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Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2011 with funding from 
 The Library of Congress 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/newtabletofmemorOOreid 
 
THE NEW 
 
 TABLET OF MEMORY; 
 
 * OR, 
 
 RECORDER OF REMARKABLE EVENTS, 
 
 COMPILED, AND ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED FROM THE 
 EARLIEST PERIOD TO THE PRESENT TIME. 
 
 BY WILLIAM D. REIDER. 
 
 Time in advance, behind him hides his wings, 
 And seems to creep decrepid, with his age; 
 Some years pass'd by — what then is seen ? — 
 That his broad pinions are fleeter than the wind." 
 
 * * * Time — mysterious chronicler! 
 Knows not mutation ; — centuries 
 Are to his being as a day, and days are centuries. 
 
 H. K, White. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY JOHN CLEMENTS, 
 
 21 and 22, LITTLE PULTENEY STREET. 
 
 184L 
 
 v\\ 
 
f \ t — : , 
 
 London * Printed by John Smith, 49, Long Acre. 
 
- 
 
 Bt&fratfoit* 4 
 
 TO , 
 
 JOHN SMITH, ESQ. 
 
 Si r, 
 
 With feelings of sincere gratitude for the interest 
 you have evinced in my welfare, by affording me the means of 
 bringing this Work, the result of considerable labour and research, 
 before the Public, I most respectfully dedicate it to you, as a 
 slight token of the sentiments of respect and esteem that I, in 
 common with all who may have the happiness to become known to 
 you, must ever entertain. 
 
 I beg leave to subscribe myself, 
 Sir, 
 Your greatly obliged Servant, 
 
 W. D. R EIDER. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The Compiler of this Work had no intention originally 
 of laying it before the public, having been commenced 
 with a view of filling up a portion of his leisure hours; 
 but submitting it to his friends, a hint was given, that if 
 printed in its present form, it might, most probably, be 
 favourably received. 
 
 The Compiler perfectly agrees with the observation made 
 by an eminent writer- 1 -" That the Public have a right to re< 
 " quire of him who addresses them through the Press, and 
 " thereby calls upon them to sacrifice a portion of their time 
 " and attention, to render some account of his pretensions.'' 
 The Compiler, therefore, begs leave to reply to the justness 
 of that remark. 
 
 The New Tablet of Memory, or Recorder of Re- 
 
VI PREFACE. 
 
 markable Events, is comparatively of modern date: the writers 
 of former days seeming to have been ignorant of the mode of 
 recording the various circumstances that have transpired at 
 different periods of time by dates. Even Homer, one of 
 our greatest writers, has nothing like a Calendar to be found 
 among his many productions ; and centuries seem to have 
 passed, ere the invention of noticing the many occurrences 
 of times past, by dates, came into use ; and even when 
 authorities such as — Julius Africanus, Eusebius of 
 C^isaria, George Cyncelle, &c. &c. had adopted the 
 plan, they were not always to be depended on ; for, by 
 neglecting to pay particular attention to the precise time of 
 every event, the most fabulous accounts were handed down 
 in future Records, and hence is to be attributed the frequent 
 contradictions which are to be found on referring to Chro- 
 nological Records. 
 
 The Compiler having devoted above thirty of the earlier 
 years of his life to the recording of passing events, begs to 
 submit his Work to an indulgent Public, in the hope that, 
 from the novel mode he has adopted of giving briefly a 
 few particulars relating to some of the most interesting 
 events, it will not be found wholly uninteresting. The use 
 of such a Work will not be denied ; and if, after the most 
 unwearied exertions in the course of compilation, the writer 
 shall have succeeded in producing a Work in the least 
 
PREFACE, Vll 
 
 interesting to the general reader, and the admirer of useful 
 information, his efforts have not been in vain ; — for 
 
 " 'Tis not in mortals to command success ; 
 But we'll do more — deserve it. " 
 
 In the compilation of a Work like the present, some 
 errors will unavoidably occur ; but the Compiler hopes they 
 will be of little consequence in the consideration of the 
 utility of — The Tablet of Memory. 
 
THE NEW 
 
 TABLET OF MEMORY; 
 
 OH, 
 
 SECTION I.— General Events. 
 
