 Ph-sstum, a town of Crete. Horn. Od. 3, 
 
 V. 296. Another of Macedonia. Lit. 36. 
 
 c. 13. 
 
 Phaetox, a son of the sun, or Phoebus, 
 and Clymene, one of the Oceanides. He was 
 son of Cephalus and Aurora- according to He- 
 siod and Pausanias, or of Tithonus and Auro- 
 ra, according to Apollodorus. He is, however, 
 more generally acknowledged to be the son of 
 Phoebus and Clymene. Phaeton was natui-al- 
 ly of a lively disposition, and a handsome 
 figure. Venus became enamoured of him, and 
 intrusted him with the care of one of hertem- 
 (>les. This distinguishing favour of the god- 
 dess rendered him vain and aspiring; and 
 when Epaphus, the son of lo, had toid him, to 
 check hi.s pride, that he was not the son of 
 Phoebus, Phaeton resolved to know his true 
 origin, and at the instigation of his mother, 
 he visited the palace of the sun. He begged 
 Phoebus, that if he really were his father, he 
 would give him inconlestible proofs of his pa- 
 ternal temlerness, and convince the world ot 
 his legitimacy. Phccbus swore by the Styx, 
 ihat he would gr.'.'|' him whatever he required^ 
 and no sooner was the oath uttered, than Phae- 
 ton demanded of him to drive his chariot foi 
 oiie day. Phceluis represented the impropri- 
 efv of c.Mch a rcuv!-*. and tho d^n;:«r^ trt 
 
PH 
 
 which it would expose him ; but in vain ; and, 
 as the oath was inviolable, and Phaeton un- 
 moved, the father instructed his son how he 
 was to proceed in his way through the re- 
 ■^ions of the air. His explicit directions were 
 forgotten, or little attended to ; and no soon- 
 er had Phaeton received the reins from his 
 father than he betrayed his ignorance and in- 
 capacity to guide the chariot. The flying 
 horses became sensible of the confusion of 
 their driver, and immediately departed from 
 their usual track. Phaeton repented too late 
 of his rashness, and already heaven and earth 
 were threatened with an universal conflagra- 
 tion, when Jupiter, who had perceived the dis- 
 order of the horses of the sun, struck the rider 
 with one of his thunderbolts, and hurled him 
 headlong from heaven into the river Po. His 
 body, consumed with fire, was found by the 
 nymphs of the place, and honoured with a de- 
 cent burial. His sisters mourned his unhappy 
 end, and were changed into poplars by Jupi- 
 ter. [Fid. Phaeton tiades.] According to the 
 poets, while Phaeton was unskilfully driving 
 the chariot of his father, the blood of the ^Ethi- 
 opians was dried up, and their skin became 
 black, a colour which is still preserved among 
 the greatest part of the inhabitants of the tor- 
 rid zone. The territories of Libya were also 
 parched up, according to the same tradition, 
 on account of their too great vicinity to the sun; 
 and ever since, Africa, unable to recover her 
 original verdure and fruitfulness, has exhibited 
 a sandy country, and uncultivated waste. Ac- 
 cordingto those who explain this poetical fable. 
 Phaeton was a Ligurian prince, who studied 
 astronomy, and in whose age the neighbour- 
 hood of the Po was visited with uncommon 
 heats. The horses of the sun are called Phaeton- 
 iis equi, either because they were guided by 
 Phaeton, or from the Greek word ('?«7c<.>',) 
 which expresses the splendour and lustre of 
 that luminary. Virg. JEn. 5, v. 105.— Hesiod. 
 Theog y85.— Ovid. Met. 1, fab. 17, 1. 2, fab. 1, 
 hc.—Jipollon. 4, Arg.— Hornt. 4, od. 11.— 
 Senec. in Medea — Jijpollod.—Hygin. fab. 156. 
 
 Phaetontiades, or Puaetontides, the 
 sisters of Phaeton, who were changed into 
 poplars by Jupiter. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 346. Vid. 
 Heliades. 
 
 Phaetusa, one of the Heliades changed in- 
 to poplars, after the death of their brother 
 Phaeton. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 346. 
 
 PHiEus, a town of Peloponnesus. 
 
 Phagesia, a festival among the Greeks, 
 observed during the celebration of the Piony- 
 sia. It received its name from the go^d eat- 
 ing and living that then universally prevailed, 
 
 Phalacrine, a village oi the Sa(bines, 
 where Vespasian was born. Suet. P^eap. 2. 
 
 Phal-«, wooden towers at Rome, erected 
 in the circus. Juv. 6, v. 589. 
 
 Phal.ecus, a general of Phocis against the 
 Boeotians, killed at the battle of Clierona?a. 
 Diod. 16. 
 
 PiiAL^isiA, a town of Arcadia. Pans. 8, c. 
 36. 
 
 Phalanna, a town of Perrhaebia. Liv. 42, 
 c. 64. V 
 
 Phalantiius, a Lacedsemonian, who 
 founded Tarentum in Italy, at the head of the 
 Partheiiise. His father's name was Aracas. 
 
 PH 
 
 As he went to Italy he was shipwrecked ou 
 the coast, and carried to shore by a dolphin, 
 and from that reason there was a dolphin 
 placed near his statue in the temple of Apollo 
 at Delphi. [ Vid. Parthenise.] He received di- 
 vine honours after death. Justin. 3, c. 4. — 
 Pans. 10, c. lO.—Horat. 2, od. 6, v. 11.— Si7. 
 
 Ital. 11, V. 16. A town and mountain of 
 
 the same name in Arcadia. Pans. 8, c. 35, 
 Phalaris, a tyrant of Agrigentum, who 
 
 madeu.se of the most excruciating torments to 
 punish his subjects on the smallest suspicion. 
 Perillus made him a brazen bull, and when he 
 had presented it to Phalaris, the tyrant order- 
 ed the inventor to be seized, and the first ex- 
 periment to be made on his body. These cru- 
 elties did not long remain unrevenged ; the 
 people of Agrigentum revolted in the tenth 
 year of his reign, and put him to death in the 
 same manner as he had tortured Perillus and 
 many of his subjects after him, B C. 552. The 
 brazen bull of Phalaris was cai-ried by Amilcar 
 to Carthage : when that city was taken by Sci- 
 pio, it was delivered again to the inhabitants of 
 Agrigentum by the Romans. There are now- 
 some letters extant, written by a certain Abaris 
 to Phalaris, with their respective answers, but 
 they are supposed by some to be spurious. 
 The best edition is that of the learned Boyle, 
 Oxon, 1718. Cic. in Verr. 4, ad Attic. 7, ep, 12, 
 de affic. 2.— Ovid, de Art. Am. 1, v, 663.— Juv. 
 
 8, V. 81.— P/m. 34, c. 8.— Diod. A Trojan, 
 
 killed by Turnus. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 762. 
 
 Phalarium, a citadel of Syracuse, where 
 Phalaris' bull was placed. 
 
 Phalarus, a river of Bceotia, falling into the 
 Cephisus. Paus. 9, c. 34. 
 
 Phalcidon, a town of Thessaly. Polycen. 
 4, 
 
 Phaleas, a philosopher and legislator, &ic, 
 Arist. 
 
 Phalereus Demetrius, Vid. Demetri- 
 us. 
 
 Phaleria, a town of Thessaly. Liv. 32, 
 c. 15. 
 
 Phaleris, a Corinthian who led a colony to 
 Epidainnus from Corcyra, 
 
 Phaleron, or Phalerusi, or Phalera, 
 (orum,) or Phalereus porlvs, an ancient har- 
 bour of Athens, about 25 stadia from the city, 
 which, from its situation and smallness, was 
 not very fit for the reception of many ships. 
 
 A place of Thessaly. 
 
 Phalerus, a son of Alcon, one of the Ar- 
 gonauts. Orpheus. 
 
 Fhalias, a son of Hercules and Heliconis, 
 daughter of Thestius. Apollod. 
 
 Phallic a, festivals observed by the Egyp- 
 tians in honour of Osiris. They receive their 
 name from <ra^A.'? dmulackrum ligneum mem- 
 bri ririlis. The institution originated in this: 
 after the murder of Osiris, Isis was unable to 
 recover among the other limbs the privities of 
 her husband ; and therefore, as she paid parti- 
 cular honour to every part of his body, she 
 distinguished that which was lost with more 
 honour, and paid it more attention. Its repre- 
 sentation, cdWeA phallus, was made wUh wood, 
 and carried during the sacred festivals which 
 were instituted in honour of Osiris. The peo- 
 ple held it in the greatest veneration ; it was 
 looked upon as an emblem of fecundity, and 
 the mention of it among the ancients never 
 
PH 
 
 PH 
 
 conveyed any impure thought or lascivious! Phar^, or Pher^, a town of Crete. 
 
 reflection. The festivals of the ;)Aff/Zw* were I Another in Messenia. Pans. 4, c. 30. Vid 
 imitated by the Greeks, and introduced intolPherae. 
 
 Europe by the Afhenians, who made the pro 
 cession of the phallus part of the celebration 
 of the Dionysia of the god of wine. Tliose 
 that carried the phallus, at the end of a long 
 pole, were called phallophori. They generally 
 appeared, among the Greeks, besmeared with 
 the dregs of wine, covered with skins of 
 lambs, and wearing on their heads a crown of 
 ivy. Lucian. de Ded Syr. — Plut. de Isid. i^ 
 Os'ir. — Paus. 1, c. 2. 
 
 Phalysius, a citizen of Naupactum, who re- 
 covered his sight by reading a letter sent him 
 by .^sculapius. Paus. 10, cap. ult. 
 
 Phan'jEus, a promontory of the island of 
 Chios, famous for its wines. It was called after 
 a king of the same name, who reigned there. 
 Liv. 36, c. 43.— Virg. G. 2, v. 98. 
 Phanar.'ea, a town of Cappadocia. Slrab. 
 Phanas, a famous Messenian, kc. who died 
 B. C. 682. 
 
 Phanes, a man of Helicarnassus, who fled 
 from Amasis king of Egypt, to the court of 
 Cambyses, king of Persia, whom he advised, 
 when he invaded Egypt, to pass through Ara- 
 bia. Herodot. 3, c. 4. 
 
 Phaneta, a town of Epirus. Liv. 32, c. 23. 
 Phanocles, an elegiac poet of Greece, who 
 wrote a poem on that unnatural sin of which 
 Socrates is accused by some. He support- 
 ed that Orpheus had been the first who dis- 
 graced himself by that filthy indulgence. 
 Some of his fragments are remaining. Clem. 
 .Ilex. Str. 6. 
 
 Phakodemus, an historian who wrote on 
 the antiquities of Attica. 
 
 Phantasia, a daughter of Nicarchus of 
 Memphis, in Egypt. Some have supposed 
 that she wrote a poem on the Trojan war, 
 and another on the return of Ulysses to Itha- 
 ca, from which compositions Homer copied 
 the greatest part of his Iliad and Odyssey, 
 when he visited Memphis, where they were 
 deposited. 
 
 Phanus, a son of Bacchus, who was amon<^ 
 the Argonauts. Apollod. 
 
 Phaon, a boatman of Mitylene, in Lesbos. 
 He received a small box of ointment from Ve- 
 nus, who had presented herself to him in the 
 form of an old woman, to be carried over into 
 Asia; and as soon as he had rubbed himself 
 with what the box contained, he became one 
 of the most beautiful men of his age. Many 
 were captivated with the charms of Phaon, 
 and, among others, Sappho, the celebrated 
 poetess. Phaon gave himself up to the plea- 
 sures of Sappho's company, but, however, he 
 soon conceived a disdain for her, and Sappho, 
 mortified at his coldness, threw herself into 
 the sea. Some say that Phaon was beloved 
 by the goddess of beauty, who concealed him 
 for some time among lettuces, ^lian says, 
 that Phaon was killed by a man whose bed he 
 was defiling. JElian. V. H. I2.~0vid. Heroid. 
 21.— Palo'phat. de in. c. 4.9.— Athen.— Lucian. 
 in Sim. ^ Polistr. 
 
 Phara, a town of Africa, burnt by Scinio's 
 foldiers. 
 
 Pharacides, a general of the Lacede- 
 monian fleet, who assisted Dionysius, the tv 
 
 rant of Sicily, against the Carthaginians 
 njien. 2. 
 
 Pharasmanes, a king of Iberia, in the reign 
 of Antoninus, &c. Tacil. Ann. 6, c. 33. 
 
 Pharax, a Lacedcemonian officer, who at- 
 tempted to make himself absolute in Sicily. 
 
 A Thessalian, whose son, called Cyanip- 
 
 pus, married a beautiful woman, called Leu- 
 cone, who was torn to pieces by his do£s. 
 Parth. ' ' s 
 
 Pharis, a town of Laconia, whose inhabit- 
 ants are called Pharitce. Paus. 3, c. 30. A 
 
 son of Mercury and Philodaraea, who buiU" 
 Pharae in Messenia. Paus. 4, c. 30. 
 
 Pharmecusa, an island of the ^gean sea, 
 where Julius Caesar was seized by some pirates. 
 
 Suet. Cms. 4. Another, where was shown 
 
 Circe's tomb. Strab. 
 
 Pharnabazus, a satrap of Persia, son of a 
 person of the same name, B. C. 409. He as- 
 sisted the Lacedgemonians against the Athe 
 nians, and gained their esteem by his friendly 
 behaviour and support. His conduct, how- 
 ever, towards Alcibiades, was of the most per- 
 fidious nature, and he did not scruple to be- 
 tray to his mortal enemies the man he had 
 long honoured with his friendship. C. Mp. in 
 Ale— Plut. An officer under Eumenes. 
 
 — A king of Iberia. 
 
 Pharnace, a town of Pontus. Plin. 6, c. 4. 
 — ;-The mother of Cinyras, king of Pontus. 
 Suidas. 
 
 Pharnaces, a son of Mithridates, king of 
 Pontus, who favoured the Romans against his 
 father. He revolted against Mithridates, and 
 even caused him to be put to death, according 
 to some accounts. In the civil wars of Julius 
 Cffisar and Pompey, he interested himself for 
 neither of the contending parties, upon which 
 Caesar turned his army against him, and con- 
 quered him. It was to express the celerity of 
 his operations in conquering Pharnaces, that 
 the victorious Roman made use of these words, 
 Veni, vidi, vici. Flor. 3.— Suet, in Cas. 37.— 
 
 Patera. 2, c 55. A king of Pontus who 
 
 made war with Eumenes, B. C. 181. Akin» 
 
 of Cappadocia. A librarian of Atticus. Cic, 
 
 adAtt. 
 
 PharnapItes, a general of Orodes, king 
 of Parthia, killed in a battle by the Ro- 
 mans. 
 
 Pharnaspes, the father of Cassandra, the 
 mother of Cambyses. 
 
 Pharnus, a king of Media, conquered by 
 Ninus, king of Assyria. 
 
 Pharos, a small island in the bay of Alex- 
 andria, about seven furlongs distant from the 
 continent. It was joined to the Egyptian shore 
 with a causeway, by Dexiphanes. B. C. 284, 
 and upon it was built a celebrated tower, in 
 the reign of Ptolemy Soter, and Philadelphus, 
 by Sostratus, the son of Dexiphenes. This 
 tower, which was called the tower of Pharos, 
 and which passed for one of the seven wonders 
 of the world, was built with white marble, and 
 could be seen at the distance of 100 miles. On 
 the top, fires were constantly ke[)t, to direct 
 sailors in the bay, which was dangerous and 
 difficult of access. The building of this tower 
 cost the Egyptian monarch 80()\ulents, which 
 are equivalent to above 165,000/. English, if 
 
 Po- J Attic; or if Alexandrian, double that mm 
 
PH 
 
 iOiere was this inscrintion upon it, King Pto- \ 
 lemy to the Gods the saviours, for the benefil 
 of sailors; ))ut Sostratus, the architect, wish- 
 ing to claim all the glory, engraved his own 
 name upon the stones, and afterwards filled 
 the hollow with tnortar, and wrote the above- 
 mentioned inscription. When the mortar had 
 decayed by time, Ptolemy's name disappear- 
 ed, and the following inscription then became 
 visible ; Sostratus the Cnidia^., son of Dexipha- 
 nes, lo the Gods the saviours, for the benefil 
 of sailors. The word Pharias, is often used 
 iis Ecyjttian. Lucan. 2, v. 636, 1. 3, v. 260, 1. 
 6 V. 308, 1, 9, V. 1005, he— Ovid. A. A. 3. v. 
 635. -P/m. 4. c. 31 and 85, 1. 36, c. IS.—Slrah. 
 IK.- -Mela, 2, c. l.—Plin. 13, c. U.— Homer. 
 
 ofi d^Flac. 2.— Stat. 3, Sylv. 2., v. 102. A 
 
 •watch-tower near Capreae. An island on 
 
 the coast of lllyricum, now called Lesina. Me- 
 
 Id^ 2, c. 7 The emperor Claudius ordered 
 
 a tower to be built at the entrance of the port 
 of Ostia, for the benefit of sailors, and it like- 
 wise bore the name of Pharos, an appellation 
 afterwards given to every other edifice which 
 was raised to direct the course of sailors^ ei- 
 ther with lights, or by signals. Juv. 11, v. 76 — 
 Suet. 
 
 Pharsalus, now Farsa, a town of Thes- 
 saly, in whose neighbourhood is a large plain, 
 called Pharsalia, famous for a battle which 
 was fought there between Julius Caesar and 
 Pompey, in which the former obtained the 
 victory. In that battle, which was fought on 
 the 12th of May, B. C. 48, Caesar lost about 
 200 men, or, according to others, 1200. 
 Pompey 's loss was 15,000, or 25,000, according 
 to others ; and 24,000 of his army were made 
 prisoners of war by the conqueror. Lucan. 
 J, he. — Plut.inPovip. 4-' Cces.—Appian. Civ. 
 CcEsar. Civ. — Sutton, in Cces. — Dio. Cass 
 
 That poem of Lucan, in which he gives an 
 account of the civil wars of Caesar and Pom- 
 pey, bears the name of Pharsalia. Vid. Lu- 
 canus. 
 
 Phakte, a daughter of Danaus. Apollod. 
 
 Phakl's, a Rutuliau, killed by ^neas. Virg. 
 JEn. 10, V. 322. 
 
 PHAKUsii,or Phaurush, a people of Afri- 
 ca, beyond Mauritania. Mela, 1, c. 4. 
 
 Phakybus, a river of Macedonia, falling 
 into the .'Egean sea. It is called by some 
 Baphyrus. 
 
 PuARvcADON, a town of Macedonia, on the 
 Peneus. Strub. 9. 
 
 PHARvcE,a town of Locris. 
 
 PhaskliS; a town of Pamphylia, at the foot 
 of mount Taurus, which was long the resi- 
 dence of j)irates. Strab. l^.— Lucan. 8, c. 251. 
 . — Cic. agra. 2, c. 19. 
 
 PH-A.SIANA, a country of Asia, near the river 
 Phasis. The inhabitants, called Phasiani, are 
 of Egyptian origin. 
 
 Phasias, a patronymic given to Medea, as 
 being born near the Phasis. Ovid. Met. 1. 
 
 Ph.\sis, a son of Phoebus and Ocyroe. 
 
 A river of Colchis, rising in the mountains of 
 Armenia, now called Faoz, and falling into 
 the east of the Euxine. It is famous for the 
 expedition of the Argonauts, who entered it 
 after a long and perilous voyage, from which 
 reason all dangerous voy.iges have been pro- 
 verbially intimated by the words of sailing to 
 ilm Phr';if!. There were on the banks of the 
 
 PH 
 
 Phasis a great number of large birds, of which, 
 according to some of the ancients, the Argo- 
 nauts brought some to Greece, and which 
 were called, on that account, pheasants. The 
 Phasis was reckoned by the ancients one of 
 the largest rivers of Asia. Plin. 10, c. 48. — 
 .W«r/Jo/. 13, ep. 62.— S/m6. 11.— Mela, l,c. 19. 
 —Apollod. 1, hc.—Paus. 4, c. 44.— Orpheus. 
 Phassus, a son of Lycaon. Apollod. 
 Phauda, a town of Pontus. 
 Phavorinus, a writer, the best edition of 
 whose Greek Lexicon is that in fol Venet. 
 1712. 
 
 Phayllus, a tyrant of Ambracia. The 
 
 brother to Onomarchus of Phocis, he. {Vid. 
 Phocis.] Pans. 10, c. 2. 
 
 Phea, or Pheia, a town of Elis. Homer. 
 11. 7. - . 
 
 Phecadum, an inland town of Macedonia. 
 Liv. 31, c. 41. 
 
 Phegeus, or Phlegeus, a companion of 
 iEneas, killed by Turnus. Virg. JEn. 9, 
 V. 765. Another, likewise killed by Tur- 
 nus. Id. 12, V. 371, he. A priest of 
 
 Bacchus, the father of Alphesiboea, who pu- 
 rified Alcmffion of his mother's murder, and 
 gave him his daughter in marriage. He was 
 afterwards put to death by the children of 
 Alcmaeon by Callirhoe, because he had or- 
 dered Alcma3on to be killed when he had at- 
 tempted to recover a collar which he had giv- 
 en to his daughter. [Ffrf. Alcmaeon.] Ovid. 
 Met. 9, V. 412 
 
 Phellia, a river of Laconia. Paus.3, c. 20. 
 Phelloe, a town of Achaia, near iEgira, 
 where Bacchus and Diana each had a temple. 
 Paus. 7, c. 26. 
 
 Phellus, a place of Attica. A town of 
 
 Elis, near Olympia. Strab. 
 
 Phemius, a man introduced by Homer as a 
 musician among Penelope's suitors. Some say 
 that he taught Homer, for which the grateful 
 
 poet immortalized his name. Homer. Od. 
 
 A man, who, according to some, wrote an ac- 
 count of the return of the Greeks from the 
 Trojan war. The word is applied by Ovid, 
 Am. 3, V. 7, indiscriminately to any person 
 who excels in music. 
 
 Phemonoe, a priestess of Apollo, who is 
 supposed to have invented heroic verses. 
 Paus. 10, c. 6. 
 
 Pheneum, a town of Arcadia, whose inha- 
 bitants, called Pheneatm, worship Mercury. 
 Cic. de JVat. D. 3. 
 
 Pheneus, a town, with a lake of the 
 same name, in Arcadia, whose waters are 
 unwholesome in the night, and wholesome 
 in the day time. Cic. de Nat. D. 3, c. 22. 
 — Virg. JEn. 8, v. 165. — Ovid. Met. 15, v. 
 
 332. A son of Mel as, killed by Tydeas. 
 
 Apollod. 
 
 Pher^, a town of Thessaly, where the ty- 
 rant Alexander reigned, whence he was called 
 Pherceus. Strab. 2.— Cic. 2, de offic. Ovid, in 
 lb. 321.— Fa/. Max. 9, c. 13. A town of At- 
 tica. Another of Laconia, in Peloponne- 
 sus. Liv. 35, c. 30. 
 
 Pherjeus, a surname of Jason, as being a 
 native of Pherae. 
 
 Pheraules, a Persian, whom Cyrus raised 
 from poverty to afl^uence. He afterwards gave 
 up all his possessions to enjoy tranquillity and 
 retirement. Xenoph. Cyr. 
 
PH 
 
 Phereclus, one of the Greeks during the 
 
 Trojan war. Ovid. Her. 15. A pilot of the 
 
 ship of Theseus when he went to Crete. 
 Plut. in Thes. 
 
 Phereckates, a comic poet of Athens, 
 in the age of Plato and Aristophanes. He is 
 supposed to have written 21 comedies, of 
 which only a few verses remain. He intro- 
 duced living characters on the stage, but ne- 
 ver abused the liberty which he had taken, 
 either by satire or defamation. He invented 
 a sort of verse, which from him has beetj 
 called Pherecration. It consisted of the three 
 last feet of an hexameter verse, of which the 
 first was always a spondee, as for instance, 
 the third verse of Horace's 1, od. 5. Graio 
 
 Pyrrha sub antro. Another, descended 
 
 from Deucalion. Oic. Tus. 
 
 Pherecvdes, a philosopher of Scyros, dis- 
 ciple to Pittacus, one of ihe first who de- 
 livered his thoughts in prose. He was ac- 
 quainted with the periods of the moon, and 
 foretold eclipses with the greatest accuracy. 
 The doctrine of the immortality of the soul 
 was first supported by him, as also that of the 
 metempsychosis. Pythagoras was one of his 
 disciples, remarkable for his esteem and his 
 attachment to his learned master. When 
 Pherecydes lay dangerously ill in the island of 
 Delos, Pythagoras hastened to give him every 
 assistance in his power, and when all his ef- 
 forts had proved ineffectual, he buried him, 
 and after he had paid him the last offices, he 
 retired to Italy. Some, however, suppose, 
 that Pherecydes threw himself down from a 
 precipice as he was going to Delphi, or ac- 
 cording to others, he fell a sacrifice to the 
 lousy disease, B. C. 515, in the 85th year of 
 
 his age. Diog. — Lactant. An historian of 
 
 Leros, surnamed the Athenian. He wrote an 
 history of Attica, now lost, in the age of Da- 
 rius Hystaspes. A tragic poet. 
 
 Pherendates, a Persian, set over Egypt by 
 Artaxerxes. 
 
 Pherephate, a surname of Proserpine, 
 from the production of corn. 
 
 Pheres, a son of Cretheus and Tyro, 
 who built Pherae in Thessahs where he 
 reigned. He married Clymene, by whom he 
 had Admetus and Lycurgus. Apollod. 
 
 A son of Medea, stoned to death by the Co- 
 rinthians on account of the poisonous clothes 
 which he had given to Glance, Creon's 
 
 daughter. [Vid. Medea.] Pans. 2, c. 3. 
 
 A friend of jEneas killed by Halesus. Virg. 
 Ml. 10, V. 413. 
 
 Pheretias, a patronymic of Admetus, son 
 of Pherus. Ovid. Mel. 8, v. 291. 
 
 Pheretima, the wife of Battus, king of 
 Cyrene, and mother of Arcesilaus. After 
 her son's death she recovered the kingdom 
 by means of Amasis king of Egypt, and to 
 averjge the murder of Arcesilaus, she caused 
 all his assassins to be crucified round the 
 walls of Cyrene, and she cut otF the breasts 
 •of their wives, and hung them up near the 
 bodies of their husbands. It is said that she 
 was devoured alive by worms, a punishment 
 which, according to some of the ancients, 
 was inflicted by providence for her unpa- 
 ralleled cruelties. Polytzn. 8. — Herodot. 4, c. 
 204, &ic. 
 
 Pherinum, a town of Thessaly. 
 
 PH 
 
 Pheron, a king of Egypt, who succeeded 
 Sesostris. He was blind, and he recovered 
 his sight by washing his eyes, according to 
 the directions of the oracle, in the urine of a 
 woman who had never had any unlawful 
 connexions. He tried his wife first, but she 
 appeared to have been faithless to his bed, 
 and she was burnt with all those whose urine 
 could not restore sight to the king. He mar- 
 ried the woman whose urine proved benefi- 
 cial. Herodot. 2, c. 111. 
 
 Pherusa, one of the Nereides. JlpollodX 
 
 Phiale, one of Diana's nymphs. Ovid. 
 
 Met. 3. A celebrated courtezan. Juv. 10, 
 
 V. 238. 
 
 Phialia, or Phigalia, a town of Arcadia. 
 Paus. 8, c. 3, 
 
 Phialus, a king of Arcadia. Id. lb. 
 
 Phicores, a people near the Paulus Maeotis. 
 Mela, 1, c. 19. 
 
 Phidias, a celebrated statuary of Athens, 
 who died B. C. 432. He made a statue of Mi- 
 nerva at the request of Pericles, which was 
 placed in the Pantheon. It was made with 
 ivory and gold, and measured 39 feet in height. 
 His presumption raised him many enemies, 
 and he w^as accused of having carved his own 
 image and that of Pericles on the shield of the 
 statue of the goddess, for which he was ba- 
 nished from Athens by the clamorous popu- 
 lace. He retired to Elis, where he deter- 
 mined to revenge the ill treatment he had re- 
 ceived from his countrymen, by making a sta- 
 tue which would eclipse the fame of that of 
 Minerva. He was successful in the attempt; 
 and the statue he made of Jupiter Olympius 
 was always reckoned the best of all his pieces, 
 and has passed for one of the wonders of the 
 world. The people of Elis were so sensible of 
 his merit, and of the honour he had done to 
 their city, that they appointed his descendants 
 to the honourable office of keeping clean that 
 magnificent statue, and of preserving it from 
 injury. Paus. 9, .:. 4.—Cic. de Orat.—Slrab. 
 S.— quintU. 12, c. 10.— Plut. in Per. 
 
 Phidile, a woman. Vid. Phidyle. 
 
 Phidippides, a celebrated courier, who ran 
 from Athens to Lacedajraon, about 152 Eng- 
 lish miles, in two days, to ask of the Lacedae- 
 monians assistance against the Persians, The 
 Athenians raised a temple to his memory. 
 Herodot. 6, c. 105. — C. A'ep. in Milt. 
 
 Phiditia, a public entertainment at Spar- 
 ta, where much frugality was observed as the 
 word (c"'«T's from i?£»ioj"a«, parco), denotes. 
 Persons of all ages were admitted ; the young- 
 er frequented it as a school of temperance 
 and sobriety, where they were trained to 
 good manners and useful knowledge, by (he 
 example and discourse of the elders, Cic. 
 Tus. 5, c. 34.-'Paus. 3, c. 10. 
 
 Phidon, a man who enjoyed the sovereign 
 power at Argos, and is supposed to have in- 
 vented scales and measures, and coined silver 
 at iilgina. He died B. C. 854. Arist.— Hero- 
 dot. 6, c. J27. An ancient legislator at 
 
 Corinth. 
 
 Phidyle, a female servant of Horace, to 
 whom he addressed 3, od. 23. 
 
 Phigalei, a people of Peloponnesus, near 
 Messenia. They were naturally fond of drink- 
 ing, and negligent of domestic afli'airs. Pans. 
 8, c. 39* 
 
PH 
 
 J*HILA, the eldest daughter of Antipater, 
 who married Craterus. She afterwards mar 
 ried Demetrius, and when her husband iiad 
 lost tbe kingdom of Macedonia, she poisoned 
 
 herself. Plut. A town of Macedonia. Liv. 
 
 42, c. 67, I. 44, c. 2 and 34. An island cal- 
 led also Phla. 
 
 Philadelphia, now Mah-sher, a town of 
 
 Lydia. Plin. 5, c. 29. Another in Cilicia, 
 
 Arabia, Syria. 
 
 Philadelphus, a kingof Paphlagonia, who 
 
 followed ihe interest of M. Antony. The 
 
 surname of one of the Ptolemies, king of 
 Egypt, by anliphrasis, because he destroyed 
 all his brothers. Vid. Ptolemaeus 2d. 
 
 Phil^, a town and island of Egypt, above 
 the smaller cataract, but placed opposite 
 Syene by Plin. 5, c. 9. Isis was worshipped 
 there. Lucan. 10, v. 313. — Seneca. 2, JVat. 4, c. 
 2. One of the Sporades. Plin. 4, c. 12. 
 
 PHiLiENi, two'brothers of Carthage. When 
 a contest arose between the Cyreneans and 
 Carthaginians, about the extent of their ter- 
 ritories, it was mutually agreed, that, at a 
 stated hour, two men should depart from each 
 city, and that wherever they met, there 
 they should fix the boundaries of their coun- 
 try. Tiie Philaeni accordingly departed from 
 Carthage, and met the Cyreneans, wnen they 
 had advanced far into their territories. This 
 produced a quarrel, and the Cyreneans sup- 
 ported that the Philajni had left Carthage be- 
 fore the ap[)ointment, and that therefore 
 they must retire or be buried in the sand. 
 The Philaeni refused, upon which they were 
 overpowered by the Cyreneans, and accord- 
 'ingiy buried in the sand. The Carthagini- 
 ans, to commemorate the patriotic deeds of 
 the Phil&ui who had sacrificed their lives 
 that the extent of their country might not 
 be diminished, raised two altars on the place 
 where their bodies bad been buried, which 
 they called PhilcRnorum arx. These altars 
 were the boundaries of the Carthaginian do- 
 minions, which on the other side extended 
 as far as the columns of Hercules, which is 
 about 2000 miles, or according to the accurate 
 observations of the moderns, only 1420 geo- 
 graphical miles, Salliist. de bell. Jug. 19 and 
 79. Sil. It. 15, v. 704. 
 
 PHiLiENis, or Phileris, a courtezan. Vid. 
 Fhileris. 
 
 PniLiEus. a son of Ajax by Lyside, the 
 daughter of Coronus, one of the Lapithaj. 
 Miltiades, as some suppose, was descended 
 from him. A son of Augeas, who upbraid- 
 ed his father for not granting what Hercules 
 justly claimed for cleaning his stables. [Vid. 
 Augeas ] He was placed upon his father's 
 throne by Hercules. Apollod. 2. 
 
 Philammon, a celebrated musician, son of 
 Apollo and Chione. A man who murder- 
 ed Arsinoe, and who was slain by her female 
 attendants. 
 
 Philanthus, a son of Prolans of Elis, kil- 
 led at the Olympic games. Puus. 5, c. 3. 
 
 Philarchus, a hero who gave assistance 
 to the Phocians when the Persians invaded 
 Greece. 
 
 Philemon, a Greek comic poet, contem- 
 porary with Menander. He obtained some 
 poetical prizes over Menander, not so much by 
 the merit of his compositions as by the intrigues 
 
 PH 
 
 of his friends. Plautus imitated some of his 
 comedies He lived to his 97th year, and died, 
 as it is reported, of laughing, on seeing an ass 
 
 eat figs, B. C. 274. His" son, who bore the 
 
 same name, wTote 54 comedies, of which 
 some few fragments remain, w'hich do not 
 seem to entitle him to great rank among tbe 
 Greek comic writers. Val. Max. 9, c. 12. — 
 
 Quintil. 10. — Plut. de ira. coh. — Strabt 14. 
 
 A poor man of Phrygia. [Fid, Baucis,] 
 
 An illegitimate son of Priam. 
 
 Philene, a town of Attica, between Athens 
 and Tanagra. Stat. Theb. 4, v. 102. 
 
 Phileris, an immodest woman, whom 
 Philocrates the poet lampooned. Marl. 7, 
 
 Phileros, a town of Macedonia. Plin. 
 
 Philesius, a leader of the 10,000 Greeks 
 after tbe battle of Cunaxa. 
 
 Philet^rus, an eunuch made governor of 
 Pergamus by Lysimachus. He quarrelled with 
 Lysimachus, and made himself master of Per- 
 gamus, where he laid the foundations of a 
 kingdom called the kingdom of Pergamus, B. 
 C. 283. He reigned there for 20 years, and at 
 his death he appointed his nephew Eumenes 
 
 as his successor. Strab. 13. — Paus. 1, c. 8. 
 
 A Cretan general who revolted from Seleucus, 
 and was conquered, he. Polycen. 4. 
 
 Philetas, a grammarian and poet of Cos, 
 in the reign of king Philip, and of his son 
 Alexander the Great, He was made precep- 
 tor to Ptolemy Philadelphus. The elegies and 
 epigrams which he wTote have been greatly 
 commended by the ancients, and some frag- 
 ments of them are still preserved in Athenae- 
 us. He was so small and slender, according 
 to the improbable accounts of iElian, that he 
 always carried pieces of lead in his pockets, 
 to prevent being blown away bv the wind. 
 ^dian. V. H. 9, c. 14.— Ouirf. Fast. 1, el. 5. 
 Properf. 3, el. 1. An historian. 
 
 Philetius, a faithful steward of Ulysses, 
 who with Eumaeus assisted him in destroying 
 the suitors who had not only insulted the 
 queen, but wasted tbe property of the absent 
 monarch. Homer. Od. 20, k.c. 
 
 Fhilidas, a friend of Pelopidas, who fa- 
 voured the conspiracy formed to expel the 
 Spartans from Thebes. He received the con- 
 spirators in his own house. 
 
 Philides, a dealer in horses in the age of 
 Themistocles, &.c. Plut. in Them. 
 
 Philinna, a courteean, mother of Aridaj- 
 us, by Philip the father of Alexander. 
 
 Phi LINUS, a native of Agrigentum, who 
 fought with Annibal against the Romans. He 
 wrote a partial history of the Punic wars. C. 
 JVep. in Jinnib. — Polyb. 
 
 Philippei, or Philippi, certain pieces of 
 money coined in the reign of Philip of 
 Macedonia, and with his image. Moral. 2, 
 ep. 1, v. 284— Lir. 34, c. 62, 1, 37, c. 59, 1, 
 39, c. 5 and 7. 
 
 Philippi, a town of Macedonia, anciently 
 called Datos, and situate at the east of tbe 
 Strymon on a rising ground, which abounds 
 with springs and water. It was called Philip- 
 pi, after Philip, king of Macedonia, who forti- 
 fied it against the incursions of the barbarians 
 of Thrace, and became celebrated for two 
 battles which were fought there in October B. 
 C. 42, at the interval of about 20 days, between 
 Augustus and Antony, and the repubUcan- 
 
PH 
 
 forces of Brutus and Cassius, in which the for- 
 mer obtained the victory. Ovid. Met. 15, v. 
 284.— P/in. 7, c. 45.— Flor. 4, c. l.—Paterc. 2, 
 c. 7, &.C. — Appian. 2, Cic. bell. — Plut. in An- 
 ion.— Vxr\r. G. 1, V. 490.—Su€i.Aug.3. ■ 
 
 Philippides, a comic poet in Alexan- 
 der's age. A courier, called also Phidippi- 
 
 des. 
 
 Phii ippoPOLis, a town of Thrace, near the 
 Hebrus, built by Philip the father of Alex- 
 ander. Liv. 39, c. 53. Of Thessaly, called 
 
 Philippi. 
 
 Philippus 1st, son of Argeus, succeeded 
 his father on the throne of Macedonia, and 
 
 reigned 38 years, B. C. 40. Tlie second of 
 
 that name was the fourth son of Arayntas, king 
 of Macedonia. He was sent to Thebes as an 
 hostage by his father, where he learnt the art 
 of war under Epaminondas, and studied with 
 the greatest care the manners and the pursuits 
 of the Greeks He was recalled to Macedo- 
 nia, and at the death of his brother Perdiccas, 
 he ascended the throne as guardian and protec- 
 tor of the youthful years of his nephew. His 
 ambition, however, soon discovered itself, and 
 he made himself independent. The valour 
 of a prudent general, and the policy of an 
 experienced statesman, seemed requisite to 
 ensure his power. The neighbouring nations, 
 ridiculing the youth and inexperience of the 
 new king of Macedonia, appeared in arms, but 
 Philip soon convinced them of their error. 
 Unable to meet them as yet in the field of bat- 
 tle, he suspended their fury by presents, and 
 soon turned his arms against Araphipolis, a co- 
 lony tributary to the Athenians. Amphipolis 
 was conquered, and added to the kingdom of 
 Macedonia, and Philip meditated no less than 
 the destruction of a refmblic which had render- 
 ed itself so formidable to the rest of Greece, 
 and bad even claimed submission from the 
 jirinces of Macedonia. His designs, however, 
 were as yet immature, and before he could 
 make Athens an object of conquest, the Thra- 
 cians and the Illyrians demanded his attention. 
 He made himself master of a Thiacian colony, 
 to which he gave the name of Philippi, and 
 from which he received the greatest advanta- 
 ^es, on account of the golden mines in the 
 neighbourhood. In the midst of his political 
 prosperity, Philip did not neglect the honour 
 of his family. He married Olympias.the daugh- 
 ter of Neoptolemus, king of the Molossi, 
 and when some time aftcF he became father of 
 Alexander, the monarch, conscious of the in- 
 estimable advantages which arise from the 
 lessons, the example, and the conversation of 
 a learned and virtuous preceptor, wrote a let- 
 ter with his own hand to the philosopher 
 Aristotle, and begged him to retire from his 
 usual pursuits, and to dedicate his whole time 
 to the instruction of the young prince. Every 
 thing seemed now to cons})ire to his aggran- 
 dizement, and historians have observed, that 
 Philip received in one day the intelligence of 
 three things which could gratify the most 
 unbounded ambition, and flatter the hopes of 
 the most aspiring monarch: the birth of a 
 son, an honourable crown at the Olympic 
 gamns, and n vii;tory over the barbarians of 
 Illyricum But all these increased rather 
 than satiated his ambition ; he declared his ini- 
 mical sentiments against the power of Athens 
 
 PH 
 
 and the independence of all Greece, by lay ia» 
 siege to Olynthus, a place, Vvhich on account 
 of its situation and consequence, would prove 
 niost injurious to the interests of the Athe- 
 nians, and most advantageous to the intrigues 
 and military operations of eveiy Macedonian 
 prince. The Athenians, roused by the elo- 
 quence of Demosthenes, sent 17 vessels and 
 2000 men to the assistance of Olynthus, but the 
 money of Philip prevailed over all their ef- 
 forts. The greatest part of the citizens 
 suffered themselves to be bribed by the 
 Macedonian gold, and Olynthus surrendered 
 to the enemy, and was instantly reduced to 
 ruins. His successes were as great in every 
 part of Greece ; he was declared head of the 
 Amphictyonic council, and was intrusted with 
 the care of the sacred temple of Apollo at 
 Delphi. If he was recalled to Macedonia, 
 It was only to add fresh laurels to his crown, 
 by victories over his enemies in Illyricum and 
 Thessaly. By assuming the mask of a mode- 
 rator and peace-maker, he gained confidenee, 
 and in attempting to protect the Peloponne- 
 sians against the encroaching power of Sparta, 
 he rendered his cause popular, and by ridicu- 
 ling the insults that were offered to his per- 
 son as he passed through Corinth, he display- 
 ed to the world his moderation and philo- 
 sophic virtues. In his attempts to make him- 
 self master of Eubcea, Philip was unsuc- 
 cessful; and Phocion, who despised his 
 gold as well as his meanness, obliged him 
 to evacuate an island whose inhabitants were 
 as insensible to the charms of money, as they 
 were unmoved at the horror* of war, and the 
 bold efforts of a vigilant enemy. From Eubcea 
 he turned his arras against the Scythians, but 
 the advantages he obtained over this indigent 
 nation were inconsiderable, and he again 
 made Greece an object of plunder and rapine. 
 He advanced far into Boeotia, and a general 
 engagement was fought at Chaeronea, The 
 fight was long and bloody, but Philip obtained 
 the victory. His behaviour after the battle re- 
 flects great disgrace upon him as a man, and as 
 a monarch. In the hour of festivity, and during 
 the entertainment which he had given to cele- 
 brate the trophies he had won, Philip sallied 
 from his camp, and with the inhumanity of a 
 brute, he insulted the bodies of the slain, and 
 exulted over the calamities of (he prisoners of 
 war. His insolence, however, was checked 
 when Demades, one of the Athenian captives, 
 reminded him of his meanness, by exclaiming, 
 fVhy do you, O king, net the part of a Thei- 
 sites, when you can represent ivith so much dig- 
 nity the elevated character of an Agtmemnon. 
 The reproof was felt, Demades received his 
 liberty, and Philip learned how to gain popu- 
 larity even among his fallen enemies, by re- 
 lieving their wants and easing their distreese*. 
 At the battle of Chieronea the independence of 
 Greece was extinguished ; and Phili]i, unable 
 to find new enemies in Europe, formed new en- 
 terprises, and meditated new conquests. He 
 was nominated general of the Greeks against 
 the Persians, and was called upon as well front 
 inclination as duty to revenge those inJHries 
 which Greece had suffered from the invaiiions 
 ot Darias, and of Xerxes. But he was stopped 
 in the mid.^t of his warlike preparations; he 
 was stabbed by Pausanias ai he entered the 
 
PH 
 
 tlieatre at the celebration of the nuptials of 
 his daughter Cleopatra. This murder has 
 given rise to many reflections upon the causes 
 which produced it, and many who consider 
 the recent repudiation of Olympias, and the 
 resentment of Alexander, are apt to investi- 
 gate the causes of his death in the bosom of 
 his family. The ridiculous honours which 
 Olympias paid to her husband's murderer 
 strengthened the suspicion, yet Alexander de- 
 clared that he invaded the kingdom of Persia 
 to revenge his father's death upon the Persian 
 satraps and princes, by whose immediate in- 
 trigues the assassination had been committed. 
 The character of Philip is that of a sagacious, 
 artful, prudent and intriguing monarch; he 
 was brave in the field of battle, eloquent and 
 dissimulating at home, and he possessed the 
 wonderful art of changing his conduct accor- 
 ding to the disposition and caprice of mankind, 
 •without ever altering his purpose, or losing 
 sight of his ambitious aims. He possessed much 
 perseverance, and in the execution of his 
 plans he was always vigorous. The hand of 
 an assassin prevented him from achieving the 
 boldest and most extensive of his underta- 
 kings, and he might have acquired as many 
 laurels, and conquered as many nations as his 
 son Alexander did in the succeeding reign, and 
 the kingdom of Persia might have been added 
 to the Macedonian empire, perhaps with great- 
 er moderation, with more glory, and with 
 more lasting advantages. The private charac- 
 ter of Philip lies open to censure, and raises in- 
 dignation. The admirer of his virtues is disgus- 
 ted to find him among the most abandoned 
 prostitutes, and disgracing himself by the most 
 unnatural crimes and lascivious indulgences 
 which can make even the most debauched and 
 the most profligate to blush. He was murdered 
 in the 47th year of his age, and the 24th of his 
 reign, about 336 years before the Christian era. 
 His reign is become uncommonly interesting, 
 and his administration a matter of instruction. 
 He is the first monarch whose life and actions 
 are described with peculiar accuracy and his- 
 torical faithfulness. Philip was the father of 
 Alexander the Great and of Cleopatra, by 
 Olympias ; he had also by Audaca, an Illyrian, 
 Cyna, who married Amyntas the son of Per- 
 diccas. Philips elder brother ; by iNicasipolis, 
 a Thessalian, Nicaea, who married Cassander ; 
 by Philinna, a Larissean dancer, Aridaius, who 
 reigned some time after Alexander's death; 
 by Cleopatra,the niece of Attains, Caranu? and 
 Europa, who were both murdered by Olym- 
 pias; and Ptolemy the first, king of Egypt, by 
 Arsinoe, who in the first month of her preg- 
 nancy was married to Lagns. DemosUi. in Pliil. 
 Sf Olynlh. — Justin. 1,^'C. — Diod. IG. — Plut. in 
 Alex. Dem. S^Jlpoph. — fsocrnl. ad Pliil — Curt 
 
 1. <^c. — JEschincs. — Fans. — Batotic. ^c. 
 
 The last king of Macedonia, of that name, was 
 son of Demetrius. His infancy, at the death of 
 his fcUhcr, was protected by Antigonus, one of 
 his friends,\vho ascended the throne,and reign- 
 ed for V2, years with the title of independent 
 monarch. When Antigonus died, Philip recov- 
 ered his father's throne, thongli only fifteen 
 years of age, and he early distinguished him 
 self by his boldness and his ambitious views. 
 His cruelty, however, to Aratus soon display- 
 ed his character in its true light,andto the grali- 
 
 PH 
 
 fication of every vice, and every extravagant 
 propensity, he had the meanness to sacrifice 
 thit faithful and virtuous Athenian. Not satis- 
 fied with the kingdom of Macedonia, Philip as- 
 pired to become the friend of Annibal, and 
 wished to share with him the spoils which the 
 distresses and continual loss of the Romans 
 seemed soon to promise. But his expectalions 
 were frustrated, the Romans discovered his 
 intrigues, and though weakened by the valour 
 and artifice of the Carthaginian, yet they were 
 soon enabled to meet him in the field of battle. 
 The consul Laevinus entered witiiout delay 
 his territories of Macedonia, and after he had 
 obtained a victory over him near Apollonia 
 and reduced his fleet to ashes, he compelled 
 him to sue for peace. This peaceful disposition 
 was not permanent, and when the Romans 
 discovered that he had assisted their immortal 
 enemy Annibal with men and money, they 
 appointed T. Q. Flaminius to punish his per- 
 fidy, and the violation of the treaty. The Ro- 
 man consul, with his usual expedition, invaded 
 Macedonia,and in ageneral engagementrM'hich 
 was fought near Cynocephale, the hostile ar- 
 my was totally defeated, and the monarch 
 saved his life with difficulty by flying from the 
 field of battle. Destitute of resources, without 
 friends either at home or abroad, Philip was 
 obliged tosubmiftothe mercy of the conqueror, 
 and to demand peace by his ambassadors. It 
 was granted with difficulty, the terms were hu- 
 miliating, but the poverty of Philip obliged him 
 to accept the conditions, however disadvan- 
 tageous and degrading to his dignity. In the 
 midst of these public calamities, the peace of 
 his family was disturbed; and Perses, the eldest 
 of his sons by a concubine, raised seditions 
 against his brother Demetrius, whose conde- 
 scension and humanity had gained popularity 
 among the Macedonians, and who, from his 
 residence at Rome, as an hostage, had gained 
 the good graces of the senate, and by thft mo- 
 desty and innocence of his manners, had ob- 
 tained forgivenessfrom that venerable body for 
 the hostilities of his father. Philip listened 
 with too much avidity to the false accusation 
 of Perses ; and when he heard it asserted that 
 Demetrius wished to rob him of his crown, ho 
 no longer hesitated to punish with death so 
 unworthy and so ungrateful a son. No sooner 
 was Demetrius sacrificed to credulity than 
 Philip became convinced of his cruelty and 
 rashness, and to punish the perfidy of Perses> 
 he.attempted to make Antigonus, another son, 
 his successor on the Macedonian throne But 
 he was prevented from execnfing his purpose- 
 by death, in the42d year of his reign, 179 years 
 before the Christian era. The assassin of De- 
 metrius succeeded his father, and with the 
 same ambition, with the same rashness and 
 oppression, renewed the war against the Ro- 
 mans till his empire was destroyed and 3Iacs- 
 donia became a Roman province. Philip has 
 been compared witii his great ancestor of the 
 same name, but tiiougti they possessed the 
 same virtues, tUe same ambition, and were 
 tainted with the same vices, yet the father of 
 Alexajider was more .'sagacious and more in- 
 triguing, and the son of Demetrius was more 
 suspicious, more cruel, and more implacable., 
 and accoiding to the pretended prophecy 
 of one of the SibvJs> Macedonia was indebf- 
 
PH 
 
 «d to one Philip for her rise and consequence 
 ainoug nations, and under another Philip she 
 lamented the loss of her power, her empire, 
 and hev dignity. Poivb. 16. he. — Justin. 29, &c. 
 —Plut. in Flam.— Pans. 7, c. Q.—Liv. 31, &c. 
 — Val. Max. 4, c. 8. — Orosius. 4, c. 20. 
 
 M. Jirlius, a Roman emperor, of an obscin'e 
 family in Arabia, from whence he was sur- 
 named ^^rabian. From the lowest rank in 
 the army he gradually rose to the highest of- 
 fices, and when he was made general of the 
 pretorian guards, he assassinated Gordian to 
 make hi.mself emperor. To establish himself 
 with more certainty on the imperial throne, 
 he left Mesopotamia a prey to the continual 
 invasions of the Persians, and hurried to Rome, 
 where his election was universally approved 
 by the senate and the Roman people. Philip 
 rendered his cause popular by his liberality 
 and profusion, audit added much to his splen- 
 dour and dignity, that the Romans during his 
 reign commemorated the foundation of their 
 city, a solemnity which was observed but once 
 every hundred years, and which was cele- 
 brated w^ith more pomp and more magnifi- 
 cence than under the preceding reigns. The 
 people were entertained with games and spec- 
 tacles, the theatre of Pompey was successively 
 crowded during three days and three nights, 
 and 2000 gladiators Wed in the circus at once, 
 for the amusement and pleasure of a gazing 
 populace. His usurpation, however, was short, 
 Philip was defeated by Decins, who had pro- 
 claimed himself emperor in Pannonia, and he 
 was assassinated by his own soldiers near Ve- 
 rona, in the 45th year of his age, and the 5th 
 of his reign, A. D. 249. His son, who bore the 
 same name, and who had shared with him the 
 imperial dignity, was also massacred in the 
 arms of his mother. Young Philip was then 
 in the 12th year of his age, and the Romans la- 
 mented in him the loss of rising talents, of na- 
 tural humanity, and endearing virtues. Aarel. 
 
 Victor. — Zozim. A native of Acarnania; 
 
 physician to Alexander the Great. When the 
 monarch had been suddenly taken ill, after 
 bathing in the Cydnus, Philip undertook to re- 
 move the complaint, when the rest of the phy- 
 sicians believed that all medical assistance 
 would be ineffectual. But as he was preparing 
 his medicine, Alexander received a letter from 
 Parmenio, in wliich he was advised to beware 
 of his physician Philip, as he had conspired 
 against his life. The monarch was alarmed, and 
 when Philip presented him the medicine, he 
 gave him Parmenio's letter to peruse, and be- 
 gan to drink the potion. The serenity and com- 
 f)Osure of Philip's countenance, as he read the 
 etter, removed every suspicion from Alexan- 
 der's breast, and he pursued the directions of 
 bis physician, and in a few days recovered. 
 
 Plul.inMcx. — Curt. 3. — .irrian.2. A son 
 
 of Alexander the Great, murdered by order of 
 
 Olympias. A governor of Sparta. A son 
 
 of Cassander. A man who pretended to be 
 
 the son of Perseus, that he might lay claim to 
 the kingdom of JMacedonia. He was cal- 
 led Pseudojikilippus. A general of Cas- 
 sander, in .^iltolia. A Phrygian, made gov- 
 ernor of Jerusalem by Antiochus, kc— — A 
 son of Herod the Great, in the reign of Au- 
 gustus. A brother of Alexander the Great, 
 
 ailed also Aridoeuo. Viif. Aridanis. A 
 
 68 
 
 PH 
 
 ^ freed-man of Pompey the Great, He feunti 
 liis master's body deserted on the sea shore, 
 in Egypt, and he gave it a decent burial, with 
 the assistance of an old Roman soldier, who 
 had fought under Pompey. The father-in- 
 law of the emperor Augustus. A Lacedae- 
 monian who wished to make himself absolute 
 
 in Thebes. An officer made master of Par- 
 
 thia, after the death of Alexander the Great. 
 
 A king of part of Syria, son of Antiochus 
 
 Gryphus. A son of Antipater in the army 
 
 of Alexander. A brother of Lysimachus, 
 
 who died suddenly after hard walking and la- 
 bour. An historian of Amphipolis. .A 
 
 Carthaginian, kc. A man who wrote aa 
 
 history of Caria. A native of Megara, 
 
 he. A native of Pamphylia, who wrote a 
 
 diffuse history from the creation down to his 
 own time. It was not much valued. He lived 
 in the age of Theodosius 2d. 
 
 Philiscus, a famous sculptor, whose sta- 
 tues of Latona, Venus, Diana, the Muses, 
 and a naked Apollo, were preserved in the 
 
 portico belonging to Octavia. A Greek 
 
 comic poet. Plin. 11, c. 9. An Athenian who 
 
 received Cicero when he fled to Macedonia. 
 An officer of Artaxei-xes, appointed to 
 
 make peace with the Greeks. 
 
 PhimstioN; a comic poet of JNiczea in the 
 
 age of Socrates. Martial. 2, ep. 41. A 
 
 physician of Locris. Ji. Gelt. 7, c. 12. 
 
 Philistus, a musician of Miletus. A 
 
 Syracusan, who during his banishment from 
 his native country wrote an history of Sicily 
 in 12 books, which was commended by some, 
 though condemned for inaccuracy by Pau- 
 sanias. He was afterwards sent against the 
 Syracnsans by Dionysius the younger, and he 
 killed himself when overcome by the enemy, 
 356 B. C. Plut. in Dion.—Diod. 13. 
 
 PhillO; an Arcadian maid, by whom Her- 
 cules had a son. The father, named Alcime- 
 don, exposed his daughter, but she was saved 
 by means of her lover, who was directed to 
 the place where she was doomed to perish, 
 by the chirping of a magpie, which imitated 
 the plaintive cries of a child. Paus. 8, c. 12. 
 
 Philo, a Jewish writer of Alexandria, A. 
 D. 40, sent as ambassador from his nation to 
 Caligula He was unsuccessful in his embas- 
 sy, of which he wrote an entertaining account ; 
 and the emperoc, who wished to be worship- 
 ped as a god; expressed his dissatisfaction with 
 the Jews, because they refused to place his 
 statues in their temples. He was so happy in 
 his expressions, and elegant in his variety, 
 that he has been called the Jewish Plato, and 
 the book which he wrote on the sufferings of 
 the Jews in the reign of Cains, met with such 
 unbounded applause in the Roman senate, 
 where he read it publicly, that he was permit- 
 ted to consecrate it in the public libraries. — 
 His works were divided into three parts, of 
 which the first related to the creation of the 
 world, the .second spoke of sacred history, and 
 in the third, the author made mention of the 
 laws and customs of the Jewish nation. The 
 best edition of Philo is that of Mangey, 2 vols. 
 
 fol. London, 1742. A man who fell in love 
 
 with his daughter called Proserpine, as she 
 was. bathing. He had by her a son, Mercu- 
 
 rius Trismegistus. A man who wrote an 
 
 account of a journey to Arabia. .\ philoso- 
 
PH 
 
 |iher who followed the doctrines of Carneades, 
 
 B. C. loo. Another philosopher of Athens, 
 
 tutor to Cicero. A grammarian in the first 
 
 century. An architect of Byzantium, who 
 
 flourished about three centuries before the 
 Christian era. He built a dock at Athens, 
 ■where ships were drawn in safety, and pro- 
 tected from storms. Cic. in Oral. 1, c. 14.' 
 
 A Greek Christian writer, whose work was 
 
 edited at Rome, 4to. 1772. A dialectic 
 
 philosopher, 260 B. C. 
 
 Philobceotus, a mountain of Boeotia. 
 Plut. 
 
 Philochorus, a man who wrote an histo- 
 ry of Athens in 17 books, a catalogue of the 
 archons. two books of olympiads, &ic He 
 died B. C. 222. 
 
 Philocles, one of the admirals of the 
 Athenian fleet, during the Peloponnesian 
 war. He recommended to his countrymen to 
 cut oflf the right hand of such of the enemies 
 as were taken, that they might be rendered 
 unfit for service. His plan was adopted by 
 all the 10 admirals except one, but their ex- 
 pectations were frustrated, and instead of be- 
 ing conquerors, they were totally defeated at 
 ^gospotaraos by Lysander, and Philocles, 
 with 3000 of his countrymen, was put to death, 
 and denied the honours of a burial. Plut. in 
 
 Lys. A general of Ptolemy; king of Egypt. 
 
 A comic poet. Another, who wrote 
 
 tragedies at Athens. 
 
 Philogrates, an Athenian, famous for his 
 
 treachery, k,c. A writer who published an 
 
 history of Thessaly. A servant of C. Grac- 
 chus. A Greek orator. 
 
 Philoctetes, a son of Poean and Derao- 
 nassa, was one of the Argonauts according to 
 Flaccus and Hyginus, and the arm-bearer 
 and particular friend of Hercules. He was 
 present at the death of Hercules, and because 
 he had erected the burning pile on which the 
 hero was consumed, he received from him the 
 arrows, which had been dipped in the ^all of 
 the hydra, after he had bound himselt by a 
 solemn oath not to betray the place where his 
 ashes were deposited. He had no sooner paid 
 the last ofllces to Hercules, than he returned 
 to Meliboea, where his father reigned. From 
 thence he visited Sparta, where he became 
 one of the numerous suitors of Helen, and 
 soon after, like the rest of those princes who 
 had courted the daughter of Tyndarus,and who 
 had bound themselves to protect her from in- 
 jury, he was called upon by Menelaus to 
 accompany the Greeks to the Trojan war, and 
 he immediately set sail from Meliboea with 
 seven ships, and repaired to Aulis, the general 
 rendezvous of the combined ileet. He was 
 here prevented from joining his countrymen, 
 and the offensive smell which arose from a 
 wound in his foot, obliged the Greeks, at the 
 instigation of Ulysses, lo remove him from the 
 camp, and he was accordingly (tarried to the 
 island of Lemnos, or as others say to Chryse, 
 where Phimacus, the son of Dolophion, was 
 ordered to wait upon him. In this solitary re- 
 treat he was suffered to remain for some time, 
 till the Greeks, on the tenth year of the Tro- 
 jan v\ar, were informed by the oracle that 
 Troy could not be taken without the arrows 
 ©f Hercules, which were then in the posses- 
 sion of Philoctetes. U]>on this Ulysses, ac- 
 oorapauied by Diomedesj or according to 
 
 PH 
 
 others by Pyrrhus, was commissioned by the 
 rest of the Grecian army to go to Lemnos, 
 and to prevail upon Philoctetes to come and 
 finish the tedious siege. Philoctetes recollect- 
 ed the ill treatment he had received froni the 
 Greeks, and particularly from Ulysses, and 
 therefore he not only refused to go to Troy, 
 but he even persuaded Pyrrhus to conduct 
 him to Meliboea. As he embarked, the manes 
 of Hercules forbad him to proceed, but im- 
 mediately to repair to the Grecian camp, 
 where he should be cured of his wounds, and 
 put an end to the war. Philoctetes obeyed, 
 and after he had been restored to his former 
 health by iEscuIapius, or according to some 
 by Machaon, or Podaliris, he destroyed an 
 immense number of the Trojan enemy, among 
 whom was Paris, the son of Priam, with the 
 arrows of Hercules. When by his valour 
 Troy had been ruined, he set sail from Asia, 
 but as he was unwilling to visit his native coun- 
 try, he came to Italy, where by the assistance 
 of his Thessalian followers, he was enabled to 
 build a town in Calabria, which he called Pe- 
 tilia. Authors disagree about the causes of 
 the wound which Philoctetes received on the 
 foot. The most ancient raythologists support, 
 that it was the bite of the serpent which Juno 
 had sent to torment him, because he had at- 
 tended Hercules in his last moments, and had 
 buried his ashes. According to another opin- 
 ion, the princes of the Grecian army obliged 
 him to discover where the ashes of Hercules 
 were deposited, and as he had made an oatk 
 not to mention the place, he only with his foot 
 struck the ground where they lay, and by this 
 means concluded he had not violated his so- 
 lemn engagement. For this, however, he was 
 soon after punished, and the fall of one of the 
 poisoned arrows from his quiver upon the foot 
 which had struck the ground, occasioned so 
 offensive a wound, that the Greeks were 
 obliged to remove him from their camp. The 
 suflferings and adventures of Philoctetes are 
 the subject of one of the best tragedies of So- 
 phocles. Virg. Mn. 3, v. 46. — Pindar. Pyth. 
 1. — Dictys. Cret. 1, c. 14. — Senec. in Here. — 
 Sophocl. Phil. — Q^uitit. Calab 9 and 10. — 
 Hygin. fab. 26, 97, and 102.— Diod. 2 and 4,~ 
 Ovid. Met. 13, v. 329, 1. 9, v. 234. Tnst. 5, 
 el. 2.— Cic. Tusc. c. 2.—Ptolem. H(Bph.6. 
 
 Philocyprus, a prince of Cyprus in the 
 age of Solon, by whose advice he changed 
 the situation of a city, which in gratitude he 
 called Soli. Plut. in Sol. 
 
 Philodamea, one of the Danaides, mother 
 of Pi)ares by Mercury. Pans. 7, c. 22. 
 
 Philodemus, a poet in the age of Cicero, 
 who rendered himself known by his lascivious 
 and indelicate verses. Cic. de Finib.2. — Ha- 
 rat. 1, Sat. 2, v. 121 A comic poet, ridi- 
 culed by Aristophanes. 
 
 Philodice, a daughter of Inachus, who 
 married Leucippus. 
 
 Phit-olaus, a son of Minos, by the nymph 
 Paria, from whom the island of Paros receiv- 
 ed its name. Hercules put him to death, be- 
 cause he had killed two of his companions. 
 Jipollod. 3, c. 1. — A Pythagorean philosopher 
 of Crotona, B. C. 374, who first supported the 
 diurnal motion of the earth round its axis, and 
 its annual motion round the sun. Cicero in 
 Acad. 4, c. 39, has ascribed this opinion to the 
 Syracusan philosopher Nicvtas, aad likew)s« 
 
PH 
 
 fo Plato ; and from this passage some suppose 
 that Copernicus started the idea of the system 
 which he afterwards established. EHog. — Cic. 
 
 tie Oral. 3. — Plut. A lawgiver of Thebes. 
 
 He was a native of Corinth, and of the family 
 of the Bacchiades, &-C. Arislot. 2, Polit. cap. 
 •ult. A mechanic of Tarentum. A sur- 
 name of iEsculapius, who had a temple in La- 
 conia, near the Asopus. 
 
 Philoiogus, a freed-man of Cicero. He 
 betrayed his master to Antony, for which he 
 was tortured by Pomponia, the wife of Cice- 
 ro's brother, and obliged to cut off his own 
 flesh by piece meal, and to boil and eat it up. 
 Plut. in Cic. he 
 
 Philomache, the wife of Pelias, king of 
 lolchos. According to some writers, she was 
 daughter to Ampbion, king of Thebes, though 
 she is more generally called Anaxibia, daugh- 
 ter of Bias. Apollod. \. 
 
 Philombrotus, an archon at Athens in 
 whose age the state was intrusted to Solon, 
 when torn by factions. Plut. in Sol. 
 
 Philomedus, a man who made himself ab- 
 solute in Phocaea, by promising to assist the 
 inhabitants. Polycen. 
 
 Philomela, a daughter of Pandion, king of 
 Athens, and sister to Procne, who had mar- 
 ried Tereus king of Thrace. Procne, separated 
 from Philomela, to whom she was particularly 
 attached, spent her time in great melancholy, 
 till she prevailed upon her husband to go to 
 Athens, and bring her sister to Thrace. Tere- 
 us obeyed his wife's injunctions, but he had 
 no sooner obtained Pandion's permission to 
 conduct Philomela to Thrace, then he became 
 enamoured of her, and resolved to gratify his 
 passion. He dismissed the guards, whom the 
 suspicions of Pandion had appointed to watch 
 his conduct, and he'offered violence to Philo- 
 mela, and afterwards cut off her tongue, that 
 fche might not be able to discover his barbarity, 
 and the indignities which she had sulfered. 
 He confined her also in a lonely castle, and 
 after he had taken every precaution to prevent 
 a discovery, he returned to Thrace, and he 
 told Procne that Philomela had died by the 
 way, and that he had paid the last offices to 
 her remains. Procne, at this sad intelligence^ 
 put on mourning for the loss of Philomela ; 
 but a year had scarcely elapsed before she was 
 secretly informed that her sister was not dead. 
 Philomela, during her captivity, described on 
 a piece of tapestry her misfortunes and the 
 brutality of Tereus, and privately conveyed 
 it to Procne. She was then going to celebrate 
 the orgies of Bacchus when she received it ; 
 she disguised her resentment, and as during 
 the festivals of the god of wine, she was per- 
 mitted to rove about the country, she hastened 
 to deliver her sister Philomela from her con- 
 finement, and she concerted with her on the 
 best measures of punishing the cruelty of Te- 
 reus. She murdered her son Itylus, who was 
 in the sixth year of his age, and served him up 
 as food before li^r husband during the festival. 
 Tereus in the midst of his repast, called for 
 Itylus, but Procne immediately informed him, 
 that he was then feasting on his flesh, and that 
 instant Philomela, by throwing on the table 
 the head of Itylus, covinced the monarch of 
 the cruelty of the scene. He drew his sword 
 t* punish Proqne and Pliilomela, but as he was 
 
 PH 
 
 going to stab them to the heart, he was chang- 
 ed into a hoopoe, Philomela into a nightin- 
 gale, Procne into a swallow, and Itylus into a 
 pheasant. This tragical scene happened at 
 Daulis in Phocis} but Pausanias and Strabo, 
 who mention the whole of the story, are silent 
 about the transformation ; and the former ob- 
 serves that Tereus, after this bloody repast, 
 fled to xMegara, wbej-e he destroyed himself. 
 The inhabitants of the place raised a monu- 
 ment to his memory, where they offered 
 yearly sacrifices, and placed small pebbles in- 
 stead of barley. It was on this monument 
 that the birds called hoopoes were first seen ; 
 hence the fable of his metamorphosis. Procne 
 and Philomela died through excess of grief 
 and melancholy; and as the nightingale's and 
 swallow's voice is peculiarly plaintive and 
 mournful, the poets have embellished the fa- 
 ble, by supposing that the two unfortunate sis- 
 ters were changed into birds. Apollod. 3, c. 
 14.— Paus 1, c. 42, 1. 10, c. 4.—Hygin. fab. 45. 
 —Strab. 9.— Ovid. Met. 6, fab. 9 and 10.— 
 
 Virg. G. 4, V. 15 and 511. A daughter of 
 
 Actor, king of the Myrmidons. 
 
 Philomelum, a town of Phrygia. Cic. ad 
 Attic. 5, ep. 20. in Verr. 3, c. 83. 
 
 Philomelus, a general ofPhocis, who plun- 
 dered the temple of Delphi, and died B. C. 
 
 354. [Fid. Phocis.] A rich musician. Mart. 
 
 4, ep. 5. 
 
 Philon, a general of some Greeks, who 
 settled in Asia. Diod. 18. 
 
 Philonides, a courier of Alexander, who 
 ran from Sicyon to El is, 160 miles, in nine 
 hours, and returned the same journey in 1§ 
 hours, Plin. 2, c. 71. 
 
 Philonis, a name of Chione, daughter of 
 Daedalion, made immortal by Diana. 
 
 Philonoe, a daughter of Tyndarus, king of 
 Sparta, by Leda, daughter of Thestius. Apol- 
 lod. A daughter of lobates, king of Lycia, 
 
 who married Bellerophon. Id. 2. 
 
 Philonome, a daughter of Nyctimus, king 
 of Arcadia, who threw into the Ery man thus 
 two children whom she had by Mars. The 
 children were preserved, and afterwards as- 
 cended their grandfather's throne. Plut. in 
 
 Per. The second wife of Cycnus, the son 
 
 of Neptune. She became enamoured of Ten- 
 nes, her husband's son by his first wife, Pro- 
 clea, the daughter of Clytus; and when he re- 
 fused to gratify her passion, she accused him of 
 attempts upon her virtue. Cycnus believed the 
 accusation, and ordered Tennes to be thrown 
 into the sea, Lc. Paus. 10, c. 14. 
 
 Philonomis, a son of Electryon, king of 
 Mycenae by Anaxo. Apollod. 2. 
 
 Philonus, a village of E^-^pt. Strab. 
 
 Philopator, a surname of one of the Pto- 
 lemies, king of Egypt. [Vid. Ptolemsus.] 
 
 Philophron, a general, who with 5000 sol- 
 diers defended Pelusium against the Greeks 
 who invaded Egypt. Diod. 16. 
 
 PHii.opffiMEN, a celebrated general of the 
 Achaean league, born at Megalopolis. His 
 fathers name was Grangis. His education 
 was begun and finished under Cassander, Ec- 
 demus,and Demophanes; and he early distin- 
 guished himself \i\ the field of battle, and ap- 
 peared fond of agriculture and a countiy life. 
 He proposed himself E[mminondas for a mo- 
 del, and he wot not ans«ccessfal is iwitatinc 
 
PH 
 
 Ike prudence and the simplicity, the disinte- 
 restedness and activity of this famous Theban. 
 When Megalopolis was attacked by the Spar- 
 tans, Philopoeraen, then in the 30th year of 
 his age, gave the most decisive proofs of his 
 valour and intrepidity. He afterwards assisted 
 Anligonus, and was present in the famous 
 battle in which the ^^itolians were defeated. 
 Raised to the rank of chief commander, he 
 showed his ability to discharge that important 
 trust, by killing with his own hand Mechani- 
 das, the tyrant of Sparta; and if he was de- 
 feated in a naval battle by Nabis, he soon after 
 repaired his losses by taking the capital of La- 
 conia, B. C. 188, and by abolishing the laws 
 of Lycurgus, which had flourished there for 
 such a length of time. Sparta, after its con- 
 quest, became tributary t« the Acha;ans, and 
 Philopcemen enjoyed the triumph of having 
 reduced to ruins one of the greatest and the 
 most powerful of the cities of Greece. Some 
 time after,, the Messenians revolted from the 
 Achajan league, and Philopcemen, who headed 
 the Achffians, unfortunately fell from his 
 horse, and was dragged to the enemy's camp, 
 '^inocrates, the general of the Messenians, 
 ireated him with great severity ; he was 
 jhrown into a dungeon, and obliged to drink 
 a dose of poison. When he received the cup 
 from the hand of the executioner, Philopoe- 
 men asked him how his countrymen had be- 
 haved in the field of battle: and when he heard 
 that they had obtained the victory, he drank 
 the whole with pleasure, exclaiming, that this 
 was comfortable news. The death of Philo- 
 poeraen, which happened about 183 years be- 
 fore the Christian era, in his 70th year, was 
 universally lamented ; and the Acliaeans, to 
 revenge his death, immediately marched to 
 Messenia, where Dinocrates, to avoid their 
 resentment, killed himself The rest of his 
 murderers were dragged to his tomb, where 
 they were sacrificed ; and the people of Mega- 
 lopolis, to show farther their great sense of 
 his merit, ordered a bull to be yearly offered 
 on his tomb, and hymns to be sung in his 
 praise, and his actions to be celebrated in a 
 panegyrical oration. He had also statues rais- 
 ed to his memory, which some of the Romans 
 attempted to violate, and to destroy, to no pur- 
 pose, when Mummius took Corinth. Philo- 
 pcemen has been justly called by his country- 
 men the last of the Greeks. Plut. in vUd. — 
 
 Justin. 32, c. 4. — Polyb. A native of Perga- 
 
 mus, who died B. C. 138. 
 
 Philostratus, a famous sophist, born at 
 Lemnos, or, according to some, at Athens. He 
 came to Rome, where he lived under the pa- 
 tronage of Julia, the wife of the emperor Se- 
 verus, and he was intrusted by the empress 
 with all the papers which contained some ac- 
 count, or anecdotes of Apollonius Thyanagus, 
 and he was ordered to review them, and with 
 them to compile an history. The life of Apol- 
 lonius is written with elegance, but the im- 
 probable accounts, the fabulous stories, and 
 exaggerated details which it gives, render it 
 disgusting. There is, besides, another trea- 
 of his writings, &c 
 
 PH 
 
 the reign of Nero. Another m 
 
 age of Augustus. 
 
 aopher in 
 the 
 
 Philotas, a son of Parmenio, distinguish- 
 ed in the battles of Alexander, and at last 
 accused of conspiring against his life. He 
 was tortured, and stoned to death, or, accord- 
 ing to some, stuck through with darts, by the 
 soldiers, B. C. 330. Curt. 6, c. U.—Flut. — 
 Anian. An officer in the army of Alex- 
 ander. Another who was made master of 
 
 Cilicia, after Alexanders death. A physi- 
 cian in the age of Antony. He ridiculed the 
 expenses and the extravagance ot this Cele- 
 brated Roman. Plut. 
 
 Po^ 
 
 PHiLOTERA., the mother of Mylo, he. 
 ly(£.n. 8. 
 
 Philotimus, a freed-man of Cicero. Cic. 
 ad Div. 3, c. 9. 
 
 Philotis, a servant maid at Rome, who 
 'saved her coujitrymen from destruction. Af^ 
 ter the siege of Rome by the Gauls, the Fi- 
 denates assembled an army under the com- 
 mand of Lucius Posthumius, and marched 
 against the capital, demanding all the wives 
 and daughters in. the city, as the conditions of 
 peace. This extraordinary demand astonished 
 the senators, and when they refused to com- 
 ply, Philotis advised them to send all their fe- 
 male slaves disguised in matron's clothes, and 
 she offered to march herself at the head. Her 
 advice was followed, and when the Fidenates 
 had feasted late in the evening, and were quite 
 intoxicated, and fallen asleep, Philotis hgbted 
 a torch as a signal for her countrymen to at- 
 tack the enemy. The whole was successtnt j^ 
 the Fidenates were conquered, and the senate 
 to reward the fidelity of the female slaves, 
 permitted them to appear in the dress of the 
 Roman matrons. Pint, in Rom. — Varro. de X. 
 
 L. 5. Ovid de Art. Jim. 2. 
 
 Philoxenus, an officer of Alexander, who, 
 received Ciiicia at the general division of tbc- 
 
 provinces A son of Ptolemy, who was 
 
 given to Pelopidas as an hostage. A dithy- 
 
 rarabic poet of Cythera, who enjoyed the ta- 
 vour of Dionysius, tyrant of Sicdy, for some 
 time, till he offended him by seducing one of 
 his female singers. During his confinement, 
 Philoxenus composed an allegorical poem, cal- 
 led Cyclops, in which he had delineated the 
 character of the tyrant under the name of Po- 
 lyphemus, and represented his mistress under 
 the name of Galata^a, and himself under that 
 of Ulysses. The tyrant, who was fond of 
 writing poetry, and of being applauded, re- 
 moved Philoxenus from his dungeon, but the 
 poet refused to purchase his liberty, by saying 
 things unworthy of himself, and applauding 
 the wretcbed verses of Dionysius, and there- 
 fore he was sent to the quarries. When he 
 was asked his opinion at a feast about some 
 verses which Dionysius had just repeated, and 
 which the courtiers had received with the 
 greatest applause, Philoxenus gave no answer, 
 but he ordered the guards that surrounded the 
 tyrant's table, to take him b«ck to the quar- 
 ries. Dionysius w&s pleased with his pleasan- 
 try and with his firmness, and immediately 
 forgave him. Philoxenus died at Ephesus, 
 
 Plut. A 
 
 tise remaining of his writings, &c. He died 
 
 A. D. 244. The best edition of his writings) about 380 years before Christ 
 
 is that of Olearius, fol. Lisp. 1709. His) celebrated musician of Ionia. A painter of 
 
 nephew, who lived in the reign of Heliogaba- Eretria, w ho made for Cassander an excellent - 
 lu?} wrote an account of sophists. A philo- 1 representation of the battle of Alexander with 
 
PH 
 
 PH 
 
 Darius. He was pupil to Nicomachas. Plin j seus defended himself, and turned into stonr 
 
 31, c. 10. A philosopher, who wished to | Phineus, and his compacions, by showino- 
 
 have the neck ot a crane, that he might en- ' thera the Gorgan's head. JipoUod. 2, c 1 
 joy the taste of his aliments longer, and with and 4.— Ovid. Met. 5, fab. 1 and 2.—Hv^in 
 
 moi-e pleasure. Arlst. elk. 3. 
 PiiiLLVLLius, a comic poet. Athen. 
 PiriLYRA, one of the Oceanides, who was 
 met by Saturn in Thrace. The god, to es- 
 cape trom ilie vigilance of Khea; changed him- 
 self into a liorse, to enjoy the company of Plii- 
 lyra, by whom he had a son, half a man and 
 half a horse, called Chh-on. Philyra was so 
 ashamed of giving birth to such a monster, 
 that she entreated the gods to change her na- 
 ture. She was metamorphosed in the linden 
 tree, called by her name among the Greeks. 
 
 Hygin. fab. 138. The wife of ISauplius. 
 
 Philvres, a people near Pontus. 
 pHiLYmuEs, a patronymic of Chiron, the 
 son of Philyra. Ovid. Art. Am. — Vlrg. G. 
 3, V. b^). 
 
 Phiheus, a son of Agenor, king of Pho?- 
 nicia, or according to some of ZS'eptune, who 
 became king of Thrace, or, as the greater pait 
 of the mythologists support, of BilJiynia. He 
 married Cleopatra the daughter of Boreas, 
 wiiora some call Cleobula, by whom lie had 
 Plesippns and Pandion. After the death of 
 Cleopatra, he married Idaea, the daughter of 
 Dardanus. Idaia, jealous of Cleopatra's chil- 
 dren, accused them of attempts upon their 
 fathers life and crown, or, according to some, 
 «f attempts upon her virtue, and they were 
 immediately condemned by Phineus to be de- 
 prived of their eyes. This cruelty weis soon 
 after punished by the gods; Phineus suddenly 
 became blind, and the Harpies were sent by 
 Jupiter to keep him under continual alarm, 
 and to spoil the meats v»hich were placed on 
 bis table. He was some time after delivered 
 from these dangerous monsters by his brothers- 
 in-law, Zetes and Calais, who pursued them 
 as far as the Strophades, He also recovered 
 his sight by means of the Argonauts, whom he 
 had received with great hospitality, and in- 
 structed in the easiest and speediest way by 
 which they could arrive in Cofchis. The causes 
 ©f the blindness of Phineus are a matter of dis- 
 pute among the ancients, some supposing that 
 this was intlicted by Boreas, for his cruelty to 
 bis grandson, whilst others atiribute it to the 
 anger of .Neptune, because he had directed the 
 sons of Phryxus how to escape from Colchis to 
 Greece. Many, however, think that it pro- 
 ceeded from his having rashly attempted to de- 
 velope futurity, while others assert that Zetes 
 and Calais put out his eyes on account of his 
 cruelty to their nef.news. The second wife of 
 Phineus is called by some Dia, Euryiia, Da- 
 nae, and Idothea. Phineus w as killed by Her- 
 cuvJes. Arg.'l.—ApoUod. 1, c. 9, I. 3, c 15.— 
 Diod. 4.— //ygi/i. fab. l\).—Orphtus.—Flacc. 
 The brother of Cepheus, king of Ethio- 
 pia. He was going to marry his niece Andro- 
 meda, when her father Cejjhcns was obliged to 
 give her up to be devoured b^ a sea monster, 
 to appease tije resentment oi Aeptune. She 
 was, however, delivered by Perseus, who 
 married her by the consent of her parents, 
 for having destroyed the sea monster. This 
 marriage disj^ieased Phineus ; he*interrupted 
 the ceremony, and with a number of atten- 
 dants attacked Perseus and his friend?, Per- 
 
 fab. 64. A son of Melas. A son of Ly- 
 
 caon, king of Arcadia. A sou of Belus and 
 
 Anchinoe. 
 
 Phixta, a king of Messenia, &c. Pans.- 
 4, c. 4. 
 
 Phinthias, a fountain where it is said no- 
 ting could sink. Plin. 31, c. 2. 
 
 Phintia, a town of Sicily, at the mouth of 
 the Himera. Cic.in Ven: 3, c. 83. 
 
 Pni.NTiAS, called also Pitbias, Pinthias, and 
 Phythias, a man famous for his unparalleled 
 friendship for Damon. [Fi(/. Damon.] Cic 
 
 dc off. 3, c. 10. Tusc. o, c. 22.— Diod. 6. -A 
 
 tyrant of Agrigentum, B. C. 282. 
 
 Phi.nto, a small island between Sardinia, 
 and Corsica, now Figo. 
 
 Phla, a small island in the lake Tritoni«: 
 Herodot. 4, c. 178, 
 
 Phlkgelas, an Indian king bevond the Hr- 
 daspes, who surrendered to Alexander. Curt 
 9. c. 1. 
 
 PiiLEGETHOK, a rivcf of hell, whose wa- 
 ters were burning, as the word cx^iSo,, from 
 which the name is derived, seems to indicate 
 t^irg. JEn. 6, v. 550,— Oitrf. Met. 15, v. 532 — 
 Stnec. m Hipp.—Sil. 13, v. 564. 
 
 Phi.egias, a man of Cyzicus, when the Ar- 
 gonauts visited it, kc. Flacc. 
 
 Phlegok, a native of Tralles in Lydia, one 
 ot the emperor Adrian's freed-men. He 
 wrote different treaUses on the long lived, on 
 ^V'"^?,'*^"' things, besides an historical account 
 of Sicily, sixteen books on the olympiads, an 
 account of the principal places in Rome, 
 three books of fasti, fcc. Of these some frag- 
 ments remain. His style was not elegant, and 
 he wrote without judgment or precision. His- 
 works have been edited by Meursiiis, 4to. L. 
 
 Bat. 1620. One of the horses of the sun. 
 
 Ihe word signifies burning. Ovid. Met. 2. 
 
 Phlegra, or Phlegr.ecs campus, a place 
 of Macedonia, afterwards called Pallene, 
 where the giants attacked the gods and were 
 defeated by Hercules. The combat was af- 
 terwards renewed in Italy, in a place of the 
 same name near Cumae. Sil. 8, v. 538, 1. 9, v, 
 SOo.—Strab. 5.— Diod. 4 and 5.— Ovid. Met 10, 
 V. 151, 1. 12, V.378, J. 15, v. 532.— Wa/. 5, Si/lv, 
 
 PhlegvvE, a people of Thessaly. Some 
 authors place them in Boeotia, They received 
 their name from Phlegyas the son of Mars, 
 with whom they plundered and burned tlie 
 temple of Apollo at Delphi. Yew of them es- 
 caped to Phocis. where they settled. Paus. 9, 
 c. no.— Homer. II. 13, v. 30"!. — .'ilrab. 9. 
 
 Phi.egyas, a son of Mars bv Chryse. 
 daughter of Halmus, was king of the Lapi* 
 thai in Thessaly. He was father of Ixion and 
 Coronis, to whom A])ollo offered violence. 
 When the father heard that his daughter had 
 been so wantonly abused, he marched an army 
 against Delphi, and reduced the temple of 
 the god to ashes. This was highlv resented 
 Apollo killed Phlegyas and placed him iu 
 hell, where a huge stone hangs over his head, 
 and keeps him in continual alarms, by its 
 appearance of falling every moment. Pnv^ 
 9; c. 'dG.—AiwUod.li, c.^.— l'ind. P^fi. 3.-- 
 
PH 
 
 Ovid. Met. 5, v. ST.-'Servius ml Vtrg. JEn. 6, 
 V. 618. 
 
 Phlias, one of the Argonauts, son of Bac- 
 chus and Ariadne. Paus. 2, c. 12. 
 
 Phliasia, a country of Peloponnesus, near 
 Sicyon, of which Phifius was the capital. 
 
 Phlios, (gen. uiUis,) a town in Peloponne- 
 sus, now Stapfdica, in the territory of Sicyon. 
 
 Another in Elis. Another in Argolis, 
 
 now Drtparw. 
 
 Phlceus, a surname of Bacchus, expres- 
 sive of his youth and vigour. Plut. in Symp. 
 5, qu. 8. 
 
 Phobetor, one of the sons of Somnus, and 
 kis principal minister. His olfice was to assume 
 the shape of serpents and wild beasts, to inspire 
 terror in the minds of men, as his name inli- 
 mates ((foitij). The other two ministers of 
 Somnus were Phantasia and Morpheus. Ovid. 
 Met. II, V. 640. 
 
 Phobos, son of Mars, and god of terror 
 among the ancients, was represented with a 
 lion's head, and sacrifices were offered to 
 Jiim to deprecate his appearance in armies. 
 Flut. in trot. 
 
 Phocsa, now Fochia, a maritime town of 
 Ionia, in Asia Minor, with two harbours, be- 
 tween Cumee and Smyrna, founded by an 
 Athenian colony. It received its name from 
 Phocus, the leader of the colony, or from 
 (phocce) sea calves, which are found in great 
 abundance in the neighbourhood. ' The inhab- 
 itants, called Phocoei and Phocaenses, were 
 expert mariners, and founded many cities in 
 different parts of Europe. They left Ionia, 
 when Cyrus attempted to reduce them under 
 his power, and they came after many adven- 
 tures into Gaul, where they founded Massilia, 
 BOW Marseilles. The town of Marseilles is of- 
 ten distinguished by the epithet of Phocaica, 
 «nd its inhabitants called Phocceenses. Pho- 
 eaea was declared independent by Pompey, 
 and under the first emperors of Kome it be- 
 came one of the most flourishing cities of Asia 
 Minor. Liv. 5, c. 34, 1. 37, c. 31, 1. 38, c. 39. 
 — Mela, 1, c. 17. — Paus. 7, c. 3. — Herodot. 1, 
 V. 165.— Strab. 14.— Horat. epod. lQ.—Ovid. 
 Met. 6, V. 9.—Plin. 3, c. 4. 
 
 Phocenses and Phocici, the inhabitants of 
 Fhocis in Greece. 
 
 Phocilides, a Greek poet and philosopher 
 «f Miletus, about 540 years before the Chris- 
 tian era. The poetical piece now extant cal- 
 led ivj^intnv, and attributed to him, is not of his 
 composition, but of another poet who lived in 
 the reign of Adrian. 
 
 Phocion, an Athenian, celebrated for his 
 virtues, private as well as public. He was edu- 
 cated in the school of Plato, and of Xenocra- 
 tes, and as soon as he appeared among the 
 statesmen of Athens, he distinguished himself 
 fey his prudence and moderation, his zeal for 
 the public good, and his military abilities. He 
 «»ften checked tiie violent and inconsiderate 
 measures of Demosthenes, and when the 
 Athenians deemed eager to make war against 
 Philip, king of Macedonia, Phocion obsei-ved 
 that war should never be undertaken without 
 the strongest and most certain expectations of 
 victory and success. When Philip endeavour- 
 ed to make himself master of Eubcea, Pho- 
 cion stopped his progress, and soon obliged him 
 to relinquish hrs «nterpri^e. During the time 
 
 PH 
 
 of his administration he was always inclined 
 to peace, though he never suffered his coun- 
 trymen to become indolent, and to forget the 
 jealousy and rivalshipof their neighbours. He 
 was 45 times appointed governor of Athens, 
 and no greater encomium can be passed upon 
 his talents as a minister and statesman, than 
 that he never solicited that high, though dan- 
 gerous office. In his rural retreat, or at the 
 head of the Athenian armies, he always ap- 
 peared barefooted, and withoutacloak,whence 
 one of his soldiers had occasion to observe, 
 when he saw him dressed more warmly than 
 usual during a severe winter, that since Pho* 
 cion wore his cloak, it was a sign of the most 
 inclement weather. If he was the friend of 
 temperance and discipline, he was not a less 
 brilliant example of true heroism., Philip, as 
 well as his son Alexander, attempted to bribe 
 him, but to no purpose; and Phocion boasted 
 in being one of the poorest of the Athenians, 
 and in deserving the appellation of the Good, 
 It was through him that Greece was saved 
 from an impending war, and he advised Alex- 
 ander rather to turn his arms against Persia, 
 than to shed the blood of the Greeks, who 
 were either his allies or bis subjects. Alex- 
 ander was so sensible of his merit, and of his 
 integrity, that he sent him 100 talents from 
 the spoils which he had obtained from the 
 Persians ; but Phocion was too great to suffer 
 himself to be bribed : and when the conqueror 
 had attempted a second time to oblige him, 
 and to conciliate his favour, by offering him 
 the government and possession of five cities, 
 the Athenian rejected the presents with the 
 same indifference, and with the same inde- 
 pendent mind. But not totally to despise the 
 favours of the monarch, he begged Alexander 
 to restore to their liberty four slaves that were 
 confined in the citadel of Sardis. Antipater, 
 who succeeded in the government of Macedo- 
 nia after the death of Alexander, also attempt- 
 ed to corrupt the virtuous Athenian, but with 
 the same success as his royal predecessor ; and 
 when a friend had observed to Phocion, that if 
 he could so refuse the generous offers of his 
 patrons, yet he should consider the good of his 
 children, and accept them for their sake, Pho- 
 cion calmly replied, that if his children were 
 like him, they could maintain themselves as 
 well as their father had done ; but if they be- 
 haved otherwise, he declared that he was un- 
 willing to leave them any thing which might 
 either supply their extravagances, or encou- 
 rage their debaucheries. But virtues like these 
 could not long stand against the insolence and 
 fickleness of an Athenian assembl)\ When 
 the Piraeus was taken, Phocion was accused of 
 treason, and therefore, to avoid the public in- 
 dignation, he fled for safety to Polyperchon. 
 Polyperchon sent him back to Athens, where 
 he was immediately condemned to drink the 
 fatal poison. He received the indignities of 
 the people with uncommon composure; and 
 when one of his friends lamented his fate, 
 Phocion exclaimed, This is no more than what 
 I expected; this treatment the m4)sl illustrious 
 citizens of Athens have received before me. 
 He took the cup with the greatest serenity of 
 mind, and as he drank the fatal draught, he 
 prayed for the prosperity of Athens, and bade 
 his friends to t«ll nts son Phocus not to re- 
 
PH 
 
 member the indignities which his father had 
 received from the Athenians. He died about 
 318 years before the Christian era. His body 
 •was deprived of a funeral by order of the un- 
 grateful Athenians, and if it was at last in- 
 terred, it was by stealth, under a hearth, by 
 the hand of a woman who placed tbis inscrip- 
 tion over his bones : Keep inviolate, sacred 
 hearth, the precious remains of a good man, till 
 a better day restores them to the monuments of 
 their forefathers, when Miens shall be deli- 
 vered of her frenzy, and shall be more wise. 
 It iias been observed of Phocion, that he never 
 appeared elated in prosperity, or dejected in 
 adversity, he never betrayed pusillanimity by 
 a tear, or joy by a siniie. His countienance 
 was stern and unpleasant, but he never be- 
 haved with severity, his expressions were mild, 
 and his rebukes gentle. At the age of 80 he ap- 
 peared at the head of the Athenian armies 
 like the most active otficer, and to hi^ pru- 
 dence and cool valour in every period of life 
 his citizens acknowledged themselves much 
 indebted. His merits were not buried in ob- 
 livion, the Athenians repented of their in- 
 gratitude, and honoured his memory by raising 
 him statues, and putting to a cruel death his 
 guilty accusers. Flut. ^ C. JS'ep. in vita.— 
 Diod. 16 
 
 Phocis, a country of Greece, bounded on 
 the east by Bceotia, and by Locris on the west. 
 It originally extended from the bay of Corinth 
 to the sea of Eubcea, and reached on the north 
 as far as Thermopylse, but its boundaries were 
 afterwards more conti'acted. Phocis received 
 its name from Phocus, a son of Ornytion, who 
 settled there. The inhabitants were called 
 Phocenses, and from thence the epithet of 
 Phocus was formed. Parnassus was the most 
 celebrated of the mountains of Phocis, and 
 Delphi was the greatest of its towns. Phocis 
 is rendered famous for a war which it main- 
 tained against some of the Grecian republics, 
 and which has received the name of the Pho- 
 cian war. This celebrated war originated in 
 the following circumstances : — When Philip, 
 king of Macedonia, had by bis intrigues, and 
 well concerted policy, fomented divisions in 
 Greece, and disturbed the peace of every re- 
 public, the Greeks universally became discon- 
 tented in their situation, tickle in their resolu- 
 tions, and jealous of the prosperity of the 
 neighbouring states. The Ampbictyons, who 
 were the supreme rulers of Greece, and who 
 at that time were subservient to the views of 
 the Thebans, the inveterate enemies of the 
 Phocians, showed the same spirit of lickleness, 
 and like the rest of their countrymen, were 
 actuated by the same fears, the same jealousy 
 and ambition. As the supporters of religion, 
 they accused the Phocians of impiety for 
 ploughing a small portion of land which be- 
 longed to the god of Delphi. They immedi- 
 ately commanded, that the sacred tield should 
 be laid waste, and that the Phocians, to ex- 
 piate their crime, should pay a heavy fine to 
 the community. The inability of the Pho- 
 cians to pay the line, and that of the Am- 
 pbictyons to enforce their commands by vio- 
 lence, gave rise to new events. The people 
 of Phocis were roused by the eloquence and 
 (he popularity of Philomelus, one of their 
 countrymen, and wheja thte ambitious rk)g- 
 
 PH 
 
 leader had liberally contributed the great 
 riches he possessed to the good of his country- 
 men, they resolved to oppose the Amphicty- 
 onic council by force of arms. He seized the 
 rich temple of Delphi, and employed the trea- 
 sures it contained to raise a mercenary army. 
 During two years hotilities were carried oa 
 between the Phocians and their enemies, the 
 Thebans and the people of Locris, but n» 
 decisive battles were fought ; and it can only 
 be observed, that the Phocian prisoners were 
 always put to an ignominous death, as guilty 
 of the most abominable sacrilege and impiety, 
 a treatment which was liberally retaliated oa 
 such of the army of the Ampbictyons as be- 
 came the captives of the enemy. The defeat, 
 however, and death of Philomelus, for a while 
 checked their successes ; but the deceased ge- 
 neral was soon succeeded in the command by 
 his brother called Onomarchus, his equal ia 
 boldness and ambition, and his superior ia 
 activity and enterprise. Onomarchus render- 
 ed bis cause popular, the Thessaiians joined 
 his army, and the neighbouring states observed 
 at least a strict neutrality, if they neither 
 opposed nor favoured his arms. Philip of 
 Macedonia, who had assisted the Thebans, was 
 obliged to retire from the field with dishonour, 
 but a more successful battle was fought near 
 Magnesia, and the monarch, by crowning the 
 head of his soldiers with laurel, and telling 
 them that they fought in the cause of Delphi 
 and heaven, obtained a complete victory. 
 Onomarchus was slain, and his body exposed 
 on a gibbet ; 6000 shared his fate, and their 
 bodies were thrown into the sea, as unworthy 
 of funeral honours, and 3000 were taken alive. 
 This fatal defeat, however, did not ruin the 
 Phocians; Phayllus, the only surviving bro- 
 ther of Philomelus, took the command of 
 their armies, and doubling the pay of his sol- 
 diers, he encreased his forces by the addition 
 of 9000 men from Athens, Lacedaemon, and 
 Achaia. But all this numerous force at last 
 proved inelfectual, the treasures of the temple 
 of Delphi, which had long defrayed the ex- 
 penses of the war, began to fail, dissentions 
 arose among the ringleaders of Phocis, and 
 when Philip had crossed the straits of Ther- 
 mopyltE, the Phocians relying on his genero- 
 sity, claimed his protection, and implored him 
 to plead their cause before the Amphictyonic 
 council. His feeble intercession was not atten- 
 ded with success, and tbe Thebans, the Locri- 
 ans, and theTbessalians,who then composed the 
 Amphictyonic council, unanimously decreed 
 that the Phocians should be deprived of the pri- 
 vilege of sending members among tbe Ampbic- 
 tyons. Their arms and their horses were to be 
 sold for the benefit of Apollo, they were to pay 
 the anmial sum of 60,000 talents, till the temple 
 of Delphi had been restored to its ancient 
 splendour and opulence ; their cities were to be 
 dismantled, aud reduced to distinct villages, 
 which were to contain no more than sixty 
 houses each, at the distance of a furlong from 
 one another, and all the privileges and the im- 
 munities of which they were stripped, were to 
 be conferred on Philip, king of Macedonia, for 
 his eminent services in the prosecution of the 
 Phocian war. The Macedonians were order- 
 ed to put these cruel commands into execu* 
 tion. The Pheeians were unable to make re 
 
PH 
 
 sJistance, and ten years after they had under- 1 
 taken the sacred war, they saw their country } 
 laid desolate, their walls demolished, and their 
 cities in ruins, by the wanton jealousy of their 
 enemies, and the inflexible cruelty of the Ma- 
 cedonian soldiers, B. C. 348. They were not, 
 however, long under this disgraceful sentence : 
 their well known valour and courage recom- 
 mended them to favour, and they gradually re- 
 gained their influence and consequence by the 
 projection of the Athenians, and the favours 
 of Philip. Liv. 32, c. 18. — Ovid. 2, Jim. 6, v. 
 15. Met. 5, V. 276. — Demosth. — Justin. 8, 
 Slc. — Diod. 16, &.C. — Plut.in Dem. Lys. Per. 
 &:c. — Strab. 5. — Pans. 4, c. 5. 
 
 Phocos, son ofPhocion, was dissolute in 
 his manners, and unworthy of the virtues of 
 his great father. He was sent to Lacediemon 
 to imbibe there the principles of sobriety, of 
 temperance, and frugality. He cruelly re- 
 venged the death of his father, whom the 
 Athenians had put to death. Plut.in Phoc. 
 
 Sf Jipopk. A son of ^acus by Psamathe, 
 
 killed by Telamon. Jlpollod. 3, c. 12. A 
 
 son of Ornytion, who led a colony of Corin- 
 thians into Phocis. He cured Antiope, a 
 daughter of Nycteus, of insanity, and married 
 her, and by her became father of Panopeus 
 and Crisus. Paus. 2, c. 4. 
 
 Phocylides, an aocient poet. [Firf. Pho- 
 cilides.] 
 
 Phcebas, a name applied to the priestess 
 of Apollo's temple at Delphi. Lucan. 5, v. 
 128, he. 
 
 Ph(Ebe, a name given to Diana, or the 
 saoon, on account of the brightness of that 
 luminary. She became, according to Apollo- 
 dorns, mother of Asteria and Latona. [Vid. 
 
 Diana.] A daughter of Leucippus and 
 
 Philodice, carried aaay with her sister Hilai- 
 i-a, by Castor and Pollux, as she was going to 
 marry one of the sons of Aphareus. [Vid. 
 Leucippides.] — JJpoUod. 2, c. 10. — Pans. 2, 
 c. 22. 
 
 Ph(Eeeum, a place near Sparta. 
 
 Phceuid.ys, a Lacedaemonian general, sent 
 by the Ephori to the assistance of the Mace- 
 donians against the Thracians. He seized the 
 citadel of Thebes ; but though he was dis- 
 graced and banished from the Lacedaemonian 
 army for this perfidious measure, yet his 
 countrymen kept possession of the town. He 
 died B. C. 377. C. A'ep. in Pelop.—Diod. 
 24, kc. 
 
 Ph(Ebigexa, a surname of ^Esculapius, 
 &LC. as being descended from Phcebus. Virg. 
 JEa. V. 773. 
 
 Phcebus, a name given to Apollo or the 
 sun. This word expresses the brightness and 
 splendour of that luminaiy (^i*«©0 Vid. 
 Apollo. 
 
 Ph(emos, a lake of Arcadia. 
 
 Phoenice, or Phoenicia, a country of 
 Asia, at the east of the Mediterranean, whose 
 boundaries have been different in different 
 ages. Some suppose that the names of Phro- 
 nicia, Syria, and Palestine, are indiscrimi- 
 nately used for one and the same country. 
 Phcenicia, according to Ptolemy, extended on 
 the north as far as the Eleutherus, a small 
 river which falls into the Mediterranean sea a 
 little below the island of Aradus, and it had 
 Pelusium or the territories of Egypt as its 
 
 PH 
 
 more southern boundary, and Syria on the • 
 east. Sidon and Tyre were the most capital 
 towns of the country. The inhabitants were 
 naturally industrious : the invention of lettei*s 
 is attributed to them, and commerce and navi- 
 gation were among them in the most flour- 
 ishing state. They planted colonies on the 
 shores of the Mediterranean, particularly 
 Carthage, Hippo, Marseilles, and Utica, and 
 their manufactures acquired such a superiority 
 over those of other nations, that among the 
 ancients, whatever was elegant, great, or plea- 
 sing, either in apparel, or domestic utensils, 
 received the epithet of Sidonian. The Phoe- 
 nicians were originally governed by kings. 
 They were subdued by the Persians, and af- 
 terwainJs by Alexander, and remained tribu- 
 tary to his successors and the Romans. They 
 were called Phoenicians, from Phcsnix, son of 
 Agenor, who was one of their kings, or accor- 
 dingjto others, from the great number of palm 
 trees ((fot^t^tg) which grow in the neighbour- 
 hood. Herodot. 4, c. 42, 1. 5, c. 58. — Homer. 
 Od. 15.— Mela, 1, c. 11, I. 2, c. 7.— Strab. 1. 
 —Apollod. 3, c. 1.— Lucref.2, v. 829.— P/in. 2, 
 c. 47, 1, 5, c. \%~Curt. 4, c. 2,— Virg. JEn. 6, 
 he— Ovid. Met. 12, v. 104, 1. 14, v. 345, 1. 15, 
 V.288. 
 
 Phcenice, a town of Epirus. Liv. 22, c. 12. 
 
 Phcenicia. Vid. Phoenice. 
 
 Phcenicus, a mountain of Bceotia.- An- 
 other in Lycia, called also Olytnpus, with a 
 
 town of the same name. A poetofEry- 
 
 thr«. Liv. 56, c. 45. 
 
 Ph(Enicusa, now Felicudi, one of the .^o- 
 lian islands. 
 
 Phcenissa, a patronymic given to Dido as a 
 native of Phoenicia. Virg. JEn. 4, v. 529. 
 
 Phcenix, son of Amytitor king of Argos, 
 by Cleobule, or Hippodamia, was preceptor 
 to young Achilles. When his father proved 
 faithless to his wife, on account of his fond- 
 ness for a concubine, called Clytia, Cleobule, 
 jealous of her husband, persuaded her son 
 Phcenix to ingratiate himself into the favours of 
 his father's mistress. Phcenix easily succeeded, 
 but when Amyntor discovered his intrigues, 
 he drew a curse upon him, and the son was 
 soon after deprived of his siglit, by divine ven- 
 geance. According to some, Amyntor him- 
 self put out the eyes of his son, which so cru- 
 elly provoked him, that he meditated the death 
 of' his father. Reason and piety, however, 
 prevailed over passion, and Phoenix, not to be- 
 come a parricide, fled from Argos to the court 
 of Peleus, king of Phthia. Here he was treat- 
 ed with tenderness ; Peleus carried him to 
 Chiion, who restored him to his eye-sight, and 
 soon after he was made preceptor to Achilles, 
 his benefactor's son. He was also presented 
 with the government of many cities, and made 
 king of the Dolopes. He accompanied his pu- 
 pil to the Trojan war, and Achilles was ever 
 grateful for the instructions and precepts 
 which he had received from Phoenix. After 
 the death of Achilles, Phcenix, with others, was 
 commissioned by the Greeks to return into 
 Greece, to bring to the war young Pyrrhus. 
 This commission he performed with success, 
 and after the fall of Troy, he returned with 
 Pyrrhus, and died in Thrace, He was buried 
 at JEon, or, according to Strabo, near Tra- 
 chinifir where a small river in the neighbour- 
 
PH 
 
 li^d received llie name of Phmnix. Strab. 9. 
 
 — Homer. II. 9, ^c. Ovid, in lb. v. 259. — 
 
 Apollod. 2, c. l.-^Virg. W.n. 2, v. 762. A 
 
 ?on of Agenor, by a riyraph who was called 
 Telephassa, according to ApoHodorus and 
 Moschus, or, according to others, Epimedusa, 
 Perimeda, or Agriope. He was, like his bro- 
 thers, Cadmus and Ciiix, sent by his father in 
 pursuit of his si§ter Europa, whom Jupiter had 
 carried away under the form of a bull, and 
 when his inquiries proved unsuccessful, he 
 settled in a country which, according to some, 
 was from him called PhcRnicia. From him, 
 as some suppose, the Carthaginians were cal- 
 led Pani. Apollod. 3. — Hygin. fab. 178 
 
 polio's temple, he. 
 A king of Argos.- 
 
 The father of Adonis, according to Hesiod. 
 
 A Theban, delivered to Alexander, he. 
 
 A native of Tenedos, who was an officer 
 
 in the service of Eumenes. 
 
 Pholoe, one of the hoi-ses of Admetus. 
 
 A mountain of Arcadia, near Pisa. It receiv- 
 ed its name from Pholus, the friend of Her- 
 eules, who was buried there. It is often con- 
 founded with another of the same name in 
 Thessaly, near mount Othrvs. Plin. 4, c. 6. 
 ■^Lucan. 3, v. 198, 1. 6, v. 388, 1. 7, v. 449.— 
 
 Ovid. 2. Fast. 2, v. 273. A female servant. 
 
 of Cretan origin, given with her two sons to 
 Sergestus by JEneas. Virg. JEn. 5, v. 285. 
 
 A courtezan in the age of Horace. Uo- 
 
 rat. 1, od. 33, v. 7. 
 
 Phoi.us, one of the Centaurs, son of Sile- 
 nus and Melia, or, according to others, of 
 Ixion and the cloud. He kindly entertained 
 Hercules when he was going against the boar 
 of Erymanthus, but he refused to give him 
 wine, as that which he had belonged to the 
 rest of the Centaurs. Hercules, upon this, 
 without ceremony, broke the cask and drank 
 the wine. The smell of the liquor drew the 
 Centaurs from the neighbourhood to the 
 house of Pholus, but Hercules stopped them 
 when they forcibly entered the habitation of 
 his friend, and killed the greatest part of them. 
 Pholus gave the dead a decent funeral, but 
 he mortally wounded himself with one of the 
 arrows wdiich were poisoned with the venom 
 of the hydra, and which he attempted to 
 extract from the body of one of the Centaurs. 
 Hercules, unable to cure him, buried him 
 when dead, and called the mountain where 
 his remains were deposited by the name of 
 Pholoe. Apollod. l.—Pam. 3.— Virg. G. 2, v. 
 456.— ^n. 8, V. 294.— Diod. 4.— Hal. l.—Lu- 
 
 can. 3, 6 and 7.— Stat. Tlieb. 2. One of the 
 
 friends of ^Eneas killed by Turnus. Virg. 
 Mn. 12, V. 341. 
 
 PnoRBAS, a son of Priam and Epithesia, 
 killed during the Trojan war by Menelaus. 
 The god Somnus borrowed his features when 
 he deceived Palinurus, and threw him into the 
 sea near the coast of Italy. Virg. JEn. 5, v. 
 842.-- — A son of Lapithus, who married Hyr- 
 mine, the daughter of Epeus, by whom he had 
 Actor. Pelops, according to Diodorus, shared 
 his kingdom with Phorbas, who also, says the 
 same historian, established himself at Rhodes, 
 at the head of a colony from Elis and Thessa- 
 ly, by order of the oracle, which promised, by 
 his means only, deliverance from the nume- 
 rous serpents which infested the island. Diod. 
 
 2. — Paus. 5, c. 1. A shepherd of Polybus 
 
 long of Corinfh. A man who profaned A- 
 
 69 
 
 PH 
 
 Ovid. Met. 11, v. 414. 
 A native of Syrene, 
 son of Methion, killed by Perseus. Ovid. Met. 
 5, fab. 3. 
 
 Phorcus, or Phorcys, a sea deity, son of 
 Pontus and Terra, who married his sister Ce- 
 to,by whom he had the Gorgons, the dragon 
 that kept the apples of the Hesperides, and 
 other monsters. Hesiod. Theogn. — Apollod. 
 
 ^^One of the auxiliaries of Priam, killed by 
 
 Ajax, during the Trojan war. Homer. II. 17. 
 
 A man whose seven sons assisted Turnus 
 
 against jEneas. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 328. 
 
 Phormio. an Athenian general, whose fa- 
 ther's name was Asopicus. He impoverished 
 himself to maintain and support the dignity 
 of his army. His debts were some time after 
 paid by the Athenians, who wished to make 
 him their general, an office which he refused, 
 while he had so many debts, observing that it 
 was unbecoming an officer to be at the head 
 of an army, when he knew that he was poorer 
 
 than the meanest of his soldiers. A general 
 
 of Crotona. A peripatetic philosopher of 
 
 Ephesus, who once gave a lecture upon the 
 duties of an officer, and a military profession. 
 The philosopher was himself ignorant of the 
 subject which he treated, upon which Hanni- 
 bal the Gieat, who was one of his auditors, 
 exclaimed that he had seen many doting old 
 men, but never one worse than Phormio. Cic. 
 
 de A''at. D. 2. An Athenian arcbon. A 
 
 disciple of Plato, chosen by the people of 
 Elis, to make a reformation in their govern- 
 ment, and their jurisprudence. 
 
 Phormis, an Arcadian who acquired great 
 riches at the court of Gelon and Hiero in Sici- 
 ly. He dedicated the brazen statue of a ma're 
 to Jupiter Olympius in Peloponnesus, which 
 so much resembled nature, that horses came 
 near it, as if it had been alive, Paus. 5, c. 27. 
 
 Phoroneus, the god of a river of Pelopon- 
 nesus, of the same name. He was son of the 
 river Inachus 'by Melissa, and he was the se- 
 cond king of Argos. He married a nymph 
 called Cerdo, or Laodice, by whom he had 
 Apis, from whom Argolis was called Apia, 
 and Niobe, the first woman of w^hom Jupiter 
 became enamoured. Phoroneus taught his 
 subjects the utility of laws, and the advanta- 
 ges of a social life, and of friendly intercourse, 
 wdience the inhabitants of Argolis are often 
 called Plioroncei. Pausanias relates, that Pho- 
 roneus, with the Cephisus, Asterion, and Ina-^ 
 chus, were appointed as umpires in the quar- 
 rel between Neptune and Juno, concerning 
 their right of patronising Argolis. Juno 
 gained the preference, upon which, Neptune, 
 in a fit of resentment, dried up all the four 
 rivers, whose decision he deenied partial. 
 He afterwards restored them to their dignity 
 and consequence. Phoroneus was the first 
 who raised a temple to Juno. He received 
 divine honours after death. His temple still 
 existed at Argos, under Antoninus the Romaa 
 emperor. Paus. 2, c. 15, he. — Apollod. 2, c. 
 I,— Hygin. fab. 143. 
 
 Phoronis, a patronymic of lo, as sister of 
 Phoroneus. Ovid. Met, 1, v. 625. 
 
 Phokonium, a town of Argolis, built by 
 Phoroneus. 
 
 Photinus, an eunuch who was prinw* 
 minieter to Ptolemy, king of Egypt. Whim 
 
PH 
 
 ^ornpey fled to the court of Ptolemy, after the 
 battle otPharsalia, Photiiius advised his mastoT 
 not to receive him, but to put him to death. 
 His advice wasstrictly tbihowed. Julius Caesar 
 some time after visited Egypt, and Fhotiuus 
 raised seditions against him, for which he was 
 put to death. When Cajsar triumphed over 
 Egypt and Alexandria, the pictures of Photi- 
 ijus, and of some of the Egyptians, were car- 
 ried in the procession at Rome. Plut. 
 
 PHoTius,a son of Antonina, who betrayed 
 to Belisarius his wife's debaucheries. A pa- 
 trician in Justinian's reign 
 
 Phoxus, a general of the Phocaeans, who 
 
 burnt Lainpsacus, iic. Polyxn. 8. A tyrant 
 
 of Chalcis, banished by his subjects, Ike. Aris- 
 tot. Pol. 5, c. 4. 
 
 Phraates 1st, a king of Parthia, who suc- 
 ceeded Arsaces the 3d, called also Phriapa- 
 tius. He made war against Antiochus, king of 
 Syria, and was defeated in three successive 
 battles. He left many children behind him, 
 but as they were all too young, and unable to 
 succeed to the throne, he appointed his bro- 
 ther Mithridates king, of whose abilities and 
 military prudence he had often been a spec- 
 tator. Juslin. 41, c. 5. The 2d, succeed- 
 ed his father Mithridates as king of Parthia; 
 and made war against the Scythians, whom he 
 called to his assistance against Antiochus king 
 of Syria, and whom he refused to pay, on the 
 jM'Ptence that they came too late. He was 
 mui'dered by some Greek mercenaries, who 
 had been once his captives, and who had en- 
 listed in his army, B.' C. 129. Justm. 42, c. 
 
 1. — Plut in Pomp. The 3d, succeeded his 
 
 father Pacorus on the throne of Paithia, and 
 gave one of bis daughters in marriage to Ti- 
 granes, the son of Tigranes king of Armenia. 
 Soon after he invaded the kingdom of Arme- 
 nia, to make his son-in-law sit on the throne 
 of his father His expedition was attended 
 with ill-success He renewed a treaty of al- 
 liance which his father had made with the Ro- 
 mans. At his return in Parthia. he was assas- 
 sinated by his sons Orodes and Mithridates. 
 
 Juslin. The 4th, was nominated king of 
 
 Parthia by his father Orodes, whom he soon 
 after murdered, as also his own brothers. He 
 made war against M.Antony with great suc- 
 cess, an I obliged him to retiie witli miicii loss. 
 Some time atter he was dethroned by the Par- 
 thian nobility, but he soon regained his power, 
 and drove away the usurper, called Tiridates. 
 The usurper claimed the protection of Au- 
 gustus, the Roman emperor, and Phraates sent 
 amba>sadors to Rome to plead his cause, and 
 gain the favours of his powerful judge. He 
 was successful in his embassy: he made a trea- 
 ty of jjeace and alliance with the Roman empe- 
 ror, restored the ensigns and standards which 
 the Parthians had taken from Crassus and 
 Antony, and gave up his four sons with their 
 "wives as hostages, till his engagements were 
 performed. Some sup})Ose that Phraates de- 
 livered his children into the hands of Augus- 
 tus to l>e contined at Rome, that he mighi 
 reign with greater security, as he knew his 
 subjects would revolt, as soon as thty found 
 any one of his family inclined to countenance 
 their rebellion, though, at the same time, ihey 
 scorned to support the interest of any usurper, 
 who Wds not of the royal house ©f the Arsa- 
 
 PH 
 
 cidae. He was, however, at last murdered f>y 
 one of his concubines, who placed iier sou 
 called Phraatices on the throne. Val. Max. 
 7, c. 6. — Judin. 42, c. o. — Diod. Cas. 51, itc. 
 — Plut. in Anton. k,c. — Tacit. Ann. 6, c. 32. 
 
 A prince of Parthia in the reign of Tibe- 
 
 i-ius. A satrap of Pai'thia. Tacit. Ann. 6, 
 
 C.42. 
 
 Phraatices, a son of Phraates 4th. He, 
 with his mother, murdered his father, and 
 took possession of the vacant throne. His 
 reign was short, he was deposed by his subjects, 
 whom he had offended by cruelty, avarice, and 
 oppression. 
 
 Ph RAD AXES, an officer in the army of Da- 
 rius at the battle of Arbela 
 
 Pragandjs, a people of Thrace. Liv. 26, 
 c. 25. 
 
 Phrahates, the same as Phraates. Vid. 
 Phraates. 
 
 Phranicates, a general of the Parthiaa 
 armies, 6ic. Slrab. 16. 
 
 Phraortes succeeded his father Deioces 
 on the throne of Media. He made war against 
 the neighbouring nations, and conquered the 
 greatest part of Asia. He was defeated and 
 killed in a battle by the Assyrians, after a 
 reign of 22 years, B. C. 625. His son Cyaxa- 
 res succeeded him. It is supposed that the 
 Arphaxad mentioned in Judith is Phraortes. 
 
 Paus. — Herodot. 1, c. 102. A king of India 
 
 remarkable for his frugality. Philostr. 
 
 Phrasici.es, a nephew of Themistocles, 
 whose daughter Nicomaeha he married. Pluf. 
 in Them. 
 
 Phrasimus, the father of Praxithea. Apol- 
 lod. 
 
 Phrasius, a Cyprian soothsayer, sacrificed 
 on an altar by Busiris king of Egypt. 
 
 PiiRATAPHERNES, a general of the Mas- 
 sageta3, who surrendered to Alexander. Curt. 
 
 8. A satrap who, after the death of Darius, 
 
 lied to Hyrcania, &ic. Id. 
 
 Phriapatius, a king of Parthia, who flou- 
 rished B. C. 195. 
 
 Phricium, a town near Thermopylae. Liv. 
 36, c. 13. 
 
 Phrixus, a river of Argolis. There is al- 
 so a small town of that name in Elis, built by 
 the Minyee. Herodot. 4, c. 148. 
 
 Phronima, a daughter of Etearchus, king 
 of Crete. She was delivered to a servant to be 
 thrown into the sea, by order of her father, at 
 the instigation of his second wife. The servant 
 was unwilling to murder the child, but as he 
 was bound by an oath to throw her into the sea, 
 he accordingly let her down into the water by 
 a rope,^ and took her out again unhurt. Phro- 
 nima was afterwards in the number of the con- 
 cubines of Polymnestus, by whom she became 
 motlier of Battus, the founder of Cyreoe. He- 
 rudot. 4, c. 154. 
 
 PuRONTis, son of Onetor, pilot of the 
 ship of Menelaus, after the Trojan war, was 
 killed by Apollo just as the ship reached Suni- 
 
 uni. Horn. Od. 3,* v. 282.—Pau.<i. 10, c. 25. 
 
 One of the Argonauts. ApoUod. 1. 
 
 PxiKUKi, a Scythian nation. 
 
 Phryges, a river of Asia Minor, dividing 
 Phrygia from Caria, and falling into the Her- 
 mus. Paus. 
 
 Phrvgia, a country of Asia Minor, gene- 
 rally divided into Phrygia Major and Minor. 
 
PH 
 
 rts boundaries are not properly or accurately! 
 deSned by anci«'nt authors,, though it appears . 
 that it was situate between Bithynia, Lydia, 
 Cappadocia. and Caria. It received its name I 
 from the Bri/grs, a nation of Thrace, or Ma- 
 cedonia, who came to settle there, and from 
 their name, by corruption, arose the word 
 Phryvia. Cybele was the chief deity of the 
 country, and her festivals were observed with 
 the greatest solemnity. The most remarkable 
 towns, bftsides Troy, were Laodice, Hierapo- 
 Jis, and Synnada. The invention of the pipe 
 of reeds, and of all sorts of needle-work, is at- 
 tributed to the inhabitants, who are represent- 
 ed by some authors as stubborn, but yielding 
 to correction (iience Phryx verberalusmdwr), 
 as imiirudent, eflfeminate, servile, and volup- 
 tuous ; and to this Virgil seems to allude, JEn. 
 9, v 617. The Phrygians, like all other na- 
 tions, were called Barbarians by the Greeks ; 
 their music (Phrygii cantu^) was of a srave 
 and solemn nature, when opposed to the bris- 
 ker and more cheerful Lydian airs. Mela, 1, 
 c. 19.—Strab. 2, k.c.—Ovid. Met. 13, v. 429, 
 &,c. — Cic. 7 ad.fam. ep. 16. — Flacc. 27. — Dio. 
 1, c. 5ii. —P/m 8, c AS.— Moral. 2, od. 9, v. 16. 
 
 —Pans. 5, c. 25.— Herodot. 7, c. 73. A city 
 
 of Thrace. 
 
 Phryne, a celebrated prostitute, who flour- 
 ished at Athens about 328 years before the 
 Christian era. She was mistress to Praxite- 
 les, who drew her picture. [Firf. Praxiteles. 
 This was one of his best pieces, and it was pla- 
 ced in the temple of Apollo at Delphi, ft is 
 said that Apelles painted his Venus Anadyo- 
 r#ene after he had seen Phryoe on the sea- 
 shore naked, and with dishevelled hair. 
 Phryne became so rich by the liberality of 
 her lovers, that she ottered to rebuild, at her 
 own expense, Thebes, which Alexander had 
 destroyed, provided this inscription was pla- 
 ced on the walls : Aiexamler diruit, sed mere- 
 irix Phryne refecit. This was refused. Plin. 
 
 34, c. 8. There was also another of the same 
 
 name, who was accused of impiety. When 
 she saw that she was going to be condemned, 
 she unveiled her bosom, wtiich so intiuenced 
 her judges, that she was immediately acquitted. 
 Qimifil. 2, c. 15. 
 
 Phrymcus, a general of Saraos, who en- 
 deavoured to betray his country to the Athe- 
 nians, ^c. A tlatterer at Athens. A 
 
 tragic poet of Athens, disciple to Thespis. He 
 was the first who introduced a female cha- 
 
 sacter on the stage, iitrab. 14. A comic 
 
 poet. 
 
 Phrynis, a musician of Mitylene, the first 
 wlio obtained a musical prize at the Panathe- 
 n;ta at Athens. He added two strini;s to the 
 lyre, which had always been used witii seven by 
 all hi« j)redecessors,' B. C. 438. it is said that 
 he was originally a cook at the house of Hiero, 
 
 kinjr of Sicily. A writer in the reign ot 
 
 Commodus.who made acollection,in36 books, 
 of phrases and santences from the best Greek 
 autliors, &ic. 
 
 Phryno, a celebrated general of Athens, 
 ^vho died B. C. 590. 
 
 Pnnvxus, a son of Athamas, king of The- 
 bes, l)y i\e})hele. After tiie repudiation ot 
 liis mother, he was persecuted with the most 
 inveterate fury by liis step-mother Ino, be- 
 cjMisc he was to sit on the throne of Atha- 
 
 PH 
 
 mas, in preference to the children of a second 
 wife. He was apprized of Ino's intentions 
 upon his life, hy his mother Nephele, or, ac- 
 cording to others, by his preceptor; and the 
 better to make his escape, he secured part of 
 his father's treasures, and privately left Ba3o- 
 tia with his sister Helle, to go to their friend 
 and relation JEete», king of Colchis. They 
 embarked on board a ship, or, according to 
 the fabulous account of the poets and mytho- 
 logists, they mounted on the back of a ram 
 whose fieece was of gold, and proceeded on 
 their journey through the air. The height to 
 which they were carried made Helle giddy, 
 and she fell into the sea. Piiryxus gave her 
 a decent burial on tiie sea shore, and after he 
 had called the place Hellespont from her 
 name, he continued his flight, and arrived 
 safe in the kingdom of ^etes, where he of- 
 fered the ram on the altars of Mars. Tlie king 
 received him with great tenderness, and gave 
 him his daughter Chalciope in marriage. She 
 had by him Phrontis, Melias, Argos, Cylin- 
 drus, whom some call Cytoru?, Catis, Lorus, 
 and Hellen. Some time after he was mur- 
 dered by his father-in-law, who envied him 
 the possession of the golden fieece ; and Chal- 
 ciope, to prevent her children from sharing 
 their father's fate, sent them privately from 
 Colchis to Boeotia, as nothing was to be dread- 
 ed there from the jealousy or resentment of 
 Ino, who was then dead. The fable of the 
 flight of Phryxus to Colchis on a ram ha$ 
 been explained by some^ who observe, that 
 the ship on which he ^nbarked was either 
 called by that nttme, or carried on her provr 
 the figure of that animal. The fleece of gold 
 is explained by recollecting that Phryxus car- 
 ried away immense treasures from Thebes. 
 Phryxus was placed among the constellations 
 of heaven after death. The ram which car- 
 ried him to Asia, is said to have been the fruit 
 of Neptune's amour with Theophane, the 
 daughter of Altis. This ram h-d been given 
 to Athamas by the gods, to reward his piety 
 and religious life, and Nephele procured it for 
 her children, just as they were going to be sa- 
 crificed to the jealousy of Ino. The murder 
 of Phryxus was some time after amply re- 
 venged by the Greeks. It gave rise to a cele- 
 brated expedition which was achieved under 
 Jason and many of the princes of Greece, 
 and which had for its object the recovery pf 
 the golden fleece, and the punishment of the 
 king of Colchis for his cruelty to the son of 
 Athamas. Diod. 4. — Herodot. 7, c. 197 — jlpol- 
 lon. Arg. — Orpheus. — Flacc. — Slrab. — .Spot' 
 lod. 1, c 9. — Pindar. Pyth. 4. — Hygin. fab. 14, 
 
 188, &ic.— Ovid. Htroid. IS, Met. 4. A small 
 
 river of Argolis. 
 
 Phthia, a town of Phthiotis, at the east of 
 mount Othrys in Thessaly, where Achilles 
 was born, and from which he is often called 
 Phlhius Htros. Moral. 4. Od. 6, v. 4. — Ovid, 
 Met. 13, V. 156.— Meld, 2, c. S—Propert. 2, 
 
 el. 14, V 38.— CVc. Tics. 1. c. 10. A nymph. 
 
 of Achaia. beloved by Jupiter, who, to seduce 
 her, disguised himself under the shape ot a 
 pigeon, .flllinn V. if. 1, c. la. A daugh- 
 ter of Am|)hion and Niobe, killed by Diana. 
 ipoUod. 
 PiiTHiuTis, a small province of Thessaly, 
 I between the Pelasgicus sinus and the JVlaliacus 
 
Pll 
 
 siuus, Magnesia, and inouut CKta. It was also 
 called Acliaia. Pans. 10, c. 8. 
 
 Phya, a tall and beautiful woman of Attica 
 whom Pisistratusj wWen he wished to re-estab- 
 lish himself a third time in his tyranny, dressed 
 like the goddess Minerva, and led to the city 
 on a chariot, making the populace believe that 
 the goddess herself came to restore him to 
 power. The artifice succeeded. Herodol. 1, 
 c. 59. — Poly an. 1, c. 40. 
 
 Pmcus, (untis), a promontory, near Cy- 
 rene, now called Ras-al-sem. Lucan. 9. 
 
 Phylace, a town of Thessaly, built by Phy- 
 lacus. Protesilaus reigned there, from whence 
 he is often called Phylacides. Lucan. 6, v. 
 
 252. A town of Arcadia. Paus. 1, c. 54. 
 
 A town of Epirus. Liv. 45, c. 26. 
 
 Phylacus, a son of Deion, king of Phocis. 
 He married Clyraene, the daughter of Mynias, 
 and founded Phylace. Apollod. 
 
 Phylarchus, a Greek biographer, who 
 flourished B. C. 221. He is accused of partial- 
 ity by Plut. in Aral. 
 
 Phylas, a king of Ephyre, son of Antiochus, 
 and grandson of Hercules. 
 
 Phyle, a well-fortified village of Attica, at 
 a little distance from Athens. C. Kep. in 
 Thras. 
 
 Phyleis, a daughter of Thespius. Apollod. 
 
 Phyleds, one of the Greek captains dur- 
 ing the Trojan war. • A son of Augeas. He 
 
 blamed his father for refusing to pay Hercules 
 what he had promised him for cleaning his 
 Stables. He was placed on his father's throne 
 by Hercules. 
 
 Phylira. Vid. Philyra. 
 
 Phylla, the wife of Demetrius Poliorce- 
 tes, and mother of Stratonice, the wife of Se- 
 leucus. 
 
 Phvlxalia, a part of Arcadia. A place 
 
 in Thessaly. 
 
 Phylleius, a mountain, country, and town 
 of Macedonia. Jlpollon. Arg. \, 
 
 Phyllis, a daughter of Sithon, or, accord- 
 ing to others, of Lycurgus, king of Thrace, 
 who hospitably received Demophoon the son 
 of Theseus, who, at his return from the Tro- 
 jan war, had stopped on her coasts. She be- 
 came enamoured of him, and did not find 
 him insensible to lier passion. After some 
 months of mutual tenderness and atfection. 
 Demophoon set sail for Athens, where his 
 domestic affairs recalled him. He promised 
 faithfully to return as soon as a month was 
 expired; but either his dislilce for Phyllis, 
 or the irreparable situation of his affairs, ob- 
 liged him to violate his engagement, and the 
 queen, grown desperate on account of his ab- 
 sence, hanged herself, or, according to others, 
 threw herself down a pi-ecipice into the sea, 
 and perished Her friends raised a tomb over 
 her body, where there grew up certain trees, 
 whose leaves, at a particular season of the 
 year, suddenly became wet, as if shedding tears 
 for the death of Phyllis. According to an old 
 tradition mentioned by Servius, Virgil's com- 
 mentator, Phyllis was changed by the gods 
 into an almond tree, which is called Phylla by 
 the Greeks. Some days after this metamor- 
 phosis, Demophoon revisited Thrace, and 
 when he heard of the fate of Phyllis, he ran 
 and clasped the tree, which, though at that 
 time stripped of its leaves, suddenly shot forth 
 
 PI 
 
 and blossomed, as if still sensible of tender- 
 ness and love. The absence of Demophoon 
 from the house of Phyllis has given rise to a 
 beautiful epistle of Ovid, supposed to have 
 been written by the Thracian queen about 
 the fourth month after her lover's departure. 
 Ovid. Herold. 2, de Art. Am. 2, v. 353. Trist. 
 
 2, 437. — Hygin. fab. 59. A country woman 
 
 introduced in Virgil's eclogues. The nurse 
 
 of the emperor Domitian. Suet, in Dom. 17. 
 
 A country of Thrace near mount Pan- 
 
 gasus. Herodot. 7, c. 13. 
 
 Phyllius, a young Boeotian, uncommonly 
 fond of Cygnus, the son of Hyria, a woman 
 of Bceotia. Cygnus slighted his passion, and 
 told him that, to obtain a return of affec* 
 tion, he must previously destroy an enormous 
 lion, take alive two large vultures, and sacri- 
 fice on Jupiter's altars a wild bull that infest- 
 ed the country. This he easily effected by- 
 means of artifice, and by the advice of Her- 
 cules he forgot his partiality for the son of 
 Hyria. Ovid. Met. 7, v. 372. — JVicand. in 
 
 Htttr. 3. A Spartan remarkable for the 
 
 courage with which he fought against Pyrrhus, 
 
 king of Epirus 
 
 Phyllodoce, one of Cyrene's attendant 
 nymphs. Virg. G. 4, v. 336. 
 
 Phyllos, a country of Arcadia. A towy 
 
 of Thessaly near Larissa, where Apollo had a 
 temple. 
 
 Phyllus, a general of Phocis during the 
 Phocian or sacred war against the Thebans. 
 He had assumed the command after the death 
 of his brothers Philomelus and Onamarchus. 
 He is called by some Phayllus. [Vid. Pboci*. 
 
 Physcella, a town of Macedonia. Mela, 
 2, c. 3. 
 
 Physciow, a famous rock of Bceotia, 
 which was the residence of the Sphynx, and 
 agaitjst which the monster destroyed himself, 
 when his enigmas Were explained by (Edipus. 
 Plut. 
 
 Physcoa, a woman of Elis, mother of Nai*- 
 cceus, by Bacchus. Pau^. 5, c. 16. 
 
 PhyscoN; a surname of one of the Ptole- 
 mies, kings of Egypt, from the great promi- 
 nency of his belly (<?<jj*>i venter). Athen. 2, c. 
 23. 
 
 Physcos, a town of Caria, opposite Rhodes. 
 'S/rfl6. 14. 
 
 Physcus, a river of A.sia falling into the 
 Tigris. The ten thousand Greeks crossed it on 
 their return from Cunaxa. 
 
 Phytalioes, the descendant of Phytalus, 
 a man who hospitably received and entertain- 
 ed Ceres, when she visited Attica. Plut. in 
 Thes. 
 
 PiiYTON, a general of the people of Rhe- 
 gium against Dionysius the tyrant of Sicily. 
 Me was taken by the enemy and tortured, B. 
 C. 387, and his son was thrown into the sea. 
 Diod. 14. 
 
 PHYXuflf, a town of Elis. 
 
 PiA, or PiALiA, festi\'als instituted in honour 
 of Adrian, by the emperor Antoninus. They 
 were celebrated at Puteoli, on the second year 
 of the Olympiads. 
 
 PiAsus, a general of the Pelasgi. Slrab. 
 
 PiCENi, the inhabitants of Picenum, called 
 also Picentes. They received their name 
 from Picas, a bird by whose auspices they ha^ 
 
PI 
 
 settled in that part of Italy. Ital. 9, v. 425.— 
 Slrab. 5. — Mela, 2, c. 4. 
 
 PicENTiA, the capital of the Picentini. 
 
 PicuNTiNi, a people of Italy, between Lu- 
 caiiia and Campania on the Tuscan sea. They 
 are dilferent from the Piceni or Picentes, who 
 inhabited Ficenum. Sil. It. 8, v. 450.— TociL 
 //.4, C.62. 
 
 PiciNi'M, or FicENus ACER, a country of 
 Italy near the Umbrians and Sabines, on the 
 borders of the Adriatic. Liv. 21, c. 6, 1. 22, c. 
 9, 1. 27, c. 43.— 6't7. 10, v. 313.— iforaf. 2, sat. 
 3, V. 122.— Mart. 1, ep. 44. 
 
 PiCRA, a lake of Africa, which Alexander 
 crossed when he went to consult the oracle of 
 Ammon. Diod. 
 
 Picr^, or PiCTi, a people of Scythia, 
 •ailed also Jlgaihyrscz. They received this 
 name from their painting their bodies with 
 different colours, to appear more terrible in 
 the eyes of their enemies. A colony of these, 
 according to Servius, Virgil's commentator, 
 emigrated to the northern parts of Britain, 
 where they still preserved their name and 
 their savage manners, but they are mentioned 
 only by later writers. Murccll. 27, c. 18. — 
 Claudian. dn Hon. cons. v. 54. — Piin. 4, c. 12. 
 — Mela, 2, c. 1. 
 
 PicTAVi, or PicTONES, a people of Gaul, in 
 the modern country of Foictou. Cces. 7, bell. 
 G. c. 4. 
 
 PicTAViuM, a town of Gaul. 
 
 Fabius Pictor, a consul under whom sil- 
 ver was first coined at Rome, A. U. C. 485. 
 
 PicuMNus, and Pilumnus, two deities at 
 Home, who presided over the auspices, that 
 were required before the celebration of nup- 
 tials. Pilumnus was supposed to patronise 
 children, as his name seems in some manner 
 to indicate, ^uod pellat mala infanticE. The 
 manuring of lands were first invented by Pi- 
 eumnus, from which reason he is called Ster- 
 quilinius. Pilumnus is also invoked as the 
 god of bakers and millers, as he is said to have 
 first invented how to grind corn. Turnus 
 boasted of being one of his lineal descendants. 
 Virg. ^n. 9, v. 4. — Varro. 
 
 PicDS, a king of Latiutji, son of Saturn, 
 who married Venilia, who is also called Ca- 
 nens, by whom he had Faunus. He was ten 
 derly loved by the goddess Pomona, and he 
 returned a mutual affection. As he was one 
 day hunting in the woods, he was met by 
 Circe, who became deeply enamoured of him, 
 and who changed him into a woodpecker, call- 
 ed by the name of picus among the Latins. 
 His wife Venilia was so disconsolate when slie 
 was informed of his death, that she pined 
 away. Some suppose that Picus was the son 
 oi Pilumnus, and that he gave out prophecies 
 to his subjects, by means of a favourite wood- 
 pecker, from which circumstance originated 
 the fable of his being metamorphosed into a 
 bird. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 48, 171, he— Ovid. 
 Met. 14, v. 320, &c. 
 
 PiDORus, a town near mount Athos. He- 
 rodol. 7. c. 122. 
 
 PiDYTEs, a man killed by Ulysses during 
 the Trojan war. 
 
 PiELus, a son of Neoptolemus, king of 
 Epirus, after his father. Paus. 1, c. 11. 
 
 Pjera, a fountain of Peloponnesus, between 
 EUs and Olynapia. P«tv?, 5. c. 16. 
 
 PI 
 
 Pieria, a smaH tract of country in Ttres- 
 saly or Macedonia, from which the epithet of 
 Pienan was applied to the Muses, and to po- 
 etical compositions. Martial. 9, ep. 88, v. 3. 
 
 — Horat. 4, od. 8, v. 20. A place betweea 
 
 Cilicia and Syria. One of the wives of Da- 
 
 p.aus, mother of six daughters called Actea, 
 Podarce, Dioxippe, Adyte, Ocypete, and Pi- 
 large, ^pollod. 2. The wife of Oxylus, the 
 
 son of Haemon, and mother of .^tolus and 
 
 Laias. Paus. 5, 3. The daughter of Py- 
 
 thas, a Milesian, he. 
 
 PiERiDES, a name given to the Muses, ei- 
 ther because they were born in Pieria, in 
 Thessaly, or because they were supposed by 
 some to be the daughters of Pierus, a king of 
 
 Macedonia, who settled in Boeotia. Also 
 
 the daughters of Pierus, who challenged the 
 Muses to a trial in music, in which they were 
 conquered, and changed into magpies. It 
 may perhaps be supposed, that the victorious 
 Muses assumed the name of the conquered 
 daughtei's of Pierus, and ordered themselves 
 to be called Pierides, in the same manner as 
 Minerva was called Pallas because she had 
 killed the giant Pallas. Ovid. Mel. 5, v. 300. 
 
 PiERis, a mountain of Macedonia. Paus. 
 9, c. 29. 
 
 PiERUS, a mountain of Thessaly, sacred to 
 the Muses, who were from tbence, as some 
 
 imagine, called Pierides. A rich man of 
 
 Thessaly, whose nine daughters, called Pie- 
 rides, challenged the Muses, and were chang- 
 ed into magpies when conquered. Paus. 9, 
 
 c. 29. A river of Achaia, in Peloponnesus. 
 
 A town of Thessaly. Paus. 7, c. 21. 
 
 A mountain with a lake of the same name in 
 Macedonia. 
 
 PiETAs, a virtue which denotes veneration 
 for the deity, and love and tenderness to our 
 friends. It received divine honours among the 
 Romans, and was made one of their gods. Aci- 
 lius Glabrio first erected a temple to this new 
 divinity, on the spot where a woman had fed 
 with her own milk her aged father, who had 
 been imprisoned by the order of the senate, 
 and deprived of all aliments. Cic. de Div. 1. 
 — Val. Max. 5, c. 4.—PUn. 7, c. 36. 
 
 PiGRES and Mattyas, two brothers, &c. 
 Herodoi. The name of three rivers. 
 
 PiGRUM MARE, a name applied to the 
 Northern sea, from its being frozen. The 
 word Pigra is applied to the Palus Mojotis 
 Ovid. 4, Pont. 10, v. 6\.—Plin.4, c. 13.— Ta- 
 cil. G. 45. 
 
 Pilumnus, the gods of bakers at Rome. 
 Vid. Picumnus. 
 
 PiMPLA, a mountain of Macedonia with a 
 fountain of (he same name, on the confines of 
 Thessaly, near Olympus, sacred to the Muses, 
 who on that account are often called Pimpkoe, 
 and Pimpleades. IJorat. 1, od. 26, v. 9. — 
 Slrab. \0.— Martial. 12, ep. U,y. 3.— Stat. 1, 
 Sylv. 4, v. 26, Sylv. 2, v. 36. 
 
 PiMPRANA, a town on the Indus. .Irrian. 
 
 PiNARE, nn island of the /Egean sea. A 
 
 town of Syria, at the soulh of mount Ama- 
 nus. i'/m. 5, c. 25. OfLycia. Strab. 14. 
 
 PiNARius and Porn i us, two old men ui 
 Arcadia, who came uitli Evander to Italy 
 They were instructed by Hercules, who vis'i- 
 ted the court of Eviinder, how ihey were 
 to offer sacrifices to his divinity, in the 
 
PI 
 
 jaoiTiing, and in the evening, immediately 
 at sun-set. The morning sacrifice they jijuc- 
 tually performed, but on the evening i^oii- 
 tius was obliged to otFer the sacrifice alone 
 as Pinarius neglected to come till after the ap- 
 pointed time. This negligence otfended Her 
 tules, and he ordered, that for the tuture, Pj 
 uaritisand his descendants shouhj jireside over 
 tlie sacrifices, but that Poiitius, with his pos- 
 terity, should wait upon the priests as servai;Ls, 
 when the sacrifices were annually ottered to 
 iiira on mount Aventine. This was religiously 
 observed till the age of Appius Claudius, who 
 persuaded the Politii, by a large bribe, to dis- 
 continue their sacred office, and to have the 
 eeremony performed by slave??. For (his neg- 
 ligence, as the Latin authors observe, the Po- 
 titii were deprived of sight, and the family 
 feecarae a little time after totally extinct. Liv. 
 ], c. 7.— Firg. JEn. 8, v. 2d9, he —Victor dt 
 orig. 8. 
 
 M. Pi?JARius Ruse A, a pretor, who con- 
 quered Sardinia, and defeated the Corsicans. 
 Cic. de oral. 3. 
 
 PixNAKus, or PiNDUs, uow^ DcUfou, a river 
 falling into the sea near Issus, after ilowing be- 
 tween Cilicia and Syria. Diunt/s. Per. 
 
 PiNctTM, a town of Moesia Superior, now 
 Gradisca. 
 
 PiNDARus, a celebrated lyric poet of 
 Thebes. He was carefully trained from his 
 earliest years to the study o'f music and poetry, 
 and he was taught how to compose verses 
 ■with elegance and simplicity, by Myrtis and 
 Corinna. When he was young, it is said that 
 a swarm of bees settled on his lips, and there 
 ieft some honey -combs as he reposed on the 
 grass. This was universally explained as a 
 prognostic of his future greatness and celebri- 
 ty, and indeed he seemed entitled to notice 
 •when he had conquered Myrtis in a musical 
 contest. He was not however so successful 
 against Corinna, who obtained five times, 
 while he was competitor, a poetical prize, 
 which according to some, was adjudged rather 
 to the charms of her person, than to the bril- 
 liancy of her genius, or the superiority of her 
 composition. In the public assemblies of 
 Greece, where females were not permitted to 
 contend, Pindar was rewarded with the prize, 
 in preference to every other competitor ; and 
 as the conquerors at Olympia were the subject 
 of his compositions, the poet was courted by 
 statesmen arjd princes. His hymns and paeans 
 were repealed before the most crowded as- 
 semblies in the temples of Greece ; and the 
 priestess of Delphi declared that it was the 
 will of Apollo, that Pindar should receive the 
 half of all the first fruit offerings that were an- 
 nually heaped on iiis altars. This was not the 
 only public honour which he received j after 
 his death, he was honoured with every mark of 
 respect, even to adoration. His statue was 
 erected at Thehes in the public place where 
 the games were exhibited, and si& centuries 
 after it was viewed with i)leasure and admira- 
 tion, by the geographer Pausauias. The ho 
 nours which had been paid to him while alive, 
 were also shared by his posterity ; and at the 
 celebration of one of the festivalsof the Greeks, 
 a portion of the victim which had bcenoltered 
 in sacrifice, was reserved for the descendants 
 of the poet. Even the most inveterate ene- 
 
 PI 
 
 mles of the Tl\ebans showed regard for ht$ 
 memory, and the Spartans spared ihe house 
 ih which the prince of lyrics had inhabited 
 when they destroyed the houses and the walls 
 of Thebes. The same respect was also paid 
 him by Alexander the Great when Thebes was 
 reduced to ashes. It is said that Pindar died at 
 the advanced age of 86, B. C 43i>. The great- 
 est part of his works have perished. He had 
 written some hymns to the gods, poems in 
 honour of Apollo, dithyrambics to Bacchus, 
 aiid odes on several vrctories obtained at the 
 tour greatest festivals of the Greeks, the 
 Olympic, Isthmian, Pythian, and iNemean 
 games. Of all these, the odes are the only 
 compositions extant, admired for sublimity of 
 sentiments, grandeur of expression, energy 
 and magnificence of style, boldness of meta- 
 phors, haimony of numbers, and elegance of 
 diction. In these odes, which were repeated 
 with the aid of musical instruments, and ac- 
 companied by the various inflections of the 
 voice, with suitable attitudes, and proper mo- 
 tions of body, the poet has not merely cele- 
 brated the place wlierethe victory v\as won, 
 but has introduced beautiful episodes, and by- 
 unfolding the greatness of his heroes, the dig- 
 nity of their characters, and the glory of the 
 several republics where they flourished, he 
 has rendered tiie whole truly beautiful, and in 
 the highest degree interestuig. Horace has 
 not hesitated to call Pindar inimitable, and this 
 panegyric will not perhaps appear ioo offen- 
 sive, when we recollect that succeeding critics 
 have agreed in extolling his beauties, his ex- 
 cellence, the fire, animation, and enthusiasm 
 of his genius. He has been censured for his 
 affectation in composing an ode, from which 
 the letter S was excluded. The best editions 
 of Pindar are those of Heyne,4to. Goltingon, 
 1773; of Glasgow, 12mo. 1774; andofSchmi- 
 dius, 4to. Witteberg, 1616. Jtken.— ^^umiif. 
 10, c. l—Horat. 4, od. 'l.—MUan. V. H. 3.-— 
 i'aiLS. 1, c. 8, I. 9, c. 2S.— Fal. Mux. 9, c. 12.— 
 
 Fiat.in Jilex. — Curt. 1, c. 13. A tyrant of 
 
 Eiihesus who killed his master at his ow!i re- 
 quest, after the battle of Philippi. Pint. 
 
 ATheban, who wrote a Latin poem on the 
 Trojan war, 
 
 PiNDASus, a mountain of Troas. 
 
 PiNDF.Nissus, a town of Cilicia, on the bor- 
 ders of Syria. Cicero, when proconsul in 
 Asia, besieged it for 25 days and took it. Cic 
 ad M. Ccelium. ad Fam. 2, ep. 10. 
 
 PiNDus, a mountain, or rather a chain of 
 mountains, between Thessaly, Macedonia, and 
 Epirus. It was greatly celebrated as being sa- 
 cred to the Muses and to Apollo. Odd. Met. 
 1, V. blQ.—atrab \S.— Virg. Ed. \0.—Lucan. 
 
 1, V. 674, 1. 6, V. 339.— .1/e/a, 2,c.3. A town 
 
 of Doris in Greece, called also Cyphas. It 
 was watered by a small river of the same name 
 which falls into the Cephisus, near Lilaja. 
 Herodot. 1, c. 56. 
 
 PiNGDS, a river of Mysia, falling into the 
 Danube. Plin. 3, c. 26. 
 
 PiNMA, a town of Italy, at the mouth of the 
 Matrinus, .south of Picenum. Sil. 8, v. 518. 
 
 PiMTHiAS. Vid. Phinthias. 
 
 PiNTiA, a town of Spain, now supposed to 
 be Valtudoiid. 
 
 PioN, one of the descendants of Hercules, 
 who built Piorda, near the Caycus in My- 
 
PI 
 
 s'la. It is said that smoke issued from Lis tomb 
 as often as sacritices were otfered to him. 
 Paus 9, c. 18. 
 
 PiOE, one of the Nereides. j9poUod. 
 
 PiyNiA, a town of Mysia, near the Caycus. 
 
 Piraeus, or PirjEeus, a celebrated har- 
 bour at Atiiens, at the mouth of the Cephisus 
 about tiiree miles distant from the city. It was 
 joined to the town by two walls, in circumfe 
 rence seven miles and an half, and sixty feet 
 high, wliich Themistocles wished to raise in a 
 double proportion. One of these was built by 
 Pericles, and the other by Theoiistocles. The 
 towers which were raised on the walls to serve 
 as a defence, were turned into dwelling-houses 
 as the poDulation of Athens gradually increa- 
 sed. It was the most capacious of all the har- 
 bours of the Athenians, and \\d< naturally di- 
 vided into three lar^e basins called Cantharos. 
 A;)hrodisiiim, and Zea, improved by the la- 
 boui-s of.Themistocles and made sutEciently 
 commodious for the reception of a fleet of 4<J<> 
 ships in the greatest security. The walls 
 w hioh joined it to Athens, with all its fortifica- 
 tions, were totally demolished when Lysander 
 pul-an end to the Pelopoimesian v,ar by the 
 reuncfion of Attica. Pam 1- c. 1. — Strab.9. — 
 C. A'ep. in Them. — Fior. 3, c. 5. — Justin. 5, c. 
 8.~0viJ Met 6: v. 446. 
 
 PiRANTHUs. a son (jf Argus and Evadne, 
 brother to Jasus, Ejiidaiirus. and Perasus. 
 Paus. 2, c. 1(3 and \l.—.3pollod. 2. 
 
 PiR£NE, a daughter of Danaus. A 
 
 daughter of (Ebalus, or according to others, 
 of the Acheious. She had by Neptune two 
 sons called Leches and Cenchrius, who gave 
 their name to two of the harbours of Corinth 
 Pirene was so disconsolate at the death of her 
 son Cenchrius who had been killed by Diana, 
 ♦hat she pined away, and was dissolved by 
 her continual wee})ing into a fountain of the 
 same name, which was still seen at Corinth 
 in Uie age of Pausauias. The fountain Pirene 
 was sacred to the Muses, and according to 
 some the horse Pegasus was then drinking 
 some of its waters, when Bellerophon took it 
 to go and conquer the Chimiera. Paus. 2. c. 
 3.— On(/..Ve/.2, V. 240. 
 
 PiRiTKous, a son of Ixion and the cloud, 
 or according to others, of Dia, the daughter of 
 Deioneus. Some make him son of Dia. by 
 Jupiter, who assumed the shape of a horse 
 whenever he paid his addresses to his mistress. 
 He was king of tlie Lapithiu, and as an ambi- 
 tious prince he wished to become acquainted 
 with Theseus, king of Athens, of whose fame 
 and exploits he had heard so many reports. 
 To see hini: and at (he same time to be a wit 
 ness of his valour, he resolved to invade his 
 lerritories with an army. Theseus immedi- 
 ately met him on the borders of Attica, but at 
 the sight of one another tlie two enemies did 
 not begin the engagement, but struck with the 
 appearance of each otlier, they stepped be- 
 tween the hostile armies. Tiieir meeting was 
 like that of the most cordial friends, and Piri- 
 thous by giving Theseus his hand as a pledge 
 of his sincerity, promised to repair all the da- 
 mages which his hostilities in Attica might 
 have occasioned. From that time, therefo^-e, 
 the two monarchs became the most- intimate 
 and the most attached of friends, so much, 
 thaith^ir friendship, like (ha; yf Orestes and 
 
 PJ 
 
 Pylades, is become proverbial. Pirithous some 
 time after married Hippodamia, and invited 
 not only the heroes of his age, but also the 
 gods themselves, and his neighbours the Cen- 
 taurs, to celebrate his nuptials. Mars was the 
 only one of the gods who was not invited, and 
 to punish this neglect, the god of war was de- 
 termined to raise a quarrel among the guests, 
 and to disturb the festivity of the entertain- 
 ment. Eurythion, captivated with the beauty 
 of Hippodamia. and intoxicated with wine, at- 
 tempted to otfer violence to the bride, but he 
 was prevented by Theseus, and immediately- 
 killed This irrigated the rest of the Centaurs, 
 the contest became general, but the valour of 
 Theseus, Pirithous, Hercules, and the rest of 
 the Lapithaj triumphed over their enemies. 
 Many of the Centaurs were slain, and the rest 
 saved thnir lives by flight. [V'id. Lapithus.j 
 The death of Hippodamia left Pirithous very 
 Jiscofjsolate. and he resolved, with his friend 
 Theseus, who had likewise lost his w^ife, nev'er 
 to marry again, except to a goddess, or one of 
 the daughters of the gods. This determina- 
 tion occasioned the rape of Helen by the two 
 friends ; the lot was drawn, and it fell to the 
 share of Theseus to have the beautiful prize. 
 Pirithous upon this undertook with his friend 
 to carry away Proserpine and to marry her. 
 They descended into the infernal regions, but 
 Pluto, who was apprized of their machinations 
 to disturb his conjugal peace, stopped the two 
 friends and confined them there. Pirithous 
 was tied to his father's wheel, or according to 
 Hygiaus, he was delivered to the furies to be 
 continually tormented. His punishment, how- 
 ever, was short, and when Hercules visited the 
 kingdom of Pluto, he obtained from Proser- 
 pine the pardon of Pirithous, and brought him 
 back to his kingdom safe and unhurt. Some 
 suppose that he was torn to pieces by the dog 
 Cerberus. \^Vid. Theseus.] Otid. Met. 12; 
 tab 4 and 5. — Iltsiod. in Scuf. Her. — Homer. 
 II. 2.— Paus. 5. c. lO.—.^pollod. 1, c. 8, 1. 2, c. 
 5. — Hyj^in. fab. 14, 79, 155. — Dlod. 4. — Plut. 
 in Tilts.— Horat. 4, od. l.— Vir(r. JEn. 7, v. 
 304.— .Var/. 7, ep. 2.3. 
 
 PiRLs, a captain of the Thraclans during 
 the Trojan war, killed by Thoas, king of jEto- 
 lia. Homer. II. 4. 
 
 PiRUsTX, a people of lilyricum. Liv. 45, 
 c. -26. 
 
 Pisa, a town ofElison the .\lpheus at the 
 west of the Peloponuesus, founded by Pisus 
 the son of Perieres, and grandson of iEolus. 
 Its inhabitants accompanied Nestor to the Tro- 
 jan war, and they enjoyed long the privilege of 
 presiding at the Olympic games which were 
 celebrated near their city. This honourable 
 appointment was envied by the people of Elis, 
 who made wai" against the Piscan.?, and after 
 many bloody battles look their city and totally 
 demolished it. It was at Pisa that (Enomaus 
 murdered the suitors of his daughter, and that 
 he himself was conquered by Pelops. The 
 inhabitants were called Plscci. Some have 
 doubted the existence of such a place as Pisa, 
 but this doubt orighmtes from Pisa's having 
 been destroyed in so remote an age. The 
 horses of Pisa were famous. The year on 
 which llie Olympic games were celebrated, 
 was often called Pisaus annus, and the victory 
 uhif;h vrrts obtRined there was called Pisaoi 
 
PI 
 
 mmusoliViE. Vid. Olyrapia. Slrah.^.—^id.\ 
 Trisl, 2, V. 386, 1. 4, el. 10, v. 95. — Mela, 2.— 
 Virg. G. 3, V. 180.— 57a/. Tlieb. 7, v. 417.— 
 Pans. 6, c. 22. 
 
 Pis/E, a town of Etruria, built by a colony 
 from Pisa in tbe Peloponnesus. The inhabit- 
 ants were called Pisani. DionysiusofHaiicar- 
 nassus atfirms that it existed before the Tro- 
 jan war, but others support that it was built 
 by a colony of Pisaaans who were shipwrecked 
 on the coast of Etruria at their return from 
 the Trojan war. Pisa3 was once a very power- 
 ful and nourishing city, which conquered the 
 Baleares, together with Sardinia and Corsica. 
 The sea on the neighbouring coast was called 
 the bav ofPisae. "Virg. .ZEn. 10, v. 179. — 
 Strab. k—Lucan. 2, v. 401,— Liz?. 39, c, 2, 1. 
 45, c. 13.— P/m. 2, c. 193. 
 
 PisJEus, a surname of Jupiter at Pisa. 
 
 PisANDER, a son of Bellerophon killed by 
 
 the Solymi. -A Trojan chief killed by Me- 
 
 nelaus. Homer. IL 13, v. 601. One of Pene- 
 lope's suitors, son of Polyctor. Ovid. Heroid. 
 1. A son of Antimachus, killed by Aga- 
 memnon during the Trojan war. He had had 
 recourse to entreaties and promises, but in 
 vain, as the Grecian wished to resent the ad- 
 vice of Antimachus, who opposed the restora- 
 tion of Helen. Homer. IL 11, v. 123. An 
 
 admiral of the Spartan fleet during the Pelo- 
 ponnesian war. He abolished the democracy 
 at Athens, and established the aristocratical 
 government of the four hundred tyi-ants. He 
 was killed in a naval battle by Conon the 
 Athenian general near Cnidus, in which the 
 
 Spartans lost 50 galleys, B. C. 394. Diod. 
 
 A poet of Rhodes wlio composed a poem cal- 
 led Heradea-! in which he gave an account ol 
 all the labours and all the exploits of fiercu- 
 les. He was the first who ever represented 
 his hero armed with a club. Pans. 8, c. 22. 
 
 PisATES, or PisTEi, the inhabitants of Pisa 
 in the Peloponnesus. 
 
 PiSAURUs, now Foglia, a river of Pice- 
 num, with a town called Pisaurum, now Pe- 
 saro^ which became a Roman colony in the 
 consulship of Claudius Pulcher. The town 
 was destroyed by an earthquake in the begin- 
 ning of the reign of Augustus. Mela, 2, c. 4. 
 —Catull. S2.—Plin. 3.—Liv. 39, c. 44. 1.41, 
 c. 27. 
 
 PjstNOR, a son of Ixion and the cloud. 
 
 One of the ancestors of the nurse of Ulysses. 
 Homer. Od. 1. 
 
 PisEus, a king of Etruria, about 260 years 
 before the foundation of Rome. Plhi. 7, c 26. 
 
 PisiAS, a general of the Argives in the age 
 of Epaminondas. A statuary ,at Athens ce- 
 lebrated for his pieces. P«M.f. 
 
 PisiniA, an inland country of Asia Minor, 
 between Phrygia, Parnphylia, Galatia, and 
 Isauria. It was rich and fertile. The inhabit- 
 ants were called Pisidin. Cic. de Div. 1, c. 1. 
 —Mela, 1, c. 2.—Slrab. 12.— Liv. 37, c. 64 
 and 56. 
 
 PisiDi'cE, a daughter of JEolus, who mar- 
 ried Myrmidon. A daughter of Nestor. 
 
 A daughter of Pelias. The daughter 
 
 of a king of Methymnain Lesbos. She be- 
 came enamoured ofAchillcs when he invaded 
 her father's kingdom, and she promised to de- 
 liver the city into his hands if he would marry 
 her. Achilles agreed to the proposal, but 
 
 PI 
 
 when he became master of Methymna, he 
 ordered Pisidice to be stoned to death for her 
 perfidy. Parthen. erol. 21. 
 
 Pisis, a native of Thespis, who gained un- 
 common influence among the Thebans, and 
 behaved with great courage in defence of their 
 liberties. He was taken prison«»r by Deme- 
 trius, who made him governor ofThespiae. 
 
 PisisTRATiDi?;, the descendants of Pisis- 
 tratus, tyrant of Athens. Fid. Pisistratus. 
 
 PisisTRATiDES, a man sent as ambassador 
 to the satraps of the king of Persia by the 
 Spartans. 
 
 Pisistratus, an Athenian, son of Hip- 
 pocrates, who early distinguished himself by 
 his valour in the field, and by his address 
 and eloquence at home. After he had rendered 
 himself the favourite of the populace by his lib- 
 erality and by the intrepidity wuth which he 
 had fought their battles, particularly near Sa- 
 lamis, he resolved to make himself master of 
 his country. Every thing seemed favourable 
 to his views, but Solon alone, who was then 
 at the head of affairs, and who had lately in- 
 stituted his celebrated laws, opposed him and 
 discovered his duplicity and artful behaviour 
 before the public assembly. Pisistratus Avas 
 not disheartened by the measures of his rela- 
 tion Solon, but he had recourse to artifice. 
 In returning from his country house, he cut 
 himself in various places, and after he had ex- 
 posed his mangled body to the eyes of the po- 
 pulace, deplored his misfortunes, and accused 
 his enemies of attempts upon his life, because 
 he was the friend of the people, the guardian 
 of the poor, and the reliever of the of>pressed, 
 he claimed a chosen body of 50 men from the 
 populace to defend his person in future from 
 the malevolence and the cruelty of his enemies. 
 The unsuspecting people unanimously granted 
 his request, though Solon opposed it with ail 
 his influence ; and Pisistratus had no sooner 
 received an armed band, on whose fidelity and 
 attachment he could rely, than he seized the 
 citadel of Athens, and made himself absolute. 
 The people too late perceived their credulity ; 
 yet, though the tyrant was popular, two of 
 the citizens, Megacles and Lycurgus, con- 
 spired together against him, and by their 
 means he was forcibly ejected from the city. 
 His house and all his effects were exposed to 
 sale, but there was found in Athens only one 
 man who would buy them. The private dis- 
 sentionsof the friends of liberty proved favour- 
 able to the expelled tyrant, and Megacles, who 
 was jealous of Lycurgus, secretly promised to 
 restore Pisistratus to all his rights and privi- 
 leges in Athens, if he would marry his daugh- 
 ter. Pisistratus consented, and by the assis- 
 tance of his father-in-law, he was soon enabled 
 to expel Lycurgus, and to re-establish himself. 
 By means of a woman called Phya, whose 
 siiape was tall, and whose features were noble 
 and commanding, he imposed upon the pea- 
 pie, and created himself adherents even among 
 his enemies. Phya was conducted through the 
 streets of the city, and showing herself sub- 
 servient to the artifice of Pisistratus, she wa» 
 announced as Minerva, the goddess of wis- 
 dom, and the patroness of Athens, who was 
 come dow^n from heaven to re-establish her 
 favourite Pisistratus in a power which was 
 sanctioned by the wfll of heaven, and favoup- 
 
PI 
 
 ed by the afiectkm of the people. In the 
 midst of his triuraph, however, Fisistratus 
 found himself unsupported, and some time af- 
 ter, when he repudiated the daugliter of Me- 
 gacles, he found that not only the citizens, 
 but even his very troops, were alienated from 
 him by the iniluence, the intrigues, and the 
 bribery of his father-in-law. He fled from 
 Athens, where he could no longer maintain his 
 po\fer, and retired to Euboea. Eleven years 
 after, he was drawn from his obscure retreat; 
 by means of his son Hippias, and he was a 
 third time received by the people of Athens 
 as their master and sovereign Upon this he 
 sacrificed to his resentment the friends of Me- 
 gacles, but he did not lose sight of the public 
 good ; and while he sought the aggrandizement 
 of his family, he did not neglect the dignity and 
 the honour of the Athenian name. He died 
 about 527 years before the Christian era, after 
 he had enjoyed the sovereign power at Athens 
 for 33 years, including the years of his banish- 
 ment, and he was succeeded by his son Hippar 
 chus. Pisistratns claims our admiration for 
 his justice, his liberality, and his moderation. 
 If he was dreaded and detested as a tyrant, 
 the Athenians loved and respected his private 
 virtues and his patriotism as a fellow-citizen, 
 and the opprobrium which generally falls on 
 his head may be attributed not to the severity 
 of his administration, but to the republican 
 principlesotthe Athenians; who hated and ex- 
 claimed against the moderation and equity of 
 the mildest sovereign, whi^e they flattered the 
 pride and gratified the guilty desires of the 
 mo=t tyrannical of their fellow subjects. Fi- 
 sistratus often refused to punish the insolence 
 of his enemies, and when he had one day been 
 virulently accused of murder, rather than in- 
 flict immediate punishment upon the man who 
 had criminated him, he went to the areopagus, 
 and there convinced the Athenians that the 
 accusations of his enemies were groundless, and 
 that his life was ii-reproachable. It is to his 
 labours that we are indebted for the preserva- 
 tion of the poems of Homer, and he was the 
 first, according to Cicero, who introduced 
 them at Athens, in the order in which they 
 now stand. He also established a public libra- 
 ry at Athens, and the valuable books which 
 he had diligently collected, were carried into 
 Persia when Xeixes made himself master of 
 the capital of Atiica. Hipparchus and Hip- 
 pias the sons of Pisi?tratus, who have receiv 
 ed the name of Pisidratid(z, rendered them 
 selves as illustrious as their father, but the 
 flames of liberty were too powerful to be ex- 
 tinguished. The PisistratidjK governed with 
 great moderation, yet the name of tyrant or 
 sovereign was insupportable to the Athenians. 
 Two of the mo>t resj)ectable of the citizens, 
 called Harmodius and Aristogiton, conspired 
 against them, and Hipparchus was despatched 
 in a public assembly. This murder was not 
 however attended with any advantages, and 
 though the two leaders of the conspiracy; 
 "w ho have been celebrated through every age 
 for their patriotism, were supported by tlie 
 people, yet Hippias quelled the tumult by bis 
 uncommon firmness and prudence, and for a 
 while preserved that peace in Athens Avhich 
 his father had often been unable to command. 
 This was not long to continue. Hippias was at 
 70 
 
 last expelled by the united efforts of the Athe- 
 nians and of their allies of Peloponnesus, and 
 he left" Attica, when he found hiinself unable 
 to maintain his powerand independence. The 
 rest of the family of Pisistratus followed him in 
 his banishment, and after they had refused to 
 accept the liberal oflfers of the princes of Thes- 
 saly, and the king of Macedonia, who wished 
 them to settle in their respective territories, 
 the Fisistratidae retired to Sigajura, which 
 their father had in the summit of his power 
 conquered and bequeathed to his posterity. 
 After the banishment of the Fisistratidae, the 
 Athenians became more than commonly jea- 
 lous of their liberty, and often sacrificed the 
 most powerful of their citizens, apprehensive 
 of the influence which pojularity. and a well- 
 directed liberality, might gain among a fickle 
 and unsettled populace. The Fisistratidae 
 were banished from Athens about 18 years af- 
 ter the death of Fisistratus, B. C. 510. Mlian. 
 V. H. 13, c. U.—Pau^. 7, c. 26.— fJerodot. 1, 
 c. 69, I. 6, c. 103.— Cic. de oral. 3.— Val. Max. 
 
 1, c. 2. A son of Kestor. Apollod. 
 
 A king of Orchomenos, who rendered him- 
 self odious by his cruelty towards the nobles. 
 He was put to death by them, and they car- 
 ried away his body from the public assembly, 
 by hiding each a piece of his flesh under their 
 garments to prevent a discovery from the 
 people, of which he was a great favourite. 
 
 Plat, in Par. A Theban attached to the 
 
 Roman interest, while the consul Flaminius 
 was in Greece. He assassinated the pretor of 
 BcBotia,for which he was put to death, k.c. 
 
 Fiso, a celebrated family at Rome, which 
 was a branch of the Calpurnians, descended 
 from Calpus the son of Numa. Before the 
 death of Augustus, eleven of this family had ob- 
 tained the consulship, and many had been ho- 
 noured v^ith triumphs, on account of their vic- 
 tories, in the different provinces of the Ro- 
 man empire. Of this family, the most famous 
 were Lucius Calpurnius, who was tri- 
 bune of the people, about 149 years before 
 Christ, and afterwards consul. His frugality 
 procured him the surname of Frugi, and he 
 gained the gi'eatest honours as an orator, a 
 lawyer, a statesman, and an historian. He 
 made a successful campaign in Sicily, and re- 
 warded his son, who had behaved with great 
 valour during the war, with a crown of gold, 
 which weighed twenty pounds. He composed 
 some annals and harangues, which were lost 
 in the age of Cicero. His style was obscure 
 
 and inelegant. Caius, a Roman consul, A. 
 
 U. C. 687, who suppoited the consular dignity 
 against the tumults of the tribunes, and the 
 clamours of the people. He made a law to 
 restrain the cabals which generally prevailed 
 at the election of the chief magistrates.—— 
 Cneius; another consul under .Augustus. He 
 was one of the favourites ot Tiberius, by whom 
 he was appointed governor of Syria, where he 
 rendered himself odious by his cruelty. He 
 was accused of having poisoned Germanicus, 
 and when he saw that he was shunned and 
 despised by his friends, he destroyed himself, 
 
 A. D. 20. liUcius. a governor of Spain, who 
 
 was assassir.ated by a pensafit, as he was tra- 
 velling through the country. The murderer 
 was seized and tortured, but he refused to 
 confess the causes of the ra«rrter«*— JL-nciw. 
 
PI 
 
 a private man, accused of having uttered sedi- 
 tious words agaiust ihe emperor Tiberius. He 
 Whi condemned, but a natural d«atli saved j 
 
 him {Vv)m the nands of the executioner. 
 
 Luciiis a governor of Rome for twenty years, 
 an ottice which he discharged with the great- 
 est justice and credit. He was greatly ho 
 noured by the friendship of Augustus, as well 
 as of his successor, a distinction he deserved, 
 both as a faithful citizen and a man of learning. 
 Some, howeveri say, that Tiberius made him 
 governor of Rome, because he had continued 
 dj-inking with him a night and two days, or 
 two days and two nights, according to Pliny. 
 Horace dedicated his poem de Jirte Poetica, 
 to his two sons, whose partiality for literature 
 had distinguished them among the rest of the 
 Romans, and who were fond of cultivating po- 
 etry in their leisure hours. Plut. in Cw.s. — 
 Plin. 18, c.3. Cneius, a factious and turbu- 
 lent youth: who conspired against his country 
 \\\\\\ Catiline. He was among the friends of 
 
 Juli:;s Cffisar. Caius, a Roman who was at 
 
 the head of a celebrated conspiracy against 
 the emperor Nero. He had rendered himself 
 a favourite of the people by his private, as well 
 as public virtues, by the generosity of his be- 
 haviour, his fondness of pleasure with the vo 
 luptuous, and his austerity with the grave and 
 the reserved. He had been marked by some 
 as a proper person to succeed the emperor; 
 but the discovery of the plot by a freed-raan, 
 who was among the conspirators, soon cut l)im 
 off, with all his partisans. He refused to court 
 the aflections of the people, and of the army, 
 when the whole had been made public, and in- 
 stead of taking proper measures for his preser- 
 vation, either by proclaiming himself emperor, 
 as his friends advised, or by seeking a retreat 
 in the distant provinces of the empire, he 
 retired to his own house, where he opened the 
 
 veins of both his arms, and bled to death. 
 
 Lucius, a senator who followed the emperor 
 Valerian into Persia. He fuoclaimed himself 
 emperor after the death of Valerian, but he 
 was defeated and put to death a few weeks 
 
 after, A. D. 261, by Valens, &c. Lucinia- 
 
 nus, a senator adopted by the emperor Gal- 
 ba. He was put to death by Otho's orders. 
 
 A son-in law of Cicero. A patrician, 
 
 whose daughter married Julius Caesar. Ho- 
 rat.— Tacit. Jinn. ^' Hisl.— Val. Max.—Liv.— 
 Sueton. — Cic. de offic. kc. — Plut. in Ctcs he. 
 
 One of the 30 tyrants appointed over 
 
 Athens by Ly.sander. 
 
 PisoNis VILLA, a place near Raise in Cam- 
 pania, which the emperor Nero often frequent- 
 ed. Tacit. Ann. 1. 
 
 Pjssirus, a tow n of Thrace, near the river 
 Nestus. Utrod. 7, c. 109. 
 
 PisTOR, a surname given to Jupiter by the 
 Romans, signifying baker, because when their 
 city was taken by ^e Gaub, the god persuad- 
 ed them to throw down loaves from the Tar- 
 peian hill where tliey were besieged, that the 
 enemy might from thence suppose, that they 
 were not in want of provisions, though in 
 reality they were near surrendering through 
 famine. This deceived the Gauls, and they 
 soon after raised the siege. Ovid. Fast. 6, v. 
 350, 394, kc. 
 
 PiSTORii, now Pisloj a, a town of Etruria, 
 at the foot of the Apennines, near Florence, 
 
 PI 
 
 where Catiline was defeated. Sallust. CuL 
 57.— Plin. 3, c. 4. 
 
 Pisus, a son of Aphareus. or according to 
 others of Perieres. Jipollod. 3. — Pans. 5. 
 
 PisuTHNEs, a Persian satrap of Lydia, wha 
 revolted from Darius IVothus. His father's 
 name was Hystaspes. Plut. in Art, 
 
 PiTANE, a town of iEolia in Asia Minor. 
 The inhabitants made bricks which swam on 
 the surface of the water. Lucan 3, v. 3d6. — 
 Strab. 13.—Vitruv. 2, c. 3.— Mela, 1, c. 18.— 
 
 Ovid. Met. 7, v. 357. A town of Laconia. 
 
 Pindar, ol. 6, v. 46. 
 
 PiTARATUs, an Athenian archon, during 
 whose magistracy Epicurus died. Cic. Fast. 9. 
 
 PiTHECusA, a small island on the coast of 
 Etruria, anciently called Anuria, and Enari- 
 na, with a town of the same name, on the top 
 of a mountain. The frequent earthquakes to 
 which it was subject, obliged the inhabitants 
 to leave it. There was a volcano in the middle 
 of the island, which has given occasion to the 
 ancients to say, that the giant Typhon was bu- 
 ried there. Some suppose that it received its 
 name from ^t^Mt monkeys, into which the in- 
 habitants were changed by Jupiter. Ovid. 
 Met. 14, v. 90 —Plin. 3, c. 6.— Pindar. Pyth. 
 1.— Strab. 1. 
 
 PiTHEUs. Vid. Pittheus. 
 
 PiTHo, called also Svada, the goddess of 
 persuasion among the Greeks and Romans, 
 supposed to be the daughter of Mercury and 
 Venus. She was represented with a diadem 
 on her head, to intimate her inlluence over 
 the hearts of men. One of her arms appears 
 raised as in the attitude of an orator harangu- 
 ing in a public assembly, and with the other 
 she holds a thunderbolt and fetters; made with 
 flow ers, to signify the powers of reasoning, and 
 the attractions of eloquence. A caduccus, as 
 a .symbol of persuasion, appears at her feet, 
 with the writings of Demosthenes and Cicero, 
 the two most celebrated among the ancients, 
 who understood how to command the attention 
 of their audience, and to rouse and animate 
 
 their various passions. A Roman courtezan. 
 
 She received this name on account of the al- 
 lurements which her charms possessed, anS of 
 her winning expressions. 
 
 PiTHOLAUS and Lycgphuon, seized up»n 
 the sovereign power of PheriC, by killing 
 Alexander. They were ejected by Phili]) of 
 Macedonia. Diod. 16. 
 
 PiTHoLEON, an insignificant poet of Rhodes 
 who mingled Greek and Latin in his compo- 
 sitions. He wrote some epigrams against J. 
 Cajsar, and drew upon himself the ridicule of 
 Horace, on account of the inelegance of his 
 style. Sueton. de cl. jRk. — Horat. 1, sat. 10, v. 
 21. — Macrob. 2, sat. 2. 
 
 PiTHON, one of the body guards of Alexan- 
 der, put to death by Antioclius. 
 
 PiTHYS, a nymph beloved by Pan. Boreas 
 was also fond of her, but she slighted his ad- 
 dresses, upon which he dashed her against u 
 rock, and she was changed into a pine tree. 
 
 PiTTACL's, a native of Mitylene in Lesbos, 
 was one of the seven wise men of Greece. 
 His father's name was Cyrradius. With the 
 assistance of the sonsof Alcaeus, he delivered 
 bis country from the oppression of the tyrant 
 Melanclirus, and in the war which the Athe- 
 nians waged against Lesbos he appeared at the- 
 
PI 
 
 kcadof his countrymen, and challenged to sin- 
 gle combat Phrynon the enemy's general. As 
 the event of the war seemed to depend upon 
 (his combat, Pittacus had recourse to artifice, 
 und when he engaged, he entangled his adver- 
 sary in a net, which he had concealed under 
 fcis sliield, and easily despatched him. He was 
 amply rewarded for his victory, and his coun- 
 trymen, sensible of his merit, unanimously ap- 
 pointed him governor of their city with unlim- 
 ited authority. In this capacity Pittacus be.- 
 liaved with great moderation and prudence, 
 and after he had governed his fellow-citizens 
 with the strictest justice. and alter hehad estab- 
 lished and enforced the most salutary laws, 
 he voluntarily resigned the sovereign power 
 after he had enjoyed it for 10 years, observing 
 that the virtues and innocence of private life 
 were incompatible with the power and influ- 
 ence of a sovereign. His disinterestedness 
 gained him many admirers, and when the 
 Mityleneans wished to reward his public ser- 
 vices by presenting him with an immense 
 tract of territory, he refused to accept more 
 land than what should be contained within 
 the distance to which he could throw a ja 
 velin. He died in the 82d year of his age, 
 about 570 years before Christ, after he had 
 spent the last ten years of his life in literary 
 ease and peaceful retirement. One of his 
 favourite maxims was, that man ought to pro- 
 vide against misfortunes to avoid them ; 
 but that if they ever happened, he ought to 
 support them with patience and resignation. 
 In prosperity friends were to be acquired, 
 and in the hour of adversity their faithfulness 
 was to be tried. He also observed, that in 
 our actions it was imprudent to make others 
 acquainted with our designs, for if we failed 
 we had exposed ourselves to censure and to 
 ridicule. Many of his maxims were inscribed 
 on the walls of Apollo's temple at Delphi, 
 to show the world how great an opinion the 
 Mityleneans entertained of his abilities as a 
 philosopher, a moralist, and a man. By one 
 of his laws, every fault committed by a man 
 wl^n intoxicated, deserved double punish- 
 ment. The titles of some of his writings are 
 preserved by Laertius, among which are men- 
 tioned elegiac verses, some laws in prose ad- 
 dressed to his countrymen, epistles, and moral 
 precepts called adomena. Diog. — Arislot. Po- 
 lit. — Pint, insymp. — Pans. 10, c. 24. — JElian. 
 V. H. 2, he— Val. Max. 6, c. 6. A grand- 
 son of Porus king of India. 
 
 PiTTHEA, a town near Troezene. Hence 
 the epithet of Pitlhtus in Ovid. Met. 15, v. 
 396. 
 
 PiTTHEUs, a king of Troezene in Argolis, 
 son of Pelops and Hippodamia. He was uni- 
 versally admired for his learning, wisdom, and 
 application ; he publicly taught in a school at 
 Troezene, and even composed a book, which 
 was seen by Pausanias the geographer. He 
 gave his daughter itthra in marriage to 
 iEgeus, king ot Athens, and he himself took 
 
 f)articular care of the youth and education of 
 lis grandson Theseus. He was buried at 
 Troezene, which he had founded, and on his 
 tomb were seen, for many ages, three seats of 
 white marble, on which he sat, with two other 
 judges, whenever he gave laws to his subjects, 
 or settled their disputes. Paux. 1 and 2. — 
 Pint, in Thcs.—Hlrab. 8. 
 
 PL 
 
 PiTOANius, a mathematician in the age of 
 Tiberius, thrown down from the Tarpeiaa 
 rock, kc. Tacit. Ann. 2 
 
 PiTULANi, a people ofUmbria. Their chief 
 town was called Pilulum. 
 
 PityjEa, a town of Asia Minor. Apollon. 
 
 PiTYASsi-s, a town of Pisidia. Strab. 
 
 PiTV05E3us, a small i-^land on the coast of 
 Peloponnesus, near Epidaurus. Plin. 
 
 PiTYUs (nntis), now Piichinda, a town of 
 Colchis. Plin. 6, c. 5. 
 
 PiTviJsA, a small island on the coast of Ar- 
 golis. Plin. 4, c. 12. A name of Chios. 
 
 Two small islands in the Mediterranean, 
 
 near the coast of Spain, of which the larger 
 was called Ebusus, and the smaller Ophiusa. 
 Mela. 2, c 7.—Slrab.—Plin. 3, c. 5. 
 
 Prus, a surname given to the emperor Anto- 
 ninus, on account of his piety and virtue. 
 
 A surname given to a son of Metellus, be- 
 cause he interested him?elf so warmly to have 
 his father recalled from banishment. 
 
 Placentia, now called Placensa, an ancient 
 town and colony of Italy, at the confluence 
 of the Trebia and Po. Lir. 21, c. 25 and 56, 
 1. 37, c. 10. — — Another, near Lusitania, in 
 Spain. 
 
 Placideiands, a gladiator in Horace's age, 
 2 Sat. 7. 
 
 Placidia, a daughter of Theodocius the 
 Great, sister to Honorius and Arcadius. She- 
 married Adolphus, king of the Goths, and af- 
 terwards Constantius, by whom she had Va- 
 lentinian the 3d. She died A. D. 449. 
 
 Placiuius Julius, a tribune of a cohort, 
 who imprisoned the emperor Vitellius, he. 
 Tacit. H.3,c. S5. 
 
 Planasia, a small island of the Tyrrhene 
 
 sea. Another, on the coast of Gaul., where 
 
 Tiberius ordered Agrippa, the grandson of 
 Augustus, to be put to death. Tacit. Ann. 1, 
 c. 3. A town on the Rhone. 
 
 Plancina, a woman celebrated for her 
 intrigues and her crimes, who married Piso, 
 and was accused with him of having mur- 
 dered Germanicus, in the reign of Tiberius. 
 She was acquitted either by means of the 
 empress Livia, or on account of the par- 
 tiality of the emperor for her person. She 
 had long supported the spirits of her husband, 
 during his confinement, but, when she saw 
 herself freed from the accusation, she totally 
 abandoned him to his fate. Subservient in 
 every thing to the will of Livia, siie, at her 
 instigation, became guilty of the greatest 
 crimes, to injure the character of Agrippina. 
 After the death of Agrippina, Plancina was 
 accused of the most atrocious villanies. and as 
 she knew she could not elude justice, she put 
 herself to death, A. D. 33. tacit. Ann. 6, c. 
 26, &LC. 
 
 L Pr.ANCUs MuNATius, a Roman, who ren- 
 dered himself ridiculous -t)y his follies and 
 his extravagance. He had been consul, and 
 had presided over a province in the capacity 
 of governor, but he forgot all his dignity, 
 and became one of the most servile flat- 
 terers of Cleopatra and Antony. At the 
 court of the Egyptian queen in Alexandria, 
 he ap|. eared in the character of the meariest 
 stage dancer, and, in comedy, he personated 
 Glaucus, and painted his body of a green- 
 colour, dancing on a public stage quite na- 
 
PL 
 
 PL 
 
 Plato from the largeness of his slioulders. 
 
 As 
 
 ked, only with a crown of green reeds on 
 
 his head, while he had lied behind his back, I one of the descendants of Codrus, and as the 
 the tail of a large sea fish. This exposed him | offspring of a noble, illustrious, and opulent 
 to the public derision, and when Antony had ' family, Plato was educated with care, his body 
 joined the rest of his friends in censuring him was formed and invigorated with gymnastic 
 
 for his unbecoming behaviour, he deserted 
 to Octavius. who received him with great 
 marks of friendship and attention. It was 
 he who proposed, in the Roman senate, that 
 the title of Augustus should be conferred on his 
 friend Octavius, as expressive of the dignity 
 and the reverence which the greatness of his 
 exploits seemed to claim. Horace has dedi- 
 cated 1 od. 7 to him ; and he certainly deserv- 
 ed the honour, from the elegance of hig letters, 
 which a;e snil extant, written to Cicero He 
 founded a town in Gaul which he called Lug- 
 dunum. Pl.ul. in Anton. A patrician, pro- 
 scribed by the second triumvirate. His ser 
 vants wished to save him from death- but he 
 refused it, rather than to expose their persons 
 to danger. 
 
 Plasgou, a courtezan of Miletus, in Ionia. 
 
 Plat.s:a. a daughter of Aso})us, king of 
 
 Bceotia Pans. 9, c. L &c. An island on the 
 
 coast of Africa, in the Mediterranean. It be- 
 longed to the Cyreneans Herodol. 4, c. 157. 
 
 PlaTj5:a, and je, (arum)- a town of Bceotia, 
 near mount Cithaeron, on the confines of Me 
 garis and Attica, celebrated fi)r a battle fought 
 there, between Mardonius the commander of 
 Xeraes king of Persia, and Pausanias the La- 
 cedaemonian, and the Athenians The Per 
 sian army consisted of 300,000 men, 3000 of 
 which scarce escaped with their lives by flight. 
 The Grecian army, which uas greatly inferior, 
 lost but few men, and among these 91 Spar- 
 tans, 52 Athenians, and 16 Tegeans. were the 
 only soldiers found in the number of the slain. 
 The plunder which the Greeks obtained in 
 the Persian camp was immense. Pausanias 
 received the tenth of all the spoils, on ac- 
 count of his uncommon valour during the en- 
 gagement, and the rest were rewarded each 
 according to their respective merit. This 
 battle was fought on the 22d of September, 
 the same day as the battle of Mycale, 479 
 B. C and by it Greece was totally delivered 
 for ever from the continual alarms to which 
 she was exposed on account of the Persian in- 
 vasions, and from that time none of the 
 princes of Persia dared to appear with a hos- 
 tile force beyond the Hel!es[)ont. The Pla- 
 tajans were naturally attached to the interest 
 of the Athenians, and they furnished them 
 with a thousand soldiers when Greece was 
 attacked by Datis, the general of Darius. 
 Plateea was taken by the Thebans, after a fa- 
 moiis siege, in the beginning of the Pelopon- 
 nesian war, and destroyed by the Spartans. 
 
 B. C. 427. Alexander rebuilt it, and paid 
 great encomiums to the inhabitants, on ac- 
 count of (heir ancestoi-s, w ho had so bravely 
 fought against the Persians at the battle of 
 Marathon, and under Pausanias. Herodol. 
 8, c. 50.— Pavs. 9, c. l.—Plut. in Alex, kc— 
 
 C. JVep. kc. — Cic. de offic. 1, c. 18. — Strab. — 
 Jusdn. 
 
 Platanius, a river of Bceotia. Pans. 9, c. 
 24. 
 
