.^^ ^\^ vj>^ ^''.' ''•''„/ o -J* . • ^ t. * * * * ' ,^^0.0^ ^> O^ '.<^- ^* ^''.'"•■- ^''\., V""V' ... <'./°-'\^'' '-. ^ ^ ^ ';> m^'" /\. •-^- ^^'% %.**• /% TO MY WIFE whose valuable assistance has made this work a reaHty PREFATORY NOTE. Section 1607 of Article XVI of the Pennsylvania School Code, 1911, states that in every elementary pub- lic school, established and maintained in this Common- wealth under the provisions of this act, there shall be taught spelling, reading, etc., and Pennsylvania History. Since the passage of this code, teachers have been in need of a book containing, in concise form, the essen- tials of Pennsylvania History. This book is intended to satisfy the classroom needs of pupils and teachers and also to meet the requirements of teachers' examinations. At the time of the enactment of the new law, the best book ready for use was Two Centuries of Penn- sylvania History, by Isaac Sharpless (Lippincott). That comprehensive treatise is the basis of this con- densed outline, but other texts were consulted in com- piling this material. To those desiring to make a thor- ough study of this subject, the admirable text by Sharpless is recommended for use in conjunction with this outline. Lambert Greenawalt. June 1, 1914. Essentials of History Pennsylvania INTRODUCTION THE PENNSYLVANIA INDIANS At first, possibly 6,000 in Pennsylvania. Indians east of Mississippi divided into two sections, viz., Algonquins and Iroquois. I. THE ALGONQUINS. Enemies of Iroquois. Lived along seacoast from Labrador to Georgia and between Great Lakes and Ohio. 1. Pequods and Narragansetts. In Massachusetts and Rhode Island. 2. Mohegans. In Hudson Valley. 3. Nantichokes. Chesapeake Bay. 4. Powhatans and Shawnees. In South. 5. Lenni-Lenape. In New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Were originals of Algonquins. Called women or vassals. Could not sell land. 6. Lenape of Delaware Valley. 1. Minsi or Minisinks in mountains above junction with Lehigh. 10 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 2. Unami from Lehigh south, including site of Phila- delphia. Their Sachem, the Turtle Chief, was head of Lenapes. 3. Unalachtigo located at site of Wilmington, Dela- ware, and vicinity. With these Indians and the Unamis, Penn made famous treaties. 7. Shawnees. Came to Pennsylvania in 1700. Were rovers. Not always filial to ancestry. Originally a southern tribe. United with Delawares against whites. II. THE IROQUOIS. Ontario, Western New York and Western Pennsyl- vania. Down Susquehanna to Maryland. Called Mengwe by Lenapes. Called Mingoes by whites. 8. Five Nations (later six). Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, Senecas (Tuscaroras). 9. Conestogas. In Lancaster County. Unfriendly to whites. 10. Sachem of Iroquois. Not hereditary. Councils very deliberate. 11. Characteristics of Iroquois. 1. Faithful to allies, perfidious to enemies. 2. Braves shown and taught about treaties. 3. Punished offenders of local tribes. 12 Characteristics and Habits of Delawares. 1. Field products were maize, squash, beans and to- bacco. HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA ll 2. Vessels of clay and copper. 3. Axes, arrow-heads and other instruments of stone. 4. Paints and dyes from woods and vegetables. Clay from creeks in Pennsylvania. 5. Records painted on trees; carved on stone; handed down orally. 13. Relationship with Quakers. Penn said, "Do not abuse them, but let them have justice and you win them." An unarmed Quaker was always respected. Penn re- spected highly by Indians. Indians would take all treaties to spots similar to those where they used to meet Brother Mignon (Penn) and lay them on a clean blanket or bark. Such friendly relationships existed un- til 1780. Treaties never broken by Indians. Indians called Virginians "Long Knives;" New York- ers "Dutchmen;" New Englanders "Yangees." All treated Indians alike. Indians sold land with idea that they could still fish and hunt on it. Couldn't understand any but com- munistic theory of ownership. Cruel to enemies. Re- spected bravery and fidelity. Belt of wampum with red arrow meant war. Adepts at imitating animal cries. Fought in ambush. Scalps brought honor. Prisoners subjected to gauntlet and other severe ordeals. Penn's treaty protected Pennsylvania farmers for 73 years. Then whites broke treaty. 12 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA THE DUTCH, THE SWEDES AND THE ENGLISH IN THE DELAWARE VALLEY PRIOR TO 1681. L THE DUTCH. 14. Claims. Claimed possession of north and south rivers (Hudson and Delaware) by virtue of Henry Hudson's discovery, August 28, 1609. Also claimed adjacent territory called New Netherlands. 15. Henry Hudson. Englishman employed by East India Company in search of northwest passage. Entered Delaware Bay. 16. Capt. Cornelius Jacobson May (1614). Sent to explore. Sailed along Jersey coast. Across bay named Cape Hindlopen. One vessel burned, but built another, named "Unrest" ("Restless"). In this he sailed to Philadelphia site. (1623). Again sent out by Dutch West India Company to take South River. This company organized to make settlements (1621) and develop trade. 17. Swaanendael (I630)c Second Dutch settlement. Near Lewes, Delaware. Indians massacred all of the thirty-two settlers at that place. 18. Fort Beversrede. Built by Dutch in meantime opposite Fort Nassau to keep beaver trade of Schuylkill. Dutch now bought Schuylkill and adjoining lands, including Philadelphia. HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA Vi 19. Dutch Control. Commanded at that time South River (Delaware;, land at mouth of Schuylkill, both capes at Bay. II. SWEDES. 20. Peter Minuet (Minit). Was Director General of New Amsterdam. Lived there six years. Purchased all west shore of Delaware, from Bombay Hook to Schuylkill, from Indians, March 29, 1638. Named country New Sweden. Built Fort Christina. 21. Swedish Colony. Bounded on west by Cape Hindlopen (Henlopen) to Trenton Falls ; east by Cape May to Mantua Creek. Only 23 people. 22. Gov. Hollender. Purchased land on west ot river to Trenton Falls. 23. Gov Johan Printz (1642). His duties were these : 1. To maintain Swedish Lutheran religion. 2. To keep a monopoly of Indian trade. 3. To defend country on west of river. He built a fort across from Christina called Elfsborg. People progressed during his term. All strict in religion and all tried to influence Indians. 24. Dutch Claims to Swedish Colony. Printz had demolished Dutch houses and felled trees around Dutch forts. Dutch finally, under Stuyvesant, 14 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA built Fort Casimir on Delaware and collected toll from vessels bound up river. 25. Printz to England. Printz sailed to England in a Dutch ship. If a new expedition had not been sent in 1654, New Sweden would have soon reached its end. 26. Gov. Rising. Many emigrants desired to come. 350 did come. Re- newed Indian treaties. Drove Dutch from Casimir. Mills and beaver trade flourished. 27. Dutch Uprising against Swedes (1655). Fleet and 600 men came to New Amsterdam. Fort Elfsborg, ruined. Casimir retaken. Swedes in sub- mission. (1657) Everet Peterson reported: "But 20 families in Amsterdam ; mostly Swedes." Sweden along river were objects of suspicion. Strong in numbers, commerce and agriculture. (1659) 200 families of Swedes under control of West India Company. III. THE ENGLISH. 28. Charles II. In 1664 he gave New York and New Jersey to his brother, Duke of York. Duke gave New Jersey to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. 29. Col. Nichols. Sailed to New Amsterdam. Stuyvesant surrendered. New Amsterdam now named New York. 30. Sir Robert Carr. Went to New Amstel (now New Castle) on Dela- HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 15 ware. English used brute force. Sort of massacre. Dutch surrendered. 31. Terms of Transfer. Freedom of religion. All officers to retain posts. All had to take new oath of allegiance. Council to be made up of three Swedes, two Dutch. New Castle center of authority. Fort at that place had 21 men. 32. Dutch return to New York (1675). English surrendered. After five months New Nether- lands and Delaware River ceded to English by treaty be- tween home powers (1675). 33. Emigration. Some Swedes to Maryland. English Quakers to Jer- sey. Robert Wade, Quaker, in Chester. 34. Brief History of New Jersey. 1. Settlements around Shrewsbury, Middletown, Elizabeth in 1665. George Fox interested in freedom of religion for Quakers. Josiah Cole, Quaker, found Ber- keley willing to sell his half of New Jersey to John Fen- wick and Ed. Billinge. 2. Difference of opinion between Fenwick and Bill- inge settled by Penn, who gave one-tenth of land to Feri- wick with a sum of money; remainder to Billinge, who later transferred his share. Fenwick was very energetic in bringing emigrants. 3. Penn and two others purchased Billinge's share. Sold tracts ; helped trade. Richard Hartshorne and two Friends w^r^ m^de commissioners. Very good rulers. 16 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 4. In 1677 Quaker emigrants stopped at Sandy Hook to tell Gov. Andros their intentions. He granted right of way. 5. Swedes of Upland became Indian interpreters. Bought land from Indians. 35. Two Companies among Settlers. Yorkshire people, who settled near Trenton. London people, who settled near Gloucester. Both united at Burlington. Londoners on one side of street, Yorkshires on other. 36. Quakers. Settled at Salem, Burlington and in Pennsylvania. About 1,400 in all. Central points of location were Falls of Delaware, Shackamaxon, New Castle, Hoarkills and Upland. Yearly meetings at Burlington. 37. East Jersey. Not prosperous. Sold to twelve Friends. Penn at head. Robert Barclay of Gordonstown, Moray, made Governor for life. THE SOCIETY OF FRIENDS AND WILLIAM PENN. I. QUAKERS UNDER GEORGE FOX. 38. George Fox. Fox was an English boy of quiet religious bearing. Founded Quakerism at age of 24. Believed God revealed to him many mysteries. Spread his doctrine broadcast. Called followers "Children of Light." All were later incorporated with "Society of Friends." All HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 17 believed in a spiritual democracy, quiet worship, no va- riety of form, and no modified branches. 39. Church versus Quakers. Church and ritualism opposed to Quakerism. Quakers contended Oxford alone could not qualify men to be- come ministers. 40. Covenant of Peace. George Fox, v^^hen imprisoned for his beliefs, refused all overtures by which he could have been freed. Would not take up arms. 41. Quakers' Attitude toward Government. Refused to take oaths or sue. If imprisoned and guards opened doors, no Quaker would leave before proper time. 42. Quakers abroad. Representatives for purpose of spreading doctrines went to Pope, to Holland, to Germany, to Malta, to Sul- tan of Turkey. 60,000 Quakers in England in 1690. 43. Causes of Persecution. Quakers refused to support the established church. Would not take oaths of allegiance. Would not take off hats before anyone, judges or kings. Would not recognize any laws restricting their freedom. Rebuked king at will. Spread beliefs aggressively. Charles II sympathized with them, and tried to help them. 44. First Quaker Organization. All adults took part in transacting business. No ballot- ing. Supreme body was "Yearly Meeting" held in Lon- 18 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA don, and composed* of delegates or full membership. Lower body was a quarterly, monthly, or preparative meeting. The monthly meeting was the executive meet- ing. Studied items regarding individual interests, chil- dren, community standings, etc. II. QUAKERS UNDER PENN. 45. Penn's Father. Vice-Admiral of Cromwell's fleet. Knighted by Charles II. Loaned king 1G,000 pounds, which w^as part- ly paid back by grant of Pennsylvania. 46. William Penn. Born 1644. Admitted to Oxford. Was expelled be- cause of inclination toward Puritanism. Father sent him to Paris, hoping thus to cure him of those inclinations. Admitted to law school at Lincoln's Inn, 1665. Served in Dutch War. Heard Thomas Loe in Ireland, and be- came a Quaker. Father sent Penn from home. Im- prisoned in The Tower. There he wrote greatest work, "No Cross — No Crown," and other essays. Released and retried 1670. For ten years he passed his time preaching in England and Germany and in prisons. 47. George Fox and Penn Compared. Former uncouth, uneducated, but a great leader. Latter revered Fox's leadership; was well educated, refined, pious and possessed great executive powers. 48. Origin of Word "Quaker." Justice Bennett first called Fox "Quaker." He (Fox) made Bennett tremble in the fear of God. HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 19 I ^0 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 21 CHAPTER I. Penn's Charter, 1681-1682. 49. Charter of Charles II to William Penn. March 4, 1681. Drawn by Penn. Copied from Lord Baltimore's grant to Maryland. Revised by Attorney- General of England. Could be annulled. Penn agreed to extinguish royal debt of 16,000 pounds upon receipt of grant; but, as a formality, promised to send yearly to Windsor Castle "two beaver skins and one-fifth of all gold and silver ore found in province." Penn could or- ganize his own government with consent of majority of colonists. Boundaries of section very indefinite. King had intended to give Penn a tract 3 degrees in latitude, 5 degrees in longitude. Penn asked for and received from James II the state of Delaware. Ruled by Penns until after Revolution. 50. Penn's Further Powers and Duties. Appoint judges. Pardon crimes, except treason and murder. Incorporate cities. Captain-General of troops. 51. Germs of Revolutionary Troubles. 1. All colonial laws given to Privy Council, and, if approved in five years six months, were laws. 2. King could impose no laws without consent of Parliament. 3. A minister could preach to 20 inhabitants or more. 4. Right of Parliament to tax colony always "as- 22 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA sumed," but never exercised until close to time of Revo- lution. 52. Name Given to Pennsylvania. 1. Penn Chase, "New Wales" (Walsh) or "Syl- vania," meaning woods. 2. Finally province was named "Penn-Sylvania" or Perm's Woods. 53. Col. Wm. Markham. Deputy to Penn. Reached New York June 21, 1681. Called council of nine to form government. Two were Swedes, others English. Penn's charter found to con- flict with Lord Baltimore's. Decision in favor of latter because latter was fifty years older. 54. Purchase from Indians. Indians who engaged in selling land called "Sacha- makers." Markham bought Bucks County with blank- ets, combs, pipes, etc. Indians never questioned legality of transaction. 55. Terms to Settlers. Issued description of soil and climate. 5,000 acres for 100 pounds. Rent of one shilling per 100 acres yearly. Could have 100 acres in town. 56. Philadelphia, "Capital City." Commissioners were sent from England to lay out cities and treat wuth Indians. To treat Indians kmdly and try to buy at reasonable prices. Philadelphia, 15 miles north of Upland. "Brotherly Love" laid out by HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 23 Thomas Holme. 1,280 acres until 1854. House first erected along Delaware front. 57. Religious Liberty. 1. Penn spent years in prison because of beliefs. 2. Liberty for Penn meant liberty for those who be- lieved as he did. 3. Tried to find settlers who would put his theories into practice. 4. Consulted with Markham, Furley and others. 5. Revised laws to suit religious ideas. 58. Fundamental Constitution. (Before Frame of 1682.) 1. Twenty-four clauses. 2. Penn's idea of government. 3. Right to worship as conscience directed. 4. Yearly assembly. 5. People vote on every law. 6. Governor could veto in fourteen days. 7. No liquor sold, nor demoralizing sports permitted. 8. Referendum. 59. Charter to Colony. I. Penn's idea of government. Combine government with religion. Good men, good government, and vice versa. Government should support power in preference to people. II. Charter Proper (1682). 1. Council of 72 to serve three years, one-third re- tiring yearly. 2. Governor to have three votes, no veto. 24 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 3. Could originate bills. 4. Governor and council were executive powers. 