 Abbeys and monasteries pillaged, 1069 
 
 Several Abbeys and Monasteries were pillaged of their plate and jewels, in the 
 reign of William the Conqueror. One hundred were suppressed by Order 
 of Council, 1414. Ten thousand Friars and Nuns turned out of the monas- 
 teries in 1535. Monasteries dissolved by Henry VIII. to the value of 
 £2,853,000. in 1540. Suppressed by the Emperor of Germany, 1785 ; and 
 in France, 1790. 
 
 ABBOTS, Execution of, 1539 
 
 They were the Abbots of Glastonbury, Reading, and St. John's. The Abbot of 
 Glastonbury had such power, that not even a bishop, or aprince, was allowed 
 to enter into the Abbey without leave of its owner, to whom this power was 
 granted by Canute the Pane. There were 61 Abbots of this place, who sat 
 among 1 the Barons in Parliament, and governed it successively for nearly 
 6)0 years. Richard Withing, the last, was, for refusing to surrender his 
 Abbey to Henry VIII. and acknowledge his supremacy, condemned at 
 Wells, and carried with two of his monks, on a hurdle to the Tor, or, St. 
 Michael's tower, a high hill in the neighbourhood, where he was hanged in 
 his robes. His head was stuck up over the gate of his abbey : and his body 
 quartered, was exposed in like manner at Bath, Wells, Bridgewater, and 
 Ilchester, 
 
 ACHILLES, (The Statue of,) placed in Hyde Park, 1822 
 
 This statue, cast from the cannon taken on the victories of Salamanca, Vittoria, 
 Toulouse, and Waterloo, was placed here on the anniversary of the battle 
 last named. The weight of the statue is about 34 tons ; the height, some- 
 what more than eighteen feet ; and erected on a grey granite; and the whole 
 is 36 feet high. Owing to the immense weight, it was conveyed to its 
 destined place by pieces of wood, in the form of rollers : and a portion of the 
 Park wall taken down to admit of this ponderous Figure, the entrance to 
 the Park being too small to admit it. A subscription of £10,000. was set 
 on foot by the ladies of England, in order to erect this monument to British 
 valour. It was, soon after its erection, found necessary to enclose it, to protect 
 it from injury by idle, and evil-disposed persons. 
 
 ACT, the Test and Corporation, repealed, 1828 
 
 ACT, The Adelphi Lottery, passed 1773 
 
 ACT, an, for uniformity of Weight, 1826 
 
 The Act for the uniformity of Weights and Measures, came into operation on 
 
 the 1st of January, in the above-named year. 
 No. 1- B 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 
 ADULTERY, the crime of, made capital 1 650 
 
 AIX-LA-CHAPELLE, Treaty of, October 7, 1748 
 
 By the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, a restitution of all places taken during the 
 war was to be made on all sides. It was re-taken by the French troops in 
 1792; but they were driven from it by the Austrians, March 3, 1793. — 
 Again, September 21, 1794. 
 
 AFFIRMATION, (The Quaker's) first accepted as an Oath 1702 
 
 AFRICA conquered by Belisarius 533 
 
 AIR BALLOONS, invented by Gusuido a Jesuit 1729 
 
 AIR PUMPS, invented by Otto Gueruke, of Magdeburg ... 1654 
 
 AIR GUNS, ditto 1646 
 
 ALDGATE, Church yard of, dreadful Accident at 1838 
 
 Thomas Oakes, the grave-digger at the Churchyard above mentioned, met with 
 his death from the foul air arising from a grave he was about to descend ; 
 and Edward Luddott, a fishmonger at Billingsgate, in his generous effort to 
 render him assistance in his perilous situation, unfortunately shared the 
 same fate» 
 
 ALLEGIANCE, the Oath of, first administered, 1606 
 
 Altered in 1689. 
 
 ALERT PACKET, (The), loss of, April 23, 1823 
 
 The Alert' Packet, from London to Liverpool, was lost on the Welch coast, when 
 130 persons were drowned. 
 
 ALESSANDRA, in Italy, seized by the French, 1798 
 
 Surrendered to the Austrians and Prussians, July 24, 1799. 
 