 Plato, a celebrated philosopher at Athens, 
 son of Ariston and Parectonia. His original 
 name was Arislocles, and he received that of 
 
 exercises, and his mind was ciiltivated and en- 
 lightened by the study of poetry and of geome- 
 try, from which he* derived that acuteness 
 of judgment, and warmth of imagination, 
 which have stamped his character as the most 
 subtle and flowery writer of antitjuity. He 
 first began his literary careerby writing poems 
 and tragedies ; but he was soon disgusted with 
 his own productions, when, at the age of 20, 
 he was introduced into the presence of So- 
 crates, and when he was enabled to compare 
 and examine, with critical accuracy, the merit 
 of his compositions with those of his poetical 
 predecessors. He therefore comriiitted to the 
 flames these productions of his early years, 
 which could not command the attention or 
 gain the applause of a maturer age. During 
 eight years he continued to be one of the pu- 
 pils of Socrates ; and, if he was prevented by 
 a momentary indisposition from attending the 
 philosopher's last moments, yet he collected, 
 iVom the conversation of those that were pre- 
 sent- and from his own accurate observations, 
 the minutest and most circumstantial accounts, 
 which can exfiibit in its truest colours, the con- 
 cern and sensibility of the pupil, and the firm- 
 ness, virtues, and moral sentiments of the 
 dying philosopher. After the death of So- 
 crates, Plato retired from Athens, and, to ac- 
 quire that information which the accurate ob- 
 server can derive in foreign countries, he be- 
 gan (o travel over Greece. He visited Mega- 
 ra, Thebes, and Elis, where he met with the 
 kindest reception from his fellow disciples, 
 whom the violent death of their master had 
 likewise removed from Attica. He after- 
 wards visited Magna Graecia. attracted by the 
 fame of the Pythagorean philosophy, and by 
 the learning, abilities, and reputation, of its 
 professors, Phiiolaus, Archytas, and Eury- 
 tus. He afterwards pasf?ed into Sicily, and 
 examined the eruptions and fires of the vol- 
 cano of that island. He also vished Egypt, 
 where then the mathematician Theodorus 
 flourished, and where he knew that the tenets 
 of the Pythagorean philosophy and metemp- 
 sychosis bad been fostered and cherished. 
 When he had finished his travels, Plato re- 
 tired to the groves of Academus, in the 
 neighbourhood of Athens, where his lectures 
 were soon attended by a crowd of learned, no- 
 ble, and illustrious pupils; and the philoso- 
 pher, by refusing to have a share in the admi- 
 nistration of affairs, rendered his name more 
 famous, and his school more frequented. Dur- 
 ing forty years he presided at the head of 
 the academy, and there he devoted his lime to 
 the instruction of his pupils, and composed 
 those dialogues which have been the admira- 
 tion of every age and country. His studies, 
 however, were interrupted for a while, whilst 
 he obeyed the pressing calls and invitations of 
 Dionysius, and whilst he persuaded the ty- 
 rant to become a man,the father of his people, 
 and the friend of liberty. [Vid. Dionysius 2d.] 
 In his dress the philosopher was not ostenta- 
 tious, his manners were elegant, but modest, 
 simple, without ofiectation, and the great hon- 
 
 ■sn 
 
PL 
 
 curs which his learning deserved were not 
 paid to his appearance. When he came to 
 the Olympian games, Plato resided, during the 
 eelebration, in a family who were totally stran- 
 gers to him. He eat and drank with them, 
 he partook of their innocent pleasures and 
 amusements; but though he told them his 
 name was Plato, yet he never spoke of the 
 employment he pursued at Athens, and never 
 introduced the name of that philosopher 
 whose doctrines he followed, and whose death 
 and virtues were favourite topics of conversa- 
 tion in every part of Greece. When he re- 
 turned home, he was attended by the family 
 which had so kindly entertained him ; and as 
 being a native of Athens, he was desired to 
 show them the great philosopher whose name 
 he bore : their surprise was great when he 
 told them that he himself was the Plato whom 
 they wished to behold. In his diet he was mo- 
 derate, and indeed, to sobriety and temper- 
 ance in the use of food, and to the want of 
 those pleasures which enfeeble the body and 
 enervate the mind, some have attributed his 
 preservation during the tremendous pestilence 
 which raged at Athens with so much fury at 
 the beginning of the Peloponnesian war. Plato 
 was never subject to any long or lingering in- 
 disposition, and though change of cUmate had 
 enfeebled a constitution naturally strong and 
 healthy, the philosopher lived to an advanced 
 age, and was often heard to say, when his phy- 
 sicians advised him to leave his residence at 
 Athens, where the air was impregnated by the 
 pestilence, that he would not advance one sin- 
 gle step to gain the top of mount Athos, were 
 he assured to attain the great longevity which 
 the inhabitants of that mountain were said to 
 enjoy above the rest of mankmd. Plato died 
 on his birth day, in the 81st year of his age, 
 about 348 years before the Christian era. His 
 last moments were easy and without pain, and, 
 according to some, he expired in the midst of 
 an entertainment, or, according to Cicero, as 
 be was writing. The works of Plato are nu- 
 merous ; they are all written in the form of a 
 dialogue, except 12 letters. He speaks always 
 by the mouth of others, and the philosopher 
 has no where made mentionof himself except 
 once in his dialogue entitled Phaedon, and 
 another time, in his apology for Socrates. His 
 writings were so celebrated, and his opinions 
 so respected, that he was called divine; and 
 for the elegance, melody, and sweetness of his 
 expressions, he was distinguished by the ap- 
 pellation of the Athenian bee. Cicero had 
 such an esteem for him, that in the warmth of 
 panegyric he exclaimed errare meliercule 
 malo cum Platone, qudni cum istis vera sen- 
 tire; andQuintilian said, that when he read 
 Plato, he seemed to hear not a man, but a divi- 
 nity, speaking. His style, however, though ad- 
 mired and commended by the best and most 
 refined of critics among the ancients, has not 
 escaped the censure of some of the moderns, 
 and the philosopher has been blamed, who 
 supports that fire is a pyramid tied to the 
 earth by numbers, that the world is a figure 
 consisting of 12 pentagons, and who, to prove 
 the metempsychosis and the immortality of 
 I he soul, asserts, that the dead are born from 
 the living, and the living from the dead. The 
 specniative mind of Plato was employed in ex- 
 
 PL 
 
 amining things divine and human, and he at- 
 tempted to fix and ascertain, not only theprac» 
 tical doctrine of morals and politics, but the 
 more subtle and abstruse theory of mystical 
 theogony. His philosophy was universally re- 
 ceived and adopted, and it has not only gov- 
 erned the opinions of the speculative part of 
 mankind, but it continues still to influence the 
 reasoning, and to divide the sentiments, of the 
 moderns. In his system of philosophy, he 
 followed the physic's of HeracUtus, the meta- 
 physical opinions of Pythagoras, and the mo- 
 rals of Socrates. He maintained the existence 
 of two beings, one self-existent, and the other 
 formed by the hand of a pre-existent creature, 
 god and man. The world was created by that 
 self-existent cause, from the rude undigested 
 mass of matter which had existed from all 
 eternity, and which had even been animated 
 by an irregular principle of motion. The ori- 
 gin of evil could not be traced under the gov- 
 ernment of a deity, without admitting a stub- 
 born intractability and wildness congenial to 
 matter, and from these, consequently, could be 
 demonstrated the deviations from the laws of 
 nature, and from thence the extravagant pas- 
 sions and appetites of men. From materials 
 like these were formed the four elements, 
 and the beautiful structure of the heavens and 
 the earth, and into the active, but irrational, 
 principle of matter, the divinity infused a ra- 
 tional soul. The souls of men were formed 
 from the remainder of the rational soul of the 
 world, which had previously given existence to 
 the invisible gods and demons. The philoso- 
 pher, therefore, supported the doctrine of ideal 
 forms, and the pre-existence of the human 
 mind, which he considered as emanations of 
 the Deity, which can never remain satisfied 
 with objects or things unworthy of their divine 
 original. Men could perceive, with their cor- 
 poreal senses, the types of immutable things, 
 and the fluctuating objects of the material 
 world ; but the sudden changes to which these 
 are continually obnoxious, create innumerable 
 disorders, and hence arises deception, and, in 
 short, all the errors and miseries of human 
 life. Yet, in whatever situation man may be, 
 he is still an object of divine concern, and, to 
 recommend himself to the favour of the pre- 
 existent cause, he must comply with the pur- 
 poses of his creation, and, by proper care and 
 diligence, he can recover those immaculate 
 powers with which he was naturally endowed. 
 All science the philosopher made to consist io 
 reminiscence, and in recalling the nature, 
 forms, and proportions, of those perfect and 
 immutable essences, with which the human 
 mind had been conversant. From observa- 
 tions like these, the summit of felicity might 
 be attained by removingfrom the material, and 
 approaching nearer to the intellectual world, 
 by curbing and governing the passions, which 
 were ever agitated and inflamed by real or ima- 
 ginary objects. The passions were divided into 
 two classes; the first consisted of the irascible 
 passions, which originated in pride or resent- 
 ment, and were seated in the breast: the 
 other, founded on the love of pleasure, was the 
 concupiscible part of the soul, seated in the 
 belly, and inferior parts of the body. These 
 different orders induced the philosopher to 
 compare the soul to a small republic, of which 
 
PL 
 
 the reasoning and judging powers were sta- 
 tioned in the head, as in a firm citadel, and of 
 which the senses were its guards and servants. 
 By the irascible part of the soul men asserted 
 their dignity, repelled injuries, and scorned 
 danger; and the concupiscible part provided 
 the support and the necessities of the body, 
 and, when governed with propriety, it gave 
 rise to temperance. Justice was produced by 
 the regular dominion of reason, and by the 
 submission of the passions ; and prudence arose 
 from the strength, acuteness, and perfection of 
 the soul, without which all other virtues could 
 not exist. But, amidst all this, wisdom was not 
 easily aifained; at their creation all minds were 
 not endowed with the same excellence, the bo- 
 dies which they animated on earth were not 
 always in harmony with the divine emanation : 
 some might be too weak, others too strong, and 
 on the first years of a man's life depended 
 his future consequence ; as an effeminate and 
 licentious education seemed calculated to de- 
 stroy the purposes of the divinity, while the 
 contrary produced different effects, and tend- 
 ed to cultivate and improve the reasoning and 
 judging faculty, and to produce wisdom and 
 virtue. Plato was the first who supported the 
 immortality of the soul upon arguments solid 
 and permanent, deduced from truth and ex- 
 perience. He did not imagine that the dis- 
 eases, and the death of the body, could injure 
 the principle of life and destroy the soul, 
 which, of itself, was of divine origin, and of 
 an uncorrupted and immutable essence^ which, 
 though inherent for a while in matter, could 
 not lose tiiat power which was the emanation 
 of God. From doctrines like these, the great 
 founder of Platonism concluded, that there 
 might exist in the world a community of men 
 whose passions could be governed with mode- 
 ration, and who from knowing the evils and 
 miseries which arise from ill conduct, might 
 aspire to excellence, and attain that perfection 
 which can be derived from the proper exercise 
 of the rational and moral powers. To illus- 
 trate this more fully, the philosopher wrote 
 a book, well known by the name of the re- 
 public of Plato, in which he explains, with 
 aculeness,judgment,atid elegance, the rise and 
 revoiution of civil society; and so respected 
 was his opinion as a legislator, that his schol- 
 ars were employed in regulating the repub- 
 lics 0f Arcadia, Elis, and Cnidus, at the de- 
 sire of those states, and Xenocrates gave po- 
 litical rules forgood and impartial government 
 to the conqueror of the east. The best edi- 
 tions of Plato are those of Francof. fol. 1602. 
 and Bipont. 12 vols. Svo. 1788. Plato. Dial. 
 &c. — -Cic.de Offic. 1. de div. 1, c. 36. de J\\ 
 D. 2, c. 12. Tas. 1, c. \1.—Plut. in Sol. kc— 
 Seneca, ep. — Quintil. 10, c. 1, &.c. — JElian. V. 
 H. 2 and 4. — Paus. 1, c. 30. — i)tog.— -A son 
 
 of Lycaon, king of Arcadia. A Greek poet, 
 
 called ti]e prince of the middle comedy, who 
 flourished B. C. 445. Some fragments remain 
 ®f his pieces. 
 
 Plator, a man of Dyrrhachium, put to 
 death by Piso. Cic. Pis. 34. 
 
 Plavis, a river of Venetia, in Italy. 
 
 Plautia Lnx, was enacted by M. Plau- 
 tius, the tribune, A. U. C. 6t)4. It required 
 every tribe annually to choose fifteen persons 
 «f their body, to serve as judges, making the 
 
 PL 
 
 honour common to all the three ordei's, ac- 
 cording to the majority of votes in every tribe. 
 Another, called also Plolia, A. U. C. 675. 
 
 It punished with the interdictio ignis ^ aquce, 
 all persons who were found guilty of attempts 
 upon the state, or the senators or magistrates, 
 or such as appeared in public armed with an 
 evil design, or such as forcibly expelled any 
 person from his legal possessions. 
 
 Plautianus Fulvius, an Airican of mean 
 birth, who was banished for his seditious 
 behaviour in the years of his obscurity. In 
 his banishment, Plautianus formed an ac- 
 quaintance with Severus, who, some years af- 
 ter, ascended the imperial throne. This was 
 the beginning of his prosperity; Severus paid 
 the greatest attention to him, and, if we be- 
 lieve some authors, their familiarity and inter- 
 course were carried beyond the bounds of mo- 
 desty and propriety. Plautianus shared the 
 favours of Severus in obscurity as v, ell as on 
 the throne. He wasinvestedwithasmuch pow- 
 er as his patron atRome, and in the provinces, 
 and indeed, he wanted but the na'me of empe- 
 ror to be his equal. His table was served with 
 more delicate meats than that of the emperor; 
 when he walked in the public streets he re- 
 ceived the most distinguishing honours, and a 
 number of criers ordered the most noble citi- 
 zens, as well as the meanest beggars, to make 
 way for the favourite of the emperor, and not 
 to fix their eyes upon him. He was concerned 
 in all the rapine and destruction which was 
 committed through the empire, and he en- 
 riched himself with the possessions of those 
 who had been sacrificed to the emperor's cru- 
 elty or avarice. To complete his triumph, 
 and to make himself still greater, Plautianus 
 married his favourite daughter Plautilla to Ca- 
 racalla, the son of the emperor; and so eager 
 was the emperor to indulge his inclination in 
 this, and in every other respect, that he de- 
 clared he loved Plautianus so much, that he 
 would even wish to die before him. The mar- 
 riage of Caracalla with Plautilla was attended 
 with serious consequences. The son of Seve- 
 rus had complied with great reluctance, and, 
 though Plautilla was amiable in her manners, 
 commanding in aspect, and of a beautiful coun- 
 tenance, yet the youngprince often threatened 
 to punish her tiaughtyand^mperious behaviour 
 as soon as he succeeded to the throne, Plau- 
 tilla reported the whole to her father, and to 
 save his daughter from the vengeance of Cara- 
 calla, Plautianus conspired against the empe- 
 ror and his son. The conspiracy was discov- 
 ered,and Severus forgot his attachment toPlau- 
 tianus, and the favours he had heaped upon 
 him , when he heard of his perfidy. The wick- 
 ed minister was immediately put to death, and 
 Plautilla banished to the island of Lipari, with 
 her brother Plautius, where, seven years af- 
 ter, she was put to death by order of Caracalla, 
 A. D. 211. Plautilla had two children, a son, 
 who died in his childhood, and a daughter, 
 whom Caracalla murdered in the arms of her 
 mother. Dion. Cass. 
 
 Plautilla, a daughter of Plautianus, the 
 favourite minister of Severus. [Fid. Plautia- 
 nus.] The mother of the emperor Nerva, 
 
 descended of a noble family. 
 
 Plautius, a Roman, \s'ho became so dis- 
 consolate at the death of his wife, that he threw 
 
PL 
 
 himself upon herburning pile. Val. Max. 4, c. 
 
 6. Caius, a consul sent against the Priver- 
 
 nates, kc. Aulu3, a governor of Britain, 
 
 who obtained an ovation for the conquests he ' 
 
 had gained (here over the barbarians. One 
 
 of Olho's friends. He dissuaded him from kil- 
 ling himself. Lateranus, an adulterer of 
 
 Messalina, who conspired against Nero, and 
 
 was capitally condemned. Aulus, a general 
 
 who defeated the Umbrians and the Etrurians. 
 
 Caius, another general, defeated in Lusi- 
 
 tania. A man put to death by order of Ca- 
 
 racalla. M. Sylvanus, a tribune, who made 
 
 a law to prevent seditions in the public assem- 
 blies. Rubeliius, a man accused before 
 
 IVero, and sent to Asia, where he was assas- 
 sinated, 
 
 M. Accius Plautds, a comic poet, born 
 at Sarsina, in Umbria. Fortune proved unkind 
 to him, and, from competence, he was redu- 
 ced to the meanest poverty, by engaging in a 
 commercial line. To maintain himself, he en- 
 tered into the family of a baker as a common 
 servant, and, while he was employed in grind- 
 ing corn, he sometimes dedicated a few mo- 
 ments to the comic muse. Some, however, 
 confute this account as false, and support that 
 Plautus was never obliged to the laborious em- 
 ployments of a bakehouse for his maintenance. 
 He wrote 2-5 comedies, of which only 20 are 
 extant. Ke died about 184 years before the 
 Christian era ; and Varro, his learned country- 
 man, wrote this stanza, which deserved to be 
 engraved on his tomb: 
 Postqumn merte captus est Plautus, 
 Cotncedui lugel-, scena est desert a ; 
 Deinde risus, ludus, jocusque, ^ numeri 
 Innumeri simal omnes collacrifmdmait. 
 The plays of Plautus were universally esteem- 
 ed at Rome, and the purity, the energy, and 
 the elegance of his language, were, by other 
 writers, considered as objects of imitation ; 
 and V'arro, whose jodgment is great, and ge- 
 nerally decisive, declares, that if the Muses 
 were willing to speak Latin they would speak 
 in the language of Plautus. In the Augustan 
 age, however: when the Roman language be- 
 came more pure and refined, the comedies of 
 Plautus did not appear free from inaccuracy. 
 The poet, when compared to the more ele- 
 gant expressions of a Terence, was censured 
 tor his negligence in versification, his low wit. 
 execrable puns, and disgusting obscenities. 
 Yet, however, censured as to language or sen- 
 timents, Plautus continued to be a favourite on 
 the stage. If his expressions were not choice 
 or delicate, it was universally admitted that he 
 was more happy than other comic writers in 
 his pictures, the incidents of his plays were 
 more varied, the acts more interesting, the 
 characters more truly displayed, and the ca- 
 tastrophe more natural, in the reign of the 
 emjjeror Diocletian, his comedies were still 
 acted on the public theatres, and no greater 
 compliment can be paid to his abilities as a 
 comic writer, and no greater censure can be 
 passed upo:i his successors in dramatic compo- 
 sition, than to observe, that for 600 years, 
 with all the disadvantages of obsolete language 
 and diction, in spite of the change of manners, 
 and Ine revolutions of governnieiit, he com- 
 manded, and i*iceived, that applause which no 
 other writer dared to dispute with Liiu. The 
 
 PL 
 
 best editions of Plautus are that of GronoTius, 
 8vo. L. Bat. 1664 ; that of Barbou, 12ioo. in 9 
 vols. Paris, 1759 ; that of Ernesti. 2 vols. 8vo. 
 Lips. 1760 ; and that of Glasgow, 3 vols. 12mo. 
 1763. Varro apud Quintil. 10. c. 1. — Cic. ds 
 Qffic. 1, he. De Oral. 3, hc.—Horat. 2, ep. 1, 
 
 v. 58, 170, de art. poet. 54 and 270. .(Elianus^ 
 
 a high priest, who consecrated the capitol in 
 the reign of Vespasian. Tacit. Hist. 4, c. 63. 
 
 Plei.jldes, or V'jergilivE, a name givea 
 to seven of the daughters of Atlas by Pleione 
 or /Ethra, one of the Oceanides. They were 
 placed in the heavens after death, where they 
 formed a constellation called Pleiades, near 
 the back of the bull in the Zodiac. Their names 
 were Alcyone, Merope, Maia, Electra, Tay- 
 geta, Sterope, and Celeno. They all, except 
 Merope, who married Sisyphus, king of Co- 
 rinth, had some of the immortal gods for their 
 suitors. On that account, therefore, Me- 
 rope's star is dim and obscure among the rest 
 of her sisters, because she married a mortal. 
 The name of the Pleiades is derived from the 
 Greek word ?rxie». , to sail, because that constel- 
 lation shows the time most favourable to navi- 
 gators, which is in the spring. The name of 
 V'ei-giliae they derive from ver, the spring. 
 They are sometimes called Atlanlides, from 
 their father, or Hesperides, from the gardens 
 of that name, which belonged to Atlas. Hygin. 
 fab. 192. P. Jl. 2, c. 2\.—0vid. Met. 13, v. 
 293. Fast. 5, v. 106 and 170.— Hesiod. oper. ^ 
 dies. — Homer. Od. 5. — Horat. 4, od. 14. — Virg. 
 
 G. 1, v. 138, 1. 4, 233. Seven poets, who, 
 
 from their number, have received the name of 
 Pleiades, near the age of Philadelphus Ptole-» 
 my, king of Egypt Their names were Lyco- 
 phron, Theocritus, Aratus, IS'icander, Apol- 
 lonius, Philicus, and Horaerus the younger. 
 
 PleiG.ne; one of the Oceanides, who mar* 
 ried Atlas, king of Mauritania, by whom she 
 had twelve dauglitcrs, and a son called Hyas^ 
 Seven of the daughters were changed into a 
 constellation called Pitiades, and the rest into 
 another called Hyades. Ovid. Fast. 5, v. 84. 
 
 Pi.EMMYRiuM, now Massa Oliveri, a pro- 
 montory with a small castle of that name, in 
 the bay of Syracuse. Virg. JEn 3, v. 693. 
 
 Pi.E.MNEus, a king of Sicyon, son of Pe- 
 ratus. His children always died as soon as 
 born, till Ceres, pitying his misfortune, offer- 
 ed herself as a nurse to his wife, as she was 
 going to be brought to bed. The child lived 
 by the care and [ rotection of the goddess, and 
 Plemneus was no sooner acquainted with the 
 dignity of his nur«e, than he raised her a tem- 
 ple. Pans. 2, c.6and 11. 
 
 Pleumosii, a people of Belgium, the ie- 
 habitants of modern Tournav. Cas. G. 6, 
 c. 3S, 
 
 Pf.KCidxcs, a king of Illvricam. Liv. 26- 
 C.24. 
 
 PLKinoN', a son cf iEtolus, who mar- 
 ried Xantip])e, the daughter of Dorns, by 
 whom he hud Agenor. He founded a city 
 in .(Etolia on the Evenus, which bore hi*- 
 name. JlpoUod. 1, c. 7. — Plin. 4, c. 2. — 6//. 
 15, V. ^10.— Pans. 7;C. Vi.—Ovid.Mtt. 7. %. 
 382. 
 
 Plekaurk, one of the Oceanides. Hesiou 
 
 Plkxifpus, a son of Thestiu;-, brother Iff' 
 .\llnjea, the wife of O-neus. He was killeu 
 by his nephew Melcager.in luinling (he Caly- 
 
PL 
 
 donian boar. His brother Toxeus shared his 
 
 fate. [FiW. Althaea and Meleager.] A son 
 
 of Phineus and Cleopatra, brother to Pan- 
 dion, king of Athens. Jipollod. 
 
 C. PuNius Skcundds, surnamed the El- 
 der, was born at Verona, of a noble family. 
 He distinguished himself in the field, and, after 
 he had been made one of the augurs at Rome, 
 he was appointed governor of Spain. In his 
 public character he did not neglect the plea- 
 sures of literature, the day was employed in 
 the administration of the affairs of his province, 
 and the night was dedicated to study. Every 
 moment of time was precious to him : at his 
 meals one of his servants read to him books 
 valuable for their information, and from them 
 he immediately made copious extracts, in a 
 memorandum boak. Even while he dressed 
 himself after bathing, his attention was called 
 away from surrounding objects, and he was 
 either employed in listening to another, or in 
 dictating himself. To a mind so earnestly de- 
 voted to learning, nothing appeared too labo- 
 rious, no undertaking too troublesome. He 
 deemed every moment lost which was not de- 
 dicated to study, and, from these reasons, he 
 never appeared at Rome but in a chariot, and, 
 wherever he went, he was always accompa- 
 nied by his amanuensis. He even censured 
 }iis nephew, Pliny the younger, because he 
 Lad indulged himself with a walk, and sternly 
 observed, that he might have employed those 
 moments to better advantage. But if his li- 
 terary pursuits made him forget the public af- 
 fairs, his prudence, his abilities, and the purity 
 and innocence of his character, made him 
 known and respected. He was courted and 
 admired by the emperors Titus and Vespasian, 
 and he received from them all the favours 
 which a virtuous prince could offer, and an ho- 
 nest subject receive. As he was at Misenum, 
 where he commanded the lleet, which was 
 then stationed there, Pliny was surprised at 
 the sudden appearance of a cloud of dust and 
 ashes. He was then ignorant of the cause 
 which produced it, and he immediately set 
 sail in a small vessel for mount Vesuvius, 
 which he at last discovered to have made a 
 dreadful eruption. The sight of a number of 
 boats that fled from the coast to avoid the dan- 
 ger, might have deterred another, but the cu- 
 riosity of Pliny excited him to advance with 
 more boldness, and, though his vessel was of- 
 ten covered with stones and ashes, that were 
 continually thrown up by the mountain, yet he 
 landed on the coast. The place was deserted 
 by the inhabitants, but Pliny remained there 
 during the night, the better to observe the 
 mountain, which, during the obscurity, ap- 
 peared to be one c(jntinual blaze. He was 
 soon disturbed by a dreadful earthquake, and 
 the contrary wind on the morrow prevented 
 him from returning to Misenum. The erup- 
 tion of the volcano increased, and, at last, the 
 fire approached the place where the philoso- 
 pher made his observations. Pliny endea- 
 voured to fly before it, but though he was 
 supported by two of his servants, he was un- 
 able to esca[)e. He soon fell down, suflocated 
 by the thick vapours that surrounded him, 
 and the insupportable stench of sulphureous 
 tnatter. His body was found three days after 
 afid decently buried by his nephew, who was 
 
 PL 
 
 then at Misenum with the fleet. This memo- 
 rable event happened in the 79th year of the 
 Christian era, and the philosopher who pe- 
 rished by the eruptions of the volcano, has 
 been called by some the martyr of nature. 
 He was then in the 56th year of his age. Of 
 the works which he composed none are extant 
 but his natural history in 37 books. It is a 
 work, as Pliny the younger says, full of eru- 
 dition, and as varied as nature itself. It treats 
 of the stars, the heavens, wind, rain, hail, mi- 
 nerals, trees, flowers, and plants, besides an 
 account of all living animals- birds, fishes, and 
 beasts ; a geographical description of every 
 place on the globe, and an history of every art 
 and science, of commerce and navigation, with 
 their rise, progress, and several improvements. 
 He is happy in his descriptions as a naturalist, 
 he writes with force and energy, and though 
 many of his ideas and conjectures are some- 
 times ill founded, yet he possesses that fecun- 
 dity 01 imagination, and vivacity of expres- 
 sion, which are requisite to treat a subject with 
 propriety, and to render an history of natune 
 pleasing, interesting, and above all, instruc- 
 tive. His style possesses not the graces of the 
 Augustan age, he has neither its purity and 
 elegance, nor its simplicity, but it is rather 
 cramped, obscure, and sometimes unintelligi- 
 ble. Yet for all this it has ever been admired 
 and esteemed, and it may be called a compi- 
 lation of every thing which had been written 
 before his age on the various stibjects which 
 he treats, and a judicious collection from the 
 most excellent treatises which had been com- 
 posed on the various productions of nature. 
 Pliny was not ashamed to mention the authors 
 which be quoted, he speaks of them with ad- 
 miration, and while he pays the greatest com- 
 plimentto Iheirabilities, his encomiums show, 
 in the strongest light, the goodtiess, the sensi- 
 bility, and the ingenuousness of his own mind. 
 He had written 160 volumes of remarks and 
 annotations on the various authors which he 
 had read, and so great was the opinion in his 
 contemporaries, of his erudition and abilities, 
 that a man called Lartius Luli.iis ottered to 
 buy his notes and observations for the enor- 
 mous sura of about 32427. English money. The 
 philosopher, who was himself rich and inde- 
 pendent, rejected the offer, and his compila- 
 tions, after his death, came into the hands of 
 his nephew Pliny. The best editions of PJiny 
 are that of Harduin, 3 vols, fol Paris 1723, that 
 of Frantzius, 10 vols. 8vo. Lisp. 1778, that of 
 Brotier, 6 vols. 12mo. Paris 1779, and tiie Va- 
 riorum, 8vo. in 8 vols. Lisp. 177S to 1789. Ta- 
 cit. Ann. 1, c. 69, I. 13, c. 20, 1. la, c. 53.— 
 Plin. ep. &,c. C. Caecilius Secundus, sur- 
 named the younger, was son of L. Ca;cilius by 
 the sister of Pliny the elder. He was adopted 
 by his uncle whose name he assumed, and 
 whose estates and effects he inherited. He 
 received the greatest part of his education 
 under Quintilian, and at the age of 19 he ap- 
 peared at the bar, where he distinguisiied 
 himself so much by his eloquence, thcit he and 
 Tacitus were reckoned the two greatest oi-a- 
 tors of their age. He did not make his f)rofes- 
 sion an object of gain like the rest of the Ro- 
 man orators, but he refused fees from the rich 
 as well as from the poorest of his clients, and 
 declared that he (dicerfuHy employed him'-el- 
 
PL 
 
 Xorthe protection of innocence, the relief of 
 tlie indigent, and tiie detection of vice. He 
 published many of his harangues and orations, ' 
 which have been lost. When Trajan was in- ' 
 vested with the imperial purple, Pliny was 
 created consul by the emperor. This honour 
 the consul acknowledged in a celebrated pane- 
 gyric, which at the request of the Roman se 
 uate and in the name of the whole empire, he 
 pronounced on Trajan. Some time after he 
 presided over Pontus and Bithynia, in the of- 
 fice, and with the power, of pro-consul, and 
 fcy his humanity and philanthropy the subject 
 was freed from the burden of partial taxes, and 
 the persecution which had been begun against 
 the Christians of his province was stopped when 
 Pliny solemnly declared to the emperor that 
 the followers of Christ were a meek and inof- 
 fensive sect of men, that their morals were pure 
 and innocent, that they were free from all 
 crimes, and that they voluntarily bound Ihem- 
 eelvesby the most solemn oaths to abstain from 
 vice, and to relinquish every sinful pursuit. If 
 be rendered himself popular in his province, be 
 was not less resjiected at Rome. He was there 
 the friend of the poor, the patron of learning, 
 great without arrogance, affable in his beha- 
 viour, and an example of good breeding, so- 
 briety, temperance, and modesty. As a father 
 and a husband his character was amiable ; as a 
 subject he was faithful to his prince ; and as a 
 magistrate, he was candid, open, and compas- 
 fiionate. His native country shai-ed among the 
 rest his unbounded benevolence ; and Comura, 
 « small town of Insubria which gave him birth, 
 boasted of his liberality in the valuable and 
 choice library of books which he collected 
 there. He also contributed towards the ex- 
 penses which attended the education of his 
 countrymen, and liberally spent part of his 
 €state for the advancement of literature, and 
 for the instruction of those whom poverty 
 otherwise deprived of the advantages of a 
 public education. He made his preceptor 
 Quintilian, and the poet Martial, objects of 
 his benevolence, and when the daughter of the 
 former was married, Pliny wrote to the father 
 with the greatest civility ; and while he ob- 
 served that he was rich in the possession of 
 learning, though poor in the goods of fortune, 
 he begged of him to accept as a dowry for 
 his beloved daughter, 50,000 sesterces, about 
 300/. / would not, continued he, be so mo- 
 derate, were I not assured from your modesty 
 4ind disinterestedness, that the smallness of the 
 present will render it acceptable. He died in 
 the 52d year of his age, A. D. 113. He had 
 written an history of his own times, which is 
 lost. It is said, that Tacitus did not begin his 
 history till he had found it impossible to per- 
 suade Pliny to utidertake that laborious task, 
 and indeed what could not have been expected 
 from the panegyrist of Trajan, if Tacitus ac- 
 knowledged himself inferior to him in deli 
 neating the character of the times. Some 
 suppose, but falsely, that Pliny wrote the lives 
 of illustrious men, universally ascribed to Cor- 
 nelius JVepos. He also wrote poetry, but his 
 verses have all perished, and nothing of his 
 learned works remain, but his panegyric on 
 the emperor Trajan, and ten books of letters, 
 which he hiinself collected and prepared for 
 the public, from a numerous and respectable 
 71 
 
 PL 
 
 correspondence. These letters contain inan5r 
 curious and interesting facts; they abound 
 with many anecdotes of the generosity and the 
 humane sentiments of the writer. They are 
 written with elegance and great purity, and 
 the reader every where discovers that atfabi- 
 lity, that condescension and philanthropy, 
 which so egregiously marked the advocate 
 of the Christians, These letters are es- 
 teemed by some, equal to the voluminous 
 epistles of Cicero. In his panegyric, Pliny's 
 style is florid and brilliant ; he has used, to 
 the greatest advantage, the liberties of the 
 panegyrist, and the elegance of the cour- 
 tier. His ideas are new and refined, but 
 his diction is distinguished by that affecta- 
 tion and pomposity which marked the reign 
 of Trajan, The best editions of Pliny, are 
 those of Gesner, 8vo. Lips. 1770, and of 
 Lallemand, 12mo. Paris apud Barbou, and 
 of the panegyric separate, that of Schwartz, 
 4to. 1746, and of the epistles, the Variorum, 
 L. Bat. 1660, 8vo. Plin. ep. — Vossius. — <S{- 
 donius. 
 
 Plinthine, a town of Egypt on the Me- 
 diterranean. 
 
 Plistarchus, son of Leonidas of the family 
 of the Eurysthenidce, succeeded on the Spar- 
 tan throne at the death of Cleombrotus. He-, 
 rodot. 9, c, 10. A brother of Cassander. 
 
 Plisthanus, a philosopher of Elis who suc- 
 ceeded in the school of Phsedon. Diog. 
 
 Plisthenes, a son of Atreus king of Ar- 
 gos, father of Menelaus and Agamemnon ac- 
 cording to Hesiod and others. Homer, how- 
 ever, calls Menelaus and Agamemnon sons of 
 Atreas, though they were in reality the chil- 
 dren of Plisthenes. The father died very 
 young, and the two children were left in the 
 house of their grandfather, who took care of 
 them and instructed them. From his atten- 
 tion to them, therefore, it seems probable that 
 Atreus was universally acknowledged their 
 protector and father, and thence their sur- 
 name of AtridcE. Ovid. Rem. Am. v, 778. — 
 Dictys. Cret. 1. — Homer. II. 
 
 Pi.isTiNus, a brother of Faustulus the shep^ 
 herd, who saved the life of Romulus and Re- 
 mus. He was killed in a scuffle which hap- 
 pened between the two brothers, 
 
 Plistoanax and Plistonax, son of Pau- 
 sanias, was general of the Lacedaemonian 
 armies in the Peloponnesian war. He was 
 banished from his kingdom of Sparta for 19 
 years, and was afterwards recalled by order 
 of the oracle of Delphi, He reigned 58 years. 
 He had succeeded Plistarchus, Tkucyd. 
 
 PusTUS, a river of Phocis falling into lb« 
 bay of Corinth. Slrab. 9, 
 
 Plot/E, small islands on the coast of JEte- 
 lia, called also Strophades. 
 
 Plotina PoMPEiA, a Roman lady who 
 married Trajan while he was yet a private 
 man. She entered Rome in the procession 
 with her husband when he was saluted empe- 
 ror, and distinguished herself by the aft'abilitjT 
 of her behaviour, her humanity, and liberal ot- 
 lices to the poor and friendless. She accom- 
 panied Trajan in the east, and at his death she 
 brought back his ashes t,o Rome, and still en- 
 joyed all the honours and titles of a Roman 
 empress under Adrian, who, by her means, 
 hau succeeded to the vacant throne. At her 
 
PL 
 
 death, A. I). 122, she was ranked among the 
 gods, and received divine honours, which ac- 
 cording to the superstition of the times, she 
 seemed to deserve, from her regard for the 
 good and the prosperity of the Roman empire, 
 and for her private virtues. Dio7i. 
 
 Plotinopolis, a town of Thrace built by 
 the emperor Trajan, and called after Plotina, 
 the founder's wife. Another in Dacia. 
 
 Plotinus, a Platonic philosopher of Ly- 
 copolis in Egypt. He was for eleven years a 
 pupil of Ammonius the philosopher, and after 
 he had profited by all the instructions of his 
 learned preceptor, he determined to improve 
 his knowledge and to visit the territories of 
 India and Persia to receive information. He 
 accompanied Gordianinhis expedition into the 
 east, but the day which proved fatal to the 
 emperor, nearly terminated the life of the phi- 
 losopher. He saved himself by flight, and 
 the following year he retired to Rome, where 
 he publicly taught philosophy. His school was 
 frequented by people of every sex, age, and 
 quality, by senators, as well as plebeians; and 
 so great was the opinion of the public of his 
 honesty and candour, that many, on their 
 death-bed, left all their possessions to his care, 
 and intrusted their children to him, as a su- 
 perior being. He was the favourite of all the 
 Romans; and while he charmed the populace 
 by the force of his eloquence, and the senate 
 by his doctrines, the emperor Gallienus court- 
 ed him, and admired the extent of his learn- 
 ing. It is even said, that the emperor and 
 the empress Salonina intended to rebuild a 
 decayed city of Campania, and to appoint the 
 philosopher over it, that there he might ex- 
 perimentally know, while he presided over a 
 colony of philosophers, the validity and the 
 use of the ideal laws of the republic of Plato. 
 This plan was not executed through the envy 
 and malice of the enemies of Plotinus. The 
 philosopher, at last, become helpless and in- 
 firm, returned to Campania, where the libe- 
 rality of his friends for a while maintained 
 him. He died A. D. 270, in the 66th year of 
 his age, and as he expired he declared that 
 he made his last and most violent efforts to give 
 up what there was most divine in him and in 
 the rest of the universe. Amidst the great 
 qualities of thephilosopher, we discover some 
 ridiculous singularities. Plotinus never per- 
 mitted his picture to be taken, and he ob- 
 served, that to see a painting of himself in 
 the following age was beneath the notice of 
 an enlightened mind. These reasons also in- 
 duced him to conceal the day, tlie hour, and 
 the place of his birth. He never made use of 
 medicines, and though his body was often de- 
 bilitated by abstinence or too much study, he 
 despised to have recourse to a physician, and 
 thought that it would degrade the gravity of 
 a philosopher. His writings have been col- 
 4ected by his pupil Porphyry. They consist of 
 54 different treatises divided into six equal 
 parts, written with great spirit and vivacity ; 
 but the reasonings are abstruse, and the sub- 
 iect metaphysical. The best edition is that of 
 Picinus, fol. Basil, 1580. 
 
 Plotius Crispi^jus, a stoic philosopher 
 and poet, whose verses were very inelegant, 
 and whose disposition was morose, for which 
 he has teen ridiculed, by Horace, and called 
 
 c 
 
 PL 
 
 Arttalogvit. Horat. 1, sat. 1, v. 4. Callus, 
 
 a native of Lugdunum, who taught grammar 
 at Rome, and had Cicero among his pupils. 
 Cic. de Oral. Griphus, » man made sena- 
 tor by Vespasian. Tacit, Hist. 3. A cen- 
 turion in Caesar's army. C(zs. B. C. 3, c. 19. 
 
 Tucca, a friend of Horace and of Virgil, 
 
 who made him his heir. He was selected by 
 Augustus, with Varius, to review the iEneid 
 
 of Virgil. Horat. l,sat. 5, v. 40. Lucius, 
 
 a poet in the age of the great Marius, whose 
 exploits he celebrated in his verses. 
 
 PjLusios, a surname of Jupiter at Sparta, 
 expressive of his power to grant riches. Paus. 
 3, c. 19. 
 
 Plutarchus, a native of Chseronea, de- 
 scended of a respectable family. His father, 
 whose name is unknown, was distinguished for 
 his learning and virtues, and his grandfather, 
 called Lamprias, was also as conspicuous for 
 his eloquence and the fecundity of his genius. 
 Under Ammonius, a reputable teacher at 
 Delphi, Plutarch was made acquainted with 
 philosophy and mathematics, and so well es- 
 tablished was his character, that he was ap- 
 pointed by his countrymen, while yet very 
 young, to go to the Roman pro-consul in their 
 name, upon an aft'air of the most important 
 nature. This commission he executed with 
 honour to himself, and with success for hi* 
 country. H« afterwards travelled in quest of 
 knowledge, and after he had visited, like a 
 philosopher and an hist(H!ian, the territories 
 of Egypt and Greece, he retired to Rome, 
 where he opened a school. His reputatioa 
 made his school frequented. The emperor 
 Trajan admired his abilities, and honoured 
 him with the office of consul, and appointed 
 him governor oflllyricura. After the death 
 of his imperial benefactor, Plutarch removed 
 from Rome to Cheeronea, where he lived in 
 the greatest tranquillity, respected by his fel- 
 low-citizens, and raised to all the honours 
 which his native town could bestow. In this 
 peaceful and solitary retreat, Plutarch closely 
 applied himself to study, and wrote the great- 
 est part of bis works, and particularly his lives. 
 He died in an advanced age at Chaironea, 
 about the 140th year of the Christian era. 
 Plutarch had live children by his wife, called 
 Timoxena,four sons and one daughter. Two 
 of thc' sons and the daughter died when young, 
 and those that survived were called Plutarcli 
 and Lamprias, and the latter did honour 
 to his father's memory, by giving to the 
 world an accurate catalogue of his writings. 
 In his pirvate and public character, the histo- 
 rian of Chaeronea was the friend of discipline. 
 He boldly asserted the natural right of man- 
 kind, liberty; but he recommended obedience 
 and submissive deference to magistrates, as ne- 
 cessary to preserve the peace of soci^y. He 
 supported, that the most violent and danger- 
 ous public factions arose too often from private 
 disputes and from misunderstanding. To ren- 
 der hiaaself more intelligent, he always car- 
 ried a common place-book with him, and he 
 preserved with the greatest care whatever 
 judicious observations fell in the course of con- 
 versation. The most esteemed of his works 
 are his lives of illustrious men, of whom he- 
 examines and delineates the different charac- 
 ters with wonderful skill and impartiality. He^ 
 
 \ 
 
PL 
 
 neither misrepresents the virtues, nor hiJes 
 the foibles of iiis heroes. He writes with pre- 
 cision and with fidelity, and though his dic- 
 tion is neither pure nor elegant, yet there is 
 energy and animation, and in many descrip- 
 tions he is inferior to no historian. In some of 
 iiis narrations, however, he is often too cir- 
 cumstantial, his remarks are often injudicious ; 
 ai«d when he compares the heroes of Greece 
 with those of Rome, the candid reader can 
 easily remember which side of the Adriatic 
 gave the historian birth. Some have accused 
 him of not knowing the genealogy of his he- 
 roes, and have censured him for his supersti- 
 tion ; yet for all this, he is the most entertain- 
 ing, the most instructive, and interesting of all 
 the writers of ancient history; and were a 
 man of true taste and judgment asked what 
 book he wished to save from destruction, of 
 «ill the profane comfiositions of antiquity, he 
 would perhaps without hesitation reply, the 
 Lives of Plutarch. In his moral treatises, 
 Plutarch appears in a different character, and 
 his misguided philosophy, and erroneous doc- 
 trines, render some of these inferior compo- 
 sitions puerile and disgusting. They however 
 contain many useful lessons and curious facts, 
 and "though they are composed without con- 
 nexion, compiled without judgment, and 
 often abound with improbable stories, and 
 false reasonings, yet they contain much infor- 
 mation, and many useful reflections. The 
 l)est editions of Plutarch are that of Francfort, 
 2 vols. fol. 1599; that of Stephens, 6 vols. 8vo. 
 1572 ; the Lives by Reiske, 12 vols. 8vo. Lips. 
 1775 ; and the Moralia, &,c. by Wyttenbach. 
 
 Plul. A native of Eretria, during the Pe- 
 
 loponnesian war. He was defeated by the Ma- 
 cedonians. Plut. in Phoc. 
 
 Plutia, a town of Sicily. Cic. in Verr. 
 Plvto, a son of Saturn and Ops, inherited 
 his father's kingdom with his brothers, Jupiter 
 and Neptune. He received as his lot the king- 
 dom of hell, and whatever lies under the earth, 
 and as such he became the god of the infernal 
 regions, of death and funerals. From his func- 
 tions, and the place he inhabited, he received 
 different names. He was called Dis, Hades, or 
 .ddes, Clylopolon, Jlgelastus, Orcus, &c. As 
 the place of his residence was obscure and 
 gloomy, all the goddesses refused to marry 
 him ; but he determined to obtain by force 
 what was denied to his solicitations. As he 
 once visited the island of Sicily, after a violent 
 earthquake, he saw Proserpine, the daughter 
 of Ceres, gathering flowers in the plains of 
 Enna, with a crowd of female attendants. 
 He became enamoured of her, and imme- 
 diately carried her away upon his chariot 
 drawn by four horses. To make this retreat 
 more unknown, he opened himself a passage 
 through the earth, by striking it with his tri- 
 dent in the lake of Cyane in Sicily, or, accor- 
 ding to others, on the borders of the Cephisus 
 in Attica. Proserpine called upon her atten- 
 dants for help, but in vain, and she became the 
 wife of her ravisher, and the queen of hell. 
 Pluto is generally represented as holding a tri- 
 dent with two teeth, he has also keys in his 
 hand, to intimate that whoever enters his 
 kingdom can never return. He is looked upon 
 as a hard-hearted and inexorable god, with a 
 gvhn and dismal countenance, and lor that rea- 
 
 PL 
 
 son no temples were raised to his honour as to 
 the rest of the superior gods. Black victims, 
 and particularly a bull, were the only sacrifices 
 which were offered to him, and their blood 
 was not sprinkled on. the altars, or received in 
 vessels, as at other sacrifices, but it was per- 
 mitted to run down into the earth, as if it were 
 to penetrate as far as the realms of the god. 
 The Syracusans yearly sacrificed to him black 
 bulls, near the fountain of Cyane, where, ac- 
 cording to the received traditions, he had dis- 
 appeared with Proserpine. Among plants, 
 the cypress, the narcissus, and the maiden- 
 hair, were sacred to him, as also every thing 
 which was deemed inauspicious, particularly 
 the number two. According to some of the an- 
 cients, Pluto sat on a throne of sulphur, from 
 which issued the rivers Lethe, Cocytus, Phle- 
 gethon, and Acheron. The dog Cerberus 
 watched at his feet, the harpies hovered round 
 him, Proserpine sat on his left hand, and near 
 to the goddess stood the Eumenides, with 
 their heads covered with snakes. The Parcse 
 occupied the I'ight, and they each held in their 
 hands the symbols of their office, the distaff, 
 the spindle, and the scissors, Pluto is called 
 by some the father of the Eumenides. During 
 the war of the gods and the Titans, the Cy- 
 clops made a helmet, which rendered the 
 bearer invisible, and gave it to Pluto. Perseus 
 was armed with it when he conquered the 
 Gorgons. Hesiod. Tkeog. — Homer. II. — ^pol- 
 led. 1, hc.—Hygin. fab. 155. P. A. 2.— Stat. 
 Theb. 8.—Diod. 3.— Ovid. Met. 5, fab. 6.— 
 Pans. 2, c. 36. — Orpheus. Hymn. 17, k.c. — Cic. 
 de JVat. D. 2, c. 26.— Plato deRep.—Euri- 
 pid. in Med. Hippol. — JEschyl. in Pers. Prom. 
 — Varro. L. L. 4.—Catull. ep. S.— Virg. G. 4, 
 V. 502. .^n. 6, V. 273, 1. 8, v. 296.—Lucan. 6, 
 V. 715. — Horai. 2, od. 3 and 18. — Senec. in 
 Her. fur. 
 
 Plutonium, a temple of Pluto in LydJa. 
 Cic. dt Div. 1, c. 36. 
 
 Plctus, son of Jasion or Jasius, by Ceres, 
 the goddess of corn, has been confounded by 
 many of the mythologists with Pluto, though 
 plainly distinguished from him as being the 
 god of riches. He was brought up by the 
 goddess of peace, and on that account, Pai 
 was represented at Athens, as holding the god 
 of wealth in her lap. The Greeks spoke of 
 him as of a fickle divinity. They represented 
 him as blind, because he distributed riches iji- 
 discriminately ; he was lame, because he came 
 slow and gradually ; but had wings, to intimate 
 that he flew awav with more velocity than he 
 approached raanlcind. Lucian. in Tim. — Pans. 
 9, c. 16 and 26. — Hygin. P. A. — Aristoph. in 
 Plul.—Diod. Q.—Hesiod. Th. 910.— Dionyt. 
 Hal. 1, c. 53. 
 
 Pluvius, a surname of Jupiter as god of 
 rain. He was invoked by that name among 
 the Romans, whenever the earth was parched 
 up by continual heat, and was in want of re- 
 freshing showers. He had an altar in the tem- 
 ple on the capitol. Tibidl. 1, el. 7, v. 26. 
 
 Plvnteria, a festival among the Greeks, 
 in honour of Aglauros, or rather of Minerva, 
 who received from the daughter of Cecrops 
 the name of Aglauros. The word seems to 
 be derived from 7rku^tlv, lavnrc, because, dur- 
 ing the solemnity, they undressed the statue 
 of the goddcss; and zvashed it. The day on 
 
PCE 
 
 which it was observed was universally looked 
 upon as unfortunate and inauspicious, and on 
 that account, no person was permitted to ap- 
 pear in the temples, as tliey were purposely 
 surrounded with ropes. ■ The arrival of Alci- 
 biades in Athens that day was deemed very 
 unfortunate; but, however, the success that 
 ever after attended him, proved it to be other- 
 wise. It was customary at this festival to bear 
 in procession a clusterof tigs, which intimated 
 the progress of civilization among the first in- 
 habitants of the earth, as figs served them fi»r 
 food after they had found a dislike for acorns. 
 Pollux. 
 
 Pnigeus, a village of Egypt, near Phoeni- 
 cia. Slrab. 16. 
 
 Pkvx a place of Athens, set apart by So- 
 lon for holding assemblies. C. Kep. Mt. 8. — 
 Plut.in Thes.8^ Them. 
 
 PoBUcius, a lieutenant of Pompey in 
 Spain. 
 
 PoDALiRius, a son of j^sculapius and 
 Epione. He was one of the pupils of the 
 Centaur Chiron, and he made himself under 
 him such a master of medicine, that during 
 the Trojan war, the Greeks invited him to 
 their camp, to stop a pestilence which had 
 baffled the skill of all their physicians. Some, 
 however, suppose, that he went to the Tro- 
 jan war not in the capacity of a physician 
 in the Grecian array, but as a warrior, at- 
 tended by his brother Machaon, in 30 ships 
 Avilh soldiers from OEcalia, Ithorae, and Trica. 
 At his return from the Trojan war, Poda- 
 lirius was shipwrecked on the coast of Ca- 
 ria, where he cured of the falling sickness 
 and married a daughter of Damoetas, the 
 king of the place. He fixed his habitation 
 there, and built two towns, one of which he 
 called Syrna, by the name of his wife. The 
 Carians, after his death, built him a temple, 
 and paid him divine honours. Diclys. Crct. 
 — Q. Smyrn. 6 and 9. — Ovid, de Art. Jim. 
 3. Trist. el. 6. — Faus. 3. A Rutulian en- 
 gaged in the wars of iEneas and Turnus. Virg. 
 .(En. 12, V. 304. 
 
 PoDAKCE, a daughter of Danaus. Apollod. 
 PoDARCEs, a son of Iphiclus of Thessaly, 
 
 who went to the Trojan war. The first 
 
 name of Priam. When Troy was taken by 
 Hercules, he was redeemed from slavery by 
 his sister Hesione, and from thence received 
 the name of Priam. [Vid. Priaraus.] 
 
 PoDAUEs, a general of Mantinea, in the age 
 of Epaminondas. Pans. 8, c. 9. 
 
 PoDARGE, one of the Harpies, mother 
 
 of two of the horses of Achilles, by the 
 
 Zephyrs. The word intimates tlie swiftness 
 
 of her feet. 
 
 PoDARGus. a charioteer of Hector. Homer. 
 
 Fa^AS, son of Thaumacus, was among the 
 
 Argonauts, The father of Philoctetes. The 
 
 son is often called pKuntia proles on account 
 «f his father. Ovid. Mel. 13, v. 45. 
 
 PcECiLE, a celebrated portico at Athens, 
 which received its name from the variety 
 (TTutiiui) of paintings which it contained. It 
 was there that Zetio kef»t his school, and 
 the stoics also received their lessons there, 
 whence their name (a ?», a porch.) The 
 Pcecile was adorned with pictures of gods 
 and benefactors, and among many others was 
 *hat of the siege and sacking of Troy, the 
 
 PO 
 
 battle of Theseus against the Amazens, the 
 fight between the Lacedjemonians and Athe- 
 nians at (Enoe in Argolis, and of Alliens the 
 great friend of Athens. The only reward 
 which Miltiades obtained after the battle of 
 Marathon, was to have his picture drawn 
 more conspicuous than that of the rest of 
 the officers that fought with him, in there- 
 presentation which was made of the engage- 
 ment, which was hung up in the Pcecile, 
 in commemoration of that celebrated vic- 
 tory. C. JVep. in Milt. 4-- Attic. 3.— Pans, 
 l.—Plin. 35. 
 
 PcENi, a name given to the Carthaginians. 
 It seems to be a corruption of the word 
 Phceni, or Phcenices, as the Carthaginians 
 were of Phoenician origin. Strv. ad Virg. 
 1, V. 302. 
 PffioN. [Tzd. Paeon.] 
 
 PffiONiA, a part of Macedonia. [Vid,.,. 
 Pffionia ] 
 PoEus, a part of mount Pindus. 
 PoGON, a harbour of the Troezenians on 
 I he coast of the Peloponnesus. It received 
 this name on account of its ap})eai"ing to come 
 forward before the town of Troezene, as the 
 beara{-^'»yM,) does from the chin. Utrab. 8. — 
 Meia, 2. 
 
 PoLA, a city of Istria, founded by the Col- 
 chians, and afterwards made a Roman colony, 
 and called Pielas Julia. Plin. 3, c. 9.— Jtfc/a, 
 2, c. 3.— Slrab. 1 and 5. 
 
 PoLEMARCHDs. [Vid. Archon.] The 
 
 assassin of Polydorus king of Spaita. Paus. 
 2, c. 3. 
 
 PoLEMocRATiA, E quccn of Thracc, who 
 fled to Brutus after the xnurder of Caesar. 
 She retired from her kingdom because her 
 subjects had lately murdered her husband. 
 
 PoLEMON, a youth of Athens, son ol Phi- 
 lostratus. He was much given to debauchery 
 and extravagance, and spent the greatest part 
 of his life in riot and drunkenness. He once, 
 when intoxicated, entered the school of Xeno* 
 crates, while the philosopher was giving his 
 pupils a lecture upon the effects of intempe- 
 rance, and he was so struck with the eloquence 
 ot the academician, and the force of his argu- 
 ments, that from that moment he renounced 
 the dissipated life he had led, and applied him- 
 self totally to the study of philosophy. He 
 was then in the 30th year of his age, and from 
 that time never drank any other liquor but 
 water; and after the death of Xenocrates he 
 succeeded in the school where his reformation 
 had been eftected. He died about 270 years 
 before Christ, in an extreme old age. Biog. 
 in vita. — Horat.% sat. 3, v. 254. — Val. Max. 
 
 6, c. 9. A son of Zeno the rhetorician, 
 
 made king of Pontus by Antony. He atten- 
 
 ded his patron in his expedition against Par- 
 thia. After the battle of Actium he was re- 
 ceived into favour by Augustus, though he had 
 fought in the cause of Antony. He was killed 
 some time after by the barbarians near the 
 Paulus Meeotis, against whom he had made 
 
 war. Slrab. — Dion. His son of the same 
 
 name, was confirmed on his father's throne by 
 the Roman emperors, and the province of Ci- 
 licia was also added to his kingdom by Clau- 
 dius. An officer in the army of Alexander, 
 
 intimate with Pbilotas, ^c. Curt. 7, c. 1, &c. 
 A rhetorician at JRome, who wrote a poem 
 
PO 
 
 t>n weights and measures, still extant. He was 
 
 PO 
 
 master to Persins, the celebrated satirist, and 
 
 died in the age of Nero. A sophist of La- 
 
 odicea in Asia Minor, in the reign of Adrian. 
 He was often sent to the emperor with an em- 
 bassy by his countrymen, which he executed 
 with great success. He was greatly favoured 
 by Adrian, from whom he exacted much mo- 
 ney. In the 56th year of his age, he buried 
 himself alive, as he laboured with the gout. 
 He wrote declamations in Greek. 
 
 PoLEMONiuM, now Vatija, a town of Pon- 
 tus, at the east of the mouth of the Thermo- 
 don. 
 
 PoLiAs, a surname of Minerva, as protec- 
 tress of cities. 
 
 PoLicHNA, a town of Troas on Ida. Hero- 
 dot. 6, c. 28. Another of Crete. Thucyd. 
 
 2, c. 85. 
 
 PoLiEiA, a festival at Thebes in honour of 
 Apollo, who was represented there with grai/ 
 hair, (^o?.«©»), contrary to the practice of all 
 other places. The victim was a bull, but when 
 it happened once that no bull could be found, 
 an ox was taken from the cart and sacrificed. 
 From that time the sacrifice of labouring oxen 
 was deemed lawful, though before it was look- 
 ed upon as a capital crime. 
 
 PoLioRCETES, (destroyer of cities), a sur- 
 name given to Demetrius, son of Antigonus. 
 Plut. in Demet. 
 
 PoLisMA, a town of Troas, on the Simois. 
 Slrah. 13. 
 
 PoLi STRATUS, an Epicurean philosopher, 
 born the same day as Hippoclides, with whom 
 he always lived in the greatest intimacy. They 
 both died at the same hour. Diog. — Val. 
 Max. 1. 
 
 PoLiTES, a son of Priam and Hecuba, kill- 
 ed by Pyrrhus in his father's presence. Virg. 
 JEr\.2, V. 526, &,c. His son, who bore the 
 same name, followed iEneas into Italy, and 
 was one of the friends of young Ascanius. Id. 
 5, V. 664. - 
 
 PoLiTORiuM, a city of the Latins destroyed of JNero. 
 by the Romans, before Christ 639. Liv. 1, c. 
 33. 
 
 PoLLiNEA, a prostitute, he. Juv. 2, v. 68. 
 PoLLA Argentaria, the wife of the poet 
 Lucan. She assisted her husband in correct- 
 ing the three first books of his Pharsalia. 
 Stat. Sylv. 1 and 2. 
 
 PoLLENTiA, now Pokuza, a town of Ligu- 
 rla in Italy, famous for wool. There was a 
 celebrated battle fought there between the 
 Romans and Alaric, king of the Huns, about 
 the 403d year of the Christian era, in which 
 the former, according to some, obtained the 
 victory. Mela, 2, c. I.—Plin. 8, c. AS.— Suet. 
 
 Tib. 37. —Sit. 8, v. 598.— Cic. 11, Fain. 13. 
 
 A town of Majorca. Plin. S^/- Mela, of Pi- 
 
 cenura. Liv. 39, c. 44, 1. 41, c. 27. 
 
 Poi.LES, a Greek poet whose writings were 
 so obscure and unintelligible that his name be- 
 came proverbial. Suidas. 
 
 PoLLiO; C. Asinius, a Roman consul, under 
 the reign of x\ugustus, who distinguished him- 
 self as much by his eloquence and writings as 
 by his exploits in the field. He defeated the 
 Dalmatian.s, and favoured the cause of Antony 
 against Augustus. He patronised, with great 
 liberality, the poets Virgil and Horace, who 
 have immortalized him in their writings. He 
 
 was the first who raised a public library at 
 Rome, and indeed his example was afterwards 
 followed by many of the emperors. In his 
 library were placed the statues of all the 
 learned men of every age, and Varro vvas the 
 only person who was honoured there during 
 his life-time. He was with J. Caesar when he 
 crossed the Rubicon. He was greatly esteem- 
 ed by Augustus when he had become one of 
 his adherents, after the ruin of Antony. Pollio 
 wrote some tragedies, orations, and an his- 
 tory, which was divided into 17 books. All 
 these compositions are lost, and nothing re- 
 mains of his writings except a few letters 
 to Cicero. He died in the SOth year of his 
 age, A. D. 4. He is the person in whose 
 honour Virgil has inscribed his fourth eclogue, 
 Pollio, as a reconciliation was effected be- 
 tween Augustus and Antony during his con- 
 sulship. The poet, it is supposed by some, 
 makes mention of a son of the consul bora 
 about this time, and is lavish in his excursions 
 into futurity, and his predictions of approach- 
 ing prosperity. Paterc. 2, c 86 — Horat. 2, 
 od. 1, Sat. 10, 1. l.~Virg. Ed. 3 and 4.— VaL 
 
 Max. 8, c. 13. — Quint. 10. Annius, a man 
 
 accused of sedition before Tiberius, and ac- 
 quitted. He afterwards conspired against Ne- 
 ro, kc. Tadt. 6, c. 9, 1. 15, c. 56.— ^Vedius, 
 one of the f|||nds of Augustus, who used to 
 I feed his fishes with human flesh. This cruelty 
 
 was discovered when one of his servants broke 
 a glass in the presence of Augustus, who had 
 been invited to a feast. The master ordered 
 the servant to be seized ; but he threw him- 
 self at the feet of the emperor, and begged 
 him to interfere, and not to suffer him to be 
 devoured by fishes. Upon this the causes of 
 his apprehension were examined, and Augus- 
 tus, astonished at the barbarity of his favour- 
 ite, caused the servant to be dismissed, all the 
 fish-ponds to be filled up, and the crystal glasses 
 
 of Pollio to be broken to pieces. A man 
 
 who poisoned Britannicus, at the instigation 
 An historian in the age of Con- 
 
 stantine the Great. A sophist in the age of 
 
 Pompey the Great. A friend of the empe- 
 ror Vespasian. 
 
 PoLLis, a commander of the Laceda;mo- 
 nian lleet defeated at Naxos, B. C. 377. Diod. 
 
 PoLiiiJS Felix, a friend of the poet Statius, 
 to wjtialll he dedicated his second Sylva. 
 
 PoLLUPEx, now Final, a town of Genoa." 
 
 PoLT.cTiA, a daughter of L. Vetus, put to 
 death after her husband Rubellius Plautus, by 
 order of Nero, kc. Tacit. 16. jinii, c. 10 
 and 11. 
 
 Pollux, a son of Jupiter by Leda the 
 wife of Tyndarus. He was brother to Castor. 
 [Vid. Castor.] A Greek writer, who flour- 
 ished- A. D. 186, in the reign of Commodus, 
 and died in the 5Sth year of his age. He was 
 born at Naucratis, and taught rhetoric at 
 Athens, and wrote an useful work called 
 Onomasticon, of which the best edition is that 
 of Hemsterhusius, 2 vols. fol. Amst. 1706. 
 
 PoLTis, a king of Thrace, in the time of the 
 Trojan war. 
 
 PoLUs, a celebrated Grecian actor. A 
 
 sophist of Agrigentum. 
 
 PoLuscA, a town of Latium, formerly the 
 capital of the Volsci. The inhabitants w^ero 
 called Pollustini, Liv, 2, c, 39. 
 
PO 
 
 YoLi^yvi, a native of Macedonia, who 
 wrote eight books in Greek of stratagems 
 which he dedicated to the emperors Antoni- 
 nus and Verus, while they were making war 
 against the Parthians. He wrote also other 
 books which have been lost, among which was 
 an history, with a description of the city of 
 Thebes. The best editions of his stratagems 
 are those of Masvicius, 8vo. L. Bat. 1690, and 
 
 of Mursinna, 12mo. Berlin. 1756. A friend 
 
 of Philopcemen. An orator in the age of 
 
 Julius Caesar. He wrote in three books an ac- 
 count of Antony's expedition in FarLhia, and 
 likewise published orations. A mathema- 
 tician, who afterwards followed the tenets of 
 Epicurus, and disregarded geometry as a 
 false and useless study. Cic. in Acad, qucest. 4. 
 
 PoLVANUs, a mountain of Macedonia, near 
 Pindus. Sirab. 
 
 PoLYARCHus, the brother of a queen of Gy- 
 rene, &c. Polyom. 8. 
 
 PotYBiDAS, a general after the death of 
 Agesipolis the Lacedaimonian, He reduced 
 Olynthus. 
 
 PoLYBius, or PoLYBus, a king of Corinth, 
 who married Peribcea, whom some have call- 
 ed Meropc, He was son of Mercury by 
 Chthonophyle, the daughter of Sicyon, king 
 of Sicyon. He permitted his wife, who had no 
 children, to adopt and educate ^jriier own son, 
 (EfJipus, who had been found byhis shepherds 
 exposed in the woods. He had a daughter 
 called Lysianassa whom he gave in marriage 
 to Talaus, son of Bias king of Argos. As he 
 had no male child, he left his kingdom to 
 Adrastus, who had been banished from his 
 throne, and who had fled to Corinth for pro- 
 tection. Hygin. fab. QQ. — Pans. 2, c. 6. — 
 JipoUod. 3, c. 5. — Seneca, in (Edip. 813 
 
 PoLYBTus, a native of Megalopolis in Pe- 
 loponnesus, son of Lyuortas. He was early 
 initiated in the duties, and made acquainted 
 witb the qualifications of a statesman, by his 
 father, who was a strong supporter of the 
 Achosan league, and under him Philopoimen 
 was taught the art of war. In Macedonia he 
 distinguished himself by his valour against the 
 Komans, and when Perseus had been con- 
 rjuered, he was carried to the capital of Italy 
 as a prisoner of war. But he was not long bu- 
 rled in the obscurity of a dungeon. Scipio 
 and Fabius w^ere acquainted with hij||Hicom- 
 rnon abilities as a warrior and as a man of learn- 
 ing, and they made him their friend by kind- 
 wess and attention. Polybius was not insensi- 
 ble to their merit; he accompanied Scipio in 
 bis expeditions, and was present at the taking 
 o( Carthage and IN'umantia. In the midst of 
 his prosperity, however, he felt the distresses 
 of his country, which had been reduced in- 
 to a Roman province, and, like a true pa- 
 triot, he relieved its wants, and eased its ser- 
 vitude by making use of the iiiQuence which 
 lie liad acquired by his acquaintance with the 
 most powerful Komans. After the death of 
 liis friend and benefactor Scipio, he retired 
 Irom Rome, and passed the rest of his days 
 jit Megalopolis, where he enjoyed the com- 
 iorts and honours which every good man can 
 receive from the gratitude of his citizens, and 
 trom the self-satisfaction which attends a hu- 
 mane and benevolent heart. He died in the 
 82d year of his age, about 124 years before 
 
 PO 
 
 Christ, of a wound which he had received by a 
 fall from his horse. He wrote an universal his- 
 tory in Greek, divided into 40 books, which 
 began with the wars of Rome with the Cartha- 
 ginians, and finished with the conquest of Ma- 
 cedonia by Paulus. The greatest part of this 
 valuable history is lost ; the five first books are 
 extant, and of the twelve following the frag- 
 ments are jmmerous. The history of Polybius 
 is admired for its authenticity, and he is, per- 
 haps, the only historian among the Greeks 
 who was experimentally and professedly ac- 
 quainted with the military operations and the 
 political measures of which he makes mention. 
 He has been recommended in every age and 
 country as the best master in the art of war, 
 and nothing can more effectually prove the 
 esteem in which he was held among the Ro- 
 mans, than to mention that Brutus, the mur- 
 derer of Caesar, perused his history with the 
 greatest attention, epitomized it, and often re- 
 tired from the field where he had drawn his 
 sword against Octavius and Antony, to read 
 the instructive pages which described the 
 great actions of his ancestors. Polybius, how- 
 ever great and entertaining, is sometimes cen- 
 sured for his unnecessary digressions, for his 
 uncouth and ill-digested narrations, for his neg- 
 ligence, and the inaccurate aiTangement of 
 bis words. But every where there is instruc- 
 tion to be found, information to be collected, 
 and curious facts to be obtained, and it reflects 
 not much honourupon Livy for calling the his- 
 torian, from whom he has copied whole books 
 almost word for w^ord, without gratitude or 
 acknowledgment, haud quaquam spemendus 
 auctor. Dionysius also of Halicarnassus, is 
 one of his most violent accusers; buttiie his- 
 torian has rather exposed liis ignorance of true 
 criticism, than discovered inaccuracy or inele- 
 gance. The best editions of Polybius are those 
 of Gronovius, 3 vols. 8vo. Amst. 1670, of Er- 
 nesti, 3 vols. 8vo. 1764, and of Shweighaiuser, 
 7 vols. 8vo. Lips. 1785. Plal. in Phil, inprvec. 
 
 —Liv. 30, c. 45.— -Paws. 8, c. 30. A freed- 
 
 man of Augustus. Suet. A physician, disci- 
 ple and successor of Hippocrates. A sooth- 
 sayer of Corinth, who foretold to his sous the 
 fate that attended them in the Trojan war. 
 
 PoLYB(EA, a daughter of Amyclas and 
 Diomede, sister to Hyacinthus. Pans. 3, c. 
 19. 
 
 PoLYBffiTES. Vid. Polypcetes. 
 
 ror.YBoTKs, one of tl>e giants who made war 
 against Jupiter. He was killed by IVeptune, 
 who crushed him under a part of the island of 
 Cos, as he was walking across the Mgean. 
 Paus. 1, c. 2. — Hygin. inprm.fab. 
 
 PoLYBus, a king of Thebes in Egypt in the 
 time of the Trojan war. f{o7n. Od. 22, v. 284. 
 
 One of Penelope's suitors. Ovid. Ileroid. 
 
 1. A king of Sicyon. A king of Co- 
 rinth. Vid. Polybius. 
 
 PoLvcAON, a son of Lelex who succeeded 
 his brother Myles. He received divine hon- 
 ours after death with his wife Messene, at 
 Lacedaimon, where he had reigned. Paus. 4, 
 
 c. 1, &ic. A son of Butes, who married a 
 
 daughter of HyUus. 
 
 PoLYCAUPus, a famous Greek writer, bora 
 at Smyrna, and educated at the expense of a 
 rich but pious lady. Some suppose that he 
 was St. John's disciple. He became bishop 
 
PO 
 
 of Smyrna, and went to Rome to settle the 
 festival of Easter, but to no purpose. He was 
 condemned to be burnt at Sm^yroa, A. D. 167. 
 His epistle to the Philippians is simple and 
 modest, yet replete with useful precepts and 
 rules for the conduct of life. The best edi- 
 tion of Polycarp's epistle, is that of Oxon, 
 8vo. 1708, being annexed to the w^orks of 
 Ignatius. 
 
 PoLvcASTE, the youngest of the daughters 
 of Nestor. According to some authors she 
 married Telamachus, when he visited her fa- 
 ther's court in quest of Ulysses. 
 
 PoLYCHARES, a rich Messeniau, said to have 
 been the cause of the war which was kindled 
 between the Spartans and his countrymen, 
 which was called the first Messenian war. 
 
 PoLYCLEA, the mother of Thessalus, kc. 
 
 PoLvcLEs, an Athenian in the time of De- 
 metrius, &c . Polycen. 6. A famous athlete, 
 
 often crowned at the four solemn games of the 
 Greeks. He had a statue in Jupiter's grove at 
 Olympia. Pans, 6, c. 1. 
 
 PoLYCLETUS, a Celebrated statuary of Si- 
 cyou) about 232 years before Christ. He was 
 universally reckoned the most skilful artist of 
 bis profession among the ancients, and the se- 
 cond rank was given to Phidias. One of his 
 pieces, in which he had represented a body- 
 guard of the king of Persia, was so happily ex- 
 ecuted, and so nice and exact in all its propor- 
 tions, that it was looked upon as a most per- 
 fect model, and accordingly called the Rule. 
 He was acquainted with architecture. Pans. 
 
 3 and 6.— Quintil. 12, c. 10. Another who 
 
 lived about 30 years after. A favourite of 
 
 the emperor Nero, put to death by Galba. 
 
 PoLvcLiTus, ap historian of Larissa. Mien. 
 12.— Mlian. 16, c. 41. 
 
 PoLYCRATEs, a tyrant of Samos, well known 
 for the continual flow of good fortune which at- 
 tended him. He became very powerful, and 
 made himself master notoniy of the neighbour- 
 ing islands, but also of some cities on the coast 
 of Asia. He had a fleet of a hundred ships of 
 war, and was so universally respected, that 
 Amasis, the king of Egypt, made a treaty of 
 aHiance with him. The Egyptian monarch, 
 however, terrified by his continued prosperi- 
 ty, advised him to chequer his enjoyments, 
 by relinquishing some of his most favourite 
 objects. Polycrates complied, and tlirew into 
 the sea a beautiful seal, the most valuable of 
 bis jewels. The voluntary loss of so precious 
 a seal afflicted him for some time, but a few 
 days after, he received as a present a large 
 fish, in whose belly the jewel was found. 
 Amasis no sooner heard this, than he rejected 
 all alliance with the tyrant of Samos, and ob- 
 served, that sooner or later his good fortune 
 would vanish. Some time after Polycrates 
 visited Magnesia on the Maeander, where he 
 had been invited by Orcetes, the governor. 
 He was shamefully put to death, 522 years be- 
 fore Christ, merely because the governor 
 wished to terminate the prosperity of Poly- 
 crates, The daughter of Polycrates had dis- 
 suaded her father from going to the house of 
 Orcetus, on account of tlie bad dreams whicli 
 she had had, but her advice was disregarded. 
 Pans. 8, c. \4.~Slrah. 14.— Herodo! . 3, c. 31), 
 
 &c. A sophist of Athens, who, to engage 
 
 the public attention, wrote a panegyric on Bu- 
 
 PO 
 
 siris and Clytemnestra. Q^uhiiil. 2, c. i7. — — 
 An ancient statuary. 
 
 PoLYCRETA, Or PoLYCRiTA, a young wo- 
 man of Naxos, who became the wife of Di- 
 ognetus, the general of the Erythreans, &c. 
 
 Polycen. 8. Another woman of Naxos^ 
 
 who died through excess of joy. Plut. 4e. 
 clar. Mul. 
 
 PoLYCRiTus, a man who wrote the life of 
 Dionysius, the tyrant of Sicily. Diog. 
 
 PoLYCTOR, the husband of Stygna, one of 
 
 the Danaides. Apollod. 2, c. 1. The father 
 
 of Pisander, one of Penelope's suitors. Aa 
 
 athlete of Elis. It is said that he obtained a 
 victory at Olympia by bribing his adversary, 
 Sosandcr, who was superior to him in strength 
 and courage. Pans. 5, c. 21. 
 
 PoLYD^SMON, an Assyrian prince, killed by 
 Perseus. Ovid. Met. 5, fab. 3. 
 
 Pol YD AM AS, a Trojan, son of Antenor by 
 Theano, the sister of Hecuba. He married 
 Lycaste, a natural daughter of Priam. He is 
 accused by some of having betrayed his coun- 
 try to the Greeks. Dares Phry. A son of 
 
 Panthous, born the same night as Hector, He 
 was inferior in valour to none of the Trojans, 
 except Hector, and his prudence, the wisdoat 
 of his counsels, and the firmness of his mind, 
 claimed equal admiration, and proved most sa- 
 lutary to his unfortunate and misguided coun- 
 trymen. He was at last killed by Ajax, after 
 he had slaughtered a great number of the ene- 
 my. Dictys. Cret. 1, kc— Homer. It. 12, kc. 
 
 A celebrated athlete, son of Nicias, who 
 
 imitated Hercules in whatever he did. He 
 killed a lion with his fist, and it is said that he 
 could stop a chariot with his hand in its most 
 rapid course. He was one day with some of 
 his friends in a cave, when on a sudden, a 
 large piece of rock came tumbling down, and 
 while all fled away, he attempted to receive 
 the falling fragment in his arms. His prodi- 
 gious strength, however, was insufficient, and 
 he was instantly crushed to pieces under the- 
 rock. Paus. 6, c. 5. One of Alexander's of- 
 ficers, intimate with Parmenio. Curt. 4, c. 15. 
 
 PoLYDAMNA, a Wife of Thonis king of 
 Egypt, It is said that she gave Helen a cer- 
 tain powder, which had the wonderful power 
 of driving away care and melancholy. Ho- 
 mtr. Od. 4, v. 228. 
 
 PoLYDECTEs, a king of Sparta, of the fa- 
 mily of the Proclidae. He was son ofEuno- 
 
 mus. Paus. 3, c. 7. A son of Magnes, 
 
 king of the island of Scriphos, He received 
 with great kindness Danae and her son Per- 
 seus, who had been exposed on the sea by 
 Acrisius. \_Vid. Perseus.] He took particu- 
 lar care of the education of Perseus; but 
 when he became enamoured of Danae, here- 
 moved him from his kingdom, apprehensive of 
 his resentment. Some time alter he paid his 
 addresses to Danae, and when she rejected 
 him, he prepaied to otter her violence. Drt.- 
 nae fled to the altar of JVIiuerva for protection^ 
 and Dictys, the brother of Polydectes, whu 
 had himself sa\ed her from the sea-wafers, op- 
 posed her rnvisher, ai\d armed himself in her 
 defence. At this critical moment, Pei-seus 
 arrived, and with Medusa's hemd he turned 
 into stones Polydectes, with the associates of 
 his guilt. The crown of Seriplios was given t* 
 Dictys, who had shown himself so active in tlie 
 
FO 
 
 Ovid. Met. 6, v. 242.— 
 -A sculptor of Greece. 
 
 cause of innocenee 
 Hygin. fab. 63, kc- 
 
 PU71. 
 
 PoLVDEUCEA, a fountain of Laconia, near 
 Thcrapne. Slrah. 9 
 
 FoLYDuRA, a daughter of Peleus king of 
 Thessaly, by Antigone, the daughter of Eury- 
 lion. Slie married the river Sperchius, by 
 
 whom she had Mnestheus. ^pollod. ^One 
 
 of the Oceanides. Hesiod. A daughter of 
 
 Meleager king of Calydon, who married Pro- 
 tesilaus. She killed herself when she heard 
 that her husband was dead. The wife of Pro- 
 tesilaus is more commonly called Laodamia. 
 [Fid. Protesilaus.] Pans. 4, c. 2. A daugh- 
 ter of Perieres. An island in the Propouiis 
 
 nearCyzicus. 
 
 PoLYDoRus, a son of Alcaraenes, king of 
 Sparta. He put an end to the war which had 
 been carried on during 20 years, between 
 Messenia and his subjects, and during his 
 reign the Lacedaemonians planted two colo- 
 nies, one at Crotona, and the other at Locri. 
 He was universally respected. He was assas- 
 sinated by a nobleman, called Polemarchus. 
 His son Eurycrates succeeded him 724 years 
 before Christ. Pans. S.—Herodot. 7, c. 204. 
 
 A celebrated carver of Rhodes, who with 
 
 one stone made the famous statue of Laocoon 
 
 and his children. Plin. 34, c. 8. A son of 
 
 Hippomedon, who went with the Epigoni 
 
 to the second Theban war. Pans. 2. A 
 
 son of Cadmus and Hermione, who married 
 Nycteis, by whom he had Labdacus, the fa- 
 ther of Laius. He had succeeded to the 
 throne of Thebes, when his father had gone to 
 
 Illyricum. Jlpollod. 3. A brother of Jason 
 
 of Pheree, who killed his brother, and seized 
 
 upon his possessions. Diod. 15. A son of 
 
 Priam killed by Achilles. Another son of 
 
 Priam by Hecuba, or according to others by 
 Laothoe, the daughter of Altes, king of Peda- 
 sus. As he was young and inexperienced 
 when Troy was besieged by the Greeks, his 
 father removed him to the court of Polymnes- 
 tor, king of Thrace, and also intrusted to the 
 care of the monarch a large sum of money, 
 and the greatest part of his treasures, till his 
 country was freed from foreign invasion. No 
 sooner was the death of Priam known in 
 Thrace than Polymnestor made himself mas- 
 ter of the riches which were in his possession, 
 and to ensure them the better, he assassinated 
 young Polydorus, and threw his body into the 
 sea, where it was found by Hecuba. [Vid. 
 Hecuba.] According to Virgil the body of 
 Polydorus was buried near the shore by his 
 assassin, and there grew on his grave a 
 myrtle, whose boughs dropped blood, when 
 iEneas, going to Italy, attempted to tear ihem 
 from the tree. \_Vid. Polymnestor.] Virg. 
 JEn. 3, V. 21, kc.—.pollod. 3, c. \2.—0vid. 
 Met. 13, V. 432.— Homer. II. 20.— Dictys. 
 Crtt. 2, c. 18. 
 
 PoLYGius, a surname of Mercury. Pans. 
 
 PoLYGNuri's, a celebrated painter of Tha- 
 S09, about 422 years before the Christian 
 era. His fathers name was Aglaophon. He 
 adorned one of the public porticos of Athens 
 with his paintings, in which he had repre- 
 sented the most striking events of the Trojan 
 war. He particularly excelled in giving grace, 
 livellD^es, and expressiou to his piece:;. The 
 
 PO 
 
 Athenians were so pleased ^ith him, tlia^ 
 they ottered to reward his labours with what- 
 ever he pleased to accept. He declined Oiwi- 
 generous offer, and the Amphictyonic coun- 
 cil, which was composed of the representa- 
 tives of the principal cities of Greece, or- 
 dered that Polygnotus should be maintain- 
 ed at the public expense wherever he went. 
 QiiintiL 12, c. 10.— Plin. 33 and 34.— P/«^ in 
 
 Cim. — Paus. 10, c. 25, &c. A statuary. 
 
 Plin. 34. 
 
 Polyg6nu3 and Telegonus, sons of Pro- 
 teus and Coronis, were killed by Hercules. 
 JijJolLod. 
 
 Polyhymnia, and Polymnia, one of the 
 Muses, daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne, 
 She presided over singing and rhetoric, and 
 was deemed the inventress of harmony. She 
 was represented veiled in white, holding a 
 sceptre in her left hand, and with her right 
 raised up, as if ready to harangue. She had a 
 crown of jewels on her head. Hesiod. Theog. 
 75 and 915. — Plut. in Symp. — Horat. 1, od. 1,, 
 —Ovid. Fast. 5, v. 9 and 53. 
 
 Polyidius, a physician who brought back 
 to life Glaucus, the son of Minos, by applying 
 to his body a certain herb, with which he had 
 seen a serpent restore life to another which 
 was dead. [Vid. Glaucus.] Apollod. 3, c. 3. 
 
 -^Paus. 1, c. 43. A son of Hercules by one 
 
 of the daughters of Thestius. ^Spoiled. A 
 
 Corinthian soothsayer, called also Polybius. 
 A dithyrarobic poet, painter, and musician. 
 
 PoLYLAUs, a son of Hercules and Crathe, 
 daughter of Thespius. 
 
 PoLYMENEs, an officer appointed to take 
 care of Egypt after it had been conquered by 
 Alexander. Curt. 4, c. 8. 
 
 PoLYMEDE, a daughter of Autolycus, who 
 married iEson, by whom she had Jason. She 
 survived her husband only a few days. Apol- 
 lod. 1, c. 13. 
 
 PoLYMEDON, One of Priam's illegitimate 
 children. 
 
 PoLYMELA, one of Diana's companions. 
 She was daughter of Phylas, and had a son by 
 
 Mercury. Homer. II. 16. A daughter of 
 
 iEolus, seduced by Ulysses. A daughter of 
 
 Actor. She was the first wife of Peleus the 
 father of Achilles. 
 
 PoLYMNESTES, a Greek poet of Colophon, 
 
 Paus. 1, c. 14. A native of Thera, father 
 
 of Battus or Aristocles, by Phronima, the 
 daughter of Etearchus, king of Oaxus. Hero- 
 dot. 4, c. 150. 
 
 Polymnestor, a king of the Thracian 
 Chersonesus, who married Ilione the eldest 
 of Priam's daughters. When the Greeks be- 
 sieged Troy, Priam sent the greatest part of 
 his treasures, together with Polydorus, the 
 youngest of his sons, to Thrace, where they 
 were intrusted to the care of Polymnestor. 
 The Thracian monarch paid every attention 
 to his brother-in-law ; but when he was iu- 
 foiraed that Priam was dead, he murdered 
 him to become master of the riches which 
 were in his possession. At tliat time, the 
 Greeks were returning victorious from Troy, 
 followed by all the captives, among whom 
 was Hecuba, the mother of Polydorus. The 
 fleet stopped on the coast of Thrace, where 
 one of the female captives discovered on the 
 shore the bpdy of Polydorus, whom Folym- 
 
PO 
 
 PO 
 
 nestor had thrown into the sea. The dread- 1 Polypemon, a famous thief, called also 
 ful intellifijeace was immediately communi- 1 Procrustus, who plundered all tlie travellers 
 cated to tlie mother, and Hecuba, who re- ' 
 collected the friaihtfui dreams which she had 
 
 had on the preceding night, did not doubt but 
 Polymnestor was the cruel assassin. She re- 
 solved to revenge her son's death, and imme- 
 diately she called out Polymnestor, as if wish- 
 ing to impart to him a matter of the most im- 
 portant nature. The tyrant was drawn into 
 the snare, and was no sooner introduced into 
 the apartments of the Trojan princess, than 
 the female captives rushed upon him, and put 
 out his eyes with their pins, while Hecuba 
 murdered his two cliildren who had accompa- 
 nied him. According to Euripides, the Greeks 
 condemned Polymnestor to be banished into a 
 distant island for his perfidy. Hyginus, how- 
 ever, relates the whole differently, and ob- 
 serves, tliHt when Polydorus was sent to 
 Thrace, liione, his sister, took him instead of 
 her son Deiphilus, who was of the same age, 
 apprehensive of her husband's cruelty. The 
 monarch wasunacquainted with the imposition, 
 he looked upon Polydorus as his own son, and 
 treated Deiphilus as the brother of Ilione. Af- 
 ter the destruction of Troy, the conquerors, 
 who wished the house and family of Priam to 
 be totally extirpated, offered Electra, the 
 daughter of Agamemnon, to Polymnestor, if 
 he would destroy Ilione and Polydorus. The 
 monarch accepted the offer, and immediately 
 despatched his own son Deiphilus, whom he 
 had been taught to regard as Polydorus. Po- 
 lydorus, who passed as the son of Polymnestor, 
 consulted the oracle after the murder of Dei- 
 philus, and when he was informed that his fa- 
 ther was dead, his mother a captive in the 
 hands of the Greeks, and his country in ruins, 
 he communicated the answer of the god to 
 Ilione, whom he had always regarded as his 
 mother, liione told him the measures she had 
 pursued to save his life, and upon this he aveng- 
 ed the perfidy of Polymnestor, by putting out 
 his eyes. Eurip.inHecub. — Hygin.fab. 109. — 
 Virg. .En. 3, v. 45, kc.— Ovid. Met. 13, v. 430, 
 
 &.C. A king of Arcadia, succeeded on the 
 
 throne by Ecmis. Pavs. 8. A young Mile- 
 sian who took a hare in running, and after- 
 wards obtained a prize at the Olympic games. 
 PoLYNicEs, a son of (Edipus, king of 
 Thebes, by Jocasta. He inherited his father's 
 throne with his brother Eteocles, and it was 
 mutually agreed between the two brothers that 
 they should reign each a year alternately. 
 Eteocles first ascended the throne by right of 
 seniority ; but when the year was expired, he 
 refused to resign the crown to his brother. 
 Polynices, upon this, fled to Argos, where he 
 married Argia, the daughter of Adrastus, the 
 king of the country, and levied a large army, 
 at the head of which he marched to Thebes. 
 The commandof this army was divided among 
 seven celebrated chiefs, who were to attack 
 the seven gates of the city of Thebes. The 
 battle was decided by a single combat be- 
 tween the two brothers, who both killed one 
 another, [yid. Eteocles.] JEschyl. sept, ante 
 Tfieb. — Eurip. Phanis. — Senec. in Theb — 
 Diod. 4.—Ihjgin. fab. 68, Lc.—Paus. 2, c. 20, 
 I. 9, c. 5. — JJpollod.3, c. 5. 
 
 PoLVNOF, one of the Nereides, /ipollod. 
 ?. r. 2 
 
 about the Cephisus, and near Eleusis in Atiica. 
 He was killed by Theseus. Ovid calls him fa- 
 
 ther of Procrustes, and Apollodorus of Sinis. 
 [Fiflf. Procrustes.] Pans. \, c. oS.— Ovid, in 
 lb. 409.— Diod. 4.— Pint, in Thes. 
 
 POLYPERCHON, Or POLVSPERCHOX, OUC of 
 
 the officers of Alexander. Antipater a* his 
 death, appointed him governor ol tiic kingdom 
 of Macedonia, in preference to his own son 
 Cassander. Polyperchon, though old, and a 
 man of experience, showed great ignorance 
 in the administration of the government. He 
 became cruel not only to the Greeks, or such 
 as opposed his ambitions views, but even to 
 the helpless and innocent children and friends 
 ot Alexander, to whom he was indebted for 
 his rise and military reputation. He was kil- 
 led in a battle 309 B. C. Curt.— Diod. 17, &.c. 
 Justin. 13. 
 
 Polyphemus, a celebrated Cyclops, king 
 of all the Cyclops in Sicily, and son of Nep- 
 tune and Thoosa, the daughter ofPhorcys. 
 He is represented as a monster of strength, of 
 a tall stature, and one eye in the middle of the 
 forehead. He fed upon human flesh, and 
 kept his flocks on the coasts of Sicily, when 
 UJysses, at his return from the Trojan war, 
 was driven there. The Grecian prince, with 
 twelve of his companions, visited the coast, 
 and were seized by the Cyclops, who confined 
 them in his cave, and daily dev^oured two of 
 them. Ulysses would have shared the fate of 
 his companions, had he not intoxicated the 
 Cyclops, and put out his eye with a firebrand 
 while he was asleep. Polyphemus was awaked 
 by the sudden pain, he stopped the entrance 
 of his cave, but Ulysses made his escape by 
 creeping between the legs of the rams of the 
 Cyclops, as they were led out to feed on the 
 mountains. Polyphemus became enamoured 
 of Galataea.but his addresses were disregarded, 
 and the nymph shunned his presence. The 
 Cyclops was more earnest, and when he saw 
 Galataea surrender herself to the pleasures of 
 Acis, he crushed his rival with a piece of a 
 broken rock. Theocrit. 1. — Ovid. Met. 13, v, 
 772. — Homer. Od. 19. — Eurip. in Cyclop. — Hy- 
 
 gin. fab. 125 — Virg. JEn. 3, v. 619, ice. 
 
 One of the Argonauts, son of Elatus and Hip- 
 pea. Hygin. 14. 
 
 PoLYPHONTA, oue of Dlaua's nymphs, daugh- 
 ter of Hipponus and Thraosa. 
 
 PoiYPHONTES, one of the Heraclidse, who 
 killed Cresphontes, king of Messenia, and 
 
 usurped his crown, hygin. iab. 137. Otie 
 
 of the Theban generals, under Eteocles. JEs- 
 chyl. Sept. ante Theb. 
 
 PoLVPffiTEs, a son of Pirithous and Hip- 
 podamia at the Trojan war. Homer. 11.2. — 
 
 Pans. 10, V. 26. A son of Apollo by Py- 
 
 thia. One of the Trojans whom ii^ncas saw 
 
 when he visited the infernal regions. Virg. 
 JEn. 6, V. 484. 
 PoLYSPEKCHON. Vid. Polyperchon. 
 PoLYSTRATUs, a Macedonian soldier, who 
 found Darius after he had been stabbed by 
 IJessus, and who gave him water to drink, 
 and carried the last injunctions of the dying 
 
 monarch to Alexander. Curl. 6, c. 13. 
 
 An Epiciu'ean philosopher who flourished 
 B. C 238. 
 
 t: 
 
PO 
 
 PoLYTECNus, an artist of Colophon, who 
 inanied /Edon, the daughter ol Pandarus. 
 
 PoLYTioN, a fiieiid of Alcibiades, with 
 whom he profaned the mysteries of Ceres 
 Paas 1, c. 2. 
 
 PoLYTiMiiTus, a river of Sogdiana. Curt. 
 
 6, c 4. 
 
 PoLYPHRON, a prince killed by his nephew 
 Alexander, the tyrant of Pherae. 
 
 PoLYTROPUS, a man sent by the Lacedae- 
 monians with an array against the Arcadians. 
 He was killed at Orchomenus Diod. 15. 
 
 PoLYXENA, a daughter of Priam and He- 
 cuba, celebrated for her beauty and accom- 
 plishments. Achilles became eiiamoured of 
 her, and solicited her hand, and their marriage 
 would have been consummated, had not Hec- 
 tor her brother opposed it. Polyxena, accor- 
 ding to some authors, accompanied her father 
 ■when he went to the tent of Achilles to redeem 
 the body of his son Hector. Sometime after the 
 Grecian hero came into the temple of Aj.ol- 
 loto obtain a sight of the Trojan princess, but 
 he was murdered there by Paris ; and Polyx- 
 ena, who bad returned his affection, was so 
 afflicted ai his death, that she went and sacri 
 filed herself on his tomb. Some however 
 suppose, that that sacrifice was not voluntary, 
 b;it that the manes of Aciulies appeared to 
 the Greeks as they were going to embark 
 and demanded of them the sacrifice of Po 
 lyxena. The princess, who was in the num- 
 ber of the captives, was uf)on this dragijed to 
 her lover's tomb, and there immolated by 
 Neoptolenius, the son of Achilles. Ovid. 
 Mel. 13, fab. 6, &.c. — Didys. Crei. 3 and 5. 
 -T-FiV^. JEn. 3, v. 321.— Catw//. ep. 65.-- 
 Hygin. fab. 90. 
 
 PoLYXENiDAS, a Syrian general, who flour- 
 ished B. C. 192. 
 
 PoLYXENUs, one of the Greek princes 
 during the Trojan war. His father's namf 
 was Agasthenes. Homer. II. 2. — Paus. 5, c 
 
 3. A son of Medea by Jason. A yonng 
 
 Athenian who became blind, kc. Flat, in Pa 
 rail. A general of Dionysius, from whom 
 
 he revolted. 
 
 PoLYxo. a priestess of Apollo's temple in 
 Lemnos. She was also nurse to queen Hypsi- 
 pyle. It was by her advice that the Lemnian 
 women murdered all their husbands. JlpoUon. 
 
 l.—Flacc'l—Hygin fab. 15 One of the 
 
 Atiantides. A native of Argos, who mar- 
 ried Tlepolemus, son of Hercules. She fol- 
 lowed him to Rljodes, after the murder of his 
 uncle Licymnius, and when he departed for 
 the Trojan war with the rest of the Greek 
 princes, she became the sole mistress of the 
 kingdom. After the Trojan war Helen fled 
 from Peloponnesus to Rhodes, where Polyxo 
 I'eigned. Polyxo detained her, and to punish 
 her as being the cause of a war, in which Tie 
 polemus had perished, she ordered her to be 
 hanged on a tree by her female servants, dis- 
 guised in the habit of Furies. \_Vid. Helena.] 
 
 Paus. 5, c. 19. The wife of Nycteus. 
 
 One of the wives of Danaus. 
 
 PoLYZEi.us, a Greek poet of Rhodes. He 
 had written a poem on the orgin ard birth ot 
 Bacchus, Venus, the Muses, &,c. Some of 
 his verses are quoted by Athenajus. Hygin. P. 
 A. 2, c. 14. An Athenian archon. 
 
 PoMAx-KTHRES, B Parthian soldier, who 
 killed Crassus according to some. Pint. 
 
 PO 
 
 POMETIA, POMETII, and POMBTIA Sv- 
 
 ESSA a town of the Volsci in Latium, totally^ 
 destroyed by the Romans, because it had r^- 
 volted. Virg. Mn G, v. 773. — Liv. 2, c. 17. 
 
 PoMETiNA, one of the tribes of the people 
 at Rome. 
 
 Pomona, a nymph at Rome who was sup- 
 posed to preside over gaidens, and to be the 
 goddess of all sorts of fruit-trees. She had a 
 temple at Rome and a regular priest called 
 Flamens Pomonalis, who offered sacrifices to 
 her divinity, for the preservation of fruit. She 
 was generally represented as sitting on a bas- 
 ket full of flowers arid fruit, and holding a 
 bough in one hand, and apples in the other. 
 Pomona was particularly delighted with the 
 cultivation of the earth, she disdained the toils 
 of the field; and the fatieues of hunting. Many 
 of the gods of the country endeavoured to gain 
 her affection, but she received their addresses 
 with coldness. Vertumnus was the only one 
 who, by assuming different shapes, and intro- 
 ducing himself into her company, nnder the 
 form of an old woman, prevailed upon her to 
 break her vow of celibacy and to marry him. 
 This deity was unknown among the Greeks. 
 Ovid. Met. 14, v. 628, &LC.—Fes(us dei V dg. 
 PoMPEiA, a daughter of Sextus Pom- 
 pey, by Scribonia She was promised to 
 Marcellus; as a means of procuring a reconci- 
 liation between her father and the triumvirs, 
 but she married Scribonius Libo. A daugh- 
 ter of Pompey the Great, .Tiilius Caesars third 
 wife. She was accused of incontinence, be- 
 cause Cfodius had introduced himself in wo- 
 men's clothes into the room where she was 
 celebrating the mysteries of Cybele Caesar 
 repudiated her upon this accusation. Ptut. 
 
 The wife of Annaus Seneca, was the 
 
 daughter of Pompeius Panllinus. There 
 
 was a portico at Rome, called Pompeia, much 
 frequented by all orders of people. Ovid. Art. 
 
 Jim. V. 67. Marl. 11, ep. 48. 
 
 Pompeia lex- by Pompey the Great, dt 
 nmbitu, A. U. C. 701 It ordained that what- 
 ever person had been convicted of the crime 
 of ambitus, should be pardoned, provided he 
 could impeach two others of the same crime, 
 and occasion the condemnation of one of 
 
 them. Another by the same, A. U C. 701, 
 
 which forbad the use of taudatores in trials, 
 or persons who gave a good character of the 
 
 prisoner then impeached. Another by the 
 
 same, A U. C. 683. It restored to the tribunes 
 
 their original power and authority, of which 
 
 they had been deprived by the Cornelian law. 
 
 Another by the same, A. U. C. 701. It 
 
 shortened the forms of trials, and enacted that 
 the three first days of a trial should be employ- 
 ed in examining witnesses, and it allowed only 
 one day to the parties to make their accusa- 
 tion and defence. The plaintiff' was confined 
 to two hours, and the defendant to three. 
 This law had for its object the riots, which 
 happened from the quarrels of Clodius and 
 
 Milo. Another by the same, A. U. C. 698. 
 
 It required, that the judges should by the ri«h- 
 est of every century, contrary to the usual 
 form. It was however requisite that they 
 should be such as the Aurelian law prescribea. 
 Another of the same, A. U. C. 701. Pom- 
 
 pey was by this empowered to continue in t3i» 
 government of Spain five years longer. 
 
PO 
 
 PoMPEUNiJS Jupiter, a large statue of Ju- 
 piter, near Pompey's theatre, whence it re 
 oeived its name. Plin. 34, c. 7. 
 
 PoMPEiAnus, a Roman knight of Antioch, 
 raised to otfices of the greatest trust- under 
 the emperor Aurelius, whose daughter Lucil- 
 lahe married. He lived in great popularity at 
 Rome, and retired from the court when Com 
 modus succeeded to the imperial crown. He 
 ought, according to Julian's opinion, to have 
 keen chosen and adopted as successor by M. 
 
 Aurelius. A general of Maxentius, killed 
 
 by Constantine. A Roman put to death by 
 
 Caracalla. 
 
 PfjHPEii or PoMPEiuM, a town of Cam- 
 pania, built, as some suppose, by Hercules, 
 and so called because the hero there exhibited 
 the long procession (pompa,) of the heads of 
 Geryon, which he had obtained by conquest. 
 It was partly demolished by an earthquake 
 A. D. 6;^, and afterwards rebuilt. Sixteen years 
 after it was swallowed up by another earth- 
 quake, which accompanied one of the eruptions 
 of mount Vesuvius. Herculaneum, in its neigh- 
 bourhood, shared the same fate. The people 
 ©fthe town Were then assembled in a theatre, 
 where public spectacles were exhibited. Vid. 
 Herculaneum. Liv. 9, c. 38. — Slrab. 6. — 
 Mela, 2, c. 4. — Dionys. 1. — Seneca. Quceit. 4. 
 — Solin. 8. 
 
 PoMPEiopor-is, a town of Cilicia, former- 
 ly called Soli. Mela, 1, c. 13. Another 
 
 in Paphlagonia, originally called Enpatoria, 
 "which name was exchanged when Pompey 
 conquered Mithridates. 
 
 Q PoMPEiDs, a consul who carried on war 
 against the Numantines, and made a shame- 
 ful treaty. He is the first of that noble fami- 
 ly, of whom mention is made. Flor. 2, c. 
 
 18. Cneus, a Roman general, who made 
 
 "war against the Marsi, and triumphed over 
 the Piceni. He declared himself against Cin- 
 jia and Marius, and supported the interest of 
 the republic. He was surnamed Strabo, be- 
 cause he squinted. While he was marching 
 against Marius, a plague broke out in his array, 
 and raged with such violence, that it carried 
 away 11,000 men in a few days. He was killed 
 by a flash of lightning, and as he had behaved 
 With cruelty while in power,the people dragged 
 his body through the streets of Rome with an 
 iron hook, and threw it into the Tiber. Pa- 
 
 terc. 2 — Pluf. in Pomp. Rufus, a Roman 
 
 consul with Sylla. He was sent to finish the 
 Marsian war, but the army mutinied at the in- 
 stigation of Pompeius Strabo, whom he was to 
 succeed in command, and he was assassinated 
 
 by some of the soldiers. Appian. Civ. 1. 
 
 A general who succeeded Metellus in Spain, 
 and was the occasion of a war with Numantia. 
 Another general taken prisoner by Mith- 
 ridates Sextusv a governor of Spain. 
 
 who cured himself of the gout by placing him- 
 self in <;orn above the knee. Plin. 22, c. 25. 
 
 Rufus, a grandson of Sylla. A tribune 
 
 of the soldiers in Nero's reign, deprived of his 
 office when Piso's conspiracy was discovered. 
 
 Tacit. A coDsul praised for his learning 
 
 and abilities. Ovid, ex Pont. 4, ep. i. A 
 
 ^on of Theophanes of Mitylene, famous for hi* 
 intimacy with Pompey the Great, and for his 
 
 writings. Tacit. Ann. 6. A tribune of n 
 
 pretorion cohort utider Galba. A Roma* 
 
 Knight put to death by the emperor Claudius for 
 
 PO 
 
 his adultery with Messalina. Tacit. 11, Ann. 
 
 Cneus, surnamed Magnus, from the 
 
 greatness of his exploits, was son of Pom- 
 peius Strabo, and Lucilla. He early distin- 
 guished himself in the field of battle, and 
 fought with success and bravery under his 
 lather, whose courage and military prudence 
 he imitated. He began his career with great 
 popularity, the beauty and elegance of his per- 
 son gained him admirers, and by pleading at 
 the bar, he displayed his eloquence, and re- 
 ceived the most unbounded applause. In the 
 disturbances which agitated Rome, by the am- 
 bition and avarice of Marius and Sylla, Pom- 
 pey followed the interest of the latter, and by 
 levying three legions for his service he gained 
 his friendship and his protection. In the 26tli 
 year of his age, he conquered Sicily, which, 
 w as in the power of Marius and his adherents, 
 and in 40 days he regained all the territories 
 of Africa, which had forsaken the interest of 
 Sylla This rapid success astonished the Ro- 
 mans, and Sylla, who admired and dreaded 
 the rising power of Pompey, recalled him to 
 Rome. Pompey immediately obeyed, and the 
 dictator, by saluting him with the appellatioa 
 of the Great, showed to the world what ex- 
 pectations be formed from the maturer age ol 
 his victorious lieutenant. This sounding title 
 was not sufficient to gratify the ambition of 
 Pompey^ he demanded a triumph, and whea 
 Sylla refused to grant it, he emphatically ex- 
 claimed, that the sun shone with more ardour 
 at his rising than at his setting. His assurance 
 gained what petitions and entreaties could not 
 obtain, and he was the first Roman knight who. 
 without an office under the appointment of 
 the senate, marched in triumphal procession 
 through the streets of Rome. He now ap- 
 peared, not as a dependant, but as a rival of 
 the dictator, and his opposition to his measures 
 totally excluded him from his will. After the 
 death of Sylla, Pompey supported himself 
 against the remains of the Marian faction^ 
 which were headed by Lepidus. He defeated 
 them, put an end to the war which the revolt 
 of Sertorius in Spain had occasioned, and ob- 
 tained a second triumph, though still a private 
 citizen, about 73 years before the Christian 
 era. He was soon after made consul, and ia 
 that office he restored the tribunitial power to 
 its original dignity, and in forty days removed 
 the pirates from the Mediterranean, where 
 they had reigned for many years, and by their 
 continualplunderandaudacity,almost destroy- 
 ed the whole naval power of Rome While he 
 prosecuted the piratical war, and extirpated 
 these maritime robbers in their obscure retreats 
 in Cilicia. Pompey was called to greater under- 
 takings, and by the influence of his friends at 
 Rome, and of the tribune Manilius, he was em- 
 powered to finish the war against two of the 
 most powerful monarchs of Asia, .\l>tl)ridate$ 
 king of Pontus, and Tigranes king of Armeuia. 
 In this expedition Pompey showed himself no 
 ways inferior to Lucullus, who was then at 
 the head of the Roman armies, and who re- 
 ■^igned v/ith reluctance an office which would 
 have made him the conqueror of Mithridates 
 and the master of 11 Asia, His operations 
 ai'ainst the king of Pontus were bold and vigo- 
 rous, and in a general engagement, the Ro- 
 mans so totally defeated the enemv^ that the 
 Asiatic monarch escaped with difliculty from 
 
PO 
 
 the field of battle. [Pld. Mithridaticum bel- 
 lum.] Pompey did not lose sight of the advan- 
 tages despatch would ensure ; he entered Ar- 
 menia, received the submission of king Ti- 
 granes, and after he had conquered the Alba- 
 nians and Iberians, visited countries which 
 were scarce known to the Romans, and, like 
 amaster of the world, disposed of kingdoms 
 and provinces, and received homage from 12 
 crowned heads at once ; he entered Syria, and 
 pushed his conquests as far as the Red Sea. 
 Part of Arabia was subdued, Judaea became a 
 Roman province, and when he had now no- 
 thing to fear from Milhridates, who had vol- 
 untarily destroyed himself, Pompey returned 
 to Italy with all the pomp and majesty of an 
 eastern conqueror. The Romans dreaded his 
 approach, they knew his power, and his influ 
 ence among his troops, and they feared the 
 return of another tyrannical Sylla. Pompey, 
 however, banished their fears, he disbanded 
 his army, and the conqueror of Asia entered 
 Rome like a private citizen. This modest 
 and prudent be'iaviour gained him more 
 friends and adherents than the most unboun- 
 ded power, aided with profusion and liberality. 
 He was honoured with a triumph, and the 
 Romans, for three successive days, gazed with 
 astonishment on the riches and the spoils 
 which their conquests had acquired in the 
 east and expressed their laptures at the sight 
 of the different nations, habits, and treasures, 
 which preceded the conqueror's chariot. But 
 it was not this alone which gratified the am- 
 bition, and flattered the pride of the Romans ; 
 the advantages of their conquests were more 
 lasting than an empty show, and when 20,000 
 talents were brouf^ht into the public treasury. 
 and when the revenues of the republic were 
 raised from 50 to 85 millions of drachma?, 
 Pompey became more powerful, more flat- 
 tered; and more envied. To strengthen him- 
 self, ar. J to triumph over his enemies, Pompey 
 soon after united his interest with that of Caj- 
 sar and Crassus, and formed the first triumvi- 
 rate, by solemnly swearing that their attach- 
 ment should be mutual, their cause common, 
 and their union permanent. The agreement 
 was completed by the marriage of Pompey 
 with Julia, the daughterof Cffisar, and the pro- 
 vinces of the republic were arbitrarily divided 
 among the triumvirs. Pompey was allotted 
 Africa and the two Spains, while Crassus re- 
 paired to Syria, to add Parthia to the empire 
 of Rome, and Ceesar remained satisfied with 
 the rest, and the continuation of his power as 
 governor of Gaul for five additional years. 
 But ihis powerful confederacy was soon bro- 
 ken, the sudden death of Julia, and the total 
 defeat of Crassus in Syria, shattered the poli- 
 tical band which held the jarring interest of 
 Ca?sarand Pompey united. Pompey dreaded 
 his father-in-law, and yet he affected to des- 
 pise him ; and by sutFering anarchy to prevail 
 in Rome, he convinced his fellow-citizens of 
 the necessity of investing him with dictatorial 
 power. But while the conqueror of Mithri- 
 dctes was as a sovereign at Rome, the adhe- 
 rentsofCa;sar werenotsilent. They demanded 
 that either the consulship should be given to 
 him, or that he should be continued in the gov- 
 ernment of Gaul. This just demand would 
 l>erhaps have been granted, but Cato opposed 
 
 PO 
 
 it, and when Pompey sent for the two legions 
 which he had lent to Ca3sar, the breach be- 
 ame more wide, and a .;ivil war inevitable. 
 Csesar was privately preparing to meet his 
 enemies, while Pompey remained indolent, 
 and gratified his pride in seeing all Italy cele- 
 brate his recovery from an indisposition by 
 universal rejoicings. But he was soon roused 
 Irora his inactivity, and it was now time to find 
 his friends, if any thing could be obtained frona 
 the caprice and the fickleness of a people 
 which he had once delighted and amused, by 
 the exhibition of games and spectacles in a 
 theatre which could contain 20,000 spectators. 
 Cassar was now near Rome, he had crossed 
 the Rubicon, which was a declaration of hosti- 
 lities, and Pompey, who had once boasted that 
 he could raise legions to his assistance by 
 stamping on the ground with his foot, fled 
 from the city with precipitation, and retired to 
 Brundusium with the consuls and part of the 
 senators. His cause, indeed, was popular, he 
 had been invested with discretionary power, 
 the senate had entreated him to protect the 
 republic against the usurpation and tyranny of 
 Caesar ; and Cato, by embracing his cause, and 
 appearing in his camp, seemed to indicate, 
 that he was the friend of the republic, and 
 the assertor of Roman liberty and indepen- 
 dence. But Caesar was now master of Rome, 
 and in sixty days all Italy acknowledged his 
 power, and the conqueror hastened to Spain, 
 there to defeat the interest of Pompey, and to 
 alienate the hearts of his soldiers. He was too 
 successful, and when he had gained to his 
 cause the western parts of the Roman em- 
 pire, Caesar crossed Italy and arrived in 
 Greece, where Pompey had retired, support- 
 ed by all the power of the east, the wishes of 
 the republican Romans, and by a numerous 
 and well disciplined army. Though superior 
 in numbers, he refused to give the enemy 
 battle, while Caesar continually harassed him, 
 and even attacked his camp. Pompey repel- 
 led him with great success, and he might have 
 decided the war, if he had continued to pur- 
 sue the enemy, while their confusion was 
 great, and their escape almost impossible. 
 Want of provisions obliged Caesar to advance 
 towards Thessaly ; Pompey pursued him, and 
 in the plains of Pharsalia the two armies en- 
 gaged. The v^hole was conducted against the 
 advice and approbation of Pompey,and by suf- 
 fering his troops to wait for the approach of 
 the enemy, he deprived his soldiers of that 
 advantage which the army of Caesar obtained 
 by running to the charge with spirit, vigour, 
 and animation. The cavalry of Pompey soon 
 gave way, and the general retired to his camp, 
 overwhelmed with grief and shame. But 
 here there was no safety, the conqueror push- 
 ed on every side, and Pompey disguised him- 
 self, and fled to the sea-coast, whence he pass- 
 ed to Egypt, where he hoped to find a safe 
 asylum, till better and more favourable mo- 
 ments returned, in the court of Ptolemy, a 
 prince whom he had once protected and en- 
 sured on his throne. When Ptolemy was told 
 that Pompey claimed his protection, he con- 
 sulted his ministers, and had the baseness to 
 betray and to deceive him. A boat was sent to 
 fetch him on shore, and the Roman genera! 
 left his galley, after an affectionate and tender 
 
PO 
 
 parting with liis wife Cornelia. The Egyptian 
 sailors sat in sullen silence in the boat, and 
 Avhen Fompey disembarked, Acbillasand Sep- 
 timius assassinated him. His wife, who had 
 followed him with her eyes to the shore, was 
 a spectator of the bloody scene, and she has- 
 tened away from the bay of Alexandria, not 
 to share his miserable fate. He died B. C. 48, 
 in the 58th or 59th year of his age, the day 
 after his birth day. His head was cut off and 
 sent to C&sar, wiio turned away from it with 
 horror, and shed a flood ot tears. The body 
 was left for some time naked on the sea-shore, 
 till the humanity of Philip, one of his fr&ed- 
 men, and an old soldier, who had often fol- 
 lowed his standard to victory, raised a burning 
 pile, and deposited his ashes under a mound 
 of earth. Cajsar erected a moiiumeut on his 
 remains, and the emperor Adrian, two centu- 
 ries after, when he visited Egypt, ordered it 
 to be repaired at his own expense, and paid 
 particular honour to the memoVy of a great and 
 good man. The character of Pompey, is that 
 of ail intriguing and artful general, and the oris 
 probi, and animo inierecundo of Sallust, short 
 and laconic as it may appear, is the best and 
 most descriptive picture of his character. He 
 wished it to appear that he obtained all his 
 honours and dignity from merit alone, and as 
 the free and unprejudiced favours of the Ro- 
 mans, while he secretly claimed them by fac- 
 tion and intrigue ; and he who wished to ap- 
 pear the pairon, and an example of true disci- 
 pline and ancient simplicity, was not ashamed 
 publicly to bribe the populace to gain an elec- 
 tion, or to supj)ort his favourites. Yet amidst 
 all this dissimulation, which was perhaps but 
 congenial with the age, we perceive many 
 other striking features 5 Pompey was kind 
 and clement to the conquered, and generous 
 to his captives, and he buried at his own ex- 
 pense Miihridates, with all the pomp and the 
 solemnity which the greatness of his power, 
 and the extent of his dominions seemed to 
 claim. He was an enemy to flattery, and 
 when his character was impeached by the 
 malevolence of party, he condescended, 
 though consul, to appear before the censorial 
 tribunal, and to show that his actions and 
 measures were not subversive of the peace 
 and the independence of the people. In his 
 private character he was as remarkable; he 
 lived with great temperance and modei-ation, 
 and his house was small, and not ostentatiously 
 furnished. He destroyed with great prudence 
 the papers which were found in the camp of 
 SertorJus, lest mischievous curiosity should 
 find causes to accuse the iruiocent, and to me- 
 ditate their destruction. AVith great disinter- 
 estedness he refused the presents which prin- 
 ces and monarchs offered to him, and he or- 
 dered them to be added to the public revenue. 
 He might have seen a better fate, and termi- 
 nated his days with more glory, if he had not 
 acted with such imprudence when the flames 
 of civil war were first kindled; and he reflec- 
 ted with remorse, after the battle of Pharsalia, 
 upon his want of usual sagacity and military 
 prudence, in fighting at such a distance from 
 the sea, and in leaving the fortified places of 
 Dyrrachiura, to meet in the open plain au en- 
 «my without provisions, without iViends, and 
 nrithout resources. The niisfurtuaei which at- 
 
 PO 
 
 I tended him after the conquest of Alithridates, 
 I are attributed by Christian writers to his im- 
 j piety in profaning the temple of the Jews, 
 ! and in entering with the insolence of a coc- 
 queror the Holy of Holies, where even the 
 sacred person of the high priest of the natiou 
 was not admitted but upon the most solemn 
 occasions. His duplicity of behaviour in re- 
 gard to Cicero is deservedly censured, and he 
 should not have violently sacrificed to party 
 and sedition, a Roman whom he had ever 
 found his firmest friend and adherent. In his 
 meeting with LucuUus he cannot but be taxed 
 with pride, and he might have paid more de- 
 lereuce and more honour to a general who 
 was as able and more entitled than himself to 
 finish the Mithridatic war. Pompey married 
 four diflTerent times. His first matrimonial 
 connexion was with Antistia, the daughter 
 of the pralor Antistius, whom he divorced 
 with great reluctance to marry ^mylia, the 
 daughter-in-law of Sylla. .i:mylia died in 
 child-bed ; and Pompeys marriage with Julia, 
 the daughter of Casar, was a step more of 
 policy ttian aftection. Yet Julia loved Pom- 
 pey with great tenderness, and her death iu 
 child bed was the signal of war between her 
 husband and her father. He afterwards mar- 
 ried Cornelia, the daughter of Merellus Sci- 
 pio, a woman commended for her virtues, 
 beauty, and accomplishments. Plut. in vUd 
 —Flor. 4.—Paterc. 2, c. 29— Dio. Cass.—Lu- 
 can.—^ppian.—C(Bs. bell. Civ.~Cic. Orat. 68, 
 ad Altic. 1, ep. 25, ad fam. 13, ep. 19.— £«- 
 
 Irop. The two sons of Pompey the Great, 
 
 called Cneius and Stxtus, were masters of a 
 poweriul army, when the death of their father 
 was known. They prepared to oppose the 
 cofiqueror, but Caesar pursued them with his 
 usual vigour and success, and at the battle of 
 Mundathey were defeated, and Cueius was 
 iett among the slain. Sextus fled to Sicily, 
 where he for some time supported himself; 
 but tiie murder of Ciesar gave rise to new 
 events, and if Pompey had been as prudent 
 and as sagacious as his father, he might have 
 become, perhaps, as great and as formidable. 
 He treated with the triumvirs as an equal, 
 and when Augustus and Antony had the im- 
 prudence to trust themselves without arms 
 and without attendants in his ship, Pompey, bv' 
 lollowing the advice of his friend Menas, who 
 wibhed liim to cut ofl" the illustrious persons 
 who were masters of the world, and now in 
 his power, might have made himself as abso^ 
 lute as Cajsar; but he refused, and observed 
 it was unbecoming the son of Pompey to act 
 with such duplicity. This friendly meeting ot 
 Poqipey with two of the triumvirs was not 
 productive of advanta-^es to him, he wished to 
 have no superior, and hostilities began. Pom- 
 pey was at the head of 350 ships, and appear- 
 ed so formidable to his enemies, and so confi- 
 dent of success in himself, that he called him- 
 self the son of IS'eptune, and the lord of the 
 sea. He was, however, soon defeated iu a 
 naval engagement by Octavius and Lepidni, 
 and of all his numerous fleet, only 17 sail ac- 
 companied his flight to Asia. Here for a mo- 
 ment he raised seditions, but Antony ordered 
 him to be seized, and put to death about 3'-. 
 years before the Christian era. Plut. in An- 
 ion. LG,—Paicrc. 2, c. 5-5, kc.^Flor. 4, e. 2, 
 
PO 
 
 ^(j Trogus. rii. Trogus. SextusFes- 
 
 lus, a Latin grammarian, of whose treatise, de 
 verborum significalione, the best edition is in 
 4to. Amst. 1699. 
 
 PoMPELon, a town of Spain, now Pompe- 
 turn, the capital of Navarre. PHn. 1, c. 3. 
 
 PoMPiLius NuMA, the second king ot 
 Rome. [Vid. Numa.] The descendants of 
 the monarch were called PompiUus Sanguis, 
 ao expression applied by Horace to the Pisos. 
 .■?rf. Poet. V. 292. Andronicus, a gramma- 
 rian of Syria, who opened a school at Rome, 
 *nd had Cicero and Caesar among his pupils. 
 
 Sueion. ^ ^^ n ■ 
 
 PoMPir.M, a daughter of INuma Pompi- 
 lius. She married Numa Martins, by whom 
 she had Ancus Martins, the fourth king of 
 Rome. . 
 
 PoMPiLus, a fisherman of lonia. He car- 
 ried into Miletus, Ocyroe the daughter of 
 Ghesias, of whom Apollo was enamoured, but 
 before he had reached the shore, the god 
 changed the boat into a rock, Pompilius into 
 a fish of the same name, and carried away 
 Ocyroe. Plin. 6, c. 29, I. 9, c. 15, 1. 32, c H. 
 PoMPiscos, an Arcadian. PolycEn. 5, 
 PoMPONiA, the wife of Q. Cicero, sister 
 to Pomponius Atticus. She punished with the 
 greatest cruelty Philologus, the slave who had 
 betrayed her husband to Antony, and she or- 
 dered him to cut his flesh by piece-meal, and 
 afterwards to boil it and eat it in her presence. 
 
 A daughter of Pomponius Graecinus, in 
 
 the age of Augustus, &.c. Another matron 
 
 banished from Rome by Domitian, and re- 
 called by Nerva. . 
 
 Pomponius, the father of Numa, advisea 
 bis son to accept the regal dignity which the 
 Roman ambassadors offered to him. A ce- 
 lebrated Roman intimate with Cicero. He was 
 gurnamed Atticus, from his long residence at 
 
 Athens. [Vid. Atticus.] Flaccus, a man 
 
 appointed governor of Moesia and Syria by li- 
 berius, because he had continued drinking and 
 eating with him for two days without intermis- 
 sion. Suet, in T/ieb. 42. A tribune of the 
 
 people in the time of Servilius Ahala the con- 
 sul. Labeo, a governor of Moesia,accused of 
 
 ill management in his province. He destroyed 
 himself bv opening his veins. Tacit, ^nn. 6, 
 
 X. 29. iMela, a Spaniard who wrote a book 
 
 on geography. [Vid. Mela.] A proconsul 
 
 of Africa accused by the inhabitants of his 
 
 province, and acquitted, kc. A Roman 
 
 ■who accused Manlius the dictator of cruelty. 
 He triumphed over Sardinia, of which ho was 
 made governor. He escaped from Rome, and 
 the tyranny of the triumvirs, by assuming the 
 habit of a prffitor, and by travelling with his 
 servants disguised in the dress of lictors with 
 their fasces. Secundus, an otficer in Ger- 
 many in the age' of Nero. He was honoured 
 with a triumph for a victory over the barba- 
 rians of Germany. He wrote some poems 
 greatly celebrated by the ancients for their 
 
 beauty and elegance. They are lost, A 
 
 friend of C. Gracchus. He was killed in at- 
 tempting to defend him. Plut. in Grac. 
 
 An officer taken prisoner by Mithridates. 
 
 A dissolute youth, he. Horat. 1, sat. 4, v. 52. 
 
 Scxtus,'a lawyer, disciple to Papinian, &.c. 
 
 PoMPosiiNi's, a Roman put to death by Do- 
 ■litian. He had before been made consul by 
 Vespasian. 
 
 PO 
 
 PoMPTiNA. Vid. Pontina. 
 
 C. PoMPTiwus, a Roman officer who cor* 
 quered the Allobroges after the defeat of Ca- 
 tiline. Cic. 4, Att. 16, 1. 6, ep. 3. 
 
 PoMPus, a king of Arcadia. Pam. 8, c. 5. 
 
 Pons /Elius was built by the emperor 
 Adrian at Rome. It was the second bridge of 
 Rome in following the current of the Tiber. 
 It is still to be seen, the largest and most beau- 
 tiful in Rome iEmylius, an ancient bridge 
 
 at Rome, originally called Sublicius, because 
 built with wood (sublica). It was raised by 
 Aliens Martins, and dedicated with great pomp 
 and solemnity by the Roman priests. It was 
 rebuilt with stonesby jS^mylius Lepidus, whose 
 name it assumed. It was much injured by 
 the overflowing of the river, and the emperor 
 Antoninus, who repaired it, made it all with 
 white marble. It was the last of all the bridges 
 
 of Rome, in following tlie course of the river, 
 
 and some vestige? of it may still be seen. 
 
 \nienses was built across the river Anio. about 
 Uiree miles from Rome. It was built by the 
 eunuch Narses. and called after him when de- 
 stroyed by the Goths. Cestus was built in 
 
 (he reign of Tiberius by a Roman called Ces- 
 tius Gallus, from whom it received its name, 
 and carried back from an island of the Tiber, 
 
 to which the Fabricius conducted. Aure- 
 
 lianus was built with marble by the emperor 
 Antoninus. Armoniensis was built by Au- 
 gustus, to join the Flaminian to the iEmylian 
 
 road. Bajanus was built at Baiae in the sea 
 
 by Caligula. It was supported by boats, and 
 measured about six miles in length.-—-— Jani- 
 cularis received its name from its vicinity to 
 
 mount Janiculum. It is still standing. Mil- 
 
 vius was about one mile from Rome. It was 
 built by the censor ^^lius Scaurus. It was 
 near h that Constantine defeated Maxentius. 
 Fabricius was built by Fabricius, and car- 
 ried to an island of the Tiber. Gardius 
 
 was built by Agri >pa. Palatinus near mount 
 
 Palatine, was also called Sc7}ntorhis. because 
 the senators walked over it in procession, 
 when they went to consult the Sybilline books. 
 It was begun by M. Fulvius, and finished in 
 the censorship cf L. Mumrnius, and some re- 
 mains of it are still visible. Trajani was 
 
 built by Trajan across the Danube, celebrated 
 for its bigness and magnificence. — The empe- 
 ror built it to assist more expeditiously the 
 provinces against the barbarians, but his sue- 
 cessor destroyed it, as he supposed that it 
 would be rather an inducement for the bar- 
 barians to invade the empire. Is was rai.sed 
 on 20 piers of hewn stones, 150 feet from tb© 
 foundation, 60 feet broad, and 170 feet distant 
 one from the other, extending in length above 
 a mile. Some of the pillars are still standing. 
 Another was built by Trajan over the Ta- 
 gus, part of which still remains. Of tempora- 
 ry bridges, that of Cae-ar over the Rhine was 
 
 the most famous. The largest single arched 
 
 bridge known is over the river Flaver ia 
 France, called Pons VeUris Brivatis. The 
 pillars stand on two rocks at the distance of 195 
 feet. The arch is 84 feet high above the wa- 
 ter. Suii'ragiorum was built in tlie Campus 
 
 Martins, and received its name because the 
 populace were obliged to pass over it when- 
 ever they delivered their suffrages at the elec- 
 tions of magistrates and officers of the state-^ 
 
PO 
 
 -- — Tirensis, a bridge of Latiura between Ar- 
 
 |)inum and Minturnae Triumphalis was on 
 
 the way to the capitol, and passed over by 
 
 those who triumphed. Narniensis joined 
 
 two mountains near Narnia, built by Augustus, 
 of stupendous height, 60 miles from Rome ; 
 one arch of it remains, about 100 feet high. 
 
 PoNTiA, a Roman matron who committed 
 adultery with Sagitta, &c. Tacit. Ann. 12. 
 A mother famous for her cruelty. Mar- 
 tial. 1, ep. 34. A surname of Venus at 
 
 Hermione. Paus 2, c. 34. A woman con- 
 demned by Nero as guilty of a' conspiracy. 
 She killed herself by opening her veins. She 
 was daughter of Petronius, and wife of Bola- 
 nus. Juv. 6, V. 637. An island in the Tyrr- 
 hene sea, where Pilate, surnaraed Pontius, is 
 supposed to have lived. PUn. 3, c. Q.—Plol. 
 3, c. 1. Vid. (Enotrides. 
 
 PoNTicuM MARE, the sea of Pontus, gene- 
 rally called the Euxine. 
 
 PoNTicus, a poet of Rome, contemporary 
 with Propertius, by whom he is compared to 
 Homer. He wrote an account of the Theban 
 
 war in heroic verse. Propert. 1, el. 7 A 
 
 man in Juvenal's age, fond of boasting of the 
 antiquity and great actions of his family, yet 
 without possessing himself one single virtue. 
 
 PoNTiNA, or PoMPTiNA LAC US, a lake in 
 the country of the Volsci, through which 
 the great Appian road passed. Travellers 
 were sometimes conveyed in a boat, drawn by 
 a mule, in the canal that ran along the road 
 from Forum Appii to Tarracina. This lake is 
 now become so dangerous, from the exhala- 
 tions of its stagnant water, that travellers avoid 
 passing near it. Horat 1, Sat. 5, v 9.—Lucan. 
 3, V. 85. 
 
 PoMTiKus, a friend of Cicero. A tri- 
 bune of the people, who refused to rise up 
 when Caesar passed in triumphal procession. 
 He was one of Caesar's murderers, and was 
 killed at the battle of Mutina. Sueion. in 
 
 C(Bsar. 78. — Cic. 10, adfam. A mountain 
 
 of Argolis, with a river of the same name. 
 Fauf. 2, c. 73. 
 
 Pontius Aufidianus, a Roman citizen, 
 who upon hearing that violence had been of- 
 fered to his daughter, punished her and her 
 
 ravisher with death. Val. Max. 6, c. 1. 
 
 Herennius, a general of the Samnites, who 
 surrounded the Roman army under the con- 
 suls T. Veturius and P. Posthuraius. As there 
 was no possibility of escaping for the Romans, 
 Pontius consulted his father what he could do 
 with an army that were prisoners in his hands. 
 The old man advised him either to let them 
 
 fo untouched, or put them ail to the sword, 
 'ontius rejected his father's advice, and spared 
 the lives of the enemy, after he had obliged 
 them to pass under the yoke with the greatest 
 ignominy. He was afterwards conquered, and 
 obliged in his turn to pass under the yoke. 
 Fabius Maximus defeated him, when he ap- 
 peared again at the head of another army, and 
 ne was afterwards shamefully put to death by 
 the Romans, after he had adorned the triumph 
 
 of the conqueror. Liv. 9, c. 1, Lc. Co- 
 
 minius, a Roman who gave information to his 
 countrymen who were besieged in the capi- 
 tol that Camillus had obtained a victory over 
 
 the Gauls. Plut. -A Roman slave, who 
 
 told Sylla in a prophetic strain, that he brought 
 
 PO 
 
 him success from Bellona. One of tke 
 
 favourites of Albucilla. He was degraded 
 from the rank of a senator. Tacit. Ti- 
 tus, a Roman centurion, whom Cicero de 
 Senect. mentions as possessed of uncommon 
 strength. 
 
 PoNTus, a kingdom of Asia Minor, bound- 
 ed on the east by Colchis, west by the Halys, 
 north by the Euxine sea, and south by part 
 of Armenia. It was divided into three parts 
 according to Ptolemy. Pontus Galaticm, 
 of which Araasia was the capital, Pontus Po- 
 lemoniacus, from its chief town Polemonium, 
 and Pontus Cappadocius, of which Trapezus 
 was the cajntal. It was governed by kings, 
 the first of whom was Artabazes, either one 
 of the seven Persian noblemen who murdered 
 the usurper Smerdis, or one of their descend- 
 ants. The kingdom of Pontus was in its 
 most flourishing state under Mithridates the 
 Great. When J. Csesar had conquered it, it 
 became a Roman province, though it was often 
 governed by monarchs who were tributary to 
 the power of Rome. Under the emperors a 
 regular governor was always appointed over it. 
 Pontus produced castors, whose testicles were 
 highly valued among the ancients for their sa- 
 lutary qualities in medicinal processes. Virg. 
 G. 1, V. 58.— jtfe/a, 1, c. 1 and \9.—Strab. \2. 
 —Cic. pro Leg.—Man.—Jippian.—Ptol 5, c. 
 6. A part of Mysia in Europe on the bor- 
 ders of the Euxine sea, where Ovid was ba- 
 nished, and from whence he wrote bis four 
 book.s of epistles de Ponto, and his six books 
 
 de Trislibiis. Ovid, de Pont. An ancient 
 
 deity, father of Phorcys, Thaumas, Nereus, 
 Euribia, and Ceto, by Terra. He is the same 
 as Oceanus. Jipollod. 1, c. 2. 
 
 Pontus Euxinus, a celebrated sea, situate 
 at the west of Colchis, between Asia and 
 Europe, at the north of Asia Minor. It is 
 called the Black Sea by the moderns. [Vid. 
 Euxinus.] 
 
 M. PopjLius, a consul who was informed, 
 as he was offering a sacrifice, that a sedition 
 was raised in the city against the senate. Upon 
 this he immediately went to the populace in 
 his sacei-dotal robes, and quieted the multitude 
 with a speech. He lived about the year of 
 Rome 404. Liv. 9, c. 21.— Val. Max. 7, c. 
 
 8. Caius, a consul, who, when besieged 
 
 by the Gauls, abandoned his baggage to save 
 
 his army. Cic. ad Heren. 1, c. 15. Laenas, 
 
 a Roman ambassador to Antiochus, king of 
 Syria. He was commissioned to order the 
 monarch loabstain from hostilities against Pto- 
 lemy, king of Egypt, who was an ally of 
 Rome. Antiochus wished to evade him by 
 his answers, but Popilius, with a stick which 
 he had in his hand, made a circle round him 
 on the sand, and bade him, in the name of 
 the Roman senate and people, not to go be- 
 yond it before he spoke decisively. This bold- 
 ness intimidated Antiochus; he withdrew his 
 garrisons from Egypt, and no longer medita- 
 ted a war against Ptolemy. Val. Max. 6, c. 4. 
 —Liv. 45, c. 12.—Paterc. 1, c. 10. A tri- 
 bune of the people who murdered Cicero, to 
 whose eloquence he was indebted for his life 
 
 when he was accused of parricide. PliU. 
 
 A prajtor who banished the friends of Tiberius 
 
 Gracchus from Italy. A Roman consul 
 
 who made war agaUist the people of JVuman- 
 
PO 
 
 tia, on pretcHce tliat the peace had not been 
 firilv established. He was defeated by them. 
 
 \ senator who alarmed the conspirators 
 
 a<^ainst C83sar, by telling them that the whole 
 
 p?ot was discovered. A Roman emperor. 
 
 [Frrf. Nepotianus.] , rrr-j 
 
 PoPLicoLA, one of the first consuls. iVid. 
 Publicola.] 
 
 Poppj^^A Sabina, a celebrated Roman ma- 
 tron, daughter of Titus OUius. She marned 
 a Roman kni-^ht called Rufus Crispmus, by 
 whom she had a son. Her personal charms, 
 and the elegance of her figure, captivated Otho-, 
 ^vho was then one of Nero's favourites He 
 carried her away and married her ; but Nero, 
 who had seen her, and had often heard her 
 accomplishments extolled, soon deprived hira 
 of her company, and sent him out of Italy, on 
 pretence of presiding over one of the Konian 
 provinces. After he had taken this step, Ne- 
 ro repudiated hi? wife Octavia, on pretence ot 
 barrenness, and married Popp^a. .The cruel- 
 ty and avarice of the emperor did not long 
 permit Popna3a to share the imperial dignity, 
 and though she had already made him father 
 of a son, he began to despise her, and even to 
 n^e her with barbarity. She died ot a blow 
 Avhich she received from his foot when many 
 months advanced in her pregnancy, about the 
 65th year of the Christian era. .^er funeral 
 M'as performed with great pomp and solemni- 
 ty, and statues were raised to her memory. 
 Jt i^ -^aid that she was so anxious to preserve 
 her beauty and the elegance of her pei-son, 
 thTtt 500 asses were kept on purpose to attcrd 
 her milk in which she used daily to bathe. 
 Even in her banishment she was attendee by 
 60 of these animals for the same purpos_e, and 
 from their milk she invented a kind of oint- 
 ment, or pomatum, to preserve beauty, caUeo 
 poppcvanum from her. Plin. II, ^^ ^l.-Z^o 
 62 — Ji/r. 6.—Siieton. m Mr. «^' Oth.—Tanl. 
 
 13 -md 14 A beautiful woman at the court 
 
 of Nero. She was mother to the preceding. 
 Tacit. Jinn. n,c.\, he. 
 
 Popp/Eus Sabinus, a Roman of obscure 
 origin, who was made governor of some ot the 
 Roman provinces. He destroyed himself, kc. 
 Tacit. C>,^nn. 39. Sylvanns, a man ot con- 
 sular disni^ v, who brought to V espasian a body 
 
 of 600 Dalmatians. A friend of Otho. 
 
 PoPULONiA, or FopuLANiuM, a town of Etru- 
 ria, near Pisjc, destroyed in the civil wars of 
 Sylla. Sirah. 5.— Virg. JEn. 10, v. \n.-Mda, 
 2, c. b.—PUn. 3, c. 5 „ „ r „ 
 
 PoR\T^, a river of Dacia, now Fnillh fall- 
 in'^ into the Danube a little below Asiopoli. 
 
 PoKciv. a sister of Cato of Utica, greatly 
 rommended bv Cicero. A daughter of Ca- 
 to of L'tica, who married Bibulus, and alter 
 his death, Brutus. She was remarkable tor 
 her prudence, philosophy, courage, and con- 
 jugal tenderness. She gave herself a heavy 
 wmind in the thigh, to see with what fortitude 
 she could bear pain : and when her husband 
 asked her the reason of it, she said that she 
 wished to try whether she had courage enough 
 1o share not only his bed, but to partake of his 
 most hidden secrets. Brutus was astonished 
 at her constancy, and no longer detained from 
 her knowledge the conspiracy which he and 
 many other illustrious Romans had formed 
 a-^ninst J. Caesar, Portia wished them suc- 
 
 PO 
 
 cess, and though she betrayed fear, and fell in- 
 to a swoon the day that her husband was gone 
 to assassinate the dictator, yet she was faithful 
 to her promise, and dropped nothing which 
 might aS"ect the situation of the conspirators. 
 When Brutus was dead, she refused to sur- 
 vive him, and attempted to end her life as ta 
 daughter of Cato. Her friends attempted to 
 terrify her; but when she saw that every 
 weapon was removed from her reach, she 
 swallowed burning coals and died, about 42 
 years before the Christian era. Valerius iMax- 
 imiis says, that she was acquainted with her 
 husband's conspiracy against Caesar when she 
 gave herself the wound. Val. Max. 3, c. 2, 1. 
 4^ c. Q.—Plut. in Brut. k,c. 
 
 PoRCiA LEX, de civitale, by M. Porcins the 
 tribune, A. U. C. 453. It ordained that no ma- 
 gistrate should punish with death, or scourge 
 with rods, a Roman citizen when condemned, 
 but only permit him to go into exile. Sallust. 
 in Cat.—Liv. 10.— Cic. pro Rab. 
 
 PoRciNA, a surname of the orator M. JE. 
 Lepidus, who lived a little before Cicero's age, 
 and was distinguished for his abilities. Cic. ad 
 Her. 4, c. 5. , i 
 
 M. PoRcius Latro, a celebrated orator who 
 killed himself when labouring under a quartaa 
 aaie, A. U C. 750. Licinius, a Latin poet 
 
 during the time of the third Panic war, com- 
 mended for the elegance, the graceful ease, and 
 happy wit of bis epigrams. A Roman sen- 
 ator who joined the conspiracy of Catiline. 
 A son of Cato of Utica, given much to 
 
 drinking. 
 
 PoRKDORAX, one of the 40 Gauls whom 
 Mlthridates ordered to be put to death, and 
 to remain unburied for conspiring against him. 
 Hi.5 mistress at Pergamus buried him against 
 the orders of the monarch. Plut. de Virt. 
 
 Mul. 
 
 PoRiNA, a river of Peloponnesus. Pans. 1, 
 
 c. 85. ^ ^ , 
 
 PoRosELENE, an islar-d near Lesbos. Slrao. 
 13 — P/m. 5, c. 31. 
 
 Porphyron, a son of Ccelus and Terra, one 
 of the giants who made war against Jupiter. 
 He was so formidable, that Jupiter, to con- 
 quer him, in.'^pired him with love for Juno, 
 and while the giant endeavoured to obtain his 
 wishes, he, v. ish the assistance of Hercules, 
 overpowered him. Horat. 3, od. 4.— Mart. 13, 
 ep. 78. — Jipollod. 1, c. 6. ^ 
 
 PoRPHYRis, a name of the island Cy- 
 
 thera. . 
 
 PoRPUYUios, a Platonic philosopher or 
 Tyre. He studied eloquence at Athens under 
 Longinus, and afterwards retired to Rome, 
 where he perfected himself under Plotinus. 
 Porphyry was a man of universal information, 
 and; according to the testimony of the an- 
 cients, he excelled his contemporaries in the 
 knowledge of history, mathematics, music, and 
 philosophy. He expressed his sentiments with 
 elegance and with dignity, and while other 
 philosophers studied obscurity in their lan- 
 guage, his style was remarkable for its sim- 
 plicity and grace. He applied himselt to the 
 study of magic, which he called a theourgic 
 or divine operation. The books that he wrote 
 were numerous, and some of his smaller 
 treatises are still extant. His most celebrated 
 work, which is now lost, was against the re-- 
 
PO 
 
 ligion of Christ, and in this theological con- j 
 lest he appeared so formidable, that raostl 
 of the fathers of the church have been em- \ 
 ployed in confuting his arguments, and de- 
 veloping the falseliood of his assertions. He 
 has been universaliy called the greatest enemy 
 which the Christian religion had, and indeed 
 his doctrines were so pernicious, that a copy 
 of his book was publicly barnt by order of 
 Theodosius, A. D. 388. Porphyry resided for 
 some time in Sicily, and died attlie advanced 
 age of 71, A. D. 303. The best edition of 
 his life of Pythagoras is that of Kuster, 4to. 
 Amst. 1707, that of his treatise De abstinen- 
 tia, is De Rhoer. Traj. ad Rhen, 8vo. 1767, 
 and that De Anlro Xyiapkarum is 8vo, Traj. 
 
 ad Rhen. 1765. A Latin poet in the reign 
 
 of Consiantine tne Great. 
 
 PoRRiMA, one of the attendants of Car- 
 mente wheii she came from Arcadia. Ovid. 
 1. Fast. V. 633. 
 
 PoRSENKA, or PoRSE.vA, a king of Etru- 
 ria, who declared war against the Romans, 
 because they refused to restore Tarquin to his 
 throne and to his royal privileges. He was 
 at first successful, the Romans were defeated, 
 and Porsenna w^ould have entered the gates of 
 Rome, had not Codes stood at the head of a 
 bridge, and supported the fury of the whole 
 Etrurian array, while his companions behind 
 were cutting off the communication with the 
 opposite shore. This act of bravery astonished 
 Porsenna; but when he had seen ivlutius Sca?- 
 vola enter his camp with an intention to mur 
 der him, and when he had seen him burn his 
 hand without emotion, to convince him of his 
 fortitude and intrepidity, he no longer dared to 
 make head against a people so brave and so 
 generous. He made a peace with the Romans, 
 and never after suppoi-ted the claims of Tar- 
 quin. The generosity of Porseniia's behaviour 
 to the captives was admired by the Romans, 
 and to reward his humanity they raised a bra- 
 zen statue to his honour. Liv. 2, c. 9, &c. — 
 Plul. in Public— Flor 1, c. lO.—Horat. ep 
 W.— Virg.Xn. 8, v. 646. 
 
 Porta Capena, a gate 
 leads to the Appian road 
 
 at Rome, which 
 Ovid. Fast. 6, v. 
 
 192. Aurelia, a gate at Rome, which re- 
 ceived its name from Aurelius, a consul who 
 made a road which led to Pisa, all along the 
 
 coast of Etruria. Asinaria led to mount 
 
 Cffilius. It received its name from the family 
 
 of the Asinii. Carmentalis was at the foot 
 
 of the capitol, built by Romulus. It was after- 
 wards called Scelerata, because the 300 Fa- 
 bii marched through when they went to fight 
 an enemy, and were killed near the river 
 
 Cremera. Janualis was near the temple of 
 
 Janus. Esquilina was also called Metia, 
 
 Taurica, or Libilinensis, and all criminals who 
 were going to be executed generally passed 
 through, as also dead bodies which were car- 
 ried to be burnt on mount Esquilinus. Fla- 
 
 minia, called also Flumentaiia, was situate be- 
 tween the capitol and mount Quirinalis, and 
 
 through it the Flaminian road passed. Fon- 
 
 linalis led to the Campus Martins. It received 
 its name from the great number of fountains 
 
 fhat were near it. Navalis was situate near 
 
 the place where the ships came from Oslia. 
 
 Viminalis was near mount Viminalis. 
 
 — — -Trigemina, called also Ostiensi-f, led to 
 7.3 
 
 PO 
 
 the town of Ostia. Catularia was near the 
 
 Carmentalis Porta, at the foot of mount Vi- 
 minalis. Collatina received its name from 
 
 its leading to Collatia. Collina, called also 
 
 Q_uirinalis, .^voncnsis, and Solaria, was near 
 Quirinalis Mons. Annibal rode up to this 
 gate and threw a spear into the city. It is to 
 be observed, that at the death of Romulus 
 there were only three or four gates at Rome, 
 but the number was increased, and in the time 
 of Pliny there were 37, when the circumference 
 of the walls was 13 miles and 200 paces. 
 
 Portia and Fortius. [Vid. Porcia and 
 Porcius.] 
 
 PoRTMos, a town of Euboea. Demosth. — 
 Plin. 3, c. 5. 
 
 Portumnalia, festivals of Portumnus at 
 Rome, celebrated on the 17th of August, in a 
 very solemn and lugubrious manner, on the 
 borders of the Tiber. Ovid. Fast. 6, v. 547. — 
 Varro de L. L. 5, c. 3. 
 
 Portumncs, a sea deity. [Fid. Meli- 
 certa.] 
 
 PoRus, the god of plenty at Rome. He 
 
 was son of Metis or Prudence. Plato. 
 
 A king of India, when Alexander invaded 
 Asia. The conqueror of Darius ordered him 
 to come and pay homage to him as a depend- 
 ant prince. Porus scorned his commands, and 
 declared he would go and meet him on the 
 frontiers of his kingdom sword in hand, and 
 immediately he marched a large army to the 
 banks of the Hydaspes. The stream of the 
 river was rapid ; but Alexander crossed it in 
 the obscurity of the night, and defeated one 
 ofthe sons of the Indian monarch. Porus 
 himself renewed the battle, but the valour of 
 the Macedonians prevailed, and the Indian 
 prince retired, covered with wounds, on the 
 backof one of his elephants. Alexander sent 
 one of the kings of India to demand him to 
 surrender, but Porus killed the messenger, 
 exclaiming, is not this the voice of the wretch 
 who has abandoned his country .' and when he 
 at last was prevailed upon to come before the 
 conqueror, he approached him as an equal. 
 Alexander demanded of him how he wished 
 to be treated ; like a king, replied Ihe Indian 
 monarch. This magnanimous answer so 
 pleased the Macedonian conqueror that he 
 not only restored him his dominions, but he 
 increased his kingdom by the ro'iquestof new 
 provinces ; and Porus, in acknowledgement of 
 such generosity and benevolence, became one 
 of the most faithful and attached friends of 
 Alexander, and never violated the assurances 
 of peace which he had given him. Porus is 
 represented as a man of uncommon stature, 
 great strength, and proportionable dignity. 
 Plut. in Alex.—Philostr. 2, c. 10.— Cwr/. 8, c. 
 
 8, ^c. — Claud. Cons. Honor. 4. Another 
 
 king of India in the reign of Alexander. A 
 
 king of Babylon. 
 
 PosiDEs, an eunuch and freed-man ofthe 
 emperor Claudius, who rose to honours by 
 the favour of his master. Juv. 14, v. 94. 
 
 PosiDiuM, a promontory and town of 
 Ionia, where Neptune had a temple. Slrab. 
 
 14. A town of Syria below Libanus. Plin. 
 
 5, c. 20. A town near the Strymon, on the 
 
 borders of Macedonia. Plin. 4, c, 10. 
 
 PosiDON, a name of Neptune among the 
 Greeks. 
 
FoslDo^fIA, a town of Lucania, better 
 known by the name of Pajsturn. [l^'id. Pajs- 
 
 tUill.] 
 
 PosiDONiuM, a town or temple of Nep- 
 tune, near Cirnis in Italy, where the' straits 
 of Si'rily are narrowest, and scarce a mile dis- 
 lant from the opposite shore. 
 
 PosiDorJius, a philosopher of Apamea. 
 He lived at Khodes for sometime, and after- 
 wards came to Rome, where, after cultivating 
 the friendship of Pompey and Cicero, he died 
 in his 84th year. He wrote a treatise on the 
 nature of the gods, and also .ittempted to mea- 
 sure the circumference of the earth; he ac- 
 counted for the tides from the motion of the 
 moon, and calculated the height of the atmos- 
 phere to be 400 stadia, nearly agreeiiig to the 
 ideas of the moderns. Cic. Tusc. 5, c. 37. — 
 
 Sirnh: 14. Another philosopher, born at 
 
 Alexandria in E,?ypt. 
 
 Posio, a native of Magnesia, who wrote an 
 history of the Amazons. 
 
 FosTHUMiA, a vestal virt^in accused of 
 
 adultery and acquitted. Tlie wife of Ser- 
 
 vius Sulpicius. Cic. tp. A daughter of 
 
 Sylla. 
 
 PosTHUMius Albinus, a man who suf- 
 fered himself to be bribed by Jugurtha, against 
 
 whom he had been sent with an army. A 
 
 writer at Rome whom Cato ridiculed tor com- 
 posing an history in Greek, and afterwards of 
 (ering ajwlogies for the inaccuracy and inele- 
 gance of his expressions. Tubero, a mas- 
 ter of horse to the dictator /Emilius Mamercus. 
 He was himself made dictator in the war 
 which the Romans waged against the Volsoi, 
 and he punished his son with death for fight- 
 ing against his orders, A. U C. 312. Lie. 4, 
 
 c. 23. Spurius, a consul sent against the 
 
 Samniles, He was taken in an ambush by 
 Pontius the enemy's general, and obliged to 
 pass under the yoke with all his army. He 
 .saved his life by a shamer"ul treaty ,and when he 
 returned to Rome, he persuaded the Romans 
 not to reckon as valid the engagements he had 
 made with the enemy, as it was without their 
 advice. He was given up to the enemy be- 
 cause he could not perform his engagements; 
 but he was released by Pontius for his gene- 
 rous and patriotic behaviour. Aulus, a dic- 
 tator who defeated the Latins and the Volsci. 
 
 Tubertus, another dictator, who defeated 
 
 the .^qui and Volsci. Lucius, a consul sent 
 
 against the Samnites. A general who de- 
 feated the Sabines, and wlio was the first 
 
 who obtained an ovation. A man [loisorsed 
 
 by his wife. A general who concjuered the 
 
 ,^qui, and who was stoned by the army, be- 
 cause he refused to divide the promised spoils 
 
 Flor. 22. Lucius, a Roman consul, who 
 
 wasdeleated by the Boii. He was left amon;: 
 the slain, and his Ijead was cut olf from his bo- 
 dy, and carried in triumph by the barbarians 
 into their temples, where they made with the 
 bcuU a sacred vessel to oHer libations to their 
 
 gods. Marcus Crai^sus Latianus, an ofticer 
 
 proclaimed emperor in Gaul, A. D. 260. He 
 reignejl with great popularity, and gained 
 the affection of his sulijects by his humanity 
 and moderation. He took his son of the same 
 name as a colleague on the tiirone. They 
 were both assassinated by their soldiers, after 
 a reign of six years. MegiUhas, a cou^ul 
 
 PO 
 
 against the Samnites an<J Tarentincs. 
 
 Quintus, a man put to death by Antony, 
 
 A soothsayer in the ago of Sylla. • 
 
 Spurius, an enemy of Tib. Gracchus. ■ 
 
 Albus. a Roman decemvir, sent to Athens to 
 collect the most salutary laws of Solon, ^c. 
 
 Liv. 3. c. 31. Sylvius, a son of iEneas and 
 
 Sylvia. 
 
 PosTVERTA, a goddess at Rome, who pre- 
 sided over the painful travails of women. 
 Olid. Fast 1, v. 63:^. 
 
 PosTUMTA VIA, a Roman road about the 
 town of Hostilia. 
 
 PosTUMius. [FiV. Posthumius.] 
 
 PoTAAiiDES, nymphs who presided over 
 rivers and fountains, as their name (^ox/io^^ 
 fuivius) itnplies. 
 
 PoTAMON, a philosopher of Alexandria, in 
 the age of Augustus. He wrote several trea- 
 tises, and confined himself to the doctrines of 
 no particular sect of philosophers. 
 
 PoTAMos, a town of Attica near Sunium. 
 Slrab. 9. 
 
 PoTENTiA, a town of Picenum. Liv 39, 
 c.44. 
 
 PoTHiNus, an eunuch tutor to Ptolemy, 
 king of Egypt. He advised 'the minarcb to 
 mifder Pom[)ey, when he claimed his pro- 
 tection after the battle of Pharsalia. He stir- 
 red up commotions in Alexandria, when Cas- 
 sar came there, upon which the conqueror or- 
 dered him to be put to death. Lucan. 8, v. 
 483, 1. 10, v. 95. 
 
 PoTHos, one of the deities of the Samo- 
 thracians. Plin. 39, c. 5. 
 
 PoTiD^iA, a town of Macedonia, situate in 
 the peninsula of Pallene. It was founded by a 
 Coiinthian colony, and became tributary to the 
 Alhenians. from wiiom Philip of Macedonia 
 took it. The conqieror gave it to the Olyn- 
 thians to render tiiem more attached to his 
 interest. Cassander repaired atid enlarged it, 
 and called it ('assandria, a name which it 
 still preserves, and whicii has given occasion 
 to Livy to say, that Cassander was the original 
 founder of that city. Liv. 44, c. 11. — De- 
 mosiU. Olynlh. — Slrab, 7. — Paus. 5, c. 23. — 
 Mela, 2, c. 2. 
 
 PoTiDANiA, a town of .'Etolia. Liv. 28, 
 c. 8. 
 
 PoTiNA, a goddess at Rome, who presided 
 over children's potions. Varro. 
 
 PoTiTius. \_i^id, Pinarius.] 
 
 PoTNi^, a town of Bceoiia, where Bac- 
 chus had a temple. The Potnians, having 
 once murdered the priest of the god, were or- 
 dered by the oracle, to appease his resentment, 
 yeaily to offer on his altars a young man. This 
 unriHiural sacrifice was continued for some 
 years, till Bacchus himself substitited a goat, 
 from wiiich circumstance he received the ap- 
 pellation o! JE<j;obolus and JE^opha^us. There 
 was here a fountain whose waters made horses 
 run mad as soon as they were touched. There 
 were also here certain goddesses called Pot- 
 tiiudcs, on whose altars, in a grove sacred to 
 Ceres and Proserpine, victims were sacrificed. 
 It was also usual, at a certain season of the 
 year, to conduct into the grove, young pigs, 
 which were found the following year in the 
 proves of Dodona. The mares of Potnias de- 
 iroyed their master Glaucus, son of Sisyphus. 
 [Hrf. Glaucus.] Faus. 9, c. 8.-— f^ir^. G. ^.- 
 
PR 
 
 V. 267 —JElian. V. H. 15, c. 25. A town of 
 
 Magnesia, whose pastures gave madness to 
 asses, according to Pliny. 
 
 Practium. a town and smH»l river of Asia 
 Minor on the Hellespont. 
 
 Pa^EciA, a courtezan at Rome, who influ- 
 enced Cethegus, and procured Asia as a consu- 
 lar fjrovince for Luculius. Plut. in Luc. 
 
 Pr.enestk, a town of Latinm, about 21 
 miles from Rome, built by Telegonus, son of 
 Ulysses and Circe, or according to others by 
 Ceecuius the son of Vulcan. Tliere was a cele- 
 brated temple of Fortune there with two fa- 
 mous images, as also an oracle, which was 
 long in great repute. Cic. de Dlv. 2, c. 41. — 
 Virg. Jfin. 7, v. 680.— Hora/. 3, od. 4.— Stat. I, 
 Si/lv. 3, V. 80. 
 
 Prj^esos, a small town of Crete, destroyed in 
 a civil war by one of the neighbouring cities. 
 
 Pr.«sti, a nation of India. Curl. 9, c. 8. 
 
 Pra;tor, one of the chief magistrates at 
 Home. The office of Praetor was first institu- 
 ted A. U. C. 388, by the senators, who wished 
 l)y some new honour to compensate for the 
 loss of the consulship, of which the plebeians 
 had claimed a share. The praetor received his 
 name a prceeundo. Only one was originally 
 •lected, and another A. U. C. 601. One of 
 them was totally employed in administering 
 justice among the citizens, whence he was 
 called praetor urbamis ; and the other ap- 
 pointed judges in all causes which related to 
 foreigners. In the year of Rome 520, two 
 more praetors were created to assist the con- 
 sul in the government of the provinces of Si- 
 cily and Sardinia, which had been lately con 
 quered. and two more when Spain was re- 
 duced into the form of a Roman province, A. 
 U. C.551. Syllathe dictator added two more, 
 and Julius Cajsar increased the number to 
 10, and afterwards to 16, and the second tri- 
 umvirate to 64. After this their numbers 
 fluctuated, being sometimes 18, 16, or 12, 
 till, in the decline of the empire, their dignity 
 decreased and their numbers were reduced 
 to three. In his public capacity the praetor ad- 
 ministered justice, protected the rights of 
 widows and orphans, presided at the celebra 
 tion of public festivals, and in the absence of 
 the consul assembled or pi'oroi^ued the senate 
 as he pleased. He also exhibiled shows to tljf 
 people, and in the festivals of the iiona Dea, 
 where no males were permitted to aj:)pear, his 
 wife presided over the rest of the Romati 
 matrons. Feasts were announced and pro- 
 claimed by him, and he had the power to 
 make and repeal laws, if it mel ^^'ith the ap 
 probation of the senate and people. Tlie 
 quaestors were subject to him, ?nd in the ab- 
 sence of the consuls, he appeared ni the heail 
 of the armies, and in the city he kept a re- 
 gister of *i" the freed-men of Rome, with the 
 reas(ms fo*' which they had received their free- 
 dom. In the provinces the PrP3tors appeared 
 with great pomf», six lictors with the fasces 
 walked befo''^ tliem, and when the empire 
 was increased by conquests, they divided like 
 the consuls their government, and provinces 
 were given them by lot. When the year of 
 the pnetorship was elapsed, they were call- 
 ed proj)ra'Jors, if they still continued at the 
 head of their province. At Rt-nic the praj 
 •ora appeared also with much pomp> two lie- 
 
 PR 
 
 tors preceded them, they wore the pratexia; 
 or the white robe with purple borders, they 
 sat in curule chairs, and tlieir tribunal was dis- 
 tinguished by a sword and a spear, while they 
 administered justice. The tribunal was called 
 prcElorium. When they rode they appeared 
 on white horses at Rome, as a mark of distinc- 
 tion. The praetor who appointed judges to 
 try foreign causes, was called prcpior peregri- 
 nus. The praetors Cereales, appointed by 
 Julius CiBsar, were employed in providing 
 corn and provisions for the city. They were 
 on that account often caUed frumentarii. 
 Pretoria, a town of Dacia,now Cromladt. 
 Another, now Aoust, in Piedmont. 
 
 Prjetorius, a name ironically applied to 
 As Sempronius Rufus, because he was disap- 
 pointed in his solicitations for the praetorship, 
 as being too dissolute and luxurious in his man- 
 ners. He was the first who had a stork 
 brought to his table. Horat. 2, Sat. 2, v. 50. 
 
 Pr^tutium, a town of Picenum. Jlal. 15, 
 V. 568.— Lir. 22, c. 9, 1. 27, c. 43. 
 
 Prisiane, now Verdant, a large island at 
 the mouth of the Indus. Plin. 6, c. 20. 
 
 Prasias, a lake between Macedonia and 
 Thrace, where were silver mines. Herodot. 
 5, c. 17. 
 
 Prasii, a nation of India in Alexander's 
 age. Curt. 9, c. 2. 
 
 Pratet^lia lex. was enacted by Pratellius 
 the tribune, A. U. C. 398, to curb and check the 
 ambitious views of men who were lately ad- 
 vanced in the state. Liv. 7, c. 15. 
 
 Pratinas, a Greek poet of Phlius, contem- 
 porary with iEschylus. He was the first 
 among the Greeks who composed satires, 
 which were represented as farces. Of these 
 32 were acted, as also 18 of his tragedies, on© 
 of which only obtained the poetical prize. 
 Some of his verses are extant, quoted by Athe- 
 najus. Paus. 2, c. 13. 
 
 Praxagoras, an Athenian writer, who pub- 
 lished an history of the kings of his own coun- 
 try. He was then only 19 years old, and 
 three years after, he wrote the life of Constan- 
 tine the Great. He had also written the life of 
 Alexander, all now lost. 
 
 Praxjas, a celebrated statuary of Athens. 
 Paus. 10, c. 18. 
 
 Praxidamas, a famous athlete of jEgina 
 Pam. 6, o. 18. 
 
 Pr.»xumck, a goddess among the Greeks,, 
 .vho presided over the execution of enter- 
 prises, and who punished all evil actions. 
 Paus. 9, c. 33. 
 
 Praxila, a lyric poetess of Sicyon, who 
 flourished about 492 years before Christ. 
 Pans 3 c. 13. 
 
 PuAXiPFi.iNES, a Rhodian, who wrote a 
 learned c(jmmentnry on the obscure passages 
 of So[)hocles. .\n historian. Diog. 
 
 Praxis, a surname of Venus at Megara. 
 Pans. 1, c 43. 
 
 Praxitklfs, a famous sculptor of Mag- 
 na Gra2(ia, who nourished about 324 years 
 fjf'fore the Christian tjra. He chiefly worked 
 on Parian marble, on account of its beauti- 
 ful whiteness. He carried his art to the 
 greatest perfection, and was so happy in 
 copying nature, that his statues seemed to bo 
 animated. The most famous of liis pieces 
 was a Cupid which he gave to Phryn(». Thi«! 
 
PR 
 
 celebrated courtezan, who wished to have I 
 the best of all the statues of Praxiteles, audi 
 who could not depend upou her own judg- \ 
 ment in the choice, alarmed the sculptor, by I 
 telling him his house was on lire. Praxiteles 
 upon this showed his eagerness to save his 
 Cupid from the flames, above all his other 
 pieces ; but Phryne restrained his fears, and 
 by discovering her artifice, obtained the fa- 
 vourite statue. The sculptor employed his 
 chisel m making a statue of this beautiful 
 courtezan, which was dedicated in the tem- 
 ple of Delphi, and placed between the sta- 
 tues of Archidamus, king of Sparta, and 
 Philip king of Macedon. He also made a 
 statue of Venus, at the request of the people 
 of Cos aiid gave them their choice of the 
 goddess, either naked or veiled. The former 
 was superior to the other in beauty and per- 
 fection, but the inhabitants of Cos preferred 
 the latter. The Cnidians, who did not wish to 
 patronise modesty and decorum with the 
 same eagerness a the people of Cos, bought 
 the naked Venus, nd it was so universally es- 
 teemed, that Nicomedes king of Bithynia, of- 
 ferred the Cnidians, to pay an enormous debt, 
 under which they laboured, if they would give 
 him their favourite statue. This offer was not 
 accepted. The famous Cupid was bought of 
 the Thespians by Cains Caesar, and carried to 
 Rome, but Claudius restored it to them, and 
 IVero afterwards obtained possession of it. 
 Faus. 1, c. 40, 1. 8, c. 9,—Plin. 7, c. 34 and 36. 
 
 Praxithea, a daughter of Phrasimus and 
 Diogenea. She married Erechtheus, king 
 of Athens, by whom she had Cecrops, Pan- 
 darus, atid Metion, and four daughters, Pro- 
 cris, Creusa, Chthonia, and Orithyia. j9pol- 
 lod. 3, c. 15. A daughter of Thestius, mo- 
 ther of some children by Hercules. Id. % c. 
 
 7. A daughter of Erechtheus sacrificed by 
 
 order of the oracle. 
 
 Prehus, a lake in Tuscany,- now Castigliont. 
 Cic. Mil. 27.— P/m. 3, c. 5. 
 
 Presbon, a son of Phryxus, father of Cly- 
 
 menus. A son of Clytodora and Minyas, 
 
 also bore the same name. Pans. 9, c. 34 and 
 37. 
 
 Preugenes, a son of Agenor. Paus. 3, c. 
 2, 1. 7, c. 18 and 20. 
 
 Prexaspes, a Persian who put Smerdis to 
 death, by order of king Cambyses. Htrodot. 
 3, c. 30. 
 
 Priamides, a patronymic applied to Paris 
 as being son of Priam. It is also given to Hec- 
 tor, Deiphobus, and all the other children of 
 the Trojan monarch. Ooid. Hcroid. — F/rif. 
 ^n. 3, v. 295. 
 
 Priamus, the last king of Troy, was son 
 of Laomedon, by Strymo, called Placia by 
 some. When Hercules took the city of Troy 
 [Vid. Laomedon] Priam was in the number 
 of his prisoners, but his sister Hesione re- 
 deemed him from captivity, and he exchang- 
 ed his original name of Podarces for that of 
 Priam, which signifies bought or ransomed. 
 [Vid. Podarces.] He was also placed on his 
 father's throne by Hercules, and he employ- 
 ed himself with well directed diligence in 
 repairing, fortifying, and embellishing the 
 city of Troy. He had married, by his fa- 
 ther's orders, Arisba, whom now he divorced 
 for Hecuba, the daughter of Dimas, or Ci^- 
 
 PR 
 
 3CUS, n neighbouring prince. He had by He« 
 cuba 17 children, according to Cicero, or 
 according to Homer, 19 ; the most celebra- 
 ted of whom are Hector. Paris, Deiphobus, 
 Helenus, Pammon, Polites, Antiphus, Hip- 
 ponous, Troilus, Creusa, Laodice, Polyxena, 
 and Cassandra. Besides these he had many 
 others by concubines. Their names, accord- 
 ing to ApoUodorus, are Melampus, Gorgy- 
 thion, Philsemon, Glaucus, Agathon, Evago- 
 ras, Hippothous, Chersidamus, Hippodaraas, 
 Mestor, Atas, Dorcylus, Dryops, Lycaon, 
 Astygonus, Bias, Evander, Cbromius, Teles- 
 tas. Melius, Cebrion, Laodocus, idomeneus, 
 Archemachus, Echephron, Hyperion, Ascani- 
 us, Arrhetus, Democoon, Dejoptes, Echemon, 
 Clovius, .^gioneus, Hyporichus, Lisithous, 
 Polymedon, Medusa, Lysamache, Medesi- 
 casta, and Aristodeme. After he had reign- 
 ed for some time in the greatest prosperity, 
 Priam expressed a desire to recover his 
 sister Hesione, whom Hercules had carried 
 into Greece, and married to Telamon his 
 friend. To carry this plan into execution, 
 Priam manned a fleet, of which he gave the 
 command to his son, Paris, with orders to 
 bring back Hesione. Paris, to whom the 
 goddess of beauty had promised the fair- 
 est woman in the world, [Ftc?. Paris] neg- 
 lected in some measure his father's injunc- 
 tions, and as if to make reprisals upon the 
 Greeks, he carried away Helen the wife of 
 Menelaus, king of Sparta, during the absence 
 of her husband. Priam beheld this with satis- 
 faction, and he countenanced his son by re- 
 ceiving in his palace the wife of the king of 
 Sparta. This rape kindled the flames of war ; 
 all the suitors of Helen, at the request of Me- 
 nelaus, [Vid. Menelaus] assembled to revenge 
 the violence offered to his bed, and a fleet, ac- 
 cording to some, of 140 ships under the com- 
 mand of the 69 chiefs that furnished them, set 
 sail for Troy. Priam might have averted the 
 impending blow by the restoration of Helen; 
 but this he refused to do, when the ambassa- 
 dors of the Greeks came to him, and he im- 
 mediately raised an army to defend himself. 
 Troy was soon besieged, frequent skirmishes 
 took place, in which the success was various, 
 and the advantages on both sides inconsidera- 
 ble. The siege was continued for ten succes- 
 sive years, and Priam had the misfortune to 
 see the greatest part of his children massacred 
 by the enemy. Hector, the eldest of these, 
 was the only one upon whom now the Trojans 
 looked for protection and support ; but he soon 
 lell a sacrifice to his own courage, and was kill- 
 ed by Achilles. Priam severely felt his loss, 
 and as he lovedfiim with the greatest tender- 
 ness, he wished to ransom his body which was 
 in the enemy's camp. The gods, according to 
 Homer, interested themselves in favour of old 
 Priam. Achilles was prevailed upon by his 
 mother, the goddess Thetis, to restore Hector 
 to Priam, and the king of Troy passed through 
 the Grecian camp conducted by Mercury the 
 messenger of the gods, who with his rod had 
 made him invisible. The meeting of Priam 
 and Achilles was solemn and affecting, the con- 
 queror paid to the Trojan monarch that atten- 
 tion and reverence which was due to his dig- 
 nity, his years, and his misfortunes, and Priam 
 in a suppliant manner addressed the priHce 
 
PR 
 
 whose favours he claimed, and kissed the 
 hands that had robbed him of the greatest and 
 llie best of his children. Achilles was moved 
 by his tears and entreaties, he restored Hector, 
 and permitted Priam a truce of 12 days for 
 the funeral of his son. Some time after Troy 
 was betrayed into the hands of the Greeks by 
 Antenor and iEneas, and Priam upon this 
 resolved to die in the defence of his country. 
 He put on his armour and advanced to meet 
 tlie Greeks, but Hecuba by her tears and en- 
 treaties detained him near an altar of Jupiter, 
 whither she had fled for protection. While 
 Priam yielded to the prayers of his wife, Po- 
 ntes, one of his sons, tied also to the altar be- 
 fore Neoptolemus, who pursued him with 
 fury. Polites, wounded and overcome, fell 
 dead at the feet of his parents, and the aged 
 father, fired with indignation, vented the most 
 bitter invectives against the Greek, who paid 
 no regard to the sanctity of altars and tem- 
 ples, and raising his spear darted it upon 
 him. The spear, hurled by the feeble hand of 
 Priam, touched the buckler of Neoptolemus, 
 and fell to the ground. This irritated the son 
 of Achilles, he seized the gray hairs of Priam, 
 and, without compassion or reverence for the 
 sanctity of the place, he plunged his dagger into 
 his breast. His bead was cut off, and the mu- 
 tilated body was left among the heaps of slain. 
 Dictys. Cret. 1, he. — Dares Phryg. — Herodot. 
 2, e. 120.— Pans. 10, c. 27.— Homer. II. 22, 
 &,c. — Evrip. in Troad. — Cic. Tusc. 1, c. 35. 
 — Q. Smyrn. l.— Virg. Mn. 2, v. 507, &c.— 
 Horat. Od. 10, v. U.—Hygm. fab. 110.— Q. 
 Calaber. 15, v. 226. 
 
 Priapus, a deity among the ancients, who 
 presided over gardens, and the parts of gene- 
 ration in the sexes. He was son of Venus by 
 Mercury or Adonis ; or according to the more 
 received opinion, by Bacchus. The goddess 
 of beauty, who was enamoured of Bacchus, 
 went to meet him as he returned victorious 
 from his Indian expedition, and by him she had 
 Priapus, who was born at Lampsacus. Pri- 
 apus was so deformed in all his limbs, particu- 
 larly the genitals, by means of Juno, who had 
 assisted at the delivery of Venus, that the mo- 
 ther, ashamed to have given birth to such a 
 monster, ordered him to be exposed on the 
 mountains. His life, however, was preserved 
 by shepherds, and he received the name of 
 Priapus propter deformilalem ^^ membri vi- 
 rilis magnitudinem. He soon became a favour- 
 ite of the people of Lampsacus, but he was ex- 
 pelled by the inhabitants on account of the 
 freedom he took with their wives. This vio- 
 lence was punished by the son of Venus, and 
 when the Lampsacenians had been afflicted 
 with a disease in the genitals, Priapus was re- 
 called, and temples erected to his honour. 
 Festivals were also celebrated, and the people, 
 naturally idle and indolent, gave themselves 
 up to every lasciviousness and impurity during 
 the celebration. His worship was also intro- 
 duced in Rome ; but the Romans revered him 
 more as god of orchards and gardens, than 
 as the patron of licentiousness. A crown 
 painted with different colours was offered (o 
 him in the spring, and in the summer a gar- 
 land of ears of corn. An ass was generally 
 sacrificed to hini; because that animal by its 
 braying awoke the nyropU Lotis, to whom 
 
 PR 
 
 Priapus was going to offer violence. He is 
 generally represented with an human face and 
 the ears of a goat j he holds a stick in his hand, 
 with which he terrifies birds, as also a club to 
 drive away thieves, and a scythe to prune the 
 trees and cut down corn. He was crowned 
 with the leaves of the vine, and sometimei 
 with laurel, or rocket. The last of these plants 
 is sacred to him, and it is said to raise the pas- 
 sions and excite love. Priapus is often dis- 
 tinguished by the epithet o( phallus, fascinus, 
 Ilyphalkis, or ruber, or rubicundus, which are 
 all expressive of his deformity. Calull. ep. 
 19 and 20. — Cohimn.2, de Cullhort. — Horat. 1, 
 sat. l.— Tibull. 1, el. 1, v. i8.—0vid. Fast. 1, 
 V. 415, 1. 6, V. 319.- Virg. Ed. 7. v. 33, G. 4, 
 V. 111.— PaM5. 9, c. 3l.—Hygin. fab. 190.— 
 Diod. 1. A town of Asia Minor, near Lamp- 
 sacus, now Caraboa. Priapus was the chief 
 
 deity of the place, and from him the town re- 
 ceived its name, because he had taken refuge 
 there ^vhen banished from Lampsacus. Strab. 
 
 \2.—Plin. 5, c. S2.—Mela, 1, c. 19. An 
 
 island near Ephesus. Plin. 5, c. 31. 
 
 Priene, a maritime town of Asia Minor at 
 the foot of mount Mycale, one of the twelve 
 independent cities of Ionia. It gave birth to 
 Bias, one of the seven wise men of Greece. It 
 had been built by an Athenian colony. Pans. 
 7, C.2, 1. 8, c.24.— S/ra6. 12. 
 Prima, a daughter of Romulus and Hersilia. 
 Prion, a place of Carthage. 
 Priscianus, a celebrated grammarian at A- 
 thens, in the age of the emperor Justinian. 
 
 Priscit-la, a woman praised for her con- 
 jugal affection by Statins, 6 Sylv. 1. 
 
 Pkiscus Servilius, a dictator at Rome who 
 defeated the Veientes and the Fidenates. 
 
 A surname of the elder Tarquin king of 
 
 Rome. [Vid. Tai'qmniiis.l A governor of 
 
 Syria, brother to the emperor Philip. He 
 proclaimed himself emperor in Macedonia 
 when he was informed of his brother's death, 
 but he was soon after conquered and put to 
 
 death by Decius, Philip's murderer. A 
 
 friend of the emperor Severus. A friend of 
 
 the emperor Julian, almost murdered by the 
 
 populace. Helvidius, a quaestor in Achaia 
 
 during the reign of Nero, remarkable for his 
 independent spirit, &.c. Tacit. Hist. 4, c. 6. — 
 
 Juvenal. An officer under Vitellius. 
 
 One of the emperor Adrian's friends. A 
 
 friend of Doraitian. An orator whose dis- 
 sipated and luxurious manners Horace ridi- 
 cules, 1 Sat. 7, v. 9. 
 
 Pkistis, the name of one of the ships thnt 
 engaged in the naval combat which was ex- 
 hibited by JEneas at the anniversary of his 
 father's death. She was commanded by 
 Mnestheus. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 116. 
 
 Priveunus, a Rutulian, killed by Capys iu 
 the wars betvveen JEntas and Turnus. Virg. 
 JEn. 9, v. 576. 
 
 Privkrnum, now Piperno Vccchio, a town 
 of the Volsci in Italy whose inhabitants were 
 called Privernatcs. It became a Roman colo- 
 ny. Liv.S, c. m.— yirg. JEn. 11, v. 540.— 
 Cir.l. niv.4'3. 
 Proba, the wife of the emperor P)<»bu<. 
 
 A woman who opened the gates of Rom«» 
 
 to the Goths. 
 
 Probus, M. Aurelius Severus. a native 
 of Sirinium in Pannonia. His father was 
 
PR 
 
 ^#i'iglnally a gardener, who by entering the 
 army rose to the rank of a military tribune. 
 His son obtained the same office in the 22d 
 year of his age, and he distingnished himself 
 so much by his probity, his valour, his intre- 
 pidity, moderation, and clemency, that at the 
 death of the emperor Tacitus, he was invested 
 with the imperial purple by the voluntary and 
 uninfluenced choice of his soldiers. His elec- 
 tion was universally approved by the Roman 
 senate and the people; and Probus, strength- 
 ened on his throne by the affection and at- 
 tachment of his subjects, marched against the 
 enemies of Rome, iti Caul and Germany. Se- 
 veral battles were fouglit, and alter he had left 
 400,000 barbarians dead in the field, Froljus 
 turned his arms against the Sarmatians. The 
 same success attended him, and after he liad 
 r|uelled and terrified to peace the -iumerous 
 barbarians of the north, he marched through 
 Syria against the Blemmyes in the neighbour- 
 hood of Egypt. The Blemmyes were delisted 
 with great slaughter, and the military charac- 
 ter of the emperor was so well established, 
 that the king of Persia sued for peace by his 
 ambassadors, and attempted to buy the con- 
 queror's favours with the most splendid pre- 
 sents. Probus was then feasting upon the most 
 common food when the ambassadors were in- 
 troduced ; but without even casting his eyes 
 upon them, he said, that if their master did not 
 give proper satisfaction to the Romans, he 
 would lay his territories desolate, and as naked 
 as the crown of his head. As he spoke the 
 emperor took off his cap, and showed the 
 baldness of his head to the ambassadors. His 
 conditions were gladly accepted by the Persian 
 monarch, and Probus retired to Rome to con- 
 vince his subjects of the greatness of his con- 
 quests, and to claim from them the applause 
 ■which their ancestors had given to the con- 
 queror of Macedonia or the destroyer of Car- 
 thage, as he passed along the streets of Rome. 
 His triumph lasted several days, and the Ro- 
 man populace were long entertained with 
 shows an(j combats. But the Roman empire, 
 delivered from its foreign enemies, was torn 
 by civil discord, and peace was not re-estab- 
 lished till three usurpers had been severally 
 defeated. While his subjects enjoyed tran- 
 quillity, Probus encouraged the liberal arts, 
 he permitted the inhabitants of Gaul and 
 Illyricum to plant vines in their tciiitories, 
 and he himself repaired 70 cities in diiFer- 
 «nt parts of the empire which had been re- 
 duced to ruins. He also attempted to drain 
 the waters which were stagnated in the neigh- 
 bourhood of Sirmium, by conveying them to 
 The sea by artificial canals. His armies were 
 employed in this laborious undertaking; but 
 as they were unaccustomed to such toils, they 
 «oon mutinied, and fell upon the emperor 
 as he was passing into one of the towns of 
 lllyricuui. He Ucd into an iron tower which 
 he himself had built to observe the marshes, 
 but as he whs alone and without arms, he 
 was sooi\ overpowered and murdered in the 
 oOlh year of his age, after a reign of six 
 veursHiid four months, on the second of No- 
 vember, after Christ 2S2. The news of his 
 death \vas received with the greatest conster- 
 nation; not only his friends, but his very ene- 
 mies deplored his fate, and even the army. 
 
 PR 
 
 which had been concerned in his fall, erecteol 
 a monument over his body, and placed upon 
 it this inscription : Hie Probiis imperalor, vert 
 probus, situs est, vicfor omnium gentium bar- 
 bararum, victor etiam tyrannorum. He was 
 then preparing in a few days to march against 
 the Persians that had revolted, and his victo- 
 ries there might have been as great as those 
 he obtained in the two other quartei*s of the 
 globe. He was succeeded by Carus, and his 
 family, who had shared his greatness, immedi- 
 ately retired from Rome, not to become ob- 
 jects either of priva' or public malice. Zos. 
 — Prob. — Saturn. i^milius, a grammari- 
 an ill the age of Theodosius. The lives of ex- 
 cellent commanders, written by Cornelius 
 •Nepos, have been falsely attributed to him, 
 
 by some authors. An oppressive prefect of 
 
 the pretorian guards, in the reign of Valen- 
 tinian. 
 
 Procas, a king of Alba after his father 
 Aventinus. He was father of Amulius and 
 Numitor. Liv. 1, c. o. — Ovid. Met. 14, v. 
 622.— Virg. JEn. 6, v. 7^7. 
 
 PuocHYTA, an island of Campania in the 
 bay of Puteoli, now Procida. It was situated 
 near Inariraa, from which it was said that it 
 had been separated by an earthquake. It re- 
 ceived its name according to Dionysius from 
 the nurse of jEneas. Virg. ,Mn. 2, v. 715. — 
 Mela, 2, c. 7. — Dionys. Hal. 1. 
 
 Prociljus, a Latin historian in the age of 
 Porapey the Great. Varro. 
 
 Procilla Julia, a woman of uncommon 
 virtue, killed by the soldiers of Otho. Tacit. 
 Agric. 4. 
 
 C. Valerius Procillus, a prince of Gaul, 
 intimate with Casar. 
 
 Proclka, a daughter of Clytius, who mar- 
 ried Cycnus, a son of Neptune. Paus. 10, 
 c. 14. 
 
 Procles, a son of Aristodemus and Argia, 
 born at the same birth as Eurysthenes. There 
 were continual dissentions between the two 
 brothers, who both sat on the Spartan throne. 
 
 [Pui. Eurysthenes and Lacedajmon.] A 
 
 native of Andros in the JEgean sea, who was 
 crowned at the Olympic games. Paus. 6, c 
 
 14. A man who headed the lonians when 
 
 they took Samos. Id. 7, c. 4. A Cartha- 
 ginian writer, son of Eucrates. He wrote 
 some historical treatises, of which Pausanias 
 has preserved some fragments. Id. 4, c. 35. 
 
 A tyrant of Epidaurus, put to death and 
 
 thrown into the sea Pint, de orac. A 
 
 general of the Naxians in Sicily, who betray- 
 ed his country to Dionysius the tyrant, for a 
 sum of money. 
 
 PnocLiD^, the descendants of Procles, who 
 sal on the throne of Sparta together with the 
 Eurysthenida:. [Vid. Lacedajraou and Eu- 
 rysthenes.] 
 
 Procnf., J'id.Vrogne. 
 
 Pkoconnksus, now Marmora, an island 
 of tlie Propontis, at the north-east of Cyzicus ; 
 also called Elaphonntsus and JS'turis. It wa< 
 famous fur its line marble. Plin. 5, c. 32 — 
 Slrab. l3.~Mcla, 2. c. 7. 
 
 Pnocorius, a celebrated officer of a noble 
 family in Cilicia, related to the emperor Ju- 
 lian, with whom he lived in great intimacy. 
 He was universally admired for his integrity, 
 but ho was not df'=fltMto of ambition or priHp. 
 
PR 
 
 After lie Lad signalized himself under Julian 
 and his successor, he retired from the Roman 
 provinces among the barbarians in the Thra- 
 cian Chersonesus, and some time after he sud- 
 denly made his appearance at Constantinople, 
 \vhen ihe emperor Valens had marched into 
 the east, and he proclaimed himself master of 
 the eastern empire. Ilis usurpation was uni- 
 versally acknowledged, mid his victories were 
 so rapid, that Valens would have resigned the 
 imperial purple, had not his friends interven- 
 ed. Bui now fortune changed, Procopius 
 was defeated in Phrygia, and abandoned by ' 
 his army. His head was cut off; and carried to 
 Valentinian in Gaul, A. D. 366. Procopius was 
 slain the 42d year of his age,, and-he had usurp- 
 ed the title of emperor for about eight months. 
 Ammian. Marcel. 25 and 26. A Greek his- 
 torian of Ceesarea in Palestine, secretary to 
 the celebrated Belisarius, A. D. 534. He 
 wrote the history of the reign of Justinian, 
 and greatly celebrated the hero whose favours 
 and patronage he enjoyed. This history is di- 
 vided into eight books, two of which give an 
 account of the Persian war, two of the Van- 
 dals, and four of the Goths, to the year 553, 
 vrhich was afterwards continued in live books 
 by Agathias till 559 Of this performance the 
 character is great, though perhaps the histo- 
 rian is often too severe on the emperor. The 
 works of Procopius were edited in 2 vols, folio. 
 Paris, 1662. 
 
 Pkockis, a daughter of Erechtheus, king of 
 Athens. She married Cephalus. [Vid. Ce- 
 
 phalus.] rirg. JEn 6, v. 435. A daughter 
 
 of Thestius. 
 
 Procrustes, a famous robber of Attica, 
 killed by Theseus, near the Cephisus. He 
 tied travellers on a bed, and if their length 
 exceeded that of the bed, he used to cut it oif, 
 but if the}- were shorter, he had them stretch- 
 ed to make their length equal to it. He is 
 called by some Damastes and Polypemon. 
 Ovid. Htroid. 2, v. 59. Met. 7, v. 43.—Plut. in 
 Thes. 
 
 Procula, a prostitute in Juvenal's age, 2, 
 V. 68. 
 
 Proculeius, a Roman knight very intimate 
 with Augustus. He is celebrated for his hu- 
 manity and fraternal kinduess to his brothers 
 Murajna and Scipio, with whom he divided 
 Ijis possessions, after they had forfeited their 
 estates, and incurred tlie displeasure of Au- 
 gustus for siding with young Pompey. He 
 was sent by Augustus to Cleopatra, to endea- 
 vour to bring her alive into his presence, but 
 to no purpose. He destroyed himself when 
 labouring under a heavy disease. Moral. 2; 
 
 od. 2.—Flut. in Antm.—Plin. 36, c. 24. A 
 
 debauchee in Nero's reign. Juv. 1, v. 40. 
 
 ProcClus Julius, a Roman who, after 
 the death of Romulus, declared that he had 
 seen him in his appearance more than human, 
 and (hat he had ordered him to bid the Ro- 
 mans to oiler him sacritices under the name 
 of Quirinus, anil to rest assin*ed that Rome 
 was destined, by the gods, to become the capi- 
 tal of the world. Plat, in Rom. Liv. 1, c 
 
 16 Geganius, a Roman consul. Placi- 
 
 tius- a Roman who conquered the Hernici. 
 
 A friend of Vitellius. A consul under Nerva. 
 
 A man accused of extortion. An Afri- 
 can in the age of Aurellus. He published a 
 
 PR 
 
 book entitled dc regionibus, or religionibusj on 
 foreign countries, iic. An officer who pro- 
 claimed himself emperor in Gaul, in the reign 
 of Probus. He was soon after defeated, and 
 exposed on a gibbet. He was very debauch- 
 ed and licentious in his manners, and had ac- 
 quired riches by piratical excursions. 
 
 Procyon, a star near Sirius, or the dog star, 
 before which it generally rises in July. Cicero 
 calls it .inticanis, which is of the same signi- 
 fication ('Tfo ujv.) Horat. 3, od. 29. — Cic. dc 
 Kat. D. 2, c. 44. 
 
 Prodicus, a sophist and rhetorician of 
 Cos, about 396 years before Christ. He was 
 sent as ambassador by his countrjmen to 
 Athens, where he publicly taught, and had 
 among his pupils Euripides. Socrates, Thera- 
 meues, and Isocrates. He travelled from town 
 to town in Greece, to procure admirers and 
 get money. He made his auditors pay to hear 
 him harangue, which has given occasion to 
 some of the ancients to speak of the orations 
 of Prodicus, for 50 drachmas. In his writings, 
 which were numerous, he composed a beauti- 
 ful epi.«ode, in which virtue and plesisure were 
 introduced, as attemptiag to make Hercules 
 one of their votaries. The hero at last yielded 
 to the charms of virtue, and rejected pleasure. 
 This has been imitated by Lucian. Prodicus 
 was at last put to death by the Athenians, oa 
 pretence that he corrupted the morals of their 
 youth. Xenophon. Memor. 
 
 Proerna, a town of Phthiotis. Liv. 63y 
 c. 14. 
 
 Proerosia, a surname of Ceres. Her fes- 
 tivals, celebrated at Athens and Eleusis before 
 the sowing of corn, bore the same name. 
 Meurs. de myst. El. 
 
 Prcetides, the daughters of Proetus, king 
 of Argolis, were three in number, Lysippe, 
 Iphinoe, and Iphia?iassa. They became in- 
 sane for neglecting the w'orship of Bacchus, 
 or according to others, for preferring them- 
 selves to Juno, and they ran about the fields 
 believing themselves to be cows, and flying 
 away not to be harnassed to the plough or to the 
 chariot. Proetus applied to Melampus to cure 
 his daughters of their insanity, but he refused 
 to employ him when he demanded the third 
 j)art of his kingdom as a reward. This ne- 
 glect of Proetus was punished, the insanity be- 
 came contagious, and the monarch at last pro- 
 mised Melampus two parts of his kingdom 
 and one of his daughters, if he would restore 
 them and the Argian women to their senses. 
 Melampus consented, and after he had 
 wrought the cure, he married the most beau- 
 tiful of the Prtetides. Some have called them. 
 Lysippe, Ipponoe, and Cyrianassa. .ipollod. 
 2, c. 2.— rirg. Ed. 6, v. 4S.— 0nd. Met. 15.— 
 Laclant. ad i)lat. Theb. 1 and 3. 
 
 Prctus, a king of Argos, son of Abas 
 and Ocalea. He was twin brother to Acrisius, 
 with whom he quarrelled even before their 
 birth. This dissention between the two 
 brothers increased with their years. After 
 their father's death, they both tried to obtain 
 the kingdom of Argos ; but the claims of 
 Acrisius prevailed, and Prffitus left Pelopon- 
 nesus and retired to the court of Jobales, king 
 of Lycia, where he married Stenobcea, called 
 by some Antea or Antiope. He afterwards 
 returned to Argolis, and by means of his 
 
PR 
 
 father-in-law,he made himself master of Tiryn- 
 thus. Stenobcea had accompanied her hus- 
 band to Greece, and she became by him 
 mother of the Proetides, and of a son called 
 Megapenthes, who after his father's death, 
 succeeded on the throne of Tirynthus. [l^id. 
 Stenobcea.] Homtr. II. 6, v. 160. — Apollod. 
 2, c. 2. 
 
 *Progne, a daughter of Pandion, king of 
 Athens, by Zeuxippe. She married Tereus 
 king of Thrace, by whom she had a son call- 
 ed Itylu?; orltys. [Vid. Philomela.] 
 
 Prolaus, a native of Ells, father to Phi- 
 lanthus and Lampus, bv Lysippe. Paus. 5, 
 c. 2. 
 
 Promachus, one of the Epigoni, son of 
 
 Parthenopscus. Pans. 2, c 2(). A son of 
 
 Psophis, daughter of Erys, king of Sicily. 
 
 Id. 8, c. 34. An athlete of Pallene. A 
 
 son of ^son, killed by Pelias. JipoUod. 
 
 PromathVdas, an historian of Heraclea. 
 
 Promathio:^, a man who wrote an history 
 ©f Italy. PLut. in Rom. 
 
 Promedol, a native of the island of Naxos, 
 he 
 
 PromenjEa, one of the priestesses of the tem- 
 ple of Dodona. It was from her tiiat Hero- 
 dotus received the tradition that two doves 
 had fiown from Thebes, in Egypt, one to Do- 
 dona, and the other to the temple of Jupiter 
 Ammon, where they gave oracles. Herodot. 
 2, c. 55. 
 
 Promethki jugum and antrum, a place 
 on the top of mount Caucasus, in Alba- 
 KJa. 
 
 PnoMETHELS, a son of lapetus by Cly- 
 mcne, one of the Oceanides. He was bro- 
 ther to Atlas, Menojtius, and Epimetheus, 
 and surpassed all mankind in cunning and 
 fraud He ridiculed the gods, and deceived 
 Jupiter himself. He sacrificed two bulls, and 
 filled their skins, one with the flesh and the 
 other with the hones, and asked the father 
 of the gods, w'hich of the two he preferred 
 as an offering. Jupiter became the dupe of 
 his artifice, and chose the bones, and from 
 that time the priests of the temples were 
 rver after ordered to burn the whole vic- 
 tims on the altars, the flesh and the bones 
 altogether. To punish Prometheus and the 
 rest of mankind,. Jupiter took fire away from 
 the earth, but the son of lapetus out-wilted 
 the father of the gods. He climbed the hea- 
 •vensbythe assistance of Minerva, and stole 
 fire from the chariot of ihe sun, which he 
 brought down upon the earth, at the end 
 of a ferula. This provoked Jupiter the more ; 
 lie ordered Vulcan to make a woman of clay, 
 and after he had given her life, he sent her 
 to Prometheus, with a box of the richest 
 and most valuable presents which he had 
 received from the gods. [F?rf. Pandora.] Pro- 
 metheus, who suspected Jupiter, took no no- 
 lice of Pandora or her box, but he made 
 his brother Epimetheus marry her, and the 
 god, now more irritated, ordered Mercury, 
 • IP Vulcan, according to J-^schylus, to carry 
 this artful mortal to mount Caucasus, and 
 }h?re tie him to a rock, where, for 30,00<> 
 years, a vulture was to feed upon his liver, 
 wjiich was never diminished, though con- 
 tinually devoured. He was delivered from 
 ^his painful confinement about 30 years after- 
 
 PR 
 
 wards by Hercules, who killed the bird of 
 prey. The vulture, or according to others, 
 the eagle, which devoured the liver of Pro- 
 metheus, was born from Typhon and Echid- 
 na. According to Apollodorus, Prometheus 
 made the first man and woman that ever were 
 upon the earth, with clay, which he animated 
 by means of the fire which he had stolesn 
 from heaven. On this account, therefore, 
 the Athenians raised him an altar in the 
 grove of Academus, where they yearly cele- 
 brated games in his honour. During these 
 games there was a race, and he who carried 
 a burning torch in his hand without extin- 
 guishing it, obtained the prize. Prometheus, 
 as it is universally credited, had received ithe 
 gift of prophecy, and all the gods, and even 
 Jupiter himself, consulted him as a most in- 
 fallible oracle. To him mankind are in- 
 debted for the invention of many of the use- 
 ful arts; he taught them the use of plants, 
 with their phy.sicaJ power, and from him they 
 received the knowledge of taming horses and 
 different animals, either to cultivate the ground 
 or for the purposes of luxury. Hcsiod. Theog. 
 510 and 5dO.—£poUod. 1 and 2.— Pau5. 1, c. 
 30, 1.5, c. n.—Hygin. fab. UA.—JEschyl. in 
 Prom.— Virg. EcL6.— Ovid. Met. 1, v. 82.— 
 Horat. 1, od. 3. — Seneca, in Med. 823. 
 
 Promethis, and Promethides, a pa- 
 tronymic applied to the children of Pronie- 
 tlieus as to Deucalion, he. Ovid. Met. 10, v. 
 390. 
 
 Promethus and Damasichthon, two 
 sons of Codrus, who conducted colonies into 
 Asia Minor. Pans. 1, c. 3. 
 
 Promulus, a Trojan killed by Turnus. 
 Virg. ^n. 9, v. 574. 
 
 Pronapides, an ancient Greek poet of 
 Athens, who was, according to some, pre- 
 ceptor to Homer. It is said that lie first 
 taught the Greeks how to write from the 
 left to the right, contrary to the custom of 
 writing from the right to the left, which is 
 still observed by some of the eastern nations. 
 Diod. 3. 
 
 Pronax, a brother of Adrastus, king of 
 Argos, son of Talaus and Lysimache. Paus. 
 3, c. 18. 
 
 Pronoe, a daughter of Phorbus, mother of 
 Pleuron aud Calydon, by /Eolus. 
 
 Pronomus, a Theban who played soskil-' 
 fully on the flute, that the invention of that 
 musical instrument is attributed to him, Pmis. 
 9, c. V2.—.men. 14, c. 7. 
 
 Pronous, a son of Phlegoas, killed by the 
 sons of Alcmseon. 
 
 Pronuba, a surname of Juno, because 
 .she presided over marriages. I'irg. JFji. 4, 
 V. 166. 
 
 Propertjus (Sextus Aurelius). a Latin 
 poet born at Mevania,in Umbria. His father 
 was a Roman knight, whom Augustus pro- 
 scribed, because he had followed the interest 
 of Antony. He came to Rome, where his ge- 
 nius and poetical talents soon recommended 
 him to the notice of the great and powerful. 
 Mecasnas, GaJlus, and Virgil, became his 
 friends, and Augustus hi.? patron. Mecaenas 
 wished him to attempt an epic poem, of which 
 he proposed the emperor for hero ; but Pro- 
 pertius refused, observing that his abilities 
 were unequal to the task. He died about W , 
 
PR 
 
 years before Christ, in the 40lh year of his age. 
 His works consist of four Ijooks of elegies, 
 which are written with so much spirit, vivacity, 
 and energy, that many authors call him the 
 prince of the elegiac poets among- the Latins. 
 His poetry though elegant, is not free from 
 faults, and tiie many lascivious expressions 
 which he uses, deservedly expose him to cen- 
 sure. Cynthia, who is the heroine of all his 
 elegies, was a Roman lady, whose real name 
 was Mostia, or Hostilia, of whom the poet was 
 deeply enamoured. Though Mevaniaismore 
 generally supposed to be the place of his birth, 
 yet four other cities of Umbria have disputed 
 the honour of it ; Hespillus, Ameria, Perusia; 
 and Assisium. The best edition is that of 
 Santenius, 4iO. Traj ad Rh. 1780, and when 
 published together v\ ith Catullus, and Tibul- 
 lus, those of Gra;vius, 8vo. Utr. 1680. and of 
 Vulpius, 4 vols. Patavii, 1737- 1749. 1755, and 
 Ihe edition of Barbou, 12mo. Paris, 1754. 
 Ovid. Tr'ist. 2. v. 465. I. 4, el. 10, v. 53, de Ad. 
 Jm. 3, v. S33.— Martial. 8, ep. 73, I. 14, ep. 
 lS9.—quintiL 10, c. l.—Flin. 6, ep. I. 9, ep. 
 22. 
 
 Propcetipes, some women of Cyprus, se- 
 verely punished by Venus, whose divinity they 
 had despised. They sent their daughters to 
 the sea-shore, where they prostituted them- 
 selves to st?"aiigers. The poets have feigued 
 that they were changed into stones, on account 
 of their insensibility to every virtuous senti- 
 ment. Justin. 18, c. 5. — Ovid. Met. 10, v. 
 238 
 
 Propontis, a sea which has a communi- 
 cation with the Euxine, by the Thracian Bos- 
 phorus, and with the JEgeaa by the Helles- 
 pont, now called the sea of Marmora. It is 
 about 175 miles long and 62 broad, and it re- 
 ceived its name from its vicinity to Pontus 
 Mela, 1. c. 19.— Slrab. 2.— Ovid. 1, Trist. 9, v. 
 29.— Proper^ 3, el. 22. 
 