5. Assembly at first to consist of all freemen of colony; later 200 representatives to be elected annually. III. Faults. People thought assembly should have greater powers. Legislature too large for small colony. 60. Laws Agreed upon in England. 1. Freeman (those holding at least 100 acres of land), and tax-payers could vote or be elected to council or assembly. 2. Trial by jury. Open courts, prisoners, etc. Reg- istration of vital statistics. Children taught trades. 3. Christians eligible to office. 4. Trading with Indians to be open. Injuries to Indians to be punished. 5. Penn refused offers from traders to protect In- dians. HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 25 2G HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 27 CHAPTER II. Penn's Administration, 1G82-1684. 61. William Penn's Arrival in Pennsylvania. Came on ship "Welcome" with 70 emigrants. Landed at New Castle, October 27, 1682. Proceeded to "Upland" and up Delaware river to foot of Dock Creek. Found plenty to do; became legislator, founder, minister and undisputed leader. Visited New York and its governor. Attended to rapid building of Philadelphia. Laid out Bucks, Philadelphia and Chester Counties. 62. First Assembly. 1. Met at Chester, Dec. 16, 1682. 2. Forty members. 3. Session lasted four days. 4. Nicholas More elected speaker. 5. Annexed lower counties. 6. Naturalized foreigners (Swedes). 63. The Great Law. I. Was a modified code of laws drawn up by Penn. 1. Pledge of religious liberty. 2. Limited office holders to those who believed m Christ. 3. All taxpayers could vote. 4. Prohibited sale of rum to Indians. 5. Death penalty for treason and murder only. 6. Minor offenses punished according to gravity of crime. 28 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA II. Legislators enlarged upon this law, making it ex- plicit where necessary. New legislature contained twelve members from each county. 64. Immigrants (1682). 1. Twenty-three vessels had brought between two and three thousand. 2. Most landed at Chester or Philadelphia. 3. Lived in rude mud huts until permanent homes were completed. 65. The Peacemakers. They were men selected to meet monthly and act as a court in adjusting various differences. 66. Penn's Famous Treaty with the Indians. 1. Penn purchased, 1683, "right of soil" in south- eastern Pennsylvania, embracing Bucks, Philadelphia and Chester Counties. 2. The treaty was open and clear even to Indians, and it kept peace for 73 years. (See Section 13.) 3. June 23, 1683, Tamanen (Tammany of tradition springs from that name) sold a tract of land for so much goods as Penn saw lit to give. This was a very impor- tant transaction. 4. Various other treaties were made between Penn and Indians; and these were afterwards referred to by Indians contending for their rights. 67. Liquor Forbidden to Indians. 1. Yearly meeting decided to prohibit sale of rum to Indians ; but some traders disobeyed. HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 29 2. The better class of Indians knew the harm in rum and voluntarily abstained. 68. Penn s "Letitia" House. 1. Built in Philadelphia and named for his daughter. (a) Sessions of council were held here. (b) Woman tried for witchcraft. 69. System of Education (Decemiber, 1683). 1. Council sent for Enoch Flower, a former teacher in England. 2. He made an itemized list of how much pupils should be charged for each branch of work. (a) Reading, 4 shillings per quarter. ^ (b) Writing and arithmetic, 8 shillings per quarter. (c) Boarding and schooling combined, £10 per year. 70. Welsh Immigrants. 1. Came in 50 ships, 1683. 2. Wanted to settle a colony strictly Welsh. 3. Penn said they must then buy all their land. 4. They governed themselves by religious meetings. 5. Thomas Lloyd was a prominent Welshman. He aided Penn later. 71. German Immigrants (1683). 1. Penn and Fox had previously traveled to and throughout Germany seeking sympathizers. 2. Newcomers founded Germantown, August, 1683. 50,000 acres of land. 3. Pastorius was head. 4. Friends and Mennonites came too. 30 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 72. Trouble with Lord Baltimore. 1. Lord Baltimore stirred up dispute over boundary between Pennsylvania and Maryland. 2. Penn went to England in an effort to thwart Lord Baltimore's plans. Boundary dispute settled later. HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 31 32 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 33 CHAPTER III. Governors, 1684-1692. 73. Thomas Lloyd. 1. Head of government. 2. President of Council. * 3. Keeper of Seal. 4. Administration faulty. (a) Disputes began to arise during his term ol office. (b) People learned of their real power anl abused it. (c) Penn placed Council's power in Lloyd's hands. 74. Impeachment of Nicholas More. 1. Former speaker of Assembly. 2. Tried in 1685. 3. As a judge he was arbitrary. 4. Nothing serious found against him. 5. Died before case was definitely settled. 75. Disputes in and about Council. 1. Two men at one time burst into Council chamber and demanded impeachment of Nicholas More. 2. This demand was typical of conditions then ex- isting. 76. Cave Dwellers. Caves were rude, temporary dwellings along Delaware 34 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA River, built by settlers while more permanent abodes were under construction. These caves were later occupied by undesirable per- sons who disturbed the peace. 77. John Blackwell. 1. Was a sober, wise and grave "old parliamentary soldier." 2. Met Council in December, 1688. 3. Lloyd refused to recognize bills proposed by him. 4. Whenever Lloyd entered Council, then under Blackwell, it adjourned. 5. But Quakers favored Lloyd, and consequently Penn was finally forced to remove Blackwell and instate Lloyd. 78. Alarms of War. 1. War was expected with French during Blackwell's administration, 2. Quakers refused to take up arms, but citizens of lower counties wanted war. 3. Quakers could not conscientiously engage in war- fare on account of religious beliefs. 79. Penn in Trouble (1688). • 1. The rule of Prince of Orange (William and Mary) brought some religious toleration but no religious equality. Quakers could hold no offices nor sit as jurors. 2. At this time Penn's influence at court was weak. 3. Was charged with being a Jacobite and a Jesuit. HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 35 4. Was called to court and examined in regard to his attitude toward new ruler. 5. A letter from James II, asking Penn to aid in his restoration, was found in Penn's possession. 6. Was arrested twice and tried, 1690. 7. John Fox died in 1690, and Penn preached the funeral sermon. 8. William Fuller, a cheat, accused Penn of having treasonable intentions in his apparent efforts to restore James II. 9. As a result, Penn had to conceal himself in Lon- don for some time. 80. Friction in Colonies. The question arose as to whether the colonies should express allegiance to new king without Penn's consent. Thomas Lloyd advised them affirmatively. 81. Lower Counties (also called "Territories"). 1. People there were not Quakers but were congenial with them. 2. They had preferred Penn to Lord Baltimore. 3. Lloyd was deputy for the province, and Markham for territories. 82. George Keith. 1. Formerly traveled with Penn and Fox. 2. Was a scholar; had taught a Philadelphia school. 3. Attacked Quakers, saying they exalted the Holy Ghost at expense of the Bible. 4. Thomas Lloyd expressed his views against Keith. 36 HISTORY OF PExMNSYLVANIA 5. In 1694, yearly meeting brought testimony againsi Keith. 6. Followers of Keith did much damage in Phila- delphia. ?. Keith became an Episcopal minister. HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 37 38 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 39 CHAPTER IV. Penn's Restoration, 1692-1701. 83. Governor Fletcher. 1. Appointed instead of Penn. 2. Cared little for Penn's laws. 3. Ignored different constructions placed upon "prov- ince" and "territory." 4. Reduced number of legislators. 5. Council no longer had power of orginating bills. The organization was not in touch with constituents. 6. Markham made Lieutenant-Governor. 54. War Disputes. 1. Governor wanted to assist New York against L^>ench and Indians. (a) He said that people could give money under head of "governmental expenses" if they had qualms about giving toward war expenses. 3. People wanted Penn's laws, but Governor refused it first. 3. Later he had to yield and he confirmed "Great Law." (See Chapter II.) 4. War question again came up with David Lloyd m speaker's chair. 5. He wanted people to try to buy Five Nations from French. (See Section 8.) 40 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA (k Adjournment took place before that matter was settled. 7. Thomas Lloyd and Markham each received £200. 85. Penn Restored, 1693. 1. Three English lords went to king to represent his case. King pardoned him. 2. Minutes of "Board of Trade and Plantations." (a) Penn was to go to colonies at once; carry out all king's wishes ; pay taxes to the crown and ap- point a deputy-governor. (b) Council and Assembly were to decide ques- tions concerning organization of troops. (c) This last was later considered very unwise, as those bodies wanted peace and no preparations for war. 3. Penn did not favor strife ; but insisted that laws be enforced. 4. Markham, deputy-governor, was assisted by Samuel Carpenter and John Goodson. 86. Markham and Privateers. 1. Fletcher asked aid to feed Albany Indians. As- sembly at first refused, but later asked concessions and granted aid. 2. Council consisted of two members from each of six counties, elected for two-year terms. :]. Assembly consisted of four members from each of six counties elected annually, (a) Could originate bills. HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 41 (b) Could adjourn at pleasure. (c) Could not be dissolved by governor. 4. Criminals began to enter province. 5 Privateers also, encouraged by glory and wealth gained by buccaneers of West Indies, entered Delaware valley. They attacked and robbed town of Lewes, and terrorized inhabitants round about. 6. Province was reported to be secretly aiding such crimes. (a) Instigated by Penn's enemies. 7. Penn was called before board of trade in Eng- land to explain various delinquencies. Markham also charged; and Penn oflfered to remove him, although believing him innocent. 8. This was done in 1699 by order of the board, and Penn sailed to Pennsylvania to assume government. 87. Penn's Second Visit. 1. Came in company with wife, Hannah Callowhill. City just recovering from yellow fever epidemic. 2. James Logan, an Irishman, also came with Penn. (a) Logan was foremost in Pennsylvania affairs for half a century, having been successively secre- tary and agent of the Penns ; commissioner of prop- erty; chief justice; and acting-governor for two years. (b) During most of time, he was a member of governor's council. (c) He was a Friend who believed in defensive warfare ; he was learned, able and honest; 42 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 3. Penn built a beautiful residence at Pennsburg, above Bristol. 4. Soon called Assembly together. (a) To make laws governing illegal trading, etc. (b) To decide under which charter they should operate. (c) Penn advised all to do nothing rash, nor to tamper with governmental authority. 5. King asked for £350 for erecting forts on New York frontier. (a) Penn read letter to Assembly. (b) Penn declared taxes were already too high. (c) Nothing definite resulted. 88. Charter of 1701. 1. Penn insisted that legislative bodies permanently adjust charter question. 2. They sent in 21 demands against properties, touch- ing even Penn's. 3. Penn expressed regret that they should care so little about civil and religious questions as momentarily to ignore them. 4. Penn agreed upon a Frame or Charter which lasted 75 years. (a) First clause permitted religious liberty as re- gards holding office. Later, Catholics were barred; and still later, Jews were barred. (b) Second clause provided that four assembly- men from each county be elected in October yearly ; that qualifications of members be decided upon by body; that minor rules of meetings be made at will. HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 43 (c) Third clause provided that sheriff, coroner, etc., be elected, one to be chosen by governor. (d) Fourth clause provided for the making and recording of laws. (e) Fifth clause secured rights of criminals. (f) Sixth clause provided that Council may not hear disputes about property except on appeal from court. (g) Seventh clause provided that tavern Jceepers be recommended by County Judge. (h) Eighth clause protected property of suicides, (i) Ninth clause declared that neither Penn nor heirs w^ould ever violate charter. 89. Charter of Philadelphia, 1691. ' 1. First mayor, Edw. Shippen. (a) Intolerable conditions had driven him from Boston. ' 2. Later an older Charter v^as found and Morrey be- came mayor. 90. Charter of Government. 1. King supreme. 2. Penn and heirs were governors. (a) They could sign or veto all bills. (b) Could appoint a deputy. 3. Council selected by governor or deputy, acted as advisory board to executive officer. 4. Assembly, the popular house. (a) Majority Quakers. (b) Handled money questions. 44 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA T). Judges appointed by governor. 6. No militia, forts or guns to me maintained. 91. Separation of Lower Counties. 1. They were jealous, and Penn permitted separation. 2. Some men governed in each division of counties. 3. In 1701 Penn went to England. 4. He had retrieved colony from lawlessness and es- tablished law and order. • 92. Penn and the Fords. 1. Penn's private afi'airs. (a) Philip Ford was agent. (b) Penn inherited land in Ireland. (c) Wars had reduced income. (d) Trips back and forth across Atlantic, salaries, etc., cost £50,000. (e) People slow in paying taxes or rents. (f) Penn careless in financial matters. (g) Colonists, under Lloyd, were ungrateful and selfish. 2. Philip Ford, 1699, agent sent to Ireland. (a) Ford was dishonest. Induced Penn to sign a deed involving 300,000 acres to pay Ford's debts. (b) Penn had to convey all American property to Ford with the Royal Charter. (c) Before Penn sailed to America, Ford secured his signature, releasing Ford from all obligations. 93. Penn in Prison. 1. Penn returned to England. HISTORY OF PENNSYLVA NIA 45 2. Ford's wife sued him for money. (a) Close friends advised him to ignore claims. (b) Thrown into Fleet Street prison for nine months. (c) Fords were then forced to compromise, and Penn was released. 94. Maryland Boundary Line. 1. Penn's title to three lower counties, now State of Delaware, came from Duke of York. 2. Duke of Y'ork, later James II, neglected to attach his seal before his exit in 1688. 3. Baltimore now claimed, by charter of 1632, pen- insula between Chesapeake and Delaware Bays. 4. Board of Trade, 1685, decided: Run a line north- wardly from central point of line then existing (east to west) between two bays at latitude of Cape Henlopen. This was probably not the present Cape Henlopen. East of line to be drawn northwardly, property to belong to king; and west, to Lord Baltimore. This legalized Penn's deed. 5. Boundary of State of Delaware, thus planned, has remained to present day. 6. But line between Pennsylvania and Maryland must next be settled. (a) Baltimore claimed to 40th parallel; Penn, to 39th parallel, southward. (b) Maryland government colonized by force cer- tain lands along line, and ejected Pennsylvania colonists. 40 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA (c) London decisions in 1732 and 1750 both un- satisfactory. (d) Finally, 1767, Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, expert surveyors, located northern boundary of Maryland at 39° 44', and set up mile-stones. This closed the question definitely. HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 47 4^ 02 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 63 CHAPTER VII. Economic Conditions, 1726-1736. 1 1 5. Gov. Patrick Gordon. 1. Gordon was 82 when appointed, but governed suc- cessfully for 10 years. 