 ALEXANDER, (The), English Man of War, of 74 guns, 
 
 taken by the French, October 11, 1794 
 
 ALIENS, forbidden to hold Church Livings 1430 
 
 The Jury, for the trial of an Alien, is by law, composed of half foreigners. Pre- 
 vented] from exercising any trade or handicraft by retail, 1483. Alien Bill 
 passed, January 4, 1793. 
 
 ALLIED SOVEREIGNS, (The), visit England, 1814 
 
 The Emperor of Russia, and King of Prussia, landed at Dover, from France, on 
 the 7th of June, and remained until the 27th of the same month. They 
 were splendidly entertained by the Prince Regent, the Lord Mayor of 
 London, the University of Oxford, &c, and witnessed a Review of the Fleet 
 at Portsmouth. The following distinguished persons were also in England 
 at the same time, viz.: — The son of the King of Prussia, (Prince Henry), of 
 Orange, of Mecklenburgh, of Bavaria, of Oldenburgh, and Metternich ; the 
 Grand Duchess of Oldenburgh; Generals Bulow, Yorck, and Barclay de 
 Tolli; Prince Blucher; and the Hetman Platoff. The city of London pre- 
 sented the three last with swords, of the value of 200 guineas each. 
 
 ALMANAC, the first one printed at Constantinople was, in 1806 
 
 Almanacks are of very ancient date, and were constructed so far back as the 
 time of Ptolemy. Those of Regiomontanus, appeared about 1475, and 1506, 
 and since that time, they have become more numerous. The Almanacks of 
 the above-named author, which only contained the Eclipses, and the places 
 of the different planets, were at one time sold, it is said, for ten crowns of 
 gold. Engel of Vienna published an Almanac, from 1491 to 1500, with 
 those of Bernard de Granolechs, of Barcelona, from 141(3 ; besides which, 
 there are various M.S. Almanacs, of the 14th century in the British 
 Museum, and of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY; d 
 
 Buret de Montbrison, published the first Astronomical Almanacs in 
 Fiance, and which he continued till 1700. In 1579, Henry III. restricted 
 makers of Almanacs from prophesying of the State, or of individuals, directly 
 or indirectly. A monopoly of the trade of Almanacs was granted by James 1. 
 to the Universities, and the Stationers' Company : and Astrology undoubt- 
 edly flourished under their patronage until after the early part of the 19th 
 century, but not unopposed. 
 
 In 1775, the imagined legal right of Almanac monopoly was destroyed by 
 the determined oppositon of a bookseller named Caman, to the supposed 
 exclusion of any other individual to enjoy it. Upon the question of right being 
 brought before the Court of Common Pleas, it was decided against the 
 Company: upon which Lord North brought a Bill into the House of 
 Commons to renew the privilege. After ,an able argument by Erskine, (who 
 contended for the public right) the House set aside the project by a majority 
 of 45. The defeated monopolists, however, contrived once more to regain 
 their imagined right. But the British Almanac, published by the Society of 
 Useful Knowledge, in 1828, with numerous others, are fast diminishing the 
 quantity of the Stationers' Almanac. The Almanac duty abolished in 1834. 
 
 ALTHORP, Lord, and Mr. SHIEL, committed to the 
 
 custody of the Serjeant at Arms, Feb. 5, 1834 
 
 The altercation which led to the arrest, sprung out of the discussion on the 
 question, " Who is the traitor?" A Committee of Inquiry afterwards 
 acquitted Mr. Shiel. 
 
 ALUM, first discovered in Mines, in Tuscany 1460 
 
 First brought to perfection in England, 16,08. Discovered in Ireland, October 22, 
 1757. In Anglesea, 1790. 
 
 AMBASSADORS, first sent to England by the Czar of 
 
 Russia, 1556 
 
 The first Ambassador sent to Turkey, was from England, in 1636. The Portu- 
 guese, arrested for debt, 1653. The Russian, arrested by a lace merchant, 
 when a law was passed for their protection in future, in 1709. The first 
 that arrived in Europe, from India, was from Tippoo Saib, to France, 1778. 
 The first from the Ottoman Emperor, arrived in London, in Dec. 1793. 
 
