Book -Yfo 
 
1 
 
 COPYRIGHT, 1902, 
 
 THE INTERNATIONAL, COMMITTEE 
 
 OF YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATIONS 
 
 15-I-B1376-M2. 
 
EDUCATIONAL DEPARTMENT 
 
 Educational Work 
 Fo R Men 
 
 Its Field, Organization, and Supervision 
 
 in the 
 
 Young Men's Christian Associations 
 
 A handbook produced from the experiences of associations 
 
 for the past ten years, and covering the various 
 
 educational features utilized 
 
 GEO. B. HODGE, Secretary 
 
 NEW YORK 
 THE INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATIONS 
 
 1902 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 
 I. SCOPE, OBJECT, FIELD, AND RESULTS 
 
 1. Scope 5 
 
 2. Obj ect 5 
 
 3. Field 6 
 
 4. Reasons 7 
 
 5. Testimonies to Beneficial Results 8 
 
 II. SUPERVISION 
 
 1. Educational Committee 10 
 
 2. Educational Director , . 13 
 
 3. Study of the Field 14 
 
 4. Interest Awakened 15 
 
 5. Library and Reading Room 16 
 
 IIL EDUCATIONAL CLUBS 
 
 IV. 
 
 Divisions of Club "Work 18 
 
 Kinds of Educational Clubs 19 
 
 Essential Characteristics 21 
 
 Conduct 33 
 
 Advantages 36 
 
 Constitution, Forms and Blanks 28 
 
 EDUCATIONAL LECTURES 
 
 1. Definition 
 
 3. Range 
 
 3. Relationships 
 
 4. Resources 
 
 5. Conduct 
 
 6. Results 
 
 V. FALL CAMPAIGN 
 
 1. Advertising 
 
 2. Receptions 
 
 3. Educational Sunday 
 
 • „; ,*",4- ^BdKcatwnai Rall"y.I.^.J..'.»". 
 
 VI. • ORGANlZATiek ANI> ^O^NliUCT 
 
 1. Educational Schedule 
 
 "!•*]: ^]-.' Depar.tmfent^o? ClaSS?^<5?k 
 ' .' ,.\ .3.: M\eri*i's.;.'...J ._,...■. . . 
 
 4. Admission 
 
 5. Class Sessions 
 
 6. Class Regulations 
 
 7. Courses of Study. 
 
 8. Text-books 
 
 9. Teachers 
 
3 
 
 10. Suggestions to Teachers 46 
 
 11. Examinations 48 
 
 13. Exhibits 48 
 
 13. Closing Exercises 49 
 
 VII. EQUIPMENT 
 
 1. Rooms 50 
 
 2. Class Room Furnishings 51 
 
 3. Student's Equipment 52 
 
 4. Elementary Carpentry 52 
 
 5. Sloyd 53 
 
 6. Wood-turning 53 
 
 7. Forging 54 
 
 VIII. FINANCES 
 
 1. Budget 54 
 
 2. Sources of Revenue 55 
 
 3. Tuition Fees 56 
 
 IX. GENERAL 
 
 1. Spring Term 57 
 
 2. Summer School 59 
 
 3. Industrial and Science Work 60 
 
 4. Day Departments 61 
 
 5. Young Men and Industrial Betterment 61 
 
 6. Educational Features for Working Boys 62 
 
 7. Bible Study and Religious Work 68 
 
 X. CHRONOLOGICAL 
 XI. RECORDS, FORMS, AND REPORTS 
 
 1. Importance 67 
 
 2. Class Records 67 
 
 3. Occupations ' 70 
 
 4. Suggested Enrollment and Report Cards 70 
 
 5. Report of the Educational Department 72 
 
 6. Some Graphic History 74 
 
PREFACE 
 
 The suggestions and words of advice found in this pamphlet are 
 the outgrowth of experience of the associations in North America 
 during the past ten years. They are here presented for the purpose 
 of aiding in new or extended work and leading to greater unity and 
 efficiency in the educational work as a whole. They concern the city 
 and railroad associations, the boys' departments — all associations ex- 
 cept the college organizations. 
 
 We are under much obligation to Messrs. E. L. Shuey, F. P. 
 Speare, W. H. Coughlin, W. M. Wood, G. S. Budd, G. A. Gregg, 
 H. S. Colburn, J. F. Hill, H. W. Stone, and other leaders, all of 
 whom have read the manuscript and given helpful suggestions. The 
 chapters on educational clubs and lectures were prepared by Mr. 
 Wood. 
 
 While many of the suggestions are specific and definite, yet it is 
 fully recognized that each association must be governed largely by 
 the circumstances of its own field. 
 
EDUCATIONAL WORK IN THE YOUNG MEN'S 
 CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATIONS 
 
 I. SCOPE, OBJECT, FIELD, AND RESULTS 
 
 1. Scope 
 
 The educational department of any association naturally includes 
 the conduct of the following educational features : — 
 
 (a) The association library, especially in its development along 
 reference and technical lines, and the encouragement of systematic 
 reading and research under library influences in cooperation with the 
 city, or other public libraries. 
 
 (b) The reading room, in providing the most helpful and attrac- 
 tive papers, periodicals and magazines, and those technical and trade 
 journals most utilized by employed men. 
 
 (c) The literary society, congress, senate, or other forms of 
 educational societies and clubs. 
 
 (d) Series of educational lectures and practical talks, specially 
 supplementing the work of the classes and clubs, and best adapted to 
 the popular local needs of young men. 
 
 (e) The class work in commercial, political, industrial, science, 
 language, and miscellaneous subjects. 
 
 In the most successful associations, either large or small, all the 
 above educational features are being proportionally developed, and 
 the more unified and helpful to the others each feature is made the 
 stronger and more efficient becomes the department as a whole. 
 
 2. Object 
 
 (a) The object of this work in its various features is to aid 
 young men in living more successful and beneficial lives. It is to 
 help them to help themselves; to encourage and strengthen other 
 educational work; to improve the industries, trade, manufactures, 
 and commerce of a city by increasing the skill and intelligence of its 
 employees; to afford facilities at times when young men are at 
 leisure ; to increase the membership and materially raise the standing 
 and helpful influence of the association in the community. Many 
 
years of experience abundantly prove that these aims have been more 
 than realized wherever the work has been judiciously operated. 
 
 (b) Every form of study becomes helpful not only in business 
 pursuits, but leads to a larger life and a broader mental horizon. 
 Increased knowledge creates a desire for that mental culture which 
 is considered by many as the only real property, and for the power 
 of real usefulness and enjoyment in life. 
 
 (c) The source of greatest danger in the lives of young men is 
 found in the way they spend their leisure time. The attractive edu- 
 cational features lead them to occupy these leisure hours for their 
 best welfare. 
 
 (d) With its open building, varied work and social atmosphere, 
 the association is able to offer the educational features at the time 
 needed, at a moderate expense and often when they can be secured 
 in no other way, and to render them attractive as well as practical 
 and efficient. Through these means, many that could not otherwise 
 be helpfully influenced, are brought into closer relations with the all- 
 round work of the organization. 
 
 (e) In this work many young men discover themselves or "their 
 bent," and through its training are led into congenial and successful 
 life work. In the present age of machines and electricity, when 
 there is everywhere a demand for increased skill and intelligence in 
 labor, a technical training of the eye to see, the mind to think, the 
 will to execute, and the hand to do, is peculiarly essential. 
 
 (f) This work causes a close relationship between the young 
 men and the educational director, general secretary and other asso- 
 ciation officers ; for, to be of greatest service to the student, an asso- 
 ciation officer must discover the purpose of the young man's life, 
 his ambitions, habits and other confidential matters, and in so doing 
 establishes a friendship which furnishes the officer an unusual oppor- 
 tunity to influence his life. 
 
 (g) The manufacturers and employers recognize the practical 
 benefits of this work to these young men as their employees, and are 
 thus led to give the association a place of large influence in the 
 solution of many problems connected with the concentration of 
 labor. 
 
 3. The Field 
 
 The necessity for self-support drives many of the brightest and 
 best boys into business at an early age, while to others no adequate 
 facilities, especially in technical training, have been offered. Statis- 
 tics show that the great majority of the youth leave school before 
 
 I 
 
the age of fourteen, or before they are old enough to appreciate the 
 loss, and enter the trades, factories, and offices in our cities. From 
 the reports of the Bureau of Education in Washington, we learn 
 that only one person in eight finishes a primary education ; only one 
 in one hundred and twenty a high school education; and only one 
 in one thousand five hundred a university or technical course of in- 
 struction. Only five per cent of the boys and young men in the 
 United States are fitted by educational training for the positions they 
 hold. Of all the boys twelve years of age who should be in 
 public schools, only half of them are there found. Only one-third of 
 one per cent of the males are found connected with any evening 
 school work, public or private. 
 
 4. Reasons 
 
 The following reasons are given why young men should and do 
 avail themselves of the opportunities offered, simply from the stand- 
 point of their own material welfare : — 
 
 (a) Promotion in position and increase in salary usually follow 
 increase in efficiency, the making of one's self valuable to his em- 
 ployer, and proving one's self larger than the position he occupies. 
 
 (b) Earnest work in one or more of the educational features, 
 clubs and classes offered in the line of one's occupation or business 
 will materially aid in promotion or increased efficiency. 
 
 (c) The only legitimate way found by men to win is to work. 
 Begin at the bottom and climb. Whatever helps young men to reach 
 the top is important. To know some business and trade thoroughly 
 is essential to success. 
 
 (d) To obtain this increase in intellectual equipment during 
 leisure hours is the desire of many young men and, through the 
 educational facilities offered by the association, over two hundred 
 thousand men profited during the last decade of the nineteenth 
 century, and many thousands of these received positions, promotion, 
 or increase in salary. See testimonies of students on succeeding 
 pages. 
 
 (e) Aside from the utilitarian standpoint, there is a much 
 broader view which should be taken. In addition to helping men to 
 help themselves and fitting them for better positions, in addition to 
 improving the industries, manufactures and commerce of a city 
 through the increased skill and intelligence of employees ; we must 
 remember that a man is worth more than his money or his wage- 
 earning power. "The things which minister to the higher culture 
 are the only real property." The enrichment of one's nature is more 
 
than the increase of his bank account. The mental culture provided 
 through the various educational features of the association, gives an 
 extension, an uplift, and breadth of outlook to life which cannot be 
 measured. 
 
 5. Testimonies to Beneficial Results 
 
 The following statements from business men relative to the 
 various subjects usually taught, and from the students themselves, 
 are direct testimonies to the practical value of this department. 
 
 (a) Mechanical Drawing. 
 
 Manufacturer : "The demand for men who can make a complete 
 set of drawings for machinery, and who can read intelligently the 
 drawings placed before them, is rapidly increasing." 
 
 Mechanic : "No field ofifers better opportunity for young men to 
 rise than that related to mechanics of all kinds. Drawing is the 
 basis of all such work." 
 
 Student : "My salary was increased $4 per week because of in- 
 creased skill obtained in mechanical drawing class." 
 
 Student : "I was enabled to secure a permanent position by skill 
 obtained in the mechanical drawing class." 
 
 (b) Architectural Drawing. 
 
 An Authority: "There is a growing demand for journeymen who 
 can make plans for simple structures, who can easily understand 
 the drawings and specifications of architects, and who have a 
 thorough and practical knowledge of building construction in 
 general." 
 
 Student : "My course in architectural drawing in the association 
 last winter enabled me to be promoted to position of foreman at an 
 increase of $15 per month in salary." 
 
 Student: "I am now able to draw and submit my own plans of 
 buildings for contractors' estimates. The association classes have 
 also been of great service to me in other ways." 
 
 (c) Free-hand Drawing and Designing. 
 
 A Furniture Manufacturer : "The ability to make even a slight 
 sketch, showing the leading points in decoration of furniture, is a 
 valuable accomplishment to every workman." 
 
 A Machinist : "A workman often sees a piece of machinery when 
 it is impossible to make a careful drawing by measure. If he can 
 
 I 
 
make only a sketch and indicate proportions, it may prove of great 
 value when he comes to details." 
 
 Student : "The training in the free-hand class has helped me 
 very much in my work." 
 
 Student: "I was earning $i per day. After two years' work in 
 the class in design I took a position at $2.50 per day." 
 
 (d) Bookkeeping. 
 
 An Expert : "Careful study, under good instruction, of the essen- 
 tials of bookkeeping, followed by constant practice, will enable a 
 young man to become a competent accountant." 
 
 Student : "Belonging to the bookkeeping class was indirectly 
 the means of securing my present position." 
 
 Student: "My work in the bookkeeping, penmanship and arith- 
 metic classes gave me an increase of salary of $12 per month." 
 
 (e) Language. 
 
 An Authority : "One of the obstacles to the advancement of 
 young men to responsible positions in our shops, as well as our 
 offices, is their inability to express themselves in good English, or to 
 make simple calculations of cost or form and size of material." 
 
 Business Man : "It is very difficult to find a clerk who can write 
 a good letter, saying what is desired in good English, or to make 
 simple calculations of cost or form, stating it briefly and correctly. 
 In our business, with a large correspondence, this is essential. 
 Young men ought to use every opportunity to improve themselves 
 in this particular." 
 
 Student : "Have been greatly benefited by the English classes, 
 and consider my time and the cost one thousand times paid." 
 
 Student : "The class has equipped me better for my daily duties, 
 and has given me a higher and nobler aim in life. Besides all the 
 other help I have obtained I now receive an increase of $3 per 
 month in salary." 
 
 (f) Miscellaneous. 
 
 General Secretary : "My first acquaintance with association work 
 was in the education classes." 
 
 Clerk : "I receive $8 per month additional salary." 
 
 Machinist: "I can now read the working drawings of our 
 draughtsman more intelligently, and do not have to ask so many 
 questions. My pay is also raised $5 per month." 
 
 Salesman : "One result of my attendance of the class in arith- 
 metic is that I now receive $6 per month additional wages." 
 
Teacher: "When the boys finish this three years' course in 
 drafting they are worth from $i,ooo to $1,200 per year to them- 
 selves or their employer." 
 
 Student: "My work in the commercial course brought an in- 
 crease of $18 per month in salary." 
 
 Stenographer: "I receive $10 per month more pay as a result of 
 my attendance at the stenography class." 
 
 Member : "My three years' course in mechanical drawing enabled 
 me to secure a position paying $1,200 salary." 
 
 Member : "I feel that my work in the chemistry class has been 
 worth $2,500 to me." 
 
 Engineer : "It has done more to help me keep my present position 
 than anything I know." 
 
 Painter: "I am studying chemistry to understand the nature and 
 composition of the materials I use in business. To me this is a most 
 valuable place." 
 
 Foreman : "Mechanical drawing has shown me a way to make 
 known my ideas, as I could not do by language." 
 
 Draughtsman : "The mechanical drawing class was the means of 
 procuring me a situation as draughtsman." 
 
 Member : "I have found out how little I know, and am now try- 
 ing to do all I can to better my position." 
 
 Member : "Am getting great good out of my classes." 
 
 Member : "The educational classes are doing a wonderful work 
 among young men." 
 
 Timekeeper : "I received my present position through attending 
 the bookkeeping class." 
 
 Office Man: "I have derived more practical benefit from the edu- 
 cational classes than I did in all my previous schooling." 
 
 Private Secretary: "I know that my work in the English class 
 has been a great help to me in holding my present position." 
 
 Pattern Maker: "I have been greatly benefited. Advise all me- 
 chanics to attend." 
 
 II. SUPERVISION 
 
 I, Educational Committee 
 
 This is one of the most important committees in association work. 
 Three men are generally sufficient, though in some large places five 
 men may be prefei-able. They should be drawn from and represent 
 the leading industries, trades, and commerce of the city. The nature 
 of their work is such that only those competent and willing to 
 
serve should have the honor of appointment. Paper committees 
 generally do more harm than good. This committee as a whole has 
 charge of all the educational features, — the library, reading room, 
 literary society, educational clubs, talks and lectures, and the class 
 work. Their effort will be to make each feature more efficient and 
 to unite them all into an increasingly vigorous Christian educational 
 agency for young men. Interested, capable Christian business men 
 as a rule serve best on these committees. Occasionally a professional 
 man, or a public school officer, or teacher, serves with credit. The 
 opportunity for such an officer who measures up to his privileges and 
 fills his position, is equal, or superior in point of influence, to that 
 of a director or regent in a college or university. 
 
 The committee and educational director, if there be one, will need 
 to give much time and effort to make the work successful and a 
 credit to all concerned, but such an investment of energy pays 
 largest dividends in successful manhood. They will need to study 
 the field, confer with employers and especially with superintendents 
 and foremen, in order to intelligently discover the educational needs 
 of young men, and the means to best meet such needs. Some of 
 their duties are described in succeeding pages. One important duty 
 will be to carefull}'- determine upon, and cooperate with the finance 
 committee in providing, the annual budget for the educational de- 
 partment. This will range from fifteen per cent to thirty per cent 
 or more of the annual current expenses, depending upon the place. 
 See chapter on Finances. 
 
 In giving successful service, regular meetings of the committee 
 will be found essential. In busy seasons, as September, October, 
 January, March, and April, these are often held weekly, or at the 
 call of the chairman. At least three joint meetings of the committee, 
 club officers, and teachers should be held during the year, as in Sep- 
 tember, December, and March. These meetings mean much for the 
 unity, harmony and success of the work, and are found to be of great 
 benefit. They are usually held from 5 to 7.30 p. m., including tea, 
 and generally at the association building. The September meeting 
 should be held just before the opening of the class work, and em- 
 phasize all that pertains to efficiency and successfully harmonized 
 effort during the season. The December meeting, held just before 
 the opening of the winter term, will discuss the successes and failures, 
 the points of strength and weakness of the fall's work, and make 
 sugestions and modifications for improvement during the winter 
 term. Similarly the March meeting, held at least two weeks before 
 the closing exercises, will review the entire season's work, and make 
 
suggestions for the future. From the results of this gathering, the 
 committee at its next succeeding executive session, which should 
 be held within a week and before the annual closing exercises, will 
 determine many things for the plans of the succeeding year ; such as, 
 what educational clubs, societies, lectures and talks to emphasize, 
 which subjects to retain, which to drop, which new ones possibly to 
 add, which teachers to be reengaged, etc. This is the most important 
 meeting of the year. Its decisions are to be made public at the clos- 
 ing exercises, and thus the advertising for the coming year com- 
 mences at the time when it does the greatest service, as it links the 
 plans of the young men from one year's work to the next and just 
 when such advice is most appreciated. One or more of the com- 
 mittee, with the educational director, should plan to attend the annual 
 conferences or conventions of the state and international work, also 
 conferences or institutes with groups of associations within easy 
 reach, which can be attended by some of the teachers as well as 
 officers, as these have been found of great value. 
 