 Pkopvlea, a surname ef Diana. She had 
 a temple at Eleusis in Attica. 
 
 Prosclystius. a surname of Neptune among 
 the Greeks. Paus. 2. 
 
 Proserpina, a daughter of Ceres by Jupi 
 ler, called by the Greeks Persephone. She 
 was so beautiful, that the fatlier of the gods 
 himself became enamoured of her, and de- 
 ceived her by changing himself into a ser- 
 pent, and folding her in his wreaths. Pro- 
 serpine made Sicily the place of her resi- 
 dence, and delighted herself with the beauti- 
 ful views, the flowery meadows, and limpid 
 streams, which surrounded the plains of En- 
 Ba. In this solitary retreat, as she amused 
 herself with her female attendants in gather- 
 ing flowers, Pluto carried her away into the 
 infernal regions, of which she became the 
 queen. [Vid. Pluto.] Ceres was so discon- 
 solate at the loss of her daughter, that 
 she travelled all over the world, but her 
 inquiries were in vain, and she never could 
 have discovered whither she had been car 
 ried, had not she found the girdle of Pro- 
 serpine on the surface of the waters of the 
 fountain Cyane, near which the ravisher hail 
 opened himself a passage to his kingdom by 
 striking the earth with his trident. Ceres soon 
 learned from the nym[)h .^rethusa that her 
 daughter had been carried avvay by Pluto, 
 and immediately she repaired to Jupiter, and 
 7/1 
 
 PR 
 
 [demanded of him to punish the ravisher. 
 I Jupiter in vain attempted to persuade the 
 j mother, that Pluto was not unworthy of her 
 ' daughter, and when he saw that she was in- 
 flexible for the restitution of Proserpine, he 
 said that she might return on earth, if she 
 had not taken any aliments in the infernal 
 regions. Her return, however, was impossible. 
 Proserpine, as she walked in the Elysian 
 fields, had gathered a pomegranate from a 
 tree and eaten it, and Ascalaphus was the 
 only one who saw it, and for his discovery 
 the goddess instantly turned him into an ovvI» 
 Juj)iter, to appease the resentment of Ceres, 
 and sooth her grief, permitted that Proserpine 
 should remain six months with Pluto in the 
 infernal regions, and that she should spend 
 the rest of the year with her mother on 
 earth. As queen of hell, and wife of Plu- 
 to, Proserpine presided over the death of 
 mankind, and, according to the opinion of 
 the ancients, no one could die, if the god- 
 dess herself, or Atropos, her minister, did not 
 cut off one of the hairs from the head. From 
 this superstitious belief, it was usual to cut 
 otf some of the hair of the deceased, and to 
 strew it at the door of the house, as an offer- 
 ing for Proserpine. The Sicilians were very 
 particular in their worship to Proserpine, 
 and as they believed that the fountain Cy- 
 ane had risen from the earth at the very 
 place where Pluto had opened himself a pass- 
 age, they annually sacrificed there a bull, of 
 which they suffered the blood to run into 
 the water. Proserpine was universally wor- 
 shipped by the ancients, and she was known 
 by the different names of Core, TUeogamiaf 
 Lihitina.. Hecate, Juno infema, Anthtspho' 
 ria, Coiyto, Deois, Libera, ^c. Plut. in Luc. 
 — Paus. 8, c. 37, 1. 9, c. 31. — Ovid. Met. 5, 
 fab. 6. Fast. 4, v. 411.— Virg. JEi}. 4, v. 6i)8, 1. 
 6, V. 138. — Strab. 7 — Diod. b.—Cic. in Verr. 
 4. — Hygin. fab. 146. — Hesiod. Theog. — Apol- 
 lod. 1, c. 3. — Orpheus. Hymn. 28. — Claudian. 
 de Rapt. Pros. 
 
 PRosoPiTis, an island in one of the mouths 
 of the Nile. Herodot. 2, c. 4. 
 
 Prosper, one of the fathers who died Ai 
 D. 4G6. His works have been edited by Maa- 
 geant, fol. Paris, 1711. 
 
 Prosymna, a part of Argolis, where Juno 
 was worshipped. It received its name from a 
 nymph of the same name, daughter of Aste* 
 rion, who nursed Juno. Paus. 2. 
 
 Protagor.^s, a Greek philosopher of Ab- 
 dera in Thrace, who was originally a porter. 
 He became one of the disciples of Demo- 
 critus, when that philosopher had seen him 
 carrying faggots on his head, poised in a pro- 
 per equilibrium. He soon rendered himself 
 ridiculous by his doctrines, and in a book 
 which he published, he denied the existence 
 of a supreme being. This doctrine he sup- 
 ported by observing, that his doubts arose 
 tiom the uncertainty of the existence of a 
 .sii'neme power, and from the shgrtness of 
 hnn^a I life. This book was publicly burnt 
 at Alliens, and the phdosupher banished from 
 the city, as a \v.)iti)less and contemptible 
 Ijeing. Protagoras visited, from Athens, dif- 
 ierenl islands in the Mediterranean, and died 
 in Sicily iii a very advamed age, about 400 
 yeai^ Ntore tho Clu-isuau era. He gene* 
 
PR 
 
 rally reasoned by dilemmas, and always left 
 the mind in suspense about all the questions 
 which he proposed. Some suppose that he 
 was drowned. Diog. 9. — Plut. in Protag. 
 
 A king of Cyprus, tributary to the court 
 
 of Persia. Another. 
 
 Protagorides, an historian of Cyzicus, who 
 wrote a treatise on the games of Daphne, ce- 
 lebrated at Antioch. 
 
 Protei Columnje, a place in the remotest 
 parts of Egypt. Virg. Mn. 1 1, v. 262. 
 
 Protesilai Turris, the monument of Pro- 
 lesilaus, on the Hellespont. PlinAj c. 11. — 
 Mela, 2, c. 2. 
 
 Protesilaus, a king of part of Thessaly, 
 son of Iphiclus, originally called lolaus, grand- 
 son of Phylacus, and brother to Alcimede, the 
 mother of Jason. He married Laodamia, the 
 daughter of Acastus, and some time after be 
 departed with the rest of the Greeks for the 
 Trojan war with 40 sail. He was the first of the 
 Greeks who set foot on the Trojan shore; and 
 as such he was doomed by the oracle to pe- 
 rish, therefore he was killed, as soon as he 
 had leaped from his ship, by ^neas or Hector. 
 Homer has not mentioned the person who 
 killed him. His wife Laodamia destroyed 
 herself, when she heard of his death. [Vid. 
 Laodamia.] Protesilaus has received the 
 patronymic of Phylacides, either because he 
 was descended from Phylacus, or because he 
 was a native of Phylace. He vi/as buried on 
 the Trojan shore, and, according to Pliny, 
 there were near his tomb certain trees which 
 grew to an extraordinary height, which as 
 soon as they could be discovered and seen 
 from Troy immediately withered and decay- 
 ed, and afterwards grew up again to their for- 
 mer height, and suffered the same vicissitude. 
 Homer. II. 2, v. 205.— Omrf. Met. 12, fab. 1.— 
 . Heroid. 13, v. 17. — Propert. 1, el. 19. — Hygin. 
 fab. 103, he. 
 
 Proteus, a sea deity, son of Oceanus and 
 Tethys, or according to some of Neptune 
 and Pha3nice. He had received the gift of 
 prophecy from Neptune because he had tend- 
 ed the monsters of the sea, and from his 
 knowledge of futurity mankind received the 
 greatest services. He usually resided in the 
 Carpathian sea, and, like the rest of the gods, 
 he reposed himself on the sea-shore, where 
 such as wished to consult him generally re- 
 sorted. He was difficult of access., and when 
 Jt con«ulted he refused to give answers, by im 
 mediately assuming different shapes, and if 
 not properly secured in fetters, eluding the 
 grasp in the form of a tiger, or a lion, or 
 disappearing in a flame of lire, a whirlwind, or 
 ft rushing stream. Arisla3us and Menelaus 
 were in the number of those who consulted 
 him, as also Hercules. Some suppose that he 
 was originally king of Egypt, known among his 
 subjects by tlie name of Cetes, and they as- 
 sert that he had two sons, Telegonus and Poly- 
 gonus, who were both killed by Hercules. He 
 had also some daughters, among whom were 
 Cabira, Eidothea, and Rhetia. Homer. Od. 4, 
 V. 3G0.— Ovid. Met. 8, fab. 10. ^m. el. 12, v. 
 S6.—Hesiod. Tlieog. v. 243.— Ftrg. G. 4, v. 
 287.— Hygi7i. fab. U8.—Herodot. 2,c. 112.— 
 JOiod. 1. 
 
 Prothenob, a Boeotian who went to the 
 Trojftn war. Homer. II, S, 
 
 PR 
 
 Protheus, a Greek at the Trojan war- 
 
 A Spartan who endeavoured to prevent ». 
 
 war with the Thebans. 
 
 Phothous, a son of Lycaon of Arcadia- 
 .BpoUod. A son of Agrius. 
 
 Proto, one of the Nereides. Apollod. 
 
 Protogenea, a daughter of Calydon, by 
 jEolia the daughter of Amythaon. She hada 
 son called Oxillus by iVIars. Jipollod. 1. 
 
 Protogenes, a painter of Rhodes, who 
 flourished about 328 years before Christ. He 
 was originally so poor that he painted ships to 
 maintain himself His countrymen were ig- 
 norant of his ingenuity before Apelles came 
 to Rhodes, and offered to buy all his pieces. 
 This opened the eyes of the Rhodians, they 
 became sensible of the merit of their country- 
 man, and liberally rewarded him. Protoge- 
 nes was employed for seven years in finishing 
 a picture of .Jalysus, a celebrated huntsman, 
 supposed to have been the son of Apollo, and 
 the founder of Rhodes. During all this time 
 the painter lived only upon lupines and water, 
 thinking that such aliments would leave him 
 greater flights of fancy; but all this did not 
 seem to make him more successful in the per- 
 fection of his picture. He was to represent in 
 the piece a dog panting, and with froth at his 
 mouth, but this he never could do with satis- 
 faction to himself ; and when all his labours 
 seemed to be without success, he threw his 
 sponge upon the piece in a fit of anger. 
 Chance alone brought to perfection what the 
 utmost labours of art could not do, the fall of 
 the sponge upon the picture represented the 
 froth of the mouth of the dog in the most per- 
 fect and natural manner, and the piece was 
 universally admired. Protogenes was very 
 exact in his representations, and copied na- 
 ture with the greatest nicety, but this was 
 blamed as a fault by his friend Apelles. When 
 Demetrius besieged Rhodes, he refused to set 
 fire to a part of the city which might have 
 made him master of the whole, because he 
 knew that Protogenes was then working in 
 that (juarter. When the town was taken, the 
 painterwas found closely employed in a garden 
 in finishing a picture ; and when the conquer- 
 or asked him, why he showed not more con- 
 cern at the general calamity ; he replied that 
 Demetrius made war against the Rhodians, 
 and not against the fine arts. Paus. 1, c. 3. — 
 Plin. 35, c. la.—JElian. V. H. 1%—Juv. 3, v. 
 120. — Plut. in Dem. One of Caligula's fa- 
 vourites, famous for his cruelty and extrava- 
 gance. * 
 
 Protogenia, a daughter of Deucalian and 
 Pyrrha. She was beloved by Jupiter, by 
 whom she had ^Ethlius, the father of Endy- 
 niion. Jipollod. 1, c. 7. — Paiu<t. 6, c. 1. — Hy- 
 gin. fab. 155. Another. Vid. Protogenea. 
 
 PkotomediTsa, one of the Nereides, called 
 Protomelia by Hesiod, Th. 245. 
 
 Proxenus, a Boeotian of great authority at 
 Thebes, in the age of Xenophon. Polycen. 
 A writer who published historical ac- 
 counts of Sparta. Mhen. 
 
 Prudentius, (Aurelius Clemens,) a Latin 
 poet who flourished A. D. 392, and was suc- 
 cessively a soldier, an advocate, and a judge. 
 His poems are numerous, and all theological, 
 devoid of the elegance and purity of the Au- 
 gustan age, and yet greatly valued. The best. 
 
PR 
 
 ©ditlojis are the Delphin, 4to. Paris 1687 ; that 
 of Cellarius, 12mo. Halae 1703 3 and that of 
 Parma, 2 vols. 4to. 1788. 
 
 Prdmnides. a kins; of Corinth. 
 
 PS 
 
 parts ; but it is unknown what tribe presided 
 the rest of those days which were supernu- 
 merary. When the number of the tribes was 
 increased to 12, each of the piytanes presided 
 
 Prusa, a town of Bithynia, built by king lone full month. Some of the principal 
 
 magistrates of Corinth were also cadled prj'- 
 tanes. 
 
 Pkvtanis, a king of Sparta, of the family 
 
 of the Proclidae. Pans. 2, c. 3fi. One of 
 
 the friends of ^neas killed by Turnus. Virg. 
 .^i. 9, V. 767. 
 
 PsAMATHE, one of the Nereides, mother 
 of Phocus by iEacus. king of iEgina. Apol- 
 lod. 3, c. \2.—0vid. Met. 11, v. 398.— F/acr, 
 
 364. A daughter of Crotopus, king of 
 
 Prusias, from whom it received its name. 
 Strab. 12.— Plin. 10, ep. 16. 
 
 PRtsiEus, Dion, flourished A. D. 105. 
 
 pRusiAS, a king of Bithynia, who flourished 
 
 221 B. C. Another, surnamed Venator, 
 
 who made an alliance with the Romans when 
 they waged war with Antiochus, king of Sy- 
 ria. He gave a kind reception to Annibal, and 
 by his advice he made war against Eumenes, 
 king of Pergamus, and defeated him. Eume- 
 nes, who was an ally of Rome as well as Pru- 
 sias, complained before the Romans of the 
 hostilities of the king of Bithynia. Q. Flami- 
 nius was sent from Rome to settle the disputes 
 of the two monarchs, and he was no sooner 
 arrived in Bithynia, than Prusias, to gain his 
 favour, prepared to deliver to him, at his re 
 quest, the celebrated Carthaginian, to whom 
 he was indebted for all the advantages he had 
 obtained over Eumenes ; but Annibal prevent- 
 ed it by a voluntary ^eath. Prusias was obli- 
 ged by the Roman- ambassador to make a res- 
 titution of the provinces he had conquered, 
 and by his meanness he continued to enjoy 
 the favours of the Romans. When some time 
 after he visited the capital of Italy, he ap- 
 peared in the habit of a manumitted slave, 
 calling himself the freed-man of the Romans; 
 and when he was introduced into the senate- 
 house, he saluted the senators bj^ the name 
 of visible deities, of saviours and delive- 
 rers. Such abject behaviour rendered him 
 contemptible not only in th« eyes of the 
 Romans, but of his subjects, and when he 
 returned home the Bithynians revolted, and 
 placed his son Nicomedes on the throne. The 
 banished monarch fled to Nicomedia, where 
 he was assassinated near the altar of Jupiter, 
 about 149 years before Christ. Some say that 
 his son became his murderer. Prusias, ac- 
 cording to Polybius, was the meanest of mon- 
 archs, without honesty, without morals, vir- 
 tue, or principle •, he was cruel and cowardly, 
 intemperate and voluptuous, and an enemy to 
 all learning. He was naturally deformed, and 
 he often appeared in public in the habit of a 
 woman to render his deformities more visible. 
 Polyb. — Liv. — Justin. 31, k.c. — C. Mp. in .inib. 
 — Plut. in Flam. he. 
 
 pRvaiNO, one of the Oceanides. 
 
 Prytanes, certain magistrates at Athens 
 who presided over the senate, and had the 
 privilege of assembling it when they pleased, 
 festivals excepted. They generally mei. in a 
 large hall, called prytaneum, where they gave 
 audiences, offered sacrifices, and feasted to- 
 gether with all those who had rendered signal 
 service to their country. The prytanes were 
 elected from the senators, which were in 
 number 500, fifty of which were chosen from 
 each tribe. When they were elected, the 
 names of the 10 tribes ot Athens were thrown 
 into one vessel, and into aQOther were placed 
 nine black beans and a white one. The tribe 
 whose name was drawn with the white bean, 
 presided the first, and the rest in the order in 
 which they were drawn. They presided each 
 for 36 days, as Uie year was divided into 10 
 
 V. 
 
 Argos. She became mother of Linus by 
 Apollo, and, to conceal her shame from her 
 father, she exposed her child, which was 
 found by dogs and torn to pieces. Paus. 1, c. 
 
 43. A fountain and town of Thebes. Flacc. 
 
 1 y. 364. 
 
 Psamathos, £1 town and port of Laconia. 
 Pans. 3, c. 25. 
 
 PsAMipiNiTus, succeeded his father Ama- 
 sis an the throne of Egypt. Cambyses made 
 war against him, and as he knew that the 
 Egyptians paid the greatest veneration to cats, 
 the Persian monarch placed some of these 
 animals at the head of his army, and the ene- 
 my, unable to defend themselves, and unwil- 
 ling to kill those objects of adoration, were 
 easily conquered. Psammenitus was twice 
 beaten at Pelusium and in Memphis, and be- 
 came one of the prisoners of Cambyses, who 
 treated him with great humanity. Psamme- 
 nitus however raised seditions against the Per- 
 sian monarch ; and attempted to make the 
 Egyptians rebel, for which he was put to death 
 by drinking bull's blood. He had reigned about 
 six months. He flourished about 535 years 
 before the Christian era. Herodot. 3, c. 10,&.c. 
 
 PsAMMExicHus, a king of Egypt. He was 
 one of the 12 princes who shared the kingdom 
 among themselves; but as he was more popu- 
 lar than the rest, he was banished from his 
 dominions, and retired into the marshes near 
 the sea shore. A descent of some of the 
 Greeks upon Egypt, proved favourable to his 
 cause ;hejoined the enemy, and defeated the 11 
 f)rinces who had expelled him from the coun- 
 try. He rewarded the Greeks, by whose valour 
 he had recovered Eg)'pt, he allotted them some 
 territory on the sea coast, patronised the libe- 
 ral arts, and enc(%aged commerce among his 
 subjects. He made useless inquiries to find the 
 sources of the Nile, and he stopped, by bribes 
 and money, a large army of Scythians that 
 were marching against him. He died 617 years 
 before the Christian era, and was buried in Mi- 
 nerva's temple at Sais. During his reign there 
 was a contention among some oithe neighbour- 
 ing nations about the antiquity of their lan- 
 guage. Psammetichus took a part in the con- 
 test. He confined two young children and (ed 
 them with milk; the shepherd to whose care 
 they were intrusted, was ordered never to 
 speak to them, but to watch diligently their 
 articulations. After some time the shepherd 
 observed, that whenever he entered the place 
 oftheir confinement they repeatedly exclaimed 
 Beccos, and he gave information of this to the 
 monarch. Psammetichus made inquiries, and 
 found that the word Beccos signified bread ii\ 
 
PT 
 
 the Phoenician language, and from that cir- 
 cumsfance, therefore, it was universally con- 
 cluded that ttie language of Phoenicia was of 
 the greatest antiquity. Herodot. 2, c. 28, <kc. — 
 
 Polywn. 8. — Strab. 16. A son of Gordius, 
 
 brother to Periander, who held the tyranny at 
 Corinth for three years, B. C. 584. Aristol. 
 Polit. 5, c. 12. 
 
 PsAMMis, or PsAMMUTHis, 8 king of Egypt, 
 B. C 376. 
 
 PsAPHis, a town on the confines of Attica 
 and Boeotia. There was there an oracle of 
 Ainphiaraus. 
 
 PsAPHO, a Libyan, who taught a number of 
 birds which he kept to say, Psapfio is a god, 
 and afterwards gave them their liberty. The 
 birds did not torget the words which they had 
 been taught, and the Africans paid divine ho- 
 nours to Psapho. JElian. 
 
 PsECAS, one of Diana's attendant nymphs. 
 Ovid. Met. 3. 
 '' PsoPHis, a town of Arcadia near the river 
 Erymanthus, whose name it originally bore, 
 and afterwards that of Phegia. iitat. Th. 4, v. 
 296.—Paus. 8, c. 24.— Ovid. Met. 5, v. 607. 
 
 A river and town of Elis. A daughter 
 
 ofEryx. Atowuof Acarnania. -Another 
 
 of Libya. 
 
 PsYCHK, a nymph whom Cupid married and 
 carried into a place of bliss, where he long en- 
 joyed her company. Venus put her to death 
 because she had robbed the world of her son ; 
 but Jupiter, at the request of Cupid, granted 
 immortality to Psyche. The word signifies 
 the soul, and this personification of Psyche, first 
 mentioned by Apuleius, is posterior to the 
 Augustan age, though still it is connected with 
 ancient mythology. Psyche is generally re- 
 presented with the wings of a butterliy to in- 
 timate the lightness of the soul, of which the 
 butterfly is the symbol, and on that account, 
 among the ancients- when a man had just ex- 
 pired, a b .tterfly appeared fluttering above, 
 as if rising from the mouth of the deceased. 
 
 PsycHRUS, a river of Thrace. When sheep 
 drank of its waters they were said always to 
 bring forth black lambs. Arislot. 
 
 PsvLLi, a people of Libya near the Syrtes, 
 very expert in curing the venomous bite of ser- 
 pents, which had no fatal effect upon them. 
 Strah. \l.—Dio. 51, c. \4.-~Lucan. 9, v. 894, 
 931 —Herodot. 4, c. 173.— Paws 9, c. 28. 
 
 Ptemsum, a tow not Th0>aly on the bor- 
 ders of Boeotia. Lucaak 5, v. 852. — Liv 35, 
 o 43. ^ 
 
 Pterexaus, a son of Taphios, presented 
 with immorti-lity by JVeptune, provided he 
 kept on his bead a yellow lock. His daughter 
 cut it ofi^, and he died. He reigned at Taphos 
 in Argos, hx,. Ji-pollod. 2, c. 4. 
 
 Pteria, a well fortified town of Cappado- 
 Gia. It was in the neighbourhood, according 
 to some, that Croesus was defeated by Cyrus. 
 Herodot. 1, c. 76. 
 
 Ptulederma, a town of Arcadia. Paus. 
 8, c 27. 
 
 PxoLEMiEUM, a certain place at Athens 
 dedicated to exercise and study. Cic. 6, de 
 Jin. 
 
 ProLEHf^us Ist, surnamed Lagus, a king 
 of Egypt, son of Arsinoe, who when pregnant 
 by Philip of Macedonia, married Lagus, a man 
 of mean extraction, [f^irf. Lagus.] Ptolemy 
 
 PT 
 
 was educated in the court of the king of Macef- 
 donia, he became one of the friends and asso- 
 ciates of Alexander, and when that monarch 
 invaded Asia, the son of Arsinoe attended him 
 as one of his generals. During the expedition , 
 he behaved with uncommon valour; he killed 
 one of the Indian monarcbs in single combat, 
 and it was to his prudence and courage that 
 Alexander was indebted for the reduction of 
 the rock Aornus. After the conqueror's death , 
 in the general division of the Macedonian 
 empire, Ptolemy obtained as his share the 
 government of Egypt, with Libya, and part of 
 the neighbouring territories of Arabia. In this 
 appointment the governor soon gained the es- 
 teem of the people by acts of kindness, by be- 
 nevolence, and clemency ; and though he did 
 not assume the title of independent, monarch 
 till 19 years after, yet he was so firmly estab- 
 lished, that the attempts of Perdiccas to drive 
 him away from his possessions proved abor- 
 tive : and Ptolemy, after the murder of his ri- 
 val by Grecian soldiers, might have added the 
 kingdom of Macedonia to his Egyptian territo- 
 ries. He made himself master of Ccelosyria, 
 Phoenicia, and the neighbouring coast of Syria, 
 and when he had reduced Jerusalem, he carri- 
 ed above 100,0(X) prisoners to Egypt, to people 
 the extensive city of Alexandria, which became 
 the capital of his dominions. After he had 
 rendered these prisoners the most attached and 
 faithful of his subjects by his liberality and the 
 grant of privileges, Ptolemy assumed the title- 
 of king of Egypt, and soon after reduced Cy- 
 prus under his power. He made war with 
 success again.st Demetrius and Antigonus, who 
 disputed his right to the provinces of Syria ; 
 and from the assistance he gave to the people 
 of Bhodes against their common enemies, he 
 received the name of Soter. While he extend- 
 ed his dominions, Ptoleniy was not negligent 
 of the advantages of his people. The bay of 
 Alexandria being dangerous of access, he built 
 a tower to conduct the sailors in the obscurity 
 of the night, [Vid. Pharos] and that bis subjects 
 might be acquainted with literature, he laid 
 the foundation of a library, which under the 
 succeeding reigns became the most celebrated 
 in the world. He also established in the capi- 
 tal f his dominions a society called museum, 
 of which the members, maintained at the pub- 
 lic expense, were employed in philosophical 
 researches, and in the advancement of science 
 and the liberal arts. Ptolemy died in the 84th 
 year of his age^ after a reign of 39 years, 
 about 284 years before Christ. He w as succeed- 
 ed by his son Ptolemy Pliiladelphus, who had 
 been his partner on the throne the last ten years 
 of his reign. Ptolemy Lagus has been com- 
 mended for his abilities, not only as a sove- 
 reign, but as a writer, and among the many val- 
 uable compositions which have been lost, we 
 are to lanjent an history of Alexander the 
 Great, by the king of Egypt, greatly admired 
 and valued for elegance and authenticity. All 
 his successors were called Ptolemies from him. 
 Palis. 10, c. T.— Justin. 13, kc.~Polyh. 2.— - 
 
 jirrian — Curt.—Plut. in Alex. The 2d, son 
 
 of Ptolemy the first, succeeded his father on 
 the Egyptian throne, and was called Philadel- 
 pkus by antiphrases, because he killed two of 
 his brothers. He showed himself worthy 
 in every respect to succeed his great father. 
 
PT 
 
 PR 
 
 and conscious of the advantages which arise I Septuapint, because translated by the labours 
 from an alliance with powerful nations, he sent I of 70 diiferent persons. Eutrop. — Juslin. 17 y 
 
 ambassadors to Italy to solicit the friendship of 
 the Romans, whose name and military reputa- 
 tion had become universally known for the 
 victories which they had just obtained over 
 Pyrrhus and the Tare.itines. His ambassa- 
 dors were received with marks of the greatest 
 attention, and immediately after four Roman 
 senators came to Alexandria, where they gained 
 the admiration of the monarch and of his sub- 
 jects, and by refusing the crowns of gold and 
 rich presents which were oflfered to them, con- 
 vinced the world of the virtue and of the 
 disinterestedness of their nation. But while 
 Ptolemy strengthened himself by alliances 
 with foreign powers, the internal peace of his 
 kingdom was disturbed by the revolt of Alagas 
 his brother, king of Cyrene. The sedition 
 however was stopped, though kindled by An 
 tiocbus king of Syria, and the death of the re- 
 bellious prince re-established peace for some 
 time in the family of Philadelphus. Antiochus 
 the Syrian king married Berenice the daughter 
 of Ptolemy, and the father, though old and 
 infirm, conducted his daughter to her husband's 
 kingdom, and assisted at the nuptials. Phila- 
 delphus died in the 64th year of his age, 246 
 years before the Christian era. He left two 
 sons and a daughter, by Arsinoe the daughter 
 of Lisimachus. He had afterwards married 
 bis sister Arsinoe, whom he loved with uncom- 
 mon tenderness, and to whose memory he be- 
 gan to erect a celebrated monument, [Vid. 
 Dinocrates,] during the whole of his reign. 
 Philadelphus was employed in exciting indus- 
 try, and in encouraging the liberal arts and 
 useful knowledge among his subjects. The in- 
 habitants of the adjacent countries were allur- 
 ed by promises and presents to increase the 
 nunjber of the Egyptian subjects, and Ptolemy 
 could boast of reigning over 33,339 well peo- 
 pled cities. He gave every possible encour- 
 agement to commerce, and by keeping two 
 powerful fleets, one in the Mediterranean, and 
 the other in the Red Sea, he made Egypt the 
 mart of the world. His army consisted of 
 200,000 foot, 4(.>:000 horse, besides 300 ele- 
 phants and 2000 armed chariots. With justice 
 therefore he has been called the richest of all 
 the princes and monarchs of his age, and in- 
 deed the remark is not false when it is obser- 
 ved, that at his death he left in his treasury 
 750,000 Egyptian talents, a sum equivalent to 
 two hundred millions sterling. His palace was 
 the asylum of learned men, whom he admired 
 and patronised. He paid particular atten- 
 tion to Euclid, Theocritus, Callimachus. and 
 Lycophron, and by increasing the libraiy, 
 which his father had founded, he showed his 
 taste for learning, and his wish to encourage 
 genius. This celebrated libraiy at his death 
 contained 200,000 volumes of the best and 
 choicest books, and it was afterwards increas- 
 ed to 700 000 volumes. Part of it was burnt 
 by the flames of Caesar's fleet when he set it on 
 fire to save himself, a circumstance, however, 
 not mentioned by the general, and the whole 
 was again magnificently repaired by Cleopa- 
 tra, who added to the Egyptian library that of 
 the kings of Pergamus, It is said that the Old 
 Testament was translated into Greek during 
 his reigU; a IranElatiun which has been eallsd 
 
 c. 2, kc.—Liv.—Ptut.— T/ieocnt.—jlthen. 12. 
 — P/m. 13, c. l2.'~Diod. 42.— Gellius 6. c. 17- 
 — The 3d, succeeded his father Philadelphus 
 on the Egyptian throne. He early engaged 
 in a war against Antiochus Theus, for his un- 
 kindness to Berenice the Egyptian king's sis- 
 ter, whom he had married with the consent of 
 Philadelphus. With the most rapid success 
 he conquered Syria and Siiicia, and advanced 
 as lar as the Tigris, but a sedition at home 
 stopped his progress, and he returned to Egypt 
 loaded with the spoils of conquered nations. 
 Among the immense riches which he brought 
 he had above 2500 statues of the Egyptian gods, 
 whicu Camhyses had carried away into Persia 
 when he conquered Egypt. These were resto- 
 red to the temples, and the Egyptians called 
 their sovereign Erer^des, in acknowledgment 
 of his attention, betieticeace, and religious zeal 
 for the gods of his country. The last years of 
 Ptolemy's reign were passed in peace, if w& 
 e.xcept the refusal of the Jews to pay the tri- 
 bute of 20 silver talents which their ancestors 
 had always paid to the Egyptian monarchs. He 
 also interested himself in the affairs of Greece, 
 and assisted Cleomenes the Spartan king against 
 the leaders of the Achaean league; but he had 
 the mortification to see his ally defeated, and 
 even a fugitive in Egypt. Evergetes died 221 
 years before Christ, after a reign of 25 years, 
 and like his two illustrious predecessors, he 
 was the patr«)n of learning- and indeed he is 
 the last of the Lagides who gained popularity 
 among his subjects by clemency, moderation, 
 and humanity, and who commanded respect 
 even from his enemies, by valour, prudence, 
 and reputation. It is said that he deposited 
 15 talents in the hands of the Athenians to be 
 permitted to translate the original manuscripts 
 of /EschyluS; Euripides, and Sophocles. PLut. 
 in Cleom. k.c. — Polyb. 2. — Justin. 29, <stc. 
 The fourth succeeded his father Evergetes on 
 the throne of Egypt, and received the sur- 
 name of Philopater by antiphrasis, because, 
 according to some historians, he destroyed bis 
 tather by poison He began his reign with acts 
 of the greatest cruelty, and he successively sa- 
 crificed to his avarice his own mother; his wife, 
 his sister, and his brother. He received the 
 name of TipUoyi from his extravagance and de- 
 bauchery, and that of Gallus, because he ap- 
 peared in the streets of Alexandria like one of 
 the bacchanals, and with all the gestures of the 
 priests of Cybele. In the midst of his |)lea- 
 sures, Philopater was called to war against 
 Antiochus king of Syria, and at the head of 
 a powerful army he soon invaded his enemy's 
 territories, and might have added the kingdom 
 of Syria to Egypt, if he had made a prudent 
 use of the victories which attended his arms. 
 In his return he visited Jerusalem, but the 
 Jews prevented him forcibly from entering 
 their temple, for which insolence to his ma- 
 jesty the monarch determined to extirpate the 
 whole nation. He ordered an immense number 
 of Jews to be exposed in a plain, and trodden 
 under the feet of elephants, but by a supernatu- 
 ral instinct, the generous animals turned their 
 fury not on those that had been devoted to 
 death, but uj)on the Egyptian spectators. This 
 circumstance terrified Philopater, and he be- 
 
PT 
 
 kaved with more limn cospimoa kindness to a 
 nation wliich lie had so lately devoted to de- 
 struction. In the latter part of his reign, the 
 Romans, whom a dangerous war with Carthage 
 had weakened, but at the same time roused to i 
 superior activity, renewed, for political rea- 
 sons, the treaty of alliance which had been 
 made with the Egyptian monarchs. Philopater 
 at last, weakened and enervated by intemper- 
 ance and continual debauchery, died in the 
 37th year of his age, after a reign of 17 years, 
 204 years before the Christian era. His death 
 wasimmedialelyfollowedbylhe murder of the 
 <x)mpanions of his voluptuousness and extrava- 
 gance, and their carcasses were dragged with 
 the greatest ignominy through the streets of 
 Alexandria. Polyb. — Justin. 30, &tc. — Plui. in 
 
 Cleom. The 5th, succeeded his father Philo- 
 
 pater as king of Egypt, though only in the 4th 
 year of his age. During the years of his minor- 
 ity he was under the protection of Sosicius and 
 of Aristomenes, by whose prudent administra- 
 tion Antiochus was dispossessed of the pro- 
 vinces of Coelosyria and Palestine, which he 
 had conquered by war. The Ronaans also 
 renewed their alliance with him after their 
 victories over Annibal, and the conclusion 
 of the second Punic war. This flattering em- 
 bassy induced Aristomenes to offer the care 
 of the patronage of the young monarch to the 
 Romans, but the regent was confirmed in his 
 honourable office, and by making a treaty of 
 alliance with the people of Achaia, he con 
 vinced the Egyptians that he was qualiiied 
 to wield the sceptre and to govern the na- 
 tion. But now that Ptolemy had reached his 
 14th year, according to the laws and customs 
 of Egypt, the years of his minority had ex- 
 pired. He received the surname of Epipha- 
 nes, or illustrious, and was crowned at Alex- 
 andria with the greatest solemnity, and the 
 faithful Aristomenes resigned into his hands 
 an empire which he had governed with honour 
 to himself, and with credit to his, sovereign. 
 Young Ptolemy was no sooner delivered from 
 the shackles of a superior, than he betrayed 
 the same vices which had characterized his 
 father, the counsels of Aristomenes were de- 
 spised, and the minister who for ten years had 
 governed the kingdom with equity and mode- 
 ration, was sacriliced to the caprice of the so- 
 vereign, who abhorred him for the salutary 
 advice which his own vicious inclinations did 
 not permit him to follow. His cruelties raised 
 seditions among his subjects, but these were 
 twice quelled by the prudence and the mode- 
 ration of one Polycrates, the most faithful of 
 his corrupt ministers. In the midst of his ex- 
 travagance, Epiphanes did not forget his al- 
 liance with the Romans ; above all others he 
 showed himself eager to cultivate friendship 
 with a nation from "whom he could derive so 
 many advantages, and during their war against 
 Antiochus, he offered to assist them with mo- 
 ney against a monarch, whose daughter Cleo- 
 patra he had married, but whom he hated on 
 account of the seditions he raised in the very 
 heart of Egypt. After a reign of 24 years, 180 
 years before Christ, Ptolemy was poisoned 
 by his ministers, whom he had threatened to 
 rob of their possessions, to carry on u war 
 against Seleucus king of Syria. Liv. 35, c. 
 IS, kt, — Justin. Lc. The 6{h, tuccetal- 
 
 PT 
 
 ed his father Epiphanes on the Egyptian 
 throne, and received the surname of Philomt' 
 tor, on account of his hatred against his mo- 
 ther Cleopatra. He was in the 6th year of 
 his age when he ascended the throne, and 
 during his minority the kingdom was governed 
 by his mother, and at her death by an eunuch 
 who was one of his favourites. He made war 
 against Antiochus Epiphanes king of Syria, to 
 recover the provinces of Palestine and Coelo- 
 syria, which were part of the Egyptian domi- 
 nions, and after several successes he fell into 
 the hands of his enemy, who retained him in 
 confinement. During the captivity of Fhi- 
 lometor, the Egyptians raised to the throne 
 his younger brother Ptolemy Evergetes, or 
 Physcon, also son of Epiphanes, but he was 
 no sooner established in his power than An- 
 tiochus turned his arms against Egypt, drove 
 the usurper, and restored Philometor to all his 
 rights and privileges as king of Egypt. This 
 artful behaviour of Antiochus was soon com- 
 prehended by Philometor, and when he saw 
 that Pelusium, the key of Egypt, had re- 
 mained in the hands of his Syrian ally, he 
 recalled his brother Physcon, and made him 
 partner on the throne, and concerted with 
 him how to repel their common enemy. 
 This union of interest in the two royal bro- 
 thers incensed Antiochus ; he entered Egypt 
 with a large army, but the Romans checked 
 his progress and obliged him to retire. No 
 sooner were they delivered from the impend- 
 ing war, than Philometor and Physcon, whom 
 the fear of danger had united, began with mu- 
 tual jealousy to oppose each other's views. 
 Physcon was at last banished by the superior 
 power of his brother, and as he could find no 
 support in Egypt, he immediately repaired to 
 Rome. To excite more effectually the com- 
 passion of the Romans, and to gain their assist- 
 ance, he appeared in the meanest dress, and 
 took his residence in the most obscure corner 
 of the city. He received an audience from 
 the senate, and the Romans settled the dispute 
 between the two royal brothers, by making 
 them independent of one another, and giving 
 the government of Libya and Cyrene to 
 Physcon, and confirming Philometor in the 
 possession of Egypt, and the island of Cyprus. 
 These terms of accommodation were gladly 
 accepted, but Physcon soon claimed the do- 
 minion of Cyprus, and in this he was sup- 
 ported by the Romaus, who wished to aggran- 
 dize themselves by the diminution of the 
 Egyptian power. Philometor refused to deli- 
 ver up the island of Cyprus, and to call away 
 his brother's attention, he fomented the seeds 
 of rebellion in Cyrene. But the death of 
 Philometor, 145 years before the Christian 
 era, left Physcon master of Egypt, and all the 
 dependent provinces. Philometor has been 
 commended by some historians for his cle- 
 mency and moderation. Diod. — Liv. — Polyb. 
 
 The 7th Ptolemy, surnamed Physcon, on 
 
 account of the prominence of his belly, as- 
 cended the throne of Egypt after the death 
 of his brother Philometor, and as he had 
 reigned for some time conjointly with him, 
 \_Vid. Ptolemajus 6th,J his succession was ap- 
 proved, though the wife and the son of the 
 deceased monarch laid claim to the crown. 
 Cleopatra was supported in her claims by the 
 
PT 
 
 PT 
 
 Jews, and it was at last agreed that Piiyscon the tliione, than his mother Cleopatra, who 
 should marry the queen, and that her son j reigned conjointly with him, expelled him to 
 should succeed on the throne at his death. Cyprus, and placed the crown on the head of 
 
 The nuptials were accordingly celebrated, but 
 on that very day the tyrant murdered Cleopa- 
 tra's son in her arms. He ordered himselt to 
 be chUed Evergetcs, but the Alexandrians re- 
 fused to do il, and stigmatized him with the 
 appellation of Aa/rfrge/eA-, or evil doer, a sur- 
 name which he deserved by his tyranny and 
 oppression. A series of barbarity rendered 
 him odious, but as no one attempted to rid 
 Egypt of her tyranny, the Alexandrians aban- 
 doned their habitations, and fled from a place 
 which continually streamed with the blood of 
 their massacred fellow-citizens. If their mi- 
 gration proved fatal to the commerce and pros- 
 perity of Alexandria, it was of the most es- 
 sential service to the countries where they re- 
 tired ; and the numbers of Egyptians that 
 sought a safer asylum in Greece and Asia, in- 
 troduced among the inhabitants of those coun 
 tries the different professions that were prac- 
 tised with success in the capital of Egypt. 
 Physcon endeavoured to re-people the city 
 which his cruelty had laid desolate ; but the 
 fear of sharing the fate of the former inhabit- 
 ants, prevailed more than the promise of 
 riches, rights, and immunities. The king at 
 last, disgusted with Cleopatra, repudiated her, 
 and married her daughter by Philometor, cal- 
 led also Cleopatra. He still continued to ex- 
 ercise the greatest cruelty upon his subjects, 
 but the prudence and vigilance of his ministers 
 kept the people in tranquillity, till all Egypt 
 revolted, when the king had basely murdered 
 all the young men of Alexandria. Without 
 friends or support in Egypt he fled to Cyprus, 
 and Cleopatra, the divorced queen, ascended 
 the throne. In his banishment Physcon dread- 
 ed lest the Alexandrians should also place the 
 crown on the head of his son, by his sister 
 Cleopatra, who was then governor of Cyrene, 
 and under these apprehensions he sent for the 
 young prince, called Memphitis, to Cyprus, 
 and murdered him as soon as he reached the 
 shore. To make the barbarity more com- 
 plete, he sent the limbs of Memphitis to 
 Cleopatra, and they were received as the 
 queen was going to celebrate her birth-day. 
 Soon after this he invaded Egypt with an 
 army, and obtained a victory over the forces 
 of Cleopatra, who, being left without friends 
 or assistance, fled to her eldest daughter Cleo- 
 patra, who had married Demetrius king of 
 Syria. This decisive blow restored Physcon 
 to his throne, where he continued to reign for 
 some time, hated by his subjects, and feared 
 by his enemies. He died at Alexandria in the 
 67th year of his age, after a reign of 29 years, 
 about 116 years before Christ. Some authors 
 have extolled Physcon for his fondness for 
 literature ; they have observed, that from his 
 extensive knowledge tie was called the philolo- 
 gist, and that he wrote a comment upon 
 Homer, besides an history of 24 books, ad- 
 mired for its elegance, and often quoted by 
 succeeding authors whose pen was employed 
 on the same subject. Diod. — Justin. 38, kc. 
 
 — Alhen. 2. — Porphyr. The 8th, surnamed 
 
 Lathyrus, from an excrescence like a pea on 
 the nose, succeeded his father Physcon as 
 king of Egypt. He had H9 sooner ascended 
 
 his brother Ptolemy Alexander, her favourite 
 son. Lathyrus, banished from Egypt, became 
 king of Cyprus, and soon after be appeared at 
 the head of a large army, to make war against 
 Alexander Jannaeus, king of Judea, through 
 whose assistance and intrigue he had been ex- 
 pelled by Cleopatra. . The Jewish monarch 
 was conquered, and 50,000 of his men were 
 left on the field of battle. Lathyrus, after he 
 had exercised the greatest cruelty upon the 
 Jews, and made vain attempts to recover the 
 kingdom of Egypt, retired to Cyprus till the 
 death of his brother Alexander restored hira 
 to his native dominions. Some of the cities 
 of Egypt refused to acknowledge him as their 
 sovereign, and Thebes, for its obstinacy, was 
 closely besieged for three successive years, and 
 from a powerful and populous city, it was re- 
 duced to ruins. In the latter part of his reiga 
 Lathyrus was called upon to assist the Romans 
 with a navy forthe conquest of Athens, but Lu- 
 cullus, who had been sent to obtain the wanted 
 sup{)ly, though received with kingly honours, 
 was dismissed with evasive and unsatisfactoiy 
 answers, and the monarch refused to part 
 with troops which he deemed necessary to 
 preserve the peace of his kingdom. Lathyrus 
 died 81 years before the Christian era, after a 
 reign of 36 years since the death of his father 
 Physcon, eleven of which he had passed 
 with his mother Cleopatra on the Egypliaa 
 throne, eighteen in Cyprus, and seven after 
 his mother's death. He was succeeded by his 
 only daughter Cleopatra, whom Alexander, 
 the son of Ptolemy Alexander, by means of the 
 dictator Sylla soon after married and murder- 
 ed. Joseph. Hist. — Justin. 39. — Plut. in Luc. 
 
 — jQppian. in Milhrid. The 9th. Vid. 
 
 Alexander Ptolemy 1st; forthe 10th Ptolemy, 
 vid. Alexander Ptolemy 2d ; for the 11th, vid. 
 Alexander Ptolemy 3d. The 12th, the il- 
 
 legitimate son of Lathyrus, ascended the throne 
 of Egypt at the death of Alexander 3d. He 
 received the surname of Auletes, because he 
 played skilfully on the flute. His rise showed 
 great marks of prudence and circumspectioQ, 
 and as his predecessor by his will had left the 
 kingdom of Egypt to the Homans, Auletes 
 knew that he could not be firmly established 
 on his throne, without the approbation of the 
 Roman senate. He was successful in bis ap- 
 plications, and Caesar, who was then consul, 
 and in want of money, established his succes- 
 sion, and granted him the alliance of the Ro- 
 mans, after he had received the enormous 
 sura of about a million and 162,500/. sterling. 
 But these measures rendered him unpopular 
 at home, and when he had suffered the Ro- 
 mans quietly to take possession of Cyprus, the 
 Egyptians revolted, and Auletes was obliged 
 to fly from his kingdom, and seek protection 
 among the most powerful of his allies. Hit 
 complaints were heard at Rome, at first with 
 indilference, and the murder of 100 noblemen 
 of Alexandria, whom the Egyptians had sent 
 to justify their proceedings before the Roman 
 sei\ate, rendered him unpopular and suspect- 
 ed. Pompey, however, supported his cause, 
 andthesenators decreed to re-establish Auletes 
 on his throne j but as they proceeded slowly 
 
PT 
 
 ih the execution of their plans, the monarch 
 retired from Rome to Ephesus, where he la> 
 concealed for some time in the temple c 
 Diana. During his absence from Alexandria 
 his daughter Berenice had made herself abso 
 lute, and established herself on the throne by a 
 marriage with Archelaus; a priest of Bellona's 
 temple at Comana, but she was soon driven 
 from Egypt, when Gabioius, at the head of a 
 Roman army, approached to replace Auletes 
 on his throne. Auletes was no sooner restored 
 to power, than he sacrificed to his ambition 
 his daughter Berenice, and behaved with the 
 greatest ingratitude and perfidy to Rabirius, 
 a Roman who had supplied him with money 
 when expelled from his kingdom. Auletes 
 died four years after bis restoration, about 51 
 years before the Christian era. He left two 
 sons and two daughters, and by his will order- 
 ed the eldest of his sons to marry the eldest 
 of his sisters,' and to ascend v/ith her the va- 
 cant throne. As these children were young, 
 the dying monarch recommended them to the 
 protection and paternal care of the Romans, 
 and accordingly Pompey the Great was ap- 
 pointed by the senate to be their patron and 
 their guardian. Their reign was as turbulent 
 as that of their predecessors, and it is remark- 
 able for no uncommon events, only we may 
 •bserve that the young queen was the Cleo- 
 patra who sooa after became so celebrated as 
 being the mistress of J. Caesar, the wife of M. 
 Antony, and the last of the Egyptian monarchs 
 of the family of Lagus. Cic. pro Rabir. — 
 
 Strab. 17. — Dion. 39. — Appian. de Civ. 
 
 The 13th, surnamed Dionysius or Bacchus, 
 ascended the throne of Egy[)t conjointly with 
 his sister Cleopatra, whom he had manied, ac- 
 cording to the directions of his father Auletes. 
 He was under the care and protection of Pom- 
 pey the Great, [Vid. Ptolemaeus 12th,] but 
 the wickedness and avarice of his ministers 
 soon obliged him to reign independent. He 
 was then in the 13th year of his age, when his 
 guardian, after the fatal battle of Pharsalia, 
 earae to the shores of Egypt, and claimed his 
 protection. He refused to grant the required 
 assistance, and by the advice of his ministers 
 he basely murdered Pompey, after he had 
 brought him to shore under the mask of 
 friendship and cordiality. To curry the fa- 
 vour of the conqueror of Pharsalia, Ptolemy 
 cut off the head of Pompey, but Cajsar turn- 
 ed with indignation from such perfidy, and 
 ^yhen he arrived at Alexandria he found the 
 king of Egypt as faithless to his cause as to 
 that of his fallen enemy. Caesar sat as judge 
 to hear the various claims of the brother and 
 sister to the throne ; and, to satisfy the peo- 
 ple, he ordered the will of Auletes to be 
 read, and confirmed Ptolemy and Cleopatra 
 in the possession of Egypt, and appointed 
 the two younger children masters of the 
 island of Cyprus. This fair and candid de- 
 cision might have left no room for dissatis- 
 faction, but Ptolemy was governed by cruel 
 and avaricious ministers, and, therefore, he re- 
 fused to acknowledge Caesar as a judge or a 
 mediator. The Roman enforced his authority 
 by arms,and three victories were obtained over 
 the Egyptian forces. Ptolemy, who had been 
 for some lime a prisoner in the hands of 
 Caesar, now headed hia armies, but a defeat 
 
 Pt 
 
 was fatal, and as he atlemptecJ to save his life 
 •y llight, he was drowned in ihe Nile, about 
 o years before Christ, and three years and 
 .^ht months after the death of Auletes. 
 Cleopatra, at the death of her brother, be- 
 came sole mistress of Egypt ; but as the Egyp- 
 tians were no friends to female government, 
 Caesar obliged her to marry her younger bro- 
 ther Ptolemy, who wa& then in the eleventh 
 year of his age. Appian. Civ. — Ctzs. in Alex. 
 — Strab. 17. — Joseph. Ant. — Dio. — Plut. in 
 
 Ant. (iic. — Sutton, m CiBS. Apion, king of 
 
 Cyrene, was the illegitimaie son of Ptolemy 
 Physcon. After a reign of 20 years he diedf 
 and as he had no chil-Jren, he made the Ro- 
 mans heirs of his domiuions. The Romans 
 presented his subjects with their indepen- 
 dence. Liv. 70. — ^Ceraunus,a son of Ptole- 
 my Soter, by Eurydice the daughter of Anti- 
 pater. Unable to succeed to the throne of 
 Egypt, Ceraunus fled to the court of Seleucus, 
 where he was received with friendly marks of 
 attention. Seleucus was then king of Mace- 
 donia, an empire which he had lately acquired 
 by the death of Lysimachus in a battle ia 
 Phrygia, but his reign was short, and Cerau- 
 nus perfidiously murdered him and ascended 
 his throne, 280 B C, The murderer, how- 
 ever, could not be firmly established in Mace- 
 donia, as long as Arsinoe the widow, and the 
 children of Lysimachus were alive, arid en- 
 titled to claim his kingdom as the lawful pos- 
 session of their father. To remove these ob- 
 stacles, Ceraunus made offers of marriage to 
 Arsinoe, who was his own sister. The queen 
 at first refused, but the protestations and 
 solemn promises of the usurper at last pre- 
 vailed upon her to consent. The nuptials, 
 however, were no sooner celebrated, than 
 Ceraunus murdered the two young princes, 
 and confirmed his usurpation by rapine and 
 cruelty. But now three powerful princes 
 claimed the kingdom of Macedonia as their 
 own, Antiochus, the son of Seleucus, Anti- 
 gonus, the son of Demetrius; and Pynhus, 
 the king of Epirus These enemies, however, 
 were soon removed; Ceranus conquered 
 Antigonus in the field of battle, and stopped 
 the hostilities of his two other rivals by pro- 
 mises and money. He did not long remain 
 inactive, a barbarian army of Gauls claimed a 
 tribute from him, and the monarch immedi- 
 ately marched to meet them in the field. The 
 battle was long and bloody. The Macedoni- 
 ans might have obtained the victory, if Ce- 
 raunus had shown more prudence. He «a« 
 (iu'own down from his elephant, and taken 
 prisoner by the enemy, who immediately tore 
 liis body to pieces. Ptolemy had been king of 
 Macedonia only 18 months. Justin. 24, &ic. 
 
 — Paus. 10, c. 10. An illegitimate son of 
 
 Ptolemy Lathyrus, king of Cyprus, of which 
 he was tyrannically dispossessed by the Ro- 
 mans. Cato was at the head of the forces 
 which were sent against Ptolemy by the se- 
 nate, and the Roman general proposed to the 
 monarch to retire from the throne, and to 
 pass the rest of his days in the obscure office 
 of high priest in the temple of Venus at Pa- 
 phos. This offer was rejected with the indig- 
 nation which it merited, and the monarch 
 poisoned himself at the approach of the ene- 
 my. The treasure* feund in the island 
 
PT 
 
 wnonnted to tlie enormous snra of 1,356-250' 
 sterling, which were carried to Rome by tb.^ 
 conquerors. Plut. in Cat. — Fcf^ Max. 9. — 
 
 F/or. 3. A man who attempted to make 
 
 kimself king of Macedonia, in opposition to 
 Perdiccas He was expelled b}' Pelopidas. 
 A son of Pyrrhus king of Epirus, by An- 
 tigone, the daue;hler of Berenice. He was 
 left governor of Epirus. when Pyrrhus went to 
 Italy to assist the Tarentines against the Ro 
 mans, where he presided with ^reat prudence 
 and moderation. He was killed, bravely 
 fi.?htiug, in the expedition which Pyrrhus un- 
 dertook against Sparta and Are;os. An eu- 
 nuch, by whose friendly assistance Mithri- 
 tlates the Great saved his life after a battle 
 
 with Lucullus. A king of Epirus who died 
 
 Very young as he was marching an army 
 against the ^tolians, who had seized part of 
 
 his dominions. Justin. 28. A king of 
 
 Chalcidica in Syria, about 30 years before 
 Christ. He op[)osed Pompey when he inva- 
 ded Syria, but he was defeated in the at- 
 tempt, and the conqueror S[)ared his life only 
 upon receiving ICKK^ talents. Joseph. Ant. 13. 
 A nephew of Antigonus, who command- 
 ed an army in the Peloponnesus. He re- 
 volted from his uncle to Cassander, and some 
 time after he attempted to bribe the sol- 
 diers of Ptolemy Lagus, king of Egypt, w'ho 
 had invited him to his camp He was seized 
 and imprisoned for this treachery, and the 
 Eg^-ptian monarch at last ordered him to 
 
 drink hemlock. A son of Seleucus, killed 
 
 in the celebrated battle which was fought at 
 Issus between Dnrius ^nd Alexander the 
 Great. .A son of Juba, made king of .Mau- 
 ritania. He was son of Cleopatra Selene, 
 the daughter of M. Antony, and the cele- 
 brated Cleopatra. He was put to death by 
 
 Caius Caligula. Dio. — Tacxi. Ann. 11. 
 
 A friend of Otho. A favourite of Antio- 
 
 ehus king of Syria. He was surnamed Ma- 
 cron. S. Jew, famous for his cruelty and 
 
 avarice. He was for some time governor of 
 
 Jericho, about 135 years before Christ. 
 
 A po'-verful Jew during the troubles which 
 disturbed the peace of Judea, in the reign of 
 
 Augustus. A son of Antony by Cleofialra, 
 
 surnamed PhilcJelphus by bis father, and 
 made meister of Phoenicia, Syria, and ail the 
 territories of Asia Minor, which were situated 
 between the .^gean and the Euphrates. Plut. 
 
 in Ayilon. A general of Herod, king of 
 
 Judea. A son of Chrysermus, who visit- 
 ed Cleomenes king of Sparta, when impri- 
 soned in Egypt. A governor of Alexandria, 
 
 put to death by Cleomenes. Claudius, a 
 
 celebrated geographer and astrologer in the 
 rei;^ti of Adrian and Antoninus. He was a 
 native of Alexandria, or, accordiug to others, 
 of Pelusium, and on accoinit of his great learn- 
 ing, he received the name of most wise, and 
 most divine among the Greeks. In his system 
 of the world, he places the earth in the centre 
 of the universe, a doctrine universally believ- 
 ed and adopted till the 16th century, when 
 it was confuted and rejected by Copernicus. 
 His geography is valued for its learni;ig; and 
 the very useful information which it gives. 
 .Besides his sy.'^tcm and his geojiraphy, Ptole- 
 my wrote other books, in one of which Ijk 
 gives an account of the fixed stars, of 1{.>*22 of 
 75 
 
 PU 
 
 which he gives the certain and definite longii 
 tudc and latitude. The best edition of Ptole- 
 my's {geography is that of Bertius, fol. Amst 
 1618. and that of his treatise de. Judieiis Asiro- 
 loiricis by Camerar, 4to. 1535, and of theHar- 
 moriica,'4to. Wallis, Oxon. 1683. 
 
 Ptolemais, a town of Thebais in Egypt, 
 called after the Pfolpmies, who beautified it. 
 There was also another city of the same name 
 in the territories of Cyrene. It was situate on 
 the sea coast, and, according to some, it was 
 
 the same as Barce. {Vid Barce.] A city 
 
 of Palestine, called also Aeon. Mda, 1, c. 8, L 
 3, c. S.—Plin. 2. c. IS.—Slrab. 14, iic. 
 
 Ptolvcus, a statuary of Corcyra, pupil to 
 Critias the Athenian. Pans. 6. c. 3. 
 
 Ptous, a son of Athamas and Themisto, who 
 gave his name to a mountain of Boeotia, upon 
 which he built a temple to Apollo, surname^ 
 Ptous. The god had also a celebrated oracle 
 on mount Ptous. Plut. de orac. def. — Pans. 9, 
 c. 23.—ApoUod. 1, c. 9. 
 
 PtJBLicifjs, a Roman freed-man, so much, 
 like Pomiiey the Great, that they were often 
 confounded together. Val. Max. 9, c. 14. 
 
 PcBLiciA LEX forbad any persons to play 
 with bad or fraudulent designs. 
 
 PcBLicoLA, a name given to Publius Vale- 
 rius, on account of his great popularity. Vid. 
 Valerius. Plut. in Pub. — Liv. 2, c. 8. — Plin, 
 30, c. 15. 
 
 PuBLiLiA LEX. was made by Publilius Phil© 
 the dictator, A. U. C.445. It permitted one of 
 the censors to be elected from the plebeians, 
 since one of the consuls was chosen from that 
 
 body. Liv 8, c. 12. Another, by which it: 
 
 was ordained, that all lau's should be previous- 
 ly approved by the senators, before they were 
 proposed by tiie people. 
 
 Publics Svrus, a Syrian mimic poet, who 
 flourished about 44 years before Christ. He 
 was originally a slave sold to a Roman pa- 
 trician, called Domitius, who brought him up 
 with great attention, and gave him his free- 
 dom when of age. He gained the esteem of 
 the most powerful at Rome, and reckoned J. 
 Caesar among his patrons. He soon eclipsed 
 the poet Laberius, whose burlesque composi- 
 tions were in general esteem. There remains 
 of Publius, a collection of moral sentences, 
 written in Iambics, and placed in alphabetical 
 order, the newest edition of which is that of 
 Patav. Comin. 1740. 
 
 PcBLiDS, a prajnomen common among the 
 
 Romans. Caius, a man who conspired with 
 
 Brutus against J. Casar. .A praetor who 
 
 conquered Palaepolis He was only a plebeian, 
 and though neither consul nor dictator, he ob- 
 tained a triumph in spite of the opposition ot 
 the senators. He was the first who was hon- 
 oured with a triumph during a pra-torship. 
 
 A Roman consid v. ho defeated the Latins, and 
 
 was made dictator. A Roman flatterer in 
 
 the court of Tiberius. A tribune who ac- 
 cused Manlius, k.c. 
 
 PcinciTiA, a goddess who, as her name 
 implies, presided over chastity. She had two 
 temples at Ftome. Ftslus. de l\ sig. — Liv. 10, 
 c. 7 
 
 PiLCHEKiA, a daughter of the emperor 
 Theodosius the Great, famous for her piety ,^ 
 
 inoderr.tion, and virtues. .\ daughter of 
 
 Arcadius, who held the government of th« 
 
PU 
 
 Roman empire for many year;^. She was 
 mother of Valeutinian. Her piely, and her 
 private as well as public virtues have been uni- 
 versally admired. She died A. D. 452, and 
 ■was interred at Ravenna, where her tomb is 
 
 still to be seen. A sister of Theodosiu?, who 
 
 reigned absolute for some time in the Roman 
 ompire. 
 
 PuLCHRUM, a promontory near Carthage, 
 now Rasafran. Liv. 29, c. 27. 
 
 PuLLus, a surname of Numitorius. 
 
 PuMcuM BELLUM. The first Punic war was 
 undertaken by the Romans against Carthage, 
 B. C. 264. The auibition of Rome was the 
 origin of this war. For upwards of 240 years, 
 the two nattons had beheld with secret jea- 
 lousy each other's power, but they had total- 
 ly eradicated every cause of contentions, by 
 settling, in three different treaties, the boun- 
 daries of their respective territories, the num- 
 ber of their allies, and how far one nation 
 might sail into the Mediterranean, without 
 giving offence to the other. Sicily, an island, 
 of the highest consequence to the Carthagini- 
 ans as a commercial nation, wa& the seat of 
 the first dlssentions. The Mamertini, a body 
 of Italian mercenaries, were appointed by the 
 king of Syracuse to guard the town of Mes- 
 sana, but this tumultuous tribe, instead ot 
 protecting the citizens, basely massacred 
 them, and seized their possessions. This act 
 of cruelty raised the indignation of all the 
 Sicilians, and Hiero, king of Syracuse, who 
 had employed them, prepared to punish their 
 perfidy; and the Mamertini, besieged in 
 Messana, and without friends or resources, 
 resolved to throw themselves for protection 
 into the hands of the first power that could 
 relieve them. They were, however, divid- 
 ed in their sentiments, and while some im- 
 plored the assistance of Carthage, others call- 
 ed upon the Romans for protection. Without 
 hesitation or delay, the Carthaginians enter- 
 ed Messana, and the Romans also hastened 
 to give to the Mamertini that aid which had 
 been claimed from them with as much ea- 
 gerness as from the Carthaginians. At the 
 approach of the Roman troops, the Mamer- 
 tini, who had implored their assistance, took 
 up arms, and forced the Carthaginians to 
 evacuate Messana. Fresh forces were poured 
 in on every side, and though Carthage seemed 
 superior in arms and in resources, yet the 
 valour and intrepidity of the Romans daily 
 appeared more formidable, and Hiero, the 
 Syracusan king, who hitherto embraced the 
 interest of the Carthaginians, became the 
 most faithful ally of the republic. From a 
 private quarrel the war became general. 
 The Romans obtained a victory in Sicily, 
 but as their enemies were masters at sea, the 
 advantages they gained were small and in- 
 considerable. To make themselves equal to 
 their adversaries, they aspired to the dominion 
 of the sea, and in sixty days timber was 
 cut down, and a fleet of 120,galL'ys complete- 
 ly manned and provisioned. Ttie successes 
 they met with at sea were trivial, and little 
 advantage could be gained over an epemy 
 that were sailors by actual practice and long 
 experience. Duilius at last obtained a victo- 
 ry, and he was ti)e first Roman who ever re- 
 ceived a triumph after a naval battle. The 
 
 PU 
 
 losses they had already sustained induced tb» 
 Carthaginians to sue for peace, and the Ro^ 
 mans, whom an unsuccessful descent upon 
 Africa, under Regulus, [Fid. Regulus] had 
 rendered diffident, listened to the proposal, 
 and the first Punic war was concluded B. C. 
 241, on the following terms: — The Cartha- 
 ginians pledged themselves to pay to the Ro- 
 mans, within twenty years, the sum of 3O0O 
 Euboic talents, they promised to release all 
 the Roman captives without ransom, to 
 evacuate Sicily, and the other islands in 
 the Mediterranean, and not to molest Hie- 
 ro, king of Syracuse, or his allies. After this 
 treaty, the Carthaginians, w^ho had lost the 
 dominion of Sardinia and Sicily, made new 
 conquests in Spain, and soon began to repair 
 their losses by industry and labour. They 
 planted colonies, and secretly prepared to re- 
 venge themselves upon their powerful rivals. 
 The Romans were not insensible of their suc- 
 cesses in Spain, and to stop their progress to- 
 wards Italy, they made a stipulation with the 
 Carthaginians, by which they were not per-^ 
 mitted to cross the Iberus, or to molest the 
 cities of their allies the Saguntines. This was 
 for some time observed, but when Annibal 
 succeeded to the command of the Carthaginian 
 armies in Spain, he spurned the boundaries 
 which the jealousy of Rome had set to his 
 arms, and he immediately formed the siege of 
 Saguntum. The Romans were apprized of 
 the hostilities which had been begun against 
 their allies, but Saguntum was in the hands of 
 the active enemy before they had taken any 
 steps to oppose him. Complaints were car- 
 ried to Carthage, and war was determined on 
 by the influence of Annibal in the Carthagi- 
 nian senate. Without delay or diffidence, B. 
 C. 218, Annibal marched a numerous army of 
 90,00<) foot and 12,000 horse towards Italy, 
 resolved to carry on the war to the gates of 
 Rome. He crossed the Rhone, the Alps, and 
 the Apennines, with uncommon celerity, and 
 the Roman consuls who were stationed to stop 
 his progress, were severally defeated. The 
 imttle of Trebia, and that of the lake of Thra- 
 symenus, threw Rome into the greatest ap- 
 prehensions, but the prudence and the dilatory 
 measures of the dictator Fabius, soon taught 
 them to hope for better times Yet the con- 
 duct of Fabius was universally censured a? 
 cowardice, and the two consuls who succeeded 
 liim in the command, by pursuing a different 
 plan of operations, soon brought on a decisive 
 action at Canna?, in which 45,000 Romans 
 were left in the field of battle. This bloody 
 victory caused so much consternation aJ; 
 Rome, that some authors have declared that 
 if Annibal had immediately marched from the 
 plains of Caimie to the city, he would have 
 met with no resistance, but vvouldhave termi- 
 nated a long and dangerous war with glory to 
 himself, and (he most inestimable advantages 
 to his country. This celebrated victory at 
 Canna3 left the conqueror master of two camps, 
 and of an immense booty ; and the cities which 
 had hitherto observed a neutrality, no sooner 
 saw the defeat of the Romans, than they ea- 
 gerly embraced the interest of Carthage. The 
 news of this victory was carried to Carthage 
 by Mago, and the Carthaginians refused to 
 believe it till three bushels of golden rings; 
 
 I 
 
PU 
 
 were spread before Ihem, which had been ta- 
 ken from the Roman knights in the field of 
 battle. After this Annibal called bis brother 
 Asdrubal from Spain with a large reinforce- 
 ment ; hut the march of Asdrubal was inter- 
 cepted by tiie Romans, his array was defeated, 
 and himself slain. Affairs now had taken a 
 different turn, and Marccllus, who had the 
 «;ommand of the Roman legions in Italy, soon 
 taught his countrymen that Annibal was not 
 invincible in the field. In dilferent parts of 
 the world the Romans were making very 
 rapid co!M|nests, and if the sudden arrival of 
 a Carthaginian array in Italy, at first I'aised 
 fears and apprehensions, they were soon en- 
 abled to dispute with their enemies for the 
 sovereignty of Spain, and the dominion of the 
 sea. Annibal no longer appeared formidable 
 in Italy ; if he conquered towns in Campa- 
 nia or i*lagna Grajcia, he remained master of 
 ihem only while his army hovered in the 
 neighbourhood, and if he marched towards 
 Rome the alarm he occasioned was but mo 
 mentary, the Romans were [wepared to op- 
 pose him, and his retreat therefore the more 
 dishonourable. The conquests of young Sci- 
 pio in Spain had now raised the expectations 
 of the Romans, and he had no sooner returned 
 to Rome than he proposed to remove Annibal 
 from the capital of Italy by carrying the war 
 to the gales of Carthage. This was a bold and 
 hazardotis enterprise, but tiiough Fabius op- 
 posed it, it v.as universally approved by the 
 Roman senate, and young Scipio was em- 
 powered to sail to Africa. The conquests of 
 the young Roman were as ra^id in Africa as 
 in Spain, and the Carthaginians, apprehensive 
 for the fate of their capital, recalled Annibal 
 from Italy, and preferred their safety at home, 
 to the maintaining of a long and expensive 
 war in anuther quarter of the globe. Annibal 
 received their orders with indignation, and 
 with tears in his eyes lie left Italy, w-here for 
 16 yeare he had known no superior in the 
 field of battle. At his arrival in Africa, the 
 Carthaginian general soon collected a large 
 army, and met his exulting adversary in the 
 plains of Zama. The battle was long and 
 bloody, and though one nation fought for glory, 
 and the other for the dearer sake of liberty; 
 the Romans obtained the victory, and Annibal, 
 who had sworn eternal enmity to the gods of 
 Rome, fled from Carthage after he had advised 
 his countrymen to accept the terms of the con- 
 queror. This battle of Zama was decisive, the 
 Carthaginians sued for peace, which the haugh- 
 ty conquerors granted with dithcuity. The 
 conditions were these: Carthage was permit- 
 ted to hold all the possessions which she had 
 in Africa before the war, and to be governed 
 by her own laws and institutions. She was 
 ordered to make restitution of all the ships 
 and other eftects which had been taken in vio- 
 lation of a truce that had been agreed upon by 
 both nations. She was to surrender the whole 
 of her fleet, except 10 galleys; she was to re- 
 lease and deliveriip all the captives, deserters, 
 or fugitives, taken or received during the war; 
 to indemnify Masinissafor all the losses which 
 he had sustained ; to deliver up all her ele- 
 phants, and for the future never more to tame 
 or break any more of these auimals. She was 
 not to make war upon any nation whatever. 
 
 PU 
 
 without the consent of the Romans, and sb« 
 was to reimburse the Romans, to pav the sum 
 of lO.CHX) talents, at the rate of 200'talents a 
 year for fifty years, and she was to give up 
 hostages from the noblest families for the per- 
 formance of these several articles } and till the 
 ratification of the treaty, to supply the Romaa 
 forces with money and provisions. These hu- 
 miliating conditions were accepted 201 B. C. 
 and immediately 4000 Roman captives were 
 released, five hundred galleys weje delivered 
 and burnt on the spot, but the immediate ex- 
 action of 20(1 talents was more severely felt, 
 and many of the Carthaginian senators burst 
 into tears. During the 50 years which follow- 
 ed the conclusion of the second Punic war, the 
 Carthaginians were employed in repairingtheir 
 losses by unwearied application and industry; 
 but they found still in the Romans a jealous ri- 
 val,aiid a haughty conqueror, and iuMasinissa, 
 the ally of Rome, an intriguing and ambitious 
 monarch. The king of Numidia made himself 
 master of one of their provinces ; but as they 
 were unable to make war without the consent 
 of Rome, the Carthaginians sought relief by 
 embassies, and made continual complaints in 
 the Roman senate of the tyranny and oppres- 
 sion of Masinissa. Commissioners were ap- 
 pointed to examine the cause of their com- 
 plaints ; but as Masinissa was the ally of Rome, 
 the interest of the Carthaginians was neglect- 
 ed, and whatever seemed to depress their re- 
 public, was agreeable to the Romans. ,Cato, 
 who was in the number of the commission- 
 ers, examined the capital of Africa with a 
 jealous eye; he saw it with concern rising 
 as it were from its ruins ; and when he 
 returned to Rome he declared in full se- 
 nate, that the peace of Italy would never be 
 established while Carthage was in being. The 
 senators, however, were not guided by his 
 opinion, and the ddenda est Cart/tago of Cato 
 did not prevent the Romans from acting with 
 moderation. But while the senate were de- 
 bating about the existence of Carthage, and 
 while tiiey considered it as a dependant 
 power, and not as an ally, the wrongs of 
 Africa were without redress, and Masinissa 
 continued his depredations. Upon this the 
 Cartbaginiajjs resolved to do to their cause 
 that justice which the Romans had denied 
 them ; they entered the field against the Nu- 
 midians, but they were defeated in a bloody 
 battle by Masinissa, who was then 90 years 
 old. In this bold measure they had broken 
 the peace ; and as their late defeat had ren- 
 dered them desperate, they hastened with all 
 possible speed to the capital of Italy to justify 
 their proceedings, and to implore the for- 
 giveness of the Roman senate. The news of 
 Masinissa's victory had already reached Italy, 
 and immediately some forces were sent to 
 Sicily, and from thence ordered to pass into 
 Africa. The ambassadors of Carthage re- 
 ceived evasive and unsatisfactory answers 
 trom the senate ; and when they saw the 
 Romans landed at Utica, they resolved to 
 purchase peace by the most submissive terras 
 which even the most abject slaves could 
 ofler. The Romans acted with the deepest 
 policy, no declaration of war had been made, 
 though hostilities appeared inevitable ; and 
 in answer to the submissive ofl'ei*s of Carthage 
 
PU 
 
 the consuls replied, that to prevent every 
 cause of quarrel, the Carthaginians must deli- 
 ver into their l)aads SOOhostaj^es, all chiluren 
 of senators, and of the most noble and respec- 
 table families. The demand was great and 
 alarming, but it \v: s no sooner granted, than 
 the Romans made another demand, and the 
 Carthaginians uero told that peace could not 
 continue if tliey relused to deliver up all theii 
 ships, their arms, engines of war, with ail their 
 uavai and military siores. The Carthaginians 
 complied, and injmcdiately 40,000 suits uf ar- 
 mour, 20;0t)0 large engines of u-ar, with a ))ien 
 tiful store of ammuniiions and missile wea- 
 pons, were surrendered. Aiier this duplicity 
 had succeeded, the Romans laid open the 
 final resolutions of ihti senate, and^he Cartha- 
 ginians were then told that to avoid hoitilities, 
 they must leave iheir ancient habitations and 
 retire into the inland parts of .\irica. auo 
 found another city, at the distance of not less 
 than ten miles from the .sea. This was heard 
 "with horror and indignation; the Romans 
 ■were iixed and inexorable, and Carthage was 
 filled with tears and lamentations. Rut the 
 spirit of liberty and independence was not yet 
 extinguished in the capital of Africa, and the 
 Carthaginians determinedto sacrince their lives 
 for the protection of their gods, the tombs ot 
 their forefathers, and the place which had giv- 
 en them birth. Before the Ronian aimy ap 
 proached the city, pre[)arations to support a 
 siege were made, and the ramparts ot Car- 
 thage were covered with stones, to compen- 
 sate for the weapons and instruments of war 
 which they had ignorantly betrayed to the du 
 plicity of their enemies. Asdrubal, whom the 
 despair of his countrymen had banished on ac- 
 count of tUe unsuccessful expedition against 
 Masinissa, was immediately recalled ; and iii 
 the moment of danger, Carthage seemed tu 
 have possessed more spirit and more vi- 
 gour, than when Annibal was victorious at the 
 gates of Rome. The town was bloclced U}) b\ 
 the Romans, and a regularsiegc begun. Two 
 years were s{)ent in useless operations, and 
 Carthage seemed still able to rise from its 
 ruins, to dispute for the empire of the world; 
 when Scipio, the descendant of the great Sci 
 pio, who finished the second Punic war, was 
 sent to conduct the siege. The vigour of 
 his operatiojis soon baflied the eflbrts, and 
 the bold resistance of tne besieged ; the com 
 munications which they had with the land 
 were cut oil", and the city, which was twenly 
 miles in circumference, was completely sur- 
 rounded on all sides by the enemy. Despair 
 and famine now raged in the city, and Scipio 
 gained access to the city walls, where the bat- 
 tlements were low and unguarded. His en- 
 trance into the streets was disputed with un- 
 common fury, the houses as he advanced 
 were set on fire to stop his progress; but 
 when a body of 50,000 persons of either sex 
 had claimed quarter, the rest of the iuhabi 
 tan ts were disheartened, and such as disdained 
 to be prisoners of war, perished in the tlames, 
 which gradually destroyed their habitations. 
 147 B. C. after a conlinuatioii of hostilities 
 for three years. During 17 days Carthage 
 was in flames; and the soldiers were permit- 
 ted to redeem from the fire whatever |)osses- 
 Hion they could, iiut while others profited 
 
 PU 
 
 from the destruction of Carthage, the philoso- 
 piiic general, struck by the melancholy aspect 
 of the scene, repeated two lines from Homer, 
 which contained a prophecy concerning the 
 fall of Troy. He was asked by the historian 
 Poly bins, to what he then applied this predic- 
 tion ? To my country, replied Scipio, for her 
 too I dread Ike vicissitude of human affairs, 
 and in her turn she may exJiibit another flam- 
 ing Carthage. This res.iarkable event hap- 
 pened about the year of Rome 606. The news 
 of this victory caused the greatest rejoicings at 
 Rome; and immediately commissioners were 
 a[)pointed by the Roman senate, not only to 
 raze the walls of Carthage, but even to de- 
 mt)li3h and burn the very materials with 
 wliich they were made: and in a few days, 
 that city which had been once the seat of 
 commerce, the model of magnificence, the 
 common store of the wealth of nations, and 
 01. e of the most powerful states of the world, 
 left behind no traces of its splendour, of its 
 power, or even ot its existence. Polyb. — Oro- 
 sins. — Appian. de. Punic. «^c. — Flor. — Plut. in 
 Vat ^c. — Strab. — Liv. epit. — Diog. 
 
 PupiA LEX de senatu, required that the se- 
 nate should not be assembled from the 18th 
 of the calends of February to the calends of 
 tiie same month: and that before the embas- 
 sies were either accepted or rejected, the se- 
 nate should be held on no account. 
 
 Pup^Nus, Marcus Claudius Maximus, a 
 man of an obscure family, who raised him- 
 self by his merit to the iiighest olfices in the 
 Roman armies, and gradually became a prae- 
 tor, consul, prefect of RomC; and a governor 
 of the provinces. His father was a black- 
 smith. After the death of the Gordians, 
 Pupienus was elected with Balbinus to the 
 im[)erial throne, and to rid the world of 
 the usurpation and tyranny of the Maximi- 
 fii. he immediately marched against these 
 tyrants; but he was soon informed that they 
 nad been sacrificed to the fury and resent- 
 ineiit of their own soldiers, and therefore 
 lie retired to Rome to enjoy the tranquil- 
 lity which his merit claimed. He soon af- 
 ter prepared to make war against the Per- 
 sians, who insulted the majesty of Rome, 
 biit in this he was prevented, and massa- 
 cred A. D. 236, by the praetorian guards. 
 Balbinus shared his fate. Pupienus is some- 
 times called Maximus. In his private cha- 
 racter he appeared always grave and serious, 
 he was the constant friend of justice, modera- 
 tion, and clemency, and no greater enco- 
 mium can be passed upon his virtues, than to 
 say that he was invested with the purple 
 \vithout soliciting for it, and that the Roman 
 senate said they had selected him from thou- 
 sands, because they knew no person more 
 worthy or better qualified to support the dig- 
 nity of an emperor. 
 
 Pupius, a centurion of Pompey's army, 
 seized by Cajsar's soldiers, fcc. Cces. B. C. 1, 
 c. 13. 
 
 Puprius, a tragic poet in the age of J. 
 Cassar. His tragedies were so pathetic, that 
 v\ hen they were represented on the Roman 
 stage, the audience melted into tears, from 
 which circumstance Horace calls them lacry- 
 moso, 1 ep. 1, V. 67. 
 
 PuRPURARi^, two islands of the Atlantic 
 
PY 
 
 •n the African coast, now Lancarofa and For- 
 tuvenlura. Plin. 6, c 31, 1. 35, c. G. 
 
 PuTEojLF, a maritime town of Campania, 
 between Baiae and Naples, founded by a co- 
 lony from Curaae. It was originally called 
 Dicaearchia, and afterwards /ju^so/i, from the 
 great number of wells that were in the neigh- 
 bourhood. It was much frequented by the 
 Romans, on account of its mineral waters and 
 hot baths, and near it Cicero had a villa called 
 Futeolanum. It is now called Puzzoli, and 
 contains, instead of its ancient magnificence, 
 not more than 10.000 inhabitants. Sit. 13, 
 V. 285.— Slrab. 5.— Varro. L. L. 4, c. b.—Cic. 
 Phil. 8, c. S.fam. 15, ep. 5.— Mela, 2, c. 4. — 
 Fails. 8, c. 7. 
 
 PuTicuL.*, a place of the Esquiline gate, 
 where the meanest of the Roman populace 
 were buried. Part of it was converted into 
 a garden by Mecaenas, who received it as a 
 present from Augustus, Horat. 1. Sat. 8, v. 8. 
 — Varro. L. L. 4, c. 5. 
 
 PvA.NKPSiA, an Athenian festival celebra- 
 ted in honour of Theseus and his companions ; 
 "who, after their return from Crete, were en 
 tertained with all manner of fruits, and par- 
 ticularly pulse. From this circumstance the 
 Pyanepsia was ever after commemorated by 
 the boiling of pulse, «^3 tsv £</•«•. ^v^^,. Some, 
 however, suppose, that it was observed in com- 
 memoration of the Heraclidae, wlio were en- 
 tertained with pulse by the Athenians. 
 
 Pydna, a town of Macedonia, originally 
 called Cilron, situate between the mouth of 
 the pjvers Aliacraon and Lydius. It was in 
 this city that Cassander massacred Olympias 
 the mother of Alexander the Great, his wife 
 Roxane, and his son Alexander. Pydna is fa- 
 mous for a battle which was fought there, on 
 the 22d of June, B. C. 168, between the Ro- 
 mans under Paulus and king Philip, in which 
 the latter was conquered, and Macedonia soon 
 after reduced into the form of a Roman pro- 
 vince. Justi7i. 14, c. Q.—Flor. — Plut. in Paul. 
 —Liv. 44, c. 10. 
 
 PycELA, a seaport town of Ionia. Liv. 37, 
 
 G. 11. 
 
 PyGM.Ei, a nation of dwarfs, in the ex- 
 tremest parts of India, or according to others, 
 in il^thiopia. Some authors affirm, that they 
 were no more than one foot high, and that 
 they built their houses with egg shells. Aris- 
 totle says that they lived in holes under the 
 earth, and that they came out in the harvest 
 time with hatchets to cut down the corn as if 
 to fell a forest. They went on goats and 
 lambs of proportionable stature to themselves, 
 to make war against certain birds whom some 
 call cranes, whicli came there yearly from 
 Scylhia to plunder them. They were origin- 
 ally governed by Gerana a princess, who was 
 changed into a crane, for boasting herself 
 fairer than Juno. Ovid. Met. 6, v. 90. — Ho- 
 mer. 11. S.—Slrab. T.—Jirist. Anini. 8, c. 12 
 —Juv. 13, V. 186.— P/m. 4, 6ic.—Mela, 3, c. 
 
 e.—Suet. in Mg. 83. Philostr. icon. 2, c. 
 
 22, mentions that Hercules once fell asleep in 
 the deserts of Africa, after he had conquered 
 Antaeus, and that he was suddenly awakened 
 by an attack which had been made upon his 
 body by an army of these Liliputians, who dis- 
 charged their arrows with great fury u^mn his 
 M'ins and legs. The hero, pleased with their 
 
 PY 
 
 courage, wrapped the greatest number of 
 them in the skin of the Nemaean lion, and car- 
 ried them to Eurystheus. 
 
 PygmvEon, a surname of Adonis in Cyprus. 
 Hesych. 
 
 Pygmalion, a king of Tyre, son of Be- 
 lus, and brother to the celebrated Dido, who 
 founded Carthage. At the death of his father 
 he ascended the vacant throne, and soon be- 
 came odious by his cruelty and avarice. He 
 sacrificed every thing to the gratification of 
 his predominant passions, and he did not even 
 spare the life of Sichseus, Dido's husband, be- 
 cause he was the most powerful and opulent 
 of all the Phoenicians. This mnrder he com- 
 mitted in a temple, of which Sichseus was the 
 priest ; but instead of obtaining the riches 
 which he desired. Pygmalion was shunned by 
 his subjects, and Dido, to avoid further acts of 
 cruelty, fled away with her husband's treasure, 
 and a large colony, to the coast of Africa, 
 where she founded a city. Pygmalion died in 
 the 56th year of his age, and in the 47th of his 
 reign. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 347, he— Justin 18, 
 
 c. 5. — JipoUod. 3. Ital 1. A celebrated 
 
 statuary of the island of Cyprus. The de- 
 baucheiy of the females of Amathus, to 
 which he was a witness, created in him such 
 an aversion for the fair sex, that he resolved 
 never to marry. The affection which he had 
 denied to the other sex, he liberally be- 
 stowed upon the works of his own hands. 
 He became enamoured of a beautiful statue 
 of marble which he had made, and at his 
 earnest request and prayers, according to the 
 mythologists, the goddess of beauty changed 
 the favourite statue into a woman, whom 
 the artist married, and by whom he had 
 a son called Paphus, who founded the city 
 of that name in Cyprus. Ovid. Met. 10, fab. 9. 
 
 Pylades, a son of Strophius, king of Pho- 
 cis, by one of the sisters of Agamemnon. He 
 was educated together with his cousin Ores- 
 tes, with whom he formed the most inviolable 
 friendship, and whom he assisted to revenge 
 the murder of Agememnon, by assassinating 
 Clytemnestra and .Eg)'sthus. He also accom- 
 panied him to Taurica Chersonesus, and for 
 his services Orestes rewarded him, by giving 
 him his sister Electra in marriage. Pylades 
 had by her two sons, Medon and Strophius. 
 The friendship of Oi-estes and Pylades be- 
 came proverbial. [Vid. Orestes.] Eurip. in 
 Iphig.—JEschyl. in Ag. Lc.—Paus. 1, c. 28. 
 
 A celebrated Greek musician, in the age 
 
 of Philopcemen. Plut. in Phil. A mimic 
 
 in the reign of Augustus, banished, and after- 
 wards recalled. 
 
 Pyl/E. a town of Asia, between Cappadocia 
 and Cilicia. Cic. 5, ad. Alt. The word Pylx, 
 which signifies gates, was often applied by the 
 Greeks to any straits or passages which 
 opened a communication between one coun- 
 try and another, such as the straits of Thermo- 
 pylae, of Persia, Hyrcania, &c. 
 
 Pyla;menes, a Paphlagonian, son of Me- 
 lius, who came to the Trojan war, and was 
 killed by Menelaus. His son, called Harpa- 
 lion, was killed by Meriones. Dictys. Cret. 
 
 2, c. M.— Homer. II. 2, v. 358. A king of 
 
 Maionia, who sent his sons, Mestes and An- 
 
 liphus, to the Trojan war. Another, son 
 
 of Nicomedes, banished from Paphlagonia by 
 
PY 
 
 JUithridates, and restored by Pompey. Eu- 
 trop. 5 and 6. 
 
 PyLAGoRiE, a name given to the Amphic- 
 tyooic council, because they always assembled 
 at Pylae, near the temple of Delphi. 
 
 Pylaon, a son of Neleus and Chloris, 
 killed by Hercules with his brothers. JijJol- 
 kd. 1, c. 9. 
 
 PvLARGE, a daughter of Danaus. Jlpollod. 
 
 Pylartes, a Trojan killed by Patroclus. 
 Homtr. II. 16, v. 695, 
 
 Pylas, a king of Megara. He had the 
 misfortune accidentally to kill his uncle Bias, 
 for which he fled away, leaving his kingdom to 
 Pandion, his son-in-law, who had been dri- 
 ven from Athens. Mpollod. 3, c. 15. — Faus. 
 I, c. 39. 
 
 Pylkne, a town of iEtolia. Homer. II. 2, 
 
 Pyleus, a Trojan chief, killed by Achil- 
 les. A son of Clymenus, king of Orcho- 
 
 oenQs. 
 
 Pylleon, a town of Thessaly. Liv. 42, c. 42. 
 
 Pylo, a daughter of Thespius, mother of 
 Hippotas. Jlpollod. 
 
 Pi-Los, now jVavarin, a town of Messe- 
 nla, situate on the western coast of the Pelo- 
 ponnesus, opposite the island Sphacteria in tue 
 Ionian sea. It was also called Coryphasion, 
 from the promontory on which it was erected. 
 It was built by Pylus, at the head of a colony 
 from Megara. The founder was dispossessed 
 of it by IS'eieus, and fled into Elis, where he 
 dwelt in a small town which he also called Py- 
 
 los. A town of Elis, at the mouth of the 
 
 river Alpheus, between the Peneus and Selleis. 
 ■Another town of Elis called Triphyliadia, 
 from Triphylia, a province of Elis, where it 
 was situate. These three cities which bore 
 the name of Pylos, disputed their respective 
 right to the honour of having given birth to the 
 celebrated Nestor son of Neleus. The Pylos 
 whcih is situate near the Alpheus. seems to 
 win the jjalm, as it had in its neighbourhood 
 a small village called Geranus, and a river 
 called Geron, of which Homer makes mention. 
 Pindar, however, calls Nestor king of Mes- 
 senia, and, therefore, gives the preference to 
 the first mentioned of these three cities. Apol- 
 lod. 1, c. 19, 1, 3, c. 15. — Pans. 1, c. 39. — IStrab. 
 9.— Homer. II. 2, Od. 3. 
 
 Pylus, a town. [Fie?. Pylos.] A son of 
 
 Mars by Demonice, the daughter of Agenor. 
 He was present at the chase of the Calydonian 
 boar. Jlpollod. 1. 
 
 PvRA, part of mount (Eta, on which the 
 body of Hercules was burnt. Liv. 36, c. 30. 
 
 PvRACMON, one of Vulcan's workmen in 
 the forges of mount ^tna. The name is de- 
 rived from two Greek words, which signify 
 fiirt and an anvil. Virg. JEn. S-, v. 425. 
 
 Pyracmos, a man killed by Caineus. Ovid. 
 Md. 12, v. 460. 
 
 Pyrjechmes, a king of Eubosa. A king 
 
 of Pa^onia during the Trojan war. 
 
 Pvramus, a youth of Bal>ylon, who be- 
 came enamoured of Thisbe, a beautiful virgin, 
 who dwelt in the neighbourhood. The flame 
 was mutual, and the two lovers, whom their 
 parents forbad to marry, regularly received 
 each other's addresses through the chink of 
 a wall, which sepai'ated their houses. After 
 the most solemn vows of sincerity, they both 
 igreed to elude the vigilance of their friends, 
 
 high 
 
 PY 
 
 and to meet one another at the tomb of 
 Ninus, under a white mulberry tree, with- 
 out the walls of Babylon. Thisbe came first 
 to the appointed place, but the sudden arrival 
 of a lioness frightened her away; and as she 
 fled into a neighbouring cave she dropped her 
 veil, which the lioness found and besmeared 
 with blood. Pyramus soon arrived, he found 
 Thi^e's veil all bloody, and concluding that 
 she had been torn to pieces by the wild beasts 
 of the place, he stabbed himself with his 
 sword. Thisbe, when her fears were vanished, 
 returned from the cave, and at the sight of the 
 dying Pyramus, she fell upon the sword which 
 still reeked with his blood. This tragical scene 
 happened under a white mulberry tree, which, 
 as the poets mention, was stained with the 
 blood of the lovers, and ever after bore 
 fruit of the colour of blood. Ovid. Met. 4, 
 
 V. 55, &,c. — Hygin. fab. 243. A river of 
 
 Cllicia, rising in mount Taurus, and falling 
 into the Pamphylian sea. Cic.3, fam. 11.— « 
 Dionys. Perieg. 
 
 Pyren«a Venus, a town of Gallia Narbo- 
 nensis. 
 
 PvRENiEi, a mountain, or a long ridge of 
 mountains, which separate Gaul from 
 Spain, and extend from the Atlantic to the 
 Alediterranean sea. They receive. their name 
 from Pyrene the daughter of Bebrycius, 
 [Fid. Pyrene, or from the fire (^e) which 
 once raged there for several days. This fire 
 was originally kindled by shepherds, and so 
 intense was the heat which it occasioned, that 
 all the silver mines of the mountains *vere 
 melted, and ran down in large rivulets. This 
 account is deemed fabulous by Strabo and 
 others. Diod. 5. — Strab. 3. — Mela, 2, c. 6. 
 —Ital. 3, v. 415.-^Liv. 21, c. 60.— P/u/.4, c. 
 20. 
 
 Pyren«;us, a king of Thrace, who during a 
 shower of rain, gave shelter in his house to 
 the nine muses, and attempted to offer them 
 violence. The goddesses upon this took to 
 their wings and flew away. Pyreneeus, who 
 attempted to follow them, as if he had wings, 
 threw himself down from the top of a tower 
 and was killed. Ovid. Met. 6, v. 274. 
 
 Pyrenje, a daughter of Bebrycius, king of 
 the southern parts of Spain. Hercules offer- 
 ed violence to her before he went to attack 
 Geryon, and she brought into the world a 
 serpent, which so terrified her, that she fled 
 into the woods, where she was torn to pieces 
 
 by wild beasts. A nymph, mother of Cyc- 
 
 nus by Mars, jlpollod. A fountain near 
 
 Corinth. A small village in Celtic Gaul, 
 
 near which, according to some, the river Ister 
 took its rise. 
 
 PvRGi, an ancient town of Etruria, on the 
 sea coast. Virg. JE.n. 10, v. 184. — Liv. 36, 
 c. 3. 
 
 Pyrgion, an historian who wrote on the 
 laws of Crete. Mitn. 
 
 Pyrgo, the nurse of Priam's children, who 
 followed -/Eneas in his flight from Troy. Virg. 
 JEn. 5, V 645. 
 
 Pyrgoteles, a celebrated engraver on gems, 
 in the age of Alexander the Great. He had 
 the exclusive privilege of engraving the con- 
 queror, as Lysippus was the only sculptor 
 who was permitted to make statues of him: 
 Plin. 37, c. 1. 
 
PY 
 
 FiRGUs, a fortified place of Elis in the Pe- 
 leponnesus. 
 
 PvRipPE, a daughter of Thespius. 
 
 Pyro, one of the Oceanides. Hesiod. 
 
 PvRODES, a son of Ciiii, said to be the first 
 who discovered aud applied to hurnaa pur- 
 poses the fire concealed in flints. Pli/i. 1, 
 c.5d. 
 
 PvKois, one of the horses of the sun. Odd. 
 .Ve/.2, V. 133. 
 
 PvRONiA, a surname of Diana. Pans. 8, 
 c. 16. 
 
 PvRRHA, a daughter of Epimethus and 
 Pandora, who married Deucalion, the sou of 
 Prometheus, who reigned in ihessaly. In 
 4ier age all mankind were destroyed by a de- 
 luge, and she alone, with her husband, escaped 
 from tiie general destruction, by saving them- 
 selves in a boat which Deucalion had made 
 by his father s advice. \Vhen the waters had 
 retired from tue surtace of the earth, Pyrrha, 
 with her Husband, went to the oracle of The- 
 m. 5, where tiiey were directed, to repair the 
 loss of mankind, to throw stones behind their 
 backs. They obeyed, and the stones which 
 Pyrrha threw were changed into women, and 
 those of Deucalion into men. [HcL Deucali- 
 on.] Pyrrha became mother of Amphictj'on, 
 Helien, and Proiogenea, by Deucalion. Ovid. 
 Met. 1, V. 350, »»:,c. — Uygin. fab. 153. — Apollon. 
 
 Rj'wd. 3, V. 1085. A daughter of CreoU; 
 
 king of Thebes. Pau^. 9, c. 10. The 
 
 name which Achilles bore when he disguised 
 himself in women's clothes, at the court of 
 
 Lycomedes, Hygin. fab. 96. A town of 
 
 Euboea. Mela, 2, c. 7. A promontory of 
 
 Phthiotis, on the bay of Malia. A town 
 
 of Lesbos. A beautiful courtezan at Rome, 
 
 of whom Horace was long an admirer. Ho- 
 rat. 1, od. 5. 
 
 PvRRHECs, a place in the city of Ambracia. 
 Liv. 38, c. 5. 
 
 PvRRHi cASTK.v, a placc of Lucania. Liv. 
 35, c. 27. 
 
 PvRRHiAS; a boatman of Ithaca, remark- 
 able for his humanity. He delivered from 
 slavery an old man who had been taken by 
 pirates, and robbed of some pots full ot" pitch. 
 The old man was so grateful for his kindness, 
 'hat he gave the pots to his deliverer, after 
 he had told him that they contained gold 
 under the pitch. Pyrrhias upon ti is offered 
 the sacrifice of a bull to the old man, and 
 retained him in his house, with every act 
 of kindness and attention till the time of 
 
 his death. Pl^d. in qudd. G. A general 
 
 of the ^tolians, defeated by Philip, king of 
 Macedonia. 
 
 PvKUuicHA, a kind of dance said to be in- 
 vented and introduced into Greece by Pyr- 
 vhus the son of Achilles. The dancers were 
 generally armed. Plin. 7, c. 56. 
 
 Pyrrhicus, n free town of Laconia. Paus. 
 3, c. 21.— ^i/ien. 14. 
 
 PvrrhidjE, a patronymic given to the suc- 
 cessors of Neoptolcmus in Epirus. 
 
 Pyrrho, a philosopher of Elis, disciple to 
 Anaxarchus, and originally a painter. His 
 father's name was Plistarchus, or Pistocrates. 
 He was in continual suspense of judgjuent, he 
 doubted of every thi«)g, never made any con- 
 clusions, and when he bad carefully examined 
 a subject, and investigated all its part?, he 
 
 PY 
 
 concluded by still doubting of its evidence. 
 This manner of doubting in the philosopher 
 h£is been called Pyrrhonism, and his disciple* 
 have received the appellation of sceptics, in- 
 quisitors, examiners, 6i-c. He pretended to 
 nave acquired an uncommon dominion over 
 opinion and passions. The former of these 
 virtues he called ataraxia, and the latter ma- 
 triepatki, and so far did he carry his want 
 of common feeling and sympathy, that he 
 passed with unconcern near a ditch in which 
 iiis master Anaxarchus had fallen, and where 
 he nearly perished. He was once in a storm^ 
 and when all hopes were vanished, and de- 
 struction certain, the philosopher remained 
 unconcerned ; and while the rest of the crew 
 were lost in lamentations, he plainly told them 
 to look at a pig which was then feeding him- 
 self on board the vessel, exclaiming, This is a 
 true model for a wise man. As he showed so 
 much indifference in every thing, and de- 
 clared that life and death were the same thing* 
 some of his disciples asked him, why he did 
 not hurry himself out of the world ; because^ 
 says he, there is no difference between life and 
 death. When he walked in the streets he 
 never looked behind or moved from the road 
 for a chariot, even in its most rapid course ; 
 and, indeed, as some authors remark, this 
 indifference for his safety often exposed him 
 to the greatest and most imminent dangers, 
 from which he was saved by the interference 
 of his friends who followed him. He flourished 
 B. C. 309, and died at the advanced age of 90. 
 He left no writings behind him. His coun- 
 trymen were so partial to him, that they raised 
 statues to his memory, and exempted all the 
 philosophers of Elis from taxes. Diog. 9. — 
 Cic. de Orat. 3, c. 17.— Aul. Gel. 11, c, 5.— 
 Paus. 6, c. 24. 
 
 Pyrrhus, a son of Achilles and Deidamia, 
 the daughter of king Lycomedes, who re- 
 ceived this name from the yellovmess of hiis 
 hair. He was also called iS'eoptolemus, or 
 neic warrior, because he came to the Trojan 
 war in the last year of the celebrated siege of 
 the capital of Troas. [Fid. iVeoptolemus.] 
 A king of Epirus, descended from Achil- 
 les, by the side of his mother, and from 
 Hercules by that of his father, and son of 
 .^nciiJes and Phthia. He was saved when an 
 infant, by the fidelity of his servants, from the 
 pursuits of the enemies of his father, who 
 had been banished from his kingdom, and he 
 was carried to the court of Glautias king of 
 lllyricum, who educated him with great ten- 
 derness. Cassander, king of Macedonia, wish- 
 ed to despatch him, as he had so much to dread 
 from him ; but Glautias not only refused to 
 deliver him up into the hands of his enemy, 
 but he even went with an army, and placed 
 him on the throne of Epirus, though only 12 
 yeara of age. About five years after, the 
 absence of Pyrrhus, to attend the nuptials of 
 one of the daughters of Glautias raised 
 new commotions. The monarch was expelled 
 from his throne by ISeoptolemus, who had 
 usurped it after the death of yEacidcs ; and 
 being still without resources, he applied to hi? 
 brother-in law Demetrius for assistance. He 
 accompanied Demetrius at the battle of Ipsu<«, 
 and fought there with all the prudence and In- 
 trepidity of an experienced general. He alter 
 
PY 
 
 wards passed into Egypt, where by his mar- 
 riage with Antigone the daughter ot Berenice, 
 he soon obtained a sutficient force to attempt 
 the recovery of his throne. He was success- 
 ful in the undertaking, but to remove all causes 
 of quarrel, he took the usurper to share with 
 hioi the royalty, and some time after he put 
 Lim to death under pretence that he had at- 
 tempted to poison him. In the subsequent 
 years of his reign, Pyrrhus engaged in th» 
 ■quarrels which disturbed the peace of the JMa- 
 cedoniaa monarchy, he marched against De- 
 jnetrius, and gave the Macedonian soldiers 
 iresh proofs of his valour and activity, by 
 dissimulation he ingratiated himself in the 
 minds of his enemy's subjects, and when De- 
 metrius laboured under a momentary illness, 
 Pyrrhus made an attempt upon the crown oi 
 JUacedonia, which, if not then successful, soon 
 after rendered him master of the kingdom. 
 'Xhis he shared with Lysimacbus for seven 
 months, till the jealousy of the xMacedonians, 
 and the ambition of his colleague, obliged him 
 to retire. Pyrrhus was meditating new con- 
 <iuests, when the Tareutines invited him to 
 Italy to assist them against the encroaching 
 ■power of Rome. He gladly accepted the invi- 
 tation, but his passage across the Adriatic 
 proved nearly fatal, and he reached the sliores 
 of Italy, after the loss of the greatest part oi 
 his troops in a storm. At his entrance into 
 Tareutum, B. C. 280, he began to reform the 
 manners of the inhabitants, and, by introdu- 
 cing the strictest discipline among their troops, 
 to accustom them to bear fatigue and to despise 
 dangers. In the first battle which he fought 
 "ivitli the Romans, he obtained the victory, bui 
 for this he was more particularly indebted to 
 his elephants, whose bulk and uucommon ap- 
 pearance astonished the Romans, and terrified 
 their cavalry. The number of the slain was 
 equal on both sides, and the conquerorsaid that 
 such another victory would totally ruin him. 
 He also sent Cineas, his chief minister, to 
 Rome, and though victorious, he sued for peace. 
 These offers of peace were refused, and when 
 Pyrrhus questioned Cineas about the manners 
 and the character of the Romans, the saga- 
 cious minister replied, that their senate was 
 a venerable assembly of kings, and that to 
 fight against them was to attack another Hy- 
 dra. A second battle was fought near Ascu- 
 lum, but the slaughter was so great, and the 
 valour so conspicuous on both sides, that the 
 Romansandtheiretiemies reciprocally claimed 
 the victory as their own. Pyrrhus still con- 
 tinued the war in favour ol tlie Tarentiues, 
 when he was invited into Sicily by the inha- 
 bitants, who laboured under the yoke of Car- 
 thage, and the cruelty of their own petty ty- 
 rants. His fondness of novelty soon detcrmitj- 
 ed him to quit Italy, he left a gari ison at Ta- 
 rentum, and crossed over to Sicily, where he 
 obtained two victories over the Cartliaginians, 
 and took many of their towns. He wa^ U>v a 
 while successful, and formed the project of in- 
 vading Africa, but soon his ]>opularily vanish- 
 ed, his troops became insolent, and he behaved 
 with haughtiness, and showed himself 0|)pres- 
 fcive, so that his return to Italy was deemed 
 a fortunate event for all Sicily. He iiad no 
 sooner arrived at Tarentum than he renewed 
 ijosliiities with the Romans with c-cat acri- 
 
 PY 
 
 mony, but when his army of 80,000 men haA 
 been defeated by 20,000 of the enemy, under 
 Curias, he left Italy with precipitation, B. C. 
 274, ashamed of the enterprise, and mortified 
 by the victories which had been obtained over 
 one of the descendants of Achilles. In Epiru* 
 he hegan to repair his military character, by 
 attacking Anligonus, who was then on the Ma- 
 cedonian throne. He gained some advantages 
 over his enemy, and was at last restored to the 
 throne of Macedonia. He afterwards march- 
 f^d ai,ainst Sparta, at the request of Cleony- 
 mus, but whesi all his vigorous operations were 
 insuliicient to take the capital of Laconia, he 
 retired to Argos, where the treachery of 
 Aristeus invited him. The Argives desired 
 him to retire, and not to interfere in the af- 
 fairs of their republic, which were confounded 
 by the ambition of two of their nobles. He 
 complied with their wishes,, but in the night 
 he marched his forces into the town, and 
 might have made himself master of the place 
 had he not retarded his progress by entering 
 it with his elephants. The combat that ensu- 
 ed was obstinate and bloody, and the monarch, 
 to fight with more boldness, and to encounter 
 dangers with more facility, exchanged his 
 dress. He was attacked by one of the ene- 
 my, but as he was going to run him through 
 m his own defence, the mother of the Argive, 
 who saw her son's danger from the top of a 
 house, threw down a tile, and brought Pyr- 
 rhus to the ground. His head was cut off, and 
 carried to Antigonus, who gave his remains a 
 magnificent funeral, and presented his ashes to 
 his son Helenus, 272 years before the Chris- 
 tian era. Pyrrhus has been deservedly com- 
 mended for his talents as a general ; and not 
 onl}' his friends but also his enemies, have 
 been warm in extolling him ; and Annibal de- 
 clared, that for experience and sagacity the 
 king of Epirus was the first of commanders. 
 He had chosen Alexander the Great for a mo- 
 del, and in every thing he wished not only to 
 imitate, but to surpass him. In the art of war 
 none were superior to him ; he not only made 
 it his study as a general,butevenhe wrote many 
 books on encampments, and the different 
 ways of training up an army and whatever he 
 did w as by principle and rule. His uncommon 
 understanding, and his penetration, are also 
 admired ; but the general is severely censur- 
 ed, who has no sooner conquered a country, 
 than he looks for other victories, without re- 
 garding, or securing what he had already ob- 
 tained, by measures and regulations honoura- 
 ble to himself, and advantageous to his sub- 
 jecls. The Romans passed great encomiums 
 upon him, and P^-rrhus was no less struck 
 with their magnanimity and valour ; so much 
 indeed, that he exclaimed, that if he had sol- 
 diers like the Romans, or if the Romans had 
 him for a general, he would leave no corner 
 of the earth unseen, and no nation unconquer- 
 led. Pyrrhus married many wives, and ail for 
 political reasons; besides Antigone, he had 
 Lanassa the daughter of Agathocles, as also a 
 daughter of Antoleon king of Paeonia. His 
 children, as his biograpiier observes, derived a 
 warlike spirit from their father, and when he 
 was asked by one to which of them he should 
 leave the kingdom of Epirus, he replied, to 
 him who has the sharpest sword. JFAicn. 
 
PY 
 
 Hist. im. lO.—Pha. in vitd.—Jilslin. 17, kc— 
 
 Liv. 13 and l4.~Horat. 3, od. 6. A king of 
 
 Epu'us, son of Ptolemy, murdered by the peo- 
 ple of Ambracia. His daugiiter, called Lau- 
 damia, or Deidamia, succeeded him. Pans. 
 ' ■■ -A son of Daedalus. 
 
 PvsTE; the wife of Seleucus, taken prisoner 
 by the Gauls, Hac. Polycen. 2. 
 
 PvTHAGORAS, a Celebrated philosopher, 
 born at Samos. His father. Miiesarchus, was 
 a person of distinction, and, therefore, the son 
 received that education which was most cal- 
 culated to enlighten his mind, and invigorate 
 his body. Like his contemporaries, he was 
 early made acquainted with poeU'y and music; 
 eloquence and astronomy became his private 
 studies, and in gymnastic exercises he often 
 bore tlie palm for strength and dexterity. He 
 first made himself known in Greece, at the 
 Olympic games, where he obtained, in the 
 18th year of his age, the prize for wrestling ; 
 and, after he had been admired for the ele- 
 
 fance and the dignity of his pereon, and the 
 rilliancy of his understanding, he retired into 
 the east. In Egypt and Chaldaja he gained 
 the confidence of the priests, and learned from 
 them the artful policy, and the symbolic writ- 
 ings, by which they governed the princes as 
 w«ll as the people, and after he had spent 
 many years in gathering all the information 
 which could be collected from antique tradi 
 tion, concerning the nature of the gods and 
 the immortality of the soul, Pythagoras revi- 
 sited his native island. The tyranny of Poly- 
 erates at Samos disgusted the philosopher, 
 who was a great advocate for national indepen- 
 dence ; and, though he was the favourite of 
 the tyrant, he retired from the island, and a se- 
 cond time assisted at the Olympic games. His 
 fame was too well known to escape notice ; he 
 was saluted in the public assembly by the name 
 of Sophist, or wise man ; but he refused the 
 appellation, and was satisfied with that of 
 philosopher, or, the friend of wisdom. " At 
 the Olympic games," said he, in explanation 
 of this new appellation he wished to assume, 
 " some are attracted with the desire of obtain- 
 ing crowns and honoui'S;Others come to expose 
 their different commodities to sale, while cu- 
 riosity draws a third class, and the desire of 
 contemplating whatever deserves notice in 
 that 'celebrated assembly ; thus on the more 
 extensive theatre of the world, while many 
 struggle for the glory of a name, and many 
 pant for the advantages of fortune, a few, and 
 indeed but a few, who are neither desirous of 
 money, nor ambitious of fame, are sufficiently 
 gratified to be spectators of the wonder, the 
 liurry, and the magnificence of the scene." 
 From Olympia, the philosopher visited the 
 republics of EHs and Sparta, and retired to 
 Magna Graecia, where he fixed bis habitation 
 in the town of Crotona, about the 40th year 
 of his age. Here he founded a sect which 
 has received the name of the Italian, and he 
 soon saw himself surrounded by a great num- 
 ber of f>upils, which the recommendation of 
 his mental, as well as his personal accomplish- 
 ments, had procured. His skill in music and 
 juedioine, and his knowledge of mathematics 
 and of natui-al philosophy, gained him friends 
 and admirers; and amidst the voluptuousness 
 that prevailed among the iababilonts of CiX)- 
 7*i 
 
 |tona, the Samian sa^PYound his instructioas 
 . respected, and his approbation courted : the 
 most debauched and eflFeminate were pleased 
 with the eloquence and the graceful delivery 
 ot the philosopher, who boldly upbraided them 
 tor their vices, and called them to more virtu- 
 ous and manly pursuits. These animated ha= 
 rangues were attended with rapid success, and 
 a relormation soou took place in the morals and 
 the life of the people of Crotona. The females 
 were exhorted to become modest, and they 
 left off their gaudy ornaments; the youths 
 were called away from their pursuits of plea- 
 sure, and instantly they forgot their intempe- 
 rance, and paid to their parents that sub- 
 missive attention and deference which the pre- 
 cepts of Pythagoras required. As to the old, 
 tbey were directed no longer to spend their 
 time in amassing money, but to improve their 
 understanding, and to seek that peace and thos» 
 comforts of mind which frugality, benevolence, 
 and philanthropy alone can produce. Th© 
 sober and religious behaviour of the philoso- 
 pher strongly recommended the necessity and 
 importance of these precepts. Pythagoras was 
 admired for his venerable aspect; his voice 
 was harmonious, his eloquence persuasive, and 
 the reputation he had acquu-ed by his distant 
 travels, and by being crowned at the Olympic 
 games, was great and important. He regular- 
 ly frequented the temples of the gods, and 
 paid his devotion to the divinity at an early 
 hour; he lived upon the purest and most inno- 
 cent food, he clothed himself like the priests 
 of the Egyptian gods, and, by his continual 
 purifications, and regular offerings, he seemed 
 to be superior to the rest of mankind in sanc- 
 tity. These artful measures united to render 
 him an object, not only of reverence, but of 
 imhation. To set himself at a greater dis- 
 tance from his pupils, a number of years was 
 required to try their various dispositions ; the^ 
 most talkative were not permitted to speak ia 
 the presence of their master before they had 
 been his auditors for five years ; and those who 
 possessed a natural taciturnity were allowed 
 to speak after a probation of two years. When 
 they were capable of receiving the secret in- 
 structions of the ()hilosopher, they were taught 
 the use of cyjnhers and hieroglyphic writings; 
 and Pythagoras might boast, that his pupils 
 could correspond together, though in the 
 most distant regions, in unknown characters ; 
 and by the signs and words which they had re- 
 ceived, they could discover, though strangers 
 and barbarians, those that had been educated 
 in the Pythagorean school. So great was hb 
 authority among his pupils, that, to dispute hia 
 word was deemed a crime, and the most stub- 
 born were drawn to coincide with the opinion* 
 of their opponents, when they helped their 
 arguments by the words of the master said so, 
 an expression which became proverbial iu 
 jurare in verba m^gistri. The gi-eat influence 
 which the philo.so|)her possessed in his school 
 was transferred to the world ; the pupils divid- 
 ed the applause and the approbation of the 
 people with liieir venerated master, and in a 
 short time, the rulers and the legislators of all 
 the principal towns of (Jreece, Sicily. and Italv, 
 boasted in being the disciples of Pythagoras. 
 The Saraian philosopher was the first wh« 
 supported the doctriB« of mctempst/chftis, er 
 
VY 
 
 transmigration cf the soul into different bo- 
 dies • and those notions he seemed to have 
 imbibed among the priests of Egypt, or 
 in the solitary retreats of the Braciimans. 
 More strenuously to support his chimerical 
 system, he declared he recollected the dif- 
 ferent bodies his soul had animated before 
 that of the son of Mnesarchus. He remem- 
 tiered to have been ^thalides, the son of 
 Mercury; to have assisted the Greeks du- 
 ring the Trojan war, in the character of 
 Eupborbus; [Fid Euphorbus,] to have been 
 Hermotimus ; afterwards a fisherman ; and last 
 of all, Pythagoras. He forbad his disciples to 
 cat flesh, as also beans, because he supposed 
 them to have been produced from the same 
 putrified matter from which, at the creation 
 of the world, man was formed. In his theo- 
 logical system, Pythagoras supported that the 
 universe was created from a shapeless heap of 
 passive matter, by the hands of a powerful 
 being, who himself was the mover and soul of 
 the world, and of whose substance the souls of 
 mankind were a portion. He considered num- 
 bers as the principles of every thing, and per- 
 ceived in the universe regularity, correspon- 
 dence, beauty, proportion, and harmony, as 
 intentionallj^- produced bv the creator. In his 
 doctrines of morality, he perceived in the 
 human mind, propensities common to us with 
 the brute creation ; and besides these, and the 
 passions of avarice and ambition, he discover- 
 ed the nobler seeds of virtue, and supported 
 that the most ample and perfect gratification 
 was to be found in the enjoyment of moral 
 and intellectual pleasures. The thoughts of 
 the past he considered as always present to us, 
 and he believed that no enjoyment could be 
 had where the mind was disturbed by con- 
 sciousness of guilt, or fears about futurity. 
 This opinion induced the jthiiosopher to re- 
 commend to his followers a particular mode 
 of education. The tender years of the Pytha- 
 goreans were employed in continual labour, 
 in study, in exercise, and repose j and the 
 philosopher maintained his well known and 
 important ma.xim, that many things, especi- 
 ally love, are best learnt late. In a more ad- 
 vanced age, the adult was desired to behave 
 with caution, spirit, and patriotism, and to re- 
 member that the community and civil society 
 demanded his exertions, and that tlie good of 
 the public, and not his own private enjoy- 
 ments, were the ends of his creation. From 
 lessons like these, the Pythagoreans were 
 strictly enjoified to call to mind, and carefully 
 to review the actions, not only of the present, 
 but of the preceding days. In their acts of de- 
 votion, they early repaired to the most solita- 
 ry places of the mountains, and alter they 
 had examinecl their private and public conduct, 
 and conversed with themselves, they joined 
 in the company of their friends, and early re- 
 freshed the body with light and frugal aliments. 
 Their conversation was of the most innocent 
 nature ; political or philosophic subjects were 
 discussed with propriety, but without warmth, 
 and, afterthe conductof the following day was 
 regulated, the evening was spent with the 
 same religious ceremony as the morning, in a 
 strict and impartial self-examination. From 
 such regularity, nothing but the most salutary 
 consequences could arise ; and it will not op- j 
 
 pear wonderful that the disciples of Pythagd- 
 ras were so much respected and admired a» 
 legislators, and imitated for their constancy, 
 friendship, and humanity. The authors that 
 lived in, and after the age of Alexander, 
 have rather tarnished than brightened the 
 glory of the founder of the Pythagorean school, 
 and they have obscured his fame by attribut- 
 ing to him actions which were dissonant with 
 his character as a man and a moralist. To 
 .give more weight to his exhortations, as some 
 writers mention, Pythagoras retired into a sub- 
 terraneous cave, where his mother sent him 
 intelligence of every thing which happened 
 during his absence. After a certain number of 
 months he again re-appeared on the earth with 
 a grim and ghastly countenance, and declared, 
 in t!ie assembly of the people, that he was re- 
 turned from hell. From similar exaggerations, 
 it has been asserted that he appeared at the 
 Olympic games with a golden thigh, and that 
 he could write in letters of blood whatever he 
 pleased on a looking glass, and that, by setting 
 it opposite to the moon, when full, all the cha- 
 racters which were on the glass became legible 
 on the moon's disk. They also support, that, 
 by some magical words, he tamed a bear, 
 stopped the flight of an eagle, and appeared 
 on the same day and at the same instant in the 
 cities of Crotona and Metapontum, &c. The 
 time and the place of the death of this great 
 philosopher are unknown ; yet many suppose 
 that he died at Metapontum, about 497 years 
 before Christ : and so great was the veneration 
 of the people of Magna Grascia for him, that 
 he received the same honours as were paid to 
 the immortal gods, and his house became a 
 sacred temple. Succeeding ages likewise ac- 
 knowledged his merits ; and when the Romans, 
 A. U. C. 411, were commanded by the oracle 
 of Delphi to erect a statue to the bravest and 
 wisest of the Greeks, the distinguished honour 
 was conferred on Alcibiades and Pythagoras^ 
 Pythagoras had a daughter, called Damo. 
 There is now extant a poetical composition 
 ascribed to the philosopher, and called the 
 golden verses of Pythagoras, which contain 
 the greatest part of his doctrines and moral 
 precepts ; but many support, that it is a suppo- 
 sititious composition, and that the true name' 
 of the writer was Lysis. Pythagoras distin- 
 guished himself, also, by his discoveries in 
 geometry, astronomy, and mathematics ; and 
 it is to him that the world is indebted for the 
 detnonstration of the 47th proposition of the 
 first book of Euclid's elements, about the 
 square of the hypothenuse. It is said, that he 
 was so elated after making the discovery, that 
 he made an oflering of a hecatomb to the 
 gods ; but the sacrifice was undoubtedly of 
 small oxen, made with wax, as the philoso- 
 pher was ever an enemy to shedding the blood 
 of all animals. His system of the universe, in 
 which he placed the sun in the centre, and all 
 the planets moving in elliptical orbits round 
 it, was deemed chimerical and improbable, 
 till the deep inquiries and the philosophy of 
 the 16th century proved it, by the most ac- 
 curate calculations, to be true and incon- 
 testible. Diogenes, Porphyry, lamblicus, and 
 other?, have written an account of his life, 
 but with more erudition, perhaps, than vera- 
 city. Cic. de A'at. D. I, c. 5. Tmc 4, c. 1.— 
 
PY 
 
 Tfiog. fee. S.-^Hfjgm. fab. m.—Ovid. Met. 
 15, v.60,kc.—Pln!o.—P[m.34, c. 6.— GeU. 
 9. — lumblic. — Purphi/r. — Plut. A soothsay- 
 er at Babylon, who foretold the death of 
 Alexander, and of Hephoestion, by consulting 
 
 the entrails of victims. A tyrant of Ephe- 
 
 sus. One of IVero^s wicked favourites. 
 
 PvTHEAS, an arci>on at Athens. A 
 
 native of IMassilia, famous for his knowledge 
 of astronomy, mathematics, philosophy, and 
 :|;eography. He also distinguished himself by 
 his travels, and \\\[h a mind that wished to 
 seek information in every corner of the earth, 
 he advanced far into the northern seas, and 
 discovered the island of Thule, and entered 
 that then unknown sea,which is now called the 
 Baltic. His discoveries in astronomy and ge- 
 ography were ingenious, and indeed, modern 
 navigators have found it expedient to justify 
 and accede to his conclusions. He was the 
 first who established a distinction of climate by 
 the length of days and nights. He wrote dif- 
 ferent treatises in Greek, which have been 
 lost, though some of them were extant in the 
 beginning of the fifth century. Pytheas lived, 
 according to some, in the age of Aristotle. 
 Strab. 2, toe. — Plin. 37. An Athenian rhe- 
 torician in the age of Demosthenes, who distin- 
 guished himself by his intrigues, rapacity, and 
 his opposition to the measures of Dem<j3thenes, 
 of whom he observed, that his orations smelt 
 of the lamp. Pytheas joined Antipater after 
 the death of Alexander the Great. His ora- 
 tions were devoid of elegance, harsh, uncon- 
 nected and diffuse, and from this circumstance 
 he has not been ranked among the orators of 
 Athens. JElian. V. H. 7, c. 7. — Piui in Dem. 
 ^ Polit. fr. 
 
 PvTHES, a native of Abdera, in Thrace, 
 «on of Andromache, who obtained a crown at 
 the Olympian games. Plin. 34, c. 7. — Paus. 
 €, c. 14. 
 
 Pythecs, a Lydian, famous for his riches 
 in the age of Xerxes. He kindly entertained 
 the monarch and all his army, when he was 
 marching on his expedition against Greece, 
 and oti'ered him to defray the expenses of the 
 whole war. Xerxes thanked him with much 
 gratitude, and promised to give him whatever 
 he should require. Pytheus asked him to dis- 
 miss his son from the expedition : upon which 
 the monarch ordered the young man to be cut 
 in two, and one half of the body to be placed on 
 the right hand of the way, and the othf. r on the 
 ieft, that his army might march between them. 
 Flut. de mul. virt. — UtrodoL 
 
 Pythi.a., the priestess of Apollo at Del- 
 phi. She delivered the answer of the god to 
 such as came to consult tiie oracle, and was 
 supposed to be suddenly inspired by the sul- 
 phureous vapours which issued from the hole 
 of a subterraneous cavity within the temple, 
 over which she sat bare on a three legged 
 stool, called a tripod. In the stool was a small 
 aperture, through which the vapour was ex- 
 haled by the priestess, and at this divine in- 
 spiration, her eyes suddenly sparkled, her 
 hair stood on end, and a shivering ran over 
 all her body, li; this convulsive state she 
 .=poke the oracles of the god, often with loud 
 howlings and cries, and her articulations were 
 taken down by the priest, and set in order. 
 i^OBictJmes the spirit gf inspiration waifr more 
 
 PY 
 
 [gentle, and not always violent; yet Plutarch 
 mentions one of the priestesses who was 
 thrown into such excessive fury, that not 
 only those that consulted the oracle, but also 
 the priests that conducted her to the sacred 
 tripod, and attended her during the inspira- 
 tion, were terrified and forsook the temple; 
 and so violent was the fit, that she continued 
 tor some days in the most agonizing situation, 
 and at last died. The Pythia, before she 
 placed herself on the tripod, used to wash her 
 w hole body, and particuktriy her hair, in the 
 waters of tlie foutstain Castalis, at the foot of 
 mount Parnassus. She also shook a laurel 
 tree that grew near the place, and sometimes 
 eat the leaves with which she crowned her- 
 self. The priestess was originalk' a virgin, but 
 the institution was changed v\-henEchecrates, 
 a Thessalian, had offered violence to one of 
 them, and none but women who were above 
 the age of fifty, were permitted to enter upon 
 that sacred office. They always appeared 
 dressed in the garments of virgins to intimate 
 their purity and modesty, and they were so- 
 lemnly bound to observe the strictest laws of 
 temperance and chastity, that neither phan- 
 tastical dresses nor lascivious behaviour might 
 bring the office, the religion, or the sanctity 
 of the place into contempt. There was ori- 
 ginallj' but one Pythia, besides subordinate 
 priests, and aflerwards two were chosen, and 
 sometimes more. The most celebrated of all 
 these is Phemonoe, w ho is supposed by some 
 to have been the first who gave oractes at 
 Delphi. The oracles were always doiivered 
 in haxameter verses, a custom which was 
 some time after discontinued. The Pythia 
 was consulted only one month in Ihe year, 
 about the spring. It was always required that 
 those who consulted the oracle should make 
 large presents to Apollo, and from thenc* 
 arose the opulence, splendour, and the magni- 
 ficence of that celebrated temj)le of Delphi. 
 Sacrifices also were offered to the divinily, and 
 if the omens proved unfavourable the priestess 
 refused to give an answer. There were gene- 
 rally five priests who assisted at the offering 
 of the sacrifices, and there was also another 
 who attended the Pythia, and assisted her in 
 receiving the oracle. [FzV/. Delphi, Oraculum.] 
 Pans. 10, c. 5. — Diod. 16. — Strab. 6 and 9. — 
 Justin. 24, c. 5. — Plut. de oral. def. — Eurip. in 
 Ion. — Clirysosl. Games celebrated in ho- 
 nour of Apollo near the temple of Delphi. 
 They were first in.stituted, according to th« 
 more received opinion, by Ai)ollo himself, in 
 commemoration of the victory which he had 
 obtained ov€r tiie serpent Python, from which 
 they received their name ; though others main- 
 tain that they were first established by Aga- 
 memnon, or Dinmedes, or by Amphictyon, 
 or lastly by the council of the Ami)iiictyons, 
 B. C. 1263. They were originally celebrated 
 once in nine years, but afterwards every 
 fifth year, on the second year of every Olym- 
 piad, according to the number of the Parnas- 
 sian nymphs who congratulated Apollo after 
 his victory. The gods themselves were oii- 
 glnally among the combatants, and according 
 to some authors, the first prizes were won by 
 Pollux, in boxing; Castor, in horse-racing; 
 Hercules, in the pancratium ; Zetus, in fight- 
 ing with th« armour; Culais; in running; 
 
PY 
 
 Telamon, in wrestling; andPeleus, in throw- 
 ing the quoit. These illustrious conquerors 
 were rewarded by Apollo himself, who was 
 present with crowns and laurel. Some how- 
 ever observe, that it was nothing but a mu- 
 sical contention, in which he who sung best 
 the praises of Apollo, obtained the prize, 
 which was presents of gold or silver, which 
 were afterwards exchanged for a garland of 
 the palm tree, or of beach leaves. It is said 
 that Hesiod was refused admission to these 
 games, because he was not able to play up- 
 on the harp, which was required of all such 
 as entered the lists. The songs which were 
 sung were called CT-j5»'.ei ie^o« Ihe Pythian modes, 
 divided into five parts, which contained a 
 representation of the fight and victory of 
 ApoMo over Python; av-i'-^-'i, the prepnration 
 for the Jight ; -=.</.?i-'«fa, ihe first attempt; ■'■^'■ 
 Ta/sXiuT.Mi , takins:; breath and collecting cour- 
 age ; '^,« o< /:;w ^-MT-jKoi, the insulting sarcasms of 
 the god over his vanquished enemy; '^■jptyy.g , 
 an imitation of the hisses of the set-pent; 
 just as he expired under the blows of A})ollo. 
 A dance was also introduced; and in the 
 48' h Olympiad, the Ampniclyons, who pre- 
 sided over the games, increased the number 
 of musical instruments by the addition of a 
 flute, but, as it was more peculiarly used in 
 funeral songs and lamentations, it was soon 
 rejected as unfit for merriment, and the festi- 
 vals which represented the triumph of Apol- 
 lo over the conquered serpent. The Romans, 
 according to some, introduced them into their 
 city, and called them Apollinares ludi. Pans. 
 10, c. 13 and S'7.—Strab. 9.— Ovid. Met 1, v. 
 447.—Plin. l.—Liv. 25. 
 
 Pythias, a Pythagorean philosopher 
 mate with Damon. [Vid. Phintias.] 
 road which led from Thessaly to Tempe. 
 lian. A comic character, &c. 
 
 PvTHioN, an Athenian killed, with 
 soldiers, when he attempted to drive 
 garrison of Demetrius from Athens, 
 Polymn. 5. 
 
 Pythium, a town of Thessaly. Liy. 42, c. 
 53, I. 44, c. 2. 
 
 Pythius, a Syracusan, who defrauded Ca- 
 nius, a Roman knight, to whom he had sold 
 
 his gardens, iiic. Cic. de Off. 3, c. 14. A 
 
 surname of Apollo, which lie had received 
 for his having conquered the serpent Python, 
 or because he was worshipped at Delphi ; 
 called also Pytho. Macrob. 1, sat. 17- — Pro- 
 jierl. 2, el.23, V. 16. 
 
 Pytho, the ancient name of the town of 
 Delphi, which it received aro tou 57:«?tr5;<i, be- 
 cause the serpent which Apollo killed rot- 
 ted there. It was also called Parnassia Nape. 
 fVid. Delphi.] 
 
 PyxHocHARis, a musician who assuag^ed 
 
 PY 
 
 the fury of some wolves by playing on a mu- 
 sical instrument, &.c. JElian. 
 
 Pythocles, an Athenian descended frona 
 Aratus. It is said, that on his account, and 
 for his instruction, Plutarch wrote the life of 
 
 Aratus. A man put to death with Phocion. 
 
 A man who wrote on Italy. 
 
 Pythodorus, an Athenian archon in th» 
 age of Themistocles. 
 
 Pytholaus, the brother of Theba, the 
 wife of Alexander tyrant of Phera;. He as- 
 sisted his sister in despatching her husband. 
 Plut. 
 
 Python, a native of Byzantium, in the 
 age of Philip of Macedonia. He was a great 
 favourite of the monarch, who sent him to 
 Thebes, when that city, at the instigation of 
 Demosthenes, was going to take arms against 
 
 Philip. Plut, in Dem. — Diod. One of the 
 
 friends of Alexander put to death by Ptolemy 
 
 Lagus. A man who killed Cotys king of 
 
 Thrace, at the instigation of the Athenians. 
 
 A celebrated serpertt sprung from the 
 
 mud and stagnated waters which remained on 
 the surface of the earth after the deluge of 
 Deucalion. Some, however, suppose that it 
 was produced from the earth by -Juno, and 
 sent by the goddess to persecute^i^tona, who 
 was then pregnant by Jupiter. Latona escaped 
 his fury by means of her lover, who changed 
 her into a quail during the remaining months 
 of her pregnancy, and afterwards restored 
 her to her original shape in the island of De- 
 los, where she gave birth to Apollo and Diana. 
 Apollo, as soon as he was born, attacked the 
 monster and killed hira with his arrows, and 
 in commemoration of the victory which he had 
 obtained, he instituted the celebrated Pythian 
 games. Strab. 8. — Paus. 2, c. 7, 1. 10, c. 6. 
 — Hygin. — Ovid. Met. 1, v. 438, &c. — Lucan. 
 5, V. 134, 
 
 Pythonice, an Athenian prostitute greatly 
 honoured by Harpalus, whom Alexander some 
 time before had intrusted with the treasures 
 of Babylon. He married her; and according 
 to some, she died the very moment that the 
 nuptials were going to be celebrated. He 
 raised her a splendid monument on the road 
 which led from Athens to Eleusis, which cost 
 him 30 talents. Diod. 17. — Paus. 1. — Athtn, 
 13, he. 
 
 Pythonissa, a name given to the priest- 
 ess of Apollo's temple at Delphi. She is more 
 generally called Pythia. [Firf. Pythia.] The 
 word Pythanissa was commonly applied to wo- 
 men who attempted to explain futurity. 
 
 Pytna, a part of Mount Ida. 
 
 Pyttalus, a celebrated athlete, son of 
 Lampis of Elis, who obtained a prize at (k* 
 Olympic games. Paui. 9, c. 16. ' 
 
QU 
 
 j-|UADERNA, a town of Italy. 
 ^*>t QuADi- an ancient nation of Germany, 
 near the country of the Marcomanni, on 
 the borders of the Danube, in naodern Mo- 
 ravia. They rendered themselves celebrated 
 by their opposition to the Romans, by whom 
 they were often defeated, though not totally 
 subdued. Tacit, in Germ. 42 and 43. ^n. 2, 
 C.63. 
 
 QuADRATCs, a surname given to Mer- 
 cury, because some of his statues were square. 
 The number 4, according to Plutarch, was 
 sacred to Mercury, because he was born on 
 the 4th day of the month, Plut. in Sym- 
 
 pos. 9. A governor of Syria in the age 
 
 of Nero. 
 
 QuADRiFRONS, or Quadriceps, a surname 
 of Janus, because he was repreeented with 
 four heads. He had a temple on the Tarpei- 
 an rock, raised by L. Catulus. 
 
 Qu^sTOREs, two officers at Rome, first 
 •reated A. U. C. 269. They received their 
 name, a quarendo, because they collected the 
 revenues of the state, and had the total ma- 
 nagement of the public treasury. The quags- 
 torship was the first office which could be had 
 in the state. It was requisite that the candi- 
 dates should bie 24 or 25 years of age, or ac- 
 cording to some 27. In the year 333, U. 
 C two more were added to others, to at- 
 tend the consuls, to take care of the pay of 
 the armies abroad, and sell the plunder and 
 booty which had been acquired by conquest. 
 These were called Pertgrini, whilst the 
 others, whose employment was in the city, 
 received the name of Urbani. When the Ro- 
 mans were masters of all Italy, four more were 
 created, A. U. C.439, to attend the pro-consuls 
 and pro-praetors in their provinces, and to col- 
 lect all the taxes and customs which each par- 
 ticular district owed to the republic. They 
 were called Provinciales. Sylla the dictator 
 created 20 quaestors, and J. Ceesar 40, to fill up 
 the vacant seats in the senate ; from whence it 
 is evident that the quaestors ranked as senators 
 in the senate. The quaestors were always ap- 
 pointed by the senate at Rome, and if any 
 person was appointed to the quaestorship with- 
 out their permission he was only called Pro- 
 qucestor. The quajstores urbani were appa- 
 rently of more consequence than the rest, the 
 treasury was intrusted to their care, they kept 
 an account of all receipts and disbursements, 
 and the Roman eagles or ensigns were always 
 in their possession when the armies were not 
 on an expedition. They required every ge- 
 neral before he triumphed to tell them, upon 
 his oath, that he had given a just account of 
 the number of the slain on both sides, and that 
 he had been saluted irnperaior by the soldiers, 
 a title which every commander generally re- 
 ceived from his army after he had obtained a 
 victory, and which was afterwards confirmed 
 and approved by the senate. The city quaes- 
 tors had also the care of the ambassadors, they 
 lodged and received them, and some time af- 
 ter, when Augustus was declared emperor, 
 they kept the decrees of the senate, which had 
 been before intrusted with the ediles and the 
 tribunes. This gave rise to two new offices of 
 trust and honour, one of which was'-(^u,fEslor 
 palatii, and the other quceslor principis, or 
 nuguslif sometimes called candidalus princi- 
 
 QU 
 
 pis. The tent of the quaestor in the camp was 
 called qucestorum. It stood near that of the 
 general. Varro. de L. L. 4. — Liv. 4, c. 43. — 
 Bio. 43. 
 
 QuARi, a people of Gaul. 
 
 QuARius, a river of Bceotia. 
 
 QuERCENs, a Rutulian who fought against 
 the Trojans. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 684. 
 
 QuERQUETDLANus, a name given to mount 
 Ccelius at Rome, from the oaks which grew 
 there. Tacit. Ann. 4, c. 65. 
 
 QuiETis FANUM, a temple without the walls 
 of the city of Rome. Quies was the goddess 
 of rest. Her temple was situate near the 
 Colline gate. Liv. 4, c. 4. — August, de. Civ. 
 D. 4, c. 16. 
 
 L. Quietus, an officer under the emperor 
 Trajan, who behaved with great valour in the 
 expeditions which were undertaken by the 
 army, which he commanded. He was put to 
 death by Adrian. 
 
 QUINCTIA PRATA. Vid. QUIVTIA. 
 
 QniNCTiANus, a man who conspired against 
 Nero, for which he was put to death. 
 
 QuiNCTiLiA, a comedian who refused to 
 betray a conspiracy which had been formed 
 against Caligula. 
 
 QuiNCTius T. a Roman consul who gained 
 some victories over the ^Equi and the Volsci, 
 and obtained a triumph for subduing Prae- 
 neste. Caeso,a man accused before the Ro- 
 man people, and vindicated by his father Cin- 
 cinnatus. A Roman celebrated for his fru- 
 gality. [Vid. Cincinnatus.] A master of 
 
 horse. A Roman consul when Annibal in- 
 vaded Italy. A brother of Flaminius, ban- 
 ished from the senate by Cato, for killing a 
 Gaul. An officer killed by the Carthagi- 
 nians. An officer under Dolabella. A- 
 
 nother who defeated the Latins. A consul 
 
 who obtained a victory over the Volsci. 
 Hirpinus. Vid. Hirpinus. 
 
 QuiNDA, a town of Cilicia. 
 
 QuiNDECiMV-yRi, an order of priests whom 
 Tarquin the proud appointed to take care 
 of the Sibylline books. They were origi- 
 nally two, but afterwards the number was 
 increased to ten, to whom Sylla added five 
 more, whence theirnarae. Vid. Decemviri 
 and Duumviri. 
 
 QuiNQUATRiA, B festival in honour of Mi- 
 nerva at Rome, which continued during five 
 days. The beginning of the celebration was 
 the 18th of March. The first day sacrifices 
 and oblations were presented, but, however, 
 without the effusion of blood. On the se- 
 cond, third, and fourth days, shows of gladia- 
 tors were exhibited, and on the fifth day there 
 was a solemn procession through the streets 
 of the city. On the days of the celebration, 
 scholars obtained holidays, and it was usual 
 for them to oiler prayers to Minerva for learn- 
 ing and wisdom, which the goddess patronis- 
 ed ; and on their return to school, they pre- 
 sented their master with a gift, which has re- 
 ceived the name of Minennt. They were 
 much the same as the Panath^naia of the 
 Greeks. Plays were also acted and disputa- 
 tions were held on subjects of literature. 
 They received their name from the Jive days 
 which were devoted for the celebration. 
 
 QuiN(iuKNN.\i,Es i.uDi, games celebrated 
 by ttie Chians in honour of Homer every 
 
QtJ 
 
 a&iUi yeai'. There were also some games 
 among the Romans which bore this name. 
 They are the same as the Autian games. Vid. 
 Actia. 
 
 QuiNTiA Erata, a place on the borders 
 «f the Tiber near Rome, which had been 
 cultivated by the great Cincinnatus. Uv. 3, 
 G. 26. 
 
 QuiNTiLiAKOs, Marcua Fabius, a celebra- 
 ted rhetorician born in Spain. He opened a 
 school of rhetoric at Rome, and was the first 
 who obtained a salary from the state aa being 
 a public teacher. After he had remained 
 twenty years in this laborious employment, 
 and obtained the merited applause of the 
 most illustrious Romans, not only as a pre- 
 ceptor, but as a pleader at the bar, Quintilian, 
 by the permission of the emperor Domitian, 
 retired to enjoy the fruits of his labours and 
 industry. In his retirement he assiduously de- 
 dicated his time to the study of literature, and 
 wrote a treatise on the causes of the corrup- 
 tion of eloquence. Some time after, at the 
 pressing solicitations of his friends, he wrote 
 his bistitu Hones oratoricoR, the most perfect and 
 complete system of oratory extant. It is 
 divided into 12 books, in which the anther ex- 
 plains from observations, as well as from ex- 
 perience, what can constitute a good and per- 
 fect orator, and in this he not only mentions 
 the pursuits and the employments of the 
 rhe'orician, but he also speaks of his educa- 
 tion, and begins with the attention which 
 ought to be shown him even in his cradle. He 
 was appointed preceptor to the two young 
 princes whom Domitian destined for his suc- 
 cessors on the throne, but the pleasures which 
 the rhetorician received from the favours and 
 the attention of the emperor, and from the 
 success which his writings met in (he world, 
 were embittered by the loss of his wife, and of 
 his two sons. It is said that Quintilian was 
 poor in his retirement, and that his indigence 
 was relieved by the liberality of his pupil, 
 Pliny the younger. He died A. D. 95. His 
 institutions were discovered in the 1415th year 
 of the Christian era, in an old tower of a mo- 
 nastery at St Gal, by Poggio Bracciolini, a na- 
 tive of Florence, The best editions of Quin- 
 lilian are those of Gesner, 4lo. Gotting. 1733; 
 of L. Bat.'Svo. cum notis variorum, 16G5 ; of 
 <jribson, 4to. Oxon. 1693; and that of RoUin, 
 republished in 8vo. London, 1792. 
 
 QuiNTiLius Varus, a Roman governor of 
 Syria. {Vid. Varus.] A friend of the em- 
 peror Alexander. A man put to death by 
 
 ihe emperor Severus. 
 
 QuiNTiLLA, a courtezan at Rome, &ic. Juv. 
 7, V. 75. 
 
 QuiNTiLLL's, M. Aurelius Claudius, a bro- 
 ther of Claudius who proclaimed himself em- 
 peror, and 17 days after destroyed himself 
 by opening his veins in a bath, when he heard 
 that Aurelian was marchirjg against him, about 
 the 270th year of the Christian era. 
 
 QuiNTUs, or QumcTius, one of the names 
 
 of Cincinnatus. Pers. 1, v. 73. Pedius, a 
 
 painter. Vid. Pedius. 
 
 QuiNTUs CuRTius RuFus, 3 Latin histo- 
 rian, who flourished, as some suppose, in 
 the reign of Vespasian or Trajan. He has 
 rendered hiinself known by his history of the 
 igign of Alexaoder the Great. This history 
 
 QTJ 
 
 was divided into 10 books, of which the two 
 first, the end of the fifth, and the beginning of 
 the sixth, are lost. This work is admired for 
 its elegance, the purity, and the floridness of 
 the style. It is, however, blamed for great 
 anachronisms, and glaring mistakes in geogra- 
 phy, as well as history. Freinshemius has 
 written a supplement to Curtius, in which he 
 seems to have made some very satisfactory 
 amends for the loss which the history has 
 suffered, by a learned collection of facts and 
 circumstances from all the diS"erent authors 
 who have employed their pen in writing an 
 account of Alexander, and of his Asiatic con- 
 quests. Some suppose that the historian is 
 the same with that Curtius Ruffus, who lived 
 in the age of Claudius, under whom he was 
 made consul. This Rufus was born of an ob- 
 scure family, and he attended a Roman quaes- 
 tor in Africc,whenhe was met at Adrumetuna 
 by a woman above an human shape, as he 
 was walking under the porticos in the middle 
 of the day. Tnis exlraordinaiy character ad- 
 dressed the indigent Roman, and told hira 
 that the day should come in which he should 
 govern Africa with consular power. This 
 strange prophecy animated Rufus ; he re- 
 paired to Rome, where he gained the favours 
 of the emperor, obtained consular honours, 
 and at last retired as pro-consul to Africa, 
 where he died. The best editions of Curtius 
 are those of Elzevir, 8vo. Amst. 1673;of Sna- 
 kenburg, 4to. L. Bat. 1724 ; and of Barbou, 
 12mo. Paris 1757. Tacit. Ann. 11, c. 23, &c. 
 
 QuiKTus Veeanius, a governor of Cappa- 
 
 docia. Cicero, the brother of Cicero. 
 
 Catulus, a Roman consul. A friend of Cee- 
 
 sar. 
 
 QuiRiNALiA, festivals in honour of Romu- 
 lus, surnamed Quirinus, celebrated on the 13th 
 of the calends of March. 
 
 QuiRiNALis, a hill at Rome, originally 
 called ^gonitis, and afterwards Collimts. The 
 name of Quirinalis it obtained from the inhabi- 
 tants of Cures, who settled there under their 
 king Tatius. It was also called Cabalinusy 
 from two marble statues of a horse, one of 
 which was the work of Phidias, and the other 
 of Praxiteles. Liv. 1, c. 44. — Ovid. Fast. 375. 
 
 Met. 14, V. 845. One of the gates of Rome 
 
 near mount Quirinali. 
 
 QuirIncs, a surname of Mars among the 
 Romans. This name was also given to Ro- 
 mulus when he had been made a god by hia 
 superstitious subjects. Ovid. Fas'. 2, y. 475. 
 Also, a surname of the 
 
 Sulpitius, a Roman consul born at Lanuviura. 
 Though descended of an obscure family, he 
 was raised to the greatest honours by Augus- 
 ( us. He was appointed governor of Syria, and 
 was afterwards made preceptor to Caius, the 
 grandson of the emperor. He married ..-Emi- 
 lia Lepida, the grand-daughter of Sylla and 
 Pompey, but some time after he shamefully 
 repudiated her. He died A. D. 22. Tacit. 
 Jinn. 3, he. 
 
 QuiRiTEs, a name given to the Roman ci- 
 tizens, because they admitted into their city 
 the Sabines, who inhabited the town of Cures, 
 and who on that account were called Quiritcs. 
 After this union, the two nations were indis- 
 criminately and promiscuously called by that 
 name. It is, however, to be observed that (lie 
 
QU 
 
 QU 
 
 word was confined to Rome, and not ustd in rebellious soldiers M the d€<tradlng anpeil'a- 
 the armies, as we find some of the generals ap- tion of Quirites. Seuion. Cms. 70 —Lamprid 
 plymg It only to such ot their soldiers as they 5'S.~Lucan. 5, v, 558.—HorcU 4, od 14 v 1 
 dismissed or disgraced. Even some of the —Varro. dcL. L. 4.-^Liv. 1, c. 13 —Omd Fartf 
 •naperors appeased a sedition, by calling their I 2, v. 479. 
 
 RA 
 
 RE 
 
 Tl ABIRIUS, C. a Roman knight, who lent! wretched town situate at the distance of about 
 
 ^ an immense sum of money to Ptolemy 
 Auletes, king of Egypt. Tlie monarch after- 
 
 four miles from the sea, and surrounded with 
 swamps and marshes. Slrab.5. — Suet, in Aug. 
 
 T/ards, not only refused to i-epay him, but even 49.— P/m.36, c. 12.— Mela, 2, c. 4. MartiaL 
 
 confined him, and endangered his life. Rabiri- 3, ep. 93, v. 8, &c, 
 
 us escaped from Egypt with difficulty, but at Ravola, a celebrated debauchee, &lc 
 
 hisreturntoRome,he was accused by the sen- Rauraci, a people of Gaul whose 
 
 ate of having lent money to an African prince, 
 for unlawful purposes. He was ably defended 
 by Cicero, and acquitted with difficulty. Cic 
 ■pro Rub. A Latin poet in the age of Au- 
 gustus, who wrote, besides satires and epi 
 
 grams, a poem on the victory which the em- 
 peror had gained over Antony at Actium. 
 Seneca has compared him to Virgil for ele- 
 gance and majesty, but Quintilian is not so fa- 
 vourable to his poetry.— — An architect in the 
 reign of Domitian, who built a celebrated pal- 
 ace for the emperor, of which the ruins are 
 still seen at Rome. 
 
 Racilia, the wife of Cincinnatus. Liv. 
 3, c. 26. 
 
 Racilius, a tribune who complained in the 
 senate of the faction of Clodius. Cic. in Verr. 
 3, c. 12, ad. q. fr. 2, c. 1. 
 
 Rosaces, an officer of Artaxerxes, He re- 
 volted from his master and fled to Athens. 
 
 Ramises, a king of Egypt. Vid. Rhamses. 
 
 Ramnes, or Rhamnenses, one of the three 
 centuries instituted by Romulus. After the 
 Roman people had been divided into three 
 tribes, the monarch elected out of each 100 
 young men of the best and noblest families, 
 with which he formed three companies of 
 horse. Ofie of them was called Ramnes, 
 cither from the tribe of which it was chosen, 
 or from Romulus. Another was called Talian, 
 and the third Luceres. Varr. dt L. L. 4, c. 9. — 
 Liv. 1, c. V3.—Horat. do, Art. poet. 440. — Plut. 
 in Rom. 
 
 Randa, a village of Persia, where 3000 re- 
 bellious Persians were slain by Chiles. Po- 
 ly cen. 7. 
 
 Rapo, a Rutulian chief, &c. Virg. JEji. 10, 
 V. 748. 
 
 Rascipolis, a Macedonian sent to the as- 
 sistance of Pompey. CcEsar. Bell. Civ. 3, c. 4. 
 
 Ravknna, a town of Italy on the Adriatic, 
 whicli became celebrated under the Roman 
 emperors for its capacious harbour, which 
 could contain '250 ships, and for being for 
 some time the scat of the western empire. 
 It was difficult of access by land, as it stood 
 on a small peninsula ; and so ill supplied witii 
 wafer, that it sold at a higher price than wine, 
 according to Martial. The emperors kept 
 one of their fleets there, and the other at 
 Misonum, on tlie other side of Italy. It was 
 founded by a colony of Thcssalians, or ac- 
 cording to others of Sabines. It is now 
 fallen from its former grandeur, and i3 a 
 
 Juv. 
 
 chief 
 
 Cos. G. 
 
 town is now Augst on the Rhine. 
 1, c. 5. 
 
 Reate, a pleasant town of Umbria, built as. 
 some suppose before the Trojan war, about 15 
 miles from Fanum Vacunae, near the lake 
 Velinus. Cybele was the chief deity of the 
 place. It was famous for its asses. Strab. 5. 
 —Dionys. Hal. l.— Varro. de R. R. I.— Liv. 
 25, c. 7, 1. 26, c. 11, 1. 28, c. 4A.—Cic. Cat. 3* 
 c. 2, JV. D. 2, c. 2. 
 
 Rediculus, a deity whose name is derived 
 from the word redirg, (to return.) The Ro- 
 mans raised a templfe to this imaginary deity 
 on the spot where Annibal had retired when 
 he approached Rome, as if to besiege it. 
 Festus de V. sig. 
 
 Redones, a nation among the Amorici, now 
 the people of Rennes and St. Maloes, in Bri- 
 tany. Cces. B. G.2,c.41. 
 
 Regill^, or Regili.um, a town in the 
 country of the Sabines in Italy, about 20 miles 
 from Rome, celebrated for a battle which wa» 
 fought there, A. U. C. 258, between 24,000 
 Romans, and 40,000 Etrurians, who were 
 headed by the Tarquins. The Romans ob- 
 tained the victory, and scarce 10,000 of the 
 enemy escaped from the field of battle. Cas- 
 tor and Pollux, according to some accounts^ 
 were seen mounted on white horses, and fight- 
 ing at the head of the Roman armv. Liv. 2, 
 c. 16.— Dionys. Hal. 5.— Plut. in' Cor. — Vol. 
 Max. l.—Flor. l.—Suet. Tib. 1. 
 
 Regilliands, Q. Noi»iu5, a Dacian wh€> 
 entered the Roman armies, and was raised 
 to the greatest honours under Valerian. He 
 was elected emperor by the populace, who 
 were dissatisfied with Gallieuus, and was soon 
 after murdered by his soldiers, A. D. 262. 
 
 Regillus, a small lake of Latium, whose 
 waters fall into the Anio, at the east of Rome. 
 The dictator Posthumius defeated the Latia 
 army near it. Liv, 2, c. 19. 
 
 REQiNUif, a town of Germany, now sup- 
 posed Ratisbon orRegensburg. 
 
 Regium Lepidum, a town of Modenat, 
 now Kt^io, at tlie south of the Po. Plin. 3. 
 c. 15.— Cic. 12, yaw. 6, 1. 13, ep. 7. 
 
 M. Attimus Rkgulus, a consul during 
 the first Punio war. He reduced Brundu- 
 sium, and in his second consulship he took 64 
 and sLinkUO ^allies of the Carthaginian fleet, on 
 the coast of Sicily. Afterwards ho landed 
 in Africa, and so rapid was his success, that in 
 a short tinie he dcicated tJiree generaN-, «rid 
 
RE 
 
 Made himself master of about 200 places of 
 consequence on the coast. The Carthaginians 
 «ued for peace, but the conqueror refused to 
 grant it, and soon after he was defeated in a 
 battle by Xanthippus, and 30,000 of his men 
 were left on the field of battle, and 15,000 ta- 
 ken prisoners. Regulus was in the number of 
 the captives, and he was carried in triumph 
 to Carthage. He was afterwards sent by the 
 enemy to Rome, to propose an accommoda- 
 tion, and an exchange of prisoners; and if 
 his commission was unsuccessful, he was 
 bound by the most solemn oaths to return to 
 Carthage without delay. When he came to 
 Rome, Regulus dissuaded his countrymen from 
 accepting the terms which the enemy pro- 
 posed, and when his opinion had had due in- 
 fluence on the senate, Regulus retired to Car- 
 thage agreeable to his engagements. The Car- 
 thaginians were told that their offers of peace 
 bad been rejected at Rome by the means of 
 Regulus, and therefore they prepared to pun- 
 ish him with the greatest severity. His eye- 
 brows were cut, and he was exposed for some 
 days to the excessive heat of the meridian sun, 
 and afterwards confined in a barrel, whose 
 sides were every where filled wiih large iron 
 spikes, till he died in the greatest agonies. 
 His sufferings were heard at Rome, and the 
 senate permitted his widow to inflict what- 
 ever punishment she pleased on some of the 
 most illustrious captives of Carthage, who 
 ■were in their hands. She confined them also 
 in presses filled with sharp iron points, and 
 was so exquisite in her cruelty, that the senate 
 at last interfered, and stopped the barbarity 
 of her punishments. Regulus died about 251 
 years before Christ. Sil.6, v. 319.— Flor. 2, 
 c. 3.—Horat.3, od. o.— Cic.de Off. 1, c. 13.— 
 
 Val. Max. 1, c. 1, 1. 9, c. 2.—Liv. ep. 16. 
 
 Memraius, a Roman made governor of Greece 
 by Caligula. While Regulus was in his pro- 
 vince, the emj'veror wished to bring the cele- 
 brated statue of Jupiter Olympius, by Phidias, 
 to Rome ; but this was supernaturally pre- 
 vented, and according to ancient authors, the 
 ship which was to convey it was destroyed by 
 lightning, and the workmen who attempted 
 to remove the statue, were terrified away by 
 
 sudden noises. Dio. Cass. A man who 
 
 «ondemned Sejanus. Roscius, a man who 
 
 beld the consulship but for one day, in the 
 reign of Vitellius. 
 
 Rf.mi, a nation of Gaul, whose principal 
 town Duricortorium, is now Rheims, in the 
 north of Champagne. Flin. 4, c. 17. — Cces. 
 £. G. 2, c. 5. 
 
 Remmi^ Ltx de judiciit, was enacted to 
 punish all calumniators. The letter K was 
 marked on their forehead. This law was 
 abolished by Coustantine the Great. Cic.pro 
 Ros. 
 
 Remulus, a chief of Tiber, whose arms 
 were seized by the Rutulians, and afterwards 
 became part of the plunder which Euryalus 
 
 •btained. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 360. A friend 
 
 of Turniis. trampled to death by his horse, 
 which Drsilochus had wounded. Id. 11, v. 
 636, kc. 
 
 RiiMrLLS Sylvius, a king of Alba, de- 
 stroyed by lightning on- account of his impie- 
 ty. Oxid. Trisl. 4, v. 50. 
 ■ RtMVRiA; ftstivals established at Rome by 
 
 Rtt 
 
 Romulus, to appease the manes of his brothef 
 Remus. They were afterwards called Lemv^ 
 ria, and celebrated yearly. 
 
 Remus, the brother oi Romulus, was ex* 
 posed, together with him, by the cnielty of 
 his grandfather. In the contest which hap- 
 pened between the two brothers about build- 
 ing a city. Romulus obtained the preference, 
 and Remus, for ridiculing the rising walls, wa< 
 put to death by his brother's orders, or by Ro- 
 mulus himself. {Vid. Romulus.] The Ro- 
 mans were afflicted with a plague after this 
 murder, upon which the oracle was consulted, 
 and the manes of Remus appeased by the in- 
 stitution of the Remuria. Ovid. One of 
 
 the auxiliaries of Turnus against .tineas. 
 Virg. JEn. 9, v. ^30. 
 
 RKSiEXA, a town of Mesopotamia, famous 
 for the defeat of Sapor by Gordian. 
 
 Resus, a small river of Asia Minor, falling 
 into the Meander. 
 
 Retina, a village near Misenum. Plin. 6, 
 ep. 16. 
 
 Reudigni, a nation of Germany. Tadt. de 
 Germ. 40. 
 
 Rha, a large river, now the Volga, of Rus- 
 sia. A medical root which grew on its bank 
 was called Wia barbarum. Rhubarb. 
 
 Rhacia, a promontory in the Mediter- 
 ranean sea, projecting from the Pyrenean 
 mountains. 
 
 Rhacius, a Cretan prince, the first of 
 that nation wiio entered Ionia with a colony. 
 He seized Claros, of which he became the 
 sovereign. He married Manto, the daughter 
 of Tiresias, wiio had been seized on his coasts. 
 Pans. 7, c. 3. 
 
 Riiac<3tjs, an ancient name of Alexandria, 
 the capital of Egypt. Slrab. — Pans. 5, c. 21. 
 
 Rhadamasthus, a son of Jupiter and 
 Europa. He was born in Crete, which he 
 abandoned about the 30th year of his age. 
 He passed into some of the Cyclades, where 
 he reigned with so much justice and imparti- 
 ality, that the ancients have said he became 
 one of the judges of hell, and that he was 
 employed in the infernal regions in obliging 
 the dead to confess their crimes, and in punish- 
 ing them for their otlences. Rhadamanthus 
 reigned not only over some of the Cyclades, 
 but over many of the Greek cities of Asia. 
 Paiis. 8, c. o3.—0Lid. Mel. 9, v. 435.— Diod. 5. 
 — Plato. — Homer. 11. 4, v. 564. — Virg. JEn. 6, 
 v. 566. 
 
 Rhadamistus, a son of Pharnasmanes, king 
 of Iberia. He married Zenobia, the daugh- 
 ter of his uncle Mithridates, king of Arme- 
 nia, and some time after put him to death. 
 He was put to death by his father for his cru- 
 elties, about the year 52 of the Christian era. 
 Tacit. Ann. 13, c 37. 
 
 Rhadius, a son of Neleus. 
 
 RhjEteum, a city of Phrygia. 
 
 Rh.eti, or R.€Ti, an ancient and warlike 
 nation of Etruria. They were driven from 
 their native country by the Gauls, and went to 
 settle on the other side of the Alps. Vid. 
 Rhajtia. Plin. 3, c. 10.— Jus/m. 20, c. 5. 
 
 Rh^etia, a country at the north of Italy, 
 between the Alps and the Danube, which now 
 forms the territories of the Grisons, of T}to1, 
 and part of Italy. It was divided into two 
 parts, Widtia jfrimU} and iS/ME/m eccit^dft^ 
 
RH 
 
 The first extended from the sources of the 
 Rhine to those of the Licus or Lek, a small 
 river which falls into the Danube. The 
 other, called also Vindelicia, extended from 
 the Licus to another small river called CEnus, 
 or Inn, towards the east. The principal towns 
 ef Rhsetia were called Curia, Tridentum, 
 Belunum, Feltria. The Rhaetians rendered 
 themselves formidable by the frequent inva- 
 sions they made upon the Roman empire, and 
 ivere at last conquered by Dmsus, the brother 
 of Tiberius, and others under the Roman em- 
 perors. VtTg. G. 2, V. 96.— Strab. A.—Plin. 
 3, c. 20, 1. 14, c. 2, hc.—Horat. 4, Od. 4 and 
 14. 
 
 Rhamnes, a king and augur, who assisted 
 Turnus against ^neas. He was killed in the 
 night by ISisus. Virg. ^n. 9, v. 325. 
 
 Rhamnus, a town of Attica, famous for a 
 temple of Amphiaraus, and a statue of the 
 goddess Nemesis, who was from thence called 
 Rhamnusia. This statue was made by Phidias, 
 out of a block of Parian marble which the 
 Persians intended as a pillar to be erected to 
 commemorate their expected victory over 
 Greece. Paus. 1. — Plin. 36. 
 
 Rhamnusia, a name of Nemesis. Vid. 
 Rhamnus. 
 
 Rhampsinitus, an opulent king of Egypt, 
 who succeeded Proteus. He built a large 
 tower, with stones, at Memphis, where his 
 riches were deposited, and of which he was 
 robbed by the artifice of the architect, who 
 had left a stone in the w^all easily moveable, 
 80 as to admit a plunderer. Herodot. 2, c. 
 121, &c. 
 
 FiHAMSES, or Ramises, a powerful king 
 of Egypt, who, with an army of 700,000 men, 
 •onquered ^Ethiopia, Libya, Persia, and other 
 eastern nations. In his reign, according to 
 Pliny, Troy was taken. Some authors consi- 
 der him to be the same as Sesostris. Tacit. 
 Jinn. 2, c. 60.— P/in. 36, c. 8. 
 
 Rhanis, one of Diana's attendant nymphs. 
 Ovid. Met. 3. 
 
 Rharos, or Rharium, a plain of Attica, 
 where corn was first sown by Triptolemus. 
 It received its name from the sower's father, 
 who was called Rharos. Paus. 1, c. 14 and 
 38. 
 
 Rhascuporis, a king of Trace, who inva- 
 ded the possessions of Cotys, and was put to 
 death by order of Tiberius, kc. Tacit. Ann. 
 a, c. 64. 
 
 Rhea, a daughter of Ccelus and Terra, 
 who married Saturn, by whom she had Vesta, 
 Ceres, Juno, Pluto, Neptune, he. Her hus- 
 band, however, devoured them all as soon 
 as born, as he had succeeded to the throne 
 with the solemn promise that he would raise 
 no male children, or, according to others, be- 
 cause he had been informed by an oracle, that 
 one of his sons would dethrone him. To stop 
 the cruelty of her husband, Rhea consulted 
 her parents, and was advised to impose upon 
 bini or perhaps to fly into Crete. Accord- 
 ingly, when she brought forth, the child was 
 immediately concealed, and Saturn devoured 
 up a stone which his wife had given him as her 
 own child. The fears of Saturn were soon 
 proved to be well founded. A year after, the 
 «5hild, whose name was Jupiter, becarae so 
 strong and powerful, that he drove M" father 
 77 
 
 RH 
 
 from his throne. Rhedihas been confounded 
 by the mythologists with some of the other 
 goddesses, and many-have supposed that she 
 was the same divinity that received adoration 
 under the various names of Bona Dea, Cybele, 
 Dindymena, Magna mater, Ceres, Vesta, Ti- 
 taea, and Terra, Tellus, and Ops. [Vid. Cy- 
 bele, Ceres, Vesta, he.} Rhea, after the ex- 
 pulsion of her husband from his throne, fol- 
 lowed him to Italy, where he established a 
 kingdom. Her b'enevolence in this part of 
 Europe^ was so great, that the golden age of 
 Saturn is often called the age of Rhea. Hesiod, 
 T/ieog. — Orpheus, m Hymn. — Homer, ib. — 
 .E^chyl. Prom. — Euripid. Bacc. fy Elect. — 
 Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 197 —Apollod. 1, c, 1, &;c. 
 Sylvia, the mother of Romulus and Re- 
 mus. She is also called Ilia. Vid. V. la. A 
 
 nymph of Italy, who is said to have borne a son 
 called Aventinus to Hercules. Virg. JEn. 7, 
 V. 659. 
 
 Rhebas, or Rhebus, a river of Bithynia, 
 flowing from mount Olympus into the Euxine 
 sea. Place. 7, v. 698. 
 
 Rhedones. Vid. Redones. 
 
 Rhegidm, now Rlieggio, a town of Italy, 
 in the country of the Bnitii, opposite Mes- 
 sana in Sicily, where a colony of Messenians 
 under Alcidamidas settled, B. C. 723. It was 
 originally called Rliegium, and afterwards 
 Rhegium Julium, to distinguish it from Rhe- 
 gium Lepidi, a town of Cisalpine Gaul. Some 
 suppose that it received its name from the 
 Greek word (ny^f^^, to break, because it is situ- 
 ate on the straits of Carybdis, which were 
 formed when the island of Sicily, as it w^ere, 
 was broken and separated from the continent 
 of Italy. This town has always been subject 
 to great earthquakes, by which it has often 
 been destroyed. The neighbourhood is re- 
 markable for its great fertility, and for its 
 delightful views. Sil. 13, v. 94. — Cic. pre 
 Arch. 3.— Ovid. Met. 14, v. 5 and 48. —Justin. 4, 
 c. I.— Mela, 2, c. 4.— Strab. 6. 
 
 Rhegusci, a people of the Alps. 
 
 Rhemi. Vid. Remi. 
 
 Rhene, a small island of the ^gean, about 
 200 yards from Delos, 18 miles in circumfer- 
 ence. The inhabitants of Delos always buried 
 their dead there, and their women also retired 
 there during their labour, as their own island 
 was consecrated to Apollo, where Latona had 
 brought forth, and where no dead bodies were 
 to be inhumaled. Strabo says, that it was un- 
 inhabited, though it was once as populous and 
 flourishing as the rest of the Cyclades. Poly- 
 crates conquered it, and consecrated it to 
 Apollo, after he had tied it to Delos by means 
 of a long chain. Rhene was sometimes called 
 the small Delos, and the island of Delos the 
 great Delos. Thucyd. 3.— Strab. 10.— jtfc/a, 
 2, c. 7. 
 
 Rheni, a people on the borders of the 
 Rhine. 
 
 Rhenus, one of the largest rivers of Eu- 
 rope, which divides Germany from Gaul. 
 It rises in the Rhaetian Alps, and falls into 
 the German Ocean. Virgil has called it bicor- 
 nis, because it divides itself into two streams. 
 The river Rhine w;.s a long time a bar- 
 rier between the Romans and the Germans, 
 and on that account its banks were covered 
 with strong ca'^tle*. .f. Caesar wa? the firnt 
 
RH 
 
 Roman who crossed it to invade Germany. 
 The waters of that river were held in great 
 \-eneration, and were supposed by the an- 
 cient Germans to have some peculiar virtue, 
 as they threw their children into it, either 
 to try the fidelity of the mothers, or to brace 
 and invigorate their limbs. If the child swam 
 on the surface, the mother was acquitted of 
 suspicion, but if it sunk to the bottom, its 
 origin was deemed illegitimate. In modern 
 geography the Rhine is known as dividing 
 itseli into four large branches, the Waal, 
 Lech, Issel, and the Rhine. That branch 
 which still retains the name of Rhine, loses 
 itself in the sands above modern Leyden, and 
 is afterwards no longer known by its ancient 
 appellation, since the year 860, A. D. when 
 inundations of the sea destroyed the regular- 
 ity of its mouth. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 258.— 
 Sfrab. 4.— Mela, 2, c. 3, 1. 5, c. 2.—C(ES. de 
 hclL G. 4, c. \0.— TacU. Ann. 2, c. 6.— Virg. 
 
 ,1^71. 8, V. 727. A small river of Italy, 
 
 falling into the Po on the south, now RJie- 
 no. Sil. 8, V. 600.— P;m. 3, c. 16, }. 16, c. 36. 
 Rheomitres, a Persian who revolted 
 from Artaxerxes, &.c. Diod. 15. A Per- 
 sian officer killed at the battle of Issus. Curt. 
 2, c. 5. 
 
 Rhesus, a king of Thrace, son of the Stry- 
 mon and Teipsichore, or, according to others, 
 of Eioneus by Euterpe. After many warlike 
 exploits and conquests in Europe, he marched 
 to the assistance of Priam, king of Troy, 
 against the Greeks. He was expected with 
 great impatience, as an ancient oracle had de- 
 clared, that Troy should never be taken, if the 
 horses of Rhesus drank the waters of the 
 Xanthus, and fed upon the grass of the Trojan 
 plains. This oracle was well known to the 
 Greeks, and therefore two of their best gene- 
 rals, Diomedes and Ulysses, were commission- 
 ed by the rest to intercept the Thracian prince. 
 The Greeks entered his camp in the night, 
 slew him. and carried away his horses to their 
 camp. Homer. U. 10. — Didys. Cret. 2. — Apol- 
 lod. 1, c. 3.— Hrg. ^n. 1, v. 473.— OiiW. Met. 
 13, V. 98. 
 
 Rhetogenes. a prince of Spain who sur- 
 rendered to the Romans, and was treated with 
 great humanity. 
 
 Rhetico, a mountain of Rhaetia, 
 Rhecnus, a place in Arcadia. Paus. 8. 
 €. 23. 
 
 RhexLnor, a son of Nausithous. king of 
 Phceacia. Homer. Od. 7. The father of 
 
 RH 
 
 RiinioTACEES, a king of Thrace, who 
 revolted from Antony to Augustus. He 
 boasted of his attachment to the emperor's 
 person at an entertainment, upon which Au- 
 gustus said, prodiiionem amo, proditorts vero 
 odi. 
 
 Rhinocolura, a town on the borders of 
 Palestine and Egypt. Liv. 45, c. 11. 
 
 Rhion, a promontory of Achuia, opposite 
 to Antirrhium in ^Etolia, at the mouth of the 
 Corinthian gulf, called also the Dardanelles of 
 Lepanto. The strait between Aaupactum and 
 Patra bore also the same name. The tomb 
 of Hesiod was at the top of the promontorv. 
 Liv. 27, c. 30, 1. 38, c. T.—Plin. 4, c. 2.—Paiu. 
 7, c. 22. 
 
 Rkipha, or Rhiphe, a town of Arcadia. 
 Stat. 4. Tkeb. v. 289. 
 
 Rhiph^i, large mountains at the north of 
 Scythia, where, as some suppose, the Gror- 
 gons had fixed their residence. The name of 
 Riphaan was applied to any cold mountain in 
 a northern country, and indeed these moun- 
 tains seem to have existed only in the ima- 
 gination of the poets, though some make the 
 Tanais ri.se there. Plin. 4, c. \2.—Lucan. 8, 
 V. 272, 1. 3, V. 232, 1. 4, v. 4\%.—Virs. G. 1, v. 
 240, 1. 4, V. 5.18. 
 
 Rhinthon, a Greek poet of Tarentum, in 
 the age of Alexander. Cic. ad. Att. ep. 20. 
 
 Rhipheus, one of the Centaurs. Ovid. 
 
 Met. A Trojan praised for his justice, &c. 
 
 l^irg. ^.n. 2, v. 426. Vid. Ripbeus. 
 
 Rhium. f^id. Rhion. 
 
 RH1ZONIT.S, a people of Illyricum, whose 
 chief town was called Rhizinium. Liv. 46, 
 c. 26. • 
 
 Rhoda, now Roses, a sea-port town of 
 
 Spain. Lie. 34, c. &. A town of the Rhona 
 
 from which the river received its name. It 
 was ruined in Pliny's age. Plin. 3, c. 4. 
 
 Rhodands, a river of Gallia Narbonen- 
 sis, rising in the Rhsetian Alps, and falling into 
 the Mediterranean sea, near Marseilles. It is 
 one of the largest and most rapid rivers of 
 Europe, now known by the name of the 
 Rhone. Mela, 2, c. 5, I. 3, c. 3.— Ovid. Met. 
 2, V. 2o8.— Sil. 3, V. 477.- JJ/arcc//. 15, 6ic.— 
 Cccsar. bell. G^ 1, c. l.—Plin. 3, c. 4. — Strobe 
 4. — Lucan. 1, v. 433, 1. 6, v. 475. 
 
 Rhode, a daughter of Neptune. .,^pollod. 
 Of Danaus. Id. 
 
 Rhodia, one of the Oceanides. Hesiod. 
 — —A dacghter of Danaus. Apollod. 
 
 Calciope, the wife of yEgens, king of Athens. 
 
 A musician who accompanied A(itony in 
 
 Asia. 
 
 Rhexibius, an athlete of Opus, who 
 obtained a prize in the Olympic games, and 
 had a statue in the grove of Jupiter. Pans. 
 6, c. 18. 
 
 Rhiancs, a Greek poet of Thrace, ori- 
 ginally a slave. He wrote an account of the 
 war between Sparta and Messenia, which 
 continued for twenty years, as also an his- 
 tory of thf! principal revolutions and events 
 which had taken place in Thessaly. Of this 
 poetical composition nothing but a few verses 
 are extant. He flourished about 200 years be- 
 fore the Christian era. Pau.';. 4, c. 6. 
 
 RniPAGo, a river of Hyrcania falling into 
 (he Caspian sea. Curt. 6, c. 4. 
 
 Rhouogvne, a daughter ol' Phraat«s, king 
 of Parihia, who married Demetrius, when he 
 was in banisiimenl at her father's court. Po- 
 ly ain. 8. 
 
 Rhodopz, or Rhodopis, a celebrated 
 courtezan of Greece, who was fellow ser- 
 vant with JCsop, at the court of a king 
 of Samos. She was carried to Egypt by 
 Xanthus, and her liberty was at last bought 
 by Charaxes of Mitylene, the brother of 
 Sappho, who was enamoured of her, and 
 who married her. She sold her favours at 
 Naucratis, where she collected so much mo- 
 ney, that, to render her name immortal; she 
 consecrated a number of spits in the temple of 
 Apollo at Delphi ; or, according to others, 
 erected one of the pyramids of Egypt, illlian 
 says, that as Rhodope was one day bathing her- 
 self, an eagle carried away que of her sbg- 
 
RH 
 
 iials, ind dropped it near Psammetichus, king 
 «f Egypt, at Memphis. The monarch was 
 struck with the beauty of the sandal, 'strict 
 inquiry was made to find the owner, and 
 Rhodope, when discovered, married Psam- 
 metichus. Herodot. 2, c. 134, &lc. — Ovid. 
 Heroid. l5.—^liMi. V. H. 13, c. 33. Peri- 
 zoniua supposes there were two persons of 
 that name. 
 
 Rhodope, a high mountain of Thrace, ex- 
 tending as far as the Euxine sea, all across the 
 country nearly in an eastern direction, Rho- 
 dope, according to the poets, was the wife of 
 Heemus, king of Thrace, who was changed in- 
 to this mountain, because she preferred her- 
 self to Juno in beauty. Ovid. Met. 6, v. 87, 
 iLC.— Vir^. Ed. 8, G, 3, v, 3bl.—Mela, 2, 
 c. 2.—Strab. l.—ItaL 2, v. 73.— 6enec. in 
 Here. Ott. 
 
 Rhodopeius, is used in the same signifi- 
 cation as Thracian, because Rhodope was a 
 mountain of that country. Ovid. A. A. 3, v. 
 Z2i.— Heroid. 2.— Virg. G. 4, v. 461. 
 
 Rhodunia, the top of mount (Eta. Liv. 
 36, c. 16. 
 
 Rhodus, a celebrated island in the Carpa- 
 thian sea, 120 miles in circumference, at the 
 south of Caria, from which it is distant about 
 20 miles. Its principal cities were Rhodes, 
 founded about 408 years before the Christian 
 era, Lindus, Camisus, Jalysus. Rhodes was 
 famous for the siege which it supported against 
 Demetrius, and for a celebrated statue of Apol- 
 lo. [Vid. Colossus.] The Rhodians were 
 originally governed by kings, and were inde- 
 pendent, but this government was at last ex- 
 changed for a democracy and an aristocracy. 
 They were naturally given up to commerce, 
 and during many ages they were the most 
 powerful nation by sea. Their authority was 
 respected, and their laws were so uuivei-sally 
 approved, that every country made use of them 
 to decide disputes concerning maritime affairs, 
 and they were at last adopted by other com- 
 mercial nations, and introduced into the Ro- 
 man codes, from whence they have been ex- 
 tracted to form the basis of the maritime regu- 
 lations of modern Europe. When Alexander 
 made himself master of Asia, the Rhodians 
 lost their independence, but they soon after as- 
 serted their natural privileges under his cruel 
 successors, aud continued to hold that influ- 
 ence among nations to which their maritime 
 power and consequence entitled them. They 
 assisted Pompey against Caesar, and were de- 
 feated by Cassius, and became def)endent upon 
 the Romans. The island of Rhodes has been 
 known by the several names of Opkiusa, Sta- 
 dia, Telc/tiiiis, Corymbia, Trinncria, JEthrea, 
 Asteria, Potsm, Atabyria, Oloessa, Marcia, 
 and Petagia. It received the name of Rhodes, 
 either on account of Rhode, a beautiful nymph 
 who dwelt there, and who was one of the ia 
 voui'ites of Apollo, or because roses, (roiow,) 
 grew in great abundance all over the island. 
 Strab. H.— Homer. 11. 2.— Mela, 2, c. 7.— 
 Diod. b.-~Plia. 2, c. 62 and 87, 1. 5, c. 31.— 
 Flor. 2, c. 7. — Pindar. Olymp. 7. — Liican. 6, 
 V. 248. — Cic. pro Man, leg. ia Brut. 13. — Liv. 
 27, c. 30, I. 31, c. 2. 
 
 Rhcebus, ahorse of Mezentius, whom his 
 master addressed with the determination to 
 conquer or to die, when lip snw his son f.an- 
 
 RO 
 
 sus brought lifeless from the battle. This 
 beautiful address is copied from Homer, where 
 likewise Achilles addresses his horses. Virg. 
 JEn. 10, V. 861. 
 
 Rh(ecus, one of the Centaurs, who attempt- 
 ed lo offer violence to Atalanta. He was kil- 
 led at the nuptials of Pirithous by Bacchus. 
 
 Ovid. Met. 12, v. 301.— F/r^. G. 2. One of 
 
 the giants killed by Bacchus, under the form 
 of a lion, in the war which these sons of the 
 earth waged against Jupiter and the gods. 
 HoraL 2, ^Od. 19, v. 23. 
 
 IIhceo, a nymph beloved by Apollo. Diod. 5. 
 
 Rhcetkum, or Rh(etus, a promontory 
 of Troas, on the Hellespont, near which the 
 bodyofAjax was buried. Ovid. Met. 11, v. 
 197, 4 Fast. v. 279.— Tirg. ^n. 6, v. 505, 1. 
 12, V. 456. 
 
 Rhcetius, a mountain of Corsica, now 
 Rosso. 
 
 Rh(etus, a king of the Marubii, who mar- 
 ried a woman called Casperia, to whom Ar- 
 chemorus, his son by a former wife, offered 
 violence. After this incestuous attempt, Ar- 
 chemorus fled to Turnus, king of the Rutuli. 
 
 Virg.Mn. 10, v. 388. A Rutulian killed 
 
 by Euryalus in the night. Id. 9, v. 344. 
 
 An -(Ethiopian killed by Perseus. Ovid. Met. 
 
 5, V. 38. 
 
 Rhosaces, a Persian killed by Ciitus as he 
 was going to stab Alexander at the battle of 
 the Granicus. Curt. 8, c. 1. 
 
 Rhoscs, a town of Syria, on the gulf of 
 Issus, celebrated for its earthen ware. Cic, 
 
 6, Ait. I. 
 
 Rhoxalani, a people at the north of the 
 Palus Ma30tis. Tacit. Hist. 1, c. 79. 
 
 Rhoxana, or RoiANA, a mistress of Alex- 
 ander, daughter of a Persian satrap, Vid. 
 Roxana. 
 
 Rhoxani, a nation against whom Mitbri- 
 dates made war. 
 
 Rhuteni and Rdtheni, a people of Gaul. 
 
 Rhvndacus, a large river of Mysia, in Asia 
 Minor. Plin. 5, c. 32. 
 
 Rhynthon, a dramatic writer of Syra- 
 cuse, who flourished at Tarentum, where he 
 wrote 38 plays. Authors are divided with res- 
 pect to the merit of his compositions, and the 
 abilities of the writer. Vid. Rhinthon. 
 
 Rhyp^s:, a town of Achaia, at the west of 
 Helice. 
 
 RiGODULUM, a village of Germany, now 
 Rigol, near Cologne. Tatit. H. 4, c, 71. 
 
 RiPA^i. Vid. Rhiphaei. 
 
 RiPHKUs, a Trojan who joined iEneas the 
 night that Troy was reduced to ashes, and was 
 at last killed after making a great carnage of 
 the Greeks. He is commended for his love of 
 justice and equity. Virg. JEn. 2, v. 339 and 
 426. One of the Centaurs killed by The- 
 seus at the nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid. Met. 
 12, V. 352. 
 
 RiXAMARi£, a people of Illyricura. Liv. 
 45, c. 26. 
 
 RoBiGO, or RuBiGO, a goddess at Rome, 
 particularly worshipped by husbandmen, as 
 she presided over corn. Her festivals, called 
 Robigulia, were celebrated on the 25lh of 
 April, ami in<;ense was oU'ereil lo her, as also 
 the entrails of a sheep, and of a dog. She was 
 entreated to preserve the corn from blights. 
 
 Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 911. Virg. G. 1, v. 15 L 
 
 ..f'nrw del.. L 5, dp R /?. 1, c. 1. 
 
RO RO 
 
 (ewn of the 1 was of the family of the tyrants ; and anothfeij 
 ! to slop their suspicions, was obliged to -puU 
 
 RoDtTMNA, now Roanne, a 
 ^duijon the Loire. 
 
 Roma, a city of Italy, the capital of the 
 Roman empire ; situate on the banks of the 
 river Tiber, at the distance of about 16 miles 
 from the sea. The name of its founder, and 
 the manner of its foundation, are not pre- 
 cisely known. Romulus, however, is univer 
 sally supposed to have laid the foundations 
 of that celebrated city, on the 20th of April; 
 according to Varro, in the year 3961 of the 
 Julian period, 3251 years after the creation of 
 the world, 753 before the birth of Christ- 
 and 431 years after the Trojan war, and in 
 the 4th year of the 6th Olympiad. In its 
 original state, Rome was but a small castle 
 on the summit of mount Palatine ; and the 
 founder, to give his followers the appearance 
 of a nation, or a barbarian horde, was obliged 
 to erect a standard as a common asy- 
 lum for every criminal, debtor, or murderer, 
 who fled from their native country to avoid 
 the punishment which attended them. From 
 such an assemblage a numerous body was soon 
 collected, and before the death of the foun- 
 der, the Romans had covered with their habi- 
 tations, the Palatine, Capitoline, Aventine, 
 Esquiline hills, with mount Coelius. and 
 Quirinalis. After many successful wars a- 
 gainst the neighbouring states, the views of 
 Romulus were directed to regulate a nation 
 naturally fierce, warlike, and uncivilized. 
 The people were divided into classes, the in- 
 terests of the whole were linked in a common 
 chain, and the labours of the subject, as w^ell 
 as those of his patron, tended to the same 
 end, the aggrandizement of the state. Under 
 the successors of Romulus, the power of 
 Rome was increased, and the boundaries of 
 her dominions extended ; while one was em- 
 ployed in regulating the forms of worship, and 
 in inculcating in the minds of his subjects a 
 reverence for the deity, the other was enga- 
 ged in enforcing discipline among the army, 
 and raising the consequence of the soldiers in 
 the government of the state, and a third made 
 the object of bis administration consist in 
 adorning his capital, in beautifying the edi- 
 fices, and in fortifying it with towers and walls. 
 During 244 years, the Romans were governed 
 by kings, but the tyranny, the oppression, 
 and the violence of the last of these monarchs, 
 and of his family, became so atrocious, that 
 a revolution was effected in the state, and 
 the deraocratical government was established. 
 The monarchical government existed under 
 seven princes, who began to reign in the fol- 
 lowmg order : Romulus, B. C. 753 ; and after 
 one year's interregnum, ISuma, 715; Tullus 
 Hostilius, 672; Ancus Martius, 640; Tarquin 
 Priscus, 616; Semus Tullius, 578; and Tar- 
 quin the Proud, 534 ; expelled 25 years after, 
 B. C. 509; and this regal administration has 
 been properly denominated the infancy of the 
 Roman empire. After the expulsion of the 
 Tarquins from the throne, the Romans be- 
 came more sensible of their consequence : 
 with their liberty they acquired a spirit of fac- 
 tion, and they became so jealous of their in- 
 de{)endence, that the first of their consuls who 
 had been the most zealous and animated in 
 the assertion of their freedom, was banished 
 ftom the city becatrso he bore the name, and 
 
 down his house, whose stateliness and mag- 
 nificence above the rest, seemed incompati- 
 ble with the duties and the rank of a private 
 citizen. They knew more effectually tl'.eir 
 power when they had fought with success 
 against Porsenna, the king of Etruria, and 
 some of the neighbouring states, who sup- 
 ported the claim of the tyrant, and attempt- 
 ed to place him on his throne by force of 
 arms. A government which is intrusted in- 
 to the hands of two of the most distinguished 
 of its members, for the limited space of one 
 year, cannot but give rise to great men, glo- 
 rious exploits, and tremendous seditions. 
 The general who is placed at the head of an 
 army during a campaign, must be active and 
 diligent, when he knows that his power is ter- 
 minated with the year, and if he has a be- 
 coming ambition, he will distinguish his con- 
 sulship by some uncommon act of valour, 
 before he'descends from the dignity of an ab- 
 solute magistrate to the dependence of a fel- 
 low citizen. Yet these attempts for the attain- 
 ment of glory often fail of success, and though 
 the Romans could once boast that every in- 
 dividual in their armies could discbarge with 
 fidelity and honour the superior offices of 
 magistrate and consul, there are to be found 
 in their annals many years marked by over- 
 throws, or disgraced by the ill conduct, the 
 oppression, and the wantonness of their gen- 
 erals. [Vid. Consul.] To the fame which 
 their conquest and daily successes had gained 
 abroad, the Romans were not a little in<^ebt- 
 ed for their gi'adual rise to superiority ; and to 
 this may be added the policy of the census, 
 which every fifth year told them their actual 
 strength, and how many citizens were able 
 to bear arms. And indeed it was no smalt 
 satisfaction to a people who were continually 
 making war, to see that in spite of all the 
 losses which they might sustain in the field, 
 the increase of the inhabitants of the city was 
 prodigious, and almost incredible ; and had 
 Romulus lived after the battle of Actium, he 
 would have been persuaded with difficulty 
 that above four millions of inhabitants were 
 contained within those walls, which in the 
 most flourishing period of his reign could 
 scarce muster an army of 3000 infantry, and 
 300 horse. But when Rome had flourished un- 
 der the consular government for about 120 
 years, and had beheld with pleasure the con- 
 quests of her citizens over the neighbouring 
 states and cities, which, according to a Roman 
 historian, she was ashamed to recollect in the 
 summit of her power, an irruption of the bar- 
 barians of Gaul rendered her very existence 
 precarious, and her name was neaily extin- 
 guished. The valour of aji injured individual, 
 [Vid. Camillus,^ saved it from destruction, 
 yet not before its buildings and temples were 
 reduced to ashes. This celebrated event, which 
 gave the appellation of another founder of 
 Rome to Camillus, has been looked upon as 
 a glorious era to the Romans. The huts and 
 cottages which Romulus had erected, and all 
 his successors repaired, were totally con- 
 sumed, and when the city arose again from 
 its ruins, the streets were enlarged, conve- 
 nience as well a^ order wa6«bserved, taste and 
 
RO 
 
 regularity were consulted, and the poverty, 
 Ignorance and rusticity of the Romans seemed 
 to be extinguished with their old habitations. 
 But no sooner were they freed from the fears 
 of their barbarian Iftvaders, than they turned 
 their arms against those states which refused 
 to acknowledge their superiority, or yield 
 their independence. Their wars with Pyrrhus 
 and the Tarentines, displayed their character 
 in a different view ; if they before had fought 
 for freedom and independence, they now drew 
 their sword for glory ; and here we may see 
 them conquered in the field, and yet refusing 
 to grant that peace for which their conqueror 
 himself had sued. The advantages they gained 
 from their battles with Pyrrhus were many. 
 The Roman name became known in Greece, 
 Sicily, and Africa, and in losing or gaining a 
 victory, the Romans were enabled to examine 
 the mancenvres, observe the discipline, and 
 contemplate the order and the encampments 
 of those soldiers whose friends and ancestors 
 had accompanied Alexander the Great in the 
 conquest of Asia. Italy became subjected to 
 the Romans at the end of the war with the 
 Tarentines, and that period of time has been 
 called the second age, or the adolescence of 
 the Roman empire. After this memorable 
 era they tried their strength not only with 
 distant nations, but also upon a new element ; 
 and in the long wars which they waged against 
 Carthage, they acquired territory and obtained 
 the sovereignty of the sea, and though Anni- 
 bai for sixteen years kept them in continual 
 alarms, hovered round their gates, and de- 
 stroyed their armies almost before their walls; 
 yet they were doomed to conquer, [rid. Pu- 
 nicum bellum,] and soon to add the kingdom 
 of Macedonia, [Vid. Macedonicum bellum,] 
 and the provinces of Asia, [Fid. Mithridati- 
 cum bellum,"] to their empire. But while we 
 consider the Romans as a nation subduing their 
 neighbours by war, their manners, their coun- 
 sels, and their pursuits at home are not to be 
 forgotten. To be warriors was their profes- 
 sion; their assemblies in the Campus Martius 
 were a meeting of armed men, and very 
 properly denominated an army. Yet while 
 their conquests were so extensive abroad, 
 we find them torn by factions at home; and 
 so far was the resentment of the poorer citi- 
 zens carried, that we see the enemy at the 
 gates of the city, while all are unwilling to 
 take up arms and to unite in the defence of 
 their common liberty. The senators and no- 
 bles were ambitious of power, and endeavour- 
 ed to retain in their hands that influence which 
 had been exercised with so much success, 
 and such cruelty, by their monarchs. This 
 was the continual occasion of tumults and se- 
 dition. The people were jealous of their li- 
 berty. The oppression of the nobles irritated 
 them, and the stripes to which they were too 
 often exposed without mercy, was often pro- 
 ductive of revolutions. The plebeians, though 
 originally the poorest and most contemptible 
 citizens of an indigent nation, who^e food in 
 tlie first ages of the empire was only bread 
 and salt, and whose drink was water, soon 
 gained rights and privileges by their opposition. 
 Though really slaves they became powerful in 
 the stale; one concession from the patricians 
 produced another, and when their indepeo- 
 
 RO 
 
 dence was boldly asserted by their tribunes^ 
 they were admitted to share in the highest 
 offices of the state, and the laws which for- 
 bad the intermarriage of plebeian and patri- 
 cian families were repealed, and the meanest 
 peasant could, by valour and fortitude, be rais- 
 ed to the dignity of dictator and consul. It 
 was not till these privileges were obtained by 
 the people from the senate, that Rome begaa 
 to enjoy internal peace and tranquillity, her 
 battles were then fought with more \igour, 
 her soldiers were more animated, and her 
 sovereignty was more universally established. 
 But supreme power, lodged in the hands of a 
 factious and ambitious citizen, becomes too 
 often dangerous. The greatest oppression, 
 and tyranny took place of subordination and 
 obedience : and from those causes proceeded 
 the unparalleled slaughter and eftusion of 
 blood under a Sylla or a Marius. It has 
 been justly observed, that the first Romans 
 conquered iheir enemies by valour, tempe- 
 rance, and fortitude; their moderation also, 
 and their justice, were well known among 
 their neighbours; and not only private pos- 
 sessions, but even mighty kingdoms and em- 
 pires, were left in their power, to be distri- 
 buted among a family, or to be ensured in the 
 hands of a successor. They were also chosen 
 umpires, to decide quarrels ; but in this ho- 
 nourable oflSce they consulted their own inte- 
 rest; they artfully supported the weaker side, 
 that the more powerful might be reduced, and 
 graduaWy become their prey. Under J. Caesar 
 and Porapey, the rage of civil war was carried 
 to unprecedented excess; it was not merely 
 to avenge a private injury, but it was a con- 
 test for the sovereignty ; and though each of 
 the adversaries wore the niask of pretended 
 sincerity, and professed himself to be the 
 supporter of the republic, not less than the 
 abolition of freedom and the public liberty 
 was the aim. What Julius began, his adopt- 
 ed son achieved : the ancient spirit of national 
 independence was extinguished at Rome, 
 and after the battle of Actium. the Romans 
 seemed unable to govern themselves with- 
 out the assistance of a chief, who under the 
 title of imperalor, an appellation given to 
 every commander by his army after some 
 signal victory, reigned with as much power 
 and as much sovereignty as another Tarquin. 
 Under their emperors the Romans lived a 
 luxurious and indolent life; fhey had long 
 foigot to appear in the field, and their wart 
 were left to be waged by mercenary troops, 
 who fought without spirit or animosity, and 
 who were ever ready to yield to him who 
 bought their allegiance and fidelity with the 
 greatest sums of money. Their leaders them- 
 selves were not the most prudent or the most 
 hiimann ; the power which they had acquired 
 by bribery was indeed precarious, and among 
 a people, where not only the highest office? 
 of the state, but even the imperial purple 
 itself, are exjxised to sale, there cannot be 
 expected much hajipiness or tranquillity in 
 the jmlace of the emperor. The reigns ot 
 the successors of Augustus were distinguished 
 by variety ; one was (he most abandoned and 
 profligate of men, whom his own vice5 and ex- 
 travagance hurried out of the world, while hi.-; 
 !«ucccssor, perhf>ps tlif* fos.t r1(!r"^nl. ii^^t. ^v.d 
 
RO 
 
 ^popular of princes, was sacrificed in the midst 
 of his guards and attendants, by the dagger of 
 some otfeuded favonrile, or disappointed eu- 
 nuch. Few, indeed, were the emjierors of 
 Rome whose days were not shortened by poi- 
 son, or the sword of an assassin. If one, for 
 some time, had the imprudence to trust him- 
 self in the midst of a multitude, at last to pe- 
 rish by his own credulity, the other consulted 
 his safety, but with no better success, in the 
 innumerable chambers of his palace, and 
 changed every day, to elude discovery, the 
 place of his retirement. After they had been 
 governed by a race of princes, remarkable for 
 the variety of their characters, the Roman 
 possessions were divided into two distinct em- 
 pires, by the enterprising Constantine, A. D. 
 328. Constantinople became the seat of the 
 eastern empire, and Rome remained in the 
 possession of the westci'n emperors, and con- 
 tinued to be the capital of their dominions. In 
 the year 800 of the Christian era. Rome, with 
 Italy, was delivered by Charlemagne, the then 
 emperor of the west, into the hands of the 
 Pope, who still continues to hold the sove- 
 reignty, and to maintain his independence un- 
 der the name of the Ecclesiastical States — 
 The original poverty of the Romans has often 
 been disguised by their poets and historians, 
 who wished it to appear, that a nation who 
 were masters of the world, had had better be- 
 ginning than to be a race of shepherds and 
 robbers. Yet it was to this simplicity they 
 were indebted for their successes. Their 
 houses were originally destitute of every orna- 
 ment ; they were made with unequal boards, 
 and covered with mud, and these served them 
 raiher as a shelter against the inclemency of 
 the seasons, than for relaxation and ease. Till 
 the age of Pyrrhus, they despised riches, and 
 many salutary laws were enacted to restrain 
 luxury, and to punish indolence. They ob- 
 served great temperance in their meals : young 
 men were not permitted to drink wine till they 
 had attained their 30th year, and it vvas totally 
 forbidden to women. Their national spirit was 
 supported by policy ; th« triumphal procession 
 of a conqueror along the streets, amidst the ap- 
 plause of thousands, was well calculated to 
 liTomote emulation ; and the number of gladi- 
 attn-s which were regularly introduced, not 
 «nily in public games and sjiectacles, but also 
 «t private meetings, served to cherish their 
 fondness for war, while it steeled their hearts 
 against the calls of compassion; and when 
 they could gaze with pleasure upon wretches 
 Avhora they forcibly obliged to murder one 
 another, they v^ere not inactive in the de- 
 otruction of those whom they considered ae 
 inveterate foes, or formidable rivals in the 
 tield. In their punishments, civil as well as 
 military, the Romans were strict and rigorous ; 
 a deserter was severely whipped, and sold as 
 a slave ; and the degradation from the rank of 
 a soldier and dignity of a citizen, was the most 
 ignominious s<igma which could be ailixed up- 
 on a seditious mutineer. The transmarine vic- 
 tories of the Romans proved at last tlie ruin of 
 their innocence and bravery. They grew fond 
 of the luxury of the Asiatics ; and, conquered 
 by, tlie vices and indolcsnce of those nations 
 whom they had subdued, they became as ett'e- 
 rainate and as dissolute as their CBplives. 
 