 AMBOYNA, Dutch cruelties to the English at, 1623 
 
 The Dutch having established factories on this island in the beginning of the 
 seventeenth century, perfidiously massaaied the whole of the English 
 settlers, and seized the island for themselves. It was, however, taken 
 by the British in the course of the last war. 
 
 AMERICA, discovery of, by Columbus, 1492 
 
 America took its name from America Vespucius, a Florentine, who having accom- 
 panied Ojeda, a Spanish adventurer thither, and drawing up an amusing 
 history of his voyage, insinuated therein, that he had first discovered that 
 continent. But it was, no doubt, made by Columbus, a Geneose, a bold 
 adventurer, a patriot, and a humane man. In 1765, Bills were passed for 
 laying a Stamp duty on the British colonies in America, which laid the 
 foundation of the quarrel between the colonies and the mother country, and 
 ended in a total separation. This measure was no sooner known in America, 
 than insurrections commenced there, and great murmurings at home: in 
 consequence of which the Ministery retired, and the Act was repealed. New- 
 duties were afterwards laid on paper, glass, tea, and other articles in 
 America, on which the colonies revolted, and flew to arms. On the 19th of 
 April, 1775, General Gage detached a party to seize some military stores at 
 Concord, in New England, when several skirmishes took place, many were 
 killed on both sides, and the British troops would, in all probability, have 
 been cut off, had not a fresh reinforcement arrived to support them. The first 
 genera] action which happened in America, between the King's troops and 
 the Provincials, was at Lexington, ib. In the same year, took place the 
 celebrated battle of Bunker's Hill, in which 300 British officers and soldiers 
 
4 THi-: NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 were killed. In 1776, Boston was bombarded. The Congress declare the 
 Americans free and independent States, ib. The Americans driven from 
 Long Island, New York, with great loss ; and the City is afterwards taken 
 possession of by the King's troops, ib. October 3, 1777, General Howe took 
 possession of Philadelphia; and Lieut. -Gen. Burgoyne was obliged to 
 surrender his army, at Saratoga, in Canada, to the American Generals, Gates 
 and Arnold, October 17. A treaty of alliance was concluded at Paris, 
 between the French king, and the American Colonies, in which their inde- 
 pendence is acknowledged by the Court of France, Feb. 6, 1778. Early in 
 the month of June, the Commissioners, the Earl of Carlisle, William Eden, 
 Esq. and George Johnstone, Esq. arrived at Philadelphia, as Commissioners 
 for restoring Peace between Great Britain and America, 1778. The 
 Congress refuse to treat with the British Commissioners, unless the inde- 
 pendence of the American Colonies were first acknowledged, and the King's 
 fleet and armies withdrawn from America, ib. In 1783, provisional article* 
 between England and America were made publicly known, and his Britannic 
 Majesty at length acknowledged the independence of the whole of the Thir- 
 teen United States of North America, and agreed to relinquish all claim to 
 the right of governing them in future; so that, these very people, who but 
 a short time before were denounced as contemptible rebels, were no longer 
 to be treated as such, but as the future allies of England. On the 30th of 
 November, 1783, the American Colonies were pronounced independent ; and 
 on the 3rd of September, 1783, the Definitive Treaty of Peace with the 
 Americans was ratified. 
 
 AMIENS, the Peace of, between England and France, 1802 
 
 AMPHION FRIGATE, The, destruction of, September 22, 1796 
 
 The loss of the Amphion frigate was occasioned by her being blown up at 
 Plymouth, and, in consequence of this dreadful occurrence, the whole of 
 the crew unfortunately perished. 
 
 AMSTERDAM, taken possession of by the French, Jan. 18, 1795 
 
 ANGLO SAXONS, first landed in Britain 449 
 
 ANHOLT, The Island of, attacked by the Danes, May 27, . 1811 
 
 The above island was attacked by a force of 4000 men, and repulsed by a British 
 of ONE hundred and FIFTY ! after a close engagement of four hours. 
 