 2. Educational Director 
 
 There are encouraging indications that association men begin to 
 appreciate the importance of experienced local supervision and its 
 necessity in educational work. A few leaders recognize that poor, 
 inexperienced supervision is not only worse than no supervision at 
 all, but is a delusion, and in the great majority of cases means a 
 speedy death to educational efforts thus treated. 
 
 While the educational committee is responsible for the supervision 
 of the various educational features in a local work, in a number 
 of places an educational director or a special secretary is employed 
 for the purpose of encouraging, unifying and developing the all- 
 round educational work of a local organization. This man acts as 
 an executive officer of the department and works in harmony with 
 the committee and the general secretary, similarly with the physical 
 director in the physical department. 
 
 (a) As to the qualifications for a successful director, he should 
 at least have a good liberal education and preferably be a college 
 graduate. He should also be able to master the situation intellect- 
 ually whether in the class, the club, the lyceum or the library. He 
 should possess a technical knowledge of the best methods of con- 
 ducting educational features of all kinds, both in as well as outside 
 of the association. People look to him for educational leadership. 
 He must have ability to organize work of various kinds and keep 
 things moving, tact to get on smoothly with men, personal mag- 
 
13 
 
 netism to attract and hold them, and enthusiasm to keep all in- 
 terested. His business habits must be such as will insure good man- 
 agement. He must be all that young men look for in a Christian 
 gentleman, possessing a character full of sympathy and love for the 
 work and a strong desire for leading young men to the climax and 
 spring of all highest knowledge — Jesus Christ. 
 
 (b) As to his duties, he will be early on the field studying the 
 conditions, the work done, and discovering the additional facilities 
 needed, making the acquaintance of association leaders, committee- 
 men and others. He will make a systematic and continued study of 
 the field, of the young men and their educational needs. This is all 
 necessary in order to intelligently provide the most efficient leaders 
 for the various educational clubs, the most popular series of lectures 
 and talks given by the right speakers, the most needed instruction 
 given individually or in class work by the best teachers available. 
 In all of this work the educational committee is to be encouraged 
 to give as much time as possible, with the director. With their 
 cooperation he must see that all the plans are made, the teachers 
 and leaders secured, and advertising begun and followed up, the fall 
 campaign conducted, and the various activities started and operated. 
 The opening of the season of active work in the various features 
 about October i, will indicate the amount and quality of work and 
 preparation done, and put to a test his executive ability and the 
 caliber of the educational committee. For the successful operation 
 of the work, he must do for, and be to, all the various features 
 what the successful manager is to his business, or the locomotive 
 engineer is to his engine in taking the train over his run. 
 
 (c) He will aim to bring the entire work of the department to 
 the highest standard of efficiency, so that each club, class, or lecture 
 may become a source of increased helpfulness and attraction to 
 young men. He will aim to unify the department by making each 
 feature contribute to the needs and help of the other features. The 
 lectures and talks should thus dovetail with the work of the clubs 
 and classes. Attention given to efficiency in these matters causes the 
 educational department to be a permanent and most successful means 
 of raising the character and standing of the association in the com- 
 munity, of largely increasing the membership and of winning the 
 hearty support of contributors. The director will ever aim to make 
 the department harmonious and strengthening to the work of the 
 social, physical, and especially the religious work departments. 
 
 (d) Concerning his relations, as a salaried officer of the asso- 
 ciation, he will be amenable to his committee and to the board of 
 
14 
 
 directors. He will consult and cooperate with the general secretary 
 of the association on all matters of importance, continually seek 
 to enlist the efforts and cooperate with the work of the educa- 
 cational committee, and strive with all the other employees for the 
 upbuilding of the association as a whole. 
 
 In 1893 there was but one educational director. At the present 
 time (1902) twenty such men are thus employed, and the majority 
 of them are giving their entire time to the development of their de- 
 partments. Fifty other organizations need this experienced kind of 
 supervision in their educational work. The employment of a thor- 
 oughly qualified man at a good salary is amply justified by the bene- 
 ficial results. To safeguard and dignify the educational work, and 
 in the best interests of those giving their lives to its development, 
 the following definition of a person who may be justly called an edu- 
 cational director, has been accepted by the association brotherhood 
 since 1896: "Only those persons fitted by experience and training, 
 salaried by the association, and giving more than one-half of their 
 entire time for the year to the development of educational work are 
 eligible to the list of educational directors, recognized by the Inter- 
 national Committee." 
 
 With the development of the work, there is seen the great de- 
 sirability and oftentimes necessity for a state educational secretary 
 in the interests of its promotion and extension. In a few states either 
 one of the state secretaries gives a portion of his time to this work, 
 or men of experience are secured for a few days or weeks to aid in 
 its promotion. One state at least employs an experienced man to 
 give two-thirds of his entire time as state secretary for this work. 
 In each of three other states one of the state secretaries similarly 
 gives one-third of his entire time. 
 
 3. Study of the Field 
 
 A knowledge of the exact conditions, the needs of young men and 
 of the industries and commerce of the city is increasingly necessary. 
 In addition to the conferences with employers and foremen, by the 
 committee and director, a careful study of the various manufactur- 
 ing plants, industries, commerce, and the principal occupations in 
 the city, should be made and, what is equally important, this com- 
 mittee must as faithfully study the young men themselves. They must 
 be met personally at their homes if possible, as well as in groups at 
 their places of employment, or at gatherings, or receptions for them 
 at the association rooms, the object being to discover their am- 
 bitions and desires, their habits and temptations, their experience 
 
15 
 
 and intelligence, their training and skill, — to the end that the com- 
 mittee may determine the nature and number of educational features, 
 whether in club, society, or class work, to best serve their educa- 
 tional interests. 
 
 Personal visitation by the individuals of the committee and direc- 
 tor, all systematically planned, should be done as much as possible 
 through every month of the year, but especially from January till 
 June and from September till December. Some of the most success- 
 ful experiences have come from work of this kind during February, 
 March and April. Such interviews with managers and others were 
 followed by a small conference of the educational committee with a 
 group of employers, foremen and superintendents in April, and 
 another conference with the same men or other representatives in 
 May. The result enabled the educational committee to largely de- 
 termine the most needed features and subjects to operate, together 
 with suggestions as to the most desirable teachers and leaders, so 
 that plans for the more active work beginning October i were ma- 
 terialized, teachers and leaders secured, and advertising commenced 
 before May or June. 
 
 This active study of the field on the part of both committeemen 
 and employed officers, including the general secretary, educational 
 director, and membership or other solicitors, is continued in Sep- 
 tember and October with much emphasis and faithful interest. 
 Where such work has been done the results more than warrant the 
 expenditure of effort, and are found to be among the best invest- 
 ments ever made by the association. 
 
 4. Interest 
 
 Some desire, more or less strong, should exist or be awakened for 
 the operation of educational clubs, literary societies, congresses, 
 practical talks, lectures, class instruction in one or more subjects, or 
 other forms of educational endeavor. Such interest is most apt to 
 be found in places with good schools, public or private and day or 
 evening — where educational facilities are respected and appreciated. 
 In such cities it is comparatively easy to organize and operate edu- 
 cational features of various kinds in the association. In cities where 
 education is not appreciated, where schools are few and poor, it 
 will be harder to organize this work though it be far more needed. 
 In these latter places interest must be created and developed. This 
 work is a privilege and a pioneer service to young men and the city 
 which may require constant, patient, and vigorous effort for years, 
 but which is amply repaid by the permanent character of results. 
 
I6 
 
 Desired interest is created through the various ways of presenting- 
 the general needs of education, showing the opportunity and rewards 
 of increased ability, training and skill among young men as a whole ; 
 and especially giving definite cases of men who have secured posi- 
 tions, promotions and increased salaries as a result of their taking 
 advantage of the educational features. See the pages of testimonies. 
 
 The chief means of awakening interest are: — 
 
 (a) The public press in its items of news, weekly or oftener, call- 
 ing attention to the various features, the successful results and in- 
 teresting events. 
 
 (b) The frequent encouraging mention of the work by the clergy, 
 teachers and other public and professional leaders. To this end, 
 all such persons should be made continually acquainted with the 
 work. 
 
 (c) The use of exhibits both in and out of the building, and in 
 places where large numbers of men are gathered or employed. 
 
 (d) The invitation of non-members to a few particularly attrac- 
 tive and valuable lectures or other exercises. 
 
 (e) Next to the best means of awakening interest is found in 
 personal solicitation. More than ever it is necessary to go to the 
 young men rather than expect them to come to us. What would be- 
 come of insurance or investment companies if they did no more than 
 circulate the printed notices of their work ? The success of the large 
 enrollments in many kinds of schools to-day is in proportion to the 
 aggressive personal seeking and securing of students by agents and 
 solicitors. 
 
 (f) The best means for permanently reaching and helpfully in- 
 fluencing the hearts and lives of young men is by the quality and 
 quantity of the work done and the good results produced. No 
 amount of good advertising and other similar means of attracting 
 men can equal that of the interested member who has had more of 
 value received than he expended. Neither can any amount of tem- 
 porary means of interest overcome the evil effects of poor work done. 
 
 5. Library and Reading Room 
 
 Among the most vital and largely used educational features are 
 the association library and reading room. They are vital because 
 pivotal and central. When wisely organized the other educational 
 features will supplement the work of the library and make its use 
 indispensable. A working library of the standard technical and 
 reference books is necessary in every association. If this is not yet 
 in existence steps should be taken at once to secure one. It will gen- 
 
17 
 
 erally include dictionaries, encyclopedias, gazetteers, etc. It is well 
 to foster circulating libraries in the association, if it has the books, 
 or the money to secure the same. If not, cooperation with the city 
 or other public libraries may meet this need. 
 
 The reading room is the one educational feature most largely used 
 during the entire year, hence the importance of providing the best 
 and most profitable periodicals, and in an attractive and homelike 
 manner. There is great opportunity and increasing need for em- 
 phasizing the better class of books and periodicals, especially those 
 helpful to young men — those calculated to improve literary taste, 
 develop character and increase the desire for knowledge. The less 
 the members are obliged to go outside the association for their best 
 books and periodicals, the better. Additions to both library and read- 
 ing room should be made constantly and systematically. An annual 
 appropriation is made for this purpose in most successful asso- 
 ciations. The pamphlet, "Association Library and Reading Room," 
 issued by the International Committee, gives the best of association 
 experience in the conduct of these features, also includes lists of 
 standard books for working and reference libraries, and a few of 
 the best of the standard periodicals. 
 
 The reading courses of the International Committee furnish ad- 
 ditional means for utilizing the library, as well as cultivating habits 
 of systematic reading among young men, and of permanently 
 strengthening the educational department as a whole. Examinations 
 are provided for those who desire them, thus placing these courses 
 on the same creditable basis as the class work. For an outline of 
 these reading courses see the "Educational Prospectus." 
 
 III. EDUCATIONAL CLUBS 
 
 Development and recreation, the advance to new ground and 
 steadying oneself upon it, the acquisition of new power and the 
 enjoyable use of it, these are what the association seeks to promote 
 among men. In the accomplishment of this task the management 
 of the association might view its work in three different aspects. 
 First, as furnishing commodities or privileges for individual use, 
 such as the check room, reading room, library, baths, restaurant, 
 dormitory, etc. Second, as furnishing direct instruction under 
 competent teachers, as in Bible, gymnasium and educational classes. 
 Third, as promoting cooperative effort among members, as in the 
 clubs of all departments. 
 
I8 
 
 The simplest, easiest and least influential of these three forms of 
 work is the first, which consists of furnishing in most cases those 
 same privileges which might be obtained nearly as well under other 
 auspices. For an association to hinge its work upon the furnishing 
 of these things only, reduces it too nearly to the bargain counter 
 basis. The next higher step is the second or that of furnishing in- 
 struction, valuable enough in itself to the individual participating, 
 but frequently offering little opportunity for the promotion of the 
 association's social and religious purposes. Associations generally 
 have incorporated these two phases of work into their schedules 
 and are to-day entering more largely upon the third phase of the 
 work, associated effort in working groups. 
 
 The development of club spirit and the various forms of club ac- 
 tivity in the association opens the way for a larger measure of that 
 stimulating influence of man upon man which the organization has 
 always sought to magnify. Because many of the fundamental principles 
 underlying club work are the same in all clubs without regard to 
 the subject of their activities, many of the following suggestions 
 concerning educational clubs are equally applicable to clubs in any 
 other department of the association. 
 
 "Club" rather than "society." Those who are accustomed 
 to the literary society as the leading if not the exclusive association 
 feature, in the line of educational clubs, will undoubtedly welcome 
 large extension of such a form of work, but will inquire why we 
 suggest the term "club." In our opinion it seems wise to use this 
 term for such club organizations generally, not alone for the sake of 
 uniformity, but because it appears to be a stronger term when applied 
 to men's work and dispenses with the inherent demand for an audi- 
 ence and an exhibition which the name "society" seems to create. 
 
 I. Divisions of Club Work 
 
 It seems expedient to divide the subject of educational clubs into 
 two quite distinct classes : — 
 
 (a) Short term clubs, with temporary and minimum organiza- 
 tions covering small units of the work rigidly outlined, in which the 
 association secretary holds to the clubs the relation of guidance. For 
 detailed description of these see pamphlet No. 642 on "Educational 
 Clubs and Practical Talks," prepared by Walter M. Wood and pub- 
 lished by the International Committee in 1899. 
 
 (b) Long term or permanent clubs with formal and continuing 
 organizations, conducting adapted work in defined general lines, 
 in which the association secretary holds to the clubs the relation of 
 
19 
 
 advisory stimulation. The following suggestions refer more particu- 
 larly to the permanent clubs, giving attention almost exclusively to 
 underlying principles instead of expanding on details, the suggestion 
 and development of which should come from within the club rather 
 than from without and constitute part of its most essential work. 
 
 2. Kinds of Educational Clubs 
 
 The following list of clubs is intended to be suggestive, not ex- 
 haustive. It refers to kinds of club work without special reference 
 to proper names which may possibly suit the fancy of the particular 
 club memberships or most effectively magnify the special local or 
 current objects in view. 
 
 Literary, including lyceums, literary, debating, and current topic 
 clubs. 
 
 Musical, as chorus, glee, banjo, mandolin and guitar, orchestra, 
 band. 
 
 Scientific, as camera, electrical, chemical, physical, astronomical. 
 
 Art, as sketch, water-color, oil-painting, photographic-art, 
 pyrography. 
 
 Civic, as political, social economics, city council, parliamentary 
 law. 
 
 Professional, as bookkeepers, stenographers, draftsmen, en- 
 gineering. 
 
 Miscellaneous, as historical, biographical, travel, museum. 
 
 No detailed description of specific work in these clubs will be 
 attempted other than in the case of the literary club, the comprehen- 
 sive nature and widespread introduction of which single it out for 
 special attention. Possibly no other educational club has so great a 
 variety in the schedule of its current work and hence so large a 
 general culture value. It also offers a valuable training for public 
 service, a fitting essential to American citizenship. 
 
 Literary Club, Its Work and Program. The field for the literary 
 club is broad, furnishing abundant material for the exercise of dif- 
 ferent talents as well as for entertainment. It includes the debate, 
 oration, essay, reading or declamation, vocal and instrumental music 
 and criticism by a specially qualified person. Of these features, ex- 
 perience shows the debate to be of great importance. Besides re- 
 quiring the ability to think on one's feet, to think quickly and log- 
 ically, and to express the thought in clear and forcible language, 
 the debate stimulates a more careful preparation and develops 
 the habit of looking at a question from all sides. The experience of 
 
facing an opponent, of being able to give as well as take and do it 
 all coolly, wisely and successfully, makes this exercise one of the 
 most helpful possible to young men. In case a decision is to be given 
 on the debate, three appointed judges, or the society voting by ballot, 
 may render such service. Besides requiring skill in composition and 
 careful thought and study, the oration depends upon the effectiveness 
 in delivery. It cultivates the qualities of ease and grace in position 
 and gesture, and force and conviction in presentation. While few 
 men are born orators many may become successful by training. The 
 universality of the essay is its own best argument. The declamation 
 and select reading furnish training in expression and valuable 
 opportunities for those of smaller experience and of little self-confi- 
 dence. The musical part is very important. In addition to the en- 
 tertainment furnished, which is no small matter, it opens the field 
 for development of peculiar talents and gives wide play for the 
 proper exercise of emotions. The work of the critic is indispensable. 
 He should be a thoroughly competent man, secured for a definite 
 length of time and paid a fixed salary. For efficiency this service of 
 guiding and promoting the best interests of the club is even more 
 imperative than for that of the teacher of a class. 
 
 While the arrangements, time and place of meeting and other 
 details depend upon the local conditions, the following is a suggested 
 program of a literary club with weekly sessions : — 
 
 Music — instrumental solo. Declamation — "The Chariot Race." 
 Debate — Re$olved, That trusts and combinations tending to 
 monopolize industries should be prohibited. (Two speakers on each 
 side.) Music — association quartette. Recess. Oration — "The 
 Dynamics of Faith." Music — vocal solo. Essay — "The Modern 
 Oracle." Decision of judges on the debate. Critic's report. 
 
 As far as consistent we should encourage all-round literary and 
 intellectual development of young men. The ability to deliver a 
 creditable oration, to participate successfully in debate, to give a 
 declamation with effect, to write a good original essay or give a mu- 
 sical number, should each and all be placed at a premium. Through 
 the cooperation and general participation of the associations it may 
 be possible to realize similar beneficial results in all-round literary 
 club work and obtain standard credit for the same, such as is 
 now secured to young men in our systematic physical work or in 
 the educational classes. Of great importance also is the desirability 
 of holding inter-association debates or contests. Judging from the re- 
 sults of such competitive exercises they should be strongly en- 
 couraged and largely increased. See account of these reported from 
 
New York and Brooklyn, in the International Educational Report of 
 1902. 
 
 3. Essential Characteristics 
 
 (a) Affinity of Interest and Congeniality. The fundamental idea 
 of a club is the association of men whose interests, at least in certain 
 lines, are so nearly akin as to draw them and bind them together. 
 The presence in a club group of any man whose interest does not 
 thus affiliate him will quickly become a source of annoyance to him 
 and is always a menace to the successful work and even the life of 
 the club. Not alone is it necessary that club men shall have an in- 
 terest in a common subject, but they must be well pleasing to one 
 another. There are some people we like and some we do not. It 
 would be impossible for us to tell exactly why in any case. This 
 much is sure, however, we cannot work harmoniously and enthusias- 
 tically with those whose nature and personal qualities do not attract 
 us. It is therefore necessary in the maintenance of proper coopera- 
 tive relations in any club that congeniality to the present group as 
 a whole be made a requisite for the admission of a new or the re- 
 tention of an old member. 
 