 RO 
 
 Marcellus was the first who introduced a taste 
 for the fine arts among his countrymen. The 
 spoils and treasures that were obtained in the 
 plunder of Syracuse and Corinth, rendered 
 the Romans partial to elegant refinement and 
 ornamental equipage. Though Cato had des- 
 pised philosophy, [Vid. Carneades] and de- 
 clared that war was the only profession of his 
 countrymen, the Romans, by their intercourse 
 with the Greeks, soon became fond of litera- 
 ture ; and though they had once banished the 
 sophists of Athens from their city, yet they 
 beheld with rapture their settlement among 
 them, in the principal towns of Italy, after the 
 conquest of Achaia. They soon after began 
 to imitate their polished captives, and to culti- 
 vate poetry with success. From the valour of 
 their heroes and conquerors, indeed the sub- 
 limest subjects were oflfered to the genius of 
 their poets ; but of the little that remains to ce- 
 lebrate the early victories of Rome, nothing 
 can be compared to the nobler effusions of the 
 Augustan age. Virgil has done so much for 
 the Latin name that the splendour and the tri- 
 umphs of his country are forgotten for a while, 
 when we are transported in the admiration of 
 the majesty of his numbers, the elegant deli- 
 cacy of his expressions, and the fire of his 
 muse ; and the applauses given to the lyric 
 powers of Horace, the softness of Tibullus, the 
 vivacity of Ovid, and the superior composi- 
 tions of other respectable poets, shall be uncea- 
 sing so long as the name of Rome excites our 
 reverence and our praises, and so long as ge- 
 nius, virtue, and abilities are honoured amongst 
 mankind. Though they originally rejected 
 with horror a law which proposed the building 
 of a public theatre, and the exhibition of plays, 
 like the Greeks, yet the Romans soon proved 
 favourable to the compositions of their coun- 
 trymen. Livius was the first dramatic. writer 
 of consequence at Rome, whose plays began 
 to be exhibited A. U. C. 514. After him Nae- 
 vius and Ennius wrote for the stage ; and in a 
 more polished period Plautus, Terence, Cae- 
 cilius, and Afranius, claimed the public atten* 
 tion, and gained the most unbounded applause. 
 Satire did not make its appearance at Rome 
 till 100 years after the introdutlion of come- 
 dy, and so celebrated was Lucilius in this kind 
 of writiiig, that he was called the inventor of 
 it. In historical writing the [)rogress of the 
 Romans was slow and inconsiderable, and for 
 many years they employed the pen of foreign- 
 ers to compile their annals, till the superior 
 abilities of a Livy were made known. In their 
 worship and sacrifices the Romans were un- 
 commonly superstitious, the will of the gods 
 was consulted on every occasion, and no gene- 
 ral marched to an expedition without the pre- 
 vious assurance from the augurs, that the 
 omen.s were propitious, and his success almost 
 indubitable. Their sanctuaries were nume- 
 rous, they raised altars not only to the gods, 
 who, as they supposed, presided over their city, 
 but also to the deities of conquered nations, as 
 well as to the ditferent passions and virtues. 
 There were no less than 420 temples at Rome, 
 crowded with statues, the priests were na- 
 meroMs, and each divinity had a particular 
 college of sacerdotal servants. Their war.*? 
 were declared in the most awful and solemn 
 manner, and prayers were always otfered in 
 
RO 
 
 the temples for the prosperity oiKoBie, wiien 
 a defeat had been sustained , or a victory'won. 
 The power of fathers over their children was 
 very extensive, and indeed unlimited ; they 
 could sell them or put them to death at plea- 
 sure, without the forms of trial, or the inter- 
 ference of the civil magistrates. Many of their 
 ancient families were celebrated for the great 
 men which they had produced, but the vigor- 
 ous and interested part tliey took in the gov- 
 ernment of the republic exposed them often 
 to danger, and some have observed that the 
 Romans sunk into indolence and luxury when 
 the Cornelii, the Fabii, the JEmyWi, the iMar- 
 celli, &:c. who had so often supported their 
 spirit and led them to victory, had been extin- 
 guished in the bloody wars of Marius and of 
 the two triumvirates. When Rome was be- 
 come powerful, she was distinguished from 
 other cities by the flattery of her neighbours 
 and citizens, a form of worship was established 
 to her as a deity, and temples were raised in 
 her honour, not only in the city, but in the 
 provinces. The goddess Roma was represent- 
 ed like Minerva, all armed and sitting on a 
 rock, holding a pike in her hand, with her 
 head covered with a helmet, and a trophy at 
 her feet. Lh\ 1. k.c. — Cato de R. R. — Virg. 
 JEn. G. ^ Ecl.—Horat. 2. soLt. 6, hc.—Flor. 
 1, c 1, he— Paterc— Tacit. Ann. 4- Hist.— 
 Tibull. 4. — Lucan — Plut in Rom. jXum. &c. 
 — Cic.de J\at. D. 1, kc.—Plin. 7, kc.—Jus- 
 itn. 43.— Farro deL.L.5. — Val. Max. l, Lc. 
 
 — Martial. 12, ep. 8. A daughter of Evan- 
 
 der. A Trojan woman who came to Italy 
 
 with iEneas. A daughter of Italus and Lu- 
 
 eeria. It was after one of these females, ac- 
 cording to some authors, that the capital of 
 Italy was called Roma. 
 
 RoMANi, the inhabitants of Rome. Vid. 
 Roma. 
 
 RoMANUS, an officer under Theodosius. 
 
 Another poisoned by Nero. A son of 
 
 Constans, fcc. 
 
 RoMiLius Marcellus, a Roman centu- 
 rion in Galba's reign, he. Tacit. I, Hist. 
 
 RoMULA, a name given to the fig-tree un- 
 der which Romulus and Remus were found. 
 Ovid. 2, Fast. v. 412. 
 
 RojiuLEA, a town of the Samnites. Liv. 
 10, c. 17. 
 
 RoMuiaDjE, a patronymic given to the 
 Roman people from Romulus their first king, 
 and the founder of their city. Virg. JEn. 8, 
 Y. 638. 
 
 Romulus, a son of Mars and Ilia, grandson 
 of Numitor kingof Alba, was born at the same 
 birth with Remus. These two children were 
 thrown into the Tiber by order of Amulius. 
 who usurped the crown of his brother Numi- 
 tor : but they were preserved, and according to 
 Florus, the river stopped its course, and a she- 
 wolf came and fed them with her milk till 
 they were found by Faustulus, one of the king's 
 she{)herds, who educated them as his own chil- 
 dren. When tijey knew their real origin, the 
 twins, called Romulus and Remus, put Amu- 
 Jlus to death; a.d restored the crown to their 
 erandfather IVumitor. They afterwards un- 
 dertook to build a city, and to determine which 
 of the two brothers should have the manage- 
 ment of it, they had recourse to omen;? and the 
 (if^)t of bird«^. RpintTS went to mount Aven- 
 
 RO 
 
 tinej an J Romulus to mount Palatine. Rerau3 
 saw first a flight of six vultures, and soon after 
 Romulus, tsvelve ; and. therefore, as bis num- 
 ber was greater, he began to lay the founda- 
 tions of the city, hopeful that it would become 
 a v.arlike and powerful nation, as the birds 
 from which he had received the omen were 
 fond of prey and slaughter. Romulus mark- 
 ed V. ith a furrow the place where he wished 
 to erect the vvalls ; but their slenderness was 
 ridiculed by Remus, v.ho leaped over them 
 with the greatest contempt. This irritated 
 Romulus, and Remus was immediately put 
 to death, eitlier Vjy the hand of his brother or 
 one of the workmen. When the walls were 
 built, the city was without inhabitants; bat 
 Romulus, by making an asylum of a sacred 
 grove, soon collected a multitude of fugitives, 
 ioreigners; and criminals, whom he received 
 as his lawful subjects. Yet however numer- 
 ous these might be, they were despised by 
 the neighbouring inhabitants, and none were 
 willing to form matrimonial connexions with 
 them. But Romulus obtained by force what 
 was denied to his petitions. The Romans 
 celebrated games in honour of the god Consus, 
 and forcibly carried away all the females who 
 had assembled there to be spectators of these 
 unusual exhibitions. These violent measures 
 offended the neighbouring nations ; they made 
 war against the ravishers with various success, 
 till at last they entered Rome, which had 
 been betrayed to them by one of the stolen 
 virgins. A violent engagement was begun 
 in the middle of the Roman forum ; but 
 the Sabines were conquered, or according to 
 Ovid, the two enemies laid down their arms 
 when the women had rushed between tlie two 
 armies, and by their tears and entreaties 
 raised compassion in the bosoms of their 
 parents and husbands. The Sabines left their 
 original possessions, and came to live in Rome, 
 where Tatius, their king, shared the so- 
 vereign power with Romulus. The introduc- 
 tion of the Sabines into the city of Rome, 
 was attended with the most salutary conse- 
 quences, and the Romans, by pursuing thi* 
 plan, and admitting the conquered nation* 
 among their citizens, rendered themselves 
 more powerful and more formidable. Af- 
 terwards Romulus divided the lands which 
 he had obtained by conquest ; one part was 
 reserved for religious uses, to maintain the 
 priests, to erect temples, and to consecrate 
 alteirs ; the other was appropriated for the ex- 
 penses of the state ; and the third part was 
 equally distributed among his subjects, who 
 were divided into three classes or tiibes. The 
 most aged and experienced, to the number of 
 IW, were also chosen, whom the monarch 
 might consult in matters of the highest im- 
 j>ortaMce, and from their age they were called 
 senators, and from their authority patres. 
 The whole body of the people was also dis- 
 liugui.shed by the name ot patricians and ple- 
 beians, patron and client, who by mutual in- 
 terest were induced to preserve the peace of 
 the state, and to promote the public good. 
 Some time after Rom.jlu^ disappeared as he 
 was giving instructions to the senators, nnd the 
 eclipse of the sun, which happened at that 
 time, was favourable to the rumour which as- 
 serted that the king bad been taken up to hea- 
 
RU 
 
 yen, 714 B. C. after a reign of 39 years, 
 ihis was further confirmed by J. Procules, 
 one of the senators, who solemnly declared, 
 that as he returned from Alba, he had seen 
 Romulus in a form above human, and that he 
 had directed him to tell the Romans to pay 
 him divine honours under the name of Qui- 
 rinus, and to assure them that their city was 
 doomed one day to become the capital of 
 the world. This report was immediately- 
 credited, and the more so as the senators 
 dreaded the resentment of the people, who 
 suspected them of having offered him vio- 
 lence. A temple was raised to him, and a 
 regular priest, called Flamen Quiriaalis, was 
 appointed to offer him sacrifices. Romulus 
 was ranked by the Romans among the 12 
 great gods, and it is not to be wondered 
 that he received such distinguished honours, 
 when the Romans considered him as the 
 founder of their city and empire, and the 
 son of the god of war. He is generally 
 represented like his father, so much that 
 it is difficult to distinguish them. The fable 
 of the two children of Rhea Salvia being 
 nourished by a she-wolf, arose from Lupa, 
 Faustulus's wife, having brought them up. 
 [Vid. Acca.] Dionys. Hal. 1 and 2. — Liv. 
 l,c.4,kc.— Justin. 43, c.l and 2.—Flor. 1, 
 c. 1. — Pint, in Romul. — Val. Max. 3, c. 2, 
 1.5, c. S.—Plin. 15, c. 18, kc—Virg. JEn. 
 2, v. 342, 605.— Oi'id. Met. 14, v. 616 and 
 845. Fast. 4, kc.—Horat. 3, od. 3.—Juv. 
 18, V. 272. 
 
 Romulus Svlvius, or Alladius, a 
 
 king of Alba. Momyllus Augustulus, the 
 
 last of the emperors of the western empire of 
 Rome. His country was conquered A. D. 
 476, by the Heruli, under Odoacer, who as- 
 sumed the name of king of Italy. 
 
 RoMus, a son of iEneas, by Lavinia. Some 
 suppose that he was the founder of Rome. — — 
 A son of iEmathion sent by Diomedes to Italy, 
 and also supposed by some to be the founder 
 of Rome. 
 
 RosciA LEX de theatris, by L. Roscius 
 Otho the tribune, A. U. C. 685. It required 
 that none should sit in the first 14 seats of the 
 theatre, if they were not in possession of 400 
 sestertia, which was the fortune required to be 
 a Roman knigiit. 
 
 RosciASUM, the port of Thurii, now Ros- 
 sano. 
 
 Q. Roscius, a Roman actor, born at Lanu- 
 vium, so celebrated on the stage, that every 
 comedian of excellence and merit has received 
 his name. His eyes were naturally distorted, 
 and he always appeared on the stage with a 
 mask, but the Romans obliged him to act his 
 characters without, and they overlooked the 
 deformities of his face, that they might the 
 better hear his elegant pronunciation, and be 
 delighted with the sweetness of his voice. He 
 w^s accused on suspicion of dishonourable 
 practices ; but Cicero, who had been one of his 
 pupils, undertook his defence, and cleared him 
 of the malevolent aspersions of his enemies, in 
 an el€g;int oration still extant. Roscius wrote 
 atrealtse, in which he compared with great 
 success and much learning, the profession of 
 the orator with that of the comedian. He 
 tlied about 60 years before Christ, llorai. 
 ^•, ef». I. — Qvititil. — Cic. ]u\> Rqs. dc Oral. 3; 
 
 RU 
 
 de Div. 1, Slc. Tusc. 3, kc.-^Plut, in Cic^ 
 Sextus, a rich citizen of Ameria, murder- 
 ed in tlie dictatorship of Sylla. His son, of the 
 same name, was accused of the xnurder, and 
 eloquently defended by Cicero, in an c»racioii 
 still extant, A. U. C. 673. Cic. pro S. lioacio 
 Jimer. Lucius, a lieutenant of Cajsar's ar- 
 my in Gaul. Otho, a tribune, who made a 
 
 law to discriminate the knights from the «om- 
 mon people at public spectacles. 
 
 Rosi^ Campus, or Rosia, a beautiful plaia 
 in the country of the Sabines, neai* the lake 
 Velinura. Varro. R. R. 1, c. 7. — Virg.Mn. 7, 
 V. 712.— Cic. 4, ^«. 15. 
 
 RosiLLANus AGJER, E territory in Etruria. 
 
 Rosius, a harbour of Cilicia. A man 
 
 made consul only for one day under Vitcliiusj 
 k.c. Tacit. 
 
 RosuLUM, a town of Etruria, now Monte 
 Rosi. 
 
 RoTOMAGUs, a town of Gaul, now Rouen. 
 
 RoxANA, a Persian woman taken prisoner 
 by Alexander. The conqueror became ena- 
 moured of her and married her. She beha- 
 ved with great cruelty after Alexander's death, 
 and she was at last put to death by Cassan- 
 der's order. She was daughter of Darius, or, 
 according to others, of one of his satraps. 
 
 Curt. 8, c. 4, i. 10, c. d.—Plut in Alex. 
 
 A wife of Mithridates the Great, who poisoned 
 herself. 
 
 RoxoLANi, a people of European Sarma- 
 tia, who proved very active and rebellious in 
 the reign of the Roman emperors. 
 
 RuBE^, the north cape at the north of Scan- 
 danavia. 
 
 RuBELLius Blandus, a man who mar- 
 ried Julia, the daughter of Drusus, iSic. 
 
 One of the descendants of Augustus, treach- 
 erously put to death by Nero, &,c. Tacit. 
 
 Plautus, an illustrious Roman, who disgraced 
 himself by his arrogance and ambitious views. 
 Juv. 8, V. 39. 
 
 RuBi, now Ruvo, a town of Apulia, from 
 which the epithet Rubeus is derived, applied 
 to bramble bushes which grew there. The in- 
 habitants were called Rubitini. Horat. 1, Sat. 
 5, V. 94. Virg. G. 1, v. 266. 
 
 Rubicon, now Rugone, a small river of 
 Italy, which it separates from Cisalpine Gaul. 
 It rises in the Apennine mountains, and falls 
 into the Adriatic sea. By crossin"; it, and 
 thus transgressing the boundaries ol his pro- 
 vince, J. Caesar declared war against the se- 
 nate and Pompey, and began the civil wars. 
 Lucan. 1, v. 185 and 213. — Strab. 5. — Su£t. 
 in Cats. 32. — Plin. 3, c. 15. 
 
 RuBiENus Lappa, a tragic poet in the age 
 of Juvenal, conspicuous as much for his great 
 genius as his poverty. Juv. 7, v. 72. 
 
 RuBiGO, a goddess. Vid. Robigo. 
 
 RuBo, tlie Dwina, which falls into the Bal^ 
 tic at Riga. 
 
 Rubra saxa, a place of Etruria, near Veii, 
 at the distance of about eight miles from Rome . 
 Mar. 4, ep. 64, v. 15. — Liv. 3, c. 49. 
 
 RuBRiA LEX was enacted after the taking of 
 Carthage, to make an equal division of the 
 lands in Africa. 
 
 Rubrics, a Roman knight accused of trea- 
 son under Tiberius, kc. Tacit. A man 
 
 who lied to Parthia on suspicion that the Ro- 
 man affairs were ruined.— —A ffiend of Vi- 
 
RU 
 
 telilus. — —An obscure Gaul, in great favour 
 
 witli Domitian. Juv. 4, v. 145. An officer 
 
 in Csesar's army. 
 
 RuBRUM marfm (Ihe Red Sea,) is situate be- 
 tween Arabia, Egypt, and Ethiopia, and is of- 
 ten called Ei-ythrseum mare, and confounded 
 with the Arabicus sinus, and the Indian sea. 
 Plin. 6, c. 23 and 24.—Lw. 36, c. 17, 1. 42, c. 
 62, I. 45, c. 9. — Virg. JEn. 8, v. 686. — Lucaa. 
 8, V. 853. 
 
 RuDi;^:, a town of Calabria, near Brundusi- 
 um, built by a Greek colony, and famous for 
 giving birth to the poet Ennius. Cic. pro Arch. 
 10.— Hal. 13, V. 396.— JlfeZa, 2, c. 4 
 
 RuffLnus, a {general of Gaul in the reign of 
 Viteliius, he. Tacit. H. 2, c. 94. 
 
 RuFFUs CnispiNus, an officer of the preto- 
 rian guards under Claudius. He was banish- 
 ed by Agrippina for his attachment to Britan- 
 nicus and Octavius, the sons of JVlessalina.and 
 put himself to death. His wife, Poppaea Sa- 
 bina, by whom he had a son called Ruffinus 
 Crispinus, afterwards married Nero. Tacit. 
 12.— Hist. c. 42, 1. 16, c. 17. A soldier, pre- 
 sented with a civic crown for preserving the 
 life of a citizen, he. 
 
 RuFiANA, a town of Gaul, now Rufash in 
 Alsace. 
 
 RuFiLLUs, a Roman, ridiculed by Horace. 
 Sat. 2, V. 27, for^his effeminacy. 
 
 Jul. RuFFiNiASfus, a rhetorician, he. 
 
 RuFiNUS, a general of Theodosius, he. 
 
 RuFRiE, a town of Campania, of which the 
 inhabitants were called Rufreni. Cic. 10. Fam. 
 •:i.—Sil. 8, V. 568.— r^ir^'-. JEn. 7, v. 739. 
 
 RuFRiuM, a town of Samnium, now Ruro. 
 Liv. 8, c. 25. 
 
 RcFUS, a Latin historian. [Vid. Quintius.] 
 
 A friend of Commodus, famous for his 
 
 avarice and ambition. One of the ances- 
 tors of Sylla, degraded from the rank of a 
 senator, because ten pounds weight of gold 
 was found in his house. A governor of Ju- 
 daea. A man who conspired against Domi- 
 tian, A poet of Ephesus, in the reign of 
 
 Trajan. He wrote six books on simples, now 
 
 lost. A Latin poet. Sempronius. Vid. 
 
 PtECtorius. 
 
 RuGiA, now Rugen, an island of the Baltic. 
 
 RuGii, a nation of Germany. Tacit, de 
 Germ. 43. 
 
 RupiLius, an officer surnamed Rex, for his 
 authoritative manners. He was proscribed by 
 Augustus, and (led to Brutus. Horat. 1, sat. 7, 
 
 V. 1. A writer, whose treatises de Jiguris 
 
 sentcntiarum, he were edited by Runken, 8vo. 
 L. Bat. 1786. 
 
 RusciNo, a town of Gaul, at the foot of the 
 Pyrenees. Liv. 21, c. 24.-^»— A sea-port town 
 of Africa. Id. 30, c. 10. 
 
 Ruscius, a town of Gaul. 
 
 RuscoNiA, a town of Mauritania. Liv. 21, 
 C.24. 
 
 Rusella:, an inland town of Etruria, de- 
 ijtroyed by the Romans. Liv. 28, c, 45. 
 
 RuspiNA, a town of Africa, near Adrume- 
 tum. Sil. It. 3, V. 260.— Hir^ .'?/. 640. 
 
 Rusxicus, L. JuN. Arui.enus, a man put 
 to de-ath by Dom'ii'mn. He was the friend 
 78 
 
 RY 
 
 and preceptor of Pliny the younger, who 
 praises his abilities; and he is likewise com- 
 mended by Tacitus, 16, fl. c. 26. — Plin. 1, ep. 
 14. — Suel. 171 Dom. A friend of M. Aurelius. 
 
 Rusucurrum, a town of Mauritania, believ- 
 ed modern Algiers. 
 
 RuTENt, a people of Gaul, now Ruvergnd 
 in Guienna. Cc£$. B. G. 
 
 RuTiLA, a deformed old woman, who lived 
 near 100 years, he. Plin. 7, c. 48. — Juv. 10, 
 V. 294. 
 
 RuTiLus, a rich man reduced to beggary by 
 his extravagance. Juv. 11, v. 2. 
 
 P. RuTiLiusRuFUs, a Roman consul in the 
 age of Sylla, celebrated for his virtues and 
 writings. He refused to comply with the re- 
 quests of his friends because they were unjust. 
 When Sylla had banished him from Rome 
 he retired to Smyrna, amidst the acclama- 
 tions and praises of the people ; and when 
 some of his friends wished him to be recalled 
 home by means of a civil war, he severely 
 reprimanded them, and said that he wished 
 rather to see his country blush at his exile, 
 than to plunge it into distress by his return. 
 He was the first who taught the Roman sol- 
 diers the principles of fencing, and by thus 
 mixing dexterity with valour, rendered t!i3ir 
 attacks more certain, and more irresistible. 
 During his banishment he employed his time 
 in study, and wrote an history of Rome in 
 Greek, and an account of his own life in 
 Latin, besides many other works. Ovid. Fast. 
 Q, v. 563. — Seneca de Benef. — Cic. in Brut, de 
 Orat. 1, c. 53.— Fa/. Max. 2, c. 3, 1. 6, c. 
 
 4. — Patera. 2, c. 9. A Roman proconsul, 
 
 who is supposed to have encouraged Mithri- 
 dates to murder all the Romans who were in 
 
 his provinces. Lupus, a praetor who fled 
 
 away with three cohorts from Tarracina.— — 
 
 A rhetorician. Quintil. 3, c. 1. A man 
 
 who went against Jugurtha. A friend of 
 
 Nero. Claud. Numantianus, a poet of Gaul, 
 
 in the reign of Honorius. According to some, 
 he wrote a poem on mount ^tna. He wrote 
 also an itinerary, published by Burman in the 
 poetae Latini minores, L. Bat. 4to. 1731. 
 
 RuTUBA, a river of Liguria, falling from 
 the Apennines into the Mediterranean. Lu- 
 
 can. 2, V. 422. Of Latium, falling into the 
 
 Tiber. Lucan. 2, v. 422. 
 
 RuTUBUs, a gladiator, he. Horat 2, Sat. 7, v. 
 96. 
 
 RiJTULi, a people of Latium, known as well 
 as the Latins, by the name of Morigines. 
 When it^neas came into Italy, Turnus was 
 their king, and they supported him in the war 
 which he waged against this foreign prince. 
 The capital of their dominions was called Ar- 
 dea. Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 883. Met. 14, v. 455, 
 he.— Virg. JEn. 7, he.— Plin. 3, c. 5. 
 
 RutupjE, a sea port town on the southern 
 coasts of Britain, abounding in excellent oys- 
 ters, whence the epithet of Rutupinus. Some 
 suppose that it is the modern town of Dover, 
 but others Richborough or Sandwich. Lucan. 6, 
 V. 6T.—.ruv. 4, V. 141. 
 RYrn.ffii MONTES. Vid. Rhipsei. 
 
« 
 
 SA 
 
 ,ABA, a town of Arabia, famous for frank- 
 incense, myrrh, and aromatic plants. Tiie 
 inhabitanls were called Sabcei. Strab. 16. — 
 jDiofi 3.— Virg. G.\,v. 57. ^n. 1. v. 420. 
 
 Sabachus, or Sabacon, a king of iEthi- 
 opia, who invaded Egypt and reigned there, 
 after the expulsion of king Amasis. After a 
 reign of 50 years he was terrified by a dream, 
 and retired into his own kingdom. Herodot. 
 a, c. 137, he. 
 
 Sabi.'e, a people of Arabia. Vid. Saba. 
 
 Sabata, a town of Lignria with a safe and 
 beautiful harbour, supposed to be the modern 
 
 Savo7ia. Sil. 8, v. 461.— Strab. 4. A town 
 
 of Assyria. 
 
 Sabatha, a town of Arabia, now Sanaa. 
 Sabathra, a town of Syria. Sil. 3, v. 
 256. 
 
 Sabatint, a people of Samnium, livmg on 
 thebanks ofthe Sabatus, a river which falls 
 into the Vulturnus. Liv. 26. c. 33. 
 
 Sabazius, a surname of Bacchus, as also 
 of Jupiter Cic de jY. D. 3, c. 23.— ^mo6. 4. 
 Sabbas, a king of India. 
 Sabeli.a, the nurse ofthe poet Horace. 1 
 Sal. 9 V. 29. 
 
 Sabelm, a people of Italy, descended from 
 the Sabines, or according to some from the 
 Samnites. They inhabited that part of the 
 country which lies between the Sabines and 
 the Marsi. Hence the epithet of Sabellicus. 
 Horat. 3, od. 6.— Virg. G. 3, v. 255. 
 
 Sabellus, a Latin poet in the reign of Do- 
 mitian and Nerva. 
 
 Julia Sabina, a Roman matron, who mar- 
 ried Adrian bv means of Plotina the wife of 
 Trajan. She 'is celebrated for her private as 
 well as public virtues. Adrian treated her 
 with the greatest asperity, though he had 
 received from her tJ)e imperial purple ; and 
 the empress was so sensible of his unkindness, 
 that s!ie boasted in his presence that she had 
 disdained to make him a father, lest his chil- 
 dren should become more odious or more ty- 
 rannical than he himself was. The behaviour 
 of Sabina at last so exasperated Adrian that he 
 poisoned her, or according to some, obliged 
 her to destroy herself. The emperor at that 
 time laboured under a mortal disease, and 
 therefore he was the more encouraged to sa- 
 critJce Sabina to his resentment, that she might 
 not survive him. Divine honours were paid to 
 her memory. She died after she had been 
 married 38 years to Adrian, A. D. 138. 
 
 Sabini, an ancient people of Italy, reckon- 
 ed among the Aborigine;?, or those inhabit- 
 ants whose origin was not known. Some sup- 
 pose that they were originally a Lacedaemo- 
 nian colony who settled in that i>art of the 
 country. The possessions of the Sabines were 
 situated in the neighbourhood of Rome, be- 
 tween the river Nar and the Anio,and bounded 
 on the north by the Apennines and Umbria, 
 south by Latium, east by the iEqui, and Etrn- 
 ria on the west. The greatest part of the con- 
 tiguous nations were descended from them, 
 such as the Umbrians, the Campanians, the 
 Sal)elli, the Osci, Samnites, Hernici. ^qui, 
 Marsi, Brutii, &.c. The Sabines are celebra-| 
 led in ancient history as being the first who 
 took up arms against the Romans, to avenge 
 the rape of their females at a spectacle where 
 rhey bad been invited. After some engage- 
 
 SA 
 
 ments the greatest part of the Sabines left 
 their ancient possessions and migrated to 
 Rome, where they settled with their new al- 
 lies. They were at last totally subdued, about 
 the year of Rome 373, and ranked as Roman 
 citizens. Their chief cities were Cures, Fi- 
 den»,Reate, Crustrumerium,Corniculum, No- 
 mentum, Collatia, k,c. The character of the 
 nation for chastity, for purity of morals, and 
 for the knowledge of herbs and incantations, 
 was very great. Horat. 17, ep. 28. — Cic. Vat. 
 15 —Plin. 3, c. 12.— Liv 1, c. 9 and IS— Di- 
 onys. 2, c b\.— Strab. b.—Flor. 1, c. 1,1. 3, 
 c. is.— Hal. 8, V. 42.4.—Ovid.j\fet. 14, v. 775 and 
 797. A7n. 1, V, 101, 13, 8, v. 61.— Jur. 10, v. 197. 
 
 Sabinianus, a general who revolted in 
 Africa, in the reign of Gordian, and was de- 
 feated soon after, A. D. 240. A general of 
 
 the eastern empire, &c. 
 
 Sabinus Aulus, a Latin poet intimate with 
 Ovid. He wrote some epistles and elegies, 
 in the number of which were mentioned, 
 an epistle from ^neas to Dido, from Hip- 
 polytus to Phaedra, and from Jason to Hip- 
 sipyle, from Demophoon to Phyllis, from 
 Paris to (Enone, from Ulysses to Penelope; 
 the three last of which, though said to be his 
 composition, are spurious. Ovid. Am. 2, el. 
 
 IS. v. 27. -A man from whom the Sabines 
 
 received their name. He received divine ho- 
 nours after death, and was one of those deities 
 whom Ji^neas invoked when he entered Italy. 
 He was supposed to be of Lacedsemonian ori- 
 gin. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 171. An officer of 
 
 CjBsar's army defeated by the Gauls. Ju- 
 
 lius, an officer, who proclaimed himself em- 
 peror in the beginning of Vespasian's reign. He 
 was soon after defeated in a battle ; and toes- 
 cape from the conqueror he hid himself in a 
 subterraneous cave, with two faithful domes- 
 tics, where he continued unseen for nine suc- 
 cessive years. His wife found out his retreat, 
 and spent her time with him, till her frequent 
 visits to the cave discovered the place of his 
 concealment. He was dragged before Ves- 
 pasian, and by his orders put to death, though 
 his friends interested themselves in his causej 
 and his wife endeavoured to raise the empe- 
 ror's pity by showing him the twins whona 
 she had brought forth in their subterraneous 
 
 retreat. Corn a man who conspired against 
 
 Caligula, and afterwards destroyed himself. 
 Titius, a Roman senator shamefully accu 
 
 sed and condemned by Sejanus. His body, af- 
 ter execution, was dragged through the streets 
 of Rome, and treated vvith the greatest indig- 
 nities. His dog constantly followed the body, 
 and when it was thrown into the Tiber, the 
 faithful animal plunged in after it, and was 
 drowned. Plin. 8, c. 40 PoppiEus, a Ro- 
 man consul, who presided above 24 years over 
 Mcesia, and obtained a triumph for his victo- 
 ries over the barbarians. He was a great fa- 
 vourite of Augustus and of Tiberius. Tacit. 
 
 ^^^ij, Flavins, a brother of Vespasian.killed 
 
 by the populace. He was well known for his 
 fidelity to Vitellius. He commanded in the Ro- 
 man armies 35 years, and was governor of 
 
 Rome for 12. A friend of Domitian. A 
 
 Roman who attempted to plunder the temple 
 of the Jews. A friend of the emperor Alex- 
 ander. A lawyer. ^ „ , . ^ , 
 
 Sabis. now Sambre, a river of Belgic Gafll, 
 
SA 
 
 •ailing into the Maese at Numar. C(es 2, c. 
 16 and 18. 
 
 Sabota, the same as Sabatha. 
 
 Sabrac.«, a powerful nation of India. Curt. 
 9, c. 8. 
 
 Sabrata, a maritime town of Africa, near 
 the Syrtes. It was a Roman colony, about 
 70 miles from the modern Tripoli. Jtal. 3, v. 
 256.— P/m. 5, c. 4. 
 
 Sabrkva, the 6'eremin England. 
 
 Sabup^a, a general of Juba, king of Numi- 
 dia, deieated and killed in a battle. Liican. 
 4, V. 722. 
 
 Saeuranus, an officer of the praetorian 
 guards. When he was appointed to this office 
 by the emperor Trajan, tbe prince presented 
 him with a sword, saying. Use this weapen in 
 my service as long as my commands are jusl ; 
 but turn it against my own breast, whenever I 
 become cruel or malevolent. 
 
 Sabl's. one of tbe ancient kings of the Sa- 
 bines; the same as Sabinus. Vid. Sabinus. 
 A king of Arabia. 
 
 Sacadas, a musician and poet of Argos, 
 who obtained three several limes the prize at 
 the Pythian games. Plut de mus. — Paus. 
 6, c. 14. 
 
 Sac.c, a people of Scythia, who inhabited 
 tbe country that lies at tbe east of Bactriana 
 and Sogdlana, and towards the north of 
 mount Imaus. The name of Saca? was given 
 in general to all the Scythians, by the Per- 
 sians. They had no towns, according to 
 some writers, but lived in tents. Ptol. 6, c. 
 Vi.—Herodot. 3, c. 93, 1. 7, c. 63.— Plin. 6, c. 
 17.— .So/»i. 62. 
 
 Sacer mons, a mountain near Rome. Vid. 
 Mons sacer. 
 
 Sacer lucus, a wood of Campania, on the 
 Liris. 
 
 Sacer portus, or Sacri portus, a place of 
 Italy, near Pra;neste, famous tor a battle that 
 was fought there between Sylla and Marius, 
 in which the former obtained the victory. 
 Paterc. 2. c. 26.— Lucan 2, v. 134. 
 
 Sackani. a people of Latium, who assisted 
 Turnus against ^-Eneas. They were descend- 
 ed from the Pelasgians, or from a priest of 
 Cybele. Plrg. JEn. 7, v. 796. 
 
 Sacrator, one of the friends of Turnus. 
 Virg. JEn. 10, v. 747. 
 
 SicRA VIA, a celebrated street of Rome, 
 where a treaty of peace and alliance was 
 made between Romulus and Tatius. It led 
 from the amphitlieatre to the capitol, by the 
 temple of tbe goddess of peace, and the tem- 
 ple of Ca:sar. The triumphal processions 
 passed through it to go to the capitol. Horal. 
 4, od. 2, 1. 1, sat. 9.—Liv. 2, c. 13.— Cic. Plane. 
 T.—.m. 4, ep. 3. 
 
 Sacrata lkx, militaris, A. U. C. 411, by 
 the dictator Valerius Corvus, as some sup- 
 pose, enacted that the name of no soldier 
 which had been entered in the muster roll 
 should be struck out but by his consent; 
 and that no pei-son who had been a mili- 
 tary tribune should execute the office of due- 
 tor ordlnum. 
 
 M. Sacrativir. a friend of Caesar, killed at 
 Dyrrachium. Cas. bet!. G. 
 
 Sacri portus. Vid. Sacer portas. 
 
 Sacrum bem-um, a name given to the 
 wars carried on concerning the temple of 
 
 SA 
 
 Delphi. The first began B. C. 448, and in ii 
 the Athenians and Lacedaemonians were aux- 
 iliaries on opposite sides. The second war 
 began 357 B. C. and finished nine years after 
 by Philip of Macedonia, who destroyed all 
 the cities of the Phocians. [Vid. Phocis.] 
 
 Promontorium, a promontory of Spain, 
 
 now Cape St. Vincent, called by Strabo the 
 most westerly part of the earth. 
 
 Sadales, a son of Cotys, king of Thrace- 
 who assisted Pompey with a body of 500 
 horsemen Coes. Bell. G. 3. — Cic. Ver. 1. 
 
 Sadus, a river of India. 
 
 Sadyates, one of the Mermnadaa, who 
 reigned in Lydia 12 years after his father Gy- 
 ges. He made war against the JVIilesians for 
 six years. Herodot. 1, c. 16, itc, 
 
 Sjetabis. a town of Spain near (he Lucro, 
 on a rising hill, famous for its fine linen. Sil. 
 
 3, V. 373. 
 
 Sagalassus, a town of Pisidia on the bor« 
 ders of Phrygia, now Sadjoklu. Liv. 38, c. 15. 
 
 SagaKa. a wctman acquainted with magic 
 and enchantments. Horat. epod. 5, v. 25. 
 
 Sagaris. a river of Asia, rising from mount 
 Dijidymus in Phrygia, and falling into the 
 Euxine. [Vid. Sangaris.] Ovid, ex Pont. 
 
 4. ep. 10, V. 47. One of the companions of 
 
 ^neas, killed by Turnus. Virg. JEn. 5, r. 
 263, 1. 9, V. 575. 
 
 C. Sagitta, an officer who encouraged 
 Piso to rebel against the emperor Nero, itc. 
 Tacit. Hist. 4, c 49. 
 
 Sagra, a small river of Italy in the country 
 of the Brutii, where 130,000 Crotoniatae'were 
 routed by 10,000 Locrians and Rhegians. Cic. 
 Xat. D. 2, c. 2.—Strab. 6. 
 
 Sagcntum, or Saguntcs, a town of Hispa- 
 nia Tarraconensis at the west of the Iberus., 
 about one mile from the sea shore, now cal- 
 led Morcedro. It had been founded by a co- 
 lony of Zacynthians, and by some of the Ru- 
 tuli of Ardea. Saguntum is celebrated for 
 the clay in its neighbourhood, with which 
 cups, pocula Saguntina, were made, but more 
 particularly it is famous as being the cause of 
 tbe second Punic war, and for the attachment 
 of its inhabitants to the interests of Rome. 
 Hannibal took it after a siege of about eight 
 months ; and the inhabitants, not to fall into 
 the enemy's hands, burnt themselves with 
 their houses, and with all their effects. The 
 conqueror afterwards rebuilt it, and placed 
 a garrison there, with all the noblemen 
 whpm he detained as hostages from the se- 
 veral neighbouring nations of Spain. Some 
 suppose that be called it Spartagene. Flor. 2, 
 c. 6.— Liv. 21, c. 2, 7, 9.— Sil. 1. v. 271.— Lu- 
 can. 3, V. 2oO.—Slrab. S.—Meln, 2, c. 6. 
 
 Sais, now Sa, a town in the Delta of Egypt, 
 situate between the Canopic and Sebenny- 
 tican mouths of ibe Nile, and anciently the 
 capital of Lower Egypt. There was there a 
 celebrated temple dedicated to Minerva, with 
 a room cut out of one stone, which had been 
 conveyed by water from Elephantis by the 
 labouri of 2(KX) men in three years. The 
 stone measured on the outside 21 cubits long, 
 14 broad, and 8 liig i. Osiris was also buried 
 near the town of ?ais The inhabitants were 
 called Saito'.. One of the mouths of the Nile, 
 [which is adjoining to the town, has received 
 |the name of Smlicirm. Strah. 17 — Hnodttf. 
 0, r 17, kr 
 
SA 
 
 Sala, a town of Thrace, near tiie mouths 
 
 of the Hebru3. A town of Mauritania 
 
 of Phrygia. A river of Germany falling 
 
 into the Elbe, near which are salt pits. Ta- 
 cit. Ann. 13, c. 57. Another falling into 
 
 the Rhine, now the Issel. 
 
 SalAcon, a poor man who pretended to be 
 uncommonly rich, &c. Cic ad. Div. 7, c. 24. 
 
 Salaminia, a name given to a ship at 
 Athens, which was employed by the republic 
 in conveying the officers of state to their dif- 
 ferent administrations abroad, he. A name 
 
 given to the island of Cyprus, on account of 
 Salamis, one of its capital cities. 
 
 Salamis, a daughter of the river Asopus, 
 by Methone. Neptune became enamoured 
 of her, and carried her to an island of the 
 ./Egean, which afterwards bore her name, 
 and where she gave birth to a son called 
 Cenchreus. Diod. 4. 
 
 Salamis, Salamins, or Salamina, now 
 Colouri, an island in the Saronicus Sinus, 
 on the southern coast of Attica, opposite 
 Eleusis, at the distance of about a league, with 
 a town and harbour of the same name. It is 
 about 50 miles in circumference. It was ori- 
 ginally peopled by a colony of lonians, and 
 afterwards by some of the Greeks from the 
 adjacent islands and countries. It is celebra- 
 ted for a battle which was fought there be- 
 tween the fleets of the Greeks and that of the 
 Persians, when Xerxes invaded Attica. The 
 enemy's ships amounted to above 2000, and 
 those pf the Peloponneslans, to about 380 sail. 
 In this engaa;ement, which was fought on the 
 20th of October, B. C. 490, the Greeks lost 40 
 ships, and the Persians about 200, besides an 
 immense number which were taken, with all 
 the ammunition they contained. The island 
 of Salamis was anciently called Sciras Cy- 
 chria, or Cenchria, and its bay the gulf of En- 
 gia. It is said that Xerxes attempted to join 
 ft to the continent. Teucer and Ajax, who 
 went to the Trojan war, were natives of Sala- 
 mis. S/m6. 2. — Htrodot. S, c. 56, &c. — Pint. 
 ^' C. Ke]). in Tkem. hc—Digd. 4.— Val. Max. 
 5. c. 3.— Pans. 1, c. 35, hc.—Mela,2, c. 7.— 
 Lucnn. 5, v. 109.— Si/. 14, v. 283. 
 
 Salamis, or Salamina, a town at the east 
 of the island of Cyprus. It was built by 
 Teucer, ^vho gave it the name of the island 
 Salamis, fromi which he had been banished 
 about 1270 years before the Christian era; 
 and from this circumstance the epithets of 
 ambigua and altera were applied to it, as 
 the mother country was also called vera, for 
 the sake of distinction. His descendants 
 continued masters of the town for above 800 
 years. It was destroyed by an earthquake, 
 and rebuilt in the 4th century, and called Con- 
 slantia. Strab. 9.— Htrodot. 8, c. 94, &.C.— 
 Horat. 1, od. 7, v. 21.— Palerc. 1, c. l.—Lucan. 
 3, v. 183. 
 
 Salapia, or Salapi^, now Salpe, a town of 
 Apulia, where Annibal retired after the bat- 
 tle of Cannas, and where he devoted him- 
 self to licentious pleasure, forgetful of his 
 Came, and oftlie interests of his country. It 
 was taken from the Carthaginian general by 
 Marcellus. Some remains of this place may 
 be traced near a lake called Salapina Palus, 
 now used for making salt, which, from the 
 situation near the sea, is easily conveyed by ■ 
 
 SA 
 
 small boats to ships of superior burden. Lu" 
 can. 5, V. 377. — Val. Max. 3, c. 8 — Plin. S> 
 c. 11. 
 
 Salara, a town of Africa propria, taken by 
 Scipio. Liv. 29, c. 34, &c. 
 
 Salaria, a street and gate at Rome which 
 led towards the country of the Sabines. It 
 received the name of Salaria, because salty 
 {sal,) was generally conveyed to Rome that 
 
 way. Mart. 4. ep. 64. A bridge, called 
 
 Salarius, was built four miles from Rome 
 through the Salarian gate on the river jinio. 
 
 Salassi, a people of Cisalpine Gaul, who 
 were in continual war with the Romans. 
 They cut oflf 10,000 Romans under Appius 
 Claudius, A. U. C. 610, and were soon after 
 defeated, and at last totally subdued and sold 
 as slaves by Augustus. Their country, now- 
 called Val D'Aoiista, after a colony settled 
 there, and called Augusta Prmtoria, was situ- 
 ate in a valley between the Alps G raise and 
 Pennine, or Great and Little St. Bernard. Liv. 
 21, c. 38.— P/in. 3, c. 17.— Strab. 4. 
 
 Saleius, a poet of great merit in the 
 age of Domitian, yet pinched by poverty, 
 though born of illustrious parents, and dis- 
 tinguished by purity of manners and inte- 
 grity of mind. Juv. 7, v. 80. — Qitint. 10, 
 c. 1. 
 
 Saleni, a people of Spain. Mela, 3, 
 c. 1. 
 
 Salentini, a people of Italy, near Apu- 
 lia, on the southern coast of Calabria. Their 
 chief towns were Brundusium, Tarentum, 
 and Hydruntum. Hal. 8, v, 579. — Virg. JEn. 
 3, V. 400 — Farro de R. R. 1, c. 24.— Strab. 6. 
 — Mela, 2, c. 4. 
 
 Salernum, now Salerno, a town of the 
 Picentini, on the shores of the Tyrrhene sea, 
 south of Campania, and famous for a medical 
 school in the lower ages. Plin. 13, c. 3. — 
 Liv. 34, c. 45. — Lucan. 2, v. 425. — Paterc. 1, c. 
 15. — Horat. \, ep. 15. 
 
 Salganeus, or Salgasea, a town of Boeo- 
 lia, on the Euripus. Liv. 35, c. 37, &c. 
 
 Sali a, a town of Spain, w4iere Frudentius 
 was born. Mela. 
 
 Salica, a town of Spain. 
 
 Salii, a college of priests at Rome insti- 
 tuted in honour of Mars, and appointed by 
 JN'uma, to take care of the sacred shields cal- 
 led Ancylia, B. C. 709. {Vid. Ancyle.] They 
 were twelve in number, the three elders 
 among them had the superintendance of all 
 the rest; the first was rolled prmsul, tlie se- 
 cond vaies, and the third magisier. Their 
 number was afterwards doubled by Tullus 
 Hosliiius, after he had obtained a victory over 
 the Fidenates, in consequence of a vow which 
 he had made to Mars. The Salii were all of 
 patrician families, and the office was very ho- 
 nourable. The first of March was the day on 
 which the Salii observed their festivals in ho- 
 nour of Mars. They were generally dressed in 
 a short scarlet tunic, of which only the edges 
 were seen ; they wore a large purple coloured 
 belt about the waist, which was fastened with 
 brass buckles. They had on their heads round 
 bonnets with two corners standing up, and 
 they wore in their right hand a small rod, and 
 in their left a small buckler. In the observa- 
 tion of their solemnity they first offered sacri- 
 fices; and afterwards went through the streets 
 
SA 
 
 dancing in measured motions, sometimes all 
 together, or at other times separately, while 
 musical instruments \vere playing before them. 
 They placed their body in different attitudes, 
 and struck with their rods the shields which 
 they held in their hands. They also sung 
 hymns in honour of the gods, particularly of 
 Mars. Juno, V>nus, and Minerva, and they 
 were accompanied in the chorus by a certain 
 number of virgins, habited like themselves, 
 and called Salia;. The Salii instituted by 
 Numa were called Palatini, in contradistinc- 
 tion from the others, because they lived on 
 mount Palatine, and offered their sacrifices 
 there. Those that were added by Tullus 
 were called Collini, .^gonales, or Quirinalts, 
 from a mountain of the same name, where 
 they had fixed their residence. Their name 
 seems to have been derived a salitndo- or sal- 
 tando, because, during their festivals, it was 
 particularly requisite that they should leap 
 and dance. Their feasts and entertainments 
 were uncommonly rich and sumptuous, 
 whence dapes saliares is proverbially applied 
 to such repasts as are most splendid and costly. 
 It was usual among the Romans when they de- 
 clared war, for the Salii to shake their shields 
 with great violence, as if to call upon the god 
 Mars to come to their assistance. Liv 1, c. 
 20.— Farrode L. L. 4. c. m.—Ovid.F(Vit. 3, 
 V. 387. — Dionys. 3. — Flor. 1, c. 2, kc. — Virg. 
 
 sJEn. 8, v. 28-5. A nation of (rerraany who 
 
 invaded Gaul, and were conquered by the em- 
 peror Julian. Amvi. Mar. 17. 
 
 Salinator, a surname common to the 
 family of the Livii, and others. 
 
 Salil's, an Acarnanian at the games ex- 
 hibited by ^neas in Sicily, and killed in the 
 wars with Turnus. It is said by some that he 
 taught the Latins those ceremonies, accompa- 
 jiied with dancing, which afterwards bore his 
 name in the appellation of the Salii. Virg. 
 ^n. 5, v. 298, I. 10, v. 753. 
 
 Crispus Sallustius, a Latin historian 
 born at Amiternum, in the country of the 
 Sabines. He received his education at Rome, 
 and made himself known as a public magis- 
 trate in the office of quaestor and consul. His 
 licentiousness and the depravity of his man- 
 ners, however, did not escape the censure of 
 the age, and Sallust was degraded from the 
 dignity of a senator, B. C. 50. His amour 
 with Fausta, the daughter of Sylla, was a 
 strong proof of his debauchery ; and Milo, 
 the husband, who discovered the adulterer in 
 his house, revenged the violence offered to his 
 bed, by beating him with stripes, and selling 
 him his liberty at a high price. A continuation 
 of extravagance could not long be supported 
 by the income of Sallust, but he extricated 
 himself from all difficulties by embracing the 
 cause of Cajsar. He was restored to the ratik 
 of senator, and made governor of IS'umidia. 
 In the administration of hb pj'ovince Sal- 
 lust behaved with unusual tyranny ; he en- 
 liched himself by [Wandering the Africans, 
 and at his return to Piome he built himself 
 a magnificent house; and bought gardens, 
 v/hich from their delightful and pleasant situ- 
 ation, still preserve the name of the gardens 
 of ballust. He married Terentiu, the di- 
 vorced wife of Cicero ; and from this cir- 
 cumstance, according to some, arose an im- 
 
 SA 
 
 mortal hatred between the historian and the- 
 orator. Sallust died in the 51st year of his 
 age, 35 years before the Chi-jstian era. A» 
 a writer he is peculiarly distinguished. He 
 had composed a history of Rome, but no- 
 thing remains of it except a few fragments, 
 and his only comfKJsitions extant are his 
 history of Catiline's conspiracy, and of the 
 wars of Jugurtha king of Numidia. In these 
 celebrated works the author is greatly com- 
 njended for his elegance, the vigour and ani- 
 mation of his sentences ; he every where dis- 
 plays a wonderful knowledge of the human 
 heart, and paints with a masterly hand the 
 causes that gave rise to the great events which 
 he relates. No one was better acquainted 
 with the vices that prevailed in the capital of 
 Italy, and no one segmsto have been more se- 
 vere against the follies of the age, and the fail- 
 ings of which he himself was guilty in the eyes 
 of the world. His descriptions are elegantly 
 correct, and his harangues are nervous and 
 animated, and well suiting the character and 
 the different pursuits of the great men in 
 whose mouth they are placed- The historian, 
 however, is blamed for tedious and insipid ex- 
 ordiums, which often disgust (he reader with- 
 out improving him ; his affectation of old and 
 obsolete words and phi-ases is also censured, 
 and particularly his unwarrantable partiality in 
 some of his narrations. Though faithful in 
 every other respect, he has not painted the 
 character of Cicero witli all the fidelity and 
 accuracy which the reader claims from the 
 historian ; and m passing in silence over many 
 actions which reflect the greatest honour on 
 the first husband of Terentia, the rival of Ci- 
 cero has disgraced himself, and rendered his 
 compositions less authentic. There are tw^o 
 omtions or epistles to Cajsar, concerning the 
 regulations of the state, attributed to him, a? 
 also an oration against Cicero, whose authenti- 
 city some of the moderns have disputed. The 
 best editions of Sallust, are those of Haver- 
 kamp, 2 vols. 4to. Amst. 17^12; andofEdin- 
 burgii, 12mo. 1755. Quintil. 10, c. 1. — Suit.dr 
 
 Gram, in Cais. — Marlial. 14, ep. 191. A 
 
 nej)hew of the historian, by whom he was 
 adopted. He imitated the moderation of Mae- 
 cenas, and remained satisfied with the dignity 
 of a Roman knight, when he could have made 
 himself powerful by the favours of Augustus 
 and Tiberius. He was very effeminate and 
 luxurious. Horace dedicated 2, od. 2. to him. 
 
 Tacit, jinn. 1. — Flin. 34, c. Secundus Pro- 
 
 motus, a native of Gaul, very intimate with the 
 emperor Julian. He is remarkable for his in- 
 tegrity, and the soundness of his counsels. 
 Julian made him prefect of Gaul. There is 
 also another Sallust, called Secundus, whom 
 some have improperly confounded with Pro- 
 motus. Secundus was also one of Julian's fa- 
 vourites, and was made by him jircfect of the 
 eact. He conciliated the good graces of the 
 Romans by tlie purity of his morale, his fond- 
 ness for discipline, and his religious jtiinci- 
 pies. .Miur the death of lie emi>eror .Tovian. 
 he was universally named by the officei-s of 
 the Roman cmpiieto succeed on tiu- imperial 
 throne ; but hu refused this gr<^at fliough dan- 
 gerous honour, and pleaded infirmi'iies of l-ody 
 and old age. The Komaiii wished njion this 
 to invest his son with the imperial ptncle, but 
 
SA 
 
 Secun(5us opposed it, and observed that he was 
 too young to support the dignity. A pre- 
 fect of Rome in the reign of Valentinian. 
 
 An oftioer in Britain. 
 
 Salmacis, a fountain of Caria, near Hali- 
 carnassus, which rendered effeminate all those 
 who drank of its waters. It was there that Her- 
 inaphroditus change(l his sex, though he still 
 retained the characteristics of his own. Ovid. 
 Met. 4; V. 285, 1. 15, v. 3l9.—lltjgin. fab. 271. 
 — Festiis. de V. Jig. 
 
 Salmantica, a town of Spain, now Sala- 
 manca. 
 
 Salmone, a town of Elis in Peloponnesus, 
 with a fountain, from which t!;e Enipeus 
 takes its source, and falls into the Alpheus, 
 about 40 stadia from Olympia, which on ac- 
 count of that is called Salmonis. Ovid. 3. 
 
 ./9mor. el. 6, v, 43. A "promontory at the 
 
 east of Crete. Dionys. 5. 
 
 Salmoneus, a king of Elis, son of jEoIus 
 and Enarette, who married Alcidice, by whom 
 he had Tyro. He wished to be called a god, 
 and to receive divine honours from his sub- 
 jects; therefore, to imitate the thunder, he 
 used to drive his chariot over a brazen bridge, 
 and darted burning torches on every side, as if 
 to imitate the lightning. This impiety pro- 
 voked Jupiter. Salmoneus was struck with a 
 thunderbolt, and placed iTi the infernal re- 
 gions near his brother Sisyphus. Homer. Od. 
 11, V. 235.— ApoUod. 1, c. 9.—Hygin. fab. 60. 
 —Diod. 4.— Virg. Mn. 6, v. 585. 
 
 Salmonis, a name given to Olympia. Vid. 
 Salmone. The patronymic of Tyro, daugh- 
 ter of Salmoneus. Ovid. Am. 3, el. 6, v. 43. 
 
 Salmus, (untis,) a town of Asia near the 
 Red Sea, where Alexander saw a theatrical 
 representation. Diod. 17. 
 
 Salmydessus, a bay on the Euxine sea. 
 
 Salo, now Xalo7i, a river in Spain, falling 
 into the Iberus. Mart. 10, ep. 20. 
 
 Salodurum, now Soleure, o. town of the 
 Helvetii. 
 
 Salome, a queen of Judaea. This name 
 was common to some of the princesses in the 
 family of Herod, &:c. 
 
 Salon, a country of Bithynia. 
 
 Salona, or SalonjE; a town of Dalmatia, 
 about 10 miles distant from the coast of the 
 Adriatic, conquered by Pollio, who on that ac- 
 count called his son Saloninus, in honour of 
 the victory. It was the native place of the 
 emperor i3ioclesian, and he retired there to 
 rnjoy peace and tranquillity, ailer he had ab- 
 dicated the imperial purple, and built a state- 
 ly palace, the ruins of which were still seen in 
 the 16th century. A small village of the same 
 name preserves the traces of its fallen gran- 
 deur. Near is Spalatro. Lncan. 4, v, 404. — 
 Os. Bell. Civ. 9.— Mela, 2, c. 3. 
 
 Salonika, a celebrated matron who mar- 
 ried the emperor Gallienus, and distinguished 
 herself by her private as well as public virtues. 
 She was a (latroness of all the line arts, and to 
 her clemency, mildness, and benevolence, 
 ilome was indebted some time for her peace 
 and prosperity. She accompanied her hus- 
 l)and in some of his expeditions, and often cal- 
 led him away from the pursuits of pleasure to 
 make war against the enemies of Rome. She 
 \yas put to death by the hands of the conspi- 
 rator?, who also ijssassiualed her husband and 
 
 SA 
 
 family about the year 268 of the Christian 
 era. 
 
 Saloninus, a son of Asinius Pollio. He re- 
 ceived his name from the conquest of Salone 
 by his father. Some suppose that he is the he- 
 ro of Virgil's fourth eclogue, in which the 
 return of the golden age is so w rraly and 
 beautifully anticipated. P. Licinius Cor- 
 nelius, a son of Gallienus, by Solonina, sent 
 into Gaul, there to be taught the art of war. 
 He remained there some time, till the usurper 
 Posthumius arose, and proclaimed himself 
 emperor. Saloninus was upon this delivered 
 up to bis enemy, and put to death in the 10th 
 year of his age. 
 
 SoLONius, a friend of Cato the censor. 
 The daughter of Censorius married Salonius 
 in his old age. Plut. A tribune and centu- 
 rion of the Roman army hated by the popu- 
 lace for his strictness. 
 
 Salpis, a colony of Etruria, whose inhabit- 
 ants are called Salpinales. Liv. 5, c.31. 
 
 Salsum, a river in Spain. Ccp^. 
 
 Salvian, one of the fathers of the 5tb cen- 
 tury, of whose works the best edition is the 
 12mo. Paris 1684. 
 
 Salvidienus, an officer of the army of 
 Augustus. He was betiayed by Antony, and 
 
 put to death. A Latin writer in the age of 
 
 the emperor Probus. 
 
 Salvius, a llute player saluted king by the 
 rebellious slaves of Sicily in the age of Marius. 
 He maintained for some time war against the 
 
 Romans. A nephew of the emperor Otho. 
 
 A friend of Pompey. -A man put to 
 
 death by Domitian. A freed-man of Atti- 
 
 cus. Cic. ad Div. c. 11. Another of the 
 
 sons of Hortensius. Id. 
 
 Salps, the goddess of health at Rome, wor- 
 shipped by the Greeks under the name of Hy- 
 gieia. Liv. 9 and 10. 
 
 Salves, a people of Gaul on the Rhone. 
 Liv. 5, c. 34 and 35, 1. 21, c. 26. 
 
 Samara, a river of Gaul, now called th& 
 Somme, which falls into the British channel 
 near Abbeville. 
 
 Sam.vria, a city and country of Palestine, 
 famous in sacred history. The inhabitants, 
 called Samaritans, were composed of Heathens 
 and rebellious Jews, and on having a temple 
 built there after the form of that of Jerusalem, 
 a lasting enmity arose between the people of 
 Judffia and of Samaria, so that no intercourse 
 took place between the two countries, and the 
 name of Samaritan became a word of i-e- 
 proach, and as if it were a curse. 
 
 SAaiAnoEuiVA, a town of Gaul, now 
 Amiens, in Picardy. 
 
 Sambulos, a mountain near Mesopotamia, 
 where Hercules Vv^^as worshipped. Tacit. A 
 12, c. 13. 
 
 Sambos, an Indian king defeated by Alex- 
 ander. Diod. 17. A river of India. 
 
 Same, or Samos, a small island in tlie loni 
 an sea near Ithaca, called also Cep/ialknift . 
 Virg.JEn.3, v. 271. 
 
 Samia, a daughter of the river Maiander. 
 
 Pans. 7, c. 4. A surname of Juno, because 
 
 she was worshipped at Samos. 
 
 Samnita;, or Amnit.t, a people of Gaul. 
 
 Samnites, a people of Italy, who inhabited 
 the country situate between Picenum, Cam- 
 pania, Apulia, and ancient KaMum. They dh- 
 
SA 
 
 Ibiuguisbed themselves by their implacable 
 hatred agaiust the Romans, in the first ages 
 of that empire, till they were at last totally 
 extirpated, B. C. 272, after a war of 71 years. 
 Their chief town was called Samnium or Sam- 
 nis. Liv. 7, ^c. — Flor. 1, c. 16, 6ic. 1.3, c. 18. 
 —Strab. b.—Lucan. 2.—Eulrop 2. 
 
 Samnidm, a town and jjart of Italy inhab- 
 ited by the Samnites. Fid. Samnites. 
 
 .Sa5iochonites, a small lake o( Palestine. 
 
 SAMoNiUM,a promontory of Crete. 
 
 Samos, an island in the ^^Egean sea, on the 
 coast of Asia Minor, from wuich it is divided 
 hy a uan'ow strait, with a capital of the same 
 name, built B. C. 98(5. It is about 87 miles 
 in circumference, and is famous for the birrh 
 of Pythagoras. It has been anciently called 
 Parlkenia- Anthemusa, Stephane, Melam- 
 phyllus, Anihemus, Ci/parissia, and Dryusa. 
 It was first in the possession of the Leleges- 
 and afterwards of the lonians. The people of 
 Samos were at first governed by kings, and 
 afterwards the form of their government be- 
 came democratical and oligarchical. Samos 
 was in its most flourishing situation under Poly- 
 crates, who had made himself absolute there. 
 The Samians asssited the Greeks against the 
 Persians when Xerxes invadeil Europe, and 
 were reduced under the power of Athens 
 after a revolt, by Pericles, B. C. 441. They 
 were afterwards subdued by Eumenes, king 
 of Pergamus, and were restored to their an- 
 cient liberty by Augustus. Under Vespasian, 
 Samos became a Roman province. Juno was 
 held in the greatest veneration there ; her 
 temple wels uncommonly magnificent, and it 
 was even said that the goddess had been born 
 there under a willow tree, on the banks of 
 the Imbrasus. Mela, 2, c. 7. — Paus. 7, c. 2 
 and 4. — Pint, in Per. — Plin. 5, c. 31. — Virg. 
 
 JEn. 1, V. 20.— Thucy:l. The islands of Sa- 
 
 mothrace and Cephallenia, were also known 
 by the name of Samos. 
 
 Samosata, a town of Syria, near the Eu- 
 phrates, below mount Taurus, where Lucian 
 was born. 
 
 Samothrace, or Samothracia, an is- 
 land in the .^gean sea, opposite the mouth 
 of the Hebrus, on the coast of Thrace, from 
 which it is distant about 32 miles. It was 
 known by the ancient names of Leucosia, Me- 
 ntis, Eledria, Leitcania, and Dardania. It 
 was afterwards called Samos, and distinguished 
 from the Samos which lies on the coast of 
 Ionia, by the epithet of Tkracian, or by the 
 name of Samothrace. It is about 38 miles in 
 circumference, according to Pliny, or only 20 
 according to modern travellers. The origin 
 of the first inhabitants of Samothrace is un- 
 known. Some, however, suppose that they 
 were Thracians, and that the place was after- 
 wards peopled by the colonies of the Pelas- 
 gians, Samians, and Piioenicians. Samothrace 
 U famous for a deluge which inundated the 
 country, and reached the very top of the high- 
 est mountains. This inundation, which happen- 
 ed before the age of the Argonauts, was owing 
 totlie sudden overflow of the waters of theEux- 
 jne, which the ancients considered merely as 
 a lake. The Samothracians were very reli- 
 gious ; and as all mysteries were supposed to 
 liave taken their oriijin there, the island re 
 
 SA 
 
 and iuviolable asylum to all fugitives and cri- 
 minals. The island was originally governed 
 by kings, but afterwards the government be- 
 came democratical. It enjoyed all its rights 
 and immunities under the Romans till the 
 reign of Vespasian, who reduced it with the 
 rest of the islands in the JE^ean into the form 
 of a province. P/m. 4, c. 12. — Strab. 10.— 
 Herod. 7, c. 108, i>ic.— Virg. ^n. 7, v. 208.— 
 Mela, 2, c. 7. — Paus. 7, c. 4. — Flor. 2, c 12. 
 
 Samus, a son of Anceeus and Samia, grand- 
 son of JNeptune. Paus. 7, c. 4. 
 
 Sana, a town of mount Athos, near which 
 Xerxes began to mcdce a channel to convey 
 the sea. 
 
 S A-\Aos, a town of Phrygia. Strab. 
 
 Sanchoniathon, a Pncenician historian 
 born at Berytus, or, according to others, at 
 Tyre. He flourished a tew years before the 
 Trojan war, and wrote, in the language of his 
 country, an history in nine books, in which 
 he amply treated of the theology and antiqui- 
 ties of Phoenicia, and the neighbouring places. 
 It was compiled from the various records 
 found in cities, and the annals which were 
 usually kept in the temples of the gods among 
 the ancients. This history was translated into 
 Greek by Philo, a native of Byblus, who lived 
 in the reign of the emperor Adrian. Some 
 few fragments of this Greek translation are 
 extant. Some, however, suppose them to be 
 spurious, while others contend that they are 
 true and authentic. 
 
 Sancus, SaxNgus, or Sanctus, a deUy of 
 the Sabines introduced among the gods of 
 Rome under the name of Dius Fidius. Ac- 
 cording to some, Sancus was father to Sabus, 
 or Sabinus, the first king of the Sabines. Ital. 
 8, V. 421.— Fono. de L. L. 4, c. 10.— Oind. 
 Fast. 6, V. 213. 
 
 Sand ACE, a sister of Xerxes. 
 
 Sandaliotis, a name given to Sardinia 
 from its resemblance to a sandal. Plin. 3, c, 7. 
 
 Sandalium, a small island of the .^Egean, 
 near Lesbos. A port of Pisidia. Strab. 
 
 Sandanis, a Lydian who advised Croesus 
 not to make war against the Persians. 
 
 Sandanus, a river of Thrace near Pallene. 
 
 Sandrocottds, an Indian of a mean ori- 
 gin. His impertinence to Alexander was the 
 beginning of his greatness ; the conqueror or- 
 dered him to be seized, but Sandrocottus fled 
 away, and at last dropped down overwhelmed 
 with fatigue. As he slept on the ground a lion 
 came to him and gently licked the sweat from 
 his face. This uncommon lameness of the 
 animal appeared supernatural to Sandro«ot- 
 tus, and raised his ambition. He aspired to 
 the monarchy, and after the death of Alexan- 
 der he made himself master of a part of the 
 country which was in the hands of Seleucus, 
 Justin. 15, c. 4. 
 
 Sa.s£, a town of Macedonia. 
 
 Sangala, a town of India destroyed bv 
 Alexatider. Jlrrian.b. 
 
 Sa.vgakils, or Sa.vgaris, a river of 
 Phrygia, rising in mount Dindymus, and falling 
 into the Euxine. The daughter of the Sanga- 
 rius became jjregnant of Altes only from gath- 
 ering the boughs of an almond tree on the 
 banks of the river. Hecuba, according to 
 some, was daughter of this river. Some ot the 
 
 ~ — o ' — ' • o — - - >,. . ~^^.i,^ ^ 
 
 ^f^ived the surname of iacrcrf, and was a safe j poets call it Sagaris. Ovid, t.t Pont. A^ e\. \0 
 
 Clc(t(dian. in Eulrop. 2. — Paus 7, c. 17. 
 
SA 
 
 Sawgdinius, a man condemned for ill lan- 
 guage, i>Lc. Tacit. Ami. 6, c. 7. 
 
 Sannyrion, a tragic poet of Athens. 
 He composed many dramatical pieces, one 
 of which was called lo, and another Danae. 
 Mhen, 9. 
 
 Santones, and Santon^:, now Sain- 
 longe, a people with a town of the same 
 name in Gaul. Lucan. 1, v. 423. — Martial. 
 3, ep. 9Q. 
 
 Saon, an historian. Dion. HeU. A man 
 
 who first discovered the oracle of Trophonius. 
 Paus. 9, c. 40. 
 
 Sap^i, or Saph/Ei, a people of Thrace, 
 called also Sintii. Ovid. Fast. 1, v. 389. 
 
 Sapirene, an island of the Arabic gulf. 
 Flin. 6, c. 29. 
 
 Sapis, now Savio, a river of Gaul Cis- 
 padana, falling into the Adriatic. Lucan. 
 2, V. 406. 
 
 Sapor, a king of Persia, who succeeded 
 his father Artaxerxes about the 238th year 
 of the Christian era. Naturally fierce and 
 ambitious, Sapor wished to increase his pa- 
 ternal dominions by conquest ; and as the in- 
 dolence of the emperors of Rome seemed 
 favomable to his views, he laid waste the pro- 
 vinces of Mesopotamia, Syria, and Cilicia; 
 and he might have become master of all Asia, 
 if Odenatus had not stopped his progress. 
 If Gordian attempted to repel him, his ef- 
 forts were weak, and Philip, who succeeded 
 him on the imperial throne, bought the peace 
 of Sapor with money. Valerian, who was af- 
 terwards invested with the purple, marched 
 against the Persain monarch, but he was de- 
 feated and taken prisoner. Odenalus no soon- 
 er heard that the Roman emperor was a cap- 
 tive in the hands of Sapor, than he attempted 
 to release him by force of arms. The forces 
 of Persia were cut to pieces, the wives and the 
 treasures o( the monarch fell into the hands of 
 the conqueror, and Odenatus penetrated, with 
 little opposition, into the vei-y heart of the 
 kingdom. Sapor, soon after this defeat, was 
 assassinated by his subjects, A. D. 273, after a 
 reign of 32 years. He was succeeded by his 
 
 soij, called Mormisdas. MarccUin, ^c. 
 
 Tlu; 2d of that name succeeded his father Hor- 
 misdas on the fhrone of Persia. He was as 
 great as his ancestor of the same name; and 
 by undertaking a war against the Romans, he 
 attempled to enlarge his dominions, and to add 
 the provinces on the west of the Euphrates to 
 his empire. His victories alarmed the Ro- 
 man emperors, and Julian would have per- 
 haps seized him in the capital of his dominions, 
 if he had not received a mortal wound. Jo- 
 vian, who succeeded Julian, made peace willi 
 Sapor; but the monarch, always restless and 
 indefatigable, renewed hostilities, invaded Ar- 
 menia, and defeated theemperorValens. Sa- 
 por died A. D. 308, after a reign of 70 years, 
 in whic'i he had often been the sjjort of for- 
 tune. He was succeeded by Artaxei'xes, and 
 Artaxerxes by Sapor the third, a prince who 
 died after a i"eign of five years, A. D. 389, in 
 the age of Theodosius the Great. Marcellin. 
 
 Sappho, or Sapho, celebrated for her 
 beauty, her poetical talents, and her amorous 
 disposition, was born in the island of Lesbos, 
 about 600 yearo before Christ. Her father's 
 
 SA 
 
 name, according to Herodotus, was Scaraan- 
 dronymus, or, according to others, Symon, or 
 Semus, or Etarchus, and her mother's name 
 was Cleis. Her tender passions were so vio- 
 lent, that some have represented her attach- 
 ments with three of her female companions, 
 Telesiphe, Atthis, and Megara, as criminal, 
 and on that account, have given her the sur- 
 name of Tribas. She conceived such a pas- 
 sion for Phaon, a youth of Mitylene, that upon 
 his refusal to gratify her desires, she threw 
 herself into the sea from mount Leucas. She 
 had composed nine books in lyric verses, 
 besides epigrams, elegies, &c. Of all these 
 compositions, nothing now remains but two 
 fragments, whose uncommon sweetness and 
 elegance show how meritoriously the praises 
 of the ancients have been bestowed upon a 
 poetess who for the sublimity of her genius 
 was called the tenth Muse. Her composi- 
 tions were all extant in the age of Horace. 
 The Lesbians were so sensible of the merits of 
 Sappho, that after her death they paid her 
 divine honours, and raised her temples and 
 altars, and stamped their money with her 
 image. The poetess has been censured for 
 writing with that licentiousness and freedom 
 which so much disgraced her character as a 
 woman. The Sapphic verse has been called 
 after her name. Ovid. Heroid. 15. Trist. 2, 
 V. Sdo.—Horat. 2. Od. 13.— Herodot. 2, c. 135. 
 —Stat. 5. Sylv. 3, v. 155.— iE/ian. V. H. 12, 
 c. 18 and 29.— P/m. 22, c. 8. 
 
 Saptine, a daughter of Darius, the last 
 king of Persia, offered in marriage to Alex- 
 ander. 
 
 Saracene, part of Arabia Petrasa, the 
 country of the Saracens who embraced the 
 religion of Mahomet. 
 
 Saracori, a people who go to war riding 
 on asses. M,lian. l^. H. 12. 
 
 SaranG;«:, a people near Caucasus. Plin. 
 6, e. 16. 
 
 Saranges, a river of India, falling into the 
 Hydraotes, and thence into the Indus. 
 Sarapani, a people of Colchis. Strab. 
 Sarapus, a surname of Pittacus, one of the 
 seven wise men of Greece. 
 
 Sarasa, a fortified place of Mesopotamia, 
 on the Tigris. Strab. 
 
 Sara:?pades, a son of Phraates king of 
 Parthia, sent as an hostage to Augu.stus, he. 
 Strab. 
 
 Saravus, now the Soar, a river of Belgium 
 falling into the Moselle. 
 
 Saudanapalus, the 40th and last king of 
 Assyria, celebrated for his luxury and vo- 
 luptuousness. The greatest part of his time 
 was spent in the company of his eunuchs, 
 and the monarch generally appeared in the 
 midst of his corjcubines disguised in the habit 
 of a female, and spinning wool for his amuse- 
 ment. This effeminacy irritated his officers; 
 Belesis and Arsaces conspired against him, 
 ,and collected a numerous force to dethrone 
 him. Sardanapalus quitted his voluptuous- 
 ness for a while, and appeared kt the head 
 of his armies. The rebels were defeated in 
 three successive battles, but at last Sardana- 
 palus was beaten and besieged in the city of 
 Ninus, for two years. When he despaired 
 of success, he burned himself in his palace 
 \vith his eunuchs, concobines, and all his 
 
SA 
 
 treasures, and the empire of Assyria was 
 divided among the conspirators. This famous 
 event happened B. C. 820, according to Eu- 
 sebius; tliough Justin and others, with less 
 probability, place it 80 years earlier. Sarda- 
 napalus was made a god after death. Hero- 
 dot. 2, c. XbO.—Diod. 2.—Strab. 14.— Cic, 
 Tiisc. 5, c. 35. 
 
 S.\Kni, the inhabitants of Sardinia. Vid. 
 Sardinia, 
 
 S4.RDES. Vid. Sardis. 
 
 Sardinia, the greatest island in the Me- 
 diterranean after Sicily, is situate between 
 Italy and Africa, at the south of Corsica. It 
 was originally called Sandaliotis or Ichnma, 
 from its resembling the human foot, (»%'©=) 
 and it received the name of Sardinia from 
 Sardus, u son of Hercules, who settled there 
 %vilh a colony which he had brought wMth him 
 from Libya. Other colonies, under AristJeus,. 
 JNorax, and Tolas, also settled there. The 
 Carthaginians were long masters of it, and 
 were dispossessed by the Romans in the Pimic 
 wars, B. C. ^231. Some call it with Sicily, 
 one of the granaries of Rom.e, The air was 
 very unwholesome though the soil was fertile 
 in corn, in wine, and oil. Neither wolves 
 Bor serpents are found in Sardinia, nor any 
 poisonous herb, except one, which, <*hen 
 eaten, contracts the nerves, and is attended 
 with a paroxysm of laughter, the forerunner 
 of death, hence risus Sardonicus, or Sardous. 
 Cic. Fam. 7, c. 25. — Servius ad Virg. 7, eel. 
 4\.— Tacit. Ann. 2, c. So.—Mela, 3, c. 7.— 
 Strab. 2 and 5. — Cic. pro M anil, ad Q.frat. 
 ■2, ep. 3.—Plin. 3, c. 7. — Pans. 10, c. 17. — 
 Varro. de R. R.— Val. Max. 7, c. 6. 
 
 Sardic.\, a town of Thrace, at the north of 
 mount Ha?mus. 
 
 Sardis, or Sardes, now Sart, a town of 
 Asia Minor, the capital of the kingdom of 
 Lydia, situate at the foot of mount Tmolus, 
 on the banks of the Pactolus, It is celebrated 
 for the mauy sieges it sustained against the 
 Cimmerians, Persians, Medes, Macedonians, 
 lonians, and Athenians, and for the battle in 
 which, B, C. 262, Antiochus Soter was de- 
 feated by Eumenes, king of Pergamus. It 
 was destroyed by an earthquake in the reign 
 of Tiberius, who ordered it to be rebuilt. It 
 fell into the hands of Cyrus, B. C. 548, and 
 Was burnt by the Athenians, B. C. 504, which 
 became the cause of the invasion of Attica 
 by Darius. Plat, in Mex. — Ovid. Met. 11, v. 
 137, 152, k.c.— Strab. VS.—Herodot. 1, c. 7, 
 &c. 
 
 Sardones, the people of Roussilon in 
 France at the foot of the Pyrenees. PUn. 
 3, c. 4. 
 
 Sardus, a son of Hercules, who led a colo- 
 ny to Sardinia, and gave it his name. 
 
 Sarkphta, a town of Phoenicia between 
 Tyre and Sidon, now Sarfand. 
 
 Sariaster, a son of Tigranes. king of Ar- 
 menia, who conspired against his father, Lc. 
 Val.Max.9,c. 11. 
 
 Sariphi, mountains at the east of the Cas- 
 pian. 
 
 Sarmat/e, or Sauromat.*:, the inhabitants of 
 Sarmatia. Vid. Sarmatia. 
 
 SARRfATiA, an extensive coiTntry at (lie 
 north of Europe and Asia, divided into Euro- 
 pean and Asiatic. The European wasboHnUed 
 
 SA 
 
 by the ocean on the north, Germany and th* 
 Vistula on the west, the Jazygae on the south> 
 and Tanais on the east. The Asiatic was 
 bounded by Hyrcania, the Tanais, and the 
 Eiixine sea. The former contained the mo- 
 dern kingdom of Russia, Poland, Lithuania, 
 and Little Tartary; and the latter. Great 
 Tartary, Circassia, and the neighbouring 
 country. The Sarmatians were a savage unci- 
 vilized nation, often confounded with the Scy- 
 thians, naturally warlike, and famous for paint- 
 ing their bodies to appear more terrible in the 
 field of battle. They were well known for 
 their lewdness, and they passed among th» 
 Greeks and Latins by the name of barbarians. 
 In the time of the emperors they became 
 very powerful, they disturbed the peace of 
 Rome by their frequent incursions ; till at last, 
 increased by the savage hordes of Scythian 
 under the barbarous names of Huns, Vandals, 
 Goths, Alans, he. they successfully invaded 
 end ruined the empire in t);e 3d and 4th cen- 
 turies of the Christian era. They generally 
 lived on the mountains without any habitation, 
 except their chariots, whence they have beea 
 called Hamaxobii; they lived upon plunder, 
 and fed upon milk mixed wi'h the blood of 
 horses. Strab. 7, he. — Mtla, 2, c. 4. — Diod. 2. 
 — Flor. 4, c. 12. — Lucf'.n. 1, he. — Juv. 2. — 
 Ovid. Trist 3, &c. 
 
 Sarmaticum Mare, a name given to the 
 Euxine sea, because on the coast of Sarmatia, 
 Ovid. 4, ex Pont, ep, 10, v. 38. 
 
 Sarmentus, a scurrilous person, mentioned 
 by Horat. 1, Sat. 5, v. 56. 
 
 Sarnios, a river of Asia, near Hyrcania. 
 
 Sarn'us, a river of Picenum, dividing it 
 from Campania, and falling into the Tuscaa 
 sea. Stat. 1, Sylv. 2, v. 265.— Firg. ^n. 7, \% 
 738.— Strab. 5. 
 
 Saron, a king of Trcezene, unusually fond 
 of hunting. He was drowned in tl»e sea. 
 where he had swam for some miles in pursuit 
 of a stag. He was made a sea-god by Nep- 
 tune, and divine honours were paid to him by 
 the Trcezenians. It was customary for sailors 
 to offer him sacrifices before they embarked. 
 That part of the sea where he was drowned, 
 was called Saronicus sinvs, on the coast of 
 Achaia near the isthmus of Corinth. Saron 
 built a temple to Diana at Trcezene, and in- 
 stituted festivals to her honour, called from, 
 himself Saronia. Paus. 2, o. 30. — Mda, 2, c,. 
 3.— Strab. 8. 
 
 Saronicus Sinus, now the gulf of Engia, 
 a bay of the ^Egean sea, lying at the south 
 of Attica, and on the north of the Peloponne- 
 sus. The entrance into it is between the pro* 
 montory of Sunium and (hat of Scylla^um. 
 Some suppose that this part of the sea receiv- 
 ed its name from Saron, who was drowned 
 there, or from a small river which discharged 
 itself on the coast, or from a small harbour ol 
 the sanie name. Tlio Saronic bay is about 62 
 miles in circumference, 23 miles in its broad- 
 est, and 25 in its longest part, according u* 
 modern calculation. 
 
 Sarpedon, a son of Jupiter by Europa, 
 the daughter of Agenor. He banished himself 
 from Crete, after he had in vain attempted to 
 make himself king in preference to his elder 
 brother Minos, and he r^^tired to Carta, 
 wheje he. built the town of Miletu5. He went 
 
SA 
 
 to the Trojan war to assist Priam against the 
 Greeks, where he was attended by his friend 
 and companion Glaucus. He was at last killed 
 by Patroclus, after he had made a great slaugh- 
 ter of the enemy, and his body by order of Ju- 
 piter was conveyed to Lycia by Apollo, where 
 his friends and relations paid him funeral hon- 
 ours, and raised a monument to perpetuate 
 his valour. According to some mythologists, 
 the brother of king Minos, and the prince who 
 assisted Priam, were two different persons. 
 This last was king of Lycia, and son of Jupi- 
 ter, by Laodamia, the daughter of Bellero- 
 pho/i; and lived about a hundred years after 
 the age of the son of Europa. Jpollod. 3, c. 1. 
 —Herodot. 1, c. m.—Strab. VJ..— Homer. II. 
 
 16. A son of Neptune killed by Hercules, 
 
 for his barbarous treatment of strangers. 
 
 A learned preceptor of Calo of Utica. Plut. 
 
 in Cat. A town of Cilicia, famous for a 
 
 temple sacred to Apollo and Diana. Also a 
 
 promontory of the same name in Cilicia, be 
 yond which Antiochus was not permitted to 
 sail by a treaty of peace which he had made 
 
 %vith the Romans. Liv. 38, c. 38. Mela, 1, 
 
 c. 13. A promontory of Thrace. A Sy- 
 
 rian general who flourished B. C. 143, 
 
 Sarra. a town of Phoenicia, the same as 
 Tyre. It receives this name from a small 
 shell-fish of the same name, w hich w^as found 
 in the neighbourhood, and with whose blood 
 garments were dyed. Hence came the epithet 
 oisarranus, so often applied to Tyrian colours, 
 as well as to the inhabitants of the colonies of 
 the Tyrians, particularly Carthage. Sil. 6, v 
 662,1. 15, v. 20b.— Vwg. G. 2, v. 506.— Festus 
 de V. sig. 
 
 Sarrastes, a people of Campania on the 
 Sarnus, who assisted Turnus against -(Eneas. 
 TiVg.^n. 7, v.738. 
 
 Sarron, a king of the Celtee, so famous for 
 his learning, that from him philosophers were 
 called SarronidcE. Diod. 6, c. 9. 
 
 Sars, a town of Spain, near cape Finis- 
 terre. 
 
 Sarsina, an ancient town of Urabria, w^here 
 the poet Plautus was born. The inhabitants 
 are called Sarsinates. Martial. 9, ep. 59. — 
 Flin. 3, c. U.—Ital. 8, v. 462. 
 
 Sarus, a river of Cappadocia. Liv. 33, c. 
 41. 
 
 Sasanda, a town of Caria. Diod. 14. 
 
 Sason, an island at the entrance of the 
 
 Adriatic sea, lying between Brundusium and 
 
 Aulon on the coast of Greece. It is barren 
 
 and inhospitable. Strab. 6. — Lucan. 2, v. 627, 
 
 and 5, v. 660.— Sil. It. 7, v. 480. A river 
 
 falling into the Adriatic. 
 
 SATARCHi?;, a people near the Palus Maeotis. 
 Mela, 2, c. l.—Flncc. 6, v. 144. 
 
 Sataspes, a Persian hung on a cross by or- 
 der of Xerxes, for offering violence to the 
 daughter of Megabyzus. His father's name 
 Was Theaspes, Herodo!. 4. 
 
 Satibarzanes, a Persian made satrap of the 
 Arians by Alexander, from whom he after- 
 wards revolted. Curt. 6 and 7. 
 
 Saticula and Saticulus, a town near Ca- 
 pua. Virg. Mil. 7, v. 729.— Liu. 9, c. 2 1, 1. 23, 
 c. 39. 
 
 Satis, a town of Macedonia. 
 Satkje, a people of Thrace. Herodot. 7, c. 
 111. 
 
 SA 
 
 Satrapkni, a people of Media, under T5' 
 granes. Plut. 
 
 Satricum, a town of Italy, taken by Ca- 
 millus. Liv. 6, c. 8. 
 
 Satropaces, an officer in the sirmy of Da- 
 rius, &.C. Curt. 4, c. 9. 
 
 Satura, a lake of Latium, forming part of 
 the Pontine lakes. Sil. 8, v. S82,— Virg. JEn. 
 7,v. 801. 
 
 Satureium, or Saturkum, a town of Cala- 
 bria, near Tarentum, with famous pastures, 
 and horses, whence the epithet of satureianus 
 in Horat. 1, Sat. 6. 
 
 Satureius, one of Domitian's murderers. 
 
 Saturnalia, festivals in honour of Sa- 
 turn, celebrated the 16th or the 17th, or, ac- 
 cording to others, the 18th of December. 
 They were instituted long before the founda- 
 tion of Rome, in commemoration of the free- 
 dom and equality which prevailed on earth in 
 the golden reign of Saturn. Some however 
 suppose, that the Saturnalia were tirst observ- 
 ed at Rome in the reign of TuUus Hosti- 
 lius, after a victory obtained over the Sabines; 
 W'hile others support, that Janus first instituted 
 them in gratitude to Saturn, from whom he 
 had learnt agriculture. Others suppose, that 
 they were first celebrated in the year of 
 Rome 257, after a victory obtained over the 
 Latins by the dictator Posthumius. The Sa- 
 turnalia were originally celebrated only for one 
 day, but afterwards the solemnity continued 
 for 3, 4, 5, and at last for 7 days. The cele- 
 bration was remarkable for the liberty which 
 universally prevailed. The slaves were per- 
 mitted to ridicule their masters, and to speak 
 with freedom upon every subject. It was 
 usual for friends to make presents one to ano- 
 ther, all animosity ceased, no criminals were 
 executed, schools were shut, war was never 
 declared, but all was mirth, riot, and debauch- 
 ery. In the sacrifices the priests made their 
 offerings with their heads uncovered, a custom 
 which was never observed at other festivals. 
 Senec. ep. 18. — Cato de R. R.57. — Sueton. in 
 Fe.sp. 19.— Cic. ad Attic. 5, ep. 20. 
 
 Satijknia, a name given to Italy, because 
 Saturn iiad reigned there during the golden 
 
 age. Virg. G. 2, v. 173. A name given to 
 
 Juno, as being the daughter of Saturn. Virg. 
 G. 2, v. 173, jEn. 3, v. 380. An ancient 
 
 town of Italy, supposed to be built by Saturn 
 on the Tarpeian rock. Virg. JEn. 8, v. 358. 
 
 A colony of Etruria. Liv. 39, c. 55. 
 
 Saturninus, p. Sempronius, a general of 
 \'a!cnan, proclaimed emperor in Egypt by 
 his troops after he had rendered himself cele- 
 brated by his victories over the barbarians. 
 His integrit}', his complaisance and affability, 
 had gained him the affection of the people, but 
 his fondness of ancient discipline provoked his 
 soldiers, who wantonly murdered him in the 
 43d year of his age, A. D. 262.- Sextius Ju- 
 nius, a Gaul, intimate with Anre4ian. The 
 emperor esteemed him greatly, not only for 
 his private virtues, but for his abilities as a ge- 
 neral, and for the victories which he hat! ob- 
 tained in different parts of the empire. He 
 was saluted emperor at Alexandria, and com- 
 pelled by the clamorous army to accent of the 
 purple, which he rejected with disdain and 
 horror. Probus, who was then emperor, 
 marched his forces against him, and besieged 
 
SA 
 
 him in Apamea, where he destroyed himself 
 when unable to make head against his power- 
 ful adversary. Appuleius, a tri[)une of the 
 
 people, who raised a sedition at Rome, intimi- 
 dated the senate, and tyrannized for three 
 years. Meeting at last with opposition, he 
 seized the capitol, but being induced by the 
 hopes of a reconciliation to trust himself 
 amidst the people, he was suddenly torn to 
 pieces. His sedition has received the name of 
 ApuUlaaa in the Roman annals. Flor 
 
 Lucius, a seditious tribune, who supported the 
 oppression of Mai-ius. He was at last put to 
 death on account of his tumultuous disposition. 
 Plut. in Mario.— Flor. 3, c. 16. An offi- 
 cer in the court of Theodosius, murdered for 
 
 obeying the emperor's orders, &,c. ^Poni- 
 
 peius, a writer in the reign of Trajan. He 
 was greatly esteemed by Pliny, who speaks of 
 him with great warmth and approbation, as an 
 historian- a poet, and an orator. Pliny always 
 consulted the opinion of Saturninus before he 
 
 published his compositions. Sentius, a 
 
 friend of Augustus and Tiberius. He suc- 
 ceeded Agrippa in the government of the pro- 
 vinces of Syria and Phoenicia. Vltellius, 
 
 an officer among the friends of the emperor 
 Otho. 
 
 Saturnius, a name given to Jupiter, 
 Pluto, and Neptune, as being the sons of 
 Saturn. 
 
 Saturnus, a son of Ccelus, or Uranus, 
 by Terra, called also Titea, Thea, or Titheia. 
 He was naturally artful, and by means of his 
 mother, he revenged himself on his father, 
 whose cruelty to his children had provoked 
 the anger of Thea. The mother armed her 
 son with a scythe, which was fabricated with 
 the metals drawn from her bowels, and as 
 Coelus was going to unite himself to Thea, 
 Saturn mutilated him, and for ever prevented 
 him from increasing the number of his chil- 
 dren, whom he treated with unkindness and 
 confined in the infernal regions. After this 
 the sons of Coelus were restored to liberty, 
 and Saturn obtained his father's kingdom by 
 the consent of his brother, provided he did 
 not bring up any male children. Pursuant 
 to this agreement, Saturn always devoured 
 his sons as soon as born, because, as some 
 observe, he dreaded from them a retaliation 
 of his unkindness to his father, till his wife 
 Rhea, unwilling to see her children perish, 
 concealed from her husband the birth of Jupi- 
 ter, Neptune, and Pluto, and instead of the 
 children, she gave him large stones, which he 
 immediately swallowed without perceiving the 
 deceit. Titan was some time after informed 
 that Saturn had concealed his male children, 
 therefore he made war against bim> dethroned 
 and imprisoned him with Rhea ; and Jupiter, 
 who was secretly educated in Crete, was no 
 sooner grown up, than he flew to deliver his 
 father, and to replace him on his throne. Sa- 
 turn, unmindful of his son's kindness, conspir- 
 ed against him, when he heard that he raised 
 cabals against him, but Jupiter banished him 
 from his throne, and the father fled for safety 
 into Italy, where the country retained the 
 name o( Latium, as being the place of his con- 
 ctaltnent (lateo). Janus, who was then king 
 of Italy, received Saturn with marks of atten- 
 tion, be made him hi? partner on the tlironc ■ 
 
 SA 
 
 and the king of heaven employed himself in ci- 
 vilizing the barbarous manners of the people 
 of Italy, and in teaching them agriculture and 
 the useful and liberal arts. His reign there 
 was so mild and popular, so beneficent and 
 virtuous, that mankind have called it the gold- 
 en age, to intimate the happiness and tranquilli- 
 ty which the earth then enjoyed. Saturn was 
 lather of Chiron the centaur by Philyra, whom 
 he had changed into a mare, to avoid the im- 
 portunities of Rhea. The worship of Saturn 
 was not so solemn or so universal as that of 
 Jupiter. It was usual to offer human victims 
 on his altars, but this barbarous custom was 
 abolished by Hercules, who substituted small 
 images of clay. In the sacrifices of Saturn, the 
 priest always performed the ceremony with his 
 head uncovered, which was unusual at other 
 solemnities. The god is generally reprej^nted 
 as an old man bent through age and infirmity. 
 He holds a scythe in his right hand, with a 
 serpent which bites its own tail, which is an 
 emblem of time and of the revolution of the 
 year. In his left hand he holds a child, which 
 he raises up as if instantly to devour it. Tatius, 
 king of the Sabines, first built a temple to Sa- 
 turn on the Capitoline h4]l, a second was af- 
 terwards added by T'dlus Hostiiius, and a 
 third by the first consuls. On his statues 
 were generally hun?; fetters in commemora- 
 tion of the chains he had worn when imprison- 
 ed by Jupiter From this circumstance all 
 slaves that obtained their liberty, generally 
 dedicated their fetters to him. During the 
 celebration of the Saturnalia, the chains were ^ 
 taken from the statues to intimate the free- ^ 
 dom and the independence which mankind i|L 
 enjoyed during the golden age. One of his ^pW*^ 
 temples at Rome was appropriated for the ^ 
 public treasury, and it was there also that the 
 names of foreign ambassadors were enrolled. 
 Hesiod. Theog. — Apollod. 1, c. 1. — Virg. Mn^ 
 8, V. 219.— Pau5. 8, c. Q.—Tibidl. el. 3, v. 35.— 
 Homer. II.— Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 197. Met. 1, v. 
 123 
 
 Satijrum, a town of Calabria, where stuffs 
 of all kinds were dyed in diflFerent colours 
 with great success. Virg. G. 2, v. 197, 1. 4, v. 
 335. 
 
 SAxyRi, a demi-gods of the country whose 
 origin is unknown. They are represented 
 like men, but with the feet and the legs of 
 goats, short horns on the head, and the whole 
 body covered with thick hair. They chiefly 
 attended upon Bacchus, and rendered them- 
 selves known in his orgies by their riot and 
 lascivionsuess. The first fruits of every thing 
 were generally offered to them. The Romans 
 promiscuously called them Fauni Panes, and 
 Sylvani. It is said that a Satyr was brought 
 to Sylla, as that general returned from Thes- 
 saly. The monster had been surprised asleep 
 in a cave ; but his voice was inarticulate when 
 brought into the presence of the Roman ge- 
 neral, and Sylla was so disgusted with it, that 
 he ordered it to be instantly removed. The 
 monster answered in every degree the de- 
 scription which the poets and painters have 
 given of the Satyrs. — Fans. 1, c. 23. — Plut. 
 in Syil.— Virg. Eel. 5, v. 13.— Ovid. Heroid. 4, 
 V. 171. 
 
 Satyrus, a king of Bosphorus, who reign- 
 ed 11 years., ^c His father'.^ nam* was 
 
sc 
 
 sc 
 
 tipartacus. Diod. 20. An Athenian who j Houier, was called Xanihus by the gods? 
 
 atieuii»ted to eject the garrison ot Demetrius | 
 from tlie citadel, fcc. Potymi. A Greek i 
 
 ^, 
 
 acior who ifistructed Demostuenes, and taught , 
 him iiow to have a good and strong delivery. 
 
 A man who assisted in murderiug Timo- 
 
 phanes, by order ol his brother Tinjoleon. 
 
 A Rhodian sent by his countrymen to 
 
 Rome, when Eumenes had accused some ot 
 the allies of intentions to lavourthe interest of 
 
 Maceuonia against ttie republic. A Feri 
 
 patetic j)bilosojjher and hisiuhan v\ho flour 
 
 ished B. C. 148. A tyrant oi Heraclea, 34ti 
 
 B C. An architect who, together with Fe- 
 tus, is said to nave planned and built Ihe cele- 
 brated tonib which Artemisia erected to the 
 memory oi Mausolus, and which became one 
 of the wonders ot the world. The honour oi 
 erecting it is ascribed to others. 
 
 Saveiia, a village of Lycaonia. 
 
 Saufjeius Tkogcs^ one of Messalina's fa- 
 vourites, punisbed by Claudius, inc. Tacit. 
 
 Jinn, li, c. 'db, Appius, a Roman, v\ho 
 
 died on his return from the bath upon taking 
 mead, die. Piin. 7, c. 53. 
 
 Savo, or Savona, a town with a small river 
 ofiLie same name in Campania. Sial. 4. — 
 PLin. 3, c. 5 -A town of Liguria. 
 
 SauroiMat^, a people in the northern parts 
 of Europe and Asia. They are called 8ar- 
 matce by the Latins. Fid. Sarmatia. ■ 
 
 Saurus, a famous robber ot £lis, killed by 
 
 Hercules. Pans. 6, c. 21. A statuary. Plin. 
 
 36, c. 5. 
 
 Savus, a river of Fannonia, rising in No- 
 ricum, at the north of Aqudeia, and falling 
 into the Daiinbe, after flowing through Fan- 
 nonia, in an eastern direction. Claudius dt 
 
 Stil. 2. A small river of IVumidia, falling 
 
 into the Mediterranean. 
 
 Saxones, a people of Germany, near the 
 Chersonesus Cimbrica. Plot. 3, 11. — Claud. 
 1. Euir. v. 392. 
 
 Saziches, an ancient legislator of Egypt. 
 
 Sc^a, one of the gates of Troy, where the 
 tomb of Laomedon was seen. The name is 
 derived by some from a- -fOj, (sinister) because 
 it was through this avenue that the latal horse 
 was introduced. Hamtr. 11. — 6i/. 13, v. 73 
 
 Cnft of the Danaides. Her husband's 
 
 name was Dayphron. Apo.lod. 
 
 bu.cvA, a soldier in Ccesar's army, who be- 
 iiaved with great courage at Dyrrhacium. 
 
 Lucan. 6, v. 144. Mernoi-, a Latin poet in 
 
 the reign of Titus and Doinitian. A man 
 
 who poisoned his own mother, iloral. 2, Sat. 
 
 1, v. 53. A fiiend of Horace, to whom the 
 
 poet addressed 1 ep. 17. He was a Roman 
 knight. 
 
 Sc^voLA. Vid. Mulius. 
 ^ ScALAJiis, now St. Irene, a town of ancient 
 Spain. 
 
 ScALDis, or ScALDiUM, a river of Belgium, 
 now called 2'lit Hchcld, and dividing the mo- 
 dern country of tiie JN'etijeriands from Hoi- 
 land. Cas. G. 6, V. 33. Fons, a town on 
 
 the same river, now called Condt. Cccs. 
 ^ ScAMANDtu, or Scamamjkos, a celebrated 
 liver of Trous, rising at the east of mount 
 Ida, and falling into the sea below Sigaum. 
 It leceives the Simois in its course, and to- 
 wards its mouth it is very muddy, and flows 
 fbruugh matches. Thi.s river, according to 
 
 and Scamander by men. The waters of the 
 Scamander had the singular property of giv- 
 ing a beautiful colour to the hair or the wool 
 of such animals as bathed in them; and frona 
 this circumstance the three goddesses, Miner- 
 va, Juno, and Venus, bathed there before 
 they appeared before Paris, to ubtain iho 
 golden apple. It was usual among all the vir- 
 gins of Troas'tobathe in the Scamander; when 
 tiiey were arrived to nubile years, and to of- 
 fer to the god their virginity in these words, 
 ,i»i= ficv, 2/(»-.Mv5f;, Ttjv 7r»j.d=n5«i.. The god of the 
 rfcamander had a regular priest, and sacriflcea 
 offered to him. Some suppose that the river 
 received its name from Scamander, the son 
 'fCorybas. JElian. ./-inm. 3, c 21 — Strab. 1 
 and i'S.—Plin. 5, c. 30.— Mela, 1, c. IS.— Ho- 
 mer. Jl. 6. — Plut. — ^schin. ep. JO. A son 
 
 of Coiybas and Demodice, w^ho brought a 
 colo:iy from Crete into Fhrygia, and settled 
 rti the loot of mount Ida, where he introduced 
 the festivals of Cybele, and the dances of the 
 Corybantes. He some time after lost the use 
 of his senses, and threw himself into the river 
 Aanthus, which ever after bore his name, 
 iiis son-in-law Teucer succeeded him in the 
 government of the colony. He had two 
 daughters, Thymo and Callirhoe. ^poUod. 3, 
 c. 1-2.— Diod. 4. 
 
 ScAMANORiA, a towH On the Scamander. 
 Plm. 4, c. 30. 
 
 ScAMANDRius, one of the generals of Priam, 
 son ot Strophius. He was killed by Menelaus. 
 tiomer. 11. b, v. 49. 
 
 ScANDARiA, a promontory in the island of 
 Cos. Sirab. 14. 
 
 ScANDiNAVJA. a name given by the an^ 
 cients to that tract of territory which contains 
 the modern kingdoms of JNorway, Sweden, 
 Denmark, Lapland, Finland, ^c. supposed 
 by them to be an island. Plin. 4, c. 13. 
 
 ScANTiA Sylva, a wood of Cati^pania, the 
 property of the Roman people. Cic. 
 
 ScAJSTiLLA, the wife ol Didius Julianus. 
 It was by her advice that her husband bought 
 the empire which was exposed to sale at the 
 death of Fertinax. 
 
 ScANTiNiA LEX. Vid. Scatinia. 
 
 Sc.vTEsvLE, a town of Thrace, near Ab- 
 uera, abounding in silver and gold mines, be- 
 longing to Thucydides, who is su|>posed there 
 to have written his history of the Peloponne- 
 sian war. Lucret. 6, v. 810. — Plut. in. Cim. 
 
 ScAPTiA, a town of Latium. Sit. 8, v. 396. 
 — Plin. 3, c. 5. — Lit. 8, c. 17. 
 
 ScAPTius, an intimate friend of Brutus. 
 Cic. ep. ad. Jiltic 5, kc. His brother was a 
 merchant of Cappadocia. 
 
 ScApijLA, a native of Corduba, who de- 
 fended that town against Caesar, after the bat' 
 tie of Munda. When he saw that all his ef- 
 forts were useless against the Roman general 
 
 he destroyed himself. C(£s. Belt. H. 33. 
 
 An usurper. Cic. ad. All. 12, ep. 37. 
 
 ScAKUON, a town on the confines of Dal- 
 matia. 
 
 ScAEDii, a ridge of mountains of Mace- 
 donia, which separate it from Illyricura. Liv. 
 43, c. 20. 
 
 ScARAPHiAjOr ScARPHE,atown near Ther- 
 mopylae, on the confines of Fhthioti?. Setter- 
 in Tr, 
 
sc 
 
 ScATiNiA LEX de pudicitcL, hy C. Scatinius 
 Aricinus, the tribune, was enacted against 
 those who kept catamites; and such as prostitu- 
 ted thennselves to any vile or unnatural ser- 
 vice. The penalty was originally a fine, 
 but it was afterwards made a capital crime 
 under Augustus. It is sometimes called Scan- 
 tinia, from a certain Scafitinius upon whom 
 it was first executed. 
 
 ScAURus, (M. iErailius) aRoman consul who 
 distinguished himself by his eloquence at 
 the bar, and by his successes in Spain, in the 
 capacity of commander. He was sent against 
 Jugartha, and some lime after accused of 
 suffering himself to be bribed by the iSumidi- 
 an prince Scaurus conquered the Ligurians, 
 aud in his censorship he built the Milvian 
 bridge at Rome, and began to pave the road, 
 which from him was called the ^Emylian. He 
 was originally very poor. He wrote some 
 books, and among these an history of his own 
 life, all now lost. His son, of the same name, 
 made himself known by the large theatre 
 he built during his edileship. This theatre, 
 which could contain 30,000 spectators, was 
 auppoi-ted by 360 columns of marble, 38 feet 
 in height, and adorned with 3000 brazen 
 statues. This celebrated edifice, according 
 to Pliny, proved more fatal to the manners 
 and the simplicity of the Romans, than the 
 proscriptions and wars of Sylla had done to 
 the inhabitants of the city. Scaurus married 
 Murcia. Cic. in Brut. — Val. Max. 4, c. 4. — 
 
 Plin. 34, c. 7, 1. 36, c. 2 A Roman of 
 
 consular dignity. When the Cimbri invaded 
 Italy, the son of Scaurus behaved with great 
 cowardice, upon which the father sternly 
 ordered him never to appear again in the 
 field of battle. The severity of this command 
 rendered young Scaurus melancholy, and he 
 plunged a sword into his own heart, to free 
 
 himself from farther ignominy. Aurelius, 
 
 a Roman consul, taken prisoner by the Gauls. 
 He was put to a cruel death because he told 
 the king of the enemy not to cross the Alps 
 to invade Italy, which was universally deem- 
 ed unconquerable. M. jEmilius, a man in 
 
 the reign of Tiberius, accused of adultery 
 with Li via, and put to death. He was au 
 eloquent orator, but very lascivious and de- 
 bauched in his morals. Mamercus, a man 
 
 put to death by Tiberius. Maximus, a 
 
 man who conspired against Nero. Teren- 
 
 tius, a Latin grammarian. He had been pre- 
 ceptor to the emperor Adrian, ji. Gellius. 
 n, c. 15. 
 
 ScEDAsus, a native of Leuctra in Boeotia. 
 His two daughters, Meletia and Molpia, whom 
 some call Theano or Hippo, were ravished 
 by some Spartans, in the reign of Cleombro- 
 tus, and after this they killed themselves, 
 unable to survive the loss of their honour. 
 The father became so disconsolate, that when 
 he was unable to obtain relief from his coun- 
 try, he killed himself on their tomb. Paus. 
 *J, c. 13.— Plut. in Jiniat. 3. 
 
 ScELERATus, B plain at Rome near the 
 Colline gate, where the vestal iMinucia was 
 buried alive, when convicted of adultery. 
 
 Liv. 8, c. 15, One of the gates of Rome 
 
 was called Sctltrala, because 300 Fabii, who 
 were killed at the river Crimera, had passed 
 through it when they went to attack the ene- 
 
 sc 
 
 my. It was before named Carmtnlalis.'^—^ 
 There was also a street at Rome formerly 
 called Cyprius, which received the name of 
 the Scderatus vicus, because there TuUia or- 
 dered her postilion to drive her chariot over 
 the body of her father, king Servius. Liv. 1, 
 c. 48.— Oi'trf. lb. 365. 
 
 ScENA, a town on the confines of Babylon. 
 
 Strab. 16. A river of Ireland, now the 
 
 Shannon. Orosius. 1, c. 2. 
 
 ScENiTiE, Arabians who live in tente. 
 Plin. 5, c. U. 
 
 Scepsis, a town of Troas where the works 
 of Theophrastus and Aristotle were long con- 
 cealed under ground, and damaged by the wet, 
 kc. Strab. 10. 
 
 ScHEDiA, a small village of Egypt, with a 
 dock-yard, between the western mouths of the 
 Nile and Alexandria. Strab. 
 
 ScHEDios, one of Helen's suitors. Paw, 
 10, c. 4, 1. 30. 
 
 ScHERiA, an ancient name of Corcyra. 
 Pam. 2, c. 6.— Plin. 4, c. 12. 
 
 ScHffiNEus, a son of Athamas. The fa- 
 ther of Atalanta. 
 
 ScHCENus, or ScHENo, a port of Pelo- 
 ponnesus on the Saronicus sinus. A village 
 
 nearThebes, withariver ofthe same name. 
 
 A river of Arcadia. Another near 
 
 Athens. 
 
 SciASTEs, a surname of Apollo at Lace- 
 daemon, from the village Scias, where he was 
 particularly worshipped. Lycoph. 562.-^Tzet- 
 zts. loco. 
 
 ScxATHis, a mountain of Arcadia. Paus. 
 8, c. 14. 
 
 SciATHos, an island in the ^Egean sea, op- 
 posite mount Pelion, on the coast of Thessaly 
 Val. Place. 2. ^ 
 
 SciDRos, a town of Magna Graecia. 
 
 SciLLus, a town of Peloponnesus, near 
 Olympia, where Xenophon wrote his history. 
 
 SciLURus, a king of Scythia, who had 80 
 sons. Vid. Scylurus. 
 
 SciNis, a cruel robber who tied men to the 
 boughs of trees, which he had forcibly brought 
 together, and which he afterwards unloosened 
 so that their limbs were torn in an instant from 
 their body. Ovid. Met. 7, v, 440. 
 
 SciNTHi, a people of Germany. 
 
 ScioNE, a town of Thrace, in the pos- 
 session of the Athenians. It revolted and 
 passed into the hands of the Lacedcemo- 
 niaiis during the Peloponnesian war. It was 
 built by a Grecian colony in their return 
 from the Trojan war. Thucyd. 4.— Mela, 2, 
 C.2.— Plin. 4, c. 10. 
 
 SciPiAD^, a name applied to the two Sci- 
 pios, who obtained the surname of Jifricanus, 
 from the conquest of Carthage. Virg. JEn. 6, 
 v. 843. 
 
 Scipio, a celebrated family at Rome, who 
 obtained the greatest honours in the republic. 
 The name seems to be derived from Scipio^ 
 which signifies a stick, because one of the 
 family had conducted his blind father, and 
 had been to him as a stick. The Scipios were 
 a branch ofthe Cornelian family. The most 
 illustrious were— P. Corn, a man made mas- 
 ter of horse by Camillus, &ic. A Roman 
 
 dictator. L. Cornel, a consul A. If. C. 454, 
 
 who defeated the Etrurians near Volaterra. 
 Another consul A. U. C. 493.— .C«. 
 
sc 
 
 suenamed Asina, was consul A. U. C. 492 and 
 
 468. He was conquered in his first consulship 
 in a naval battle, and lost 17 ships. The fol- 
 lowing year he took Aieria, in Corsica, and I 
 defeated Hanno, the Caithaginian general, in 
 Sardinia. He also took 200 of the enemy's 
 ships, and the city of Panormum, in Sicily. 
 He was father to Publius and Cneus Scipio. 
 Publius, in the beginning of the second Pu- 
 nic war, was sent with an army to Spain to 
 opf>ose AnnlLal ; but when he heard that his 
 enemy had passed over into Italy, he at- 
 tempted by his quick marches and secret evo- 
 lutions to stop his progress. He was conquer- 
 ed by Annibal near the Ticirms, where he 
 nearly lost his life, had not his son, who was 
 afterwards suruamed Africanus, courageously 
 defended him. He again passed into Spain, 
 where he obtained some memorable victories 
 over the Carthaginians, and the inhabitants 
 of the country. His brother Cneus shared 
 the supreme command with him; but their 
 great confidence proved their ruin. They 
 separated their armies, and soon after Publius 
 was furiously attacked by the two Asdrubals 
 and Mago, who commanded the Carthaginian 
 armies. The forces of Publius were too few 
 to resist with success the three Carthaginian 
 generals. Tbe Romans were cut to pieces, 
 and their commander was left on the field of 
 battle. No sooner had the enemy obtained 
 this victory than they immediately marched 
 to meet Cneus Scipio, whom the revolt of 
 30,000 Celtiberians had weakened and alarm- 
 ed. The general, who was already apprized 
 ef his brother's death,' secured an eminence, 
 where he was soon surrounded on all sides. 
 After desperate acts of valour he was left 
 among the slain, or according to some, he 
 fled into a tower, where he was burnt with 
 some of his friends by the victorious enemy. 
 Liv. 21, kc.—Polyb. 4.—Flor. 2, c. 6, &c.— 
 Eutrop. 3, c. 8, he. Publius Cornelius, sur- 
 named Africanus, vi'as son of Publius Scipio, 
 who was killed in Spain. He firstdistinguish- 
 ed himself at the battle of Ticinus, wiiere 
 he saved his father's life by deeds of unex- 
 ampled vaiour and boldness. The battle of 
 Canna3, wliicli proved so fatal to the Roman 
 arms, instead of his disheartening Scipio, raised 
 his expectations, and he no sooner heard that 
 some of his desperate countrymen wished to 
 abandon Italy, and to fly from the insolence 
 of the conqueror, than with his sword in his 
 hand, and by his firmness and example, he 
 obliged them to swear eternal fidelity to 
 Rome, and to put to immediate death the 
 first man who attempted to retire from his 
 country. In his 21st year, Scipio was made 
 an edile, an honourable office, which was 
 never given but to such as had reached their 
 27th year. Some lime after, the Romans 
 were alarmed by the intelligence that the 
 commanders of their forces in Spain, Publius 
 and Cneus Scipio, had been slaughtered, and 
 immediately young Scipio was appointed to 
 avenge the death of his father, and of his 
 uncle, and to vindicate the military honour of 
 the republic. It was soon known how able he 
 was to be at the head of an army ; the various 
 nations of Spain were conquered, and in 
 four years the Carthaginians were banished 
 from that part of the continent, the whole 
 
 SC 
 
 province became tributary to Rome ; new 
 Carthage submitted in one day, and in a bat- 
 tle 54,000 of the enemy were left dead on the 
 field. After these signal victories, Scipio was 
 recalled to Rome, which still trembled at the 
 continual alarms of Annibal, who was at her 
 gates. The conqueror of the Carthaginians 
 in Spain was looked upon as a proper general 
 to encounter Annibal in Italy ; but Scipio op- 
 posed the measures which his countrymen 
 wished to pursue, and he declared in the se- 
 nate that if Annibal was to be conquered he 
 must be conquered in Africa. These bold 
 measures were immediately adopted, though 
 opposed by the eloquence, age, and experi- 
 ence of the great Fabius, and Scipio was em- 
 powered to conduct the war on the coasts of 
 Africa. With the dignity of consul he em- 
 barked for Carthage. Success attended his 
 arms, his conquests were here as rapid as ia 
 Spain ; the Carthaginian armies were routed, 
 the camp of the crafty Asdrubal was set on 
 fire during the night, and his troops totally 
 defeated in a drawn battle. These repeated 
 losses alarmed Carthage ; Annibal, who was 
 victorious at the gates of Rome, was instantly 
 recalled to defend the walls of his countiy, 
 and the two greatest generals of the age met 
 each other in the field. Terms of accom- 
 modation were proposed ; but in the parley 
 which the two commanders had together, 
 nothing satisfactory was offered, and while 
 the one enlarged on the vicissitudes of human 
 affairs, the other vvished to dictate like a con- 
 queror, and recommended the decision of the 
 controversy to the .sword. This celebrated 
 battle was fought near Zama, and both gene- 
 rals displayed their military knowledge in 
 drawing up their armies and in choosing their 
 ground. Their courage and intrepidity were 
 not less conspicuous in charging the enemy ; 
 a thousand acts of valour were performed on 
 both sides, and though the Carthaginians 
 fought in their own defence and i he Romans 
 for fame and glory, yet the conqueror of Italy 
 was vanquished. About 20,000 Carthaginians 
 were slain, and the same number made pri- 
 soners of war, B. C. 202. Only 200 of the 
 Romans were killed. This buttle was decisive ; 
 the Carthaginians sued for peace, which Sci- 
 pio at last granted on the most severe and hu- 
 miliating terms. The conqueror after this 
 returned to Rome, where he was received 
 with the most unbounded applause, honoured 
 with a triumph, and dignified with the appel- 
 lation of ^■Jfricanus. Here he enjoyed for 
 some time the tranquillity and the honours 
 which his exploits merited, but in him also, 
 as in other great men, fortune showed herself 
 inconstant. Scipio offended the populace in 
 wishing to distinguish the senators from the 
 rest of the people at the public exhibitions, 
 and when he canvassed for the consulship for 
 two of his friends, he had the mortification to 
 see his application slighted, and the honours 
 which he claimed, bestowed on a man of no 
 character, and recommended by neither abili- 
 ties nor meritorious actions. He retired from 
 Rome no longer to be a spectator of the in- 
 gratitude of his countrymen, and in the capa- 
 city of lieutenant he accompanied his bro- 
 ther against Antiochus, king of Syria. In this 
 expedition his arms were attended with usiia? 
 
 I 
 
sc 
 
 success, and the Asiatic monarcli submitted 
 to the conditions which the conquerors dic- 
 tated. At his return to Rome, Africanus 
 found tlie malevolence of his enemies still un- 
 abated. Cato, his inveterate rival, raised se- 
 ditions against him, and the Petilli, two tri- 
 bunes of the people, accused the conqueror 
 of Annibal of extortion in the provinces of 
 Asia, and of living in an indolent and luxuri- 
 ou.s manner. Scipio condescended to answer 
 to the accusation of his calumniators; the 
 tirst day was spent in hearing the different 
 charges, but when he again appeared on the 
 second day of his trial, the accusied inter- 
 rupted his judges, and exclaimed, Tribunes 
 nnd fellow cilizem, on this day-, this vtry 
 day, did I conquer Jlnnibal and the Cartha- 
 ginians : co7ne, therefore-, with me, Romans ; lei 
 us go to the capital, and there return our 
 thanks to the immortal gods for the victories 
 which have attended our arms. These words 
 had the desired effect, the tribes and all the 
 assembly followed Scipio, the court was deser- 
 ted, and the tribunes were left alone in the 
 seat of judgment. Yet when this memorable 
 day was past and forgotten, Africanus was a 
 third time summoned to appear; but he had 
 fled before tlie impending storm, and retired 
 to his country house at Liternum. The accu- 
 sation was therefore stopped, and the accusers 
 silenced, when one of the tribunes, formerly 
 distinguished for his malevolence against Sci- 
 pio, rose to defend him, and declared in the 
 assembly, that it reflected the highest disgrace 
 on the Roman people, that the conqueror of 
 Annibal should become the sport of the popu- 
 lace, and be exposed to the malice and envy 
 of disappointed ambition. Some time after 
 Scipio died in the place of his letreat, about 
 184 years before Christ, in the 48th year of his 
 age ; and so great an aversion did he express, 
 as he expired, for the depravity of the Romans, 
 and the ingratitude of their senators, that he 
 ordered his bones not to be conveyed to Rome. 
 They were accordingly inhumated at Liter- 
 num, where his wife JEmilia, the daughter 
 of Paulus ^milius, who fell at the battle of 
 Canna;, raised a mausoleum on his tomb, 
 and placed upon it his statue, with that of the 
 poet Ennius, who had been the companion of 
 his peace and of his retirement. If Scipio 
 was robbed during his life time of the hon- 
 ours which belonged to him as a conqueror of 
 Africa, he was not forgotten when dead. The 
 Romans viewed his character with reverence ; 
 with raptures, they read of his warlike actions, 
 and Africanus was regarded in the following 
 age as a pattern of virtue, of innocence, cour- 
 ages, and liberality. As a general, the fame 
 and the greatness of his concjuests explain 
 his character, and indeed we hear that Anni- 
 bal declared himself inferior to no general that 
 ever lived exco|)t Alexander the CJreat, and 
 Pyrrhus king of Kpirus ; and when Scipio ask- 
 ed him what rank he would claim if he had 
 conquered him, the Carthaginian general an- 
 .<j\vered. If I had conquered you, Scipio, I would 
 call myself greater than the conqueror of Dari- 
 us and the ally of the Turenlints. As an instance 
 of Scipio's continence, ancient authoi-s have 
 faithfully recorded that the conipieror of Spain 
 refused to see a beautiful princess that had fal- 
 len into his hands after the taking of INew Car- 
 
 SG 
 
 thage, and that he not only restored her invi- 
 olate to her parents, but also added immense 
 presents for the person to whom she was be- 
 trothed. It was to the artful complaisance 
 of Africanus that the Romans owed their alli- 
 ance with Masinissa, king of Numidia, and 
 also that with king Syphax. The friendship 
 of Scipio and Laelius is well knov/n. Polyb. 
 Q.—Plut.—Flor. 2, c. 6.— C/c. in Brut. &c.~ 
 
 Eulrop. Lucius Cornelius, suruamed ^sia- 
 
 ticus, accompanied his brother Africanus io 
 his expeditions in Spain and Africa. He was 
 rewarded with the consulsiiip A. U. C. 562, 
 for his services to the state, and he was em- 
 powered to attack Anliochus king of Syria^ 
 who had declared war against the Romans. 
 Lucius was accompanied in this campaign by 
 his brother Africanus; and by his own va- 
 lour, and the advice of the conqueror of An- 
 nibal, he soon routed the enemy, and in a 
 battle near the city of Sardes he killed 50,000 
 foot and 4000 horse. Peace was soon after 
 settled by the submission of Antiochus, and 
 the conqueror, at his return home, obtained 
 a triumph, and the surname of Asiaticus. He 
 did not, however, long enjoy his prosperity; 
 Cato, after the death of Africanus, turned his 
 fury against Asiaticus, and the two Petilli, his 
 devoted favourites, presented a petition to the 
 people, in which they prayed that an inquiry 
 might be made to know what money had been 
 received from Antiochus and his allies. The 
 petition was instantly received, and Asiaticus, 
 charged to have suffered himself to be cor- 
 rupted by Antiochus, was summoned to ap- 
 pear before the tribunal of Terentius Culeo, 
 who was on this occasion created praetor. 
 The judge, who was an inveterate enemy to 
 the family of the Scipios, soon found Asiati- 
 cus, with his two lieutenants and his quaestor, 
 guilty of having received, the first 6000 pounds 
 weight of gold, and 480 pounds weight of sil- 
 ver, and the others nearly an equal sum, from 
 the monarch against whom, in the name of the 
 Roman people, they were enjoined to make 
 war. Immediately they were condemned to 
 pay large fines ; but while the others gave se- 
 curity, Scipio declared that he had accounted 
 to the public for all the money which he had 
 brought from Asia, and, therefore, that he was 
 innocent. For this obstinacy Scipio was 
 dragged to prison, but his cousin Nasica plead- 
 ed his cause before the people, and the prae- 
 tor instantly ordered the goods of the prisoner 
 to be seized and confiscated. The sentence 
 was executed, but the effects of Scipio were 
 insufficjejjt to pay the fine, and it was tho 
 greatest justification of his innocence, that 
 whatever was found in his house, had never 
 been in the possession of Antiochus or his sub- 
 jects. This, however, did not totally libe- 
 rate him, he was reduced to poverty, and re- 
 fused to accept' the offers of his friends and 
 of his clients. Sometime after he was ap 
 pointed to settle the disputes between Ku- 
 menes and Seleucus, and at hi? return the 
 Romans, asiiam(!(l of their severity lowaixi.« 
 him, rewarded his merit with such uncom- 
 mon liheralily, that Asiaticus was enabled to 
 celebrate games in honour of his victory over 
 Antiochus, for ten successive days, at his <»wn 
 expense. Liv. US, c. 55, kc.—i:utrop. 4. 
 Nasica was son ot Cneus Scipio, ano 
 
sc 
 
 •cousin to Scipio Africanus. He was refused 
 ihe consulship, though supported by the inte- 
 rest and the fame of the conqueror of Anni- 
 bal ; but he afterwards obtained it, and in that 
 honourable office conquered the Boii, and 
 gained a triumph. He was also successful in 
 an expedition which he undertook in Spain. 
 "When the statue of Cybele was brought to 
 'Rome from Phrygia, the Roman senate dele- 
 gated one of their body, who vva« the most 
 remarkable for the purity of his manners and 
 the innocence of his life, to go and meet the 
 goddess in the harbour of Ostia. Nasica was 
 the object of their choice, and as such he was 
 «njoined to bring the statue of the goddess to 
 .Rome with the greatest pomp and solemnity. 
 JNasica also distinguished himself by the active 
 part he took in confuting the accusations laid 
 against the two Scipios, Africanus and Asia- 
 ticus. There was also another of the same 
 Jiame who distinguished himself by his en- 
 mity against the Gracchi, to whom he was 
 nearly related. Paterc. 2, c. 1, fee. — Flor. 
 
 % c. \b.—Liv. 29, c. 14, he. Publ. .^ini- 
 
 Jianus, son of Paulus, the conqueror of Per- 
 ' seus, was adopted by the son ot Scipio Afri- 
 canus. He received the same surname as his 
 grandfather, and was called .Africanus the 
 ^punger, on account of his victories over 
 Carthage. jEmilianus first appeared in the 
 Roman armies under his father, and after 
 Avards distinguished himself as a legionary tri- 
 bune in the Spanish provinces, where he killed 
 a Spaniard of gigantic stature, and obtained a 
 mural crown at the siege of Intercatia. He 
 passed into Africa to demand a reinforcement 
 from king Masinissa, the ally of Rome, and 
 be was the spectator of a long and bloody bat- 
 tle which was fought between that monarch 
 and the Carthaginians, and which soon pro- 
 duced the third Punic war. Some time after 
 JEmilianus was made edile, and next ap- 
 pointed consul, though under the age required 
 for that important office. The surname which 
 he had received from his grandfather, he was 
 doomed lawfully to claim as his own. He was 
 empowered to finish the war with Carthage, 
 and as he was permitted by the senate to 
 eboose his colleague, he took with him his 
 friend Laeliu?, whose father of the same name 
 had formerly enjoyed the confidence and shar- 
 ed the victories of the first Africanus. The 
 siege of Carthage was already begun, but the 
 operations of the Romans were not continued 
 with vigour. Scipio had no sooner appeared 
 before the vvuils ot tiie enemy than every com- 
 munication with the land was cut off, and that 
 they might not have the command of the sea, 
 a stupendous mole was thrown across the har- 
 bour with immense labour and expense. 
 This, which might have disheartened the 
 mo«t active enemy, rendered the Carthagi- 
 nians more eager in the cause of freedom and 
 independence; all the inhabitants, without 
 distinction of rank, age, or sex, employed 
 tliemselves without cessation to dig another 
 liarbour, and to build and equip another lleet. 
 In a short time, in spite of the vigilance and 
 activity of A'niilianud, the Romans were as- 
 tonished to see another harbour formed; and 
 50 galleys sudderdy issuing under sail, ready 
 for the engagement. This unexpected fleet, 
 by immediately attacking the Roman s!)jps, 
 
 SC 
 
 might have gained the victory, hut the dela^ 
 of the Carthaginians proved fatal to their 
 cause, and the enemy had sufficient time to 
 prepare themselves. Scipio soon got the pos- 
 session of a small eminence in the harbour, 
 and, by the success of his subsequent opera- 
 tions, he broke open one of the *^tes of the 
 city, and entered the streets, where he made 
 his way by fire and sword. The surrender 
 of above 50,000 men was followed by the re- 
 duction of the citadel, and the total submis- 
 sion of Carthage,^B C. 147. The captive city 
 was set on fire, and though Scipio was ob- 
 liged to demolish its very wails to obey the 
 orders of the Romans, yet he wept bitterly 
 over the melancholy and tragical scene ; and 
 in bewailing the miseries of Carthage, he ex- 
 jtressed his fears lest Rome in her turn, iu 
 some future ages, should exhibit such a dread- 
 ful conflagration. The return of i^milianus 
 to Rome was that of another conqueror of 
 \nnihal, and like him he was honoured with 
 a magnificent triumph, and received the sur- 
 name of Africanus. He w-as not long left in 
 the enjoyment of his glory, before he was 
 called to obtain fresh honours. He was cho- 
 sen consul a second time, and appointed to 
 finish the war which the Romans had hitherto 
 carried on without success or vigorous exer- 
 tions against Numantia. The fall of iVuman- 
 tia was more noble than that of the capital of 
 Africa, and the conqueror of Carthage ob- 
 tained the victory only when the enemies had 
 been consumed by famine, or by self-destruc- 
 tion, B C. 133. From his conquests in Spain* 
 .Emilianus was honoured with a second tri- 
 umf»h, and with the surname of jYumantinus. 
 Yet his popularity was short, and, by tel- 
 ling the people that the murder of therr 
 favourite, his brother in-law Gracchus, was 
 lawful, since he was turbulent and inimical 
 to the peace of the republic, Scipio incur- 
 red the displeasure of the tribunes, and was 
 received with hisses. His authority for a mo- 
 ment quelled their sedition, when he re- 
 proached them for their cowardice, and ex- 
 claimed, Factious wretches, do you think that 
 your clamours can intimidate me ; me whom ihe 
 fury of your enemies never daunted ? Is this 
 the gratitude thai you owe to my father PaU' 
 lus, who conquered Macedonia, and to me ? 
 JVitJiout my family you were slaves. Is this 
 the respect you owe to your deliverers ? Is 
 this your ajfeclion ? This firmness silenced 
 the murmurs of the assembly, and some time 
 after Scipio retired from the clamours of 
 Rome to Caieta, where, with his friend^Lae- 
 lius, he passed the rest of bis time in in- 
 nocent pleasures and amusement ; in diver- 
 sions which had pleased them when children; 
 and the two greatest men that ruled the "tate, 
 wore often seen on the sea-shoro picking up 
 light pebble?: and throwing them on the 
 smooth surface of the waters. Though fond 
 of retirement and literary ease, yet Scipio 
 often interested himself in the aftairs of the 
 state. His enemies accused him of aspiring to 
 the dictatorship, and the clamours were most 
 loud against him, when he had opposed the 
 Sempronian law, and declared himself the 
 patron of the inhabitants of the provinces tif 
 Italy. This active part of Scipio was seen with 
 pleasure by (h© frifnrfs of the republic, ant! 
 
sc 
 
 not only the senate, but also the citizens, the | 
 Latins, and neighbouring states, conducted I 
 their illustrious friend and patron to his house. I 
 It seemed also the universal wish that the I 
 troubles naight be quieted by the election of 
 Scipio to the dictatorship, and many presumed 
 that that honour would be on the morrow 
 conferred upon him. In this, however, the 
 expectations of Rome were frustrated, Scipio 
 was found dead in his bed to the astonishment 
 of the world ; and those who inquired for the 
 causes of this sudden death, perceived violent 
 marks on his neck, and concluded that he had 
 been strangled, B. C. 128. This assassination; 
 as it was then generally believed, was com- 
 mitted by the triumviri, Papirius Carbo, C. 
 Gracchus, and Fulvius Flaccus, who support- 
 ed the Sempronian law, and by his wife Sem- 
 pronia, w'ho is charged with Iiaving introduced 
 the murderers into his room. No inquiries 
 were made after the authors of his death; 
 Gracchus was the favourite of the mob, and 
 the only atonement which the populace made 
 for the death of Scipio was to attend his fune- 
 ral, and to show their concern by their cries 
 and loud lamentations. The second Africa- 
 nus hEis often been compared to the first of 
 that name ; they seemed to be equally great 
 and equally meritorious, and the Romans were 
 unable to distinguish which of the two was 
 entitled to a greater share of tlieir regard and 
 admiration. iEmilianus, like his grandfather. 
 was fond of literature, and he saved from the 
 flames of Carthage many valuable composi- 
 tions, written by Phoenician and Punic au- 
 thors. In the midst of his greatness he died 
 poor, and his nephew, Q. Fabius Maximus, 
 who inherited his estate, scarce found in his 
 house thirty-two pounds weight of silver, and 
 two and a half of gold. His liberality to his 
 brother and to his sisters deserves the greatest 
 commendations, and indeed no higher enco- 
 mium can be passed upon his character, pri- 
 vate as well as public, than the words of his 
 rival Metellus, who told his sons, at the death 
 of Scipio, to go and attend the funeral of the 
 greatest man that ever lived or should live in 
 Rome. Liv. 44, iic. — Cic de Senect. Oral, 
 in Brut. &ic. — Polyh. Appian. — Paterc. 1, c. 
 
 12, &ic Flor. A son of the first Africa- 
 
 nus, taken captive by Anliochus king of Syria, 
 and restored to his father without a ransom. 
 He adopted as his son young vEmilianus, the 
 son of Pauius /Emilius, who was afterwards 
 surnamed Africanus. Like his father Scipio, 
 he distinguished himself by his fondness for 
 literature, and his valour in the Roman armies. 
 ——Metellus, the father- in-law of Pompey, 
 appointed commander in Macedonia. He was 
 present at the battle of Pharsalia, and after- 
 wards retired to Africa with Cato. He was 
 
 defeated by Cajsar at Thapsus. Plut. Sa- 
 
 lutio, a mean person in Caisar's army in Afri 
 ca. The general appointed him his chief 
 commander, eitber to ridicule him, or because 
 there was an ancient oracle that declared that 
 the Scipios would ever be victorious in Africa. 
 
 Pint. L. Cornelius, a consul who opposed 
 
 Sylla. He was at last deserted by his army, 
 and proscribed, The commander of a co- 
 hort in the reign of Vitellius 
 
 SciKA, an annual soleiimity observed at 
 Athens in honotir oi Minerva, or areord- 
 80 
 
 SC 
 
 ing to others, of Ceres and Proserpine. It 
 received its name either from Sciras, a small 
 town of Attica, or from a native of Eleasis, 
 called Scirus. 
 
 SciRADiuM, a promontory of Attica on th6 
 Saronicus sinus. 
 
 SciRAS, a name of .i^gina. Minerva was 
 also called Sciras. Strab. 9. 
 
 SciRESSA, a mountain of Arcadia. Plin. 4, c. 5. 
 
 SciRON, a celebrated thief in Attica, who 
 plundered the inhabitants of the country, and 
 threw them down from the highest rock 
 into the sea, after he had obliged them to 
 wait upon him and to wash his feet. Theseus 
 attacked him, and treated him as he treated 
 travellers. According to Ovid, the earth as 
 well as the sea refused to receive the bones 
 of Sciron, which remained for some time 
 suspended in the air, till they were changed 
 into large rocks called Scironia Saxa, situate 
 between Megara and Corinth. There was a 
 road near them which bore the name of Sci- 
 ron, naturally small aud narrow, but after- 
 wards enlarged by the emperor Adrian. 
 Some suppose that Ino threw herself into 
 the sea from one of these rocks. Sciron had 
 married the daughter of Cychreus a king of 
 Salamis. He was brother-in-law to Telamoa 
 the son of vEacus. Ovid. 7, Met. v. 444. He- 
 roid. 2, V. 69.— Strab. 9.— Mela, 2, c. 13.— 
 Plin. 2, c. Al.—Diod. ^—Hygin, fab. 38.— 
 Properl. 3, el. 14, v. 12.— Paus. 1, c. 44.— Sc- 
 iieca. JV. Q. 5, c. 17. 
 
 SciRus, a village of Arcadia, of which the 
 
 inhabitants are called Sciritce. A plain and 
 
 riverof Attica near Megara. Paus. 1, c. 36- 
 
 Scissis, a town of Spain. Liv. 21, c. 60. 
 
 ScoDRA, a town of Illyricum, where Gen- 
 tius resided. Liv. 43, c. 20. 
 
 ScoLus, a mountain of Boeotia. A towa 
 
 of Macedonia near Olynthus. Strab. 
 
 ScoMBRUs, a mountain of Thrace near 
 Rhodope. 
 
 ScoPAS, an architect and sculptor of Ephe- 
 sus, for some time employed in making the 
 mausoleum which Arteuiisia raised to her 
 husband, and which was reckoned one of the 
 seven wonders of the world. One of his sta- 
 tues of Venus was among the antiquities with 
 which Rome was adorned. Scopas lived about 
 430 years before Christ. Pans. I, c. 43, 6i,c. — 
 Horat. 4, Od. S.— Vitr. 9, c. 9.— Plin. 34, c.'S, 
 
 1. 36, c. 5. An -(Etolian who raised some 
 
 forces to assist Ptolemy Epiphanes, king of 
 Egypt, against bis enemies Antiochus and his 
 allies- He afterwards conspired against the 
 Egyptian monarch, and was put to death, B. C. 
 196. An ambassador to the court of the em- 
 peror Domitian. 
 
 ScopiuM, a town of Thessaly. 
 
 ScoRDisci and Scordisc^, a people of 
 Pannonia and Thrace, well known during 
 the reign of the Roman emperors for their 
 barbarity and uncivilized manners. They 
 were fond of drinking human blood, and they 
 generally sacrificed their captive enemies to 
 their gods. Liv. 4\,c. 19.— Strab.7 .—Flor. 3,c. 4. 
 
 ScoTi, the ancient inhabitants of Scotland^ 
 mentioned as difl'erent from the Picts. Claur 
 dlaii. dt Hon. 3, cons. v. 64. 
 
 ScoTiNus, a surname of Heraclitus. 
 Slrab. ir>. 
 
 ScoTijssA, a to\rn of Tbesealy, at the uorth 
 
sc 
 
 of Larissa and of the Peneus, destroyed by Al- 
 exander of Pherffi. Liv. 28, c. 5 and 7, 1. 36, 
 c. M.—Strab. 7 and 9.—Paus. 6, c. 5. An- 
 other in Macedonia. Plin. 4, c. 10. 
 
 ScRiBONiA, a daughter of Scribonius, who 
 married Augustus alter he had divorced Clau- 
 dia, He had by her a daughter, the celebrated 
 Julia. Scribonia was some time after repudia- 
 ted, that Augustus might marry Livia. She 
 had been married twice before she became the 
 
 wife of the emperor. Suelon. in Aug. 62. 
 
 A woman who married Crassus. 
 
 ScRiBONiANus, 3 mau in the age of Nero. 
 Some of his friends wished him to be compe- 
 titor for the imperial purple against Vespa- 
 sian, which he declined. Tacil. 11. 4, c. 39. 
 
 There were also two brothers of that 
 
 name, who did nothing without each other's 
 consent. Id. 4, c. 41. 
 
 Scribonius, a man who made himself 
 
 master of the kingdom of Bosphorus. A 
 
 physician in the age of Augustus and Tiberius. 
 
 A man who wrote annals, A. D. 22. The 
 
 best edition of Scribonius is that of Patav. 4to. 
 
 1655. Afriend of Pompey, oic. 
 
 ScuLTENNA, a Hver of Gaul Cispadana fai- 
 ling into the Po, now called Panaro. Liv. 
 41, c. 12 and IS.— Plin. 3, c. 16. 
 
 ScYLACEUM, a town of the Brutii, built 
 by Mnestheus at the head of an Athenian 
 colony. As Virgil has applied the epithet J\'a- 
 vifragum to Scylaceum, some suppose that 
 either the poet was mistaken in his knowledge 
 of the place, because there are no apparent 
 dangers to navigation there, or that he con- 
 founds this place with a promontory of the 
 same name on the Tuscan sea. Servius ex- 
 plains this passage by supposing that the houses 
 of the place were originally built with the 
 shipwrecked vessels of Ulysses' fleet, (a most 
 puerile explanation !) F«g. ^^n. 3, v. 553. — 
 Sirab. 6. 
 
 ScYLAX, a geographer and mathematician 
 of Caria, in the age of Darius, son of Hystas- 
 pes, about 550 years before Christ. He was 
 commissioned by Darius to make discove- 
 ries in the east, and after a journey of 30 
 months he visited Egypt. Some suppose th.it 
 he was the first who invented geograj)hicai ta- 
 bles. The latest edition of the Ptriplas of 
 Scylax is that of Gronovius, 4to. L. Bat. 
 
 1597. — Herodot. 5, c. 44. — Strab. A river 
 
 of Cappadocia. 
 
 ScYLLA, a daughter of Nisus, king of Me- 
 gara, who became enamoured of Minos, as that 
 monarch besieged her father's capital. To 
 make him sensible of her passion, she inform- 
 ed him that she would deliver Megara into his 
 bands if he promised to many her. Minos 
 consented, and as the prosperity of Megara 
 depended on a golden hair, which was on the 
 head of JNisus, Scylla cut it offas her father 
 was asleep, and from that moment the sallies 
 of the Megareans were unsuccessful, and the 
 enemy easily became masters of the i)iace. 
 Scylla was disappointed in her expectations, 
 and Minos treated her with such contempt and 
 ridicule, that she threw herself from a tower 
 into the sea, or according to other accounts, 
 she was changed into a lark by the gods, and 
 her father ijito a hawk. Ovid. Trisl. 2, v. 
 393.— /^ai«. 2, c. M.—Propert. 3, el. 19, v. 21. 
 -^liygin. fab. 198.— ^7ri,^ G. 1, v. 405, &tc. 
 
 SC 
 
 A daughter of Typhon, or, as some say, of 
 Phorcys, who was greatly loved by Glaucus, 
 oneof the deities of the sea. Scylla scorned 
 the addresses of Glaucus, and the god, to ren- 
 der her more propitious, applied to Circe, 
 whose knowledge of herbs and incantations 
 was universally admired. Circe no sooner 
 saw him than she became enamoured of him, 
 and instead of giving him the required assis- 
 tance, she attempted to make him forget Scyl- 
 la, but in vain. To punish her rival, Circe pour- 
 ed the juice of some poisonous herbs into the 
 waters of the fountain where Scylla bathed, 
 and no sooner had the nymph touched the 
 place, than she found every part of her body 
 below the waist changed into frightful mon- 
 sters like dogs, whicii never ceased barking. 
 The rest of her body assumed an equally hi- 
 deous form. She found herself supported by 
 twelve feet, and she had six different heads, 
 each with three rows of teeth. Thissudden me- 
 tamorphosis so terrified her,that she threw her- 
 self into that part of the sea which separates 
 the coast of Italy and Sicily, where she was 
 changed into rocks, which continued to bear 
 her name, and which were universally deemed 
 by the ancients as very dangerous to sailors, as 
 well as the whirlpool of Charybdis on the 
 coast of Sicily. During a tempest the waves 
 are described by modern navigators as roaring 
 dreadfully when driven into the rough and un- 
 even cavities of the rock. Homer. Od. 12, v. 
 85.— Ovid. Met. 14, v. 66, kc.—Paus. 2, c. 34. 
 — Hygin. fab. 199. Some authors, as Pro- 
 pert. 4. el. 4, V.39, and Virg. Eel. 6, v. 74, 
 with Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 500, have confounded the 
 daughter of Typhon with the daughter of J\isus. 
 
 Virg. JEn. 3, v. 424, he. A ship in the fleet 
 
 of Ji)neas, commanded by Cloanthus, &,c. 
 Virg. Mn. 5, v. 122. 
 
 Scyllj^um, a promontory of Peloponnesus 
 
 on the coast of Argolis. A promontory 
 
 of the Brutii in Italy, supposed to be the 
 same as Scylaceum, near which was the fa- 
 mous whirlpool Scylla, from which the 
 name is derived. 
 
 ScYLLiAS, a celebrated swimmer, who en- 
 riched himself by diving after the goods which 
 had been shipwrecked in the Persian ships 
 near Pelium. It is said that he could dive 80 
 stadia under water. Herodol. 8, c. 8. — Pau$. 
 10, c. 19. 
 
 ScYLLis and Dip(enus, statuaries of Crete 
 before the age of Cyrus king of Persia. They 
 were said to be sons and pupils of Daeda- 
 lus, and they established a school at Sicyon, 
 where they taught the principles of their pro- 
 fession. Pans. — Plin. 36, c. 4. 
 
 ScYLLUs, (untis,) a town of Achaia, given 
 to Xenophon by the Lacedaemonians. IStrab. 
 
 ScYLURUs, a monarch v, ho left 80 sons. 
 He called them to his bed-side as he expired, 
 ai)d by enjoining them to break a bundle of 
 slicks tied together, and afterwards separately, 
 he convinced them that when altogether firm- 
 ly united, their power would be insuperable, 
 but if ever disunited, they would fall an easy 
 prey to (heir enemies. Plut. de garr. 
 
 ScYPPiuM, a town in the neighbourhood of 
 Colophon. Paus. 7, c. 3. 
 
 ScYUAs, a river of Laconia. Paw^. 3, c. 25. 
 
 ScYKiAs, a name applied to Deidamiaasa 
 native of Scvros. Oiid. A. 1, v. GS2, 
 
sc 
 
 : ScYROs, a rocky and barren island in the 
 ^^ilgean, at the distance of about 28 miles north- 
 east from Euboea, sixty miles in circumference. 
 It was originally in the possession of the Pelas- 
 gians and Carians. Achilles retired there not 
 to go to the Trojan war, and became father of 
 JVeoptoleraus by Deidamia, the daughter of 
 king Lycomedes. Scyros was conquered by 
 the Athenians under Cimon. Homer. Od. 10, 
 V. oQS.—Orid. Met. 7, v. 464, 1. 13, v. 156.— 
 Pans. 1, c. l.—Strab. 9. 
 
 ScYTHiE, the inhabitants of Scythia. Vid. 
 Scythia. 
 
 ScvTHES, or ScYTHA, a son of Jupiter 
 by a daughter of Tellus. Half his body was 
 that of a man, and 'ihe rest that of a serpent 
 He became king of a country which he called 
 
 Scj^hia. Diod. 2. A son of Hercules and 
 
 Echidna. 
 
 Scythia, a large country situate on the 
 most northern parts of Europe and Asia, 
 from which circumstance it is generally de- 
 nominated European and Asiatic. The most 
 northern parts of Scythia were uninhabited 
 on account of the extreme coldness of the 
 climate. The more southern in Asia that 
 were inhabited were distinguished by the 
 name of Scythia intra «^/- extra Imaum, kc. 
 The boundaries of Scythia were unknown to 
 the ancients, as no traveller had penetrated 
 beyond the vast tracts of land which lay at 
 the north, east, and west. Scythia compre- 
 hended the modern kingdoms of Tartary, 
 Russia in Asia, Siberia, Muscovy, the Cri- 
 mea, Poland, part of Hungary, Lithuania, 
 the northern parts of Germany, Sweden, 
 Norway, &c. The Scythians were divided 
 into several nations or tribes, they had no 
 cities, but continually changed their habita- 
 tions. They inured themselves to bear labour 
 and fatigue ; they despised money, and lived 
 upon milk, and covered themselves with the 
 skins of their cattle. The virtues seemed to 
 flourish among them, and that philosophy 
 and moderation which other nations wished 
 to acquire by study, seemed natural to them. 
 Some authors however represent tliem as a 
 savage and barbarous people, who fed upon 
 human flesh, who drank the blood of their 
 enemies, and used the skulls of Iravellers as 
 vessels in their sacriiices to their gods. The 
 Scythians made several irruptions upon the 
 more southern provinces of Asia, especially 
 B. C. 624, when they remained in possession 
 of Asia Minor for 28 years, and we iind them 
 at dififerent periods extending their conquests 
 in Europe, and penetrating as far as Egypt. 
 Their government was monarchical, and the 
 deference which they paid to their sovereigns 
 was unparalleled. When the king died, his 
 body was carried through every province, 
 where it was received in solemn procession, 
 and afterwards buried. In the first centuries 
 after Christ they invaded the Roman empire 
 with the Sarmatians. Vid. Sarmatia. Hero- 
 dot. 1, c. 4, &,c. — Slrab. 7.— Diod. 2.-—Val. 
 Max. 5, c. 4. — Justin. 2, c. 1, ^c. — Ovid. Met. 
 1, v. 64, 1. 2, v. 224. 
 
 ScYTHiNus, a Greek poet of Teos in Io- 
 nia, who wrote Iambics. JDiog. in Herac. — 
 .'Ithen. 11. 
 
 ScYTHos, a man changed into a woman. 
 Odd. Met. 4, V. 280. 
 
 SE 
 
 ScYTHOpoLis, a town of Syria, said to have 
 been built by Bacchus, Strab. Id.—Plin. 5. 
 c. 18. 
 
 ScYTHOTAURi, a pBopIe of Chersonesus Tau- 
 rica. Pliji. 4, c. 12. 
 
 Sebasta, a town of Judaea. Another 
 
 m Cilicia. The name was common to 
 
 several cities, as it was in honour of Augui- 
 tus. "^ 
 
 Sebastia, a city of Armenia. 
 
 Sebennvtps, a town of the Delta in 
 Egypt. That branch of the Nile which flows 
 near it has been called the ^c/iennv^ic. Plin. 
 5, c. 10. "^ 
 
 Sf;BETCs, a small river of Campania, fall- 
 in» into the bay of ^'aples, whence the 
 epithet Sebel/ies, given to one of the nymphs 
 who frequented its borders and became 
 mother of (Ebalus by Telon. Virg. JEn. 7, 
 V. 734, 
 
 Sebusiani; or Segusiani, a people of Cel- 
 tic Gaul. ^ 
 
 Sectanl's, an infamous debauchee in the a<^e 
 of Horace. 1, 5a/. 4, v. 112. 
 
 Secundus Julius, a man who published 
 some harangues and orations in the age of the 
 emperor Titus. A favourite of Nero. 
 
 One of the associates of Sejanus 
 
 Seditani, or Sedentani, a people of Spain, 
 Ital. 3, V. 372. 
 
 Seduni, an ancient nation of Belgic Gaul. 
 Cces. Belt. G. 3. 
 
 Seddsii, a people of Germany near the 
 Suevi. Cffs. 
 
 Segesta, a town of Sicily founded by 
 iEneas, or according to some by Crinisus. Vid. 
 iEgesta. 
 
 Segestes, a German, friendly to the Ro- 
 man interest in the time of Germanicus. 
 His daughter married Arminius. Tacit. A. 1, 
 c. 55. 
 
 Segetia, a divinity at Rome, invoked by 
 the husbandmen that the harvest might be 
 plentiful. Au^r. de Civ. D. 4, c. Q.—Macrob. 1, 
 c. m.—Plin. 18, c. 2. 
 
 Segni, a people with a town of the same 
 name in Belgic Gaul. Cas. B. G. 6. 
 
 Segobrica, a town of Spain near Saguu- 
 tum. Plin. 3, c. 3. 
 
 SegCnax, a prince in the southern parts of 
 Britain, who opposed Casar by order of Cas- 
 sivelaunus, kc. Cces. Bell. G. 5, c. 22. 
 
 Segontia, or Seguntia, a town of Hispania 
 Tarraconensis. Liv. 34, c. 10, 
 
 Segontiaci, a people of Belgic Gaul, who 
 submitted to J. Cssar. 
 
 Segovia, a town of Spain, of great power 
 
 in the age of the Caesars. There was also 
 
 another of the same name in Lusitania. Both 
 had been founded by the Celtiberi. 
 
 Seguntium, a town of Britain, supposed to 
 be Carnarvon in Wales. Cas. G. 5, c. 21, 
 
 SeouskIni, a people of Gaul on the Loire 
 Cas. G.],c. 10.— Plin. 4, c. 18. 
 
 Segusio, atowu of Piedmont on the Durias 
 Plin. 3, c. 17. 
 
 tElius Sejanus, a native of Vulsinum 
 in Tuscany, who distinguished himself in 
 the court of Tiberius. His father's name 
 was Seius Sirabo, a Roman knight, coili- 
 mander of the prajtorian guards.' His mo- 
 ther was descended from the Junian family! 
 Sejanus first gained the favours of Cuius 
 
SB 
 
 Caesar, the grandson of Augustus, but after- 
 wards be attached himself to the interest 
 and the views of Tiberius, who then sat 
 on the imperial throve. The emperor, who 
 was naturally of a suspicious temper, was 
 free and open with Sejanus. and while he dis- 
 trusted others, he communicated his greatest 
 secrets to this fawning favourite. Sejanus im- 
 proved this confidence, and when he bad found 
 that he possessed the esteem of Tiberius, he 
 next endeavoured to become the favourite of 
 the soldiers and the darling of the senate As 
 commander of the prietorian guards he was 
 tlie second man in Rome, and in that important 
 office he made use of insinuations and every 
 mean artifice to make himself beloved and 
 revered. His affability and condescension gain- 
 ed him the hearts of the common soldiers, and 
 by appointing his own favourites and adherents 
 to places of trust and honour, all the officers 
 and centurions of the army became devoted 
 to his interest. The views of L-?ejanus in this 
 were well known ; yet to advance with more 
 success, he attempted to gain the affection of 
 the senators. In tiiis he met with no opposi- 
 tion. A man who has the disposal of places of 
 honour and dignity, and who has the command 
 of the public money, cannot but be a favourite 
 of those who are in need of his assistance. It 
 is even said, that Sejanus gained to his views 
 all the wives of the senators, by a private and 
 most secret promise of marriage to each of 
 them, whenever he had made himself inde- 
 pendent and sovereign of Rome. Yet however 
 successful with the best and noblest families 
 in the empire, Sejanus had to combat num- 
 bers in the house of the emperor ; but these 
 seeming obstacles were soon removed. All the 
 children and grand-children of Tiberius were 
 sacrificed to the ambition of the favourite un- 
 der various pretences; and Drusus the son of 
 the emperor, by striking Sejanus, made his 
 destruction sure and inevitable. Livia, the 
 wife of Drusus. was gained by Sejanus, and 
 though the mother of many children, she was 
 prevaikd upon to assist her adulterer in the 
 murder of her husband, and she consented 
 to marry him when Drusus was dead. IS'o 
 sooner was Drusus poisoned than Sejanus 
 openly declared his wish to marry Livia. 
 This was strongly opposed by Tiberius; and 
 the emperor, by recommending Gerraanicus 
 to the senators for his successor, rendered Se- 
 janus bold and determined. He was more ur 
 gent in his demands; and when he could not 
 gain the consent of the emperor, he persuad- 
 ed him to retire to solitude from the noise of 
 Rome, and the troubles of the government 
 Tiberius, naturally fond of ease and lu.\ury. 
 yielded to his representations, and retired 
 to Campania, leaving Sejanus at the head of 
 the empire, This was highly gratifying to 
 the favourite, and he was now without a mas- 
 ter. I'rudence and moderation might have 
 made him what he wished to be, but Sejanus 
 otfended tha whole empire when he declar- 
 ed that he was emperor of Rome, and Tibe- 
 rius only the dependent prince of the island of 
 Caprew, where he had retired. Tiberius was 
 upon tiiis fully convinced of the designs of Se- 
 janus, ar)(l when he had been informed that 
 his favourite had had the meanness and auda- 
 .iJity to ridicule him by introducing him on the 
 
 SE 
 
 stage, the emperor ordered him to be accused 
 before the senate. Sejanus was deserted by all 
 (his pretended friends, as soon as by fortune; 
 and the man who aspired to the empire, and 
 who called himself the favourite of the people, 
 (he darling of the prajtorian guards, and the 
 companion of Tiberius, was seized without re- 
 sistance, and the same day strangled in prison* 
 A. D. 31. His remains were exposed to the fury 
 and insolence of the populace, and afterwards 
 thrown into the Tiber. His children and all his 
 relations were involved in his ruin, and Tibe- 
 rius sacrificed to his resentment and suspicions 
 all those who were even connected with Seja- 
 nus, or had shared his favours and enjoyed his 
 confidence. Tacit. 3, ^nn. kc. — Dio. 58.— 
 Suet, in Tib. 
 
 Cn, Seius, a Roman who had a famous 
 horse, of large size and uncommon beauty. 
 He was put to death by Antony, and it was ob- 
 served, that whoever obtained possession of 
 his horse, which was supposed to be of the 
 same race as the horses of Dismedes destroy- 
 ed by Hercules, and which w-is called Sejanus 
 equus, became unfortunate, and lost all his 
 property, with every member of his family. 
 Hence arose the proverb, ille homo habet Seja- 
 num equum, applied to such as were oppress- 
 ed with misfortunes. Au. Gellius, 3, c. 9. 
 
 Seius Strabo, the father of Sejanus, was a 
 Roman knight, and commander of the prseto- 
 rian guards. 
 
 Selasia. Vid. Sellasia. 
 
 Selemnds, a river of Achaia. Paus. 7, c. 
 23. Vid. Selimnus. 
 
 Selene, the wife of Antiochus king of Sy- 
 ria, put to death by Tigranes, king of Arme- 
 nia. She was daughter of Pbyscon, king of 
 Egypt, and had first married her brother La- 
 thurus, according to the custom of her coun* 
 try, and afterwards by desire of her mother, 
 her other brother Gryphus. At the death of 
 Gryphus,shehad married Antiochus surnaraed 
 Eusebes, the son of Antiochus Cyzicenus, by 
 whom she had two sons. According to Ap- 
 pian, she first married the father, and after hfe 
 death, his son Eusebes. .^ppian. Syr. he 
 
 Seleucena, or Seleucis, a country of Sy- 
 ria, in Asia. Vid. Seleucis. 
 
 Seleucia, a town of Syria, on the sea 
 shore, generally called Pieria, to distinguish 
 it from others of the same name. There 
 were no less than eight other cities which 
 were called Seleucia, and which had all re- 
 ceived their name from Seleucus Nicator. 
 They were all situate in the kingdom of Syria, 
 in Cilicia, and near the Euphrates. Flor. 3, c. 
 ll.—Plul. in Dem.—Mela, 1, c. \2.~Strab. 11 
 
 and 15. — Plin. 6, c. 26. Also the residence 
 
 of the Parthian kings. Cic. 8, fam. 14. 
 
 SELEUcinyE, a surname given to those 
 monarchs who sat on the throne of Syria, 
 which was founded by Seleucus the son of 
 Antiochus, from whom the word is derived. 
 The era of the Seleucidae begins with the tak- 
 ing of Babylon by Seleucus, B. C. 312, and 
 ends at the conquest of Syria by Pompey, B. 
 C. 65. The order in which these monarchs 
 reigned, is shown in the account of Syria. Vid 
 Syria. 
 
 Seleucis, a division of Syria, which re- 
 ceived its name from Seleucus, the founder of 
 the Syrian empire after the death of Alexan- 
 
SE 
 
 ^er the Great. It was also called Teirapolis 
 from the four cities it contained, called also 
 sister cities; SeleuciacalledafterSeleucus, An 
 tioch called after bis father, Laodicea after his 
 mother, and Apamea after his wife. Strab. 16. 
 Seledccs, 1st, one of the captains of Alex 
 ander the Great, SMrnamed JVicator. or FzV- 
 torious, was son of Antiochas. After the 
 kind's death, he received Babylon as his pro- 
 vince ; but his ambitious views, and his at- 
 tempt to destroy Eumenesas he passed through 
 his territories rendered him so unpopular that 
 he fled for safety to the court of bis friend 
 Ptolemy king of Egypt. He was soon after 
 enabled to recover Babylon, which Antigonus 
 had seized in his absence, and he increased 
 his dominions by the immediate conquest of 
 Media, and some of the neighbouring pro 
 vinces. When he had strenfrthened himself 
 ia his empire. Seleucus imitated the example 
 of the rest of the generals of Alexander, and 
 assumed the title of independent monarch. 
 He afterwards made war against Anti<ionus- 
 with the united forces of Ptolemy, Cassander, 
 and Lysimachus ; and after this monarch had 
 been conquered and slain, his territories were 
 divided among his victorious enemies. When 
 Seleucus became master of Syria; he built a 
 city there, which he called Antioch, in honour 
 of his father, and made it the capital of his 
 dominions. He also made war against Deme- 
 trius and Lysimachus, though he had originally 
 married Stratonice, the daughter of the for- 
 mer, and had lived in the closest friendship 
 with the latter. Seleucus was at last mur- 
 dered by one of his servants called Ptolemy 
 Ceraunus, a man on whom he bestowed the 
 greatest favours, and whom he had distin- 
 guished by acts of the most unbounded confi- 
 dence. According to Arrian, Seleucus was 
 the greatest and most powerful of the princes 
 who inherited the Macedonian empire after 
 the death of Alexander. His benevolence has 
 been commended ; and it has been observed, 
 that he conquered not to enslave nations- but 
 to make them more happy. He founded no 
 less than 34 cities in different parts of his em- 
 pire, which he peopled with Greek colonies, 
 whose national industry, learning, religion, 
 and spirit, were communicated to the indolent 
 and luxurious inhabitants of Asia. Seleucus 
 was a great benefactor to the Greeks, he re- 
 stored to the Athenians the library and statues 
 which Xerxes had carried away from their 
 city when he invaded Greece, and among 
 them were those of Harmodius and Aristogi- 
 ton. Seleucus was murdered 280 years before 
 the Christian era, in the 32d year of his reign, 
 and the 78lh, or, according to others, the 73d 
 year of his age, as he was going to conquer 
 Macedonia, where he intended to finish his 
 days in peace and tranquillity in that province 
 where he was born. He was succeeded by 
 Antiochus Soter. Justin 13; c. 4, I. 13, c. 
 4, I. 16, c. 3, kc.—Plut. in Dem.—Plin. 6, c. 
 
 \7.—Paus.S, c. f>\.— Joseph. Anl. 12. The 
 
 2d, surnamed CaUiiiicus, succeeded his father 
 Antiochus Tbeus on the throne of Syria. He 
 attempted to make war against Ptolemy, king 
 of Egypt, but his fleet was shipwrecked in a 
 violent storm, and his armies soon after con- 
 quered by his enemy. He was at last taken 
 prisoner by Arsaccs, an ofl&ccr who made 
 
 SE 
 
 himijjf powerful by the dissentlons which 
 reigned in the house of the Seleucidai, be- 
 tween the two brothers, Seleucus and Antio- 
 chus ; and after he had been a prisoner for 
 some time in Parthia, he died of a fall from 
 his horse, B C. 226, after a reign of 20 years. 
 Seleucus had received the surname of PogoUf 
 from his long beard, and that of Callinicus, 
 ironically to express his very unfortunate 
 reign. He had married Laodice, the sister of 
 one of his generals, by whom be had two sons, 
 Seleucus and Antiochus, and a daughter whom 
 he gave in marriage to Alithridates king of 
 Pontus. Slrah. 16. — Justin. 211. — Jippian. dt 
 Syr. The 3d, succeeded his father Seleu- 
 cus 2d, on the throne of Syria, and received 
 the surname of Ceraunus, by antiphrasis, as 
 he was a very weak, timid, and irresolute 
 monarch. He was murdered by two of his 
 otficers after a reign of three years, B. C. 223, 
 and his brother Antiochus, though only 15 
 years old, ascended the throne, and rendered 
 himself so celebrated that he acquired the 
 name of the Great. Jippian. The 4th, suc- 
 ceeded his father Antiochus the Great, oq 
 the throne of Syria. He was surnamed Phi' 
 lopaior, or according to Joseph us, Huter. His 
 empire had been weakened by the Romans 
 when he became monarch, and the yearly tri- 
 bute of a thousand talents to these victorious 
 enemies concurred in lessening his power and 
 consequence among nations. Seleucus was 
 poisoned after a reign of 12 years, B. C. 175. 
 His son Demetrius had been sent to Rome, 
 there to receive his education, and he became 
 a prince of great abilities. Strab. 16. — Justin. 
 32. — Appian. The 5th, succeeded his fa- 
 ther Demetrius INicator on the throne of Sy- 
 ria, in the 20th year of his age. He w as put 
 to death in the first year of his reign by Cleo- 
 patra his mother, who had also sacrificed her 
 husband to her ambition. He is not reckoned 
 by many historians in the number of the Sy- 
 rian monarchs. The 6th, one of the Se- 
 
 leucida>, son of Antiochus Gryphus, killed his 
 uncle Antiochus Cyzicenus, who wished to 
 obtain the crown of Syria. He was some time 
 after banished from his kingdom by Antio- 
 chus Pius, son of Cyzicenus, and fled to Cili-' 
 cia, where he was burnt in a palace by the 
 
 inhabitants, B. C 93. Appian. — Joseph A 
 
 prince of Syria, to whom the Egyptians of- 
 fered the crown of which they had robbed 
 Auletes. Seleucus accepted it, but he sooq 
 disgusted his subjects, and received the sur- 
 name of Cybiosactts, or Scullion, for his mean- 
 ness and avarice. He was at last murdered by- 
 Berenice, whom he had married. A servant 
 
 of Cleopatra, the last queen of Egypt, w ho 
 accused his mistress before Octavianus, of ha- 
 ving secreted part of her jewels and treasures. 
 
 A mathematician intimate with Vespasian 
 
 the Roman emperor. A part of the Alps. 
 
 A Roman consul. A celebrated singer. 
 
 Juv. 10, v. 211. rA king of the Bosphorus, 
 
 who died B. C. 429. 
 
 Sklce, a town of Pamphylia, made a colo- 
 ny by the Lacedaemonians. Liv. 35, c. 13. — 
 Strabo. 
 
 Selimnus, a shepherd of Achaia, who for 
 some time enjoyed the favours of the nymph 
 Argyra, without interruption. Argyra was at 
 last difgusled with her lover, and the ghep- 
 
SE 
 
 fcerd died through melancholy, and wa^dian- 
 ged into a river of the same name. Srgyra 
 \^as also changed into a fountain, and was 
 fond of mingling her waters Avith those of the 
 Selimnus. Pans. 7, c. 23. 
 
 Selinuns, or Selinus, (untis,) a town on 
 the southern parts of Sicily, founded A. U. C. 
 127, by a colony from Megara. It received 
 its name from o-j^iv v, parsley, which grew 
 there in abundance. The marks of its an- 
 cient consequence are visible in the vene- 
 rable ruins now found in its neighbourhood. 
 
 Virg. JEn. 3, v. 705.— Pans. 6, c. 19. 
 
 A river of Elis in Peloponnesus, which 
 watered the town of Scillus. Pans. 5, c. 6. 
 
 Another in Achaia. Another in Sicily. 
 
 A river and town of Ciiicia, where Tra- 
 jan died. Liv. 33, c. 20.— Strab. 14. Two 
 
 small rivers near Diana's temple at Ephesus. 
 
 Plin. 5, c. 29. A lake at the entrance of 
 
 the Cayster. Strab. 14. 
 
 Sellasia, a town of Laconia where Cleo- 
 menes was defeated by the Achaians, B. C. 
 222. Scarce 200 of a body of 5000 Lacedae- 
 monians survived the battle. Plut. 
 
 Selleis, a river of Peloponnesus falling into 
 the Ionian sea. Horner. II. 
 
 SELLETiE, a people of Thrace near mount 
 Haemus. Liv. 38, c. 40. 
 
 Selli, an ancient nation of Epirus near 
 Dodona Lucun, 3, v. 180. — Strab. 7. 
 
 Selymbria, a town of Thrace, on the Pro- 
 pontis. Liv. 39, c. 39. 
 
 SjEmele, a daughter of Cadmus by Her- 
 mione, the daughter of Mars and Venus. She 
 was tenderly beloved by .lupiter; but .Juno, 
 whowasalwaysjealous of her husband's amours 
 and who hated tiie house of Cadmus because 
 they were related to the goddess of beauty, 
 determined to punish this successful rival. She 
 borrowed the girdle of Ate, which contained 
 every wickedness, deceit, and perfidy, and in 
 the form of Beroe, Semele's nurse, she visited 
 the house of Jupiter's mistress. Semele lis- 
 tened with attention to the artful admonitions 
 of the false Beroe, and Avas at last persuaded 
 to entreat her lover to come to her arms witli 
 the same majesty as he approached .Juno. 
 This rash request was heard with horror by 
 Jupiter; but as he had sworn by the Stys to 
 grant Semele whatever she requiied, he came 
 to her bed, attended by the clouds, the light- 
 ning, and thunderbolts. The mortal nature of 
 Semele could not endure so much majesty, 
 and she was instantly consumed with lire. 
 The child, however, of which she was preg- 
 nant, was saved from the flames by xMercury, 
 or according to others, by Dirce, one of the 
 nymphs of the Achclous, and Jupiter placed 
 liim in his thigh the rest of the time which he 
 ought to have been in his mother's womb. 
 This child was called Bacchus, or Dionysius. 
 Semele immediately after death was honoured 
 with immortality under tiie name ofThyone. 
 Some, however, suppose that she remained in 
 the infernal regions till Bacchus her son was 
 permitted to bring her back. There were in 
 the temple of Diana, at Trcezene, two altars 
 raised to the infernal gods, one of which was 
 over an aperture, through which, as Pausanias 
 reports, Bacchus returned from hell with his 
 mother. Semele was particularly worshipped 
 at Biasiaj in Laconia, where, according to a 
 
 SE 
 
 I certain tradition, she had been driven by the 
 
 J winds with her son, after Cadmus had exposed 
 
 I her on the sea, on account of her incontinent 
 
 ! amour with Jupiter. The mother of Bacchus, 
 
 though she received divine honours, had no 
 
 temples ; she had a statue in a temple of Ceres, 
 
 at Thebes, in Bceotia. Paus. 3, c. 24, 1. 9, c. 
 
 5. — Hesiod. Theog. — Homer. II. 14, v. 323. — 
 
 Orpheus. Hymn. — Eurip. in Bacch. — Jipollod. 
 
 3, c. A.— Ovid. Met. 3, v. 2o4. Fast. 3, v. 715. 
 
 —Diod. 3 and 4. 
 
 Semigermani, a name given to the Hel- 
 vetii, a people of Germany. Liv. 21, c. 38. 
 
 Semiguntus, a general of the Cherusci, 
 taken prisoner by Germanicus, he. Strab. 7. 
 
 Semiramis, a celebrated queen of Assyria, 
 daughter of the goddess Derceto, by a young 
 Assyrian. She was exposed in a desert, but 
 her life was preserved by doves for one whole 
 year, till Sim mas, one of the shepherds of 
 JNiims, found her and brought her up as his 
 own child. Semiramis, when grown up, mar- 
 ried Menones, the governor of Nineveh, and 
 accompanied him to the siege of Bactra, where, 
 by her advice and prudent directions, she has- 
 tened the king's operations and took the city. 
 These eminent services, but chiefly her un- 
 common beauty, endeared her to Nious. The 
 monarch asked her of her husband, and of- 
 fered him instead, his daughter Sosana; but 
 Menones, who tenderly loved Semiramis, re- 
 fused, and when Ninus had added threats to 
 entreaties, he hung himself. No sooner was 
 Menones dead than Semiramis, who was of 
 an aspiring soul, married Ninus, by whom she 
 had a son called Ninyas. Ninus was so fond 
 of Semiramis, that at her request he resigned 
 the crown to her and commanded her to be 
 proclaimed queen and sole empress of Assyria. 
 Of this, however, he had cause to repent: 
 Semiramis put him to death, the better to 
 establish herself on the throne, and when she 
 had no enemies to fear at home, she began to 
 repair the capital of her empire, and by her 
 means Babylon became the most superb and 
 magnificent city in the world. She visited 
 every part of her dominions, and left every 
 where immortal monuments of her greatness 
 and benevolence. To render the roads passa- 
 ble, and communication easy, she hollowed 
 mountains and filled up vallies, and water was 
 conveyed at a great expense by large and con- 
 venient aqueducts, to barren deserts and un- 
 fruitful plains. She was not less distinguished 
 as a warrior, many of the neighbouring nations 
 were conquered ; and when Semiramis was 
 once told, as she was dressing her hair, that 
 Babylon had revolted, she left her toilette 
 with precipitation, and though only half dres- 
 sed, she refused to have the rest of her head 
 adorned befoi-e the sedition was quelled, and 
 tranquillity re-established. Semiramis has 
 been accused of licentiousness, and some au- 
 thors have observed, (hat she regularly called 
 the strongest and stoutest men in her army to 
 her arms, and afterwards put them to death 
 that they might not be living witnesses of her 
 incontinence. Her passion for her son was 
 also unnatural, and it was this criminal pro- 
 pensity which induced Ninyas to destroy his 
 mother with his own hands. Some say that 
 Semiramis was changed into a dove after 
 death, and received immortal honours in As- 
 
SE 
 
 Syria. It is supposed that she lived about lf)<15 
 years before the Christian era, and that she 
 died in the 62d year of her age, and the 25th 
 of her reign. iMany fabulous reports have 
 been propagated about Semiratnis, and some 
 have declared that for some time she disguised 
 herself and passed for her son Ninyas. Val. 
 Max. 9, c. 3.—Herodot. 1, c. 184.— Diod. 2.— 
 Mela, 1, c. 3. — Strab. 5. — Paterc. 1, c. 6. — 
 Justin. 1, c. 1, hc.—Propert. 3, el. 11, v. 21.— 
 Plut. de Fort. kc.—Ovid. Mior. 1, el. 5, v. 11. 
 Met. 4, V. 5S. — Marcell. 14, c. 6. 
 
 Semnones, a people of Italy on the borders 
 
 of Umbria. Of Germany, on the Elbe and 
 
 Oder. _ 
 
 Semones, inferior deities of Rome, that 
 were not in the number of the 12 great gods. 
 Among tliese were Faunus, the Satyrs, Pri- 
 apus, Vertumnus, Janus, Pan, Silenus, and all 
 such illustrious heroes as had received divine 
 honours after death. The word seems to be 
 the same as semi homines, because they were 
 inferior to the supreme godg, and superior to 
 men. Ovid. Fast. 6, v. 213. 
 
 Semosancius, one of the gods of the Ro- 
 mans among the Indigetes, or such as were 
 born and educated in their country. 
 
 Sempkonia, a Roman matron, mother of 
 the two Gracchi, celebrated for her learning, 
 
 and her private as well as public virtues. 
 
 Also a sister of the Gracchi, who is accused 
 of having assisted the triumvirs Carbo, Grac- 
 chus, and Flaccus, to murder her husband, 
 Scipio Africanus the younger. The name of 
 Sempronia Avas common to the female de- 
 scendants of the family of the Sempronii, 
 Gracchi, and Scipios. 
 
 Semproma lex de magistratibus, by C. 
 Sempronius Gracchus, the tribune, A. U. C. 
 630, ordained that no person who had been 
 legally deprived of a magistracy for misde- 
 meanors, should be capable of bearing an of- 
 fice again. This law was afterwards repealed 
 
 by the author. Another, de ceiitale, by the 
 
 same, A. U. C. 630. It ordained that no capi- 
 tal judgment should be passed over a Roman 
 citizen, without the concurrence and authority 
 of the senate. There were also some other 
 
 regulations included in this law. Another, 
 
 de comiliis, by the same, A. U. C. 635. It or- 
 dained that in giving their votes, the centuries 
 should be ciiosen by lot, and not give it ac- 
 cording to the order of their classes. .Ano- 
 ther, de comitiis, by the same, the same year, 
 which granted to the Latin allies of Rome, 
 the privilege of giving their votes at elections, 
 
 as if they were Roman citizens. Another, 
 
 de provinciis, by the same, A. U. C. 630. It 
 enacted that the senators should be permitted 
 before the assembly of the consular comitia, 
 to determine as they pleased the particular 
 provinces which should be proposed to the 
 consuls, to be divided by lot, and that the tri- 
 bunes should be deprived of the power of in- 
 terposing against a decree of the senate. 
 
 Another, called Jlgruria prima, by T. Sem- 
 I)ronius Gracchus the tribune, A. U. C. 620. 
 It confirmed the lex agraria Licinia, and 
 enacted that all such as were in possession of 
 more lands than that law allowed, should im- 
 mediately resign them, ta be divided among 
 the poorer citizens. Three commissioners 
 were appointed to put this Jaw into execution, 
 
 SE 
 
 and i(."5 consequencfis were so violent, as it war 
 directly made against the nobles and senators, 
 
 that it cost the author his life. Another, 
 
 called Jigraria altera, by the same. It re- 
 quired that all the ready money which was 
 found in the treasury of Attalus king of Per- 
 gamus, who had left the Romans his heirs, 
 should be divided among the poorer citizens 
 of Rome, to supply them with all the variou3 
 instruments requisite in husbandry, and that 
 the lands of that monarch should be farmed 
 by the Roman censors, and the money drawn 
 from thence should be divided among the peo- 
 ple. kx\o\.\iev , frumentaria, by C. Sempro- 
 nius Gracchus. It required that a certain 
 quantity of corn should be distributed among 
 the people, so much to every individual, for 
 which it was required that they should only 
 pay the trifling sum of a semisais and a triens. 
 
 Another, de nsurd, by M. Sempronius 
 
 the tribune, A. U. C. 560. It ordained that 
 in lending money to the Latins and the allies 
 of Rome, the Roman laws should be observed 
 
 as well as among the citizens. Another, de 
 
 judicibus, by the tribune C. Sempronius, A. 
 U. C. 630. It required that the right of judg- 
 ing, which had been assigned to the Senatorial! 
 order by Romulus, should be transferred from 
 
 them to the Roman knights. Another, mi- 
 
 litaris, by the same, A. U. C. 630. It enacted 
 that the soldiers should be clothed at the pub- 
 lic expense, without any diminution of their 
 usual pay. It also ordered that no person 
 should be obliged to serve in the army before 
 the age of 17. 
 
 Sempronius (A. Atratinus,) a senator 
 who opposed the Agrarian law, which 
 was proposed by the consul Cassius, sooa 
 
 after the election of the tribunes. L. 
 
 Atratinus, a consul, A. U. C. 311. He 
 was one of the first censors with his col- 
 league in the consulship, Fapirius. Cains, 
 
 a consul summoned before an assembly of 
 the people, because he had fought with ill 
 
 success against the* Volsri. Blaesus, a 
 
 consul who obtained a triumph for some 
 
 victories gained in Sicily. Sophus, a 
 
 consul against tlie j^qui. He also fought 
 against the Picentes, and during the en- 
 gagement there was a dreadful earthquake. 
 The soldiers were terrified, but Sophus en- 
 couraged them, and observed that the earth 
 trembled only for fear of changing its old 
 
 masters. A man who proposed a law that 
 
 no person should dedicate a temple or altar, 
 without the previous approbation of the ma- 
 gistiates, A. U. C. 449. He repudiated his 
 wife because she had gone to see a spectacle 
 
 without his permission or knowledge. Ru- 
 
 fus, a senator, banished from the senate be- 
 cause he had killed a crane to serve him a.s 
 food. Tuditanus, a man sent against Sar- 
 dinia by the Romans. A legionary tribune, 
 
 who led away from Cannietlie remaining part 
 of the soldiers who had not been killed by thp 
 Carthaginians. He was afterwards consul, and 
 fought in the field against Annibal with great 
 
 success. He was killed in Spain. Tiberius 
 
 Longus, a Roman consul dttvated by the Car- 
 thaginians in an engagement which he hud 
 begun against the approbation of his colleague 
 C. Scipio. Ho afiersvaids obtained victories 
 over Hanno and the Gau!a. Tiberius Grac- 
 
SE 
 
 ^Iius, a consul wbo defeated the Carthaginians 
 and the Campanians. He was afterwards be 
 trayed by Fulvius, a Lucanian, into the haiuh j 
 of the Carthaginians, and was killed, after he I. 
 had made a long and bloody resistance against 
 the enemy. Hannibal showed great honour 
 to his remains ; a funeral pile was raised at the 
 head of the camp, and the enemy's cavalry 
 walked round it in solemn procession. 
 
 Gracchus, a man vvho had debauched Julia. 
 [Fid. Gracchus.] An eunuch, made go- 
 vernor of Rome by Caracalla. Densus, a 
 
 centurion of a pretorian cohort who defended 
 the person of Galba against the assassins. He 
 
 was killed in the attempt. The father of 
 
 the Gracchi. [Vid. Gracchus.] A censor, 
 
 who was also sent as ambassador to the court 
 
 of Egypt. A tribune of the people, he. 
 
 Tacit. — Flor. — Liv. — Pint. — Cces. — Jlppian. 
 An emperor. IVid. Saturninus.] 
 
 Semurium, a place near Rome, where 
 Apollo had a temple. Cic. Phil. 6, 6. 
 
 Sf.na, or Senogallia, a town of Umbria 
 in Italy, on the Adriatic, built by the Se- 
 nones, after they had made an irruption into 
 Italy, A. U< C. 396; and on that account 
 called Gallica, There was also a small river 
 in the neighbourhood which bore the name 
 of Sena. It was near it that Asdrubal 
 was defeated by CI. Nero. C. JN'ep. in Ca- 
 ione.—Sil. 8, v. 454.— Lu'. 27, c. AQ.—Cic. 
 Brut. 18. 
 
 Senatds, the chief council of the state 
 among the Romans. The members of this 
 body, called senatores on account of their 
 age, axid palres, on account of their authorifi/, 
 were of the greatest consequence in the re- 
 public. The senate was first instituted by 
 Romulus, to govern the city, and to preside 
 over the affairs of the state during his absence. 
 This was continued by his successors; but 
 Tarquin the Second disdained to consult 
 them, and by having his own council cho- 
 sen from his favourites, and men who were 
 totally devoted to his interest, he diminished 
 the authority and the consequence of the 
 senators, and slighted the concurrence of the 
 people. The senators whom Romulus cre- 
 ated were an hundred, to whom he after- 
 wards added the same number when the Sa- 
 bines had migrated to Rome. Tarquin the 
 ancient made the senate consist of 300, and 
 this number remained fixed for a long time. 
 After the expulsion of the last Tarquin, whose 
 tyranny had thinned the patricians as well 
 as the plebeians, 164 new senators were cho- 
 sen to complete the 300 ; and as they were 
 called comcripts, the senate ever afterwards 
 consisted of members who were denominat- 
 ed patrcs, and conscripti. The number con- 
 tinued to fluctuate during the times of the 
 republic, but gradually increased to 700, and 
 afterwards to 900 under Julius Caisar, who 
 filled the senate with men of every rank 
 and order. Under Augustus the senators 
 amounted to 1000, but this number was re- 
 duced to 300, which being the cause of 
 complaints, induced the emperor to limit thr 
 "number to 600. . The place of a senator was 
 always bestowed upon merit ; the monarchs 
 bad the privilege of choosing the members.- 
 and after the expulsion of the Tarqnlus it 
 ^as one of the rijjhta of tlie consuh, till the 
 
 SE 
 
 election of the censors, who from their offic* 
 ^eemed most capable of making choice of inea 
 vlu)3e character was irreproachable, wnose 
 morals were pure, and relations honourable. 
 Sometimes the assembly oi the peoi)le elected 
 senators, but it was only upon some extraordi- 
 nary occasions; there was also a dictator 
 chosen to fill up the number of the senate after 
 the battle of Cannae. Only particular families 
 were admitted into the senate; and wiien the 
 plebeians were permitted to share the honours 
 of the state, it was then required that they 
 should be I)orn of free citizens. It was also 
 required that the candidates should be knights 
 before their admission into the senate. They 
 were to be above the age of 25, and to have 
 previously passed through the inferior otficesof 
 quaestor, tribune of the people, edile, pretor, 
 and consul. Some, however, suppose that the 
 senators whom Romulus chose were all old 
 men ; yet his successors neglected this, and 
 often men who were below the age of 25 were 
 admitted by courtesy into the senate. The 
 dignity of a senator could not be supported 
 without the possession of 80.000 sesterces, or 
 about 7000/. English money, and therefore such 
 as squandered away their money, and whose 
 fortune was reduced below this sum, were ge- 
 nerally struck out of the list of senators. Tbi» 
 regulation was not made in the first ages of the 
 republic, when the Romans boasted of their 
 poverty. The senators were not permitted to 
 be of any trade or profession. They were 
 distinguished from the rest of the people by 
 their dress ; they wore the laticlave, half boots 
 of a black colour, with a crescent or silver 
 buckle in the form of a C ; but this last honour 
 was confined only to the descendants of those 
 hundred senators who had been elected by 
 Romulus, as the letter C seems to imply. 
 They had the sole right of feasting publicly 
 in the capitol in ceremonial habits ; they sat 
 in curule chairs, and at the representation 
 of plays and public spectacles, they were ho- 
 noured with particular seats. Whenever they 
 travelled abroad, even on their own busi- 
 ness, they were maintained at the public ex- 
 pense, and always found provisions for them- 
 selves and their attendants ready prepared 
 on the road ; a privih^ge that was generally 
 termed /ree legation. On public festivals they 
 wore the prcetexta, or long white robe with 
 purple borders. The right of convocating 
 the senate belonged only to the monarchs ; 
 and after the expulsion of the Tarq^uins, 
 to the consuls, the dictator, master ot the 
 horse, governor of Rome, and tribunes of 
 the people ; but no magistrate could exercise 
 this privilege except in the absence of a su- 
 perior officer, the tribunes excepted The 
 time of meeting was generally three times a 
 month, on the calends, nones, and ides. Un- 
 der Augustus they were not assembled on 
 (he nones. It was requisite that the place 
 where they assembled should have been 
 previously consecrated by the augur?. This 
 was generally in the temple of Concord, ol 
 Jupiter Capitolinus, Apollo, Castor and Pol- 
 lux, &c. or in the Curiaj called Hostilia, 
 Julia Pompeia, Lc. When audience was 
 given to foreign* ambassadors, the senators 
 assembled without the walls of the city, either 
 id the temples of Bellona ®r of Apollo : 
 
SE 
 
 SE 
 
 <. 
 
 Hnd the same ceremony as to tbeir meeting I bales, «nd the decrees of the assembled se- 
 was also obsei-ved when they transacted ' nate, as also any one ^vho was of equal au- 
 business with their generals, as the ambas- thority with him who had proposed the 
 
 sadors of foreign nations ; and the comman- 
 ders of armies, while in commission, were 
 fiot permitted to appear within the walls of 
 the city. To render their decrees valid and 
 authentic, a certain num!)erof members was 
 requisite, and such as '.vere absent without 
 fome proper cause, were ahvays fined. In the 
 reign of Augustus, 400 senators were requisite 
 to make a senate. Nothing was transacted be- 
 fore sun-rise, or after sun-set. In their office 
 the senators were the guardians of religion 
 they disposed of the provinces as iiiey pleas- 
 tid, they prorogued the assemblies of the i)eo- 
 jile, they appunted thanksgivings, nominated 
 iheir ambassadors, distributed the public mo 
 tjey, and in short, had tiie raanagoment o; 
 every thing i>oIitical or civil in the republic, ex- 
 cept the creating of magistrates the enact- 
 ing of laws and the declarations of war oi 
 peace, which were confined to the assemblies 
 of the people. Rank was always rejt^arded in 
 their meetings; the chief magistrates of the 
 slate, such as the consuls, the pretors, and cen- 
 sors, sat first, after these the inferior magis- 
 trates, such as the ediles and questors, and 
 iastofall, those that then exercised no office 
 iii the stale. TJieir opinions were originally 
 collected, each according to his^ge; but when 
 the oftice of censor was instituted, the opin- 
 ion o( [he prlnceps senatus, or the person whose 
 name stood first on the censor's list, was first 
 consulted, and afterwards those who were of 
 consular dignity, each in their respective or- 
 der. In the age of Cicei'o the consuls elect 
 were lirst consulted ; and in the age of Caesar, 
 be was |)ermitted to speak first till the end of 
 the year, on whom the consul had originally 
 conferred that honour. Under the em{)erors 
 the same rules were observed, but the consuls 
 were generally consulted before all others. 
 When any public matter was introduced into 
 the senate, which was always called reftrre ad 
 senalum, any senator whose opinion was asked, 
 was permitted to speak upon it as long as he 
 pleased, and on that account it was often usual 
 for the senators to protract tiieir speeches till 
 it was too late to determine. When the ques- 
 tion was put, they passed to the side of that 
 speaker, whose opinion they approved, and a 
 majority of votes was easily collected, without 
 the trouble of counting the numbers. This 
 mode of proceeding was called /;e<iiY;i« in alt- 
 €ujus sentenliam ire, and therefore on that 
 account, the senators who had not the privi- 
 lege of speaking, but only the right of giving a 
 silent vote, such as bore some curule honours, 
 and on that account were permitted to sit in 
 the senate, but not to deliberate, were deno- 
 minated pedarii scnatorcs. After the majority 
 had been known, the matter was determined, 
 and a sencdus consiiUwn was immediately 
 wiitten by the clerks of the house, at the feet 
 of the chief magistrates, and it was signed by 
 all the principal members of the house. When 
 there was not a sufficient number of members 
 to make a senate, the decision waa called 
 senatus auforilus, but it was of no conse- 
 quence if it did not afterwards pass into a 
 serialus coiisullum. The tribunes of ll)€ peo- 
 ple, by the word xdo, could stop the de- 
 ^1 
 
 propos 
 matter. The senatus consulta were left in 
 the custody of the consuls, who could sup- 
 press or preserve th«m ; but about the year 
 uf Rome 304, they were always deposited 
 in the temple of Ceres, and a'fterwards in 
 the treasury, by the ediles of the people. 
 The degradation of the senators was made 
 by the censor, by omitting their names when 
 he called over the list o[ the senate. This was 
 called pnTlerirc. A senator could be again 
 iiitroduced into the senate if he could re[)aif 
 his character, or fortune, which had been the 
 causes why the censor had lawfully called him 
 iniqualifieu; Hnd had challenged his opposition 
 The .neeting of the senate was often sudden, 
 except the j)articular times already mention- 
 ed. uj)on any emergency. After the death of 
 J. Caesar, they were not permitted to meet on 
 tiif ides of March, which were called parri- 
 cidium, because on that day the dictator had 
 been assassinated. The sons of senators, after 
 they had put on the toga viriiis, were permit- 
 ted to come into the senate, but this was after- 
 Vv-ards limited. [Tid. Fapirius.] The rank 
 and authority of the senators, which were so 
 conspicuous in the first ages of the republic, 
 and which caused the minister of Pyrrhus to 
 declare, that the Roman senate was a venera- 
 ble assembly of kings, dwindled into nothing 
 under the emperors. Men of the lowest cha- 
 racter were admitted into the senate ; ihe em- 
 peror? took pleasure in robbing this illustriou* 
 body of iheir privileges and authority, and the 
 senators themselves by their meanness and 
 servility, contributed as much as the tyranny 
 of the sovereign to diminish their own conse- 
 quence ; and by apj)lauding the follies of a 
 JN'ero, and the cruelties of a Domitian, they 
 convinced the world that they no Ioniser pos- 
 sessed sutScient prudence or authority to be 
 consulted on matters of weight and iinpor- 
 tance. In the election of successors to the im- 
 pejial purple after Augustus, the approbation 
 of the senate was consulted, but it was only 
 a matter (d' courtesy, and the concurrence of 
 a body of men u'as little regarded who were 
 without power, and under the control of a 
 mercenary army. The title of Clarissimus 
 v\as given to the senators under the enif)erorS; 
 ami indeed this was the only distinc-tion they 
 had in compensation for the loss of their in- 
 dependence. The senate was abolished by 
 Justinian, 13 centuries after its first institution 
 by Romuhis. 
 