2. Had been in Queen Anne's army. 3. Administration. (a) Was told to oppose the issuing of paper money. (b) Later found it to be wise to issue more as various industries made too great drain upon sup- ply of gold and silver. (c) Ship building and iron manufacturing had increased. (d) Gordon favored a restricted issue of paper money. 116. More Paper Money. 1. By Gordan's order, latest issue was cut down irom £50,000 to £30,000, making a total of £75,000 of paper money then in circulation. This rule of caution held good until 1739. 117. Speaker Andrew Hamilton's Letter. 1. Written 1739, and spoke only good things con- cerning province. (a) Pennsylvania's growth attributed to good constitution granting civil and religious liberty. (54 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA (b) Annual Assemblies were better than triennial meetings. (c) Only necessary officers were elected, 'and most of those by popular vote. (d) Taxes as a whole were reasonable. (e) Freedom of religion discouraged hypocrisy and crime. (f) Penn vested greater powers in people than in himself or heirs. 118. Other Affairs under Gordon. 1. Effort to lift salt duty so Delaware fisheries could flourish. 2. Indian questions. (a) Should Assembly or proprietors pay for In- dians' presents? (b) How should murders of or hy Indians be punished ? 3. Appointment of Ferdinand Paris as Assembly's agent in London. (a) He was to represent popular side of ques- tions in court. 4. Chief Justice David Lloyd died in 1831, and wa:» succeeded by James Logan, who, 1736, became president of Council. 119. Hannah Penn's death (1733). 1. Heirs were John, Thomas and Richard. 2. John was called "The American" because he was bom in Pennsylvania. (a) Came to colony with Thomas during Gor- don's term. HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 65 (b) Returned to England to resist claims of Lord Baltimore. 3. Thomas remained until 1741. (a) Well educated but non-Quaker and non- philanthropic. (b) Received ^ of father's estate when John died in 1746. 120. Death of Gordon (1736). 1. Aged 92; was mourned because of peaceful term and broad-minded leadership. 2. James Logan succeeded, but only as president of Council. (a) Little business transacted for next two years. (X HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 67 OS HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 01) CHAPTER VIII. Advent of Franklin, 173G-1754. 121. Under Gov. Geo. Thomas. 1. People at first peaceful and contented; later many disputes arose. 2. Oath question settled to satisfaction of majority. 3. Immigrants continued coming. 122. Spanish War (1739). 1. England declared war against Spain. Causes : (a) England had invaded Spain's West Indies in search of v^ood and salt. (b) As a consequence, Spain had claimed right to search English boats. 123. Contest between Governor and Assembly. 1. Duration of 3 years. 2. Governor asked aid for defense of people. 3. House said that although Quakers were in the minority, it would be a breach of charter to demand from them money for war. 4. Governor could raise a militia from those who de- sired to enlist. 5. Governor became angry. (a) Said the people constituted a province, not a denomination; that Wm. Penn had accepted com- missions. (b) Reminded people that religion would not save them froni an enemy. 70 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA (c) Brought up fact that, in 1701, Assembly had granted Queen £2000. 6. Assembly's reply. (a) They were in from sea and surrounded by friendly Indians. (b) Implied that the Governor knew little about Penn's ideas. (c) Implied that money granted Queen was held by Gookin. (d) Implied that present Governor did not un- derstand his business. 7. Governor raised troops for three months, but nearly all were indentured servants. 8. House gave £3000 for king's use, provided he should not enlist servants into armv- 9. Old Assembly re-elected, 1740. (a) Thomas Penn supported Gov. Thomas. (b) Latter wrote a letter to England derogatory to Quakers. (c) Gov. Thomas was looked upon with suspicion and disdain. (d) In election. Country Party, led by Isaac Norris, was successful. 124. Governor and Assembly Reconciled. 1. Assembly investigated carefully, finding Governor guilty. 2. Later, he sent a friendly letter to Assembly, effect- ing reconciliation. 3. Assembly voted him £1500 as salary, HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 71 125. Isaac Norrls, Jr. 1. Became prominent in Assembly. Served 30 years, 15 of which he was Speaker. 2. Suggested motto for Liberty Bell : "Proclaim Liberty throughout the land, and to all in- habitants thereof." 125(a). Benjamin Franklin (1723). 1. Came from Boston to Philadelphia with pockets bulging with clothing, etc. 2. Worked for Keimer, the printer. (a) Wm. Bradford, first printer, had come to America in 1685. 3. Franklin started "Pennsylvania Gazette" (1729) in opposition to "Weekly Mercury." 4. Wrote many political pamphlets upholding Pop- ular Party; associated himself closely with Quakers. 126. "Walking Purchase" (1737). 1. A deed, either false or of doubtful authenticity, was shown to Indians. (a) Deed gave to English a plot of ground run- ning west to Wrightstown from near Trenton, thence northwestwardly, parallel to Delaware River "as far as a man could walk in 1^ days." (b) Plot was to extend to Lehigh hills. (c) Previous to this, Penn and Gov. Logan had dealt fairly with red men. 2. Trained walkers did not stop at Lehigh hills, but went 30 miles beyond Lehigh River. (a) Indians attended at beginning but could not r2 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA keep up, by even a rapid walk, with white men's run. (b) Instead of using the Delaware River as a parallel line, the land sharks slanted the northern border so as to include Minisink Country. 127. Indian Conference in Philadelphia (1742). 1. Six Nations, claiming Delaware Indians as sub- jects, met and told them to move to Shamokin or Wyom- ing.- (a) Delawares obeyed, bat vowed vengeance on Six Nations and white allies. 2. Six Nations persuaded government of Pennsyl- vania to clear hunting grounds along Jumata River. (a) By order of authorities of state (to please Indians) homes of the white people in that district were burned and settlers sent elsewhere. 3. French were welding together all Indians except three Nations of Iroquois who w^ere friends of English. 128. War between France and England (1744), 1. Governor Thomas, aided by Franklin, raised 10,000 men to protect Pennsylvania's interests. 2. Logan and others helped raise money to defend Delaware River. 3. Gov. Shirley of Massachusetts called on colonies to aid in attack on Louisburg, Cape Breton. (a) Assembly granted £4000 to trustees for pro- visions for king's service. (b) Louisburg fell after siege of two months. HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 73 4. In 1746, Assembly voted £5000 "for king's use," figuratively, for a Canadian expedition, literally. 129. Disputes between Council and Assembly. 1. Gov. Thomas resigned, 1746, and Anthony Palmer, president of Council, acted as Governor until James Hamilton was elected Lieutenant-Governor. 2. Assembly and Penns disagreed about who should pay Indians' presents. Penns absolutely refused. 3. Governor was given right to veto after bitter strug- gle in Assembly. 130. Franklin and Logan. 1. Franklin was elected to Assembly, 1751; drafted numerous documents. 2. Logan was leader in province ; master of Latin ; do- nated a library to Pennsylvania; spent later years in scholarly retirement; died 1751. 131. Paper Money. 1. Province was given permission by home govern- ment to issue more, 1751. 2. Governor disapproved because he was restricted by proprietors. 3. Franklin wrote of great increase in trade, agricul- ture and industry. 4. Assembly thought people rather than proprietors should control public revenue and expenditures. 5. War intervened before question was settled. 6. Gov. Dinwiddle sent George Washington into Ohio Valley to study conditions of French as to forts and plans, 1753-54. 74 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 132. Albany Congress (1754). 1. Representatives from all colonies met Six Nations at Albany to buy them into allegiance. 2. Pennsylvania governor sent John Penn and Robert Peters ; Assembly sent Norris and Franklin. 3. Pennsylvania commissioners bought from Iroquois, for £400, v^'estern part of state west and south of a Hne from Shamokin to Lake Erie. (a) Indians were deceived by false maps. 4. Indians now ceased to be "women," and openly joined French. (a) Much trouble could have been averted had Thomas Penn been honest as his father. 133. Gov. Hamilton. 1. Calendar changed, 1752, by act of Parliament so that year would thence begin on January 1, instead of March 20. 2. French built Fort Duquesne at junction of Alle- gheny and Monongahela rivers. (a) Hamilton requested Assembly to supply funds to aid Virginians in expedition against the fort, but was refused. 3. Virginia troops, under Washington, were unsuccess- ful against Duquesne. 4. Hamilton resigned when he realized his true situa- tion (1754). 5. Succeeded by Robert Morris, same year. HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 75 76 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 77 CHAPTER IX. French and Indian War, 1754-1760. 134. Gov. Morris vs. Assembly. 1. Assembly passed, 1754, a bill for £40,000 of paper money, ^ of which was to go to king. (a) Morris vetoed this. 2. Representatives said it would be better to have savages on the border than to sacrifice principles of liberty. 135. Second English-French War. 1. England again declared war, 1775. (a) Sent armies under Braddock. 2. Pennsylvania refused to aid with money. (a) Governor vetoed money bills. (b) Assembly voted: road to Ohio; pack horses and provisions. 3. House issued il5,000 on own credit,— £10,000 of which to be used to provision troops. 136. Braddock's Campaign. 1. Braddock purposed to capture Fort Duquesne, and to rebuild it if necessary. 2. His troops were weakened by pushing across Alle- gheny Mountains at 3 miles per day. (a) Stragglers were fired upon by Indians. 3. Washington advised Braddock to push forward with 1200 men. 78 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA (a) Reached a point on Monongahela 7 miles from Duquesne. ('b) British here repulsed 900 French and In- dians ; but ambushed Indians surprised British and annihilated them and killed Braddock. 4. Dunbar, American, fled to Philadelphia, leaving frontier unprotected. (a) Indians wrought bloody havoc from Maine to Carolinas. 137. Settlers Seek Aid. 1. Parties from west petition Assembly, 1755. 2. House voted £50,000 to be raised by taxing estates, including Penns. (a) Governor disapproved taxing of proprietors; Assembly intended to tax king's private estates. 3. Differences between Morris and Assembly resulted in rigid party lines. 138. Parties. 1. Proprietary party wanted unconditional appropria- tion. Included Episcopalians of Philadelphia and Presby- terians of country districts, 2. Popular party favored defense as a whole, but not at sacrifice of province's liberty. Included Quakers and Germans. (a) Quakers elected 26 out of 36 Assemblymen. 3. Assembly prepared a bill granting king £60,000, re- deemable in 4 years by a tax on all estates. (a) At first both parties hesitated; but finally proprietors donated £5000 for defense. HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 70 4. Later, Assembly made the bill grant £')~),(HH), ex- empting proprietary estates from tax. (a) Money used for defense. 139. Militia Laws (1755). 1. Enacted a law for those desirous of bearing arms. 2. Quakers of Philadelphia said they were willing to pay a tax for any purpose but war. 3. A petition was sent to king asking that Quakers disapproving of war be kept out of Assembly by imposing oaths. 140. Withdrawal of Quakers. 1. Quaker power ended. 2. Wm. Logan alone, dissented when Council de- clared war against Delawares and Shawnees. (a) Six Quakers left Assembly. (b) Quaker meetings disccurajed office-holding by members. (c) Quakers never again had a majority in house, but policy of that body, except war meas- ures, was unchanged. 3. Franklin now led Assembly. 141. Indian Treaties (1756). 1. Pennsylvania gained friendship of Indians by kind- ness, succeeding in converting to Christianity several chiefs. 2. C. F. Post, sent to make peace with Ohio Indians, succeeded under difficulties. 3. Conference at Easton (1757). 80 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA (a) Albany Congress and Walking Purchase atoned for. (b) 300 chiefs exchanged wampum belts. 142. English Victories. 1. Took Fort Duquesne and rebuilt it as Fort Pitt. 2. Wolfe took Quebec (1759) but died as result of wounds. 3. Montreal converted into city of English, 1760. 143. Assembly's Appeal against Proprietors. 1. Governor Wm. Denny succeeded Morris, 1756. (a) Was spendthrift but more popular than Morris. (b) Removed in ITGO and succeeded by James Hamilton. 2. People were tired of secret instructions, restriction of paper money issues, and exemption of parliamentary estates from tax. They determined to appeal to crown. 3. Franklin's appeal, 1757, resulted in receipt of let- ter by Assembly, asserting rights of proprietors. 4. Assembly replied that conditions demanded sacrifice on parts of proprietors. 5. Privy Council said proprietors should be taxed, and governor's consent was necessary to applications for raising money. 6. Franklin, who had written "Historical Review of Pennsylvania" and had championed people's cause, be- came hero of the day. HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 81 83 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 83 CHAPTER X. Indian Troubles, 1760-1764. 144. Pontiac's Conspiracy. 1. He, chief of Ottawas, had been ally of French against Braddock. 2. All tribes from Ottawa to Mississippi agreed to have war by June, 1763, because they thought English settlers were no longer their friends. 3. In Pennsylvania, all fortified places \^est of Sus- quehanna were taken, while Fort Pitt held out. 4. Pontiac later was murdered. 145. Bouquet's Campaign. 1. Started with 500 regulars to Carlisle. (a) Was attacked by stronger Indian force. (b) Bouquet feigned retreat; then formed his men into a circle and won victory. (c) Frontier people now tried to exterminate In- dians. 146. Lieutenant-Governor John Penn, 1763. 1. He was son of Richard Penn. 2. Now received congratulations from Conestogas, who were the remnants of race whom Wm. Penn had allowed to live on one of his Lancaster manors. 147. Murders of Conestogas. 1. Paxton riot, near Harrisburg. (a) Mob killed all but 14 living in manor, then went to Lancaster jail and murdered rest. 84 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 2. John Penn called on magistrates to arrest murder- ers, but magistrates feared to do so. 3. Forty Moravian Indians sent to Philadelphia bar- racks for safety. (a) About 300 settlers intended to murder them. (b) Franklin deputized to make peace with rioters. (c) They complained of unequal representation in Assembly, and said war was against all Indians. (d) Soon after disbanded. 4. Contentions kept up by pamphlets which said Quak- ers had immoral reasons for being friends of Indians. (a) Writers w^ere Quakers, but not peace advo- cates, yet they could not find words harsh enough to condemn Paxton riot. 5. All these things resulted in renewal of rewards for Indian scalps. 148. Dislike of Proprietors. 1. People had expected to find in John Penn some qual- ities like those of Wm. Penn. 2. In case of assessment on Penn lands, Assembly had to give in and so placed very low taxes. 3. Assembly wanted province to be a crown colony. (a) An address on this subject said: (1) Proprietors were like common landlords. (2) Had no right to interfere because they were only citizens. (3) They would in time become ruling power unless people rebelled. 4. Assembly adopted address and resolved to let peo- HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 85 pie decide whether or not matter should be placed be- fore king. 5. Episcopalians opposed movemenc. (a) Penns were of their church. G. Presbyterians opposed movement. (a) A crown colony would put an end to liberties. 7. Quakers for most part favored cause. (a) Germans sided with Quakers. 8. Dickinson and Galloway led in dispute. 149. John Dickinson. 