 (b) Exclusiveness. No group requiring in its members an af- 
 finity of interest and congeniality can avoid being exclusive of all 
 others. Associations have feared the organization within their mem- 
 bership of groups that might become exclusive and develop into 
 cliques, but the exclusiveness of one group need not, under proper 
 guidance, develop into an obnoxious domineering or antagonizing 
 of other groups. It must be remembered that in all life there are 
 natural lines of cleavage which we must learn to respect and not al- 
 low to nettle us. If a club is to include those who can work best 
 together it must exclude those whose presence in the group would 
 not further its objects. Associations must be free to grant the 
 right of exclusiveness so far as club personnel is concerned, being 
 careful not to cultivate an objectionable clique spirit by the granting 
 of special privileges. 
 
 (c) Leadership. While men enter into club activities because of 
 their common interest, their progressive movement is necessarily 
 under someone's positive leadership. Most men are "trailers" and 
 await the pull of some man of positive convictions, aggressive per- 
 sonality and a will that commands response. There is a valuable 
 training in cooperating with others under a competent leader. There 
 is also valuable training in the exercise^ of leadership. One of the 
 
fortunate features of club work is that it compels its members by 
 direct activity to acquire the benefits of these two forms of training. 
 
 (d) Natural Growth. Clubs must be grown, not made. Only 
 those things have life which grow. The things which we make have 
 not life. The explanation of the lack of life in many a club is to be 
 found in the fact that the club is made on some such plan as this : 
 A dinner is given to which a general invitation is extended to men 
 possibly interested in a certain line of work; a boom speech is de- 
 livered, setting forth the glories of the proposed club ; a call is made 
 for the showing of hands of those who want to become charter 
 members ; a fair response is given by many out of a sense of courtesy 
 and obligation; the organization of the club is announced; a subse- 
 quent meeting is held for adopting constitution and by-laws ; the 
 secretary seeks to hold the thing together by subsequent dinners, but 
 before long, when the secretary becomes busy with newer enterprises, 
 the whole thing falls apart like a bundle of sticks with the string 
 cut. This method* of procedure in the organization of a club, of 
 course, furnishes excellent opportunity for glowing predictions, the 
 publication of which attract attention but result in the association's 
 making its prospective statements more conspicuous than any later 
 record of fact can ever be. The proper origin of an association club 
 is an individual with an idea, having the power of leadership, being 
 thoroughly in sympathy with the general purpose of the association 
 and in close working relationship with the management. This indi- 
 vidual should be carefully coached by the secretary and committee- 
 men until his idea has developed into a feasible and satisfactory 
 working plan. The individual shall then quietly find another like 
 himself, these two a third, and this nucleus should add to itself by 
 natural accretion such friends as have the right interest, are con- 
 genial and are willing to work. Let the publicity attached to a club 
 be due to its successful activities after organization rather than its 
 boom of promotion before organization and there will be fewer 
 explanations and regrets necessary. 
 
 (e) Twofold Purpose. The first purpose of a club shall be the 
 conduct of a work of pleasure and profit to its own members, but the 
 club will die unless it fulfills its second purpose, the conducting of 
 enterprises of value to those outside its own membership. Ex- 
 perience has shown in club work as in other things that the mis- 
 sionary spirit, of service to the other man, is absolutely essential to 
 the advance of organized life and activity. Any club will do its best 
 work for its own members, will gain the largest publicity and will 
 wield the largest power when it is doing something that is unselfish 
 
23 
 
 in its aim and outcome. The death of many clubs is attributable 
 to the inflexible principle of divine economy which demands the for- 
 feit of all things entirely selfish and withdraws support from that 
 which renders no worthy service. Clubs may render such service 
 by establishing special libraries, equipping laboratories, conducting 
 talks and lectures, managing exhibitions and developing a con- 
 stituency for the classes and other association features. 
 
 (f) Ups and Downs. Natural progress in organized movements 
 is not on a steadily ascending curve, but by undulations, or by 
 spurts followed by stationary or retrogressive periods. One can 
 worry a great deal about the varying stages of club work unless he 
 keeps in mind the fact that ups and downs are perfectly natural and 
 inevitable. No organization can stand the constant strain of high 
 pressure efifort, and the duty of the association during the period of 
 reaction or inactivity is to carefully safeguard against extravagant, 
 artificial methods of revival and to carefully sustain the elements of 
 strength until the proper time for the next spurt has arrived. If the 
 purpose of a club shall have been fulfilled, or the essential elements 
 of leadership shall have become lacking, the death of the club is not 
 to be regarded as a misfortune. In times of serious decline or 
 threatened dissolution of a club, it is always well to make careful 
 estimate as to whether it will be the most expedient to apply re- 
 storative measures or to let the old club die and bend one's energies 
 to the encouragement of a new club, when it shall arise in due course 
 of time. Some kinds of work are best promoted by starts and stops 
 rather than by a continuous dead pull, however strenuous. 
 
 4. Conduct 
 
 (a) Conduct and Administration Must Meet the Approval of the 
 Association. An organization within an organization must neces- 
 sarily be restricted to a policy and method thoroughly in harmony 
 with that of the superior organization. No association club can 
 be allowed to so administer its work as to handicap, hazard or dis- 
 count the purposes, policy or public recognition of the association. 
 It must be understood from the outset by all concerned in any club 
 movement that there are limits to the liberty of the club which are 
 defined and absolute, requiring that the club shall do nothing out of 
 harmony with the association's general policy, or contrary to the 
 judgment and will of its executive officers. 
 
 It has been found wise in many instances to require that all club 
 constitutions shall contain a clause reading, "this club is organized in 
 the association of and its conduct and administra- 
 
24 
 
 tion shall meet the approval of the executive officers of such or 
 ganization." This provision certainly does not rob the club of its 
 due and necessary right of initiative, as might result from the asso- 
 ciation's appointment of a committee assigned to the task of directing 
 the club, nor should it be the intent of this provision to require that 
 everything shall be passed up to the association executive officers for 
 their approval of each item. On the other hand, it is intended to 
 place upon the executive officers a responsibility for sufficiently care- 
 ful oversight to insure that the club is doing not only legitimate 
 but profitable w^ork, and to give to the executive officers an absolute 
 power in case of emergency. The best way in which to secure a club 
 administration harmonious with the association's general work is 
 through close personal contact and frequent conference between its 
 executive officers and the leading spirits of the club. A little confer- 
 ence in anticipation of possible club movements usually suffices to 
 ward off anything that might otherwise become an emergency and re- 
 quire the exercise of an arbitrary authority, with its unfortunate 
 after effects. 
 
 (b) Property Rights Must be Exclusively in Control of the Asso- 
 ciation. It is a much easier matter to maintain harmony between 
 a superior and subordinate organization when the subordinate or- 
 ganization is not vested with property rights which it might use as a 
 leverage in times of dispute. While it is perfectly right that any club 
 shall be given opportunity and encouragement to collect, by purchase 
 or gift, equipment suited to its needs, the title to the equipment 
 should be held by the association and the use of the equipment al- 
 lowed the club according to its deserts. Experience has shown that 
 clubs having rooms which they are led to call their own and owning 
 the equipment used therein have frequently become more or less 
 detached from the general association movement, and selfish, auto- 
 cratic and dictatorial in their relations to the association manage- 
 ment. Experience has also shown that the absolute control of space 
 and equipment by the association has not involved the loss of any 
 freedom or dignity which is essential to successful club work. The 
 cause for many a dissension within a club is thereby removed and 
 there is cultivated that spirit and practice of cooperation between the 
 club and the association which automatically provides against mis- 
 understandings and possible conflicts. 
 
 (c) Activities Should be Adequately Encouraged by the Asso- 
 ciation. First, by means of equipment. In accordance with its gen- 
 eral practice, the association should put at the disposal of club mem- 
 bers organized for a worthy object, such space and available equip- 
 
25 
 
 ment as may be within its power to furnish. Just as the gymnasium 
 equipment is provided for the group who desire physical culture and 
 the class equipment for those who desire class work, the association 
 should provide such equipment as may be needed for those who de- 
 sire the training of an educational club activity. It should be under- 
 stood that the equipment is assigned to the club for use, not as a 
 bait or reward for service or good will, but simply as a means of ac- 
 complishment of the club's legitimate work. In cases where the as- 
 sociation cannot provide from its general funds such equipment as 
 may be needed, it certainly should lend its energies heartily to aid 
 club men in their efforts to obtain equipment. 
 
 Second, by providing necessary supplements. The work of nearly 
 every club can be supplemented in a most valuable way by placing in 
 the library and reading rooms certain books and periodicals and by 
 conducting certain talks, lectures and classes which bear more or 
 less directly upon the club's special work. For an association to deny 
 a club the supplements which might be furnished in this way only 
 tends to separate the club from it and by its detachment to decrease 
 the effectiveness of both the club and the association. 
 
 Third, by providing for publicity. Aside from announcement of 
 the club work in the annual prospectus of the association and its 
 further promotion by special club circulars or pamphlets, it should 
 arrange that each club shall occasionally come before the public on 
 its own responsibility and as sponsor for some enterprise conducted 
 under its own auspices. Two classes of functions seem especially 
 well adapted for giving clubs a favorable publicity. One, an annual 
 public event of considerable magnitude which shall in many cases 
 be the focal event of the season's work. The literary club may con- 
 duct an oratorical contest or debate, the musical clubs give a concert, 
 the science and art clubs give exhibitions, while in some cases a 
 banquet may take the place of a public assembly. Another function 
 may be the conduct under the auspices of the club of practical talks 
 and educational lectures. The responsibility for the successful con- 
 duct of these talks and lectures and the desire of each club to make 
 for itself a good record, makes the club members and management 
 purposefully active in securing the best possible talent, in doing most 
 effective advertising and in promoting by personal effort the enter- 
 prise under their charge. It is frequently true that an educational 
 club can secure, without expense, talent absolutely unavailable on the 
 invitation of any other party and, as at each talk and lecture the 
 club officers and workers have charge of affairs, they are not only 
 given excellent training in leadership and supervision, but are 
 
26 
 
 brought into conspicuous notice. That club will be most widely and 
 favorably known which does the most things of value for the young 
 men outside of its membership, and the association should, as far 
 as possible, entrust to the clubs such educational lecture and practi- 
 cal talk features as would otherwise be entrusted to a general com- 
 mittee, or perhaps neglected entirely. 
 
 Fourth, by furnishing counsel. If any group of young men form- 
 ing a club intend to prosecute work of considerable magnitude or 
 importance and do it in harmony with the association's other work, 
 it devolves upon the association to furnish the leaders of the club 
 such counsel, through the secretary, educational director, committee- 
 men or club director, as shall safeguard against errors and stimulate 
 activities. While the secretary and educational director must always 
 keep in close sympathetic touch with the club management, in many 
 cases it is expedient to supplement the counsel which these officers 
 can give, by the employment of a club director whose business it 
 shall be, not to teach the club or rule it, but to guide it by expert 
 counsel, and to promote its highest interests. Such a director will 
 destroy his usefulness and cause trouble, if he assumes dictatorial 
 powers instead of holding himself in a relation to the club as its 
 chief coadjutor. 
 
 (d) Current Work Should be Self- Supporting. Membership in 
 association clubs should be almost universally limited to association 
 members. No distinction should be made between active and asso- 
 ciate members with reference to club privileges, nor should any other 
 than the lowest membership rate be required, as a rule. In addition 
 to the association membership, there should be a club fee, payable to 
 the club treasurer, possibly through the association office. Such club 
 fees are usually calculated so that the sum total will cover the cur- 
 rent expense of the club work. Additions to permanent equipment 
 or expense involved in some special public event of evident value 
 to the association as a whole, may be provided for out of the general 
 budget, or through special funds raised preferably by the club. In 
 the solicitation of special club funds, great care must be exercised 
 not to interfere with the regular subscription support of the asso- 
 ciation. The determination of annual club fees, ranging from $i 
 to $5, shall be so carefully arranged as to make special assessments 
 among the members rarely if ever necessary. 
 
 5. Advantages 
 
 Numerous advantages accrue from the conduct of club work, many 
 of which are not so fully obtained through any other association 
 
27 
 
 feature. Among the most conspicuous advantages are the following : 
 (a) Cover a wide range of topics. Any subject of interest to a 
 group, large or small, may be made the basis of a club work, provided 
 there is purpose enough in the members of the group to insure con- 
 secutive effort, (b) Reach men of various interests. This is no 
 small consideration, since the asosciation seeks to interest and be of 
 service to men of all classes in their various needs, (c) Serve as 
 helpful auxiliaries. Clubs may frequently be the best preface or in- 
 troduction to the class or library; may directly supplement them or 
 accommodate for advanced or special work those students who have 
 reached the limit of opportunities in the classes, (d) Encourage 
 and train men in cooperative effort. It is not sufficient in these days 
 that men learn to obey orders and work under direction ; it is even 
 more essential in the cultivation of American citizens that they 
 learn how to cooperate with each other, leading and being led, 
 serving and being served, in an unbroken harmony and with an in- 
 creasing efficiency, (e) Develop leadership. It is of large moment 
 to many a young man to be furnished the opportunity, or to have 
 thrust upon him the responsibility, for leadership. It will force him 
 to the best use of his powers, cultivate in him an aggressiveness and 
 give him that self-confidence and control so essential to a successful 
 life. From the association's standpoint there is no better training 
 school for leaders in association enterprises than that furnished by 
 the clubs, (f) Promote fellowship. A man is perhaps more in need 
 of friends than of information. For the reducing of prejudices, for 
 the cultivation of broad sympathies, for the acquiring of the habit 
 of recognizing the other man's view point, and for the enjoyment 
 of confidential, fraternal relationships, nothing offers better oppor- 
 tunities than membership and activity in such an organization as 
 an educational club, (g) Furnish excellent opportunity for the 
 exercise of personal Christian influence. The essential power of 
 the association hinges upon the vital and influential contact of 
 Christian men with each other and of Christian men with non-Chris- 
 tian men. The educational club includes both of these classes, ties 
 them together with a bond of interest in a common subject, puts 
 them in close working relationship and magnifies personal leader- 
 ship. In so far, therefore, as the Christian man is able to lead in 
 thought and action, he will find in the club an opportunity for the 
 exercise of that highest function of a servant of Jesus Christ, the 
 winning of other men to Him. 
 
28 
 
 6. Constitution, Forms and Blanks 
 
 (a) Constitution. The following is the outline of a simple con- 
 stitution for educational clubs which has worked successfully. It 
 will of course be adapted to local conditions. The name of the 
 association and club is to be supplied. 
 
 Article I. Name.— The name of this club shall be the 
 
 club of the association in 
 
 Art. II. Purpose. -The purpose of this club shall be threefold. First, to 
 encourage and provide for fellowship among men especially interested in 
 
 Second, to conduct such a schedule of activities in 
 
 the development and studjr of as shall be of pleasure and 
 
 profit to its members. Third, to promote such association features as shall 
 encourage among men an intelligent interest in the subject of the club's 
 work. 
 
 Art. III. Membership. — 1, Membership in this club shall be open to any 
 
 member of the association of on application, election to 
 
 membership by the club, and the payment of the annual club fee. 2, Mem- 
 bership shall be terminated by suspension or expulsion for gross violation 
 of the regulations of the club or the association, or for gross neglect of club 
 membership duties. 
 
 Art. IV. Officers and Elections. — 1, The officers of the club shall be the 
 president, vice president, secretary-treasurer, with duties usually required 
 of such officers. 2, The election of officers shall be by nomination and 
 ballot, and shall be held at the regular meeting nearest the first of October, 
 January and April of each year. The officers elected shall enter upon their 
 duties at the first regular meeting following their election. Vacancies shall 
 be filled by election at the next regular meeting after they occur. 
 
 Art. V. Government.— 1, This club is organized as a feature of the 
 
 educational department of the association in 
 
 and its conduct and administration must meet with the approval of the 
 association executive officers. 2, The officers of the club, together with 
 the club leader or director, and the educational director of the association, 
 shall constitute the executive committee of the club. 3, All new business 
 which has been favorably acted upon by the club shall be referred to 
 the executive committee, in the form of resolutions, which may at the 
 discretion of the executive committee be approved and executed, vetoed, 
 or referred back to the club with recommendations for final decision. 4, 
 All business of the club shall come before the club in regular business 
 session, in which session no less than five members shall constitute a 
 quorum. 
 
 Art. VI. Amendments. — Motions for amendments to this constitution 
 must be presented in writing not less than one week before action is taken. 
 Amendments can be passed only by two-thirds vote of all regular members 
 present and voting at a regular session, and can in no case affect or alter 
 the provisions of Articles V. and VI. 
 
 (b) Forms and blanks. No two associations will agree on these, 
 as customs and local conditions are different and determine the 
 methods used. There will naturally be some form of application 
 blank or enrollment card similar to that found in chapter XI. of 
 this pamphlet. The club fee receipt used successfully is as follows : — 
 
 No Place Date 190.. 
 
 Received of Mr dollars ($ ) as club 
 
 fees for the current season in the club. 
 
 Educational Director. 
 
 Elected to membership in the club, date 190. . 
 
 Secretary-Treasurer. 
 
29 
 
 On this blank is printed the following directions and conditions : — 
 
 Attend the club named at its next regular meeting, and if elected to the 
 club membership get this receipt countersigned by the secretary-treasurer. 
 If he will not countersign it, iile claim at once with the educational director 
 for the club fee refund, which will be allowed only when claim is filed 
 before the third regular session of the club held after the issue of this 
 ticket. The association reserves the right to change the schedule of the 
 club activities or to discontinue clubs when conditions may demand, it 
 being provided that no such change shall work a forfeiture of club fees 
 paid, when the change compels a member to withdraw from the club. 
 
 Some form of record and monthly report of the work and finan- 
 cial condition of the club is necessary. For the literary club record 
 the "Literary Society Record," published by the International Com- 
 mittee, is specially desirable. 
 
 For other clubs the record should show for each session the 
 officers in charge, the character of work done, the number of mem- 
 bers and visitors present, and number serving on program; the 
 membership as to present number, new members, those withdrawn; 
 the finances as to receipts, disbursements, and obligations. 
 
 IV. EDUCATIONAL LECTURES 
 I. Definition 
 
 The educational lecture is to be distinguished from both the 
 practical talk as commonly defined, and the popular lecture for 
 recreative purposes. Contrasted with the practical talk, which is a 
 conference with an expert, the educational lecture is a statement 
 by an expert. Contrasted with the popular lecture, which has its 
 highest merit in its entertaining features, the educational lecture has 
 its highest merit in its direct instruction and incentive to study. It 
 is neither a conference nor an entertainment. It may then be de- 
 fined as an instructive and somewhat formal presentation of a 
 description, argument or demonstration by an expert or man of spe- 
 cial experience to a group of those who, for the time at least, assume 
 the student attitude. 
 