 Senfxa, M. Ann.*"i;s, a native of Corduba 
 in Spain, who married Heh ia, a woman of 
 Spain, by whom he had three sons, Sencc;i 
 the philosopher, Annar-us Novatus, and Anna'- 
 us Mela, the father oft he poet Lucan. Scnecii 
 made himself known by some declamations of 
 which he made a collection from the most cele- 
 brated oiators of the age, and from that cir- 
 cumstance, and for distinction, he olitaincd the 
 appellation of dcclamator. He left Corduba 
 and went to Rome, where he became a Ro- 
 man knight. His son J... Anniens Seneca, who 
 was born about six years before Christ, was 
 early distinguished by his extraordinary tal- 
 ents. He was taught eloquence by his father 
 and received lessons in philoiophy <'-'i"i il'o 
 
SE 
 
 best and most celebrated stoics of the age. As 
 one of the followers of the Pythagorean doc- 
 trinesj Seneca observ^ed the most reserved 
 abstinence, and in his meals never eat the 
 flesh of animals; but this he abandoned at the 
 representation of his father, when Tiberius 
 threatened to punish some Jews and Egyp- 
 tians, who abstained from certain meats, in 
 the character of a pleader, Seneca appeared 
 with great advantage, but the fear of Caligula, 
 who aspired to the name of an eloquent 
 speaker, and who consequently was jealous 
 of his fame, deterred him from pursuing his 
 favourite study, and he sought a safer employ- 
 ment in canvassing for the honours and offices 
 of the state. He was made qurestor, but the 
 aspersions which were thrown upon him on 
 account of a shameful amour vvitli Julia Li- 
 villa, removed him from Rome, and the em- 
 peror banished him for some time into Cor- 
 sica. During his banisliment the philosopher 
 wrote some spirited epistles to his mother, 
 remarkable for elegance of language and sub- 
 limity ; but he soon forgot his philosophy, and 
 disgraced himself by his flatteries to the em- 
 peror, and in wishing to be recalled, even at 
 the expense of his innocence and character. 
 The disgrace of Messalina at Rome, and the 
 marriage of Agrippina with Claudius, proved 
 favourable to Senecn, and after he had re- 
 mained five years in Corsica, he was recalled 
 by the empress to take care of the education 
 of her son Nero, who was destined to succeed 
 to the empire. In the honourable duty of 
 preceptor, Seneca gained applause, and as 
 long as Nero followed his advice, Rome en- 
 joyed tranquillity, and believed herself safe 
 and happy under the administration of the 
 son of Agrippina. Some, however, are cla- 
 morous against the philosopher, and observe 
 that Seneca initiated his pufii! in those un- 
 natural vices, and abominable indulgences, 
 whicii disgraced him as a monarch and as a 
 man. This may be the language of malevo- 
 lence, or the insinuation of jealousy. In the 
 corrupted age of Nero, the preceptor had to 
 withstand the clamours of many wicked and 
 profligate ministers, and if he had been the 
 favourite of the emperor, and shared his 
 pleasi;rcs. his debauchery and extravagance, 
 jN'ero would not perhaps have been so anxious 
 of destroying a man whose example, from 
 vicious inclinations, he could not follow, and 
 whose salutary precepts his licentious associ- 
 ates forbac him to obey. Seneca was too 
 well acquainted with the natural disposition 
 of Nero to think himself secure; he had 
 been accused of having amassed the most 
 pmple riches, and of having built sumptuous 
 houses, and adorned beautiful gardens, dur- 
 ing the four years in which he had attended 
 IVero as a preceptor, and therefore he desir- 
 ed his imperial pupil to accept of the riches, 
 and the possessions which his attendance on 
 his person had procured, and to permit him 
 to retire to solitude and study. Nero refus- 
 cd with artful du[)licity, and Seneca, to avoid 
 further suspicions, kept himself at home for 
 some tin»e as if labouring under a disease. In 
 the conspiracy of Piso, which happened some 
 time after and in which some of the most 
 noble of the Roman senators were concerned, 
 Seneca s name was mentioned by Natcili?, and 
 
 SE 
 
 Nero, who was glad of an opportunity of 
 sacrificing him to his secret jealousy, ordered 
 him to destroy himself. Seneca very proba- 
 bly was not accessary to the conspiracy, and 
 the only thing which could be produced 
 against him as a crimination, was trivial and 
 luisatisfactory. Piso, as Natalis declared, 
 liad complained that he never saw Seneca, 
 and the philosopher had observed in answer, 
 that it was not proper or conducive to their 
 common interest, to see one another often. 
 He further pleaded indisposition, and said that 
 his own life depended upon the safety of 
 Piso's person. Seneca was at table with his 
 wife Paulina and two of his friends, when the 
 messenger from Nero arrived He heard the 
 words which commanded him to destroy him- 
 self, with philosophical firmness, and even 
 with joy, and observed, that such a mandate 
 might have long been expected from a man 
 who had murdered his own mother, and 
 assassinated all his friends. He wished to 
 dispose of his possessions as he pleased, but 
 this was refused, and when he heard this, be 
 turned to his friends who were weeping at bis 
 melancholy fate, and told them, that since be 
 could not leave them what he believed hi.? 
 own, he would leave them at least his own 
 life for an example, an innocent conduct which 
 they might imitate, and by which they might 
 acquire immortal fame. Against their tears 
 and wailings he exclaimed with firmness, and 
 asked them whether they had not learnt bet- 
 ter to withstand the attacks of fortune, and the 
 violence of tyranny ? As for his wife, he 
 attempted to calm her emotions, and when 
 she seemed resolved to die with him, he said 
 he was glad to find his example followed 
 with so much constancy. Their veins were 
 opened at the same moment, but the life of 
 Paulina was preserved, and Nero, who wa» 
 partial to her, ordered the blood to be stopped, 
 and from that moment, according to some 
 authors, the philosopher's wife seemed to re- 
 joice that she could still enjoy the comforts 
 of life. Seneca's veins bled but slowly, and 
 it has been observed, that the sensible and 
 animated conversation of his dying moments 
 was collected by his friends, and that it has 
 been preserved among his works. To hasten 
 his death he drank a dose of poison, but it 
 had no effect, and therefore he ordered him- 
 self to be carried into a hot bath, to accelerate 
 the operation of the diaught, and to make 
 the blood flow more freely. This was at- 
 tended with no better success, and as the sol- 
 diers were clamorous, he was carried into a 
 stove, and suffocated by the steam, on the 12th 
 of April, in the 65th year of the Christian era, 
 in his 53d year. His body was burnt without 
 pomp or funeral ceremony, according to his 
 will, which he had made when he enjoyed the 
 most unbounded favours of Nero. The com- 
 positions of Senega are numerous, and chiefly 
 on moral subjects. He is so much admired 
 for his refined sentiments and virtuous pre- 
 cepts, for his morality, his constancy, and his 
 innocence of manners, that St. Jerome has 
 not hesitated to rank him among Christiaa 
 writers. His style is nervous, it abounds with 
 ornaments, and seems well suited to the taste 
 of the age in which he lived. The desire of 
 recommending himself and his writings to the 
 
SE 
 
 world, obliged him too often to depreciate 
 the merit of the ancients, and to sink into ob- 
 scurity. His treatises are de ird, de consola- 
 iione, de provideniid, de tranquillitate anitni, 
 de dementia, de saplentis constantid, de olio sa- 
 pienlis, de brevitate titce, de beneficiis, de vild 
 beatd, besides his naturales quitliones, Indus 
 in Claudium, vioral letters, kc. There are 
 also some tragedies ascribed to Seneca. 
 Quintilian supposes that the Medea is his 
 composition, and according to others, the 
 Troas and the Hippolytus were also written 
 by him, and the Agamemnon, Hercules fu- 
 rens. Thytstes ^ Hercules in Oeta by his fa- 
 ther Seneca the declaimer. The best editions 
 of Seneca are those of Antwerp, fol. 1615, and 
 of Gronovius, 3 vols. Amst. 1672; and those 
 of his tragedies, are that of Schroder's, 4to. 
 Delph. 1728. and the 8vo. of Gronovius, L. 
 Bat. 1682. TacU. An. 12, Lc.—Dio.—Sueton. 
 in JS'er. he. — Quintil. 
 
 Claddius Sesecio, one of Nero's fa- 
 vourites, and the associate of his pleasure 
 and debauchery. Tullius, a man who con- 
 spired against Nero, and was put to death 
 though he turned informer against the rest of 
 
 the conspirators. A man put to death by 
 
 Domitian, for writing an account of the life 
 of Helvidius, one of the emperor's enemies. 
 
 One of Constantine's enemies. A man 
 
 who from a restless and aspiring disposition 
 acquired the surname of Grandio. Seneca, 
 suas. 1. 
 
 Senia, a town of Liburnia, now Segna. 
 P/in.3, c. 21. 
 
 Senna, or Sena, a river of Umbria. Vid. 
 Sena. Lucan. 2, v. 407. 
 
 Senones, an uncivilized nation of Gal- 
 lia Transalpina, who left their native pos- 
 sessions, and under the conduct of Brennus 
 invaded Italy, and pillaged Rome. They 
 afterwards united with the Umbri, Latins, 
 and Etrurians, to make war against the Ro- 
 mans, till they were totally destroyed by 
 Dolabella. The chief of their towns in that 
 part of Italy where they settled near Umbria, 
 and which from them was called Senogallia, 
 were Fanum Fortunse, Sena, Pisaurum, and 
 Ariminum. [Fit/. Cimbri.J Lucan. 1, v. 254. 
 
 — Sit. 8, V. 454. — Liv. 5, c. 35, Lc. — Flor. 
 
 A people of Germany near the Suevas. 
 
 Se.ntia lex de senatu, by C. Sentius the 
 consul, A. U. C. 734, enacted the choosing of 
 proper persons to fill up the number of sena- 
 tors. 
 
 Sentinum, a town of Umbria. Liv. 10, c. 
 27 and 30. 
 
 Sentics Cn. a governor of Syria, under 
 
 the emperors. .A governor of Macedonia. 
 
 Septinaius, one of the soldiers of Pompey , 
 
 who assisted the Egyptians in murdering him. 
 ■A Roman em|)eror. [Vid. Severus.] 
 
 A writer in the reign of the emperor Alexan- 
 der, of whose life he wrote an account in Latin, 
 or, according to others, in Greek. 
 
 Sepias, a cape of Magnesia in Thessaly, at 
 the north of Eubosa, now St. George. 
 
 Seplasia, a place of Capua, where oint- 
 ments were sold. Cic. Pis. 7 and 11. 
 
 Septem aqu.e, a portion of the lake near 
 
 Reate. Cic. 4, Alt. 15. Fratres, a moun 
 
 tain of Mauritania, now Gebel-Mousu. Strab. 
 
 17. Marin, the entrauce of the.'^eveu mouths 
 
 of the Po. 
 
 SE 
 
 Septempeda, a town of Picenum. 
 
 SzpTERioN, a festival observed once in 
 nine years at Delphi, in honour of Apollo. It 
 was a representation of the pursuit of Python 
 by Apollo, and of the victory obtained by the 
 god. 
 
 Tit. Septimius, a Roman knight distin- 
 guished by his poetical compositions both lyric 
 and tragic. He was intimate with Augustus 
 as well as Horace, who has addressed the 6 
 
 of his 2 lib. of Odes to him. A centurion. 
 
 put to death, &c. Tacit. A. 1, c. 32. A 
 
 native of Africa, who distinguished himself 
 at Rome as a poet. He wrote among other 
 things an hymn in praise of Janus. Only 11 
 of his verses are preserved. M. Tereni. — Cri- 
 nitus in vild. 
 
 L. Septimuleius, a friend of C. Gracchus. 
 He suffered himself to be bribed by Opi- 
 mius, and had the meanness to carry his 
 friend's head fixed to a pole through the streets 
 of Rome. 
 
 Septra, a town of Cilicia taken by Cicero 
 when he presided over that province. Cic. ad 
 Die. 15, c. 4. 
 
 SEQ,rANA, a river of Gaul, which separates 
 the territories of the Belgie and the Celtae, and 
 is now called la Seine. Strab. 4. — Mela, 3, c. 
 2. — Lucan. 1, v. 425. 
 
 Sequani, a people of Gaul near the territo- 
 ries of the iCdui, between the Soane and 
 mount Jura, famous for their wars against 
 Rome, k.c. [Vid. jJ^dui.] The country which 
 they inhabited is now called Franche Compttt 
 or Upper Burgundy. Cces. Bell. G. 
 
 Se^uinics, a native of Alba, who mar- 
 ried one of his daughters to Curiatius of 
 Alba, and the other to Horatius, a citizen of 
 Rome. The two daughters were brought to 
 bed on the same day, each of three male chil- 
 dren. 
 
 Serapio, a surname given to one of the 
 Scipios, because he resembled a swine herd of 
 
 that name. A Greek poet who flourished 
 
 in the age of Trajan. He was intimate with 
 
 Plutarch. An Egyptian put to death by 
 
 Achillas, when he came at the head of an 
 embassy from Ptolemy, who was a prisoner in 
 
 the hands of J. Caesar. A painter. Plin. 
 
 35, c. 10. 
 
 Serapis, one of the Egyptian deities, sup- 
 posed to be the same as Osiris. He had a 
 magnificent temple at Memphis, another very 
 rich at Alexandria, and a third at Canopuj. 
 The worship of Serapis was introduced at 
 Rome, by the emperor Antoninus Pius, A. D. 
 146, and the mysteries celebrated on the 6th 
 of May, but with so much licentiousness that 
 the senate were soon after obliged to abolisb 
 it. Herodotus, who speaks in a very circum- 
 stantial manner of the deities, and of the reli- 
 gion of the Egyptians, makes no mention of 
 the god Serapis. ApoUodorus says it is the 
 same :as the bull Apis. Pans. 1, c. 18, 1. 2, c. 
 34.— Tacit. Hi$t. 4, c. S'3.— Strab. 11. ^Martial. 
 9, ep. 30. 
 
 Sehbunis, a lake between Egypt and Pa- 
 lestine. 
 
 Serena, a dauchter of Theodosius who 
 married Siilicho. She was put to death, kc. 
 Claudian. 
 
 Sereni vNus, a favourite of Gallus, the bro- 
 ther of Julian. He vn» put to death. 
 
SE 
 
 Serextjs Samonicus, a physician in iFie 
 age of the emperor Severus and Caracalla. 
 There remains a poem of his composition on 
 medicine, the fast edition of which is that of 
 
 1706, in 8vo. Amst. Vibius, a governor of 
 
 Spain accused of cruelty in the government 
 of his province, and put to death by order of 
 Tiberius. 
 
 Seres, a nation of Asia, according to Pto- 
 lemy, between the -Ganges and the eastern 
 ocean in the modern Thibet. They were na- 
 turally of a meek disposrfion. Silk, of which 
 the fabrication was unki)Qvvn to the ancients, 
 who imagined that the materials were collect- 
 ed from the leaves of trees, was brought to 
 Rome from their country, and on that account 
 it received the name of Sericum, and thence a 
 garment or dress of silk is called sericn testis. 
 lii iiogabalus, the Roman emperor, was the 
 i\v6\ who wore a silk dress, which at that time 
 was sold for its weight in gold. It afterwards 
 became very cheap, and consequently was the 
 common dress among the Romans. Some sup- 
 pose that the Seres are the same as the Chi- 
 nese. Ptol. 6, c. 16.—Horat. 1, od. 29, v. 9.— 
 Lucan. 1, v. 19, 1. 10, v. 142 and 292.— Ovid. 
 Am. 1, el. 14, v. Q.— Virg. G. 2, v. 121. 
 
 Sergestus, a sailor in the fleet of iCneas, 
 fiiom whom the family of the Sergiiat Rome 
 •were descended. Virg.JEii:. o, v. 121. 
 
 Sergia, a Roman matron She conspired 
 with others to poison their hu-sbands. The 
 plot was discovered, and Sergia, with some of 
 her accomplices, drank poison and died. 
 
 Sergius, one of the names of Catiline. 
 ——A military tribune at the siege of Veii. 
 The family of the Sergii was patrician, and 
 branched out into the several families of the 
 Fidtiiales, Sili, Catilina, JVatlce, Ocella, atid 
 Planci. 
 
 Sergius and Sergiolus, a deformed youth, 
 greatly admired by the Roman ladies in Juve- 
 nal's age. Jur. 6, v. 105 and seq. 
 
 Serxphus, an island in the jEgean sea, 
 about 36 miles in circumference, according to 
 Fliny only 12; very barren and uncultivated. 
 The Romans generally sent their criminals 
 there in banishment,' and it was there that 
 CasHius Severus tiie orator was exiled, and 
 there he died. "According to ^lian the frogs 
 of this island never croaked, but when they 
 were removed from the island to another 
 place, they were more noisy and ciamorosis 
 than others, hence the proverb of aeriphia ra 
 Jia, applied to a man who neither speaks nor 
 sings. This however is found to be a mistake 
 by modern travellers. It was on the coast of 
 Seriphos that the chest was discovered in 
 which Acrisius had exposed his daughter Du- 
 nne, and her son Perseus. Strah. 10 — Jllliaii. 
 Anim. 3, c. 37. — Mtla, 2, c. T.—Jlfollod. 1, c. 
 H.— TaciL Aim. 4, c. 2l.—0nd. Met. 5, v. 242, 
 J. 7, V. 65. 
 
 Sermyla, a town of Macedonia. Ihrodot. 
 7, c. 122. • 
 
 Seron, a general of Antiochus Epiphanes. 
 Serranus, a surname given to Cincinna- 
 tus, because he was found solving his fields 
 when told that he had been elected dictator. 
 Some however suppose that Serranus was a 
 diJferent person from Cincinnatus. Plin. 18. 
 
 c. 3.— /it'. 3, c. 2G.—Virg. JEn. 6, v. 844. 
 
 One of the auxiliaries of Turnus> killed in 
 
 SE 
 
 the night by IS'isus. Virg. Mn. 9, v. 335. 
 
 A poet of some merit in Domitian's reign. 
 Juv. 7, V. 80. 
 
 Serrheum, a fortified place of Thrace. 
 Liv. 31, c. 16. 
 
 QuiNTus Sertorius, a Roman general, 
 son of Quintus and Rhea, born at Nursia. 
 His first campaign was under the great Ma- 
 rius, against the Teutones and Cimbri. He 
 visited the enemy's camp as a spy, and had 
 the misfortune to lose one eye in the first 
 battle he fought. When Marius and Cinna 
 entered Rome and slaughtered all their ene- 
 mies, Sertorius accompanied them, but he ex- 
 pressed his sorrow and concern at the melan 
 choly death of so many of his countrymen. He 
 afterwards fled for safety into Spain, when 
 Sylla bad proscribed him, and in this distant 
 province he behaved himself with so much 
 address and valour that he was looked upon as 
 the prince of the country. The Lusitanians 
 universally revered and loved him, and the 
 Roman general did not show himself less at- 
 tentive to their interest, by establishing public 
 schools, and educatingthe children of the coun- 
 try in the polite arts, and the literature of 
 Greece and Rome. He had established a senate, 
 over which he presided with consular authori- 
 ty, and the Romans, who followed his standard, 
 paid equal reverence to his person. They 
 were experimentally convinced of his valour 
 and magnanimity as a general, and the artful 
 manner in which he imposed upon the cre- 
 dulity of his adherents in the garb of religion, 
 did not diminish his reputation. He pretend- 
 ed to hold commerce with heaven by means 
 of a white bind which he had tamed with great 
 success, and which followed him every where, 
 even in the field of battle. The success of 
 Sertorius in Spain, and his j)opularity among 
 the natives, alarmed the Romans. They sent 
 some troops to oppose him, but with little 
 success. Four armies were found insufficient 
 to crush or even hin-t Sertorius ;- and Porapey 
 and Metellus, who never engaged an enemy 
 without obtaining the victory, were driven 
 with dishonour from the field. But the favour- 
 ite of the Lusitanians was exposed to the dan- 
 gers which usually attend greatness. Per- 
 penna, one of his officers who was jealous of' 
 his fame, and tired of a superior, conspired 
 against him. At a banquet the conspirators 
 began to open their intentions by speaking with 
 freedom and licentiousness in the presence of 
 Sertorius, whose age and character had hither- 
 to claimed deference from others. Perpenna 
 overturned a glass of wine, as a signal to the 
 rest of the conspirators, and immediately An- 
 tonius, one of his officers, stabbed Sertorius, 
 and the example was followed by all the rest, 
 73 years before Christ. Sertorius has been 
 commended for his love of justice and mode- 
 ration. Tlie ilattering description he heard of 
 the Fortunate Islands when he passed into the 
 west of Africa, almost tempted him to bid 
 adieu to the world, and perhaps he would 
 have retired from the noise of war, and the, 
 clamours of envy, to end his days in the bosom 
 of a peaceful and solitary island, had not the 
 stronger calls of ambition and the love of fame 
 prevailed over the intruding reflections of a 
 moment. It has been observed, that in his 
 latter days Sertorius became indolent and fond 
 
SE 
 
 af luxury and wanton cruelty; yet we must' 
 confess, that in affability, clemency, complai- 1 
 aance, geneiosit)', and military valour, he not I 
 only surpassed his contemporaries, but the rest ! 
 of the Romans. Plvt. in ritd.—Paterc. 2, c 
 30, 6ic.~Flor. 3, c. 21, &ic.—J]ppian. de Civ. 
 ■^I'al. ^fax 1, ft. 2, 1. 7, c. '3.—Eutrop.—Aul. 
 Getl. 15, c. 22. 
 
 Sarvjeus, a man accused by Tiberius of 
 beiii^ privy to the conspiracy of Sejarms. 
 Tacit. Ji. 6, c. 7. 
 
 Servian -js, a consul in the reign of Adrian. 
 He was a great favourite of the emperor 
 Trajan. 
 
 Si:nviLiA, a sister of Cato of Utica, greatly 
 enamoured of J. Casar, though her brother 
 was one of the most inveterate enemies 
 of her lover. To convince Casar of her 
 affection, she sent him a letter filled with the 
 most tender expressions of regard for his per- 
 son. The lett-r was delivered to Caesar in the 
 senate house, while they were debating about 
 punishini^^ the associates of Catiline's conspi- 
 racy ; and when Cato saw it, he exclaimed 
 that it was a letter from the conspirators, and 
 insisted immediately Oii its being made public. 
 Upon this Caesar gave it to Cato, and the stern 
 senator had no sooner read its contents, than 
 he threv/ it back with the words of iakt it, 
 drunkard. From the intimacy which existed 
 between Servilia and Caesar, some have sup- 
 posed that the dictator was the father of M. 
 Brutus. Pluf. in C(bs.~C. Nep. in Mtic. 
 -- — Another sister of Cato, who married 
 
 Silanus. Jd. A daughter of Thrasea, put 
 
 to death by order of Nero, with her fa- 
 ther. Her crime was the consulting of ma- 
 gicians, only to know what would happen 
 in her family. 
 
 Servilia lex de pecufiiis repetundis, by C. 
 Servilins the prae-tor, A. U. C. 653. ft punish- 
 ed severely such as were guilty of pecula- 
 tion and extortion in the provinces. Its 
 particulars are not precisely known. Ano 
 
 pospd the people, because they had ifllberally 
 
 treated him.- A proconsul killed at the 
 
 battle of Cannae by Annibal. Ahala, a 
 
 master of horse to the dictator Cincinnatus. 
 When JM^ius refused to appear before the 
 dictator, to answer the accusations which 
 were brought against him on suspicion of hi» 
 aspiring to tyranny, Ahala slev/ him in the 
 midst of the, people, whose protection he 
 claimed. Ahala was accused for this murder, 
 and banished, but his sentence was after- 
 wards repealed. He was raised to the dic- 
 tatorship. Marcus, a man who pleaded 
 
 infavour of Paulus jEmiiius, &c. An au- 
 
 ther, de judicibus^ by Q. Servilius Cajpio, the 
 con-sul, A. U. C. 648. It divided the right of 
 judging between the senators and the equites, 
 a privilege which, though originally belong- 
 ing to the senators, had been taken from 
 
 fclhem and given to the equites. Another, 
 
 de civitate, by C. Servilius, ordained that if 
 a Latin accused a Roman senator, so that he 
 was condemned, tlie accuser should be iio- 
 noined wiih the name and the privileges of 
 
 a Roman citizen. Another, .Sgraria, by P. 
 
 Servilius Rullus, the tribune, A. U. C. 690. 
 Jt required the impiediate sale of certain 
 bouses and laiids which belonged to the peo- 
 ple, for the purchase of others in a different 
 part of Italy. It required that ten commis- 
 sioners .should be appointed to see it carried 
 into execution, but Cicero prevented its pass- 
 ing into a law by the three orations which he 
 pronounced against it. 
 
 Sr.iivii lANus, a Roman consul defeated by 
 Viriatlnis, in Spain, &:c. 
 
 Serviiius Quintus, a Roman who in his 
 
 <lictatorship defeated the iEqui. Publius, 
 
 a consul who suf)ported the cause of the 
 people against the nobles, and obtained a tii- 
 umph in spite of tlii; opposition of the senate, 
 after defeating the Volsci. lie afterwards 
 diange.i bis opinions, and very violently o[»- 
 
 gur prosecuted by Luculius for his inattention 
 in his office. He was acquitted. A prae- 
 tor ordered by the senate to forbid Sylla to ap- 
 proach Rome. He was ridiculed and insulted 
 by the conqueror's soldiers. A man ap- 
 pointed to guard the sea- coast of Pontus, by 
 
 Pompey. Publius, a proconsul of Asia 
 
 during the age of Mithridates. He conquered 
 IsaurJa, for which service he was surnamed 
 
 Isauricus, andj-ewarded with a triumph. 
 
 A Roman gene.-al who defeated an army of 
 
 Etrurians. -An informer in the court of 
 
 Tiberius. A favourite of Augustus. Ge- 
 
 minus, a Roman consul who opposed Annibal 
 
 with success. ^Nonianus, a Latin historian 
 
 who wrote an history of Rome in the reign of 
 Nero. There were more than one writer of 
 this name, as Pliny speaks of a Servilius re- 
 markable for his eloquence and learning; 
 and Quintilian mentions another also illus- 
 trious for his genius and literary merit. 
 
 Casca, one of Caesar's murderers, -The 
 
 family of the Servilii was of patrician rank, 
 and came to settle at Rome after the de- 
 struction of Alba, where they were promoted 
 to the highest offices of the state. To the 
 several branches of this family were attached 
 the different surnames of Mala, Axilla, 
 Priscus, Ccppio, Structus, Geminus, Pulex^ 
 Vatia, Casca, Fidenas, Longus, and Tiicca^ 
 
 Lacus, a lake near Rome. Cic. S^ 
 
 Ros. 32. 
 
 Servius Tullius, the sixth king of 
 Rome, v.-as son of Ocrisia, a slave of Cornicu- 
 lura, l>y Tullius, a man slain in the defence of 
 his country against the Romans. Ocrisia 
 was given by Tarquin to Tanaquil his wife, 
 and she brought up her son in the king's fa- 
 mily, and added the name of Servius to that 
 wliich he had inherited from his father, to 
 denote his slater!/. Young Servius was edur- 
 cnted in the palace of the monarch with 
 great care, and though originally a slave, h« 
 raised himself so much to conse(]uence, that 
 Tarquin gave him his daughter in marriage. 
 His own private merit arid virtues recom- 
 mended him to notice not less than the royal 
 favoin-s, and Servius, become the favourite of 
 ihc people and the darling of the soldiers, by 
 his liberality and complaisance, was easily 
 raised to the throne on the death of his fa- 
 iher-in-law. Rume had no reason to repent 
 of her ciioice. Servius endeared himself still 
 more as a warrior and as u legislator. He de- 
 feated the V'eientes and (he Tuscans, and by 
 a proper act of policy he established the cen- 
 sus, uhich told him that Rome contained 
 abo'Jt84 thousand inhabita'ils. He increased 
 the number of the tribes, ho bcautifi«d and 
 
SE 
 
 adorned the city, and enlarged its boundaries 
 by taking within its walls tiie hills Quiriualis, 
 Viminalis, and Esquilinus. He also divided 
 the Roman people into tribes, and that he 
 might not seem to neglect the worship of the 
 gods, he built several temples to the goddess of 
 fortune, to whom he deemed himself particu- 
 larly indebted for obtaining the kingdom. He 
 also built a temple to Diana on mount Aven- 
 tine, and raised himself a palace on the hill 
 Esquilinus. Servins married his two daughters 
 to the grandsons of his father in-law, the el- 
 der to Tarquin, and the younger to Aruns. 
 This union, as might be supposed, tended to 
 ensure the peace of his family ; but if such 
 were his expectations, he was unhappily de- 
 ceived. The wife of Arunx, naturally tierce 
 and impetuous, murdered her own husband to 
 unite herself to Tarquin, who had likewise 
 assassinated his wife. These bloody measures 
 were no sooner pursued, than Servius was 
 murdered by his own son-in-law, and his 
 daughter Tullia showed herself so inimical to 
 filial gratitude and piety, that she ordered her 
 chariot to be driven over the mangled body 
 of her father, B. C. 534. His death was 
 universally lamented, and the slaves annually 
 celebrated a festival in his honour, in the tem- 
 ple of Diana, on mount Aventine, the day 
 that he was murdered. Tarquinia his wife 
 buried his remains privately, and died the 
 following day. Liv. 1, c. 41. — Dionys. Hal. 
 4.—Flor. 1, c. Q.— Cic.de Div. 1, c. 53.— 
 Val. Max. 1, c. &.—Ovid. Fast. 6, v. 601. 
 
 Galba, a seditious person, who wished 
 
 to refuse a triumph to Paulus ^mylius after 
 
 the conquest of Macedonia. Claudius, a 
 
 grammarian. Suet, de cl. Gr. A friend 
 
 of Sylla, who applied for the consulship to no 
 
 purpose. Cornelius, a consul in the first 
 
 ages of the republic, &,c. Sulpitius, an 
 
 orator in the age of Cicero and Hortentius. 
 He was sent as ambassador to M. Antony, 
 and died before his return. Cicero obtained 
 a statue for him from the senate and the Ro- 
 man people, which was raised in the Campus 
 Martins. Besides orations he wrote verses, 
 which were highly censured for their indeli- 
 cacy. His works are lost. Cic. in Brut. Phil, 
 he. — Plin. 5, ep. 3. A despicable in- 
 former in the Augustan age. Horat. 2, sat.* 
 
 1, v. 47. Hoiioratus Maurus, a learned 
 
 grammarian in the age of young Theodosius. 
 He wrote Latin commentaries upon Virgil, 
 still extant. 
 
 Sesaka, a daughter of Celeus, king of 
 Eleusis, sister of Triptolemus. Paus. I, c. 38. 
 SiiSOSTUis, a celebrated king of Egypt 
 some ages before the Trojan war. His father 
 ordered all the children in his dominions who 
 were born on the same day with him to be 
 publicly educated, and to pass their youth in 
 the company of his son. This succeeded in the 
 highest degree, and Sesostris had the pleasure 
 to fuid himself surrounded by a number of 
 faithful ministers and active warriors, whose 
 education and intimacy with their prince ren- 
 dered them inseparably devoted to his inte- 
 rest. When Sesostris had succeeded on his 
 father's throne, he became ambitious of mili- 
 tary fame, and alter he had divided his king- 
 dom into otj different districts, he marched at 
 the head of a numerous army to make the 
 
 SE 
 
 conquest of the world. Libya, .Ethiopia, 
 \rabia, with all the islands v)f the Red Sea, 
 were conquered, and the victorious monarch 
 marched through Asia, and penetrated farther 
 into the east than the conqueror oi' Darius. 
 He also invaded Europe, and subdued the 
 Thracians ; and that the fame of his conquests 
 might long survive him, he placed columns iu 
 the several provinces he had subdued ; and 
 many ages after, this pompous inscription was 
 read in many parts of Asia, Sesostris, the 
 Icing of kings, has eonquered this territory by 
 his arms. At his return home the monarch 
 employed his time in encouraging the fine 
 arts, and in improving the revenue of his 
 kingdom. He erected 100 temples to the gods 
 for the victories he had obtained, and mounds 
 of earth were heaped up in several parts of 
 Egypt, where cities were built for the recep- 
 tion of the inhabitants during the inundations 
 of the Nile. Some canals were also dug near 
 Memphis, to facilitate navigation, and the 
 communication of one province with an- 
 other. In his old age Sesostris, grown in- 
 firm and blind, destroyed himself, after a 
 reign of 44 years according to some. His 
 mildness towards the -conquered has been 
 admired, while some have upbraided him 
 for his cruelty and insolence in causing his 
 chariot to be drawn by some of the monarchs 
 whom he had conquered. The age of Se- 
 sostris is so I'emote from every authentic re- 
 cord, that many have supported that the 
 actions and conquests ascribed to this mo- 
 narch are uncertain and totally fabulous. 
 Herodot. 2, c. 102, kc.—Diod. l.— Val. Flacc. 
 5, V. 419.— Plin. 33, c. S.—Lucan. 10, v. 276, 
 —Strab. 16. 
 
 Sesites, now Sessia, a river of Cisalpine 
 Gaul, falling into the- Po. Plin. 3, c. 16. 
 
 Sestias, a name applied to Hero, as bora at 
 Sestos. Stat 6, Theb. 547. 
 
 Sestius, a friend of Brutus, with whom he 
 fought at the battle of Philippi. Augustus 
 resigned the consulship in his favour, though 
 he still continued to reverence the memory of 
 
 Brutus. A governor of Syria. 
 
 Sestos, or Sestus, a town of Thrace on the 
 shores of the Hellespont, exactly opposite 
 Abydos on the Asiatic side. It is celebrated 
 for the bridge which Xerxes built there across 
 the Hellespont, as also for being the seat of 
 the amours of Hero and Leander. Mela, 2, 
 c. 2.— Strab. 13. — Musceus de L. if H. — Virg. 
 G. 3, v. 2oS.—0vid. Heroid. 18, v. 2. 
 
 Sesuvii, a people of Celtic Gaul. Cess, 
 bell. G. 
 
 Setabis, a town of Spain between Xeyv 
 Carthage and Saguntum, famous for the ma- 
 nufacture of linen. There was also a small 
 river of the same name in the neighbourhood. 
 Sil. 16, v. 474.— 67m6. 2.--Mdvh 2, c. 6.—- 
 Plin. 3, c. 3, 1. 19, c. 1. 
 
 SethoiV, a priest of Vulcan, who made 
 himself king of Egypt after the death of Any- 
 sis. He was attacked by the Assyrians and 
 delivered from this powerful enemy by an im- 
 mense number of rats, which in one night 
 gnawed their bow strings and thongs, so that 
 on the morrow their arms were found to be 
 useless. From this wonderful circumstance 
 Sethon had a statue which represented hiui 
 with a rat iu his hand? witli the inscription ef 
 
 t 
 
SE 
 
 Wiotver fixes his eyes upon mtf let him he pious. 
 Herodot. 2, c 141. 
 
 Setia, a town of Latium above the Pon- 
 tine marshes celebrated for its wines, which 
 Augustuii is said to have preferred to all others. 
 Flin. 14, c. 6.—Juv. 5, v. 34. Sat. 10, v. 27.— 
 Martial 13, ep. 112. 
 
 Severa, Julia Aquilia, a Roman lady, 
 whom (he emperor Heliogabalus married. 
 She was soon after repudiated, though pos- 
 sessed of all the charms of mind and body 
 
 which could captivate the most virtuous. 
 
 Valeria, the wife of Valentian, and (he mo- 
 ther of Gratian, was well known for her ava- 
 rice and ambition. The emperor, her hus- 
 band, repudiated her, and afterwards took her 
 again . Her prudent advice at last ensured her 
 
 son Gratian on the imperial throne. The 
 
 wife of Philip the Roman emperor. 
 
 Severianus, a governor of Macedonia. 
 
 father-in-law to the emperor Philip. A 
 
 general of theJloman armies in the reign of 
 
 Valentinian, defeated by the Germans. A 
 
 son of the emperor Severus. 
 
 Severus, Lucius Septimius, a Roman 
 emperor born at Leptis in Africa, of a noble 
 family. He gradually exercised all the of- 
 fices of the state, and recommended him- 
 self to the notice of (he world by an ambi- 
 tious mind, and a restless activity, that could, 
 for the gratification of avarice, endure the 
 most complicated hardships. After the mur- 
 der of Pertinax, Severus resolved to remove 
 Didius Julianus, who had bought the impe- 
 rial purple when exposed to sale by the licen- 
 tiousness of the pretorians, and therefore he 
 proclaimed himself emperor on the borders 
 oflllyricum, where he was stationed against 
 the barbarians. To support himself in this 
 bold measure, he took as his partner in the 
 empire Albinus, who was at the head of the 
 Roman forces in Britain, and immediately 
 marched towards Rome, to crush Didius and 
 all his partisans. He was received as he ad- 
 vanced through the country with universal 
 acclamations, and Julianus himself w^as soon 
 deserted by his favourites, and assassinated by 
 his own soldiers. The reception of Severus 
 at Rome was sufficient to gratify his pride; 
 the streets were strewed with flowers, and 
 the submissive senate were ever ready to 
 grant whatever honours or titles the conquer- 
 or claimed. In professing that he had assu- 
 med the purple only to revenge the death of 
 the virtuous Pertinax, Severus gained many 
 adherents, and was enabled not only to dis- 
 arm, but to banish the pretorians, whose in- 
 solence and avarice were become alarming 
 not only to the citizens, but (o the emperor. 
 But while he was victorious at Rome, Severus 
 did not forget that there was another com- 
 petitor for the imperial purple. Pescennius 
 IViger was in the east at the head of a power- 
 ful army, and with the name and ensigns of 
 Augustus. Many obstinate battles werefoughl 
 between the troops and officers of the imperial 
 rivals, till on the plains of Issus, which had 
 been above five centuries before covered with 
 the blood of the Persian soldiers of Darius, 
 JNiger was totally ruined by the loss of 20,000 
 men. The head of IViger was cut oft' and sent 
 to the conqueror, who punished in a most cruel 
 manner ulJ the partisans of his nnfortunate i 
 
 SE 
 
 rival. Severus afterwards pillaged Byzant»' 
 um, which had shut her gates against him J 
 and after he had conquered several nations in 
 the east, he returned to Rome, resolved to 
 destroy Albinus. with whom he had hitherto 
 reluctantly shared the imperial power. He 
 attempted to assassinate him by his emissa- 
 ries; but when this had failed of success, 
 beverus had recourse to arms, and the fate of 
 the empn-e was again decided on the plains of 
 Gaul. Albinus was defeated, and the con- 
 queror was so elated with the recollection that 
 he had now no longer a competitor for the 
 purple, that he insulted the dead body of his 
 rival, and ordered it to be thrown into the 
 Rhone, after he had suffered it to putrify be- 
 fore the door of his tent, and to be torn to 
 pieces by his dogs. The familv and the ad- 
 herentsof Albinus, shared his' fate; and (he 
 return of Severus to the capital exhibited the 
 bloody triumphs of Marius and Sylla. The 
 richest of the citizens were sacrificed, and 
 their money became the property of the em- 
 peror. The wicked Commodus received di- 
 vine honours, and his murderers were punish- 
 ed in the most wanton manner. Tired of the 
 inactive life he led in Rome, Severus march- 
 ed into the east, with his two sons, Caracalla 
 and Geta, and with uncommon success made 
 himself master of Seleucia, Babylon, and 
 Ctesiphon ; and advanced without opposition 
 far into the Parthian territories From Par- 
 thia the emperor marched towards the more 
 southern provinces of Asia ; after he had visit- 
 ed the tomb of Pompey the Great, he enter- 
 ed Alexandria; and after he had granted a 
 senate to that celebrated city, he viewed with 
 the most criticising and inquisitive curiosity 
 the several monuments and ruins which that 
 ancient kingdom contains. The revolt of 
 Britain recalled him from the east. After he 
 had reduced it under his power, he built a 
 Wall across the northern parts of the island, 
 to defend it against the frequent invasions of 
 the Caledonians. Hitherto successful against 
 his enemies, Severus now found the peace of 
 his family dis(uibed. Caracalla attempted to 
 murder his father as he was concluding a 
 treaty of peace with the Britons ; and the 
 emperor was so shocked at the undutifulness 
 of his son, (hat on his return home he called 
 him into his presence, and after he had up- 
 braided him for his ingratitude and perfidy, 
 he oftered him a drawn sword, adding, If 
 you are so ambitious of reigning alone, noit 
 imbrue your hands in the blood of your father, 
 and Id not the eyes of the world be witnesse* 
 of your want of filial tetuterness. If these 
 words checked Caracalla, yet he did not 
 show himself concerned, and Severus, worn 
 out with infirmities which the gout and (he 
 uneasiness of his mind increased, soon after 
 died, exclaiming he had been every thing 
 man could wish, but that he was then no- 
 thing. Some say that he wished to poison 
 himself, but that when this was denied, he 
 eat to great excess, and soon after expired at 
 York on (he fourth of February, in (he 211th 
 year of the Christian era, in the 66(h year 
 of his age, after a reign of 17 years 8 months 
 and 3 days. Severus has been so much ad- 
 mired for his military talents, that some have 
 called him the most warlike of the Roman 
 
SE 
 
 emperors. As a monarch he was cruel, and 
 it has been observed that he never did an 
 act of humanity, or forgave a fault. In his 
 diet he was temperate, and he always show- 
 ed himself an open enemy to pomp and 
 splendour. He loved the appellation of a man 
 of letters, and he even composed an history 
 of his own reign, which some have praised 
 for its correctness and veracity. However 
 cruel Sevcrus may appear in his punishments 
 and in his revenge, many have endeavoured 
 to exculpate him, and observed that there was 
 need of severity in an empire whose morals 
 were so corrupted, and where no less than 
 3000 {>ersons were accused of adultery during 
 the space of 17 years. Of him, as of Au- 
 gustus, some were fond to say, that it would 
 have be^n better for the world if be had never 
 'been born, or had never died. Dio. — Hero- 
 dian.— Victor, &lc. Alexander, (Marcus Au 
 
 reiius) a native of Phoenicia, adopted by He- 
 iiogabalus. His father's name was Genesius 
 Mal'cianus, and his mother's Julia Mamracea, 
 and he received the surname of Alexander 
 because he was born in a temple sacred to 
 Alexander the Great. He was carefully edu- 
 cated, and his mother, by paying particular 
 attention to his morals, and the character of 
 bis preceptors, preserved hira from those in- 
 firmities, and that licentiousness which old age 
 too often attributes to the depravity oi youth. 
 At the death of Heliogabalus, who had been 
 jealous of his virtues, Alexander, though only 
 m the 14th year of his age, was proclaimed 
 emperor, and his nomination was approved 
 by the universal shouts of the army, and tlie 
 congratulations of the senate. He had not 
 been long on the throne before the peace of 
 the empire was disturbed by the incursions 
 of the Persians. Alexander marched into the 
 east without delay, and soon oltained a de- 
 cisive victory over the barbarians. At his re- 
 turn to Rome he was honoured with a triumph, 
 but the revolt of the Germans soon after called 
 him away from the indolence of the capital. 
 His expedition in Germany was attended \Hiih 
 some success, but the virtues and the amiable 
 qualities of Alexander were fo?go^T«ji \nihe 
 stern and sullen strictness of the discipiina- 
 rian. His soldiers, fond of repose, murmur- 
 ed against his severity ; their clamours were 
 fomented by the artif.ce of Maximinus, and 
 Alexander was murdered in his tent, in the 
 midst of his camp, after a reign of 13 years 
 \and 9 days, on the ISth of March, A. D. 
 235. His mother Mammoea shared his fate 
 with all his friends; but this was no sooner 
 known than the soldiers punished vviih im- 
 mediate death all such as had been concerned 
 in the murder, except Maximinus. Ale.^s- 
 ander has been admired for his many virtues, 
 and every historian except Herodian, is bold 
 
 SE 
 
 had before his reign been exposed to sale, 
 and occupied by favourites, were now bestow- 
 ed upon merit, and Alexander could boast that 
 all his ofi&cers were men of trust and abil- 
 ities. He was a patron of literature, and 
 he dedicated the hours of relaxation to the 
 study of the best Greeic and Latin historians, 
 orators, and poets ; and in the public schools 
 which ids Hberality and the desire of encour- 
 aging learning had founded, he often beard 
 with pleasure and satisfaction the eloquent 
 speeches and declamations of his subjects. 
 The provinces were well supplied with provi- 
 sions, and Rome was embellished with many- 
 stately buildings ard magnificent porticos. 
 
 jilex. tit. — Htrodian — Zosim. — Victor. 
 
 Flavius Valerius, a native of Illyricura, nomi- 
 nated Ca»sar by Galeriui. He was put to death 
 by Maximianus, A. D. 307. Julius, a go- 
 vernor of Britain, under Adrian. — —A gene- 
 ral of Valens. Libius, a man proclaimed 
 
 emperor of the west, at Ravenna, after the 
 death of Majorianus. He was soon after poi- 
 soned. Lucius Cornelius, a Latin poet in 
 
 the age of Augustus, for some time employed 
 
 in the judicial proceedings of the forum. 
 
 Cassius, an orator banished into the island 
 of Crete by Augustus, for his illiberal language. 
 Ke was banished 17 years, and died in Seri- 
 phos. He is commended as an able orator, 
 yet declaiming with rooie warmth than pru- 
 dence. His writings were destroyed by order 
 of the senate. Sad. in Oct.— Quint. — — Sul- 
 pitius, an ecclesiastical historian, who died A. 
 D. 420. The best of his works is his llisloria 
 Sacra, from the creation of the world to the 
 consulship of Stilicho, of which the style is 
 elegant, and superior to that of the age in 
 which he lived. The best edition is in 2 vols. 
 
 4to. Palavii. 1741. An o'dicer under the 
 
 eniperoi' Julian. Aq-.idins, a native of 
 
 Spain, who wrote an account of his own life 
 
 in the reign of the emperor Valens. An 
 
 o&cer of Valentinian, kc. A prefect of 
 
 Rome, &c. A celebrated architect em- 
 ployed in building Nero's golden palace at 
 
 Rome, after the burning of that city. A 
 
 mounlaia of Italy, near the Fabaris. Virg. 
 ..3.^/1.7, V. 713. 
 
 Sevo, a ridge of mountains between Nor- 
 way and Sweden, now called Fiell, or Dojre. 
 Plin 4, c, 15. 
 
 SriTiHEs, a man who dethroned bis mo- 
 narch, fcc. A friend of Perdiccas, one of 
 
 Alexander's generals. A Thracian king, 
 
 who encouraged his countrymen to revolt, &ic. 
 This name is common to several of the Thra- 
 cian princes. 
 
 Sextia, a woman celebrated for her virtue 
 and her constancy, put to death by Nero. 
 Tadt. Ann. 16, c. 10. 
 ana every uiMonHu c.oc,.. ............. ^..- ^^^"^V^ L»<:^nia Lbx, de ^f agist raUbiis, by 
 
 to assert, that if he had lived, the Roman C. L.cm.us and L. Seo^tms the tnbunes, A. 
 Impire ndght soon have been freed from those U C. 386^ It ordamed that one ot the con- 
 Tumults and abuses which continually dis-puls should be elected ^''V™ '"^^ "§ *Je p^e- 
 
 turbedher peace, and kept the lives of her beians. Another, c/e re/ig^o^u;, by the same, 
 
 emperors and senators in perpetual alarms.' A. U. C. 385 It enacted that a decemv.- 
 
 His severity in punishing offences was great, 
 and such as had robbed the public, were they 
 even the most intimate friends oi the em- 
 peror, were indiscriminately sacrificed to the 
 tranquillity of the state which ihey had vio- 
 lated. Tho gr«at offices of the state, which 
 
 rate should be chosen from the patricians 
 and plebeians instead of the decemviri sacris 
 faciundis. 
 
 Sextije Aqu^e, now Aix, a place of Cisal- 
 pine Gaul, where the Cimbri were defeat- 
 ed by Marias. It was built by C. Sextius, and 
 
SI 
 
 is famous for its cold and hot springs. Liv. 61 
 ^Vell. Paterc. \, c. 16. 
 
 Sextilia, the wife of Viteliius. She be- 
 came mother of two children. Suet, in vit. 
 
 Another in the same family. Tacit. H 
 
 Hf c. 64. 
 
 Sextilius, a governor of Africa, who 
 ordered Marius when he landed there to 
 depart immediately from his province. Ma- 
 rius heard this with some concern, and said 
 to the messenger, Go and tell your master 
 that you have seen the exiled Marius sitting 
 
 on the ruins of Carthage. Plut. in Mar. 
 
 A Roman preceptor, who was seized and car- 
 ried away by pirates, H^c. One of the offi- 
 
 eers of Lucullus. Hasna, a poet. [Vid. 
 
 Haena.J An officer sent to Germany, kc. 
 
 Tacit. H. 3, c. 7. 
 
 SfiXTius, a lieutenant of Cagsar in Gaul 
 ■A seditious tribune in the first ages of the 
 
 republic. Lucius was remarkable for his 
 
 friendship with Brutus; he gained the conft 
 dence of Augustus, and was consul. Horace, 
 who was in the number of his friends, dedica- 
 ted 1 od. 4, to him The first plebeian con- 
 sul. A dictator. One of the sons of Tar- 
 
 quin. Vid. Tarquinius. 
 
 Sextus, a praenomen given to the sixth 
 
 son of a family. A son of Pompey the 
 
 Great. Vid. Pompeius. A stoic philoso- 
 pher, born at Cheronae in Boeotia. Some 
 suppose that he was Plutarch's nephew. He 
 was preceptor to M. Aurelius, and L. Verus. 
 
 — — ^A governor of Syria. A philosopher 
 
 in the age of Antoninus. He was one of the 
 followers of the doctrines of Pyrrho. Some 
 of his works are still extant. The best edi- 
 tion ofthe treatise of Sextus Pompeius Fes- 
 tus de verborum signijicatione, is that of Amst. 
 4to. 1699. 
 
 SiB^, a people of India. Stfabo. 
 
 SiBARis. Vid. Sybaris. 
 
 SiBiNi, a people near the Suevi. 
 
 SiBURTius, a satrap of Arachosia, in the 
 age of Alexander, &ic. 
 
 SiBYLLJE, certain women inspired by hea- 
 ven, who flourished in different parts of 
 the world. Their number is unknown. Pla- 
 to speaks of one, others of two, Pliny of 
 three, ^lian of four, and Varro of ten, 
 an opinion which is universally adopted by 
 the learned. These ten Sibyls generally re- 
 sided in the following places, Persia, Libya, 
 Delphi, Cumae in Italy, Erythrsea, Samos, 
 Cumae in JEoVidi, Marpessa on the Hel- 
 lespont, Ancyra in Phrygia, and Tibur- 
 tis. The most celebrated of the Sibyls 
 is that of Cumae in Italy, whom some have 
 called by the different names of Amal- 
 ihaea, Demophile, Herophile, Daphne, Man- 
 to, PhemoBoe, and Deiphobe. It is said 
 that Apollo became enamoured of her, and 
 that, to make her sensible of his passion, he 
 ofl^'ered to give her whatever she should ask. 
 The Sibyl demanded to live as many years 
 as she had grains of sand in her hand, but 
 unfortunately forgot to ask for the enjoy- 
 ment of the health, vigour, and bloom, of 
 which she was then in possession. The god 
 granted her her request, but she refused to 
 gratify the passion of her lover, though he 
 offered her perpetual youth and beauty. 
 Some time after she became old and de- 
 82 
 
 SI 
 
 crepit, her form decayed, melancholy pale, 
 ness and haggard looks succeeded to bloom 
 and cheerfulness. She had already lived 
 about 700 years, when JEneaiS came to Ita- 
 ly, and, as some have imagined, she had 
 three centuries more to live before her 
 years were as numerous as the grains of 
 sand which she had in her hand. She gave 
 iEneas instructions how to find his father 
 in the infernal regions, and even conduc- 
 ted him to the entrance of hell. It was 
 usual in the Sibyl to write her prophecies 
 on leaves which she placed at the entrance 
 of her cave, and it required particular care 
 in such as consulted her to take up these 
 leaves before they were dispersed by the 
 wind, as their meaning then became in- 
 comprehensible. According to the most au- 
 thentic historians of the Roman republic, 
 one of the Sibyls came to the palace of 
 Tarquin the Second, with nine volumes, 
 which she offered to sell for a very high 
 price. The monarch disregarded her, and 
 she immediately disappeared, and soon af- 
 ter returned, when she had burned three 
 ofthe volumes. She asked the same price 
 for the remaining six books; and when Tar- 
 quin refused to buy them, she burned three 
 more, and still persisted in demanding the 
 same sum of money for the three that were 
 left. This extraordinary behaviour aston- 
 isfied Tarquin ; he bought the books, and the 
 Sibyl instantly vanished, and never after ap- 
 peared to the world. These books were 
 preserved with great care by the monarch, 
 and called the Sibylline verses. A college 
 of priests Avas appointed to have the care 
 of them ; and such reverence did the Ro- 
 mans entertain for these prophetic books, 
 that they were consulted with the greatest 
 solemnity, and only when the state seemed 
 to be in danger. When the capitol was 
 burnt in the troubles of Sylla, the Sibyl- 
 line verses, which were deposited there, pe- 
 rished in the conflagration ; and to repair 
 the loss which the republic seemed to have 
 sustained, commissioners were immediately 
 sent to different parts of Greece, to collect 
 whatever verses could be found of the in- 
 spired writings of the Sibyls. The fate of 
 these Sibylline verses, which were collected 
 after the conflagration of the capitol, is un- 
 known. There are now eight books of Sibylline 
 verses extant, but they are universally reck- 
 oned spurious. They speak so plainly of our 
 Saviour, of his suflferings, and of his death, 
 as even to surpass far the sublime predic- 
 tion of Isaiah in description, and therefore 
 from this very circumstance it is evident that 
 they were composed in the second century, 
 by some of the followers of Christianity, who 
 wished to convince the heathens of their error, 
 by assisting the cause of truth, with the arms 
 of pious artifice. The word Sibyl seems to be 
 derived from (r«ou iEolice. for ^«9; Jovis, and 
 ;i "?^M consilium. Pint, in PImd.—JElian. V: 
 H. 12, c. 35.— Paus. 10, c. 12, kc.—Diod. 4. 
 —Ovid. Met. 14, v. 109 and 140.— Virg. JFm. 
 3, V. 445, 1.6, V. 3Q.—Lucan. h v. 664.— /»/m. 
 13, c. \3.—Flor. 4, c. l.—Sallust.—Cic. CatiL 
 S.— Val. Max. 1, c. 1, I. 8, c. 15, &.c. 
 
 SicA, a man who showed much attention to 
 Cicero in his banishment. >'?ome suppose that 
 
SI 
 
 lie is the same as the Vibius Siculus mentioned 
 by Plutarch iu Cic. Cic. ad Atlic. 8, ep. 12, 
 addiv. 14, c. 4, 15. 
 
 SicAMBRi, or Sygabibri, a people of Ger- 
 many, conquered by the Romans. They re- 
 volted against Augustus, who marched against 
 them, but did not totally reduce them. Dru- 
 sus conquered them, and they were carried 
 away from their native country to inhabit 
 some of the more westerly provinces of Gaul. 
 jyio. 54.— Strab. A.—Horat A.—Od. 2, v. 36. 
 Od. 14, v. bl.— Tacit. 2, An. 26. 
 
 SiCAMBRJA, the country of the Sicambri, 
 formed the modern province of Guelderland. 
 Claud in Eulrop. I, v. 383. 
 
 SiCANi, a people of Spain, who left their 
 native co jntry and passed into Italy^ and after- 
 wards into Sicily, which they called Sicania. 
 They inhabited the neighbourhood of mount 
 iEtna, where they built some cities and vil 
 lages Some reckoned them the next inhabit- 
 ants of the island after the Cyclops. They 
 were afterwards driven from their ancient 
 possessions by the Siculi, and retired into the 
 western parts of the island. Dionys. Hal. 1. — 
 Ovid.Met.6a.ud 13.— Virg. Ed. 10. ^n. 7, 
 V. 19b.—Diod. 6.—fIorat. ep. 17, v. 32. 
 
 Sicania and Sicania, an ancient name 
 of Italy, which it received from the Sicani 
 or from Sicanus, their king, or from Sicanus, 
 a small river in Spain, in the territory where 
 they lived, as some suppose. The name was 
 more generally given to Sicily. Vid. Sicani. 
 
 Sicca, a town ofNumidia, at the west of 
 Carthage. Sal. in Jug. 56. 
 
 SicELis, (SicELiDEs, plur.^ an epithet 
 applied to the inhabitants of Sicily. The 
 Muses are called sic tides by Virgil, because 
 Theocrif'swas a n t ve of Sicily, whom the 
 Latin poet, as a wriier of Bucolic poetry, pro- 
 fessed to imitate. Firg. Ec. 4. 
 
 SicHi5E0s, called also Sicharbas and A- 
 herbas, was a priest of the temple of Her- 
 cules in Phoniicia. His father's name was 
 Plisthenes. He married Elisa the daughter 
 of Belus, and sister of king Pygmelion, bet- 
 ter known by the name of Dido. He was so 
 extremely rich, that his brother-in-law mur- 
 dered him to obtain his possessions. This 
 murder Pygmalion concealed from his sister 
 Dido ; and he amused her by telling her that 
 Ler husband was gone upon an affair of im- 
 portance, and that he w^ould soon return 
 This would have perhaps succeeded had not 
 the shades of Sicha^us appeared to Dido, .and 
 related to her the cruelty of Pygmalion, and 
 advised her to fly from Tyre, after she had 
 previously secured some tieasures, which, as 
 he mentioned, were concealed in an obscure 
 and unknown place. According to Justin. 
 Acerbas was the uncle of Dido. Vh'g. JEn. 
 1, V. 347, kc.—Faterc. 1, c. 6. — Justin. 18,. 
 c. 4. 
 
 SiciLiA, the largest and most celebrated 
 island in the iMediterranean sea, at the bot- 
 tom of Italy. It was anciently called S/cflma, 
 Trinacria, and Triquetra. It is of a trian- 
 gular form, and has three celebrated promon- 
 tories, one looking towards Africa, called 
 Lilybaeum ; Pachynura, lo -king towards 
 Greece ; and Pelorum towards Italy. Sicily 
 is about 6(X) miles in circumference, cele- 
 *iriued for its fertility, so much that it was 
 
 SI 
 
 called one of the granaries of Rome, and Pli- 
 ny says that it rewards the husbandman an 
 hundred fold. Its most famous cities were 
 Syracuse, Messana, Leontini, Lilybaeum, A- 
 grigentum,Gela, -Drepanura, Eryx, &.c. The 
 hiahest and most famous mountain in the is- 
 land is ii^tna, whose frequent eruptions are dan- 
 ge rous, and often fatal to the country and its 
 inhabitants, from which circumstance the an- 
 cients supposed that the forges of Vulcan 
 and the Cyclops were placed there. The poets 
 feign that the Cyclops were the original inhabi- 
 tants of this island, and that after them it came 
 into the possession of the Sicani, a people of 
 Spain, and at last of tne Siculi, a nation of 
 Italy. [Vid. Siculi.] The plains of Enna 
 are well known for their excellent honey> 
 and, according to Diodorus, the hounds lost 
 their scent in hunting, on account of the many 
 odoriferous plants that profusely perfumed 
 the air. Ceres and Proserpine were the 
 chief deities of the place, and it was there» 
 according to poetical tradition, that the latter 
 was carried away by Pluto. The Phoenicians 
 and Greeks settled some colonies there, and 
 at last the Carthaginians became masters of 
 the whole island, till they were dispossessed 
 of it by the Romans in the Punic wars. Some 
 authors suppose that Sicily was originally 
 joined to the continent, and that it was sepa- 
 rated from Italy by an earthquake, and that 
 the straits of the Charybdis were formed. 
 The inhabitants of Sicily were so fond of 
 luxury, that Siculoe mensce. became proverbial. 
 The rights of citizens of Rome were ex- 
 tended to them by M. Antony. Cic. 14. 
 Mt. 12. Verr. 2, c. 13.— Homer. Od. 9, 
 iic. — Justin. 4, o. 1, &.C. — Virg. ^n. 3, v. 
 414, k.G.—ItaL 14, V. 11, kc.—Plin. 3, c. 
 
 8, isic. The island of JNaxos, in the vEgean, 
 
 was called Little Sicily, on account of its 
 fruitfulness. 
 
 L. SiciNius Dentatus, a tribune of 
 Rome, celebrated for his valour and the hon- 
 ours he obtained in the field of battle during 
 the period of 40 years, in which he was en- 
 gaged in the Roman armies. He was present 
 in 121 battles; he obtained 14 civic crowns; 
 3 mural crowns ; 8 crowns of gold ; 83 golden 
 collars; 60 bracelets; 18 lances; 23 horses 
 with all their ornaments, and all as the reward 
 of his uncommon services. He could show 
 the scars of 45 wounds, which he had received 
 all in his breast, particularly in opposing the 
 Sabines when they tooL the capitol. The 
 popularity of Sicinius became odious to Ap- 
 pius Claudius, who wished to make himself 
 absolute at Rome, and therefore to remove 
 him from the capital, he sent him to the ar- 
 my, by which, soon after his arrival, he was 
 attacked and murdered. Of 100 men who 
 were ordered to fall upon him, Sicinius killed 
 15 and wounded 30 ; and according to Diony- 
 sius, the surviving number had recourse to 
 aitifice to overpower him, by killing him with 
 a shower of stones and darts thrown at a dis- 
 tance, about 405 years before the Christian 
 era. For this uncommon courage Sicinius has 
 been called the Roman Achilles. Val. .Max. 
 
 3, c. 2. — Dionys. 8. Vellutus, one of the 
 
 first tribunes in Rome. He raised cabals 
 against Coriolanus, and was one of his ac- 
 cusers. Flut. in Cor. Sabinus, a Roman 
 
 general who defeated the Volsci. 
 
SI 
 
 SiciNUS, a man pm'ately sent by Themis- 
 tocles to deceive Xerxes, and to advise him to 
 attack the combined forces of the Greeks. He 
 had been prece[)tor to Themistocles. Plui. 
 An island, kc. 
 
 SicoRus, now Segre, a river of Hispania 
 Tarraconensis, rising in the Pyrenaean moun- 
 tains, and falling into the Iberus, a little above 
 its mouth. It was near this river that J. Caesar 
 conquered Afranius and Petreius, the parti- 
 sans of Pompey. Lucan. 4, v. 14, 130, kc. — 
 Plin. 3, c. 3. 
 
 SicuLi, a people of Italy, driven from 
 their possessions by the Opici. They fled into 
 Sicania, or Sicily, where they settled in the 
 territories which the Sicani inhabited. They 
 soou extended their borders, and after they 
 had conquered their neighbours, the Sicani, 
 they gave their name to the island. This, as 
 some suppose, happened about 300 years be- 
 fore Greek colonies settled in the island, or 
 about 1059 years before the Christian era. 
 Diod. 5. — Dionys. Hal. — Strab. 
 
 SicuLUM FRF,TOM< the sca which separates 
 Sicily from Italy, is 15 miles long, but in 
 some places so narrow, that the barking of 
 dogs can be heard from shore to shore. This 
 strait is supposed to have been formed by 
 an earthquake, which separated the island 
 from the continent. Plin.3, c. 8. 
 
 SicYON, now Basiiico, a town of Pelopon- 
 nesus, the capital of Sicyonia. It is celebra- 
 ted as being the most ancient kingdom of 
 Greece, which began B. C. 2089, and ended 
 B. C. 1088- under a succession of monarchs of 
 whom little is known, except the names, 
 ^gialeus was the first king. Some ages after, 
 Agamemnon made himself meister of the 
 place, and afterwards it fell into the hands of 
 the Heraclidae. It became very powerful in the 
 time of the Achaean league, which it joined 
 B. C. 251, at the persuasion of Aratus. The 
 inhabitants of Sicyon are mentioned by some 
 authors as dissolute, and fond of luxury, hence 
 the Sicyonian shoes, which were once very 
 celebrated, were deemed marks of effemina- 
 cy. Jpollod. 3, c. 5 — Lucret. 1, v, 1118. — 
 Liv. 32, c. 19, 1. 33, c. 15.—Slrab. 8.— Mela, 
 2, c. 3.— Pint, in Dem — Pans. 2, c. 1, kc. — 
 Cic. de Orat. 1, c. 54.— Virg. G. 2, v. 519. 
 
 SicvoNiA, a province of Peloponnesus, on 
 tiie bay of Corinth, of which Sicyon was the 
 capital. It is the most eminent kingdom of 
 Greece, and in its flourishing situation not on- 
 ly its dependent states, but also the whole 
 Peloponnesus were called Sicyonia. The ter- 
 ritory is said to abound with corn, wine, and 
 olives, and also with, iron mines. It produ- 
 ced many celebrated men, particularly artists. 
 Vid. Sicyon. 
 
 Side, the wife of Orion, thrown into hell 
 by Juno for boasting herself fairer than the 
 
 goddess. Apollod. 1, c. 4. A daughter 
 
 of Belus. A daughter of Danaus. .\ 
 
 town of Paraphylia. Liv. 37, c. 23. — Cic. 3. 
 fum. 6. 
 
 SiDERO, the stepmother of Tyro, killed by 
 Pelias. 
 
 SiDiciNUM, a town of Campania, called 
 also Teaman. [Fid. Teanum.] Virg. JEn. 
 7, v. 727. 
 
 SiDON, an ancient city of Phoenicia, the 
 <yRnitnl of the country, with a famous har- 
 
 SI 
 
 hour, now called Said. It is situate on the 
 shores of the Mediterranean, at the distance 
 of about 50 miles from Damascus, and 24 from 
 Tyre. The people of Sidon are well known 
 for their industry, their skill in arithmetic, 
 in astronomy, and commercial affairs, and in 
 sea voyages. They however have the cha- 
 racter of being very dishonest. Their women 
 were peculiarly happy in working embroide- 
 ry. The invention of glass, of linen, and of 
 a beautiful purple dye, is attributed to them. 
 The city of Sidon was taken by Ochus, king 
 of Persia, after ihe inhabitants had burnt 
 themselves and the city, B. C 351; but it was 
 afterwards rebuilt bv its inhabitants. Lucan^ 
 3, V. 217, 1. 10, v. 141.— Djorf. \Q.— Justin. 11^ 
 c. \0.—Plin. 36, c. IQ.— Homer. Od. 15, v. 
 4U.— Mela, 1, c. 12. 
 
 SiDONioRuai INSULA, Islaods In the Persian 
 gulf. Strab. 16. 
 
 SiDoNis, is the country of which Sidon was 
 the capital, situate at the west of Syria, on 
 the coast of the Mediterranean. Ovid. Met. 
 2, fab. 19. — Dido, as a native of the country, is 
 often called Sidonis. Ovid. Met. 14, v. 80. 
 
 SiDONlUS CaIUS SOLLIUS APOLLINARIS, E 
 
 Christian writer, born A. D. 430. He died 
 in the 52d year of his age. There are re- 
 maining of his compositions some letters, 
 and different poems consisting chiefly of 
 panegyrics on the great men of his time, 
 written in heroic verse, and occasionally 
 in other metre, of wiiich the best edition is 
 that of Labbaeus, Paris, 4to. 1652. — The epi- 
 thet of Sidonius is applied not only to the 
 natives of Sidon, but it is used to express 
 the excellence of any thing, especially em- 
 broidery or dyed garments. Carthage is cal- 
 led Sidonia urbs, because built by Sidoniani-. 
 Virg. ^n. 1, V. 682. 
 
 Siena Julia, a town of Etruria. Cic. Brut. 
 IS.— Tacit. 4. Hist. 45. 
 
 SiGA, now Ked-Roma, a town of Numidia, 
 famous as the palace of Syphax. Plin. 5, c, 11< 
 
 SiG^uM, or SiGEUM, now cape Ineihisari, 
 a town of Troas, on a promontory of the 
 same name, where the Scamander falls into 
 the sea, extending six miles along the shore. 
 It was near Sigaeum that the greatest part of 
 the battles between the Greeks and Trojans 
 were fought, as Homer mentions, and there 
 Achilles was buried. Virg. JEn. 2, v. 312, 1. 
 7, V. 294.— Orirf. Met. 12, v. 71.— Lucan. 9, v. 
 9Q2.—Melaf 1, c. 18.— Strab. 13.— Dictys. Cret. 
 5, c. 12. 
 
 SiGNiA, an ancient town of Latium, whos» 
 inhabitants were called Signini. The wine of 
 Signia was used by the anciants for medici- 
 nal pur[)oses. Martial. 13, ep. 116. A 
 
 mountain of Phrygia. Pliii. 5, c. 29. 
 
 SiGovEssus, a prince among the Celtae, in 
 the rei::ri of Tarquin. Liv. 5, c. 34. 
 
 SiGVNi, SiGUN-c, or SiGVNN.«, 8 nation of 
 Enri)pean Scylhia, beyond the Danube. Ht- 
 rodot. 5, c. 9. 
 
 Sii.A, or Syla, a large wood in the coun- 
 try of the Brutii near the Apennines, abound- 
 ing with much pitch. Strab. 6. — Virg. JEn. 
 12. V. 715. 
 
 SiLANA JuT.iA, a woman at the court of 
 Nero, remarkable for hor licentiousness and 
 impurities. She had married C. JnUujij by 
 whom she was divorceW 
 
SI 
 
 D. SiLANUs, a son of T. Manlius Torquatus, 
 accused of extortion in the management of 
 the province of Macedonia, The father him- 
 self desired to hear tlie complaints laid 
 against his son, and after he had spent two 
 days in examining the charges of the Mace- 
 donians, he pronounced, on the third day, 
 his son guilty of extortion, and unworthy 
 to be called a citizen of Rome. He also ba- 
 nished him from his presence, and so struck 
 was the son at the severity of his father, that 
 he hanged himself on the following night. 
 Liv. 54. — Cic. de Finib. — Val. Max. o, c. 8. 
 C. Junius, a consul under Tiberius, ac- 
 cused of extortion, and banished to the island 
 
 of Citheraea. Tacit. Marcus, a lieutenant 
 
 of Caesar's armies in Gaul. The father-in- 
 law of Caligula. Suet. Cat. 22.— — A proprae- 
 tor in Spain, who routed the Carthaginian 
 forces there while Annibal was in Italy. 
 
 • Turpilius, a lieutenant of Metellus against 
 
 Jugurtha. He was accused by Marius, though 
 totally innocent, and condemned by the 
 
 malice of his judges. ^Torquatus, a man 
 
 put to death by Nero. Lucius, a man be- 
 trothed to Octavia, the daughter of Claudius. 
 Nero took Octavia away from him, and on the 
 
 day of her nuptials Silanus killed himself.^ 
 
 An augur in the army of the 10,000 Greeks, 
 at their return from Cunaxa. 
 
 SiLARUs, a river of Picenum, rising in the 
 Apennine mountains, and falling into the 
 Tyrrhene sea. Its waters, as it is reported, 
 petrified all leaves that fell into it. Strah. 5. 
 —Mela, 2, c. 4.— Virg. G. 3, v. 146.— P/in. 2, 
 e. lOS.-^Silv. 2, V. 582. 
 
 SiLENi, a people on the banks of the Indus. 
 Plin. 6, c. 20. 
 
 SiLENUs, a dismi-god, who became the 
 nupsc) the preceptor, and attendant of the 
 god' Bacchus. He was, as some suppose, 
 son of Pan, or according to others, of Mer- 
 cury, or of Terra. Malea in Lesbos was 
 the plfeice of his birth. After death he re- 
 ceived divine honours, and had a temple in 
 Elis. Silenus is generally represented as a 
 fat and jolly old man, riding on an ass. 
 crowned with flowers, and always intoxica- 
 ted. He was once found by some peasants 
 in Phrygia, after he had lost his way, and 
 could not follow Bacchus, and he was carried 
 to king Midas, who received him with great 
 attention. He detained him for ten days, 
 and afterwards restored him to Bacchus, for 
 which he was rewarded with the power of 
 turning into gold whatever he touched. 
 Some authors assert, that Silenus was a 
 
 Ehilosopher, who accompanied Bacchus in 
 is Indian expedition, and assisted him by 
 the soundness of his counsels. From this cir- 
 cumstance, therefore, he is often introduced 
 speaking with all the gravity of a philoso- 
 pher concerning the formation of the world, 
 and the nature of things. The Fauns in 
 general, and the Satyrs, are often called Si- 
 leni. Pans. 3, c. 25, 1. 9, c. 24.— Philost. 
 23.— Ovid. Met. 4.—Uygin. fab. \9\.—Diod. 
 8, he— Cic. Tusc. 1, c. 4S.—JElian. V. H. 
 3, c. IQ.— Virg. Eel. 6, v. 13. A Cartha- 
 ginian historian who wrote an account of 
 the affairs of his country in the Greek lan- 
 guage. An historian who wrote an account 
 
 of Sicily. 
 
 SI 
 
 SiLitENSE, a river of Spain. 
 
 SiLicis MONs, a town near Padua. 
 
 Si LIS, a river of Venetia in Italy, falling intftr 
 the Adriatic. Plin. 3, c. 18. 
 
 C. SiLius Italicus, a Latin poet, who 
 was originally at the bar, where he for some 
 time distinguished himself, till he retired from 
 Rome more particularly to consecrate his time 
 to study. He was consul the year that- 
 iVero was murdered. Pliny has observedi 
 that when Trajan was invested with the impe- 
 rial purple, Silius refused to come to Rome, 
 and congratulate him like the rest of his fel- 
 low citizens, a neglect which was never re- 
 sented by the emperor, or insolently men- 
 tioned by the poet. Silius was in possession.. 
 of a house where Cicero had lived, and ano- 
 ther in which was the tomb of Virgil, and it 
 has been justly remarked, that he looked 
 upon no temple with greater reverence than 
 upon the sepulchre of the immortal poeti " 
 whose steps he followed, but whose fame he 
 could not equal. The birth day of Virgil 
 was yearly celebrated with unusual pomp 
 and solemnity by Silius ; and for his par- 
 tiality, not only to the memory, but to the 
 compositions of the Mantuan poet, he has 
 been called the ape of Virgil, Silius starved 
 himself when labouring under an impost- 
 hume, which his physicians were unable to 
 removcj in the beginning of Trajan's reign, 
 about the 75th year of his age. There re- 
 mains a poem of Italicus, on the second 
 Punic war, divided into 17 books, greatly 
 commended by Martial. The moderns have 
 not been so favourable in their opinion? con- 
 cerning its merit. The poetry is weak and 
 inelegant, yet the author deserves to be com- 
 mended for his purity, the authenticity of his 
 narrations, and his interesting descriptions. 
 He has every where imitated Virgil, but with 
 little success. Silius was a "great collector of 
 antiquities. His son was honoured with the 
 consulship during his life-time. The best edi- 
 tions of Italicus will be found to be Draken- 
 borch's in 4to, Utr. 1717, and that of Cellarius, 
 
 8vo. Lips. l&9b.—MarL 11, ep., 49, &.c. « 
 
 Caius, a man of consular dignity, greatly loved 
 by Messalina for his comely appearance and 
 elegant address. Messalina obliged him to di- 
 vorce his wife that she might enjoy his com^ 
 pany without intermission. Silius was forced 
 to comply though with great reluctance, and 
 he was at last put to death for the adulteries- 
 which the empress obliged him to commit. 
 
 Tacit. Suet. — Dio. A tribune in Caesar's 
 
 legions in Gaul. A commander in Ger- 
 many, put to death by Sejanu&, Tacit. A. 3 
 and 4. 
 
 Sii.PHiDM^ a part of Libya. 
 
 SiLPiA, a town of Spain. Lvo. 28, c. 12, 
 
 SiLVANus, a rural deity, son of an Italiaa 
 shepherd by a goat. From this circumstance 
 he is generally represented as half a man and 
 half a goat. According to Virgil, he was son 
 of Picus, or, as others report, of Mars, or 
 according to Plutarch, of Valeria Tusculana- 
 ria, a young woman, who introduced herself 
 into her father's bed, and became pregnant by 
 him. The worship of* Silvanus was estab- 
 lished only in Italy, where, as some authors 
 have imagined, he reigned in the age of 
 Evander. This deity was sometiiaes repre- 
 
SI 
 
 9£nted holding a^ cypress in his hand, because 
 lie became enamoured of a beautiful youth 
 called Cyparissus, who was changed into a tree 
 ©f the same name. Siivanus presided over 
 gardens and limits, and he is often confounded 
 with the Fauns, Satyrs, and Silenus. Plui. 
 inparall.— Virg. Ed. 10. G. 1, v. 20, 1. 2, v. 
 ^■3.—JElian. Anim. 6, c. 42.— Ovid. Met. 10.— 
 
 Hoi-at. ep. 2, — Dionys. Hal. A man who 
 
 murdered his wife Apronia, by throwing her 
 down from one of the windows of his cham- 
 bers. One of those who conspired against 
 
 PJero. An otficer of Constantius, who re- 
 
 vohed and made himself emperor. He was 
 assassinated by his soldiers. 
 
 SiLviuM, a town of Apulia, now Gorgo- 
 Uorte. Plin. 3^ c. 11. A town of Istria. 
 
 SiLUREs, the people of South Wales in 
 Britain. 
 
 SiMBRinrs, or Simbruvics, a lake of 
 Latium, formed by the Anio. Tacit. 14, An. 
 22. 
 
 SiMENA, a town of Lycia near Chimaera. 
 Plin. 5, c. 27. 
 
 SiMETHus, or Symethus, a town and river 
 at the east of Sicily, which served as a bound- 
 ary between (he territories of the people of 
 Catana and the Leontini. In its neighbour- 
 hood the gods Palici were born. Virg. JEn. 9, 
 V. 584. 
 
 SiMiLJE, a grove at Rome where the orgies 
 of Bacchus were celebrated. Lir. 39, c. 12. 
 
 SiMiLis, one of the courtiers of Trajan, 
 who retired from Rome into the country to 
 enjoy peace and solitary retirement. 
 
 SiMMiAS, a philosopher of Thebes who 
 
 wrote dialogues. A grammarian of Rhodes. 
 
 A Macedonian suspected of conspiracy 
 
 against Alexander, on account of his intimacy 
 with Philotas. Curt. 7, c. 1. 
 
 SiMo, a comic character in Terence. 
 
 SiMois, (entis,) a river of Troas which 
 wses in mount Ida, and falls into the Xanthus. 
 It is celebrated by Homer, and most of the 
 ancient poets, as in its neighbourhood were 
 fought many battles during the Trojan war. 
 It is found to be but a small rivulet by modern 
 trav^ellers, and even some have disputed its ex- 
 istence. Homer. II. — Virg. JE.n. 1, v. 104, 1. 
 3, v. 302, &:c.— Onrf. Met. 13, v. 324.— Jfe/a, 
 1, c. 18. 
 
 SiMOisius, a Trojan prince, son of Anthe- 
 mion, killed by Ajax. Homer. II. 4, v. 473. 
 
 Simon, a currier of Athens, whom So- 
 erates often visited on account of his great 
 sagacity and genius. He collected all the in- 
 formation he could receive from the conver- 
 sation of the philosopher, and afterwards 
 published it with his own observations in 33 
 dialogues. He was the fii-st of the disciples 
 ©f Socrates who attempted to give an account 
 of the opinions of his master concerning 
 virtue, justice, poetry, music, honour, kjc. 
 These dialor;iies were extant in the age of 
 the biographer Diogenes, w ho has preserved 
 
 their title. Diog. 2, c. 14. Another who 
 
 wrote on rhetoric. Id. A sculptor. Id. 
 
 The name of Simon was common among 
 
 tlic Jews. 
 
 SiMoMDES, a celebmted poet of Cos, who 
 flourished 538 years B. C. His father's 
 name was Leoprepis, or Theoprepis. He 
 ";vr«}e elegies, epigram?, and dramaticil 
 
 SI 
 
 pieces, esteemed for their elegance and sweet- 
 ness, and composed also epic poems, one on 
 Cambyses, king of Persia, k.c. Simonides 
 was universally courted by the princes of 
 Greece and Sicily, and according to one of 
 the fables of Phaedrus, he was such a favourite 
 of the gods, that his life was miraculously pre- 
 served in an entertainment when the roof of 
 the house fell upon all those who were feast- 
 ing. He obtained a poetical prize in the 
 80th year of his age, and he lived to his 90tii 
 year. The pecf.ie of Syracuse, who had hos- 
 pitably honoured him when alive, erected 
 a magnificent monument to his memory. 
 Simonides, according to some, added the 
 four letters y„ », ?, 4, to the alphabet of the 
 Greeks. Some fragments of his poetry are 
 extant. According to some, the grandson of 
 the elegiac poet of Cos was also called Simo- 
 nides. He flourished a lev/ years before the 
 Peloponnesian war, and was the author of 
 some books of invention, genealogies, &c. 
 Quintil. 10, c. 1. — Pkadr. 4, fab. 21 and 24. 
 —Horat. 2, Od. I, v. 3S.—Her6dot. 5, c. 102. 
 — Cic. de Oratf kx^. — Arist. — Pindar. Isth. 2. 
 — Caiull. 1, ep. 39. — Lucan. de Macrob. — - 
 JElian. V. H. 8, c. 2. 
 
 SiMPLicius, a Greek commentator on Aris- 
 totle, whose works were all edited in the 16tli 
 century, and the latter part of the loth, but 
 without a Latin version. 
 
 SiMULus, an ancient poet who wrote 
 some verses on the Tarpeian , rock. Pint, in 
 Rom. 
 
 SiMUS, a king of Arcadia after Phialus. 
 Paui. 8, c. 5. 
 
 SiMYRA, a town of Phoenicia. Mela^ 1, 
 c. 12. 
 
 SiN.ff;, a people of India called by Ptolemy 
 the most eastern nation of the world. 
 
 SinDjE, islands in the Indian ocean, sup- 
 posed to be the JVicabar islands. 
 
 SiNDi, a people of European Scythia, oa 
 the Palus Ma;otis. Flacc. 6, v. 86. 
 
 SiNGTSi, a people on the confines of Mace- 
 donia and Thrace. 
 
 SiNGARA, a city at the north of Mesopota- 
 mia, now Siyijar. 
 
 Singulis, a river of Spain falling into the 
 Guadalquiver. 
 
 SiNGus, a town of Macedonia. 
 
 SiNis, a famous robber. [Vid.Sc'inia.J 
 
 SiNNACES, a Parthian of an illustrious family^ 
 who conspired against his prince, Uc. Tacit, 
 6, Ann. c. 31. 
 
 SiNNACHA, a town of Mesopotamia, where 
 Crassus was put to death by Surena. 
 
 SiNOE, a nymph of Arcadia who brought 
 up Pan. 
 
 SiNON, a son of Sisyphus who accompanied 
 the Greeks to the Trojan war, and there dis- 
 tinguished himself by his cunning and fraud, 
 and his intimacy with Ulysses. When the 
 Greeks had fabricated the famous wooden 
 horse, Sinon went to Troy with his hands 
 bound behind his back, and by the most so- 
 lemn protestations, assured Priam, that the 
 Greeks were gone from Asia, and that (hey 
 had been ordered to sacrifice one of their 
 soldiers, to render the wind favourable to their 
 return, and that because the lot had fallen 
 upon him, at the instigation of L'lysses, he 
 ha«i fled away from their cmip, not f« be 
 
SI 
 
 citielly immolated. These false assertions 
 were imiuediately credited by the Trojans, 
 and Sinon advised Priam to bring into his 
 city the wooden horse which the Greeks had 
 left behind them, and to consecrate it to 
 Minerva. His advice was followed, and Si- 
 non in the night, to complete his perfidy, 
 opened the side of the horse, from which 
 issued a number of armed Greeks, wlio sur- 
 prised the Trojans, and pillaged their city. 
 Dares Phryg. — Homer. Od. 8, v, 492, 1. 11, v. 
 &2\.— Virg. JEn. 2, v. 79, kc.—Paus. 10, c. 
 27. — Q. Smyrn. 12, he. 
 
 SiNoPE, a daughter of the Asopus by Me- 
 tlione. She was beloved by Apollo, who 
 •arried her away to the borders of the Eux- 
 ine sea, in Asia iMinor, where she 
 
 to a son called Syrus. Diod 
 
 port town of Asia Minor, in Pontus, 
 
 gave birth 
 
 A sea- 
 
 now 
 
 Po- 
 
 inha- 
 from 
 
 Sinah, founded or re-built by a colony of Mi- 
 ksians. It was long an independent state, till 
 Pharnaces, king of Pontus, seized it. It 
 xvas the capital of Pontus, under JVIithridates, 
 and Avas the birth place of Diogenes, the 
 eynic philosopher. It received its name from 
 Sinope, whom Apollo married there. Odd. 
 Font. 1, el. 3, v. 67.—Strab. 2, Lc. \2.—Diod. 
 
 4. — Mela^ 1, c. 19. The original name of 
 
 Sinuessa. 
 
 SiNORix, a governor of Gaul, &.c. 
 lyaen. 8. 
 
 SiNTicE, a district of Macedonia. 
 
 SiNTii, a nation of Thracians, who 
 bited Lemnos, when Vulcan fell there 
 heaven. Homer. II. 1, v. 594. 
 
 Sinuessa, a maritime town of Campania, 
 ©riginally called Sinope. It was celebrated 
 for its hot-baths and mineral waters, which 
 cured people of insanity, and rendered women 
 prolific. Ovid. Met. 15, v. 715. — Mela, 2, c. 
 4.—Strab. 6.~Liv. 22, c. 13.— Jlfar^ 6, ep. 42, 
 I. 11, ep. 8.— -Tacit. Mn. 12. 
 
 Sign, one of the hills on which Jerusalem 
 was built. 
 
 SiPHNos, now Sifano, one of the Cyclades, 
 situate at the west of Paros, twenty miles in 
 circumference, according to Pliny, or, accord- 
 ing to modern travellers, forty. Siphnos had 
 many excellent harbours, and produced great 
 plenty of delicious fruit. The inhabitants were 
 so depraved, that their licentiousness became 
 proverbial. They, however, behaved with 
 spirit in the Persian wars, and refused to give 
 earth and water to the emissaries of Xerxes in 
 token of submission. There were some gold 
 mines in Siphnos, of which Apollo demanded 
 the tenth part. When the inhabitants refused 
 to continue to offer part of their gold to the 
 god of Delphi, the island was inundated, and 
 the mines disappeared. The air is so whole- 
 some that many of the natives live to their 
 120th year. Paus. 10, c. U.—Herodot. 8, c. 
 4G.—Mel(t, 1, c. l.—Strah. 10. 
 
 SiPoNTUM, Sipus, or Sepus, a maritime 
 town in Apulia in Italy, founded by Diomedes, 
 after his return from the Trojan war. Slrab. 
 Q.—Lucan. 5, v. 377. — Mela, 2, c. 4. 
 
 SipvLUM and Sjpvlus, a town of Lydia 
 ■with a mountain of the same name near the 
 Meander, formerly called Ceraunius. The 
 town was destroyed by an earthquake with 
 12 otliers in the neighbourbood, in the reign 
 of Tiberius. Slrctb.^l and n.-^Paus. I, c. 20. 
 
 SI 
 
 [ — Apollod. 3, c. 5. — Homer. II. 24. — Hygin. 
 
 fab. 9.— Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 47. One of Ni- 
 
 ' obe'g children, killed by Apollo. Odd. Met. 
 6, fab. 6. 
 
 SiRBo, a lake between Egypt and Pales- 
 tine, now Sebacket Bardoil. Plin. 4, c. 13.i 
 
 SiRE.VES, sea nymphs who charmed so 
 much with their melodious voice, that all 
 forgot their employments to listen with more 
 attention, and at last died for want of food. 
 They were daughters of the Achelous, by 
 the muse Calliope, or according to others, 
 by Melpomene or Terpsichore. They were 
 three in number, called Parthenope, Ligeia, 
 and Leucosia, or, according to others, Moipe, 
 Aglaophonos, and Thelxiope, or Thelxione, 
 and they usually lived in a small island near 
 cape Pelorus in Sicily. Some autiiors suppose 
 that they were monsters, who had the form of 
 a woman above the waist, and the rest of the 
 body like that of a bird ; or rather that the 
 whole body was covered with feathers, and 
 had the shape of a bird, except the head, which 
 was that of a beautiful female. This mon- 
 strous form they had received from Ceres, 
 who wished to punish them, because they had 
 not assisted her daughter when carried away 
 by Pluto. But according to Ovid, they were 
 so disconsolate at the rape of Proserpine, that 
 they prayed the gods to give them wings that 
 they might seek her in the sea as well as by 
 land. The Sirens were informed by the ora- 
 cle, that as soon as any persons [lassed by 
 them withoutsufieringtheraseh esto be charm- 
 ed by their songs they should perish ; and 
 their melody had prevailed in calling the 
 attention of all passengers, till Ulysses, in- 
 formed of the power of their voice by Circe, 
 stopped the ears of his companions with vvax, 
 and ordered himself to be tied to the mast of 
 his ship, and no attention to be paid to his 
 commands should he wish to stay and listen to 
 the song. This was a salutary precaution- 
 Ulysses made signs for his companions to stop, 
 but they were disregarded, and the fatal coast 
 was passed with safety. Upon this artifice of 
 Ulysses, the Sirens were so disappointed that 
 they threw themselves into the sea and perish- 
 ed. Some authors say, that the Sirens chal- 
 lenged the Muses to a trial of skill in singing, 
 and that the latter proved victorious, and 
 plucked the feathers from the wings of their 
 adversaries, with which they made themselves 
 crowns. The place where the Sirens de- 
 stroyed themselves, was afterwards called Si- 
 renis, on the coast of Sicily. Virgil, however, 
 ..En. 5, V. 864, places the Sircnum Scopuii on 
 the coast of Italy, near the island of Cafirea. 
 Some suppose that the Sirens were a number 
 of lascivious women in Sicily, who prostituted 
 themselves to strangers, and made them forget 
 their pursuits while drowned in unlawful plea- 
 sures. The Sirens are often represented hold- 
 ing, one a lyre, a second a flute, and the third 
 singing. Paus. 10, c. 6. — Homer. Od. 12, v. 
 167. — Slrab. 6. — Ammian. 29, c. 2. — Hygin. 
 fab. U\.—ApoUod. 2, c. 4.— Ovid. Met. 5, v. 
 555, de Art. Am. 3, v. ZU.—Ital. 12, v. 33. 
 
 SiRENuSiB, three small rocky islands near 
 the coast of Campania, where the Sirens were 
 supposed to reside. 
 
 Smis, a town of Magna Grecia, founded 
 by SI Grcciaa colony aft«r the Trojan ww, at ■ 
 
SI 
 
 ■die mouth of a rirer of the same name. There 
 was a battle fought near it between Pyrrhus 
 
 and the Romans. Dionys. Perieg v. 221. 
 
 The .Ethiopians gave that name to the Nile 
 tefore its divided streams united into one 
 
 current. Plin. 5, c. 9 A town of Paeonia 
 
 in Thrace. 
 
 SiRics, or Cahicuf.a, the dog star, whose 
 appearance a? the ancients supposed, always 
 caused great heal on the earth. Virg. JEn. '6, 
 V. 141. 
 
 SiRMio, now Sermione-, a peninsula in the 
 lake Benacus, where Catullus had a villa. 
 Carm. 29. 
 
 SiRMiuM, the capital of Pannonia at the 
 confluence of the Savus and Bacuntius; verj- 
 celebrated during the reign of the Roman em- 
 perors. 
 
 SiSAM.NES, a judge flayed alive for his par- 
 tiality, by order of Cambyses. His skin was 
 nailed on the bench of the other judges to in- 
 cite them to act with candour and impartiality. 
 Herodot. 5, c. 25 
 
 SisAPHo. a Corinthian who had murdered 
 hi'' brother because he had put his children to 
 deatli. Ovid, in lb. 
 
 SiSAPo a town of Spain, famous for its ver- 
 milion mines, whose situation is not well as- 
 certained. Plin 33 c. 1. — Cic. Phil. 2, c.\9. 
 
 SisciA, a town of Pannonia. now .Sisseg. 
 
 SisF.NES, a Persian deserter who conspired 
 against Alexander, k.c. Curt. 3. c. 7. 
 
 L. SisE>NA, an ajicient historian among 
 the Romans, 91 B. C. He wrote an account 
 of the repuJilic, of which Cicero speaks with 
 great warmth: and also translated from the 
 Greek the Milesian fables of Aristides. 
 Some frascments of his compositions are quo- 
 ted by different authors. Odd Trisl. 2, v. 
 443.— ^CVc. in Brut. 64 and 67.—Paterc. 2, c. 
 9. Corn, a Roman, who on being repri- 
 manded in the senate for the ill conduct and 
 depraved manners of his wife, accused public- 
 ly Augustus of unlawful commerce with her. 
 
 Dio. 54. The family of the Cornelii and 
 
 Apronii received the surname of Sisenna. 
 They are accused of intemperate loqua- 
 citv in the Augustan age, by Horat. 1, 6a/, 7, 
 V. 8. 
 
 SisiGAMBis, or SisycAMBis, the mother 
 of Darius the last king of Persia. She was 
 taken prisoner by Alexander the Great, at 
 the battle of Issus, with the rest of the 
 royal family. The conqueror treated her 
 with uncommon tenderness and attention ; 
 he saluted her as his own mother, and 
 what he had sternly denied to the petitions 
 of his favourites and ministers, he often gran- 
 ted to the intercession of Sisygambis. The 
 regard of the queen for Alexander was un- 
 common, and, indeed, she no sooner heard 
 that he was dead, than she killed herself, 
 unwilling to survive the loss of so generous 
 an enemy; though she had seen with less 
 concern, the fall of her son's kingdom, the 
 ruin of his subjects, and himself murdered 
 by his servants. She had also lost in one 
 day, her husband and 80 of her brothers, 
 whom Ochus had assassinated to make himselt 
 master of the kingdom of Persia. Curt. 4, c. 
 9, I. 10, c. 5. 
 
 SisiMiTHR.*:, a fortified place of Bactria- 
 2ia; 16 stadia high, 8P in circumference,, and 
 
 91 
 
 plain at the top. Aleiander married Roxana 
 
 there. Strab. 11. 
 
 SisocosTcs, one of the friends of Alexan- 
 der, intrusted with the care of the rock Aor- 
 nus. Curt 8, c. 11. 
 
 Sisyphus, a brother of Athamas and Salmo- 
 neus, son of iEolus and Enaretta- the most 
 crafty prince of the heroic ages. He married 
 Merope the daughter of Atlas, or according to 
 others, of Pandareus, by whom he had several 
 children. He built Ephyre, called afterwards 
 Corinth, and he debauched Tyro the daughter 
 of Saimoneus, because he had been told by aa 
 oracle that his children by his brother's daugh- 
 ter would avenge the injuries which he had 
 suffered from the malevolence of Saimoneus. 
 Tyro, however, as Hyginus says, destroyed the 
 two sons whom she had had by her uncle. It 
 is reported that Sisyphus, mistrusting Autoly- 
 cus, who stole the neighbouring flocks, marked 
 his bulls under the feet, and when they had 
 been carried away by the dishonesty of his 
 friend, he confounded and astonished the thief 
 by selecting from his numerous flocks those 
 bulls, which by the mark he knew to be his 
 own. The artifice of Sisyphus was so pleas- 
 ing to Autoly cus, who had now found one more 
 cunning than himself, that he permitted him 
 to enjoy the company of his daughter Anticlea, 
 whom a few da3's after he gave in marriage to 
 Laertes of Ithaca. After his death. Sisyphus 
 was condemned in hell, to roll to the top of a 
 hill a large stone, which had no sooner reached 
 the summit than it fell back into the plain wiik 
 impetuosity, and rendered his punishment 
 eternal. The causes of this rigorous sentence 
 are variously reported. Some attribute it to 
 his continual depredations in the neighbouring 
 country, and his cruelty in laying heaps of 
 stones on those whom he had plundered, and 
 suflering them to expire in the most agoniz- 
 ing torments. Others, to the insult offered to 
 Pluto, in chaining death in his palace, and 
 detaining her till Mars, at the request of the 
 king of bell, went to deliver her from con- 
 finement Others suppose that Jupiter in- 
 flicted this puiii>hment because he told Aso-. 
 pus where his daughter ^gina had been car- 
 ried away by her ravislieV. The more fol- 
 lowed opinion however is, that Sisyphus, on 
 his death-bed, entreated his wife to leave 
 his body unburied, and when he came into 
 Pluto's kingdom, he received the permission 
 of returning upon earth to punish this seem- 
 ing negligence of his wife, but, however, on 
 promise of immediately returning. But he 
 was no sooner out of the infernal regions, than 
 he violated his engagements, and when he 
 was at last brought back to hell by Mars, 
 Pluto, to punish his want of fidelity and hon- 
 our, condemned him to roll a hu^e stone to 
 the top of a mountain. The institution of 
 the Pythian games is attributed by some to 
 Sisyphus. To be of the blood of Sisyphuf 
 was deemed disgraceful among the ancients. 
 Homer. Od. 11, v. 592 —Virg. ^n. 6, v. 616. 
 — Ovid. Met. 4, v. 459, I. 13, v. 32. Fast. 
 4, V. 175, in Ibid. 191.— Pans. 2, hui.—Hygin. 
 fab. aK—IIorat 2, od. 14, v. 20.— Apollod. 3, 
 
 c. 4. A son of M. Antony, who was bom 
 
 deformed, and received the name of Sisyphus, 
 because he was endowed with genius and an 
 excellent iHiderstsnding. Horat. 1, sat. 3, v. 47. 
 
SM 
 
 SiTALCES, one of Alexander's generals, im- 
 prisoned for his ciaielty and avarice in the go- 
 vernment of his province. Curt. 10, c. 1. — — 
 A king of Thraoe, B. C. 436. 
 
 SiTHNiDEs, certain nymphs of a fountain in 
 .Megara. Pans. 1, c. 40. 
 
 SiTHON, a king of Thrace. -An island in 
 
 the .^gean. 
 
 SiTHONiA, a country of Thrace between 
 mount Heemus and the Danube. Sithonia is 
 often applied to all Thrace, and thence the 
 €pitliet Sithonisy so often used by the poets. 
 It received its name from king Sithon. Horat. 
 1, od. 18, V. 9.— Ovid. Met. 6, v. 588, 1. 7, v. 
 4Q&, 1. 13, V. 571.—Herodot. 7, c. 122. 
 
 SiTius, a Roman who assisted Caesar in 
 Africa with great success. He was rewarded 
 with a province of Numidia. Salhist. Jug. 21. 
 
 SiTONES, a nation of Germany, or modern 
 jforway, according to some. Tacit, de Germ. 
 45. 
 
 SiTTACE, a town of Assyria. Plin. 6, c. 
 27. 
 
 Smaragdus, a town of Egypt on the Ara- 
 hian gulf, where emeralds (smaragdi) were 
 dug. Strab. 16. 
 
 Smenus; a river of Laconia rising in mount 
 Taygetes, and falling into the sea nearHypsos. 
 Pam. 3, c. 24. 
 
 Smerdis, a son of Cyrus, put to death 
 by order of his brother Cambyses. As his 
 execution was not public, and as it was only 
 fenown to one of the officers of the monarch, 
 one of the Magi of Persia, who was him- 
 self called Smerdis, and Vv^ho greatly resem- 
 bled the deceased prince, declared himself 
 king at the death of Canibyses. This usur- 
 pation would not perhaps have been known, 
 bad not he taken too many precautions to 
 conceal it. After he had reigned for six 
 months with universal approbation, seven no- 
 blemen of Persia conspired to dethione him, 
 and when this had been executed with success, 
 they chose one of their number to reign in tbe 
 usurper's place, B. C. 521. This was Darius 
 the son of Hystaspes. Herodoi. 3, c. 30. — 
 Justin. 1, c. 9. 
 
 Smilax, a beautiful shepherdess who be- 
 came enamoured of Crocus. She was changed 
 into a flower, as also her lover. Ovid. Met. 4, 
 V. 283. 
 
 Smilis, a statuary of ^glna in the age of 
 Daedalus. Paus. 7. 
 
 Smindyrides, a native of Sybaris, famous 
 for his luxury. Mlian. V. H. 9, c. 24 and 12, 
 c. 24. 
 
 Smiwtheus, one of the surnames of Apollo 
 in Phrygia, wherc the inhabitants raised him a 
 temple, because he had destroyed a number of 
 rats that infested the country. These rats 
 were called <r,"'i^::i(, in the language of Phrygia, 
 whence the surname. There is another story 
 similar to this related by the Greek scholiast 
 of Homer. II. 1, v. 39.—8lrab. 13.— Ovid. Mel. 
 12, V. 585. 
 
 Smyrna, a celebrated sea-port town of 
 Ionia in Asia Minor, built, as some suppose, 
 by Tantalus, or, according to others, by 
 the j^iolians. It has been subject to many 
 revolutions, and been severally in the posses- 
 sion of the .^olians, lonians, Lydians, and 
 Macedonians. Alexander, or according to 
 Strabo, Lysimachus, rebuilt it 400 years af- 
 
 ler it had been destroyed by the Lydians. h 
 was one of the richest and most powerful 
 cities of Asia, and became one of the twelve 
 cities of the Ionian confederacy. The inha« 
 bitants were given much to luxury and in- 
 dolence, but they were universally esteemed 
 for their valour and intrepidity when called 
 to action. Marcus Aurelius repaired it after 
 it had been destroyed by an earthquake, about 
 the 180th year of the Christian era. Smyrna 
 still continues to be a very commercial town. 
 The river Meles flows near its walls. The in- 
 habitants of Smyrna believe that Homer was 
 born among them, and to confirm this opin- 
 ion, they not only paid him divine honours, 
 but showed a place which bore the poet's 
 name, and also had a brass coin in circula- 
 tion which was called Homerium. Some sup- 
 pose that it was called Smyrna from an Ama- 
 zon of the same name who took possession of 
 it. Herodot. 1, c. 16, kc.—Strab. 12 and 14.— 
 Ital. 8, v. 505.— Paus. 5, c. 8.— Mela, 1, c. 17. 
 
 A daughter of Thias, mother of Adonis. 
 
 An Amazon. The name of a poem 
 
 which Cinna, a Latin poet, composed in nine 
 years, and which was worthy of admiratioOf 
 according to Catullus, 94. 
 
 Smyrn^us/ a Greek poet of the third centu- 
 ry, called also Calaber. [Vid. Calaber.] 
 
 SoAifA, a river of Albania. Piol. 
 
 SoASDA, a town of Armenia. 
 
 Soanes, a people of Colchis, near Caa- 
 casus, in whose territories the rivers abound 
 with golden sands, which the inhabitants ga- 
 ther in wool skins, whence, perhaps, arose 
 the fable of the golden fleece. Strab. 11. — 
 Plin. 33, c. 3. 
 
 Socrates, the most celebrated philoso- 
 pher of all antiquity, was a native of Athens. 
 His father Sophroniscus was a statuary, and 
 his mother Phenarete was by profession a 
 midwife. For some time he followed the 
 occupation of his father, and some have men- 
 tioned the statues of the Graces, admired 
 for their simplicity and elegance, as the work 
 of his own hands. He was called away from 
 this meaner employment, of which, however^ 
 he never blushed, by Crito, who admired his 
 genius and courted his friendship. Philosophy 
 soon became the study of Socrates, and un- 
 der Archelaus and Anaxagoras he laid the 
 foundation of that exemplary virtue v;hich 
 succeeding ages have ever loved and venerated. 
 He appeared like the rest of his countrymen 
 in the field of battle ; he fought with boldness 
 and intrepidity, and to his courage two of his 
 friends and disciples, Xenophon and Aicibiades, 
 owed the preservation of their life. But the 
 character of Socrates appears more conspicu- 
 ous 33 a philosopher and moralist than as that 
 of a warrior. He was fond of labour, he in- 
 ured himselfto suffer hardships, and he acquired 
 that serenity of mind and firmness of counte- 
 nance which the most alarming dangers could 
 never destroy, or the most sudden calamities 
 alter, if he was poor, it was from choice, and 
 not the effects of vanity, or the wish of appear- 
 ing singular. He bore injuries with patience, 
 and the insults of malice or resentment, he not 
 only treated with contempt, but even received 
 with a mind that expressed some concern, and 
 felt compassion for the depravity of human na- 
 ture. So single and so venerable a character 
 
so 
 
 was admired by the most enlightened of the 
 Athenians Socrates was attended by a num- 
 ber of illustrious pupils, whom he instructed 
 by his exemplary life, as well as by his doc- 
 trines. He had no particular place where to 
 deliver his lectures, but as the good of his 
 countrymen, and the reformation of their cor- 
 rupted morals, and not the aggregation of 
 riches, was tiie object of his study, he was 
 present every where, and drew the attention 
 of his auditoi-s either in the groves of Acade- 
 mus, the Lyceum, or on the banks of the 
 liyssus. Be spoke with freedom on every 
 subject, religious as well as civil, and had the 
 ijourage to condemn the violence of his coun- 
 trymen, and to withstand the torrent of re- 
 sentment by which the Athenian generals 
 were capitally punished for not burying the 
 dead at the battle of Arginusae. This indepen- 
 dence of spirit, and that visible superiority of 
 mind and genius over the rest of his country- 
 men, created many enemies to Socrates; but 
 as his character was irreproachable, and his 
 doctrines pure, and void of all obscurity, the 
 Yoice of malevolence was silent. Yet Aris- 
 tophanes soon undertook, at the instigation 
 of Melitus, in his comedy of the Clouds, to 
 ridicule the venerable character of Socrates 
 on the stage ; and when once the way was 
 open to calumny and defamation, the fickle 
 and licentious populace paid no reverence to 
 the philosopher whom they had before regard- 
 ed as a bHng of a superior order. When this 
 had succeeded, Melitus stood forth to crimi- 
 nate him, together with Anitus and Lycon, 
 and the philosopher was summoned before 
 the tribunal of the five hundred. He was 
 accused of corrupting the Athenian youth, of 
 making innovations in the religion of the 
 Greeks, and of ridiculing the many gods 
 which the Athenians worshipped; yet false 
 as this might appear, the accusers relied for 
 the success of their cause upon the perjury of 
 false witnesses, and the envy of the judges- 
 whose ignorance would readily yield to mis- 
 representation, and be influenced and guided 
 by eloquence and artifice. In this their ex 
 pectations were not fisnstrated, and while the 
 judges expected submission from Socrates, and 
 that meatmess of behaviour and servility of 
 defence which distinguished criminals, the phi- 
 losopher perhaps accelerated his own fall by 
 the firmness of his mind, and his uncomplying 
 kitegrity. Lysias, one of the most celebrated 
 orators of the age, composed an oration in a 
 laf)Oured and pathetic style, which he offered 
 to his friend to be pronounced as his defence 
 ill the presence of his j;id;^es. Socrates read 
 it, but after he had praised theelo(juence and 
 the animation of the wliole, he rejected it: 
 as neither manly nor expre.ssive of fortitude, 
 and com[»aring it to Sicyonian shoes, which 
 though fitting, were proofs of etfeminacy, he 
 observed, that a philosopher ought t<> be con- 
 spicuous f«ii' magnanimity and for firmness of 
 soul. In hi-i apology he spoke with great ani- 
 mation, and confessed that while others boast- 
 ed that they were acquainted with every 
 thing, he himself knew nothing. The whole 
 discourse was full of simplicity and noble gran- 
 deur, the ei:ergeti('- language of otFended in- 
 nocence. Ue mf)dcstly said, that what he 
 possessed was applied for the service ol the 
 83 
 
 SO 
 
 Athenians; it was his wish to make his fellow 
 citizens happy, and it was a duty he perform- 
 ed by the special command of the gods, whose 
 authority, said he emphatically to his judges, 
 / regard more than yours. Such language 
 from a man who was accused of a capital 
 crime, astonished and irritated the judges. 
 Socrates was condemned, but only by a ma- 
 jority of three voices ; and when he was de- 
 manded, according to the spirit of the Athe- 
 nian laws, to pass sentence on himself and 
 to mention the death he preferred, the philo- 
 sopher said. For my attempts to teach the Mht' 
 -/dan youth jvMice and moderafion- and to ren- 
 der the rest of my countrymen more happy-, let 
 me be maintained at the public expense iht 
 remaining years of my life in the Prytaneum, 
 an honour. Athenians, which I deserve mort 
 than the victors of the Olympic games. They 
 make their couidrymen more happy in appear- 
 ance, but I hare made you so in reality. This 
 exasperated the judges in the highest degree, 
 and lie was condemned to drink hemlock. Up- 
 on this he addressed the court, and more i)ar- 
 ticularly the judges who had decided in his fa- 
 vour in a pathetic speech. He told them that 
 to die was a pleasure, since he w^as going to 
 hold converse with the greatest heroes of an- 
 tiquity; he recommended to their paternal 
 care his defenceless children, and as he re* 
 turned to the prison, he exclaimed : I go t0 
 die, you to live; but which is the best the Di- 
 vinity alone can know. The solemn celebra- 
 tion of the Delian festivals [FiV/. Delia,] pre- 
 vented his execution for thirty days, and du- 
 ring that time he was confined in the pri- 
 son and loaded with irons. His friends, and 
 particularly his disciples, were his constant at- 
 tendants ; he discoursed with them upon dif- 
 ferent subjects with all his usual cheerfulness 
 and serenity. He reproved tliem for their 
 sorrow, and when one of them was uncom- 
 monly grieved, because he was to suffer thougk 
 innocent, the philosopher replied, would you 
 then have me die guilty? With this compo- 
 sure he spent his last days ; he continued to be 
 a preceptor till the moment of his death, and 
 instructed his pupils on questions of the great- 
 est importance ; he told them his opinions in 
 support of the immortality of the soul, and 
 refn'obated with acrimony the prevalent cus- 
 tom of suicide. He disregarded the interces- 
 sion of his friends, and when it was in his 
 power to make his escape out of prison, he re- 
 fused it, and asked with his usual pleasantry, 
 where he could escape death ; where, says \ie 
 to Crito, who had bribed the gaoler, and made 
 his escape certain, w/iere shidl I fly to avoid 
 this irrevocable doom passed on all mankind ? 
 When the hour to drink the poison was come, 
 the executioner pr(!sented him the cup with 
 tears in his eyes. Scnrates received it with 
 composure, and after he had made a libalioa 
 to the gods, he drank it with an unaltered 
 countenance, and a few moments after he ex- 
 pired. Such wasthecnd of a man whom theun« 
 induenced answer of the oracle of Delphi liad 
 pronounced tlie wisest of mankind. Socrates 
 died 400 years before Clirist, in the 70th year of 
 his age. He was n(j sooner buried than the 
 Athenians repented of their cruelty, hi.^ accu- 
 ers were univer.'sally despised and shunned, 
 one suffered death, some were banished, and 
 
so 
 
 otbers, witb their own hands, put an end to 
 the life, which their severity to the best of 
 the Athenians had rendered insupportable. 
 The actions, sayings, and opinions of So- 
 crates have been faithfully recorded by two 
 of the most celebrated of his pupils, Xeno- 
 phon and Plato, and every thing which re- 
 lates to the life and circumstances of this 
 great philosopher is now minutely known. 
 To his poverty, his innocence, and his exam- 
 ple, the Greeks were particularly indebted 
 tor their greatness and splendour; and the 
 learning which was universally disseminated 
 by his pupils, gave the whole nation a con- 
 sciousness of their superiority over the rest of 
 the world, not only in the polite arts, but in 
 the more laborious exercises, which their wri- 
 tings celebrated. The philosophy of Socrates 
 forms an interesting epoch in the history of 
 the human mind. The son of Sophroniscus de- 
 rided the more abstruse inquiries and meta- 
 physical researches of his predecessors, and by 
 first introducing moral philosophy; he induced 
 mankind to consider themselves,their passions, 
 their opinions, their duties, actions, and facul- 
 ties. From this it was said, that the foun- 
 der of the Socratic school drew philosophy 
 down from heaven upon the earth. In his 
 attendance upon religious worship, Socrates 
 was himself an example, he believed the di- 
 vine origin of dreams and omens, and pub- 
 licly declared that he was accompanied by a 
 daemon or invisible conductor [Pld. Daemon] 
 whose frequent interposition slopped him from 
 the commission of evil, and the guilt of mis- 
 conduct. This familiar spirit, however, accord- 
 ing to some, was nothing more than a sound 
 judgment assisted by prudence and long ex- 
 perience, which warned him at the approach 
 of danger, and from a general speculation of 
 mankind could foresee what success would 
 attend an enterprise, or what calamities 
 \yould follow an ill-managed administration. 
 As a supporter of the immortality of the soul, 
 he allowed the })erfection of a supreme 
 knowledge, from which he deduced the go- 
 vernment of the universe. From the re- 
 sources of experience as well as nature and 
 observation, he perceived the indiscriminate 
 dispensation of good and evil to mankind by 
 the hand of heaven, and he was convinced 
 that nothing but the most inconsiderate would 
 incur the displeasure of their creator to avoid 
 poverty or sickness, or gratify a sensual ap- 
 petite, which must at the end harass their 
 soul with remorse and tiie consciousness of 
 guilt. From this natural view of things, he 
 perceived the relation of one nation with ano- 
 ther, and how much the tranquillity of civil 
 society depended upon the proper discharge 
 of these respective duties. The actions of 
 men furnished materials also for his di.*course ; 
 to instruct them was his aim, and to render 
 them hai)py was the ultimate object of his 
 daily lessons. From principles like these, 
 which were enforced by the unparalleled ex- 
 ample of an aft'ectionate husband, a tender 
 parent, a warlike soldier, and a patriotic citi- 
 zen in Socrates, soon after the celebrated 
 sects of the P'atonists, the Peripatetics, the 
 Academics. Cyrenaics, Stoics, he. arose. 
 Socrates i:ever wrote for the public eye, yet 
 many support that the tragedies of his pupil 
 
 SO 
 
 Euripides were partly composed by hitn- 
 He was naturally of a licentious disposition? 
 and a physiognomist observed, in looking in 
 the face of the philosopher, that his heart was 
 the most depraved, immodest, and corrupted 
 that ever was in the human breast. This 
 nearly cost the satirist his life, but Socrates 
 upbraided his disciples, who wished to punish 
 the physiognomist, and declared that his as- 
 sertions were true, but that all his vicious 
 propensities had been duly corrected and 
 curbed by means of reason. Socrates made 
 a poetical version of ^sop's fables, while in 
 prison. Laert. — Xenopk. — Plato. — Paus. 1, c. 
 22.—Plut. de op. Phil. kc.—Cic. de Oral. 1, c. 
 54.— Tmsc. 1, c. 41, hc.— Val. Max. 3, c. 4» 
 
 A leader of the Acha^ans, at the battle 
 
 of Cunaxa. He was seized and put to death 
 
 by order of Artaxerxes. A governor of 
 
 Cilicia under Alexander the Great. — — A 
 painter. A Rhodian in the age of Augus- 
 tus. He wrote an account of the civil wars. 
 A scholiast born A. D. 380, at Constan- 
 tinople. He wrote an ecclesiastical history 
 from the year 309, where Eusebius ended, 
 down to 440, with great exactness and judg- 
 ment, of which the best edition is that of Read- 
 ing, fol. Cantab. 1720. An island on the 
 
 coast of Arabia. 
 
 ScEMiAS, (Julia) mother of the emperor 
 Heliogabalus, was made president of a senate 
 of women, which she had elected to decide 
 the quarrels and the affairs of the Roman 
 matrons. She at last provoked the people by 
 her debaucheries, extravagance, and cruelties, 
 and was murdered with her son and family. 
 She was a native of Ajjamea ; her father's 
 name was Julius Avitus, and her mother's 
 Masa. Her sister Julia Mamroaea married the 
 emperor Septimius Severus. 
 
 SoGDiANA, a country of Asia, bounded on 
 the north by Scythia, east by the Sacae, south 
 by Bactriana, and west by Margiana, and 
 now known by the name ol Zagatay, or Us- 
 bec. The people are called Sogdiani. The 
 capital was called Marcanda. Herodot. 3, c. 
 93.— Curt. 7, c. 10. 
 
 SoGDiANus, a son of Artaxerxes Longi- 
 manus, who murdered his elder brother, king 
 Xerxes, to make himself master of the Per- 
 sian throne. He was but seven months in pos- 
 session of the crown. His brother Ochus, 
 who reigned under the name of DariusNothus, 
 conspired against him, and suffocated him in 
 a tower full of warm ashes. 
 
 Sol, (the sun) was an object of veneration 
 among the ancients. It was particularly wor- 
 shipped by the Persians, under the name of 
 Mithras; and was the Baal or Bel of the 
 Chaldeans, the Belphegor of the Moabites, 
 the Moloch of the Canaanites, the Osiris of 
 the Egyptians, and the Adonis of the Syrians. 
 The Massageta3 sacrificed horses to the sun on 
 account of their swiftness. According to 
 some of the ancient i)oets, Sol and Apollo were 
 two different persons. Apollo, however, and 
 Phoebus and Sol, are universally supposed to 
 be the same deity. 
 
 Soi.iciNiuM, a town of Germany, nov^ 
 Sultz, on the Neckjir. 
 
 SoLiNus, (C. Julius^ a grammarian at the 
 end of the first century, who wrote a book 
 called Polyhisior, which is a collection of his-. 
 
so 
 
 so 
 
 lorical remarks and geographical annotations I factious spirit of bis coHntrymcn, and the usuiv 
 on the most celebrated places of every coun-'pation of Fisistratus. JNot to be longer a 
 try. He has been called Pliny's ape, because i spectator of the divisions that reigned in his 
 
 he imitated that well known naturalist. The 
 last edition of the Poly histor is that of Norimb. 
 ex editione Saimasii. 1777. 
 
 SoLis FoNs, a celebrated fountain in Libya. 
 IVid. Ammon.j 
 
 SoLOE or Soli, a town of Cyprus, built on 
 the borders of the Clarius by an Athenian 
 colony. It was originally called ^peia, till 
 Solon visited Cyprus, and advised Philocy- 
 prus, one of the princes of the island, to 
 change the situation of his capital. His ad- 
 vice was followed, a new town was raised in 
 a beautiful plain, and called after the name 
 of the Athenian philosopher. Strah. 14. — 
 
 Plut. in Sol. A t6vvn of Cilicia on the sea 
 
 coast, built by the Greeks and Rhodians. It 
 was afterwards called Pompeiopolis, from 
 Fompey, who settled a colony of pirates 
 there. Plin. 5, c. 27. — Dionys. Some sup- 
 pose that the Greeks, who settled in either of 
 these two towns, forgot the purity of their 
 native language, and thence arose the term 
 Solecismus, applied to an inelegant or impro- 
 per expression. 
 
 SoLCEis or SoLOENTiA, a promontory of 
 Libya at the extremity of mount Atlas, now 
 
 cape Cantin. A town of Sicily, between 
 
 Panormus and Himera, now Solanio. Cic. 
 Fer. 3, c. 43.— Thucyd. 6. 
 
 Solon, one of the seven wise men of 
 Greece, was born at Salamis and educated at 
 Athens. His father's name was Euphorion, or 
 Exechestides, one of the descendants of king 
 Codrus, and by his mother's side he reckoned 
 among his relations the celebrated Fisistratus. 
 After he had devoted part of his time to phi- 
 losophical and political studies, Solon travel- 
 led over the greatest pari of Greece : but at his 
 return home he was distressed with the dis- 
 sentions which were kindled among his coun- 
 trymen. All fixed their eyes upon Solon as a 
 deliverer, and he was unanimously elected ar- 
 chon and sovereign legislator. He might have 
 become absolute, but he refused the danger- 
 ous office of king of Athens, and in the capa- 
 city of lawgiver he began to make a reform in 
 every department. The complaints of the 
 poorer citizens found redress, all debts were 
 remitted, and no one was permitted to seize 
 the person of his debtor if unable to make a 
 restoration of his money. After he had made 
 the most salutary regulations in the state, and 
 bound the Athenians by a solemn oath, that 
 they would faithfully observe his laws for the 
 space of 100 years, Solon resigned the office of 
 legislator, and removed himself from Athens. 
 He visited Egypt, and in the couit of Croesus 
 king of Lydia, he convinced the monarch 
 of the instability of fortune, and told him, 
 when he wished to know whether he was 
 not the happiest of mortals, that Tellus, an 
 Athenian, who had always seen his country 
 in a flourishing state, who had seen his chil- 
 dren lead a virtuous life, and who had himself 
 fallen in defence of his country, was more 
 entitled to happiness tlian the possessor of 
 riches, and the master of empires. After ten 
 years absence Solon returned to Athens, but 
 he had the mortification to find the greatest 
 Ijmrt of his regulation's disregarded by the 
 
 country, he retired to Cyprus, where he died 
 at the court of king Fhilocyprus, in ihe 80th 
 year of his age, 558 years before the Christian 
 era. The salutary consequences of the laws of 
 Solon can be discovered in the length of time 
 they were in force in the republic of Athens. 
 Forabove 400 years they ftourished in full vi- 
 gour, and Cicero, who was himself a witness 
 of their benign influence, passes the highest 
 encomiutas upon the legislator, whose supe- 
 rior wisdom framed such a code of regulations. 
 It was the intention of Solon to protect the 
 poorer citizens, and by dividing the whole bo- 
 dy of the Athenians into four classes, three of 
 which were permitted lo discharge the most 
 important offices and magistracies of the state, 
 and the last to give their opinion in the assem- 
 blies, but not have a share in the distinctions 
 and honours of their superiors, the legislator 
 gave the populace a privilege which, though 
 at first small and inconsiderable, soon render- 
 ed them masters of the republic, and of all the 
 affairs of government. He made a reforma- 
 tion in the Areopagus, he increased the au- 
 thority of the members, arfd permitted thena 
 yearly to inquire how every citizen main- 
 tained himself, and to punish such as lived ia 
 idleness, and were not employed in some ho- 
 nourable and lucrative profession. He also re- 
 gulated the Prytaneum, and fixed the number 
 of its judges to ^0. The sanguinary laws of 
 Draco w^ere all cancelled, except that against 
 murder, and the punishment denounced against 
 every offender was proportioned to his crime ; 
 but Solon made no law against parricide or sa- 
 crilege. The former of these crimes, he said, 
 was too horrible to human nature for a man to 
 be guilty of it, and the latter could never be 
 committed, because the history of Athens had 
 never furnished a single instance. Such as had 
 died in the service of their country, were bu- 
 ried with great pomp, and their family was 
 maintained at the public expense ; but such as 
 had squandered away their estates, such as re- 
 fused to bear arms in defence of their country, 
 or paid no attention to the infirmities and dis- 
 tress of their parents, were branded wfth in- 
 famy. The laws of marriage were newly re- 
 gulated, it became an union of affection and 
 tenderness, and no longer a mercenary con- 
 tract. To speak with ill language against the 
 dead as well as the living, was made a crime, 
 and the legislator wished that the character of 
 his fellow citizens should be freed from the 
 aspersions^ of malevolence and envy. A per- 
 son that liad no children was permitted to 
 dispose of his estates as he pleased, and the 
 females were not allowed to be extravagant in 
 their dress or expenses. To be guilty of adul« 
 tery was a capital crime, and the friend and 
 associate of lewdness and debauchery was 
 never permitted to speak in public, for, as the 
 philosopher observed, a man who has no 
 shame, is not capable of being intrusted with 
 the people. These celebrated laws were en- 
 graved on several tables, and that they might 
 be better known and more familiar to the 
 Athenians, they were written in verse. The 
 indignation which Solon expressed on .seeing 
 the tragical representatiom? of Thejpif, is wel 
 
so 
 
 known, and he sternly observed, that if false- 
 hood and fiction were tolerated on the stage, 
 they would soon find their way among the 
 common occupations of men. According to 
 Plutarch, Solon was reconciled to Pisistratus, 
 but this seems to be false, as the legislator re- 
 fused to live in a country where the privileges 
 of his fellow citizens were trampled upon by 
 the usurpation of a tyrant. [Vid. Lycurgus.J 
 Plut. in Sol.—Herodot. 1, c. 29.— Diog. 1.— 
 Pans. 1. c. 40. — Cic. 
 
 SoLONA, a town of Gaul Cispadana on the 
 Utens. 
 
 SoLONiuM, a town of Latium on the bor- 
 ders of Etruria. Plut. in Mar. — Cic. de 
 Div. 1. 
 
 SoLVA, a town of Noricum. 
 
 Solus, (untis) a maritime town of Sicily. 
 {Vid. Solocis,] Strab. 14. 
 
 SoLYMA, and SoLVM«, a town of Lycia, 
 The inhabitants, called Solymi, were anciently 
 called Milyades, and ftftei-wards Termili and 
 Lycians. Sarpedon settled amons^ them. Strab. 
 
 J4.— Homer. II. Q.—PLin. 5, c. 27 and 29. 
 
 An ancient name of Jerusalem. [Vid. Hiero- 
 solyma.] Juv. 6, v. 543. 
 
 SoMNUs, son of Erebus and Nos, was one 
 of the infernal deities, and presided oversleep. 
 His palace, according to some mythologists, is 
 a dark cave, where the sun never penetrates. 
 At the entrance are a number of (toppies and 
 somniferous herbs. The god himself is re- 
 presented as asleep on a bed of feathers with 
 black curtains. The dreams stand by him, 
 and Morpheus as hi? principal minister watches 
 to prevent the noise from awaking him. The 
 Lacedaemonians always placed the image of 
 Somnus near that of death. Hesiod. Theog. — 
 Homer. II. 14.— Virg. JEn. 6, v. mi.— Ovid. 
 Met: 11. 
 
 SoKCHis- an Egyptian priest in the age of 
 Solon. It was he who told that celebrated 
 philosopher a number of traditions, particular- 
 ly about the Atlatitic isles, which he refjresent- 
 ed as more extensive than the continent of 
 Africa and Asia united. This island disap- 
 peared, as it is said, in one day and one night. 
 Plut. in hid. he. 
 
 SoNTiATEs, a people in Gaul. 
 
 SopATER, a philosopher of Apamea, in the 
 age of the em[)ejor Constantine. He was 
 one of the disciples oflamblicus, and after his 
 death he was at the head of the Platonic phi- 
 losopliers. 
 
 SophaX, a son of Hercules and Tiriga, the 
 widow of Antaeus, who founded the kingdom 
 of Tii.gis, in Mauritania, and from whom 
 were descended Diodorus, and Juba king of 
 Mauritania. Strab. S. 
 
 SoPHJCNE, a country of Armenia, on the 
 borders of Mesopotamia. Lucan. 2, v. 693. 
 
 SoPHOCLKS, a celebrated tragic poet of 
 Athens, educated in the school of iEschylus. 
 He (iistinguished himself not only as a poet, 
 but also as a statesman. He commanded the 
 Athenian armies, and in several battles he 
 shared the supreme command with Pericles, 
 and exercised the oliice of archon with credit 
 and honour. The first appearance of Sopho- 
 cles as a poet rellects great honour on his abi- 
 lities. The Athenians had taken the island 
 of Scyros, and to celebrate that memorable 
 event, a yearly contest for tragedy was in- 
 
 SO 
 
 stituted. Sophocles on this occasion obtained 
 the prize over many competitors; in the num- 
 ber of whom was ^schylus, his friend and 
 his master. This success contributed to en- 
 courage the poet, he wrote for the stage with 
 applause, and obtained the poetical prize 20 
 different times. Sophocles was the rival of 
 Euripides for public praise, they divided the 
 applause of the populace, and while the former 
 surpassed in the sublime and majestic, the 
 other was not inferior in the tender and pa- 
 thetic. The Athenians were pleased with 
 their contention, and as the theatre was at that 
 time an object of importance and magnitude, 
 and deemed an essential and most magnificent 
 part of the religious worship, each had his ad- 
 mirers and adherents ; but the two poets, cap- 
 tivated at last by popular applause, gave way 
 to jealousy and rivalship. Of 120 tragedies 
 which Sophocles composed, only seven are ex- 
 tant ; Ajax, Eiectra, (Edipus the tyrant, Anti- 
 gone, the Trachinia?, Philoctetes, and (Edipus 
 at Colonos The ingratitude of the children of 
 So hocles is well known. They wished to be- 
 come immediate masters of their father's pos- 
 sessions, and therefore tired of his long life, they 
 accused him before the Areopagus of insanity. 
 The only defence the poet made was to read 
 his tragedy of (Edipus at Colonos, which he 
 had lately finished, and then he asked his 
 judges, whether the author of such a per- 
 formance could be taxed with insanity.'' The 
 father upon this was acquitted, and the chil- 
 dren returned home covered with shame and 
 confusion. Sophocles died in the ylstyear of 
 his age, 406 years before Christ, through 
 excess of joy, as some authors report, of 
 having obtained a poetical prize at the Olj'^m- 
 pic games. Athenaius has accused Sophocles 
 of licentiousness and debauchery, particularly 
 when he commanded the armies of Athens. 
 The best editions of Sophocles are those of 
 Capperonier, 2 vols. 4to. Paris, 1780; of Glas- 
 gow, 2 vols. 12mo. 1745; of Geneva, 4to. 
 1603; and that by Brunck, 4 vols. 8vo. 1786. 
 Cic. in Cat. de Div. 1, c. 25. — Plut. in Cim. 
 hc.—Q,uintil. 1, c. 10, 1. 10, c. l.— Vat. MaXr. 
 8, c. 7, 1. 9, c. 12.— Pliu 7, c. 53.—j3then. 
 10, &c. 
 
 SopHosiSBA, a daughter of Asdrubal the 
 Carthaginian, celebrated for her beauty. She 
 married Scyphax, a prince of Numidia, and 
 when her husband was conquered by the Ro- 
 mans and Masinissa, she fell a captive into 
 the hands of the enemy. Masinissa became 
 enamoured of her, and married her. This 
 behaviour displeased the Romans ; and Scipio, 
 who at that time had the command of the ar- 
 mies of the republic in Africa, rebuked the 
 monarch severely, and desired him to part 
 with Sophonisba. This was an arduous task 
 for Masinissa, yet he dreaded the Romans. 
 He entered Sophonisba's tent with tears in his 
 eyes, and told her that as he could not deliver 
 her from captivity and the jealousy of the Ro- 
 mans, he recommended her as the strongest 
 pledge of his love and aftection for her person, ^ 
 to die like the daughter of Asdrubal. Sopho- 
 nisba obeyed, and drank with unusual compo- 
 sure and serenity, the cup of poison which 
 Masinissa sent to her, about 203 years before 
 Christ. Liv, 30, o. 12, &.c. — Sallust. deJug. — 
 Justin. 
 
so 
 
 SoPHRoN, a comic poet of Syracuse, son of 
 Agatiiocies and Damasyllis. His compositions 
 were so universally esteemed, that Plato is 
 said to have read them with rapture. Vol. 
 Max. 8, c. 7. — Quintil. 1, c. 10. 
 
 SoPURONiscus, the fa! her of Socrates. 
 
 SoPHRONiA, a Roman lady whom Max- 
 entiiis took by force from her husband's 
 house an<i married. Sophronia killed herself 
 when she saw her affections were abused by 
 the tyrant. 
 
 SoPHROsyNE, a daughter of Dionysius, by 
 Dio.i's Sister. 
 
 SopoLis, the father of Hermolaus. Curl 
 
 8, c. 7. A painter in Cicero's age. Cic. 
 
 Alt. 4, ep. 16. 
 
 SoRA, a town of the Volsci, of which the 
 inhabitants were called Sorani. Hal. 8, v. 
 895— '^Vc pro. PI. 
 
 SoRACTES and Soracte, a mountain of 
 Etrina, near the Tiber, seen from Rome, at 
 tlie distance of 26 miles It was sacred to 
 ApoiiO; who ,is from thence surnamed Sorac- 
 Im; and it is said that the priests of the god 
 could walk over burning coals without hurting 
 themselves. There was, as some report, a 
 fountain on mount Soracte, whose waters boil- 
 ed at sun-rise, asid instantly killed all such 
 birds as diank of them. Slrab. 5. — Flin. 2. c. 
 93, I. 7, c.l.—Horat. 1, Od. 9.—Virg. JEn. 11, 
 V. ': So. —Hal. 5. 
 
 SoRANus, a man put to death by Nero. 
 
 [Vid. Valerius.] The father of Atilia, the 
 
 first wife of Cato. 
 
 SoHEX, a favourite of Sylla, and the com- 
 panion of his debaucheries. Plui. 
 
 SoRGE, a dauguter of (Eneus king of Caly- 
 don, by iEthea, daughter of Thestius. She 
 married Audremon, and was mother ofOxi- 
 lus. .ipollod. 1 and 2. 
 
 SoRiTiA: a town of Spain. 
 
 SosiA GvLLA, a woman at the court of 
 Tiberius, banished, k.c. Tacit. £nn. 4, c. 19. 
 
 SosiBius, a grammarian of Laconia, B. C. 
 255. He was a great favourite of Ptolemy 
 Philopator, and advised him to murder his 
 brother, and the queen his wife, calU^d .\rsi- 
 noe. He lived to a great age, and was on that 
 account calleti Polyckronos. He was after 
 wards permitted to retire from the court, and 
 spend the rest of his days in peace and tran- 
 quillity, after he had disgraced the name of 
 minister by tl}e most abominable crimes, and 
 the murder of many of the royal family. His 
 son of the same name, was preceptor to king 
 
 Ptolemy Epiphanes. The preceptor of 
 
 Britann'icus, the son of Claudius. Tacit. Jl. 
 11, c. 1. 
 
 SosicLES, a Greek, who behaved with great 
 valour when Xerxes invaded Greece. 
 
 SosiCRATES, a noble senator among the 
 Aehaeans, put to death because he wished 
 his countrymen to make peace with the Ro- 
 mans. 
 
 SosiGENEs, an Egyptian mathematician, 
 who assisted J. Caesar in regulating the Ro- 
 man calendar. Suet. — Diod. — Plin. 18, Cv 25. 
 
 A commander of the fleet of Eumenes. 
 
 Polyctn.4. .A friend of Demetrius Polior- 
 
 cetes. 
 
 Sosii, celebrated booksellers at Rome, in 
 the age of Horace, 1, ep. 20, v. 2. 
 SosiLus, a Lacedcemonian in the age of An- 
 
 SO 
 
 nibal. He lived in great intimacy with the 
 Carthaginian, taught him Greek, and wrote 
 the history of his life. C. jXep. in Annib. 
 
 SosiPATER, a grammarian in the reign 
 of Honorius. He published five books of ob- 
 servations on grammar. A Syracusan ma- 
 gistrate. A general of Philip king of Ma- 
 cedonia. 
 
 Sosis, a seditious Syracusan, who raised tu- 
 mults against Dion. When accused before the 
 people, he saved himself by flight, and thus es- 
 caped a capital punishment. 
 
 SosisTRATus, a tyrant of Syracuse, in the 
 age of Agathocles. He invited Pyrrhus into 
 Sicily, and afterwards revolted from him. 
 He was at last removed by Hermocrates. Po- 
 lymi. 1. Another tyrant Id. 
 
 Sosics, a consul who followed the interest 
 
 of Mark Antony. A governor of Syria. 
 
 A Roman of consular dignity, to whom 
 
 Plutarch dedicated his lives. 
 
 SospiTA, a surname of Juno in Latium. 
 Her most famous temple was at Lanuvium. 
 She had also two at Rome, and her statue was 
 covered with a goat-skin, with a buckle, &.c. 
 Liv. 3, 6, 8, ^c. Feslas. de V. sig. 
 
 SosTHENES, a general of Macedonia, who 
 flourished B. C. 281. He defeated the Gauls 
 under Brennus, and was killed in the battle. 
 
 Justin. 24, c. 5. A native of Cnidos, who 
 
 wrote an history of Iberia. Plut. 
 
 SosTRATUs, a friend of Hermolaus, put 
 to death for conspiring against Alexander. 
 
 Curt. 8, c. 6 
 of Augustus. 
 Slrab. 14. — 
 
 A grammarian in the age 
 He was Strabo's preceptor. 
 
 A statuary. An architect 
 
 of Cnidos, B. C. 284, who built the white 
 tower of Pharos, in the bay of Alexan- 
 dria. He inscribed his name upon it. IVid. 
 Pharos.] Slrab. 11.— Plin. 30, c. 12. — — 
 A priest of Venus at Paphos, among the 
 favourites of Vespasian. Tacit. Hist. 2, c. 
 
 7. A favourite of Hercules. A Greek 
 
 historian who wrote an account of Etruria. 
 
 A poet, who wrote a poem on the 
 
 expedition of Xerxes into Greece. Juv. 10, 
 V. 178. 
 
 SoTADES, an 
 of Thrace. He 
 
 athlete. A Greek poet 
 
 wrote verses against Phila- 
 
 delphus Ptolemy, for which be was thrown 
 into the sea in a cage of lead. He was called 
 Cinoedus, not only because he was addicted 
 to the abominable crime which the surname 
 indicates, but because he wrote a poem in 
 commendation of it. Some suppose that in- 
 stead of the word Socraticos in the 2d satire, 
 verse the lOth of Juvenal, the word Sotadi- 
 cos shoqld be inserted, as the poet Sotades, 
 and nol the philosopher Socrates, deserved 
 the appellation of Cinsdus. Obscene verses 
 were generally called Sotadea carmina from 
 him. They could be turned and read dif- 
 ferent ways without losing their measure or 
 sense, such as the following, which can be 
 read backwards : 
 
 Roma tibi subito motibus ibit amor. 
 
 Si bene te lua laus tnxat, sua laute tenelm. 
 
 Sole nudertpede, ede,perede tnelos. 
 quintil. 1, c. 8, I. 9, c. 4.— Plin. 5, ep. 3.— 
 .^)ison. ep. 17, v. 29. 
 
 SoTER, a surname of the first Ptolemy. 
 It was also common to other raonarchs. 
 
 SoTKKiA, days appointed for thanksgivings 
 
SP 
 
 and the offerings of sacrifices for deliverance 
 from danger. One of these was observed at 
 Sicyon, to commemorate the deliverance of 
 that city from the hands of the Macedonians, 
 by Aratus. 
 
 SoTERicus, a poet and historian in the age 
 of Dioclesian. He wrote a peuegyric on that 
 emperor, as also a life of Apollonius Thyanje- 
 us. His works, greatly esteemed, are now 
 lost, except some few fragments preserved by 
 the scholiast of Lycophron. 
 
 SoTHis, an Egyptian name of the constel- 
 lation called Sinus, which received divine 
 lionours in that country. 
 
 SoTiATES, a people of Gaul, conquered by 
 Caesar. Cess. Bell. G. 3, c. 20 and 21. 
 
 SoTiojf, a grammarian of Alexandria, pre- 
 ceptor to Seneca, B. C. 204. Senec. ep. 49 
 and 58. 
 
 Sonus, a philosopher in the reign of Ti- 
 berius. 
 
 Sous, a king of Sparta, who made himself 
 known by his valour, &c. 
 
 SozoMEN, an ecclesiastical historian who 
 died 450 A. D. His history extends from the 
 year 324 to 439, and is dedicated to Theodo- 
 sius the younger, being written in a style of 
 inelegance and mediocrity. The best edition 
 is that of Reading, fol. Cantab. 1720. 
 
 Spaco, the nurse of Cyrus. Justin. 1, c. 
 4. — Herodot. 
 
 Sparta, a celebrated city of Peloponne- 
 sus, the capital of Laconia, situate on the Eu- 
 rotas, at the distance of about 30 miles from 
 its mouth. It received its name from Sparta, 
 the daughter of Eurotas, who married Lace- 
 deemoii. It was also called Lacedaemon. [Vid. 
 Lacedasmon.] 
 
 Spartacus, a king of Pontus. Ano- 
 ther, king of Bosphorus, who died B. C 433. 
 His son and successor of the same name died 
 
 B. C. 407. Another, who died 284 B. C. 
 
 A Thracian shepherd, celebrated for his 
 
 abilities and the victories he obtained over the 
 Romans. Being one of the g-ladialurs who 
 were kept at Capua in the house of Lentulus 
 he escaped from the place of his confinement 
 with 30 of his companions, and took up anus 
 against tlie Romans. He soon found himself 
 with 10,000 men equally resolute with him- 
 self, and t' ough at first obliged to hid? him 
 self in the woods and solitary retreats of Cam- 
 pania, he soon laid waste thecouii<ry; and 
 vvhen his followers were increased by addi- 
 tional numbers, and better disciplined, and 
 more completely armed, he attacked the 
 Roman generals in the field of battle. Two 
 consuls and other officers were defeated wilh 
 much loss ; and Spartacus, superior in coun- 
 sel and abilities, appeared more terrible, 
 though often deserted by his fickle attendants. 
 Crassus was sent against him, but this cele- 
 brated general at first despaired of success. 
 A bloody battle was fought, in w hich, at last, 
 the gladiators were defeated. Spartacus be- 
 haved wilh great valour ; when wounded in 
 the leg, he fought on his knees, covering 
 himself with his buckler in one hand, and 
 Using his sword wilh the other ; and when 
 at last he fell, he fell upon a heap of Romans, 
 whom he had sacrificed to his fury, B. C. 71. 
 In this battle no less than 40,000 of the rebels 
 were sldin, and the war totally finished. Flor. 
 
 SP 
 
 3, e. 28.— Liv. 9o.—Eutrop. 6, c. 2.— P/uf. in 
 Crass. — Paterc. 2, c. 30. — Appian. 
 
 Spart.«, or Sparti, a name given to those 
 men who sprang from the dragon's teeth which 
 Cadmus sowed. They all destroyed one 
 another except five, who survived, and assis- 
 ted Cadmus in building Thebes. 
 
 SpARTANi, or Spartiat^, the inhabitants of 
 Sparta. \^Vid. Sparta, Lacedajmon.] 
 
 Spartianus .Slius, a Latin historian, who 
 wrote the lives of all the Roman emperors, 
 from J. Caesar to Dioclesian. He dedicated 
 them to Dioclesian, to whom, according to 
 some, he was related. Of these compositions, 
 only the life of Adrian, Verus, Didius Julianus, 
 Septimus Severus, Caracalla, and Geta, are 
 extant, published among the Scriptores His- 
 toriae Augustas. Spartianus is notesteemed as 
 an historian or biographer. 
 
 Spec hia, an ancient name of the island of 
 Cyprus. 
 
 SpBNDius, a Campanian deserter, who re- 
 belled against the Romans, and raised tumults, 
 and made war against Amilcar the Cartha- 
 ginian general. 
 
 SpkndoxV, a poet of Lacedaemon. 
 
 SpERCHiA, a town of Thessaly on the banks 
 of the Sperchius. Ptol. 
 
 Sperchius, a river of Thessaly, rising on 
 mount CEta, and falling into the sea in the 
 bay of Malia, near Anticyra. The name is 
 supposed to be derived from its rapidity C^'T»f%«'v, 
 feslinare.) Peleus vowed, to the god of this 
 river, the hair of his son Achilles, if ever he 
 returned safe from the Trojan war. Herodot. 
 7, c. ]9S. —Strab. 9.— Homer. II. 23, v. 144.— 
 Jipollod. 3, c. 13.— Jt/e/a, 2, c. 3.— Ovid. Met. 
 1, v. 557, 1. 2, v. 250, 1. 7, v. 230. 
 
 Spermatophagi, a people who lived in the 
 extremest parts of Egypt. They fed upon the 
 fruits that fell from the trees. 
 
 Speusippus, an Athenian philosopher, ne- 
 phew , as also successor of Plato. His father's 
 name was Euiymedon, and his mother's Po- 
 tone. He presided in Plato's school for eight 
 years, and disgraced himself by his extrava- 
 gance and debauchery. Plato attempted to 
 check hinj, but io no purpose. He died of 
 the4ousy sickness or killed himself according 
 to some accounts, B. C. 339. Plut.in Lys. — 
 Diog. 4. — VaJ. Max. 4, c. 1. 
 
 Sphacteki.s:; three small islands opposite 
 Pylos, on the coast of Messenia. They ai'C 
 also called Sphagice. 
 
 Spherus, an arm bearer of Pelops, son 
 of Titntahis. He was buried in a small 
 island near the isthmus of Corinth, which 
 irom him was called Spheria. Paus. 6, c. 
 
 10. A Greek philosopher, disciple to 
 
 Zeno ot Cyprus, 243 B. C. He came to 
 Sparta in liie age of Agis and Cleomeues, 
 and opened a school there. Pint, in Ag. — 
 Diog. 
 
 Sphinx, a monster which had the head 
 and breasts of a woman, the body of a dog, 
 the tail of a sejpent, the wings ol a bird, the 
 paws ot a lion, and a human voice. It 
 sprang from the union of Orthos with the 
 Chimwra, or of Typhon with Echidna. The 
 Sphinx had been sent into the neighbourhood 
 of Thebeb by Juno, who w ished to punish the 
 family of Cadmus, which she persecuted with 
 immortal hatred,, and it laid this part of 
 
 w<fli^V 
 
SP 
 
 Boeotia under continual alarms by proposing 
 enigmas, and devouring the inhabitants if un- 
 able to explain them. In the midst of their 
 consternation the Thebans were told by the 
 oracle, tliat the Sphinx would destroy herself 
 as soon as one of the enigmas she proposed 
 was explained. In this enigma she wished to 
 know what animal walked'on four legs in the 
 morning, two at noon, and three in the even- 
 ing. Upon this Creon king of Thebes pro- 
 mised his crown, and his sister Jocasta in mar- 
 mage, to him who could deliver his country 
 from the monster, by a successful explana- 
 tion of the enigma. It was at last happily ex- 
 plained by (Edipus, who observed that man 
 walked on his hands and feet when young or 
 in the morning of life, at the noon of life he 
 walked erect, and in the evening of his days 
 he supported his infirmities upon a stick. 
 [Vid. (Edipus.] The Sphinx no sooner heard 
 this explanation than she dashed her head 
 against a rock, and immediately expired. 
 Some mythologists wish to unriddle the fabu- 
 lous traditions about the Sphinx, by the sup- 
 position that one of the daughters of Cadmus, 
 or Laius, infested the country of Thebes by 
 her continual depredations, because she had 
 heea refused a part of her father's possessions. 
 The lion's paw expressed, as they observed, 
 her cruelty, the body of the dog her lascivi- 
 ousness, her enigmas the snares she laid for 
 strangers and travellers, and her wings the 
 despatch she used in her expeditions. Pint. 
 —Hcsiod. Theog. v. 326.— i/yg-m. fab. 68.— 
 ApoUod. 3, c. b.—Diod. 4.— Ovid, in lb. 378.— 
 Slrab. 9. — Sophocl. in CEdip. tyr. 
 
 SpHODRiAS, a Spartan, who, at the instiga- 
 tion of Cleombrotus, attempted to seize the 
 Pirajus. Diod. 15. 
 
 SpHRAGiDiuM, a retired cave on mount 
 Cithajron in Boeotia. The nymphs of the 
 place, called Sphragilides, were early hon- 
 oured with a sacrifice by the Athenians, by 
 order of the oracle of Delphi, because they 
 had lost few men at the battle of Plataea. 
 Plin. 35, c. 6. — Paus. 9, c. 3. — Plut. in Arist. 
 
 Spicillus, a favourite of Nero. He refused 
 to assassinate his master, for which he was 
 put to death in a cruel manner. 
 
 Spina, now Primaro-. a town on the most 
 southern mouth of the Po. Plin. 3, c. 16. 
 
 SpiNTHARUs, a Corinthian architect, who 
 built Apollo's temple at Delphi. Paus. 10, 
 
 c. 5. A freed-man of Cicero. Ad. Ail. 13, 
 
 cp. 25. 
 
 Spinther, a Roman consul. He was one 
 efPompey's, friends, and accompanied him 
 at the battle of Pharsaiia, where he betray- 
 ed his meanness by being too confident of 
 victory, and contending for the possession 
 ef Caisar's offices and gardens before the ac- 
 tion. Plut. 
 
 Spio, one of the Nereides. Virg. ^n. 5, 
 V. 826. 
 
 Spitamenes, one of the officers of king 
 Darius, who conspired against the mur- 
 derer Bessus, and delivered him to Alexan- 
 der. Curt. 7, c. 5. 
 
 Spjthorates, a satrap of Ionia, son-in- 
 law of Darius. He was killed at the battle 
 of the Granicus. Diod. 17. 
 
 Spitiiridatks, a Persian killed by Cli- 
 *'3c, as he was going to strike Alexander 
 
 ST 
 
 dead. A Persian satrap in the age of Ly- 
 
 Sander. 
 
 SpoLETiuM, now Spoleto, a town of Um- 
 bria, v.'hich bravely withstood Annibal while 
 he was in Italy. The people were called 
 Spoletani. Water is conveyed to the town 
 from a neighbouring fountain by an aque- 
 duct of such a great height, that in one 
 place the top is raised above the foundation 
 230 yards. An inscription over the gates 
 still commemorates the defeat of Annibal. 
 Mart. 13, ep. 120. 
 
 Sporades, a number of islands in the M- 
 gean sea. They recei«-ed their name a 
 TTTSi^, spargo, because they are scattered ia 
 the sea, at some distance from Delos, and 
 in the neighbourhood of Crete. Those islands 
 that are contiguous to Delos, and that encir- 
 cle it, are called Cyclades. Mela, 2, c. 7. — 
 Strab 2. 
 
 Spurina, a mathematician and astrologer, 
 who told J. Caesar to beware of the ides of 
 ?*larch. As he went to the senate-house oa 
 the morning of the ides, Caesar said to Spuri- 
 na, the ides are at last come. Yes, replied 
 Spurina, but not yet past. Caesar was mur- 
 dered a few moments after. Suet, in Cos, 
 81.— Pa/. Max. 1 and 8. 
 
 Spurius, a prajnomen common to many of 
 
 the Romans. One of Cesar's murderers. 
 
 Lartius, a Roman who defended the 
 
 bridge over the Tiber against Porsenna's 
 army. A friend of Otho, he. 
 
 L. Staberius, a friend of Pompey, set over 
 Apollonia, which he was obliged to yield to 
 Cassar, because the inhabitants favoured his 
 
 cause. Ccesar. B. G. An avaricious fellow, 
 
 who wished it to be known that he was un- 
 commonly rich. Herat. 2, Sat. 3, v. 89. 
 
 Stasia, a maritime town of Campania on 
 the bay of Puteoli, destroyed by Sylla, and 
 converted into a villa, whither Pliny endea- 
 voured to escape from the eruption of Ve- 
 suvius, in w hich he perished. Plin. 3, c. 5, 
 ep. 6, c. 16. 
 
 Stabulum, a place in the Pyrenees, where 
 a communication w^as open from Gaul into 
 Spain. 
 
 Stagira, a town on the borders of Macedo- 
 nia, near the bay into which the Strymon 
 discharges itself, at the south of Amphipolis; 
 founded 665 years before Christ. Aristotle 
 was born there, from which circumstance he 
 is called Stagirites. Thucyd. 4. — Paus. 6, c. 4. 
 — Laert. in Sol. — JEiian. V. H. 3, c. 46. 
 
 Staids, an unprincipled Wretch in Nero's 
 age, who murdered all his relations. Pcrs. 
 2, V. 19. 
 
 Stalenus, a senator who sat as judge in the 
 trial of CluentiuS; ^c. Cic.pro. Clucnt. 
 
 STAPHirLus, one of the Argonauts, son of 
 Theseus, or according to others, of Bacchus 
 and Ariadne. .Qpollod. 1, c. 9. 
 
 SxASArioER, an otficer of Alexander, who 
 had Aria at the general division of the pro- 
 vinces. Curt. 8, c. S. 
 
 Staseas, a peripatetic philosopher, engaged 
 to instruct yotuig M. Piso in philosophy. Cic. 
 in Oral. 1. c. 22. 
 
 Stasjcr,\tes, a statuary and architect in 
 the wars of Alexander, who ottered to ninke 
 a statue of mount Athos, which was rejected 
 by the conqueror, kc. 
 
 ^vv^ 
 
ST 
 
 ST 
 
 Stasileus, an Athenian killed at the battle j except Virgil's. The style of Statius is bom- 
 of Marathon. He was one of the 10 praetors, i bastic and affected ; he often forgets the |ioet 
 
 Statjelli, a people of Liguria, between to become the declaimer and the historian, 
 the Taenarus and the Apennines. Lu'. 42, c. I In his SylvcB, which were written generally 
 
 '7.— Cic. Ih f am. 11 
 
 Statilia, a woman who lived to a great 
 age, as mentioned by Seneca, ep. 77. An- 
 other, [l^id. Messalina.] 
 
 Statilius, a young Roman celebrated for 
 his courage and constancy. He was an in 
 valerate enemy to Casar, and when Cato 
 murdered himself, be attempted to follow his 
 example, but was prevented by his friends. 
 The conspirators against Caesar wished him to 
 be in the number, but the answer which he 
 gave displeased Brutus. He was at last killed 
 by the array of the triumvirs. Pint. Lu- 
 cius, one of the friends of Catiline. He joined 
 in his conspiracy, and was put to death, Cic. 
 
 Cat. 2. A young general in the war which 
 
 Ihe Latins undertook against the Romans. He 
 
 was killed, with 25,000 of his troops. A 
 
 general who fought against Antony. Tau- 
 rus, a pro-consul of Africa. He was accused 
 of consulting magicians, upon which he put 
 himself to death. Tacit. A. 12, c. 69. 
 
 StatinjE, islands on the coast of Campania, 
 raised from the sea by an earthquake. Plin. 
 2, c. 88. 
 
 Statira, a daughter of Darius, who mar- 
 ried Alexander. The conqueror had formerly 
 refused her, but when she had fallen into his 
 hands at Issus, the nuptials were celebrated 
 with uncommon splendour. No less than 9000 
 persons attended, to each of whom Alexan- 
 der gave a golden cup, to be offered to the 
 gods. Statira had no children by Alexander. 
 She was cruelly put to death by Roxana, 
 after the conqueror's death. Justin. 12, c. 12. 
 
 A sister of Darius, the last king of Persia. 
 
 She also became his wife, according to the 
 manners of the Persians. She died after an 
 abortion, in Alexander's camp, where she 
 was detained as a prisoner. She was buried 
 with great pomp by the conqueror. Flut. in 
 Alex. A wife of Artaxerxes Memnon, poi- 
 soned by her mother-in-law, queen Parysatis. 
 
 Pint, in Art. A sister of Mithridates the 
 
 Great. Plut. 
 
 Statius, (Caecilius,) a comic poet in the 
 age of Ennius. He was a native of Gaul, 
 and originally a slave. His latinily was bad, 
 yet he acquired great reputation by his come- 
 dies. He died a little after Ennius. Cic. de 
 
 sen. Annaius, a physician, the friend of 
 
 the philosopher Seneca. Tacit. A. 15, c. 64 
 
 P. Papinius, a poet born at Naples, in 
 
 the reign of the emperor Domitian. His fa- 
 ther's name was Statius of Epirus, and his 
 mother's Agelina. Statius has. made himself 
 known by two epic poems, the Thebais in 12 
 books, and the Achilleis in two books, which 
 remained unfinished on account of his prema- 
 ture death. There are besides other pieces 
 composed on several subjects, which are ex- 
 tant, and well known under the name of 
 SylvcE, divided into four books The two 
 epic poems of Statius are dedicatee to Domi- 
 tian, whom the poet ranks among the gods. 
 They were universally admired in his age at 
 Rome, but the taste of the times was cor- 
 rupted, though some of the moderns have 
 called them inferior to no Latin compositions 
 
 extempore, are many beautiful expressions 
 and strokes of genius. Statius, as some sup- 
 pose, was poor, and he was obliged to main- 
 tain himself by writing for the stage. None; 
 of his dramatic pieces are extant. Martial 
 has satirised him; and what Juvenal has 
 writ'en in his praise, some have interpreted 
 as an illiberal rfflection upon him. Statius 
 died about the lOOlh year of the Christian 
 era. The best editions of his works are that 
 of Barthius, 2 vols. 4to. Cyg. 1664, and that of 
 the Variorum. 8vo. L. Bat. 1671; and of the 
 Thebais, separate, that of Warrington, 2 vols. 
 
 ]2mo. 1778. Domitius, a tribune in the age 
 
 of Nero, deprived of his office when Piso's 
 conspiracy was discovered. Tacit. Ann. 15, 
 
 c. 17 A general of the Samnites. An 
 
 officer of the pretoriau guards, who conspired 
 against Nero, 
 
 StatoR; a surname of .Tupiter, given him by 
 Romulus, because he slopped (sto) the flight of 
 the Romans in a battle against the Sabines. 
 The conqueror erected him a temple under 
 that name. Liv. 1, c. 12. 
 
 Stellatis, a field remarkable for its fertili- 
 ty, in Campania. Cic. Ag. 1, c. 70. — Suet. 
 CcES. 20. 
 
 Stellio, a youth turned into an elf by Ce- 
 res, because he derided the goddess, who drank 
 with avidity when tired and afflicted in her 
 vain pursuit of her daughter Proserpine. Ovid. 
 Met. 5, v. 445. 
 
 Stena, a narrow passage on the moun- 
 tains near Antigonia, in Chaonia. Liv. 32, 
 c. 5. 
 
 Stenobcea. Fid. Sthenobcea. 
 
 Stenocrates, an Athenian, who conspired 
 to murder the commander of the garrison 
 which Demetrius had placed in the citadel, &lc. 
 Polycen. 5. 
 
 Stentor, one of the Greeks who went to 
 the Trojan war. His voice alone was louder 
 than that of 50 men together. Homer. II. 5, 
 V. 784.— Juv. 13, V, 112. 
 
 Stentoris lacus, a lake near Enos, in 
 Thrace, Herodot. 7, c. 58. 
 
 Stephanus, a musician of Media, upon 
 whose body A^xander made an experiment 
 in burning a certain sort of bitumen called 
 
 napththe. Slrab. 16. — Plut. in Alex.- A 
 
 Greek writer of Byzantium, known for his 
 
 dictionary, givijig an account of the towns and 
 places of'the ancient v\orld, of which the best 
 edition is that of Gronovius, 2 vols. fol. L. Bat. 
 1694. 
 
 Sterope, one of the Pleiades, daughters 
 of Atlas. She married (Enomaus, king of 
 Pisaj, by whom sb.e had Hippodamia, &,c. 
 
 A daughter of Parthaon, supposed by 
 
 some to be the mother of the Sirens. 
 
 A daughter of Cepheus. A daughter of 
 
 Pleuron, of Acastus, of Danaus, of 
 
 Cebrion. 
 
 Steropes, one of the Cyclops. Virg. ASn. 
 8, v. 425. 
 
 Stersichorus, a lyric Greek poet of Hi- 
 mera, in Sicily. He was originally called 
 Tisias, and obtained the name of Stersicho- 
 rus from the alterations he made in ran?ic 
 
ST 
 
 and dancing. His compositions were writ- 
 ten in the Doric dialect, and comprised in 
 26 books, all now lost except a few frag- 
 ments. Some say he lost his eye-sight for 
 writing invectives against Helen, and that 
 he received it only upon making a recanta- 
 tion of what he had said. He was the first 
 inventor of that fable of the horse and the 
 stag, which Horace and some other poeJs 
 have imitated, and this he wrote to prevent 
 his countrymen from making an alliance with 
 Phalaris. According to some, he was the first 
 who wrote an epithalamium. He flourished 
 656 B C. and died at Catana, in the 85th year 
 of his age. Isocrat. in Hd.—Aristot. rhet.— 
 Strab. 3. — Lucian. in Macr. — Cic.in Verr. 2, c. 
 3o.— Plut. de Mus.— quintil. 10, c. l.~Paus. 
 3, c. 19, 1. 10, c. 26. 
 
 Stertinius, a stoic philosopher, ridiculed 
 by Horace, 2 Sat. 3. He wrote in Latin 
 verse 220 books on the philosophy of the 
 stoics. 
 
 Stks.\goras, a brother of Miltiades. Vid. 
 Miltiades. 
 
 Stesilea, a beautiful woman of Athens, 
 &c. 
 
 SxEsiLEtrs, a beautiful youth of Cos, loved 
 by Themistocles and Aristides, and the cause 
 of jealousy and dissenlion between these cele- 
 brated men. Plut. in Cim. 
 
 Stesimbrotus, an historian very incon- 
 sistent in his narrations. He wrote an ac- 
 count of Cimon's exploits. Pint, in Cim. 
 -- — A son of Epaminondas put lo death by 
 his father, because he had fought the enemy 
 
 without his orders, &c. Plut. A musician 
 
 of Thasos. 
 
 Sthenele, a daughter of Acastus, wife of 
 
 Mencetius. JipoUod. 3, c. 13. A daughter 
 
 of Danaus, by Memphis. Id. 2, c. 1,. 
 
 Sthenelus, a king of Mycenae, son of 
 Perseus and Andromeda. He married Ni- 
 cippe the daughter of Felops, by whom he 
 had two daughters, and a son called Eurys- 
 Iheus, who was born, by Juno's influence, 
 two months before the natural time, that 
 he might obtain a superiority over Hercules, 
 as being older. Sthenelus made war against 
 Amphitryon, who had killed Electryon and 
 seized his kingdom. He fought with suc- 
 cess, and took his enemy prisoner, whom 
 he transmitted to Eurystheus. Homer. 11. 
 
 J9, v. 9\.~Apollod. 2, c. 4. One of the 
 
 sons of ^gyptus by Tyria. A son of 
 
 Capaneus. He was one of the Epigoni, 
 and of the suitors of Helen. He went to 
 the Trojan war, and was one of those who 
 were shut up in the wooden horse, accord- 
 ing to Virgil. Pans. 2, c. 18. Virg. JEn. 
 
 2 and 10. A son of Androgeus the son of 
 
 Minos. Hercules made him king of Thrace. 
 
 Jpollod. 2, c. 5. A king of Argos, who 
 
 succeeded his father Crotopus, Paus. 2, c. 
 
 ^6. A son of Actor, who accom{)anied 
 
 Hercules in his expedition against the Ama- 
 zons. He was killed by one of these females. 
 
 A son of Melas, killed by Tydeus. .^uol- 
 
 tod. 1, c. 8. ^ 
 
 Sthenis, a statuary of Olynthus. Anora- 
 
 ST 
 
 tor of Himera, in Sicily, during the civil wars 
 of Pompey. Plut. in Pomp. 
 
 Stueno, one of the three Gorgons. 
 
 Sthekobcea, a daughter of Jobates king 
 84 
 
 of Lycia, who married Proetus, king of Argos. 
 She became enamoured of Bellerophon, who 
 had taken refuge at her husband's court, after 
 the murder of his brother, and when he re- 
 fused to gratify her criminal passion, she ac- 
 cused him before Proetus of attempts upon 
 her virtue. According to some she killed her- 
 self after his departure. Homer. 11. 6, v 162 
 
 — Hpgin. fab. 57. Many mythologists call 
 
 her Antasa. 
 
 Stilbe, or Stilbia, a daughter of Penneus 
 by Creusa, who became mother of Centaurus 
 and Lapithus, by Apollo. Died 4. 
 
 Stilbo, a name given to the planet Mercury 
 by the ancients, for its shining appearance 
 Cic. de jY jD. 2, c. 20. 
 
 Stiucho, a general of the emperor Theo- 
 dosius the Great. He behaved with much 
 courage, but under the emperor Honorius he 
 showed him.self turbulent and disaffected. As 
 bemg of barbarian extraction, he wished to 
 see the Roman provinces laid desolate by his 
 countrymen, but in this he was disappointed 
 Honorius discovered his intrigues, and order- 
 ed him to be beheaded, about the year of 
 Christ 408. His family were involved in hi.s 
 ruin. Claudian has been loud in his praises, 
 and Zosimus Hist. 5, denies the truth of the 
 charges laid against him. 
 
 Stilpo, a celebrated philosopher of Me- 
 gara, who flourished 336 years before Christ, 
 and was greatly esteemed by Ptolemy Soter! 
 He was naturally addicted to riot and debauch- 
 ery, but he reformed his manners when he 
 opened a school at Megara. He was univer- 
 sally respected, his school was frequented, and 
 Demetrius, when he plundered Megara, or- 
 dered the house of the philosopher to be left 
 safe and unmolested. It is said that he intoxi- 
 cated himself when ready to die, to alleviate 
 the terrors of death. He was one of the 
 chiefs of the Stoics. Plut. in Dem. — Diog. 2. 
 — Seneca de Const. 
 
 Stimicon, a shepherd's name in Virgil's 5th 
 eclogue. 
 
 Stiphilus, one of the Lapithas, killed in the 
 house of Pirithous. Ovid. Met. 12. 
 
 Stob^us, a Greek writer who flourished 
 A. D. 405. His work is valuable for the pre- 
 cious relics of ancient literature he has pre- 
 served. The best edition is that of Aurel 
 Allob. fol. 1609. 
 
 Stobi, a town of Poeonia in Macedonia. 
 Liv.33, c. 19, 1.40, c. 21. 
 
 Stcechade.s, five small islands in the Medi- 
 terranean, on the coast of Gaul, now the 
 Hieres, near Marseilles. They were called 
 Ligustides by some, but Pliny speaks of them 
 as only three in number. Steph. Byzant.'-^ 
 Lacan. 3, v. 516. — Sfrnb. 4. 
 
 St(Eni, a people living among the Alps. 
 Liv. ep. 62. 
 
 Srojci, a celebrated sect of philosophers 
 founded by Zeno of Citium. They received 
 the name from the portico, io*, whcTre the 
 |)hilosopher delivered his lectures. They pre- 
 ferred virtue to every thing else, and wnat- 
 ever was opposite to it, they looked upon as 
 the greatest of evils. They required, as well 
 as the disciples of Epicurus, an absolute com- 
 mand over the passions, and they supported 
 that man alone, in the present state of biK 
 existence, could allufn i^erfection and fttligifv. 
 
ST 
 
 They encouraged suicide, and believed that 
 the doctrine of future punishments and re- 
 wards was unnecessary to excite or intimidate 
 their followers, fid. Zeno. 
 
 Sthabo; a name among the Romans, given 
 to those whose eyes were naturally deformed 
 or distorted. Pompey's father was distin- 
 
 guish<-'d by that name. A native of Amasia, 
 
 on the borders of Cappadocia, who flourished 
 in the a^e of Augustus and Tiberius. He 
 first studied under Xenarchus, the peripa- 
 tetic, and afterwards warmly embraced the 
 tenets of the Stoics. Of all his compositions 
 nothing remains but his geography, divided 
 into 17 books, a work justly celebrated for 
 its elegance, purity, the erudition and univer- 
 sal knowledge of the author It contains an 
 account, in Greek, of the most celebrated 
 places of the world, the origin, the manners, 
 religion, prejndhces, and government of na- 
 tions ; the foundation of cities, and the accu- 
 rate history of each separate province. Stra- 
 bo travelled over great part of the world in 
 quest of information, and to examine with the 
 most criticb.1 inquiry, not only the situation of 
 the places, but also the manners of the 
 inhabitants, whose history he meant to 
 write. In the two first books the author 
 wishes to show the necessity of geography ; 
 in the 3d he gives a description of Spain; 
 in the 4th of Gaul and the British isles. 
 The 6th and 6th contain an account of Italy 
 and the neighbouring islands; the 7th, which 
 is mutilated at the end, gives a full descrip- 
 tion of Germany, and the country of the 
 Getae, Illyricum, Taurica Chersonesus, and 
 Epirui^. The affairs of Greece and the ad- 
 jacent islands are separately treated in the 
 8th, 9th, and 10th: and in the four next, 
 Asia within mount Taurus; and in the 15th 
 and 16th, Asia without Taurus, India, Persia, 
 Syria, and Arabia; the last book gives an 
 account of Egypt, .Ethiopia, Carthage, and 
 other places of Africa. Among the books 
 of Strabo which have been lost, were histo- 
 rical commentaries. This celebrated geo- 
 grapher died A. D. 25. The best editions 
 of bis geography are those of Casaubon, fol. 
 Paris, 16l>0; o'f Arast. 2 vols. fol. 1707. 
 ——A Sicilian, so clear-sighted that he could 
 distinguish objects at the distance of 130 
 miles, with the same ease as if they had been 
 near. 
 
 Stratarchas, the grandfather of the geo- 
 ^rajiher Strabo. His father's name was Dory- 
 Taus. Strab. 10. 
 
 Strato, or Straton, a king of the island 
 Aradus, received into alliance by Alexan- 
 der C'urt.4, c. 1. A king of Sidon, de- 
 
 Eendant upon Darius. Alexander deposed 
 im, because he refused to surrender. Curt. 
 
 ib. A philosopher of Lampsacus, disciple 
 
 and successoi- in the school ol Theophrastus, 
 about 289 years before the Christian era. 
 He applied himself with uncommon industry 
 to the study of nature, and was surnamed 
 Phisicus, and after the most mature investi- 
 gations,, he supported that nature was inani- 
 mate, and tliat there was no god but nature. 
 He was appointed preceptor to Ptolemy 
 Philadelphus, who not only revered his abi- 
 lities and learning, but also rewarded his 
 labours with unbounded liberality. He wrote 
 
 ST 
 
 different treatises, all now lost. Diog. 5.-=- 
 Cic. Jicad. 1, c. 9, 1. 4, c 38, &,c. A phy- 
 sician. A peripatetic philosopher.— —A 
 
 native of Epirus, very intimate with Brutus, 
 the murderer of Caesar. He killed his friend 
 
 at his own request. A rich Orchomenian 
 
 who destroyed himself because he could not 
 obtain in marriage a young woman of Haliar- 
 
 tus. Plut. A Greek historian, who wrote 
 
 the life of some of the Macedonian kings.—— 
 An athlete of Achaia, twice crowned at the 
 Olympic games. Paus. 7, c. 23. 
 
 Stratocles, an Athenian general at the bat- 
 tle of Cheronsea, he. Poly<m. A stage 
 
 player in Domitian's reign. Jut. 3, v. 99. 
 
 Straton Vid. Strato. 
 
 Stratvnice, a daughter of Thespius. j9pol' 
 
 lod A daughter of Pleuron, Id. 
 
 A daughter of Ariarathes, king of Cappa- 
 docia, who manied Eumenes, king of Per- 
 gamus, and became mother of Attalus. 
 
 Strab. 13. A daughter of Demetrius Po- 
 
 liorcetes, who married Seleucus, king of 
 Syria. Antiochus, her husband's son by a 
 former wife, became enamoured of her, and 
 married her with his father's consent, whea 
 the physicians had told him that if he did not 
 comply his son's health would be impaired. 
 
 Plut. in Dem. — Val. Max. 5, c. 7. A 
 
 concubine of Mithridates, king of Pontus. 
 
 Pint, in Pomp The wife of Antigonus, 
 
 mother of Demetrius Poliorcetes. A town 
 
 of Caria, made a Macedonian colony. Utrab. 
 
 14. — Liv. 33, c. 18 and 33. Another in 
 
 .Mesopotamia. And a third near mount 
 
 Taurus. 
 
 Stratonicds, an opulent person in the reign 
 of Philip, and of his son Alexander, whose 
 riches became proverbial. Plut. A musi- 
 cian of Athens in the age of Demosthenes. 
 .athen. 6, c. 6, 1. 8, c. 12. 
 
 Stratonis turris, a city of Judea, after- 
 wards called Caesarea by Herod in honour of 
 Augustus. 
 
 Stratos, a city of iEolia. Liv. 36, c. 11, 1. 
 38, c. 4. Of Acarnania. 
 
 Strenua, a goddess at Rome who gave 
 vigour and energy to the weak and indolent. 
 Aug. de Civ. D. 4, c. 11 and 16. 
 
 Strongyle, now Sirombolo, one of the 
 islands called .Slolides in the Tyrrhene sea, 
 near the coast of Sicily. It has a volcano, 
 10 miles in circumference, which throws up 
 flames continually, anifof which the crater is 
 on the side of the mountain. Mela, 2, c. 7. — 
 Strab. 6.— Paus. 10, c. U 
 
 Strophades, two islands in the Ionian 
 sea, on the western coasts of the Pelopon- 
 nesus. They were anciently called PtotcB, 
 and received the name of Strophades from 
 iii^m, verlo, because Zethes and Calais the 
 sons of Boreas, returned from thence by 
 order of .Tupiter, after they had driven 
 the Harpyies there from the tables of Phi- 
 neus. The fleet of .^neas slopped near the 
 Strophades. The largest of these two isl- 
 ands is not above five miles in circumfe- 
 rence. Hygin. fab. 19.— Mela, 2, c. I.—Ovid. 
 Met. 13, v. 109.— Virg. JEn.3, v. 210.— Strab 
 8. 
 
 Strophius, a son of Crisus, king of Pho- 
 cis. He married a sister of Agamemnon, call- 
 ed Anaxabia, or Aslyochia, or, according to 
 
ST 
 
 •thers, Cyndragora, by whom he had Py- 
 lades, celebrated for his friendship with Ores- 
 tes. After the murder of Agamemnon by 
 Clytemnestraand iEgysthus, the king of Pho- 
 cis educated at bis own house, witli the great- 
 est care, his nephew whom Electra had se- 
 cretly removed from the dagger of his mo- 
 ther, and her adulterer. Orestes was enabled 
 by means of Strophius, to revenge the death 
 of his father. Paas. 2, c. 29. — Hygin. fab. 1, 
 
 17. A son of Py lades by Electra the sister 
 
 of Orestes. 
 
 Strut HOPHAGi, a people of ^Ethiopia, who 
 feed on sparrows, as their name signifies. 
 
 Strutuus, a general of Artaxerxes against 
 the Lacedceraonians. B. C. 393. 
 
 Stryma, a town of Thrace, founded by a 
 Thasian colony. Hcrodot. 7, c. 109. 
 
 STRYENO^ a daughter of the Scamander, 
 who married Laomedon. Apollod. 3, c. 12. 
 
 Strymon, a river which separates Thrace 
 from Macedonia, and falls into a part of the 
 iEgean sea, which has been called Strynw 
 nicus sinus. A number of cranes, as the 
 poets say, resorted on its banks in the summer 
 time. Its eels were excellent. Mela, 2, c 
 Q.—jipollod. 2, c. 5.— Virg. G 1, v. 120, 1. 
 4, V. 508. ^n. 10, v. 265.— Ovid. Met. 2, 
 V. 251. 
 
 Stubera, a town of Macedonia, between 
 the Axius and Erigon. Liv. 31, c. 39. 
 
 Stura, a river of Cisalpine Gaul falling into 
 the Po. 
 
 Sturni, a town of Calabria. 
 
 Stymphai.ia, Stymphalis, a part of Ma- 
 cedonia. Liv. 45, c. 30. A surname of 
 
 Diana. 
 
 Stymphalus, a king of Arcadia, son of 
 Elatus and Laodice. He made war against 
 Pelops, and was killed in a truce. MpoUod. 
 
 3, c. 9. — Paus. 8, c. 4. A town, river, lake, 
 
 and fountain of Arcadia, which receives its 
 name from king Stymphalus. The neigh- 
 bourhood of the lake Stymphalus was infest- 
 ed with a number of voracious birds, like 
 cranes or storks, which fed upon human flesh, 
 and which were called Stymphalides. They 
 were at last destroyed by Hercules, with the 
 assistance of Minerva. Some have confound- 
 ed them with the Harpyies, while others pre- 
 tend that they never existed but in the imagi 
 nation of the poets. Pausanias, however, sup- 
 ports, that there were carnivorous birds like 
 the Stymphalides, in Arabia. Paus. 8, c. 4. — 
 
 Stat. Theb. 4, v. 298. A lofty mountain of 
 
 Peloponnesus in Arcadia. 
 
 Stykge, a daughter of Danaus. Stat. Syl. 
 
 4, 6. ApoUod. 
 
 Styra, a town of Euboea. 
 
 Styrus, a king of Albania, to whom ./Eletes 
 promised his daughter Medea in marriage, 
 to obtain his assistance against the Argonauts. 
 Flacc. 3, V. 497, 1. 8, v. 358. 
 
 Styh, a daughter of Oceanus and Te- 
 thys. She married Pallas, by whom she had 
 three daughters, Victory, Strength, and Va- 
 lour. Hesiod. Tkeog. 363 and 3S4.—Apollod. 
 
 1, c. 2. A celebrated river of hell, round 
 
 which it flows nine times. According to some 
 writers the Styx was a small river of Non- 
 acris in Arcadia, whose waters were so 
 cold and venomous, that they proved fatal 
 ?• Buch as tTOted them. Amon^ other?, 
 
 su 
 
 Alexander th& Great is mermoned as a vie* 
 tim to their fatal poison, in consequence of 
 drinking ihem. They even consumed iron, 
 and broke all vessels. The wonderful pro- 
 perties of this water suggested the idea, that 
 it was a river of hell, especially, when it 
 disappeared in the earth a little below its foun- 
 tain head. The gods held the waters of the 
 Styx in such veneration, that they always 
 swore by them ; an oath which was inviolable. 
 If any of the gods had perjured themselves, 
 Jupiter obliged them to drink the waters 
 of the Styx, which lulled them for one whole 
 year into a senseless stupidity ; for the Jiine 
 following years they were deprived of the 
 ambrosia and the nectar of the gods, and after 
 the expiration of the years of their punish- 
 ment, they were restored to the assembly of 
 the deities, and to all their original privi- 
 leges. It is said that this veneration was 
 shown to the Styx, because it received it* 
 name from the nymph Styx, who with her 
 three daughters assisted Jupiter in his war 
 against the Titans. Hesiod. Theog. v. 384, 
 lib.— Homer. Od.l<d,v. 5\3.—Herodot. 6, c. 
 74.— Virg. JEn. 6, v. 323, 439, hc.—Apollod. 
 L c. 3. — Ovid. Met. 3, v. 29, &.c. — Lucan. 
 6, V. 378; &ic.— Paus. 8, c. 17 and IS.— Curt. 
 10, c. 10. 
 
 St;.vDA, the goddess of persuasion, called 
 Pitho by the Greeks. She had a form of 
 worship established to her honour first by The- 
 seus. She had a statue in the temple of Vx- 
 nus Praxis at iVIegara. Cic. de el. Oral. 15. — 
 Paws. 1. c. 22 and 43. 1. 9, c. 35. 
 
 SuANA, a town of Etruria. 
 
 SuARDONESj a- people of Germany. Tacit. 
 G. 40. 
 
 SuASA, a town ofUmbria. 
 
 SuBATRii, a people of Germany over whom. 
 Drusus triumphed. Strab. 7. 
 
 SuBi, a small river of Catalonia. 
 
 Su BLicius, the first bridge erectec at Rome 
 over the Tiber. Via. Pons. 
 
 SiiBMONTORiuM, a towu of Vindclicia, now 
 Augsburg. 
 
 SuBOTA, small islands at the east of Atho3. 
 Liv. 44, c. 28 
 
 SuBUR, a river of Mauritania A town 
 
 of Spain. 
 
 SuBURRA, a street in Rome where all the 
 licentious, dissolute, and lascivious Romans 
 and courtezans resorted. It was situate be- 
 tween mount Vimiualis and Quirinalis, and 
 was remarkable as having been the residence 
 of the obscurer years of J. Caesar. Suet, in 
 CcEs. — Varro. de L. L. 4, c. 8. — Martial. 6, ep. 
 66.—JUV. 3, V. 5. 
 
 SucRO, now Xucar, a river of Hispania 
 Tarraconensis, celebrated for a battle fought 
 there between Sertoriusand Pompey, in wliicli 
 
 the former obtained the victory. Plut. 
 
 A Rutulian killed by iEueas. Firg. JEn. 12, 
 V. 605. 
 
 SuuERTUM, a town of Etruria. Liv. 26, c.23. 
 
 SuESSA, a town of Campania, called also 
 Aurunca, to distinguish it fronj Suessa Po- 
 metia, the capital of the Volsci. Strab. 5. 
 — P/in. 3, c. Q.— Dionys. Hal. 4. — Lit'. 1 and 
 2.— Virg. JEn. 6, v. 775.— C/c. Pliil. 3, c. 4, 1. 
 4, c. 2. 
 
 SoEssiTANf, a people of Spain. Liv. 2-h 
 C.34. 
 
su 
 
 SuEssoNES, aipowerful nation of Belgic 
 Gaul, reduced by J.Caesar. C<bs. Bell. G.2. 
 
 SuEssuLA, a town of Campania. Liv. 7, c. 
 37, 1. 28, c. 14. 
 
 Suetonius, C. Paulinus, the first Roman 
 general wlio crossed mount Atlas with an 
 army, of which expedition be wrote an ac- 
 count. He presided over Britain as governor 
 for about 20 years, and was afterwards made 
 consul. He forsook the interest of Otho, and 
 
 attached himself to Vitellius. C. Tranquil- 
 
 lus, a Latin historian, son of a Roman knight 
 of the same name. He was favoured by Adri- 
 an, and became his secretaiy, but he was af- 
 terwards banislied from the court for want of 
 attention and respect to the empress Sabina. 
 In his retirement Suetonius enjoyed the 
 friendship and correspondence of Pliny the 
 younger, and dedicated his time to study. He 
 wrote an history of the Roman kings, divided 
 into three books; a catalogue of all the illus- 
 trious men of Rome, a book on the games 
 and spectacles of the Greeks, Sic. which are 
 all now lost. The only one of his composi- 
 tions extant is the lives of the twelve first 
 Caesars, and some fragments of his catalogue 
 of celebrated grammarians. Suetonius, in his 
 lives, is praised for his impartiality and cor 
 rectness. His expressions, however, are of- 
 ten too indelicate, and it has been justly ob- 
 served, that while he exposed the deformi- 
 ties of the Csesars, he wrote with all the 
 licentiousness and extravagance with which 
 they lived. The best editions of Suetonius are 
 that of Pitiscus, 4to. 2 vols. Leovard 1714; 
 that of Oudendorp, 2 vols, 8vo. L. Bat. 1751 ; 
 and that of Ernesti, 8vo. Lips. 1775. FUji. 1, 
 cp. 18, 1. 5, ep^ll, &c. 
 
 SuETRi, a people of Gaul near the Alps. 
 
 SujEvi, a people of Germany, between the 
 Elbe and the Vistula, who made frequent ex- 
 cursions upon the territories of Rome under 
 the emperors. Lucan. 2, v. 51. 
 
 SuEVius, a Latin poet in the age of En 
 nius. 
 
 SuFETALA, an inland town of Mauritania. 
 
 SuFFENus, a Latin poet in the age of Ca- 
 tullus. He was but of moderate abilities, 
 but puflTed up with a high idea of his own ex- 
 cellence, and therefore deservedly exposed 
 to the ridicule of his contemporaries. Ca- 
 tuU. 22. 
 
 SuFFETius, or SuFETius. Vid. Metius. 
 
 SuiDAS, a Greek writer who flourished A. 
 D. IIGO. The best edition of his excellent 
 Lexicon, is that of Kuster, 3 vols.fol. Cantab. 
 1705. 
 
 Pub. Suilius, an informer in the court of 
 Claudius, banished under Nero, by means of 
 Seneca, and sent to the Baleares. Tacit. A. 
 
 14, c. 42, &ic. Csesorinus, a guilty favourite 
 
 of Messalina. Id. ib. 11, c. 36. 
 
 SuioNEs, a nation of Germany, sup- 
 posed the modern Swedes. Tacit, dt Germ. c. 
 44. 
 
 SuiCHi, a town at the south of Sardinia. 
 Mela, 2, c. 7. — Claudian, de Gild. 518. — Strab. 
 6. 
 
 Surxius, an informer whom Horace de- 
 scribes as hoarse with the number of defama- 
 tions he daily gave. Horat. 1, Stat. 4, v. 65. 
 
 Sui.GA, now Sorgue, a small river of Gaul, 
 falling into the Rhone. Strab. 4. 
 
 SU 
 
 SuLtA, Vid. Sylla. 
 
 SuLMO, now Sulmona, an ancient town of 
 the Peligni, at the distance of about 90 miles 
 from Rome, founded by Solymus, one of the 
 followers of JEneas. Ovid was born there. 
 
 Ovid passim. — Ital. 8, v. 511. — Strab. 5. A 
 
 Latin chief killed in the night by Nisus, as he 
 was going with his companions to destroy Eu- 
 ryalus. Virg. ^n. 9, v. 412. 
 
 SuLPiTiA, a daughter of Paterculus, who 
 married Fulvius Flaccus. She was so famou.s 
 roi* her chastity^ that she consecrated a temple 
 to Venus Verticordin, a goddess who was im- 
 plored to turn the hearts of the Roman wo- 
 men to virtue. Plin. 7, c 35. A poetess 
 
 in the age of Domitian, against whom she 
 wrote a poem, because he had banished the 
 philosophers from Rome. This composition 
 is still extant. She had also written a poem 
 on conjugal affection, commended by Martial, 
 
 ep 35, now lost. A daughter of Serv. Sul- 
 
 pitius, mentioned in (he 4th book of elegies, 
 falsely attributed to Tibullus. 
 
 SuLPiTiA Lex, militarise by C. Sulpicius 
 the tribune, A. U. C. 665, invested Marius 
 with the full power of the war against Mithri- 
 
 dates. of which Sylla was to be deprived. 
 
 An-Jlher, de Senatu, by Servius Sulpicius the 
 tribune, "A. U. C. 665. It reqiiired that no 
 senators should owe more than 2000 drachmae. 
 
 Another, de civitate, by P. Sulpicius the 
 
 tribune, A. U. C. 665. Il ordered that the 
 new citizens who composed the eight tribes 
 lately created, should be divided among the 
 
 35 old tribes, as a greater honour. Another 
 
 called also Sempronia de religione, by P.. 
 Sulpicius Saverrio, and P. SeraproniusSophuSj 
 consuls, A. U. C. 449. It forbad any person 
 to consecrate a temple or altar without the 
 permission of the senate and the majority of 
 
 the tribunes. Another to empower the 
 
 Romans to make war against Philip of Mace- 
 donia. 
 
 SuLPiTius, or Sulpicius, an illustrious 
 family at Rome, of whom the most cele- 
 brated are Peticus, a man chosen dic- 
 tator against the Gauls. His troops muti- 
 nied when first he took the field, but soon 
 after he engaged the enemy and totally de- 
 feated them. Liv. 7. Severrio, a con- 
 sul who gained a victory over the Mqm. 
 
 Id. 9, c. 45. C. Paterculus, a consul 
 
 sent against the Carthaginians. He conquer- 
 ed Sardinia and Corsica, and obtained a 
 complete victory over the enemy's fleet. 
 He was honoured with a triumph at his re- 
 turn to Rome. Id. 17. Spurius, one of 
 
 the thi-ee commissioners whom the Romans 
 sent to collect the best laws which could be 
 found in the ditferent cities and republics of 
 
 Greece. Id. 3, c. 10. One of the first 
 
 consuls who received intelligence that a con- 
 spiracy was formed in Rome to restore the 
 
 Tarquins to power, &-c. A priest who 
 
 died of the plague in the first ages of the re- 
 public at Rome. P. Galba, a Roman con- 
 sul who signalized himself greatly during the 
 war which his countrymen waged against 
 
 the Achaeans and the Macedonians. Se- 
 
 verus, a writer. Vid. Severus. Publius, 
 
 one of the associates of Marius, well known 
 for his intrigues and cruelty. He made some 
 laws in favour of the allies of Rome, and li» 
 
su 
 
 kept about 3000 young men in continual pay, 
 whom he called his anti-senatorial band, and 
 with these he had often the impertinence 
 to attack the consul in the popular assem- 
 blies. He became at last so seditious, that he 
 was proscribed by Sylla's adherents, and im- 
 mediately murdered. His head was fixed 
 on a pole in the rostrum, where he had of- 
 ten made many seditious speeches in the 
 
 capacity of tribune. Liv 77. A Roman 
 
 consul who fought against Pyrrhus, and 
 defeated him. C. Longus, a Roman con- 
 sul, who defeated the Samnites, and killed 
 30,000 of their men. He obtained a tri- 
 umph for this celebrated victory. He was 
 afterwards made dictator to conduct a war 
 against the Etrurians. Rufus, a lieute- 
 nant of Cassar in Gaul. One of Messa- 
 
 lina's favourites, put to death by Claudius. 
 P. Quirinus, a consul in the age of Au- 
 gustus. Camerinus, a pro-consul of Afri- 
 ca, under Nero, accused of cruelty, he. Ta- 
 cit. 13, An. 52. Gallus, a celebrated as- 
 trologer in the age of Paulus. He accom- 
 panied the consul in his expedition against 
 Perseus, and told the Roman army that the 
 night before the day on which they were to 
 give the enemy battle, there would be an 
 eclipse of the moon. This explanation en- 
 couraged the soldiers, which on the contrary 
 would have intimidated them, if not pre- 
 viously acquainted with the causes of it. 
 Sulpitius was universally regarded, and he 
 was honoured a few years after with the 
 consulship. Liv. 44, c. 37. — Plin. 2, c. 12. 
 
 Apollfnaris, a grammarian in the age of 
 
 the emperor M. Aurelius. He left some 
 letters and a few grammatical observations 
 now lost. Cic. — Liv. — Plut. — Polyb. — Flor. 
 — Eufrop. 
 
 SuMMANUs, a surname of Pluto, as prince 
 of the dead, summus manium. He had a 
 temple at Rome erected during the wars 
 with Pyrrhus, and the Romans believed that 
 the thunderbolts of Jupiter were in his power 
 during the night. Cic. de div. — Ovid. Fast. 6, 
 v. 731. 
 
 SuNici, a people of Germany on the shores 
 of the Rhine. Tacit. H. 4, c, 66. 
 
 SuNiDES, a soothsayer in the army of Eu- 
 menes. Polyoen. 4. 
 
 SuNiUM, a promontory of Attica about 45 
 miles distant from the Pirasus. There was 
 there a small harbour, as also a town. Mi- 
 nerva had there a beautiful temple, whence 
 she was called Sunias There are still extant 
 some ruins of this temple. Plin. 4, c. 7. — 
 Strab. 9. — Paus. 1, c. 1. — Cic. ad Attic. 7, ep. 
 3,1. 13, ep. 10. 
 
 SuovETAUiuLiA, a sacrificc among the 
 Romans, which consisted of the immolation of 
 a sow (sKs), a sheep (ovis), and a bull (taurus), 
 whence the name. Il was generally observed 
 every fifth year. 
 
 SuPERUM MARE, a name of the Adriatic 
 sea, because it was situate above Italy. The 
 name of Mare Inferum was applied for the 
 opposite reasons to the sea below Italy. Cic. 
 ]>ro Cluent. he. 
 
 Sura, A'mymus, a Latin writer, &c. V. 
 
 Pat. 1, c. G L. Licinius, a favourite of 
 
 Trajan, honoured with the consulship. A 
 
 ^vriter in the age of the emperor Gallicmis. 
 
 SU 
 
 He wrote an history of the reign of the em- 
 peror. A city on the Euphrates. An- 
 other in Iberia. A river of Germany, whose 
 
 waters fall into the Moselle. Aus. in Mos. 
 
 SuRENA, a powerful oflScer in the armies 
 of Orodes king of Partbia. His family had the 
 privilege of crowning the kings of Parthia. 
 He was appointed to conduct the war against 
 the Romans, and to protect the kingdom of 
 Parthia against Crassus, who wished to con- 
 quer it.. He defeated the Roman triumvir, 
 and after he had drawn him perfidiously to 
 a conference, he ordered his head to be cut 
 off. He afterwards returned to Parthia, mi- 
 micking the triumphs of the Romans. Orodes 
 ordered him to be put to death, B. C. 52. Su- 
 rena has been admired for his valour, his sa- 
 gacity as a general, and his prudence and 
 firmness in the execution of his plans; but his 
 perfidy, his effeminate manners, and his las- 
 civiousness have been deservedly censured. 
 Polyan, 7. — Plut. in Crass. 
 
 Sdrium, a town at the south of Colchis. 
 
 SuRRENTUM, a towu of Campania., on the 
 bay of Naples, famous for the wine which was 
 made in the neighbourhood. .¥eZa, 3, c. 4. — 
 Strah. 5.—Horat. 1, ep. 17, v. 5Z—0vid. Met. 
 15, V. 1 10.— Mart. 13, ep. 110. 
 
 SuRus, one of the JEdui, who made wai* 
 against Caesar. Cces. G. 8, c. 45. 
 ^ SusA {orum), now Suster, a celebrated 
 city of Asia, the chief town of Susiana, and 
 the capital of the Persian empire, built by 
 Tithonus the father of Memnon. Cyrus 
 took it. The walls of Susa were above 120 
 stadia in circumference. The treasures of 
 the kings of Persia were generally kept there, 
 and the royal palace was built with white 
 marble, and its pillars were covered with 
 gold and precious stones. It was usual with 
 the kings of Persia to spend the summer at 
 Ecbatana, and the winter at Susa, because the 
 climate was more warm there than at any 
 other royal residence. It had been called 
 Memnonia, or the palace of Memnon, because 
 that prince reigned there. Plin. 6, c. 26, &,c. 
 — Liican. 2, v. 49. — Strah. 15. — Xenoph. Cyr. 
 — Propert. 2, el. 13. — Claudian. 
 
 SusANA, a town of Hispania Tarraconensis. 
 SU. 3, V. 384. 
 
 SusARioN, a Greek poet of Magara, who 
 is supposed with Dolon to be the inventor of 
 comedy, and to have first introduced it at 
 Athens on a moveable stage, B. C. 562. 
 