1. Son of a Maryland planter who had moved near Dover, Delaware, for son's education. (a) John first studied under a tutor; later in a Philadelphia law ofhce for ten years. 2. His interest centered in political field rather than in law. (a) Became member of Delaware Assembly, 17G0. 3. He sided with unpopular party pleading old charter. (a) Said proprietors were better masters than the king. 150. Joseph Galloway. 1. Native of Maryland; came to Philadelphia to prac- tice law. 2. Was rich and conservative. 3. Favored crown colony, and said that colonial suc- cess depended upon proper treatment of present colonies. 4. Election, 1754, slightly favored proprietary party. (a) Franklin made agent to king. 86 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 87 88 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 80 CHAPTER XI. Declaration of Independence, 1764-177G. 131. Government varied in Colonies. 1. In Pennsylvania and Maryland governors were ap- pointed by proprietors. 2. In Rhode Island and Connecticut they were elected. 3. In other colonies they were appointed by crown. 152. Colonies Unite. 1. People, more or less self-governing, refused to give up rights and believed an overthrow of English ministry necessary. 2. Plans for Union of colonies. (a) Wm. Penn, 1696, planned central parliament in New York to be made up of two delegates from each colony. (b) Congress of Colonies, 1754, at Albany was held to consider action against French and Indians. (c) Franklin's plan of union at that time: (1) Each colony to elect representatives to grand council to meet at Philadelphia. (2) To manage afifairs affecting all colonies, (d) Plan adopted by 7 colonies, but failed. 153. English Aggression. 1. Navigation Act, 1660, prohibited colonists from trading with any country except Great Britain. (a) People did not openly resist this, but smug- gling increased. (1) Samuel Adams was a shrewd smuggler. 90 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 2. Taxes for war expenses were not rebelled against because people thought English should be paid for their help. 3. Taxation without representation was a prominent bane of contention, yet, indirectly, there was representa- tion. Such men as Pitt, Burke and Fox ably defended colonies. 4. Writs of Assistance, 1761, granted officers right to search anywhere for smuggled goods. 5. Sugar Act, 1764, imposed too heavy duties on sugar, molasses and tobacco from French West Indies. (a) This depressed business and was a most po- tent factor, among earlier acts, in kindling the spark of revolution. 6. Stamp Act, March, 1765, required English stamps on all important papers. (a) People, championed by Samuel Adams and Patrick Henry, resisted, and it was repealed in 1766. (b) Boycott method also aided in bringing about repeal. 154. Stamp Act Congress, Oct., 1765, New York. 1. Was the drastic means by which stamp act was opposed. 2. Dickinson and others sent from Pennsylvania. Nine colonies in all were represented. (a) Petitioned king and parliament. (b) Pitt then made famous lengthy speech de- fending colonies. HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 91 155. Townshend Act, 1767. Passed by influence of Townshend and Lord North. 1. Taxed glass, paper, paint, tea, fruits and oil. 2. Dickinson wrote to king saying treatment toward Americans should be same as toward English subjects. 156. Non-Importation. 1. Colonists agreed, thinking English would thus be brought to terms. 2. English, 1770, removed taxes from everything ex- cept tea. (a) Angered colonists, and smuggling again in- creased. 3. East India Tea Co. (English) lost American trade, 1773. 4. King sent vessels laden with tea to Boston, New York, Philadelphia and Charleston. (a) In Boston harbor, 1773, tea was thrown overboard by angered Bostonians. (b) Ships sent to Philadelphia were not allowed to unload and were sent back. (c) Not one chest of tea was bought in any American town. 157. Paul Revere's Mission. 1. To get aid from rich Pennsylvanians, after Boston port was closed by king, 1774. 2. His friends. (a) Joseph Reed, a New Jersey lawyer, who later became a general in Washington's army. (b) Charles Thomson, head master ot Penn's 1)2 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA Charter School, who translated the Septuagint and later became secretary of Continental Congress. (c) Thomas Mifflin, a Quaker war-advocate, who later became president of Continental Congress, governor of Pennsylvania, and one of framers of United States Constitution. 1 58. First Continental Congress. 1. Met September, 17T4, Carpenter's Hall, Philadel- phia. (a) S delegates for Pennsylvania. (b) Voted aid to Massachusetts. (c) Asked all merchants to refuse goods from England. (d) Prepared declaration of rights. 159. Franklin's Peace Efforts. 1. Represented colonies in Mother Country. 2. He, aided by Barclay and Fothergill, drew up peace plan. (a) It was ignored by England. (b) Americans knew Franklin had right spirit. 160. Governor Penn. Urged provincial assemblies and not Continental Con- gresses ; but constituents felt they should stand by other colonies. 1. Provincial Convention was held, Joseph Reed pre- siding. Purpose was to aid those in distress on account of trade troubles. 161. Second Continental Congress, May 10, 1775. 1. John Hancock, president. HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 93 2. Dickinson wrote address to king. 3. Mifflin favored adoption of forcible measures. 4. Continental Army decided upon, and Washington was elected commander-in-chief, June 15, 1775. 162. Pennsylvania's Sentiments. 1. Disapproved military resistance. Quakers in ma- jority in this sentiment. 2. Violent citizens tried to destroy charter and As- sembly. 3. Assembly declared all persons between IG and 50, who did not aid in war, should be taxed. 163. Articles of Confederation. 1. Drawn up by Dickinson by advice of Continental Congress and were used until 1790. 164. Declaration of Independence. 1. State House, Philadelphia, July 4, 1776. Majority of members did not sign until late in August. 2. Declaration presented by Richard Henry Lee, seconded by John Adams, June 8. (a) Franklin was at first the only Pennsylvania representative who voted for it. 3. Signers from Pennsylvania : Benjamin Franklin, Benjamin Rush, John Morton, Geo. Clymer, Geo. Taylor, Rob't Morris, James Smith, James Wilson and Geo. Ross. 165. Reorganization of State. 1. Meeting, 1776, decided Assembly had no right to form a government without king's consent. (a) A conference, then, from all counties met at 94 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA Philadelphia and ordered an election for members of a convention to revise state government. 2. Whigs called a meeting of their friends July 8. 3. Conference chose Franklin as president. (a) Assumed all powers of the State. 4. Old Assembly met in August and September, nevertheless, but disbanded. (a) So fell Penn's charter, and so ended the ses- sions of a wise and devoted body. HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 05 9G HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 97 CHAPTER XII. Miscellaneous Data Prior to 1776. 166. Connecticut Claims. 1. In 1662 claimed land westward, and wanted a strip along Susquehanna River from Indians. 2. Settlers were allowed to settle in Wyoming Valley provided they defend themselves. (a) Erected "Forty Fort," 1769. 167. "Pennamite and Yankee" War, 1. A war between Connecticut and Pennsylvania set- tlers ; lasted for two years. 2. Commissioners, 1782, decided disputes over terri- tory in favor of Pennsylvanians. 168. Virginia and New York Claims. 1. Virginia had indefinite claim to all land west, in- cluding Pittsburg. 2. Penn's charter had given him 5° of longitude, and controversy was settled by measuring same on Mason and Dixon's line. 3. Northern boundary dispute with New York was settled, 1789, at parallel 42°. (a) 1788, Pennsylvania bought corner near Lake Erie from Indians. 169. Indian Troubles. 1. Indian outrages remained unpunished, and Penn- sylvanians now tried to appease Indians. 98 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA (a) Promised to punish Paxton rioters; agreed to establish a boundary between white and Indian lands; and sealed compact, 1769, by treaty with Five Nations, Delawares and Shawnees. 2. Moravian Indians settled at Wyalusing, but could not stay because of Connecticut war. 3. Before Revolution, war in Pennsylvania was in western part near Ohio River and Pittsburg. ! 70. Population of Pennsylvania. 1. At time of Revolution, 300,000. (a) 1/3 Quakers, 1/3 Germans and 1/3 miscellan- eous. 2. Quakers centered in Philadelphia and adjacent counties. 3. Germans in southern part of state. 4. Connecticut Puritans in Wyoming Valley. 5. Welsh and Swedes had lost their identity. 171. Sects. 1. Pietists. (a) From London to Philadelphia, led by Kelpius. (b) Nightly expected Lord's coming. (c) Settled in caves along the W'issahickon. (d) Introduced Episcopal Church government in state, and organized the Swedish Lutheran Church. 2. Mennonites (from Menno Simons). (a) Believed in a universal divine right — no oaths. (b) Were persecuted in Switzerland; came to Pennsylvania after hearing about it from Penn. HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 99 (c) Rittenhouse built first paper mill, in Lan- caster County. (d) Sect did not discard baptism or Lord's Sup- per, yet beliefs were smiliar to beliefs of Quakers. 3. Dunkers (German Baptists). (a) Joined Mennonites in Germantown, 1719, led >by Christopher Sower and son. (b) Believed in celibacy. (c) Established monastery in Ephrata, Lancas- ter Co., and organized, 1740, perhaps first Sunday school of the United States. (d) Peter Miller wrote of sufferings. 4. Schwenkf elders, 1734. (a) Were persecuted folk from Silesia, having views like Quakers' views. (b) Settled around Pennsville. 5. Moravians or Unitas Fratrum. (a) Originally Slavonic; sprung from followers of John Huss in Bohemia and Moravia, Germans having been brought in by revival. (b) Count Zinzendorf, 1722, offered them an asylum on his estates. A few came. (c) More permanent settlement in Georgia, 1735, finally abandoned because of warlike conditions. (d) Final settlement, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. 1 72. Zinzendorf. 1. Tried to unite all sects in a Philadelphia meeting of delegates, 1741; but lines of difference were too hard, ^nd he failed, 100 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 2. The Moravians, under him, aided new immigrants by schools and churches, with good results. (a) Under Zeisberger, many Indians were peace- ably converted, but non-Christian Indians wrought havoc among them later. 1 73. Lutherans. 1. First of these German settlers, between 1710 and 1776, were of the Reformed Church. (a) Lutherans, as a result of Queen Anne's oiTer of a home in America, came later. (b) Were brought in mean boats, and were not wanted when they did arrive on account of their weak condition. (c) Settled in West and desired to form a new Germany in America. (d) Lacked schools and churches, and progressed little. 1 74. Schlatter. 1. Leader of German Reformed Church ; born in Switzerland, 1716. 2. Established churches and schools. 3. Tried to make people see their semi-savage state and try to rise. 1 75. Muhlenberg. 1. Bom 1711; led Lutherans about 1742; preached and taught successfully. 1 76. Scotch-Irish. 1. Presbyterians ; came to Eastern Pennsylvania from fiprthern Ireland. HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 101 2. Were energetic, almost controlling province. (a) Set up schools. 3. Ignored Indian claims, vowing death to all red men. 4. Doctrines opposite to Quakers' doctrines. 177. Other Sects. 1. Episcopalians, w^ho after establishing Christ Church, Philadelphia, and harassing Quakers, changed places with latter and sided with proprietors. 2. Baptists; not numerous. 3. Congregationalists ; lacked influence. 4. Catholics; few, and were forbidden to hold offices, yet had religious liberty in Philadelphia. 1 78. Schools. 1. 1689, Penn established grammar school in Phila- delphia for poor. It still exists. 2. Central school for boys, 4th street, taught about eight common branches. 3. Friends schools, 40 or 50 in all were open to all doctrines. (a) Robert Proud, most noted of head masters, wrote "History of Pennsylvania" during time of Revolution. 4. Episcopal schools, 1694, were connected with Christ Church. (a) The Academy founded by Episcopalians, later became University of Pennsylvania. 5. Presbyterian schools conducted by pastor-teachers, fa) lek desired schools in every parish. 102 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA G. Dr. Alisons Academy, founded 1741, Chester County. 7. "Log College," Bucks Co., established 1726 by Rev. Wm. Tennent, was a room 20 feet square. 1 79. University of Pennsylvania, 1 749. 1. All denominations formed into a board, contributing £2000. (a) Franklin first president. (b) Wm. Smith, first provost, was very well edu- cated. 2. Board bought a building wherein a high curriculum was taught. (a) Students numbered 400 in 10th year of Uni- versity. 3. Medical department added in 1765. 4. Dr. Smith received benefactions in England to edu- cate Pennsylvania Germans. (a) Somer protested. 5. As a political unit, the state had done nothing to- wards education ; while the Church had done all. 180. Educated Men. 1. Lloyd, Logan, Keith, Taylor and many others. 2. Rittenhouse, astronomer and mathematician, de- scended from the paper manufacturer. 3. Bartram, botanist and collector. 4. Wilson and Audubon, ormithologists. Latter's fame is growing steadily. 5. Joseph Priestley discovered oxygen. 0. Shippin, Bond and Rush, doctors. HISTORY OF PENNSYLVAisilA 103 7. Benjamin West, Quaker and noted artist. 8. The Lloyds, The Morrises, Kinsey, Smith and Thomson, statesmen. 181. Franklin's Institutions. 1. Printed "Pennsylvania Gazette" and "Poor Rich- ard's Almanac"; founded "Saturday Evening Post" in 1728. 2. Was clerk of Assembly. 3. Founded free library and hospital. 4. Invented fire-place stove. 5. Discovered similarity between lightning and elec- tricity ; invented lightning rod. 6. Founded Philosophical Society, and organized fire- brigades and health committees for public good. 182. Industrial Conditions. 1. Agriculture and commerce thriving, especially about Philadelphia districts. (a) 800 vessels w^ere busy in 1773. i04 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 105 ](>6 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 107 CHAPTER XIII. Revolutionary War, 1776-1790. 183. Council of Safety. 1. Absorbed governmental functions. 2. Later, the constitutional convention became govern- ing power with Franklin president. (a) Appointed delegates to Congress; declared Pennsylvania independent. (b) James Cannon, Geo. Bryan, Timothy Matlack were most important workers in convention. 184. State Constitution of 1776. 1. Placed state in direct control of those favoring Revolution. 2. Consisted of : (a) Declaration of Rights. (b) Provision for single legislative fcody, called Assembly, having usual privileges and elected an- nually by people. (c) Executive body, "Supreme Executive Coun- cil," to consist of 12 members, one from each of 11 counties and one from Philadelphia. Power to ap- point judges and grant reprieves or pardons. (d) All officers to take oath of allegiance to state. (e) Council of Censors, elected every 7 years to see if constitution was being obeyed. Two members- from each city and county. 108 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 3. Defects : Too many executors ; Council Censors proved impracticable and caused trouble. 4. Constitution decreased number of crimes punishable by death. After 1786, treason and murder alone stood in that class. 185. Parties. 1. One party, radical, favored the Constitution; an- other, made up of moderate men of old Proprietary party, opposed it. 2. Constitution was democratic. (a) Gave Assembly most power. (b) People quarreled over it until 1790. (c) Quakers, Dunkers, etc., refused to take oaths and were arrested. 186. Campaign of 1776 in Revolution. 1. British tried unsuccessfully this year to take Phila- delphia. 2. Assembly tried to muster troops, offering rewards for recruits. 3. Washington crossed Delaware Christmas night and captured 1000 Hessians at Trenton. 