 This definition at once involves two things, special effort and 
 care in securing the speakers, and an attendance smaller and more 
 purposed than that constituting a popular audience. Each educa- 
 tional lecture is practically a one-hour class, but series may be ar- 
 ranged which give to a continuing group of auditors a progressive 
 treatment of a subject, thereby approaching the class form. 
 
 While questions and answers and open discussion are essential 
 to the practical talk, they should, as a rule, be omitted from the 
 educational lecture. Opportunity may be offered after the dismissal 
 
30 
 
 of the audience for private questions and answers, but in the lecture 
 proper the burden should be put upon the speaker to present a lucid 
 and symmetrical treatment of his subject, and to leave a well de- 
 fined impression which might become confused if scattering public 
 discussion were allowed. 
 
 2. Range 
 
 If educational lectures are to be conducted by the association they 
 should usually be for men only, in recognition of the general work- 
 ing principles of the organization and to safeguard against social re- 
 straint and distraction with a consequent loss of frankness and con- 
 centration of attention. 
 
 There is practically no limit to the range of topics suitable for 
 educational lectures, but in the association there must ever be kept 
 in mind the chief motive of all its work, the cultivation of a man 
 rather than a mind; a man self-mastered and useful to his fellows, 
 rather than a scholar simply. It is wise, therefore, to choose those 
 topics which will yield, for the time and effort expended, the best 
 returns to the largest number. 
 
 While local conditions will determine the choice and wording of 
 topics, much available and useful material will be found along the 
 following lines: (a) Travel, with its incident practical lessons in 
 geography and economic conditions, (b) Biography, with its inci- 
 dent lessons in history, politics, literature and fine arts, (c) So- 
 ciology, with its incident lessons in industrial, commercial and civic 
 opportunities and obligations, (d) Useful arts, with their incident 
 lessons in science and invention, (e) Personal life problems, throw- 
 ing light upon the choice of one's vocation, amusements, savings 
 and investments, home life, education, family obligations, etc. 
 
 Many of the lectures may be illustrated to advantage, as this in- 
 creases their recreative attractiveness and value, and makes them 
 more intelligible to those handicapped in education. 
 
 The most practical limitation of range in topics will be the 
 scarcity of available competent speakers, and the quite restricted in- 
 terest of the large majority in things not pertaining directly to their 
 daily work or favorite recreation. 
 
 3. Relationships 
 
 Educational lectures are surest of success in themselves and yield 
 their largest service in the relation of supplements to some more 
 permanent and continuous form of educational work, such as the 
 library, class or club. The lecture may focalize the current or stand- 
 
31 
 
 ard literature on the subject and may at the same time bring together 
 men of like interest and inspire in them a demand for class instruc- 
 tion. It may be the direct supplement of a class in furnishing help- 
 ful side lights and evidencing the practical applications of the base 
 and substance of the class study ; further it may be the expression or 
 contribution of a club activity, the benefits of which are not limited 
 to the membership of the club. In each of these cases it is evi- 
 dent that there is an economic, educational incentive back of each 
 lecture, and also that there is a definite constituency interested in 
 the lecture, both as attendants and promoters of it as an enterprise. 
 
 4. Resources 
 
 (a) Talent. The selection of talent for educational lectures is too 
 frequently a matter of accidental discovery or of emergency appeal. 
 The man who "has a lecture which he would be glad to give to the 
 young men" should not be allowed to impress the secretary or com- 
 mittee that they are under obligations to make a place "to work 
 it in somewhere." The association educational lecture platform must 
 not become a public safety valve for men who have had more ex- 
 perience than they have been able to assimilate, and for those who 
 have a larger stock of ideas than judgment. 
 
 After a suitable topic has been selected, search should be made for 
 the proper man to speak on it, three requisites in the man chosen 
 being regarded, integrity of personal character, special knowledge 
 or experience in the line of the topic and a favorable public recogni- 
 tion. No professional orator is needed. Talent should be secured 
 sufficiently long before the lecture to insure time for ample prepara- 
 tion, and careful information should be furnished the speaker in ad- 
 vance of the nature and intent of the event and the anticipated size 
 and character of the audience. Occasionally a man who is known 
 to be about to take some trip of interest, undergo some novel ex- 
 perience, or promote some unique enterprise may be requested to 
 gather material connected with his experience which he may present 
 as a lecture later. This long range preparation pays. 
 
 Professional men, teachers and ministers are no more competent 
 or available than are men engaged in other occupations if rightly 
 approached. 
 
 (b) Auditors. The attendants at an educational lecture need not 
 be restricted to association members, but in many cases it may be 
 best to limit admission to members and those personally invited by 
 members. It is intended strictly for those having a real interest in 
 
32 
 
 obtaining further light on the subject, and is not a "drop-in-retreat." 
 If the lecture supplements some other permanent feature, as has 
 been suggested, the nucleus of the audience will in each case be com- 
 posed of those identified with the library, class or club supplemented. 
 As largely as possible through the activities of this nucleus there 
 should be added such others as, because of their previous or culti- 
 vated interest in the subject, may be personally invited. To this 
 number may be added still some others by fair but not extravagant 
 advertising. 
 
 5. Conduct 
 
 (a) Supervision. The educational committee, or a sub-committee 
 of it, cooperating with the secretary or educational director, should 
 care for the general promotion and supervision of the lectures. It 
 is their duty to discover the subjects of special interest and educa- 
 tive value to young men ; to ascertain the availability of young men, 
 both in and out of the association, for attendance at lectures ; to se- 
 cure the attendance of not only an audience, but of the right men; 
 to discover and enlist the service of competent talent, not alone for 
 the good they may do, but for the good it will do them; to devise 
 ways in which the lectures may supplement the library, class and 
 club to the best advantage; to delegate, with proper counsel, re- 
 sponsibility, where possible, to educational clubs or classes for plan- 
 ning and conducting the lectures ; to provide for equipment arrange- 
 ments and for expense; to provide for securing as largely as pos- 
 sible the closer identification of the attendants with the more per- 
 manent educational features, or with the social and religious move- 
 ments of the association. 
 
 University extension lecture courses may often be introduced with 
 profit, but care should be taken that their use is not made a simple 
 and easy way of escape from the responsibilities for study of con- 
 ditions, planning and active promotion upon which the successful 
 conduct of educational lectures in an association depends. 
 
 (b) Expense. No expense, except a small amount for advertis- 
 ing, need usually be involved in the conduct of educational lectures, 
 as the equipment needed is in the possession of nearly all the associa- 
 tions and ample talent may generally be secured without money 
 compensation. It is to be expected, however, that expenses involved 
 in one's preparation or delivery of the lecture, such as necessary 
 stenographic service, making of lantern slides, lantern or apparatus 
 hire and drayage and cab or carfare, shall be met by the associa- 
 tion. There can be no objection either to paying, when expedient. 
 
33 
 
 something for the service rendered, the amount being more nearly- 
 proportionate to that paid teachers for equivalent service than to that 
 paid professional lecturers and entertainers. No man should be 
 proffered or led to expect compensation in the form of flattering 
 advertising or extravagant reports and testimonials. 
 
 To cover the legitimate expenses of educational lectures, revenue 
 may be derived from three sources, first, by direct appropriation 
 from the general budget — the best for detached lectures ; second, by 
 raising a special fund for the purpose — the best for lectures directly 
 of interest to certain organized groups; and third, by charging a 
 small admission fee, perhaps smaller for association members than 
 others — the best for a series of lectures of interest to the same 
 parties. 
 
 6. Results 
 
 The increased intelligence of the men attending is not the sole out- 
 come of educational lectures when properly conducted. Some of 
 the numerous other advantageous results are found in various ways, 
 such as obtaining a more intelligent conception of the educational 
 interests of the young men in the community; the cultivation of the 
 spirit and habit of service in men secured as speakers who would, 
 perhaps, not come to the association for its more evident privileges; 
 the supplementing and strengthening of library, class and club work, 
 and increasing the association's recognition as a center of educa- 
 tional inspiration and guidance; the awakening of an interest in 
 many men which will lead them to invest their leisure in more pur- 
 posed reading and study; increasing the amount of evidently profit- 
 able work being conducted at the association building — a considera- 
 tion of no small import as viewed by both members and the public; 
 the closer association and community of interest of men otherwise 
 never brought in contact, thus opening the way for the exercise of 
 that natural social and religious stimulus, the value of which the 
 association emphasizes. 
 
 These results certainly are worth the cost in effort necessary for 
 the conduct of educational lectures in any association. 
 
 V. FALL CAMPAIGN 
 I. Advertising 
 
 Advertising in association educational work is as essential as it is in 
 any other line of business. The forms of cultivating public opinion 
 in this direction vary with the city. It is not only desirable but 
 
34 
 
 necessary that, either through the daily press, or by means of cir- 
 culars, etc., the young men be informed concerning these privileges 
 and the results therefrom, at least quarterly, and perhaps oftener. 
 The most important season of the year for this work is September 
 and October, while the winter holidays, and from March to July, 
 are important times. In a number of associations all of the fol- 
 lowing forms of advertising are used and with varying success : 
 The postal card, personal letter, circular, four-page leaflet, window 
 card, large two and three sheet posters, display cards in street cars, 
 small pamphlet, and prospectus. In the newspapers paid advertise- 
 ments are run through the months of September, October and oc- 
 casionally in January. Articles and news items often appear with 
 success, while an entire page of some large edition of the paper 
 early in September is successfully given to an illustrated description 
 of the educational work. 
 
 The prospectus should be the main annual publication and issued 
 on or before September first. Many with increased profit issue these 
 during the summer. It should contain definite information concern- 
 ing each educational feature, as the library, reading room, literary 
 society, educational clubs, lectures, practical talks, and each subject 
 to be taught, together with the names of the instructors, the tuition 
 fees, the dates of class recitations, etc. The advantages of member- 
 ship in the association, with statements of its economic value in this 
 •connection, should be given. This prospectus should preferably be 
 placed personally in the hands of every young man in the city before 
 September 15-20. Personal solicitation is worth many dollars of 
 printed matter. The educational committee, director and mem- 
 bership secretary, if there are such officers, together with the volun- 
 teer services of ten or more interested members, if possible, will 
 make an advertising force which can systematically cover the city 
 in ten days, the beneficial efiFect of which will be felt through the 
 entire year. Back of all successful advertising, however, is the 
 necessity for the association to do not only good work, but the best 
 work, and to gain results of such a character as will command re- 
 spect and admiration. Through its teachers and other educational 
 features it must give from year to year to the young men even more 
 than value received. It must "deliver the goods." If it does not do 
 this its successful life as an educational department is short. 
 
 All advertising should be particularly free from extravagant or 
 sensational statements. All such expressions seriously injure the 
 best effect of the printed matter and lower the dignity and influence 
 of the work in the best communities. "Wanted 500 men," in large 
 
35 
 
 red type may be all right for some lines of business, but is not in 
 keeping with successful educational management. We cannot af- 
 ford to be less careful and accurate in statements and in the use of 
 dignified language concerning educational facilities than the best col- 
 leges and industrial educational institutions. 
 
 The use of short and carefully written notices inserted in the 
 amusement columns of the daily press has proven successful in many 
 places. A number of short "ads," professionally written, are better 
 than a long drawn-out one covering every line of activity. The fol- 
 lowing are two out of several notices concerning specific educational 
 features, which appeared in the amusement column of the papers 
 read by employed men in one of our large cities : — 
 
 " Steam Engineering. — Steam engines, boilers, dynamos, pumps, electric 
 wiring, firing, care and running of engines. Professional three months' 
 course with the machinery in motion. Four nights per week in boiler room 
 and one at lectures. Students prepared to take foreman's or engineer's 
 state examination. For full particulars apply to the Association Evening 
 Institute." 
 
 This notice was responded to by over fifty men in two weeks. A 
 class was at once opened with a membership of ten men, paying 
 $30 each for the course. 
 
 " Civil Service. — Prepare for the Civil Service examinations at the Asso- 
 ciation Evening Institute. Arithmetic, geography, grammar, spelling, 
 writing, copying plain copy, copying rough draft, readmg addresses, rail- 
 road junctions, bounderies of states, gauging and measuring. Fits for fire, 
 police, railway mail, post office, custom house, internal revenue, and clerical 
 positions. Expert instruction, low terms. Apply, etc." 
 
 After running a few days in the local press, this notice was the 
 means of organizing a civil service school enrolling sixty-one men, 
 each paying a tuition fee of $3 per month in addition to the asso- 
 ciation membership fee. 
 
 The above notices are here inserted to show the language in which 
 they were written. Successful "ads." must use words peculiar to the 
 work, be expressed in terms understood by the readers, and common 
 to the trade or occupation. 
 
 A number of associations have very beneficially used a students' 
 reception committee composed of former interested members of the 
 educational department. This committee has done service especially 
 during September in personally soliciting club members and students, 
 systematically distributing printed matter, and aiding visitors and 
 students in properly registering for the various classes, clubs and 
 other features. A position on this committee, as is the case in the 
 leaders' corps in the physical department, is one of honor and may 
 be made an appointive one by each class, or club. 
 
36 
 
 2. Receptions 
 
 In addition to making the work of the association favorably known 
 in various ways during the year, and especially in September and Oc- 
 tober, numerous gatherings of men at the association should be 
 planned. Men of similar tastes, business relations or employment 
 are often successfully reached at such times. One or more parlor 
 conferences, limited to personal invitations of the committee, 
 about September 10-20, should be held with small groups of carefully 
 selected foremen, superintendents and other employers of men for 
 a farther study of the field and to win their intelligent interest and 
 support. It may often be found preferable to hold this conference 
 at the residence of the president, or most influential association of- 
 ficer, rather than at the association building. During the third or 
 fourth week of September a series of receptions to the young men 
 may profitably be held. Monday evening, for instance, may be given 
 to all young men connected with the wood-working industries or 
 trades of a city, as carpenters, cabinet and furniture makers, archi- 
 tects, etc. Tuesday evening to all young men employed in the iron 
 industries, whether manufacturing or building. Wednesday even- 
 ing to all young men connected in some other direction, and so on. 
 While the above classification has been successfully observed in some 
 cities, it is merely suggestive and will have to be arranged to meet 
 the customs and conditions of each local field. The line of cleavage 
 may often be found to run far better in other directions, as, for in- 
 stance, one evening to include all clerks and office men, whether they 
 be connected with dry goods, groceries, iron, or wood industries ; a 
 second evening to all mechanics and tradesmen. 
 
 At each of such gatherings the object should be: (a) To lead the 
 young men to feel that the association is their common, attractive, 
 and interesting home, (b) To impress upon them the privileges, 
 dignity, and obligations of manhood ; and the rare opportunity 
 which the association offers through its educational department for 
 gaining knowledge, improving spare time efficiently, and the better 
 preparation for successful living. The announcements of the various 
 educational features for the season will be made in such a way as 
 to compel the thoughtful attention of the young men and secure their 
 decision to take part in the same. These gatherings may be made 
 attractive by much music, perhaps a short entertainment of some 
 kind, and possibly some light refreshments. 
 
 3. Educational Sunday 
 
 A number of associations observe a special Sunday in the interests 
 
37 
 
 of this work. It is suggested that this precede the week during 
 which the above receptions to young men are held. On such a Sun- 
 day and on previous definite invitation, several churches will be 
 willing to make mention of the educational work in their services, 
 and perhaps the sermons may be in line with the movement. The 
 services at the association building will also specially emphasize the 
 work. 
 
 4. Educational Rally or Opening Reception 
 
 If the gatherings of men above referred to are held, they will con- 
 stitute the opening reception. If not, it is desirable to have a most 
 attractive gathering at which the more active educational interests 
 of the year may be officially set going. This should preferably be 
 held some evening during the last ten days of September, so that 
 the active work may date from October i. At this meeting one 
 strong address of twenty minutes, or two talks of ten minutes each, 
 of such a character as must bring conviction and decision to every 
 hearer, should be given. In addition, if the association has partici- 
 pated in the international examinations the previous season, the 
 certificates should be officially awarded to the successful winners as 
 an important item on the program. This has been done with much 
 success in a number of places. A complete and detailed description 
 of the educational features and classes should be followed by an 
 adjournment, to enable the men in each class or club to meet its 
 teacher or leader the same evening, and receive from them a few 
 words concerning the work of the season, so that active work may 
 begin at once and as early as October i if possible. The nature of 
 the meeting, addresses, music and all should be such as will lead 
 young men to decide at once to take advantage of the features and 
 identify themselves with the same. If any exhibits from class work 
 or the clubs can be utilized on this occasion it will be doubly bene- 
 ficial. No effort should be spared to make this opening reception, 
 or its equivalent in several gatherings, of greatest interest to young 
 men, and such as will insure their attendance and continued faithful 
 work. 
 
 In connection with this fall campaign, during September and Oc- 
 tober at least, the educational director, if there is such a person, 
 should be found at stated hours each day or evening ready to confer 
 with inquiring students. This personal conference and acquaintance 
 is of large and yearly increasing importance. In one sense it is an 
 examination, under a different name, as it strives to lead the young 
 man, with his life work mapped out before him, into those lines of 
 
38 
 
 study and educational effort that will be most helpful to his success- 
 ful career. To the intending students who have not a life work 
 clearly planned, it will be of great service in helping them into such 
 a plan. It will prevent a man from taking electricity who is merely 
 prepared to take arithmetic. It will perhaps similarly advise a man 
 who desires to take stenography, to rather study English grammar 
 as the better preparation for his later work in stenography, and so on. 
 
 VI. ORGANIZATION AND CONDUCT 
 
 1. Educational Schedule 
 
 In a successful association it is necessary to have a definite plan 
 for everything and everything in its proper or related time and place. 
 This plan or schedule should be determined as early as possible and 
 printed in the prospectus before September i. A copy of such sched- 
 ule should also be printed on cards or small circulars for constant 
 distribution during the season. The following is the schedule in 
 successful operation at the present time (1902) in a city of 80,000 
 population in an association of 1,350 members, and with 445 men in 
 educational classes. 
 
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40 
 
 2. Departments of Class Work 
 
 (a) Commercial : Arithmetic, penmanship and business corre- 
 spondence, bookkeeping, reading and spelling, business law, banking, 
 accountancy, shorthand and typewriting. 
 
 (b) Political : History, geography, civil government and muni- 
 cipal betterment, political science, and social economics. 
 