 SusiANi, or Susis, a country of Asia, of 
 which the capital was called Susa, situate at 
 the east of Assyria. Lilies grow in great 
 abundance in Susiana, and it is from that 
 plant that the province received its name, 
 according to some, as Susan is the name of a 
 lily in Hebrew. 
 
 SusiD.« PYLiB, narrow passes over moun- 
 tains, from Susiana into Persia. Curl. 5, c. 3. 
 
 SuTHUL, a town of Numidia, where the 
 king's treasures were kept. Sail. Jug. 37. 
 
 SuTRiuM,a town of Etruria, about twenty- 
 four miles north-west of Rome. Some sup- 
 pose that the phrase Ire Suriuin, to act with 
 despatch, arises from the celerity with which 
 Camillus recovered the place, but Festus ex- 
 plains it differently. Plant. Cos. 3, 1, v. 10. 
 —La-. 26, c. 34.--Pfttcrc. 1, c. 14.— Lir. 9, 
 C.33. 
 
SY 
 
 SvAGRUS, an ancient poet, the first who 
 wrote on the Trojan war. He is called Saga- 
 ris, by Diogenes Laertius, who adds that he 
 lived in Homer's age, of whom he was the ri- 
 val, ^lian. V. H. 14, c. 21. 
 
 Sybaris. a river of Lucania in Italy, whose 
 waters were said to render men more strong 
 and robust. Strah. Q.—Plin. 3, c. 11, 1. 31, c. 
 2. — There was a town of the same name on 
 its banks on the bay of Tareutum, which had 
 been founded by a colony of Achaeans. Sy- 
 baris became very powerful, and in its most 
 flourishing situation it had the command of 
 four neighbouring nations, of 26 towns, and 
 could send an army of 300000 men into the 
 field. The walls of the city were said to ex- 
 tend six miles aud a half in circumference, and 
 the suburbs covered the banks of the Crathis 
 for the space of seven miles. It made a long 
 and vigorous resistance against thp nei,<5hbour- 
 ing town of Crotona, till it was at last totally 
 reduced by the disciples of Pythagoras, B. C. 
 508. Sybaris was destroyed no less than five 
 times, and always repaired. In a more recent 
 age tiie iohabitai:ts became so eftVminate. that 
 the word Sybarite became proverbial to inti- 
 mate a man devoted to pleasure. There was 
 a small town built in the neiebbourhocxd about 
 444 years before the Christian era, an.d called 
 Thuriura, from a small fountain called Thu- 
 ria, where it was built. Diod. 12. — Slrnh. 6. 
 —JElian. V. H. 9 c. 24.— Martial 12, ep. 96. 
 —Plul. in Pdep. hc.— Plin 3, c. 10, &.c. 
 
 r 
 
 A friend of yEneas killed by Tumus.-^^^«Vg 
 
 Mn. 12. V. 363 A youth enamoured of 
 
 Lydia, hc.—Horat. 1, od. 8, v. 2. 
 
 Sybarita, an inhabitant of Sybaris. [Vid 
 Sybaris.] 
 
 Steota, a harbour of Epirus. Cic. 5, ^tt. 
 P.—Sirab. 7. 
 
 SvBt'TAS, a king of the Messenians in the 
 age of Lycurgus- the Spartan legislator. Paus 
 4, c 4. 
 
 Sycinnus, a slave of Themistocles, sent by 
 his master to engage Xerxes to fight against 
 the fleet of the Peloponnesians. 
 
 Sycurium, a town of Thessaly at the foot 
 «fOs.sa. Liv 42, c.54. 
 
 Syedra, a town of Cilicia. 
 
 Sy£NE, now Jjssvan, a town of Thebais, 
 on the extremities of Egypt. Juvenal the 
 poet was banished there on pretence of com- 
 manding a praetoiian cohort stationed in the 
 neighbourhood. It was famous for its quar- 
 ries of marble. Strab. 1 and 2. — Mela, 1, c. 9. 
 — PZm.36, c. 8.-~0vid. ex Pont. L el. 5, v 79. 
 —Met. 5, v. 14.—Lucan. 2, v. 587, 1. 8, v. 851, 
 r. 10, v. 234. 
 
 Synesius, a Cilician, who, with Labinetus 
 of Babylon, concluded a peace between Aly- 
 attes. king of Lydia, and Cyaxares, king of 
 Media, while both armies were terrified by a 
 sudden eclipse of the sun, B. C. 585. Hero- 
 dot. 1, c. 74. 
 
 Syeknesis, a satrap of Cilicia, when Cyrus 
 made war against his brother Artaxerxes. He 
 wished to favour both the brothers by sending 
 •ne of his sons in the army of Cyrus, and an- 
 other to Artaxerxes. 
 
 Sylea, a daughter of Corinthus. 
 
 Syi.kum, a town of Pamphylia. 
 
 Syleus, a king of Aulis. 
 
 SvLLA, (L. Cornelius) a celebrated Ro- 
 
 SY 
 
 man of a noble family. The poverty of hfs 
 early years was relieved by the liberality of 
 the courtezan Nicopolis, who left him heir 
 to a large fortune ; and with the addition of 
 the immense wealth of his mother-in-law, 
 he soon appeared one of the most opulent 
 of the Romans. He first entered the army 
 under the great Marius, whom he accom- 
 panied in Numidia, in the capacity of quaestor;* 
 He rendered himself conspicuous in military 
 ciffairs ; and Bocchus, one of the princes of 
 Numidia, delivered Jugurtha into his hands 
 for the Roman consul. The rising fame of 
 Sylla gave nmbraee to Marius, who was al- 
 ways jealous of an equal, as well as of a su- 
 perior; but the ill language which he might 
 use, rather inflamed than extinguished the 
 ambition of Sylla. He left the conqueror of 
 Jugurtha, and carried arms under Catullus. 
 Some time after he obtained the praetorship, 
 and was appointed by the Roman senate to 
 place Ariobarzanes on the throne of Cappa- 
 docia, aqairst the views and interest of Mi- 
 thridates king of Pontus. This he easily ef- 
 fected, one battle left him victorious ; and be- 
 fore he quitted the plains of Asia, the Roman 
 praetor ha.d the satisfaction to receive in his 
 camp the ambassadors of the king of Parthia, 
 who wished to make a treaty of alliance with 
 the Romans. Sylla received them with haugh- 
 tiness, and behaved with .such arrogance that 
 one of them exclaimed, Surely this man is 
 master of the world, or doomed to be such t 
 At his return to Rome, he was commissioned 
 to finish the war with the Marsi, and when 
 this was successfully ended, he was rewarded 
 with the consulship in the 50th year of his 
 age. In this capacity he wished to have the 
 administration of the Mithridatic war ; but he 
 found an obstinate adversary in Marius, and 
 he attained the summit of his wishes only 
 when he had entered Rome sword in har x 
 After he had slaughtered all his enemies, s"' » 
 price upon the head of Marius, atid pi:t 
 death the tribune Sulpitius, who had continu- 
 ally opposed his views, he marched towards 
 Asia, and disregarded the flames of discord 
 which he left behind him unextinguished. Mi- 
 thridates Avas already master of the greatest 
 part of Greece; and Sylla, when he reached 
 the coast of Peloponnesus, was delayed by the 
 siege of Athens, and of the Piraeus. His ope- 
 rations were cairied on with vigour, and when 
 he found his money fail; he made no scruple 
 to take the riches of the temples of the gods, 
 to bribe his soldiers and render them devoted 
 to his service. His boldness succeeded, the 
 Piraeus surrendered ; and the conqueror as if 
 struck with reverence at the beautiful porticos 
 where the philosophic followers of Socrates 
 and Plato has often disputed, spared the city 
 of Athens, which he had devoted to destruc- 
 tion, dnd forgave the living for the sake of the 
 dead. Two celebrated battles at Cherona?a and 
 Orchamenos, rendered him master of Greece. 
 He crossed the Hellespont, and attacked Mith- 
 ridates in the very heart of his kingdom. 
 The artful monarch,who well knew the valour 
 and perseverance of his adversary, made pro- 
 posals of peace ; and Sylla, whose interest at 
 i)ome was then decreasing, did not hesitate to 
 put an end to a war which had rendered 
 him master of so ranch territory, and which 
 
SY 
 
 SY 
 
 enabled him to return to Rome like a conquer- lintosicatton. His funeral was very magoiii' 
 or, and to dispute with his rival the so ve- 1 cent; his body was attended by the senate 
 reignty of the republic with a victorious army, and the vestal virgins, and hymns were sung 
 
 Muraena was left at the head of the Roman 
 forces in Asia, and Sylla hastened to Italy. In 
 the plains of Campania he was met by a few 
 of his adherents, whom the success of his 
 rivals had banished from the capital, and he 
 was soon informed, that if he wished to con- 
 tend «'ith Marius he must encounter fifteen 
 generals, followed by 25 well disciplined le- 
 gions. In these critical circumstances he had 
 recourse to artifice, and while he proposed 
 terms of accommodation to his adversai'ies, 
 he secretly strengthened himself, and saw with 
 pleasure hi« armies daily increase by the revolt 
 of soldiers whom his bribes or promises had 
 corrupted. Pompey, who afterwards merited 
 the surj'.ame of Great, embraced his cause, 
 and marched to his camp with three legions. 
 Soon after he appeared in tbe field with advan- 
 tage ; the confidence of Marius decayed with 
 his power, at.d Syila entered Rome like a ty- 
 rant and a conqueror. The streets were daily 
 filled with dead bodies, and 7000 citizens, to 
 whom the conqueror had promised pardon, 
 "were suddenly massacred in the circus. The 
 senate, at that time assembled in the temple 
 of Bellona, heard the shrieks of their dying 
 countrynieri ; and wheu they inquired into the 
 -cause of it, SjH la coolly replied, They are on- 
 ly a few rebels whom I have ordered to be 
 chastised. If this had been the last and most 
 dismal scene, Rome mignt have been called 
 "happy ; but it was only the beginning of her 
 misfortunes, each succeeding day exhibited a 
 greater number of slaughtered bodies, and 
 when one of the senators had the boldness to 
 ask the tyrant when he meant lo stop his cru- 
 elties, Sylia, wjth an air of unconcern, answer- 
 ed, that he had not yet determined, but that he 
 would lake it into his consideration. The 
 slaughter was continued, a list of such as were 
 proscribed was daily stuck in the public streets. 
 The slave was rewarded to bring his master's 
 head; and the son was not ashamed to imbrue 
 Iiis hands in the blood of his father for money. 
 !No less than 4700 of the most powerful and 
 opulent were slain, and Syila wished the Ro- 
 mans to forget his cruelties in as|>iring to the 
 title of per|)etual dictator. In this capacity he 
 made new laws, abrogated uuch as were inimi- 
 cal to his views, and changed every regulation 
 where his amf)ition was obstructed. After he 
 had finished whatever the most absolute sove- 
 reign may do, from his own will and authority, 
 Sylla al>dicated the dictatorial power and re- 
 tired to a .•solitary retreat at Puieo!», wiiere he 
 
 to celebrate his exploits and to honour his me 
 mory. A monument was erected in the field 
 of Mars, on which appeared an inscriplioa 
 written by himself, in which he said, the good 
 services he had received from his friends, and 
 the injuries of his enemies, had been returned 
 with unexampled U8ur3\ The character of 
 Sylla is that of an ambitious, dissimulating^, 
 credulous, tyrannical, debauched, and reso- 
 lute commander. He was revengeful in the 
 highest degree, and the sui'name of Felix., or 
 the fortunate, which he assumed, showed that 
 he was more indebted to fortune than to valour 
 for the great fame he had acquired. But in 
 the midst of all this, who cannot admire the 
 moderation and philosophy of a man, who 
 when absolute master of a republic, which he 
 has procured by his cruelty and avarice, silent- 
 ly abdicates the sovereign power, challenges a 
 critical examination of his administration, and 
 retires lo live securely in the midst of thou- 
 sands, whom he has injured and oflfended ? 
 The Romans were pleased and astonished at 
 his abdication ; and when the insolence of a 
 young man had been vented against the dicta- 
 tor, he calmly answered, This usage may per- 
 haps deter another to resign his power to fol- 
 low my example, if ever he becomes absolute. 
 Sylla has been commended for the patronage 
 he gave to the arts and sciences. He brought 
 from Asia the extensive library of Apellicon, 
 the Peripatetic philosopher, in which were 
 the works of Aristotle and Theophrastus, and 
 he himself composed 22 books of memoirs 
 concerning himself. Cic. in Verr. he. — C. 
 Mp. in Attic. — Faterc. 2, c. 17, kc. — Ldt, 
 76, kc.—Paus. 1, c. 20.— F/or. 3, c. 5, &c. L 
 4,c.2,Lc.— Fal.Max. 12, hc.—Polyb. 5.— 
 Justin. 37 and 38.— Eutrop. 5, c. 2. — Plut. in 
 vita. A nephew of the dictator, who con- 
 spired against his country, because he had 
 been deprived of his consulship for bribery. 
 
 Another relation who also joined in the 
 
 same conspiracy. A man put to death by 
 
 iNero at Marseilles, where he had been banish- 
 ed. A friend of Calo, defeated and killed 
 
 by one of Ctesar's lieutenants. A senator 
 
 banished from the senate for his prodigality by- 
 Tiberius. 
 
 SvLLis, a nymph, mother of Zeuxippu9 
 by A|)ollo. Fans. 2, c. 6 
 
 Syloes, a promontory of Africa. 
 
 Syloson, a man who gave a splendid gar» 
 meat to Darius, son of Mvstaspes, when a 
 
 the 
 
 private man. Darius, when laised lo 
 spent the rest of his clays, if not i-j hierary ease! ihrone of Persia, remembered the gift of Sy 
 
 and tranquillity, yet tar trom the iioJsi.' <_•[ -iims, 
 in the midst of riot and debauchery, i he com- 
 panions of his retirement were the most base 
 and licentious of the populace, and S^jla took 
 pleasure still to wallow in voluptuousness, 
 though on the verge of life, and coveied with in- 
 firmities. His intemperance ha.siened his end, 
 his biood was corrnpted, and an imposlhunie 
 was bred in his bowels. He at last died in the 
 greatest torments of tiie lousy disease, aboi.i 
 78 year!< before Christ, in the GOtii year of bis 
 ftge ; and it has been observed, that like Mai c 
 us, on his death-bed, he wished to dri)wn ii« 
 stings of cgoscience and remorse by continual 
 
 loson with gratitude. Strab. 14. 
 
 SvLVANus, a god of the woods. [VtS, 
 Silvauas.] 
 
 Sylvia, or Ilia, the mother of Romulus. 
 
 [Jld. Kliea.] A dau^'hter of Tyrrhenus, 
 
 whose favourite stag wa:> wounded by Asca- 
 uius, Virg. J£n. 7, v. 503. 
 
 Sylvjds, a son of .i^neas by Lavinia, fropi 
 <vhi»m afterwards all the kings ot Alba were 
 called •'iylvii. Virg. JEn. G, v. 763. 
 
 Syma, or SvMK, a town of Asia. A 
 
 . yn^.ph, mother of Chlhonius by Neptune. 
 L'lod. 5, 
 
 I Symwolum, a place of Macedonia, near 
 Philippi, on the confines of Tharce. 
 
SY 
 
 Symmachus, an officer in the army of 
 
 Agesilaus. A celebrated orator in the age 
 
 of Theodosius the Great. His father was pre- 
 fect of Rome. He wrote against the Ghris- 
 tians, and ten books of his letters are extant, 
 ■which have been refuted by Ambrose and 
 IPrudentius. The best editions of Symmachus 
 are that of Genev. 8vo. 1598. and that of Paris, 
 
 4to. 1604. A writer in the second century. 
 
 He translated the bible into Greek, of which 
 few fragments remain. 
 
 Symplegades, or CyAN^, two islands 
 or rocks at the entrance of the Euxine sea. 
 [Vid. Cyaneifi.] 
 
 Symus, a mountain of Armenia, from which 
 the Araxes flows. 
 
 Syncellus, one of the Byzantine his- 
 torians, whose works were edited in fol. Paris, 
 i652. 
 
 Synesius, a bishop of Cyrene in the age 
 of Theodosius the younger, as conspicuous 
 for his learning as his piety. He wrote 153 
 epistles besides other treatises in Greek, in a 
 style pure and elegant, and bordering much 
 upon the poetic. The last edition is in 8vo. 
 Paris, 1605; inferior, however, to ihe editio 
 princeps by Petavius fol. Paris, 1612. The 
 best edition of Synesius de febribus is that of 
 Bernard, Amst. 1749. 
 
 Synnas, (adis,) or Synnada, (plur.) a town 
 of Phrygia, famous for its marble quarries. 
 Strab. 12. — Claudian. in Eutr. 2. — Marital. 9, 
 cp. 11. —Stat. 1, Sylv. 5, v. 41. 
 
 Synnalaxis, a nymph of Ionia, who 
 had a temple at Heraclea, in Elis. Paus. 6, 
 C.22. 
 
 Synnis, a famous robber of Attica. [Vid, 
 Scinis.] 
 
 Synope, a town on the borders of the Eux- 
 ine. [Vid. Sinope.] 
 
 Syph^eum, a town of the Brutii in Italy. 
 itv.30,c. 19. 
 
 Syphax, a king of the Masaesyllii in Li- 
 bya, who married Sophonisba, the daughter 
 of Asdrubal, and forsook the alliance of the 
 Romans to join himself to the interest of his 
 father-in-law, and of Carthage. He was 
 conquered in a battle by Masinissa, the ally 
 ©f Rome, and given to Scipio the Roman 
 general. The conqueror carried him to Rome, 
 where he adorned his triumph. Syphax died 
 in prison 201 years before Christ, and his 
 possessions were given to Masinissa. Accord- 
 ing to some, the descendants of Syphax reign- 
 ed for some time over a part of INumidia, and 
 >:ontinued to make opposition to the Romans. 
 Liv. 24, kc.—Plut. in Scip.—Flor. 2, c. 6.— 
 Polyb.—Iial. 16, V. 171 and \\^.— Ovid Fust. 
 6, v. 769. 
 
 Syraces, one of the Sacae, who mutilated 
 himself, and by pretending to be a deserter, 
 -'Ji'ought Darius, who made war against his 
 country, into many difficulties. Polyoen. 7. 
 
 Syracosia, festivals at Syracuse, celebra- 
 ted during ten days, in which women were bu- 
 sily employed in offering sacrifices. Ano- 
 ther, yearly observed near the lake of Syra- 
 cuse, where as they supposed Pluto had disap- 
 peared with Proserpine. 
 
 SyracCs.e, a celebrated city of Sicily, foun- 
 ded about 732 years before the Christian era, 
 by Archias, a Corinthian, and one of the Hera- 
 clidte. In its llonrishiDg state it ext«nd«d 22 1-2 
 
 SY 
 
 English miles in circumference, and was divi- 
 ded into 4 districts, Ortygia, Acradma, Tycha, 
 and Neapolis, to which some add a fifth divi- 
 sion Epipolae, a district little inhabited. These 
 were of themselves separate cities, and were 
 fortified with three citadels, and three-folded 
 walls. Syracuse had two capacious harbours 
 separated from one another by the island of 
 Ortygia. The greatest harbour was above 
 5000 paces in circumference, and its entrance 
 500 paces wide. The people of Syracuse were 
 very opulent and powerful, and though subject 
 to tyrants, they were masters of vast posses- 
 sions and dependant states. The city of Sy- 
 racuse was well built, its houses were stately 
 and magnificent; and it has been said, that it 
 produced the best and most excellent of men 
 when they were virtuous, but the most wicked 
 and depraved when addicted to vicious pursuits. 
 The women of Syracuse were not permitted 
 to adorn themselves with gold, or wear costly 
 garments, except such as prostituted them- 
 selves. Syracuse gave birth to Theocritus and 
 Archimedes. It was under different govern- 
 ments ; and after being freed from the tyran- 
 ny of Thrasybulus, B. C. 446, it enjoyed secu- 
 rity for 61 years, till the usurpation of the Di- 
 onysii, who were expelled by Timoleon, B. C. 
 343. In the age of the elder Dionysius, an 
 army of 100,000 foot and 10,000 horse, and 
 400 ships were kept in constant pay. It fell 
 into the hands of the Romans, under the con- 
 sul Marcellus, after a siege of three years, B. 
 C. 212. Cic. in Verr. 4, c. 52 and S3.— Strab. 
 1 and 8.— C. JVep.—Mela, 2, c. T.-Liv. 23, &;c. 
 — Plut. in Marcdl. he. — Flor. 2, c. 6. — Ital. 
 14, V. 278. 
 
 Syria, a large country of Asia, whose boun- 
 daries are not accurately ascertained by the 
 ancients. Syria, generally speaking, was 
 bounded on the east by the Euphrates, north 
 by mount Taurus, west by the Mediterra- 
 nean, and south by Arabia. It was divided into 
 ses'^eral districts and provinces, among which 
 were Phoenicia, Seleucis, Judea or Palestine, 
 Mesopotamia, Babylon, and Assyria, It was also 
 called Assyria; and the words Syria and Assy- 
 ria, though distinguished and defined by some 
 authors, were often used indifferently. Syria 
 was subjected to the monarchs of Persia ; bat 
 after the death of Alexander the Great, Se- 
 leucus, surnamed iS'icator, who had received 
 this province as his lot in the division of the 
 Macedonian dominions, raised it into an em- 
 pire, known in history by the name of the king- 
 dom of Syria or Babylon, B. C. 312. Seleucus 
 died after a reign of 32 years, and his succes- 
 sors, surnamed the Sdeucida, ascended Ihe 
 tin-one in the following order : Antlochus, sur- 
 named Soter,280 B. C. Antiochus Theos, 261; 
 Seleucus Callinicus, 246; Seleucus Ceraunus, 
 226; Antiochus the Great, 223; Seleucus Phi- 
 lopator, 187; Antiochus Epiphanes, 175; An- 
 tiochus Eupator, 164 ; Demetrius Soter, 162 ; 
 Alex. Balas, 150; Demetrius Nicator, 146; 
 Antiochus the Sixth, 144; Diodotus Tryphon, 
 143 ; Antiochus Sidetes, 139 ; Demetrius Ni- 
 cator restored, 130 ; Alexander Zebina, 127, 
 who was dethroned by Antiochus Grypus, 123; 
 Antiochus Cyzicenus, 112, who takes part of 
 Syria, which he calls Coelesyria; Philip and 
 Demetrius Eucerus, 93, and in Coelesyria, An- 
 tiochus Pius; Aretas was king of Ccelesyria; 
 
SY 
 
 85; Tigranes, king of Armenia, 83; and An- 
 tiochus Asiaticus, 69, who was dethroned by 
 Pompey, B. C. 65 ; in consequence of which 
 Syria became a Roman province, llerodot. 
 
 2, 3, and l.—Apollod. 1, Arg.—Slrah. 12 and 
 16._C. Xep. in Dat.—Mela, 1, c. 2.—PtoL 5; 
 c. 6. — Curt. 6. — Dionys. Perieg. 
 
 SvRiAcuM MARE, that part of the Mediter- 
 ranean sea which is on tlie coast of Phoenicia 
 and Syria. 
 
 SvRiiVX, a nymph of Arcadia, daughter of 
 the river Ladon. Pan became enamoured of 
 her, and attempted to offer her violence ; 
 but Syrinx escaped, and at her own request 
 was changed by the gods into a reed called 
 Syrinx by the Greeks. The god made him- 
 self a pipe with the reeds, into which his fa- 
 vourite nymph had been changed. Ovid. Met. 
 I, V. 691. Martial. 9, ep. 63. 
 
 Syroph(Enix, the name of an inhabitant of 
 the maritime coast of Syria. Juv. 8. 
 
 SvROs, one of the Cyclades in the -^ge- 
 an sea, at the east of Delos, about 20 miles 
 in circumference, very fruitful in wine and 
 corn of all sorts. The inhabitants lived to a 
 great old age, because the air was whole- 
 some. Homer. Od. 15, v. 504.— Strab. 10. 
 — Mtla, 2, c. 7. A town of Caria. Paus. 
 
 3, c. 26. 
 
 Syrt£s, two large sand banks in the Me- 
 
 SY 
 
 diterranean, on the coast of Africa, one of 
 which was near Leptis, and the other near 
 Carthage. As they often changed places, and 
 were sometimes very high or very low under 
 the water, they were deemed most dangerous 
 in navigation, and proved fatal to whatever 
 ships touched upon them. From this circum- 
 stance, therefore, the word has been used to 
 denote any part of the sea of which the navi- 
 gation was attended with danger either from 
 whirlpools or hidden rocks. Mela, 1, c. 7, 1. 
 2, c. l.—Virg. JEn. 4, v. 41.— Lucan. 9, 303.— 
 Sallust.in J. 
 
 Syrus, an island. [Fid. Syros.] A son 
 
 of Apollo, by Sinope, the daughter of the 
 Asopus, who gave his name to Syria. Plut. 
 in Luc. A writer. [Fid. Publius.] 
 
 Sysigambis, the mother of Darius. [Vid. 
 Sisygambis.] 
 
 Sysimethres, a Persian satrap, who had 
 two children by his mother, an incestuous 
 commerce tolerated by the laws of Persia. 
 He opposed Alexander with 2000 men, but 
 soon surrendered. He was greatly honoured 
 by the conqueror. Curt. 8, c. 4. 
 
 Sysinas, the elder son of Datames, who 
 revolted from his father to Artaserxes. 
 
 Sythas, a river of Peloponnesus, flowing 
 through Sicyonia into the bay of Corinth. 
 Paus. 2, c. 7. 
 
 TA 
 
 TAAUTES, a Phoenician deity, the same 
 as the Saturn of the Latins, and probably 
 the Thoth or Thaut, the Mercury of the Egyp- 
 tians. Cic. de jY. D. 3, c. 22.— Varro. 
 
 Tab^:, a town of Pisidia. Liv. 38, c. 13. 
 
 TabellarijE leges, laws made by suffrages 
 delivered upon tables (tabellce) and not 
 viva voce. There were four of these laws, 
 the Gabinia lex, A. U. C. 614, by Gabinius ; 
 tlie Cassia, by Cassius, A. U. C. 616; the Pa- 
 piria. bv Carbo, A. U. C. 022, and the Coelia, 
 by Ctel'ius, A. U. C. 646. Cic. de Leg. 3, 
 c. 16. 
 
 Tabern^ nov^s, a street in Rome where 
 
 shops were built. Liv. 3, c. 48. Rhenanae, 
 
 a town of Germany on the confluence of the 
 Felbach and the Rhine, now Rliin-Zabtm. 
 
 Rigute. now Btrn-Caslel, on the Moselle. 
 
 Tiboccorum, a town of Alsace in France, 
 
 now Saverne. 
 
 Tabor, a mountain of Palestine. 
 
 Tabraca, a maritime town of Africa, near 
 Hippo, made a Roman colony. The neigh- 
 bouring forests abounded with monkeys. Juv. 
 40, V. 194.— P/in. 5, c i.—Mela, 1, c. l.—llal. 
 3, V. 256. 
 
 Tabuda, a river of Germany, now the 
 Scheldt. Ptol. 
 
 Taburnus. a mountain of Campania, which 
 abounded with olives. Virg. G. 2, v. 33. .Ea. 
 12, v. 715. 
 
 Tacape, a town of Africa. 
 
 Tacatua, a maritime town of Numidia. 
 
 Tackari.nas, a IN'umidian who command- 
 ed an army against the Romans in the reiga 
 •f Tiberius. He had formerly served in the 
 85 
 
 TA 
 
 Roman legions, but in the character of ao 
 enemy, he displayed the most inveterate 
 hatred against his benefactor. After he had 
 severally defeated the officers of Tiberius, he 
 was at last routed and killed in the field of 
 battle, fighting with uncommon fury, by Do- 
 labella. ^ Tacit, jlmi. 2, kc. 
 
 Tachampso, an island in the Nile, near 
 Thebais. The Egyptians held one half of this 
 island, and the rest was in the hands of the 
 ^^thiopians. Herodot. 2. 
 
 Tachos, or Tachus, a king of Egypt, 
 in the reign of Artaxerxes Ochus, against 
 whom he sustained a long war. He was 
 assisted by the Greeks, but his confidence in 
 Agesilaus, king of Lacedeemon, proved fatal 
 to him. Chabrias, the Athenian, had been 
 inti-usted with the fleet of the Egyptian mo- 
 narch, and Agesilaus was left with the com- 
 mand of the mercenary army. The Lace- 
 dajmonian disregarded his engagements, and 
 by joining with IS'ectanebus, who had re- 
 volted from Tachus, he ruined the affairs of 
 the monarch, and obliged him to save his 
 life by flight. Some observe that Agesilau* 
 acted with that duplicity to avenge himself 
 upon Tachua, who had insolently ridiculed 
 his short and deformed stature. The expec- 
 tatiojis of Tachus had been raised by the fame 
 of Agesilaus ; but when he saw the lame mo- 
 narch, he repealed on the occasion tne fable 
 of the mouiiiain wi.ich brought forth a mouse, 
 ufjon which Agesilaus replied with asperity, 
 though he called him a mouse, yet he 
 soon fchould fiud him to be o lion. C. .Xrp. in 
 
TA • 
 
 Tacina, a river of the Brutii. j 
 
 Tacita, a goddess wh(» presided over si- 1 
 Icnce. Nunia, as some say, paid particular j 
 veneration to this divinity. i 
 
 Tacitus, (C. Cornelius) a celebrated La- 
 tin historian, born in the reign of Nero. 
 His lather was a Roman knight, who had 
 been appointed governor of Belgic Gaul. 
 The native jgjenius, and the rising talents of 
 Tacitiis, were beheld with rapture by the 
 emperor Vespasian, and as he wished to pro- 
 tect and patronise merit, he raised the young 
 historian to places of trust and honour. The 
 succeeding emperors were not less partial to 
 Tacitus, and Domitian seemed to forget his 
 cruellies, when virtue and innocence claimed 
 his patronage. Tacitus was honoured witlHiie 
 consulship, and he gave proofs of his eloquence 
 at the bar, by supporting. the cause of the in- 
 jured African& against the proconsul Marius 
 Priscus, and in causing him to be condemned 
 for his avarice and extortion. The friendly 
 intercourse of Pliny and Tacitus has often been 
 admired, and many have observed, that the fa- 
 miliarity of these two great men, arose from 
 similar principles, and a perfect conformity 
 of manners and opinions. Yet Tacitus was 
 as much the friend of a republican govern- 
 ment as Pliny was an admirer of the imperial 
 power, and of the short-lived virtues of his 
 patron Trajan. Pliny gained the heart of his 
 adherents by affability, and all the elegant gra- 
 ces which became the courtier and the favour- 
 ite, while Tacitus conciliated the esteem of 
 the world by his virtuous conduct, which pru- 
 dence and love of honour ever guided. The 
 friendship of Tacitus and of Pliny almost be- 
 came proverbial, and one was scarce mention- 
 ed without the other, as the following instance 
 may indicate. At the exhibition of the specta- 
 cles in the circus, Tacitus held a long conver- 
 sation on different subjects with a Roman 
 knight, with whom he was unacquainted ; and 
 when the knight asked him Whether he was a 
 native of ftaly, the historian told him that he 
 was not unknown to him, and that for their 
 dista,"^tt acquaintance, he was indebted to lite- 
 ratiir*^. Tken you are, replied the knight, either 
 Tacilus or Pliny. The time of J'acilus was 
 not employed in trivial pursuits, the orator 
 might have been now fori;otten if the historian 
 had not tlourlshed. Tacitus wrote a treatise 
 on the manners of the Germans, a composition 
 admiret' for the fidelity and exactness with 
 which it is executed, though some have declar- 
 ed that the historian delineated manners and 
 cusSorns with which he was not acquainted, 
 and whi';h never existed. His life of Cn. Ju- 
 lius Agricola. whose daughter he had married, 
 is celebrated for its purity, elegance, and the 
 many excellent instructions and important 
 truths v;hich it relates. His history of the Ro- 
 man em))erors is imperfect ; of the 28 years of 
 which it treated, that is from the 69th to the 
 96{!i year of the Christian era, nothing re- 
 mains hut the year 69 and part of the 70lh.. 
 His annals were the most extensive and com 
 plelc of his works. The history of the reign 
 of Tii)erius, Caius, Claudius, and IVero, was 
 treated with accuracy and attention, yet we 
 are to lauient the loss of the history of the 
 reign of Caius, and the beginning of that of 
 Claudius. Tacilus had reser\'ed for his old 
 
 TA 
 
 age, the history of the reign 'of Nerva anil- 
 Trajan, and he also proposed to give to the 
 world an account of the interesting adminis- 
 tration of Augustus ; but these important 
 subjecis never employed the pen of the his- 
 torian, and as some of the ancients observe, the 
 only compositions of Tacilus were contained 
 in 30 books, of which we have now left only 
 16 of his annals, and five of his history. The 
 style of Lacitus has always been admired for 
 peculiar beauties ; the thoughts are great, there 
 is subJimity, force, weight and energy, every 
 thing is treated with precision and dignity, yet 
 luany have called him obscure, because he was 
 fond of expressing his ideas in i'ew words. This 
 was the fruit of experience and judgmeul, the 
 history appears copious and diffuse, while the 
 annals, wUich were written in his old age, are 
 less flowing as to style, more concise, and more 
 heavily laboured. His Latin is remarkable for 
 being.pure and classical; and though a writer in 
 the decline of the Roman empire, he has not 
 used obsolete words, antiquated phrases, or 
 barbarous expressions, but with him every 
 thing is^ sanctioned by the authority of the 
 writers of the Augustan age. In his biographi- 
 cal sketches he displays an uncommon know- 
 ledge of human nature, he paints every scene 
 with a masterly hand, and gives each object its 
 proper size and becoming colours. Affairs of 
 importance are treated with dignity, the secret 
 ctuses of events and revolutions are investigar 
 ted from their primeval source, and the histo» 
 rian every where shows his reader that he 
 was a friend of public liberty and national in- 
 dependence, a lover of truth, and of the gene- 
 ral good and welfare of mankind, and an inve- 
 terate enemy to oppres.sion, and to a tyrarmi- 
 cal government. The history of the reign of Ti- 
 berms is his master-piece : the deep policy, the- 
 dissimulation and vairious intrigues of this ce- 
 lebrated prince, are painted with all the fidelity 
 of the historian; and Tacittisl>oasted in saying 
 that he neither would flatter the follieg^ or 
 maliciously or partially represent the extrava- 
 gance of the several characters he deiineated^ 
 Candour and impartiality were his standard,, 
 aud his claim to these essential qualiiications- 
 of an historian have never been disputed. It 
 is said that the emperor Tacitus, who boasted 
 in beingoneofthedescendants of the historian, 
 ordered the works of his ancestor to be placed 
 in ail public libraries, and directed that ten co- 
 pies well ascertained for accuracy and exact- 
 ness, should be yearly written, that so great 
 and so valuable a work might not be lost. 
 Some ecclesiastical writers have exclaimed 
 against Tacitus fur tho partial manner in which 
 bespeaks of the Jews and Christians; but it 
 should be remembered, that he spoke the lan- 
 guage of the Romans, and that the peculiari- 
 ties of the Christians could not but draw upon 
 them the odium and the ridicule of the Pagans, 
 and the imputation of superstition. Among 
 the many excellent edilions^of Tacitus, these 
 may pass for the best ; that of Rome, fol. 
 1515; that in 8vo. 2 vols. L. Bat. 1673; thatin 
 usum Dclphini, 4 vols. 4to. Paris, 1682 ; that of 
 Lips, 2 vols. 8vo. 1714; of Gronovius, 2 vols. 
 4to. 1721 ; that of Brotier,7 vols. 12mo. Pari.s, 
 1776 ; that of Ernesti, 2 vols.Svo. Lips. 1777 ; 
 
 and Barbou's, 3 vols. 12mo. Paris, 1760. 
 
 M. Claudius, a Roman, chosen emperor by the 
 
-SBBftte, after the death of Aurelian. He would 
 sJiave refused this iraportantaid dangerous of- 
 'fice, but the pressingsolicitatioiis of the senate 
 prevailed, and in the 7(Jth year of his age, he 
 complied with the wishes of his countjymeri, 
 and accepted the purple. The tiuie of his ad- 
 rcinistraliori was very ^mpular, the good of 
 the people was his care, and as a pattern of 
 moiieratioii, economy, temperance, regularity, 
 and impartiality, Tacitus found no equal. He 
 abolished the several brothels which under the 
 preceeding reigns had filled Rome with licen- 
 tiousness and obscenity; and by ordering all 
 the public baths to be shut at sun-set he pre- 
 vented the commission of many irregula-rrties, 
 which the darkness of the night had hitherto 
 sanctioned. The senators under Tacitus 
 seemed to have recovered their ancient digni- 
 ty, and long lost privileges. They were liot 
 only the counsellers of the emperor, but they 
 even seemed to be his masters; and when Flo- 
 rianus, the brother-in-law of Tacitus, was re- 
 fused the consulship, the emperor said, that 
 the senate, no doubt, could fix upon a more de- 
 serving object. As a warrior, Tacitus is infe- 
 ■rior to few of the RomatHS. and during a short 
 reign of about six months, he not oidy repelled 
 the barbarians who had invaded the territories 
 of Rome in Asia, but he prepared to make 
 "war against the Pei-sians and Scythians. He 
 died iu Cilicia as he was on his espedition, of a 
 violent distemper, or, according to sonae, he 
 was destroyed by the secret dagger of an as 
 sassin, or. the 13th of April, in the 276th year 
 of the Christian era Tacitus has been com 
 mended for his love of learning, and it has been 
 observed, that he never passed a day without 
 consecrating some pari of his time to reading 
 or writing. He has been accused of supersti- 
 tion, and authors have recorded, that he never 
 studied on the second day of each month, a day 
 which he deemed inauspicious and ujilucky 
 Taci7. vita. — Zozim. 
 
 T.vDKR, & river of Spain, near New Car- 
 thage. 
 
 TiEDiA, a prostitute at Rome, Sec. Jui\ 
 2, V. 49. 
 
 TiENARus, now Matapan, a promontory of 
 Laconia, the most southern point of Europe, 
 where Neptune had a temple. There was 
 there a large and deep cavern, whence issued 
 a black andunwholesome vapour,from which 
 circumstance the poets have imagined that it 
 was one of the entrances of hell, through which 
 Hercules dragged Cerberus from the infernal 
 regions. This fabulous tradition arises, accor- 
 ding to Pausanias, from the continual resort of 
 a large serpent near the cavern of Tajnarus, 
 whose bite was mortal. This serpent, as the 
 geographer observes, was at last killed by Her- 
 cules, and carried to Eurystheus. The town 
 ofTaenarus was at the distance of about 40 
 stadia from t'.ie promontory, and was famous 
 for marble of a beautiful green colour. The 
 town, as well as the promontory, received its 
 name from Taenarus, a son of Neptune. 
 There were some festivals celebrated there- 
 called Tcenaria, in honour of Neptune, sur- 
 iiamed Tctnarius. Homer. Hymn, in Apoll 
 413— Paus. 3, c. 14.— Lucan. 6, v. 648. — 
 Ovid. Met. 2. v. 247, 1. 10, v. 13 and 83.— 
 Paus. 3, c. 25.— .pellod. 2, f . H.—Mcla, 2, c. 
 3.-^Slreib. S. 
 
 TA 
 
 T^NiAS, a part of the lake Masotis. Sirab, 
 Tagaste, a town of Numidia. Plin. 5, 
 c. 4. 
 
 Tages, a son of Genius, grandson of Ju- 
 piter, was tlie first who taught the 12 nalions 
 of the Etrurians the science of augury and 
 divination. It is said that he was found by a 
 Tuscan ploughman in the form of a clod, and 
 that he assumed an human shape to instruct 
 this natiou, which became so cplebrated for 
 their knowledge of omens and incantations. 
 Cic. de Div. 2, c. 23.— Ovid. Met. 15, v. 55S. 
 — Lucan. 1, v. 673. 
 
 Tagonius, a river of Hispania Tarraco- 
 oensis. 
 
 Tagus, a river of Spain, which falls into the 
 Atlantic after it has crossed Lusitania or 
 Portugal, and now bears the name of Tajo. 
 The sands of the Tagus, according to the 
 poets, were covered with gold. Mela, 3, c. 1. 
 —Ovid. Md. 2, v. 2b\.—Sil. 4, v. 234.— Lu- 
 can. 7, v. 755. — Martial. 4, ep. 55, he. A 
 
 Latin chief, killed bv Nisis. Virg. JEn. 9, 
 
 V. 418. A Trojan killed by TuVnus. U, 
 
 12, v. 513. 
 Talasius. [rirf. Thalasius.] 
 Talaus, a son of Bias and Pero, father of 
 Adrastus by Lysimaclie. He was one of the 
 Argonauts. Apollod. 1, c. 9. I. 3. c. 6. 
 
 Talayra, the sister of Phoebe. She is also 
 called Hilaira. [Vid. Phcebe.] 
 
 Taletom, a temple sacred to the sun on 
 mount TayiTCtus iu Laconia. Horses wer* 
 generally offered there for sacrifice. Paus. 
 
 Talthybius, a herald in the Grecian 
 camp during the Trojnn war, the- particular 
 minister and friend of Agamemnon. H« 
 brought away Briseis from the tent ot Achil- 
 les by order of his master. Talthybius uied 
 at 7Ei:ium in Achaia. Homer. 11. 1, v. 320, isic. 
 — Paiu. 7, c. 23. 
 
 Talus, a youth, son of the gister of Daeda- 
 lus, who invented the saw, compasses, and 
 other mechanical instruments. His uncle 
 became jealous of his growing fame, and 
 murdered him privately; or, according to 
 others, he threw him down from the citadel 
 ot Athens. Taulas was changed into a partridge 
 by the gods. He is also called Cains, .icnlus^ 
 Perdix, and Talirls. .Bpollod. 3, c. 1. — Paus. 
 
 1, c. 21. — Ovid. Met. 8. A son of CDnopion. 
 
 Pans. 7, c. 4. A son of Cres, the founder 
 
 of the Cretan nation. Pans. 8, c. 53. A 
 
 friend of ^Eneas killed by Turuus. Virg. 
 JEn. 12, v. 513. 
 
 Tamaris. a river of Spain. 
 Tamarus, a mountain of Epirus, called also 
 Tmarus and Tomarns. Slrab. 
 
 Tamasea, a beautiful plain of Cyprus, sa- 
 cred to the goddess of beauty. It was in this 
 place that Venus gathered the golden apples 
 with which Hippomanes was enabled to over- 
 take Atalanta*. Ovid. Met 10, v. 644.— Fiin. 
 b.—Strab. 14. 
 
 Tamesis, a river of Britain, now the 
 Thames. Cats. G. 5, c. 11. 
 
 Tamos, a native of iVIemphis, made gover- 
 nor of Ionia, by young Cyrus. Alter the 
 death of Cyrus, Tamos fled into Egypt, where 
 he was murdered on account of his immense 
 treasures. Diod. 14. A promontory of In- 
 dia near the Ganges. 
 Ta.mpids; a Roman historian 
 
TA 
 
 TA 
 
 Tamyras, a river of Phcenicia, between I laus, as grandsons of Tantalus, are called 
 Tyre and Sidon. \ Tantalidce f rates. Ovid. Heroid. 8, v. 46 
 
 Tamyris, a queen. [Vid. Thomyris.] jand 122. 
 
 Tanagra, a town of Bceotia, near the Euri- 
 pus between the Asopus and Therraodon, 
 famous for lighting cocks. It was founded by 
 Pcemandros, a son of Cha?resilaus, the son of 
 Jasius, who married Tanagra, the daughter of 
 ^^olus; or, according to some, of the Asopus. 
 Corinnawas a native of Tanagra. Strab.9. 
 —Paus. 9, c. 20 and 2S.—JElian. V. H. 13. 
 V. 25. 
 
 Tanagrus, or Tanager, now Kegro, a 
 liver of Lucania in Jlaly, remarkable for its 
 cascades, and the beautiful meanders of its 
 streams, through a fine picturesque country. 
 Virg. G. 3, V. 151. 
 
 Tanais, an eunuch, freed-man to Maece- 
 nas. Horat. 1, sat. 1, v. 105. A river of 
 
 Scythia, now the Don, which divides Europe 
 from Asia, and falls into the Pains Maeotis, 
 after a rapid course, and after it has received 
 the additional streams of many small rivu- 
 lets. A 'town at its mouth bore the same 
 name. Mela, 1, c. 19. — SIrab. 11 and 16 — 
 
 Curl. 6, c. 2. — Lvcan. 3, 8, fcc A deity 
 
 among the Persians and Armenians, who pa- 
 tronised slaves ; supposed to he the same as 
 Venus, The daughters of the noblest of the 
 Persians and Armenians prostituted them 
 selves in honour of this deity, and were re- 
 ceived with greater regard and affection by 
 their suitors. Artaxer.xes, the son of Darius, 
 who was the first who raised statues to Ta- 
 nais in the different provinces of his empire, 
 and taught his subjects to pay her divine ho- 
 nours. Curl. 5, c. 1. — Strab. 11. 
 
 Tanaqcil, called also Caia Ccecilia, was 
 the wife of Tarquin the 5th king of Rome. 
 She was a native of Tarquinia, where she 
 married Lucumon, better known by the name 
 of Tarquin, which he assumed after he had 
 come to Rome at the representation of his 
 wife, whose knowledge of augury promised 
 him something uncommon. Her expectations 
 were not frustrated ; her husband was raised 
 to the throne, and she shared with him the 
 honours or royalty. After the murder of 
 Tarquin, Tanaquil raised her son-in-law Ser- 
 vius Tullus to the throne, and ensured him 
 the succession. She distinguished herself by 
 her liberality; and the Romans in succeeding 
 ages had such a veneration for her character, 
 that the embroidery she had made, her gir- 
 dle, as also the robe of her son-in-law, which 
 she had worked with her own hands, were 
 preserved with the greatest sanctity, Juvenal 
 bestows the appellation of Tanaquil on all 
 such women as were imperious, and had the 
 command of their husbands. Liv. 1, c. 34, 
 &.C. — Dionys. Hal. 3, c. 59. — Flor. 1, c. 5 and 
 S.—Ital. 13, V. 818. 
 
 Tanas, a river of Numidia. ^allusf. J. 90. 
 
 Tanetu.m, a town of Italy, now Tenedo, in 
 the dutchy of Modena. 
 
 TANFANit i.uciis, a sacred grove in Ger- 
 many, in the country of the Marsi, between 
 the. Eras and Lippe. Tacit. A. I, c. 51. 
 
 Tanis, a city of Egypt, on one of the east- 
 ern mouths of (he I^ile. 
 
 Tantamoks. a patronymic applied to the 
 Cescendants of Taiualus, such as Niobe, 
 Herraione, kc. Agamemnon and Mene- 
 
 Tantalus, a king of Lydia, son of Ju- 
 piter, by a nymph called Pluto. He was 
 fatiier of JNiobe, Pelops, ^c. by Dione, one 
 of the Atlantides, called by some Euryanassa. 
 Tantalus is represented by the poets as pun- 
 ished in hell, with an insatiable thirst, and 
 placed up to the chin in the midst of a pool 
 of water, which however flows away as soon 
 as he attempts to taste it. There bangs 
 also above his head, a bough, richly loaded 
 with delicious fruits; which, as soon as he 
 attempts to seize, is carried away from his 
 reach by a sudden blast of wind. According 
 to some mythologists, his punishment is to sit 
 under a huge stone hung at some distance 
 over his head, and as it seems every moment 
 ready to fall, he is kept under continual alarms 
 and never ceasing fears. The causes of this 
 eternal punishment are variously explained. 
 Some declare that it was inflicted upon him 
 because he stole a favourite dog, which Jupiter 
 had intrusted to his care to keep his temple 
 in Crete. Others say that he stole away the 
 nectar and ambrosia from 'he tables of the 
 gods.when he was admitted into the assemblies 
 of heaven, and that he gave it to mortals ou 
 earth. Others supj)ort that this proceeds 
 from his cruelty and impiety in killing his son* 
 Pelops, and in serving his limbs as food before 
 the gods, whose divinity and power he wished 
 to try, when they had stoj)ped at his house 
 as they passed over Phrygia. There were 
 also others who impute it to his lasciviousness 
 in carrying away Ganymedes to gratify the 
 most unnatural of pasaions. Pindar. Olymp. 
 I.— Homer Od. 11, v. 5Sh—Cic. Tusc. 1, c. 
 5, I. 4, c. 16. — Eurip. in Iphig. — Propert. 2, 
 
 el. 1, v. 66. — Horat. 1, Sat. 1, v. 68. A son 
 
 of Thyestes; tfie fi-f-st husband of Clytemnes- 
 tra. Paus. 2. — —One of JNiobe's children. 
 Ovid. Met. 6, fab. 6. 
 
 Tanusius Germinits, a Latin historian 
 intimate with Cicero. Seneca. 93, — Sud. 
 Cops. 9. 
 
 Taphi^, islands in the Ionian sea, between 
 Achaia and Leucadia. They were also called 
 Ttlehoidts. They received these names from 
 Taphiusand Telebous, the sons of JN'eptunc, 
 who reigned there. The Taphians made war 
 against Electryon king of Mycenae, and killed 
 all his sons; upon which the monarch pro- 
 mised his kingdom and his daughter in mar- 
 riage to whoever could avenge the death of 
 his children upon the Taphians. Ampbic- 
 tryon did it with success, arid obtained the pro- 
 mised reward. The Taphians were expert 
 sailors, but too fond of plunder and piratical 
 excursions. Homer. Od. l.v. 181 and 419, c. 
 15, v. 426.—J]pollod. 2, c. A.—Plin. 4, c. 12. 
 
 Taphius, a son of ISeptune by Hippothoe 
 the daughter of A'estor. He was king of the 
 Tajjfaia:, to which be gave his name. Strab. 
 l6.—Ji}wllod. 2, c. 4. 
 
 Taphius, or Taphiassus, a mountain of 
 Locris on the confines of iEtolia. 
 
 TAPHiusA,a place r-ar Leucas, where a 
 stone is found called Taphiusius. Plin. 36, c. 21. 
 
 Taphr^k, a town on the Isthmus of the 
 Taurica Chers^onesns, now Prerop. Mela^ 2, 
 c. l.—Plin. 4, c. 12. 
 
TA 
 
 Taphuos, the strait between- Corsica and 
 Sardinia, now Bonifacio. 
 
 Taprobane, an island in the Indian ocean, 
 now called Ceylon. Its inhabitants were very 
 rich and lired to a great age. Their country 
 was visited by two summers and two winteis. 
 Hercules was their chief deity, and as the 
 sovereignty was elective, and only from among 
 unmarried men, the monarch was immedi 
 ateiy deposed if he became a father. Plol. 6. 
 — Slrab. 1. — Ovid, ex Pont. 8, el. 5, v. 80. 
 
 Tapsus, a maritime town of Africa. Sil. 
 
 II. 3. A small and lowly situated peninsula 
 
 on the eastern coast of Sicily. Virg. JEn. 3, 
 
 V. 689. A man of Cyzicus, killed by Pollux. 
 
 V. Place. 2, V. 191. 
 
 Tapyri, a people near Hyrcania. Dio. 
 Perteg. 
 
 Taranis, a name of Jupiter among the 
 Gauls, to whom human sacrifices were offered. 
 Lucan. 1, v. 446. 
 
 Taras, a son of Neptune, who built Ta- 
 rentum as some suppose. 
 
 Tarasco, a town of Gaul, now Tarascon 
 in Provence. 
 
 Taraxippus, a deity worshipped at Elis. 
 His statue was placed near the race ground, 
 and his protection was implored, that no harm 
 might happen to the horses during the games. 
 Pans. 6, c. 20, kc. — Dionys. Hal. 2. 
 
 Tarbelli, a people of Gaul, at the foot 
 of the Pyrenees, which from thence are some- 
 times called TarbellcB. Tibull. 1, el. 7, v. 13. 
 —Lucan. 4, v 121.— Cce5. G. 3, c. 27. 
 
 Tarchetius, an impious king of Alba. 
 Plut. in Rom. 
 
 Tarchon, an Etrurian chief, who assisted 
 JEneas against the Rutuli. Some suppose that 
 
 he founded Mantua. Virg. JEn. 8, v. 693. 
 
 A prince of Cilicia. Lucan. 9, v. 219. 
 
 Tarchondimotus, a prince of Cilioia. Lu- 
 can. 11, V. 219. 
 
 Tarentum, Tarentus, or Taras, a 
 town of Calabria, situate on a bay of the same 
 name, near the mouth of the river Galesus. 
 It was founded, or rather repaired, by a La- 
 cedagmonian colony, about 707 years before 
 Christ, under the conduct of Phalanthus. 
 Long independent, it maintained its superiori- 
 ty over 13 tributary cities; and could once 
 arm 100,000 foot and 3,000 horse. The peo- 
 ple of Tarentum were very indolent, and as 
 they were easily supplied with all necessaries as 
 well as luxuries from Greece, they gave them- 
 selves up to voluptuousness, so that^/ie delights 
 of Tarentum became proverbial. The war 
 which they supported against the Romans, 
 with the assistance of Pyrrhus king of Epirus, 
 and which has been called the Tarenline war, 
 is greatly celebrated in his hislory. This war, 
 which had been undertaken B. C. 281, by the 
 Romans to avenge the insults the Tarentines 
 had offered to their ships when near their har- 
 bours, was teirainated after ten years ; 30,000 
 prisoners were taken, and Tarentum became 
 subject to Rome. The government of Taren- 
 tum was democratical ; there were, however, 
 some mouarchs who reigned there. It was 
 for some time the residence of Pythagoras, 
 who inspired the citizens with the love of vir- 
 tue, and rendered them superior to their 
 neighbours in the cabinet as well as in the 
 field of battle. Tlj<e hrge, beautiful, and capa- 
 
 TA 
 
 cious harbour of Tarentum is greatly com* 
 mended by ancient historians. Tarentum, 
 now called Tarento, is inhabited by about 
 18,000 souls, who still maintain the character 
 of their forefathers in idleness and effemina- 
 cy, and live chiefly by fishing. Flor. 1, c. 18. 
 — Val. Max. 2, c. 2— Plut. in Pyr.—Plin. 8, c. 
 Q, 1. 16, c. 10, 1. 34, c. I.—Liv. 12, c. 13, &c.— 
 Mela., 2, c. 4. — Strah. 6. — Horat. 1, ep. 7, r . 
 Ab.—JElian. V. H. 5, c. 20. 
 
 Tarichjeum, a fortified town of Judea. Cic. 
 
 ad Div. 12, c. 11. Several towns on the 
 
 coast of Egypt, bore this name from their 
 pickling fish. Herodot. 2, c. 15, k.c. 
 
 TARNi?:, a town mentioned by Homer. II, 
 
 5. A fountain of Lydia, near Tmolus. 
 
 Strab. A river of Aquitania. 
 
 Tarpa, Spurius Maetius, a critic at Rome ia 
 the age of Augustus. He was appointed with 
 four others in the temple of Apollo, to exa- 
 mine the merit of every poetical composition, 
 which was to be deposited in the temple of 
 the Muses. In this oflBce he acted with great 
 impartiality, though many taxed him with 
 want of candour. All the pieces that were 
 represented on the Roman stage had previ- 
 ously received his approbation. Horat. 1, Sat. 
 10, V. 38. 
 
 Tarpeia, the daughter of Tarpeius, the 
 governor of the citadel of Rome, promised to 
 open the gates of the city to the Sabines, pro- 
 vided they gave her their gold bracelets, or, 
 as she expressed it, what they carried on their 
 left hands. Tatius, the king of the Sabines, 
 consented, and as he entered the gates, to 
 punish her perfidy, he threw not only his 
 bracelet but his shield upon Tarpeia. His fol- 
 lowers imitated his example, and Tarpeia was 
 crushed under the weight of the bracelets 
 and shields of the Sabine army. She was 
 buried in the capitol, which from her has been 
 called the Tarpeian rock, and there after- 
 wards many of the Roman malefactors were 
 thrown down a deep precipice. Plut. in Ram. 
 —Ovid. Fad. 1, v. 261. Amor. 1, el. 10, v. 50. 
 
 — Liv. 1, c. 11. — Propert. 4, el. 4. A vestal 
 
 virgin in the reign of Numa. One of the 
 
 warlike female attendants of Camilla, in the 
 Rutulian war. Virg. JEn. 1 1, v. 665. 
 
 Taupkia lex, was enacted A. U. C. 269, by 
 Sp. Tarpeius, to empower all the magistrates 
 of the republic to lay fines on offendei's. This 
 power belonged before only to the consuls. 
 The fine was not to exceed two sheep and 
 thirty oxen. 
 
 Sp. Tarpeius, the governor of the citadel 
 of Rome, under Romulus. His descendants 
 were called Montani and Capitolini. 
 
 Tarpeius MON3,a hill at Rome about 80 feet 
 in perpendicular height, from whence the Ro- 
 mans threw down their condemned criminals. 
 It received its name from Tarpeia, who was 
 buried there, and is the same as the Capiloline 
 hill. Liv. 6, c. 20.— Lucan. 7, v. 153.— Virg. 
 JEn. 8, V. 347 and 652. 
 
 Tarquinh, now Ttirchina, a town of 
 Etruria, built by Tarchon, who assisted JEne- 
 as against Turnus. Tarquinius Priscus was 
 born or educated there, and he made it a Ro- 
 man colony when he ascended the throne. 
 ^Irnb. 5.—Plin. 2, c. 95.— Lir. 1, c. 34, I. 27, 
 C.4. 
 
 TABquiNiA, a daughter of Tarquiniu!) 
 
TA 
 
 Mscus, who married Servius Tullius. When 
 her husband was murdered by Tarquinius Su- 
 nerbus, she privately conveyed away his body 
 by night, and buried it. This preyed upon 
 her mind, and the following night she died. 
 Some have attributed her death to excess of 
 grief, or suicide, while others, perliaps more 
 justly, have suspected Tuilia,the wife of young 
 
 Tarquin, with the murder. A vestal virgin, 
 
 who, as some suppose, gave the Roman people 
 a large piece or land, which was aft-erwards 
 called the Campus Martius. 
 
 Tarq,uinius Priscus, th« 5th Icing of Rome, 
 was son of Demaratus, a native of Greece. 
 His first name was Lucumon, but this he 
 changed when by the advice of his wife Tana- 
 <jnil, he had come to Rome. He called him- 
 self Lucius, and assumed the surname of Tar- 
 quinius, because born in the town of Tarquinii 
 in Etruria. At Rome he distinguished himself 
 so much by his liberality and engaging man- 
 ners, that AncusMartius, the reigning monarch, 
 nominated him, at his death, the guardian of 
 his children. This was insufficient to gratify 
 the ambition of Tarquin ; the princes were 
 young, and an artful oration delivered to the 
 people, immediately transferred the crown of 
 the deceased monarch on the head of Lucu- 
 snon. The people had every reason to be sa- 
 tisfied with their choice. Tarquin reigned with 
 moderation and popularity. He increased the 
 number of the senate, and made himself 
 fiiends by electing 100 new senators from the 
 plebeians, whom he distinguished by the ap- 
 pellation oi Palres ininorum gentium, from 
 those of the patrician body, who were called 
 Palres majorum gentium. The glory of the 
 Roman arms, which was supported with so 
 much dignity by the former raonarcfis,was not 
 neglected in this reign, and Tarquin showed 
 that he possessed vigour and military prudence 
 in the victories which he obtained over the 
 united forces of the Latins and Sabines, and 
 in the conquest of the 12 nations of Etruria. 
 He repaired, in the time of peace, the walls 
 of the capital ; the public places were adorned 
 with elegant buildings and useful ornaments ; 
 ,and many centuries after, such as were spec- 
 tators of the stately mansions and golden pa- 
 laces of Nero, viewed with more admiration 
 and greater pleasure, the more simple, though 
 not less magnificent edifices of Tarquin. He 
 Jnid the foundations of the capitol, and to the 
 industry and the public spirit of this monarch 
 *he Romans were indebted for their aque- 
 tlucts and subterraneous sewers, which suppli- 
 ed tiie city with fresh and wholesome water, 
 <-ind removed all the filth and ordure, which 
 iu a great capital too often breed pestilence 
 and diseases. Tarquin was the first who 
 introduced among the Romans the custom to 
 canvass for offices of trust and honour ; he 
 distinguished the monarch, the senators, and 
 other interior magistrates, with particular 
 robes and ornaments, with ivory chairs at 
 f^pectacles ; and tlie hatchets carried beJfore 
 tlie public magistrates, were by his order 
 turrconded with bundles of sticks, to strike 
 more (error, and to be viewed with greater 
 Mverence. Tarquin was assassinated by the 
 two sons of his predecessor, in the 80th year 
 <tf his age, 38 of which he had sat on the 
 (lirone, 678 years before Christ. Dioiiys. 
 
 TA 
 
 Hal. 3, c. h9.—Val. Max. 1, c 4, 1. 8, c. 2. 
 — Flor. 1, c. 5, he. — Lie. 1, c. 31. — Virg, 
 
 JEn. 6, V. 817. The second Tarquin, sur- 
 
 named Superbus, from his pride and inso- 
 lence, was grandson of Tarquinius Priscus. 
 He ascended the throne of Rome after bis 
 father-io-4aw Servius Tullius, and was th« 
 seventh and last king of Rome. He married 
 Tullia, the daughter of Tullius, and it wa« 
 at her instigation that he murdered his father- 
 in-law, and seized the kingdom. The crown 
 which he had obtained with violence, he en- 
 deavoured to keep by a continuation of ty- 
 ranny. Unlike his royal predecessors, he 
 paid no regard to the decisions of the senate, 
 or the approbation of the public assembiiei, 
 and by wishing to disregard both, he incurred 
 the jealousy of the one, and the odium of the 
 other. The public treasury was soou ex- 
 hausted by the continual extravagance of 
 Tarquin, and to silence the murmurs of 
 his subjects, he resolved to call their atten- 
 tion to war. He was successful in his mili- 
 tary operations; the neighbouring cities sub- 
 mitted ; but while the siege of Ardea vvas 
 continued, the wantonness of the son oi Tar- 
 quin at Rome for ever stopped the progress 
 of his arms ; and the Romans, whom a series 
 of barbarity and oppression had hitherto pro- 
 voked, no sooner saw the virtuous Lucretia 
 stab herself, not to survive the loss of her ho- 
 nour, [Farf. Lucretia] than the whole city and 
 camp arose with indignation against the mo- 
 narch The gates of Rome were shut against 
 him, and Tarquin was for ever banished from 
 his throne, in the year of Rome 244. Un- 
 able to find support from even one of his sub- 
 jects, Tarquin retired among the Etrurians, 
 who attempted in vain to replace him on his 
 throne. The republican govornraeut was 
 established at Rome., and all Italy refused any 
 longer to support the cause of an exiled 
 monarch against a nation, who heard the 
 name of Tarquin, of king, and tyrant, men- 
 tioned whh equal horror and indignation. 
 Tarquin died in the 90tb year of his age, 
 about 14 years after his expulsion from Rome. 
 He bad reigned about 25 years. Though 
 Tarquin appeared so odious among the Ro- 
 mans, his reign was not without its share of 
 glory ; his conquests were numerous ; to 
 beautify the buildings and porticos at Rome 
 was his wish ; and with great magnificence 
 and care he finished the ca{)JtoI, M'hich hi^ 
 predecessor of the same name had begun. 
 He also bought the Sibylline books which the 
 Romans consulted with such religious solem- 
 nity. [Vid. Sibyilae.] Cic. pro Rub. ^ Tus^. 
 3, c. 27. — Liv. 1, c. 46, k.c. — Di«ny^. Hal. 
 3, c. 48, he— Flor. 1, o. 7 and S.—Plin. 8, c. 
 4l.—Plut.— Vnl. ^klx.9, c. 11.— OviiL Fast. 
 6S7. — Virg. JFn. 6, v. BIL—Eulrop 
 
 CoUatinus, one of the relations of 
 
 Tarquin the proud, who married Lucretia. 
 
 [Vid. CoUatinus.] Sextius, the eldest 
 
 of the SOBS of Tarquin the proud, rendered 
 himself known by a variety of adventures. 
 When his father besieged Gabii, young 
 Tarquin publicly declared that he was at 
 variance with the monarch, and the report 
 was the more easily believed when he came 
 before Gabii with his body all mangled and 
 bloody with stripes. This was an agree 
 
TA 
 
 jaent between the father and the sorr, antf 
 Tarquin had no sooner declared that this 
 proceeded from the tyranny and oppression j 
 of his father, than the people of Gabii in- 
 trusted him with the command of their ar- 
 mies, fully eon vinced that Rome could never 
 have a more inveterate enemy. When he 
 had thus succeeded, he despatched a private 
 messenger to his father, but the monarch 
 gave no answer to be returned to his son. 
 Sextius inquired more partieularly about 
 his father, and when he heard from the mes- 
 senger that, when the message was delivered, 
 Tarquin cut oft' with a stick the tallest pop- 
 pies in his garden, the son followed the ex- 
 ample, by putting to death the most noble afld 
 powerful citizens of Gabii. The town soon 
 fell into the hands of the Romans. The 
 violence which some time after Tarquinius 
 offered to Lucretia, was the cause of his 
 father's exile, and the total expulsion of his 
 family from Rome. [^'id. Lucretia ] Sextius 
 was at last killed, bravely fighting in a battle 
 during the war which the Latins sustained 
 against Ron>e in the attempt of re establishing 
 the Tarquins on their throne. Ovid. Fast. — 
 
 Liv. A Roman senator who was accessary 
 
 to Catiline's conspiracy. 
 
 TAnquiTius Crescens, a eentnrion un- 
 der Ciesennius Partus. Tacit. A. 15, c. 11, 
 Pviscus, an officer in Africa, who ac- 
 cused the proconsul, &ic. Id. 12, c. 59, 1. 14, 
 e. 46 
 
 Tarquitus, a son of Faunus and Dry- 
 ope, who assisted Turnus against .Sneas. 
 He was killed by iEneas. FtVg. »/En. 10, v. 
 i50. 
 
 Tarracina, a town of the Volsci in La- 
 tinm, between Rone and Neapolis. It was 
 also called Anxur because the infant Jupiter 
 was worshipped there under that name, which 
 signifies beardless. Liv. 4, c 29. — Strab. 5. — 
 Mela., 2, c. 4. — Festus de V. aig. 
 
 Tarraco, now Tarragoiia, a eitj' of Spain, 
 .situate on the shores of the Mediterranean, 
 fcunded by the two Scipios, who planted a Ro- 
 man colony there. The province of which it 
 was the capital was called Tarraconensis, and 
 was famous for its wines. Hispania Tarraco- 
 nensis, which was also called by the Romans 
 Hispania Cilerior^ was bounded on the east by 
 the Mediterranean, the ocean on the west, the 
 Pyrenean mountains and the sea of the Can- 
 tabra on the north, and Lusitania and Bajtica 
 •n the south. Martial. 10, ep. 104, 1. 13, ep. 
 lis.— Mela, 2, c. 6.—Sil. 3, v. 369, I. 16, v. 
 177. 
 
 TARRUTfus. Vid. Acca Laurentia. 
 
 Tarsa, a Thracian, who rebelled under Ti- 
 fccrius, fcc. Tacit. Jinn. 4, c.50. 
 
 Tarsics, a river of Troas. Slrab. 
 
 Taksus, now Tarasso, a town of Cilicia, on 
 fheCydnus, founded by Triploleraus andaco- 
 loiiy of Argives, or, as others say, by Sarda- 
 napalus, or by Perseus. Tarsus was celebra- 
 ted for the great men it produced. It was once 
 the rival of Alexandria and Athens in litera- 
 ture and the study of the polite arts. The 
 people of Tarsus wished to ingratiate them- 
 selves into the favour of J. Caesar by giving the 
 name of Juliopolis to- their city, but it was 
 soon lost. Lucan.3, f.^^.—Mrla, \, c. 13. — 
 Slrab, M, 
 
 TA 
 
 Tartarus, (pi. a, orum,) one of the regiion? 
 of hell, where, according to the ancients, the 
 most impious and guilty amongmankind were 
 punished. It was surrounded with a brazeci 
 wall, and its entrnnce was continually hidden 
 from the sight by a cloud of darkness, which 
 is represented three times more gloomy than 
 the obscurest night. According to He-oiod it 
 was a separate prison, at a greater distance 
 from the earth than the earth is from ths 
 heavens. Virgil says, that it was surround- 
 ed by three impenetrable walls, and by the 
 impetuous and burning streams of the river 
 Phlegethon. The entrance is by a large and 
 lofty tower, whose gates are supported by co- 
 lumns of adamant, which neither gods nor men 
 can open. In Tartarus, according to Virgil, 
 Kere punished such as had been disobedient 
 {^Q their parents, traitors, adulterers, faithless 
 ministers, and such as had undertaken unjust 
 and cruel wars, or had betrayed their friends 
 for the sake of money. It was also, the place 
 where Ixion, Tityus, the Dannides, Tantalus, 
 Sisyphus, &c. were punished, according to 
 Ovid. Hesiod. Tktog. v. 720.— Si/. 13, v. 591. 
 — Virg. JEn. 6.—Hmner. Od. U.— Oiid. Met. 
 
 4, fab. 13. A small river of Italy, near Ve- 
 rona. Tacit. H. 3, c. 9. 
 
 Tartessus, a town in Spain near the co- 
 lumns of Hercules, on the Mediterranean. 
 Some suppose that it w^as afterwards called 
 Carteia, and it was better known by the 
 name of Gades, when Hercules had set up 
 his columns on the extremity of Spam and 
 Africa. There is also a town called Tartes- 
 sus, in a small island formed by a river of the 
 same name, near Gades in Iberia. Tartes- 
 sus has been called the most distant town in 
 the extremities of Spain, by the Romans, as 
 also the palace where the poets imagined the 
 sun unharnessed his tired horses. Si7.3, v.399 
 and 411, 1. 10, v. 538.— Mela, 2, c. 6.— Fans, 
 6, c. 19.— OnU Met. 14, v. 416.—Sirab. 3. 
 
 Taruana, a town of Gaul, now Terrouea 
 in Artois. 
 
 L. Taruntius Spurina, a mathematician 
 who flourished 61 years B. C. Cic. ad Div. 2, 
 c. 47. 
 
 Tarus, a river of Gaul, falling into the Po. 
 
 Tarusates, a people of Gaul, now Turscm 
 CcES. G. 3, c. 23 and 27. 
 
 TAUuscUiM; a town of Gaul. 
 
 Takvisium, a town of Italy, now Treviso, m 
 the Venetian states. 
 
 Tascetius Cornutus, a prince of Gaul;, 
 assassinated in the age of Caesar. Ctzs. B. CT. 
 
 5, c. 25. 
 
 Tatian, one of the Greek fathers, A. D. 172, 
 The best edition of his works is that of Worth, 
 8vo Oxon. 1700. 
 
 Tatifnses, a name given to one of the tribes 
 of the Roman people by Romulus, in honour 
 of Tatius, king of the Sabines. The Tatien- 
 ses, who were partly of the ancient subjects of 
 the king of the Sabines, lived on mount Capi- 
 toliuus and Quirinalis. 
 
 Tatius, (Titus) kirjg of Cures among the 
 Sabines, made war against the Romans after 
 the rupe of the Sabines. The gales of the ci- 
 ty were betrayed into his hands by Tarpein, 
 and the army of the Sabines advanced us (nr 
 OS the Roman forum, whero a bloody battle 
 
TA 
 
 was fought. The cries of the Sabine virgins at 
 last stopt the fury of the combatants, and an 
 agreement was made between the two nations. 
 Tatius consented to leave his ancient posses- 
 sions, and with his subjects of Cures to come 
 and live in Rome, which, as stipulated, was 
 permitted still to bear the name of its founder, 
 whilst the inhabitants adopted the name of 
 Quirites in compliment to the new citizens. 
 After he had for six years shared the royal au- 
 thority with Romulus, in the greatest union, 
 he was murdered at Lanuviura, B. C. 742, for 
 an act of cruelty to the ambassadors of the 
 Laurentes. This was done by order of his 
 I'oyal colleague, according to some authors. 
 Liv. 1, c. 10, he. — Plul. in Rom. — Cic. pro 
 Balb.—Ovid. Met. 14, v. 804.— F/or. 1, c. 1. 
 
 Tatta, a large lake of Phrygia, on the con- 
 fines of Pisidia. '''"* 
 
 Tavola, a river of Corsica. 
 
 Taua, a town of the Delta in Egypt. 
 
 Taulantii, a people of llFyricum on 
 1he Adriatic. Liv. 45, c. 26. — Lucan. 6, v. 
 IQ. 
 
 Taunus, a mountain in Germany, now 
 Her/rich or Hoc/ie, opposite Mentz. Tacit. 1, 
 ,3nn. c. 56. 
 
 Taurania, a town of Italy in the country 
 of the Brutii. 
 
 Taurantbs, a people of Armenia, between 
 Artaxata and Tigranocerta. Tacit. Ann. 14, c. 
 24. 
 
 Tauri, a people of European Sarmatia, 
 who inhabited Taurica Chersonesus, and sa 
 crificed all strangers to Diana. The statue of 
 this goddess, which they believed to have fall- 
 en down from heaven, was carried away to 
 Sparta by Iphigenia and Orestes. Strab. 12. 
 — Herodot. 4, c. 99, &c. — ^fela, 2, c 1. — 
 Paus. 3, c. 16. — Eurip. Jphig — Ot^id. ex 
 Pont. 1, el 2, V. 80.— Si/. 14, v. 260.— Juv. 15, 
 V. 116. 
 
 Taurica Chersonesds, a large penin- 
 sula of Europe, at the south-west of the Pa- 
 lus Majotis, now called the Crimea. It is 
 joined by an isthmus to Scythia, and is bound- 
 ed by the Cimmerian Bosphorus, the Euxine 
 sea, and the Palus Maeolis. The inhabitants, 
 called Tauri, were a savage and unciviliz- 
 ed nation. Strab. 4. — Plin. 4, c. 12. [J/id. 
 Taari.] 
 
 Taurica, a surname of Diana, because she 
 was worshipped by the inhabitants of Taurica 
 Chersonesus. 
 
 Taurini, the inhabitants of Taurinum, a 
 town of Cisalpine Gaul, now called Turin, in 
 Piedmont. Sil. 3, v. 646.— P/m. 3, c. 17. 
 
 Taurisci, a people of Mysia. Strab. 7. 
 
 Of Noricum, among the Alps. Id. 4. 
 
 Tauriscus, a sculptor. [Vid. Apollonius.] 
 
 Taurium, a town of the Peloponnesus. 
 Polyb. 
 
 Taurominium, a town of Sicily, between 
 jMessana and Cataria, built by the Zancleans, 
 ^Sicilians, and Hybleans, in the age of Diony- 
 sius the tyrant of Syracuse. The hills in the 
 neighbourhood were famous for the fine grapes 
 which they produced, and they surpassed al- 
 most tiie whole world for the extent and 
 beauty of their prospects. There is a small 
 liver near it called Taurorninius. Died. 16. 
 
 Taurus, the largest mountain of Asia, as 
 h) e.\tent. One of its extremities is ia Curia; 
 
 TE 
 
 and it extends not only as far as the most 
 eastern extremities of Asia, but it also branches 
 in several parts, and runs far into the north. 
 Mount Taurus was known by several names, 
 particularly in different countries. In Cilicia, 
 where it reaches as far as the Euphrates, it 
 was called Taurus. It was known by the 
 name of Amanus from the bay of Issus as far 
 as the Euphrates ; of Antitaurus from the 
 western boundaries of Cilicia up to Armenia ; 
 of Moults Malieni in the country of the Leu- 
 cosyrians; of Mons Moschicus at the south 
 of the river Phasis ; of Amaranta at the north 
 ofthePhasis; of Caucasus between the Hyr- 
 canian and Euxine s^s ; of Hyrcanii Monies 
 near Hyrcania ; of Imaus in the more eastern 
 parts of Asia. The word Taurus was more 
 properly confined to the mountains which 
 sepeu-ate Phrygia and Pamphylia from Cilicia. 
 The several passes which were opened in the 
 mountain were called Pyla, and hence fre- 
 quent mention is made in ancient authors of 
 the Armenian Pvlaj, Cilician Pylae, &.c. Mela, 
 
 1, c. 15, ]. 3, c. 7 and Q.—Plin. 5, c. 27. A 
 
 mountain in Germany. Tacit. Ann. 6, c. 41. 
 
 Of Sicily. Titus Statilius, a consul 
 
 distinguished by his intimacy with Augustus, 
 as well as by a theatre which he built, and 
 the triumph he obtained after a prosperous 
 campaign in Africa. He was made prefect of 
 
 Italy by his imperial friend. A pro-consul 
 
 of Africa, accused by Agrippina, who wished 
 him to be condemned, that she might become 
 mistress of his gardens. Tacit. Ann. 12, c. 59. 
 
 An officer of Minos, king of Crete. He 
 
 had an amour with Pasiphae, whence arose 
 the fable of the Minotaur, from the son, who 
 was born some time after. [Vid. Minotau- 
 rus.] Taurus was vanquished by Theseus, in 
 the games which Minos exhibited in Crete. 
 Plut. in Thes. 
 
 Taxila, (plur.) a large country in India, be- 
 tween the Indus and the Hydaspes. Strab. 15. 
 
 TaxVlus, or Taxiles, a king of Taxila, in the 
 age of Alexander, called also Omphis. He . 
 submitted to the conqueror, who rewarded 
 him with great liberalitv. Diod. 17. — Plut. m 
 Alex.—Mlian. V. H. 5, c. Q.—Curl. 8, c. 14. 
 
 A general of Mithridates, who assisted 
 
 Archelaus against the Romans in Greece. H© 
 was afterwards conquered by Murajna, the 
 lieutenant of Sylla. 
 
 TAXiMAQ,niLus, a king in the southern pai Is 
 of Britain when Cajsar invaded it. Cos. 5, G. 
 c.22. 
 
 Taygi^.te, or Tavgeta, a daughter of Atlas 
 and Pleione, mother of Lacediemou by Jupi- 
 ter. She became one of the Pleiades, after 
 death. Hygin.fab. 155 and 192. Paus. in Cic. 
 1 and 18. 
 
 Tavgetus, or Taygeta, (orum) a moun- 
 tain of Laconia, in Peloponnesus, at the west 
 of the river Eurotas. It hung over the city of 
 Lacedaemon, and it is said that once a part ot 
 it fell down by an earthquake, and destroyed 
 the suburbs. It was on this mountain that the 
 Lacedajmonian women celebrated the orgies 
 of Bacchus. Mela, 2, c. 5.— Paus. 3, c. 1. 
 —Strab. 8.— Lucan. 5, v. 52,— Virg. G. 2, v. 
 488. 
 
 Teanum, a town of Campania, on the Ap- 
 pian road, at the cast of the Liris, called also 
 Sidicinnm; to be distinguished fromaaother 
 
TE 
 
 l*\vn «f the same name at the west of Apulia, 
 at a small distance from the coast of the Adri- 
 atic. The rights of citizenship were extended 
 to it under Augustus. Cic. Clutnt. 9 and 69, 
 Phil. 12, c. U.—HoraL 1, ep. 1— P/m.31,c. 
 2.— Lir. 22, c. 27. 
 
 Tearus, a river of Thrace, rising in the 
 same rock from 38 different sources, some of 
 which are hot and others cold. Darius raised 
 a column there when he marched against the 
 Scytliians, as if to denote the sweetness and 
 salubrity of the waters of that river. Herodot. 
 4, c. 90, 6LC.—Plin. 4, c. 11. 
 
 Tjeatea, Teatk, or Tegeate, a town of 
 Latium. SiL It. 8, v. 622, 1. 17, v. 4.>7. 
 
 Teches, a mountain of Pontus, from which 
 the 10.000 Greeks had first a view of the sea. 
 Xenoph. Anab. 4. 
 
 Techmessa, the daughter of a Phrygian 
 prince cnlled by some Teulhras. and by others 
 Teleutas. When her father was killed in war 
 by Ajas, son of Telamon, the young princess 
 became the property of the conqueror, and by 
 him she had a son called Eurysaces. Sopho- 
 cles, in one of his tragedies, represents Tech- 
 messa as moving her husband to pity by her 
 tears and entreaties, when he wished to stab 
 himself. Horat. 2, Od. 1, v. Q.—Didys. Cret. 
 — Sophocl. in Ajac. 
 
 Tecmon, a town of Epirus. £tr.45, c 26. 
 
 Tecnatis, a king of Egypt. 
 
 Tectamus, son of Dorus, grandson of Hel- 
 len, the son of Deucalion, went to Crete with 
 the ^Etolians and Pelasgians, and reigned there. 
 He had a son called Asterius, by the daughter 
 of Cretheus. 
 
 TfXTOsAGEs, or Tectosag^;, a people of 
 Gallia iVorbonensis, whose capital vas the 
 modern Toulouse. They received the name 
 of Tectosagffi quod sagis tegererUur. Some 
 of them passed into Germany, where they 
 settled near the Hercynian forest, and an- 
 other colony passed into Asia, where they 
 conquered Phrygia, Paphlagonia, and Cap- 
 padocia. The Tectosagae were among those 
 Gauls who pillaged Rome under Brennus, 
 and who attempted some time after to plun- 
 der the temple of Apollo at Delphi. At their 
 return home from Greece they were visited 
 by a pestilence, and ordered, to stop it, to 
 throw into the river all the riches and plun- 
 der they had obtained in their distant excur- 
 sions. Cces. Bell. G. 6, c 23.—Slrab. 4.— Cic. 
 de Aat. D.3.—Liv. 38, c. 16.— F/or. 2, c 11.— 
 Justin. 32. 
 
 Tecum, a river of Gaul falling from the Py- 
 renees into the Mediterranean, 
 
 Tedanius, a river of Liburnia. Pirn. 3, c. 
 21. 
 
 Tegea, or Teg it A, now Moklia- a town of 
 Arcadia in the Peloponnesus, founded by Te- 
 geates, a son of Lycaon, or, according to 
 others, by Altus. The gigantic bones of Orestes 
 were found buried there and removed to 
 Sparta. Apollo and Pan were worshipped 
 there, and there also Ceres, Proserpine, and 
 Venus, had each a temple. The inhabitants 
 were called Tegeates; and the epithet Ttgeea 
 is given to Atalanta, as a native of the place. 
 Olid. Met. 8, fab. 7. Fast. 6, v. 531 — Fj>ff. ^/i. 
 5, V. 293— Slrab. 8.—Paus. 8, c. 45, Uc. 
 
 Tegula, p. LiciN. a comic poet who flou- 
 yJsbed B. g. 198, 
 
 80 
 
 TE 
 
 I Tegtra, a town of Bceotia, where Apollo 
 I Tegyrceus was worshipped. There was a bat- 
 j tie fought there between the Thebans and the 
 I Peloponnesians. 
 
 Teios. Vid. Teos. 
 
 Teium, a town of Paphlagonia on the Eux- 
 ine sea. 
 
 Tela, a town of Spain. 
 
 Telamon, a kin^ of the island of Salamis, 
 son of iEacus and Endeis. He was brother to 
 Peleus, and father to Teucer and Ajax. who 
 on that account is often called Telamonius 
 heros. He fled from Megara, his native coun- 
 try, after he had accidentally murdered his 
 brother Phocus in playing with the quoit, and 
 he sailed to the island of Salamis, where he 
 soon after married Glauce, the daughter of 
 Cychreus, the king of the place. At the death 
 of his father-in-law, uiio had no male issue, 
 Telamon became king of Salamis. He accom- 
 panied Jason in his expedition to Colchis, and 
 was arm-bearer to Hercules, when thaths^ro 
 took Laomedon prisoner, and destroyed IVuy. 
 Telamon was rewarded by Hercules for his 
 services with the hand of Hesione, whom the 
 conqueror had obtained among the spoils of 
 Troy, and with her he returned to Greece. 
 He also married Peribcea, whom some call 
 Eriboea. Ovid. Met. 13, v. 151. — Sophocl. in 
 A j.— Pindar. Isthm. 6.— Stat Theb.Q.—Jlpol' 
 lod. 1, 2, Ike. — Pans, in Cor. — Hygin. fab. 97, 
 
 he. A sea- port town of Etruria. Mela., 2; 
 
 c. 4. 
 
 Telamoniades, a patronymic given to the 
 descendants of Telamon. 
 
 Telchines, a people of Rhodes, said to 
 have been originally from Crete. They were 
 the inventors of many useful arts, and ac- 
 cording to Dioiiorus. passed for the sons of 
 the sea. They were the tirst who raised sta- 
 tues to the gods. They had the power of 
 changing themseives into whatever shape 
 they pleased, and accordiiig to Ovid they 
 could poison and fascinate all objects w ith 
 their eyes, and cause rain and hail to fall at 
 pleasure. The Telchinians insulted Venus, 
 for which the goddess inspired them with a 
 sudden fury, so that they committed the 
 grossest crimes, and offered violence even to 
 their own mothers. Jnpiter destroyed them 
 all by a deluge. Diod. — Ovid. Met. 7, v. 365; 
 ^c. 
 
 Telchinla, a surname of Minerva at Teu- 
 messa in Boeotia, where she had a temple. 
 
 Paus. 9, c. 19. Also a surname of Juno in 
 
 Rhodes, where she had a statue at lalysus rais- 
 ed by the Telchinians, who settled there. 
 
 Also an ancient name of Crete, as the place 
 from whence the Telchines of Rhodes were 
 descended. Stat. 6, Sylv. 6, v. 47. 
 
 Telchinius, a surname of Apollo among 
 the Uhodlans. Diod. 5. 
 
 Telchis, a son of Europs the son of iEgia- 
 leus. He was one of the first kings of the Pe- 
 lo|ionnesus. 
 
 Telea, a surname of Juno in Bceotia. 
 
 Teleboas, a Bon of I^kion and the cloud. 
 Olid. Mel. 11. A son of Lycaon. Apollod. 
 
 Telebo.«, or Teleboes, a people of 
 if'.tolia, called also Taphiam; some of whom 
 left their native country, and settled in tho- 
 island of Caprae. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 716. [ViiL 
 Taphia?.] 
 
TE 
 
 Teleboides, islands opposite Leucadia. 
 Plin. 4, o. 12. 
 
 Telecles, 01* Teleclus, a LacedEemonian 
 king, of the family of the Agidae, who reigned 
 40 years, B. C. 813. HerodoL 7, c. 205.— 
 
 Pans. 3, c. 2. A philosopher, disciple of 
 
 Lacidas. B. C. 214. A Milesian. 
 
 Teeeclides, an Athenian comic poet in the 
 age of Pericles, one of whose plays called 
 the Amphictyons, is mentioned by ancient au- 
 thors. Flut. in Kicia. — Allien 8. 
 
 Telegokus, a son of Ulysses and Circe, 
 born if! the island of ^Eaia, where he was 
 educHied. When airived to the years of 
 manhood, he went to Ithaca to mak? himself 
 known to his father, but he was shipwrecked 
 on the coast, and being destitute of provision.- 
 he plundered some of the inhabitants of the 
 island. Ulysses and Telemachus came to de- 
 fend the pro})erty of their sibjects against 
 this unknown invader ; a quarrel arose, anri 
 Telegonus killed his father without knowing 
 who he was. He afterwards returned to his 
 native country, and according to Hy^inus 
 he carried thither his father's body, where 
 it was buried. Telemachus and Penelope 
 also accompanied him in his return, and 
 soon after the nuptials of Telegonus and 
 Penelope were celebrated by order of Mi- 
 nerva. Penelope had by Telegonus a son 
 called Italus, who gave his name to Italv 
 Telegonus founded Tusculum and Tiber or 
 Prasneste, in Italy, and according to some 
 he left one daughter, called Mamiiia, from 
 whom the patrician family of the Mamilil at 
 Rome were descended. Horat. 3, od. 29, v. 8. 
 —Ovid. Fast. 3 and 4. Trist. 1, el I.— Pint. 
 
 in Par. — Hygin. fab. 127. — Diod. 7. A son 
 
 of Proteus killed by Hercules, Apollod. 
 
 A king of Egypt who married lo after she had 
 been restored to her original form by Jupiter. 
 Jd. 
 
 Telemachus, a son of Ulysses and Pene- 
 lope. He was still in the cradle when his 
 father went with the rest of the Greeks to 
 the Trojan war. At the end of this celebra- 
 ted war, Telemachus, anxious to see his fa- 
 ther, went to seek him, and as the place of 
 his residence, and the cause of his long ab- 
 sence were then unknown, he visited the 
 court of Menelaus and Nestor to obtain in- 
 formation. He afterwards returi;ed to Ithaca, 
 where the suitors of his mother Penelope 
 had conspired to murder him, but he avoid- 
 ed their snares, and by means of Minerva, 
 he discovered his father, who had arrived 
 in the island two days before him. and was 
 then in the house of Eumaeus. With this 
 faithful servant and Ulysses Telemachus 
 concerted how to deliver his mother from 
 the importunities of her suitors, and it was 
 effected with success. After the death of 
 his father, Telemachus went to the island 
 of iEaea, where he married Circe, or ac- 
 cording to others Cassiphone, the daughter 
 of Circe, by whom he had a son called 
 Latinus. He some time after had the mis- 
 fortune to kill his mother-in-law Circe, and 
 fled to Italy, where he founded Clusium. Te- 
 lemachus was accompanied in bis visit to 
 Nestor and Menelaus, by the goddess of wis- 
 dom, under the form of Mentor. It is said, 
 Ibat \Then a child; Telemachus fell into the 
 
 TE 
 
 sea, and that a dolphin brought him safe te 
 shore, after he had remained some time 
 under w^ater. From this circumstance Ulys- 
 ses had the figure of a dolphin engraved on 
 the seal which he wore on his ring. Hygin. 
 fab. 95 and 125.-~Ovid. Heroid. 1, v. 98 —Ho- 
 rat. 1, ep. 7, V. 41.— 'Homer. Od. 2, k,c. — Ly- 
 rophr. in Cass. 
 
 Telemus, a Cyclops who was acquainted 
 with futurity. He foretold to Polyphemus all 
 the evils which he some time after suffered 
 from Ulysses. Ovid. Met. 13, v. 77 J. 
 
 Telephassa, the mother of Cadmus, Phoe- 
 nix, and Cilix, by Agenor. She died in 
 Thrace, as she was seeking her daughter Eu- 
 ropa, whom Jupiter had carried away. Apol- 
 lod. 3, c. 1 and 4. 
 
 Telephus, a king of Mysia, son of Her- 
 c.iles and Auge, the daughter of x\!eus. He 
 vas exposed as soon as born on mount Par- 
 thenius, but his life was preserved by a goat, 
 and by some shepherds. According to Apol- 
 lodorus, he was exposed, not on a mountain, 
 but in the temple of Minerva, at Tegea, or 
 according to a tradition mentioned by Pausa- 
 nias, he was left to the mercy of the waves 
 with his mother, by the cruelty of Aleus. and 
 carried by the winds to the mouth of the 
 Caycus, where he was found by Teuthras, 
 king of the country, who married, or rather 
 adopted as his daughter, Auge, and educated 
 her son. Some, however, suppose that Auge 
 tied to Teuthras to avoid the anger of her fa- 
 ther on account of her amour with Hercules. 
 Yet others declare that Aleus gave her to 
 INauplius to be severely punished for her in- 
 continence, and that Nanpiius, unwilling to 
 injure her, sent her to Teuthras, king of Bi- 
 thynia, by whom she was adopted. Telephus, 
 according to the more received opinions, was 
 ignorant of his origin, and he was ordered by 
 the oracle if he wished to know his parents, 
 to go to Mysia. Obedient to this injunction, 
 he came to Mysia, where Teuthras offered 
 him his crown and his adopted daughter Auge 
 in ma!Tiaij:e, if he would deliver his country 
 from tlie hostilities of Idas, the son of Apba- 
 reus. Telephus readily complied, and at the 
 head of the Mysians he soon routed the ene- 
 my and received the promised reward. As 
 he was going to unite himself to Auge, the 
 sudden appearance of an enormous serpent 
 separated the two lovers; Auge im})lored the 
 assistance of Hercules, and was soon informed 
 by the god that Telephus was her own son. 
 When this was known, the nuptials were not 
 celebrated, and Telephus some time after 
 married one of the daughters of king Priam. 
 As one of the sons of the Trojan monarch, 
 Telephus prepared to assist Priam against the 
 Greeks, and with heroic valour he attacked 
 them when they had landed on his coast. The 
 carnage was great, and Telephus was victo- 
 rious, had not Bacchus, who protected the 
 Greeks, suddenly raised a vine from the earth, 
 which entangled the feet of the monarch, and 
 laid him flat on the ground. Achilles imme- 
 diately rushed upon him, and wounded hira 
 so severely that he was carried away from 
 the battle. The wound was mortal, and Tele- 
 f>hu3 was informed by the oracle, that he alone 
 who had inflicted it, could totally cure it. 
 Upon this, applications were made t^ Achille)5> 
 
TE 
 
 but in vain ; the hero obsen^ed Ibat he was no 
 physician, till Ulysses, who knew that Troy 
 could not be laken without the assistance of 
 one of liie sons of Hercules, and who wished 
 to make Telepliiis the friend of the Greeks, 
 persuaded Achilles to obey the directions of 
 the oracle. Achilles consented, and as the 
 weapon which had given the wound could 
 alone cure it, the hero scraped the rust from 
 the point of his spear, and by applying it to 
 the sore, gave it immediate relief. It is said 
 that Telephus showed himself so grateful to 
 the Greeks, that he accompanied them to the 
 Trojan war, and fought with them against his 
 father-in-law. Hygin. fab. 101. — Paxis. 8, c. 
 48.— .^pullod. 2, c. 7, hc.—JElian. V. H. 12, c. 
 42.—Diod.A.—Ocid. Fast. 1, el. l.hc.—Pki- 
 lostr. her. — Plin. A friend of Horace, re- 
 markable for his beauty and the elegance of hi? 
 person. He was the favourite of Lydia, the 
 mistress of Horace, k.c. Horat. 1, od. 12, 1. 4. 
 
 od.ll, V. 21. A slave who conspired against 
 
 Augustus. Sueton. in Aug. L. Verus wrote 
 
 a book on the rhetoric of Homer, as also a 
 comparison of that poet with Plato, and other 
 treatises, all lost. 
 
 Telesia, a town of Campania, taken by An- 
 iiibal. Liv. 21, c. 13, 1. 24, c. 20. 
 
 Telesicles, a Parian, father to the poet Ar- 
 chilochus, by a slave called Enippo. ^lian. 
 V. H. 10, c. 13. 
 
 Telesii.la, a lyric poetess of Argos, who 
 bravely defended her country against the La- 
 cedaemonians, and obliged them to raise the 
 siege. A statue was raised to her honour in 
 the temple of Venus. Pau^. 2, c. 20. 
 
 Telesinicus, a Corinthian auxiliary at Sy- 
 racuse, iic. Polyatn. 5. 
 
 Telesincs, a general of the Samnites, who 
 joined the interest of Marius, and fought 
 against the generals of Sylla. He marched 
 towards Rome and defeated Sylla with great 
 loss. He was afterwards routed in a bloody 
 battle, and left in the number of the slain af- 
 ter he had given repeated proofs of valour and 
 courage. PLut. in Mar. 6ic. A poet of con- 
 siderable merit in Domitian's reign. Juv. 7, 
 V. 25, 
 
 Telesippus, a poor man of Pberae, father 
 to the tyrant Dinias. PolycEU. 2. 
 
 TELi:3TAG6KAS, a man of Naxos, whose 
 daughters were ravished by some of the no- 
 bles of the island, in consequence of which 
 they were expelled by the diiection of Lygda- 
 mis 6ic. Aiken. 8. 
 
 Te LEST AS, a son of Priam. Apollod. 3, 
 
 c. 12. An athlete of Messenia. Pans. 6, 
 
 c. 14. A king of Corinth, who died 779 
 
 B.C. 
 
 Telestes, a dithyrambic poet, who flour- 
 ished B. C. 402. 
 
 Telesto, one of the Oceanides. Hes. 
 Theo. 
 
 Telethds, a mountain in Eubcea. 
 
 TeletiiCsa, the wife of Lygdus or Lyc- 
 tus, a native of Crete. She became motne»- 
 of a daughter, who was afterwards changed 
 into a boy. [Vid. Ijjbis.] Ovid. Mel. 9, v. 
 681. 
 
 Tf.leurias, a prince of Macedonia, olc. 
 Xenopkon. 
 
 Teleutias, the brother of Agesilaus, who 
 was killed hy the Olynthians, ^c. 
 
 TE 
 
 Teleute, a surname of Venus among the 
 Egyptians. Plut. de Is. ^ Os. 
 
 Tellek^, a town of Latium, now destroy- 
 ed. Liv. 1, c. 33. 
 
 Telles, a king of Achaia, son of Tisame- 
 nes. Pans. 7, c. 6. 
 
 Tellias, a famous soothsayer of Elis, in 
 the age of Xerxes. He was greatly honoured 
 in Phocis, where he had settled, and the in- 
 Kabjtaots raised him a statue in the temple of 
 .\pollo, at Delphi. Pans. 10, v. 1. — Herodot. 
 8, c. 27. 
 
 Tellis, a Greek lyric poet, the father qf 
 Brasidas, 
 
 Tellds, a divinity, the same as the earth| 
 the most ancient of all the gods after Chaos. 
 She was mother by CcbIus of Oceanus, Hy- 
 perion, Ceus, Rhea, Japetus, Themis, Saturn, 
 Phoebe, Tethys, 6ic. Tellus is the same as 
 the divinity, who is honoured under the seve- 
 ral names of Cybele, Rhea, VV.sta, Ceres, Ti- 
 thea, Bona Dea, Proserpine, k.c. She wa« 
 generally represented in the character of Tei- 
 lus. as a woman with many breasts, distended 
 with milk, to express the fecundity of the 
 earth. She also appeared crowned with tur- 
 rets, holding a sceptre in one hand, and a key 
 in the other, while at her feet was lying a tame 
 lion without chains, as if to intimate that every 
 part of the earth can be made fraitful by means 
 of cultivation. Hesiod. Theog.v. 130. — Virg. 
 
 JEn.^i, v. 137. — Apollod. 1, c. 1. A poor man, 
 
 whom Solon called happier than Crcesus, the 
 rich and ambitious king of Lydia. Tellus had 
 the happiness to see a strong and healthy fa- 
 mily of children, and at last to fall in the de- 
 fence of his country. Herodot. 1, c. 30. 
 
 An Italian who is said to have had commerce 
 with his mares, and to have had a daughter 
 called Hippone, who became the goddess of 
 horses. 
 
 Telmessus, or Telmissos, a town of 
 Caria, whose inhabitants were skilled in augu- 
 ry and the interpretation of dreams. Cic. de 
 
 div. 1. — Strab. 14. — Liv. 37, c. 16. Another 
 
 in Lycia. A third in Pisidia. 
 
 Telo Martius, a town at the south of 
 Gaul, now Toulon. 
 
 Telon, a skilful pilot of Masilia, killed 
 during the siege of that city by Cassar. Lucan. 
 
 3, v. 592. A king of the Teleboae, who 
 
 married Sebetbis, by whom he had (Ebalus 
 Virg. JEn. 7, v. 734. 
 
 Telos, a small island near Rhodes. 
 
 Telphusa, a nymph of Arcadia, daughter 
 of the Ladon, who gave her name to a town 
 and fountain of that place. The waters of the 
 fountain Telphusa were so cold, that Tiresias 
 died by drinking them. Died. 4. — Slrab. 9.— 
 Lycophron. 104<J. 
 
 TKLXiuPt:, one of the muses according to 
 Cic.deJV. I>. 3, c. 21. 
 
 Tei.ys, a tyrant of Sybaris. 
 
 Temathea, a mountain of Messenia. Pam 
 
 4, C.34. 
 
 Temknium, a place in Mcssene, where Te- 
 menus was buried. 
 
 Ikmenites, a surname of Apollo, which he 
 received at Tetneii )s. a sniali place nearSyra- 
 cuse, where he was worshipped.) Cic. in I'err 
 
 Temenos, a place of Syracuse, where 
 Apolio, called Temenites, had a statue. €ic. 
 inJ^err. 4, c. 63.— 6'wf/, Tib. 74. 
 
TE 
 
 Temenus, the son of Aristomachus, watj 
 the firsi of the Heraclidss who returned to ! 
 Peloponnesus with his brother Clesiphontes in 
 the rf:i''^n of Tisamenes, king of Argos. Te- 
 men'js made himself master of the throne of 
 Ar^os, from whicli he expelled the reigning 
 sovereign. After death he was succeeded by 
 his son-in-law Deiphon, who had married his 
 daughter Hyrnetho, and this succession was 
 in preference to his own son. Jlpollod. 2, c. 
 
 7. — Paus. 2, c. 18 and 19.- A son of Pelas- 
 
 gus who was intrusted with the care of Juno's 
 infancy, Paus. 8, c. 22. 
 
 Tkmeri.nda, the name of the Palus Mae- 
 otis among the natives. 
 
 Te.mesa> a town of Cyprus. Another 
 
 in Caiabria in Italy, famous for its mines of 
 copper, which were exhausted in the age of 
 Strabo. Cic. Verr. 5, c. 15. — Liv. 34, c. 35. — 
 Homer. Od. 1. v. 184.— Ot;?W. Fast. 5, v. 441. 
 Met. 7, V. 207.— .WeZa, 2, c. 4.—Strab. 6. 
 
 Temn£s, aking of Sidon. 
 
 Temkos, a town of "^Eolia, at the mouth 
 of the Hermus. Herodot. 1, c. 49. — Cic. 
 Flacc. 18. 
 
 Tempe, (plur.) a valley in Thessaly, be- 
 tween mount Olympus at the north, and Ossa 
 at ihe south, through which the river Peneus 
 flows into the ^gean. The poets have de- 
 scribed it as the most delightful spot on the 
 earth, with continually cool shades, and ver- 
 dant walks, which the warbling of birds ren- 
 dered more plea-sant aud romantic, and whicii 
 the gods oftai! honoured with their presence 
 Tempe extended about five miies in length, 
 but varied in the dimensions of its breadth, so 
 as to be in some places scarce one acre and a 
 half wide. All valleys that are pleasant, either 
 for their situation or the mildness of their 
 climate, are called Tempe by the poets. Strab. 
 9 — Mela, 2, c, 3. — Diod. 4. — Dionys. Perieg. 
 219.— ^iian. V.H.S, c. l.—Plut. de Mas.— 
 Virg. G. 2, v. 469.— Ovid. Met. I, v. 569. 
 
 Tenchtheri, a nation of Germany, who 
 frequently changed the place of their habita- 
 tion. Tacit. Ann. 13, c. 56. H. 4, c. 21. 
 
 Tendeba, a town of Caria. Liv. 33, 
 c. 18. 
 
 Tene.^, a part of Corinth. Mela, 2, c. 3. 
 
 Tenedia securis. Vid. Tenes. 
 
 Tenedos, a small and fertile island of the 
 JEge&n sea, opposite Troy, at the distance of 
 about lii. miles from Sigteum, and 56 miles 
 north from Lesbos. It was aiicieriliy called 
 Leucophrys, till Tenes, the son of Cycnus, set- 
 tled there and built a town, which he called 
 Tenedos, from which the whole island re- 
 ceived its name. It became famous dur- 
 ing the Trojan war, as it was there that the 
 Greeks conceu'ed themselves the more effec- 
 tually to make the Trojans believe that they 
 were returned home, without finishing the 
 siege. Homer. Od. 3, v. 59. — Diod. 5. — 67ra6. 
 VS.— Virg. JEn. % v. 21.— Ot'irf. Met. 1, v. 
 540, I. 12, V. 109.— 3/e/rt. 2, c. 7. 
 
 Tenercs, son of Apollo and Melia, re- 
 ceived from his father the knowledge of futuri- 
 ty. Paus. 9, c. 10 
 
 Tf NES, a son of Cycnus and Proclea. He 
 was exposed on the sea on the coast of Troas 
 by his father, who credulously believed his 
 wife Fhilondme. who had fallen in love with 
 Oyenus, and accused him of attempts opon 
 
 TE 
 
 her virtue, when he refused to gratify ilex 
 passion, Tenes arrived safe in Leucophrys, 
 which he called Tenedos, and of which he be- 
 came the sovereign. Some time after, Cyc- 
 nus discovered the guilt of his wife Philonome, 
 and as he wished to be reconciled to his son 
 whom he had so grossly injured, he weni to 
 Tenedos. But when he had tied his ship to 
 the shore, Tenes cut off the cable with a 
 hatchet, and suffered his father's ship to be 
 tossed about in the sea. From this circum- 
 stance the hatchet of Teries is become pro- 
 verbial to intimate a resentment that cannot 
 be pacified. Some, however, suppose that 
 the proverb arose from the severity of a law 
 made by a king of Tenedos against adultery, 
 by which the guilty were both put to death 
 with a hatchet. The hatchet of Tenes wa^ 
 carefully preserved at Tenedos, and after- 
 wards deposited by Periclytus son of Eutyma- 
 chus in the temple of Delphi, where it was 
 still seen in the age of Pausanias. Tenes, as 
 some suppose, was killed by Achilles, as he 
 defended his country against the Greeks, and 
 he received divine honours after death. His 
 statue at Tenedos was carried away by Verres. 
 
 Strab. 13.— Paus. 10, c. 14. A general of 
 
 3000 mercenary Greeks sent by the Egyptians 
 to assist the Phoenicians. Diod. 16. 
 
 Tenesis, a part of Ethiopia. Strab. 
 
 Tennks, a king of Sidon. who when his 
 country was besieged by the Persians, burnt 
 himself and the city together, B. C. 351. 
 
 Ten'num, a town of iEolia. 
 
 Tenos, a small island in the iEgean, near 
 Andros, called Ophiussa, and also Hydrussa., 
 from the number of its fountains. It was very 
 mountainous, but it produced excellent winesi 
 universally esteemed by the ancients, Tenos 
 was about 15 miles in extent. The capital vras 
 also called Tenos. Strab. 10, — M&la, 2, c. 7. 
 —Ovid. Met. 7, v. 469. 
 
 Tentyra, (plur.) and Tentyris, a small 
 town of Egypt, on the Nile, whose inhabitants 
 were at enmity with the crocodiles, and made 
 war against those who paid them adoration. 
 Seneca. JV. Q. 4, c. 2.— Strab. IT. — Juv. 15, — 
 Plin. 25, c. 8. 
 
 Tentyra, (melius Tempyra,) a place of 
 Thrace, opposite Samothrace, Ovid. Trist. \, 
 el. 9, v. 21. 
 
 Teos, or Teios, now Sigagik, a maritime 
 town on the coast of Ionia in Asia Minor, 
 opposite Samos. It was one of the 12 cities 
 of the Ionian confederacy, and gave birth to 
 Anacreon and Hecatajiis, who is by some 
 deemed a native of Miletus. According t© 
 Pliny, Teos was an island, Augustus re- 
 paired Teos, whence he is often called the 
 t'ounder of it on ancient medals. Strab. 14. — 
 Mela, 1, c. n.—Paus. 7, c. S.—^lian. V. H 
 S, c. Ij.—Horat. 1, Od. 17, v. IS.— Plin. 5, c. 
 31. ^ 
 
 Teredon, a town on the Arabian gulf. Dto. 
 Per. 982. 
 
 Terentia, the wife of Cicero. She be- 
 came mother of M. Cicero, and of a daughter 
 called Tulliola. Cicero repudiated her, be- 
 cause she had been faithless to his bed, when 
 he was banished in Asia, Terentia married 
 Sallust, Cicero's enemy, and afterwards Mea- 
 sala Corvinus. She lived to her 103d, or ac- 
 cording to Pliny, to her H7th year. Plut.in- 
 
TE 
 
 Cici—Val Max. 8, c. 13.— Cic. ad Attic. 11, 
 
 ep. 16, he. The wife of Scipio Africaous. 
 
 ——The wife of Mecaenas, with whom it was 
 said that Augustus carried on an intrigue. 
 
 Tehentia lex, called also Cassia, frvmen- 
 taria, by M. Terentius Varro Lucullus, and 
 C. Cassius, A. U. C. 680. It ordered that 
 the same price should be given for all corn 
 bought in the provinces, to binder the exac- 
 tions of the quaestors. Another by Teren- 
 tius the tribune, A. U. C. 291, to elect five 
 persons to define the power of the consuls, lest 
 they should abuse the public confidence by 
 violence or rapine. 
 
 Terentianus, a Roman, to whom Longi- 
 
 nus dedicated his treatise on the sublime. 
 
 Maurus, a writer who flourished A. D. 240. 
 The last edition of his treatise de liitris, sylla- 
 bii, ^ meiris Iloratii, is by Mycillus, Francof. 
 8vo. 1684. Martial. 1, ep. 70. 
 
 Terentius Pl-elius, a native of Carthage 
 in Africa, celebrated for the comedies he 
 wrote. He was sold as a slave to Terentius 
 Lucanus, a Roman senator, who educated 
 him with great care, and manumitted him for 
 the brilliancy of his genius. He bore the 
 name of his master and benefactor, and was 
 called Terentius. He applied himself to the 
 study of Greek comedy with uncommon as- 
 siduity, and merited the friendship and pa- 
 tronage of the learned and powerful. Scipio, 
 the elder Africanus, and his friend Laelius, 
 have been suspected, on account of their inti- 
 macy, of assisting the poet in the composition 
 of his comedies ; and the fine language, the 
 pure expressions, and delicate sentiments with 
 which the plays of Terence abound, seem per- 
 haps to favour the supposition. Terence was 
 in the 26th year of his age when iiis first play 
 appeared on the Roman stage. All his com- 
 positions were received with great applause, 
 but when the words 
 
 Homo sum, humani nil a me alienum puto, 
 were repeated, the plaudits were reiterated, 
 and the audience, though composed of fo- 
 reigners, conquered nations, allies, and citi- 
 zens of Rome, were unanimous in applauding 
 the poet, who spoke, with such elegance and 
 simplicity, the language of nature, and sup- 
 ported the native independence of man. The 
 talents of Terence were employed rather in 
 translation than in the effusions of originality. 
 It is said (hat he translated 108 of the come- 
 dies of the poet Menander, six of which 
 only are extant, his Andria, Eunuch, Heau- 
 tontimorumenos, Adelphi, Phormio, andHe- 
 cyra. Terence is admired for the purity of 
 his language, and the artless elegance and 
 .simplicity of his diction, and for a conti- 
 nued delicacy of sentiment. There is more 
 originality in Plautus, more vivacity in the 
 intrigues, and more surprise in the catas- 
 trophes of his plays; but Terence will ever 
 be admired for his taste, his expressions, 
 and his faithful pictures of nature and man- 
 ners, and the becoming dignity of his se- 
 veral characters. Quintilian, who candidly 
 acknowledges the deficiencies of the Roman 
 comedy, declares that Terence was the most 
 elegant and refined of all the comediaus 
 whose writings appeared on the stage. The 
 lime and the manner of his death are un- 
 kfldsm. He left R^<»ine in th© 3(»th yo«r of 
 
 TE 
 
 I his age, and never after appeared there. 
 ! Some suppose that he was drowned in a 
 j storm as he returned from Greece, about 
 ' 159 years before Christ, though others 
 imagine be died in Arcadia or Leucadia, 
 and that his death was accelerated by the 
 loss of his property, and particularly of his 
 plays, which perished in a shipwreck. The 
 best edi^ns of Terence are those of Wes- 
 (erhoviulf 2 vols. 4to. Amst. 1726 ; of Edin, 
 12mo. 1758; of Cambridge, 4to. 1724; Haw- 
 key's, 12mo. Dublin, 1745 ; and that of Zeu- 
 nlus. 8vo. Lips. 1774. Cic. ad Mtic. 7, ep. 
 3~-Pattrc. 1, c. 17.— Quintil. 10, c. l.—Ho- 
 rat. 2, ep. 1, v. 59. Culeo, a Roman se- 
 nator, taken by the Carthaginians, and re- 
 deemed by Africanus. When Africanus tri- 
 umphed, Culeo followed his chariot with a 
 piltus on his head. He was some time after 
 appointed judge between his deliverer arid 
 the people of Asia, and had the meanness 
 to condemn him and his brother Asiaticus, 
 though both innocent. Liv. 30, c. 45.—- 
 A tribune who wished the number of the ci- 
 tizens of Rome to be increased. Evocatus, 
 
 a man who, as it was supposed, murdered 
 
 Galba. Tacit. Hist. 1, c, 41. Lentiuus, a 
 
 Roman knight condemned for perjury. 
 
 Varro, a writer, {Vid. Varro.] A consul 
 
 with iEmilius Paulus at the battle of Canna?. 
 He was the son of a butcher, and bad ;ol- 
 low ed for some time the profession of his 
 father. He placed himself totally in the 
 power of Hannibal, by making an improper 
 disposition of his army. After he had been 
 defeated, and his colleague slain, he retired 
 to Canusium, with the remains of his slaugh- 
 tered countrymen, and sent word to the Ro- 
 man senate of his defeat. He received the 
 thanks of this venerable body, because he 
 had engaged the enemy, however impro- 
 perly, and not despaired of the affairs of the 
 republic. He was offered the dictatorship, 
 
 which he declined. Plut. — Liv. 22, &.c. 
 
 An ambassador sent to Philip king of Ma- 
 cedonia. Massaliora, an edile of the peo- 
 ple, &.C. .Marcus, a friend of Sejanus, ac- 
 cused before the senate for his intimacy 
 with that discarded favourite. He made a 
 noble defence, and was acquitted. TaciL 
 Ann. 6. 
 
 Terentus, a place in the Campus Martius 
 near the capitol, where the infernal deities 
 had an altar. Ovid. Fast. 1, v. 504. 
 
 Tekeus, a king of Thrace, son of Mars 
 andBistonis. He married Progne, the daugh- 
 ter of Pandion, king of Athens, whom he 
 had assisted in a war against Megara. He 
 offered violence to his sister-in-law Philome- 
 la, whom he conducted to Thrace by desire of 
 
 Progne. Vid. Philomela aud Progne.] A 
 
 friend of ^Eneas, killed by Camilla. Virg. 
 Al'u. 11, v. 675. 
 
 Teugeste and Tergestum, now Trieste^ 
 a town of Italy on the Adriatic sea, made a 
 Roman colony. Mela, 2, c. 3, &.c. — Dionys. 
 Pcriti^.v. SS-O.—Pattrc. 2, c, 110.— iVm. 3, 
 c. 18. 
 
 Tkrias, a river of Sicily near Cntana. 
 
 Tekibazus, a nobleman of Persia, sent 
 with a i'eet against Evagoras, king of Cyprus. 
 He was accused of treasuu, aud removed from 
 oltice, &c. PolTfan. 7. 
 
TE 
 
 JfERiDAE, a concubine of Menelaus, 
 Teridates, a favourite eunuch at the court 
 of Artaxerxes. At his death the monarch was 
 in tears for three days, and was consoled at 
 
 last only by the arts and the persuasion of which she delighted her sisters. She is re 
 
 — — presented like a young virgin crowned with 
 laurel, and holding in her hand a nnusical in- 
 strument. Juv. 7, V. 35. — Apollod. 1. — Euslat. 
 in Jl. 10. 
 
 Terpsicrate, a daughter of Thespiue. 
 ^pollod. 2, c. 7. 
 
 Terra, one of the most ancient deities in 
 mythology, wife of Uranus, and mother of 
 Oceanus, the Titans, Cyclops, Giants, Thea, 
 Rhea, Themis, Phoebe, Thetys, and Mnemo- 
 syne. By the Air she had Grief, Mourning, 
 Oblivion, Vengeance, &i.c. According to Hy- 
 ginirs, she is the same as Tellus. [Vid. Tel- 
 lus.] 
 
 Terracina. [Vid. Tarracina.] 
 
 Terhasidius, a Roman knight in Caesar's 
 army in Gaul. Cces. B. G. 3, c. 7 and 8. 
 
 Terror, an emotion of the mind which 
 the ancients have made a deity, and one of 
 the attendants of the god Mars, and of Bellona. 
 
 Tertia, a sister of Clodius the tribune, he. 
 
 A daughter of Paulus, the conqueror of 
 
 Perseus. Cic. ad Div. 1, c. 46. A daughter 
 
 of Isidorus. Cic. in Verr. 3, c. 34. A sister 
 
 of Brutus who married Cassius. She was also 
 called TerluUa and Junta. Tacit. A. 3, c. 76. 
 — '9uef. in Cces. 50. — Cic. ad B. 5 and 6, ad 
 M. 15, ep. 11,1. 16, ep. 20. 
 
 Tertjus Juhanus, a lieutenant in Caesar's 
 legions. 
 
 Aspasia, one of his favourites. JElian. V. H. 
 12, c. 1. 
 
 Terigum, a town of Macedonia. * 
 
 Terina, a town of the Briitii. ^ 
 
 Terioli, now Tirol, a fortifietT town at 
 the north of Italy, in the country of the 
 Grisons. 
 
 Termentia, or Termes, a town of Hispa- 
 nia Tarraconensis. 
 
 Termera, a town of Caria. 
 
 Termerits, a robber of Peloponnesus, who 
 killed people by crushing their head against 
 his own. He was slain by Hercules in the 
 same manner. Plut. in Thess. 
 
 Termesus, a river of Arcadia, 
 
 Termilje, a name given to the Lycians. 
 
 Terminalia, annual festivals at Rome, 
 observed in honour of the god Terminus, in 
 the month of February, It was then usual 
 for peasants to assemble near the principal 
 ]and marks which separated their fields, and 
 after they had crowned them with garlands 
 and flowers, to make libations of milk and 
 wine, and to sacrifice a lamb or a young 
 pig. They were originally established by 
 Numa, and though at first it was forbidden 
 to shed the blood of victims, yet in process 
 of time land-marks were plentifully sprinkled 
 with it. Ovid. Fast. 2, v. 641.— C?c. Phil. 12, 
 e. 10, 
 
 Termjnalis, a surname of Jupiter, be- 
 cause he presided over the boundaries and 
 lands of individuals, before the worship of 
 the god Terminus was introduced. Dionys. 
 Hal. 2. 
 
 Terminus, a divinity at Rome who was 
 supposed to preside over bounds and limits, 
 and to punish all unlawful usurpation of land. 
 His worship was at first introduced at Rome 
 by Numa, who persuaded his subjects that the 
 limits of their lands and estates were under 
 the immediate inspection of heaven. His 
 temple was on the Tarpeian rock, and he 
 was represented with an human head with- 
 out feet or arras, to intimate that he never 
 moved, wherever he was placed. The peo- 
 ple of the country assembled once a year with 
 their families, and crowned with garlands and 
 flowers the stones which separated their dif- 
 ferent possessions, and offered victims to the 
 god who presided over their boundaries. It 
 is said that when Tarquin the proud wished 
 to build a temple on the Tarpeian rock to 
 Jupiter, the god Terminus refused to give 
 way, though the other gods resigned their 
 seals with cheerfulness ; whence Ovid has 
 said, 
 
 RestUit, ^ magno cum Jove iempla tenet. 
 Dionys. Hal. 2.— Ovid. Fast. 2, v. 641.— Plut. 
 in JVum. — Liv. 5. — Virg. M.n. 9, 
 
 Termissds, or Termessus, a town of 
 Pisidia. 
 
 Tekpander, a lyric poet and musician 
 of Lesbos, 675 B. C. It is said that he ap- 
 peased a tumult at Sparta by the melody and 
 sweetness of his notes. He added three strings 
 to the lyre, which before his time had only 
 four, ^lian. V. H. 12; c. 60.— Plut. de Mas. 
 
 TE 
 
 Terpsichore, one of the Muses, daugh- 
 ter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne. She {U'esided 
 over dancing, of which she was reckoned the 
 inventress, as her name intimates, and with 
 
 Tertullianus, (J. Septimius Florens) a ce- 
 lebrated Christian writer of Carthage, who 
 flourished A. D. 196. He was originally a Pa- 
 gan, but afterwards embraced Christianily, of 
 which he became an able advocate by his wri- 
 tings, which showed that he was possessed of 
 a lively imagination, impetuous eloquence, 
 elevated style, and strength of reasoning. The 
 most famous and esteemed of his numerous 
 works, are his Apology for the Christians, and 
 his Prescriptions. The best edition of Teilul- 
 lian is that of Semlerus, 4 vols. 8vo Hal. 1770 ; 
 and of his Apology, that of Havercamp, 8vo. 
 L. Bat. 1718. 
 
 Tethys, the greatest of the sea deities, 
 was wile of Oceanus, and daughtei- of Uranus 
 and Terra. She was mother of the chiefest 
 rivers of the universe, such as the Nile, the 
 Alpheus, the Maeander, Simois, Peneus, Eve- 
 nus, Scamander, &,c. and about 3000 daughters 
 called Oceanides. Tethys is confounded by 
 some mythologists with her grand-daughter 
 Thetis, the wife of Peleus, and the mdtherof 
 Achilles, The word Tethys is poetically used 
 to express the sea. JlpoLiod. 1, c. 1, he. — 
 Virg. G. 1, v. 31.— Ovid. Met. 2, v. 509, 1. 9, 
 v. 498. Fast. 2, v. \9\.—Hesiod. Theogn. v. 
 336.— Homer. //. 14, v. 302. 
 
 Tetis, a river of Gaul flowing from the Py- 
 renees. Mela, 2j c. 5. 
 
 Tetrapolis, a name given to the city of 
 Antioch, the capital of Syria, because it was 
 divided into four separate districts, each of 
 which resembled a city. Some apply the word 
 to Seleucis, which contained the four large 
 cities of Antioch near Daphne, Laodicea, Apa- 
 
 mea, and Seleucia in Pieria. The name of 
 
 four towns at the north of Attica. Strt^. 8. 
 
TH 
 
 Tetrica, a mountain of the Sabineg near 
 the river Fabaris. It was very rugged and dif- 
 ficult of access, whence the epithet Teiricus 
 was applied to persons of a morose and melan- 
 choly disposition. Virg. ^n. 7, v. 713. 
 
 Tetricus, a Roman senator, saluted em- 
 peror in the reign of Aurelian. He was led 
 in triumph by Fiis successful adversary, who 
 afterwards heaped the most unbounded honours 
 upon him and his son of the same name, 
 
 Teucer, a king of Phrygia, son of the Sca- 
 mander by Idea. According to some authors, 
 he was the first who introduced among his 
 subjects the worship of Cybele, and the dances 
 of the Corybantes. The country where he 
 reigned was from him called Teucria, and his 
 subjects Teucri. His daughter Batea married 
 Dardanus, a Samothracian prince, who suc- 
 ceeded him in the government of Teurica. 
 
 Jpollod. 3, c. 12.— Firg. JEn. 3, v. 108. A 
 
 son of Telamon, king of Salamis, by Hesione 
 the daughter of Laomedon. He was one of 
 Helen's suitors, and accordingly accompanied 
 the Greeks to the Trojan war, where he sig- 
 nalized himself by his valour and intrepidity. 
 It is said that his father refused to receive him 
 into his kingdom, because he had left the 
 death of his brother Ajax unrevenged This 
 severity of the father did not dishearten the 
 son ; he left Salamis, and retired to Cyprus, 
 where, with the assistance of Belus king of 
 Sidon, he built a town which he called Salamis, 
 after his native counliy. He attempted to no 
 purpose to recover the island of Salamis, after 
 his father's death. He built a temple to Jupi- 
 ter in Cyprus, on which a man was annually 
 sacrificed till the reign of the Antonines. Some 
 suppose that Teucer did not return to Cyprus, 
 but that, according to a less received opinion, 
 he went to settle in Spain, where new Car- 
 thage was afterwards built, and thence into 
 Galatia. Homer. II. 1, v. 281.— Virg. M.n. 1, 
 v.623.—.Spollod.3,Q. 12.— Pans. 2, c. 29.— 
 
 Justin. 44, c. 3. — Paterc. 1, c. 1. One of 
 
 the servants of Phalaris of Agrigentum. 
 
 Teucri, a name given to the Trojans, 
 from Teucer their king. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 42 
 and 239. 
 
 Teucria, a name given to Troy, from 
 Teucer one of its kings. Virg. JEn. 2, v. 26. 
 
 Teucteri, a people of Germany, at fhe 
 east of the Rhine. Tacit, de Germ. c. 22. 
 
 Teumessus, a mountain of Boeotia with a 
 village of the same name, where Hercules, 
 when young, killed an enormous lion. Stat. 
 Thcb.l, v. 331. 
 
 Teuta, a queen of Illyricum, B. C. 231, 
 who ordered some Roman ambassadors to be 
 pat to death. This unprecedented murder 
 was the cause of a war, which ended in her 
 disgrace. Flor. 2, c. 5. — Plin. 34, c. 6. 
 
 Ti;uTAMi.\s, or Teutamis, a king of 
 Larissa. He instituted games in honour of his 
 father, where Perseus killed his grandfather 
 Acrisius with a quoit. 
 
 Teuta M us, a king of Assyria, the same as 
 Tithonus, the father of Memnon. Diod. 6. 
 
 TrcuTAS, or Teutates, a name of Mer- 
 cury among the Gauls, The j)eople offered 
 human victims to this deity. Lucan. 1, v. 445. 
 -Oesar. Btll. G. 
 
 Teuthrania, a port of Mysia where the 
 Gaycus rises. 
 
 TH 
 
 j Teuthras, a king of Mysia on the border* 
 ; of the Caycus. He adopted as his daughter, 
 I or, according to others, married Auge the 
 daughter of Aleus, when she fled away into 
 Asia, from her father, who wished to punish 
 her for her amours with Hercules. Some time 
 after his kingdom was invaded by Idas the soa 
 of Aphareus, and to remove this enemy, he 
 promised Auge and his crown to any one who 
 could restore tranquillity to his subjects. This 
 was executed by Telephus, who aftenvards 
 proved to be the son of Auge, who was pro- 
 mised in marriage to him by right of his suc- 
 cessful expedition. The 50 daughters of Teu- 
 thras, who became mothers by Hercules, are 
 called Teuthrantia turba. Apollod. 2, c, 7, &:c. 
 —Paus. 3, c. 25.— Ovid. Trist. 2, v, 19— He- 
 
 roid. 9, V. 51. — Hygin. fab. 100. A river's 
 
 name. One of the companions of ,£nea£ 
 
 in Italy. Virs;. JEn. 10, v. 402, 
 
 Tectoburgiensis Sdltus, a forest of Ger- 
 many, between the Ems and Lippa, where 
 Varus and his legions were cut to pieces. Ta- 
 cit. Jin. 1, c. 60. 
 
 Tectomatus, a prince of Gaul, among the 
 allies of Rome. 
 
 Teutoni, and Teutones, a people of Ger- 
 many, who with the Cimbri made incursions 
 upon Gaul, and cut to pieces two Roman 
 armies. They were at last defeated by the 
 consul Marius, and an infinite number made 
 prisoners, \yid. Cimbri.] Cic. pro Manil. 
 Flor. 3. c. 3.—Plut. in Mar.— Martial. 14, ep. 
 2Q.—Plin. 4, c. 14. 
 
 Thabenna, an inland town of Africa. HisL 
 Afric. 77. 
 
 Thabusicm, a fortified place of Phrygia. 
 Liv. 38, c. 14. 
 
 Thais, a famous courtezan of Athens, who 
 accompanied Alexander in his Asiatic con- 
 quests, and gained such an ascendant over 
 him, that she made him burn the royal palace 
 of Persepolis. After Alexander's death, she 
 married Ptolemy king of Egypt. Menander 
 celebrated her charms, both mental and per- 
 sonal, which were of a superior nature, and 
 on this account she is called Menandrea, by 
 Properl. 2, el. 6.— Ovid, de Art. Am. 3, v. 604, 
 de Rem. Am. v. 384.— F/u/. in Alex.—Juv. 3, 
 V. 93.— Athen. 13, c. 13. 
 
 Thala, a town of Africa. Tacit. Ann. 3, 
 c. 21. 
 
 That-ame, a town of Messenia, famous for 
 a temple and oracle of Pasiphae. Plut. in 
 Agid. 
 
 Thalassics, a beautiful young Roman ia 
 the reign of Romulus. At the rape of the Sa- 
 bines, one of these virgins appeared remark- 
 able for beauty and elegance, and her ravish* 
 er, afraid of many competitors, exclaimed as 
 he carried her away, that it was for Tlialas- 
 sins. The name of Thalassius was no sooner 
 mentioned, than all were eager to preser\'e 
 so beautiful a prize for him. Their union was 
 attended with so much happiness, that it was 
 ever after usual at Rome to make use of the 
 word Thalassius at nuptials, and to wish those 
 that were married the felicity of Thalassius. 
 He is supposed by some to be the same as 
 Hi/mtn, as he was made a deity. Plut. in 
 Rom.— Martial. 3, ep. 92.— Z^i-. 1, c. 9. 
 
 Thales, one of the seven wise men of- 
 Greece, born at Miletus in Ionia. Ho was de- 
 
TH 
 
 sc6nded from eadmus; his father's name was 
 Exaraius. and his mother's Cleobula. Like 
 the rest of the ancients, he travelled in quest 
 of knowledge, and for some time resided in 
 Crete, Phoenicia, and Egypt. Under the 
 priests of Memphis he was taught geometry, 
 astronomy, and philosophy, and enabled to 
 measure with exactness the vast height and 
 extent of a pyramid, merely by its shadow. 
 His discoveries in astronomy were great and 
 ingenious; he was the first who calculated 
 with accai-acy a solar eclipse. He discovered 
 the solstices and equincies, he divided ttie 
 heavens into five zones, and recommended the 
 division of the year into 365 days, which was 
 universally adopted by i:he Egyptian philoso- 
 phy Like Homer he loj)k;ed upon water as the 
 principle of every thing. He was the founder 
 of the Ionic sect, which distinguished itself 
 for its deep and abstruse speculations under 
 the successors and pupils of the Milesian phi- 
 losopher, Anaximander, Anaximenes, Anax- 
 agoras, and Archelaus the master of Socrates. 
 Thales was never married ; and when his mo- 
 ther pressed him to choose a wife, he said he 
 was too young. The same exhortations were 
 afterwards repeated, but the philosopher 
 eluded fhem by observing, that he was then 
 too old to enter the matrimonial state. He 
 died in the 95th year of his age, about 548 
 years before the Christian era. His composi 
 tions on pliilosophical subjects are,lost. Hero- 
 dot. 1, c. l.—PLalo.—Diog. l.—Cic. de JVai. D. 
 
 &.C. A lyric poet of Crete, intimate with 
 
 Lycurgus. ' He prepared by his rhapsodies the 
 minds of the Spartans to receive the rigorous 
 institutions of his friends, and inculcated a 
 reverence for the peace of civil society. 
 
 Th.vlestria, or Thai.estris, a queen of the 
 Amazons, who, accompanied by 300 women, 
 eame 35 days journey to meet Alexander in 
 his Asiatic conquests, to raise children by a 
 man whose fame was so great, and courage 
 so uncommon. Curt. 6, c. 5. — Slrab. IL — 
 Justin. 2, c. 4. 
 
 Thaletes, a Greek poet of Crete, 900 B. C. 
 
 Thalia, one of the Muses, who presided 
 over festivals, and over pastoral and comic 
 poetry. She is represented leaning on a co- 
 lumn, holding a mask in her right hand, by 
 which she is distinguished from her sisters, as 
 also by a shepherd's crook. Her dress ap- 
 pears shorter, and not so ornamented as that 
 of the other Muses. Horat. 4, Od. 6, v. 25. — 
 3Iarl.9, ep. 75. — Plut. in Sijmp. &c. — Virg. 
 
 JEc. 6, v. 2. One of the Nereides, Htsiod. 
 
 Theog. — Virg. JEn. 5, v, 826. An island in 
 
 the Tynhene sea. 
 
 Th'allo, one of the Hora? or seasons who 
 presided over the spring. Pans. 9, c. 35. 
 
 TuALPius, a son of Eurytus, one of Helen's 
 suitors. Jipollod. 3, c. 10. 
 
 Thai.vssia, Greek festivals celebrated by 
 the people of the country in honour of Ceres, 
 to whom the first fruits were regularly offered. 
 .bWio/. Tkeocr. 5. 
 
 Thamiuas, a Cilician who first introduced 
 fhe art of augury in Cyprus, where it was reli- 
 glouslv jireserved in his family for many years. 
 Tacit.'il, llisl. c. 3. 
 
 Thamuda, a fiart of Arabia Felix. 
 
 TnAMVRAs, or Thamyris, a celebrated 
 mnsician of Thrace. His father's name was 
 
 TH 
 
 Philammon, and his raoiber's Argiope. He 
 became enamoured of the Muses, and chal- 
 lenged them to a trial of skill. His challenge 
 was accepted, and it was mutually agreedi 
 that the conqueror should be totally at the 
 disposal of his victorious adversary. He was 
 conquered, and the Muses deprived him of 
 his eye-sight and of his melodious voice, and 
 broke his lyre. His poetical compositions are 
 lost Some accused him of having first intro- 
 duced into the world the unnatural vice of 
 which Socrates is accused. Honter II. 2, v. 
 594, 1. 5, V. b'QQ.'-Apollod. 1, c 3.— Ouirf. 
 Amor. 3, el. 7, v. 62, Art. Am. 3, v. 399.— 
 Prtm4, C.33. 
 Thamyris, one of the petty princes of 
 
 the Dacae, in the age of Darius, &c. A 
 
 queen of the Massagetae. [Vid. Thomyris.J 
 A Trojan killed by Turnus. Virg. JEn. 
 
 12, V. 341. 
 
 Thapsaccs, a city on the Euphrates. 
 
 Thapsus, a town of Africa Propria, 
 where Scipio and Juba were defeated by 
 
 Csesar. Sil 3, v. 261. Liv. 29, c. 30, 1. 
 
 33, c.48.^ A town at the north of Syracuse 
 
 in Sicily. 
 
 Thargelia, festivals in Greece in honour 
 of Apollo and Diana. They lasted two days, 
 and the youngest of both sexes^carried olive 
 branches, on which were suspended cakes and 
 fruits. Alhen. 12. 
 
 Thariades, one of the generals of Antio- 
 chus, &^c. 
 
 Tharops, the father of (Eager, to whom 
 Bacchus gave the kingdom of Thrace, after 
 the death of Lycurgus. Diod. 4. 
 
 Thasius, or Thrasics, a famous sooth- 
 sayer of Cyprus, Avho told Busiris, king of 
 Egypt, that to stop a dreadful plague which 
 afflicted his country he must offer a foreigner 
 to .Jupiter. Upon this the tyrant ordered him 
 to be seized and sacrificed to the god; as he 
 was not a native of Egypt. Ovid, de Art. Am, 
 
 1, V. 549. A surname of Hercules, who 
 
 was worshipped at Thasos. 
 
 Thasos, or Thasus, a small island in the 
 ^gean, on the coast of Thrace, opposite the 
 mouth of the Nestiis, anciently known by the 
 name of M,ria, Odonis, JEUiria, Acte, Ogygia, 
 Chxyse, and Ceresis. It received that of Tha- 
 so^rom Thesus the eon of Agenor, who set- 
 tled there when he despaired of finding his 
 sister Europa. It was about 40 miles in cir- 
 cumference, and so uncommonly fruitful, that 
 the fertility of Thasos became proverbial. Its 
 wine was universally esteemed, and its marble 
 (juarries were also in great repute, as well as 
 its mines of gold and silver. The capital of 
 the island was also called Thasos. Liv. 33, c. 
 30 and lJ5.—Herodot. 2, c. 44.— Mela, 2, c. 7.— 
 Paus.d,c.25.—^lian. V. H. 4, kc.— Virg. 
 G. 2, V. 91.— C. A'ep. Cim. 2. 
 
 Thasus, a son of Neptune, who went with 
 Cadmus to seek Europa. He built the town 
 of Thasus in Thrace. Somu make him bro- 
 ther of Cadmus. Apollod 3, c. 1. 
 
 ThaLmaci, a town of Thessaly on the 
 Maliac gulf Liv. 32, c. 4. 
 
 Thaumantias and Thaumantis, a name 
 given to Iris, the messenger of Juno, be- 
 cause she was the daughter of Thauraas, the 
 son of Oceanus and Terra, by one of the Oceau- 
 ides — llesiod. T/ieog. — Virg. AUn. 9, V. 5.— - 
 Or id. Met. 4, v. 479, 1. 14, v. 845. 
 
Thawmas, a son of Neptune and Terra, 
 who married Eleclra, one of the Oceanides, by 
 whom he had Iris and the Harpies, &c. Jipol- 
 lod. l,c. 2. 
 
 Thadmasids, a mountain of Arcadia, on 
 whose top, according to some accounts, Jupi 
 ler was born. 
 
 TuKA, a daughter of Uranus and Terra. 
 She married her brother Hyperion, by whom 
 she had th« sun, the moon, Aurora, k.c. She 
 is also called Tbia. Titaea, Rhea, Tetbys, &c 
 One of the Sporades. 
 
 Theagenes, a man who made himself 
 
 master of Megara, &c. An athlete of Tha- 
 
 sos. famous for his strength. His father's name 
 was Timosthenes. a friend of Hercules. He 
 was crowned above a thousand times at the 
 public games of t'''e Greeks, and became a 
 god after death. Paus. 6, c. 6 and 11. — Plul. 
 A Theban officer, who distinguished him- 
 self at the battle of Cherona^a. Plut. A 
 
 writer who published commentaries on Ho- 
 mer's works. 
 
 Theages, a Greek philosopher, disciple of 
 Socrates. Plaio. — JElian. V. H. 4, he. 
 
 Theangela. a town of Carta. 
 
 Theano, the wife of Metapontua son of 
 Sisyphus, presented some twins to her hus- 
 band, when he wished to repudiate her for 
 her barrenness. The children were educated 
 with ihe greatest care, and some time after- 
 w^ards, Theano herself became mother of 
 twins. When they were grown up, she en 
 couraged them to murder the supposititious 
 children who were to succeed to their father's 
 throne in preference to them. They were 
 both killed in the attempt, and the father, dis- 
 pleased with the conduct of Theano, repudia- 
 ted her to marry the mother of the children 
 whom he had long considered as his own. 
 
 Hygin. fab 186. A daughter of Cisseus, 
 
 sister to Hecuba, vvho married Antenor, and 
 was supposed to have betrayed the Palladium 
 to the Greeks, as she was priestess jf Minerva 
 Homer. It 6, v. 298.— Paws. 10, c. n.—Diclys. 
 
 Cret. 5. c. 8. One of the Danaides. Her 
 
 husband's name war Phantes. Jipollod. 2, c. 
 
 1. The wife of the philosopher Pythagoras 
 
 daughter of Pythanax of Crete, or according 
 toothers, of Brontinus of Crotona. Diog. 8, 
 
 G. 42. The daughter of Pythagoras. A 
 
 poetess of Locris. A priestess of Athens, 
 
 daughter of Menon, who refused to pronounce 
 a curse upon Alcibiades, when he was accused 
 of having mutilated all the statues of Mercury. 
 
 Plul. The mother of Pausanias. She was 
 
 the first, as it is reported, who brought a stone 
 to the entrance of Minerva's temple to shut 
 up her son when she heard of his crimes and 
 
 perfidy to his country. Polyoen. 8, A 
 
 daughter of Scedasus, to whom some of the 
 Lacedaemonians offered violence at Leuctra. 
 
 A Trojan matron, vvho became mother of 
 
 IMimas by Amycus, the same night that Paris 
 was born. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 703 
 
 Theanum, a town of Italy. [Vid. Tea- 
 ;ium.] 
 
 Theahidas, a brother of Dionysius the 
 elder. He was made admiral of his fleet. 
 Diod. 14. 
 
 Thearius, a surname of Apollo at Trce- 
 zeue. Paus. 2, c. 51. 
 
 The:vtetes, a Greek epigrammatist, 
 87 
 
 TH 
 
 Theea, or Thebe, a town of Cilicia. 
 
 \_Vid. Thebaj.] 
 
 Theb^. {arum,) a celebrated city, the ca- 
 pital of Bceoiia, situate on the banks of the 
 river ismenus. The manner of its foundatioa 
 is not precisely known. Cadmus is supposed 
 to have first begun to found it by building the 
 citadel Cadmea. It was afterwards finished by 
 Amphion and Zethus, but according to Varro, 
 it owed its origin to Ogyges. The government 
 of Thebes was monarchical, and many of the 
 sovereigns are celebrated for their misfortunes, 
 such as Laius;CEdipus, Polynices,£teocles, he. 
 The war u hich Thebes supported against the 
 Argiyes is famous, as well as that of theEpigo- 
 ni. The Thebans were looked upon as an in- 
 dolent and sluggish nation, and the words of 
 Theban pig, became proverbial to express a 
 man re , arkable for stupidity and inattention. 
 This, however, was not literally true; under 
 Epaminondas, the Thebans, though before de- 
 pendent, became masters of Greece, and 
 every thing was done according to their \\ill 
 and pleasure. When Alexander invaded 
 Greece, he ordered Thebes to be totally de- 
 molished, because it had revolted against 
 intn, except the house where the poet Pin- 
 dar had been born and educated. In this 
 dreadful period 6000 of its inhabitants were 
 slain, and 30. OOu sold for slaves. Thebes was 
 afterwards repaired by Cassander, the son 
 of Antipater, but it never rose to its original 
 consequence, and Strabo, in his age, mentions 
 it merely as an inconsiderable village. The 
 monarchical government was abolished there 
 at the death of Xanthus, about 1 19i> years be- 
 fore Christ, and Thebes became a republic- 
 It received its name from Thebe the daughter 
 of Asopus, to whom the founder Amphion 
 was neariy related Jlvollod. 2, c. 4- ^c. — 
 Mela, 2, c. '6.— Paus! 2, c. 6, I. 9, c. 5.— 
 Strab. 9.— Plut. in Pet. Flam, ami Attx.— C. 
 Kep. in Pet. Epam. k.c. — Horat. Jlrl. Poet. 
 
 394. — Ovid. Met. A town at the south of 
 
 Troas, built by Hercules, and also called Pla- 
 cia and Hypoplacia. It fell into the hands of 
 the Cilicians, who occupied it during the 
 Trojan war. Curl. 3. c. 4. — Liv. 37, c. 19. — 
 
 Strab 11. An ancient celebrated city of 
 
 Thebais in Egypt, tallied also Heculoiitpylos, 
 on account of its hundred gates, and Diospo- 
 lis. as being sacred to Jupiter. In the time 
 of its splendour it extended above 23 miles, 
 ajid upon any emergency could send into the 
 field by each of its hundred gate.s 20,000 light- 
 ing men, and 200 chariots. Thebes was rain- 
 ed by Cambyseskiog of Persia, and few traces 
 of it were seen in the age of Juvenal. Ptin. 
 6, c. 9. — Jttv. 15, V. 16. — Tacit. Jinn. 2. — 
 Ikrodol. 2 and 3.— Diod. 2.— Homer. It 9, v. 
 
 SSl.—Slrab. 17.— Mela, 1, c. 9 A town 
 
 of Africa built by Bacchus. Another iu 
 
 Thessaly. Lie. 28, c. 7. Another in 
 
 Phthiotis. 
 
 TiiEBAis, a country in the southern 
 parts of Egypt, of which Thebes was the 
 
 capital. There have been some poems 
 
 which have borne the name of Thebais, 
 but of these the only one extant is the 1 hc- 
 bais of Stalius. It gives an account of the 
 war of the Thebans against the Argivcs, 
 la consequence of the dissenlion of Eteo- 
 cles with Ws brother Polynices. The poet 
 
TH 
 
 was twelve years in composing it. A river 
 
 of Lydia. A name given to a native of 
 
 Thebes. 
 
 Thebe, a daughter of the Asopus, who 
 
 married Zethus. ^pollod. 3, c. 5. Pans. 
 
 2, c. 5. The wife of Alexander, tyrant of 
 
 Pherae, She was persuaded by Pelopidas to 
 murder her husband. 
 
 Theia, a goddess. [Fid. Thea.] 
 
 Theias, a son of Belus, who had an 
 incestuous intercourse with his daughter 
 Smyrna. 
 
 Thelephassa, the second wife of Age- 
 nor, called also Tetap/uissa. 
 
 Thei.pusa, a nymph of Arcadia. [Vid. 
 Telpusa.] 
 
 Thelxion, a son of Apis, who conspired 
 against his father who was king of Peloponne- 
 sus. Paus. 2, c. b.—ApoUod. 2, c. 1. 
 
 Thelxiope, one of the Muses according to 
 some writers. Cic. de fin. 
 
 Themenus, a son of Aristomachus, better 
 known by the name of Temenus. 
 
 Themesion, a tyrant of Eretria Diod. 15. 
 
 Themillas, a Trojan, &c. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 
 376. 
 
 Themis, a daughter of Ccelus and Terra, 
 who married Jupiter against her own inclina- 
 tion. She became mother of Dice, Irene, Eu 
 nomia, the Parcee and Horae; and was the first 
 to whom the inhabitants of the earth raised 
 temples. Her oracle was famous in At(ica in 
 the age of Deucalion, who consulted it with 
 great solemnity, and was instructed how to 
 repair the loss of mankind. She was gene- 
 rally attended by the Seasons. Among the 
 moderns she is represented as holding a sword 
 in one hand, and a pair of scales in the other. 
 
 Ovid. Met. 1, v. 321. A daughter of Ilus 
 
 who married Capys, and became mother of 
 Anchises. Apollod. 3, c. 12. 
 
 Themiscyra, a town of Cappadocia, at the 
 mouth of the Tbermodon, belonging to the 
 Amazons. The territories round it bore the 
 same name. 
 
 Themison, a famous physician of Laodi- 
 cea, disciple to Asclepiades. He was founder 
 of a sect called methodists, because he wished 
 to introduce methods to facilitate the learning 
 and the practice of physio. He flourished in 
 
 the Augustan age. Fiin. 29, c. 1. — Juv. 10. 
 
 One of the generals and ministers of Antio- 
 chus the Great. He was born at Cyprus. 
 Mlian.V.H.%c.^\. 
 
 ^JHE-MisTA, or Themistis, a goddess, the 
 same as Themis. 
 
 Themlstius, a celebrated philosopher of 
 Papblagonia in the age of Crinstantius, greatly- 
 esteemed by the Roman emperors, and called 
 Euphradts, the fine speaker, from his elo 
 quent and commanding delivery. He was 
 made a Roman senator, and always distin 
 gui.shed for his liberality and munificence. His 
 school was greatly frequented. He wrote, 
 when young, .some commentaries on Aristo- 
 tle, fragments of which are still extant, and 
 33 of his orations. He professed himself to 
 be an enemy to flattery, and though he often 
 deviates from this general rule in his addresses 
 to the emperors, yet he strongly recommends 
 humanity, wisdom, and clemency. The best 
 edition of Themistius, is that of Harduin, fol. 
 Paris, 1684. 
 
 TH 
 
 Themisto, daughter of Hypseus, was the 
 third wife of Athamas, king of Thebes, by 
 whom she had four sons, called Pious, Leu- 
 con, Schceneus, and Erythroes. She endea- 
 voured to kill the children of Ino, her hus- 
 band's second wife, but she killed her own 
 by means of Ino, who lived in her house in 
 the disguise of a servant maid, and to whom 
 she intrusted her bloody intentions, upon 
 which she destroyed herself. Paus. 9, c. 23. 
 
 — Apollod. 1, c. 9. A woman mentioned 
 
 by Polyaenus. The mother of the poet Ho- 
 mer, according to a tradition mentioned by 
 Pausanias 10, c. 24. 
 
 Themistocles, a celebrated general born 
 at Athens. His father's name was Neocles^ 
 and his mother^s Euterpe, or Abrotonum, a 
 native of Halicarnassus or of Thrace, or 
 Acarnania. The beginning of his youth was 
 marked by vices so flagrant, and an incli- 
 nation so incorrigible, that his father disin- 
 herited him. This, which might have dis- 
 heartened others, roused the ambition of The- 
 mistocles, and the protection which he was 
 denied at home, he sought in courting the 
 favours of the populace, and in sharing the 
 administration of public affairs. When Xerxes 
 invaded Greece, Themistocles was at the 
 head of the Athenian republic, and in this 
 capacity the fleet was intrusted to his care. 
 While the Lacedaemonians under Leonidas 
 were opposing the Persians at Thermopylae, 
 the naval operations of Themistocles, and the 
 combined fleet of the Peloponnesians were 
 directed to destroy the armameat of Xerxes, 
 and to ruin his maritime power. The ob- 
 stinate wish of the generals to command the 
 Grecian fleet, might have proved fatal to 
 the interest af the allies, had no.t Themisto- 
 cles freely relinquished his pretensions, and 
 by nominating his rival Eurybiades master 
 of the expedition, shown the world that his 
 ambition could stoop when his country de- 
 manded his assistance. The Persian 'fleet 
 was distressed at Artemisinm by a violent 
 storm, and the feeble attack of the Greeks; 
 but a decisive battle had never been fought, 
 if Themistocles had not used threats and 
 entreaties, and even called religion to his 
 aid, and the favourable answers of the ora- 
 cle to second his measures. The Greeks, 
 actuated by difl'erent views, were unwilling 
 to make head by sea against an enemy whom 
 they faw victorious by land, plundering their 
 cities, Htid destroying a!! by lire and sword; 
 t)ut before they were dispersed, Themistocles 
 sent intelligence of their intentions- to the 
 Persian mcmarch. Xerxes, >hy immediately 
 blocking them with his fleet in the bay of 
 Sa!amis, prevented their escape, and While 
 he wished to crush them ail at one blow, he 
 obliged them to figlil fur their safety, as well as 
 lor the honour of their country. This battle, 
 \A Inch \vas fought near the island of Salamis, 
 B C. 480, was decisive ; the Greeks obtained 
 the victory, and Theniistoclesthe lionoiirof ha- 
 ving dosi roved the formidable navy of Xerxes. 
 Furtlier to ensure the peace of his country, 
 Themistocles informed the Asiatic monarch, 
 that the Greeks had conspired to ciit the 
 bridge which he had built across the Helles- 
 pont, and to prevent his retreat into Asia, 
 This met with equal success; Xerxes hasten- 
 
TH 
 
 ed away fi-om Greece, and while he believed, 
 on the words of Themistocles, that his re- 
 turn would be disputed, he left his forces 
 without a general, and his fleets an easy 
 conquest to the victorious Greeks. Tliese 
 signal services to his country, endeared The- 
 mistocles to the Athenians, and he was uni- 
 versally called the most warlike and most 
 courageous of all the Greeks who fought 
 against the Persians. He was received with 
 the most distinguished honours, and by his 
 prudent administration, Athens was soon 
 fortified with strong walls, her Pireus was 
 rebuilt, and her harbours were fdled with 
 a numerous and powerful navy, which ren- 
 dered her the mistress of Greece. Yet in 
 the midst of that glory, the conqueror of 
 Xerxes incurred the displeasure of his coun- 
 trymen, which had proved so fatal to many 
 of his illustrious predecessors. He was ba 
 lushed from the city, and after he had sought 
 in vain a safe retreat among the republics of 
 Greece, and the barbarians of Thrace, he 
 threw himself into the arms of a monarch, 
 whose fleets he had defeated, and whose 
 father he had ruined. Artaxerxes, the suc- 
 cessor of Xerxes, received the illustrious Athe- 
 nian with kindness; and though he had for- 
 merly set a j)rice upon his head, yet he 
 made him one of his greatest favourites, ^nd 
 bestowed three rich cities upon him, to pro- 
 vide him with bread, wine, and meat. Such 
 kindnesses from a monarch, from whom he, 
 perhaps, expected the most hostile treatment, 
 did not alter the sentiments of Themistocles. 
 He still remembered that Athens gave him 
 birth, and, according to some writers, the 
 wish of not injuring his country, and there- 
 fore his inability of carrying on war against 
 Greece, at the request of Artaxerxes, oblig- 
 ed him to destroy himself by drinking bull's 
 blood. The manner of his death, however, 
 is uncertain, and while some aflirm that he 
 poisoned himself, others declare that he fell 
 a prey to a violent distemper in the city of 
 Magnesia, where he had fixed his lesideuce, 
 while in the dominions of the Persian mo- 
 narch. His bones were conveyed to Attica, 
 and honoured with a magnificent tomb by the 
 Athenians, who began to repent too late of 
 their cruelty to the saviour of his country. 
 Themistocles died in the 65th year of his 
 <*ge, about 449 years before the Christian era. 
 He has been admired as a man naturally 
 courageous, of a disposition fond of activity, 
 ambitious of glory and enterprise. Blessed 
 with a provident and discerning mind, he 
 seemed to rise superior to misfortunes, and ir> 
 the midst of adversity, possessed of resources 
 which could enable him to regain his s[)len- 
 dour, and even to command fortune, l^lut. i^/- 
 C. Xep. in Vila.— Pans. 1, c. I. 8, c. b2.—A^.li- 
 
 an. V. H. 2, c. 12, 1. 9, c. 18, 1. 13, c. 40. A 
 
 writer, some of whoso letters are extant. 
 
 Themistogenes, an historian of Syra- 
 cuse, in the age of Artaxerxes Menuion. 
 He wrote on the wars of Cyrus the younger, 
 a subject ably treated afterwards by Xeno-.. 
 phon. 
 
 TujcucLEs, an opulent citizen of Corinth, 
 who liberally divided his riches among the 
 poor. Thrasonides, a man equally rich with 
 himself, followed the examnle. ,^E{ian. V. 
 
 TH 
 
 I fir. 14, c. 24. A Greek statuary. Paus. 6, 
 
 Theoclus, a Messenian poet and soothsay- 
 er, who died B. C. 671. Paus. 4, c. 15, ^c. 
 
 Theoclymenus, a soothsayer of Argolis, de- 
 scended from Melampus. His father's name 
 was Thestor He foretold the speedy return 
 of Ulysses to Penelope and Telemachus. Ho- 
 mer. Od. 15, V. 225, kc—Hygin. fab. 128. 
 
 Theocritus, a Greek poet who flourished 
 at Syracuse in Sicily, 282 B. C. His father's 
 name was Praxagoras or Simichus, and his 
 mother's Philina. He lived in the age of Pto- 
 lemy Philadelphus, whose praises he sung and 
 whose favours he enjoyed Theocritus dis- 
 tinguished himself by his poetical composi- 
 tions, of which 30 idyllia and some epigrams 
 are extant, written in the Doric dialect, and 
 admired for their beauty, elegance, and sim- 
 plicity. Virgil, in his eclogues, has imitated 
 and often copied him. Theocritus has been 
 blamed for the many indelicate and obscene 
 expressions which he uses, and while he in- 
 troduces shepherds and peasants, with all the 
 rusticity and ignorance of nature, he often dis- 
 guises their character by making them speak 
 on high and exalted subjects. It is said he 
 wrote some invectives against Hiero king of 
 Syracuse, who ordered him to be strangled. 
 He also wrote a ludicrous poem called SyrinXf 
 and placed his verses in such order that they 
 represented the pipe of the god Pan. The 
 best editions of Theocritus are Warton's, 2 
 vols. 4to. Oxon. 1770 ; that of Heinsiu5, 8vo. 
 Oxon. 1699; that of Valkenaer, 8vo. L. Bat. 
 1781; and that of Reiske, 2 vols. 4to. Lips. 
 
 1760. Quintil. 10, c. l.—Laeri. 5. A Greek 
 
 historian of Chios, who wrote an account of 
 Libya. Plut. 
 
 Theodamas, or Thiodamas, a king of My- 
 sia, in Asia Minor. He was killed by Hercu- 
 les, because he refused to treat him and his 
 son Hyllus with hospitality. Ovid, in lb. v. 
 438.— .^pollod. 2, c. l.—Hygin.iab. 271. 
 
 Theodectes, a Greek orator and poet of 
 Phaselis in Paraphylia, son of Aristander, and 
 disciple of Isocrates. He wrote 50 tragedies 
 besides other works now lost. He had such a 
 happy memory that he could repeat with ease 
 whatever verses were spoken in his presence. 
 When Alexander passed through Phaselis, he 
 crowned with garlands the statue which had 
 been erected to the memory of th« deceased 
 poet. Cic. Tusc. 1, c. 24. in Oral. 51, kc. — 
 Plut. — Quintil. 
 
 Theodonis, a town of Germany, now Thi- 
 onville, on the Moselle. 
 
 Theodora, a daughter-in-law of the empe- 
 ror Maximian, who married Constantius. 
 
 A daughter of Constantine. A woman who 
 
 from being a prostitute became empress to 
 Justinian, and distinguished herself by her in- 
 trigues and enterj)rises The name of Theo- 
 dora is common to the empresses of the eait 
 in a later period, 
 
 Theodoretus, one of the Greek fathers who 
 flourished A. D. 425, whose works have been 
 edited, 6 vols. fol. Paris 1642, and 6 vols. 
 Halaj 1769 to 1774. 
 
 TiiEooounus, a Greek ecclesiastical histo- 
 rian, whose works have been best edited by 
 Heading, fol. Cantab. 1720. 
 
 TuifioDOBi's, a Syracusan of great antho- 
 
TH 
 
 iily aMong his countrymen, who severely in- 
 veighed against the tyranny of Dionysius. 
 
 A philosopher, disciple to Aristippus. He 
 denied the existence of a god. He was ba- 
 nished from Cyrene. and fled to Athens, where 
 the friendship of Demetrius Phalereus saved 
 him from the accusations which were carried 
 to the Areopagus against him. Some suppose 
 that he was at last condemned to death lor his 
 impiety, and that he drank poison. A pre- 
 ceptor to one of the sons of Antony, whom he 
 
 betrayed to Augustus. A consul in the 
 
 reign of Honorius. Claudian wrote a poem 
 upon him, in which he praises him with great 
 liberality. A secretary of Valens. He con- 
 spired against the emperor, and was beheaded. 
 A man who compiled an history of Rome 
 Of this nothing but his history of the reigns 
 
 of Censtantine and Constantius is extant. 
 
 A comic actor. A player on the flute in 
 
 the age of Demetrius Poliorcetes, who con 
 teraptuously rejected the favours of Lamia the 
 
 mistress of the monarch. A Greek poet of 
 
 Colophon, whose compositions are lost.- A 
 sophist of Byzantium called Logodailon, by 
 
 Plato. A Greek poet in the a.j^e of Cleo 
 
 patra. He wrote a book of metamorphosiS; 
 which Ovid imitated, as some suppose. An 
 artist of Saxnos about 700 years B. C. He was 
 the first who found out the art of melting iron, 
 with which he made statues. A priest, fa- 
 ther of Isocrafes. A Greek writer, called 
 
 also Prodomus. The time in which he lived 
 is unknown. There is a romance of his com 
 position extant, called the amours of Rhodan- 
 tbe and D)sicles. The only edition of which 
 was by Gaulminus, 8vo. Paris, 1625. 
 
 Thjeodosia, now Caffa-. a town in the Cim- 
 merian Bosphorus. Mda, 2, c. 1. 
 
 Theodosiopolis, a town of Armenia, built 
 by Theodosius, <k,c. 
 
 Theodosius Fi.avius, a Roman emperor 
 surnamed Magnus, from the greatness of his 
 exploits. He was invested with the impe- 
 rial purple by Gratian; and appointed over 
 Thrace and the ea.stern provinces; which had 
 been in the possession of Valentinian. The 
 first years of his reign were marked by dif 
 ferent conquests over the barbarians. The 
 Goths were defeated in Thrace, and 4000 of 
 their chariots, with an immense number of 
 prisoners of both sexes, were the reward of 
 the victory. This glorious campaign intimi- 
 dated the inveterate enemies of Rome ; they 
 sued for peace, and treaties of alliance were 
 made with distant nations, who wished to 
 gain the favours and the friendship of a prince 
 whose military virtues were so conspicuous. 
 Some conspiracies were formed against the 
 emperor, but 'J'heodosius totally disregarded 
 them; and while he punished his competi- 
 tors for the imperial purple, he thought him- 
 self sutficienlly secure in the love and the 
 aflfectioa of his subjects. His reception at 
 Rome was that of a conqueror; he triumph- 
 ed over the harbarians, and restored peace in 
 every part of the empire. He died of a drop- 
 sy at Milan, in the 60th year of his age, after 
 a reign of 16 years, the 17th of January, A. 
 D. 395. His body was conveyed to Conslnnti- 
 tiople, and buried by his son Arcadius, in the 
 tomb of Constantine. Theodosius was the last 
 Of the emperors who wus the sole roaster of 
 
 TH 
 
 tlie whole Roman empire. He left three cLII- 
 dren, Arcadius and Honorius who succeeded 
 him, and Pulcheria. Theodosius has been 
 commended by ancient writers as a prince 
 blessed with every virtue, and debased by n© 
 vicious propensity. Though master of the 
 world he was a stranger to tliat pride and ar- 
 rogance which too often disgrace the mo- 
 narch; he was affable in his behaviour, bene- 
 volent and compassionate, and it was his wish 
 to treat his subjects as himself was treated 
 when a private man, and a dependent. Men 
 of merit were promoted to places of trust and 
 honour, and the emperor was fond of patron- 
 ising the cause of virtue and learning. His 
 zeal as a follower of Christianity has been ap- 
 plauded by all the ecclesiastical writers, and 
 it was the wish of Theodosius to support the 
 revealed reli£;ion, as much by his example, 
 meekness, and Christian ciiarity, as by his 
 edicts and ecclesiastical instil utions. His want 
 of clemency, however, in one instance, was 
 too openly betrayed, and when the people of 
 Thessalonica had unmeaningly, perhaps, kill- 
 ed one of his oflicers, the emperor ordered 
 his soldiers to put all the inhabitants to the 
 sword, and no less than 6000 persons without 
 distinction of rank, age, or sex, were cruelly 
 butchered in that town in the space of three 
 hours. This violence irritated the ecclesias- 
 tics, and Theodosius was compelled by St, 
 Ambrose to do open penance in the church, 
 and publicly to make atonetneot for an act 
 of barbarity which had exchided him from 
 the bosom of the church, and the communion 
 of the faitijful. In his private character Theo- 
 dosius was an example of soberness and tem- 
 perance, his palace displayed becoming gran- 
 deur, but still with moderation. He neverin- 
 dulged luxury or countenanced superfluities. 
 He was fond of bodily exercise, and never 
 gave himself up to pleasure and enervating 
 enjoyments The laws and regulations which 
 he introduced in the Roman empire, were of M 
 (he most salutary nature. Socral. 5, &;:c. — ■ 
 Zosim. 4, &LC. — Jimhros. Augustin. Claudian. 
 
 ii-c. The 2d, succeeded his father Arcadius 
 
 as emperor of the western Roman empire, 
 though only in the eighth year of his age. He 
 was governed by his sister Pulcheria, and by 
 his ministers and eunuchs, in whose hands was 
 the disposal of the offices of state, and all 
 places of trust and honour. He married Eu- 
 doxia, the daughter of a philosopher calleel 
 Leontius, a woman remarkable for her vir- 
 tues and piety. The territories of Theodosius 
 were invaded by the Persians, but the em- 
 peror soon appeared at the head of a numer- 
 ous force, and the two hostile armies met oa 
 the frontiers of the empire. The consterna- 
 tion was universal on both sides; without j 
 even a bartle, the Persians fled, and no les« ^i 
 than 100,000 were lost in the waters of the 
 Euphrates. Theodosius raised the siege of 
 INisibis, where his operations failed of success, 
 and he averted the fury of the Huns and 
 Vandals by bribes and promises. He died on 
 the 2yth of July, in the 49th year of his age, 
 A. D. 450, leaving only one daughter, Licinia 
 Eudoxia, whom he had married to the em- 
 peror Valentinian 3d. The carelessness an4 
 iualtention of Theodosius to public affairs 
 are well known. He signed all the papers 
 
TH 
 
 tliat were brought to him without even open- . 
 ing them or reading them, till his sister ap- [ 
 prized him of his negligence, and rendered ' 
 him more careful and diligent, by making 
 him sign a paper, in which he delivered into 
 her hands Eudoxia his wife as a slave and 
 menial servant. The laws and regulations 
 which were promulgated under him, and 
 selected from the most useful and salutary 
 institutions of his imperial predecessors, have 
 been called the Tkeodosian code. Theodosius 
 was a warm advocate for the Christian reli 
 gion, but he has been blamed for his partial 
 attachment to those who opposed the ortho- 
 dox faith. Sozom. — Socrales; iic. A lover 
 
 of Antonina the wife of Bellisarius. A 
 
 mathematician of Tripoli, who tlourished 75 
 B. C. His tr<^.alise called Spbajrica, is best 
 edited by Hunt, 8vo. Oxon. 1707. A Ro- 
 man general, father of Theodosius {ha great; 
 he died A. D 376. 
 
 Theodota, a beautiful courtezan of Elis, 
 whose company was frequented by Socrates. 
 
 Xenoph. de Socr.—^Jian. V. H. 13, c. 32. 
 
 A Roman etnpress, he. 
 
 Theodotian, an interpreter in the reign 
 of Comraodus, 
 
 Tmeodotus, an admiral of the Rhodians, 
 sent by his countrymen to make a treaty with 
 
 the Romans. A native of Chios, who as 
 
 preceptor and counsellor of Ptolemy advised 
 Uie feeble monarch to murder Pompey. He 
 carried the head of the unfortunate Roman 
 to Caesar, but the resentment of the conqueroiT 
 was such that the mean assassin fled, and after 
 a wandering and miserable life in the cities of 
 Asia, he was at last put to death by Brutus. 
 
 Plut. in Brut. «^' Pomp. A Syracusan, 
 
 accused of a conspiracy against Hieronymus 
 
 the tyrant of Syracuse. A governor of 
 
 Bactriana in the age of Antiochus, who re- 
 volted and made himself king B. C. 250. 
 
 A friend of the emperor Julian. A Phceni- 
 
 taan historian. One of the generals of Alex- 
 ander. 
 
 Theognetes, a Greek tragic poet. Alhen. 
 
 Theognis, a Greek poet of 5legara, who 
 flourished about 649 years before Christ. He 
 wrote several poems, of which only a few sen- 
 tences are now extant, quoted by Plato, and 
 other Greek historians and philosophers, and 
 intended as precepts for the conduct of human 
 life. The morals of the poet have been cen- 
 sured as neither decorous nor chaste. The 
 best edition of Theognis, is tiial of blackwall, 
 12mo. London 1706. There was also a tra- 
 gic poet of the same name, whose compositions 
 ■were so lifeless and inanimated, that they pro- 
 cured him the name of Chion or snow. 
 
 Theomnestcs, a rival of JSicias in the 
 administration of public affairs at Athens. 
 
 Strab. 14. A statuary of Sardinia. Faus. 
 
 6, c. 15. An Athenian philosopher, among 
 
 tlie followers of Plato's doctrines. He had 
 Brutus, Caesar's murderer, among his pupils. 
 A painter. Flin. 35. 
 
 Theon, a philosopher who used frequently 
 
 to walk in his sleep. Diog. An astronumer 
 
 •f Smyrna, in the reign of Adrian. A })ain- 
 
 terofSamos. JElia/i. V. fl.o, c 44. Ano- 
 ther philosopher. Dioo;. An infamous re- 
 viler. Horat. 1, ep. l\f. 
 
 TaE«NOE; a daughter wf The^too sister to 
 
 TH 
 
 Calchas. She was carried away by sea pirat«S4 
 and sold to Icarus, king of Caria, &.e. Bygin. 
 fab. 190. A daughter of Proteus and a Ne- 
 reid who became enamoured of Canobus, the 
 pilot of a Trojan vessel, k,c. 
 
 Theope, one of the daughters of Leos. 
 
 Theophane, a daughter of Bisaitus, whom 
 rs'eptune changed into a sheep, to remove her 
 from her numerous suitors, and conveyed to 
 the island Crumissa. The god afterwards as- 
 sumed the shape of a ram, and under thi? 
 transformation he had by the nymph a ram 
 with a golden fleece, which carried Phryxus 
 to Colchis. Ovid. Met. 6, v. 177. — Hygin. 
 fab. 188. 
 
 Theophanes, a Greek historian born at 
 Mityiene. He was very inti.mate with Pom- 
 pey, and from his friendship with the Roman 
 genera!, his countiymen derived many advan- 
 tages. After the battle of Pharsalia, he ad- 
 vised Pompey to retire to the court of Egypt. 
 CV«. pro £rch. ^ Falerc. — Plut. in Cic. if' 
 
 Pomp. His son,M. Pompeius Theophanes, 
 
 was made governor of Asia, and enjoyed the 
 
 intimacy of Tiberius. The only edition of 
 
 Theophanes, the Byzantine historian, is at 
 Paris, fol 1649. 
 
 Theophania, festivals celebrated at Del- 
 phi in honour of Apollo. 
 
 Theophilus, a comic poet of Athens. 
 
 A governor of Syria in the age of Julian^ 
 
 A friend of Piso. A physician, whose 
 
 treatise de Urini^ is best edited by Guidotius, 
 L. Bat. 1728, and another by Morell, 8vo. 
 
 Paris, 1556. One of the Greek fathers 
 
 whose work ad Auiolycum is best edited in 
 
 12mo. by Wolf, Hamb. 1724. The name 
 
 of Theophilus is common among the primitive 
 Christians. 
 
 Theophrastus, a native of Eresus, ia 
 Lesbos, son of a fuller. He studied under 
 Plato, and afterwards under Aristotle, M'hose 
 friendship he gained, and whose warmest 
 commendations he deserved. His original 
 name was Tyrlamus, but this the philosopher 
 made him exchange for that of Euphrastits, 
 to intimate his excellence in speaking, and 
 afterwards for that of Theophrastus, which he 
 deemed still more expressive of his eloquence^ 
 the brilliancy of his genius, and the elegance 
 of his language. After the death of Socrates, 
 when the malevolence of the Athenians drove 
 all the philosoj)her's friends from the city, 
 Theoj)hrastus succeeded Aristotle in the Ly- 
 ceum, and rendered himself so conspicuous, 
 that in a short time the number of his au- 
 ditors was increased to two thousand. Not 
 only his countrymen courted his applause, 
 but kings and princes were desirous of hi» 
 friendship; and Cassander and Ptolemy, tvv© 
 of the most powerful of the successors of 
 Alexander, regarded him with more than 
 usual partiality. Theophrastus composed 
 many books, and Diogenes has enumerated 
 the titles of above 20l> treatises, which he 
 wrote with great elegance and co[)iou»aesS4 
 About 20 of these are extant, among which 
 are his history of btone^, his treatise on 
 plants, on the winds, on the signs of lair 
 weather, ice. and his Characters, an excel- 
 lent moral treatise, which was begun in the 
 99th year of his age. He died loadc<l with 
 vears and inrnmities. in the J07(h year of 
 
TH 
 
 his age, B. C. 288, lamenting the shortness 
 of life, and complaining of the partiality of 
 nature in granting longevity to the crow 
 and to the stag, but not to man. To his care 
 "we are indebted for the works of Aristotle, 
 which the dying philosopher intrusted to him. 
 The best edition of Theophrastus is that of 
 Heinsius, fol. L. Bat. 1613 ; and of his Charac- 
 ters, that of Needham, 8vo. Cantab 1712, and 
 that of Fischer, 8vo. Coburg. 1703. Cic. Tusc. 
 3, c. 28, in Brut. c. 31, in Orat. V^, iic. — 
 Strab. 13. — Diog. iii vita. — JElian. V. H. 2, c. 
 8, 1. 34, c. 20, I. 8, c. 12.— Quiidil. 10, c. 1.— 
 
 Flut. adv. cotot. An officer intrusted with 
 
 the care of the citadel of Corinth by Antigo- 
 nus. Polyxn. 
 
 Theopolemus, a man who, with his bro- 
 ther Hiero, plundered Apollo's temple at Del- 
 phi, and tied away for fear of being punished. 
 Cic. in Verr. 5. 
 
 Thkopolis, a name given to Antioch be- 
 cause the Christians first received their name 
 there. 
 
 Theopompus, a king of Sparta, of the 
 family of the Proclidae, who succeeded his 
 father Nicander, and distinguished himself 
 by the many new regulations he introduced. 
 He created the Ephori, and died after a long 
 and peaceful reign, B. C. 723. While he 
 sat on the throne the Spartans made war 
 against Messenia. Pint, in Lye. — Pans. 3, c. 
 
 *2. A famous Greek historian of Chios, 
 
 disciple of Isocrates, who flourished B. C. 
 o54. All his compositions are lost, except 
 a few fragments (juoted by ancient writers. 
 He is compared to Thucydides and Herodo- 
 tus, as an historian, yet he is severely cen- 
 sured for his satirical remarks and illiberal 
 reflections. He obtained a prize in which 
 his master was a competitor, and he was 
 liberally rewarded for composing the best fu- 
 neral oration in honour of Mausolus. His fa- 
 ther's name was Damasistratus. Dionys. Hal. 
 1. — Plat, in Lys. — C. Xep. 7. — Pans. 6, c 18. 
 — QuinliL 10, c. 1. An Athenian who at- 
 
 tempted to deliver his countrymen from the 
 tyranny of Demetrius. Polya^t. 5. A co- 
 mic poet in the age of Menander. He wrote 
 
 24 plays, all lost. A son of Demaratus, who 
 
 obtained several crowns at the Olympic games. 
 
 Pans. 6, c. 10. An orator and historian 
 
 of Cnidus, very intimate with J. Caesar. 
 
 Slrab. 14. A Spartan general, killed at 
 
 the battle of Tegyra. A philosopher of 
 <3herona:a, in the reigu cf the emneror 
 Philip. 
 
 TuEOPHYLACTUS SiMocATTA, a Byzan- 
 tine historian, whose works were edited 
 
 fol. Paris, 1647. One of the Greek fa- 
 
 ihers who flourished, A. D. 1070. His 
 works were edited at Venice, 4 vols. 1754 
 to 1763. 
 
 TuEoRius, a surname of Apollo at Trce- 
 zene, where he had a very ancient temple. 
 It signifies clear-sighted. 
 
 TuEOTiMUE, a wrestler' of Elis, in the age 
 
 of Alexander. Paus. 6, c. 17. A Greek 
 
 who wrote an history of Italy. 
 
 Theoxena, a noble lady of Thessaly who 
 threw herself into the sea, when unable to es- 
 cape from the soldiers of king Philip, who pur- 
 sued her. Lie. 40, c. 4. 
 
 TuEuxi::<;iA, a festival celebrated in bou- 
 
 TH 
 
 I our of all the gods in every city of Greece, 
 but especially at Athens. Games were then 
 observed, and the conqueror who obtained 
 the prize, received a large sura of money, or 
 according to others a vest beautifully or- 
 namented. The Dioscuri established a fes- 
 tival of the same name, in honour of the 
 gods who had visited them at one of their en- 
 tertainments. 
 
 Theoxenius, a surname of Apollo. 
 Thera, a daughter of Amphion and Ni« 
 
 obe. Hysin. fab. 69. One of the Spo- 1 
 
 rades in the .c^gean sea, anciently called Cal-A 
 lista, now Santorin. It was first inhabited by 
 the Phoenicians, who were left there uudei' 
 Membliares by Cadmus, when he went in 
 quest of his sister Europa. It was called; 
 Thera by Theras, the son of Autesion, who^| 
 settled there witi) a colony from Lacedaemon. 
 
 Paus. 3, c. 1. — Htrodol. 4. — iStrab. 8. A'' 
 
 town of Caria. 
 
 Therambus, a town near Pallene. Hero' 
 dot. 7, c. 123. 
 
 Theramenes, an Athenian philosopher and^ 
 general in the age of Alcibiades. His fa- 
 ther's name was Agnen. He was one of 
 the 30 tyrants of Athens, but he had no 
 share in the cruelties and oppression which 
 disgraced their administration. He was ac- 
 cused by Critias, one of his colleagues, be- 
 cause he o[)posed their views, and he was 
 condemned to drink hemlock, though de- 
 fended by his own innocence, and the friend- 
 ly intercession of the philosopher Socrates. 
 He drank the poison with great composure, 
 and poured some of it on the ground, with 
 the sarcastical exclamation of, This is to tlie 
 health of Critias. This happened about 
 404 years before the Christian era. The- 
 ramenes, on account of the fickleness of his 
 disposition, has been called Cothurnus, a part 
 of the dress used both by men and women. 
 Cic. de Orat. 3, c, 16.—Plut. in dldb. &c.— 
 C. JVep. 
 
 Thera pne, or Terapne, a town of La- 
 conia, at the west of the Eurotas, where 
 Apollo had a temple called Phoebeum. It 
 was at a very sboit distance from Lacedae- 
 mon, and indeed some authors have con- 
 founded it with the capital of Laconia It 
 received its name from Therapne, a daugh- 
 ter of Lelex. Castor and Pollux were born 
 there, and on that account they are some- 
 times called Theraimai fratres. Paus. 3, 
 c. H.— Ovid. Fast. 5, v, 223.— Si7. 6, v. 
 303, I. 8, v. 414, I. 13, v. 43—Liv. 2, c. 
 i6.—Dio7iy5. Hal. 2, c. 49.— 67a/. 7, Theb. 
 V. 793. 
 
 TiiERAS, a son of Autesion of Lacedae- 
 mon, who conducted a colony (oCalista, to 
 which he gave the name of Thera. He re« 
 ceived divine honours after death. Paus. 3, 
 c. 1 and 15. 
 
 Therimachus, a son of Hercules by Me- 
 gara. Apollod. 2, c. 4 and 7. 
 
 TiiERirriDAS, a Lacedaemonian, k.c. Diod. 
 15. 
 
 TiiERiTAS, a surname of Mars in Laco- 
 nia. 
 
 Therma, a town of Africa. Strabo. 
 
 A town of Macedonia, afterwards called 
 Th€ssulouica,'n\ honour of the wife of Cassan- 
 Uer, and now iialonichi. The bay in the 
 
TH 
 
 neighbourhood of Tberma is called Ther- 
 maus or Themuncus sinus, and advances far 
 into the country, so much that Pliny has 
 named it Maced&h.icus siniis, by way ot emi- 
 nence, to intimate its extent Strab. — Tacit. 
 Ann. 5, c. 10. — Herodot. 
 
 Therm>€, (baths) a town of Sicily, where 
 
 were the baths of Selinus, now Sciacca. 
 
 Another near Panormus. now Thtrmini. Sil. 
 14, V. 23.— Cic. Vtrr. 2, c. 35. 
 
 Thermodon, now Termah, a famous ri- 
 ver of Cappadpcia, in the ancient country of 
 the Amazons, falling into the Euxine sea near 
 Themiscyra. There was also a small river 
 o< the same name in Boeotia, near Tanagra, 
 which was afterwards called Hcemon. Sirab. 
 U.— Herodot. 9, c. HI.— Mela, 1, c. 19.— 
 Pans. 1, c. 1, 1. 9, c. 19.—Plut. in Dent.— 
 Virg. JEn. 11, v. 659.— Otid. Met. 2, v. 249, 
 &c. 
 
 Thermopyl.5:, a small pass leading from 
 Thessaly into Locris and Phocis. It has a 
 large ridge of mountains on the west, and 
 the sea on the east, with deep and dangerous 
 marshes, being in the narrowest part only 25 
 feet in breadth. Thermopylae receives its 
 name from the hot baths which are in tlie 
 neighbourhood. It is celebrated for a battle 
 which was fought there B. C. 480, on the 
 7th of August, between Xerxes and the 
 Greeks, in which 300 Spartans resisted for 
 three successive days repeatedly the attacks 
 of the most brave and courageous of the 
 Persian army, which according to some his- 
 torians amounted to five millions. There 
 was also another battle fought there between 
 the Romans and Antiochus, king of Syria. 
 Herodot. 7, c. 176, he— Strab. 9.—Liv. 36, c. 
 15.— Melttj 2, c. S.—Plut. in Cat. kc.—Paits. 
 7, c. 15. 
 
 Thermum, a town of iEtolia, on the Eve- 
 nus. PoPyb. 5. 
 
 Thermus, a man accused in the reign of 
 Tiberius, &.c. A man put to death by Ne- 
 ro. A town of iE:toIia, the capital of the 
 
 country. 
 
 Therodamas, a king of Scythia, who, 
 as some report, fed lions with human blood, 
 that they might be more cruel. Ovid. lb. 
 383. 
 
 Therov, a tyrant of Agrigentum, who 
 died 472 B. C. He was a native of Boeotia, 
 and son of ^nesidamus, and he married De- 
 raarete the daughter of Gelon of Sicily. He- 
 rodot. l.—Pind. Olymp. 2. One Of Actaj- 
 
 on's dog"?. Ovid. A Rutulian who aKempl- 
 
 ed to kill iEneas. He perished in the attempt. 
 
 yirg. JEn. 10, v. 312. A priest in the tem 
 
 }ile of Hercules at Saguntum, &.c. Sil. 2, v. 
 
 149. A Theban descended from the Spar- 
 
 tiP. Stat. Theb. 2, v. 572. .\ (laughter ot 
 
 rhylas beloved by Apollo. Pans. 9, c. 40. 
 
 Therpander, a celobrated poet and musi- 
 cian of Lesbos. [F/rf. Terpander.] 
 
 Theusander, a son of Tolynices and Ar- 
 gia. He accompanied the Creeks to the Tro- 
 jan war, but he was killed in Mysia by Tele- 
 phus, before the confederato army reached 
 the enemy's country, l^irg. JEn. 2, v. 261. 
 
 —.Ipollod. 3, c. 7. A son of Sisyphus, king 
 
 of Corinth. A musician of Ionia. 
 
 THERsir.ocHUS, a leader of the Paeonians 
 fn tha Trojan w»r, kHIed by Achilles. Virg. 
 
 TH 
 
 Mn. 6, V. 483." A friend of -Eneas killed by 
 
 Turnus. Id. 12, v. 363. An athlete at Cor- 
 
 cyra, crowned at the Olympic games. Pans. 
 6, c. 13. 
 
 Thersippus, a son of Agrius, who drove 
 
 (Eneus from the throne of Calydon. A maa 
 
 who carried a letter from Alexander to Da- 
 rius. Curt. An Athenian author who died 
 
 954 B. C. 
 
 Thersites, an officer the most deformed 
 and illiberal of the Greeks during the Trojan 
 war. He was fond of ridiculing his fellow 
 soldiers, particularly Agamemnon, AchiileSf 
 and Ulysses. Achilles killed him with one 
 blow of his fist, because he laughed at his 
 mourning the death of Penthesilea. Ovid, ex 
 Pont. 4, el. i:>, v. \b.—Apollod. 1, c. 9.— Ho- 
 mer. It. 2, V. 212, &c. 
 
 Theseid^, a patronymic given to the 
 Athenians from Theseus, one of their kings. 
 Virg. G 2, v. 383. 
 
 Theseis, a poem written by Codrus, con- 
 taining an account of the life and actions of 
 Theseus, and now lost. Jur. 1, v. 2. 
 
 Theseds, king of Athens, and son of 
 iEgeus, by iEthra the daughter of Pittheu*, 
 was one of the most celebrated of the heroes 
 of antiquity. He was educated at Trcezenc 
 in the house of Pittheus, and as he was not 
 publicly acknowledged to be the son of the 
 king of Athens, he passed for the son of Nep- 
 tune. When he came to years of maturity, 
 he was sent by his mother to his father, and a 
 sword was given him, by which be might make 
 himself known to iEgeus in a private manner. 
 [Fid. JEgeus.] His journey to Athens was nof: 
 across the sea, as it was usual with travellers* 
 but Theseus determined to signalize himself in 
 going by land and encountering ditficulties. 
 The road which led from Trcezene to Athens 
 was infested with robbers and wild beasts, and 
 rendered impassable ; but these obstacles 
 were easily removed by the courageous son of 
 iEgeus. He destroyed Corynetes, Synni?, 
 Sciron, Cercyon. Procustes, and the celebra- 
 ted Phffia. At Athens, however, his recep- 
 tion was not cordial ; Medea lived there with 
 ^Egeus, and as she knew that her influence 
 would fall to the ground if Theseus was re- 
 ceived in his father's house, she attempted to 
 destroy him before his arrival was made pub- 
 lic. iEgeus was himself to give the cup of 
 poison to this unknown stranger at a feast, but 
 the sight of his sword on the side of Theseu*! 
 reminded him of his amours with iEthra. He 
 knew him to be his son, and the people of 
 Athens were glad to find that this illustrious 
 stranger, who had cleared Attica from robber? 
 and pirates, was the son of their monarch. 
 The Pallantides, who expected to succeed 
 their uncle i'Egcus on the throne, as he ap- 
 parently had no children, attempted to assas- 
 sinate Theseus, but they fell a prey to their 
 O" ri barbarity, and were all put to death by 
 the young prince. The bull of Marathon next 
 engaged the attention of Theseus. The la- 
 bour seemed arduous, but he caught the ani- 
 mal alive, and after he \md led it through the 
 streets of Athens, he sacrificed it to Miner^'s, 
 or the god of Delphi. After this Theseu:* 
 went to Crete among the seven chosen youths 
 whom the Athenians yearly sent to be devour- 
 ed by the Minotaur. The wish to deliver hif 
 
TH 
 
 TH 
 
 oauntry from so dreadful a tribute, enga»e(} J eternal state of punishment, repeating to tlr« 
 
 him to uaderiake this expedition, tie >vas ! sha.liis in Tartarus the words of Dwa7ejM*/i- 
 
 successful by means '>f Ariadne, the daughter 
 of Minos, who was enamoured of him. and 
 after he had escaped from the labyrinth with 
 a clue of thread, and killed the Minotaur 
 [Firf. Minolaurus,] he sailed from Crete with 
 the six boys and seven maidens, whom his 
 victory had equally redeemed from death. In 
 the island of Naxos, where h« was driven by 
 the winds, he had the meanness to abandon 
 Ariadne, to whom he was indebted for his 
 safety. The rejoicings which his return might 
 have occasioned at Athens, were interrupted 
 by the death of M^^ans, who threw himself in 
 to the sea when he saw his son's ship return 
 Tvith black sails, which was the signal of ill suc- 
 cess. [Vid. ^geus.] His ascension on hi:^ 
 father's throne was universally applauded, B. 
 C. 1235. The Athenians were governed with 
 mildness, and Theseus made new regulations, 
 and enacted new laws. The number of the 
 inhabitants of Athens was increased by the 
 liberality of the monarch, religious worship 
 was attended with more than usual solemnity, 
 a court was instituted which had the care of 
 all civil affairs, and Theseus made the go- 
 Ternraent democratical, while he reserved for 
 himself only the command of the armies. 
 The fame which he had gained by his victo- 
 ries and policy, made his alliance courted ; 
 but Pirithous, king of the Lapitha?, alone wish- 
 ed to gain his friendship, by meeting him in 
 the tield of battle. He invaded the territories 
 of Attica, and when Theseus had marched 
 ©ut to meet him, the two enemies, struck at 
 the sight of each other, rushed between their 
 two armies, to embrace one another in the 
 must cordi'dl and affectionate manner, and 
 from that time began the most sincere and 
 admired friendship, which has become pro- 
 verbial. Tiieseus was present at the nuptials 
 of his friend, and was the most eager and 
 courageous of the Lapitha^, in the defence of 
 Hippodamia, and her female attendants, 
 against the brutal attempts of the Centaurs. 
 When Pirithous had lost Hippodamia, he 
 agreed with Theseus, whose wife Phaedra was 
 also dead, to carry away some of the daugh- 
 ters of the gods. Their first attempt was upon 
 Helen, the daughter of Leda, and after they 
 had obtained (his beautiful prize, they cast lots, 
 and she becatne the property of Theseus. 
 The Athenian monarch intrusted her to the 
 care of Ills mother ^Elhra, at Aphidnaj, till 
 she was of nubile years, but the resentment of 
 Castor and Pollux, soon obliged him to restore 
 her safe into their hands. Helen, before she 
 reached Sparia, became mother of a daughter 
 by Theseus, but tiiis tradition, confirmed by 
 some ancient mythologists, is confuted by 
 ethers, who affiim, that she was b^rt nine 
 years old when carried away by the two royal 
 friends, and Ovid introduces her in one of his 
 epistles, saying, Excepfo radii passa timore 
 nihil. Some time after Theseus assisted his 
 friend in procuring a wife, and they both de- 
 scended into the infernal regions to carry 
 away Proserpine. Pluto, apprized of their 
 intentions, stopped them. Pirithous was 
 placed on his father's wheel, and Theseus was 
 lied to a huge stone, on which he had sat to 
 ifst^iraselL Virgil represents him in this 
 
 tiain monili, ^ non temnere dims. Apollo- 
 dorus, liovvever, and others declare, that he 
 was not long detained in hell; when Hercules 
 came to steal the dog Cerberus, he tore him 
 away from the stoue, but with such violence, 
 riiat his skin was left behind. The same as- 
 ^^istauce was given to Pirithous, and the two 
 triends returned upou the earth by the favour 
 of Hercules, and the consent of the infernal 
 deities, not, however, without .suffering the 
 most excruciating torments. During the cap- 
 tivity of Theseus in the kingdom of Pluto, 
 Mnestheus, one of the descendants of Erech- 
 iheus, ingratiated himself into the favour of 
 the people of Athens, and obtained the crown 
 in preference to the children of the absent 
 monarch. At his return Theseus attempted 
 to eject the usurper, but to no purpose. 
 The Athenians had forgotten bis many ser- 
 vices, and he retired with great mortificatioa 
 to the court of Lycomedes, king of the island 
 of Scyros. After paying him much attention, 
 Lycomedes, either jealous of his fame, or 
 bribed by the presents of Mnestheus, carried 
 him to a high rock, on pretence of showing 
 him the extent of his dominions, and threw 
 him down a deep precipice. Some suppose 
 that Theseus inadvertently fell down this pre- 
 cipice, and that he was crushed to death with- 
 out receiving any violence from Lycomedes. 
 The children of Theseus jifter the death oF 
 Mnestheus, recovered the Athenian throne, 
 aud that the memory of their father might not 
 be without the honours due to a hero, they 
 brought his remains from Scyros, and gave 
 them a magnificent burial. Thev^lso raised 
 him statues and a temple, and ^tivals and 
 games were |)ublicly instituted to commemo- 
 rate the actions of a hero, who had rendered 
 such services to the people of Athens. Tliese 
 festivals were still celebrated with original 
 solemnity in the age of Pausanias and Plutarch^ 
 about 1200 years after the death of Theseus. 
 The historians disagree from the poets in their 
 accounts about this hero, and they all suppose, 
 that in:*tead of attempting to carry away the 
 wife of Pluto, the two friends wished to se- 
 duce a daughter of Aidoneus, king of the Mo- 
 lossi. This daughter, as they say, bore the 
 name of Proserpine, and the dog which kept 
 the gates of the palace, was called Cerberus, 
 and hence perhaps arises the fiction of the 
 poets. Pirithous was torn to pieces by the 
 dog, but Theseus was confined in prison, from 
 whence he made his escape some time after, 
 by the assistance of Hercules. Some authors 
 place Theseus and his friend in the number 
 of the Argonauts, but they were both detain- 
 ed, either in the infernal regions, or in the 
 coimtry of the Molossi, in the time of Jason's 
 ^pedition to Colchis. Plut. in inld. — .8poUod. 
 '^.—llygin. fab. 14 and 19.— Pans. 1, c. 2, &.c. 
 —Ovid. Met. 7, v. 433. lb. 412. Fast. 3, v. 473 
 and 491. — Heroid. — Diod. 1 and 4. — Lucan. 2, 
 V. G12.— Homer. Od. 21, v. 293.~Hesiod. in 
 Scut. Herc.—JElian. V. H. 4, c. 5.— Slat. Theb. 
 5, V. AZ'l.—Propert. 3.—Lactant. ad Theb. 
 Stat.—Philosl. Icon. l.—Flacc. 2.—Apollon. 1. 
 — Virg. JEn. 6, v. 617. — Seneca, in Hippol. — 
 Slat. JJchill. 1. 
 THEsiDiE, a name given to the people of 
 
TH 
 
 Athens, because they were governed by The- 
 seus. 
 
 Thesides, a patronymic, applied to the chil- 
 dren of Theseus, especially Hippoiytus. Ovid. 
 Her. 4, v. 65. 
 