 ANIMAL MAGNETISM, made its appearance in France, 1784 
 
 The practice of Animal Magnetism, or Mesmerism, as it was sometimes called 
 from its inventor, Mesmer, exploded by the report of a Commission ap- 
 pointed by the king of France to investigate its merits, consisting of four 
 Physicians and five Members of the Academy of Sciences, including, among 
 the latter, the celebrated Franklin, and no less celebrated Lavoisier. Mesmer 
 affirmed, that Animal Magnetism was a fluid universally diffused, commu- 
 nicable from person to person, and capable of curing all the diseases inci- 
 dental to humanity; and Monsieur Deslon, a pupil of his, undertook to 
 demonstrate its existence and properties to the Commissioners. After a 
 great variety of experiments, however, the Commissioners agreed in unani- 
 mously ascribing all the virtue possessed by this new panacea to the imagi- 
 tion alone. A number of individuals were first operated upon with their 
 eyes open, and, being afterwards blindfolded, were made to believe that the 
 same operation was repeated when it was not. The result was, that the 
 patients as often experienced strange effects when Magnetism was not used 
 as when it was. The system has been recently attempted to be revived in 
 Paris and London ; but only to be once more scouted as a combination of 
 trickery and imposture. 
 
 ANNOINTING first used at a Coronation in England 872 
 
 In Scotland, 1097. 
 
 ANNUITIES for life regulated - 1777 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. O 
 
 ANNUITIES, (or Pensions) first granted 1512 
 
 An annuity of £20. was given to a lady of the Court, for services done ; 
 £6. 13s, 4d. forthe maintenance of a gentlewoman, 1536; and* £13. 6s. 8d. 
 a competent sum to support a gentleman in the study of the law, 1554. 
 
 ANTWERP, The City of, taken by the French 1792 
 
 Again March 26, 1793, by the Austrians, who found 93 pieces of cannon. — 
 Again by the French, 1794. In the month of October, 1832, Antwerp was 
 again destined to be the scene of bloodshed. On the 28th of that month, 
 the advanced squadron of the French fleet arrived at Spithead, from Cher- 
 bourg, to join the English fleet. Sailed from Portsmouth, for the coast of 
 Holland, November 4, ib. An Order in Council issued for laying an 
 embargo on all ships and vessels belonging to the subjects of the King of 
 the Netherlands, in any port in the dominions of His Britannic Majesty, 
 November 7, ib. Intelligence received in the City of the French army 
 having appeared before Antwerp, November 20, ib. Heavy cannonade 
 commenced against the Citadel, which was returned, but no damage done. 
 Fort Laurent taken by the besiegers, December, ib. Citidel of Antwerp 
 capitulated, and surrendered to the French, by General Chasse, Dec. ib. 
 
 APPEALS to the Pope first made 1138 
 
 They were forbidden, in 1532. 
 
 APOLLO FRIGATE, (The) loss of 1804 
 
 The Apollo Frigate was lost off Portugal, in consequence of which, the greatest 
 paitof the crew perished, April 2. 
 
 APOTHECARIES, exempted from Civil Offices 1702 
 
 ARCTIC EXPEDITION, The, first sailed and returned .. . 1818 
 ARMORIAL BEARINGS introduced into England 1 100 
 
 Armorial Bearings were invented by Henry the Fowler, Emperor of Germany. 
 Pope Clement IV. died in 1268, and was the first person on whose tomb- 
 stone arms were engraved. Charles V. ennobled the citizens of Paris, in 
 1311, and permitted them to use coats of arms. Pietra Sanita first thought 
 of expressing the tinctures in armorial bearings, by marks, about 1590. They 
 were first used to distinguish the nobility in battle. Taxed 1798. Again 
 in 1808. 
 
 ARMS, of England and France, quartered by Edward III. . 1358 
 
 The French arms were discontinued by the English Kings, January 1, 1801. 
 Again altered, in consequence of the death of William IV. Queen Victoria 
 being the successor of William IV. was excluded from the title of Queen of 
 Hanover, in conformity with the interdict of the Salique Law, which enacts, 
 " That none but males shall be allowed to sit on the throne of Hanover. " 
 The same law is also observed in France ;-the Hanoverian horse is in conse- 
 quence erased in the English Arms. It was confirmed in~the__r£ign of Pha- 
 ramond, 424; first quoted, 1327. 
 