 (c) Industrial : Mechanical, architectural, and freehand draw- 
 ing; original, industrial and other kinds of design; clay-modeling, 
 wood-carving, sloyd, wood-working (carpentry, wood-turning, pat- 
 tern-making), iron- working (foundry work, including moulding and 
 casting, forging, machine work, including bench or vise work, and 
 machine tool work), together with plumbing, and other industrial 
 subjects. 
 
 (d) Science: Mathematics (algebra, geometry, trigonometry, 
 etc.), physics, chemistry, steam, electricity, mechanics, engineering, 
 physiology and hygiene, first aid, sanitation, ventilation, foods, diet, 
 etc. 
 
 (e) Language : English, including grammar and composition, 
 rhetoric, literature, elocution, French, German, and Spanish. 
 
 (f ) Miscellaneous : Vocal and instrumental music, reading 
 courses, etc. 
 
 3. Terms 
 
 The association educational year corresponds with that of public 
 schools and colleges, or from July to July. The active work, how- 
 ever, runs from about October i to April 1-15, while spring terms 
 from April to June are conducted successfully in many places, and 
 summer schools from July to September are operated at a few 
 points. While the season's work in the great majority of subjects 
 covers about six months and is considered as the unit, yet in a few 
 large places in addition to the six months' course subjects, it is 
 found convenient to arrange for a few short subjects in the fall term 
 — October to January — and plan their repetition or add other sub- 
 jects for a new constituency of men during the winter term — Jan- 
 uary to April. In a few places the term, or three months, is being 
 considered the time unit for all class-work. The advertising concern- 
 ing these matters, length of terms, tuition fees, etc., should be clear 
 and well understood. As far as convenient, students should be en- 
 couraged to secure their own text-books and other necessary ma- 
 terial, depending upon the subject and the policy of the association. 
 
41 
 
 4. Admission 
 
 Each person desiring to join a class or club should first become 
 a member of the association, securing such a membership ticket as 
 will admit to the general privileges of the educational department. 
 This will require a membership fee varying with the association. In 
 addition and after such conference with the educational director, 
 teacher, or other proper person, as will aid him to clearly decide upon 
 the work to be pursued, he should secure a class ticket, or club 
 ticket, or both, to be issued upon payment of the tuition fees involved 
 in the subjects or club decided upon. Thus the student's proper en- 
 rollment is secured, and he may then enter the classes or clubs des- 
 ignated. 
 
 In some associations the tuition receipt is used in addition to the 
 class ticket, and is to be countersigned by the teacher of the subjects, 
 or the leader of the club which the student joins. It is, of course, 
 understood that the association reserves the right to change the 
 schedule of any class or club, or to discontinue the same when con- 
 ditions demand; also to suspend or expel a student for gross viola- 
 tion of the regulations. In any such cases no refund of tuition or 
 other expenditures will necessarily be made. 
 
 The card catalogue system of filing applications and enrollments 
 of men or boys in the various features of the educational depart- 
 ment is in common use. The information desired varies with the 
 place and the customs, but in general includes the date, the name, 
 residence, occupation and business address, age, nationality, active 
 or associate member, kind of membership ticket, together with the 
 date of its expiration, the tuition paid, the kinds of educational 
 clubs and classes joined, remarks, etc. The classes and clubs may be 
 checked from a list printed on the card if there is room. See topic, 
 "Suggested Enrollment Card," found in the chapter on "Records, 
 Forms and Reports." Some means should be provided also for 
 learning which form of advertising led the member to join. Whether 
 it was the prospectus, the leaflets and circulars, the notices in news- 
 papers, the public announcements from platform or in shop meetings, 
 the personal solicitation of association officers or the recommendation 
 of former and present members. 
 
 5. Class and Club Sessions 
 
 Plan to begin active work as early as possible in the season and 
 continue as long as practicable. October i seems to be the conven- 
 ient average date for classes and clubs to begin in the great majority 
 
42 
 
 of places, and the week of the international examinations, about 
 April I, for closing. Many classes with great profit continue till May 
 and June, and even run the year round, without the formal or- 
 ganization into spring terms or summer schools. 
 
 It is necessary for best results that at least two sessions per week 
 in the commercial, industrial, science and language subjects should 
 be held; in the educational societies and clubs, and in a few subjects 
 taking the form of lectures and requiring reading or other research, 
 one per week. In a large number of places there is a strong ten- 
 dency to make a specialty of some one, two or more subjects, and class 
 sessions in these are held three, four and even five times per week. 
 In this latter case, students should not be permitted to take more than 
 one subject. In the former, two subjects should be the limit for each 
 person and very often even then one subject will be better. 
 
 The class hours will vary with the locality, but on an average will 
 run from 7.30 to 9.30 or 10 p. m. This period is usually divided into 
 two parts, when a change of classes is made so that a student would 
 be able to attend one class from 7.30 to 8.30 and another from 8.30 
 to g.30 p. M. In all such subjects as drawing, design, laboratory 
 work, shop work, etc., the entire evening, or two hours at least, 
 should be given to a single recitation. The same is true of the 
 clubs. It is, therefore, desirable to plan the two-hour subjects so 
 they will not interfere with the single hour subjects. 
 
 To aid associations in small cities of from four thousand to twenty 
 thousand population, the following suggested arrangement of subjects, 
 rooms, expenses, etc., based on experience, is given. It assumes two 
 small rooms available, four teachers, the largest class having fifteen 
 men, and fifty-one different men enrolled. If properly developed 
 this plan can be operated with but little extra expense from the 
 general fund, as the receipts from tuitions alone approximate the 
 expenses. If properly advertised and pushed, as a rule about one- 
 third of the total students for the year will enter at the first session, 
 and about two-thirds by the end of the second week. This plan 
 leaves one open night for lectures or other features. 
 
43 
 
 Arrangement of Subjects, Hours and Finances. 
 
 
 
 bo 
 
 
 
 6« 
 
 o5 
 
 O u 
 
 _tn 
 
 Subject. 
 
 g 
 o 
 o 
 
 '3 
 
 (a 
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 o 
 
 3 ^ 
 
 
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 ^ 
 
 W 
 
 K 
 
 E-i'o5 
 
 Hm 
 
 HtH-S 
 
 ^iz; 
 
 
 
 Monday and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Arithmetic 
 
 A 
 
 Thursday. 
 Monday and 
 
 7.. 30-8. 30 
 
 12.00 
 
 14 
 
 % 28.00 
 
 V$ 60.00 
 
 A.Putnam. 
 
 Bus. English.... 
 
 A 
 
 Thursday. 
 
 8.30-9.30 
 
 2.00 
 
 15 
 
 30.00 
 
 
 
 
 Tuesday and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mech. Drawing. 
 
 A 
 
 Friday. 
 Tuesday and 
 
 7.30-9.30 
 
 5.00 
 
 10 
 
 50.00 
 
 $ 72.00 
 
 B. Smith. 
 
 Bookkeeping 
 
 B 
 
 Friday. 
 
 8.00-9.30 
 
 5.00 
 
 10 
 
 50.00 
 
 
 
 Penmanship 
 
 B 
 
 Tuesday. 
 
 7.30-8.00 
 
 1.00 
 
 14 
 
 14.00 
 
 U 72.00 
 
 C. Jones. 
 
 Bus. Law 
 
 B 
 
 Friday. 
 
 7.30-8.00 
 
 1.00 
 
 9 
 
 9.00 
 
 J 
 
 
 Electricity 
 
 A 
 
 Wednesday. 
 
 7.30-8.30 
 
 2.00 
 
 9 
 
 18.00 
 
 if 48 00 
 
 D. Brown. 
 
 Chemistry 
 
 A 
 
 Wednesday. 
 
 8.30-9.30 
 
 8.00 
 
 12 
 
 36.00 
 
 ( 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 En- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 roll- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ment 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 
 
 93 
 
 $235.00 
 
 $252.00 
 
 
 6. Suggested Class Rules 
 
 While in the best of associations a formal rule is practically un- 
 known, yet experience proves that the following suggestions have led 
 unconsciously to the best success. The students should be led to 
 understand and appreciate the value of the following: (a) Regular 
 and punctual attendance is expected, (b) Three unexcused absences 
 will forfeit a student's place in the class. Three times tardy with- 
 out excuse will count one absence. For unexcused breach of con- 
 duct a student may be suspended or referred to the committee. 
 (c) After the fifth lesson students are not received without special 
 examination. 
 
 7. Courses of Study 
 
 While any required combination course involving three or more 
 subjects, as in the public schools, is to be encouraged where condi- 
 tions permit, and especially among working boys in the boys' depart- 
 ment, yet in general for young men in evening work, such compulsory 
 combinations are generally impracticable. The student usually elects 
 one or two of these individual subjects as he has time and ability. 
 
 Much importance attaches to the student's choice of subjects. The 
 
44 
 
 committee, director and teachers should be continually giving helpful 
 advice. If there is a definite aim on the part of the student for his 
 life work, it will not be difficult to select subjects that will secure 
 practical results. The addition of a new subject occasionally will 
 be helpful. Especially should there be effort to introduce those for 
 which no facilities are offered elsewhere in the community. 
 
 In each of the fundamental subjects for class work, the Prospectus 
 of the International Committee contains brief outline courses of 
 study, secured from the most successful experiences in large nuiji- 
 bers of the best evening schools. The recommended outline in most 
 subjects is conveniently divided into two parts, an elementary and 
 an advanced, either of which for the average young man usually im- 
 plies the work of one season two evenings per week, or from forty 
 to sixty lessons. 
 
 The brevity of the outlines in the prospectus is for a purpose. There 
 are many excellent courses in each subject pursued with equally sat- 
 isfactory results, yet in all of them the essential principles are the 
 same. Hence the policy adopted by the association brotherhood for 
 a general movement must allow all possible freedom of operation 
 for two of the necessary conditions of success, i. e., the specialization 
 for local needs and the essential scope of the individuality of the 
 teacher. A further extension of the courses in detail in the pros- 
 pectus would be at the expense of these two conditions, especially for 
 universal class use. In preparation of work for home study the 
 situation would be different. Each teacher is therefore encouraged 
 to extend these brief outlines and adapt the work to best meet the 
 local needs. 
 
 Many teachers often misunderstand as to the length of the course 
 in each subject. It is a mistake to assume that all members of the 
 class may finish a course in a season of three or four months with 
 one or two lessons per week. As a rule, neither teacher nor student 
 can be criticized if the work represented in any standard course is not 
 covered during the season, for the reason that the courses are not 
 measured by the length of time pursued, hut in quality and quantity 
 of work accomplished. In each class are found men who can cred- 
 itably cover the work with ease in three months, while others may 
 require three years. The abilities of men are so widely different, 
 their daily occupations and influences so unlike, that neither the 
 definite number of lessons nor the length of time required for the 
 different courses can be specified. However, past experience shows 
 that in an average association many men have successfully covered an 
 elementary course in the average subject in one season's work of 
 
45 
 
 from forty to sixty or more lessons, depending on the age and the 
 ability of the students and the methods of the teacher. Similarly, 
 the advanced course has usually been found to require another sea- 
 son's work. 
 
 8. Text-books 
 
 This movement being of continental area and involving many differ- 
 ent sections and consequent methods of teaching, four or more sug- 
 gested text or reference books, instead of one, will be found under 
 the syllabus for each subject in the prospectus. These texts are the 
 ones found in the widest and most successful use in the best evening 
 class work. No single text is adopted to the exclusion of others. 
 Each teacher is advised to select the text through which he can ac- 
 complish the best results in line of the standard syllabus and consist- 
 ent with local conditions, whether that text happens to be on the 
 recommended list or not. While text-books may serve as guides, 
 none should be slavishly followed. 
 
 In many places text-books, paper, pencils, and other supplies are 
 found in stock at the association building during the opening weeks, 
 and may be secured at favorable rates. 
 
 9. Teachers 
 
 The teacher is the life of the class, the same as the competent 
 leader or a club director is the life of the educational society or club. 
 In each feature a person thoroughly competent as instructor, leader 
 and guide, the best available within reach, is necessary. It is essential 
 also that these men be full of sympathy with the all-round work of 
 the association. The salaries paid for such services vary in different 
 localities and with the subject, society or club. The average amount 
 paid in 1902 per hour, including the 13,000 teachers in all subjects, 
 was $1.25 per hour. Some teachers in a few advanced subjects re- 
 ceived as high as $7 and $10 per evening. Club directors and critics 
 in educational societies receive from $1 to $5 per session, depending 
 upon the nature of their work. As a rule the most successful 
 teachers come from the drafting rooms, manufacturing plants, from 
 banks and places of high trust and long experience in efficient 
 service. They must be practical men, magnetic, able to command 
 and hold the interest of young men and lead them to a successful 
 mastery of their subject. 
 
 Fruitfulness and efficiency of the teacher's life and of his work in 
 the association will be largely improved by regular meetings for 
 
46 
 
 teachers and the leaders of educational societies and clubs, and 
 through occasional joint meetings with the educational committee. 
 Among the means for promoting unity of effort and harmony of ac- 
 tion in the many divisions of this work — both indispensable — none 
 excels the teachers' meeting. 
 
 10. Suggestions to Teachers 
 
 To gain an intelligent knowledge of what is done in association 
 educational work, a knowledge of its literature is necessary. Each 
 teacher should become thoroughly familiar with the International 
 Educational Prospectus, issued annually, containing the syllabi for the 
 standard courses of study, the regulations governing the examina- 
 tions, the suggestions from the examiners, and the official sets of 
 questions used in the last annual examinations. He should also be 
 familiar with the Annual Report of the Educational Department, 
 giving the facts concerning the condition of the work in all places 
 reporting, summaries of this information, pictures of classes and 
 clubs in operation, a detailed report of the latest annual examinations 
 and also much additional timely material. In addition he should 
 keep the record of the attendance and work of each member of the 
 class as provided for in the pamphlet, "Class Record," published by 
 the International Committee. There are also publications in the in- 
 terests of the library, reading rooms, clubs, societies, and other 
 features. On the last few pages of this pamphlet will be found some 
 forms of important blanks and reports. 
 
 With the earnest young men in the classes, the short time at their 
 disposal, and the necessity for greatest help given in the shortest pos- 
 sible time, emphasis is placed on the following suggestions for all 
 courses: (a) Every effort should be made to lead students to think 
 for themselves, to see the reasons for each step and thus develop 
 individual power and ability, (b) They should be helped to formu- 
 late rules and principles naturally and inductively from a familiarity 
 with the operations which these rules and principles describe, 
 (c) Best results come from leading students not only to under- 
 stand thoroughly, but to acquire the ability to correctly apply the 
 principles of each subject as related to the practical duties of life. 
 Before beginning work in any subject each teacher should become 
 thoroughly familiar with the standard courses of study in the subject 
 as found in the prospectus, with the plan and object of the move- 
 ment for unified work, with the suggestions from the examiners, and 
 with the character of the examinations. 
 
47 
 
 In outlining a lesson in drawing or in any industrial or shop work 
 to a class, experience shows that it is well to give a blackboard de- 
 scription of the lesson with its details before the class even if blue 
 prints are furnished individual students. Where the work in a sub- 
 ject is entirely individual and no two are on the same topic or prob- 
 lem, these helpful blackboard descriptions cannot be so extensively 
 used. The tendency at present, especially in all advanced work 
 even in the fundamental subjects of bookkeeping, drawing, etc., 
 is more and more towards individual work with the students. This 
 requires that the size of a class for such purposes should not be over 
 ten or fifteen men for a single teacher. In elementary courses in 
 arithmetic, bookkeeping, penmanship, and English, and in the lecture 
 subjects, as business law, twenty, thirty or more men may be equally 
 well handled by one teacher. 
 
 Talks on habits of study, how to secure the most from a given 
 subject, etc., will be most helpful, especially at the beginning of the 
 year; and friendly chats with suggestive hints on making the most 
 of time and opportunities together with new methods and improve- 
 ments should intersperse the entire work. 
 
 For the average student in drawing, mathematics or science and 
 shop work, it is suggested that half the time should be spent on 
 the drawing, modeling and supplementary problems in physics and 
 mechanics, one-fourth of the time on science or mathematical work, 
 and one-fourth on shop work with tools or in the laboratory. The 
 student in shop work should be encouraged to make his own working 
 drawings for the articles he constructs in wood or iron as far as such 
 practice continues helpful. Emphasis should be placed on all forms 
 of study of the English language, as correspondence, use of words, 
 spelling, composition, etc. When these have been well provided for, 
 attention may then be given to the foreign languages. 
 
 A student should not attempt too much. Lead him to take up few 
 subjects and do thorough work. Time should be taken for the sat- 
 isfactory preparation of every lesson or bit of work required. The 
 men should be encouraged to use the library and study rooms of the 
 association and to feel that the secretary, the teachers and officers are 
 willing to render them every possible assistance. 
 
 Most students will find regular exercises in the gymnasium a help 
 to them in their study and class work. The best interests of the 
 associations as a whole can be conserved only as we develop capable 
 minds in physically sound bodies, and all for the purpose of service 
 to others. 
 
48 
 II. Examinations 
 
 Examinations are valuable exercises in association work. They 
 have proven beneficial for the following reasons : They have served 
 as a most helpful stimulus to many teachers and students, and have 
 encouraged much more thoroughness and definiteness in the work. 
 They are valuable as exercises in written English, as they require 
 concise, comprehensive statements. One needs not only to know, but 
 to be able to express what he knows. They reveal to the students 
 and others their own weaknesses and defects as well as their abilities 
 and successes. They demand concentration of mind, sustained men- 
 tal effort and a ready use of one's resources, all of which is valuable 
 educational discipline. 
 
 Every association is invited to participate in these annual exercises, 
 held usually the first week in April. In subjects in which interna- 
 tional examinations are not offered, the association is urged to give 
 its own local examinations. The maintenance of the high standard 
 of the recommended courses of study depends upon the annual inter- 
 national examinations. 
 
 The standard courses of study, embracing as they do not only the 
 essential and universally accepted topics or principles of the subject 
 as applied in all of the best evening schools in America and Europe, 
 and the examinations covering such fundamental principles give each 
 teacher and class a breadth of view and a standard to attain in any 
 particular subject, which is most beneficial to all. Ever since the or- 
 ganization of these examinations their character has been such as to 
 favorably commend them not only to business men and educators 
 throughout the country, but as well to all the leading technical 
 schools, colleges and universities which, to the number of more than 
 one hundred, officially accept the international certificates at their 
 face value in lieu of further examination for entrance. 
 
 Through this unified movement of class work, with standard 
 courses maintained by rigorous international examinations of high 
 character, there is thus a vital relation between young men, the asso- 
 ciations and the institutions of higher learning, in the interests 
 of Christian education, which has never before existed. 
 