4. Rob't Morris borrowed £50,000 on his own credit to help the army. (a) When Morris asked to be repaid at close of war, he was refused and he died of starvation. 187. Campaign of 1777. 1. Howe collected fleet and went from New York up Delaware River to Philadelphia. (a) He planned to attack the city from south. HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 109 (b) Washington, who had moved south with 11,500 men, attacked Howe at Chad's Ford and was defeated. 2. Campaign around Saratoga had ended in Bur- goyne's defeat in October, Gates being victorious. 3. Battle of Brandy wine, Sept. 11, 1777, resulted in victory for Howe. (a) As a sequel, Howe entered Philadelphia Sept. 26. 4. How again victorious at Germantown, Oct. 4, 1777, and continued to hold Philadelphia. (a) Washington took up winter quarters at VaK ley Forge. 5. Congress moved to Lancaster and later to York, 1777. 188. Valley Forge. 1. While Washington and men were sufifering untold agonies, British were feasting and dancing in Phila- delphia. (a) 3000 Americans were bare-footed. 2. Conway Cabal, a plot to remove Washington from command and put in Gates, failed because of Lafayette's efforts. 3. Prison on Walnut Street held men who were starv- ing in midst of plenty. 189. Evacuation of Philadelphia. 1. British gained practically nothing by occupying the city. 2. Upon hearing approach of French fleet, they left on June 1, 1778, and escaped to New York. no HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 190. Arnold. . ; 1. Given charge of Philadelphia, but governed poorly. 2. Here he begain correspondence with British which resulted in his trial for treason. 3. Mobs in Philadelphia attacked moderate men. (a) Carlisle and Roberts tried and hanged as ex- amples. 191. Riots in Philadelphia. 1. Causes. (a) Arnold's poor management. (b) Unstable value of money. (c) People inclined towards mob law. 2. Results. (a) Committees were appointed by town meet- ings to regulate prices and stop depreciation of cur- rency. 192. French Alliance. 1. Franklin sought aid from France, 1776. (a) Succeeded, 1777, in completing negotiations. 2. French representative, Girard, was feasted in Phila- delphia. 193. Attack on College. 1. Provoked by Constitutionalist party. Provost Smith seemed somewhat indifferent. 2. Charter was annulled, 177!), and property given to new board of new organization to be called "University of Pennsylvania." (a) Old trustees kept up their organization also. Hence two "colleges" struggled along until 1791 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 111 when both were incorporated into the University of Pennsylvania. 194. Wyoming Massacre. 1. Six Nations on war-path. (a) Butler with 300 men went against Indians. 2. Men, women and children were tortured and mur- dered. (a) Some sought refuge in Forty Fort but to no avail. 3. Sullivan marched with 4000 men into Indian coun- try in New York and burned 40 villages. (a) This invasion resulted in annihilation of Six J^ations. 195. Surrender of Cornwallis, 1781. 1. Philadelphia celebrated and a good spirit prevailed everywhere. 2. At this time, Dickinson was elected governor by Anti-Constitutionalists. 3. Smith received position in college. 4. Morris, finding American victory at Yorktown en-, couraged business, established The Bank of North America, 1781. 196. Conditions in State. 1. Pennsylvania contained about 350,000 people in 1784. 2. State ranked second among colonies in point of wealth. Massachusetts first. 3. Interest from Penn's estate brought $130,000 (1779). 112 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 4. Friends passed a bill giving freedom at the age of 21 years to all slaves born after the passage of the bill. 197. Revolt of Continentals. 1. 300 soldiers from Lancaster demanded a settle- ment. (a) They had suffered much, but w^ere refused satisfaction. 2. Dickinson finally settled dispute and claims were honored. 3. Test of allegiance, probably unconstitutional, finally repealed, 1789. 1 98. Franklin. 1. Franklin, assisted by Jay and J. Adams, concluded a treaty with England. (a) This secured Independence and retained friendship of France. 2. He returned from France in 1785, and was elected president of Council, 1786. (a) Although aged and diseased, he was highly honored by all. 3. Mifflin succeeded in 1788 and remained in that office until 1790. 199. United States Constitution. 1. Convention held at Philadelphia, 1787, in State House. 2. Found following defects in old Articles of Con- federation : (a) No authority to enforce provisions called for. HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 113 (b) There was no Judiciary. (c) Taxes could not be collected. (d) Executive power was lacking. 3. Convention labored from May to September. (a) Washington was president. (b) Hamilton and Madison strongest workers. (c) Franklin, J. Wilson, R. Morris and G. Morris were chief delegates from Pennsylvania. 200. Pennsylvania and the Constitution. 1. Franklin presented Constitution to Pennsylvania Assembly. 2. Members were divided as before : Constitutional- ists and Anti-Constitutionalists. 3. Philadelphia and southeast counties were discon- tented with present Legislature, and supposed new law- makers would be chosen by Anti-Federalists who grew out of the Constitutionalist party. 4. George Clymer proposed resolutions for holding state convention in November. (a) The convention met after some members were forced from their homes to attend, and the United States Constitution was ratified December 21. (b) By July 4, 1788, 10 states had ratified. 5. Federalists next wanted a new Constitution for the state, and framed one in November, 1789. (a) This they declared adopted, 1790, without vote of people. 201. The New State Constitution. 1. Some ideas borrowed from national frame. lU HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 2. Provisions: (a) Governor to be the only executive. (b) Legislature to consist of tv^o houses. (c) Council of Censors abolished. (d) Governor to appoint judges and county of ficers. 202. Franklin's Death. 1. Died at age of 85, in 1790. (a) Buried in Christ Church yard, Fifth and Arch streets, Philadelphia. HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 115 IIG HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 117 CHAPTER XIV. Capital of the Nation, 1790-1799. 203. The National Capital. 1. Congress met in Philadelphia, 1790-1800, at comer of Chestnut and Sixth streets. (a) Senate upstairs. Twenty-six members. John Adams, president. (b) House, first floor. Erederick A. Muhlenburg, speaker. 2. Supreme Court met at Chestnut and Fifth streets with John Jay as chief justice. 204. National Politics. 1. Hatred of England and love for France were ruling amotions. 2. Two parties in Washington's cabinet: (a) Federalists, represented by Hamilton, fa- vored by Washington. (b) Democratic-Republicans, represented by Jef- ferson, feared a king. 3. Washington was besieged by a Philadelphia mob who demanded war with England. 4. When Napoleon insulted a delegation to France, American changed their opinion of France. 205. United States Bank. 1. Hamilton's bill to create United States Bank at 118 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA Philadelphia was passed by strength of northern Con- gressmen. (a) Provided that capital should be $10,000,000, 1/5 to be given by government. (b) Bank's charter to expire 1811. 2. Hamilton also planned the "asumption of state debts," which was adopted. 3. Washington re-elected, 1793, unanimously. 2C6. State Convention, 1790. 1. Provided that Governor be elected for 3 years ; Senators be elected every 4 years ; Representatives an- nually ; Judges and County officers, 1/4 elected yearly. 207. Thomas Mifflin. Elected governor, 1793 and 1796, as democratic candi- date. Was illustrious man and a good leader. 203. Revival of Industry. 1. Agriculture helped all trade. (a) Flour exports increased. 2. Mining of anthracite coal at Mauch Chunk, 3. Schuylkill Canal and Philadelphia-Lancaster turn- pike (macadam) opened 1792. 4. Speculation by lotteries became popular and helped improve City Hall and Dickinson College. 5. Fitch's steamboat plied from Philadelphia to Bur- lington, 1790. (a) Fitch killed himself later because of dis- couragements. C). Periodicals of all sorts came into existence. 7. Colleges. Pennsylvania College became University HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 119 of Pennsylvania in 1791; Franklin College chartered in Lancaster, 1787; Washington and Jefferson Colleges, southwestern Pennsylvania, same period. 8. Population of state 1800 was over 602,000. (a) Some race elements had become extinct. 209. Yellow Fever, 1793. 1. Brought from Hayti ; broke out along water front. (a) Streets were cleaned. (b) Dr. Rush's proposed treatments ridiculed. (c) Pennsylvania Hospital was established. (d) 1797 plague started again, but more sanitary conditions prevented rapid spread. 210. Whiskey Relbellion. 1. Scotch-Irish of western part of state distilled whiskey and used it as trading medium. 2. Congress, 1791, placed tax of 25 cents per gallon on product. (a) Collectors were punished and taxes were not paid. (b) Rioters threatened Pittsburg. (c) Mifflin called and led militia against rebels, resulting in establishment of federal authority. 211. Albert Gallatin. 1. Born in Geneva, 1761; taught at Harvard; was a member of first state legislature; bought land in state and become very influential ; became state senator, U. S. senator and finally secretary of treasury under Jeffer- son. •'■ 120 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 212. Robert Morris. 'The Nation's Friend" was United States senator from Pennsylvania; financially ruined at time of Revolution. (See Section 186. 213. Fries' Rebellion, 1799. 1. Congress decreed a tax on slaves, houses, lands, etc. (a) Houses were counted and windows strictly measured. 2. Fries led people in rebellion. Marched out from Bethlehem but were quelled. 214. Dr. George Logan. 1. War seemed imminent between Americans and French. (a) Washington chosen commander-in-chief, 1798. 2. Logan voluntarily went to France to make settle- ment. (a) Was well treated there. (b) Washington disapproved of his unauthorized mission. (c) Logan thought he averted war, but little is known of his true actions. (d) He was received coldly upon his return, ex- cept by Republicans. 2 1 5. Governments Removed. 1. 1800 national government was moved south of Mason-Dixon line (previously arranged for) to Wash- ington. HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 121 2. 1799 state government moved to Lancaster, Reasons for removal : (a) Mob element and unhealthy conditions of Philadelphia feared. (b) Sectarian distinctions also too manifest in that city. 122 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 123 12i HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 125 CHAPTER XV. Economic DEVELorMENX, 17I)D-1810. 216. Governor McKean. 1. Born in Chester Co. 2. Was law student; signer of Declaration of Inde- pendence ; and Chief Justice of Supreme Court of Penn- sylvania. 3. Succeeded Mifflin and likewise served three tri- ennial terms. (a) Was an honest and popular Democratic ex- ecutive. (b) Died in 1817. 217. Federal Mistakes. 1. Alien Law gave president power to banish an* foreigner whom he considered dangerous. (a) Federalists in power at this time, 1797-1798. (b) President never enforced this law. 2. Sedition Law gave president power to punish per- sons guilty of speaking, writing or publishing anything false or malicious against United States government. (a) Several persons were punished under this law. 218. William Duane. 1. Edited "Aurora," a paper of Philadelphia which abused the government. (a) He was carefully watched, and as a resul] had 60 libel cases on hand at one time. 126 HIS TORY OF PENNSYLVANIA (b) Had many Irish followers who tried to have Alien and Sedition Laws repealed. 219. Election of 1800. 1. Jefferson's election to presidency, 1800, placed the state in ranks of the democracy. (a) His success over Burr decided by House of Representatives. (b) "Aurora" deplored corrupt politics. (c) Federalism in state died. 220. Pure Democracy Demanded. 1. Radicals thought Jefferson too conservative and de- manded supremacy of common people and equal wage for official and workman. 2. Jefferson, although very democratic, refused to set aside all Federal officers. 3. McKean opposed "clod-hopper" legislators and, like John Adams, wanted government by "well-born." (a) McKean's party, 1805, set him aside and nominated Simon Snyder. 221. Simon Snyder. 1. From Northumberland; had been farmer and store- keeper. 2. Governed state 9 years. (a) Was popular; could speak German and Eng- lish, and became representative of Democratic cause. 222. Other Political Conditions. 1. A new party "Tertium Quids," later "Quids," waj- formed. HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 127 (a) They elected McKean, 1805, against Snyder, by large majority. 2. 1808, Federalists chose Ross to run against Snyder. (a) Snyder succeeded and governed wisely dur- ing War of 1812. 223. Olmstead's Claim. 1. Some prisoners, captured by a British ship during Revolution, v^ere sent to Jamaica. (a) Prisoners, under Olmstead, took command, confined crew in cabin and sailed for Philadelphia, near which place a Pennsylvania brig recaptured the ship and claimed it as a prize. (b) Case brought to court. Decision gave 54 value of ship to Olmstead, 54 to state, >^ to brig, and %. to former owner of captured vessel. (c) But Olmstead appealed to Congress for all the value of ship, and a committee agreed. The money, £50,000, meantime held by David Ritten- house, state treasurer. (d) After many arguments, Olmstead obtained a decree, 1803, to get the money. (e) But Rittenhouse had died and heirs had set- tled estate. (f) Governor McKean forced bill through Legis- lature ordering money to be paid to the State Treas- urer. (g) 1808, Olmstead took case to Supreme Court of United States. Chief Justice Marshall decided in his favor; and after Olmstead had fought for what im HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA he considered his own for a period of 31 years, he was finally paid. 224. Internal Improvements. 1. Good roads made traveling much less wearisome. (a) Stage ran from Lancaster to Pittsburg, 1804, once a week. 2. Various canals and bridges were constructed, the latter spanning the Schuylkill and the Delaware. (a) The period of canals extended from 1820- 1835, and of railroads from 1835. 225. Steam Engines and Industries. 1. Oliver Evans tried to use steam to propel vehicles. 2. Robert Fulton, Lancaster Co., 1807, built his first successful steamboat. 3. Woolen mills sprang up, using water power. 4. Iron plants developed at Phoenixville (1790) and later at Coatesville. | 5. Commerce from Philadelphia wharves increased rapidly in early part of 19th century. 6. Banks were, however, in poor condition. 226. Stephen Girard. 1. Born in France. Shipped as cabin boy. Promoted to captain. 2. Came to Philadelphia 1769. (a) Started as grocer and sold various supplies to Continental army. 3. His appearance was coarse. 4. Cruel at home, kind broad. HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 129 5. Money was his aim. He was one of few success- ful merchants of 1804. 227. Pittsburg. 1. Was a hive of industry; a trading center for salt, medicine, implements, etc. 228. Effect of Embargo. 1. Jefferson (1807) suggested a law prohibiting foreign commerce, and the law was passed. 2. Most injury at home, because our ships could not depart with goods nor trade with others. (a) The act later restricted trade to France and England only. 3. In 1808, Madison, Democrat, was elected president. (a) Pennsylvania voted for him. 4. Gallatin was Secretary of Treasury 1801-1813, but resigned to negotiate a treaty of peace. (a) 1816-1823 he was minister to Paris. 229. State's Literature. 1. Ranked highest until 1820 when New England ex- celled. 2. Philadelphia called "Athens of America." (a) Charles Brockden Brown published famous novels, 1790-1800. 3. Magazines. (a) Bradford's, 1740, was short lived. (b) Franklin's "Chronicle." (c) 1757, Provost Smith's "American Magazine." (d) Thomas Paine's "Pennsylvania Magazine." (e) 1801, "Port Folio," edited by Joseph Dennie. 