 ARMY, the first standing one, in 1445 
 
 The first standing army, established in France, was by Charles VII. 
 
 ARRESTS, Act to prevent vexatious ones, 1733 
 
 On the 17th of May, in the above year, an Act was passed to prevent vexatious, 
 or litigious arrests. Again in 1779, when it was enacted, that no one should 
 be arrested for less than £10.; and in 1810, again forbidden, under £20. 
 or, on a Bill of Exchange, for £15. 
 
 ASTURIAS, the Province of, rises against the French, 
 
 May 30 1808 
 
 The province of Asturias having risen against the French, the Spanish prisoners 
 in England were released, and assistance was promised by the English. 
 
6 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY- 
 ASYLUM, The Perth Lunatic burnt, May 9 1837 
 
 ATT1LA, (surnamed the Scourge of God) with his Huns, 
 
 ravages the Roman Empire 447 
 
 AUCTION, the first in England about 1700 
 
 Elisha Yale, a Governor of Fort George, in the East Indies, made an auction of 
 the goods he brought home with him. 
 
 AURORA FRIGATE, (The) lost 1771 
 
 The Aurora was never heard of after. 
 
 BAILEY, (Old) gaol distemper at 1772 
 
 The Old Bailey Sessions of this year proved exceedingly fatal to the Lord 
 Mayor, one Alderman, two Judges, the greatest part of the Jury, and a 
 vast number of the spectators, who caught the gaol distemper, May, 1750. 
 Again fatal to several, in 1772. 
 
 BAILEY, (Old) New Central Court at, established 1834 
 
 BAKERS incorporated in London 1307 
 
 BALLAST of the River Thames monopolized by Charles I. . 1636 
 BALLOONS, revived in France, by Montgolfier 1783 
 
 Two brothers, of the name of Montgolfier, residing at Annonay, a town of 
 France, discovered, in 1782, the use of rarified air in floating Balloons, by 
 a fire place suspended under them ; and on the 27th of August, 1783, they 
 ascended in one at Paris. In another of these machines, absolutely left to 
 itself, the Marquess d'Arlandes and M. Pilatre Rosier (who in the sequel 
 unfortunately lost his life in one of these adventurous attempts) made an 
 aerial voyage at Paris, ascending to the height of 3000 feet, on the 21st of 
 November, 17S3. This machine was called Montgolfier, in honour of the 
 inventors, and to distinguish them from balloons filled with inflammable air, 
 in which, likewise, many perilous voyages were performed. On the 25th of 
 November, 1783, Count Zambecarri, an Italian, made a descent from 
 Woolwich. September, 15, 1784, M. Lunardi ascended in his balloon from 
 Moorfields. January 7, 1785, Mr. Blanchard, and Dr. Jeffries, went from 
 Dover to Calais in two hours. That intrepid asronaut Garnerin, made his 
 second descent in this country, from Lord's Cricket Ground, on the 5th of 
 July, 1802. He was accompanied by Edward Hawke Locker. His R. H.the 
 Prince of Wales, and several ladies of distinction were present on the occa- 
 sion. The balloon ascended in the most majestic manner; and having 
 travelled a space of seventeen miles, they descended at five minutes past five 
 o'clock, without the slightest injury, at Chingford, nearEpping Forest. Mr. 
 Sadler of Bristol, ascended from Hackney, near London, in 1811: and 
 crossed the Irish channel in 1812. The last balloon constructed by Mr. 
 Sadler, was the largest ever made, and the car is capable of containing 75 
 persons. On the 21st of September, 1836. Mr. Green made an ascent in 
 his new grand balloon. This stupendous machine was constructed under the 
 immediate superintendence of Mr. Green, and is 157 feet in circumference ; 
 the extreme height of the whole, when inflated, and the car attached, is 
 80 feet. It is formed of 200 yards of crimson and white silk, imported in 
 the raw state from Italy, expressly for the purpose, and was dyed by Mr. 
 Jaques, and manuafctured by Mrs. Soper of Spitalfields. It will contain 
 70,000 cubic feet of gas; and the weight of atmospheric air, sufficient to 
 inflate it, is about 5,346 lbs. It is capable of carrying nine persons, which 
 was the case on this ascent, viz.: — Mr. Hiddyard, Captain Currie, Mr. 
 Holland, Mrs. Green, Miss Green, Mr. Gye, and Mr. W. Hughes, (sons of 
 the proprietors), Mr. James Green, (brother of Mr. Green), and Mr. Green 
 himself. The above completed Mr. Green's 221st ascent. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 7 
 