 12. Exhibits 
 
 One of the most influential and inspiring things for the promotion 
 of this work, especially as concerns its quality, has been the exhibit. 
 These exhibits are even more essential in association work than in 
 
49 
 
 public school work. In the average place the walls in many portions 
 of the building will be found artistically covered at different times of 
 the year with products of the work of the students. Commercial, 
 language, industrial, and science subjects all easily lend themselves in 
 ways of producing material for such exhibits. One of the best uses 
 of such exhibits is at the closing exercises of the year in April. 
 A second best use is in September and October, to give intending 
 students a practical knowledge of the kind of work done. Much is 
 coming to be made of such exhibits outside the building. If the 
 building is in a much frequented street, a show-case on the outside 
 of the building in which exhibits are continually displayed is of 
 much value. This is the successful experience in Boston. Small 
 portable exhibits, for a few days at a time in the various places, 
 where large numbers of young men are employed, as shops, fac- 
 tories, stores, are also used with great success, especially during the 
 fall. Note the experiences of fifty or more associations in this direc- 
 tion. "Educational Exhibits," a pamphlet published by the Interna- 
 tional Committee, gives full information concerning the collection 
 and use of material in this form. 
 
 13. Closing Exercises 
 
 The graduating or closing exercises are usually held a week or ten 
 days following the international examinations, or April 10-20. This 
 should be made the most interesting and dignified educational gath- 
 ering of the year. It may involve more than one evening, depending 
 upon the conditions. It should include a social and reception in 
 which the exhibit is made the chief attraction, the formal program 
 of graduating exercises, and also the alumni banquet. The exhibit 
 should remain open for a week and special effort be made to bring out 
 the public. The formal closing exercises, however, may be con- 
 ducted by every association, no matter how small. The program 
 should include much music, utilizing the department glee club and or- 
 chestra, one or two short addresses, awarding certificates from local 
 examinations, and extending special honor to those whose papers 
 have stood seventy-five or above in the international examinations, 
 announcing the spring, summer and fall educational features, con- 
 gratulating the teachers and students on the year's work, and leading 
 the young men to plan at once to continue. Effort spent on such pro- 
 grams has always proven an excellent investment. 
 
 The following is the program of the commencement exercises in 
 one of the city associations April 10, 1902 : — 
 
50 
 
 Overture, Association orchestra 
 
 Invocation and Remarks, President of Association 
 
 Music, Association Glee Club 
 
 Oration, One of the graduates 
 
 Recitation, One of the graduates 
 
 Music, Association orchestra 
 
 Annual Report Educational Department, 
 
 Chairman of Committee 
 Music, Association Glee Club 
 
 Address, By the leading educational authority of the state 
 
 Presentation of certificates and awards of honor. 
 Music, Association orchestra 
 
 A reception in the rooms of the exhibit preceded this program. 
 The banquet followed three days after. One thousand five hundred 
 of the city's best people attended the closing exercises, and one hun- 
 dred and forty, the banquet. 
 
 VII. GENERAL EQUIPMENT 
 I. Rooms 
 
 In addition to the libraries and reading rooms, supplied with ade- 
 quate facilities for quiet, comfort and home attractiveness, the 
 average association needs at least two rooms, each supplied with 
 desk, easy chairs, and other facilities for educational club and so- 
 ciety work. Such rooms will accommodate from six to ten or- 
 ganizations of this character when utilizing them on different days 
 of the week. Another room which can be used as a lecture hall, 
 capable of seating from two hundred to four hundred people, is 
 desirable, to accommodate the practical talks and the smaller lectures, 
 together with one or more of the larger societies, and which may be 
 used for banquets and even rented for outside gatherings. 
 
 For the class- work, suitable rooms equipped for the subjects to be 
 taught are needed. From four to ten such class rooms of various 
 size and equipment will accommodate from two hundred to six hun- 
 dred men in from twelve to thirty different subjects, each meeting 
 twice per week. For example, room A, fitted with desks, blackboards, 
 etc., as in an ordinary room in a high school building, will accommo- 
 date the arithmetic class on Monday and Thursday evenings, the 
 English on Tuesday and Friday, and the bookkeeping on Wednesday 
 and Saturday. Room B, equipped with facilities for using experi- 
 ments with water, gas or electricity, will accommodate the class in 
 physics on Monday and Friday, the class in chemistry on Tues- 
 
51 
 
 day and Thursday, and the class in electricity on Wednesday and 
 Saturday. In these two rooms space is provided for six subjects. 
 It is unfortunate so many associations think that because they have 
 only one or two rooms they are thereby limited to only one or two 
 subjects, when a little common sense and forethought could easily 
 double or triple the number of subjects operated. Much of the im- 
 portant class work already accomplished has been done in make-shift 
 rooms, but the better appointments, as to equipment, ventilation, light 
 and attractiveness, should be continually sought. See table showing 
 "Arrangement of Subjects, Hours and Finances," about nine pa.ges 
 preceding. 
 
 2. Class Room Furnishings 
 
 In commercial subjects the usual equipment of blackboard, school- 
 desks, chairs with arm rests for note taking, and other furniture, 
 such as is found in the best evening schools, institutes and colleges, 
 will be most useful, though excellent work is done in many places in 
 all subjects with an equipment of nothing but ordinary chairs and 
 small portable tables. In drawing subjects the equipment varies with 
 the place and teacher. Desks should be substantial yet in general 
 portable. The adjustable desk for a single pupil combines many 
 desirable features and is comparatively inexpensive. This kind of 
 desk is better adapted for free-hand drawing, however, than for me- 
 chanical or architectural. With a substantial drawing-board the 
 average student does excellent work on an ordinary four-legged 
 table. 
 
 In science and industrial subjects, associations having limited 
 equipment but which have striven to make the work most valuable 
 and practical in the daily life of men, have met with the largest re- 
 sults. In these directions more than any other the way is open for 
 the association to do the work which will bring valuable returns in 
 its standing, character and constituency, because most helpful to the 
 largest number of young men. In language and miscellaneous sub- 
 jects, the same general observations for equipment, operation, and 
 courses of study will hold. The chair with one arm extended for 
 note-taking answers well for equipment, and can be used in many 
 other classes as well as for practical talks. A blackboard and in- 
 structor's desk should be in every room used for class-work. 
 
 In some places where industrial and shop work is largely operated, 
 the students often construct much of the needed equipment in the 
 way of tables, drawing boards, lockers, cases of drawers, desks, car- 
 penters' benches, etc. In many places the educational work is de- 
 
52 
 
 veloping so that it requires as dignified quarters as the physical de- 
 partment or the boys' department, an annex plan being desirable. 
 The introduction of industrial subjects requiring facilities for shop 
 work will render this the more essential. 
 
 3. Student's Equipment 
 
 Depending upon the custom and local arrangements, each student 
 will generally be expected to provide himself with such material as is 
 found most desirable for each class, educational club or society 
 joined. The text-books, paper and supplies of various kinds are 
 usually found on sale at the building at cost prices. The material for 
 a course in bookkeeping at from $2 to $4 per outfit will usually be the 
 most expensive of any commercial, political, language, or many of 
 the science subjects pursued. In some of the industrial subjects, as 
 drawing, in the laboratory work of chemistry and electricity, and in 
 the shop work subjects in wood and metal, the expense for material 
 will be greater. 
 
 Good drawing paper is essential. Many kinds are on the market. 
 For mechanical and architectural drawing, paper like "Whatmans," 
 "peerless," "egg-shell," "German," and other brands that will take 
 both pencil and ink is most desirable. In free-hand drawing a rougher 
 grained paper for pencil and carbon use is desirable. The sizes of 
 paper recommended are: For elementary, 11x15 inches or 15x22 
 inches; advanced, 15 x 22 inches or 22 x 30 inches. All of these .sizes 
 will trim and mount easily on the standard size cardboard for ex- 
 hibits. Each plate or drawing, for purpose of binding if desired, 
 should have a margin of one inch or one and one-half inch on each 
 side. For many reasons it is desirable to have the students make 
 blue prints of much of their work, especially the regular course 
 drawings and exhibitable plates. Each student should own his 
 drawing board (24 x 30 inches in size) and instruments. These may 
 be kept in the stationary drawing table made for the purpose, as in 
 the West Side Branch, New York, or they may be locked with the 
 boards and tools of all other students in a general locker or cabinet, 
 as in a few places, or they may be cared for in many other ways 
 depending on the local situation. It does not pay to buy a poor set 
 of drawing instruments. To obtain good value, from $2.50 up 
 should be thus invested. 
 
 4. Bench Work in Wood or Elementary Carpentry 
 
 A good set of tools costs $10 and upward. The students, with the 
 teacher's aid, may possibly make their own benches. Where the 
 
53 
 
 bench is purchased it costs from $5 to $15 or more. For a class of 
 ten. one full set of tools (Set No. I.) will be sufficient if in addition 
 each bench or person is supplied with a small number of the most 
 commonly used tools as in Set No. II. 
 
 Set No. I. 
 
 Bevel 6". 
 
 Bit brace. 
 
 Bits, auger, %", y%" , ^", 1". 
 
 Bits, drill, ■^", 3%". 
 
 Chisels, firmer, %", yi", Y^" , i" 
 
 Dividers. 
 
 Gauge. 
 
 Gouge, 54" inside ground. 
 
 Gouge, %" outside ground. 
 
 Hammer, claw. 
 
 Hammer, pein. 
 
 Mallet. 
 
 Oil can. 
 
 Oil stone. 
 
 Lead pencils. 
 
 Plane, Bailey iron, smooth, 8" 
 
 Plane. Bailey iron, block, 6". 
 
 Pliers. 
 
 Rule 2'. 
 
 Saw, 16" panel rip. 
 
 Saw, 16" cut off. 
 
 Saw, 10" back. 
 
 Saw-block. 
 
 Screw-driver. 
 
 Square, framing. 
 
 Try square, 8". 
 
 Vise. 
 
 Set No. II. 
 
 Chisels, firmer, Yz" , 1". 
 
 Hammer, claw. 
 
 Plane. Bailey iron, smooth. 
 
 Rule 2'. 
 
 Saw, 16" cut off. 
 
 Saw, 10" back. 
 
 Saw-block. 
 
 Try square, 6". 
 
 Thirty pupils, in three sections of ten each, can be provided with 
 tools and equipment for $200 and tip, or from $6 to $8 per student. 
 The association, of course, should own the equipment and tools. A 
 case of drawers to hold the tools in systematic order, the work, 
 aprons, etc.. can be made by the class. It is recommended that 
 bench work in wood be limited as a rule to boys under fiiteen years 
 of age and hence confined to the boys' departments. 
 
 5. Sloyd 
 
 In a number of places the subject of Sloyd has proved of much in- 
 terest and value in the boys' departments. This is perhaps more 
 largely so in the East and New England, while its equivalent in the 
 shape of manual training or elementary carpentry is found more 
 prevalent in the West. An equipment including bench and tools for 
 Sloyd work for ten boys working at once costs from $150 up. It can, 
 however, be utilized by twenty, thirty or forty boys coming in two, 
 three or four different sections. 
 
 6. Wood-tTiming 
 
 A good nine-inch swing lathe with head and tail centers, screw face- 
 plate four inches in diameter, and plain face-plate six inches in di- 
 
54 
 
 ameter with five-Inch and ten-inch rests, costs $50 and upward. The 
 tools cost from $4 to $8, and consist of one-inch gouge, ground 
 straight across the edge for roughing; three-quarter gouge, round 
 end; 5^-inch chisel, skew edge; one-inch chisel, skew edge; ^-inch 
 chisel, round edge; ^-inch chisel, straight edge; ten-inch calipers; 
 parting tool, ^-inch ; two-foot rule ; oil stone and slip-stone ; shrink 
 rule, ^-inch to one inch. 
 
 7. Forging 
 
 A small portable hand forge costs $10 or more, and an anvil from 
 $8 to $12. The set of tools costs from $6 to $10, and comprises ham- 
 mers, fire shovel, twelve-inch square, tongs with jaws for holding 
 various shapes of iron, hot and cold chisels, swages, fullers, punches, 
 flatters, bolt heading tools, set hammer, heading tools, water and coal 
 box. Some of these tools can be made by the students, as has been 
 the experience in at least three associations. 
 
 VIII. FINANCES 
 I. Budget 
 
 An annual budget of from twenty per cent to thirty per cent or 
 more of the entire current expenses for the local organization as a 
 whole, should be provided by the educational committee in conjunc- 
 tion with the association finance committee, for the conduct of the 
 educational features. The exact amount will vary with the place, 
 and be in proportion to the field for such effort and the degree of 
 educational appreciation developed. The salary of the educational 
 director, or the amount spent for supervision, should not be included, 
 but arranged from the same budget as the salaries of the general 
 secretary, the physical director, or other paid officials. All ma- 
 terial, as desks, furnishings, etc., for permanent equipment is to be 
 provided outside the funds necessary for the conduct of these edu- 
 cational features. While no exact division of the educational budget 
 for the various features can be made, yet judging from the ex- 
 periences of many associations, it is suggested that about one-fourth 
 of the amount be devoted to periodicals for the reading room, the 
 necessary new books for the library, and the advertising of all edu- 
 cational features. Similarly, and judging from the growing im- 
 portance of the work, about one-fourth or more of the amount may 
 be wisely spent in the conduct of numerous educational lectures 
 and practical talks, the encouragement of literary societies, and the 
 
55 
 
 varied forms of educational clubs. The balance of the amount may- 
 be devoted to the conduct of the class work. Of this entire educa- 
 tional budget, a large and varying proportion will be met by the tui- 
 tion fees of students and from other revenue sources. 
 
 2. Sources of Revenue 
 
 The necessary funds for the operation of educational work come 
 from three sources : (a) Endowment, (b) annual appropriation, 
 (c) tuition fees from the students and club members. In every asso- 
 ciation an endowment fund, the income from which will meet from 
 twenty to thirty per cent of the annual educational expenses, is very 
 desirable. A few organizations have funds in varying amounts from 
 which they derive a small income. At the same time, it does not 
 seem wise to recommend an endowment so large that the income will 
 take care of the entire annual expenses. 
 
 For the most healthful growth and development of men, of the 
 institution, and of the community, it is desirable that an annual ap- 
 propriation provided from the voluntary subscriptions of the inter- 
 ested public be secured. This necessitates that annual cultivation of 
 the community which most helpfully reacts in the growth of the 
 institution. The amount of this appropriation will vary according 
 to the work done, the size of the endowment fund and the amount 
 of the tuition fees ; it should however range from twenty to thirty 
 per cent of the annual budget, or such an amount as will meet the ex- 
 penses of the department not covered by tuition fees and endowment. 
 
 The third source of revenue comes from tuition fees charged the 
 students and club members, also the paid admissions to a few of the 
 lectures. In the decade from 1892-1902, the growth of the tuition fees 
 was remarkable, or from zero to $60,000. These funds, in addition to 
 the membership fees, are received by the local treasuries of the asso- 
 ciations observing this beneficial practice. These fees will approxi- 
 mately cover from fifty to seventy per cent or more of the expenses 
 of the class work and clubs, the balance being provided through the 
 annual appropriation and the income from endowment funds. 
 
 For example, if the net expense for periodicals in the reading room 
 is $90, the annual appropriation for the library $50, the expense of 
 clubs and societies $60, of the educational lectures and talks $100, 
 of instruction in the class-work $400, and of advertising all educa- 
 tional features $160, the total budget is $860. If the income from en- 
 dowment funds is $175, and from tuition fees in classes and clubs is 
 $490, the admissions to lectures $75, then the total receipts are $740. 
 
56 
 
 The net appropriation used from the general fund is therefore 
 
 but $120. 
 
 3. Tuition Fees 
 
 The experience generally has been decidedly in favor of charging 
 tuition fees for the various classes offered. These fees help meet the 
 increased expense of the conduct of the vi^ork on ever-improving and 
 increasing lines of policy and quality. Within reasonable limits these 
 fees should be nominal and of course vary with the place and its 
 customs and conditions. In an average normal class or club of 
 fifteen or more men the tuition fees should be such nominal amounts 
 per man, per subject, per term or season, as w^ill approximately take 
 care of the cost of the instruction. The average prices of such fees 
 per subject per season range from $1 for penmanship to $5 or more 
 for advanced subjects. If a subject, club, or other tuition feature, funs 
 through the entire season, or for two terms, it is very desirable that 
 the tuitions for such privileges be paid in advance for the entire time, 
 thus insuring better attendance in the second term. For the funda- 
 mental subjects, such as are taught in the public schools and the free 
 evening schools, there is at present a temptation to make the fees 
 too high. There is danger in going to the extreme in any venture, 
 however good its moderate and normal action may be. 
 
 When the Educational Department of the International Committee 
 was organized (1892) no extra tuition fees were charged. In a few 
 places the returnable deposit fee system was observed. It soon 
 came to be realized, however, that though the student's purse might 
 be limited, if he were obliged to pay something for these educational 
 privileges in addition to his membership fee, it would be to his best 
 advantage, both for the present and the future. The recognized prin- 
 ciple under this is that a man appreciates that for which he has to 
 give or sacrifice something, and the appreciation or the gain re- 
 ceived is often in proportion to the sacrifice made to secure the same. 
 The practice has proven most beneficial to all concerned, as will be 
 seen by the increased attendance, the improved results, the higher 
 efficiency and the quality of work done. The old practice of return- 
 able deposit fees is rapidly and deservedly going out of use and being 
 supplanted by the straight non-returnable tuition fees. 
 
 The following is a list of the tuition fees charged at present 
 (1902) in the average of thirty of the best associations, per subject 
 per season. These classes meet twice per week for twenty-five 
 weeks. These fees are lower in a few places, but higher in many 
 others : — 
 
57 
 
 Algebra, ele 
 
 
 . .$3.00 
 
 Algebra, adv 
 
 
 ...5.00 
 
 Arithmetic, ele. . . . 
 
 
 .. .2.00 
 
 Arithmetic, adv. . . 
 
 
 ...3.00 
 
 Arch. Drawing. . . . 
 
 
 .. .3.00 
 
 Bookkeeping, ele.. 
 
 
 ...2.50 
 
 Bookkeeping, adv. 
 
 
 . . . 4.00 
 
 Civil Government. 
 
 
 .. .2.00 
 
 Commercial Law, ele. . 
 
 . . .2.00 
 
 Commercial Law, adv. 
 
 .. .3.00 
 
 English, ele 
 
 . . .2.00 
 
 English, adv 
 
 .. .3.00 
 
 Electricity, ele 
 
 ...3.00 
 
 Electricity, adv. . . . 
 