130 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA (f) "Graham's Magazine," after 1820, brought state again into front ranks of literature. (g) But only a small portion of Pennsylvanians were educated, because Legislature had not provided free public schools. HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 131 133 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 133 CHAPTER XVI. War of 1812, 1810-1817. 230. War of 1812. 1. Nation was unprepared for war. 2. Pennsylvania, excepting Philadelphia, favored the war. (a) Legislature vowed support of national gov- ernment. (b State gave $286,000 and offered to subscribe to United States bonds. 3. Causes of war. (a) Commerce restrictions caused by France and England. (b) English sea captains impressed American seamen. 4. England's navy comprised about 1000 ships; ours comprised 12. 5. Jacob Brown, "Fighting Quaker" of 1812. (a) From Bucks County. (b) Commanded frontier troops east of Oswego, and gained remarkable victories. (c) Became finally General-in-Chief of United States Army. 6. Perry's victory on Lake Erie, 1813, caused much enthusiasm. (a) Built a small fleet at that place. (b) Captured English, on the offensive, saving th^ northwest, 134 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 7. British burned Washington in 1814, and terrorized country round about. 8. Philadelphia prepared defense. (a) James Buchanan favored voluntary enlist- ment. (b) The city feared Delaware River blockade. 9. Prominent men. (a) Stephen Decatur, who had subdued Barbary pirates. (b) James Biddle awarded gold medal for ex- ploits in navy. (c) Charles Stewart, "Old Ironsides," rewarded for victories by being made rear admiral. He lived to see Civil War. 231. Governor Snyder. 1. People feared judicial interference with liberty. 2. Law passed, 1811, provided that no decision made since July 4, 1776, should be made an authority. This held its own until 1831. 3. "The Aurora" attacked the Democratic press when it found that Snyder was uncontrollable ; but state up- held him. 232. Capital at Harrisburg, 1810. 1. Legislature became dissatisfied with Lancaster and decided, 1809, to choose a new capital for the state. (a) 14 votes favored Harrisburg and removal was made. 233. United States Bank. 1, Charter secured by Hamilton expired 1811, HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 135 (a) Federalists and some Democrats wanted charter renewed. (b) Many people objected, thinking bank was used for political ends. 234. Stephen Girard. 1. When Congress refused to renew bank's charter, Girard purchased $1,000,000 worth of United States bonds and started Girard Bank in Philadelphia with capital of $1,200,000. (a) Successfully conducted so that notes never depreciated. (b) Girard paid $93,000 to regain his ship cap- tured by British. (c) He subscribed a loan to government at 6%. (d) People rushed for shares of stock. (e) Girard aided Alexander Dallas, 1816, estab- lish United States Bank, subscribing $3,100,000. 235. War's Effect on Industry. 1. Coastwise ship trade was declining, and wagons were used instead of ships. This led to increased tolls. 2. Wheat plentiful, but flour cost $17 a barrel. 3. Fleet of merchant vessels was ready to sail as soon as peace could be attained. (a) Treaty of peace was signed at Ghent, Dec. 25, 1814, before battle of New Orleans occurred. 4. Foreign trade improved at once, and speculation fever ran high. 236. National Finances. 1. Dallas was Secretary of Treasury under Madison. 136 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 2. Finances in bad shape. (a) People resisted direct tax. (b) Credit was exhausted, and banks issued cur- rency too freely. 3. Protective tax was levied on cotton, woolen goods and sugar. (a) Ingram of Pennsylvania and also Clay and Dallas favored the tax. 4. Minor banks. (a) Democrats opposed banks. (b) In 1818, state had 59. 237. Disposition of Settlers. 1. The English lived in western part of state and were prosperous. The Irish lived in eastern part. 2. Many Germans lived on Delaware River in boats. Some were skilled workmen, others were slaves. 3. 1819 was in a period of labor and financial hard- ships. (a) Much money sent abroad. (b)Many people thrown out of work. 238. Reforms. 1. Many charities organized for sake of poor. 2. Societies were formed to attempt to abolish liquor traffic. 3. Prison reformatory established in Pennsylvania was first of its kind. 4. Dickens complimented the state, during visit in 1817, for its hospitals and prisons. HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA . 137 138 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 139 CHAPTER XVII. Industrial Progress, 1817-1820. 239. Campaign of 1817. 1. Governor Snyder, now ineligible, presented Wm. Findlay. 2. Federalists, moderate Democrats and Quids to- gether nominated Joseph Hiester. (a) Findlay secured 1000 more votes than Heister, but, in 1820, Heister defeated him. 3. Findlay was proven honest in spite of charges made by enemies. (a) 1821, was elected United States Senator. (b) 1827-1840, Treasurer of Philadelphia Federal Mint. 240. Nominating Conventions Grow. 1. Presidential candidates had been nominated by party Congressmen. (a) Governors were nominated by legislative caucus. 2. Democrats of Delaware Co., at Duane's suggestion, proposed election of delegates to nominate. (a) Both candidates for governor, 1820, were presented by a representative convention. This was called "Pennsylvania Plan." 241. Great Cities. 1. Philadelphia. 140 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA (a) 100,000 population in 1817. (b) Quiet, clean and stable. 2. Pittsburg. (a) 10,000 people who engaged in many trades, producing goods valued at $2,000,000 annually. 3. The whole state was growing in wealth. Houses increased in value; exports and imports more numerous, the latter being valued at $4,000,000 in 1815. 242. Coal. 1. 1812 J. White and E. Hazard bought load of hard coal for $1 per bu., and found it equal to bituminous. 2. White thought Mauch Chunk mines valuable. (a) Could have used Lehigh River as means of transportation, but it was not navigable. 3. The Lehigh Coal Co. and Lehigh Navigation Co. were formed, and finally improved river sufficiently, 1818. (a) Coal supply abundant, but Philadelphia was show to use it, because special stoves had to be made. 243. Canals. 1. Schuylkill and Susquehanna were connected. 2. Chesapeake and Delaware canal completed, 1829. 3. Delaware and Raritan canal later. (a) Both made water route continuous from New York to Baltimore. 4. Pennsylvania envied Erie Canal. 5. Alleghany Mts. and the uncertain channel of Dela- ware River were serious drawbacks to construction of really great canals. HIST ORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 141 6. By 1830, however, Pittsburg-Johnstown canal, and water route from AUeghanies to Columbia practically finished. Horse railroad to Philadelphia also in use. (a) Portage railroad begun 1831; opened in 1835; each customer to supply own motive power. 7. By close of Shulze's term state controlled 430 miles of canals; corporations controlled 300 miles of others. 244. Tariff and Pennsylvania. 1. New England and South deplored tariff of 1816. (a) Middle States and West welcomed any pan- acea as panic remedy. 2. 1818 a special act protected iron products. 3. 1824 act increased number of protected products. 4. Harrisburg Convention, 1827. (a) 100 delegates from different states decided: Duties on cotton and woolen goods should be in- creased; agriculture aided; manufactures of hemp, iron, flax, glass to receive extra benefits. (h) Congress passed the proposition with slight changes. 245. Death of Federalism. 1. Jackson, 1824, received state's electoral vote, but House elected John Q. Adams. 2. Hiester, candidate of "Mixed Party," had governed creditably. 3. Democrats nominated John A. Shulze. (a) 48 years old, friend of people, educated, moral, and had been member of Legislature and Congress. 142 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 3. Opposite party favored Andrew Gregg. (a) They feared to call themselves Federalists because of public opinion. (b) Gregg was a banker ; enemy of poor ; had been Secretary of Commonwealth under Hiester. (c) Was upheld by Duane, but lost by 25,000. 4. Thus ended Federalism. Plain people were tramp- ling upon "pride of property." (a) Other parties grew from remnants. 246. Conditions in General. 1. State was rich but needed a guiding hand. (a) 1820, wave of economy resulted in reduction of officials' salaries. (b) Shulze's term was, however, extravagant. Enormous borrowed sums aided improvements but weakened credit. 2. People demanded protection against public debt. (a) Appropriations had been exceeded by expendi- tures. 3. Death of Jefferson and John Adams, July 4, 1826, brought all to realization of passing of time and changes wrought on every hand since birth of Independence. HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 143 144 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 145 CHAPTER XVIII. Education, 1829-1837. 247. Anti-Masonry. 1. 1826, Wm. Morgan of New York, threatened to pub- lish a book reveahng Masonic secrets, but was arrested and probably murdered by incensed Masons. 2. Public feared courts would shield prisoners if they were Masons. (a) Many lodges had to give up charters. (b) Imperial power was feared. (c) Anti-Masonry took political form in state, 1829. 248. Wolf and Ritner. 1. Democrats nominated George Wolf. (a) Of German descent. (b) Had been Assemblyman and Congressman. 2. Ritner one of many candidates opposing Wolf, was Anti-Masonic. 3. Wolf's majority was 16,000. (a) At this time state's vote was important in presidential elections. (b) Wolf favored public school, but warned peo- ple against going intor*debt. 249. National Bank. 1. Had been chartered in 1816 for period of 20 years, (a) 183? bank applied for rechartering. 146 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA (b) Bill favoring same passed Congress, but Jack- son vetoed it. 2. Nicholas Biddle, president of bank. (a) Princeton graduate. (b) Clever financier. 250. Jackson as President. 1. His popularity, rather than advocacy of certaini measures, made him president, 1832. 2. He advised Congress to sell government stock to amount of $7,000,000; to refuse bank aid; and to remove gradually public funds in national bank. (a) This was chiefly cause of panic of 1837. (b) Bank weakened but held on, having had its charter renewed by Pennsylvania. 251. Governor Wolf and Schools. 1. Constitution of 1790 provided for public schools. (a) State never felt that money granted to various colleges was well invested. 2. Friends Public School, Philadelphia, had a system of elementary studies leading up to a central school of higher grade. (a) Franklin's academy and charity school also embraced that plan. 3. Academies founded to secure state grants were not supported by neighborhoods. (a) Had no elementary schools below them. (b) People generally indifferent, (c) After 1840, state aided little. 4. Earlier schools, 1802-00, included pvipils whose parents could pay. HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 147 (a) Teachers were paid according to number of pupils. 252. Lancasterian System. 1. Introduced by J. Lancaster of London, 1818, in Philadelphia. (a) Plan was for monitors selected from class to assist those who progressed more slowly. All work was supervised by the master. (b) System used for 20 years. (c) Monitor idea led to Teachers' Training Schools. 2. In 1831 Pennsylvania was only northern state not provided with a good school system. (a) 370,000 in state could neither read nor write. (b) Rich thought schools were for poor only. (c) Supreme Court decided that state constitution did not prohibit use of money for other than poor. 3. Wolf succeeded in having bill passed providing that schools be kept up by taxation. (a) Samuel Breck assisted, and bill was passed 1834. (b) At first $75,000 were granted yearly for schools ; shortly after $500,000 for buildings alone. 253. Thaddeus Stevens. 1. Represented Adams Co. in 1834. (a) His efforts were largely responsible for the prevention of the repeal of the Public School Law. (b) Various religious sects opposed the law and almost compelled Assembly to repeal it, December, 1834. 148 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA (c) Stevens was an extreme Anti-Mason, (d) He won the fight in favor of pubHc schools and saw the law strengthened considerably. 254. Thomas H. Burrowes. 1. Superintendent of schools, 1835, reported : (a) 742 school districts. (b) 384 schools. (c) 3,394 teachers. (d) 150,838 scholars. 255. Gubernatorial Campaign, 1835. 1. There was a division in the Democratic party. (a) Wolf re-nominated by school faction, called "Wolves." (b) Henry A. Muhlenburg by opponents, called "Mules." (c) Contest was bitter. 2. Anti-Masons and Whigs united in nominating Jo- seph Ritner. (a) He became governor December, 1835. (b) Wolf defeated largely on account of school theories. (c) School system, however, was not killed. 3. Ritner, having carefully noted in Wolf's last mes- sage that enormous sums had been expended for im- provements since 182G, advised a cessation in that di- rection for a period. (a) He supported schools and furthered destruc- tion of secret societies. HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 140 150 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 151 " ' CHAPTER XIX. Slavery Question, 1837-1838. 256. Constitution of 1838. 1. Convention. (a) Met in Harrisburg, May 2, 1837. (b) Later, Philadelphia, until 1838. 2. Changes made. (a) A new clause prohibited banks from being chartered for more than 20 years, and gave Legis- lature power to annul charters. (b) Term of governor and legislators to begin on first Tuesday in January. (c) Governor to have power to appoint Secretary of Commonwealth, and, with consent of Senate, all judges. (d) White freemen to have right to vote. (e) Electors to reside in state 1 yr., and in dis- trict 10 days before voting. (f) Term of Supreme Court Judges, 15 years, for judges learned in law, 10 years, for associate judges 5 years. (g) A member of Congress not to be permitted to hold a state office also. 257. Slavery Question. 1. First Abolition Society was formed in Philadelphia before Revolution. 152 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 2. In 1780 Pennsylvania was one of states which passed acts providing for gradual abolition. (a) Franklin, also, in 1790, favored gradual sup- presion of slavery. (b) Friends petitioned Congress same year. 3. Slave importers were taxed $10 per slave. (a) Bard's theory. 4. Sergeant, Gallatin, Roberts, Bard, Smilie were elo- quent for and against Fugitive Slave Law. 5. Roberts and Lowry, senators from Pennsylvania, tried to keep slavery out of Missouri. (a) Lowry said he would rather see Union dis- solved than slavery in Missouri. 257(a). Anti-Slavery Troubles. 1. Convention of negroes in Philadelphia, 1831, claimed move for colonization of negroes was in interest of southerners. 2. Evan Lewis, 1835, called an Anti-Slavery conven- tion. (a) Met in Philadelphia with John G. Whittier secretary. (b) Body favored suppression of slavery, without compensation to slave-holders. 3. Southerners threatened to murder Abolitionists. (a) But Garrison and Lundy fearlessly sent out literature. 4. Lower classes of whites and negroes rioted in Phila- delphia and burned negroes' homes. 5. Pennsylvania Hall, built by Anti-Slave men, was burned, 1838. HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 153 258. Panic of 1837. 1. 1836 was year of seeming prosperity. (a) When state rechartered National Bank it was called Pennsylvania Bank of United States. 2. Country owed Europe $60,000,000. (a) Europe demanded payment. 3. There were riots in New York on account of com- mercial panics. 4. Pet Banks suspended payment. (a) Many were found to be worthless. 5. Nicholas Biddle resigned as bank president, 1839. 259. State Treasury. 1. Debt $30,000,000. (a) Revenues were inadequate. (b) Internal improvements failed to bring re- turns. (c) Ritner feared results would be serious, es- pecially since he could not approve or disapprove separate items in appropriation measures. 2. Juniata flood, 1838, swept away 40 miles of canal. (a) Money had to be borrowed to reconstruct. 260. Ritner vs. Porter. 