 BANDS (for Lawyers) first used 1652 
 
 The clergy commenced wearing them in 1652. 
 
 BANKRUPT COURT, (The New) established, January 11 1832 
 
 The New Bankrupt Court was opened under the New Bankrupt Act, and the 
 Judges appointed under the same, proceeded with the other Judges to West- 
 minster Hall, to open the Term, with the usual formalities. 
 
 BANK, Morland and Co.'s, stopped payment, March 20 ... 1832 
 BANKERS. 
 
 Previous to the establishment of Banks, the Merchants lodged their money in 
 the Mint, till the King made free use with it, in 1640; they next kept it in 
 their houses, but they were robbed by their servants, who ran to the army, 
 and where they were protected ; after this, it was lodged with the gold- 
 smiths, who paid them 4d. per diem, per Cent. (£6. 0s. 5d. per Ann.) and 
 lent it to others at a higher interest, and thereby became the first regular 
 hankers in England, abont 1645. 
 
 BARBERS. 
 
 The profession of a baiber was first brought from Sicily to Rome, 299 years 
 before Christ. They were incorporated with the surgeons of London, 1540, 
 and separated again in 1744. 
 
 BAROMETERS invented 1626 
 
 Wheel ditto, 1668; pendant ditto, 1695; marine ditto, 1700. 
 
 BARTHOLOMEW FAIR, had its Charter granted, by 
 Henry II. 
 
 Bartholomew Fair, the Chaiter of which was held under a grant of Henry 11. was 
 confirmed by the Charters of succeeding monarch s, all of whom limited its 
 duration to three days, except the Charter of Charles I. which does not 
 appear to specify any particular limit of time. The Fair was granted by 
 Henry to the Priory of St. Bartholomew, to be held yearly at Bartholomew 
 tide (the 24th of August) for three days, viz. the eve, the day, and the 
 morrow, to which the clothiers of England, and the drapers of London 
 repaired, and had their standings within the Churchyard of this Priory, 
 closed in with rails, the gates of which were locked every night, and 
 watched, for the safety of men's goods and wares. The ceremony of the 
 Lord Mayor opening the Fair, has continued every year. In 1750, Bartho- 
 lomew Fair was restrained, owing to the falling of a booth, which killed 
 and wounded several persons. The toll was abolished in 1755. 
 
 BARRISTERS appointed by Edward 1 1291 
 
 BASTARD CHILDREN, concealing the death of, made 
 
 murder 1624 
 
 BATH STAGE WAGGON, The, burnt, May 20 1758 
 
 This unfortunate event took place on Salisbury Plain, by the wheels taking fire, 
 whereby the whole of its valuable lading was consumed. 
 
 BATH, (Knights of the) grand dinner given to, at St James' 
 
 Palace, April 12 1831 
 
 The Knights of the Bath, a militaiy Order in England, instituted by Richard II. 
 who limited their number to four; but his successor, (Henry IV.) increased 
 them to forty-six. Their motto was, tres in uno : signifying the three 
 theological virtues. This Order received its denomination from a custom of 
 bathing, before they received the golden spur. The Order of the Bath, 
 after remaining many years extinct, was revived under George I. by a solemn 
 creation of a great number of Knights. The ceremonies at the creation of a 
 Knight have been various: the principal was a box on the ear, and a stroke 
 with a sword on the shoulder : they put on him a shoulder belt, a gilt 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 sword, spurs, and other military accoutrements : being thus armed, he was 
 led to the church. Camden describes it, — that the person kneeling, was 
 gently struck on the shoulder by the Prince, and accosted in these words ; — 
 " Rise, and be a Knight, in the name of God." The Order was divided into 
 three Classes: — 1st. Knights Grand Crosses; 2nd. Knights Commanders; 
 and 3rd. Companions. 
 