 TriESMoPHORA, a surname of Ceres, as law- 
 giver, in whose honour festivals were insti- 
 tuted called Thesmophoria. The Thesmo- 
 phoria were instituted by Triptolemus, or ac- 
 cording to some by Orpheus, or the daughters 
 of Danaus. The greatest part of the Grecian 
 cities, especially Athens, observed them with 
 great solemnity. The worshippers were free 
 born women, whose husbamls were obliged to 
 defray the expenses of the festival. They were 
 assisted by a priest called ?* m> c^^im^ because 
 he carried a crown on his head. There were 
 also certain virgins who officiated, and were 
 maintained at the public expense. The free 
 born women were dressed in white robe? 
 to intimate their spotless innocence; they 
 were charged to observe the strictest chas- 
 tity during three or five days before the 
 celebration, and during the four days of the 
 solemnity, and on that account it was usual 
 for them to strew their bed with a^mis 
 casius fleabane, and all such herbs as were 
 supposed to have the power of expelling 
 all venereal propensities. They were also 
 charged not to eat pomegranates, or to wear 
 garlands on their heads, as the whole was 
 to be observed with the greatest signs of 
 seriousness and gravity, without any display 
 of wontonness or levity. It was however 
 usual to jest at one another, as the goddess 
 Ceres had been made to smile by a merry 
 expression when she was sad and melancho- 
 ly for the recent loss of her daughter Pro- 
 serpine. Three days were required for the 
 preparation, and upon the 11th of the 
 month called Pyanepsion, the women w'ent 
 to Eleusis, carrying books on their heads, 
 in which the laws which the goddess had 
 invented were contained. On the 14lh of 
 the same month the festival began, on the 
 16th day a fast was observed, and the wo- 
 men sat on the ground in token of humili- 
 ation. It was usual during the festival to 
 offer pravers to Ceres, Proserpine, Pluto, 
 and Cailigenia, whom some suppose to 
 be the nurse or favourite maid of the 
 goddess of corn, or perhaps one of her sur- 
 names. There were some sacrifices of a 
 mysterious nature, and all persons whose 
 offence was small were released from con- 
 finement. Such as were initiated at the fes- 
 tivals of Eleusis assisted at the Thesraopho- 
 ria. The place of high priest was heredita- 
 ry in the family of Eumolpus. Ovid. Mel- 
 10. V.431. Fast. 4, V. (i\9.—Jipollod. 1, c. 4.— 
 Virg. JEn. 4, v. 58. — Sophocl. in (Edip. Col. — 
 Clem. Ak.x. 
 
 '{'HESMOTHETiE, a name given to the last six 
 archons among the Athenians, because they 
 took particular care to enforce the laws, and 
 to see justice impartially administered. They 
 were at that time nine in number. 
 
 Thesi'ia, now JVeocorio, a town of Bceo- 
 tia, at the foot of mount Helicon, which re- 
 ceived its name from Thespia, the daughter 
 o( Asopus, or from Thespius. Flin. 4, c. 7. — 
 Paus. 9, c. 26.—Strab. 9. 
 
 THK^fiAVJE, <he sons of the Thespiades. 
 rirf. Thespius.] 88 
 
 TH 
 
 Thespiades, a name given to the 6p 
 daughters of Thespius. [Vid. Thespius.] — 
 
 Diod. 4. — Seneca, in Here. (Ei. 369. Also 
 
 a surname of the nine Muses, because they 
 were held in great veneration in Thespia. 
 FLacc. 2, V. 3G8.— Or/rf. Met. 5, v 310. • 
 
 Thespis, a Greek poet of Attica, supposed 
 by some to be the inventor of tragedy, 536 
 years before Clirist. His representations were 
 very rustic and imperfect. He went from town 
 to town upon a cart- on which was erected 
 a temporary stage, where two actors, whose 
 faces were daubed with the lees of wine, enter- 
 tained thf audience with choral songs, &c. 
 Solon was a great enemy to his dramatic re- 
 preseiita'tions. Horat. Jirl P. 276. — Diod. 
 
 Thespius, a king of Thespia, in Bceotia, 
 son of Erechtheus, according to some authors. 
 He was desirous that his fifty daughtersshould 
 have children by Hercules, and therefore when 
 that hero was at his court he permitted him 
 to enjoy their conipaiiy. This, which accor- 
 ding to some, was effected in one night, passes 
 for the 13lh and most arduous of the labours 
 of Hercules, as the two follovving lines from 
 the arcana urcanissi7na indicate: 
 Tertius hinc decimus labor est durissimus, un& 
 Quinquaginta simul stupravit node puellas. 
 All the daughters of Thespius brought male 
 children into the world, and some of them 
 twins, particularly Procris the eldest, and the 
 youngest. Some suppose that one of the 
 riiespiades refused to admit Hercules to her 
 arms, for which the hero condemned her to 
 pass all her life in continual celibacy, and to 
 become the priestess of a temple he had at 
 Thespia. The children of the Thespiades, 
 called Thespiadce, went to Sardinia, where 
 they made a settlement with lolaus, the friend 
 of their father. Thespius is often confounded 
 by ancient authors with Thestius, though the 
 latter lived in a different place, and, as king of 
 Pleuron, sent his sons to the hunting of the 
 Calydonian boar. Apollod. 2, c. 4. — Paus. 9. 
 c. 26 and 27.—Plui. :,; 
 
 Thesprotia, a country of Epinis, at the 
 west of Ambracia, bounded on the south by 
 the sea. It is watered by the rivers Ache- 
 ron and Cocytus, which the poets, after Ho- 
 mer, have called the .streams of hell. The 
 oracle of Dodona was in Thesprotia. Homer 
 Od. 14, V. 315.— S//a6. 7, &ic.—Pans. 1, c. 
 17. — Luc an. 3, v. 179. 
 
 Thesprotus, a son of Lycaon, king of 
 Arcadia. Apollod. 3, c. 8. 
 
 Thkssalia, a country of Greece, whoso 
 boundaries have been different at different 
 periods. Properly speaking, Thessaly was 
 bounded on the south by the southern parts 
 of Greece, or Grecia propria; east, by (he 
 il^gean ; north, by Macedonia and Mygdonia ; 
 and we.st, by lllyricum and Epirus. It was gen- 
 erally divided into four sp[)arale provinces, 
 Thessaliotis, Pelasgiotis, Istia^otis, and Phthio- 
 tis, to which some add Magnesia. It has been 
 severally called JF.monia, rcla!fgicu7n, Argos^ 
 Hellas, Argeia, Dryopis, Pdasgia, Pyrrlian, 
 JEmalhia, i>LC. The name of Thessalia is dc- 
 lived from Thessalus, one of its inonarchs. 
 Thessuly is famous for a deluge which hap- 
 pened there in the age of Deucalion, lis 
 mountains and cities are also celebrated, such 
 Its Olympus, Pclion, Ossa, Larissa, k£. Tha- 
 
TH 
 
 TH 
 
 Argonauts were partly natives of Thessaly, i Thetis, one of the sea deities, dauglt- 
 The inhabitants ot the country passed for a ter of Nereus and Doris, often confounded 
 treacherous nation, so that false money was j with Tethys, her grandmother. She was 
 called Thessalian coin, and a perfidious action courted by Neptune and Jupiter; but when 
 
 Thessalian deceit. Thessaly was governed by 
 kings, till it became subject to the Macedonian 
 monarchs. The cavalry was universally es- 
 teemed, and the people were superstitious,, 
 and addicted to the study of magic and incan- 
 tations. Thessaly is now called Janria. Lu- 
 can.6,\'.43S, kc. — Dionys. 210. — Curt. 3, c. 
 2.—JFAian. K H. 3, c. 1.— Paw*. 4, c. 36, 1. 10, 
 c. I.— Mela, 2, c. Z.— Justin. 7, c. Q.—Diod. 4. 
 Thessalion, a servant of Mentor, of 
 Sidon, in the age of Artaxerxes Ochus, &.c. 
 Diod. 16. 
 
 Thessaliotis, a part of Thessaly at the 
 south of the river Peneus. 
 
 Thessalonica, an ancient town of Ma- 
 cedonia, first called Thernia, and Thessalonica 
 after Thessalonica, the wife of Cassander. 
 According to ancient writers it was once very 
 powerful, and it still continues to be a place 
 of note. Slrab. 7. — Dionys. — Cic. in Pis. c. 
 17.— Lw.29, c. 17, 1. 40, c. 4, 1. 44, c. 10 and 
 
 45. — Melttf 2, c. 3. -A daughter of Philip, 
 
 king of Macedonia, sister to Alexander the 
 Great She married Casiander. by whom she 
 bad a son called Autipater, who put her to 
 death. Fans. 8, c. 7. 
 
 Thessalus, a son of ^mon. A son of 
 
 Hercules and Calliope, daughter of Euryphi 
 lus, Thessaly received its name from one of 
 
 these, jipollod. 2. — Didys. Cret. 2. A 
 
 physician who invited Alexander to a feast at 
 
 Babylon to give him poison. A physician 
 
 of Lydia in the age of Nero. He gained the 
 favours of the great and opulent at Rome, by 
 the meanness and servility of his behaviour. 
 He treated all physicians with contempt, and 
 thought himself superior to all his predeces- 
 sors. A son of Cimon, who accused Alci- 
 
 biades because he imitated the mysteries of 
 
 Ceres. A son of Pisistratus. A player 
 
 in the age of Alexander. 
 
 Thestalus, a son of Hercules and Epi- 
 caste. JipoUod. 2, c. 7. 
 
 Theste, a sister of Dionysius the elder, 
 tyrant of Syracuse. She married Philoxenus, 
 and was greatly esteemed by the Sicilians. 
 
 Thestia, a town of ^tolia, between the 
 Evenut; ajid Achelous. Polyb. 5. 
 
 TiiESTiADiB and Thestiades. Vid. Thespi- 
 ada? and Thespiades. 
 
 Thi-'Tias, a patronymic of Althaea, daugh- 
 ter of Tiiestius. Ovid. Mtl. 8. 
 
 THEaTJAj)^:, the sons of Thestius, Tox- 
 eusand Flexippus. Ovid. Mel. 8, v. 286 
 
 Thestis, a fountain in the country of 
 Cyrone. 
 
 Thestius, a king of Pleuron, and a son of 
 Parthaon, father to Toxens, Flexippus, and 
 
 AUhaj. A king of Thespia. Vid. Thes- 
 
 piijs.]— — The sons of Thestius, called Thes- 
 iiadw, wen killed by Meleager at the chase 
 of the Calydonian boar. Jipollod. 1. c.7. 
 
 TnEbTciK, a son of Idmon and Laothoe, 
 father loC'alchas. I-'rom him Calchas is o!ten 
 called Thtstorides.- Ovid. Met. 12, v. 19. — 
 Stat. 1, Jidi. v. ASJl.—JlitoUvn. i, v. 239.— /io- 
 mer. Jl 1, v. 69. 
 
 . Thestvlis, a country woman mentioned 
 in Theocritus and Virwii. 
 
 the gods were informed that the son she 
 should bring forth must become greater 
 than his father, their addresses were stop- 
 ped, and Peleus, the son of ^acus, was 
 permitted to solicit her hand. Thetis re- 
 fused him, but the lover had the artifice to 
 catch her when asleep, and by binding her 
 strongly, he prevented her from escaping 
 from his grasp, in assuming different forms. 
 When Thetis found that she could not elude 
 the vigilance of her lover, she consented to 
 marry him, though much against her incli- 
 nation. Their nuptials were celebrated on 
 mount Pelion, with great pomp; all the 
 deities attended except the goddess of dis- 
 cord, who punished the negligence of Pe- 
 leus, by throwing into the midst of the as- 
 sembly a golden apple, to be given to the 
 fairest of all the goddesses. [Vid. Discor- 
 dia.] Thetis became mother of several chil- 
 dren by Peleus, but all these she destroyed 
 by fire, in attempting to see whether they 
 were immortal. Achilles must have shared 
 the same fate, if Peleus had not snatched 
 him from her hand as she was going to re- 
 peat the cruel operation. She afterwards 
 rendered him invulnerable, by plunging him 
 in the waters of the Styx, except that part 
 of the heel by which she held him. As 
 Thetis well knew the fate of her son, she 
 attempted to remove him from the Trojan 
 war by concealing him in the court of Ly- 
 comedes. This was useless, he went with 
 the rest of the Greeks. The mother, still 
 anxious for his preservation, prevailed upon 
 Vulcan to make him a suit of airaour; but 
 when it was done, she refused the god the 
 favours which she had promised him. When 
 Achilles was killed by Paris, Thetis issued 
 out of the sea with the Nereides to mourn 
 his death, and after she had collected his 
 ashes in a golden urn, she raised a monu- 
 ment to his memory, and instituted festivals 
 in his honour, Hesiod. Theog. v. 244, he. — 
 ^poUod. 1, c. 2 and 9, I. 3, c. IS.— Hygin. 
 fab. 54.— Homer. //. 1, kc. Od. 24, v. 55.— 
 Pans. 5, c. 18, hc—Ovid. Met. 11, fab. 7, I. 
 12, fab. 1, kc. 
 
 Theutis, or Teuthis, a prince of a town 
 of the same name in Arcadia, u'ho went 
 to the Trojan war. He quarrelled with 
 Agamemnon at Aulis. and when Minerva, 
 under the form of Melas son of Ops, at- 
 tem|)ted to pacify him, he struck the god- 
 dess and returned home. Some say that the 
 goddess afterwards appeared to him and 
 showed him the wound which he had given 
 her in the thigh, and that he died soon after. 
 Pans. 8, c. 28. 
 
 Thia: the mother of the sun, moon, and 
 Aurora, by Hyperion, [^irf. Thea.] Hesiod. 
 
 Theog. \'. SIX. One of the Sporades, that 
 
 rose out of the sea in the age of Pliny. Plin. 
 27, c. 12. 
 
 TiiiAS, a king of Assyria. 
 Thibibron, a Lacedtemonian chosen gene- 
 ral to conduct a war against Persia. He was 
 recalled, and afterwards re-appointed. He 
 
 died B. C. 391. Diod. 17. A friend of 
 
 Harpalu^. 
 
TH 
 
 'fnioDAMAS, the father of Hylas. [Vid. 
 Tbeodamas.] 
 
 Thirmida, a town of Numidia, where 
 Hiempsal was slain. Sail. Jug. 2. 
 
 Thisbe, a beautiful woman of Babylon. 
 [Vid. Pyramus.]- A town of Boeotia, be- 
 tween two mountains. Paus. 9, c. 32. 
 
 Thisias, a Sicilian writer. 
 
 Thisoa, one of the three nymphs who fed 
 Jupiter in Arcadia. She built a town which 
 bore her name in Arcadia. Paus. 8, c. 38. 
 
 Thistie, a town of Bceotia. Plin. 4, c. 7. 
 
 Thoantium, a place on the sea-coast at 
 Rhodes. 
 
 Thoas, a king of Taurica Chersonesus, in 
 the age of Orestes and Pylades. He would 
 have immolated these two celebrated stran- 
 gers on Diana's altars, according to the bar- 
 barous customs of the conntry, had they not 
 been delivered by Iphigenia. [Vid. Iphigenia.] 
 According to some, Troas was the son of 
 
 Borysthens. Ovid. Pont. 3, el, 2. A king 
 
 of Lemnos, son of Bacchus and Ariadne the 
 daughter of Minos, and husband of Myrine. 
 He had been made king of Lemnos by Rhada- 
 manlbus. He was still alive when the Lem- 
 aian women conspired to kill all the males in 
 the island, but his life was spared by his only 
 daughter Hipsipyle, in whose favour he had 
 resigned the crown. Hipsipyle obliged her 
 father to depart secretly from Lemnos, to 
 escape from the fury of the women, and he 
 arrived safe in a neighbouring island, which 
 some call Chios, though many suppose that 
 Thoas was assassinated by the enraged females 
 before he had left Lemnos. Some mythologists 
 confound the king of Lemnos with that of 
 Chersonesus, and suppose that they were 
 one and the same man. According to their 
 opinion, Thoas was very young when he re- 
 tired from Lemnos, and after that he went 
 to Taurica Chersonesus, where he settled. 
 Flacc. 8, V. 203.— Hygin. fab. 74, 120.— Ovid, 
 in lb. 384. Heroid. 6, v. 114.— 5^a^ Theb. 5, 
 T. 262 and 4S6.—^pollon. Rhod. 1, v. 209 and 
 615. — Apollod. 1, c. 9, 1. 3, c. 6. — Eurip. in 
 
 Jphig. A son of Andremon and Gorge, 
 
 the daughter of (Eneus. He went to the Tro- 
 jan war on 15 or rather 40 ships. Homer. II. 
 
 '2, kc.—Diclys. Cret. I.— Hygin. fab. 97. 
 
 A famous huntsman. Diod. 4. A son of 
 
 Icarius. ApoUod. 3, c. 10. A son of Jason 
 
 and Hipsipyle queen of Lemnos. Slat. Theb. 
 
 6, v. 342. A son of Ornytion, grandson 
 
 pf Sisjrphus. A king of Assyria, father of 
 
 Adonis and Mynha, according to ApoUod. 3, 
 
 c. 14. A man who made himself master of 
 
 Miletus. An officer of jEtolia, who strong- 
 ly opposed the views of the Romans, and fa- 
 voured the interest of Antiochus, B. C. 193. 
 ' One of the friends of /Eneas in Italy, kill- 
 ed by Halesus. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 415. 
 
 TuoL, one of the Nereides. Hesiod. Th. 
 
 245. One of the horses of Admetus. 
 
 One of the Amazons, kc. Val. Fl. 6, v. 376. 
 
 Tholus, a town of Africa. 
 
 Thomvris, called also Tamyris, Tameris, 
 Thamyris, and Tomeris, was queen of the 
 Massagetae. After her husband's death she 
 marched against Cyrus, who wished to invade 
 her territories, cut his army to jjicces, and 
 killed him on the spot. The barbarous queen 
 ordercf^ the bead of the fallen monarch to be 
 
 TH 
 
 cut off and thrown into a vessel full of human 
 blood, with the insulting words of satia te, 
 sanguine quern sitisti. Her son had been con- 
 quered by Cyrus before she marched herself at 
 the head of her armies. Htrodot. 1, c. 205. — 
 Justin. 1, c. S.—Tibull. 4, el. 1, v. 143, 
 
 Thon, an Egyptian physician, &,c. 
 
 Thonis, a courtezan of Egypt. 
 
 Thoox, a Trojan chief killed by Ulysses. 
 
 Ovid. Met. 13, v, 259. One of the giants 
 
 who made war against Jupiter, Apollod. Ij 
 c. 6, 
 
 Thoosa, a sea nymph, daughter of Phorcys, 
 and mother of Polyphemus, by Neptune. 
 Hesiod. Theog. v. 236.— Homer. Od. 1, v. 71. 
 
 Thootes, one of the Grecian heralds. 
 
 Thoranics, a general of Metellus, killed by 
 Sertorius. Plut. 
 
 Thorax, a mountain near Magnesia in 
 Ionia, where the grammarian Daphitas was 
 suspended on a cross for his abusive language 
 against kings and absolute princes, whence the 
 proverb cave a Thorace. Sirab. 14. A La- 
 cedaemonian officer who served under Lysan- 
 der, and was put to death by the Ephori. 
 
 Plut. in Lys. A man of Lavissa, who paid 
 
 much attention to the dead body of Antigonus, 
 &.C. Plut. in Lys. he. 
 
 Thoria lex, agraria, by Sp, Thorius, the 
 tribune. It ordained that no person should 
 pay any rent for the land which he possessed. 
 It also made some regulations about grazing 
 and pastures. Cic. in Brul. 
 
 Thornax, a mountain of Argolis. It re- 
 ceived its name from Thornax, a nymph who 
 became mother of Buphagus. by Japetus. The 
 mountain was afterwards called Coccygia, be- 
 cause Jupiter changed himself there into a 
 cuckoo. Paus. 8, c. 27. 
 
 Thorsus, a river of Sardinia. Paut. 10, c. 
 17. 
 
 Thoth, an Egyptian deity, the same as 
 Mercury. 
 
 Thous, a Trojan chief, &c, One of Ac- 
 
 taeon's dogs. 
 
 Thrace, a daughter of Titan. A name 
 
 of Thrace. [Firf. Thracia.] 
 
 Thraces, the inhabitants of Thrace, [J'^d. 
 Thracia.] 
 
 Thracia, a large country of Europe, at 
 the south of Scythia, bounded by mount Hae- 
 mus. It had the ^Egean sea on the south, on 
 the west Macedonia and the river Strymon, 
 and on tiie east the Euxine sea, the Propontis, 
 and the Hellespont. Its northern boundaries 
 extended as far as the Ister, according to Pliny 
 and others. The Thracians were looked upon 
 as a cruel and barbarous nation, they were na- 
 turally brave and warlike, addicted to drinking 
 and venereal pleasures, and they sacrificed 
 without the smallest humanity their enemies 
 on the altars of 1 heir gods. Their government 
 wasoriginally monarchical, and divided among 
 .1 number of independent princes. Thrace is 
 barren as to its soil. It received its name 
 from Thrax, the son of Mars, the chief deity of 
 the country. The first inhahitants lived upon 
 plunder, and on the milk and flesh of sheep. 
 It forms now the province of Homanin. He- 
 roflot. 4, c. 99, I. 5, c. 3.—Slrah. U in .— Virg. 
 ^n. 3, ^c.—Mela, 2, c. 2, ^c.—Puus.9, c 
 29, Lc.— Ovid. Met. 11, v. 92; 1. 13. v. 566, Lc. 
 —C. A'ep.in Mc. 11. 
 
TH 
 
 ThralidvE, an illustrious family at Delphi,', 
 destroyed by Philonielus, because they oppos- 1 
 ed his views. Diod. 16. j 
 
 Thracis, a town of Phocis. Pans. 10, 
 c. 3. 
 
 Thraseas, or Thrasius, a soothsayer. [Vid. 
 
 Thrasius.] Pajtus, a stoic philosopher of 
 
 Patavium, in the age of Nero, famous for his 
 independence and generous sentiments ; he 
 died A. D. 66.— Juv. 5, v. 36.— Mart 1, ep. 19. 
 —Tacit. A. 15, c. 16. 
 
 Thra=ideus succeeded his father Theron 
 as tyrant of Agrigentum. He was conquered 
 by HierOs and soon after put to death. Dwd. 
 11. 
 
 Thrasimenus. Vid. Thrasymenus. 
 
 Thrasius, a general of a mercenary band in 
 Sicily, who raised a sedition against Timoleon. 
 
 Dxod. 16. A spendthrift at Rome, &,c. Ho- 
 
 rai. 2, Sat. 2, v. 99. 
 
 Thraso, a painter. Slrah. 14. A fa- 
 
 vourite of Hieronymus, who espoused the in- 
 terest of the Romans. He was put to death by 
 
 the tyrant. The character of a captain in 
 
 Terence. 
 
 Thrasybulus, a famous general of Athens 
 who began the expulsion of the 30 tyrants of 
 his country though he was only assisted by 30 
 of his friends. His efforts were attended with 
 success, B. C. 401, and the only reward he 
 received for this patriotic action was a crown 
 made with two twigs of an olive branch ; a 
 proof of his own disinterestedness and of the 
 virtues of his countrymen. The Athenians 
 employed a man whose abilities and humanity 
 were so conspicuous, and Thrasybulus was 
 sent with a powerful fleet to recover their lost 
 power in the iEgean, and on the coast of Asia. 
 After he had gained many advantages, this 
 great man was killed in his camp by the in- 
 habitants of Aspendus, whom his soldiers had 
 plundered without his knowledge, B. C. 391. 
 Diod. 14. — C. J\'ep. in vita. — Cic. Phil. — Val. 
 
 Max. 4, c. 1. A tyrant of Miletus, B. C. 
 
 634. A soothsayer descended from Apollo. 
 
 Paus, 6, c, 2. A son of Gelon, banished 
 
 from Syracuse, of which he was the tyrant, 
 
 B. C. 466. An Athenian in the army of 
 
 the Persians, who supported the siege of Ha- 
 licarnassus. 
 
 Thrasyd^cs, a king of Thessaly, &,c. 
 
 TuRASYKLus, a man of Attica, so disor- 
 dered in his mind that he believed all the ships 
 which entered the Pira;us to be his own. He 
 xvas cured by means of his brother, whom he 
 liberally reproached for depriving him of that 
 happy illusion of mind. JFMan. V. H. 4, c. 
 
 25. A general of the Athenians in the age 
 
 of Alcibiades; with whom he obtained a victo- 
 ry over the Persians. Thucyd. 8. A Greek 
 
 Pythagorean philosopher and mathematician, 
 who enjoyed the favours and the friendship of 
 Augustus and Tiberius. Suet, in Tib. 
 
 TiiRASYMACHus, a uativc of Carthage who 
 became the pupil of Isocrates and of Pla 
 to. Though he was a public teacher at 
 Athens, he starved for want of bread, and at 
 
 last hanged himself Juv. 7, v. 204. A man 
 
 who abolished democracy at Cuiaia3. Arist 
 Pol. 5, c. 5. 
 
 TuKASYMKDES, a son of Nestor, king of 
 Pylos, by Anaxibia, the daughter of Bias. He 
 Vtas one of (he Grecian chiefs during the Tro- 
 
 TH 
 
 jan war. Hygin.fah. 27.— Pans. 2, c. 26.—— 
 A son of Philomelus, who carried away a 
 daughter of Pisistratus, whom he married. 
 Polycen. 6. 
 
 Thrasymenus, a lake of Italy near Peru- 
 sium, celebrated for a battle fought there be- 
 t\\ een Annibal and the Romans, under Fla- 
 minius, B. C. 217. No less than 15,000 Ro- 
 mans were left dead on the field of battle, and 
 10,000 taken prisoners, or according to Livy 
 6,000. or Polybius 15,000. The loss of An- 
 nibal was about 1,500 men. About 10,000 
 Romans made their escape all covered with 
 wounds. This lake is now called the lake 
 of Perugia. Strab. 5. — Ovid. Fast. 6, v. 765. — 
 Pint. 
 
 Threicius, of Thrace. Orpheus is calleti 
 by way of eminence Threicius Sacerdos. Virg. 
 e/iCn. 6, V.645. 
 
 Threissa, an epithet applied to Harpa- 
 lyce, a native of Thrace. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 
 320. 
 
 Threpsippas, a son of Hercules and Pa- 
 no pe. Apollod. 
 
 Thriambus, one of the surnames of Bac- 
 chus. 
 
 Thronium, a town of Phocis, where the 
 Boagrius falls into the sea, in the sinus Matia- 
 cus.^ Liv. 36, c. 20.— Strab. 9.—Plin. 4, c. 7. 
 Another of Thesprotia. 
 
 Thryon, a town of Messenia, near the AI- 
 pheus. Strab. 8. — Homer. II. 2. 
 
 Thrvus, a town of Peloponnesus near 
 Elis. 
 
 ThucydTdes, a celebrated Greek histo- 
 rian, born at Athens. His father's name was 
 Olorus, and among his ancestors he reckoned 
 the great Miltiades. His youth was distin- 
 guished by an eager desire to excel in the 
 vigorous exercises and gymnastic amusements, 
 which called the attention of his contempora- 
 ries, and when he had reached the years of 
 manhood, he appeared in the Athenian ar- 
 mies. During the Peloponnesian war he wa« 
 commissioned by his countrymen to relieve 
 Ampbipolisj but the quick march of Bra- 
 sidas, the Lacedaemonian general, defeated 
 his operations, and Thucydides, unsuccess- 
 ful in his expedition, was banished frona 
 Athens. Thi.s ha[ipened in the eighth year 
 of this celebrated v\ar, and in the place of 
 his banishment the general began to write 
 an impartial history of the important events 
 which had happened during his administra- 
 tion, and which still continued to agitate 
 the several states of Greece. This famous 
 history is continued only to the 21st year 
 of tlie war, and the remaining part of the 
 time till the demolition of the walls of Athens, 
 was described by the pen of Theopompus and 
 Xenophon. Thucydides wrote in the Attic 
 dialect, as possessed of more vigour, purity, 
 elegance, and energy. He spared neither 
 time nor money to procure authentic ma- 
 lerials; and the Athenians, as well as their 
 enemies, furnished him with many valuable 
 communications, which contributed to throw 
 great light on the different transactions of the 
 war. His history has been divided into eight 
 books, the last of which is imperfect, and 
 supposed to have been written by his daugh- 
 ter. The character of this interesting history 
 is well known; and the noble emulation of the 
 
TH 
 
 /writer will ever be admired, who shed tears 
 when he heard Herodotus repeat his history 
 of the Persian wars at the public festivals of 
 Greece. The historian of Halicarnassus has 
 been compared with the son of Olorus, but 
 each has his peculiar excellence. Sweetness 
 of style, grace, and elegance of expression, 
 may be called the characteristics of the for 
 mer, while Thucydides stands unequalled for 
 the fire of his descriptions, the conciseness, and 
 at the same time, the strong and energetic 
 matter of his narratives. His relations are 
 authentic, as he himself was interested in the 
 events he mentions ; his impartiality is indubi- 
 tebte, as he no where betrays the least resent- 
 ment against his countrymen, and the factious 
 partisans of Cleon, who had banished him 
 irom Athens. Many have blamed the liisto- 
 pian for the injudicious distribution of his 
 subject, and while, for the sake of accuracy, 
 the whole is divided into summers and winters, 
 the thread of the history is interrupted, the 
 scene continually shifted; and the reader, 
 unable to pursue events to the end, is trans- 
 ported from Persia to Peloponnesus, or from 
 the walls of Syracuse to the coast of Corcyra. 
 The animated harangues of Thucydides have 
 been universally admired ; he found a model 
 in Herodotus, but he greatly surpassed the 
 original, and succeeding historians have adopt- 
 ed with success, a peculiar mode of writing 
 which introduces a general addressing himself 
 to the passions and feelings of his armies. The 
 history of Thucydides was so admired, that 
 Demosthenes to perfect himself as an orator, 
 transcribed it eight different times, and read 
 it with such attention, that he coidd almost 
 repeat it by heart. Thucydides died at Athens, 
 where he had been recalled from his exile, 
 in his 80th year. 391 years before Christ. The 
 best editions of Thucydides are those ofDuker, 
 fol. Amst. 1731 ; of Glasgow, 12mo. 8 vols. 
 1759; of Hudson, fol. Oxon. 1696, and the 
 8vo. of Bii ont. 1788. Cic. de Oral. k.c.—Diod. 
 l2.—Dionys. Hal de Thuc.—JElian. V. H. 
 
 12, c. 50. — Quinlil. A son of Milesias, in 
 
 the age of Pericles. He was banished for his 
 opposition to the measures of Pericles, &c. 
 
 Thuisto, one of the deities of the Ger- 
 mans. Tacit 
 
 Thule, an island in the most northern parts 
 ©f the German ocean, to which, on account of 
 its great distance from the continent, the an- 
 cients gave the epithet of ultima. Its situation 
 was never accurately ascertained, hence its 
 present name is unknown by modern histori 
 ans. Some suppose that it is the island now 
 called Iceland or part of Greenlaiid, whilst 
 others Imagine it to be the Shetland isles. 
 67a/. 3, Syl. 5, v. 20. — Sirab. 1. — Mela, 3, c. 
 6.— Tacii. Jjgric. 10— Plin. 2, c. 75, 1.4, c. 16. 
 — P'irg. G. 1, v. 20.— yur. 15, v. 112. 
 
 Tuukia;, II, or iu.m, a town of Lucania 
 in Italy, built by a colony of Athenians, near 
 the ruins of Sybaris, B. C. 444. In the num- 
 ber of this Athenian colony were Lysias and 
 Herodotus. Slrab. 6.— Plin. 12, c. 4.— Mela, 
 
 2, c. 4 A town of Messeuia. Paus. 4, c. 
 
 31.— Sirab. 8. 
 
 Thorinus, a name given to Augustus when 
 he wasyoimg, either because some of his pro 
 genitors were natircs of Thurium, or because 
 
 TH 
 
 they had distinguished themselves there. Sue!, 
 ton. Aug. 7. 
 
 Thdscia, a country of Italy, the same as 
 Etruria. [Vid. Etruria.] 
 
 Thya, a daughter of the Cephisus. ■ 
 
 A place near Delphi. 
 
 Thyaues, (sing. Thyas^ a name of the 
 Bacchanals. They received it from Thyas, 
 daughter of Castallius. and mother of Delphus 
 by Apollo, She was the first woman who was 
 priestess of the god Bacchus. Firg. JEn. 4, v. 
 302.— Pans. 10, c. 4. 
 
 Thyamis, a river of Epirus falling into the 
 Ionian sea. Paus. 1, c. 11. — Cic. 7, M. 2. 
 
 Thyana, a (own of Cappadocia. Strab. 
 
 Thyatira, a town of Lydia, now Jikisar. 
 Liv. 37, c. 8 and 44. 
 
 Thybarsi, a people near Sardes. Diod. 17, 
 
 Thyesta, a sister of Dionysius, the tyrant 
 of Syracuse. 
 
 Thyestes, a son of Pelops and Hippo- 
 damia, and grandson of Tantalus, debauched 
 ^rope, the wife of his brotiier Atreus, be- 
 cause he refused to take him as his colleague 
 on the throne of Argos. This was no sooner 
 known, than Atreus divorced .^rope, and 
 banished Thyestes from his kingdom ; but 
 soon after, the more effectually to punish his 
 infidelity, he expressed a wish to be reconciled 
 to him, and recalled liim to Argos. Thyestes 
 was received by his brother at an elegant en- 
 tertainment, but he was soon informed that 
 he had been feeding upon the flesh of one of 
 his own children. This Aretus took care to 
 communicate to him by showing him the re- 
 mains of his son's body. This action appeared 
 so barbarous, that, according to the ancient 
 mythologists,thesun changed his usual course, 
 not to be a spectator of so bloody a scene. 
 Thyestus escaped from his brother and fled to 
 Epirus. Some time after he met his daugh- 
 ter Pelopeia in a grove sacred to Minerva, and 
 he offered her violence without knowing who 
 she was. This incest, however, according to 
 some, was intentionally committed by the fa- 
 ther, as he had been told by an oracle, that 
 the injuries he had received from Atreus would 
 be avenged by a son born from himself and 
 Pelopeia. The daughter, pregnant by her fa- 
 ther, was seen by her uncle Atreus and mar- 
 ried, and some time after she brought into the 
 world a son, whom she exposed in the woods. 
 The life of the child was preserved by goats ; 
 he was called iEgysthus, and presented to his 
 mother, and educated in the family of Atreus. 
 When grown to years of maturity, the mother 
 gave her son iigysthus a sword, which she 
 had taken from her unknown ravisher in the 
 grove of Minerva, with hopes of discovering 
 who he was. Meantime Atreus, intent to pun- 
 ish his brother, sent Agamemnon and Mena- 
 laus to pursue him, and when at last they found 
 him, he was dragged to Argos, and thrown 
 into a close prison. .dCgysthus was sent to nuir- 
 der Thyestes, but the lather recolh cted the 
 sword kvhich was rai.sed to btab him, and a few 
 questions convinced !iim that his assassijj was 
 his own son. Pelopeia was present at tuis dis- 
 covery, and when she louiid tliut she had com- 
 miUed incest with her father, .^he asked .l^gys- 
 thus to examine the sword, utid inmicdinteiy 
 plunged it into her own breast. ..-tgysthiib 
 rushed from the prison to Atreus, with the 
 
TH 
 
 llloody weflpon, and ranrdered him near an al- 
 tar, as lie wished to offer thanks to the gods on 
 the supposed death of Thyestes. At the deatli 
 of Atreus, Thyestus was placed on his brother's 
 throne by JEgysthus, from which he was 
 soon after driven by Agamemnon and Me 
 nelaus. He retired from Argos, and was 
 banished into the island of Cylhera by Aga- 
 memnon, where he died. Jipollod. 2, c. 4. — 
 Sophod. in j9jac. — Hygin. fab. 86, &lc. — Ovid, 
 in lb. S59.—Lucan. I, v. 544, 1. 7, v. 451.— 
 Senec. in Tkyest, 
 
 Thymbra, a small town of Lydia, near 
 Sardes, celebrated for a battle which was 
 fought there between Cyrus and Crcesus, in 
 "which the latter was defeated. The troops 
 ©f Cyrus amounted to 196,000 men, besides 
 chariots, and those of Croesus were twice 
 
 as numerous. A plain in Troas, through 
 
 which a small river, called Thymbrius, falls in 
 its course to the Scaraander. Apollo had 
 there a temple, and from thence he is called 
 ThymbrcBUs. Achilles was killed there by 
 Paris, according to some. Strab. 13. — Stat. 
 4. Sylv. 7, V. 22.— Didys. Cret. 2, c. 52, 1. 
 2,c. 1. 
 
 ThymbrjEus, a surname of Apollo. Virg. 
 G.4, V. 323. ^M. 3, V. 85. [Vid. Thym- 
 
 Thymbrisj'j a concubine of Jupiter, said 
 to be mother of Pan. ^pollod. A foun- 
 tain and river of Sicily. Theoc. 1, v. 100. 
 
 Thymbron. Vid. Tbimbron. 
 
 Thymele, a celebrated female dancer, 
 favoured by Domitian. Juv. 1, v. 36, Sal. 6, 
 V.36. 
 
 Thymia-this, a river of Epirus. Strai. 7. 
 
 Thymochares, an Athenian defeated in a 
 battle by the Lacedsemonians. 
 
 Thymcetes, a king of Athens, son of Ox- 
 inthas, the last of the descendants of The- 
 seus, who reigned at Athens. He was de- 
 posed because he refused to accept a chal- 
 lenge sent by Xanthus king of Boeotia, and 
 was succeeded by a Messenian B. C. 1128, 
 who repaired the honour of Athens by fight- 
 in the Boeotian king. Pans. 2, c. 18. 
 
 A Trojan prince, whose wife and son were 
 put to death by order of Priam. It was to 
 revenge the king's cruelty that he persuaded 
 his countrymen to bring the wooden horse 
 within their city. He was son of Laomedon, 
 according to some Virg. ,3En. 2, v. 32. — 
 
 Didys. Cret. 4, c. 4. A son of Hicetaon, 
 
 who accompanied iEneas into Italy, and was 
 killed by Turnus. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 123, I. 12, 
 V. 364. 
 
 Thyni, or BiTHYNi, a people of Bithy- 
 nia; hence the word T/ji/na mera: applied to 
 their commodities. Horat. 3, od. 7, v. 3 — 
 riin.4,c. 11. 
 
 Thyodamas. Vid. Theodamas. 
 
 ThyOne, a name given to Semele after she 
 had been presented with immortality by her 
 son Bacchus. .^poUod. 3, c. 5. 
 
 TwYONfus, a surname of Bacchus from his 
 mother Semele, who was called Thyone. JJpol- 
 7orf. 3, c 5. Horat. 1, od. 17, v. 23.— Ovid. 
 4, Met. V. 33. 
 
 Thyotes, a priest of the Cabiri, in Samo- 
 Ihrace. Flacc.2, y.4SS. 
 
 Thvre, a town of the Messenians, famous 
 for a Mjiti? fought there between the Argives 
 
 TH 
 
 (and the Lacedaemonians. Herodot. 1, c. 82.— 
 \Stat.Theb. 4. v. 48. 
 
 I Thybea- an island on the coast of Pelopon- 
 nesus, near Hermione. Herodot. Q, c. 76. 
 
 Thyreum, a town of \carnania^ whose in- 
 habitants are called Thyrienses. Liv. 36, c. 
 11, 1.38, c. 9. 
 
 Thyreus, a son of Lycaon, king of Arca- 
 dia. Pnus. 8, c. 3. A son of (Eneus, king 
 
 of Calydon. Apollod. 1, c. 8. 
 
 Thyrides, three small islands at the point of 
 Taenarus. Plin. 4, c. 12. 
 
 Thyrsaget^, a people of Sarmatia, who 
 live upon hunting. Pliyi. 4, c. 12, 
 
 Thyrsus, a river of Sardinia, now Oris- 
 tagni. 
 
 Thyssos, a town near mount Athos. 
 
 Thyus, a satrap of Paphlagonia, who revol- 
 ted from Artaxerxes, and was seized by Data* 
 mes. C. Ntp. in Dat. 
 
 TiASA, a daughter of the Eurotas, wh© 
 gave her name to a river in Laconia. Paus. 
 3, c. IS. 
 
 Tibareni, a people of Cappadocia, on the 
 
 borders of the Thermodon. A people of 
 
 Pontus. Mela, 2, c. 20. 
 
 Tiberias, a town of Galilee, built by He- 
 rod, near a lake of the same name, and called 
 after Tiberius. Plin. 5, c. 16. — Joseph. A. 18, 
 c. 3. 
 
 TiBERiNus, son of Capetas, and king of 
 Alba, was drowned in the river Albula, which 
 on that account assumed the name of Tibe- 
 rw, of which he became the protecting god. 
 Liv. 1, c. 3.— Cic. de JYat. D. 2, c. 20.— Far- 
 ro. de L. L. 4, c. 6, kc.—Ovid. Fast. 2, v. 389, 
 1.4, v. 47. 
 
 TxBERis, Tyberis, Tiber, or Tibris, a river 
 of Italy, on whose banks the city of Rome 
 was built. It was originally called Albula, 
 from the whiteness of its waters, and after- 
 wards Tiberus, when Tiberinus, king of Al- 
 ba, had been drowned there. It was also 
 named Tyrrhenus, because it watered Etru- 
 ria, and Lydiu-s, because the inhabitants of 
 the neighbourhood were supposed to be of 
 Lydian origin. The Tiber rises in the Apen- 
 nines, and falls into the Tyrrhene sea, 16 
 miles below Rome, after dividing Latium 
 from Etruria. Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 47, 329, &.c. 
 I. 5, v. 641, in lb. 514.— Lucan. 1, v. 381, &.c. 
 Varro. de L. L. 4, c. 5. — Virg. JEn. 7, v. 30. 
 —Horat. 1, Od. 2, v. V3.—Mela, 2, c.4.— Lit-. 
 1, c. 3. 
 
 Tiberius, Claudius Drusus Nero, a Roman 
 emperor after the death of Augustus, descend- . 
 ed from the family of the Claudii. In his 
 early years he commanded popularity by en- 
 tertaining the populace with magnificent 
 shows and fights of gladiators, and he gained 
 some applause in the funeral oration which 
 he pronounced over his father, though only 
 nine jears old. His first appearance in the Ro- 
 man armies was under Augustus, in the war 
 against the Cantabri, and afterwards in the 
 capacity of general, he obtained victories in 
 dilferent parts of the empire, and was reward- 
 ed with a triumph. Yet, in the midst of his 
 glory, Tiberius fell under the displeasure of 
 Augustus, and retired to Rhodes, where he 
 continued for seven years as an exile, till by the 
 influence of his mother Livia with the empe- 
 ror, he was recalled. His return to Rome was 
 
Ti 
 
 the more glorious : he had the command of 
 the Roman arraie? in Illyricum, Pannonia, and 
 Dalmatia, and seemed to divide the sovereign 
 power with Augustus. At the death of this 
 celebrated emperor, Tiberius, who had been 
 adopted, assumed the reins of government ; 
 and while with dissimulation and affected mo- 
 desty he wished to decline the dangerous of- 
 fice, he found time to try the fidelity of his 
 friends, and to make the greatest })art of the 
 Romans believe that he was invesf.ed with the 
 purple, not from his own choice, but by the 
 recommendation of Augustus, and the urgent 
 entreaties of the Roman senate. The begin- 
 ning of his reign seemed to promise tranquil- 
 lity to the world ; Tiberius was a watchful 
 guardian of the public peace, he was the friend 
 of justice and never assumed the sounding 
 titles which must disgust a free nation, but he 
 was satisfied to say of himself that he was the 
 master of his slaves, the general of his soldiers, 
 and the father of the citizens of Rome. That 
 seeming moderation, however, which was but 
 the fruit of the deepest policy, soon disap- 
 peared, and Tiberius was viewed in his real 
 character. His ingratitude to his mother Li- 
 via, to whose intrigues he was indebted for 
 the purple, his cruelty to his wife Julia, and 
 his tyrannical oppression and murder of many 
 noble senators, rendered him odious to the 
 people, and suspected even by his most inti- 
 mate favourites. The armies mutinied in 
 Pannonia and Germany, but the tumults were 
 silenced by the prudence of the generals and 
 the fidelity of the officers, and the factious de- 
 magogues were abandoned to their condign 
 punishment. This acted as a check upon Ti- 
 berius in Rome ; he knew from thence, as his 
 successors experienced, that his power was 
 precarious, and his very existence in perpetual 
 danger. He continued as he had begun, to 
 pay the greatest deference to the senate ; all 
 libels against him he disregarded, and observed, 
 that in a free city, the thoughts and the tongue 
 of every man should be free. The taxes were 
 gradually lessened, and luxury restrained by 
 the salutary regulations, as well as by the pre- 
 vailing example and frugality of the emperor. 
 While Rome exhibited a scene of peace and 
 public tranquillity, the barbarians were seve- 
 rally defeated on the borders of the empire, 
 and Tiberius gained new honours, by the acti- 
 vity and valour of Germanicus and his other 
 faithful lieutenants. Yet the triumphs of 
 Germanicus were beheld with jealousy. Ti- 
 berius dreaded his power, he was envious of 
 his popularity, and the death of that celebra- 
 ted general in Anlioch was, as some suppose, 
 accelerated by poison, and the secret resent- 
 ment of the emperor. Not only his relations 
 and friends, but the great and opulent vveie 
 sacrificed to his ambition, cruelly, and avarice ; 
 and there was scarce in Rome one single fami- 
 ly that did not reproach Tiberius for the loss 
 of a brother, a fathei-, or a husband. He at 
 last retired to the island of Cajneye, on the 
 «;oast of Campania, where he buried himself 
 in unlawful pleasures. The care of the em- 
 pire was intrusted to favourites, among whom 
 hejanus for a while shone with uncommon 
 splendour. In his solitary retreat the empe- 
 ror proposed rewards to such as invented new 
 pleasures, or conid produce fresh Uixurios. 
 
 TI 
 
 I He forgot his age as well as his dignity, and 
 'disgraced himself by the most unnatural vices 
 and enormous indulgences which can draw a 
 blush, even upon the countenance of the most 
 debauched and abandoned. While the empe- 
 ror was lost to himself and the world, the 
 provinces were harassed on every side by the 
 barbarians, and Tiberius found himself insult- 
 ed by those enemies whom hitherto he had 
 seen fall jirostiate at his feet with every mark 
 of submissive adulation. At last grown weak 
 and helpless through infirmities, he thought of 
 his approaching dissolution ; and as he well 
 knew that Rome could not exist without a 
 head, he nominated as his successor, Caius 
 Caligula. Many might inquire, why a youth 
 naturally so vicious and abandoned as Caius 
 was chosen to be the master of an extensive 
 empire ; but Tiberius wished his own cruel- 
 ties to be forgotten in the barbarities Avhich 
 might be displayed in the reign of his succes- 
 sor, whose natural propensities he had well 
 defined, in saying of Caligula that he bred a 
 serpent for the Roman people, and a Phae- 
 ton for the rest of the empire. Tiberius died 
 at Misenum the 16th of March, A. D. 37, in 
 the 78th year of his age, after a reign of 22 
 years, six months, and 26 days. Caligula was 
 accused of having hastened his end by suffoca- 
 ting him. The joy was universal when his 
 death was known ; and the people of Rome, 
 in the midst of sorrow, had a moment to re- 
 joice, heedless of the calamities which await- 
 ed them in the succeeding reigns. The body 
 of Tiberius was conveyed to Rome, and 
 burnt with great solemnity. A funeral ora- 
 tion was pronounced by Caligula, who seem- 
 ed to forget his benefactor, while he ex- 
 patiated on the praises of Augustus, Ger- 
 manicus, and his own. Ti)e character of Ti- 
 berius has been examined with particular at- 
 tention by historians, and his reign is the sub- 
 ject of the most perfect and elegant of all 
 the compositions of Tacitus. When a pri- 
 vate man, Tiberius was universally esteem- 
 ed ; when he had no superior, he was proud, 
 arrogant, jealous, and revengeful. If he found 
 his military operations conducted by a war- 
 like general, he affected moderation and vir- 
 tue ; but when he got rid of the powerful in- 
 fluence of a favourite, he was tyrannical and 
 dissolute. If, as some observe, he had lived 
 in the times of the Roman republic, he 
 might have been as conspicuous as his great 
 ancestors; but the sovereign power lodged in 
 his hands, rendered him vicious and oppres- 
 sive. Yet, though he encouraged informers 
 and favoured flattery, he blushed at the 
 mean servilities of the senate, and derided 
 the adulation of his courtiers, who afiproach- 
 cd him, he said, as if they approached a 
 savage elephant. He was a j)atron of learn- 
 ing, he was an eloquent and ready speaker, 
 and dedicated sonu* part of his lime to stu- 
 dy. He wrote a lyric poem, entitled, A 
 complaint on the death of Lucius Caesar, as 
 also some Greek pieces in imitation of some 
 of his favourite authors. He avoided all im- 
 proper expressions, and all foreign words 
 he totally wished to banish from the Latin 
 tongue. As instances of his humanity, it 
 has been recorded that he was uncommon- 
 ly liberal to the people of A?ia Minor, whose 
 
habitations had been destroyed by a violent 
 earthquake, A. D. 17. One of his officers 
 wished him to increase the taxes, JVo, said 
 Tiberius, a good shepherd nivst shear, not 
 jlay his sheep. The senators wished to call 
 the month of November, in which he was 
 born, by his name, in imitation of J. Caj- 
 sar and Augustus, in the months of July and 
 Aui^ust ; but this he refused, saying, JVhal 
 will you do, conscript fathers, if you have 
 thirteen Ccesars P Like the rest of the em 
 perors, he received divine honours after 
 death, and even during his life. It has 
 been wittily observed by Seneca, that he 
 never was intoxicated but once all his life 
 for he continued in a perpetual state of in- 
 toxication from the time he gave himself 
 to drinking till the last moment of his life. 
 Suelon in vitd, &c. — Tacit. Ann. 6, he. — 
 
 Dioyi Cass. A friend of Julius Caesar, 
 
 whom he accompanied in the war of Al- 
 exandria. Tiberius forgot the favours he 
 had received from his friend ; and when 
 he was assassinated, he wished all his mur- 
 derers to be publicly rewarded. One 
 
 of the Gracchi. [Fw/. Gracchus.] Sem 
 
 pronius; a son of Drusus and Livia, the 
 sistf^r of Germanicus, put to death by Ca- 
 ligula. A son of Brutus, put to death 
 
 by his father, because he had conspired 
 with other young noblemen to restore Tar 
 
 quin to his throne. A Thracian made 
 
 emperor of Rome in the latter ages of the 
 empire. 
 
 TiBESis, a river of Scythia flowing from 
 mount Haemus into the Ister. Herodot. 4, 
 c. 49. 
 
 TiBiscas, now Teisse, a river of Dacia. 
 with a town of the same name, now Temes- 
 war. It falls into the Danube. 
 
 Tjbris. [Vid. Tiberis.] 
 
 TiBULA, a town of Sardinia, now Lango 
 Sardo. 
 
 TiBfJLLus, Aulus Aibius, a Roman knight 
 celebrated for his poetical compositions. He 
 followed Messala Corvinus into the island 
 of Corcyra, but he was soon dissatisfied with 
 the toils of war, and retired to Rome, where 
 he gave himself up to literary ease, and to all 
 the effeminate indolence of an Italian climate. 
 His first composition was to celebrate the vir- 
 tues of his friend Messala, but his more fa- 
 vourite study was writing love verses, in 
 praise of his mistresses Delia and Plautia, of 
 r*Jemesis anr Neeera, and in these elegant 
 eftusions he showed himself the most correct 
 of the Roman poets. As he had espoused the 
 cause of Brutus, he lost his possessions when 
 the soldiers of the triumvirate were rewarded 
 with lands ; but he might have recovered 
 them if he had condescended, like Virgil, to 
 make his court to Augustus. Four books of 
 elegies are the only remaining pieces of his 
 composition. They are uncommonly elegant 
 and beautiful, and possessed with so much 
 grace and purity of sentiment, that the writer 
 is deservedly ranked as the prince of elegiac 
 poets. Tibullus was intimate with the litera- 
 ry men of his age, and he for some time had 
 a poetical contest with Horace, in gaining the 
 favours of an admired courtezan. Ovid has 
 written a beautiful elegy on the death of his 
 friend. The poems of Tibidlus are generally 
 
 Ti 
 
 published with those of Propertius and ©a- 
 tullus, of which the best editions are, that of 
 Vulpius, Patavii, 1737, 1749, 1755 ; that of 
 Barbou, 12mo. Paris, 1754 ; and that by 
 Heyne 8vo. Lips. 1776. Ovid. 3, Jm. el. 9, 
 Trisl. 2, v. 441.— Horat. 1, ep. 4, 1. 1, od. 33, v. 
 1. — Quintil. 10, c. 1. 
 
 TiBUR, an ancient town of the Sabines, 
 ibout 20 miles north of Rome, built as some 
 say by Tibur the son of Amphiaraus. It was 
 watered by the Anio, and Hercules w^as the 
 ihief deity of the place, from which circum- 
 stance it has been called Herculei muri. I^ 
 the neighbourhood, the Romans on account 
 .>f the salubrity of the air, had their several 
 villas where they retired ; and there also Ho- 
 race had his favourite country seat, though 
 some place it nine miles higher. Strab. 5. — 
 Cic. 2, (h-at 65.— Suet. CaL 2\.— Virg. JEn. 
 7, V. Q30.—Horai. 3, od. 4, he— Ovid Fast. 6, 
 V.61, &.C. 
 
 L. TiBURTius. a centurion in Cjesar's army, 
 wounded by Pompey's soldiers. 
 
 TiBURTOs, the founder of Tibur. often call- 
 ed Tiburlia Mania. He was one of the sons 
 of Amphiaraus. Virg. M.n. 7, v. fi70. 
 
 TicHis, now Ttch, a river of Spain, falling 
 into the Mediterranean, 
 
 TicHius, a name given to the top of mouDt 
 (Eta. Liv. 36. c. 16. 
 
 TiciDA, a R man poet a few years before 
 the age of Cicero, who wrote epigrams, and 
 praised his mistress Metella under the fictitious 
 name of Perilla. Ovid. Trist.2, v. 433. 
 
 Tjcinus, now Tesino, a river near Ticimwit 
 a small town of Iialy, where the Romans 
 were defeated by Anr.ibal. The town of 
 Ticinum was also called Pavia. The Ti- 
 cinus falls into the Po. Strab. 5. — Ital. 4, 
 V. 81. 
 
 TiDius, a man who joined Pompey, &ic. 
 
 TrijssA, a river of Laconia, falling into the 
 Eurotas. Pans. 3, c. IS. 
 
 TiFATA, a mountain of Campania, near 
 Capua- Stat. Sylv. 4. 
 
 TiFERNUM, a name common to three 
 towns of Italy. One of them for distinction's 
 sake, is called Metaurense, near the Metaurus 
 in Urabria ; the other, Tiberinum, on the Ti- 
 ber; and the third, 6'amni/icum, in the coun- 
 try of the Sabines. Liv. 10, c. 14. — Plin. 3, 
 c. 14. — Plin. sec. 4, ep. 1. 
 
 TiFKRHus, a mountain and river in the 
 country of the Samnites. Plin. 3, c. 11. — Liv. 
 10, c. 30.— ^fela, 3, c. 4. 
 
 TiGAsrs, a son of Hercules. 
 
 TiGELMNus, a Roman celebrated for bis 
 intrigues and perfidy in the court of Nero. 
 He was appointed judge at the trial of the 
 conspiratojs who had leagued against Nero, 
 for which he w^as liberally rewarded with tri- 
 umphal honours. He afterwards betrayed the 
 emperor, and was ordered to destroy himself, 
 68 A. D. Tacit. Hist. 1, c. 72.— P/u/.— 
 Juv. 1. 
 
 TiGELLius, a native of Sardinia, who 
 became the favourite of J. Caesar, of Cleo- 
 palia, and Augustus, by his mimicry and fa- 
 cetiousuess. He was celebrated for the me- 
 lody of his voice, yet he was of a mean and 
 ungenerous disposition, and ofunpleasing man- 
 ners, as Horace, 1 Sat. 2, v. 3, and seq. insi- 
 nuate. 
 
TI 
 
 TiGRASES, a king of Armenia, who made 
 bimself master of Assyria and Cappadocia. 
 He married Cleopatra, the daugliter of Mith- 
 ridates, and by the advice of his father-in-law, 
 he declared war against the Romans. He 
 despised these distant enemies, and even or- 
 dered the head of the messenger to be cut off" 
 wlio first told him that the Roman general 
 ivas boldly advancing towards his capital. His 
 pride, however, was soon abated, and though 
 he ordered the Roman consul Lucullus to be 
 brought alive into his presence, he fled with 
 precipitation from his capital, and was soon 
 after defeated near mount Taurus. This to 
 tally disheartened him, he refused to receive 
 Mithridates into his palace, and even set a 
 price upon his head. His mean submission to 
 Porapey, the successor of Lucullus In Asia^ 
 and a bribe of 60,000 talents, ensured him on 
 his throne, and he received a garrison in his 
 capital, and continued at peace with the Ro- 
 mans. His second son of the same name re- 
 volted against him, and attempted to dethrone 
 him with the assistance of the king of Parthia, 
 whose daughter he had married. This did 
 not succeed, and the son had recourse to the 
 Romans, by whom he was put in possession of 
 Sophene, while the father remained quiet on 
 the throne of Armenia. The son was after- 
 wards sent in chains to Rome for his insolence 
 to Pompey. Cic. pro Man. — Val. Max. 6, 
 c. l.—Paierc. 2, c. 33 and 37. — Tv^tin. 40, 
 
 c. 1 and 2. — Plut. in Luc. Pomp. he. A 
 
 king of Armenia in the reign of Tiberius. He 
 
 was put to death. Tacrl. 6, j^nn. c. 40. 
 
 One of the royal family of the Cappadocians. 
 chosen by Tiberius to ascend the throne of 
 
 Armenia. A general of the Medes A 
 
 man appointed king of Armenia by Nero. 
 
 Tacit. A. 14, c. 26. A prince of Armenia in 
 
 the age of Theodosius. 
 
 TiGRANocERTA, now Strcd, the capital of 
 Armenia, built by Tigranes, during the Mi- 
 thridatic war: on a hiirbetvveen the springs of 
 the Tigris and mount Taurus. Lucullus, dur- 
 ing the Mithridatic war, took it with difficulty, 
 and found in it immense riches, and no less 
 than 8000 talents in ready money. Tacit. Ann. 
 15, c. 4.—Plin. 6, c. 9. 
 
 TiGREs, a river of Peloponnesus, called 
 also Harpys, from a person of the same name 
 drowned in it. Apollod 1, c. 9. 
 
 Tigris., now Basitetua,a river of Asia, rising 
 on mount Niphaie in Armenia, and falling 
 into the Persian gulf It is the eastern boun 
 dary of Mesopotamia. The Tigris now falls 
 into the Euphrates, though in the age of Pliny 
 the two separate channels of these rivers could 
 be easily traced. Ptin. 6, c. 27.— Justin. 42, c. 
 3.' — Lucan. 3, v. 256. 
 
 TiGURiNi, a warlike people among the Hel- 
 vetii, now forming the modern cantons of 
 Svnts, Zurich, Schnjfhaustn, and St. Gall. 
 Their cof)ital was Tignrum. Cais. Bell. G. 
 TiLATfCJ, a people of Thrace. Tliuryd.2. 
 TiLAVKMPrus, a river of Italy falling into 
 the Adriatic, at the west of Aqjileia. 
 
 Tii.Fossius, a mountain of Bceotia. .Mso 
 
 a fountain at the tomb of Tiresias. Paus. 
 Bceot. 33. 
 
 TiLiuM, a town of Sardinia, now Jlrgtn- 
 iara. 
 TiLLius CiMBFK. [ViA. Tullius.] 
 89 
 
 TI 
 
 TiLOS, a north-west cape of Corsica. 
 TiLTHDSSDs, a mountain of Boeotia. 
 TiMAcus, a river of Mcesia fallmg into the 
 Danube. Tiie neighbouring people were call- 
 ed Timachi. Plin. 3, c. 26. 
 
 TiM^A, the wife of Agis, king of Sparta, 
 was debauched by Alcibiades, by whom she 
 had a son. This child was rejected in the 
 succession to the throne, though Agis, on his 
 death-bed, declared him to be legitimate. 
 Plut. in Ag. 
 
 TiM.«us, a friend of Alexander, who came 
 to his assistance when he w^as alone surround- 
 ed by the Osydracae. He was killed in the 
 
 encounter. Curt. 9, c. 5. An historian of 
 
 Sicily, who flourished about 262 B. C. and' 
 died in the 96th year of his age. His father's 
 name was Andromachus. He was banished 
 from Sicily by Agathocles. His general histo- 
 ry of Sicily, and that of the wars of Pyrrhus, 
 were in general esteem, and his authority 
 was great, except when he treated of Aga- 
 thocles. All his compositions are lost. Plui. 
 in A^ic. — Cic. de Oral. — Diod. d,— C. Mp. 
 — — A writer who published some treatises 
 concerning ancient philosophers Diog. in 
 
 Emp. A Pythagorean philosopher, born 
 
 at Locris. He followed the doctriues of the 
 founder of the metempsychosis, but in some 
 parts of his system of the world he differed 
 from him. He wrote a treatise on the na- 
 ture and the soul of the world, in the Doric 
 dialect, still extant. Plato, in Tim. — Plut. 
 
 An Athenian in the age of Alcibiades. 
 
 Plut. A sophist, who wrote a book called 
 
 Lexicon vocum Platonicanim. 
 
 TiMAGENEs, a Greek historian of Alex- 
 andria, 54 B. C. brought to Rome by Gabi- 
 nius, and sold as a slave to a son of Sylla. 
 His great abilities procured him his liberty, 
 and gained the favours of the great, and of 
 Augustus. The emperor discarded him for 
 his impertinence ; and Timagenes, to revenge 
 himself on his patron, burnt the interesting 
 history which he had composed of his reign. 
 
 Plut. — Horat. 1, ep. 19, v. 16. — Quintil. Ao 
 
 historian and rhetorician of Miletus. A 
 
 man who wrote an account of the life of Alex- 
 ander. Curt. 9, c. 5. A general, killed at 
 
 Cheronaea. 
 
 TiMAGoRAS, an Athenian, capitally punished 
 for paying homage to Darius, according to the 
 Persian manner of kneeling on the ground, 
 when he was sent to Persia as ambassador. 
 
 Val. Max. 6, c. 3. — Suidns. Another. [Vid. 
 
 iVIeles.] 
 
 TiMANDRA, a daughter of Leda, sister 
 to Helen. She married Echcmus of Arca- 
 dia. Paus. 8, c. 6. A mistress of Alci- 
 biades. 
 
 TiMANDRiDES, a Spartan, celebrated for his 
 virtues. JFAian. V. H. 14, c. 32. 
 
 TniANTHES, a painter of Sicyon, in the 
 reign of Philip, the tVther of -Alexander the 
 Great. In his cclebrHicd painting ot Iphige- 
 tiia going to be immolated, he rrjiresented all 
 the attendants overwhelmed with grief; but 
 his superior genius, by covering the face of 
 Agamemnon, lelt to the conception of the 
 iniagiiialion, the deep sorrows of the fallier. 
 He obtained a prize, for wliirh the celehmted 
 Pnrrhasius was a competitor. Tliis uas in 
 painting an Ajax with all the fury which his 
 
TI 
 
 disappointments could occasion, wlien depriv- 
 ed of the arms of Achilles. Cic. de Orat. — 
 
 Val Max. S, c. 1 1—JElian. V. H. 9, c. 1 1. 
 
 An athlete of Cleone, who burnt himself 
 when he perceived that his strength began to 
 fail. Paus. 6, c. 8. 
 
 TiMARcnus, a philosopher of Alexandria, 
 intimate with Lamprocles, the disciple of So- 
 
 CFates. Diog. A rhetorician, who hung 
 
 himself when accused of licentiousness by 
 
 iEschines. A Cretan, accused before Nero 
 
 of oppression. Tacit. A. 15, c. 20. An offi 
 
 cer in iEtolia, who burnt his ships to prevent 
 the flight of his companions, and to ensure 
 
 himself the victory. PolycEn. 5. A king 
 
 of Salamis. A tyrant of Miletus, in the age 
 
 of Antiochus, &.c. 
 
 TiMARETA, a priestess of the oracle of Do- 
 dona. Herodot. 2, c. 94. 
 
 TiMAsioN, one of the leaders of the 10,000 
 Greeks, he 
 
 TiMASiTHEUs, a prince of Lipara, who 
 obliged a number of pirates to spare some 
 Romans who were going to make an offer- 
 ing of the spoils of Veii to the god of Delphi. 
 The Roman senate rewarded him very libe- 
 rally, and 137 years after, when the Cartha- 
 ginians were dispossessed of Lipari, the same 
 generosity was nobly extended to his de- 
 scendants in the island. Diod. 14. — Plut. in 
 Cam. 
 
 TiMAVus, a broad river of Italy, rising 
 from a mountain, and after running a short 
 space, falling by seven mouths, or according 
 to some by one, into the Adriatic sea. There 
 are at the mouth of the Timavus, small islands 
 with hot springs of water. Mela, 2, c 4. — 
 Virg. Ed. 8, v. 6. JEn. 1, v. 44 and 248.— 
 Strab.b.—Plin.^, c, 103. 
 
 TiMEsius, a native of Clazomenae, who be- 
 gan to build Abdera. He was prevented by 
 the Thracians, but honoured as a hero at Ab- 
 dera. Herodot. 1, c. 168. 
 
 TiMocHARis, an astronomer of Alexandria, 
 293 B.C. [FiUAristillus.] 
 
 TiMOCLEA, a Theban lady, sister to The- 
 agenes, who was killed at Cheronaea. One 
 of Alexander's soldiers offered iier violence, af- 
 ter which she led her ravisher to a well, and 
 while be believed that immense treasures were 
 concealed there, Timoclea threw him into it. 
 Alexander commended her virtue, and forbad 
 his soldiers to hurt the Theban females. Plut. 
 in Mex. 
 
 Tim6ct.es, two Greek poets of Athens, who 
 wrote some theatrical pieces, the one 6, and 
 the other 11, some verses of which are extant. 
 
 Athen. 6. A statuary of Athens. Paus. 10, 
 
 c. 34. 
 
 TiMocRATEs, aGreek philosopher of uncom- 
 mon austerity. A Syracusan, who married 
 
 Arete when Dion had been banished into 
 Greece by Dionysius. He commanded the 
 forces of the tyrant. 
 
 TiMocREON, a comic poet of Rhodes, who 
 ol)tained poetical, as well as gymnastic prizes 
 at Olympia. He lived about 476 years be- 
 fore Ch/ist, distinguished for his voracity, and 
 resentment against Simonides and Themisto- 
 cles. The following epitaph was written on 
 his grave : 
 Mulla bibens, <^' niuUa voratis, mala denique 
 
 dictns 
 J^xiUis, hicjaceo Timocr^on Bhodius. 
 
 TI 
 
 TiMODEMus, the father of Timoleon. 
 TiMOLAus, a Spartan, intimate with Phiio- 
 
 pcemen, he. A son of the celebrated Zeno- 
 
 hia. A general of Alexander, put to death 
 
 by the Thebans. 
 
 TiMOLEON, a celebrated Corinthian, son 
 of Timodemus and Demariste. He wa» 
 such an enemy to tyranny, that he did not 
 hesitate to murder his own brother Timo- 
 phanes, when he attempted, against his re- 
 presentations, to make himself absolute iu 
 Corinth. This was viewed with pleasure by 
 the friends of liberty; but the mother of Ti- 
 moleon conceived the most inveterate aversion 
 for her son, and for ever banished him from 
 her sight. This proved painful to Timoleon ; 
 a settled melancholy dwelt upon his mind, and 
 he refused to accept of any offices in the state. 
 When the Syracusans, oppressed with the ty- 
 ranny of Dionysius the younger, and of the 
 Carthaginians, had solicited the assistance of 
 the Corinthians, all looked upon Timoleon as 
 a proper deliverer, but all applications would 
 have been disregarded, if one of the magis- 
 trates had not awakened in him the sense of 
 natural liberty. Timoleon, says he, if you ac- 
 cept of the command of this expedition, we 
 will believe that you have killed a tyrant ; 
 but if not, we cannot but call you your bro- 
 ther's murderer. This bad due ettect, and 
 Timoleon sailed for Syracuse in ten ships, ac- 
 companied by about 1000 men. The Cartha- 
 ginians attempted to oppose him, but Timo- 
 leon eluded their vigilance. Icetas, who had 
 the possession of the city, was defeated, and 
 Dionysius, who despaired of success, gave 
 himself up into the hands of the Corinthian 
 general. This success gained Timoleon ad- 
 herents in Sicily, many cities which hitherto 
 had looked upon him as an impostor, claimed 
 his protection, and when he was at last mas- 
 ter of Syracuse by the total overthrow of 
 Icetas and of the Carthaginians, he razed the 
 citadel which had been the seat of tyranny, 
 and erected on the spot a common hall. Sy- 
 racuse was almost destitute of inhabitants, and 
 at the solicitation of Timoleon, a Corinthian 
 colony was sent to Sicily; the lands were 
 equally divided among the citizens, and the 
 houses were sold for a thousand talents, which 
 were appropriated to the use of the state, and 
 deposited in the treasury. When Syracuse 
 was thus delivered from tyranny, the con- 
 queror extended his benevolence to the other 
 slates of Sicily, and all the petty tyrants Mere 
 reduced and banished from the island. A code 
 of salutary laws was framed for the Syracu- 
 sans ; and the armies of Caithage, which had 
 attempted again to raise commotions in Sicily, 
 were defeated, and peace was at last re-estab- 
 lished. The gratitude of the Sicilians was 
 shown every where to their deliverer. Ti- 
 moleon was received with repeated applause 
 in the public assemblies, and though a private 
 man, unconnected with the government, he 
 continued to enjoy his former influence at Sy- 
 racuse; his advice was consulted on matter* 
 of importance, and his authority respected. 
 He ridiculed the accusations of malevolence, 
 and when some informers had charged him 
 with oppression, he rebuked the Syracusan* 
 who were going to put the accusers to im- 
 mediate death. A remarkable instance o.^ 
 
Tl 
 
 jjis providential escape from tbe dagger of an 
 assassin, has heen recorded by one of his bio- 
 graphers. As he was going to offer a sacri- 
 Jice to the gods after a victory, two assassins, 
 sent by the enemies, approached his person 
 in disguise. The arm of one of the assassins 
 was already lifted up, when he was suddenly 
 stabbed by an unknown person, wlio made 
 his escape from tiie camp. The other assas- 
 sin, struck at t!ie fail of his compaiiion. fell 
 before Timoieon, and confessed in the pre- 
 sence of the array, the conspiracy that had 
 been formed against his life. The unltnown 
 assassin was mean time pursued, and when he 
 was found, lie declared, that he had commit- 
 ted no crime in avenging the death of a be- 
 loved father, whom the man he had stabbed 
 had murdered in the town of Leontini. In 
 ({uiries vvej*e made, and his confessions were 
 found to be true. Timoieon died at S3'ra 
 cuse about 337 years before the Chri-stian era. 
 His body received an honourable burial in a 
 public place called from him Titnoltonteiim ; 
 but the tears of a grateful nation were more 
 convincing proofs of the public regret, than 
 the institution of festivals, and games yearly 
 to be observed on the day of his death. C. 
 Kep. ^ Pint, in viid. — Polytzn. 5, c. 3. — 
 Diod. 16. 
 
 TiMoLUs. [Firf. Tmolus.] 
 
 TiMoMACHus, a painter of Byzantium, in 
 the age of Syiia and Marius. His paint- 
 ings of Medea murdering her c'lildren, and 
 his AJEix were purchased for SO talents by 
 J. Cajsar, and deposited in the temple of 
 Venus at Rome! Plin. 35, c. 11. A ge- 
 neral of Athens, sent to assist the Thebans. 
 Xenoph. 
 
 TiMON, a native of Athens, called Misan- 
 thrope, for bis unconquerable aversion to 
 mankind and all society. He was fond of 
 Apemantus, another Athenian, whose cha- 
 racter was similar to his own, and he said 
 that he had some partiality for Alcibiades, 
 because he was one day to be his country's 
 ruin. Once he went into the public assem- 
 bly, and told his countrymen, that he had 
 a fig-tree on which many had ended their 
 life with a halter, and that as he was go- 
 ing to cut it down to raise a building on 
 the spot, he advised all such as were in- 
 clined to destroy themselves, to hasten and 
 go and hang themselves in his garden. Plut. 
 in Ale, k.c. — Lucian. in Tim. — Pavs. 6, c. 
 
 12. A Greek poet, son of Timachus, in 
 
 the age of Ptolemy Philadelphus. He wrote 
 several dramatic pieces, all now lost, and 
 died in the 90th year of his age. Diog. — 
 
 AtUen. 6 and 13." An athlete of Elis. 
 
 ^aus. 6, c. 12. 
 
 TiMOPHANES, a Corinthian, brother to Ti- 
 moieon. He attempted lo make himself 
 ^yrant of his country, by means of the mer 
 cenary soldiers with whom he had fought 
 against the Argives and Cleomenes. Timo- 
 ieon wished to convince him of the impro- 
 })riety of his measures, and when he 
 bund him unmoved, he caused him to be 
 
 assassinated. PliU. »y C. JYep. in Tim. 
 
 A man of Mitylerie, celebrated for his 
 riches, &.c. 
 
 TiMOTHEUs, a poet and musician of Mi- 
 Tetus, son of Thcrsander or Philopolis. He 
 
 Tl 
 
 was received with hisses (he .first time he 
 exhibited as musician in the assembly of 
 the people, and further applications would 
 have totally been abandoned, had not Eu- 
 ripides discovered his abilities, and encou- 
 raged him to follow a profession, in which 
 he afterwards gained so much applause. He 
 received the immense sum of 1000 pieces 
 of gold from the Epliesians; because he had 
 composed a poem in honour of Diana. He 
 died about the 9Uth year of his age, two 
 years before tiie birth of Alexander the 
 Great. Tliere was also another musician of 
 Bopotia in the age of Alexander, often con- 
 founded v.ith the musician of Miletus. He 
 was a great favourite of tlie conqueror of 
 Darius. Clc.de Leg. 2, c. 15. — Paus. 3, c. 
 
 12. — Plut. de music, de foii. kc. An 
 
 Athenian general, son of Conon. He sig- 
 tiaiized himself by his valour and magnani- 
 mity; and showed that he was not inferior to 
 his great father in military prudence. He 
 seized Corcyra, and obtained several victories 
 over the Thebans, but his ill success in one of 
 his expeditions disgusted the Athenians, and 
 Timotheus, like tlie rest of his noble pre- 
 decessors, was fined a large sum of money. 
 He retired to Chalcis, where he died. He 
 was so disinterested, that he never appropriat- 
 ed any of the plunder to his own use, but after 
 one of his expeditions, he filled the treasury 
 of Athens with 1200 talents. Some of the 
 ancients, to intimate his continual successes, 
 have represented him sleeping by the side of 
 Fortune, while the goddess drove citias into 
 his net. He was intimate with Plato, at 
 whose table he learned temperance and mo- 
 deration. Alhen. 10, c. 3.— Pans. 1, c. 29.— 
 Plut. in Syll. kc.—^lian. V. H. 2, c. 10 and 
 
 18, 1. 3, c. 16— C. A'ep. A Greek statuary. 
 
 Pans. 1, c. 32. A tyrant of Heraclea, who 
 
 murdered his father. Biod. 16. A king of 
 
 the Sapaei. 
 
 TiMoxKNus, a governor of Sicyon, who 
 betrayed his trust, &tc. Polyatn. A gene- 
 ral of the Achaeans. 
 
 TiNGis, now Tangier, VL maritime town of 
 Africa in Mauritania, built by the giant An- 
 taeus. Sertorius took it, and as the tomb of 
 the founder was near the place, he caused it 
 to be opened, and found in it a skeleton 
 six cubits lojig. This increased the venera- 
 tion of the people for their founder. PliU. in 
 Strt.—Melai 1, c. 5.— Plin. 5, c. l.—Sil. 3, 
 V. 258. 
 
 TiNiA, a river of Umbria, now TopinOj 
 falliiii^ into tlie Clituranus. Slrab. 5. — Sil. 8, 
 V. 454. 
 
 TiPHA, a town ofBoeotia, where Hercules 
 had a temple. Ovid. ep. 6, v. 48. — Paus. 9, 
 C.32. 
 
 Tipins, the pilot of the ship of the Argo- 
 nauts, was son of Hagnius, or, according to 
 some, of Phoibas. He died before the Argo- 
 nauts reached Colchis, at the court of Lycus 
 in the Propontis, and Erginns was chosen in 
 his place. Orpk. — Jjpotlod. 1, c. 9. — jipollon. 
 — ^a/. Flacc. — Paus. 9, c. 32. — Uygin. fab. 
 Hand IS. 
 
 Tii'HvsA, a daughter of Tl>estius. Apollod. 
 % c. 7. 
 
 TiKKSiAS, a celebrated prophet of Thebes, 
 son of Kverns and Charichv He lived to A 
 
TI 
 
 gi-eat age, which some authors have called as 
 long as seven generations of men, others six, 
 and others nine, during the time that Poly- 
 dorus, Labdacus, Laius, CEdipus, and his 
 sons, sat on the throne of Tiiebes. It is said 
 that in his youth he found two serpents in 
 the act of copulation on mount Cyllene, and 
 that when he struck them with a stick 
 to separate them, he found himself sudden- 
 ly changed into a girl. Seven years after 
 he found again some serpents together in 
 the same manner, and he recovered his ori- 
 ginal sex, by striking them a second time 
 with his war.d. When he was a woman, Ti- 
 resias had married, and it was from those rea- 
 sons, according to some of the ancients, that 
 Jupiter and Juno referred to his decision a 
 dispute in which the deities wished to know 
 which of the sexes received greater pleasure 
 from the connubial state. Tiresias, who could 
 speak from actual experience, decided in fa- 
 vour of Jupiter, and declai-ed, that the pleasure 
 which the female received, was ten times 
 greater than that of the male. Juno, who 
 supported a different opinion, and gave the 
 superiority to the male sex, punished Tire- 
 sias by depriving him of his eye-sight. But 
 this dreadful loss was in some measure re- 
 paired by the humanity of Jupiter, who be- 
 stowed upon him the gift of prophecy, and 
 permitted him to live seven times more than 
 the rest of men. These causes of the blind- 
 ness of Tiresias, which are supported by the 
 authority of Ovid, Hyginus, and otiiers, are 
 contradicted by Apollodorus, Cailimachus, 
 Propertius, &c. who declare that this was in- 
 flicted upon him as a punishment, because he 
 had seen Minerva bathing in the fountain Hip- 
 pocrene, on the mount Helicon. Chariclo, 
 who accompanied Minerva, complained of the 
 severity with which her son was treated ; but 
 the goddess, who well knew that ibis was the 
 irrevocable punishment inflicted by Saturn on 
 such mortals as tix their eyes upon a goddess 
 without her consent, alleviated the misfor- 
 tunes of Tiresias, by making him acquainted 
 with futurity, and giving him a staff which 
 could conduct his steps with as much safety as 
 if he had the use of his eye-sight Dur- 
 ing his life-time, Tiresias was an infallible 
 oracle to all Greece. The generals during 
 the Theban war, consulted him, and found 
 bis predictions verified. He drew his pro- 
 phecies soiiietiraes from the flight or the lan- 
 guage ot birds, ii! which he was assisted by 
 his daughter Manto, and sometimes he drew 
 the nianes from the infernal regions to know- 
 futurity, with mystical ceremonies. He at 
 last died, after drinking the waters of a cold 
 fountain, which froze lii'^ blood He u^as buri- 
 ed with great pomp by the Thebans on mount 
 Tilpbussus, and honoured as a god. His ora- 
 cle at Orchomenos was in universal esteem. 
 Homer represents Ulysses as going to the 
 internal regions to consult Tiresias concernir)g 
 his return to Ithaca. Jipollod. 3, c. 6. — 
 Theocrit. Id. 24, v. '70.— Stat. Ttub. 3, v. 9G. 
 — Hygin.fab. 75. — JEschyl. sep. ante Thtb. — 
 Sophud. in (Edip. tyr. — Pindar. jYem. 1. — 
 Diod. 4. — Homer. Od. 11 — Plut. in Symph. 
 kc—Pam. 9, c.33. 
 
 TiKiBASKS, an officer of Artaxerxes killed 
 bv the guards for conspiring against the king's 
 life, B. C. 39-1. Fh*t in .irt. 
 
 Tl 
 
 TiRiuA, a town of Thrace where Diomedes 
 lived. Ptin. 4, c. 11. 
 
 TiRiDATEs, a king of Parthia, after the ex- 
 pulsion of Phraates by his subjects. He was 
 soon after deposed and fled to Augustus in 
 Spain. Horat. 1, Od. 26. A man made 
 
 king of Parthia by Tiberius, after the death 
 of Phraates, in opposition to Artabanus. Ta- 
 cit. Ann. 6, he. A keeper o( the royal trea- 
 sures at Persepolis, who ollered to surrender 
 to Alexander the Great. Cart. 5, c. 5, &£c. 
 
 A king of Armenia, in the reign of Nero. 
 
 A son of Ptiiaates, &c. 
 
 TiRis, a general of the Thracians, who op- 
 posed Antiochus, Po'.ycen. 4. 
 
 Tiro, Tultius; a frced-man of Cicero, great- 
 ly esteemed by his master for his learning and 
 good qualities. It is said that he invented 
 short-hand writing among the Romans. He 
 wrote the life of Cicero, and other treatises 
 n.o\v lost. Cic. de Alt. he. 
 
 TiRVNTHiA, a name given to Alcmena, be- 
 cause she lived at lirynthus. Odd. Met. 6. 
 
 TiRYNTHOs, a town of Argolis in the Pe- 
 loponnesus, founded by Tirynx, son of Ar- 
 gos. Hercules generally resided there, 
 whence he is called Tirynthixis heros. Pans. 
 2, c. 16, 15 and 49.— Firg. JEn. 7, v. 662.— 
 5i7. 8, V. 217. 
 
 Tisa:um. a mountain of Thessaly. Polyb. 
 
 TiSAGoRAS, a brother of Miltiades, called 
 also Stesagoras. C. J\'ep. in Milt. 
 
 TiSAMENKS, or TisAMiiNcs, u SOU of Ores- 
 tes and Hermione, the daughter of Mene- 
 laus, who succeeded on the throne of Argos 
 and Lacedagmon. The Heraclidai entered 
 his kingdom in the third year of his reign, 
 and obliged hin to retire with his family into 
 Achaia. He was some time after killed in a 
 battle against the lonians, near Helice. Apol- 
 
 lod. 2, c. 7. — Pans. 3, c. 1, 1. 7, c. 1. A king 
 
 of Thebes, son of Thersander, and grandson 
 of Polynices. The furies who continually 
 persecuted the house of CEdipus, permitted 
 him to live in tranquillity, but they tormented 
 his son and successor Autesion, and obliged 
 him to retire to Doris. Paws. 3, c. 5, 1. 9, c. 
 
 6. A native of Elis, crowned twice at the 
 
 Olympic games. Pans. 3, c. 11. 
 
 Tisandrus, one of the Greeks concealed 
 with Ulysses in the wooden horse. Some 
 supposed him to be the same as Thersander, 
 the son of Polynices. Virg. JEn. 2, v. 261. 
 
 TisAKcuus, a friend of Agathocles, by 
 whom he was murdered, &.c. Polymi. 5. 
 
 TisuRA, a town of Africa. Cats. Afr. 76. 
 
 TisiARUS, a town of Africa. 
 
 TisiAS, aii ancient philosopher of Sicily, 
 considered by sonje as the inventor of rhe- 
 toric, ^c. Cic. de inv. 2, c. 2. Oral. 1, 
 c. 18. . 
 
 TisiPHuNK, one of the furies, daughter of 
 Nox and Acheron, who was the minister o# 
 divine vengeance uporj mankind, who visited 
 them with plagues and diseases, and pun- 
 ished the wicked in Tartarus. She was re- 
 presented with a whip in her hand, serpents 
 hung from her head, and were wreathed 
 round her arms instead of bracelets. By 
 Juno's direction she attempted to prevent 
 the landing of lo in Egypt, but the god of 
 the ISile repelled her, and obliged her to 
 i retire to hell. ^(at. Thtb. 1, v. d9.— Fir§. 
 
TI 
 
 45. 3, V. 552. JEn. 6, v. 555.— TTorai. 1, Sat. 
 
 8, V. 34. A daughter of Alcraaeon and 
 
 Man to. 
 
 TisiPHoNus, a man who conspired against 
 Alexander, tyrant of Phera?, and seized the 
 sovereign power, iic. Diod. 16. 
 
 TissA, now Raruiazzo, a loivn of Sicily. 
 Sit. 14, V. 2(i8.~ Cic. Verr. 3, c. 38. 
 
 TissAME.'^;u«. [Vid. I'ihamenus.] 
 
 TissAPHKKNEs, an oh'irer of Darins. A 
 
 isatrap of Persia, com.i.<)nder of tlie forces 
 of Artaxerxes, at the hattk- of Cunaxa, against 
 Cyrus. [I was by his valotir and intre[)idity 
 that the king's forces gained (he victory, and 
 for this he obtained the aaughter of Artaxerxes 
 in marriage, and all the provinces of which 
 Cyrus was governor. His popularity did not 
 long continue, aiid the king ordaved him to be 
 put to death when he had been conquered by 
 
 Agesilaus, 395 B. C. C. JVep. An officer 
 
 in the array of Cyrus, killed by Ariaxcrxes at 
 the battle of Cunaxa. Plut. 
 
 TiT^A, the mother of the Titans. She 
 is supposed to be the same as Thea, Rhea, 
 Terra, &;c. 
 
 Titan, or Tit.vncs, a son of Coolus and 
 Terra, brother to Saturn and Hyperion. He 
 was the eldest of the children of Coelus; but 
 he gave iiis brother Saturn the kingdom of 
 the world, provided he raised no male chil- 
 dren. When the birth of .Jupiter was conceal- 
 ed, Titan made war against Saturn, and with 
 the assistance of his brothers, the Titans, he 
 iraprisoued him till he was replaced on his 
 throne by his son .Tupiter. This tn'dilion i.s 
 recorded by Lactantius, a Christian writer, 
 who took it from the dramatic comjjositions of 
 Ennius, now lost. None of the aiicient my- 
 thologisls, such as Apollodorus, Hi^siod, Hy 
 ginus, Uc. have made mention of Titan. Ti- 
 tan is a name applied to Saturn by Orpheus 
 and Lucian ; to the sun by Virgil and Ovid; 
 and to Prometheus by .[.venal, Ovid. Mel. 1. 
 V. 10.- Jur. 14, v. ^5.— Diod. 5.— Fans. 2, c. 
 n.— Orpheus Hymn. 13.— Virg. JEn. 4, v. 119. 
 
 TiTANA, a town of Sicyonia in Peloj)onne- 
 
 sus. Titanus reigned there. A man skilled 
 
 in astronomy. Fans. 2, c. 11. 
 
 TiTAXES, a name given to the sonsiof Cce- 
 Itis and Terra. They were 45 in iiJiinber, ac- 
 cording to the Egyptians. ApoHodorus men- 
 tions 13, Hyginus 6, and Hesiod 20, among 
 whom are the Titanides. The most known of 
 the Titans are Saturn, Hyperion, Oceanus, Ja- 
 petus, Cotlus, and Briareus, to whom Horace 
 'adds Typhosus, Mimas, Porphyrion, Rhcelus, 
 and Enceladus, who are by other mythologists 
 reckoned among the giants. They were all 
 of a gigantic stature and with proportionable 
 strength. They were treated with great cruelty 
 by Coelus, and contined in the bowels of the 
 earth, till their motherpilied their misfortunes, 
 and armed them against their father. Saturn 
 with a scythe cut off the genitals of his father, 
 as he was going to unite himself to Terra, 
 and threw them into tlie sea, and from the 
 froth sprang a new deity called Venus ; as 
 also Alccto, Tisiphone, and Megajra, accord- 
 ing to .Apollodorus. When Saturn succeeded 
 his father, he married Rhea ; but he devoured 
 all his male children, as he had been informed 
 by an oracle, that he should be dethroned by 
 them as a punishment for bid cruelty te U?8 
 
 TI 
 
 father. The wars of the Titans against the 
 gods are very celebrated in mythology. They 
 are often confounded with that of the giants • 
 but it is to be observed, that the war of the 
 Titans was against Saturn, and that of the gi- 
 ants against Jupiter. Hesiod. Theog. 135, Sic. 
 —JipoUod. I.e. 1. — JEschyl.inPomp. — Callim. 
 in Del. 17. — Diod. 1. — Hygin.pre/.fijb. 
 
 TiTANiA, a patronymic applied to Pyrrha, 
 as grand-daughter of Titan, and likewise to 
 Diana. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 395, 1. 2, &c. 
 
 Titanides, the daughters of Coelus and 
 Terra, reduced in number to six accordin<^to 
 Orpheus. The most celebrated were Tethys, 
 Themis, Dione, Thea, Mnemosyne, Ops, Cy- 
 •jcle, Vesta, Phoebe, and Rhea. Hesiod. Theoo-. 
 135, &.C. — JSpoUod. 1, c. 1. 
 
 Titanus, a river in Peloponnesus with a 
 town and mountain of the same name. 
 
 TiTAREsus, a river of Thessaly, called 
 also Eurotas, flowing into the Pe'neus, but 
 without mingling its thick and turbid waters 
 with the transparent stream. From the un- 
 wholesomeness of its water, it w-as considered 
 as deriving its source from the Styx. Lucan. 
 6, v. 37Q.— Homer. II. 2, en. 258.— 6'/m6. 8.— 
 Fetus. 8, c. 18. 
 
 TiTENOs, a river of Colchis, falling into the 
 Euxine sea. Spollon. 4. 
 
 TiTHENiDiA, a festival of Sparta, in which 
 nurses, t»7v;vo«, conveyed male infants intrusted 
 to their charge, tn the lemj^le of Diana, where 
 they sacriliced young pigs. During the time 
 of tJje solemnity, they generally danced and 
 exposed themselves in ridiculous postures; 
 there were also some entertainments given 
 near tlie temple, where tents were erected. 
 Each had a separate portion allotted him, 
 together with a small loaf, a piece of new 
 cheese, part of the entrails of the victims, and 
 figs, beans, and green vetches, instead of 
 sweetmeats. 
 
 TiTHosts, a son of Laomedon, king of 
 Troy, by Strymo, the daughter of the Sca- 
 mander. He was so beautiful that Aurora 
 became enamoured of him, and carried him 
 away. He had bv her IViemnon and iEma- 
 Ihion. He beggeJ of Aurora to be in)mor- 
 tal, and l!ie goiide?s granted it; but as be 
 nad forgotten to ask the vigour, youth, and 
 beauty, w hich he then enjoyed, he soon grew 
 old, infirm, and decrepit; and as life became 
 insupportable to him, he prayed Aurora to 
 remove him from the world. As he could 
 not die, the goddess changed him into a cica- 
 da, or grasshopper. Apollod. 3, c. 5. — Virg. 
 G. 1, V. 447. JEn. 4, v. 585. 1. 8, v. 384.— 
 Hesiod. Theog. 984.— Diod. I.— Ovid. Fast. 1, 
 V. 461, 1. 9, V. 403.— //or«/. 1, Od. 28, 1. 2, Od. 
 16. 
 
 TiTiioREA, one of the tops of Parnassus. 
 Herodot. 8, c. 32. ♦ 
 
 Tjthraustes, a Persian satrap, B. C. 395, 
 ordcied to murder Tissaphernes by Artaxerxes. 
 He succeeded to the offices which the slaugh- 
 tered favourite enjoyed. He was defeated by 
 
 the Atlienians under Cimon. An officer in 
 
 the Persian court, &ic. The name was com- 
 mon to some of the superior officers of state 
 in the court of Artaxerxes. Flat. — C. A''ep. iu 
 Dnl. ^ Conon. 
 
 TiTiA, a deity among the Milesians. 
 
 Tin A i.isx He mngisfrntihiiv, hy P. Titlu5, 
 
TI 
 
 the tribune, A. U. C. 710. It ordained that a 
 triumvirate of magistrates should be invested 
 with consular power to preside over the re- 
 public for live years. The persons chosen 
 
 were Octavius, Antony, and Lcpidus.- 
 
 Another, de provinciis, which required thai 
 the provincial questors, like the consuls and 
 prsetorsj should receive their provinces by lot. 
 
 TiTiANA Flavia, the wife of the emperor 
 Pert inax; disgraced herself by her debauche 
 ries and incontinence. After the raurder of 
 her husband she was reduced to poverty, and 
 spent the rest of her life in an obscure retreat. 
 
 TiTiANus, Attil. a noble Roman, put to 
 death A. D. 156, by the senate for aspiring to 
 the purple. He was the only one proscribed 
 during the reign of Antoninus Pius. A bro- 
 ther of Otho. 
 
 TiTii, priests of Apollo at Rome, who 
 observed the ilight of doves and drew omens 
 from it. Varro. de L. L. 4, c. 15. — Lucan. 1, 
 V. 602. 
 
 TiTiNius, a tribune of the people in the first 
 
 ages of the republic. A friend of Cassius, 
 
 who killed himself. One of the slaves who 
 
 revolted at Capua. He betrayed his trust to 
 the Roman generals. 
 
 TiTiUs Procitlus, a Roman knight, ap- 
 pointed to watch Messaiina. Tacit. 11, Ann. 
 c. 35. A tribune of the people who enact- 
 ed the Titian lau'. An orator of a very dis- 
 solute character. — 
 derers. One of 
 
 -One of Ponipey's mur 
 Antony's officers. A 
 
 man who foretold a victory to Sylla, Sep- 
 
 timinus, a poet in the Augustin age, who dis- 
 tinguished himsell by his lyric and tragic com- 
 positions, now lost. Horat. 1, ep. 3, v. 9. 
 
 TrroR.MUs, a shepherd of .^tolia called 
 another Hercules, on account of his prodigious 
 strength. He was stronger than his contem- 
 pocary, Milo of Crotona, as he could lift on 
 his shoulders a stone which the Crotonian 
 moved but with difficulty. JElian. V. II. 12, 
 c. 22.~Herodol. 6, c. 127' 
 
 TiTURius, a friend of Julia Silana, who in- 
 formed against Agrippina, kc. Tacit. Jltin. 
 
 13. A lieutenant of Caefar in Gaul, killed 
 
 by Ambiorix. C'as. Bell. G. 5, c.29, he, 
 
 Titus Vespasianus, son of Vespasian and 
 Flavia Domitilla, became known by his 
 valour in the Roman armies, particularly at 
 the sipt:;e of Jerusalem. In the 79th year of 
 the Ciiristian era, he was invested with the 
 imperial purple, and the Roman people had 
 every reason to expect in him the barbarities 
 of a Tiberius, and the debaucheries of a Nero. 
 While in the house of Vespasian, Titus had 
 hQ^.n distinguished for his extravagance and in- 
 continence, his attendants were the most aban- 
 doned and dissolute, and it seemed that he 
 wished to be superior to the rest of the world 
 in the gratification of every impure desire, a id 
 in every imnatural vice. From such a private 
 character, which still might be curbed by the 
 authority and example of a father, what could 
 be expected but tyranny and oppression .'' Yet 
 Titus became a model of virtue, and in an age 
 and office in which others wish to gratify all 
 their appetites, the emperor abandoned his 
 usual profligacy, he forgot his debaucheries, 
 and Berenice, whom he had loved with un- 
 common ardour, even to render himself de- 
 spised by the Roman people, was dismi'ssed. 
 
 TI 
 
 from his presence. When raised to the throne, 
 he thought himself bound to be the father of 
 his people, the guardian of virtue, and the 
 patron of liberty ; and Titus is, perhaps, the 
 only monarch who, when invested with un- 
 controllable power, bade adieu to those vices, 
 those luxuries and indulgences, which as a 
 private man he never ceased to gratify. He 
 was moderate in his entertainments, and 
 though he often refused the donations which 
 were due to sovereignty, no emperor was ever 
 more generous and magnificent than Titus* 
 All informers were banished from his pre- 
 sence, and even severely punished. A reform 
 was made in the judicial proceedings, and trials 
 were no longer permitted to be postponed for 
 years. The public edifices were repaired, and 
 baths were erected for the convenience of the 
 people. Spectacles were exhibited, and the 
 Roman populace were gratified with the sight 
 oi a naval combat in the ancient naumachia, 
 and the sudden appearance of 5000 wild beasts 
 brought into the circus for then- amusement. 
 To do good to his subjects was the ambition 
 of Titus, and it was at the recollection that 
 he had done no service, or granted no favour 
 ojie day, that he exclaimed in the memorable 
 words of M}f friends, I have lost a day! A 
 continual wish to be benevolent and kind, 
 made him popular; and it v. ill not be won- 
 dered, that he who could say that he had ra- 
 ther die himself, than be the cause of the des- 
 truction of-oa,e of his subjects, was called the 
 love and deliglit of mar>kind. Two of the 
 senators conspired against his life, but the 
 emperor disregarded their attempts, he made 
 them his friends by kindness, and like ano- 
 ther Nerva, presented them with a sword to 
 destroy him. During his reign, Rome was 
 three days on tire, the towns of Campania 
 were destroyed by an eruption of Vesuvius, 
 and the empire was visited by a pestilence 
 which carried away an infinite number of in- 
 habitants. In this time of public calamity, 
 the emperor's benevolence and philanthropy 
 were conspicuous. Titus comforted the at- 
 (licted as a father, he alleviated their dis- 
 tresses by his liberal bounties, and as if they 
 were but one family, he exerted himself for 
 the good and preservation of the whole. 
 The Romans, however, had not long to enjoy 
 the favours of a magnificent prince. Titus was 
 taken iil, and as he retired into the country 
 of the Sabines to his father's bouse, his in- 
 disposition was increased by a burning fever. 
 He lifted his eyes to heaven, and with mo- 
 dest submission complained of the severity 
 of fate which removed him from the world 
 when young, where he had been employ- 
 ed in making a grateful people happy. He 
 died the 13th of September, A. I). 81, in 
 the 41st year of hi.s age, after a reign o( 
 two years, two months, and 20 days. The 
 news of his death was received with lamen- 
 tations ; Rome was filled with tears, and all 
 looked upon themselves as deprived of the 
 most benevolent of fathers. After him Do- 
 mitian ascended the throne, not without in- 
 curring the suspicion of having hastened 
 his brother's end, by ordering him to be 
 placed, during his agony, in a tub full of 
 snow, where he expired. Domitian has al- 
 so been accnsod of raising commotions, and ol" 
 
TM 
 
 making attempts to dethrone his brother; 
 but Titus disregarded them, and forgave the 
 offender. Some authors have reflected with 
 severity upon the cruelties which Titus exer- 
 cised against the Jews, but though certain- 
 ly a disgrace to the benevolent features of his 
 character, we must consider him as an instru- 
 racat in the hands of Providence, exerted for 
 the punishment of a wicked and infatuated 
 people. Joseph. B. J. 7, c. 16, k.c. — Sueto- 
 nius. — Dio. &c. 
 
 Titus Tatius, a king of the Sabines, [Fid. 
 
 Tatius ] Livius, a celebrated historian. 
 
 {Vid. Livius.] A son of Junius Brutus, put 
 
 to death by order of his father, for conspiring 
 
 to restore the Tarquins. A friend of Co- 
 
 riolanus. A native of Crotona, engaged in 
 
 Catiline's conspiracy. 
 
 TiTYRDs,. a shepherd introduced in Vir- 
 gil's eclogues, k,c. A large mountain of 
 
 Crete. 
 
 TiTYus, a celebrated giant, son of Terra ; 
 or, according to others, of Jupiter, by Elara, 
 the daughter of Orchomenos. He was of such 
 a prodigious size, that his mother died in tra- 
 vail after Jupiter had drawn her from the 
 bowels of the earth, where she had been con- 
 cealed during her pregnancy to avoid the 
 anger of Juno. Tityus attempted to offer 
 violence to Latona, but the goddess delivered 
 herself from his importunities, by calling to 
 her assistance her children, who killed the 
 giant with their arrows. He was placed in 
 hell, where a serpent continually devoured 
 his liver ; or, according to others, where vul- 
 tures perpetually fed upon his entrails, which 
 grew again as soon as devoured. It is said 
 that Tityus covered nine acres when stretched 
 on the ground. He had a small chapel with 
 an altar in the island of Euboea. Jlpollod. 1, 
 c. 4.— Find. Pyth. 4.— Homer. Od. 7, v. 325, 
 1. 11, V. dUS.—^pollon. R/i. 1, v. 182, kc. 
 — Virg. JEn. 6, v. 595.— Horat. 3, od. 4, v. 
 *n.— Hygm. fab. 55. — Ovid. Met. 4, v. 457. — 
 Ti6u//.'l, el. 3, v.75. 
 
 TiuM, or TioN, a maritime town of Paph- 
 lagonia, built by the Milesians. Mela, 1, c. 9. 
 TLtPOLEMus, a son of Hercules and As- 
 tyochia, born at Argos. He left his native 
 country after the accidental murder of Li- 
 cymnius, and retired to Rhodes, by order 
 ©fthe oracle, where he was chosen king as 
 feeing one of the sons of Hercules. He went 
 to the Trojan war with nine ships, and was 
 killed by Sarpedon. There were some festi- 
 vals established at Rhodes to his honour, cal- 
 led Tlepolemia, in which men and boys con- 
 tended. The victors were rewarded with pop- 
 far crowns. Homer. It. — Jipollod. 2, c. 7. — 
 Diod. 5. — Ilygln. fab. 97. One of Alexan- 
 der's generals, who obtained Carmania at the 
 general division of the Macedonian empire. 
 Diod. 18. An Egyptian general, who flour- 
 ished B. C. 207. 
 
 Tmakus, a Rutulian in the wars of .^neas. 
 
 Virg. JEn. 9, v. 685. A mountain of Thes- 
 
 pretia, called Tomariishy Pliny. 
 
 Tmolus, a king of Lydia, who married 
 Omphale, and was son of Sipylus and Chtho- 
 nia. He offered violence to a young nymph 
 called Arriphe, at the foot of Diana's altar, 
 for which impiety he was afterwards kilkd 
 hy a hnll. The motintain on which he was 
 
 TO 
 
 buried bore his name. ApoUod. 2, c. 6.— 
 
 Ovid. Met. 11, fab. 4. Hygin. fab. 191. 
 
 A town of Asia Minor, destroyed by 
 
 an earthquake. A mountain of Lydia, now 
 
 Bouzdag, on which the river Pactolus rises. 
 The air was so wholesome near Timolus, 
 that the inhabitants generally lived to their ■ 
 150th year. The neighbouring counti"y was 
 very fertile, and produced plenty of vines, saf- 
 fron, and odoriferous flowers. Strab. 13, 
 kc.— Herodol. 1, c. 84, kc.— Ovid. Met. 2, 
 &c.--5i7. 7, v. 210.~Virg. G. 1, v. 56, 1. 2, 
 V. 98. 
 
 ToGAT.4, an epithet applied to a certaiu 
 part of Gaul where tlie inhabitants are dis- 
 tinguished by the peculiarity of their dress. 
 [Vid. Gallia.] 
 
 ToGoNxus Gallus, a senator of iirno- 
 ble birth, devoted to the interest of Tibe- 
 rius, whom he flattered, kc Tacit. Ann. 
 G, c. 2. 
 
 ToLBiACUM, a town of Gallia Belgica, south 
 of .luliers. 
 
 ToLF.Nus, a river of Latium, now SaUo^ 
 falling into the Velinus. Ovid. Fast. 6, v. 
 561. 
 
 ToLETOM, now Toledo, a town of Spain on 
 the Tagus. 
 
 ToLisTOBoii, a people of Galatia in Asia, de- 
 scended from the Boii of Gaul. Plin. 5, c. 32, 
 — Liv. 58, c. 15 and 16. 
 
 ToLLENTiNUM, a towH of Picenum. Plin. 
 3, c. 13. 
 
 ToLMiDES, an Athenian ofl5cer, defeated 
 and killed in a battle in Bceotia, 447 B. C. 
 Polycen. 7. 
 
 ToLosA, now Toulouse, the capital ofLan- 
 quedoc, a town of Gallia Narbonensis, which 
 became a Roman colony under Augustus, 
 and was afterwards celebrated for the culti- 
 vation of the sciences. Minerva had there 
 a rich temple, which Ca?pio the consul plun- 
 dered, and as he was never after fortunate, 
 the words anrum Tolosanum became prover- 
 bial. CcEs bell. G.—Mela, 2, c. 5.—Cic. dt 
 JS'at. D.3,c. 20. 
 
 ToLUMNus, an augur in the army of Tur- 
 nus against jEneas. Virg. JEn. 11, v. 429. 
 A king of Veii, killed by Cor. Cossus, af- 
 ter he had ordered the ambassadors of Rome 
 to be assassinated. Liv. 4, c. 19. 
 
 Torus, a man whose head was found in 
 digging for the foundation of the capitol, in 
 the reign of Tanjuin, whence the Romans 
 concluded that their city should become the 
 head or mistress of the world. 
 
 ToM.«ufli, a mountain of Peloponnesus. 
 Thucyd. 
 ToMARus. [Vid. Tmarus.] 
 Tom ISA, a country between Cappadocia 
 and Taurus. Strabo. 
 
 ToMOs, or Toriiis, a town situate on the 
 western shores of the Euxinc sea, about 36 
 miles from the mouth of the Danube. The 
 word is derived from Ti,«<tu., seco, because 
 Medea, as it is said, cut to pieces the body of 
 her brother Ab.'iyrtus there. It is celebnited 
 as being the place where Ovid was banished 
 by Augustus. Tomos was the capital of 
 lower Ma\«;ia, founded by a Milesian colony, 
 [I. C. 633. Stmt,. l.—Apollod. 1, c. 9.— 
 Mela, 2, c. 2.— Ovid, tx Pont. 4, el 14, v. 
 69, Tm/. 3, el. 9, V. 33, &c. 
 
TR 
 
 ToMyRis. [Fifrf. Thomyris.] 
 
 ToN'EA, a solemnity observed ht Samos. 
 It was usual to carry Juno's statue to the sea 
 shore, and to offer cakes before it, and after- 
 wards to replace it again in the temple. This 
 was in commemoration of the theft of the 
 Tyrrhenians, who attempted to carry away 
 the statue of the goddess, but were detained 
 in the harbour by an invisible force. 
 
 ToNGiLLius, an avaricious lawyer, &.c. Juv. 
 7, V. 130. 
 
 ToPAZos, an island in the Arabian gulf, 
 anciently called Opkiodes, from the quantily 
 of serpents that were there. The valuable 
 stone called topaze is found there. Flin. 
 6, c. 20. 
 
 TopiRis, or Topnus, a town of Thrace. 
 
 ToRiNi, a people of Scythia. Valer. 6. 
 
 ToRONE, a town of Macedonia. Liv 31, 
 c. 45. Of Epirus. 
 
 ToRGUATA, one of the vestal virgins, daugh- 
 ter of C. Silanus. She was a vestal for 64 
 years. Tacit. 3, ^n. c. 69. 
 
 ToRQUATus, a surname of Titus Manliiis 
 
 [Vid. Manlius.] Silanus, an officer put to 
 
 death by Nero. A governor of Oricura, 
 
 in the interest of Pompey. He surrendered 
 to J. Caesar, and was killed in Africa. Hirt. 
 
 J/ric. 96. An officer in Sylla's array. 
 
 A Roman sent ambassador to the court of 
 Ptolemy Philometor of Egypt. 
 
 ToRTOR, a surname of Apollo. He had a 
 statue at Rome under that name. 
 
 Torus, a mountain of Sicily near Agrigen- 
 tum. 
 
 ToRYNE, a small town near Actiura. The 
 word in the language of the country signifies 
 ft ladlej which gave Cleopatra occasion to 
 make a pun when it fell into the hands of Au- 
 gustus. Plut. in .^nt. 
 
 ToxANDRi, a people of Gallia Belgica, Plin. 
 4, c. 7. 
 
 ToxARiDiA, a festival at Athens, in hon- 
 our of Toxaris, a Scythian hero, who died 
 there. 
 
 ToxEUS, a son of (Eneus, killed by his father. 
 ,1poUod. 1, c. 8. 
 
 ToxicRATE, a daughter of Thespius. 
 
 Q. Trabea, a comic poet at Rome, in 
 
 the age of Regulus. 
 
 Some fragments of his 
 
 poetry remain. Cic. in Tus. 4, c. 31. Fin. 
 2, c. 4. 
 
 Trachalus, M. Galcrius, a consul in the 
 reign of Nero, (;elebratod for his eloquence 
 as an orator, and for a majestic and command- 
 ing aspect. QuinlH. — Tacil One of the 
 
 friends and ministers of Otho. 
 
 Trachas, a town of Latium. Oiid. Md. 
 15, V. 717. 
 
 Trachinia, a small country of Phthio- 
 tis, on the bay of Malea, near mount UCta. 
 The capital was called Trachis, or Trachina. 
 where Hercules went after he bad killed Eu- 
 nomus. Slrab. 9. — /Ipollod. 2, c. 7. — Ovid. 
 jj/c/.ll, V. 269. 
 
 Tracjionitis, apart of Judea, on the other 
 side of the Jordan. Plin. 5, c. 14. 
 
 Tragurium, a town of Dalmatia on the 
 5ea. 
 
 Tragus, a river of Arcadia, falling into the 
 Alpheus. Pans. 8, c. 33. 
 
 Trajanopolis, a town of Thrace. A 
 
 name given to Selinus of Cillcia, where Tra- 
 jan (lied. 
 
 TR 
 
 Trajanus, M. Ulpius Crinitus, a Ka- 
 man emperor, born at Italica in Spain. Hi* 
 great virtues, and his private as well as pub- 
 lic character and his services to the empire, 
 both as an officer, a governor, and a consul, 
 recommended him to the notice of Nerva, 
 who solemnly adopted him as his son ; in- 
 vested him during his life-time with the im- 
 perial f)urple, and gave him the name of Caj- 
 sar and of Germaaicus. A little time after 
 Nerva died, and the election of Trajan to the 
 vacant throne was confirmed by the una- 
 nimous rejoicings of the people, and the 
 free concurrence of the armies on the con- 
 fines of Germany, and the banks of the 
 Danube. The noble and independent beha- 
 viour of Trajan, evinced ihe pi-oprieiy and 
 goodness of Nerva's choice, aiid the aftach- 
 ment of the legions ; and the new- emperor 
 seemed calculated to ensure paace and do- 
 mestic tranquillity to the extensive empire of 
 Rome. All the actions of Trajan showed a 
 good and benevolent prince, whose virtues 
 truly merited the encomiums which the j)en 
 of an elegant and courteous panegyrist has 
 paid. The barbarians continued (juiet, and 
 the hostilities which they generally displayed 
 at the election of a new emperor, whose 
 military abilities they distrusted, were now 
 few. Trajan, however, could not behold with 
 satisfaction and unconcern, the insolence of 
 the Dacians, who claimed from the Roman 
 people a tribute which the cowardice of Do- 
 mitian had offered. The sudden appearance 
 of the emperor on the frontiers, awed the 
 barbarians to peace ; but Decebalus, their 
 warlike monarch, soon began hostilities by vio- 
 lating the treaty. The emperor entered the 
 enemy's country by throwing abridge across 
 the rapid streams of the Danube, and a bat- 
 tle was fought, in which the slaughter was 
 so great, that in the Roman camp linen was 
 wanted to dress the wounds of the soldiers, 
 Trajan obtained the victory, and Decebalus, 
 despairing of success, destroyed himself, and 
 Dacia became a province of Rome. That 
 the ardour of the Roman soldiers in defeat- 
 ing their enemies might not cool, an expedi- 
 tion was undertaken into the east, and Parthia 
 threatened with immediate war. Trajan pas- 
 sed through the submissive kingdom of Ar- 
 menia, and by his well-directed operations; 
 made himsr-lf master of the provinces of As- 
 syria and ]Meso|;otamia. He extended his con- 
 quests in the cast, ho obtained victories over 
 unknown nations, and when on the extre- 
 mities of India; he lamented that he posses- 
 sed not the vigour and youth of an Alexan- 
 der, that he might add unexplored provinces 
 and kingdoms lo the Roman empire. These 
 -successes in different parts of the world, gain- 
 ed applause, and the senators were profuse 
 in the honours they decreed to the conqueror. 
 This, however, was but the blaze of tran- 
 sient glory. Trajan had no sooner signified 
 his intentions of returning to Italy, than the 
 conquered barbarians appeared again in arms, 
 ;uid the Roman empire did not acquire one 
 single acre of territory from the conquest? 
 of her sovereign in the east. The return of 
 (he emperor to^vanis Rome was hastened by 
 indisposition, he stopped in Cilicia, and in the 
 town of Selinus, which afterwards was called 
 
TR 
 
 trajanopolis, he was seized with a flux and a I 
 few days after expired, in the beginning of| 
 August, A. D. 117, after a reign of 19 years. | 
 six months, and 15 days, in the 64th year of I 
 his age. He was succeeded on the throne by 
 Adrian, whom the enapress Piotina introduced 
 to the Roman armies, as the adopted son of 
 her husband. The ashes of Trajan were car- 
 ried to Rome, and deposited under the stately 
 column which he had erected a few years be- 
 fore. Under this emperor the Romans en- 
 joyed tranquillity, and for a moment supposed 
 that their prosperity was complete under a 
 good and virtuous sovereign. Trajan was fond 
 of popularity, and he merited it. The sound- 
 ing titles of Oplimus, and the father of his 
 country, were not unworthily bestowed upon a 
 prince who was equal to the greatest generals 
 of amiquity, and who to indicate his affability, 
 and his wish to listen to the just complaints of 
 his subjects, distinguished his palace by the 
 inscription of the public palace. Like other 
 emperors, he did not receive with an air of un- 
 eoncern the homage of his friends, but rose 
 from his seat and went cordially to salute 
 them. He refused the statues which the 
 flattery of favourites wished to erect to him, 
 and he ridiculed the follies of an enlightened 
 nation, that could pay adoration to cold inani- 
 mate pieces of marble. His public entry into 
 Rome gained him the hearts of the people ; 
 he appeared on foot, and showed himself an 
 enemy to parade and an ostentatious equipage. 
 When in his camp, he exposed himself to the 
 fatigues of war, like the meanest soldier, and 
 crossed the most barren deserts and extensive 
 plains on foot, and in his dress and food dis- 
 played all the simplicity which once gained 
 the approbation of the Romans in their coun- 
 tryman Fabricius. All the oldest soldiers he 
 knew by their own name, he conversed with 
 them with great familiarity, and never retired 
 to his lent before he had visited the camp, and 
 by a personal attendance convinced himself of 
 the vigilance and the security of his army. As 
 a friend he was not less distinguished than as a 
 general. He had a select number of intimates, 
 whom he visited with freedom and openness, 
 and at whose tables he partook many a mode- 
 rate repast, without form or ceremony. His 
 confidence, however, in the good intentions of 
 others, was. perhaps, carried to excess. His 
 favourite Sura, had once been accused of at- 
 tempts upon his life, but Trajan disregarded 
 the informer, and as he was that same day 
 invited to the house of the supposed conspi 
 rator, he went thither early. To try farther 
 the sincerity of Sura, he ordered himself to 
 be shaved by his barber, to have a me<iici- 
 nal application made to his eyes by the hand 
 of his surgeon, and to bathe together with 
 him. Tiie public works of 'iVajan arc also 
 celebrated, he opened free and easy commu- 
 nications between the cities of his proviiii;cs, 
 he planted many colonics, and furnished 
 Rome with all the corn and provisions which 
 could prevent a famine in the time oi calami- 
 ty. It was by his directions that the architect 
 Apollodorns built that celebrated column 
 which is slill to be seen at Rome, under the 
 name of Trajan's column. The area on which 
 it stands was made by the labours of men, and 
 the height of the pillar proves that a large hill 
 90 
 
 TR 
 
 144 feet high was removed at a great expense, 
 A. D. 114, to commemorate the victories oi 
 the reigning prince. His persecutions of the 
 Christians were stopped by the interference 
 of the humane Pliny, but he was unusually 
 severe upon the .Tews, who had barbarously 
 murdered 200,000 of his subjects, and evea 
 fed upon the flesh of the dead. His vice* 
 have been obscurely seen, through a reign of 
 continued splendour and popularity, yet he is 
 accused of incor.tinence and many unnatural 
 indulgences. He was too much addicted to 
 drinking, and his wish to be styled lord ha» 
 been censured by those who admired the dis- 
 simulated moderation, and the modest claims 
 of an Augustus. Pli7i. Faneg. kc. — Dio. Cass. 
 — Eutrop. — Ammian. — Spnrlian. — Joseph, bell. 
 
 J. — Victor. The father of the emperor, 
 
 who likewise bore the name of Trajan, 
 was honoured with the consulship and a tri- 
 umph, and the rank of patrician by the 
 
 emperor Vespasian. A general of the 
 
 emperor Valens. A son of the emperor 
 
 Decius. 
 
 Trajectus Rheni, now Utrecht, the capi- 
 tal of one of the provinces of Holland. 
 
 Tralles, a town of Lydia, now Sultanhiser. 
 
 Juv. 3, v. 70. — Liv. 37, c. 45. A people of 
 
 Illyricum. 
 
 Transtiberina, a part of the city of 
 Rome, on the side of the Tiber. IMount 
 Vatican was in that part of the city. Mart, 
 1, ep. 109. 
 
 Tr.\p£Zus, a city of Pontus, built by the 
 people of Sinope, now called Trebizond. It 
 had a celebrated harbour on the Euxine sea, 
 and became famous under the emperors of 
 the eastern empire, of which it was for some 
 time the magnificent capital. Tacit. H. 3, c. 
 
 47. — Plin. 6, c. 4. A town of Arcadia near 
 
 the Alpheus. It received its name from a son 
 of Lycaon. Apollod. 3, c. 8. 
 
 Trasimenps. [Firf. Thrasymenus.] • 
 
 Trasullus, a man who taught Tiberius 
 astrology at Rhodes, &.c. 
 
 Traulus MoNTANUs, a Roman knight, one 
 of Messalina's favourites, put to death by 
 Claudius. Tacit. A.\\, c.^6. 
 
 Treea, a town of the .iEqui. Plin. 3, c. 
 12. 
 
 C. Trebatius Testas, a man banished by 
 Julius Cajsnr for following the interest of 
 Pompey, and recalled by the eloquence of 
 Cicero. He was afterwards reconciled to 
 Cffisar. Trebatius was not less distinguished 
 for his learning than for his integrity, his mili- 
 tary experience, and knowledge of law. H« 
 wrote nine books on religious ceremonies, 
 and treatises on civil law; and the verses that 
 he composed proved him a poet of no inferior 
 consequence. Horal. 2, Sat. 1, v. 4. 
 
 Trkijelmanus, C. Annius, a pirate who 
 proclaimed himself emperor of Rome, A D. 
 i2«>4. He was defeated and slain in Isauris:. 
 by the lieutenants of Gnllieuus. 
 
 Tkfbellienus Rcjus, a praetor appoiited 
 governor of the childrerj of king Coty^ by 
 
 Tiberius A tribune who opposed I In Ga- 
 
 biiiian law. A Roman who^nmbe; -d the 
 
 inhabitants of Caul. He was made tjovernor 
 of Britain. Tacit. JI. 6, c. 39. 
 
 Trebeluus Pom. 10, a Latin historian, who 
 wrote an account of the lives o( the em- 
 
TR 
 
 p^roFS. The beginning of this history is lost; 
 part of the reign of Valerian, and the life 
 of the tvyo Gallieni, with the 30 tyrants are 
 the only fragments remaining. He flourished 
 A. D. 306, 
 
 Trebia, a river of Cisalpine Gau!, rising 
 in the Apennine, and falling into the Po, at 
 the west of Placentia. It is celebrated for the 
 victory which Annibal obtained there over 
 the forces of L. Sempronius, the Roman con- 
 sul. Sil. 4, V 486.— Lwcan. 2, v. 46.— Lir, 21, 
 
 c. 54 and 56. A town of Latiura. Liv. 2. 
 
 c. 39. — of Campania. Id.2S, c. 14. — of Um- 
 bria. Ptin. 3, c. 14. 
 
 Trebius, an otiicer in Caesar's army, in 
 
 Gaul. A parasite in Domitian's reign. 
 
 Juv. 4. 
 
 Trebonia lex, de provincm, by L. Trebo- 
 niusthe tribune, A. U. C. 698. It gave Caesar 
 the chief command in Gaul for five years 
 longer than was enacted by the Vatinian law. 
 and in this manner prevented the senators 
 
 from recalling or superseding him. Ano 
 
 ther by the same on the same year, conferred 
 the command of the provinces of Syria and 
 Spain on Cassius and Pompey, for five years. 
 
 — Dio. Cass. 39. Another by I^. Trebonius, 
 
 the tribune, A. U. C. 305, which confirmed 
 the election of the tribunes in the hands of 
 the Romarj people. Lw. 3 and 5. 
 
 Trebonius, a soldier remarkable for bis 
 
 continence, k.c Caius, one of Caesar's 
 
 friends, made through his intere.st praetor and 
 consul. He was afterwards one of his bene- 
 factor's murderers. He was killed by Do- 
 labella at Smyrna. Coes. bell. 5, c. 17. — Cie. 
 in Phil 11, c, 2. — Paterc. 56 and 69. — Liv. 
 U9.—Dio. 47.—Horat. 1, Sat. 4, v. 114. 
 — — Garucianus, a governor of Africa, who 
 put to death the proconsul Clodius Macer, 
 by Galba's orders. Tacit, H. 1, c. 7 
 
 A tribune who proposed a law at Rome, and 
 
 impijisoned Cato, because he opposed it. 
 
 One of the adherents of Marius. A man 
 
 caught in adultery, and severely punished in 
 the age of Horace. 
 
 Trebula, a town of the Sabines, celebrated 
 for cheese. The inhabitants were called Tre- 
 bulani. Cic. in J)gr. 2, c. 25. — Liv. 23. — Plin. 
 3, c. 5 and 12. — Martial. 5, ep. 72. Ano- 
 ther in Campania. Liv. 23, c. 39. 
 
 Trerus, a river of Latium, falling into the 
 Liris. 
 
 Tres tabern.*, a place on the Appian road, 
 where travellers took refreshment. Cic. A. 
 1, ep. 13, 1. 2, ep. 10 and 11. 
 
 Treveri, a town and people of Belgium, 
 now called Triers. Mela, 3, c. 2. 
 
 Triaria, a woman well known for her cru- 
 elty. She was the wife of L. V^itellius. Ta- 
 cit. H. 1 and 3. 
 
 C. Triarius, an orator, commended by Ci- 
 cero. A friend of Pompey. He had for 
 
 some time the care of the war in Asia against 
 Mithridates, whom he defeated, and by whom 
 he was afterwards beaten. He was killed in 
 the civil wars of Pompey and Cajsar. Cces. 
 Bell. Civ. 3, c. 6. 
 
 Triballi, a people of Thrace ; or, accord- 
 ing to some, of Lower Mcesia. They were 
 conquered by Philip, the father of Alexan- 
 der; and some ages after, they maintained a 
 long war against tiie Roman emperore. Ptin. 
 
 TR 
 
 Triboci, a people of Alsace in Gaul. Ta- 
 cit, in Gem. 28. 
 
 Tribulium, a town of Dalmatia. 
 
 Tribuni Plebis, magistrates at Rome, 
 created in the year U. C. 261, when the 
 people after a quarrel with the senators had 
 retired to Mons Sacer. The two tirst were 
 C. Licinius, and L. Albinus, but their number 
 was soon after raised to five, and 37 years 
 alter to 10, which remained fixed. Their 
 office was annual, and as the tirst had been 
 created on the 4th of the ides of December, 
 that day was ever after chosen for the elec- 
 tion. Their power, though at tirst small, and 
 granted by the patricians to appease the mo- 
 mentary seditions of the poj-uiace, soon be- 
 came formidable, and the senators repented 
 too late of having consented to elect magis- 
 trates, who not only preserved the rights of 
 the people, but could summon assemblies, pro- 
 pose laws, stop the consultations of the se- 
 nate, and even abolish their decrees by the 
 word l^eto. Their approbation was also ne- 
 cessary to confirm the stnaiv^ consulta, and 
 this was done by affixing the letter T. under 
 it. If any irregularity happened in the state, 
 their power was almost absolute ; they criti- 
 cised the conductof all the public magistrates, 
 and even dragged a consul to prison, if the 
 measures he pursued were hostile to the peact 
 of Rome. The dictator alone was their su- 
 perior, but when that magistrate was elected* 
 the office x)f tribune was not, like that of all 
 other inferior magistrates, abolished while he 
 continued at the head of the state. The peo- 
 I'le paid them so much deference, that their 
 person was held sacred, and thence they were 
 always called Sacrosancti. To strike thera 
 was a capital crime, and to interrupt thera 
 while they spoke in the assemblies, called for 
 the immediate interference of power. The 
 marks by which they were distinguished from 
 other magistrates were not very conspicuous. 
 They wore no particular dress, only a beadle 
 called viator marched before them. Thej 
 never sat in the senate, though some lime after, 
 their office entitled them to the rank of se- 
 nators. Yet great as their power might ap- 
 pear, they received a heavy wound from their 
 number, and as their consultations and reso- 
 lutions were of no effect if they were not all 
 unanimous, the senate often took advantage 
 ol their avarice, and by gaining one of them 
 by bribes, they as it were suspended the 
 authority of the rest. The office of tribune 
 of the people, though at first deemed meaa 
 and servile, was afterwards one of the first 
 steps that led to more honourable employ- 
 ments, and as no patrician was permitted to 
 canvass for the tribuneship, we find many 
 that descended among the plebeians to ex- 
 ercise that important office. From the power 
 with which they were at last invested by the 
 activity, the intrigues, and continual applica- 
 tions of those who were in office, they be- 
 came almost absolute in the state, and it ha« 
 been properly observed, that they caused far 
 greater troubles than tho^e which they were 
 at first created to silence. Sylla, when raised 
 to the dictatorship, gave a fatal blow to the 
 authority of the tribunes, and by one of hia 
 decrees, they were no longer (>ermitted to ha- 
 langue and enflarae the people ; they could 
 
TR 
 
 make no laxrs ; no appeal lay to their tribunal, 
 and such as had been tribunes, were not per- 
 mitted to solicit for the other offices of the 
 
 state. This disgrace, however, was but mo- 1 
 menfary, at the death of the tyrant the tribunes 
 recovered their privileges by means of Cotta 
 and Pooapey the Great, The office of tribune 
 remained in full force till the age of Au- 
 gustus, who, to make himself more absolute, 
 and his person sacred, conferred the power 
 and office upon himself, whence he was called 
 tribuniliu poteslaic donatus. His successors 
 on the throne imitated his example, and as 
 the emperor was the real and official tribune. 
 such as were appointed to the office were 
 merely nominal, without power or privilege. 
 Under' Constantine the tribaneship was to- 
 tally abolished. The tribunes were never 
 permitted to sleep out of the city, except at 
 (he FericE LatincB, when they went with 
 other magistrates to offer sacrifices upon a 
 mountain near Alba. Their houses were 
 always open, and they received every com- 
 plaint, and were ever ready to redress the 
 wrongs of their constituents. Their autho- 
 rity was not extended beyond the walls of the 
 
 city. There were also other officers who 
 
 bore the name of tribunes, such as the iribuni 
 militum or militares, who commanded a divi- 
 sion of the legions They were empowered 
 to decide all quarrels that might arise in 
 the army, they took care of the camp, and 
 gave the watch -word. There were only 
 three at first chosen by Romulus, but the 
 number was at last increased to six in ev^ery 
 legion. After the expulsion of the Tarquins, 
 they were chosen by the consuls, but after- 
 wards the right of electing them was divided 
 between the people and the consul. They 
 were generally of senatoriao and equestrian 
 families, and the former were called latidavii. 
 and the latter augusliclatii, from their pecu 
 liar dress. Those that were chosen by the 
 consuls were called Rululi, because the right 
 of the consuls to elect them was confirmed by 
 Rutulus, and those elected by the people were 
 called Comitiati, because chosen in the Comi- 
 tia. They wore a golden ring, and were in 
 office no longer than six months. When the 
 consuls were elected, it was usual to choose 
 14 tribunes from the knights, who had served 
 five years in the army, and who were called 
 juniores, and ten from the people who had 
 been in ten campaigns, who were called se- 
 niores. There were zdso some officers call- 
 ed tribuni jnililum consularii potestaie, elect- 
 ed instead of consuls, A. U. C. 310. They 
 were only three originally, but the number 
 was afterwards increased to six, or more, ac- 
 cording to the will and pleasure of (he people 
 and the emergencies of the state. Fart of 
 them were plebeians, and the rest of patri- 
 cian families. When (hey had subsisted for 
 about 70 years, not without some interrup- 
 tion, the office was totally abolished, as the 
 plebeians were admitted to share the consul 
 tihip, and the consuls continued at the head 
 of the slate till the end of the common- 
 wealth. The tribuni cohortimn proetoria- 
 
 naram, were intrusted with the person of 
 the emperor, which they guarded and pro- 
 tected. The tribuni cerarii, were officers 
 
 chosen from among (he people, who kept 
 
 TR 
 
 the money which was to be applied t» dco 
 fray the expenses of the army. The richest 
 persons were always chosen, as much mo- 
 ney was requisite for the pay of the soldiers. 
 They were greatly distinguished in the state, 
 and they shared with the senators and Ro- 
 man knights the privileges of judgiiig. They 
 were abolished by Julias Ccesar, but Augus- 
 tus reestablished them, and created 200 
 more, to decide causes of smaller import- 
 ance. The tribuni celentm had the com- 
 mand of the guard which Romulus chose for 
 the safety of his person. They were 100 
 in number, distinguished for their probity^ 
 
 their opulence, and their nobility. The 
 
 tribuni vohiptalum were commissioned to take 
 care of the amusements which were prepared 
 for the people, and that nothing migiit be 
 wanting in tiie exhibitions. This office was 
 also honourable. 
 
 Tricala, a fortified place at the south of 
 Sicily, between Selinusand Agrigentum. Sit. 
 14. v 271. 
 
 Tric ASSES, a people of Champagne in 
 Gaul. 
 
 Tricastini, a people of Gadlia Narbonensis. 
 SiL 3, v. 466.— Liv. 21, c. 31. 
 
 Tricc^, a town of Thessaly, where iEscu- 
 lapius had a temple. The inhabitants went to 
 the Trojan war. Liv. 32, c. 13. — Homer. Ik 
 —Plin. 4, c. 8. 
 
 Trichonium, a town of iEtolia. 
 
 Tricipitinus. Vid. Lucretius. 
 
 Triclaria, a yearly festival celebrated by 
 the inhabitants of three cities in Ionia, to ap- 
 pease the anger of Diana Triclaria, whose 
 temple had been defiled by the adulterous 
 commerce of Menalippus and Cometho. It 
 was usual to sacrifice a boy and a girl, but this 
 barbarous custom was abolished by Eurypi- 
 lus. The three cities were Aroe, Messatig, 
 and Anthea, whose united labours had erected 
 the temple of the goddess. Pans. 7, 19. 
 
 Tricouii, a people of Gaul, now Dau- 
 phine. Liv. 21, c. 31. 
 
 Tricorythus, a town of Attica. 
 
 Tricrena, a place of Arcadia, where, ac- 
 cording to some, Mercury was born. Fans. 
 8, c. 16. 
 
 Tridentum, a town of Cisalpine Gaul, 
 now called Trent, and famous in history for 
 the ecclesiastical council which sat there 18 
 years to regulate the affairs of the churchi 
 A. D. 1545. 
 
 Trieterica, festivals in honour of Bac- 
 chus celebrated every three years. Virg. JEn . 
 4, v. 302. 
 
 Trifanum, a place of Latium near Sinuessa. 
 Lir.8, c. 11. 
 
 TaiFOLiNus, a mountain of Campania, fa- 
 mous for wine. Mart. 13, ep. 104. — Plin. 14, 
 c 7. 
 
 Trigemina, one of the Roman gates, so 
 called because the three Horatii went through 
 against the Curiatii. Lit'. 4, c. 16, 1. 35, c. 41, 
 I. 40, c. 51. 
 
 Trinacria, or Trinacris, one of the an- 
 cient names of Sicily, from its triangular form. 
 Firg. JEn. 3, v. 384, &lc. 
 
 Trinium, a river of Italy falling into the 
 Adriatic. 
 
 Trinobantrs, a people of Bri(ain in mo- 
 dern Essex and Middlesex. Tadt. Jiim. 14) c 
 31.— Ca-.T. G. 6, c. 20. 
 
TR 
 
 ^RiocALA, or Triocla, a town in the south- 
 ern parts of Sicily. Sil 14, v. 271. 
 
 Triopas, or Triops, a son of Neptune by 
 Canace, the daughter of JEo\as. He was fa- 
 ther of Iphimedia and of Erisichthon, who is 
 called on ilmtaccounXTriopeius., and his daugh- 
 ter Trioj)eis. Ovid. Met. 8, v. IbA.—Apollod. 
 
 3j c. 7. A son of Phorbas, father to Age- 
 
 nor, Jasus, and Mes^ene. Horner. Hymn, in 
 jlp, 211. A son of Piranthus. 
 
 Triphvlia, one of the ancient names of 
 
 Elis. Liv. 28, c. 8, A mountain where 
 
 Jupiter had a temple in the island Panchaia, 
 whence he is called Triphylius. 
 
 Triopium, a town of Caria. 
 
 Tkipcdi-IS, an ancient town of Phoenicia, 
 built by the liberal contribution of Tyre, Si 
 
 don, and Aradus, whence the name. A 
 
 town of PonJiJs. A district of Arcadia, 
 
 of Laconia Liv. 35, c. 27 . of Thessaly, ib. 
 
 42. c. 53. A tov. n of Lydia or Caiia, A 
 
 district of Africa between the Syrtes.. 
 
 Triptolemus, a son of Oceanus and Terra, 
 or according to some, of Trochilas^ a priest of 
 Argos -.rcording to the more received opi 
 nion he was son of Celens, king of Attica, by 
 Neraea, whom some have called Melanira, 
 Colhonea Hyona, Melania, or Polyrania. He 
 was bora at Eleusis in Attica, and was cured in 
 his youth of a severe illness by the care oi 
 Ceres, who had been invited into the house of 
 Celeus by the monarch's children, as she tra- 
 velled over the country in quest of her daugh- 
 ter. To repay the kindness of Celeus, the 
 goddess took particular notice of his son. She 
 fed him with her own milk, and placed him 
 on burning coals during the night, to destroy 
 whatever particles of mortality he had re- 
 ceived from his parents. The mother was 
 astonished at the uncommon growth of her 
 son, and she had the curiosity to watch Ceres. 
 She disturbed the goddess by a sudden cry, 
 when Triptolemus was laid on the burning 
 ashes, and as Ceres was therefore unable to 
 make him immortal, she taught him agricul- 
 ture, and rendered him serviceable to man- 
 kind, by instructing him how to sow corn, and 
 make bread. She also gave him her chariot, 
 whicli was drawn by two dragons, and in this 
 celestial vehicle he travelled all over the earth, 
 arKT distributed corn to all the inhabitants of 
 the Wj6rld. In Scythia the favourite of Geres 
 nearly lost his life ; butLyncus, the king of the 
 country, who had conspired to murder him, 
 was changed into a lynx. At his return to 
 Eleusis, Triptolemus restored Ceres her cha- 
 riot, and established the Eleusinian festivals 
 and mysteries in honour of the deity. He 
 reigned for some time, and after death re- 
 ceived divine honours. Some .suppose that he 
 accompanied Bacchus in hislndian expedition. 
 Diod.—Hy^in. fab. 147.— P«m5.-2, c. 14, 1. 8, 
 c. 4 — Jitslin. 2, c. 6. — JpoHod. 1, c. 5. — Cal- 
 lim. in Cer. 22 —Ovid. Mtt. 6, v. 646. Fast. 
 4, v. 601. Trisl. 3, el. 8, v. 1. 
 
 Triquetra, a name given to Sicily by the 
 Latins, for its triangular form. Lucrtt. 1, v. 78. 
 
 Trismegistus, a famous Egyptian. [Fid. 
 Mercurius.j 
 
 Tritia, a daughter of the river Triton, mo- 
 ther of iMenalippus, by Mars. A town in 
 
 Achaia, built by her son, bore her name. 
 Pms. 7, c. 22. 
 
 TR 
 
 Tritogjenia, a surname of Pallas. Htsiod'^ 
 — Festus de V. sig. 
 
 Triton, a sea deity, son of Neptune, by 
 Amphiirite, or, according to some, by Celeno, 
 or Salacia. He was very powerful among the 
 sea deities, and could calm the ocean and abate 
 storms at pleasure. He is generally repre- 
 sented as blowing a shell ; his body above the 
 waist is like that of a man, and below a dol- 
 phin. Some represent him with the fore feet 
 of a horse. Many of the sea deities are called 
 Tritons, but the name is generally applied to 
 those only who are half men and half iishes. 
 Apotlod. 1, c. 4.—Hesiod. Theog. v. 930.— 
 Ovid. Met. 1, v. 333.— Cic. de Kat. D. 1, c. 
 2ii.— Virg. Mn. 1, v. 148, 1. 6, v. 173.— Pau^. 
 
 9, c. 20. A river of Africa tailing into the 
 
 lake Tritonis. One of the names of the 
 
 Nile. A small river of Boeotia, or Thessaly. . 
 
 Tritonis, a lake and liver of Africa, near 
 which Minerva had a temple, whence she is 
 surnamed Trilonis, or Tritonia. Herodot. 4, 
 c. 118.— Pans. 9, c. 33.— rirg. JEn. 2, v. 171. 
 — Me'a, 1, c. 7. Athens is also called Trito- 
 nis, because dedicated to Minerva. Ovid. 
 Mtl. 5. 
 
 Tritonon, a town of Doris. Liv. 28, c. 7. 
 
 Triventum, a town of the Samnites. 
 
 Trivia, a surname given to Diana, because 
 i:he presided over all places where three roads 
 met. At the new moon the Athenians offered 
 her sacrifices; and a sumptuous entertainment, 
 which was generally distributed among the 
 poor. Virg. JEn. 6, v. 13, I. 7, v. 774. — Ovid. 
 JyJd. 2, V. 416. Fast. 1, v. 389. 
 
 TritijE antrum, a place in the valley of 
 Aricia, where the nymph Egeria resided. 
 Mart. 6, ep. 47. 
 
 Trivi.« lucus, a place of Campania, in the 
 bay of Cuma;. Virg. JEn. 6, v. 13. 
 
 Trivicum. a town in the country of the 
 Hirpini in Italy. Horat. 1, Sat. 5, v. 79, 
 
 Triumviri reipublicce constituendce, were 
 three magistrates appointed equally to go- 
 vern the Roman state with absolute power. 
 These otficers gave a fatal blow to the expir- 
 ing independence of the Roman people, and 
 became celebrated for their ditferent pursuits, 
 their ambition, and their various fortunes. 
 The first triumvirate, B. C. 60, was in the 
 hands of J. Cfesar, Pompey, and Crassus, who 
 at the expiration of their otfice, kindled a civil 
 war. The second and last triumvirate, B. C. 
 43, was under Augustus, M. Antony^ and Le« 
 pidus, and through them the Romans totally 
 lost their liberty. Augustus disagreed with 
 his colleagues, and after he had defeated them, 
 he made himself absolute in Rome. The tri- 
 umvirate was in full force at Rome for the 
 space of about 12 years. — There were al- 
 so officers who were called triumviri ca- 
 pitales, created A. U. C. 464. They took 
 cognizance of murders and robberies, and 
 every thing in which slaves were con- 
 cerned. Criminals under sentence of death 
 were intrusted to their care, and they had 
 them executed according to the commands of 
 the praetors. The triumviri noclurni watch- 
 ed over the safety of Rome in the night time, 
 and in case of lire were ever ready to give 
 orders, and to take the most effectual mea- 
 sures to extinguish it. The triumviri agra- 
 
 rii had the care of colonies that were sent to 
 
TR 
 
 settle in different parts of the empire. They 
 made a fair division of the lands among the 
 citizens, and exercised over the new colony 
 all the powder which was placed in the hands 
 
 of the consuls at Rome. The triumviri 
 
 monetales were masters of the mint, and had 
 the care of the coin, hence their office was 
 generally intimated with the following leders, 
 olien seen on ancient coins and medals ; 
 IIIVIR. A, A. A. F. F. i. e. Triumviri auro, 
 argento, are flando, feriendo. Some suppose 
 that they were created only in the age ot Ci- 
 cero, as those who were employed before them,- 
 were called Denariorum jlandoram curatores, 
 
 The triumviri valetudinis were chosen 
 
 when Rome was visited by a plague or some 
 pestiferous distemper, and they took particu- 
 lar care of the temples of health and virtue. 
 The triumviri senutus legendi, were ap- 
 pointed to name those that were most worthy 
 to be made senators from among the plebeians. 
 They were first chosen in the age of Augustus, 
 as before this privilege belonged to the kings, 
 and altervvards devolved upon the consuls, 
 and the censors, A. U, C. 310. The trium- 
 viri mensarii where chosen in the second 
 Punic war, to take care of the coin and prices 
 of exchange. 
 
 TaiUMviEORUM INSULA, a place on the 
 Rhine which falls into the Po, where the 
 triumvirs Antony, Lepldus, and Augustus, 
 met to divide the Roman empire after the 
 battle of Mutina. Dio. 46, c. bd.—Appian. 
 Cic. 4. 
 
 Troades, the inhabitants of Troas. 
 
 TuoAS, a country of Phrygia in Asia Mi- 
 nor, of which Troy was the capital. When 
 Troas is taken for the whole kingdom of 
 Priam, it may be said to contain Mysia and 
 Phrygia Minor ; but if only applied to that 
 part of the country where Troy was situate, 
 its extent is confined within very narrow 
 limits. Troas was anciently called Dardania. 
 l^Vid. Troja] 
 
 Trochois, a lake in the island of Delos, 
 near which Apollo and Diana were born. 
 
 Trocmi, a people of Galatia. Liv. 38, 
 G. 16. 
 
 Troezese, a town of Argolis, in Pelopon- 
 nesus, near the Saronicus Sinus, which re- 
 ceived its name from Troezen, the son of Pe- 
 lops, who reigned there for some time. It is 
 often called Theseis, because Theseus was 
 born there ; and Posidonia, because Neptune 
 was worshipped there. Stat. Theb. 4, v. 81. — 
 Pans. 2, c. 50.— Plut. in Tlies.—Ovid. Met. 
 
 8, V. 566, 1. 15, V. 296. Another town at the 
 
 south of the Peloponnesus. 
 
 Trooili^, three small islands near Sa- 
 mos. 
 
 Trocilium, a part of mount Mycale, pro- 
 jectitig into the sea. Strab. 14. 
 
 TuoGiLus, a harbour of Sicily. Sit. 14, v. 
 2,59. 
 
 TROGLODyTiE, a people of iEthiopia, who 
 dwelt in caves (nuj^Ax specus, Jv^i* subeo.) They 
 were all shepherd?, and had their wives in 
 common. Slrab. 1. — Mda, 1, c. 4 and 8. — 
 Plin. 5, c. 8, I. 37, c. 10. 
 
 Trogus Pomi'i:iu3, a Latin historian, B. 
 C 41, born in Gaul. His father was one of 
 the friends and adherents of J, Caesar, and 
 big ancestors hud obtained privilege^and hon- 
 
 TR 
 
 ours from the most illustrious of the Romans. 
 Trogus wrote an universal history of all the 
 most important events that had happened 
 from the beginning of the world to the age of 
 Augustus, divided into 44 books. This his- 
 tory, which was greatly admired for its purity 
 and elegance, was epitomized by Justin, and 
 is still extant. Some suppose that the epi- 
 tome is the cause that the original of Trogus 
 is lost. Justin. 47, c. 5. — .^ug. de Civ. D. 4, 
 c. 6. 
 
 Troja, a city, the capital of Troas, or, 
 according to others, a country of which Ilium 
 was the ca{)ii.al. It was built on a small emi- 
 nence near mount Ida and the promontory 
 of Sagaeum, at the distance of about four miles 
 from the sea-ihore. Dardanus, the first king 
 of the country, built it, and called it DardaniUf 
 and from Tros, one of its successors, it was 
 called Troja, and from Ilus, Ilion Neptune 
 is also said to have built, or more f)roperly 
 repaired its walls, in the age of king Laome- 
 don. This city has been celebrated by the poems 
 of Homer and Virgil, and of all the wars which 
 have been carried on among the ancients, 
 that of Troy is the most famous. The Tro- 
 jan war was undertaken by the Greeks, to re- 
 cover Helen, whom Paris the son of Priam, 
 king of Troy had carried away from the house 
 of Menelaus. All Greece united to avenge 
 the cause of Menelaus, and every prince fur- 
 nished a certain number of ships and soldiers. 
 According to Euripides, Virgil, and Lycoph- 
 ron, the armament of the Greeks amounted 
 to 1000 ships. Homer mentions them as 
 being 1186, and Thucydides supposes that 
 they were 1200 in number. The number of 
 men which these ships carried is unknown : 
 yet as the largest contained about 120 men 
 each, and the smallest 50, it may be supposed 
 that no less than 100,000 men were engaged 
 in this celebrated expedition. Agamemnon 
 was chosen general of all these forces; 
 but the princes and kings of Greece were 
 admitted among his counsellors, and by 
 them all the operations of the war were 
 directed. The most celebrated of the Gre- 
 cian princes that distinguished themselves 
 in this war, were Achilles, Ajax, Menelaus, 
 Ulysses, Diomedes, Protesilaus, Patrochis, 
 Agamemnon, Nestor, Neoptolemus, &ic. The 
 Giecian army was opposed by a more nume- 
 rous force. The king of Troy received assis- 
 tance from the neighbouring princes in Asia 
 Minor, af)d reckoned among his most active 
 generals, Rhesus, king of Thrace, and Mem- 
 non, who entered the field with 20,000 As- 
 syrians and /Ethiopians. Many of the adja- 
 cent cities were reduced and plundered be- 
 fore the Greeks approached the walls ; but 
 when the siege was begun, the enemies on 
 both sides gave proofs of valour and intrepi- 
 dity. The army of the Greeks, however, 
 was visited by a plague, and the operations 
 were not less retarded by the quarrel of Aga- 
 memnon and Achilles. The loss was great on 
 both sides ; the most valiant of the Trojans, 
 and particularly of the sons of Priam, were 
 blain in the field; and indeed to great was the 
 slaughter, that the rivers of the country are 
 leiuci^ented as filled with dead bodies and 
 suits of armour. After the siege had been 
 carried on for ten years^ some of the Trojans, 
 
TR 
 
 among Vphora were ^neas and Antenor, be 
 tray ed the city into the hands of the enemy 
 and Troy was reduced to ashes. The poets, I 
 however, support, that the Greeks made i 
 themselves masters of the place by artifice. 
 They secretly filled a large wooden horse with 
 armed men, and led away their array from the 
 plains, as if to return home. The Trojans 
 brought the wooden horse into their city, and 
 in the night (he Greeks that were confined 
 within the sides of Ihe animal, rushed out and 
 opened the gates to their companions, who 
 had returned from the place of their conceal- 
 ment. The greatest part of the inhabitants 
 Avere put to the sword, and the others carried 
 away by the conquerors. This happened, ac 
 cording to the Arundelian marbles, about 1184 
 years before the Christian era, iti the 3530th 
 year of the .Julian period, on the night between 
 the ilth and 12th of .Tune,408 5^ears before the 
 first Olympiad. Some time after, a new city 
 was raised, about 30 stadia from the ruins 
 of the old Troy: but though it bore the an- 
 cient name, and received ample donations 
 from Alexander the Great, when he visited 
 it in his Asiatic expedition, yet it continued 
 to be small, and in the age of Strabo it was 
 nearly in ruins. It is said that J. Caesar, 
 who wished to pass for one of the descend- 
 ants of iEneas, and consequently to be re- 
 lated to the Trojans, intended to make it 
 the capital of the Roman empire, and to 
 transport there the senate and the Roman 
 people. The same apprehensions were en- 
 tertained in the reign of Augustus, and ac- 
 cording to some, an ode of Horace. Justum 
 ^ ienacem propositi virum was written pur- 
 posely to dis.suade the emperor from putting 
 into execution so wild a project [Vld. Paris, 
 iEnoas, Antenor- Agememnon, Ilium, Laome- 
 don. iMenalaus, &.C.] f^irg. JEn. — Homer. — 
 Ovid. — Died. he. 
 
 Trojani and TROjoGENiE, the inhabitants of 
 Troy. 
 
 Trojani r.MDi, games instituted by .Sneas, 
 or his son Ascaiuus, to commemorate the 
 death of Anchises, and celebrated in the cir- 
 cus of Rome. Boys of the best families, 
 dressed in a neat manner, and accoutred 
 with suitable arms and weapons, were per- 
 mitted to enter the list. Sylla exhibited 
 them in his dictatorship, and under Augustus 
 they were observed with unusual pomp and 
 6olemnity. A mock fight on horseback, 
 or sometimes on foot, was exhibited. The 
 leader of the party was called princepsjuven- 
 lutis, and was generally the son of a senator, 
 or the heir ap[>arent to the empire. Virg. 
 Mn 5, V, 602. — Suelon. in. Cas.i/'in Aug, — 
 Pint, in Syll. 
 
 Troilus, a son of Priam and Hecuba, 
 killed by Achilles during the Trojan war. 
 Apollod. 3, c. n.—Horat. 2, od.9,*v. 16.— 
 Virg.Mn. 1, v. 474. 
 
 Tromentina, one of the Roman tribes. 
 Liv. 6, c. 5. 
 
 Trop;Ea, a town of tiie Brutii. A stone 
 
 monument on the Pyrenees, erected by Pom- 
 
 pey. Drusi, a town of Germany where 
 
 Drusus died, and Tiberius was saluted empe- 
 ror by the army. 
 
 Trophonius, a celebrated architect, son 
 ai Erginus, king of Orcbomenos in Bceotia. 
 
 TR 
 
 He built Apollo's temple at Delphi, with the 
 assistance of bis brother Agamedes, and when 
 he demanded of the god a reward for his trou- 
 ble, he was told by the priestess to wait 
 eight days, and to live during that time 
 with all cheerfulness and pleasure. When 
 the days were passed, Trophonius and his 
 brother were found dead in their bed. Ac- 
 cording to Pausanius, however, he was swal- 
 lowed up alive in the earth ; and when af- 
 terwards the country was visited by a great 
 drought, the Boeotians were directed to ap- 
 ply to Trophonius for relief, and to seek 
 him at Lebadea, where he gave oracles in 
 a cave. They discovered this cave by means 
 of a swarm of bees, and Trophonius told 
 them how to ease their misfortunes. From 
 that time Trophonius was honoured as a god, 
 he passed for the son of Apollo, a chapel 
 and a statue were erected to him, and sacri- 
 fices were offered to his divinity when con- 
 sulted to give oracles. The cave of Tropho- 
 nius became one of the most celebrated ora- 
 cles of Greece. Many ceremonies were re- 
 quired, and the suppliant was obliged to make 
 particular sacrifices, to anoint his body with 
 oil, and to bathe in the waters of certain ri- 
 vers. He was to be clothed in a linen robet 
 and with a cake of honey in his hand, he was 
 directed to descend into the cave by a nar- 
 row entrance, from whence he returned back- 
 wards, after he had received an answer. He 
 was always pale and dejected at his return, 
 and thence it became proverbial to say of a 
 melancholy man, that he had consulted the 
 oracle of Trophonius. There were annually 
 exhibited games in honour of Trophonius at 
 Lebadea. Paus. y, c. 37, he. — Cic. Tusc. 1, 
 c. 47.— Plut.— Plin. 34, c. I.—M.lian. V. H. 
 3, c. 45. 
 
 Tros, a son of Ericthonius, king of Troy, 
 who married Callirhoe, the daughter of the 
 Scamander, by whom he had llus, Assaracus, 
 and Ganymedes. He made war against Tan- 
 talus, king of Phrygia, whom he accused of 
 having stolen away the youngest of his sons. 
 The capital of Phr3'gia was called Troja from 
 him, and the country itself Troas. Firg. 3, 
 G. V. 36.— Homer. //. 20, v. 2\9.—Apollod. 3, 
 c. 12. 
 
 TuossiiLUM, a town of Etruria, which gave 
 the name of TrossuU to the Roman knights 
 who had taken it without the assistance of toot 
 soldiers. PUn. 32, c. 2, — Senec. ep. 86 and 
 87.— Pert. 1, v. 82. 
 
 Trotilum, a town of Sicily. Thu- 
 cyd. 6. 
 
 Truentu.^t, or Truentinum, a river of Pi- 
 cenum, falling into the Adriatic. There is 
 also a town of the same name in the neigh- 
 bourhood. Sil. 8, V. 434.— ^e/a, 2.— PUn. 
 3, c. 13. 
 
 Teypherus, a celebrated cook, he. Juv 
 11. 
 
 Tryphiodorus, a Greek poet and gram- 
 marian of Egypt, in the 6Ui century, who 
 wrote a poem in 24 books on the destruction 
 of Troy, from which he excluded the » in the 
 first book, the p in the second, and the y in 
 the third, he. 
 
 Tritiion, a tyrant of Aparaea, in Syria, 
 put to death by Antiochus. Justin. 36, c. 1. 
 A surname of one of the Ptolemies. 
 
TU 
 
 Mlian. V. H. 14, c. 31. A gramHaarian of 
 
 Alexandria, iu the age of Augustus. 
 
 Tu BASTES, a people of Germany. Tacit. 
 1, c. 61. 
 
 TuBERo, Q. 7£lius, a Roman consul, son- 
 in-law of Paulus the conqueror of Perseus. 
 He is celebrated for his poverty, in which he 
 seemed to glory as well as the rest of his fami- 
 ly. Sixteen of the Tuberos, with their wives 
 and children, lived in a small bouse, and main- 
 tained themselves with the produce of a little 
 field, which they cultivated with their own 
 hands. The fii-st piece of silver plate that en- 
 tered the house of Tubero, was a small cup 
 Avhich his father-in-law presented to him, af- 
 ter he had conquered the king of Macedonia. 
 
 A learned man. A governor of Africa. 
 
 A Roman general who marched against 
 
 the Germans under the emperors. He was 
 accused of treason, and acquitted. 
 
 TcBURBo, two towns of Africa, called Ma- 
 jor and Minor. 
 
 TrccA. Plautius, a friend of Horace and 
 Virgil. He was, with Varus and Piotius, or- 
 dered by Augustus, as some report, to revise 
 the JEneid of Virgil, which remained uncor- 
 rected on account of the premature death of 
 the poet. Horat. 1, Sat. 5, v. 40. Sat. 10, v. 
 84. A town of Mauritania. 
 
 TucciA, an immodest woman in Juvenal's 
 age. Juv. 6, v. 64. 
 
 TcciA, a river near Rome. Sil. 13, v. 5. 
 
 TuDER, or Tddertia, an ancient town of 
 Umbria. The inhabitants were called Tudtr- 
 i€s. Sil. 4, V. 222. 
 
 TuDRi, a people of Germany. Tacit, de 
 Germ. 42. 
 
 TuGiA, now Toia, a town of Spain. Plin. 
 3, e. 1. 
 
 TuGiNi, or ToGESi, a people of Germa- 
 ny. 
 
 TuGURisus, Jul. a Roman knight who 
 conspired against Nero, k,c. Tacit. A. 15, c. 
 70. 
 
 TuiSTO, a deity of the Germans, son of 
 Terra, and the founder of the nation. Tacit, 
 de Germ. 2. 
 
 TuLcis, a river of Spain falling into the Me- 
 diterranean, now Francoli. 
 
 TuLiNGi, a people of Germany between 
 the Rhine and the Danube. Cas. I, c. 5. B. 
 G. 
 
 TuLLA, one of Camilla's attendants in the 
 Rutulian war. Virg. JEn. 11, v. 656. 
 
 TuLLiA, a daughter of Servius Tullius, 
 king of Rome. She married Tarquin the 
 Proud, after she had murdered her first hus- 
 band Arunx, and consented to see Tullius as- 
 sassinated, that Tarquin might be raised to the 
 throne. It is said that she ordered her cha- 
 riot to be driven over the body of her ageo 
 father, which had been thrown all mangled 
 and bloody in one of the streets of Rome. 
 She was afterwards banished fiom Rome with 
 
 her husband. Ovid, in lb. 363. Another 
 
 daughter of Servius Tullius, who married 
 Tarquin the Proud. She was murdered by 
 bcr own husband, that he might marry her 
 
 ambitious sister of the same name. A 
 
 daughter of Cicero. [Vid. Tulliola] A 
 
 debauched woman. Juv. 6, v. 306. 
 
 TuLLiA LEX, de senatu, by M. Tullius 
 Cicero, A. U. C. OSV, enacted that Iho^e 
 
 TU 
 
 who had a libera legatio granted them by the 
 senate, should hold it no more than one year. 
 Such senators as had a libera le<i,atio travelled 
 through the provinces of the empire without 
 any expense, as if they were employed ia 
 
 the affairs of the state. Another, de am- 
 
 biiu, by the same, the same year. It forbad 
 any person two years before he canvassed for 
 an office, to exhibit a show of gladiators, un- 
 less that case had devolved upon him by will. 
 Senators guilty of the crime of ambitus, were 
 punished with the aqua. 4- igtiis interdictio 
 for ten years, and the penalty inUitted on the 
 commons was more severe than that of the 
 Calpurnran law. 
 
 TcLHA5UM, a subterraneous prison in Rome, 
 built by Servius Tullius, and added to the other 
 called Robur, where eriminals were confined. 
 Saiiust. in B. Calil. 
 
 Ti'LuuLA, or Tdllia, a daughter of Cicero 
 by Terentia. She married Caius Piso, and 
 afterwards Furius Crassipes, and lastly P. 
 Corn. Dolabella. With this last husband she 
 had every reason to be dissatisfied. Dola- 
 bella was turbulent, and consequently the 
 cause of much grief to TuUia and her father. 
 TuUia died in childbed, about 4J years be- 
 fore Christ. Cicero was so inconsolable on 
 this occasion, that some have accused him of 
 an unnatural partiality for bis daughter. Ac- 
 cording to a ridiculous story which some of 
 the moderns report, in the age of pope Paul 
 3d, a monument was discovered on the Ap- 
 pian road, with the supei-scription of Tulliola. 
 JUice mea. The body of a woman was found 
 in it, which was reduced to ashes as soon as 
 touched; there was also a lamp burning, 
 which was extinguished as soon as the air 
 gained admission there, and which was sup- 
 posed to have been lighted above 1500 yeans. 
 Ci^ — Plut. in Cic. 
 
 Tullius Cimber, the son of a freed-maQ.; 
 rose to great honours, and followed the interest 
 of Pompey. He was reconciled to J. Caesar, 
 
 whom he murdered with Brutus. Plut. 
 
 Cicero, a celebrated orator. [Vid. Cicero.J 
 
 The son of the orator Cicero. [Vid. 
 
 Cicero.] Servius, a king of Rome. [Vid. 
 
 Servius.] Senecio, a man accused of con- 
 spiracy against iSero with Piso. A friend 
 
 of Otho. One of the kings of Rome. [lid. 
 
 Servius.] 
 
 TuLLus HosTiLius, tlic third king of Rome 
 after the death of jNuma. He was of a 
 warlike and active disposition, and signa- 
 lized himself by his expedition against the 
 people of Alba, whom he conquered, and 
 whose city he destroyed, after the famous 
 battle of the Horatii and Curiatii. He after 
 wards carried his arm^ against the Latins and 
 the neighbouring stales with success, and en- 
 forced reverence for majesty among his sub- 
 jects. He died with all his family about 649 
 years before the Christian era, after a reign of 
 32 years. The matiner of bis death is not 
 precisely known. Some suppose that he was 
 killed by lightning, while he was pertorming 
 tjouie magical ceremonies in his own house; 
 or according to the more probable accounts 
 of others, he was murdered by Aucus Mar- 
 tius, who set fire to the palace, to make it 
 believed that the impiety of Tullus had bre:: 
 puniihed by heaven. I' lor. 1, c^ 3 — Dio>r; .'i 
 
TU 
 
 Mai 3, c. l.—Virg. .EEn. 6, v. 814.— Lir. 1, c. 
 
 '22,.— Pint. A consul, A. U. C. 686. Horat. 
 
 3, od. S, V. 12. 
 
 TuNETA, or Tunis, a town of Africa, near 
 which Regulus was defeated and taken by 
 Xanthippus, Liv. 30, c. 9. 
 
 TuNGRi, a name triven to some of the Ger- 
 mans, supposed to live on the banks of the 
 Maese, whose chief city, called Atuatuca, is 
 
 now Tongeren. The river of the country 
 
 is now the Spaw. Tacit, de Germ. 2. 
 
 C.TuKANius, a Latin tragic poet in the age 
 <»f Augustus. Ovid, ex Pont. 4, el. 16, v. 29. 
 
 Tdrba, a town of Gaul. 
 
 Turbo, a gladiator, mentioned Horat. 2, 
 Sat. 3, V. 310. He was of a small stature, but 
 
 nncommonly courageous. A governor of 
 
 Pannonia, under the emperors. 
 
 TuRDETANi or TuRDUTi, a people of Spain, 
 inhabiting both sides of the Baetis. Liv. 21, c. 
 6, 1.28, c. 39, 1.34, c. 17. 
 
 TuRESis, a Thracian, who revolted from Ti- 
 berius. 
 
 TuRiAS, a river of Spain falling into the 
 Mediterranean, now Guadalaviar. 
 
 TuRicuM, a town of Gaul, now Zurich, in 
 Switzerland. 
 
 TuRiosA, a town of Spain. . 
 
 TuRius, a corrupt judge in the Augustan 
 age. Horat. 2, Sat. 1, v. 49. 
 
 TcRNus, a king of the Rutuli, son of Dau- 
 Busand Venilia. He made war against -iEneas, 
 and attempted to drive him away from Italy, 
 that he might not marry the daughter of La- 
 tinus, who bad been previously engaged to 
 him. His efforts were attended with no suc- 
 cess, though supported with great courage 
 and a numerous army. He was conquered 
 and at last killed in a single combat by ^neas. 
 He is represented as a man of uncommon 
 strength. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 56, hc.— Tibnll. 
 2, el. 5, v. 49.— Owrf. Fast. 4, v. 879. Met. 14, 
 V. 451. 
 
 TuRoNEs, a people of Gaul, whose capital, 
 Caesarodunum, is the modern Tours. 
 
 TuRPio. Vid. Ambiviiis. 
 
 ToRRUs, a river of Italy falling into the 
 Adriatic. 
 
 TuRULLius, one of Cassar's murderers, 
 
 TuRUNTUs, a river of Sarraatia, supposed to 
 be the Dwina, or Duna. 
 
 ToscANiA and Tuscia, a large country at 
 the west of Rome, the same as Etruria. [Vid. 
 Etruria.] 
 
 Tusci, the inhabitants of Etruria. The 
 
 villa of Pliny the younger near the sourcesof 
 ibe Tiber. Plin. ep. 5 and 6. 
 
 TuscuLANUM, a country house of Cicero, 
 near Tusculum, nhere among other books the 
 orator composed his qua?stiones concerning 
 the contempt of death, &.c. in live books. 67c. 
 Tnsc. 1, c. 4. ML 15, ep. 2. Div. 2, c. 1. 
 
 Tusci/LOM, a town of Latium on the de- 
 clivity of a hill, about 12 miles from Rome 
 founded by Telegonus the son of Ulysses and 
 Circe. It is now called Frescati, and is fa- 
 mous for the magnificent villas in its neigh- 
 bourhood . Cic. ad Attic. — Slrab. 5. — Horat. 3 
 Od. 23, v. 8, he. 
 
 Tuscus, belonging to Etruria. The Tiber 
 is called Tuscus amnis, from its situation. 
 Virg. JEn. 10, v. 199. 
 
 Tesevs vicus, a small village near Rome. 
 
 TY 
 
 It received this name from the Etrurians of 
 Porsenna's army that settled there. Liv. 3, 
 c. 14. 
 
 TuscuM MARE, a part of the Mediterra- 
 nean on the coast of Etruria. [Vid Tyrrhe- 
 num.] 
 
 TuTA, a queen of lUyricum, &c. {Vid- 
 Teuta.] 
 
 TuTJA, a vestal virgin accused of inconti- 
 nence.. She proved herself to be innocent by 
 carrying water from the Tiber to the temple 
 of Vesta in a sieve, after a solemn invocation 
 
 to the goddess. Liv. 20 A small river 
 
 six miles from Rome, where Annibal pitched 
 his camp, when he retreated from the city. 
 Liv. 26, c. 11. 
 
 TuTicuM, a town of the Hirpini. 
 
 TvANA, a town at the foot of mount Taurus 
 in Cappadocia, where ApoUonius was born, 
 whence he is called Tyaneus. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 
 7l9.—Sirab. 12. 
 
 Tyanitis, a province of Asia Minor, near 
 Cappadocia. 
 
 Tybris. [Vid. Tiberis.] A Trojan who 
 
 fought in Italy with iEueas against Turnus. 
 Virg. M.n. 10; v. 124. 
 
 TvBUR, a town of Latium on the Anio 
 [Vid. Tibur.] 
 
 Tyche, one of the Oceanides, Hesiod. 
 Theog. V. 360. A part of the town of Syra- 
 cuse. Cic. in Verr. 4, c. 53. 
 
 TvcHius, a celebrated artist of Hyle in 
 Bceotia, who made Hector's shield, which was 
 covered with the hides of seven oxen. Ovid, 
 Fast. 3, V. 823.— S/m6. 9.— Homer. II. 7, v. 
 220. 
 
 Tyde, a town of Hispania Tarraconensis. 
 Ital. 3, V. 367. 
 
 TvDEUs, a son of CEneus, king of Caly- 
 don and Periboea. He fled from his countiy 
 after the accidental murder of one of his 
 friends, and found a safe asylum in the court 
 of Adrastus, king of Argos, whose daughter 
 Deiphyle he married. When Adrastus wished 
 to replace his son-in-law Polynices on the 
 throne of Thebes, Tydeus undertook to go 
 and declare war against Eteocles, who usurp- 
 ed the crown. The reception he met pro- 
 voked his resentment ; he challenged Eteo- 
 cles and his olHcers to single combat, and 
 defeated them. On his return to Argos, 
 he slew 50 of the Thebans who had conspir- 
 ed against his life, and laid in ambush to 
 surprise him ; and only one of the number 
 was permitted to return to Thebes, to bear 
 the tidings of the fate of his companions. 
 He was one of the seven chiefs of the ar- 
 my of Adrastus, and during the Theban 
 war he behaved with great courage. Many 
 of the enemies expired under his blows, till 
 he was at last wounded by Melanippus. 
 Though the blow was fatal, Tydeus had the 
 strengtii to dart at his enemy, and to bring 
 him to the ground, before he was carried 
 away from tlie tight by his companions. At 
 his own request, the dead body of Mela- 
 nippus was brought to him, and after he had 
 ordered the head to be cut o(F, he began 
 to tear out th.e brains with his teeth. The 
 savage barbarity of Tydeus displeased Mi- 
 nerva, who was coming to bring him relief, 
 and to make him immortal, and the goddes.= 
 left him to his fate, and suffered Uini to 
 
TY 
 
 die. He was buried at Argos, where his 
 monument was still to be seen in the age 
 of Pausanias. He was father to Diomedes. 
 Some suppose that the cause of his flight 
 to Argas, was the murder of the son of Me- 
 Jus, or, according to others, of Alcathous 
 his father's brother, or perhaps his own bro- 
 ther Olenius. Homer. IL 4, v. 365, 387.— 
 JipoUod. 1, c. 8, 1. 3, c. Q.—JEschyL Sept. Ante 
 Theb—Paus. 9, c. 18. — Diod. 2.—Eurip. in 
 Sup.—Virg. JEn. 6, v. 479.— Otwd. in lb. 360, 
 
 TvDiDEs, a patronymic of Diomedes, as 
 «on of Tydeus. Virg. ^n. ], v. \0\.~Uorat. 
 1, Od. 15, V. 28. 
 
 TyLos, a town of Peloponnesus near T«e- 
 narus, now Bahrain. 
 
 Tymber, a son of Daunus, who assisted 
 Turnus. His head was cut off in an engage- 
 ment by Pallas. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 391, &c. 
 
 TvMOLUs, a mountain. Ovid. Met. 6, v. 15. 
 \yid Tmolus.j 
 
 Tympania, an inland town of Elis. 
 
 Tymph^ei, a people between Epirus and 
 Thessaly. 
 
 TvNDARiDiE, a patronymic of the chil- 
 dren of Tynd.^ru£, as Castor, Pollux, and 
 
 Helen, fcc. Omd. Met. 8. A people of 
 
 Colchis. 
 
 Tyndaris, a patronymic of Helen, daugh- 
 ter of Tyndarus. Virg. JEn. 2, v. 569. 
 
 A town of ?icily near Pelorus, founded by 
 a Messeiiian colonv. Strab. 6. — Piin. 2, c 
 
 91.— Si7. 14, V. 209. Horace gave this 
 
 name to one oi his mistresses, as best expres- 
 sive of all female accomplishments. 1, Od. 
 
 37, V. 10. A name given to Cassandra. 
 
 Ovid. Ji. A. 2, V. 408 A town of Colchis on 
 
 the Pbasis. Plin. 
 
 Tyndarus, son of (Ebalus and Gorgo- 
 phone, or, according to some, of Perieres. 
 He was king of Lacedaemon, and married the 
 celebrated Leda, who bore him Timandra, 
 Philonoe, &lc. and also became mother of Pol- 
 lux and Helen by Jupiter. [Vid. Leda, Cas- 
 tor, Pollux, Clytemnestra, kc.J 
 
 Tynnichus, a general of Heraclea. Polyan. 
 
 Typh(Eus, or Typhon, a famous giant, 
 son of Tartarus and Terra, who bad a hun- 
 dred heads like those of a serpent or a dra- 
 gon. Flames of devouring fire were darted 
 from his mouth and from his eyes, and he ut- 
 tered horrid yells, like the dissonant shrieks 
 of different animals. He was no sooner born, 
 than, to avenge the death of his brothers the 
 giants, he made war against heaven, and so 
 frightened the gods, that they fled away and 
 assumed different shapes. Jupiter becanif- a 
 ram, Mercury an ibis, Apollo a crow, Juno a 
 cow, Bacchus a goat, Diana a cat, Venus a 
 iish, iic. The father of the gods at last re- 
 sumed courage, and put Typhoeus to flight 
 with his thunderbolts, and crushed him under 
 mount J:tna, in the island of Sicily, or ac- 
 cording to some, under the island Inarime. 
 TyphcEus became father of Geryon, Ceibenis. 
 and Ortho?, by his union with Echidna. Ily 
 gin. fab. 152 and 196.— Or/<i. Met. 5, v. 3l'5 
 — ^^schyl. sept, ante Thtb.—Htsiod. Theog. 
 S20.— Homer. Hym.—Herodot. 2, c. 156.— 
 Virg. JEn. 9, v. 716. 
 
 TvPHON, a giant whom Juno produced by 
 "itrik'ng the earth. Some of the poets mjky 
 
 TY 
 
 him the same as the famous Typhoeus. [Vid- 
 Typhoeus.] A brother of Osiris, who mar- 
 ried Nepthys. He laid snares for his brother 
 during his expedition, and murdered him at 
 his return. The death of Osiris was avenged 
 by his son OruS; and Typhon was put to death. 
 [Vid. Os'iTis.] He was reckoned among th6 
 Egyptians to be the cause of every evil, and 
 on that account generdly represented as a 
 wolf and a crocodile. Plut. in Is. &■ Os.-~ 
 Diod. 1. ^ 
 
 Tyrannion, a grammarian of Pontus, 
 intimate with Cicero. His original name 
 was Thephrastus, and he received that of 
 Tyrannion, from his austerity to his pupils. 
 He was taken by LucuMup, and restored to 
 his liberty by Mursena. He opened a school 
 in the house of his friend Cicero, and en- 
 joyed his friendship. He was extremely fond 
 of books, and collected a library of about 
 30,000 volumes. To his care and industry 
 the woild is indebted for the preservation 
 
 of Aristotle's works. There was also one 
 
 of his disciples called Diodes, who bore his 
 name. He was a native of Phoenicia, and 
 was made prisoner in the war of Augustus 
 and Antony. He was bought by Dymes, 
 one of the emperor's favourites, and after- 
 wards by Terentia, who gave him his liberty. 
 He wrote 68 different volumes, in one of which 
 he proved that the Latin tongue was derived 
 from the Greek, and another in which Ho- 
 mer's poems were corrected, &ic. 
 
 TvRANNus, a son of Pterelaus. 
 
 Tyras. or Tyra, a river of European Sar- 
 matia, falling into the Euxine sea, between the 
 Danube and the Borysthenes, now called the 
 Mester. Ovid. Pont. 4, el. 10, v. 50. 
 
 Tyres, one of the companions of ^neas ia 
 his wars against Turnus. He was brother to 
 Teulhras. Virg. .SEn. 10, v. 403. 
 
 Tyridates. a rich man in the age of Alex- 
 ander, &LC. Curt. 
 
 TiRii, or Tyrus, a town of Magna Graecia. 
 
 Tyriotes, an eunuch of Darius, who fled 
 from Alexander's camp to inforai his mas- 
 ter of the queen's death. Curt. 4, c. 10. 
 
 Tyro, a beautiful nymph, daughter of Sal- 
 moneus, king of Elis and .4lcidice. She was 
 treated with great severity by her mother-in- 
 law Sidero, and at last removed from her fa- 
 ther's house by her uncle Cretheus. She be- 
 came enamoured of the Enipeus; and as she 
 often walked on the banks of the river, Nep- 
 tune assumed the shape of her favourite lover, 
 and gained her affections. She had two sons, 
 Pelias and Neleus, by Neptune, whom she 
 exposed, to conceal her incontinence from the 
 world. The children were presei ved by shep- 
 herds, and when they had Pn ived to years of 
 maturity, they avenged their mother's inju- 
 ries by a>satsitiating the cruel Sidero. Some 
 lime after her amoiir vitli Neptune, Tyro 
 married her uncle Cretheus, by wlmjii she 
 iiad Amythaon. Pliores, and TF'som. lyro ifi 
 olien called Salmuni.f from her father. Ho 
 mr.r. Od. Jl, v 2li4.—Py,iJar. Pyth. 4.- 
 .IpoUod. 1, c. 9~Ij!od. 4—Prop'erl. 1, el. 
 13, V 20. I. 2, el. 30, v. 51, I. 3, el. 19, v 
 13— Orirf. Am. 3, el. 6, v. A'i.-^^Aian. V. H. 
 12 c. 42. 
 
 Tyros, nn island cr Arabia ——A city tf 
 Phcenicin. [Tirf. Tyrus ] 
 
TY 
 
 Tyrrheidje, a patronymic given to tbe^ 
 sons of Tyrrbeus, who kept the flocks of La- 
 linus. Virg.Mn.l.v. 484. 
 
 TyRRH*;Ni, the inhabitants of Etruria. 
 [Vid Etruria.] 
 
 TyKKH£NUM MARE, that part of the Me- 
 diter.'-aiiean which lies on the coast of Etruria. 
 It is also called Inftrum, as being at the bot- 
 tom or south of Italy. 
 
 TvRRHiiNos, a son of Atys king of Ly- 
 dia, who came to Italy, where part of the 
 country was called after him. Strab. 5. — 
 
 Tacit. Ann. 4, c. ^.—Paterc. 1, c. 1. 
 
 A friend of.^neas. Virg. JEn. 11, v. 612. 
 
 Tyrrheus. a shephei-d of king Latinus, 
 whose stag being killed by the companions 
 of Ascanius, was the first cause of war be- 
 tween -^.neas and the inhabitants of Latium. 
 Hence the word Tyrrheides. Virg. M.n. 7, v. 
 485. An Egyptian general, B. C. 91. 
 
 Tyrsis, a place in the Balearides, suppo- 
 sed to be the palace of Saturn. 
 
 TvRT^.us, a Greek elegiac poet bofn in 
 Anica, son of Arcbimbrotus. In the second 
 Messenian war, the Lacedaemonians were di- 
 rected by the oracle to a|)ply to the Athenians 
 for a general, if they wished to finish their 
 expedition with success, and they were con- 
 temptuously presented with Tyrtae»s. The 
 poet, though ridiculed for his many deformi- 
 ties, and his ignorance of military affairs, ani- 
 mated the Lacedaemonians with martial songs, 
 just as they wished to raise the siege of Ithome, 
 and inspired them with so much courage, that 
 they defeated the Messenians. For his ser- 
 vices, he was made a citizen of Lacedaemon, 
 and treated with great attention. Of the com- 
 positions of Tyrtaeus, nothing is extant but the 
 ti-agments of four or five elegies. He flourished 
 
 TY 
 
 about 684 B. C. Justin. 2, c. b.—Strab, 8. — 
 Aristot. Polit.5, c. T.—Horat. de Jirt p. 402. 
 — Milan . V. H. 12, g. 50.— Paus. 4, c. 6, &c. 
 
 Tyrus, or Tyros, a very ancient city of 
 Fbcenicia, built by the Sidonians, on a small 
 island at the south of Sidon, about 200 stadia 
 from the shore, and bow called Sur. There 
 were, properly speaking, two places of that 
 name, the old Tyros, called Palceti/ros, on the 
 sea-shore, and the other in the island. It was 
 about 19 miles in circumference, including^ 
 Palaityios, but without it about four milea. 
 Tyre was destroyed by the princes of Assyria, 
 arid afterwards rebuilt. It maintained its in- 
 dependence till the age of Alexander, who 
 took it with much difllculty, and only after he 
 had joined the island to the continent by a 
 mole, after a siege of seven months, on the 
 20th of August, B. C. 332. The l^rians were 
 naturally industrious ; their city was the em- 
 porium of commerce, and they were deemed 
 the inventors of scarlet and purple colours. 
 They founded many cities in different parts of 
 the world, such as Carthage, Gades, Leptis, 
 Utica, &.C. which on that account are often 
 distinguished by the epithet Tyria. The build- 
 ings of Tyre were very splendid and magnifi- 
 cent ; the walls were 150 feet high, with a pro- 
 portionable breadth. Hercules was the chief 
 deity of the place. It had two large and capa- 
 cious harbours, and a powerful fleet ; and was 
 built, according to some writers, about 2760 
 years before the Christian era. Strab. 16. — 
 Herodot. 2, c. 4i.—Mela, 1, c. 12.— Curt. 4, 
 c. 4.— Virg. Mn. 1, v. 6, 339, he— Ovid. Fast. 
 
 1, &ic. Met. 5 and 10. — Lucan 3, &.c. A 
 
 nymph, mother of Venus, according to some. 
 
 Tysias, a man celebrated by Cicero. [Vid. 
 Tisias.] 
 
 VA 
 
 VACATIONE (lex de) was enacted con- 
 cerning the exemption from military ser 
 vice,and contained this very remarkable clause, 
 nm helium Gallicum exoriatur, in which case 
 the priests themselves were not exempte*- 
 from service. This can intimate how appie 
 hensivc the Romans were of the Gauls, by 
 whom their city had once been taken. 
 
 Vacca, a town of I^umidia. Sailust, Jug. 
 A river of Spain. 
 
 VaccjEi, a people at the north of Spain. 
 Hv. 21, c. 5, 1. 35, c. 7, 1. 46, c. 47. 
 
 Vaccus, a general, &:c. Liv. 8, c. 19. 
 
 VacCna, a goddess at Rome, who presided 
 over repose and leisure, as the word indicates 
 (vacare). Her festivals were observed in 
 the month of December. Ovid. Fast. 6, v. 
 dOT.-lhrat. 1, ep. 10, v. 49. 
 
 Vadimonis Lacks, now Bassano, a lake 
 of Etruria, whose waters were sulphureous. 
 The Etrurians were defeated there by the Ro- 
 mans, and the Gauls by Dolabella. Liv. 9, c. 
 dO.—Flor. 1, c. 13.— P/m. 8, ep. 20. 
 
 Vaga, a town of Africa. Sil. 3, v. 259. 
 
 VagedrCsa, a river of Sicily, betw^een 
 the towns of Camari^a and Gela. Sil. 14, 
 V. 229. 
 
 VA 
 
 Vagellius, an obscene lawyer of Mutina 
 Juv. 16, v. 23. 
 
 Vageni, or Vagiehwi, a people of Liguria, 
 at tlie sources of the Po, whose capital 
 was called Augusta Vagiennorum. Sil. 8, v.. 
 606. 
 
 Vahalis, a river of modern Holland, now 
 called the Waal. Tacii. Ann. 2, c. 6. 
 
 Vala, C. Numonius, a friend of Horace? 
 to whom the poet addressed 1 ep. 15. 
 
 Valens, Flavins, a son of Gratian, bom 
 in Pannonia. His brother Valentinian took 
 him as his colleague on the throne, and ap- 
 pointed him over the eastern parts of the 
 Roman empire. The bold measures and the 
 threats of the rebel Procopius, fi-ightened the 
 new emperor; and if his friends had not 
 intervened, he would have willingly resigned 
 all his pretensions to the empire, which his 
 brother had intrusted to his care. By perse- 
 verance, however, Valens was enabled to 
 destroy his rival, and to distinguish hunseir 
 in his wars against the nortliern barbarians. 
 But his lenity to these savage intruders 
 proved fatal to the Roman power; and 
 by permitting some of the Goths to settle in 
 the provinces of ThracC) and to have free 
 
VA 
 
 access to every part of the country, Valens 
 encouraged (hem to make depredalions on 
 liis subjects, and to disturb their tranquillity. 
 His eyes were opened too late ; he attempted 
 to repel them, but he failed in the attempt 
 A bloody battle was fought, in which the bar- 
 barians obtained some advantage, and Valens 
 Avas hurried away by the obscurity of the 
 night, and the affection of his soldiers for his 
 person, into a lonely house, which the Goth set 
 on fire. Valens, unable to make his escape, 
 was burnt alive, in the 50th year of his age, 
 after a reign of \o years, A. D. 378. He has 
 been blamed for his superstition and cruelty, in 
 putting to death all such of hb subjects whose 
 name began by Theod, because he had been 
 informed by his favourite astrologers, that his 
 crown would devolve upon the head of an 
 officer whose name began with these letters. 
 Valens did not possess any of the great qua- 
 lities which distinguish a great and powerful 
 monarch. He was illiterate, and of a disposi- 
 tion naturally indolent and inactive. Yet 
 though timorous in the highest degree, he was 
 warlike: and though fond of ease, he was ac- 
 quainted with the character of his utficars, and 
 preferred none but such as possessed raerh. 
 He was a great friend of discipline, a pattern 
 of chastity and temperance, and he showed 
 himself always ready to listen to the just com- 
 plaints of his subjects, though he gave an at- 
 tentive ear to flattery and malevolent infor- 
 mation. Ammian. he. Valerius, a procon- 
 sul of Achaia, who proclaimed himself erape 
 rorofRome, when Marcian, who had been 
 invested with the purple in the east, attempt- 
 ed to assassinate him. He reigned only six 
 months, and was murdered by his soldiers, A. 
 
 D. 261 Fabius, a friend of Vitellius, Vv^hom 
 
 he saluted emperor, in opposition to Otho. He 
 
 was greatly honoured by Vitellius, 6ic. A 
 
 general of the emperor Honorius. The 
 
 name of the second Mercury, mentioned by 
 Cic. de Kal. D. 3, c. 22, but considered as more 
 properly belonging to Jupiter. 
 
 Velentia, one of the ancient names of 
 
 Rome.. A town of S[)aln, a little below 
 
 Saguntum, founded by J. Brutiis, and for some 
 
 time known by the name of Julia Colonia. 
 
 A town of Italy. Another in Sardinia. 
 
 Valentinianus 1st, a son of Gratian, raised 
 to the imperial throne by his merit and 
 valour. He kept the western part of the 
 empire for himself, and appointed over the 
 east his brother Valens. He gave the most 
 convincing proof of his military valour in 
 the victories which he obtained over the 
 barbarians in the provinces of Gaul, the de- 
 serts of Africa, or on the banks of the Rhine 
 and the Danube. The insolence of the Quadi 
 he punished with great severity ; and when 
 these desperate and indigent barbarians had 
 deprecated the conqueror's mercy, Valen- 
 tinian treated them with contempt, and up- 
 braided them with every mark of resentment. 
 While be spoke with such warmth, he broke 
 a blood vessel, and fell lifeless on the ground. 
 He was conveyed into his [)alace by his atten- 
 dants, and soon after died, after suffering the 
 greatest ogonies, violent fits, and contortions 
 of his limbs, on the 17th of November, A. D. 
 375. He was then in the 05Ui year of his age, 
 «Dd had reigned 12 yearp. He has beon repre- 
 
 VA 
 
 sented by some, as cruel and covetous in the 
 highest degree. He was naturally of an iras- 
 cible disposition, and he gratified his pride in 
 expressing a contempt for those who were his 
 equals in military abilities, or who shone for 
 gracefulness orelegance of address. Ammian. 
 About six days after the death of Valen- 
 
 tinian, his second son, Valentinian the second, 
 was proclaimed emperor, though only five 
 years old. He succeeded his brother Gratian, 
 A. D. 383, but his youth seemed to favour 
 dissention, and the attempts and the usurpa- 
 tions of rebels. He was robbed of his throne 
 by Maximus, four years after the death X)f 
 Gratian ; and in this helpless situations he had 
 recourse to Theodosius, who was then em- 
 peror of the east. He was successful in his 
 applications ; Maximus was conquered by The- 
 odosius, and Valentinian entered Rome in 
 triumph, accompanied by his benefactor. He 
 was some time after strangled by one of hii 
 officers, a native of Gaul, called Arbogastes, in 
 whom he had placed too much confidence, and 
 from whom he expected more deference than 
 the ambition of a barbarian could pay. Va- 
 lentinian reigned nine years. This happened 
 the 15tli of May, A. D. 392, at Vienne, one 
 of ihe modern towns of France. He hasbeen 
 commended for his many virtues, and the ap- 
 plause which the populace bestowed upon him 
 was bestowed upon real merit. He abolished 
 the greatest part of the taxes; and because 
 his subjects complained that he was too fond 
 ot the amusements of the circus, be ordered 
 all such festivals to be abolished, and ail the 
 wild beasts that were kept for the enter- 
 lainmentof the people to be slain. He was 
 remarkable for his benevolence and clemency, 
 not only to his friends, but even to such us 
 tiad conspired against his life; and he used to 
 sn.Y, that tyrants alone are suspicious. He was 
 fond of imitating the virtues and exemplary 
 life of his friend and patron Theodosius, and 
 if he had lived longer, the Romans might 
 have enjoyed peace and security. Valen- 
 tinian tho third, was son of Constantius and 
 Placidia, tlie daugiiter of Theodosius the 
 Great, and theretoie, as related to the im- 
 perial family, he was saluted emperor in his 
 youth, and publicly acknowledged as si;c!i at 
 Rome, the 3d of October, A. D. 423, ai)Out 
 the 6th year of his age. He was at first gov- 
 erned by his mother, and the intrigues of iiis 
 generals and courtiers; and when he can;c to 
 years of discretion, he disgraced hirasel! by 
 violence, oppression, and incontinence. He 
 was murdered in the midst of Rome. A. D, 
 454, in the 36th jear of his age, and 31st of 
 his reign, by Petronius Maximus, to whose 
 w ife I.e had offered violence. The vices of 
 Valentinian the third were conspicuous; 
 every passion he wished to gratify at the ex- 
 pense of his honour, his health, and charac- 
 ter; and as he lived without one single act 
 of benevolence or kindness, he died lamented 
 by none, though pitied for his imprudence 
 and vicious propensities. He was the last 
 
 of the family ot Theodosius. A son of 
 
 the emperor Gratian, who di«d when very 
 young. 
 
 Valeria, a sbter of Publicola, who ad- 
 vised the Roman matrons to go and deprecate- 
 Ihe resontratnt of Coriolanus. Pint, in C«r 
 
VA 
 
 A daughter of Publicola, given as an | 
 
 hostage to Porsenna by the Romans. She fled ! 
 from the enemy's country with Cloelia, and I 
 swam across the Tiber. Plut. de Virt. Mid. i 
 
 A daughter of Messala, sister to Horten- 
 
 sius, who married Sylla. The wife of the 
 
 emperor Valentinian. The wife of the em- 
 peror Galerius. &,c. A road in Sicily, 
 
 tviiich led from Messana to Liiybajum. A 
 
 town of Spain. PUn. 3, c. 3. 
 
 Valk.ria i.kx, de provocatione, by P. Va- 
 li^rius Foplicola, the sole consul, A. U. C. 
 243 It permitted the appeal from a magis- 
 trate to the people, and tor!)ad the magistrate 
 to punish a citizen for making the appeal. It 
 further made it a capital crime for a citizen 
 to aspire to the sovereignty of Rome, or to 
 exercise any office without the choice and 
 approbation of tbs people. VaL Max. 4, c. 
 
 1 — Liv.2,c. 8. — Dion. Hal. 4. Another, 
 
 di dlbilorihus, by Valerius Flaccus. It re- 
 quired that all creditors should discharge 
 their debtors, on receiWng a fourth part of 
 
 the whole sum. Another by M. Valerius 
 
 Corvinus, A. U. C.453, which confirmed the 
 
 first Valerian law, enacted by Poplicola. 
 
 Another, called also Horatia, by L Valerius 
 and M. Horatius the consuls, A. U. C. 304. 
 It revived the first Valerian law, which under 
 
 the triumvirate had lost its force. Another, 
 
 de ma^istralibus, by P. Valerius Poplicola, 
 sole consul, A. U. C. 243. It created two 
 quaestors to take care of the public treasure, 
 which was for the future to be kept in the 
 temple of Saturn. Plut. in Pop. — Liv. 2. 
 
 VALKKfANDS, Publius Liciuius, a Roman, 
 proclaimed emperor by the armies in Rhaj- 
 tia, A. D. 254. The virtues which shone 
 in him wiien a private man, were lost when 
 he ascended the throne. Formerly distin- 
 guished for his temperaiH-e, moderation, and 
 many virtues, which fixed the uninfluenced 
 choice of all Rome upon him. Valerian, invest- 
 ed with (he purple, displayed inability and 
 meanness. He was cowardly in his operations, 
 and though acquainted with war, and the 
 patron of science, he seldom acted with pru- 
 dence, or favoured met) of true genius and 
 merit. He took his son Gallienus as his col- 
 league in the empire, and showed the malevo- 
 lence of his heart by persecuting the Chris- 
 tians whom he had for a while tolerated. He 
 also made war against the Goths and Scythi- 
 ans; but in an expedition which he under- 
 took against Sapor, king of Persia, his arms 
 were attended with ill success. He was con- 
 quered in Mesopotamia, and when he wished 
 to have a private conference with Sapor, the 
 conqueror seized his person, and carried him 
 in triurni)h to his capital, where he exposed 
 him, and in all the cities of liis em[)ire, to the 
 ridicule and insolence of his subjects. When 
 the Persian monarch mounted on horseback, 
 Valerian served as a footstool, and the many 
 other insults .vhich he suttered, excited indig- 
 nation even among the courtiers of Sapor. 
 The monarch at last ordered him to be flayed 
 alive, and salt to be thrown over his mangled 
 hody. so that lie died in the greatest torments 
 His skin was tanned, and painted in red ; and 
 that the ignominy of the Roman empire might 
 l>e lasting, it was nailed in one of the temples 
 ot rersiu. Valerian died in the 7l3t year ot 
 
 VA 
 
 his age, A. D. 260, after a reign of sevcH 
 years. A grandson of Valerian the em- 
 peror. He was put to death when his father,, 
 
 the emperor Gallienus, was killed. One 
 
 of the generals of the usurper Niger. 
 
 A worthy senator, put to death by Helio- 
 gabalus. 
 
 Valerius Pfiblius, a celebrated Roman, 
 surnamed Poplicola, for his popularity. He 
 was very active in assisting Brutus to ex- 
 pel the Tarquins, and he was the first that 
 took an oath to support the liberty and inde- 
 pendence of his country. Though he had 
 been refused the consulship, and had retired 
 with great dissatisfaction from the direction of 
 att'airs, yet he regarded the public opinion, 
 and when the jealousy of the Romans in- 
 veighed against the towering appearance of 
 his iiouse, he acknowledged the reproof, and 
 in making it lower, he showed his wish to be 
 on a level with his fellow citizens, and not 
 to erect what might be considered as a citadel 
 for the oppression of his countiy. He was 
 afterwards honoured with the consulship, on 
 the expulsion of Collatinus, and he triumph- 
 ed over the Etrurians, after he had gained 
 the victory in the battle in which Brutus and 
 the sons of Tarquin had fallen. Valeriua 
 died after he had been four times consul, and 
 enjoyed the popularity, and received the 
 thanks and the gratitude, which people re- 
 deemed from slavery and oppression usually 
 {)ay to their patrons ami deliverers. He was 
 so poor that bis body was buried at the pub- 
 lic expense. The Roman matrons mourned 
 bis death a whole year. Pint, in vita. — Flor. 
 1, c. 9. — Liv. 3, c. 8, &c. Corvinus, a tri- 
 bune of the soldiers under Camillus. Wheu 
 the Roman army were challenged by one of 
 the Senones, remarkable for his strength and 
 stattu'e, Valerius undertook to engage him, 
 and obtained an easy victory, by means of a 
 crow that assisted him, and attacked the face 
 of the Gaul, whence his surname of Corvinus. 
 Valerius triumphed over the Etrurians, and 
 the neighbouring states that made war against 
 Rome, and was six limes honoured with the 
 consulship. He died in the lOOih year of liis 
 age, admired and regretted for many private 
 and public virtues. Fa/. Ma.x. 8, c. 13. — Liv, 
 
 7, c. 27, &,c. — Plut. in Mar. — Cic. m Cat. 
 