1. In 1838 Ritner was again nominated, but by United Whig party. 2. Democrats nominated Porter, who was elected. 3. Many lies were told about both candidates. 261. Buckshot War. 1. Legislature was divided, and each faction elected a speaker. 154 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA (a) All met in same hall. (b) People seemed to sympathize with Democratic side and opposed Whigs. 2. Mobs gathered in Harrisburg, causing considerable disturbance. (a) Governor ordered Gen. Patterson to protect oity against violence. (b) He gathered 100 men with muskets loaded with buckshot, but refused to permit them to sup- port either party. (c) He was soon sent home, and Whig officers came in from Carlisle with a small troop, but were not needed, for three members of Whig division had gone over to Democrats. This gave the latter a ma- jority and ended the Buckshot War. HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 155 156 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 157 CHAPTER XX. Financial Problems, 1838-1850. 262. Ritner's Message. 1. Claimed that soldiers had saved government from mob violence. 2. Showed that common schools had increased from 700 to 5000. (a) Trained teachers badly needed. 3. Ritner left financial conditions in such shape that borrowing became more immediately necessary. 263. Re-adjustment. 1. Porter found treasury empty and faced a state debt of $30,000,000. 2. Realized that canals could not be left in ill repair, for thus all would be lost. (a) State banks were unwilling to grant loans. (b) Finally, 1839, Porter obtained $6,500,000 from European and local sources to render internal im- provements useful. 3. Porter called special session of Legislature, 1840, to consider bills for raising revenue. (a) Taxes, amounting to $600,000 a year were levied on luxuries. 4. State credit was not strong before 1845, because bank notes were issued too freely, and debts remained unpaid. 158 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 264. Public Works. 1. Railroads badly managed. (a) Too many free passes, cut rates, etc., to friends of parties in power. (b) Since roads returned but ^ of expenses, people demanded sale. (c) Simon Cameron offered state $3,000,000 for Philadelphia and Columbia R. R., but the offer was refused. 2. Founding of Pennsylvania R. R. (a) An act provided that if a new company could have $3,000,000 subscribed, and $1,000,000 actually collected by February, 1847, and could also have completed by that time 15 miles of railroad at each end of proposed line, a charter would be granted. (b) These conditions were made. (c) John E. Thomson was first president. Was very successful. (d) Philadelphia gave $2,500,000 and Alleghany Co. $1,000,000. (e) Cars were run from Philadelphia to Pitts- burg, 1852. 265. Riots in Philadelphia, 1844. 1. Causes. (a) Prejudice against Catholics for attitude to- ward schools. (b) An organization of Kensington tried to make Catholics read Protestant Bible in public schools, ^, ^Results, HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 159 (a) An uprising on both sides lasted several days. (b) Troops were called by governor. (c) Catholics fortified their churches after con- ditions had subsided. (d) A church was broken into and various muni- tions of war found. (e) This led to another riot in Southwark, also an Irish Catholic section. (f) Troops were again called, and several persons were killed on each side. 266. Girard College. 1. Girard died, 1831, leaving a large sum of money to found Girard College. (a) This sum now has accrued to $30,000,000. 2. The College. (a) Cornerstone laid 1833. (b) Nicholas Biddle chairman of trustees. (e) He favored Grecian architecture. (f) Object of institution was to feed, clothe and educate orphans. (g) Opened 1848. 267. State Politics. 1. Democrats re-elected Porter, 1841, over John Banks, a Whig candidate. 2. Democrats, 1844, had chosen H. A. Muhlenburg, but he died before election and F. R. Shunk became gov- ernor. (a) Shunk died 1848, and Wm. F. Johnstone, Whig, who was Speaker of Senate, succeeded him. IGO HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 268. Tariff. 1. In 1833 there was passed a Federal Compromise Tariff which provided for reduction of all duties exceed- ing 20%. (a) 1/10 excess to be removed every other year until 1842. (b) 1/2 of remaining excess was to be cut off in January, and the other in July. 2. Pennsylvania had been greatly disturbed during in- decision of Congress. 3. Senate, 18-12, passed a bill which granted higher duties. 269. Mexican War. 1. Was not popular in North. 2. South had succeeded in bringing about annexation of Texas, 1845. (a) The purpose was to increase slave territory. 3. Mexico refused to acknowledge independence of Texas. 4. The boundary between the two was in dispute. 5. Facts 3 and 4 brought on the war. G. Although not in favor of the war, in 1846 Pennsyl- vania offered nine regiments for service. (a) Only two were needed. (b) They fought under Taylor and Scott. 7. Americans won every battle. 8. Results. (a) Rio Grande fixed as boundary line. (b) In addition to retaining Texas, United States mSTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 161 gained California and New Mexico after paying $15,000,000 to Mexico. (c) Treaty of peace signed at Guadalupe Hidalgo, 1848. 270. WHmot Proviso. 1. Wilmot, of Pennsylvania, gained favor of South by voting for tariff of 1846 which was for revenue only. 2. He proposed, 1846, that "neither slavery nor involun- tary servitude shall exist in any part of said territory (Texas) except for crime." (a) This failed to pass, and further embittered the feeling between North and South. 271. Improvements. 1. In 1850, Pennsylvania controlled her debt. 2. Increase in state's population since 1840 greater than in any other state. Total reached 2,300,000. 3. Production of wheat, iron and coal, exceeded other states. 4. Conditions: civic, political and moral, all were im- proved. (a) State was Democratic. 272. Graham's Magazine. 1. Published in Philadelphia about 1841, by George K. Graham. 2. Greatest writers of the day contributed: Long- fellow, Poe, Lowell, Hawthorne, Alice and Phoebe Gary, and Whipple. (a) 35,000 subscribers. 3. Became "American Monthly," 1859. 4. Graham was first to pay writers fair prices. 1G2 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 273. Bayard Taylor. 1. Born in Chester Co., 1825. 2. Was foreign correspondent for New York Tribune and other papers. 3. Was Secretary to Legation at Petersburg" under Lincoln, 1861. (a) Also Minister to Berlin under Hayes, 1877. 4. He wrote a famous translation of "Faust," and many poems, among which "Song of The Camp," is very popular. 274. J. Buchanan Read. 1. Also born in Chester Co. 2. Was cigarmaker, actor and portrait painter. 3. Wrote Sheridan's Ride. HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 163 164 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 165 CHAPTER XXI. Slavery the Issue, 1850-1860. 275. Underground Railroad. 1. Slavery now the main question. 2. People v^ould not deny fugitive slaves shelter. (a) Thomas Garrett of Pennsylvania aided 2700 negroes to escape, and was threatened with murder as a result. (b) Underground railroad crossed Mason and Dixon line all along its length. (c) People who fed or aided fugitives were fined. 3. Slave hunters from Maryland attacked a party of negroes in Lancaster. (a) Two Quakers who tried to make peace, re- fusing to help to find slaves, were taken to Phila- delphia but acquitted by efforts of Thaddeus Stevens. 276. The "Know-Nothings," 1844. . 1. Were a Democratic party controlled by slave-hold- ers. 2. Taylor, President of Whigs, anti-slavery; Vice- President Fillmore, who succeeded Taylor, was a Whig of the Webster type. (a) In 1851 Free-Soilers had no candidate. In 1854 they had 2000 votes, yet Republican party was then to be born. (b) Whigs never recovered from defeat of Win- field Scott by F. Pierce in 1852. The field was then 166 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA open for a new party to contest with triumphant Democrats. (c) Democrats elected Wm. Bigler governor in 1851, against Johnston, a Whig. 3. Early in fifties there was ill feeling towards Catholics. 4. "Know-Nothings." (a) Secret society whose pass-word was "I don't know." (b) Organized against Catholics. (c) Desired to prohibit foreigners from voting. (d) Large number of Protestant ministers af- filiated in 1854. (c) The party elected Governor Pollock, 1854, but was never successful again. (d) Party cropped out 40 years later as the American Protective Association. 277. Politics. 1. Repeal of Missouri Compromise opened way to op- position to slavery by North. , 2. Republican party started in Michigan, 1840, was result of break in Whig and Democratic parties. (a) Simon Cameron, aided by Thaddeus Stevens, organized it. (b) Republican party, combined elements opposed to Democracy, which stood for slavery in South and for non-interference in North. 278. Fremont Campaign. 1. Republicans' first convention, 1856, met in Phila- delphia. HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 167 2. Fremont opposed Buchanan, a Democrat, while Whigs upheld Fillmore. 3. Buchanan succeeded. (a) He was formerly Senator, Secretary of State and foreign minister. 4. Jeremiah Black was Secretary of State in Buchanan's Cabinet. 5. Stanton was Secretary of War. 279. Sale of Internal Improvements. 1. State paid interest on debt and part of principal 1850. ' 2. A new canal was built for several millions. 3. Also a new railroad over Alleghanies. (a) Pollock charged people as being extravagant. 4. State sold main railroad from Pittsburg to Phila- delphia to Pennsylvania R. R. Company for $7,500,000 in secured bonds. 5. Sunbury and Erie Co. bought from state all other public works for $3,500,000. (a) Purchase included Delaware Canal and some divisions of Susquehanna Canal. 280. State Debt. 1. Totaled $28,000,000 in 1859. Decreased $1,000,000 in 1860. 2. People secured a constitutional amendment to re- quire an annual appropriation of $250,000. 281. Political Morals Improve. 1. Temperance question, 1854, was greatly discussed and results were good. 168 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 2. Appropriations were made to prisons, courts and charitable institutions. 3. Republican party was at first made up of men of good principles. 4. Financial stringency of 1857. (a) Banks stopped payments because of low tariff which drew money away from country. (b) Legislature aided banks. 282. Public Schools. 1. Department of Education formed in 1857. (a) State founded normal schools. (b) Citizens gave property. 2. Teachers' Institute organized in Chester Co., 1855. 3. State created office of County Superintendent of Schools. 4. Educational conditions excellent, due mainly to efforts of Thomas H. Burrowes and James P. Wicker- sham. 283. Growth of Philadelphia. 1. Population, 1850, was 360,000. 2. Germantown and other outskirts, which were later consolidated, had own governments. 3. There w^ere many shops and factories of all kinds, but in extent of foreign commerce New York City was foremost. HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 169 170 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 171 CHAPTER XXII. Civil War, 1860-1870. 284. Governor Curtin. 1. Was 45 years of age and of Irish parentage. 2. Always seconded demands of national administra tion. 3. Was elected by Republicans with majority of 32,000. (a) This proved Pennsylvania to be an anti-slave state. 285. Political Reaction. 1. Pennsylvania frightened at the stand she had taken. 2. Governor Parker had said secession was wrong, but that laws should be modified. 3. People in a Philadelphia mass meeting wanted to conciliate South and prevent secession. 4. When Sumter was attacked, Pennsylvania's views swerved round and she responded to Lincoln's first call for 75,000 troops. 286. Mustering Troops. 1. Pennsylvania had no trained militia. Governor kept surplus men as Pennsylvania reserves. 2. Pennsylvanians were willing and capable and near centers of activity. 3. Some Quakers refused to fight and were im- prisoned. 172 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 4. Curtin and Lincoln were alike in possessing per- sistence. 287. Pennsylvania in the War. 1. Furnished more and better equipped troops than other states. 2. Camp Curtin, near Harrisburg, distributed supplies. 3. State gave 3G2,284 men, and 25,000 additional men to militia. 288. Invasion of Pennsylvania. 1. In October, 1862, Pennsylvania v^as first invaded by Confederates. (a) They crossed Potomac, led by General Stuart, and plundered all the way to Chambers- burg. (b) They recrossed Potomac before resistance could be offered. 2. Confederates next invaded Pennsylvania in June and July, 1863. (a.) Lee's army defeated Federals under Hooker at Chancellorsville, Va., May 2 and 3, 1863. (b) Jubilant and in splendid array, Lee's army now marched upon Pennsylvania, heading towards Harrisburg. (c) A division under Early seized and placed York under contribution ; but by the time they reached the river, the militia had burned bridge be- tween Wrightsville and Columbia, and Confederates rejoined main army. HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 173 (d) Lee and 70,000 men next reached ChamDers- burg, while advance bodies had come close to Harris- burg. (c) In meantime Federals had collected around Taneytown, Md., 13 miles south of Gettysburg. (d) Lee then marched to meet the Northern army. 3. Battle of Gettysburg. Meade replaced Hooker as commander of Army of Potomac later part of June. July I, i86s, A. M., Union advance under Reynolds and Beauford met Confederate advance under A. P. Hill on Hagerstow^n road, north and west of Gettysburg. (a) Reynolds killed; replaced by Hancock. (b) Both sides were reinforced by evening and aim of all was Seminary Ridge, about a mile and a half west of town, and extending away northeast wardly. (c) Confederates located on Seminary Ridge, whik Federals were forced back to hills south of town, where back of Cemetery Ridge, extending from The Round Tops (southwest of town) to Wolf's Hill (southeast of town) they had a strong position. (d) During night of July 1, Federals were brought up from Taneytown into position as abovr-, while Confederates entrenched behind (north and west of) Seminary Ridge, forming a 5-mile semi- circle. July 2, A. M., Longstreet*s Confederates moved upon Sickles to possess Round Tops. 174 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA (a) Struggle there lasted to 6 P. M., resulting in Federals really maintaining good positions, but da} closed with slight gain by Confederates. (b) Meantime Federals had successfully held Cemetery Hill. (Meade's headquarters were im- mediately south of the hill). (c) Slocum's division had been badly broken up, east of Cemetery, by A. P. Hill. (d) At 10 P. M. fighting ceased. 40,000 men lay dead, yet armies held practically same positions as before. (e) Nationals now prepared for the defensive, knowing Lee must break through by sheer force. Both sides spent entire night strengthening positions. (f) Confederates had gained slightly each day. July J, A. M., dawned hot and stifling and quiet. (a) Rickett's and Stuart's men had arrived night before. (b) All realized crisis was at hand and seemed to hesitate. (c) Forenoon, disregarding skirmishes here and there, was taken up with further preparations. (d) Afternoon, terrible cannonade opened, the like of which was never before known in America. (e) 200 guns shook the earth and wrought hor- rible havoc for two hours. (f) About 2 o'clock Union batteries, defending Cemetery Ridge under General Hunt, were ordered back from position to cool and to save ammunition. (g) Confederates misconstrued meaning of silent HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 175 guns and for a time the terrible roar ceased on both sides. (h) Then came the crisis. Pickett, thinking Federal's guns inoperative, led 18,(JU0 Southerners across almost a mile of plain in a madly desperate charge on Cemetery Hill. (i) Wonderful bravery vv^as shov^^n but men were mowed down by the Federal guns in new positions, and the remnants of the chargers were hurled back in utter defeat. (j) Each side lost about 30,000 men at Gettys- burg. (k) Lee led shattered troops back across Po- tomac, and Meade's forces were too weak to follow. Third Invasion of Pennsylvania. 