 
 .. .5.00 
 
 Freehand Drawing 
 
 Mechanical Drawing, ele 
 Mechanical Drawing, adv 
 
 Orchestra 
 
 Penmanship and Spelling 
 Physiology and First Aid 
 
 Physics 
 
 Political Science. 
 Stenography, ele. 
 Stenography, adv. 
 Social Economics 
 
 Spanish 
 
 Typewriting 
 
 Vocal Music 
 
 $300 
 .3.00 
 .5.00 
 .4.00 
 .1.00 
 .2.00 
 .3.00 
 .3.00 
 .2.00 
 .3.00 
 .3.00 
 .3.00 
 .2.00 
 .3.00 
 
 In a few associations, where the term of three months is coming to 
 be regarded as the unit of time and of work, and where courses are 
 planned for no longer periods, the tuition fees as above are charged 
 per student, per term of from twenty to twenty-five lessons. For 
 club work the fees range from $1 up, per season, depending on the 
 nature of work done. 
 
 The best endowed educational institutions charge tuition fees, 
 though such may not be needed to cover expenses, because their 
 experience shows the results to the students to be far better under 
 such practice. The superintendent of public evening schools in a 
 large Eastern city recently said : "The one thing that handicaps us 
 most is the fact that we cannot charge tuition fees to encourage the 
 independence of students and to weed out the idle, the curious, and 
 the indifferent." 
 
 Even with the present tuition fees, which are from two hundred 
 per cent to five hundred per cent higher than in 1880-1890, association 
 officers in their contact with intending students in shops, offices and 
 other places of employment, find frequent criticism of the cheapness 
 of the educational features. Many believe that ambitious employed 
 men who desire to really do serious work pass by the association 
 because they argue that they cannot obtain good results for so little 
 money. 
 
 IX. GENERAL 
 
 I. Spring Term 
 
 As association educational work has developed, a few of the or- 
 ganizations have conducted one or more features in the spring after 
 April I, when the more active classes and clubs usually close. 
 
58 
 
 During the past two or three years this extension of work has so 
 developed that a number of places are now conducting a regular 
 spring term, in which many classes are conducted with largely dif- 
 ferent bodies of men than in the winter. The same or different 
 teachers are employed, depending upon conditions, and the nature of 
 the work as a whole varies but little from that during the fall and 
 winter. This extension deserves much encouragement. Public 
 schools, business colleges, private schools and other educational in- 
 stitutions most largely continue their work during the spring until 
 late in June, and a few of them continue the year round. In striving 
 to meet the needs of young men, we should be no less diligent in 
 this same service. 
 
 The following shows how one association, in a city of less than 
 one hundred thousand population, announces its educational class 
 work for the spring and summer. The information was contained 
 on two sides of a card and issued March i : — 
 
 Spring Term. 
 
 " The Association Institute in the Young Men's Christian Association 
 building, will conduct a spring term (March 31 to June 28, 1903) in a number 
 of branches and courses. (See below.) 
 
 " Teachers. To the well-known policy of the association in having none 
 but the best teachers in the various branches, is doubtless due the continued 
 success of the institute. During the past season over 500 different students 
 have been enrolled in our classes. In 1898 we had 236 men; in 1899, 294; 1900, 
 331, and in 1901, 337 different men. 
 
 " Shop Classes. An exceptional opportunity is afforded young men in the 
 evening shop classes to learn the use of tools, wood-turning, joining, and 
 elements of carpentry. 
 
 " Other Features. The library is being used more than ever before, new 
 books being constantly added. The reading room grows more popular 
 daily. An excellent series of talks is prepared for members during April, 
 May and June. The social and entertainment committee is arranging a 
 series of entertainments, the magnificent hand ball court is proving an 
 attraction of much interest, and the gymnasium, swimming classes, etc., 
 will be conducted regularly through the summer and spring." 
 
59 
 
 Spring Term of Association Institute 
 
 Y. M. C. A. BUILDING. 
 March 31 to June 7. 
 
 Class 
 
 Evenings 
 
 Hours 
 
 Fee Term 
 
 
 Tues.— Fri. 
 Tues.— Fri. 
 Mon.— Thurs. 
 Mon. — Thurs. 
 Tues.— Fri. 
 Mon.— Thurs. 
 Tues.— Fri 
 Mon. —Thurs. 
 Mon.— Thurs. 
 
 7:30—8:30 
 8:30-9:30 
 7:30-9:30 
 7:30-9:30 
 7:30—9:30 
 7:30—9:30 
 8:30—9:30 
 7:30—9:30 
 7:30-9:30 
 
 $3.00 
 2.00 
 
 Algebra 
 
 Architectural Drawing 
 Bookkeeping 
 
 2.50 
 2 50 
 
 Freehand Drawing 
 
 Mechanical Drawing... 
 
 2.00 
 2.00 
 2.00 
 
 Shorthand 
 
 2.50 
 
 Typewriting 
 
 2.50 
 
 
 
 NIGHT SHOP CLASSES FOR MEN. 
 March 31 to June 28. 
 
 Class 
 
 Evenings 
 
 Hours 
 
 Fee Term 
 
 Carpentry 
 
 Mon. — Thurs. 
 Mon.— Thurs. 
 Mon.— Thurs. 
 
 7:30-9:30 
 7:30-9:30 
 7:30-9:30 
 
 $3.00 
 
 Wood Carving 
 
 5.00 
 
 Clay Modeling 
 
 3.00 
 
 
 
 DAY SHOP CLASSES FOR SCHOOL BOYS. 
 Manual training March 31 to June 28. 
 
 Class 
 
 Days 
 
 Hours 
 
 Fee Term 
 
 
 Mon.— Thurs. 
 Mon.— Thurs. 
 Tues.— Fri. 
 Tues.— Fri. 
 Tues.— Fri. 
 Saturday 
 Saturday 
 
 3:00— 4:00 
 4:00— 5:00 
 1:30— 2:30 
 3:00— 4:00 
 4:00— 5:00 
 8:30—10:00 
 1:00— 2:30 
 
 $3.00 
 3.00 
 
 
 Juveniles (6 to 8 yrs).. . . 
 Boys 
 
 4.00 
 3.00 
 
 
 3.U0 
 
 Boys 
 
 3.00 
 
 
 3.00 
 
 
 
 2. Summer School 
 
 With the development of the work of spring terms in a number 
 of organizations, there naturally comes the opportunity for conduct- 
 ing a summer or vacation school during the months of July and 
 August. In some large cities vacation schools are thus conducted in 
 a few of the public school buildings during three hours each morn- 
 ing, to accommodate the thousands of children who are obliged to 
 remain in the city during the heated term. It would seem that the 
 way was open for many large city associations, especially in the boys' 
 
6o 
 
 departments, to operate a work for boys, and for the associations to 
 conduct, either in the day-time or evening, or both, those features for 
 which there may be a demand. One association at least conducts 
 such a summer school during the day-time for ten weeks from July i. 
 Three other places are making their plans for such work, one of 
 which is here referred to, through a printed notice on one side of a 
 card, and issued as early as March i. 
 
 Summer School. 
 
 "The Association Institute will also conduct a summer school during July 
 and August, for those who desire to make up back work or prepare for pro- 
 motion. The term opens this year (1902) Monday, June 30. Class hours are 
 from 9 A. M. to 12.30 P. M. each day except Saturday. The courses of study 
 and text-books will be the same as for grammar grades of public schools. 
 Details of this term will be made known later." 
 
 3. Industrial and Science Work 
 
 Encouraging progress has been made in the development of this 
 phase of work, especially in quality and quantity, but its extent is 
 but a fraction of what it should be, or what we hope it may become. 
 Of the young men workers in North America, from sixty to seventy- 
 five per cent are engaged in occupations which are built upon a 
 knowledge of the industrial and science subjects. To be of the 
 greatest benefit to this vast army of young men, facilities for ac- 
 quiring a practical knowledge in the various forms of drawing, 
 mathematics, the vast fields of physics, chemistry and electricity, 
 should be open to them. As a fact, however, there are but one- 
 quarter as many opportunities in these directions for the average 
 young man as there are for studying commercial and language 
 subjects. 
 
 Commendable progress is being made in the associations in push- 
 ing mechanical, architectural and free-hand drawing, algebra and 
 geometry. Comparatively little is done in the elements of physics, 
 chemistry and electricity. From the experiences of Great Britain 
 and Europe in these directions, not only our best productive welfare, 
 but our life as a nation, will soon come to depend upon a practical 
 knowledge of these subjects and how they are made to enter into the 
 successful life-work of each individual. To this end, special im- 
 portance must be placed by each organization upon these industrial 
 and science subjects, because they are at the foundation of the trades 
 and industries. 
 
 All forms of industrial, original and textile design, together with 
 the application of the fundamental, industrial and science subjects to 
 
6i 
 
 the numerous daily occupations of men, need special encouragement. 
 In nearly all industrial centers especially, there is ample room for 
 the association to conduct one of the leading schools of design, as 
 well as in commercial centers for it to operate the leading evening 
 law school, which is the case in a few cities. A school of industrial art 
 under similar auspices is also possible in many large industrial and 
 art centers. 
 
 4. Day Work 
 
 The development of association work proves that in the larger 
 cities especially there is a field for successful day work. A few 
 organizations have proven this by years of experience. The attend- 
 ance of a number of young men, each paying a tuition fee of from $8 
 to $12 per month proves the existence of a demand for such facili- 
 ties in commercial and business training, and also proves that the 
 students appreciate these facilities when offered under association 
 auspices. This work should be encouraged in all large organizations 
 in cities of one hundred thousand population and above. Similarly 
 in one place at least there is operated a technical school, including 
 manual training and other phases of shop work. In a number of 
 places steps are being taken to organize day work in academic lines, 
 language schools, and especially college preparatory courses. We 
 feel there are at least thirty large city associations that could operate 
 such work most profitably. In general, every large city or railroad 
 association which rents any of its rooms to an outside party for the 
 conduct of a day school, a business college or other educational 
 feature, is in excellent position to, and should, operate the same 
 feature under association auspices. It can do this at a similar 
 financial profit, to say nothing of the much greater beneficial influence 
 of the association. 
 
 5. Young Men and Political, Economic, and Industrial Betterment 
 
 The value of an association in its community is not calculated by 
 its building, the number of its class rooms, or the size of its budget. 
 The true measures of their worth are forces rather than things — char- 
 acter, skilled leadership, and power — better than buildings and equip- 
 ment, because they are what make buildings, equipment and money 
 effective. Backed by these forces, experience shows that an associa- 
 tion may ask large things from its community and obtain them. If 
 the organization is to be an educational factor in city life, on what 
 subject is there greater need for practical enlightenment than the 
 
62 
 
 duties of citizenship — affairs municipal, state and national — and their 
 betterment ? What larger field is there than studying and working for 
 better economic, social and industrial conditions, for more harmony 
 of relation between employer and employee? If its legitimate sphere 
 is to battle with intemperance, dishonesty and impurity in men, why 
 not in the city and the nation? What moral and educational prob- 
 lem combined demands more intensely practical handling than the 
 municipal problem? In its work and influence with men, the associa- 
 tion is in a peculiarly strategic position to help solve this question. 
 Through various kinds of club work, class instruction, reading 
 courses and especially the outline in municipal betterment, a number 
 of places are doing valiant service and contributing towards the so- 
 lution of this great problem. For the conduct of these clubs, series 
 of talks, class work, and society for municipal betterment, see the 
 particular publications of the International Committee in these 
 directions. 
 
 6. Boys' Department 
 
 The best work is done for the working boy educationally when it 
 helps him to help himself; when it leads him to think clearly and 
 reason fairly well; when it develops a desire for good reading, for 
 more knowledge, and gives him a higher uplift and a broader 
 outlook on life. No other class of boys when once interested is so 
 keenly appreciative of its privileges. 
 
 The fundamental educational features for the working boy con- 
 sist of the library, reading room, educational club or society, talks 
 and class work. Only a few organizations will be able to conduct 
 all of these features. Every association, however, may have one or 
 more educational clubs, and a series of live practical talks. Many 
 also have special reading rooms and libraries. An increasing num- 
 ber will be able to organize class work. 
 
 As a rule working boys who have had only a few years of public 
 school privileges become identified with the educational classes more 
 readily than with other educational features. As there are boys in 
 all grades of intelligence, it is desirable to plan for the maximum of 
 boys for individual instruction supplemented by the class work, if 
 the results to each boy are to be of the most permanent value. The 
 subjects taught will vary with the field. Business arithmetic, and ac- 
 counts, practical grammar, including business correspondence, much 
 drawing, penmanship, and spelling, are more fundamental and com- 
 mon than others. The most successful work is done where class 
 
63 
 
 work privileges are provided for three, four or five evenings per 
 week, and in which each of the above mentioned subjects has 
 definite attention. The class arrangements, regulations for com- 
 mitteemen, tuition fees, etc., are otherwise very much the same as 
 with the seniors, only in each case adapted to meet the conditions 
 among the boys. 
 
 7. Bible Study and Religious Work 
 
 The more firmly united in interest and effort with the other depart- 
 ments the educational work can become, the better for all. This 
 is the experience where the largest and best results are obtained. 
 Special importance attaches to the policy that will lead the educa- 
 tional features to bear a close relation to the Bible study and re- 
 ligious work of the association. Many things are in common in 
 the conduct of the classes in both, as is seen through the elements 
 of study, teachers, recitations, class records, etc. 
 
 A committee of picked men in the various educational features, 
 to cooperate with the religious work committee of the association, 
 has been successfully used. Bible classes organized especially for 
 men in the educational department and under its auspices are success- 
 ful in a large number of places. One object of the educational work 
 is to stimulate a quiet, yet aggressive and systematic, effort to lead 
 each student personally to Christ; realizing that "except the Lord 
 build the house, they labor in vain that build it." 
 
 X. CHRONOLOGICAL 
 
 To be of increased helpfulness to many associations in their edu- 
 cational work, the following items are given attention during the 
 year by the most successful organizations and at the times indicated. 
 The outline is necessarily brief, as the substance of the suggestions 
 is treated in the various topics covered in the pamphlet, "Educa- 
 tional Work for Men," price 25 cents in paper or 40 cents in boards. 
 
 J. July. A card, letter, leaflet or circular should reach not only 
 each member, but also each young man in the city. This should call 
 attention to the educational features in operation during the summer, 
 such as a summer school, educational clubs, the library, reading room, 
 lectures, talks, etc. ; and emphasize the necessity of the men planning 
 early for their connection with one or more of the classes, clubs or 
 other features in the fall. The object of all this printed matter is 
 
64 
 
 for the cultivation of the constituency, hence it should be definitely- 
 informing, helpfully convincing, and successful. See topic of "Ad- 
 vertising." 
 
 One or more meetings of the educational committee should be held. 
 
 Plans for the general features all made and printed matter settled 
 upon and issued if possible before September i. 
 
 2. September. This is the key month of the year. In it and con- 
 tinued through October should be a most vigorous educational can- 
 vass and solicitation of young men. 
 
 Advertising. The annual prospectus, with detailed plans for 
 classes, clubs, societies, lectures, etc. ; leaflets, newspapers, cards, 
 posters, letters, — all issued and in the hands of young men by Sep- 
 tember 15-20 if possible. 
 
 Noon shop meetings with cooperation of employers and foremen, 
 and the systematic distribution of printed matter. 
 
 Study of the field. Systematic visit of plants and factories by com- 
 mittee, director and others. Conferences with foremen and em- 
 ployers. 
 
 Committee meetings weekly or oftener. 
 
 Educational Sunday the third or fourth Sunday in September. 
 
 Receptions, one or more, to young men of the city during the third 
 or fourth week. Daily conferences with inquiring students. 
 
 Joint meeting, perhaps including tea, of committee, teachers, 
 leaders of educational clubs and societies, — very important. 
 
 opening exercises, last week of the month. 
 "Advertising," "Receptions," "Educational 
 and conduct," "Supervision," "Teachers' 
 
 factories and store windows, with daily ex- 
 
 Educational rally or 
 See "Fall campaign," 
 rally," "Organization 
 meetings," "Finances." 
 
 Portable exhibits in 
 planations if possible. 
 
 S. October, November. Special care is necessary to foster and 
 preserve the interest kindled in September. One way to do this is for 
 each committeeman to visit each educational society, club, or class 
 at least bi-weekly, and give hearty words of encouragement to men 
 and teachers, and thus show his own continued interest. Success 
 of the year's work depends on this important personal service 
 through the fall and winter months. 
 
 Exhibits in factories continued. 
 
 Committee meetings monthly or at call of chairman. 
 
 Teachers' meetings if there are four or more teachers. 
 
 Items showing progress of the work, in newspapers, at least 
 weekly, and occasional circulars or leaflets issued. 
 
65 
 
 Study of the field continued. See "Fall campaign," "Super- 
 vision," "Finances," "Conduct," etc. 
 
 4. December. New plans, lectures and talks, clubs, classes, etc., 
 for the winter term matured and advertised by leaflet, in daily press, 
 and at all meetings. 
 
 Committee meetings. 
 
 Written reviews and examinations. While some subjects will con- 
 tinue till April, perhaps a few short courses will close with the fall 
 term. 
 
 Joint meeting of teachers, club and society leaders, and committee, 
 either before December 20 or during the holidays. 
 
 5. The Holidays. If any break is made it should be as short and 
 brief as possible. It will be much easier to conduct a few classes 
 from December 26 to January 3 than from December 16 to 24. Many 
 young men have no home or other opportunity for holiday pleasures 
 aside from those obtained in the association. 
 
 A social, entertainment, trip, sleigh-ride, skating party, etc., for 
 the men in the educational department as a whole, or for different 
 classes and clubs as is expedient, and managed by the men them- 
 selves, is very profitable. Utilize all opportunities to develop the 
 esprit de corps, class spirit and loyalty. 
 
 Advertise winter term. Begin class work as soon as possible. 
 
 Joint meetings of teachers, officers, and committee, if not held in 
 December. See "Holidays," "Supervision," "Finances," "Organiza- 
 tion," "Terms," etc. 
 
 6. January, February. Committee meetings monthly or at call 
 of chairman. 
 
 Quiet but thorough and systematic study of the local educational 
 problems and the field for extension of work. 
 
 Teachers' meetings. 
 
 Continued encouragement of students and teachers by personal 
 frequent visits of committeemen and officers. 
 
 Keep the general public and the young men posted on the progress 
 of the work, and the plans for the future. Use the press, and oc- 
 casional letters, cards, and leaflets. 
 
 See "Supervision," "Conduct," "Educational committee." 
 
 7. March. The same interest and work of committee, officers, and 
 teachers is to be encouraged and continued. 
 
 Determine upon and advertise plans for spring term, summer 
 school, educational clubs, reading courses, talks, and other features. 
 Committee meetings. 
 
66 
 
 Joint meeting of teachers, leaders, and committee March 15-20. 
 This is very important. 
 