 Antias, an excellent Roman historian often 
 
 quoted, and particularly by Livy. Flaccus, 
 
 a consul with Cato, whose friendship he ho- 
 nourably shared. He made war against the 
 Insubres and Boii, and killed 10,000 of the 
 enemy. Marcus Corvinus Messala, a Ro- 
 man made consul with Augustus. He distin- 
 guished himself by his learning as well as mi- 
 litary virtues. He lost his memory about two 
 years before his death, and according to some, 
 he was even ignorant of his own name. Sut- 
 ton, in Jiug. — Cic. in Brut. Soranus, a 
 
 Latin poet in the age of Julius Cassar, put to 
 death for betraying a secret. He acknow- 
 ledged no god, but the soul of the univei*se. 
 Maximus, a brother of Poplicola. A 
 
 Latin historian who carried arms under the 
 .«o!is of Pompey. He dedicated his time to 
 study, and wrote an account of all the most 
 celebrated sayings and actions of the Romans, 
 and other illustrious persons, which is still 
 extant, and divided into nine books. It is de- 
 
VA 
 
 dicated to Tiberius. Some have supposed that 
 he lived after the age of Tiberius, from the 
 want of purity and elegance, which so con- 
 spicuously appear in his writings, unworthy of 
 the correctness of the golden age ofthe Roman 
 literature. The best editions of Valerius are 
 those of Torrenius, 4to. L. Bat. 1726, and of 
 Vorstius,8vo. Berolin. 1672. Marcus, a bro- 
 ther of Poplicola, who defeated the army of 
 the Sabines in two battles. He was honoured 
 with a triumph, and the Romans,, to show their 
 sense of his great merit, built him a house on 
 
 mount Palatine, at the public expense Po- 
 
 titus, a general who stirred up the people and 
 army against the decemvirs, and Appius Clau 
 dius in particular. He was chosen consul, 
 and conquered the Volsci and iEqui. 
 
 Flaccus, a Roman, intimate with Cato the 
 censor. He was consul with him, and cut 
 oflF an army of 10,000 Gauls in one battle. 
 He was also chosen censor, and prince of the 
 
 senate, &,c. A Latin poet who flourished 
 
 under Vespasian. He wrote a poem in eight 
 books on the Argonautic expedition, but it re- 
 mained unfinished on account of his prema- 
 ture death. The Argonauts were there left 
 on the sea in their return home. Some cri- 
 tics have been lavish in their praises upon 
 Flaccus, and have called him the second poet 
 of Rome, after Virgil, His poetry, however, 
 is deemed by some frigid and languishing, and 
 his style uncouth and inelegant. The best edi- 
 tions of Flaccus are those of Burman, L. Bat. 
 1724, and 12mo. Utr. 1702. Asiaticus, a ce- 
 lebrated Roman, accused of having murdered 
 one of the relations of tlie emperor Claudius. 
 He was condemned by the intrigues of Mes- 
 salina, though innocent, and he opened his 
 
 veins and bled to death. Tacit. Ann. A 
 
 friend of Vitellius. Fabianus, a youth con- 
 demned under Nero, for counterfeiting the 
 will of one of his friends, he Tacit. Ann. 14, 
 
 c. 42. LsBvinus, a consul who fought against 
 
 Pyrrhus during the Tarentine war. Vid. 
 Laevinus. Praeconinus, a lieutenant of Cae- 
 sar's army in Gaul, slain in a skirmish. 
 
 Paulinus, a friend of Vespasian, he. 
 
 Valerus, a friend of Turnus against /Eneas. 
 Virg. JEn. 10, v. 752. 
 
 Valgius Rufus, a Roman poet in the Au- 
 gustan age, celebrated for his writings. He 
 was very intimate with Horace. Tibull. 3, 1. 
 1, V. 180.— Horat. 1, Sal. 10, v. 82. 
 
 Vandahi, a people of Germany. Tacit, de 
 Germ. c. 3. 
 
 Vanoiones, a people of Germany. Their 
 capital, Borbetomagus, is now called Worms, 
 lucan. 1, V.431.— Cas. G. 1, c. 51. 
 
 Vanwia, a town of Italy, north of the Po. 
 now called Civita. 
 
 Vannius, a king ofthe Siievi, banished un- 
 der Claudius, fee. Tacit. Ann. \t, c. 29. 
 
 Vapjneum, a town of Gaul. 
 
 Vabanes, a name common to some ofthe 
 Persian monarchs, iu the age of the Roman 
 emperors. 
 
 Vaud^i, a people of Dalmatia. Cic. Fam. 
 5, ep. y. 
 
 Varia, a town of Latlum, 
 
 Vakia i.ex, de mojestale, by the tribune 
 L. Varius, A. U. C. 662. It ordained that 
 all such as had assisted the confederates in 
 their war against Rome, should be publicly 
 
 VA 
 
 tried. Another, de civitate, by Q. Varius 
 
 Hybrida. It punished all such as were sus- 
 pected of having assisted or supported the 
 people of Italy in their petition to become 
 free citizens of Rome. Cic. pro Mil. 36. in 
 Brut. 56, 88, fee. 
 
 Varini, a people of Germany. Tacit, dc 
 Ger. 40. 
 
 Varisti, a people of Germany. 
 
 Lucius Varius, or Varus, a tragic poet 
 intimate with Horace and Virgil. He was 
 one of those whom Augustus appointed to 
 revise Virgil's ^Eneid. Some fragments of 
 his poetry are still extant. Besides trage- 
 dies, he wrote a panegyric on the emperor, 
 Quiiitilian says, 1. 10, that his Thyestes was 
 equal to any composition of the Greek poets. 
 
 Horat. 1, sat. 5, v. 40. A man who raised 
 
 his reputation by the power of his oratory. 
 
 Cic. de Orat. 1, c. 25. One of the friends 
 
 of Antony, surnamed Coiylon. A man ia 
 
 the reign of Otho, punished for his adulte- 
 ries, &1C. 
 
 Varro, M. Terentius, a Roman consul 
 defeated at Cannae, by Annibal. [F?c?. Te- 
 rentius.] A Latin writer, celebrated for 
 
 his groat learning. He wrote no less than- 
 500 different volumes, which are all now lost, 
 except a treatise de Re Rmticd, and another 
 de Lingua Latina, in five books, written in 
 his 80th year, and dedicated to the orator 
 Cicero. He was Poropey's lieutenant in his 
 piratical wars, and obtained a naval crown. 
 In the civil wars he was taken by Caesar, and 
 proscribed, but he escaped. He has been 
 greatly commended by Cicero for his erudi- 
 tion, and St. Augustin says, that it cannot 
 but be wondered how Varro, who read such 
 a number of books, could find time to com- 
 pose so many volumes; and how he who 
 composed so many volumes, could be at lei- 
 sure to peruse such a variety of books, and 
 gain so much literary information. He died 
 B. C. 28, in the 88th year of his age. The 
 best edition of Varro is that of Dordrac, 8vo. 
 
 1619. Cic. in Acad. Lc. — Quintil. Atta- 
 
 cinus, a native of Gaul, in the age of J. 
 Cagsar, He translated into Latin verse the 
 Argonaulica of Apollonius Rhodius, with 
 great correctness and elegance. He also 
 wrote a poem entitled de Bello Setpianico, 
 besides epigrams and elegies. Some frag- 
 ments of his poetry are still extant. He 
 failed in his attem[)t to write satire. Horat. 
 1, sat. 10, V. 46. — Ovid. Am. 1, v. 15. — Quint. 
 10, c. 1. 
 
 Varronis Villa, now Vicovaro, was si- 
 tuate on the Anio, in the country of the Sa- 
 bines. Cic. Phil. 2, ep 41. 
 
 Varus, Quintilius, a Roman procon- 
 sul, descended tVoin an illustrious family. 
 He was appointed governor of Syria, and 
 afterwards made commander of the armies in 
 Germany. He was surprised by the enemy, 
 under Arminius, a crafty and dissimulating 
 chief, and his army was cut to pieces. When 
 he saw that every thing was lost, he killed 
 himself, A. D. 10, and his example was fol- 
 lowed by some of his officers. His head was 
 afterwards sent to Augustus at Rome, by 
 one of the barbarian chiefs, as also hi.s 
 body ; and so great was ihc influence of 
 this defeat upon the emperor, that he c©n 
 
VA 
 
 iinued for whole months to «fcow ail the 
 marks of dejection and of deep sorrow, often 
 exclaiming, " O Varus, restore me my legioiu." 
 The bodies of the slain were left in the field 
 of battle, where they were found six years 
 after by Germanicns, and buried with great 
 pomp. Varus has been taxed with indolence 
 and cowardice, and some have intimated, 
 Ihaf if he had not trusted too much to the 
 insinuations of the barbarian chiefs, he might 
 have not only escaped ruin, but awed the 
 Germans to (heir duty. His avarice was also 
 «onfej)icuous ; he tvent poor to Syria, whence 
 he returned loaded with riches. Horat. 1- 
 od. 24.—Palerc. 2, c. 117— Hor. 4, c. 12 
 
 — I'irg. Eel. 6. A son of Varus, who 
 
 married a daughter of Germnmcus. Tacit. 
 
 Jinn. 4, c. 6. The father and grandfather 
 
 of Varus, who was killed in Germany, slew 
 themselves with their own swords, the one 
 after the battle of Philippi, and the other 
 
 in the plains of Pharsalia. Quintilius, a 
 
 friend of Horace, and other great men in the 
 Augustan age. He was a good judge of poe- 
 try, and a great critic, as Horace, Jlrt. P. 
 438, seems to insinuate. The poet has ad- 
 dressed the 18th ode of his first book to him. 
 and in the 34th he mourns pathetically his 
 death. Some suppose this Varus to be the 
 person killed in Germany, while others be- 
 lieve him to be a mtsn who devoted his time 
 more to (he muses than to war. [Vid. Va- 
 
 rius.] Lucius, an epicurean philosopher, 
 
 intimate with J. Caesar. Some suppose that 
 it was to him that Virgil inscribed bis sixth 
 eclogue. He is commended by Q;iiintil. 
 
 6, c. 3, 78. Alfrenus, a Roman, who 
 
 though originally a shoe-maker, became con- 
 sul, and distinguished himself by his abilities 
 ■as an orator. He was buried at the public 
 ox[»ense, an honour granted to few, and only 
 
 to persons of merit. Horat. 1, sat. 3. 
 
 Accius, one of the friends of Cato in Africa, 
 &c. A river which falls into the Medi- 
 terranean to the west of Nice, after separat- 
 ing Liguria from Gallia Narbonensis. Lucmi. 
 I, V. 4U4. 
 
 Vasates, a people of Gaul. 
 
 Vascones, a people of Spain, on the 
 Pyrenees. They were so reduced by a fa- 
 mine by Metellus, that they fed on human 
 llesh. Plin. 3, c. ^.—Mson. 2, v. \00.—Jav. 
 lb, v. 93. 
 
 Vasto, a town of Gaul in modern Provence. 
 Cic. Fam. 10, ep. 34. 
 
 Vaticanus, a hill at Rome, near the Ti- 
 'r)erand the Janiculum, which produced wine 
 of no great esteem. It was disregarded by 
 the Romans on account of the unwholesome- 
 iiessofthe air, and the continual stench of 
 the filth that was there, and of stagnated wa- 
 ters. Hcliogabalus was the first who cleared 
 it of all disagreeable nuisances. It is now ad- 
 mired for ancient monuments and pillars, for 
 n celebrated public library, and for the palace 
 of the pope. Horat. 1, od. 20. 
 
 Vatienus, now Saterno, a river rising in (he 
 Alps and falling into the Po. Mnriial. 3, ep. 
 67. — Plin. 3, c. 16. 
 
 Vatinia lex, de provinciis, by the Iri- 
 hiine P. Vatinius, A. U. C. 694. It appointed 
 Cicsar governor of Gallia Cisalpina and Illyri- 
 yflimf for five years, without a decree of the 
 
 VE 
 
 senate, or the usual custom of casting lots. 
 Some persons were also appointed to attend 
 him as lieutenants without the iivterfereuce of 
 the senate. His array was to be paid out of 
 the public treasury, and he was empowered to 
 plant a Roman colony in the town of Novo- 
 
 comum in Gaul. Another by P. Vatinius 
 
 the tribune, A. U. C. 694, de repdmuiis-, for the 
 belter management of the trial of those who 
 were accused of extortion. 
 
 Vatinius, an intimate friend of Cicero, 
 once distinguished for his enmity to the ora- 
 tor. He hated the people of Rome for their 
 great vices and corruption, whence excessive 
 hatred became proverbial in the words Vati' 
 nianum Odium. CalulL 14, v. 3. A shoe- 
 maker, ridiculed for his deformities, and the 
 oddity of his character He was one of Ne- 
 ro's favourites, and he surpassed the rest of 
 the courtiers in flattery, and in the commis^ 
 sion of every impious deed. Large cups, of 
 no value, are called Vatiniani from him, be- 
 cause he used one which was both ill-shaped 
 and uncouth. Tacit. Ann. 13, c. 34. — Juv. — 
 Marl. 14, ep. 96. 
 
 Ubii, a people of Germany near the Rhine, 
 transported across the river by Agrippa, who 
 gave them the name of Agrippinenses, from 
 his daughter Agrippina, who had been born 
 in the country. Their chief town, Ubiorum 
 oppidum, is now Cologne. Tacit. G. 28, An. 
 12, c. 21. —Plin. 4, c. 17.— Ccp*. 4, c. 30. 
 
 UcALEGON, a Trojan chief, remarkable 
 for his great age and praised for the soundness 
 of his counsels and his good intentions, though 
 accused by some of betraying his country to 
 the enemy. His house was first set on fire by 
 the Greeks. Virg. Mn. 2, v. '^12.— Homer. It. 
 3, V. 148. 
 
 UcETiA, a town of Gaul. 
 
 UcuBis, now Lucubi, a town of Spain. 
 Hirtiiis. 
 
 UoiNA, or Vedinum, now Udino, a town of 
 Italy. 
 
 Vectis, the isle of Wight, south of Britain. 
 Suet. CI. 4. 
 
 Vectids, a rhetorician, ^c. Juv. 7, v. 150. 
 
 Vectones. \,Vid. Vettones.j 
 
 Vedius PoLi.io, a f»-iend of Augustus, \&ry 
 
 cruel to his servants, iic [FiW. Polilo,] 
 
 Aquila, an officer at the battle of Bebriacum, 
 kc. Tacit. H. 2, c. 44. 
 
 V^EGETius, a Latin writer, who flourished 
 B. C. 386. The best edition of his treatise dc 
 Re Mitiiari, together with iWodestus, is that of 
 Paris, 4to. 1807. 
 
 Vegia, an island on the coast of Dalmatia. 
 
 Veia, a sorceress in the age of Horace, cp. 
 5, V. 29. 
 
 Veianus, a gladiator in the age of Horace. 
 1, ep. 1, V. 4. 
 
 Veientes," the inhabitants of Veii. They 
 were carried to Rome, where the tribe they 
 composed was called Veienlina. [Vid. Veii.j 
 
 Veiento, Fabr. a Roman, as arrogant as 
 he was satirical. Nero banished him for his 
 libellous writings. Jut. 3, v. 185. 
 
 Veii, a powerful city of Etruria, at the. 
 distance of about 12 miles from Rome. It 
 sustained many long wars against the Ro- 
 mans, and was at last taken and destroyed 
 by Camillus, after a siege of ten years. At 
 the time of its destruction, \ei\ was larger 
 
VE 
 
 and far more magnificent than the city of 
 Rome Its situation was so eligible, that the 
 Romans, after the burning of the city by the 
 Gauls, were long inclined to migrate there, 
 and totally abandon their native home, and 
 this would have been carried into execution 
 if not opposed by the authority and eloquence 
 of Camillus. Ovid. 2, Fast. v. 195. — Cic. dt 
 Div. 1, c. 44.— i/oro/. 2, Sat. 3, v. 143.— Lir. 
 5, c. 21, &tc. 
 
 Vejuvis, or Vejupiter, a deity of ill omen 
 at Rome. He had a temple on the Capito- 
 line hill, built by Romulus. Some suppose 
 that he was the same as Jupiter the infant, or 
 in the cradle, because he was represented 
 without thunder, or a sceptre, and had only by 
 his side the goat Amaltbaea, and the Cretan 
 nymph who fed him when young. Ovid. Fast. 
 
 3, V. 430. 
 
 Velabrum, a marshy piece of ground on 
 the side of the Tiber, between the Aventine, 
 Palatine, and Capatoline hills, which Augustus 
 drained, and where he build houses. The 
 place was frequented as a market, where oil, 
 cheese, and other commodities were exposed 
 to sale. Horat. 2, Sat. 3, v. 229.— Ovid. Fast. 
 Q, V. 401.— Tibull. 2, el. 5, v. SS.—Plaut.S, 
 cap. 1, V 29. 
 
 Velanius, one of Caesar's oflBcers in 
 Gaul, &-C. 
 
 Velauxi, a people of Gaul. 
 
 Velia, a maritime town of Lucania foun- 
 ded by a colony of Phoceans, about 600 years 
 after the coming of iEneas into Italy. The 
 port in its neighbourhood was called Veli- 
 nus partus. Strab. 6. — Mela, 2, c. 4. — Cic. 
 
 Phil. I0,c.4.— Virg. ^n. 6, v. 366. An 
 
 eminence near the Roman forum, where Pop- 
 licola built himself a house. Liv. 2, c. 6. — 
 Cic. 7. Jitt. 15. 
 
 Velica, or Vellica, a town of the Canta- 
 bri. 
 
 Velina, a part of the city of Rome, ad- 
 joining mount Palatine, It was also one of 
 the Roman tribes. Horat. 1, ep. 6, v. 62. — Cic. 
 
 4, ad Attic, ep. 16. 
 
 Velinus, a lake in the country of the Sa- 
 bines, formed by the stagnant waters of the 
 Velinus, between some hills near Reate. The 
 river Vilinus rises in the Apennines, and 
 after it has formed the lake, it falls into the 
 Nar, near Spoletium. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 517. — 
 Cic. Div. 1, C.36. 
 
 Veliocassi, a people of Gaul. 
 
 Veljterna, or VeeitrjE, an ancient 
 town of Latium on the Appian road, 20 miles 
 at the east of Rome. The inhabitants were 
 called Vditerni. It became a Roman colony. 
 Liv. 8, c. 12, &c. — Sueton. in Aug. — Hal. 8, 
 V. 378, &.C. 
 
 Vellari, a people of Gaul. 
 
 Vellaunodunum, a town of the Senones, 
 BOW Beaune. Cos. 7, c. 11. 
 
 Vklleda, a woman famous among the 
 Germans, in the age of Vespasian, and wor- 
 shipped as a deity. Tacit, de Gtrm. 8. 
 
 Velleius Paterculus, a Roman histO' 
 rian, descended from an equestrian family of 
 Campania. He was at first a military tribune 
 in the Roman armies, and for nine years 
 served under Tiberius in the various expedi- 
 tions which he undertook iu Gaul and Ger- 
 many. Velleius >vrole an epitome of the his- 
 
 VE 
 
 I tory of Greece, and of Rome, and of other 
 I nations of the most remote antiquity ; but of 
 I this authentic composition there remain only 
 ! fragments of the history of Greece and Rome 
 from the conquest of Perseus, by Paulus, to 
 the 17th year of the reign of Tiberius, in two 
 books. It is a judicious account of celebrated 
 men, and illustrious cities : the historian ie 
 happy in his descriptions, and accurate in his 
 dates } his pictures arc true, and his narrations 
 lively and interesting. The whole is candid 
 and impartial, but only till the reign of the 
 Caesars, when the writer began to be influenced 
 by the presence of the emperor, or the power 
 of his favourites. Paterculus is deservedly 
 censured for his invectives against Cicero and 
 Pompey, and his encomiums on the cruel Ti- 
 berius, and the unfortunate Sejanus. Some 
 suppose that he was involved in the ruin of 
 this disappointed courtier, whom he had ex- 
 tolled as a pattern of virtue and morality. The 
 best editions of Paterculus are those of Rnhn- 
 kenius, 8vo. 2 vols. L. Bat. 1779; of Barbou, 
 Paris, 12mo. 1777, and of Burman, 8vo. L.. 
 
 Bat. 1719. Caius, the grandfather of the 
 
 historian of that name, was one of the friends 
 of Livia. He killed himself when old and un- 
 able to accompany Livia in her flight. 
 
 Velocasses, a people of Vtxin in Norman- 
 dy. Cffii. G.2, c.4. 
 
 Venafrum, a town of Campania near Arpi- 
 num, abounding in olive trees. It became a 
 Roman colony. It had been founded by 
 Diomedes. Horat. 2, Od. 6, v. 16. — Martial. 
 13, ep. 98.— Juv. 6, v. 89.— 5/ra6. b.—Plin. 
 3, c. 6. 
 
 Venedi, a people of Germany, near the 
 mouth of the Vistula, or gulf of Dantzic. Ta- 
 cit, de Germ. 46. — Plin. 4, c. 13. 
 
 Veneli, a people of Gallia Celtica. 
 
 Veneti, a people of Italy in Cisalpine 
 Gaulj near the mouths of the Po. They were 
 descended from a nation of Paphlagonia, who 
 settled there under Antenor some time aft«r 
 the Trojan war. The Venetians, who have 
 been long a powerful and commercial nation, 
 were originally very poor, whence a writer in 
 the age of the Roman emperors said, that 
 they had no other defence against the waves ot 
 ihe sea but hurdles, no food out fish, no wealth 
 besides their fisi)ing-boats, and no merchan- 
 dise but salt. Sirab. 4, &.c. — Liv. 1, c. 1. — 
 Mela, 1, c. 2, 1. 2, c. 4.— Cces. Bell. G. 3, c. 6. 
 —Lucan. 4, v. 134.— //a/. 8, v. 605. A na- 
 tion of Gaul, at the south of Ai morica, on 
 the western coast, powerful by sea. Their 
 chief city is now called Vannes. Cats. 3, G. 8 
 
 Vbnetia, a part of Gaul, on the mouths oi~ 
 thePo. [Fid. Veneti.] 
 
 Venetos Paulus, a centurion who con- 
 spired against Nero with Piso, he. Tacit. 16. 
 
 Jinn. c. 50. A lake through which the 
 
 Rhine passes, now Bodensee, or Constance. 
 Mela, 3, c. 2. 
 
 Venillv, a nymph, sister to Amata, and 
 mother of Turnus by Daunus. Amphilrilir 
 the sea goddess, is also called Venelia. T/rg 
 .^71. 10, V. "76.— Ovid. Met. 14, v. 334.— rorrw 
 de L. L. 4, c. 10. 
 
 Vennones, a people of the Rhsetian Alps. 
 
 Venonius, an historian mentioned by Cir. 
 ad .Ittic. 12, ep, 3, kc. 
 
 Vr?*rA Bkioakiim, n iov.n of BHfai;j 
 
VE 
 
 BOW Winchesler. Siliirura, a town of Brl- 
 
 tein, now Caerwent, in Monmouthshire. 
 
 Icenorum, now Morwhich. 
 
 Venti. The ancients, and especially the 
 Athenians, paid particular attention to the 
 winds, and offered them sacridces as to dei- 
 ties; intent upon the destruction of mankind, 
 Isy continually causing storms, tempests, and 
 earthquakes. The winds were represented 
 in ditferent attitudes and forms. The four 
 principal winds were, Eurus, the south east; 
 who is represented as a young man flying 
 with great impetuosity, and often appearing 
 in a playsome and wanton humour, busier, 
 the south wind, appeared generally as an old 
 naan with gray hair, a gloomy countenance, 
 a head covered with clouds, a sable vesture, 
 and dusky wings. He is the dispenser of 
 rain, and of all heavy showers. Zepkyrus is 
 represented as the mildest of all the winds. 
 He is young and gentle, and his lap is 
 filled with vernal flowers. He married Flo- 
 Kt the goddess, with whom he enjoyed the 
 most perfect felicity. Boreas, or the north 
 wind, appears always rough and shivering. 
 He is the father of rain, snow, hail, and tem- 
 pests, and is always represented as surrounded 
 with impenetrable clouds. Those of inferior 
 note were, Solanus, whose name is seldom 
 mentioned. He appeared as a young man 
 holding fruit in his lap, such as peaches, 
 ©ranges, he. ^/ncw5, or south-west, represent- 
 ed with black wings, and a melancholy coun- 
 tenance. Corns, or north west, drives clouds 
 ©f snow before him, and Aquilo, the north- 
 east, is equally dreadful in appearance. The 
 winds, according to some mythologists, were 
 confined in a large cave, of w^hich iEolus had 
 the management, and without this necessary 
 precaution they would have overturned the 
 earth, and reduced every thing to its original 
 chaos. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 57, &c. 
 
 Ventidius Bassus, a native of Picenum, 
 born of an obscure family. When Ascuium 
 was taken, he was carried before the trium- 
 phant chariot of Pompeius Strabo, hanging 
 •n his mother's breast. A bold, aspiring soul, 
 aided by the patronage of the family of Caesar, 
 raised him from the mean occupation of a 
 chairman and muleteer to dignity in the state. 
 He displayed valour in the Roman armies, 
 and gradually arose to the offices of tribune, 
 praetor, high priest, and consul. He made 
 war against the Parthians, and conquered 
 them in three great battles, B. C. 39. He was 
 the first Roman ever honoured with a triumph 
 over Parthia. He died greatly lamented by 
 all the Roman people, and was buried at tiie 
 public expense. Flut. in Anton. — Juv. 7, v, 
 
 199. Cumanus, a governor of Palestine, 
 
 iic. Tacit. A. 13, c. 54. Two brothers in 
 
 the age of Pompey who favoured Carbo's in- 
 terest, &c. Pint. 
 
 Venuleius, a writer in the age of the em- 
 peror Alexander. A friend of Verrcs. Clc. 
 
 in Verr. 3, c. 42. 
 
 Venulus, one of the Latin elders sent into 
 Magna Grajcia, to demand the assistance of 
 Diomedes, ice. Virg. JEn. 8, v. 9. 
 
 Venus, one of the most celebrated deities 
 of the ancients. She was tli«i goddess of 
 beauty, the mother of love, the queen ci 
 }an''h'Vr. the nji'^trfss of the craces and of 
 
 VE 
 
 pleasures, and the patroness of courtezans^ 
 Some mythologists speak of more than one 
 Venus. Plato mentions two, Venus Urania, 
 the daughter of Uranus, and Venus Popula- 
 ria, the daughter of Jupiter and Dione. Cice- 
 ro speaks of four, a daughter of Coelus and 
 Light, one sprung from the froth of the sea, 
 a third, daughter of Jupiter and the Nereid 
 Dione, and a fourth born at Tyre, and the 
 same as the Astarte of the Syrians. Of 
 these, however, the Venus sprung from the 
 froth of the sea, after the mutilated part of 
 the body of Uranus had been thrown there 
 by Saturn, is the most known, and of her 
 In particular ancient mythologists, as well as 
 painters, make mention. She arose from the 
 sea near the inland of Cyprus, or according 
 to Hesiod; of Cythera, whither she was wafted 
 by the ze[)byrs, and received on the sea-shore 
 by the Seasons, daughters of Jupiter and The- 
 mis. She was soon after carried to heaven, 
 where all the gods admired her beauty, and 
 all the goddesses became jealous of her per- 
 sonal charms. Jupiter attempted to gain her 
 affections, and even wished to offer her vio- 
 lence, but Venus refused, and the god, to pun- 
 ish her obstinacy, gave her in marriage to his 
 ugly and deformed son Vulcan. This mar- 
 riage did not prevent the goddess of Love from 
 gratifying her favourite passions, and she de- 
 filed her husband's bed, by her amours with 
 the gods. Her intrigue with Mars is the most 
 celebrated. She was caught in her lover's 
 arms, and exposed to the ridicule and laughter 
 of all the gods. [Fw?. Alectryon.] Venus be- 
 came mother of Hermione, Cupid, and Ante- 
 ros, by Mars ; by Mercury, she had Herma- 
 pbroditus; by Bacchus, Priapus, and by Nep- 
 tune, Eryx. Her great partiality for Adonis, 
 made her abandon the seats of Olympus, [Vid. 
 Adonis] and her regard for Anchises, obliged 
 her often to visit the woods and solitary re- 
 treats oi mount Ida. [Vid. Anchises, iEneas.] 
 The power of Venus over the heart, was sup- 
 ported and assisted by a celebrated girdle, 
 called zone by the Greeks, and ceslus by the 
 Latins. This mysterious girdle gave beauty, 
 grace, and elegance, when woro even by the 
 most deformed ; it excited love and rekindled 
 extinguished flames. Juno herself was indebt- 
 ed to this powerful ornament, to gain the fa- 
 vours of Jupiter, and Venus, though herself 
 possessed of every charm, no sooner put oa 
 lier cestus, than Vulcan, unable to resist the 
 influence of love, forgot all (he intrigues and 
 infidelities of his wife, and fabricated arms 
 even for her illegitimate children The con- 
 test of Venus for the golden apnie of Discord 
 is well known. She gained the prize over Pal- 
 las and JunO; [Vid. Paris, Discordia,] and re- 
 warded her impai lial judge with the hand of 
 the fairest woman in the world. The wor- 
 ship of Venus was universally established ; 
 statues and temples w*<;re erected to her in 
 every kingdom, and the ancients were fond of 
 paying homage to a divmity who presided 
 over generation, and by whose influence alone 
 mankind existed. In her sacrifices, and in 
 the festivals celebrated in her honour, too 
 much licentiousness [)revailed, and public 
 prostitution \vas often part of the ceremony. 
 Victims were seldom offered to her, or her al- 
 tars stained with blood, though we find Aspa-. 
 
VE 
 
 ^la making repeated sacrifices. No pigs, how- 
 ever, or male animals were deemed accepta- 
 ble. The rose, the myrtle, and the apple, 
 were sacred to Venus, and among birds, the 
 dove, the swan, and the sparrow, were her fa- 
 vourites; and among fishes, those called the 
 aphya and the lycostomsis. The goddess of 
 beauty was represented among the ancient? in 
 different forms. At Elis she appeared seated 
 on a goat, with one foot resting on a tor- 
 toise. At Sparta and Cythera, she was re- 
 presented armed like Minerva, and some- 
 times wearing chains on her feet. In the 
 temple of Jupiter Olympias, she was repre- 
 sented by Phidias, as rising from the sea, 
 Feceived by love, and crowned by the god- 
 dess of persuasion. At Cnidos her statue, 
 made by Praxiteles, represented her naked; 
 with one hand hidi?ig what modesty keeps 
 concealed. Her statue at Elephautis was 
 the same, \^lth only a naked Cupid by her 
 side. In Sicyon she held a poppy in one 
 band, and in the other an apple, while on 
 her head she had a crown, which terminat- 
 ed in a point, to intimate the pole. She 
 is generally represented with her son Cu- 
 pid, on a chariot drawn by doves, or at 
 other times by swans or sparrows. The sur 
 names of the goddess are numerous, and only 
 serve to show^ how well established her wor- 
 ship was all over the earth. She was called 
 Cypria, because particularly worshipped in 
 the island of Cyprus, and in that character 
 she was often represented with a beard, and 
 the male parts of generation, with a sceptre 
 in her hand, and the body and dress of a fe- 
 male, whence she is called duplex Amathusa. 
 by Catullus. She received the name of Pa- 
 pkia. because worshipped at Paphos, where 
 she had a temple with an altar, on which 
 rain never fell, though exposed in the open 
 air. Some of the ancients called hev £p astro - 
 p/iia, or Epislrophia, as also Venus Urania, 
 and Venus Pandemos. The first of these she 
 received as presiding over wantonness and 
 incestuous enjoyments; the second because 
 she pati'onised pure love, and chaste and 
 moderate gratifications ; and the third be- 
 cause she favoured the propensities of the 
 vulgar, and was fond of sensual pleasures. 
 The Cnidians raised her temples under the 
 name of Venus Acrcra, of Doris, and of 
 Euploea In her temple under the name 
 of Kuploea, at Cnidos, was the most cele- 
 brated of her statues, being the most per- 
 fect piece of Praxiteles. It was made with 
 white marble, and appeared so engaging, 
 and so much like life, that according to 
 some historians, a youth of the place intro- 
 duced himself in the night into her tem- 
 ple, and attempted to gratify his passions 
 on the lifeless image. Venus was also sur- 
 uamed Cylher<ca, because she was the chief 
 deity of Cythera ; Exopolis, because her 
 statue was without the city at Athens ; 
 Pliilomeda, from her atiection for the phal- 
 lus ; Philommeis, because the queen of laugh- 
 ter ; Telessigamit, because she presided over 
 marriage ; Colinda, Coloiis, or Colias, be- 
 cause worshipped on a promontory of the 
 same name in Attica; .^rea, because armed 
 like Mars ; Verticordiu, because she could 
 tt?.rn the hearts of women to cultivate chas- 
 92 
 
 VE 
 
 tity ; Aputaria, because she deceived ; GaU 
 va, because she was represented bald ; Eri- 
 cyna, because worshipped at Eryx ; Etai- 
 ra, because the patroness of courtezans ; 
 Acidalia., because of a fountain of Orcho- 
 menos ; Basilea. because the queen of love; 
 Myrlea, because the myrtle was sacred to 
 ner; Lihtrlina, from her inclinations to gra- 
 tify lust ; Mechanitis, in allusion to the ma- 
 ny artifices practised in love, &c. kc. As 
 goddess ot" the sea, because born in the bo- 
 som of the wafers, Venus was called Pon- 
 tia. Marina, Limmsia, Epiponlia, PelagiOy 
 Saligenia, Pon/ogenia, Aligena, Thalama, 
 6ic. and as rising from the sea, the name 
 ot Anadyomene is applied to h#, and ren- 
 dered immortal by the celebrated paint- 
 ings of Apelles, which represented her as 
 issuing from the bosom of fbe waves, and 
 wringing her tresses ou her shoidder. Fid. 
 Auadyomene. Cic de JYat. D. 2, c. 27, 1. 
 3, c. 22. — Orpheus Hymn. 54. — Uesiod. Theog. 
 — Sappho. — Homer. Hymn, in Fer^. fee. — Firg. 
 JEn. 5, V. 800, ^c.—Ovid. Heroid. 15, 16, 
 19, he. Met. 4, fab. 5 hc.—Diod. 1 and 6. 
 —Hygin. fab. 94, 211.— Pans. 2, c. 1, 1. 4, 
 c. 30, 1. 5, c. 18.— Martial. 6, ep. 13.— £u- 
 rip. in Hd.. in Ipkig. in Troad — Pint, in 
 Erotic— A^tian. F. H. 12, c. l.—Alhen. 12, 
 fee. — Catullus. — Laclant. de falsa re. — Ca- 
 laber. 11 — Lucian. dial. fee. — Strab. 14. — 
 Tacit. Ann. 3, kc.—Fal. Max. 8, c. 11.— 
 Plin. 36.—Horat. 3, Od. 26, 1. 4, Od. 11, 
 fee. A planet called by the Greeks Phos- 
 phorus, and by the Latins Lucifer, when it 
 rises before the sun, bi|t when it follows it, 
 Hesperus or Vesper. Cic. de JYat. 2, c, 20, m 
 sown. Scip. 
 
 Venus PYREN.a:A, a town of Spain near the 
 Ijorders of Gaul. • 
 
 Venusia, or Venijsium, a town of Apu- 
 lia, where Horace was born. Part of the 
 Roman army fled thither after the defeat at 
 Cannae. The town, though in ruins, contains 
 still many pieces of antiquity, especially a 
 marble bust preserved in the great square, and 
 said falsely to be an original representation of 
 Horace. Venucia was on the confines of Lu- 
 cania, whence the poet said Lucayius an Apu- 
 lus anceps, and it was founded by Diomedes, 
 who called it Venusia or Aphrodisia, after 
 Venus, whose divinity he wished to appease. 
 Slrab. 5 and Cy—Horat.2, Sat. 1, v.35.— Lu'. 
 22, c. 54.— P/m 3, c. 11. 
 
 Veragri, a people between the Alps and 
 the Allobroges. Liv. 31, c. 38. — Ccesar. G. 3, 
 c. 1. 
 
 Verani.a, the wifeofPiso Licinianus, whom 
 Galba adopted. 
 
 Veranids, a governor of Britain under Ne- 
 ro. He succeeded Didius Gall us. Tacit. H, 
 Ann. 
 
 V KUBAN us Lacus, now .Major a, a lake of 
 ItHly, from which the Ticinus Hows. It is in 
 the modern diUchy of Milan, and extends 50 
 miles in length from south to north, and five 
 or six in breadth. Slrab 4. 
 
 Verbiuenus, a village in the country of the 
 Celtic. 
 
 Vkkbinum, a town at the north of Gaul. 
 
 Vkrceif,.*:, a town on (ho borders of In- 
 subria, where Marius defeated the Cimbrl. 
 Plin. 3,0. 17.— 0>. Fmn. 11, v]\ Vl—Sil.S, 
 V. 598, 
 
VE 
 
 Vercingetorix, a chief of the Gauls, in 
 the time of Cfcsar. He was conquered and 
 led in triumph, &.c. Coesar. Bell. G. 7, c. 4. — 
 Flor. 3, c. 10. 
 
 Veresis, a small river of Latium falling in- 
 to the Ariio. 
 
 Veugasillaunus, one of the generals and 
 friends of Vercingetorix. Ccssar. Bell. G. 
 
 Verg.?;, a town of the Brutii. Liv. 30, c. 
 19. 
 
 Vergellus, a small river rear Cannaj. 
 falling into the Aufidus, over which Annibal 
 made a bridge with the slaughtered bodies 
 of the Romans. Flor. 2, c. 6.—Val. Max. 9, 
 c. 11. 
 
 VERGiLiAfthe wife of Coriolanus, fcc. 
 
 Vergilia, a town of Spain supposed to be 
 Murcia. 
 
 Vergilia, seven stars called also Pleia- 
 des. When they set the ancients began to 
 sow their corn. They received their name 
 from the spring quia vere oriantur. Pro- 
 pert. 1, el. 8, V. 18.—Cic. de Nat. D. 2, c. 
 44. 
 
 Vergikius, one of the officers of the Roman 
 troops in Germany, who refu-'ed the absolute 
 power which his soldiers offered to him. Ta- 
 cit. 1, Hist. c. 8. A rhetorician in the age of 
 
 Nero, banished on account of his great fame. 
 Id. An. 15, c. 71. 
 
 Vergium, a town of Spain. 
 
 Vergobretus, one of the chiefs of the 
 ^dui, in the age of Caesar, &:c. C(zsar. G. 1, 
 c. 16, 
 
 Veritas, (truth.) was not only personified 
 by the ancients, but also made a deity, and 
 called the daughter of Saturn and the mo- 
 ther of Virtue. She was represented like 
 a young virgin, dressed in white apparel, with 
 all the mark* of youthful dilSdence and mo- 
 desty. Defi.ocritus used to .say. that she !iid 
 herself at the bottom of a well, to intimate 
 the difficulty with which she is found, 
 
 VERoi>ocTius,one of theHelvetii. C(zs. G. 
 l,c. 7. 
 
 Vekojiandui, a people of Gaul, the modern 
 Vermandois. The capital is now St. Quintin, 
 Cccs. G. £ 2. 
 
 VE?tdNA, a town of Venetia, on the Athesis, 
 in Italy, founded as some suppose, by Bren 
 ntis, the leader ofthe Gauls. C. Nepos, Catul- 
 lus, and Piiny the elder, were born there. 
 It was adorned with a circus and an amphi- 
 theatre by tiie Roman emperors, which still 
 exist, and it still preserves its ancient name. 
 Plin. 9, c. 22.— Strab. 5.— Ovid. Sm. 3, el. 15, 
 V. 7. 
 
 Vero5es, a people of Hispania Tarraconen- 
 sis. Sil. 3, v. 578. 
 
 Verreginum, a town in the country of 
 the Volsci. Liv. 4, c. 1, he. — Val. Max. 6, c. 
 5. 
 
 C. Verres, a Roman who governed the pro- 
 vince of Sicily as praetor. The oppression 
 and rapine of which he was guilty while in 
 ofiice, so offended the Sicilians, that they 
 brought an accusation against him before the 
 Rotnao senate. Cicero undertook the cause 
 of tlif Sicilians, and pronounced those cele- 
 brated orations which are still extant. Verres 
 wns d<'|V>nded by Hortensius, but as he des- 
 pnirpd of the success of his defr nee, he left 
 Rome wi*hout waiting for his .sentence, and 
 
 VE 
 
 lived in great aflluence in one of the province?. 
 He was at last killed by the soldiers of Anto- 
 ny the triumvir, about 26 years after his volun- 
 tary exile from the capital. Cic. in Ver. — 
 Plin. 34, c. 2. — Lrtdant. 2, c. 4. 
 
 Verritus, a general of the Frisii in the age 
 of Nero, k.c. Tacit. Ann. 13, c. 54. 
 
 Verrius Flaccus, a freed-man and gram- 
 marian famous for his powers in instruct- 
 ing. Hft was appointed over the grand-fhil- 
 dren of Augustus, and also distinguished him- 
 self by his writings. Gtll. 4, c. 5. — Suet in 
 Gram. 
 
 Verrius Flaccus, a Latin critic, B. C. 4, 
 whose works have been edited with Dacier's 
 and Clerk's notes, 4to, Amst. 1699. 
 
 Verrlgo. a town in the country of the Vols- 
 ci. Liv. 4, c. 1. 
 
 Vertigo, one of the Nervii, who de- 
 serted to Caesar's army, &.c. C(Esar. B. G. 5, 
 c. 45 
 
 VERTicokoiA, one of the surnames of 
 Venus, the same as the Aposlrophia of the 
 Greeks, because her assistance was implored 
 to turn the hearts of thn Roman matrons, and 
 teach them to follow virtue and-modesty. Val. 
 Max. 8. 
 
 Vertisctjs, one of the Rhemi, who com- 
 manded a troop of horse in Caesar's army. 
 Cffi5. B. G. 8, c. 12. 
 
 Vertumnus. a deity among the Roraanss 
 who presided over the spring and over or- 
 chards. He endeavoured to gain the affec- 
 tions ofthe goddess Pomona; and to effect 
 this, he assumed the shape and dreg's of a 
 risherman, of a soldier, a peasant, a reaper, 
 &c. but all to no purpose, till under the 
 form of an old woman, he prevailed upon his 
 mistress and naarried her. He is generally 
 represented as a young man crowned with 
 flowers, covered up to the waist, and hold- 
 ing in his right hand fruit, and a crown of 
 pleiitv in his left. Ovid. Met. 14, v. 642, he. 
 —Pr'opert. 4, el. 2, v. 2.—IIvraf. 2, Sat. 7, v. 
 14. 
 
 VERULiE, a town of the Hernici. Liv. 9, 
 c. 42, 
 
 Verulanus, a lietitcnanl under Corbulo, 
 who drove away Tiridates from Media, &ic. 
 Tacit. Ann 14, c. 26. 
 
 Verus, Lucius Ceionius Commodus, a 
 Roman emperor, son of iEIius and Domitia 
 Lucilla, He was adopted in the 7th year of 
 his age by M. Aurelius, at the requfst of 
 Adrian, and he married Luciiia, the daughter 
 of !)is adopted father, who also took him as his 
 colleague on the throne. He was sent by 
 ivi. Aurelius to oppose the barbaiians in the 
 east. His arms were attended with success, 
 and ho obtained a victory over the Parthians. 
 He was honom-cd with a triumph at his re- 
 turn home, and soon alter he marched with 
 his imtxM'ial colleage Ri;;ain'-t the Marcomntini 
 in Germany, f^e died in tlii.s expedition of 
 an apoplexy, in the 39ih year of his age, after 
 a roi^n of eight years and some months. 
 His body was broutcht back to /Rome, and 
 buried by J\L Aureiius with great pomp 
 and solemnity. Verus lias been greatly cen- 
 sured for his debauclieries, which appeared 
 more e.iorrnous and disgu^tinv.- when compar- 
 ed (o the lemjierance, meekness, and pojni- 
 larity of Aurelius. The example of his father 
 
VE 
 
 tKd not influence him, andhe often retired from 
 ihe frugal and moderate repast of Aurelius, 
 to the profuse banquets of his own palace, 
 where the night was spent in riot and de- 
 bauchery, with the meanest of the popu- 
 lace, tirith stage dancers buffoons, and lasci- 
 vious courtezans. At one entertainment 
 alone, where there were no more than 12 
 guests, the emperor spent no less than six 
 millioMs of sesterces, or about 32,200/. ster- 
 ling. But it is to be observed, that what- 
 ever was most scarce and costly was there ; 
 the guests never drank twice out of the 
 same cup ; and whatever vessels they had 
 touched, they received as a present from the 
 emperor when they left the palace. In his 
 Parthian expedition, Verus did not check his 
 vicious propensities ; for four years he left 
 the care of the war to his officers., while he 
 retired to the voluptuous retreats of Daphne, 
 and the luxurious banquets of Antioch. His 
 fondness for a horse has bsen faithfully re- 
 corded. The animal had a statue of gold, 
 he was fed with almonds and raisins by the 
 hand of the emperor, he was clad in purple, 
 and kept in the most splendid of the hails of 
 the palace, and when dead the emperor, to 
 espie!:s his sorrow, raised him a magnificent 
 monument on mount Vatican. Some have 
 suspected M. Aurelius of despatching Verus 
 to rid the world of bis debaucheries and guilty I 
 actions; but this seems to be tlie report of 
 
 malevolence. L. Anna^us, a soti of the 
 
 emperor Aurelius, who died in Palestine. 
 
 The father of the emperor Verus. He 
 
 was adopted by the em|»eror Adrian, but, like 
 his son, he disgraced himself by his debauch- 
 eries and extravagance. He died before 
 Adrian. 
 Vesbids, or Vesubius. Vid. Vesuvius. 
 Vescia, a town of Campania. Liv. 8. 
 c. li. 
 
 Vesciaxum, a country house of Cicero 
 in Campania, between Capua and Nola. 
 Cic. 15. ad Attic. 2. 
 
 Fl. Vescularius, a Roman knight in- 
 timate with liberins, &c. Tacii. Jinn. 
 
 Vesentio, a town of Gaul, now Besancon. 
 C(£s 1, G. 38. 
 
 Veskstium, a town of Tuscany. 
 Veseris, a place or river near mount Ve- 
 suvius. Lie. 8, c. 8. — Cic. OJj 3. c. 31. 
 
 Vesevius and Vesevus. Vid. Vesuvius. 
 Vesidia, a river of Tuscany. 
 Ve>onna, a town of Gaul, now Peri- 
 guevx. 
 
 Vespacke, a small village of Umbria near 
 Nursia. Suet. Vtap. 1. 
 
 Vespasianus, Titus Flavius, a Roman 
 emperor descended from an obscure family 
 at Reate. He was honoured witli the consul- 
 shij), not so much by (he influence of the 
 imperial courtiers, as by his own private 
 merit and by his public services. He nccom 
 panied Nero into Greece-, but ht; oifended 
 the prince by falling asleep while he repeated 
 one of his poetical compositions, iiiis mo- 
 inetitary resentment of the enjperor did not 
 prevent Vespasian from beinj; sent to carry on 
 a war against the .lews. His o[)erations wcva 
 crowned with success ; manv of the cities of 
 Palestine surrendered, and Vespasian began 
 the iiege of Jerusalem. This was, h.owever, 
 
 VE 
 
 achieved by the hands of his son Titus, and 
 the death of Vitellius, and the affection of his 
 soldiers, hastened his rise, and he was pro- 
 claimed emperor at Alexandria. The choice 
 of the army was approved by every province 
 of the empire; but Vespasian did not betray 
 any signs of pride at so sudden and so unex- 
 pected an exaltation, and though once em- 
 ployed in the mean office of a horse doctor, 
 he behaved, when invested with the imperial 
 purple, with all the dignity and greatness 
 which became a successor of Augustus. In 
 the beginning of his reign Vespasian attempted 
 to reform the manners of the Romans, and 
 he took away an appointment which he had 
 a few days before granted to a yOung noble- 
 man, who approached him to return him 
 thanks, all smelling of perfumes and covered 
 with ointment, adding, I had rather you had 
 smdt of garlick. He repaired the public 
 buildings, embellished the city, and made the 
 great roads more spacious and convenient. 
 After he had reigned with great popularity 
 for 10 years, Vespasian died with a pain in 
 his bowels, A. D. 79, in the 70lh year of 
 his age. He was the first Roman emperor 
 that died a natural death; and he was also the 
 first who was succeeded by his own son on 
 the throne. Vespasian has been admired 
 for his great virtues. He was clement, he 
 gave no ear to flattery, and for a long lime 
 refused the title of father of his country, 
 which was often bestowed upon the most 
 worthless and tyrannical uf the emperors. He 
 despised informers, and rather than punisk 
 conspirators, he rewarded them with great 
 liberality. When the king of Parthia addres- 
 sed him with the superscription of Arsacts 
 king of kings to Flavius Vespacianus, the 
 emperor was no way dissatisfied with the 
 pride and insolence of the monarch, and an- 
 swered him again in his own words. Flavins 
 Vespasianus to Arsaces king of kings. To 
 men of learning and Tnerit- Vespasian was 
 very liberal : one hundred thousand sesterces 
 were annually paid from the public treasury 
 to the different professors that were appoint- 
 ed to encourage and promote the arts and 
 sciences. Yet, in spite of this apparent gene- 
 rosity, some authors have ta.\ed Vespasian 
 with avarice. According to their accounts he 
 loaded the provinces with new taxes, he 
 bought commof-ities, that he might sell them 
 to a greater advantage, and even laid an im- 
 post upon urine, which gave occasion to Titus 
 to ridicule the meanness of his father. V^es- 
 f)asian, regardless of his son's observation, 
 was satisfied to show him the money that was 
 raised fi'om so [)roduclive a lax, asking him at 
 the same time whether it smelt offensive.' 
 His ministers were the most avaricious of his 
 subjects, and tije emperor U'lcd very properly 
 to re#ark that ho treated ihem as sponges, 
 by wetting them when dry, and scjueezing 
 tijcm when they were wet. He has been ac- 
 cused of selling criminals their lives, and of 
 condemning the most opulent to make him- 
 <i-lf master of their possessions. If, however, 
 liL" was guilty of tlii's ■ njeancr practir.es they 
 were all under the name of one of his concu- 
 liines, who wi>lied to enricU lu:i.>-elf by the 
 avarice and erf dulilv of the emperor. Sue- 
 ion in vH&.—Tcuit. Hist. 4 
 
VE 
 
 Vespek, or Vksperus, a name applied to 
 the planet Venus when it was the evening 
 star. Virg. 
 
 Vessa, a town of Sicily. 
 
 Vesta, a goddess, daughter of Rhea and 
 Saturn, sister to Ceres and Juno. She is 
 often confounded by the mylhologists with 
 Rhea, Ceres, Cybele, Proserpine, Hecale, 
 and Tellus. When considered as the mother 
 of the gods, she is the mother of Rhea and 
 Saturn ; and when considered as the patro 
 jiess of the vestal virgins and the goddess of 
 fire, she is called the daughter of Saturn and 
 Rhea. Under this last name she was wor 
 shipped by the Romans, -^neas was the first 
 who introduced her mysteries into Italy, and 
 IVuma built her a temple where no males 
 were permitted to go. The palladium of 
 Troy was supposed to be preserved within 
 her sanctuary, and a fire was continually 
 kept lighted by a certain number of virgins, 
 who had dedicated themselves to the service 
 of the goddess. [Vid. Vestales.] If the fire 
 of Vesta was ever extinguished, it was sup- 
 posed to threaten the republic with some sud 
 den calamity. The virgin by whose negli- 
 gence it had been extinguished was severely 
 punished, and it was kindled again by the rays 
 of the sun. The temple of Vesta was of a 
 round form, and the goddess was represented 
 in a long flowing robe with a veil on her head, 
 holding in one hand a lamp, or a two-ean^d 
 vessel, and in the other a javelin, or some- 
 times a palladium. On some medals she ap- 
 pears holding a drum in one hand, and a small 
 figure of victory in the other. Hesiod. Theog. 
 V. 454.— Cic. de Leg. 2, c. \2.—^pollod. 1, c. 1. 
 — Virg. JEn. 2, v. 29Q.—Diod. 5.— Ovid. Fasl. 
 e.— frist. 3.— Val. Max. 1, c. l.—Plut. in 
 JVum. — Paus. 5, c. 14. 
 
 Vestales, priestesses among the Romans, 
 consecrated to the service of Vesta, as their 
 name indicates. This office was very ancient, 
 as the mother of Romulus was one of the 
 vestals. iEneas is supposed to have first chosen 
 the vestals. Nuraa first appointed four, to 
 which Tarquin added two. They were always 
 chosen by the monarchs, but after the expul- 
 sion of the Tarquins, the high priest was in- 
 trusted with the care of them. As they were 
 to be virgins, they were chosen young, from 
 the age of six to ten ; and if there was not a 
 sufficient number that presented themselves 
 as candidates for the office, twenty virgins 
 were selected, and they upon whom the lot fell 
 were obliged to become priestesses. Plebeians 
 as well as patricians were permitted to pro- 
 pose themselves, but it was required that they 
 should be born of a good family, and be with- 
 out blemish or deformity in every {)art of their 
 body. For thirty years they were to remain 
 in the greatest continence ; the ten fi^st j^ears 
 were spent in learning the duties of^ie or- 
 der, the ten following were employed in dis 
 charging them with fidelity and sanctity, and 
 the ten last in instructing such as had entered 
 the noviciate. When the thirty years were 
 elapsed they were permitted to marry, or if 
 they still preferred celibacy, they waited upon 
 the rest of the vestals. As soon as a vestal was 
 initiated, her head was shavt*J to intimate the 
 liberty of her person, as she was then free 
 iVom the shackles of parental authority, and 
 
 VE 
 
 she was permitted to dispose of her possessioa* 
 as she pleased. The employment of the ves- 
 tals was to take care that the sacred fire of 
 Vesta was not extinguished, for if it ever hap- 
 pened, it was deemed the prognostic of great 
 calamities to the state ; the offender was pun- 
 ished for her negligence, and severely scourged 
 by the high priest. In such a case all was con- 
 sternation at Rome, and the fire was again 
 kindled by glasses with the rays of the sun. 
 Another equally particular charge of the ves- 
 tals was to keep a sacreo pledge, on which de- 
 pended the very existence of Rome, which; 
 according to some, was the palladium of Troy^ 
 or some of the mysteries of the god.s ot Samo- 
 thrace. 'J'he privileges of the vestals were 
 great, they had the most honourable seats at 
 public games and festivals, a lictoi* with the 
 fasces always preceded them when they walk- 
 ed in publicthey were carried in chariots when 
 they pleased, and they had the power of par- 
 doning criminals when led to execution, if they 
 declared that their meeting was accidental. 
 Their declarations in trials were received with- 
 out the formality of an oath, they were chosen 
 as arbiters in causes of moment, and in the 
 execution of wills, and so great was the defer- 
 ence paid them by the magistrates, as well ae 
 by the people, that the consuls themselves 
 made way for them, and bowed their fasces 
 when they passed before them To insult 
 them was a capital crime, and whoever at- 
 lempted to violate their chastity was beaten 
 to death with scourges If any of them died 
 while in office, their body was buried within 
 the walls of the city, an honourgranted to few. 
 Such of the vestals as proved incontinent were 
 punished in the most rigorous maimer. JNu- 
 ma ordered them to be stoned, but Tarquin 
 the elder dug a large hole under the earth, 
 where a bed was placed with a little bread, 
 wine, water, and oil, and a lighted lamp, and 
 the guilty vestal was stripped of the habit of 
 !ier order, and compelled to descend into the 
 subterraneous cavity, which was immediately 
 shut, and she was left to die through hunger. 
 Few of the vestals were guilty of incontinence^ 
 and for the space of one thousand years, 
 duiing which the order continued established, 
 from the reign of Numa, only 18 were [)un- 
 islied for the violation of their vow, The ves- 
 tals were abolished by Theodosius the Great,, 
 and the fire of Vesta extinguished. The dress 
 of the vestals was peculiar ; they wore a white 
 vest with purple borders, a white linen sur- 
 plice called linteum superum, above which 
 was a great purple mantle which flowed to 
 the ground; and which was tucked up when 
 they offered sacrifices. They had a close 
 covering on their head, called insula, from 
 which hung ribands, or vitto'.. Their manner 
 of living was sumptuous, as they were main- 
 tained at the public expense, and though ori- 
 ginally satisfied with the simple diet of the Ro- 
 mans, their tables soon after displayed the 
 luxuries and the superfluities of the great and 
 opulent. Liv. 2, kc. — Plut in JVum. Lc. — 
 Fal. Max. 1, c. I.— Cic. de Kat. D. 3, c. 30. 
 —Flor. l.—Propcrt. 4, el. U— Tacit. 4, c. 10. 
 Vestalia, festivals in honour of Vesta, 
 observed at Rome on the 9th of June. Ban- 
 quets were then prepared before the houses, 
 and meat was sent to the vestals to be offered 
 
VE 
 
 to the gods, millstones were decked with gar- 
 lands, and the asses that turned them were led 
 round the city covered with garlands. The 
 ladies walked in the procession bare-footed, to 
 the temple of the goddess, and an altar was 
 erected to Jupiter surnamed Pistor. Ovid. 
 Fast. 6, V. 305. 
 
 Vestalium Mater, a title given by the se- 
 nate to Livia the mother of Tiberius, with the 
 permission to sit among the vestal virgins at 
 plays. Tacit. 4, .3/i. c. 16. 
 
 Vestia Opija, a common prostitute of 
 Capua. 
 
 Vksticius SpDRiNA, au officer sent by Otho 
 to the borders of the Po, kc. Tacit. 
 
 V'estihos Skxtus, a pretorian disgraced by 
 Tiberius, because he was esteemed by Drusus. 
 He killed himself. Tacil. An. 4, c. 16. 
 
 Vestilla, a matron of a patrician family; 
 wlio declared publicly before the magistrates 
 that she was a common prostitute. She was 
 banished to the island of Seriphos for her im- 
 modesty. 
 
 VfiSTiM, a people of Italy near the Sabines. 
 famous for (he muking of cheese. Plin. 3, c. 
 b.—Mariial. 13, ep 31. — ^trah. 5. 
 
 L. Vestinos, a Roman knight appointed 
 by Vespasian to repair the capitol; 6ic. Ta- 
 cit. H. 4, c. 53. — Lii\ 8, c. 29. A consul 
 
 put to death by Nero in the time of Piso's con- 
 spiracy. 
 
 Vesvius. \yid. Vesuvius.] 
 
 Vesulls, now Visa, a large mountain of 
 Liguria near tbe Alps, where the Po takes its 
 rise. Virg. J£n. 10. v. lOS.—Plin. 3. c. 19. 
 
 Vesuvius, a mountain of Campania, about 
 six miles at the east of ISaples, celebrated foj- 
 its volcano, and now called Mount Soma. 
 The ancients, particularly the writers of the 
 Augustan age, spoke of Vesuvius as a place 
 covered with orchards and vineyards, of which 
 the middle was dry and barren. The first 
 eruption of this volcano was in the 79th year 
 of the Christian era under Titus. It was ac- 
 companied by an earthquake, Vvhich overturn- 
 ed several cities of Campania, particularly 
 Pompeii and Herculaneum, and the burning 
 asbes which it threw up, were carried not 
 only over the neighbouring country, but as far 
 as the shores of Egypt, Libya, and Syria. 
 This eruption proved fatal to Pliny the natu- 
 ualist. From that time the eruptions have 
 been frequent, and there now exists an ac 
 count of twenty-nine of these. Vesuvius con- 
 t<nually throws up a smoke, and aomeiinies 
 ashes and flames. The perpendicular height 
 of this mouutain is 3780 feet. Dio. Cas$. 46. 
 — Varro de R. 1, c. 6.—Liv. 23, c. SQ.—Htrab. 
 5.— Tacit. Hist. 1, c. 2.—Meta, 2, c.4.—Plin. 
 <i, ep. m.—Jlal. 12, V. 152, kc.— Virg. G. 2, v. 
 Z24.—Marl. 4, ep. 43 and 44. 
 
 VETiiK* CASTKA, a Roman encampment 
 in Germany, which became a town, now San- 
 tm, near Cleves. Tacit. H. 4, c. 18. .In. 1, c. 
 46. 
 
 Vettius, Sp. a Roman senator who was 
 made inferrex at the death of Romulus, till 
 the election of another king. He nomiuatJ-d 
 Numa, and resigned his othce. Pliii. i.cXuni. 
 
 A man who accused Cajsarof beinr con- 
 
 Qerncd in Catiline's conspiracy. Cuto,one 
 
 ©fthe otficersof the i\\]\M< in the Mar'-ian u.r. 
 Hp >ijpr--:'(<'fl il^ft T^)irii>r<. riiul was at last ha- 
 
 VI 
 
 trayed and murdered. — ^A Roman knight 
 who became enamoured of a young female at 
 Capua, and raised a tumult amongst the slaves 
 who proclaimed him king. He was betrayed 
 by one of his adherents, upon which he laid 
 violent hands on himself. 
 
 Vettona, a town of Umbria. Flin. 3, 
 c. 14. 
 
 Vettones, Vetokes, or Vjectones, an an- 
 cient nation of Spain. Sil. 3, v. 378.— P/m, 
 25: c. 8. 
 
 Vetulo.nia, one of the chief cities of Etru- 
 ria, whose hot waters were famous. The 
 Romans were said to derive the badges of their 
 magisterial offices from thence. Plin. 2, c. 
 103, I. 3, c. 3.—Jtal. 8, v. 484. 
 
 Veturia, one of the Roman tribes, divi- 
 ded into the two branches of the Junii and 
 Senii. It received iu name from the Vtturian 
 family, which was originally called Vtlasian. 
 
 Liv. 36. The mother of Coriolanus. She 
 
 was solicited by all the Roman matrons to go 
 to her son with her daugbter-ifi-law, and en- 
 treat him not to make war against his country. 
 She went and prevailed over Coriolanus, and 
 for her services to the state, the Roman se- 
 nate offered to reward her as she pleased. 
 She only asked to raise a temple to the god- 
 dess of female fortune, which was done on the 
 very spot where she hail pacified her son. 
 Liv. 2, c. 40. — Dionys. Hal. 7. iic. 
 
 Veturius, a Roman artist, who made 
 
 shields for Numa. [Vid. Mamnrius.] 
 
 Caius, a Roman consul, accused before the 
 people, and fined because he had acted with 
 
 imprudence while in office. A Roman who 
 
 conspired against Galba. Tacit. Hist. 1, c. 
 25. A consul appointed one of the decem- 
 virs. Another consul defeated by the Sam- 
 
 nites, and obliged to pass under the yoke 
 with great ignominy. A tribune of the peo- 
 ple, k.c. 
 
 L. Vetus, a Roman who proposed to open 
 a communication between the Mediterranean 
 and the German ocean, by means of a canal. 
 He was put to death by order of Nero. ' A 
 man accused of adultery, ^c. 
 
 Ufens, a river of Italy near Tarracina. 
 
 rirg. JEn. 7, v. 892. Another river of 
 
 Picenum. Liv. 5, c. 35. A prince who 
 
 assisted Turiius against it^neas. The Trojan 
 monarch made a vow to sacrifice his tour sons 
 (o appease the mar.es of his IVi^Mid Pallas, in 
 the same manner as Achilles is represented 
 killing some Trojan youths on the tomb of 
 Patroclus. Virg. JF.n. 7, v. 746, I. 10, v. 
 518. He was afterwards killed by Gyas. Id. 
 12, v 460 
 
 Ufentina, a Roman tribe first created A. 
 U. C. 435, with the tribe Fderiua, in conse- 
 quence of the great increase of p(»pulatiou at 
 Rome. Liv. 9, c. 20. — Fcslus. 
 
 Vja JEmyhx, a celebrated road, made by 
 the consid M. /i-^nylius Lepidus, A. U. C. 
 567. It ltd with (he FNaminian road to Aqui- 
 leia. TliPre was al-o another of the sunie 
 name in Elruria, which led from Pib.u to Der- 
 
 !oi"a. Appla, was made by (he ceu-sor Ap- 
 
 pius, and led from Home to Cajiua, and from 
 Capua to Brundusiimi, at the distance of 350 
 miles, whi<;h (lie Komans call n five days 
 journey. It passed succfs.-iively thiough the 
 towns and stages of Aricia, F«rutn Appil, 
 
VI 
 
 Tarracina, Fundi, Miuturnae, Sinuessa, Capua, 
 Caudiiim, Beneventum, Equotulicuiu, Her- 
 donia, Canusium, Barium, Egaatia, to Bnin- 
 dusium. It was called by way ol eminence 
 regina viarum, made so strong, and the stones 
 so well cemented together, that it rei^iained 
 entire ibr many hundred years. Some parts 
 of it are still to be seen in the neighbourhooti 
 of Naples. Appius carried it only 130 miles 
 as far as Capua, A. U. C. 442, aii( it was 
 finished as far as Brunduslum by Augustus 
 
 There was also another road called iVii- 
 
 Hucia or Numicia, which led to Brunduslum 
 
 but by what places is now uncertain. 
 
 Flaminia was made by the censor Flaminius, 
 A. U. C. 533. It led from the Campus Murtiu? 
 to the modern town of ilimini, on the 
 Adriatic, through the country of the Osci and 
 Etrurians, at the distance of about 360 miles. 
 
 Lata, one of the ancient streets of Rome 
 
 V^aleria led from Rome to the country of 
 
 the Marsi, through the territories of the Sa- 
 bines. There were besides many streets and 
 roads of inferior note, such as the Aurelia, 
 Cassia, Campania, Ardetina, Labicana, Do- 
 mitiana, Ostiensis, Prccnestina, &c. all of 
 which were made and constantly kept in re- 
 spair at the public expense. 
 
 ViADRUs, the classical name of the Oder, 
 which rises in Moravia, and falls by three 
 mouths into the Baltic. Ptol. 
 
 ViBiDiA, one of the vestal virgins in the 
 favour of Messalina, &lc. Tacii. Ann. 11, 
 c. 32. 
 
 ViBiDius, a friend of Maecenas. Horal. 2, 
 sat. 8, V. 22. 
 
 ViBius, a Roman who refused to pay 
 any attention to Cicero when banished, 
 tliough he had received from him the most 
 
 unbounded favours Siculus. [Vid. Sica.j 
 
 A proconsul of Spain, banished for ill 
 
 conduct. A Roman knight accused of ex- 
 tortion in Africa, and banished. A man 
 
 who poisoned himself at Capua. Seques- 
 ter, a Latin writer, whose treatise de Flumi- 
 nibus, &c. is best edited bv Oberlin. 8vo.^r- 
 gent. 1778. 
 
 ViBO, a town of Lucania, anciently called 
 Hipponium and Hippo. Cic. ad Att. 3, c 3. 
 
 — Plin. 3, c. 5. A town of Spain of li)e 
 
 Brutii. 
 
 ViBUi.ENDs Agrippa, 3 Roman knight ac- 
 cused of treason. He attempted to poison 
 himself, and was strangled in prison, though 
 
 almost dead. Tacit. C, Ann. c. 40. A 
 
 mutinous soldier in the array of Germani- 
 cus, &c. 
 
 ViBULLius Rurus, a friend of Pompey, 
 
 taken by Caesar, &ic. Pint. — Cic. in ep. A 
 
 pretor in Nero's reign. 
 
 VicA PoTA, a goddess at Rome, who pre- 
 sided over victory (a vincere and potiri.) Liv. 
 2, c. 7. 
 
 VicETxius, a friend of Galba, who brought 
 him news of Nero's death. 
 
 VicKNTiA, or VicETiA, a town of Cisal- 
 pine Gaul, at the north-west of the Adriatic. 
 Tacit. Hist. 3. 
 
 Vicus LoNGus, a street at Rome, where an 
 altar was raised to the goddess Pudicitia, or 
 the modesty of the plebeians. Liv. 10, c. 23. 
 
 Cyprius, a place on the Esquiline hill, 
 
 ■where the Sabines dwelt. 
 
 Victor Sext. Aurehus, a writer in the age 
 of Constantias He gave the world a con- 
 cise nistory of the Roman emperors, from 
 the age of Augustus to his own time, or A. D. 
 360. He also v^ rote an abridgment of the 
 Roman history, before the age of Julius Caisar, 
 which is now estiiat, and ascribed by different 
 rtulhors to C. Nepos, lo Tacitus, Suetonius, 
 Pliny, &c Victor was greatly esteeraecl l)y 
 i-he emperors, and honoured with the con- 
 sulship. The best f ditidns of Victor are that 
 of Pitiscus, 8vo. Utr. 1696, and that of Artu- 
 zenius, 4to. Amst. 1733. 
 
 Victoria, one of the deities of the Ro- 
 mans, called by the Greeks .VtVe, supposed 
 to be the daughter of the giant Pallas, or Titan 
 and Styx. The goddess of Victory w^as sister 
 to Strength and V^alour, and was one of the 
 attendants of Jupiter. She was greatly ho- 
 noured by the Greeks, particularly at Athens, 
 Sylla raised her a temple at Rome, and in- 
 stituted festivals in her honour. She was re- 
 presented with wings, crowned with laurel, 
 and holding the branch of a palm-tree in her 
 hand. A golden statue of this goddess, weigh- 
 ing 320 pounds, was presented to the Romans 
 by Hiero king of Syracuse, and deposited in 
 the temple of Jupiter, on the Capitoline hill. 
 Liv. 22. — Varro. de L. L. — Htsiod. Tktog. — 
 Itygin. prcef. fab. — Suet. 
 
 VicToRiiE MONs, a place of Spain at the 
 mouth of the Iberus. Lie. 24, c. 41. 
 
 VicTORius, a man of Aquitain, who, A. D. 
 463, invented the paschal cycle of 532 years. 
 
 VicTORiNA, a celebrated matron who placed 
 herself at the head of the Roman armies, and 
 made war against the emi)eror Gallienus. Her 
 son Victorinus, and her grandson of the same 
 name, were declaied emperors, but when 
 they were assassinated, Victorina invested 
 with the imperial purple one of her favourites 
 called Telricus. She was some time after 
 poisoned, A. D. 269, and according to some 
 by Tetricus himself. 
 
 VicTOKiNus, a Cliristian writer, who com- 
 posed a worthless epic poem on the death of 
 the seven children nsentioncd in the Mac- 
 cabees, and distinguished himself more by the 
 active part he took in his writings against the 
 Arians. 
 
 VicTUMViJs, a small town of Insubria near 
 Placentia. Liv. 21, c. 45. 
 
 VjDucASSEs, a people of Normandy. Plin 
 4, c. 18. 
 
 Vienna, a town of Gallia Narbonensis on 
 the Rhone, below Lyons. Strab. 1. — Cess. 
 DelL G. 7, c. 9. 
 
 ViLLiA Lex, annalis or annaria, by L. Vil- 
 lius, the tribune, A. U. C. 574, defined the 
 proper age required for exercising the office 
 of a magistrate, 25 years for the quaistorship, 
 27 or 28 for the edileship or tribunesh.p, for 
 the office of pretor 30, and for that of consul 
 43. Liv.U,c.44. 
 
 ViLMus, a tribune of the people, author 
 of the Villian law, and thence called Annalis, 
 a surname borne by his family. Liv. IJ, c. 
 
 44. Publius, a Roman ambassador sent to 
 
 Antiochus. He held a conference with Anni- 
 
 bal, who was at the monarch's court A 
 
 man who disgraced himself by his criminal 
 amours with the daughter of SvUa. Horat. 
 1. Sat. 2. v. 64. 
 
VI 
 
 V^iMiNir,is, one of the seven hiils on 
 whicli Rome was built, so called from the 
 number of oziers (vimines) which grew there. 
 ScMvius Tullius first made it part of the city. 
 Jupiter ba(i a temple there, whence he was 
 called Viminalis. Liv. 1, c. 44. — Varro. L. L. 
 4, c. 8. 
 
 ViNAHA, festivals at Rome in honour of 
 Jupiter and Venus. 
 
 ViNcENTius, one of the Christian fathers, A. 
 D. 434, v\hose works are best edited by Ba- 
 luziiis, Paris Ififil). 
 
 ViNcius, a Roman knijrht, condemned 
 
 under Nero. Tacit. Ann. 14, c. 40. An 
 
 officer in Germany. 
 
 ViNDALius, a writer in the reign of 
 Constantius, who wrote ten books on agri- 
 culture. 
 
 ViNDELici, an ancient people of Ger- 
 many, between the heads of the Rhine and 
 the Danube. Their country, which was cal- 
 led rindeliciaf forms now part of Swabia and 
 Bavaria, and their chief town, Augusta Ftn- 
 delicorum, is now Ausburg. Horal. 4, od. 4, 
 V. 18. 
 
 ViNDEMiATon, a constellation that rose 
 about Ihe nones of March, Ovid. Fast. 3, 
 V. 407.— P/m. 18, c. 13. 
 
 ViNDEX Julius, a governor of Gaul, who 
 revolted against JN'ero, and determined to de- 
 liver the Roman empire from his tyranny. 
 He was followed by a numerous army, but 
 at last defeated by one of the emperor's ge- 
 nerals. When he perceived that all was lost, 
 he laid violent hands upon himself, 6S A D. 
 Sueton. in Galb. — Tacit. Hist. 1, c. 51. — Plin. 
 9, ep. 19. 
 
 ViNDicius, a slave who discovered the 
 conspiracy which some of the most noble of 
 the Roman citizens had formed to restore 
 Tarquui to his throne. He was amply re- 
 warded, a»id made a citizen of Rome. Liv. 2, 
 c. 5. — Plut. in Popl. 
 
 ViNDiLi, a nation of Germany. Plin. 4, 
 c. 14. 
 
 ViNDOMssA, now JVendish, a town of the 
 Helvetii on the Aar. in the territory of Berne. 
 TacU.4 HislQlandlO. 
 
 ViNJCivs, a Roman consul poisoned by 
 
 Messalina, kc. A man v./ho conspired 
 
 against JNero, kc. 
 
 ViNiDius, a miser mentioned by Horace, 
 1 Sat. 1, V. 95. Some manuscripts read IVu- 
 midiusand Umidius. A 
 
 T. ViMus, a commander in the preto- 
 rian guards, intimate with Galba, of whom 
 he became the first minister. Ho was hon- 
 oured with the consulship, and some time 
 after murdered. Tacit. H. 1, c. 11, 42, and 
 
 48. — Plut. A man who revolted from i><e- 
 
 ro. 
 
 ViNNius, Asella, a servant of Horace, to 
 M'hom ep. 13 is addressed as injunctions how 
 to deliver to Augustus some poems from his 
 master. 
 
 ViPSAMA, a daughter of M. Agrlppn, 
 mother of Drustis. She was the only one of 
 Agrippa's danghtej-s who died a natuml death. 
 She was rnhrried to Tiberius when a private 
 man, and when j^he luui been repudiat^-d, she 
 married' Asitiius Gallus. Tacit. Jl. 1, c. 11, \. 
 3, c. 19. 
 
 ViUBiUfi, (qui inter xlvdr. hh luit) :^ nnrrM 
 
 VI 
 
 [given to Hippolytus, after he had been brought 
 i back to life by iEsculapius, at the instance of 
 Diana, who pitied his unfortunate end. Vir- 
 gil makes him son of Hippolytus. JEn. 7, 
 v. 762.— Orirf. Met. 15, v. d44.—Hygin. fab. 
 251. 
 
 PuBL. VjRGiLius Mabo, Called the 
 prince of the Latin poets, was born at Andes, 
 a village near Mantua, about 70 years before 
 Christ, on the 15th of October. His first 
 years were spent at Cremona, where bis 
 laste was formed, and his rising talents first 
 exercised. The distribution of the lands of 
 Cremona to the soldiers of Augustus, after 
 the battle of Philippi, nearly proved fatal to 
 the poet, and V. hen he attempted to dispute 
 the possession of his fields with a soldier, Vir- 
 gil was obliged to save his life from the re- 
 sentment of the lawless veteran, by swimming 
 across a river. This was the beginning ot his 
 greatness ; he with his father repaired to 
 Rome, where he soon formed an acquain- 
 tance with Mecaenas, and recommended him- 
 self to the favours of Augustus. The empe- 
 ror restored his lands to the poet, whose 
 modest muse knew so well how to pay the 
 tribute of gratitude, and his first iucoac was 
 written to thank the patron, as well as to 
 tell the world that his favours were not un- 
 worthily bestowed. The ten bucolics were 
 written in about three years. The poet 
 showed his countrymen that he could write 
 with graceful simplicity, with elegance, deli- 
 cacy of sentiments, and with purity of lan- 
 guage. Some time after, Virgil undertook 
 the Georgics. a poem the most perfect and 
 finislied of all Latin compositions. The 
 jilneid was begun, as some suppose, at 
 the particular request of Augustus, and the 
 poet, while he attempted to prove that the 
 Julian family was lineally descended frutn 
 the founder of Lavinium, visibly described 
 in the pious and benevolent character of 
 his hero, the amiable qualitie.s of his impe- 
 rial putron. The ^reat merit of this poem 
 is well known, and it u ill ever remain un- 
 decided, which of the two poets, cither Ho* 
 mer or Virgil, is more entitled to our praise, 
 our a()plause, and our admiration. The >vri-. 
 ter of the Iliad stood as a pattern to the fa- 
 vourite of Augusius. The voyage of iii^neas 
 is copied from the Odyssey, and for his 
 battles, Virgil found a model in the wars 
 of Troy, and the animated descriptions of 
 the Iliad. The poet died befon he had re- 
 vised this immortal work, which had al- 
 ready engaged his time for eleven succes- 
 sive years. He had attempted to attend his 
 patron in the east, but he was detained at 
 Naples on account of his ill health. He, 
 howe\er, went to Athens, where he n»et 
 Augustus in his return, but he soon alter 
 fell sick at JNlegara, and though indis(.o.>;ed, 
 lie ordered himself to be removed lo Italy. 
 He landed at brundusium, where a lew days 
 after he expired, the 22d of September, 
 iu the 51st year of his age, B. C. 19. He left 
 lh(^ greatest part of his immeiise posses- 
 sions to hi? friends, particularly to Mecicnas. 
 Tucca, and Augustus, and he ordered, as his 
 but will, hi? unfinished poem to be burnt. 
 These last injunctions were disobeyed ; and 
 •A("i>:-tV\u\\ to iIh? words of an mirient poet, 
 
VI 
 
 Augustus saved his favourite Troy from a se- 
 cond and more dismal conflagration. The 
 poem was delivered by tbe emperor to three 
 of his literary friends. They were ordered 
 to revise and to expunge whatever they deemed 
 improper ; but they were strictly enjoined not 
 to make any additions, and hence, as some 
 suppose, the causes that so many lines of the 
 ^neid are unfinished, particularly in the last 
 books. The body of the poet, according to 
 his own directions, was conveyed to Naples, 
 and interred with much solemnity, in a monu- 
 ment, erected on the road that leads from Na- 
 ples to Puteoli. The following modest dis- 
 tich was engraved on tlie tomb, written by 
 the poet some few moments before he ex- 
 pired : 
 
 Mantua me genuit ; Calabri rapuere ; te- 
 net nunc 
 Parthenope ; cecini pascua, rura, duces. 
 The Romans were not in-ensible of tbe merit 
 of their poet. Virgil received much applause 
 in the capital, and when he entered the thea- 
 tre, he was astonished and delighted to see 
 the crowded audience rise up to him as an 
 emperor, and welcome his approach by reit- 
 erated plaudits. He was naturally modest, 
 and of a timorous disposition. When people 
 crowded to gaze upon him, or pointed at him 
 with tbe 6nger with raptures, the poet blush- 
 ed, and stole away from tl.em, and often hid 
 himself in shops to be removed from the cu- 
 riosity and the admiration of the public. The 
 most liberal and gratifying marks of appro- 
 bation he received were from the emperor 
 and from Octavia. He attempted in his JEnc'id 
 to paint the virtues, and to lament the pre- 
 mature death of the son of Octavia, and he 
 w^as desired by the emperor to repeat the 
 lines in the presence of the afflicted mother. 
 He had no sooner began nate, toe. than 
 Octavia burst into tears ; he continued, but he 
 had artfully suppressed the name of her son, 
 and when he repeated in the 16ih line the 
 well known words, Tu Marctllus eris, the 
 princess swooned away , and tiie poet withdrew, 
 but not without being liberally rewarded. Oc- 
 tavia presented him ten sesterces for every 
 one of his verses in praise of her son, (ho 
 whole of uiiich was equivalent to 20(H)/ Eng- 
 lish money. As an instance of his modesty, 
 the following circumstance has been recorded. 
 Virgil wrote this distich, in which he compa- 
 red his patron to Jupiter, 
 
 Kocte plu'u tola, rcdeimf spcctacula mane, 
 Divisiim imptrium cum Jove Ccesar habet, 
 and placed it in the night on the gates of the 
 palace of Augustus. In(]uiries were made for 
 the author by order of Augustus, and wlien 
 Virgil had the ditfidence not to declare himself, 
 Balhyllus, a contemptible poet of the age, 
 claimed the verses as his own, and was libe- 
 rally rewarded. This displeased Virgil ; he 
 again wrote the verses near the palace, and 
 under them 
 
 Hos ego rersiculosftri, luUl alter honores; 
 with the beginning of another line in these 
 words, 
 
 Sic vos non robis, 
 four limes repealed. Augustus wished the 
 )ine5 to be finished, liathyllus seemed unable, 
 and V^irgil.at last, by completing the stanza in 
 fhe followjno order — 
 
 VI 
 
 Sie vos non vobis nidificatis aves; 
 Sic vos non vobis vellera fertis ores; 
 Sic vos non vobis mellljicali^ apes ; 
 Sic vos non vobis fertis aralra botes; 
 proved himself to be the author of tbe distich, 
 and the poetical usurper became the sport 
 and ridicule of Rome. In the works of Virgil 
 vve can find a more perfect and satisfactory 
 account of the religious ceremonies and cus- 
 toms of the Romans, than in all the other La- 
 tin poets, Ovid excepted. Every thing he 
 mentions is founded upon historical truth, and 
 though he borrowed much from his predeces- 
 sors, and even whole lines from Ennius, yet 
 he has had the happiness to make it all his 
 own. He was uncommonly severe in revising 
 his own poetry, and he used often to compare 
 himself to a bear that licks hercubsinto shape. 
 In his connexions, Virgil was remarkable, his 
 friends enjoyed his unbounded confidence, 
 and his library and possessions seemed to be 
 the property of the public. Like other great 
 men he was not without his enemies and de- 
 tractors in his lifetime, but from their asper- 
 sions he received additional lustre. Among 
 the very numerous and excellent editions of 
 Virgil, these few may be collected as the best; 
 that of Masvicius, 2 vols. 4to. Leovardiae, 
 1717; BasKerville, 4to. Birmingham, 1757; 
 of the Variorum, in 8vo. L. Bat. 1661 ; of 
 Heyne, 4 vols. 8vo. Lips. 1767 ; of Edinburgh, 
 2 vols, 12nio. 1755 ; and of Glasgow, 12mo. 
 1758. Palerc. 2, c. '36.—Horat 1. Sat. 6, v, 
 40.— Prupert. 2. e!. 34, v. 61.— Ovid. Trist. 
 4, el. 10, V. 51.— Mart. 8. ep. 56,— Jut'. 11, 
 V. 118.— Quintil. JO, c. l.—Plin. 3, ep. 21. 
 
 Caius a preetor of Sicily, who, when 
 
 Cicero was banished, refused to receive the 
 exiled orator, though his friend, for fear 
 of the resentment of Clodius. Cic. ad. ^. 
 Frafr. 
 
 Virginia, a daughter of the centurion 
 L. Virginius. Appius Claudius the decem- 
 vir became enamoured of her, and attempted 
 to remove her from the place where she re- 
 sided. She was claimed by one of his fa- 
 vourites as the daugiiler of a slave, and Ap- 
 jiius, in the capacity and witli the authority of 
 judge, Jiad pronouticed the sentence, and 
 delivered her into the hands of his friend, 
 when Virginius, informed of his violent pro- 
 ceedings, arrived from the camp. The father 
 demanded to see his daughter, and when this 
 request was granted, he snatched a knife and 
 plunged it into Virginia's breast, exclaiming. 
 This is all, my dearest daughter, J can give 
 ihee, to preserve thy chasiity from the lust and 
 violence of a tyrant. No soojier was tbe blow 
 given, than Virginius ran to the camp with the 
 bloody knife in his hand. The soldiers were 
 astonisiied and incensed, not against the mur- 
 derer, but the tyrant that was the cause of Vir- 
 ginia's death, and they immediately marched 
 to Rome. Appius was seized, but he destroy- 
 ed himself in prison, and prevented the exe- 
 cution of the law. Spurius Oppius, another of 
 the decemvirs who had not opposed the ty- 
 rant's views, killed himself also, and Marcus 
 Claudius, the favourite of Appius, was put to 
 death, and the decemviral power abolished, 
 about 449 vears before Christ. Liv. 3, c. 44, 
 kc.—Juv. 10, v. 294. 
 
 VjR6!Nirs. the fatiier of Virginia, made 
 
vi 
 
 tribune of the people. 
 
 A tribune of the people who accused Q. Caso 1 the W^VseVrkndVaTling^rTtoThe Germ^an o7ean 
 
 VI 
 
 [Fid. Virginia.] 1 Visargis, ariver of Germany, now called 
 
 the son of Cincinnatus. He increased the 
 number of the tribunes to ten, and distin- 
 guished himself by his seditions against the 
 
 patricians. Another tribune in the age 
 
 of Camillus, fined for his opposition to a law 
 
 wiiich proposed going t6 Veii. An augur 
 
 who died of the plague. Caius, a praetor 
 
 of Sicily, who opposed the entrance of Cicero 
 into his province, though under many obliga- 
 tions to the orator. Some read Virgilius. 
 
 A tribune who encouraged Cinna to criminate 
 
 Sylla. One of the generals of Nero in 
 
 Germany. He made war against Vindex, 
 and conquered him. He was treated with 
 great coldness by Galba, whose interest he 
 had supported with so much success. He re- 
 fused all dangerous stations, and though twice 
 offered the imperial purple, he rejected it with 
 disdain. Plui. A Roman orator and rhe- 
 torician. 
 
 V1R1.A.THUS, a mean shepherd of Lusita- 
 nia, who gradually rose to power, and by first 
 heading a gang of robbers, saw himself at last 
 followed by a numerous army. He made war 
 against the Romans with uncommon success, 
 and for 14 years enjoyed the envied title of 
 protector of public liberty in the provinces of 
 Spain. Many generals were defeated, and 
 Pompey himself was ashamed to find himself 
 beaten. Cspio was at last sent against him. 
 But his despair of conquering him by force 
 of arms, obliged him to have recourse to 
 artifice, and he had the meanness to bribe the 
 servants of Viriathus to murder their master, 
 B. C. 40. Flor. 2, c. n.— Val. Max. 6, c. 4.— 
 Liv. 52 and 64. 
 
 ViRiDOMARus, a young man of g^eat pow- 
 er among the yEdui. Caesar greatly honoured 
 him, but he fought at last against the Romans. 
 CcEs. Bell. G. 7, c. 39, he. 
 
 ViKiPLACA, a goddess among the Ro- 
 mans who presided over the peace of fami- 
 lies, whence her name, [viruni placare.'] If 
 any quarrel happened between a fnan and his 
 wife, they generally repaired to the temple 
 of the goddess, which was erected on the Pa- 
 latine mount; and came back reconciled. 
 Vul. Max. 2, c. 1. 
 
 ViRRo, a fictitious name introduced in Ju- 
 venal's 5 Sat. 
 
 Virtus. All virtues were made deities 
 among the Romans. Marcellus erected two 
 temples, one to Virtue and the other to Ho- 
 nour. They were built in such a manner, that 
 to see the temple of Honour it was necessary 
 to pass through that of Virtue ; a happy alle- 
 gory among a nation free and iudej)endent. 
 The principal virtues were distinguished, 
 each by their attire. Prudence was known by 
 her rule and her pointing to a globe at her 
 feet; Temperance had a bridle; Justice held 
 an equal balance ; and Fortitude leant against 
 her sword ; Honesty was clad in a transparent 
 vest ; Modesty appeared veiled ; Clemency 
 wore an olive branch, and Devotion threw 
 incense upon an altar ; Tranquillity was seen 
 to lean on a column ; Health was known by 
 her serf>ent, Liberty by her cap, and Gaiety 
 )ty her myrtle. Cic. de JV. D. 2, c. 23.— 
 Plaut. in anipk. prol. — Liv. 29, c. 11. — Vol. 
 Max. 1, c. l-^Jiii^. de Civ. D. 4, c, 20. 
 
 93 
 
 V^arus and his legions were cut to pieces there 
 by the Germans. Veil. 2, c. 105. — Tacil. An. 
 1, c. 70, 1. 2, c. 9. 
 
 ViscEixa;, now Weltz, a town of No- 
 ricum, between the Ens and Mure. Cic. 
 Am. 1 1. 
 
 VisELLiA LEX, was made by Visellius Varro, 
 the consul, A. U. C. 776, to restrain the in- 
 troduction of improper persons into the otfices 
 of the state. 
 
 L. VisELHUs Varro, a lieutenant in 
 Germany under Tiberius. Tacit. An. 3, c. 
 41, 1. 4, c. 17. 
 
 VisELLus, a man whose father-in-law the 
 commentators of Horace believe to have 
 been afflicted with a hernia, on their observa- 
 tions on this verse, (1 Sat. 1, v. 105.) Est in- 
 ter Tanaim quiddam, socerumque Viselli. 
 
 Vistula, a river falling into the Bal- 
 tic, the eastern boundary of ancient Ger- 
 many. 
 
 ViTELLiA, a Roman colony on the bor- 
 ders of the iEqui. Liv. 5, c. 29. 
 
 ViTELLius AuLos, a Roman raised by 
 his vices to the throne. He was descended 
 from one of the most illustrious families of 
 Rome, and as such he gained an easy admis- 
 sion to the palace of the emperors. The 
 greatest part of his youth was spent at Ca- 
 preae, where his willingness and compliance 
 to gratify the most vicious propensities of 
 Tiberius, raised his father to the dignity of 
 consul and governor of Syria. The applause 
 he gained in this school of debauchery, was 
 too great and flattering to induce Vitellius to 
 alter his conduct, and no longer to be one of 
 the votaries of vice. Caligula was pleased 
 with his skill in driving a chariot. Claudius 
 loved him because he was a great gamester, 
 and he recommended himself to the favours of 
 Nero by wishing him to sing publicly in the 
 crowded theatre. With such an insinuating 
 disposition, it is not to be wondered that Vi- 
 tellius became so great. He did not fall with 
 his patrons, like the other favourites, but 
 the death of an emperor seemed to raise him 
 to greater honours, and to procure him fresh 
 applause. He passed through all the offices 
 of the state, and gained the soldiery by dona- 
 tions and liberal promises. He was at the 
 head of the Roman legions in Germany when 
 Otho was proclaimed emperor, and the ex- 
 altation of his rival was no sooner heard ia 
 the camp, than he was likewise invested 
 with the purple by his soldiers. He accepted 
 with pleasure the dangerous office, and in- 
 stantly marched against Otho. Three battles 
 were fought, and in all Vitellius was con- 
 quered. A fourth, however, in the plains be- 
 tween Mantua and Cremona Icfl him master 
 of the field and of the Roman empire. He 
 feasted his eyes in viewing the bodies of the 
 slain and the ground covered with blood, and 
 regardless of the insalubrity of the air, pro- 
 ceeding from .«!o many carcasses, he told his 
 attendants that the smell of a dead enemy 
 was always sweet. His first care was not liko 
 that of a true conqueror, to alleviate the 
 distresses of the conquered, or patronise the 
 friendsof the dead, but it was to insult their 
 nvisfnrtuncs, and to intoxicate himself with 
 
n 
 
 the corapanions of his debauchery in the field 
 of battle. Each successive day exhibited a 
 scene of greater extravagance. Vitellius 
 feasted four or five times a day, and such 
 was his excess, that he often made himself 
 vomit to begin his repast afresh, and to gratify 
 his palate with more luxury. His food was 
 of the most rare and exquisite nature, the 
 deserts of Libya, the shores of Spain, and 
 the waters of the Carpathian sea, were dili- 
 gently searched to supply the table of the 
 emperor. The most celebrated of his feasts 
 was that with which he was treated by his 
 brother Lucius. The table, among other 
 meats, was covered with two thousand dif- 
 ferent dishes of fish, and seven thousand of 
 fowls, and so expensive was be in every 
 thing, that above seven millions sterling were 
 spent in maintaining his table in the space 
 of four months, and Josephus has properly 
 observed, that if Vitellius had reigned long, 
 the ereat opulence of all the Roman empire 
 would have been found insuflSci^nt to defray 
 the expenses of his banquets. This extrava- 
 gance, which delighted the favourites, soon 
 raised the indignation of the people. Ves- 
 pasian was proclaimed emperor by the army, 
 and his minister Primus was sent to destroy 
 the imperial glutton. Vitellius concealed 
 himself under the bed of the porter of his 
 palace, but this obscure retreat betrayed him, 
 he was dragged naked through the streets, 
 his hands were tied behind his back, and a 
 drawn sword was placed under his chin to 
 make him lift his head. After suffering the 
 greatest insults from the populace, he was at 
 last cariied to the place of execution, and 
 put to death with repeated blows. His head 
 was cut ofFand fixed to a pole, and his muti- 
 lated body dragged with a hook, and thrown 
 into the Tiber, A. D. 69, after a reign of one 
 year, except 12 days. Suet. — Tacit. Hist. 2. 
 
 — Eutrop. — Dio. — Plvt. Lucius, the father 
 
 of the emperor, obtained great honours by his 
 flattery to the emperors. He was made gov- 
 ernor of Syria, arid in this distant province 
 he obliged the Parthians to sue for peace. 
 His adulation to Messalina is well known, and 
 he obtained as a particular favour the hon- 
 ourable oflfiice of pulling oft" the shoes of the 
 em[)iess, &c. Suet. Sic— —A brother of the 
 cin[)eror, who enjoyed his favours by en- 
 couraging his gluttony, &c. Publius, an 
 
 vu)cle of the. emperor of that unme. He 
 wasaccusedunder Nero of attempts to bribe 
 the people with money from the ti-easury 
 against the emperor. He killed himself be- 
 fore his trial One of the flatterers of 
 
 Tiberius. An officer of the pretorians un 
 
 der Otho. A son of the emperor Vitellius 
 
 put to death by one of his father's friends 
 Some of the family of the Vilelli con- 
 spired with the Aquilii and other illustri- 
 ous Romans to restore Tarquin to his 
 throne. Their conspiracy was discovered by 
 the consuls, and they were severely punished. 
 Pint. Lc. 
 
 ViTERBUM, a town of Tuscany, where 
 Fanum Voltumnae stood. It is not mention- 
 ed by classical writers. Liv. 4, c.23 and 61 
 I. 6, c. 17. 
 
 ViTiA, a mother put to death by Tiberius, 
 for weeping at the death of her son, Lc. Ta- 
 cit, ^m. 7, c. 10. 
 
 UL 
 
 ViTRiGvs, a surname or Mars. Ovid. 
 
 M. ViTRCvius PoLLio, a celebrated ar- 
 chitect in the age of Augustus, born at For- 
 misB. He is known only by his writings, and 
 nothing is recorded in history of his life 
 or private character. He wrote a trea- 
 tise on his profession, which he dedicated to 
 Augustus, and it is the only book on archi- 
 tecture now extant written by the ancients. 
 In this work he plainly shows that he was 
 master of his profession, and that he pos- 
 sessed both genius and abilities. The best 
 edition of Vetruvias is^ that of De Last, 
 Amst. 1649. 
 
 ViTULA, a deity among the Romans who 
 presided over festivals and rejoicings. Ma- 
 crob.. 3, c. 2. 
 
 ViTULARiA VIA, a road in the country of 
 Arpinum. Cic. Q. fr. 3, ep. 1. 
 
 Ulpia Trajana, a Roman colony plant- 
 ed in Sarmatia by Trajan. 
 
 Ui^puNcs DoMiTius, a lawver in the 
 reign of Alexander Severus, of whom he 
 became the secretary and principal minister- 
 He raised a persecution against the Christians, 
 and was at last murdered by the praetoriaa 
 'Tuards, of which he had the command, A. 
 D. 226. There are some fragments of 
 his compositions on civil law still extant. 
 The Greek commentaries of Ulpian on De- 
 mosthenes, were printed in fol. 1527, apud 
 
 Allium. Marcellus, an officer in the age 
 
 of Commodus. Julianus, a man se«jt to 
 
 oppose Heliogabalus, he. 
 
 Ulujbr^, a small town of Latium, on the 
 river Astura, where Augustus was educated. 
 Jwi'. 10, v. 102.— Horat. :, ep. 11. 
 
 Ulysses, a king of the island of Ithaca 
 and Dulichium, son of Anticlefi and La- 
 ertes, or, according to some, of Sisyphus, 
 [Fid. Sisyphus and Anticlea.] He became, 
 like the other princes of Greece, one of the 
 suitors of Helen; but as he despaired of 
 success in his applications, on account of 
 the great number of his competitors, he so- 
 licited the hand of Penelope, the daughteir 
 of Icarius. Tyndarus, the father of Helen, 
 favoured the addresses of Ulysses, as by hinx 
 he was directed to choose one of his daughter's 
 suitors without ofteuding the others, and 
 to bind them all by a solemn oath, that 
 they would unite together in protecting He- 
 len if any violence was ever offered to hei" 
 person. Ulysses had no sooner obtained the 
 hand of Penelope, than he returned to 
 Ithaca, where his father resigned him the 
 crown, and retired to peace and rural soli- 
 tude. The rape of Helen, however, by 
 Paris, did not long permit him to remain in 
 his kingdom, and as he was bound to defend 
 her against every intruder, he was summon- 
 ed to the war with the other princes of 
 Greece. Pretending to be insane, not to 
 leave his beloved Penelope, he yoked a horse 
 and a bull together, and ploughed the sea- 
 shore, where he sowed salt instead of corn. 
 This dissimulation was soon discovered, and 
 Palamedes, by placing before the plough of 
 Ulysses, his infant son Telemachus, con- 
 vinced the world, that the father was not 
 mad, who had the providence to turn away 
 the plough from the furrow, not to hurt his 
 child. Ulysses was therefore ©bliged to gQ 
 
UL 
 
 to the war, but he did not forget him who 
 had discovered his pretended insanity [Vid. 
 Paiamedes.] During the Trojan war, the 
 king of Ithaca was courted for his superior 
 prudence and sagacity. By his means Achil- 
 les was discovered among the daughters of 
 Lycomedes, king of Scyros, [Vid. Achilles,] 
 and Pbiloctetes was induced to abandon 
 Lemiios. and to fight the Trojans with the 
 arrows of Hercules. [Vid. Ph\iocteies.] He 
 was not Jess distinguished for his activity 
 and valour. With the assistance of Dioraedes 
 he murdered Rhesus, and slaughtered the 
 sleeping Thracians in the midst of their camp. 
 [Vid. Rhesus and Dolon,] and he introduced 
 himself into the city of Priara, and carried 
 away the Palladium of the Trojans, [Vid. 
 Palladium.] For these eminent services he 
 was universally applauded by the Greeks, 
 and he was rewarded with the arms of 
 Achilles, which Ajax had disputed with him. 
 After the Trojan war Ulysses embarked on 
 board his ships, to return to Greece, but he 
 was exposed to a number of misfortunes before 
 he reached his native country. He was thrown 
 by the winds upon the coasts of Africa, and 
 ■\nsited the country of the Lotophagi,andofthe 
 Cyclops in Sicily. Polyphemus, who was the 
 kin* of the Cyclops, seized Ulysses with his 
 companions, five of whom he devoured, [Vid. 
 Polyphemus.] but the prince of Ithaca intoxi- 
 cated him and put out his eye, and at last es 
 caped from the dangerous cave where he was 
 confiftcd; by tying himself under the belly of 
 the sheep of the Cyclops when led to pasture. 
 In JEoUdi he met with a friendly reception, 
 and .Colus gave him, confined in bags, all the 
 winds which could obstruct his return to Ithaca, 
 but the curiosity of his companions to know 
 what the bags contained, proved nearly fatal. 
 The winds rushed with impetuosity, and all 
 the fleet was destroyed, except the ship which 
 carried Ulysses. From thence he was thrown 
 upon the coasts of the Laestrigones, and of the 
 island JEea, where the magician Circe changed 
 all his companions into pigs for their volup- 
 tuousness He escaped their fate by means of 
 an herb which he had received from Mercury, 
 and after he had obliged the magician by force 
 of arms to restore his companions to their ori- 
 ginal shape, he yielded to her charms, and 
 made her mother of Telegonus. He visited the 
 infernal regions, and consulted Tiresias how to 
 regain his country in safety : and after he had 
 received every necessary information, he re- 
 turned on earth. He passed along the coasts of 
 the Sirens unhurt, by the directions of Circe, 
 [Vid. Sirones,] and escaped the whirlpools and 
 shoals of Scylla, and Carybdis. On the coasts 
 of Sicily his companions stole and killed some 
 oxen that were sacred to Apollo, for which the 
 god destroyed the ships, and all were drowned 
 except Ulysses, who saved himself on a plank, 
 and swam to the island of Calypso in Ogygia. 
 There, for seven yearS; he forgot Itliaca, in the 
 arras of the goddess, by whom he had two 
 children. The gods at last interfered, and Ca- 
 ly|)SO, by order of Mercury, suffered him to 
 depart after she had furnished him with a ship, 
 and every thing requisite for the voyage. He 
 had almost reached the island of Corcyra, when 
 Neptune, slill mindful that his son Polyphemus 
 had been robbed of his sight by the perfidy of | 
 
 UM 
 
 j Ulysses, raised a storm and sunk his ship, Ulyg: 
 1 ses swam with difficulty to the island of the 
 jPhagacians, where the kindness of Nausica, 
 and the humanity of her father, king Alcinous, 
 entertained him for a while. He related the 
 series of his misfortunes to the monarch, and 
 at last, by his benevolence, he was conducted 
 in a ship to Ithaca. The Phaeacians laid hina 
 on the sea shore as he was asleep, and Ulysses 
 found himself safely restored to his country, 
 after a long absence of 20 years. He was well 
 informed that his palace was besieged by a num- 
 ber of suitors, who continually disturbed the 
 peace of Penelope, and therefore he assumed 
 the habit of a beggar, by the advice of Minerva, 
 and made himself known to his son, and his 
 faithful shepherd Eumaeus. With them he took 
 measures to re-establish himself on his throne, 
 he went to the palace, and was personally con- 
 vinced of the virtues and of the fidelity of Pe- 
 nelope. Before his arrival was publicly known^ 
 all the importuning suitors were put to deaths 
 and Ulysses restored to the peace and bosom of 
 his family. [Vid. Laertes, Penelope, Telema- 
 chus, Eumaeus.] He lived about sixteen years 
 after his return, and was at last killed by his 
 son Telegonus, who had landed in Ithaca, with 
 the hopes of making himself known to his fa- 
 ther. This unfortunate event had been fore- 
 told to him by Tiresias, who assured him that 
 he should die by the violence of something that 
 w'as to issue from the bosom of the sea. [Vid. 
 Telegonus.] According to some authors, Ulys- 
 ses went to consult the oracle of Apollo after 
 his return to Ithaca, and he had the meanness 
 to seduce Erippe, the daughter of a king of 
 EpiruS; who had treated him with great kind- 
 ness. Erippe had a son by him whom she cal- 
 led Euryalus. When come to years of puberty, 
 Euryalus was sent to Ithaca by his mother, but 
 Penelope no sooner knew who he was tha» 
 she resolved to destroy him. Therefore whe» 
 Ulysses returned, he put to immediate deatk 
 his unknown son, on the crimination of Pene- 
 lope his wife, who accused him of attempts 
 upon her virtue. The adventures of Ulysses 
 on his return to Ithaca from the Trojan war> 
 are the subject of Homer's Odvssey. Homer. 
 II. ^ Od.— Virg. JEn. 2, 3, kc.—Dictys. Cret. 1, 
 he.— Ovid. Met. l3.—Heroid. \.—Hugin. fab. 
 201, hc.—ApoUod. 3, c. \0.—Paus. 1, c. ly 
 and 22, 1. 3, c. 12, 1. 7, c. A.—JElian. V. H. 13, 
 c. 12.-~Horat. 3, Od. 29, v. ^.—Parlhen. Erot. 
 3.—Plut.—Plin. 35.— Tzelz. ad Lye. 
 
 Ulysseum, a promontory of Sicily, west of 
 Pachinus. 
 
 Umber, a lake of Umbria near the Tibef. 
 Propert. 4, el, 1, v. 124. 
 
 Umbra Pompei.\, a portico of Pompey At 
 Rome. Mart. 5, ep. 10. 
 
 Umbria, a country of Italy, separated from 
 Etruria by the Tiber, bounded on the north 
 by the .\driatic sea, east by Picenum. and tlie 
 country of the Sabines. and south by the river 
 Nar. Some derive the word Umbria ah im- 
 bribus, the frequent showers that were sup- 
 posed to fall there, or liom the shadow (umbra) 
 of the Apennines which hung over it. Umbri 
 had many cities of note. The Unibrians op- 
 posed the Romans in 'he infancy of their em- 
 pire, but aftprwards they became their allies, 
 about the year U. C. 434. t'alul. -U), v. il 
 —Strfih. b.—PHn. 3, c. Id.— /)tV);?.v«. //«/. 
 
vo 
 
 Umbrigius, a soothsayer, who foretold ap- 
 proaching calamities to Galba. Juv. 3, v. 21. 
 —Tacit, if. 1, c. 27. 
 
 Umbko, a navigable river of Italy. Plin. 3, 
 
 c. 5. A general who assisted Turnus against 
 
 ^neas, and was killed during the war. He 
 could assuage the fury of serpents by his 
 song?, and counteract the poisonous effects of 
 their bites. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 752, 1. 10, v. 544. 
 
 Unca, a surname of Minerva among the 
 Phoenicians and Thebans. 
 
 UncHjE, a town of Mesopotamia. 
 
 Undecemviri, magistrates at Athens, to 
 whom such as were publicly condemned were 
 delivered to be executed. C. JVep. in Phoc. 
 
 Unelli, a people of Cotantin in Gaul, con- 
 quered by Cffisar. Cos. Bell. G. 2, c. 34, 
 
 UnigexVa, a surname of Minerva, as sprung 
 of Jupiter alone. 
 
 Unxia, a surname of Juno, derived from 
 ungere, to anoint, because it was usual among 
 the Romans for the bride to- anoint the thresh- 
 old of her husband, and from this necessary 
 ceremony wives were called Unxores, and 
 afterwards Uxores, from Unxia, who presided 
 over them. jQrnob. 3. 
 
 VocETius, part of mount Jura. Tacit. H. 1, 
 e.68, 
 
 VocoNiA LEX, de testament is, by Q. Voconius 
 Saxa, the trilxme, A. U. C. 584, enacted, that 
 no woman should be left heiress to an estate, 
 and that no rich person should leave by his 
 will more than the fourth part of his fortune 
 to a woman. This step was taken to prevent 
 the decay of the noblest and most illustrious 
 of the families of Rome. This law was abro- 
 gated by Augustus. 
 
 VocoNii FORUM, a town of Gaul, between 
 Antibes and Marseilles. Cic. 10, fam. 17. 
 
 VocoNius, Victor, a Latin poet, &c. Mar- 
 tial. 7, ep. 28. Saxa, a tribune who made 
 
 a law. An officer of Lucullus in Asia. 
 
 VocoNTiA, now Vasio. Sil. 3, v. 167. 
 
 VoGEsus, now Faug^e, a mountain ofBelgic 
 Gaul, which separates the Sequani from the 
 Lingones. Lucan. 1, v. 397. — Cobs. G. 4, c. 10. 
 
 VoLiE, a city of the JEqui. Liv. 4, c. 49, 
 
 VoLAGiNiijs, a soldier who assassinated one 
 of his officers, &.e. Tacit. H. 2, c. 75. 
 
 VoLANA, a town of the Saranites. 
 
 VoLANDUM, a fortified place of Armenia, 
 
 VoLATERRA, an aucient town of Etruria, 
 famous for hot baths. Perseus the satirist was 
 born there, Liv. 10, c, \2.—Strah. ^—Cic. 13, 
 fam. 4. 
 
 V(5lc^, or VoLG/E, a people of Gaul, be- 
 tween the Garonne and the Rhone, Liv 21, 
 c. 2^.— Mela, 2, c. 5. 
 
 VoLci, an inland town of Lucania, now 
 
 iMuria. Liv. 27, c, 15. A town of Etruria. 
 
 Plin. 3, c, 5 
 
 VoLOGESEs, a name common to many of 
 (he kings of Parthia, who made war against 
 the Roman emperors. Tacit. 12, Ann. 14. 
 
 VoLscENs, a Latin chief who discovered 
 Nisus and Euryalus as they returned from the 
 Rutulian camj) loaded with spoils. He killed 
 Euryalus, and was himself immediately stab- 
 bed^ by Wisus. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 370 and 442, 
 
 VoLsci, or VoLcr, a people of Latium, 
 whose terrifones are bounded on the south by 
 the Tyrrhene sea, north by the country of 
 the Hernici and Marsi, west by the Latins and 
 
 VO 
 
 Rutulians, and east by Campania, Their chief 
 cities were Antium, Circea, Anxur, Corioli, 
 Fregellae, Arpinum, &,c. Ancus king of Rome 
 made war against them, and in the time of 
 the republic they became formidable enemies, 
 till they were at last conquered with the rest 
 of the Latins. Liy. 3 and 4. — Virg. G. 2, v. 
 168. JEn. 9, V. 505, 1. 11, v. 546, hc.—Strab. &. 
 — Mela, 2, c. 4 and 5. 
 
 VoLsiNiUM, a town of Etruria in Italy, de- 
 stroyed, according to Pliny 2, c. 53, by fire 
 from heaven. The inhabitants numbered the 
 years by fixing nails in the temple of JN'ortia, 
 a Tuscan goddess, Liv. 5, c. 31, 1. 7, c. 3.-— 
 Juv. 3, V. \dl—TacU. Jinn. A.—Onit, 
 
 VoLTiNiA, one of the Roman tribes. 
 
 VoLUBiLis, a town of Africa, supposed Fez, 
 the capital of Morocco. Plin. 5, C, 1. 
 
 VoLUiMNiE Fanum, a temple in Etruria, 
 sacred to the goddess Volurana, who presided 
 over the will and over complaisance, where 
 (he states of the country used to assemble. 
 Viterbo now stands on the spot, Liv. 4, c. 23, 
 l.5,c. 17, 1.6, c. 2, 
 
 Volumnia, the wife of Coriolanus, Liv. 
 
 2, c. 40. The freed-vvoman of Volumnius 
 
 Eutrapelus. Cic. Phil. 2, c. 24. 
 
 VoLUMNus and Volumna, two deities 
 who presided over the will. They were chiefly 
 invoked at marriages, to preserve concord 
 between the husband and wife. They were 
 particularly worshipped by the Etrurians, 
 Liv. 4, c. 61. 
 
 T. Volumnius, a Roman famous for his 
 friendship towards M, Lucullus, whom M. 
 Antony had put to death. His great lamen- 
 tations were the cause that he was dragged 
 to the triumvir, of whom he demanded to 
 be conducted to the body of his friend, and 
 there to be put to death. His request was 
 
 easily granted. Liv. 124, e, 20, A mimic 
 
 whom Brutus put to death. An Etrurian 
 
 who wrote tragedies in his own native lan- 
 guage, A consul who defeated the Sara- 
 nites and the Etrurians, &.c. Liv. 9. 
 
 A friend of M. Brutus. He was preserved 
 when that great republican killed himself, 
 and he wrote an account of his death and of 
 his actions, from which Plutarch selected 
 
 some remarks. A prefect of Syria, B. C. 
 
 11. A Roman knight put to death by 
 
 Catiline. 
 
 VoLUPTAS and Volufta, the goddess 
 of sensual pleasures, worshipped at Rome, 
 where she had a temple. She was represen- 
 ted as a young and beautiful woman, well 
 dressed, and elegantly adorned, seated on a 
 throne, and having virtue under her feet. Cic. 
 de JV. D. 2, c. ^,—Macrob. 1, c. 10.— Aug. 
 de Civ. D.4, c. 8. 
 
 C. VoLusENus, a military tribune in Cae- 
 sar's army, kc. Cms. Bell. G. 3. 
 
 VoLusLVNUs, a Roman taken as colleague 
 on the imperial throne, by his father Gallus. 
 He was killed by his soldiers, 
 
 Vurusius, a poet of Patavia who wrote, 
 like Ennius, the annals of Rome in verse. 
 
 Seneca, ep, 93, — Catull. 93, v. 7. Satur- 
 
 ninus, a governor of Rome, who died in the 
 93(1 year of his age, beloved and respected, 
 under Nero. Tacit. Ann. 13. Caius, a sol- 
 dier at the siege of Cremona, &.c. One of 
 
 Nero's officers. Tacit, Ann. 15, c. 51. 
 
UR 
 
 Vorusrs, a friend of Turnus. Virg. J£n. 
 11, V. 463. 
 
 VoLDX, a son of Bocchus, whom the Romans 
 defeated. Sylla suspected his fidelity, &c. 
 Sallust. Jag. 105. 
 
 VoMANCs, a river of Picenum in Italy. 
 Plin. 3, c. lo.—Sil. It. 8, v. 438. 
 
 VoxOnks, a king of Parthia expelled by his 
 subjects, and afterwards placed on the throne 
 of Armenia. Tacit. Ann. 12, c. 14. Ano- 
 ther king- of Armenia. A man made king of 
 
 Parlhia by Aajgustus. 
 
 Vopiscus, a native of Syracuse, 303, A. D. 
 who wrote the fife of Aurelian, Tacitus^ 
 Florianus, Probus, Firmus, Cams, he. He 
 is one of the six authors who are called Hls- 
 torix Angud(e scriptoreSf but he excels all 
 others in the elegance of his style, and the 
 manner in which lie relates the various actions 
 of the emperors. He is not however without 
 his faults, and we look in vain for the purity 
 or perspicuity of the writers of the Augustan 
 
 VoRA.vus, a freed-man ot Q. Luctatius Ca- 
 tulus, famous for his robberies as well as his 
 cunning, &.c. Horat. \, Sat. 8, v. 39. 
 
 VoTiENUs MoNTANus, a man of learning ba- 
 nished to one of the Baleares for his malevo- 
 lent reflections upon Tiberius. Ovid has ce- 
 lebrated him as an excellent poet. Tacit. 
 Ann. 4, c. 42. 
 
 Upis, the father of one of the Dianas men- 
 tioned by the ancients, from which circum- 
 stance Diana herself is called Upis. Cic de 
 JVat. D. 3, c. 23. — Callim. in Dian. 
 
 Urania, one of the Muses, daughter of 
 Jupiter and Mnemosyne, who presided over 
 astronomy. She is generally called mother 
 of Linus by Apollo, and of the god Hyme- 
 naeus by Bacchus. She was represented as 
 a young virgin dressed in an azure colour- 
 ed robe, crowned with stars, and holding a 
 globe in her hands, and having many ma- 
 thematical instruments placed round. He- 
 siod. Theog. 17 .—Apollod. 1, c. 2.—Hygin. 
 
 fab. 161. A surname of Venus, the same 
 
 as Celestial. She was supposed, in that 
 character, to preside over beauty and ge- 
 neration, and was called daughter of Uranus 
 or Ccelus by the Light. Her temples in Asia, 
 Africa, Greece, and Italy were numerous. 
 Flato in Symn.— Cic. de JXat. D. 3, c. 23 — 
 
 Pans. 1, c. H'&-c. 1. 7, c. 26, he. A town 
 
 of Cyprus. 
 
 Uranii, or Urii, a people of Gaul. 
 
 Uranopolis, a town at the top of Athos. 
 
 Urands, or OuRANUs, a deity, the same as 
 CceIus, the most ancient of all the gods. He 
 married Tithea, or the Earth, by whom be 
 had Ceus, Creus, Hyperion, Mnemosyne, 
 Cottus, Phcebe, Briareus, Thetis, Saturn, Gi- 
 ges, called from their mother Titans. His 
 children conspired against him, because he 
 confined them in the bosom of the earth, and 
 his son Saturn mutilated him, and drove him 
 from his throne. 
 
 Urba, now Orbe, a town of the Helvetii, 
 on a river of the same name. 
 
 Urbicua, a town of Hispania Tarraconen- 
 sis. 
 
 Urbicus, an actor at Rome, in Domitian's 
 leign. Ji;^xi, 6. 
 
 YU 
 
 Urbin'ujt. now Urbijio,' a town of Unibria. 
 Plin. 3, c. 14. 
 
 Urgo, now Gorgona, an island in the bay of 
 Pisa, 25 miles west of Le'ghorn, famous for 
 anchovies. PHn. 3, c. 6. 
 
 Uria-, a UviVn of Calabria, built by a Cretaa 
 colony, and called also Hyria. Plin. 3, c. IL 
 — Strab. 6. -Of Apulia, 
 
 URiTiis, a people of Italy. Liv. 42, c. 48. 
 
 Ursentum, a town of the Brutii, now Orso, 
 Plin. S,c. 11. 
 
 UtiFiDius, an adulterer. Juv. 6, v. 38. 
 
 UscANA, a town of Macedonia. Liv. 43, c. 
 18. 
 
 UscETA, a town of Africa Propria, Hist. 
 Af. 89. 
 
 UscuDAMA, a town of Thrace. Eulrop. 6, 
 C.8. 
 
 UsiPETEs, or Usjpii, a people of Germany. 
 Ccps. Bell. G. 4, c, 1, he. 
 
 UsTiCA, a town in an island on the coast of 
 Sicily, near Panormum. Horat. 1, od. 17, v. 
 11, 
 
 Utens, a river of Gaul, now Mo atone, fall- 
 ing into the Adriatic by Ravenna. Liv. 5, c 
 35. 
 
 UxicA, now Satcor, a celebrated city of 
 Africa, on the coast of the Mediterranean, 
 on the same bay as Carthage, founded by a 
 Tyrian colony above 287 years before Car- 
 thage. It had a large and commodious har- 
 bour, and it became the metropolis of Afri- 
 ca, after the destruction of Carthage in the 
 third Punic war, and the Romans granted 
 it all the lands situate between Hippo and 
 Carthage. It is celebrated for the death of 
 Cato, who from thence is called UticensiSf 
 or of Utica. Strab. 17. — Lucan. 6, v. 306. 
 —Justin. 18, c. 4.— Plin. 16, c. 40.— Liv. 25, c. 
 31.—Sil. 3, v, 242.— Horat. 1, ep. 20, v. 613. 
 
 VuLCANALiA, festivals in honour of Vul- 
 can, brought to Rome from Praeneste, and 
 observed in the month of August. The 
 streets were illuminated, fires kindled every 
 where, and animals thrown into the flames, 
 as a sacrifice to the deity. Varro. de L. L. 
 5, — Dion. Hal. l.—Columell. U.—Plin. 18, 
 c. 13. 
 
 VuLCANi INSULA, OP VuLCANiA, a name giv- 
 en to the islands between Sicily and Italy, now 
 called Lipari. Virg. JEn. 8, v. 422. They re- 
 ceived it because there were there subterrane- 
 ous fires, supposed to be excited by Vulcan, 
 the god of fire. 
 
 VuLCANius, Tarentianus, a Latin historian., 
 who wrote an account of the life of the three 
 Gordians, he. 
 
 VuLC.\Nus, a god of the ancients who 
 presided over fire, and was the patron of all 
 artists who worked iron and metals. Ho 
 was son of Juno alone, who in this wished 
 to imitate Jupiter, who had produced Mi- 
 nerva from his brains. According to Ho- 
 mer, he was son of Jupiter and Juno, and 
 the mother was so disgusted with the defor- 
 mities of her son, that she threw him in- 
 to the sea, as soon as born, where lie re- 
 mained for nine years. According to th^ 
 more received opinion, Vulcan was educa- 
 ted in heaven with the rest of the gods, 
 but his father kicked him down from Olym- 
 pus, when he attcn)pted to deliver his uio- 
 
4 
 
 VU 
 
 tier, who had been fastened by a golden 
 chain for her iiisolence. He was nine days 
 in cominfi; from heaven upon earth, and 
 he fell in the island of Lemnos, where, 
 according to Lucian, the inhabitants seeing 
 him in the air, caught him in their arms. 
 He however broke his leg by the fall, and 
 ever after remained lame of one foot. He 
 fixed his residence in Lemnos, where he 
 built himself a palace, and raised forges 
 to work metals. The inhabitants of the 
 island became sensible of his industry, and 
 were taught all the useful arts which could 
 civilize their rude manners, and render 
 them serviceable to the good of society. 
 The first work of Vulcan was, according to 
 some, a throne of gold with secret springs, 
 Mfhich he presented to his mother to avenge 
 himself for her want of affection towards 
 him. Juno no sooner was seated on the 
 throne, than she found herself unable to 
 move. The gods attempted to deliver her 
 by breaking the chains which held her, but 
 to no purpose, and Vulcan alone had the pow- 
 er to set her at liberty. Bacchus intoxicated 
 him and prevailed upon him to come to Olym- 
 pus, where he was reconciled to his parents. 
 Vulcan has been celebrated by the ancient 
 poets for the ingenious works and automatical 
 figures which he made, and many speak of 
 t\vo golden statues, which not only seemed an- 
 imated, but v^hich walked by his side, and 
 even assisted him in the working of metals. It 
 is said, that at the request of Jupiter he made 
 the first woman that ever appeared on earth, 
 •well known under the name of Pandora. [Vid. 
 Pandora.] The Cyclops of Sicily, were his 
 ministers and attendants, and with him they 
 fabricated, not only the thunderbolts of Ju- 
 piter, but also arms for the gods and the 
 most celebrated heroes. His forges were 
 supposed to be under mount iEtna, in the 
 island of Sicily, as well as in every part 
 of the earth where there were volcanoes. 
 The most known of the works of Vulcan 
 which were presented to mortals are the 
 arms of Achilles, those of apneas, the shield 
 of Hercules described by Hesiod, a collar 
 given to Hermione the wife of Cadmus, 
 and a sceptre, which was in the possession 
 «f Agamemnon king of Argos and Myce- 
 nae. The collar proved fatal to all those 
 that wore it, but the sceptre, after the 
 death of Agamemnon, was carefully pre- 
 served at Cheronaea, and regarded as a di- 
 -vinity. The amours of Vulcan are not nu- 
 merous. He demanded Minerva from Ju- 
 piter, who had promised him in marriage 
 whatever goddess he should choose, and 
 ■when she refused his addresses, he attempt- 
 ♦?d to offer her violence. Minerva resist- 
 ed with success, though there remained on 
 her body some marks of Vulcan's passion, 
 which she threw down upon earth wrapped 
 up in wool. [FiJ. Erichsithonius.] This dis- 
 appointment in his love was repaired by 
 Jupiter, who gave him one of the Graces. 
 Venus is universally acknowledged to have 
 been the wife of Vulcan; her infidelity is 
 ■well known, as well as her amours with 
 
 Mars, which were discovered by Phoebus, 
 and exposed to the gods by her own hus- 
 ba.nd. [F/rf. Alcctiyon.] The worship of 
 
 VU 
 
 Vulcan was well established, particularly ih 
 Egypt, at Athens, and at Rome. It was usual 
 in the sacrifices that were offered to him to 
 burn the whole victim, and not rese^^'e part 
 of it as in the immolations to the rest of the 
 gods. A calf and a boar pig were the prin- 
 cipal victims offered. Vulcan was repre- 
 sented as covered with sweat, blowing with 
 his nervous arm the fires of his forges. His 
 breast vvas hairy, and his forehead was 
 blackened with smoke. Some represent him 
 lame and deformed, holding a hammer 
 raised in the air, ready to strike : while with 
 the other hand he turns, with pincers, a 
 thunderbolt on his anvil, for which an eagle 
 waits by his side to carry it to Jupiter. He 
 appears on some monuments with a long 
 beard, dishevelled hair, half naked, and a 
 small round cap on his head, while lie holds 
 a hammer and pincers in his hand. The 
 Egyptians represented him under the figure 
 of a monkey. Vulcan has received the 
 names of Mulciber, Pamphanes, Clylotechnes, 
 Pandamator, Cyllopodes. Chalnipoda, he. all 
 expressive of his lameness and his profession. 
 He was father of Cupid, by Venus; of Ca;- 
 culus, Cecrops, Cacus, Periphetes, Cercyon, 
 Ocrisia, &,c. Cicero speaks of more than 
 one deity of the name of Vulcan. One he 
 calls son of Ccelus, and father of Apollo, by 
 Minerva; the second he mentions is son of 
 the Nile, and called Phtas by the Egyp- 
 tians ; the third was the son of Jupiter and 
 Juno, and fixed his residence in Lemnos; 
 and the fourth, who built his forges in the 
 Lipari islands, was son of Menalius. Vulcan 
 seems to have been admitted into heaven 
 more for ridicule than any other purpose. 
 He seems to be the great cuckold of Olym- 
 pus, and even his wife is represented as 
 laughing at his deformities, and mimicking 
 his lameness to gain the smiles of her lovers. 
 Hesiod. Theog. 8,^ in Scut. Here. 140 and 320.— 
 Jlpollod. 1, c. 3, Sic. — Hovier.ll.' 1, v. 57, and 
 1. 15, V. 18, 1. 11, V. 397, &,c —Diod. 5.— Pans. 
 1, c. 20, 1. 3, 17.— Ctc. de J'M. D. 3, c. 22.— 
 Herodot. 2 and 3. — Varro. de L. L. — Virg. JEn. 
 7, he. 
 
 VuLCATius, a Roman knight, who conspir- 
 ed with Piso against Nero, he. Tacit. 
 
 A senator in the reign of Dioclesiah, who 
 attempted to write an history of all such as 
 had reigned at Rome, either as lawful so- 
 vereigns or by usurpation. Of his works 
 nothing is extant but an account of Avidius 
 Cassius, who revoked in the east during the 
 reign of M. Aurelius, which some ascribe to 
 Spartianus. 
 
 VuLsiNUM, a town of Etruria. [Vid. Vol- 
 sinium.] 
 
 VuLso, a Roman consul who invaded Africa 
 
 with Regulus. Another consul. He had 
 
 the provinces of Asia while in oifice, and tri- 
 umphed over the Galatians. 
 
 VuLTL'RA, or VuLTURARiA, a mountaiu on 
 the borders of Apulia. Horai. 3, od.4, v. 9.— 
 Lucaji. 9, v. 183. 
 
 VuLTUREius, a man who conspired against 
 his country with Catiline. 
 
 VuLTURius, a surname of Apollo. [Vid. 
 Vulturnus.] 
 
 ^'cLTURsuiM, a town of Campania, near 
 Ibe inoLith of the Vulturnns. Liv. 25, c. 20.' 
 
vu 
 
 — PHn. 3, c. 5. Also an ancient name of 
 
 Capua. Liv. 4, c. 37. 
 
 VuLTDRNDs, a liver of Campania rising in 
 the Apennines, and falling into the Tyrrhene 
 sea, after passing by the town of Capua. 
 
 Luerd. 5, 664.— Firg. ^n. 7, v. 729. The 
 
 god of the Tiber was also known by tliat 
 
 name. Varro. de L. L. 4, c. 5. The wind 
 
 which received the name of Vulturnus when 
 it blew from the side of the Vulturnus, highly 
 incommoded the Romans at the battle of Can- 
 nae. Liv. 22, c. 43 and 46. A surname of 
 
 Apollo on mount Lissus in Ionia, near Ephe- 
 sus. The god received this nam^ from a shep- 
 herd w ho raised him a temple after he had 
 been drawn out of a subterraneous cavern by 
 vultures. 
 
 uz 
 
 VuLsijfCM, a town of Etruria, where Sc 
 janus was bom. 
 
 UxAMA, a town of Spain on the Ibems. 
 Sil. 3. V. 384. 
 
 UxANTis, now Ushant, an island on the 
 coast of Britany. 
 
 UxELLODUNUM, a town of Gaul defended 
 by steep rocks, now Putch d'Issolu. Cces. B. 
 G. 8, c. 33. 
 
 UxENTUM, a town of Calabria, now Ugento. 
 
 Uxii, mountains of Armenia, with a na- 
 tion of the same name, conquered by Alexan- 
 der. The Tigris rises in their country. Slrab, 
 —Diod. 
 
 UxisAMA, an island on the western ocean. 
 
 UziTA, an inland town of Africa, destroyed 
 by Caesar. Hirt de Afric. 41, &.c. 
 
 XA 
 
 XANTHE, one of the Oceanides. Hmod. 
 Thtog. V. .356. 
 
 Xamhi, a people of Thrace. The 
 
 inhabitants of Xanthus in Asia. \^Vid. Xan- 
 thus.J 
 
 Xanthia Phoceus, a Roman whom Horace 
 addresses in his 2 od. 4, and of whom he 
 speaks as enamoured of a servant maid. 
 
 Xanthica, a festival observed by the Ma- 
 cedoiiiaus in the month called Xanthicus, the 
 same as April. It was then usual to make a 
 lustration of the army with great solemnity. 
 A bitch was cut into two parts, and one half 
 of the body placed on one side, and the other 
 part on the other side, after which the soldiers 
 marched between, and they imitated a real 
 battle b}' a sham engagement. 
 
 Xanthippe, a daughter of Dorus. [Fm/. 
 Xantippe.j 
 
 Xanthippus, a son of Melas killed by Ty- 
 deus. [Vid. Xantippus.] 
 
 Xantho, one of Cyrene's attendant 
 nymphs. Virg. G. 4, v. 336. 
 
 Xantuus, or Xanthos, a river of Troas, 
 in Asia Minor. It is the same as the Scam- 
 under, but according to Homer, it was called 
 Xanthus by the gods and Scamander by men. 
 [Vid. Scamander.J A river of Lycia, an- 
 ciently called Sirbcs. It was sacred to Apol- 
 lo, and fell into the sea, near Patara. Homer. 
 11. 6, V. 172.— FtVg. JEn. 4, v. 143.— .We/a, 1, 
 
 c. 15. One of the horses of Achilles, who 
 
 spoke to his master when chid with severity, 
 and told him that he must soon be killed. 
 
 Homer. II. 19. One of the horses given to 
 
 Juno by Neptune, and afterwards to the sons 
 
 of Leda. An historian of Sardes in the 
 
 reign of Darius. A Greek historian of Ly- 
 
 dia who wrote an account of his country, of 
 which some fragments remain. Dionys. Hal. 
 
 A king of Lesbos. A king of Boeotia, 
 
 who made war against the Athenians. He 
 was killed by the artifice of Melanthus. [Vid. 
 
 Apaturia.] A Greek poet. JElian. V. H. 
 
 4, c. 26. — Suidas. A philosopher of> Sa- 
 
 mus, in whose house iEsop lived some time as 
 
 servant. A town of Lycia on the river of 
 
 the same name, at tho. distance of about 15 
 uriles from tho sea shore. Th« hlhalli^8inh 
 
 XA 
 
 are celebrated for their love of liberty and 
 national independence. Brutus laid siege to 
 their city, and when at last they were unable 
 longer to support themselves against the ene- 
 my, they set lire to their houses and destroyed 
 themselves. The conqueror wished to spare 
 them, but though he offered rewards to his 
 soldiers, if they brought any of the Xanthians 
 alive into his presence, onl}' 150 were saved 
 much against their will. Appian. 4. — Flut. in 
 Brut. 
 
 Xanticles, one of the leaders of the 10,000 
 Greeks, after the battle of Cunaxa. 
 
 Xantippe, a daughter of Dorus who mar- 
 ried Pleuron, by whom she had Agenor, kc. 
 
 Apollod. 1, c. 7. The wife of Socrates, re- 
 
 maj'kable for her ill humour and peevish 
 disposition, which are become proverbial. 
 Some suppose that the philosopher was ac- 
 quainted with her moroseness and insolence 
 before he married her, and that he took her 
 for his wife to try his patience, and inure 
 himself to the malevolent reflections of man- 
 kind. She contiinially tormented him with 
 her impertinence ; and one day, not satisfied 
 with using the most bitter invectives, she emp- 
 tied a vessel of dirty water on his head, upon 
 which the philosopher coolly observed, after 
 thunder there generalli/ falls rain. Xlian. V. 
 H. 7, c. 10, 1. 9, c. 7," 1. 11, c. 12.— Biog. in 
 Socrat. 
 
 Xantippus, a Lacedaemonian general who 
 assisted the Carthaginians in the first Punic 
 war. He defeated the Romans, 256 B. C. 
 and tooklhe celebrated Regultis prisoner. Such 
 signal services deserved to be rewarded, but 
 the Carthaginianslouked with envious jealousy 
 unon Xantippus, and he retired to Corinth 
 alter he had saved them from destruction 
 Some authors support that the Carthaginians 
 ordered him to be assassinated, and his body 
 to be thrown into the sea, as he was returning 
 home ; while others say that they had pre- 
 pared a leaky ship to convey him to Corinth, 
 which he aitfully avoided. Liv. 18 and 28, c 
 
 43. — Appian. de Fan. An Athenian gene 
 
 ral who defeated the Persian fleet at Mycalc 
 with Leotychides. A statue was erected to 
 hri honour in the citadel of Athens. He made 
 
some conquests hi Thrace, and increased the 
 power of Athens. He was father to the 
 celebrated Pericles by Agariste the niece of 
 Clisthenes, who expelled the Pisistratidas from 
 
 Athens. Paus. 3, c. 7, 1. 8, c. 52. A son 
 
 of Pericles who disgraced his father by his 
 disobedience, his ingratitude, and his extrava- 
 gance. He died of the plague in the Pelopon- 
 nesian war. Plut. 
 Xenagoras, an historian. Dionys. Hal. 
 
 A philosopher who measured the height 
 
 of mount Olympus. 
 
 Xenarchus, a comic poet. A peripa- 
 tetic philosopher of Seleusia, who taught at 
 Alexandria and at Rome, and was intimate 
 
 with Augustus. Slrab. 14. A praetor of the 
 
 Achaean league who wished to favour the in- 
 terest of Perseus, king of Macedonia, against 
 the Romans. 
 
 Xenares, an intimate friend of Cleome- 
 nes king of Sparta. 
 
 Xenetus, a rich Locrian, whose daughter 
 Doris married Dionysius of Sicily, &c. ^rist. 
 Pol. 5, c. 7. 
 
 Xeneus, a Chian writer, who composed an 
 History of his country. 
 
 Xeniades, a Corinthian who went to buy 
 Diogenes the Cynic, when sold as a slave. He 
 asked him what he could do .•* upon wtiich the 
 Cynic answered, command freemen. This no- 
 ble answer so pleased Xeniades, thdt he gave 
 the Cynic his liberty, and intrusted him with 
 the care and education of his children. Diog. 
 —Gell. 2, c. 18. 
 
 Xenius, a surname given to Jupiter as the 
 god oi hospilality. 
 
 Xenoclea, a priestess of Apollo's temple 
 at Delphi, from whom Hercules e.\torted an 
 oracle by force when she refused to 'answer 
 him because he was not purified of the blood 
 and death of Iphitus. Faus, 10, c. 13. 
 
 Xekocles, a tragic writer, who obtained 
 four times a poetical prize, in a contention m 
 which Euripides was competitor, either 
 through the ignorance or by the bribery of his 
 judges. The names of his tragedies which 
 obtained the victory were (Edipas, Lycaon, 
 Bacchae, Alhamas Satyricus, against the Alex- 
 ander, Palamedes, Trojani, and Sisyphus 
 Satyricus, of Euripides. His grandson bore 
 also the name of Xenocles, and excelled in 
 tragical compositions. MUun. V. JI. 2, c. 
 
 8. A Spartan olhccr in the expedition 
 
 which Agesilaus undertook against the Per- 
 sians. An architect of Eleusis. A friend 
 
 of Aratus. One of the friends of Cicero. 
 
 A celebrated rhetorician of Adramyttium. 
 
 Strab. 13. 
 
 Xenocratks, an ancient philosopher born 
 at CaIchedoni:i, and educated in the school 
 of Plato, whose friendship he gained, and 
 whose approbation he merited. Though of 
 a dull and sluggish disposition, he supplied 
 the defects of nalure by unwearied attention 
 and industry, and was at last found capable of 
 succeeding in the school of Plato after Speu- 
 sippus, about 339 yearg before Christ. He 
 was remarkable as a disciplinarian, and he 
 required that his pupils should be acquainted 
 with mathematics before they came under his 
 care, and he even rejected some who had 
 not the necessary qualification, saying that 
 they had not yet found the key of philoso- 
 
 XE 
 
 pby. He did not only recommend himself to 
 liis pupils by precepts, but more powerfully 
 by example, and since the wonderful change 
 he had made upon the conduct of one of his 
 auditors, [Vid. Polemon,] his company was 
 as much shunned by the dissolute and extrava- 
 gant, as it was courted by the virtuous and 
 the benevolent. Philip of Macedon attempt- 
 ed to gain his confidence with money, but 
 with no success. Alexander in this imitated 
 his father, and seat some of his friends with 
 50 talents for the philosopher. They were 
 introduced, and supped with Xenocrates. 
 The repast was small, frugal, and elegant, 
 without ostentation. On the morrow, the 
 officers of Alexander wished to pay down the 
 50 talents, but the philosopher asked them 
 whether they had not perceived from the 
 entertainment of the preceding day, that he 
 was not in want of money : Tell your master, 
 said he, to keep his money, he has more people 
 to maintain than I have. Yet not to olfend 
 the monarch, he accepted a small sum, about 
 the 200th part of one talent. His character 
 was not less conspicuous in every other parti- 
 cular, and he has been cited as an instance 
 of virtue from the following circumstance. 
 The courtezan Lais had pledged herself to 
 forfeit an immense sum of money, if she did 
 not triumph over the virtue of Xenocrates. 
 3he tried every art, assumed the most cap- 
 tivating looks, and used the most tempting 
 attitudes to gain the philosopher, but in 
 vain ; and she declared at last that she had 
 not lost her money, as she had pledged her- 
 seif to conquer an human behjg, not a lifeless 
 stone. Though so respected and admired, 
 yet Xenocrates was poor, and he was dragged 
 to prison, because he was unable to pay a 
 small tribute to the state. He was delivered 
 irom confinement by one of his friends. His 
 integrity was so well known, that when he 
 appeared in the coun as a witness, the judges 
 dispensed with his oath. He died B. C. 314, 
 in his 83d year, after he had presided in the 
 academy for above 25 years. It is said, that 
 he fell in the night with his head into a basin 
 of water, and that he was suifocated. He had 
 written above (iO treatises on dilFerent subjects, 
 all now lost. He acknowledged no other deity 
 but heaven, and the seven planets. Diog. — 
 Cic. ad Mlic. 10, ep. 1, ^c. Tusc. 5, c. 32. — 
 
 Val. Max. 2, c. 10. — Lucian. A physician 
 
 in the age of Nero, not in great esteem. His 
 Greek treatise, de alimento ex aquafilibus, is 
 
 best edited by Franzius, Lips. 8vo. 1774. 
 
 An excellent painter. Plin. 34, c, 8. 
 
 Xenodamus, an illegitimate son of Mene- 
 
 laus, by Gnossia. Jipollod. 3, c. 11. An 
 
 athlete of Anticyra. Peru*. 10, c. 36. 
 
 Xenodice, a daughter of Sylens, killed 
 
 by Hercules. Jipollod. 2, c. 6. A daughter 
 
 of Minos and Phasiphae. lb. 3, c. 1. 
 
 Xrnodochus, a Messenian crowned at the 
 
 Olympic games. Paus. 4, c. 5. A native 
 
 of Cardia, ike. 
 
 Xenophanes, a Greek philosopher of Co- 
 lophon, disciple of Archelaus, B. C. 535. He 
 wrote several poems and treatises, and founded 
 a sect which was called the Eleatic, in Sicily. 
 Wild in his opinions about astronomy, he 
 supposed that the stars were extinguished 
 every morning and rekindled at night; that 
 
XE 
 
 XE 
 
 eclipses were occasioned by the temporary I to cross rapid rivers, penetrate through vast 
 •xtmction of the sun ; that the moon was in- deserts, gain the tons of mn.,nf«Jn= .ii^t 
 habited, and 18 times bigger than the earth ; I could r'esf secure fo7a while aXeL^ ^ 
 and d^at there were several s,ms and moons I tired companions. This celebrated retreat 
 
 was at last happily effected, the Greeics re- 
 turned home after a march of 1 155 parasangs, 
 or leagues, which was performed in 215 days, 
 after an absence of 15 months. The whole 
 perhaps might now be forgotten, or at least 
 but obscurely known, if the great philosopher 
 who planned it, had not employed his pen ia 
 describing the dangers which he escaped, and 
 the ditficulties which he surmounted. He was 
 no sooner returned from Cunaxa, than he 
 sought new honours in following the fortune 
 of Agesilaus in Asia. He enjoyed his confi- 
 dence, he fought under his standard, and con- 
 quered with him in the Asiatic provinces, as 
 well as at the battle of Corona^a. His fame, 
 however, did not escape the aspersions of jea- 
 lousy, he was publicly banished from Athens 
 
 for the convenience of the dilferent climate 
 of the earth. He further imagined that God 
 and the world were the same, and he credited 
 the eternity of the universe, but his incoher- 
 ent opinion about the divinity, raised the in- 
 dignation of his countrymen, and he was ban- 
 ished. He died very poor when about 100 
 years old. Cic. qumst. 4, c. 37, de Div. 1, c. 
 3, lit Kat. D. 1, c. n.—Ladant. Div Inst. 3, c. 
 
 23. A governor of Olbus, in the age of 
 
 M. Antony. Slrab. 14. One of the mini- 
 sters of Philip, who went to Annibal's camp, 
 and made a treaty of alliance between Mace- 
 donia and Carthage. 
 
 Xenophilus, a Pythagorean philosopher, 
 who lived to his 170th year, and enjoyed all 
 his faculties to the last. He wrote upon mu- 
 
 f" •^"'!/ ^l^^^^'^^^r^' called the 'nusician. foraccompanylngCyrusaoainsthisbrother,and 
 Lucian de Macrob.-Plin. 7, c. 50.-Val. Max being now without a home, he retired to Scil- 
 
 8, c. 13.- 
 Curt. 5, c. 
 hired some troops. 
 
 —One of Alexander's generals. 
 2. A robber of whom Aratus 
 
 Xenophon, an Athenian, son of Gryllus, 
 celebrated as a general, an historian, and a 
 philosopher. In the school of Socrates he re- 
 ceived those instructions and precepts which 
 afterwards so eminently distinguished him at 
 the head of an army, in literary solitude, and 
 as the prudent father of a family. He was in- 
 vited by Proxenus, one of his intimate friends, 
 to accompany Cyrus the younger in an expe- 
 dition against his brother Artaxerxes, king of 
 Persia ; but he refused to comply without pre- 
 . viously consulting his venerable master, and 
 inquiring into the propriety of such a mea- 
 sure. Socrates strongly opposed it, and ob- 
 served, that it might raise the resentment of 
 his countrymen, as Sparta had made an alli- 
 ance with the Persian monarch j but, how- 
 ever, before he jjroceeded further he advised 
 bim to consult the oracle of Apollo. Xeno 
 phon paid due deference to the injunctions of 
 Socrates but as he was ambitious of glory, and 
 eager to engage in a distant expedition, he 
 hastened with precipitation to Sardis, where 
 he was introduced to the young prince, and 
 treated with great attention. In the army of 
 Cyrus, Xenophon showed that he was a true 
 disciple of Socrates, and that he had been 
 educated in the warlike city of Athens. Af- 
 ter the decisive battle in the plains of Cunaxa, 
 and the fall of young Cyrus, the prudence and 
 vigour of his mind were called into action. 
 The ten thousand Greeks who had followed 
 the standard of an ambition? prince, were 
 now at the distance of above 600 leagues from 
 their native home, in a country surrounded on 
 every side by a victorious enemy, without mo- 
 ney, without provisions, and without a leader. 
 Xenophon was selected from among the of 
 ficers, to superintend the retreat of his coun- 
 trymen, and though he was often oppose*! by 
 malevolence and envy, yet his persuasive elo 
 quence and his activity convinced the Greeks 
 that no general could extricate them from 
 every dithcully, better than the disciple oi 
 Socrates. He rose superior to danger, and 
 though under continual alarms from the sud- 
 den attacks of the Persians, he was enabled 
 94 
 
 lus, a small town of the Lacedaemonians, in the 
 neighbourhood of Olympia. In this solitary 
 retreat he dedicated his time to literary pur- 
 suits, and as he had acquired riches in his 
 Asiatic expeditions, he began to adorn and 
 variegate by the hand of art, for his pleasure 
 and enjoyment, the country which surround- 
 ed Scillus. He built a magnificent temple 
 to Diana, in imitation of that of Ephesus, and 
 spent part of his time in rural employments, 
 or in hunting in the w^oods and mountains. 
 His peaceful occupations, however, were soon 
 disturbed, a war arose between the Lacedse- 
 monians and Elis. The sanctity of Diana's 
 temple, and the venerable age of the philoso- 
 pher, who lived in the deUghtful retreats of 
 Scillus, were disregarded, and Xenophon, 
 driven by the Elians from his favourite spot, 
 where he had composed and written for the 
 information of posterity and honour of his 
 country, retired to the city of Corinth. In 
 this place he died in the 90th year of his age, 
 359 years before the Christian era. The 
 works of Xenophon are numerous : He wrote 
 an account of the expedition of Cyrus, called 
 the Anabas^is, atid as he had no inconsiderable 
 share in the enterprise, his descriptions must 
 be authentic, as he was himself an eye wit- 
 ness. Many however have accused him of 
 partiality. He appeared often too fond of ex- 
 tolling the virtues of his favourite Cyrus, and 
 while he describes with contempt the impru- 
 dent operations of the Persians, he does not 
 neglect to show that he was a native of 
 Greece. His Ci/ropcpdia, divided into eight 
 books, has given rise to much criticism, and 
 while some warmly maintain that it is a 
 faithful account of the life and the actions of 
 Cyrus the Great, and declare that it is sup- 
 ported by the authority of scripture ; others 
 as vehemently deny its authenticity. Ac- 
 cording to the opinions of Plato and of Cicero, 
 the Cyro|)ajdia of Xenophon was a moral 
 romance, and these venerable philoso|>liers 
 support, that the histurinn did not so much 
 write what Cyrus h ul been, as what every 
 true good and viiluous monarch ought to be. 
 His Hellmicu w«m'C written os a continuation 
 of the history of Thucydidcs; and in his-Vc- 
 morabilia of Socr»le.s, uud in his Apolosi^, he 
 
 / 
 
XE 
 
 Las shown himself, as Valerius Maximus ob- 1 
 serves, a perfect master of the philosophy of! 
 that great man, and he has explained his I 
 doctrines and moral precepts with all the ' 
 success of persuasive eloquence and conscious I 
 integrity. These are the most famous of his 
 compositions, besides which there are other 
 small tracts, his eulogium given on Agesilaus, 
 his ceconomics on the duties of domestic 
 life, the dialogue entitled Hiero, in which 
 he happily describes and compares the mise 
 ry which attended the tyrant, with the felici- 
 ty of a virtuous prince ; a treatise on hunt- 
 ing, the symposium of the philosophers, on 
 the government of Athens and Sparta, a 
 treatise on the revenues af Attica, &i.c. The 
 simplicity and the elegance of Xenophon's 
 diction have procured him the name of the 
 Athenian muse, and the bee of Greece, and 
 they have induced Quintilian to say, that the 
 graces dictated his language, and that the 
 goddess of persuasion dwelt upon his lips. 
 His sentiments, as to the divinity and reli 
 gion, were the same as those of the venera- 
 ble Socrates ; he supported the immortality 
 of the soul, and exhorted his friends to culti- 
 vate those virtues which ensure the happiness 
 of mankind, with all the zeal and fervour of a 
 Christian. He- has been quoted as an instance 
 of tenderness and of resignation on provi- 
 dence^. Ashe was offering a sHcrifice he was 
 Informed that Gryllus, his eldest son, had 
 been killed at the battle of Maiitinea. Upon 
 this he tore the garland from his head, but 
 when he xyas told that his son had died like 
 a Greek, &ndv had' given a mortal wound to 
 £pamitv6ndas, the enemy's general, he re- 
 placed the flowers on his head, and continued 
 the sacrifice, exclaiming that the pleasure he 
 derived from the valour of his-son, was greater 
 tiian the grief which his unfortunate death 
 occasioned. The best editions of Xenophoii 
 are those of Leunclavius, fol. Francof. J596, 
 of Ernesti, 4 vols. 8vo. Lips. 1763, and the 
 Glasgow edition, 12mo. of the Cyropeedia 
 1767, the expedition of Cyrus 1764, the Me- 
 morabilia 1761, and the history of Greece 
 1762, and likewise the edition of Zeunius, 
 published at Leipsic, in 8vo. in 6 vols, between 
 the years 1778 and 1791. Cic. in Orat. 19 
 — Val. Max. 6, c. 10— Qwinfi/. 10, c. 2.— 
 JElian. V. 11. 3, c. 13, I. 4, c. 5. — Diog. in 
 Xenoph.- — Seneca. A writer in the begin- 
 ning of the fourth ceotury, known by his 
 Greek romance in five books, De jQmoribus 
 Jlnthim Ahrocomcz, published in 8vo. and 4lo. 
 
 by Cocceius, Loud. 1726. A physician 
 
 of the emperor Claudius, born in tiio island 
 of Coa, and said to be descended from the 
 Asclepiades. He enjoyed the emperor's fa- 
 vours, and through him the people of Cos 
 were exempt from all taxes. He had the 
 meanness to poison his benefactor at the in- 
 stigation of Agrippina. Tacit. 12, Jinn. c. 61 
 and 67. An officer under Adrian, he. 
 
 Xek.\, a town of Spain, now Xerex^ 
 where the Moors gained a battle over Rode 
 ric, king of the Goths, and became masters of 
 the country. 
 
 Xerolibya, a part of Africa between Egypt 
 and Cyrene. 
 
 Xerxena, a part of Armenia. Slrab. 11. 
 
 Xebxj:s, 1st, succeeded his father Darius 
 
 XE 
 
 on the throne of Persia, and though but tke 
 second son of the monarch, he was preferred 
 to his elder brother Artabazanes. The causes 
 alleged' for this preference were, that Arta- 
 bazanes was son of Darius when a private 
 man, and that Xej*xes was born after his fa- 
 ther had been raised on the Persian throne 
 of Atossa the daughter of Cyrus. Xerxes 
 continued the warlike preparations of his 
 father, and added the revolted kingdom of 
 Egypt to his extensive possessions. He after- 
 wards invaded Europe, and entered Greece 
 with an army, which together with the 
 numerous retinue of servants, eiinuchi, and 
 women that attended it, amounted to no less 
 than 5,283,220 souls. This multitude, which 
 the fidelity of historians has not exaggerated, 
 was stopped at Thermopyla?, by the valour 
 of 500 Spartans, under king Leonidas, Xer- 
 xes, astonished that such a handful of nietj 
 should dare to oppose his progress, ordered 
 some of bis soldiers to bring them alive into 
 his presence, but for three successive days 
 the most valiant of the Persian troops were 
 repeatedly defeated in attempting to execute 
 the monarch's injunctions, and the courage 
 of the Spartans might perhaps have triumph- 
 ed longer, if a Trachinian had not led a de- 
 tachment to the top of the mountain, and 
 suddenly fallen upon the devoted Leonidas. 
 The king himself nearly perished on this oc- 
 casion, and it has been reported, that in the 
 night, the desperate Spartans sought, fpr a 
 while, the royal tent, which they found de- 
 serted, and wandered through the Persian 
 army, slaughtering thousands before them. 
 The battle of Thermopylae was the beginning 
 of the disgrace of Xerxes, the more he ad- 
 vanced, it was to experience new disappoint- 
 ments, his fleet was defeated at Artemisium 
 and Salamis,and though he burnt the deserted 
 city of Athens, and trusted to the artful in- 
 sirmations of Themistocles, yet he found his 
 millions unable to conquer a nation that was 
 superior to him in the knowledge of war and 
 maritime aflTairs. Mortified with the ill suc- 
 cess of his expedition, and apprehensive o€ 
 imminent danger in an enemy's country, 
 Xerxes hastened to Persiia, and in 30 days he 
 marched over all that territory which before 
 he had passed with much pomp and parade 
 in the space of six months. Mardonius, the 
 best of his generals, was left behind, with an 
 army of 300,000 men, and the rest that had 
 survived the ravages of war, of famine, and 
 pestilence, followed their timid monarch into 
 Thrace, where his steps were marked by the 
 numerous birds of prey that hovered round 
 him, and i^y\ upon the dead carcasses of the 
 Persian*. When he reached the Hellespont, 
 Xerxes found the bridge of boats which he 
 had erected there, totally destroyed by the 
 storms, atid he crossed the straits in a small 
 fishing vessel. Restored to his kingdom and 
 safety, he forgot his dangers, his losses, and 
 his defeats, and gave himself up to riot and 
 debauchery. His indolenee, anc^ luxurious 
 voluptuousness offended his subjects, and 
 Artabanus, the captai:i of his guards, conspir- 
 ed against him, and murdered him in his bed., 
 in the 21st year of his reign, about 464 yeac* 
 before the Christian era. The personal ac- 
 complishments of Xertes; have hjeen com- 
 
 I 
 
XE 
 
 mended by aocient authors, and Herodotus 
 observes that there was not one man among 
 the millions of his ai'ray, that was equal to 
 the monarch in comeliness or stature, or 
 that was as worthy to preside over a great 
 and extensive empire. The picture is finish- 
 ad, and the character of Xerxes completely 
 known when w« hear Justin exclaim, that 
 the vast armament which invaded Greece 
 was widiout a head Xerxes has been cited 
 as an instance of humanity. When he re- 
 viewed his millions from a stately throne in 
 the plains of Asia, he suddenly shed a torrent 
 of tears on the recollection that the multitude 
 of men he saw before his eyes, in one hundred 
 years should be no more. His pride and in- 
 solence have been deservedly censured, he 
 ordered chains to bethrown into the sea, and 
 the waves to be whipped because the first 
 l)ridge he had laid across the Hellespont had 
 been destroyed by a storm. He cut a chan- 
 nel through mount Athos, and saw his fleet 
 sail in a place which before was dry ground. 
 The very rivers were dried up by his army 
 «is he advanced towards Greece, and the 
 cities which he entered reduced to want and 
 poverty. Herodot. 1, c. 183, 1. 7, c. 2, &,c. — 
 Diod. n.—Strab. 9.—Mlian 3, V. H. 25.— 
 Justin. 2, c. 10, kc. — Pans. 3, c. 4, 1. 8, c. 
 4Q.—Lucan. 2, v. 672.— Plut. in Them. Lc. 
 — Val. Max. — Isocrat. in Panalh. — Seneca. 
 
 de Const. Sap. 4. The 2d, succeeded his 
 
 father Artaxerxes Longiraanus on the throne 
 of Persia, 425 B. C. and was assassinated 
 in the first year of his reign by his brother 
 
 Sogdianus. A painter of Heraclea, who 
 
 made a beautiful representation of Venus. 
 
 XY 
 
 Xeuxes, an officer of Antiochus the Great; 
 king of Syria. 
 
 XiLiNE, a town of Colchis. 
 
 XiPHONiA, a promontory of Sicily, at the 
 
 north of Syracuse, now Cruce. Strab. 6, 
 
 Also a town near it, now Augusta. 
 
 Xois. an island formed by the mouths of 
 the iSile Strab. 17. 
 
 XuTHiA, the ancient name of the plains of 
 Leontium in Sicily. Diod. 6. 
 
 X0THUS, a son of Hellen, grandson of Deu- 
 calion. He was banished from Thessaly 
 by his brothers, and came to Athens, where 
 ue married Creusa, the daughter of kin« 
 Erecbtheus, by whom he had Acha>.us and 
 Ion. He retired after the death of his father- 
 in-law into Achaia, where he died. Accord- 
 ing to some, he had no children, but adopted 
 Io;i. the son whom Creusa, before her mar- 
 riage, had borne to Apollo, ApoUod. 1, c. 7. 
 — Pans. T, c. 1. — Euripid. in Ion. I, sc. I. 
 
 Xychus, a Macedonian who told Philip 
 of his cruelty when he had put his son Deme- 
 trius to death, at the instigation of Perseus. 
 
 Xvr.ENopoLis, a town at the mouth of the 
 Indus, built by Alexander, supposed to be £,a- 
 lieri. Plin.6, c. 23. 
 
 Xyline, a town of Pamphylia. Liv. 38, 
 c. 15. 
 
 Xylopolis, a town of Macedonia. Pliii. 
 4, c. 10. 
 
 Xynias, a lake of Thessaly, or, according 
 to some, of Boeotia. Liv. 32, c. 13, 1. 33, c. 3. 
 
 Xynoichia, an anniversary day observed 
 at Athens in honour of Minerva, and in com- 
 memoration of the time in which the people 
 of Attica I eft their country seats, and by advice 
 of Theseus, all united in one body. 
 
 ZA 
 
 ZABATUS, a river of Media, falling into 
 the Tigris, near which the ten thousand 
 Greeks stopped in their return. Xenophon. 
 
 Zabdiceke, a province of Persia. 
 
 Zabirna, a town of Libya, where Bac- 
 chus destroyed a large beast that infested the 
 country. Diod. 3. 
 
 Zabus, a river of Assyria, falling into the 
 Tigris. 
 
 Zacynthus, a native of BoBOtia, who ac- 
 companied Hercules when he went into 
 Spain to destroy Geryon. At the end of the 
 expedition he was intrusted with the care 
 of Geryon's flocks, by the hero, and ordered 
 to conduct them to Thebes. As he went on 
 his journey, he was bit by a serpent, and 
 some time after died. His companions carried 
 his body away, and buried it in an island 
 of the Ionian sea, which from that time was 
 called Zacynthus. The island of Zacynthus, 
 now called Zante, is situate at the south of 
 Cephalenia, and at the west of the Pelopon- 
 nesus. It is about 60 miles in circumference. 
 Liv. 26, c. 24.— P/m. 4, c. V2.Strab. 2 and 
 S.—Mela, 2, c. 1.— Homer. Od. 1, v. 246, 1. 
 9, v. 24.— Ovid de Jirt. Mi. 2, v. 4:3,2.— Paus. 
 
 4, c. 2^.— Virg. JEn. 3, v. 270. A son of 
 
 Dardanus. Paus. 8. 
 Zadris, a town of Colchi'? 
 
 ZA 
 
 Zagr£us, a son of Jupiter and Proser- 
 une, the same as the first Bacchus, of whom 
 Cicero speaks. Some say that Jupiter ob- 
 tained Proserpine's favours in the form of 
 a serpent in one of the caves of Sicily, where 
 her mother had concealed her from his pur- 
 suits, and that from this union Zagreeus was 
 born. 
 
 Zagous, a mountain on tlie confines of Me- 
 dia and Babylonia. Strab. II. 
 
 Zalates, an effeminate youth brought to 
 Rome from Ai'menia as an hostage, ^c. Juv. 
 20, v. 164. 
 
 Zalkucus, a lawgiver of the Locrians in 
 Italy, and one of the disciples of Pythagoras, 
 ■350 B. C. He Avas very humane, and at the 
 same time very austere, and he attempted to 
 enforce his laws mwe by inspiring shame than 
 dread. He had wisely decreed, that a person 
 guilty of adultery should lose botii his eye:>. 
 His philosophy was called to a trial when he 
 was informed that his son was an adulterer. 
 He ordered the law to be executed ; the peo- 
 ple interfered, but Zaleiicns resisted, and ra- 
 ther than violate his own itistitutions, he com- 
 manded one of his own eyes, and one of those 
 of his son, to be put out. This made such an 
 impression upon the people, that while Zalou- 
 cus presided over the Lorniuis. no r>o!-on \va*r 
 
 r 
 
ZE 
 
 again found guilty of adultery. Val. Max. 1, 
 c. 2, 1. 6, c. 5. — (Jic. dt Leg. 2, c. 6. ad Attic. 
 6, ep. l.—JElian. V. H. 2, c. 37, 1. 3, c. 17, 1. 
 13, c. 24.— Strab. 6. 
 
 Zama, or Zagma, a town of Nuraidia, 300 
 miles from Carthage, celebrated for the victo- 
 ry which Scipio obtained there over the great 
 Annibal, B. C. 202. Metellus besieged it, aud 
 was obliged to retire with great loss. After 
 .Tuba's death it was destroyed by the Romans. 
 Hirt.Af. 91.— C. JVep. in Annib.—Liv. 30, c. 
 29.— Saliiist. dtJug.—Flor. 3, c. l.—Jtal. 3, v. 
 
 261. — Strab. 17. A town of Cappadocia 
 
 of Mesopotamia. 
 
 Zameis, a debauched king of Assyria, son 
 of Semiramis and iNijmS; as some report. He 
 reigned 38 years. 
 
 Zamolxis, or ZalmoxiS; a slave and disci- 
 ple of Pythagoras. He accompanied his mas- 
 ter in Egypt, and aiteruards retired into the 
 country uf the Gelee, which had given him 
 bind. He began to civihze his counirymen, 
 and the more easily to gam reputation, he 
 concealed iiiraseif for three years in a subter- 
 raiieous cave, and afterwards made them be- 
 lieve that he was just risen from the aead. 
 Some jtlace him before the age of Pylhagoras. 
 After death he received divine honours. Diod. 
 — Htrodot. 4, c. 19, 6lc. 
 
 Zanclk, a town of Sicily, or the straits 
 which separate that island from Italy. It 
 received its name from its appearing Itke a 
 scythe, which was called c^j^^'-'ov, in the lan- 
 guage of the country, or as others say," because 
 the bcytlje with which Saturn mutilated bis 
 father fell tiiere, or becaube, as Diodorus re- 
 ports, a person named Zanclus bad eitner built 
 it or exercised its sovereignty. Zancle fell 
 into the hands of the Saniians, 497 years be- 
 fore the Christian era, and three yeaj-s after it 
 was recovered by Anaxilaus, the Messe: ian 
 tyrant of Rhegium, who gave it the name of 
 his native country, and called it Messana. it 
 was founded, as most chronologists support, 
 abuut 1058 years before the Christian era, by 
 the pir tes of Cumaj in Italy, and peopled by 
 Samians, lonians, and Chaicidians. Strab. 6. 
 —Diod. 4.—Ital. 1, v. 662.^0iid. Fast. 4, 
 V. 499. Met. 14, V. 6, 1. 15, v. 290.— Fans. 
 4, c. 23. 
 
 Zakas, a town of Peloponnesus. 
 Zakbilnus, u petty monarch of Asia, who 
 w^as gained to the interest of the Romans 
 by one of ilie officers of Lucullus. 'iigranes 
 put him to death iKr his desertion, and his 
 funeriil was celebrated "ith gi-eat magniticence 
 by the Roman general. Pful. in Luc. 
 
 Zakiaspes; a Persian wlio attempted to 
 
 revolt from Aipxander, Lc. Lurt. 9, c. 10. 
 
 A river, now Jjeliaxh, on v^'h.ch Baciiia- the 
 capital of i<actriana, was built. It is <;alled Bac- 
 trus by Curtius 7, c 4. — PUn. 6, c. 15 and 10. 
 Zathes, a river of Armenia. 
 Zaueces, a people of Libya. Horodot. 4. 
 c. 193. 
 
 Zebina, Alexander, an impostor, who 
 usurped the thri)ne of Syria at the instigation 
 of Ptolemy Pliyscon. 
 
 Zela, or Zti.iA; a town of Pontus near 
 the river Lycus u here Caesar defeiited Phar- 
 nacos. son of Mithridates. In exftressirig this 
 victory tlie general used the \\ords vcni, lidi, 
 vici. Sud. Caa. 37. — Jdiri. Alex. 72. A 
 
 ZE 
 
 town of Troas at the foot of Ida. AnO' 
 
 therin Lycia. 
 
 Zelasium, a promontory of Tbessaly. 
 LiY'. 31, c. 46. 
 
 Zeles, a town of Spain. 
 
 Zelus, a daughter of Pallas. 
 
 Zeno, a philosopher of Elia or VelJa in 
 Italy, the disciple, or according to some, the 
 adopted son of Parmenides, and the supposed 
 inventor of dialectic. His opinions about 
 the universe, the unity, iucomprehensibility, 
 and immutabilty of all things, were the 
 same with those of Xenophanes and the 
 rest of the Elatic philosophera. It is said, 
 that he attempted to deliver bis country from 
 the tyranny of Nearchus. His plot was dis- 
 covered, and be was exposed to the most 
 excruciating torments to reveal the names of 
 bis accomplices, but this be bore with unpa- 
 ralleled fortitude, aud not to be at last con- 
 quered by tortures, he cut ofihis tongue with 
 his teeth, and spit it into the face of the 
 tyrant. Some say that he was pounded alivte 
 in a mortar, and that in the midst of his tor- 
 ments he called to Nearchus, as if to reveal 
 sometliing of importance ; the tyrant ap- 
 proached him, aud Zeno, as if willing to 
 whisper to bim, caught his ear with his teeth, 
 and bit it otf. Cic. Tusc. 2, c. 22. de JVa^ 
 D. 3, c. 33. — Diog. in Frag. — Fa/. Maz. 3, 
 
 c. 3. — Diog. 9. The founder of the sect 
 
 of the stoics born at Citium, in the island 
 of Cyprus. The first part of his life was 
 spent in commercial pursuits, but he was 
 soon called to more elevated employments. 
 As he was returning from Phoenicia a storm 
 drove his ship on Iho coast oi Attica, and he 
 was shipwrecked near the Piraeus. This mo- 
 ment of calamity he regarded as tiie begin- 
 ning of his lame. He entered the liouse of a 
 bookseller, and to dissipate bis melancholy 
 reflections, he began to read. The book was 
 written by Xenopiion, and the merchant was 
 so jjlensed and captivated by the eloquence 
 and beauties of the philosopher, thai from 
 that time be renounced the pursuits of a busy 
 life, and applied himself to the study of phi- 
 losophy. Ten years were spent in frequent- 
 ing the school of Crates, and the same num- 
 ber under Slilpo, Xenocrates, and Polemon. 
 Perfect in every brancii of knowledge, and 
 improved from experience as welTas ob- 
 servation, Zeno opened a school at Athens, 
 and soon saw himself attended by the great, 
 ihe learned, and the powerful. His followers 
 were called Stoics, because they received the 
 instructions of the philosopher in the portico 
 called -9=^. He was so respected during bis 
 life-time, that the Athenians publicly de« 
 creed him a brazen statue and a crown of gold, 
 and engraved their decree to give it more pub- 
 licity on two columns in the academy, and in 
 the Lyceum. His lite was an example of so- 
 berness and mo eration, his manners were 
 austere, and to his temperance and regularity 
 he was indebted lor the continual How of 
 health which he always enjoyed. After he 
 iiad taught publicly for 48 years, he died in 
 the 98th year of his age, B. C. 264, a stranger 
 to diseases, and never incommoded by a real 
 indisposition. He was buried in that part of 
 the city called Cermicus, where the Athe- 
 nians raised him a monument. The foundei' 
 
ZE 
 
 of the stoic philosophy shone before his fol- 
 lowers as a pure example of imitation. Vir- 
 tue he perceived to he the ultimate of his re- 
 searches. He wished to live in the world as 
 if nothing was properly his own ; he loved 
 others, and his affections were extended even 
 to his enemies. He felt a pleasure in bein^^ 
 kind, benevolent, and attentive, and he found 
 that these sentiments of pleasure were reci 
 procal. He saw a connexion and depen 
 dence in the system of the universe, and per- 
 ceived that from thence arose the harmony o; 
 civil society, the tenderness of parents, and 
 filial gratitude. In the attainment of virtue 
 the goods of the mind were to be preferred 
 to those of the body, and when that i)oint 
 was once gained, nothing could equal our 
 happiness and perfection, and the stoic could 
 view with indifference health or sickness 
 riches or poverty, pain and pleasure, which 
 could neither move nor influence the serenity 
 of his mind. Zeno recommended resignation ; 
 he knew that the laws of the universe can- 
 not be changed by man, and therefore he 
 wished that his disciples should not in prayer 
 deprecate impending calamities, but rather 
 beseech Providence to grant them fortitude 
 to bear the severest trials with pleasure and 
 due resignation to the will of heaven. An ar- 
 bitrary command over the passions was one ot 
 the rules of stoicism, to assist our friends in 
 the hour of calamity was Q|||kduty, but to give 
 way to childish sensations \WPunbeooming our 
 nature. Pity, therefore, and anger were to 
 be banished from the heart, propriety and 
 decorum were to be the guides in ever}' thing, 
 and the external actions of men were the best 
 indications of their innard feelings, their se- 
 cret inclinations, and their character. It was 
 the duty of the stoic to study himself; in the 
 evening he was enjoined to review with criti- 
 cal accuracy the events of the day, and to re- 
 gulate his future conduct with more care, and 
 always to find an impartial witness within his 
 own breast. Such were the leading charac- 
 ters of the stoic philosophy, whose followers 
 were so iWlistrious, so perfect, and so nume- 
 rous, and whose effects were productive of 
 such exemplary virtues in the annals of the hu- 
 man mind. Zeno in his maxims used to say, 
 that with virtlie men could live happy under 
 the most pressing calamities. He said, that 
 nature had given us two ears, and only one 
 mouth, to tell us that we ought to listen more 
 than speak. He compared those whose ac- 
 tions were dissonant with thl»ir professions to 
 the coin of Alexandiia, wlifch appeared beau- 
 tiful to the eye, though madeof the basest me- 
 tals. He acknowledged^ only one God, the 
 soul of the universe, which he conceived to be 
 the body, and therefore he believed that those 
 two together united, the soul and the body, 
 formed one perfect animal, which was the god 
 ol the stoics. Amongst the most illustrious fol- 
 lowers of his doctrine, and the most respecta- 
 ble writers, may be mentioned Epir/etus, Stne- 
 ca, \he emperor J^nloninus, lUc. Cic. .^cad. 1, 
 c. 12. de Kcd. D. 1, c. 14, I. 2, c. 8 and 24, I. 3, 
 c. 24, pro Mar. de Oral. 32, k.c. Finib. — 6e- 
 neca. — Efhcktus. — Arrlan. — Jl'lUnn. V.H.\), c. 
 
 2r). — Djyg. An Epicurean ])hilusopher of 
 
 Sidon, who numbered amung his pupils Cicero, 
 Fomponias Atticus, Coll^; I'ompey, kc. CVc 
 
 ZE 
 
 I dt Kat. D. 1, c. 21 and 34. A rhetorician, 
 
 1 father to Polemon, who was made kingof Pon- 
 : tus. The son of Polemon who was king of 
 
 ! Armenia, was also called Zeno. Strah. 12. 
 
 Tacit. Jinn. 2, c. 56, A native ot Lepreos, 
 
 son of Calliteles, crowned at the Olympic 
 ^iimes and honoured with a statue in the grove 
 
 of Jupiter and at Olyrapia, Pans. 6, c. 15.' . 
 
 A general of Antiochus. A philosopher of 
 
 Tarsus, B. C. 207. The name of Zeno was 
 
 common to some of tlie Roman emperors oa 
 the throne of Constantinople, in the 5th and 
 6th centuries. 
 
 Zenobia, a queen of Iberia, wife to Rha- 
 damistus. She accompanied her husband 
 when he was banished from his kingdom by 
 tlie Armenians, but as she was unable to 
 follow him on account of her pregnancy, she 
 entreated him fo murder her. Rhadamistus 
 long hesitated, but fearful of her falling into 
 the hands of his enemy, he obeyed, and threvr 
 her body into the Araxes. Her clothes kept 
 her up on the surface of the water, where she 
 was found by some shepherds, and as the 
 wound was not mortal, her liie was preserved, 
 and she was carried to Tiridales, who ac- 
 knowledged her as queen. Tacit. Ann. 12, 
 
 c. 51. Septimia, a celebrated princess of 
 
 Palmyra, who married Odenatus, whom Gal- 
 lienus acknowledged as his partner on the 
 Roman throne. After the death of her 
 husband, which, according to some authors, 
 she is said to have hastened, Zenobia reigned 
 in the east as regent of her infant children, 
 who were honoured with the title of Ceesars. 
 She assumed the name of Augusta, and she 
 appeared in imperial robes, and ordered her- 
 self to be styled the queen of the east. The 
 troubles which at that time agitated the wes- 
 tern parts of the empire, prevented the em- 
 peror from checking the insolence and ambi- 
 tion of this princess, who boasted to be sprung 
 Irom the Ptolemies of Egypt. Aurelian was 
 no sooner invested with the imperial purple 
 than he maiched into tlie east, determined to 
 punish the pride ot Zenobia. He well knew 
 her valour, and he was not ignomnt that in 
 her wars against the Persians, she had distin- 
 guished herself no less than Odenatus blie 
 was the mistress of the east ; Egypt acknow- 
 ledged her power, and all the provinces of 
 Asia Minor were subject to her conimand. 
 When Aurelian approached the [)lains of Sy- 
 ria, the Palmyrean queen appeared at the 
 head of 7tJO,00 men. She bore the iahouri 
 of the Held like the meanest of her soldiers, 
 Huxl walked on foot fearless of danger. Two 
 battles u ere fought ; the courage of the queen 
 gained the superiority, but an imprudent evo- 
 lution of the Palmyrean cavalry ruined her 
 cause; and while they pursued with spirit 
 the Hying enemy, the Roman infantry sud- 
 denly fell upon the main body of Zenobia'* 
 army, and the defeat was inevi'able. The 
 queen fled to Palmyra, determined to support 
 a siege. Aurelian followed lier, and after he 
 had almost exhausted his stores, he proposed 
 terms of accommodation, which were re- 
 jected with disdain by the warlike princess. 
 Her hopes of victory however soon vanished, 
 and though ^hc harassed the Romans night 
 and day by continual sallies frotn her walls, 
 and liic working of her military engine^i; 
 
2E 
 
 she despaired of success when she heard that 
 the armies nhich were marching to her re- 
 lief from Armetiia, Persia, and the east, had 
 partly been defeated and partJy bribed from 
 her allegiance. She fled fi*om Pairayra in the 
 night; but Aurdiao, who was apprized of her 
 escape, pursued her, and she was caught as 
 she was crossing the river Euphrates. She 
 was brought into the presence of AureJian, 
 and though the soldiers were clamorous for 
 her death, she was reserved to adorn the tri- 
 umph of the conqueror. She was treated 
 with great humanity, and Aurelian gave her 
 large possessions near Tibur, where she was 
 permitted to live the rest of her days in peace, 
 with ali the grandeur and majesty which be- 
 came a queen of the east, and a warlike prin- 
 cess. Her children were patronised by the 
 emperor, sfid married to persons of the first 
 distinction at Rome. Zenobia has been ad- 
 mired not only for her military abilities, but 
 also for her literary talents. She was ac- 
 quainted with every branch of useful learniiij^. 
 and spoke with fluency the language of the 
 Egyptians, the Greeks, and the Latins. She 
 composed an abridgment of the history of 
 the oriental nations, and of Egypt, which 
 was greatly commended by the ancients. She 
 received no less honour from the patronage she 
 atForded to th^celebrated Longinus, who was 
 one of her favourites, and who taught tier the 
 Oreek tongue. She has also been praised for 
 her great chastity, and her constancy, though 
 she betrayed too often her propensities to cru- 
 elty and intoxication when in the midst of her 
 officers. She fell into the hands of Aurelian 
 about the 273d year of the Christian era 
 
 ^ur. Vict — Zos. k,c. A town of Syria, on 
 
 the Euphrates. 
 
 Zenobu insula, small islands at the mouth 
 of the Arabian gulf. 
 
 Zenodorus, a sculptor in the age of Nero. 
 He made a statue of Mercury, as also a colos 
 sus for the emperor, which was 110 or 120 
 feet high, and which was consecrated to the 
 5un. The head of this colossus was some 
 time after broken by Vespasian, Wi:o placed 
 there the head of an Apollo surrounded with 
 seven beams, each of which was seven feet 
 find a half long. From this famous colossus 
 the modern coliseum, whose ruins are now so 
 much admired at Rome, took its name. Plin. 
 34, c. 7. 
 
 Zenodotia, a town of Mesopotamia, near 
 ^ieephorium. Pint, in Crass. 
 
 ZENODdTus,a native of Trcezene, who wrote 
 
 an hisJory of Umbria. Dion. Hal. 2. A 
 
 granmiarian of Alexandria, in the age of Pto 
 lemy Soter, by whom he was appointed to 
 take care of the celebrated library of Alexan 
 dria. He died B. C. 245. 
 
 Zenothe.mis, a Greek writer. JElian. V. 
 H. 17, c. 30. 
 
 Zephyrium, a promontory of Magna Grae 
 cia towards the Ionian sea, whence, accord- 
 ing to some, the Locrians are called Epi- 
 
 sephyrii. A town of Cilicia. Lio. 33, c. 
 
 20. A cape of Crete, now San Zuane.^ 
 
 Of Pontus, iic. 
 
 Zephyrum, a promontory in the island of 
 Cyprus, where Venus had a temple built by 
 Ptolemy Philadelphus, whence she was called 
 'Aephyr'ia. It was in this temple that Arsinoe 
 
 ZE 
 
 made an oflering of her hair to the goddess of 
 beauty. 
 
 Zephyrds, one of the winds, son of As- 
 treus and Aurora, the same as the Favoniiis 
 of the Latins. He married a nymph called 
 Chloris, or Flora, hy whom he had a son call- 
 ed Carpos. Zephyr was said to produce flow- 
 ers and fruits by the sweetness of his breath. He 
 had a temple at AJhens, where he was repre- 
 sented as a young man of delicate form, with 
 two wings on his shoulders, and with his head 
 covered with all sorts of flowers. He was 
 supposed to be the same as the west wind. 
 Hesiod. Theog. 377.— Firg. wEn. 1, v. 135, 1. 
 2, V. 417, I. 4, v. 223, kc.—Ovid. Met. I, v. 
 64, 1 15, V. 700.— Propert. 1, el. 16, v. 34, fcc. 
 
 Zeryntkus, a town of Samothrace, with 
 a cave sacred to Hecate. The epithet of Ze- 
 ryntkim is applied to Apollo, and also to Ve- 
 nus. Ovid. Trist. 1, el. 9, v. 19.— Lip. 38, c. 41. 
 
 Zethes, Zetes, or Zetus, a son of Bo- 
 reas, king of Thrace and Oritbya, who ac- 
 companied, with his brother Calais, the Ar- 
 gonauts to Colchis. In Bitbynia, the two 
 brothers, who are represented with wings, de- 
 livered Phiiieus from the continual persecu- 
 tion ofthe Harpyes, and drove these monsters 
 as far as the islands called Strophades. where 
 at last they were stopped by Iris, who promis- 
 ed them that Pfaineus should no longer be tor- 
 mented by them. They were both killed, as 
 some say. by HaMules dm-ing the Ai-gonautic 
 expedition, and ^Pe changed into those winds 
 which generally blow 8 or 10 days before the 
 dog-star appears, and are called Prodromi by 
 th«i Greeks. Their sister Cleopatra married 
 Phineus ki«ag of Bithvnia. Orpheus. Arg. — 
 Jipollod. I,«i4^, 1. 3, c' \5.—Hygin. fab. 14.— 
 Ovid. MetBi^x. 716.— Paus. 3, c. 18.— Fa/, 
 Flacc. 
 
 ZettA, a town of Africa, jiear Thapsus, 
 now Zerbi. Strab. 17.— Hirt. Afr. 68. 
 
 Zetus, or Zf.thus, a son of Jupiter and 
 Antiope, brother to Am'phion. The two bro- 
 thers were born on mount Cithjeron, where 
 Antiope had fled to avoid the resentment of 
 her father Nycteus. When they lAl attained 
 the years of manhood, they cojjected a num- 
 ber of their friends to aven^ the injuries 
 which their mother iiad suffered from Lycus, 
 the successor of Nycteus on ''Hje throne of 
 Thebes, and his wife Dirce. Lycus was pu^ 
 to death, and his wife lied to the'tail of a wild 
 bull, that dragged her over rocks and preci- 
 pices till she died. The crowji of Thebe« 
 was seized by the two brothers, not only as 
 the reward of this victory, but as their inheri- 
 tance, and Zcthus surrounded the capital of 
 his dominions with a strong wall, while his 
 brother amused himself with playing on his 
 lyre. Music and verses were disagreeable to 
 ZethuH, and according to some, he prevailed 
 upon his brother no longer to pursue so unpro- 
 ductive a study. Ilygin. fab. 7. — Pans. 2, c. 6, 
 hc.—.fipoUod. 3, c. 6 and 10.— Moral. 1, ep. 
 18, v. 41. 
 
 Zeugis, a portion of Africa, in which Car- 
 thage was. The other division was called By- 
 saciusn. Isidor. 14, 5. — Plin. 5, c. 4. 
 
 ZEUfiMA, a town of Mesopotamia, on the 
 western bank of the Euphrates, where was a 
 well known passage across the river. It was 
 the eastern boundary of the Roman empire, 
 and in Pliny's age a chain of iron was said to 
 
Zi 
 
 6, c. ^A.—Strah. 16.— 
 Ann. 12, c. 12. A 
 
 Jupiter among the 
 
 his being the father 
 
 whom all things live. 
 
 expend across it. Plin. 
 Curt. 3, c. 1.— Tacit. 
 town of Dacia. 
 
 Zeus, a name of 
 Greeks, expressive of 
 of mankind, and by 
 DiuJ. 5. 
 
 Zelxidamus, a king of Sparta, of tlie 
 family ot the l^-ociidae. He was father of 
 Arcliidamus, and grandson of Theopompus, 
 and was succeeded by his son ArciiJdamas. 
 JPaiis. 3, c. 7. 
 
 Zeuxidas, a praitor of the Achaean league, 
 deposed because he had proposed to bis coun- 
 trymen an alliance with the Romans. 
 
 ZEUxiprr, a daughter of Eridanus, mother 
 of Rutes, one of the Ai-gonauls, toe. Apoltod. 
 
 3, c. 15. A daughter of Laomedon. She 
 
 married Sicyon, who after his father-in-law's 
 death became king of that city of Pelopo:iue- 
 sus, which from him has been called bicyon. 
 Paus. 2, c. 6. 
 
 Zeuxis, a celebrated painter,^ born at He- 
 raclea, which some suppose to be the Hera- 
 clea of Sicily. He flourished about 4t>8 years 
 before the Christian era, and was the dis- 
 ciple of Apollodorus. and contemporary with 
 Parrhasius. In the art of painiing he not 
 only surpassed all his contemporaries, but 
 also his master, and became so sensible, 
 and at the same time so proud of the value 
 of his pieces, that he refused to sell them, 
 observing that no sum of money, however 
 great, was sufficient to ^y them. His most 
 celebrated paintings wWe his Jupiter sitting 
 on a throne, surrounded by the gods; his Her 
 cules strangling the serpents in the presence 
 of his affrighted parents > his modest Pene- 
 lope ; and his Helen, which was afterwards 
 placed in the temple of Juno Lacinia, in Italy. 
 This last piece he had painted at the request 
 «f the people of Crotona, and that he might 
 not be without a model, they sent him the 
 roost beautiful of their virgins. Zeusis exam- 
 ined their naked beauties, and retained iive, 
 from whose elegance and graces united, he 
 conceived in his mind the form of the most 
 perfect woman in the universe, which his 
 pencil at last executed with wonderful suc- 
 cess. His contest with Parrhasius is well 
 known; [Vid. Parrliasius,] but though he re- 
 presented nature in such perfection, and co- 
 pied all her beauties with such e.vactness, he 
 often found himself deceived. He painted 
 grapes, and formed an idea of the goodness 
 of his piece from the birds which came to eat 
 Ibe fruit on the canvass. But he soon acknow- 
 ledged that the whole was an ill executed 
 piece, as the figure of the man who carried the 
 grapes was not done with sufficient expression 
 to terrify the birds. According io some, 
 Zeux • died from laughing at a comical pic- 
 lure he had made of an old woman. Cic. dc 
 Jnv. 2, c. l.—riut. in Far. Lc.— Q,uintil. 
 
 Zeuxo, one of the Oceanides. Htsiod. 
 
 ZiMA, or Zelis, a town of Mauritania, 
 at the moulh of a river of the same naiue. 
 Vlin. 6, c. 1. 
 
 ZiMARA, a town of Armenia Minor, 12 
 miles from the sources of the Euphrates. Flin. 
 5, c. 24. 
 
 Zi.sf.is, a promontory of iEthiopio, near 
 ^eonlratirf' of ilie Hed Sea, now cape Orfni. 
 
 zo 
 
 ZiOBKRis, a river of Hyrcania, whose ra- 
 pid course is described by Curl. 6, c. 4. 
 
 Zip^TEs, a king of Bithyuia, who died ia 
 his 70th year, B. C. 279. 
 
 ZiTKA, a town of Mesopotamia. 
 
 ZiZA, a town of Arabia. 
 ZoiLus, a sophist and grammarian of Ara- 
 phipolis, B. C. 259. He rendered himself 
 known by his severe criticisms on the works 
 of Isocrates and Plato, and the poems of Ho- 
 mer, for which he received Lho nafue of Ho- 
 meromastic, or the chat iser of Homer. He 
 presented his criticisms to Ptolemy Philadel- 
 phus, but they were rejected witii indignation, 
 though the author declared that he starved 
 for want of bread. Some say. that Zoilus was 
 cruelly stoned to death, or exposed on a cross, 
 by order of Plolemy, while others support, 
 that he was burni alive at Smyrna. The 
 name of Zoiiiis isgejier;i.iy applied to austere 
 critics. The works of this unfortunate gram- 
 rnaiiar. are lost. JEiian. V. JhJ. 11, c. 10. — Z>/o- 
 
 nys. Hal. — Ovid, de Rem. Am. 266. An 
 
 otlicer in the army of Alexander. 
 
 Zoippus, a son-in-iav.' of Hiero of Sicily. 
 
 Zona, a town of Africa. Dio. 48. Of 
 
 Thrace on the ^gean sta, where the woods 
 are said to have followed the stiains of Or- 
 pheus. Mttui 2, c. 2. — llerodol. 
 
 ZoNARAS, one of the liyzantine historianSr 
 whose Greek Ann ales were edited 2 vols. fol. 
 Paris, 16S6. 
 
 ZoPYRio, one of Alexander's officers left 
 in Greece when the conqueror was in Asia, 
 &ic. Curl. 10, c. 1. 
 
 ZopYRioN, a governor of Pontus, who 
 made war against Scythia, he. Justin. 2, c.3. 
 
 ZopvRus, a Persian, son of Megabyzus, 
 who, to show his attachment to Darius the 
 son of Hystaspes, while he besieged Babylon, 
 cut oflFhis ears and nose, and fled to the ene- 
 my, telling them that he had received such a 
 treatment from his royal master because he 
 had advised him to raise the siege, as the city 
 was impregnable. This was credited by the 
 Babylonians, and Zopyrus was appointed 
 commander of all their forces. When he had 
 totally gained their confidence, he betrayed 
 the city into tlie hands of Darius, for which 
 he was liberally rewarded. The regard of 
 Darius for Zopyrus could never be mon; 
 strongly expressed than in what he used ofleu 
 to say, that he had rather have Zopyrus not 
 mutilated than twenty Babylons. Htrodol. 3^ 
 c. 154, kc. — Plut. in Apoph. rtg. 3. — Justin. 
 
 l,c. 10. An orator of Ciazomenie. Qtti/dH. 
 
 3, c.6. A |)hysician in the age of Miih- 
 
 ridales. He gave the monarch a description 
 of an antidote which would prevail against all 
 sorts of j>oisons. The experiment was tried 
 upon criminals, and succeeded. A physi- 
 cian in the age of Plutarch. An officer of 
 
 Argos, who cut olf tho head of Pyrrfuis. 
 
 Plut. A man appointed master of AIti 
 
 l»iades, by Pericles. Plut. A physiogiK^- 
 
 mist. Cic. de. sat. 6. A rhetorician of Co- 
 lophon. Diog. 
 
 ZoROANDA, a part of Taurus, between 
 Mesopotamia and .\rmenia, near which the 
 Tigrib flows, f/m.6, c.27. 
 
 ZouoASTEit, a king of Bactria, snpposed 
 lo have liveil in the age of iMnus. king of 
 As'^yrif), som«: tlnm brt'oro the Trojau war. 
 
 
zo 
 
 According to Justin, be first invented magic, 
 or the doctrines of the Magi, and rendered 
 himself known by bis deep and acute re- 
 searches in philosophy, the origin of the 
 ■world, and the study of astronomy. He was 
 respected by his subjects and contemporaries 
 for bis abilities as a monarch, a lawgiver, and 
 a philosopher, and though many of bis doc- 
 trines are puerile and ridiculous, yet his fol- 
 lowers are still found in numbers in the wilds 
 of Persia, and the extensive provinces of 
 India. Like Patbagoras, Zoroaster admitted 
 no visible object of devotion, except fire, 
 which he considered as the most proper em- 
 blem of a supreme being; which doctrines 
 seem to have been preserved by JNuma, in the 
 worship and ceremonies he instituted in ho- 
 nour of Vesta. A.ccording to some of the 
 moderns, the doctrines, the laws, and regula- 
 tions of this celebrated Bactrian are still ex- 
 tant, and they have been lately introduced in 
 Europe in a French translation by M. Anquetil. 
 The age of Zoroaster is so little known, that 
 many speak of two, three, four, and even six 
 law-givers of that name. Some authors, who 
 support that two persons only of this name 
 flourished, described the first as an astrono- 
 mer, living in Babylon, 2459 years B. G, 
 whilst the era of the other, who is supposed 
 to have been a native of Persia, and the re- 
 storer of the religion of the Magi, is fixed 589, 
 and by some 519 years B. C. Justin. 1, c. 1. 
 — Jlugust. de Civ. 21, c. 14.—Oros. l.—Plin.l, \ 
 c. 10, 1 30, c. 1. j 
 
 ZosjLMUs, an officer in the reign of Theo- i 
 docius the younger, about the year 410 of the 
 Christian era. He wrote the history of the 
 Roman emperors in Greek, from the age of 
 Augustus to the beginning of the 5th century, 
 of which only the five first books, and the 
 
 ZY 
 
 beginning of the sixth, are extant. In the- 
 first of these he is very succinct in his ac- 
 count from the time of Augustus to the reign 
 of Diocletian, but in the succeeding he be- 
 comes more diffuse and interesting. His com- 
 position is written with elegance, but not 
 much fidelity, and the author showed his ma- 
 levolence against the Christians in bis history 
 of Constantine, and some of his successors. 
 The best editions of Zosimus are that of Cel- 
 larius, 8vo. Jenaj 1728, and that of Reitemiefi 
 8vo. Lips. 1784. 
 
 ZosiNE, the wife of king Tigranes, led in 
 triumph by Pompey. Plut. 
 
 ZosTER, a town, harbour, and promontory 
 of Attica. Cic. ad Alt. 5, ep. 12. 
 
 ZosTERiA, a surname of Minerva. She had 
 two statues under that name in the city of 
 Thebes in Bceotia. The word signified girt, 
 or armed for battle, words synonytuous among 
 the ancients. Paus. 9, c. 17. — Homer. IL 2, 
 v. 478, I. 11, v. 15. 
 
 ZoTALE, a place near Antiochia in Mar- 
 giana, where the Margns was divided into 
 small streams. Plin. 6, c. 16, 
 
 ZoTHRAusTEs, a lawgiver among the Ari- 
 maspi. Diod. 
 
 ZucHis, a lake to the east of the Syrtis 
 Minor, with a town of the same name, famous 
 for a purple dye, and salt fish. Strab. 17. 
 
 Zygantes, a people of Africa. 
 
 Zygia, a surname of .Juno, because she 
 presided over marriage, (a CfjywfjLi jango). She 
 is the same at the Pronuba of the Latins. 
 Pindar. — Pollux. 3, c*. 
 
 Zygii, a savage nation at the north of Col- 
 chis. Strab. 11. 
 
 Zygopolis, a tow^n of Cappadocia^ on the 
 borders of Colchis. Strab. \2. 
 
 ZYGRiT.a:, a nation of Libya. 
 
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 ^^^ ^ Treatment Date: ©pj .^^ 
 
 ' fC)^^ s PreservatlonTechnologies 
 
 ^ *^ A WORLD LEADER IN PAPER PRESERVATION 
 
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 111 Thomson Park Drive 
 Cranberry Township. PA 16066 
 (724) 779-2111 
 
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