1864, Confederates, 10,000 strong, crossed Potomac, occupied Chambersburg and demanded $500,000. (a) This was not paid, and a pillage of the town followed. (h) Town was next burned, rendering several thousand people homeless. (c) Reparation was later made Pennsylvania by Federal government for losses sustained by the three invasions by Confederates. 289. Soldiers' Orphan Home. 1. Started by Curtin with public funds. 2. At first soldiers' orphans were sheltered in schools; but later homes were founded. (a) State led the way in this movement. 176 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 290. Finances. 1. Geary succeeded Curtin. 2. State debt had been reduced $5,000,000 in 1866. (a) Tax on real estate was repealed. 291. Politics. 1. State wholly Republican. 2. Later, discontent with Republicans led to Independ- ent Republican movement. (a) Pattison, Democrat, elected in 1882. 3. Simon Cameron was state leader; Republican United States Senator; Secretary of War under Lincoln. 4. Hancock of Pennsylvania was Democratic candidate for president in 1^80, HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 177 178 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 179 CHAPTER XXIII. Centennial, 1870-1882. 292. Constitution of 1873. 1. Constitution of 1776 had been product of extreme Republicans. 2. In 1790 a conservative reaction set in. Moderate constitution of 1838, restoring popular power, resulted. 3. In 1850 that constitution (1838) was amended, making judges elective. 4. Present evils now blamed on Legislature. (a) Members were corrupt; vested with too much power; passed too many "Special Acts." 5. Popular demand, 1871, for a new constitution, was manifested and question was opened to people. (a) Convention accordingly met, November, 1872, at Harrisburg, then at Philadelphia, with Wm. Meredith as president. (b) Under the constitution drawn at that con- vention people were to elect State Treasurer. (c) Sessions of Legislature to be biennial; spe- cial legislation prohibited. (d) Senators, 50; Representatives, 200. (e) Office of Lieutenant-Governor, and Board of Pardons created. (f) Heavy penalties for bribery, etc. (g) Governor could veto certain items in bills, (h) School system's betterment provided for. (i) No secret balloting to be permitted. 180 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 293. Panic of 1873. 1. State debt reduced slowly at end of Geary's term. 2. Governor Hartrauft advised reduction of taxes. (a) Duty on corporation and railroad earnings, and on cattle and farming implements reduced. This decreased revenue to extent of $1,000,000. 3. Crisis, 1873, resulted from over production. 4. Commercial houses and factories failed. Conditions little improved before 1879. 294. Strikes and Riots. 1. Molly Maguires. (a) Of Irish origin. (b) They warned, molested, and sometimes mur- dered employers. 2. People refused to be drafted into army and were imprisoned. (a) Mobs released many. (b) Coal regions terrorized. 3. Gowen, president of Philadelphia and Reading R. R., tried to reform culprits. (a) "Mollies" went on strike after panic of 1873. (b) Clever detectives captured leaders and order was restored. 4. Strikes caused by reduction of wages, 1877. (a) R. R. men refused to work. (b) Results: 55 people killed by mobs; bridge over Schuylkill burned; property valued at $1,000,- 000 destroyed. HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 181 295. Philadelphia Centennial. 1. State and private individuals contributed to Inter- national Exposition. (a) Structures erected on Fairmont Park. (b) Art was well recognized among displays of resources and achievements of countless varieties. 182 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 183 184 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 185 CHAPTER XXIV. REVIEW QUESTIONS. 1. Locate, in sections, the chief tribes of Indians in Pennsylvania. 2. Discuss the relation between the red men and the white. 3. Locate Dutch, Swedes and English in the Delaware Valley. 4. Trace the development of the Society of Friends. 5. Give a short sketch of Penn's life. 6. Name the three original counties of the state. 7. Describe the "Great Law." 8. Trace the development of education before public schools were organized ; after they were organized. 9. Compare charter of 1696 and 1701. 10. Tell about the agitation for a Crown colony. 11. Give facts descriptive of National Bank, State Banks, Bank of North America, Pet Banks and Wild Cat Banks. 12. Why did Indians ally with French in French and Indian War? 13. Briefly review Buckshot War. 14. Tell about the change in Calendar. 15. Trace the development and decline of Canal Sys- tems. 16. Review Whiskey Rebellion. 186 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 17. Compare State Constitutions of 1790, 1838 and 1873. 18. What were the "Connecticut Claims?" 19. Give date of adoption of Articles of Confederation and probable author. 20. Give date of adoption and chief authors of United States Constitution. 21. What was the cost of the Province to Penn? 22. Where did the following settle: Moravians, Men- nonites, Dunkers, Schwenkf elders? 23. Give a brief sketch of the Federal party; of the Whig party. 24. Name a number of reforms instituted by Franklin. 25. Discuss Franklin's influence abroad. 20. Name three men who were pioneers in the de- velopment of steam motive power. 27. Tell of the founding of Girard College; of the University of Pennsylvania. 28. What were Alexander Hamilton's foremost finan- cial policies? 29. What were Andrew Jackson's foremost financial policies? 30. Describe "Lancasterian System." 31. Who were the "Molly Maguires?" 32. How did nominating conventions originate? 33. Describe Sugar Act, Stamp Act, non-Importation Act, Townshend Act, Boston Massacre, Embargo Act. 34. State the chief purpose for the convening of the HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 187 First Continental Congress; Second Continental Con- gress ; Stamp Act Congress ; Albany Congress ; Hartford Convention. 35. For what are the following especially noted: David Rittenhouse, Pontiac, George Wolf, David Wil- mot, Provost Smith, Bayard Taylor, Thaddeus Stevens, General Butler, Benjamin West, James Logan, Charles Brockden Brown, Nicholas Biddle, James Biddle, Wil- liam Duane, George Graham, Robert Morris, Mason and Dixon, John Dickinson, Enoch Flower, George Fox. 36. Tell about "Underground Railroad." 37. Give an account of the Wyoming Massacre. 38. What was Franklin's Albany Plan? 39. Tell of the origin of Anti-Masonry. 40. Give a brief review of the Olmstead Case. 41. Explain the importance of the Dred Scott Case. 42. What brought about Fries' Rebellion 43. Name great Pennsylvanians who favored slavery; who opposed slavery. 44. What was origin of word "Quaker?" 45. What Revolutionary battles were fought in Penn- sylvania ? 46. Name a president from Pennsylvania. 47. What was the only important political party dur- ing Monroe's administration? 48. Tell of the origin of the Pennsylvania Railroad. 49. Give a good definition for tariff. 50. When and where was a convention held in Penn- sylvania for the purpose of suggesting tariff alterations? 18S HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 189 190 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 191 CHAPTER XXV. TEXT BOOKS FOR FURTHER REFERENCE. (Suggested by Dr. P. O. Ray, State College, Pa.) 1. Guide to Literature of American History. — Lamed. 2. Cumulative Book Index. 3. Guide to The Best Historical Novels and Tales. — Nield. 4. Quakers in Pennsylvania. — Applegarth. (Vol. 10, of J. Hopkins' University Studies for 1892.) 5. Lives of Governors of Pennsylvania. — W. C. Armor. 6. Wm. Penn as Founder of Two Commonwealths. — A. C. Buell. 7. Wm. Penn in America. — W. J. Buck. 8. Pennsylvania : Province and State. — A. S. Bowles. 9. Illustrated History of Commonwealth of Pennsyl- vania from Earliest Settlement to 1876. — Egle. 10. Historical Review. — Franklin. 11. Making of Pennsylvania.^ — S. G. Fisher. 12. Scotch-Irish. — Hanna. 13. Annals of Pennsylvania (1609-1682).— Hazard. 14. Life of Penn. — S. M. Jauney. 15. Pennsylvania and Federal Constitution. — J. B. McMaster and F. D. Stone. 16. Quaker Experiment in Government. — I. Sharpless. 192 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 17. History of Proprietary Government in Pennsyl- vania. — W. R. Shepherd. 18. Progressive Pennsylvania. — J. N. Swank. 19. Pennsylvania Archives. 20. German Elements in American History. — Faust. 21. Pennsylvania: Colonial and Federal. — Jenkins. 22. Poetry and Prose of Pa. — Miller. 23. History of The Western Insurrection. — H. M. Brackenridge. 24. Fries' Rebellion.— W. H. H. Davis. 25. Naval War of 1812.— Roosevelt. 26. History of The Presidencies. — Stanwick. INDEX INDEX. A Academy 101 See Education Adams, John Q 141 Affirmation by Quakers 57 Albany Congress 74 Algonquins 9 Alien and Sedition Laws 125 Anti-Masonry 145 Anti-Slavery Troubles 152 Arnold, Benedict 110 Articles of Confederation . 93 B Baltimore, Lord 30, 45 Bank Biddle 146 Girard 135 National 145 United States ..117, 135 Banks, John 159 Baptists 101 Biddle, James 134, 146 BiGLER, William 166 BiLLENGE, Ed 15 Blackwell, John 34 Board of Trade and Plantations 40 Bouquet's Campaign .' : 83 Braddock's Campaign ' TJ Brown, Jacob • 133 Bryan, George 107 Buchanan, James 134 Buckshot War 153 Burrowes, Thomas H 148 C Calendar Changed .^ 74 Callowhill, Hannah arrival 41 death 64 Penn's wife 41 196 INDEX Cameron, Simon 158, 176 Cannon, James 107 Capital at Harrisburg 134 at Lancaster 109 at York 109 Philadelphia for nation 117 Washington 120 Catholics 101 barred 42 in riots 158 Carpenter, Samuel 40 Carr, Sir Robert 14 Cave Dwellers 33 Centennial 181 Charles II 14 Charter of government 43 of Philadelphia, 1691 43 of 1701 42 to Penn 21, 23 Civil War 171 Coal 140 Cole, Josiah 15 Congregationalists 101 Congress First Continental 92 Second Continental 92 Stamp Act, 1765 90 Connecticut Claims 97 Constitution after Revolution 113 fundamental 23 of 1776 107 of 1838 151 of 1873 179 Pennsvlvania and 113 United States 112 Conway Cabal 109 Corn wALLis Ill Crown Colony Projected 52 Curtin, Andrew G 171 D Decatur, Stephen 134 Declaration of Independence 93 INDEX 197 Delaware Boundary 45 Denny, Wm 80 Dickenson, John 85 DiNwiDDiE, Gov 7Z Dixon, Jeremiah 46 D^uane, William , 125 Dunkers 99 Dutch against Swedes 14 in Delaware Valley . 12 E Easton Conference 79 Education attack on college 110 Burrowes 148 department of 168 development from 1790 146 early organization 29, 101 schools in 1776 101 Lancaster 147 men 102 Stevens 148 University of Pennsylvania 102, 110 Embargo • 129 English in Delaware Valley 14 war with Spain 69 Episcopalians 101 Evans, Gov. mistakes 51 tolls 51 F Fenwick, John 15 Findlay, Wm 139 First Continental Congress 92 Five Nations in dispute : ^ 39 named 10 Fletcher, Gov 39 Flower, Enoch 29 Ford, Williams agent for Penn 44 Forts Beversrede 12 198 INDEX Duquesne 80 Elf sborg 13 Pitt 80 Fox, John 35 Franklin, Benjamin agent to king 85 arrival 71 appeal to assembly 80 council of safety 107 death 114 in assembly IZ institutions 103 peace efforts 92 publications 71 treaty with England 112 Fremont, John C 166 French Alliance 110 French and Indian War 72, 77 Friends, Society of 16 Fries' Rebellion 120 Fulton, Robert 128 G Gallatin, Albert 119 Galloway, John 85 German Immigrants, 1683 '..'. 29 Gettysburg 173 GiRARD College 159 Girard, Stephen life 128 Girard Bank 135 Girard College 159 GooKiN, Gov. administration . .• 57 governor, 1709 52 removal 58 Goodson, John 40 Gordon, Patrick death ^ : 65 economic affairs 64 governor 63 paper money . . 63 Graham's Magazine 130. 161 H Hamiton, Andrev/ 49 Hamilton, Gov 74 INDEX 199 Hartshorne^ Richard 15 Hayes, Jonathan murder trial 58 HOLLENDER, GoV 13 Howe, Gen 108 Hudson, Henry 12 I Impeachment of Nicholas More 33 Indians Algonquins 9 Iroquois 9, 10 and Quakers 11 appeased 97 Easton conference 72 Iroquois 9, 10 murder of Conestogas 83 Philadelphia conference 72 Pontiac's conspiracy 83 treaties, 1756 79 J Jackson, Andrew 141, 146 Jefferson, Thomas 126, 142 Jews Barred 42 Johnstone, Wm. E 159 K Keith, George 35 Know-Nothings 165 L Lloyd, David accused Penn 50 death 64 in power 51 party leader 50 war supplies 52 Lloyd, Thomas 33 Logan, James arrival with Penn 41 leader in province 73 party leader 49 president of council . 64 serivces 41 vindication 60 200 INDEX Logan, George 120 Lower Counties or territories 35 separation 44 Lutherans 100 M McKean, Gov 125 May, Cornelius Jacobson 12 Markka M, Col. Wm. and privateers 40 deputy to Penn 22 lieutenant-governor 39 Maryland Boundary 30, 45 Mason, Charles 46 Mason and Dixon Line 46 Matlack, Timothy 107 Mennonites 98 Mexican War 160 Mifflin, Thomas 1 18 Militia Laws, 1775 79 MiNuiT, Peter 13 Molly Maguires 180 Moravians 99 More, Nicholas 33 Morrey, Mayor 43 Morris, Robert financial aid 108 governor 74 services 120 Muhlenberg, Henry 100 N National Bank 145 New Jersey 15 New York Claims • • 97 Nichols, Col 14 Nominating Conventions 139 NoN- Importation . . • • 91 Norris, Isaac 52, 70 NoRRis, Isaac, Jr 71 AToTED Men , 102 O Oath Troubles 57, 69 Olmstead's Claim 127 tnde:x 201 p Palmer^ Anthony 73 Panic of 1837 153 of 1873 180 Paper Money in 1723 59 in 1751 73 Paxton Riot 83 Peacemakers 28 Penn, John 83 Penal Code Improved 58 Penn, William accused by Fuller 35 and the Fords 44 appoplexy 53 arrival 27 charter from Charles II 21 children 59 death 53, 59 early life 18 end of charter 94 estate 59 Great Law 27 idea of government 23 in prison 44 Letitia house 29 religious liberty 23 restored to province 40, 41 treaty with Indians 23 trouble with Baltimore 30 wife's death 64 Penn, Wiliam, Jr 50 Pennsburg 42 Pennsylvania charter to colony 23 constitution of 1776 107 constitution of 1838 151 constitution of 1873 179 educated men, 1776 102 first assembly 27 fundamental constitution 23 Great Law 27 invasion of 172 name 22 202 INDEX projected sale 52 schools, 1776 101 Perry on Lake Erie 98, 133 Philadelphia . . founded 22 religious riots 158 Pittsburg 129, 140 Political Parties Federalism 141 in 1704 49 in 1754 78 in 1776 108 in 1790 117 nominating conventions 139 Tertium Quids 126 PoNTiAc's Conspiracy 83 Porter, David R 153, 157 Post, C. F 79 Pritz, John • • 13 Privateers 41 Proprietors dislike for 84 opposition to 80 Q Quakers early history 16 in New Jersey 16 oaths 57 origin of name 18 organization 17 persecution 17 under George Fox 16 under Penn 18 withdrawal 79 Quarry, Robert 50 R Read, T. B 162 Reed, Joseph 91 Religious Riots 158 Revere, Paul 91 Revolutionary War cau ses 89 council of sa f ety 107 events 107 INDEX ^ Rising, Gov j4 RiTNER, Joseph 145 S Schlatter, Michael 100 Schools 101 See Education. ScHULzE, John A 141 Schwenkfelders ! . ! . ! 99 Scotch-Irish .'...!.!. 100 Second Continental Congress ' . 92 Sects in 1776 .98 101 Shippen, Edw ' ' 43 Slavery Question * I5I Snyder, Simon 126 Soldiers' Orphan Home I75 Stamp Act Congress ! . , . . 90 Steam Engines 128 Stewart, Charles I34 Stevens, Thaddeus , I47 Strikes and Riots, 1873 ' . I8O S waanendael 12 Swedes in Delaware Valley 13 prosperous in 1700 49 T Tariff and Pennsylvania 141 of 1816 . .'. '.'.['.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 141 of 1833 160 Taylor, Bayard 162 Territories or Lower Counties 35 Thomas, George " 69 Thompson, Charles 91 Transportation canals 140 for coal 140 in 1840-1850 ',','//, 158 railroads 141 sale of improvements 167 Treaty with Indians 28 Townshend Act, 1767 91 204 INDEX U Underground Railroad 165 United States Bank 117 University of Pennsylvania 102, 110 V Valley Forge 109 Virginia Claims 97 W Wade, Robert 15 Walking Purchase 71 Wars of 1812 133 French and English 72, 11 Pennamite and Yankee 97 Revokitionary 89 Spanish 69 Washington, George in Ohio Valley U in Revolution 108 President 117 Welsh immigrants, 1683 29 Whiskey Rebellion 119 WiLMOT Proviso 161 Wolf, George 145 Wyoming Massacre Ill Y Yellow Fever, 1793 119 Z Zinzendorf , . 99 HKZ69-78 o o .0" Ao^ v/> S rC\\ MK //>1 r. •>* Vk fc^liylfcr-S U^ ^"^ l^^ ^/ '*^'- ^^/ •'■■^'■'t "^^^* O <7\..?^ -^^0^ ^-^q < • o. .^ A^^ '^•"•■iN c" ;^ .^• o o ♦■ „ -^ o '^^^ Hit <^ ^^'^ I- Vj c S ^vP ° WWW * ^^^"^^ i ^^ ^ o " « - <^ N. 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