 Encourage plans to participate in international examinations. 
 
 Important annual meeting of committee to act upon recommenda- 
 tions and general plans for next fall. What clubs, kinds 
 of lectures, and class subjects to drop, which to retain, what new 
 ones to add, and the same as concerns the club leaders, the lecturers, 
 and the employment of teachers. This gives facts to begin to ad- 
 vertise work of spring, summer and fall. 
 
 See "Spring term," "Supervision," "Educational committee." 
 
 8. April. Annual international and local examinations the first 
 week. 
 
 Annual exhibit first and second weeks. 
 
 Annual commencement, or closing exercises, second week. 
 
 Spring term opens April i-io for three months. 
 
 Advertise spring and summer terms; other features, also general 
 plans for coming season. 
 
 Continual study of the field, its problems, the needs of men in all 
 leading occupations and the features to best meet such needs. 
 
 Many different accounts of the year's work in the daily press. 
 
 See "Examinations," "Closing exercises," "Advertising." 
 
 p. May and June. Continued work of the committee and officers, 
 improving, extending and advertising plans. 
 
 Parlor conferences of business men quarterly through the year will 
 prove valuable. One conference may involve the foremen of a 
 single large industry, or a number of allied industries, as the iron and 
 steel manufacturers of a city; another may similarly involve all en- 
 gaged in transportation; another, those in finance, banks, trust 
 companies, etc. 
 
 Spring term, and the lectures, talks, clubs and reading courses for 
 the spring conducted. 
 
 Advertising work, both present and future, by card, leaflet, letter 
 and press among all young men. 
 
 See "Supervision," "Educational committee," "Advertising," etc. 
 
 The associations following the substance of such a schedule for 
 the year are reaping the most beneficial results. 
 
 LofC. 
 
67 
 XI. RECORDS, FORMS AND REPORTS 
 
 1. Importance 
 
 No business firm, religious organization, or club creditably main- 
 tains the confidence of the public very long unless its books of 
 record are well kept and able at all times to reveal the material and 
 working condition of the organization. In a peculiar sense should 
 this be true of the records of the educational work of the association 
 and in each of its features. It is also of greatest importance that 
 these records should be permanently filed with the general records 
 of the association so that in the change of officers and secretaries, 
 the incoming officials will not be at a loss to discover the conditions 
 and grasp the work without further delay. 
 
 The records of the library should show the care of every book, 
 its cataloguing, and be supplemented with a simple system of check- 
 ing books drawn and returned. The list of periodicals, prices and 
 how obtained will be carefully preserved annually. Appropriate 
 simple methods of recording the nature and work of literary socie- 
 ties and other educational clubs are in use. "The Literary Society 
 and Congress Record," published by the International Committee, 
 price twenty cents, is for this purpose. A permanent record of those 
 giving educational lectures, practical talks, together with the nature, 
 finances and results of the same, should be carefully made and pre- 
 served. 
 
 2. Class Records 
 
 Perhaps the more detailed records come in connection with the 
 class work. Some results of the class work can be measured and 
 presented to the public only in so far as an accurate class record is 
 kept by each individual teacher. "The Revised Class Record," pub- 
 lished by the International Committee, price ten cents, is in wide 
 use for classes in both educational work and Bible study. A page 
 of this record filled for a class in mechanical drawing is here given 
 to illustrate its use. At the head of the page is found the name of the 
 class, space for number of lessons per week and weeks in the course. 
 Under the name of the month should be filled in, as the class pro- 
 ceeds, the dates on which the class meets. 
 
Jo. belonging.. 13.4 
 
 ttendance 10.6 
 
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69 
 
 (a) Attendance. A check indicates present; A, denotes absent; 
 E, entered ; L, left ; R, reentered. The location of the letters E and L 
 will give the time of entry and leaving. Three cases of tardiness, 
 or leaving the class before the close of the class hour, will constitute 
 one absence. When a student removes from the city, the letter L 
 should be placed at once in his record. If he is absent three con- 
 secutive sessions without sufficient excuse, or for any other reason 
 forfeits his place in the class, he ceases to belong to the class and 
 is marked L in the fourth space of such consecutive absence. Care- 
 fulness in these details will favorably influence the per cent of at- 
 tendance. 
 
 (b) Enrollment is the total number of different persons joining 
 a class, or attending three consecutive sessions. It increases with 
 the entry of each new student throughout the term or year. It 
 should be begun with the second or third meeting of the class. In 
 the example given, the enrollment for the first two sessions is ten, 
 for the next three sessions eleven, for the next session thirteen, and 
 at the end of the first month it is fifteen. By the end of the year it 
 has reached eighteen, as no new student was admitted to the class 
 after December i. 
 
 (c) The average number belonging, less than the enrollment and 
 greater than the average attendance, is the number on which the cost 
 of class work per capita is based and the per cent of attendance com- 
 puted. For each month or for the year it equals the sum of the num- 
 ber belonging at each class session during the month or year, di- 
 vided by the number of class sessions in that month or year re- 
 spectively. Referring to the paragraph on attendance and also to the 
 illustration we find that the number belonging for each of the first 
 eight sessions of the month of October corresponds with the en- 
 rollment. For the last session of the month, however, one student 
 has left. This reduces the number belonging on that day to four- 
 teen. In March and April, while the enrollment remains eighteen, 
 the number belonging is steadily decreasing because of the men 
 leaving the city, or being absent three times without excuse. 
 
 For October the average number belonging is 109 -=- 9 (the number 
 of class sessions) = 12. i For November it is similarly 143 -^ 9 := 16 ; 
 and for the year in the same manner it is 790 -r- 59 = 13.4. 
 
 (d) The average attendance for a month or a year is the total 
 attendance divided by the number of class sessions in the same period. 
 Thus, in the example, for October it is 92 -=- 9 = 10,2. For November 
 it is no -H 9 = 12.2; and similarly for the year it is 630 -=- 59 = 10.6. 
 
70 
 
 Thus we see that while the enrollment for the year was i8, the average 
 number belonging was 13.4, and the average attendance 10.6. 
 
 (e) The per cent of attendance is the measure of the students' im- 
 provement of their opportunities, and is found for any month or year 
 by dividing the average attendance of that month or year by the 
 average number belonging for the same period. Thus for October it 
 is 10 -f- 12.1 = 84.3^; for November it is 12.2 -=- 16 = 80^; and for the 
 year it is 10.6 h- 13.4 = 79.1^. This is a low figure for the year. It 
 indicates flagging interest on the part of students and perhaps some 
 degree of weakness on the part of the teacher. In the best associa- 
 tions, with normal conditions and fair sized classes, the per cent of 
 attendance for the year should range above 85. 
 
 (f) Final Report. At the close of the season's class work, the 
 items of total attendance, number of lessons, students enrolled, num- 
 ber of students belonging, etc., as found at the top of the record page, 
 should all be filled out correctly as per directions, explanations and 
 illustrations herewith. This makes a permanent record and facili- 
 tates a report of this work to the state and international committees. 
 
 3. Occupations 
 
 While the number of occupations represented by men in the 
 various features of educational work is above one hundred and 
 forty, and while there is no iron-clad method of classifying these 
 in groups, yet the experience of the best associations has made use 
 of the following: — 
 
 (a) Office men include all whose occupation is in correspondence 
 or pen work; as bookkeepers, shipping clerks, stenographers. 
 
 (b) Students include those who are attending other schools, 
 artists, teachers and professional men. 
 
 (c) Clerks include those of general employment in wholesale 
 and retail business, or those who have to do with the care, handling 
 and selling of goods, such as salesmen and agents. 
 
 (d) Mechanics include those whose occupations are in lines in 
 which drawing is the foundation or language of execution, men in 
 building and construction trades, carpenters, machinists, plumbers, 
 and engineers. 
 
 (e) General tradesmen include those in industries and trades 
 not necessarily founded on the science of drawing, painters, printers, 
 binders, bakers, porters, waiters, and general laborers. 
 
 4. Suggested Enrollment and Report Cards 
 
 The following is gathered from the successful experiences of a 
 number of associations. In each place circumstances will vary the 
 
 ^ 
 
71 
 
 needs and use of such a card index giving classified information 
 concerning the members of educational department :— 
 (a) An enrollment card is suggested as herewith : — 
 
 Name Date iqo Age 
 
 Residence Occupation 
 
 Business address Nationality 
 
 Membership: Active, Associate, — Boys',... SSv- Sio,... $js,. 
 
 Expires 790. . . . Interested in 
 
 Tuition fees : Dr Cr 
 
 Remarks : 
 
 i< . 
 
 3 d-S-S-S fi 
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 M 
 
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 as^^^^s^ 
 
 
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 ft ^ ^ 
 
 
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 (b) A simple application for club membership is as follows : — 
 
 CLUB APPLICATION BLANK. 
 
 Date igo. . Club fee receipt No 
 
 / hereby make application for admission to the 
 
 Club of the Association, 
 
 subject to the actioft of the Club's Executive Com.mittee. 
 
 Name Mail address 
 
 Nationality Ag'e Occupation 
 
 Ass'n membership No Active Associate Expires 
 
 Dues paid Received by 
 
72 
 
 (c) The following is a simple monthly report blank for club 
 work : — 
 
 Report of. Club. Month of iqo. . 
 
 Date. 
 
 Character of Meeting 
 or Event. 
 
 Serving on 
 Program. 
 
 Attendance. 
 
 Members. | 
 
 Mem- 
 bers. 
 
 Visitors. 
 
 Entered. 
 
 With- 
 drawn. 
 
 Belong- 
 ing. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Receipts— Club fees., $. 
 Outstanding obligations., 
 
 Special, $ Disbursements., $ 
 
 $ Total halanr.p nr deiirit .(f 
 
 Officers— Pres 
 
 
 V. Pres. 
 
 
 Rej. 
 
 ')ort filed {date).... 
 
 {Signed) 
 
 Sec'y- Treas. 
 
 5. Report of the Educational Department of the Association to 
 the International Committee 
 
 The following is the actual report of an association in a city of 
 80,000 population in 1902. There is an educational director in charge 
 of the work. 
 
 From the library of 1,100 volumes, 9 books were drawn per day. 
 In the reading room, 113 periodicals, at an annual expense of $170, 
 were on file. The literary society held 17 sessions with an average 
 attendance of 21 men. The other educational clubs were in session 
 23 times with an average attendance of 16 men. The expenses for 
 these clubs were provided by the members. Three series of edu- 
 cational lectures and practical talks, 19 in all, have been given at an 
 expense of $74. This expense was met by admissions charged at 
 four of the lectures. 
 
 The total expenses of the department, aside from the library, clubs 
 and talks, was $2,787. Of this amount $1,200 was devoted to super- 
 vision, $1,451 for class instruction, and $136 for advertising. $791 
 was received from the class tuition fees of students. There were 22 
 paid teachers. The number of different students enrolled is 445, of 
 whom 39 were boys. Of the 406 men in the class work, there were 
 75 office men, 34 students, 75 clerks, 89 general tradesmen and 133 
 mechanics. 
 
 The following table gives the report of their class work: — 
 
73 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 Subjects. 
 
 i 
 
 s 
 
 "o 
 PI 
 
 6 
 
 o 
 
 < 
 
 m 
 PI 
 O 
 tn 
 
 0) 
 
 o 
 6 
 
 d . 
 
 gpi 
 
 H 
 
 <4-l 4) 
 
 O o 
 -fJ PI 
 Pi =4 
 (DK) 
 
 O Pi 
 
 .ti o o 
 
 Pi .5 
 
 11 
 
 
 50 
 25 
 39 
 28 
 28 
 13 
 23 
 80 
 20 
 10 
 13 
 
 7 
 20 
 
 9 
 15 
 30 
 48 
 19 
 11 
 12 
 21 
 14 
 23 
 20 
 14 
 
 600 
 560 
 720 
 520 
 520 
 140 
 234 
 2,440 
 400 
 320 
 320 
 160 
 360 
 140 
 360 
 640 
 660 
 260 
 160 
 160 
 280 
 160 
 210 
 340 
 160 
 
 20 
 20 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 20 
 13 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 20 
 40 
 40 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 15 
 20 
 20 
 
 33 
 20 
 24 
 15 
 15 
 10 
 22 
 67 
 12 
 9 
 9 
 6 
 11 
 8 
 11 
 22 
 37 
 16 
 9 
 10 
 20 
 10 
 15 
 18 
 12 
 
 30 
 
 18 
 18 
 13 
 13 
 7 
 18 
 61 
 10 
 8 
 8 
 4 
 9 
 7 
 9 
 16 
 33 
 13 
 8 
 8 
 14 
 8 
 14 
 17 
 8 
 
 91 
 90 
 67 
 87 
 87 
 70 
 82 
 91 
 84 
 89 
 89 
 67 
 82 
 88 
 82 
 73 
 89 
 81 
 89 
 80 
 70 
 80 
 93 
 94 
 67 
 
 40 
 40 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 40 
 30 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 60 
 40 
 60 
 60 
 30 
 40 
 30 
 30 
 40 
 40 
 22 
 30 
 30 
 
 $2.00 
 
 Penm'ship and Bus. Corresp. . . 
 
 1.00 
 2.00 
 
 
 1.00 
 
 
 1.00 
 
 
 5.00 
 
 
 
 
 3.00 
 
 Architectural Drawing 
 
 3.00 
 3.00 
 
 Pattern-Making 
 
 3.00 
 
 
 3.00 
 
 
 3.00 
 
 
 3.00 
 
 
 3.00 
 
 Electricity 
 
 3.00 
 
 English 
 
 2.00 
 
 German 
 
 3.00 
 
 
 
 Band 
 
 2.00 
 
 
 3.00 
 
 
 3.00 
 
 Boys' Commercial 
 
 1.00 
 
 
 1.00 
 
 Boys' English and Arithmetic. 
 
 1.00 
 
 Total 
 
 590 
 
 10,824 
 
 708 
 
 441 
 
 369 
 
 84 
 
 46 
 
 $3.40 
 
 
 
 Note. — The following explanation is given to show how the figures in the 
 various columns were obtained. The figures in column 1, are taken from the 
 class record books. Those in 2, are found by adding the attendance of all the 
 class sessions in a given subject. Those in 3, are the number of evenings the 
 class was in session, and taken from the record book. Those in 4, are found by 
 dividing the total of the number belonging for all the class sessions of the year 
 by the number of class sessions. See the topic "Class Records" on another 
 page. Those in 5, are found by dividing those in column 2 by those in column 
 3. The figures in column 6 are similarly found by dividing those in column 5 
 by those in column 4. Those in 7 and 8 are taken from the records of the 
 association. 
 
74 
 
 DECADE OF LARGE GIFTS 
 FOR EDUCATION 
 
 (Outside the Association. 
 miUions.) 
 
 Figures in 
 
 PUBLIC DAY SCHOOLS IN 
 UNITED STATES 
 
 Cost per capita — population 
 
 1890 
 1891 
 1892 
 1893 
 1894 
 1895 
 1896 
 1897 
 1898 
 1899 
 1900 
 
 ? 
 
 ? 
 25 
 29 
 32 
 32 
 27 
 45 
 38 
 62% 
 
 ^9Y^ 
 
 1870 
 
 1875 
 1880 
 1885 
 1890 
 1895 
 1900 
 
 $1.75 
 1.91 
 1.56 
 1.96 
 2.24 
 2.54 
 2.67 
 
 TOTAL COST PUBLIC 
 SCHOOLS 
 
 ANNUAL COST OF ASSOQA- 
 TION \(^ORK 
 
 For year t900. In millions 
 
 Per capita of population 
 
 France 58 
 
 Oermany 108 
 
 Gt. Britain 8S 
 United 
 
 States 200 
 
 1871 
 
 $.006 
 
 1876 
 
 .007 
 
 1881 
 
 .008 
 
 1886 
 
 .018 
 
 1891 
 
 .034 
 
 1896 
 
 .037 
 
 1900 
 
 .041 
 
75 
 
 DIFFERENT STUDENTS 
 
 EDUCATIONAL DIRECTORS 
 
 (Figures in thousands.) 
 
 1893 18 
 
 1894 20 
 
 1895 23 
 
 1896 25 
 
 1897 25 
 
 1898 25 
 
 1899 24 
 
 1900 26 
 
 1901 27 
 
 1902 29 
 
 1892 
 
 1 
 
 1892 
 
 1 
 
 1894 
 
 3 
 
 1895 
 
 5 
 
 1896 
 
 6 
 
 1897 
 
 7 
 
 1898 
 
 9 
 
 1899 
 
 14 
 
 1900 
 
 15 
 
 1901 
 
 18 
 
 1902 
 
 20 
 
 RECITATION HOURS 
 Per subject per season 
 
 1892 23 
 
 1893 25 
 
 1894 30 
 
 1895 35 
 
 1896 39 
 
 1897 41 
 
 1898 44 
 
 1899 45 
 
 1900 46 
 
 1901 48 
 
 1902 50 
 
 EXPENSE OF EDUCATIONAL 
 CLASS WORK 
 
 For instruction, advertising and 
 supervision 
 
 (Figures in thousands) 
 
 1893 35 
 
 1894 40 
 
 1895 51 
 
 1896 63 
 
 1897 72 
 
 1898 77 
 
 1899 79 
 
 1900 92 
 
 1901 107 
 
 1902 120 
 
76 
 
 SUBJECTS PURSUED BY MEN 
 IN EVENING CLASSES 
 
 1902 
 
 Commercial 
 
 49% 
 
 Political 
 
 H 
 
 Industrial 
 
 t4% 
 
 Science 
 
 9% 
 
 Language 
 
 \6% 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 \t% 
 
 OCCUPATIONS OF MEN 
 IN CLASS WORK 
 
 For the continent 
 
 1902 
 
 20^ 
 
 Office ilen 
 
 Students 
 
 Clerks 
 
 Mechanics 
 
 General 
 
 Tradesmen 23% 
 
 24% 
 
 TOTAL EXTRA TUITION 
 FEES 
 
 (Figures in thousands) 
 
 1890 
 1892 
 1893 
 1894 
 1895 
 
 1896 12 
 
 1897 18 
 
 1898 24 
 
 1899 30 
 
 1900 38 
 
 1901 48 
 
 1902 59 
 
 TOTAL RECEIPTS FROM STU- 
 DENTS, INCLUDING MEMBER- 
 SHIP AND TUITION FEES 
 
 (Figures in thousands) 
 
 1880 ? 
 1885 $50 
 1890 75 
 
 1892 84 
 
 1893 90 
 
 1894 105 
 
 1895 123 
 
 1896 131 
 
 1897 140 
 
 1898 145 
 
 1899 146 
 
 1900 154 
 
 1901 165 
 
 1902 176 
 
 % 
 
I