 BEHEADING of Noblemen first introduced into England . 1074 
 BELLS. 
 
 The history of Bells is very ancient. We are told by Strabo, that market days 
 were, formerly, announced by a bell ; and this custom is even now used in 
 some parts of the country ; and Pliny also says, that the tomb of an ancient 
 king was hung round with bells. Sheep, likewise had bells suspended from 
 their necks, to frighten away the wolves ; in our own time, this custom is 
 still kept. 
 
 Paulinus, it is thought, was the first person who introduced bells in 
 churches, in the year 400. The large bells were fiist mentioned by 
 Bede, in the year 680; previous to that time, wooden rattles were made use 
 of to call the followers of Christianity together. 
 
 Hand bells were used as far back as the time of King David, and were 
 suspended from a rail, or stand, and struck by small hammers. 
 
 Bells "are also used to announce the arrival of any great personage, 
 &c. &c. They were introduced into the Abbey of Croyland in 1109; the 
 first Abbot of which, gave six bells to that monastery, viz. two great 
 ones, which are named Bartholomew and Beladine: two of a middling size, 
 called Turketullum and Beterine; and two small ones, called Pega and 
 Bega. He also caused a great bell to be made, called Gudla, and tuned to 
 the other bells, which produced a beautiful harmony scarcely equalled in 
 England. 
 
 It is a fact that, in the earlier time of Popery, bells were actually baptized 
 with the holy oil: and these ceremonies being finished, it was the belief 
 that they possessed the power of driving the devil out of the air, to still 
 tempests, and keep away the Plague. This plan is still followed in some 
 Roman Catholic countries, when they give the bells the name of some saint, 
 and which was used to be done in England. 
 
 The passing bell was rung for two purposes : one to bespeak the prayers 
 of all good Christians for a soul just departing, the ether to drive away evil 
 spirits who stood at the foot of the bed, or about the house : and possibly 
 this was the cause of the high price demanded for tolling the greatest bell 
 of the church, for that being the loudest, the evil spirit might go further 
 off. Be this as it may, it is very frequeut in England, that the neighbours 
 might pray for the person departed. 
 
 The following are the weights of some of the bells in Europe : — 
 
 Empress Anne's, Moscow lbs. 432,000 
 
 Boris Godihufs, ditto 288,000 
 
 Novogorod, (Great Bell) 70,000 
 
 Amboise Bell, (Rouen) 40,000 
 
 Vienna ditto, cast from Turkish cannon .... 40,200 
 
 Erfurt, Prussian Saxony 30,000 
 
 Great Tom of Oxford 18,000 
 
 St. Paul's, London 1 1,400 
 
 Ghent, Flanders 11,000 
 
 Great Tom of Lincoln 10,400 
 
 Worcester Great Bell 6,600 
 
 York 6,600 
 
 Gloucester 6,000 
 
 Dr. Clarke says, " The Great Bell of Moscow, the largest one ever 
 founded, is in a deep pit in the midst of the palace of the Kremlin. 
 It is said to have fallen, in consequence of a fire, from a beam to which it 
 was fastened. But this is not the fact. The bell remains in the same place 
 where it was originally cast. It never was suspended : the Russians might 
 as well attempt to suspend a first-rate line-of-battle ship with all her guns 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. W 
 
 BELLS, History of, (continued.) 
 
 and stores. A fire took place in the Kremlin, the flames caught the 
 building erected over the pit where the bell yet remains, in consequence of 
 -which the metal became hot, and water being thrown on to extinguish the 
 fire, fell upon the bell, causing the fracture which has taken place. The 
 entrance is by a trap-door, placed even with the surface of the earth. The 
 bell is truly a mountain of metal: and so great is the superstitious veneration 
 of the natives, that they would not allow even a grain to be filed off. The 
 peasants visit the bell on festival days, as they would resort to a church : 
 considering- it an act of devotion, and crossing themselves as they descend 
 and ascend the steps. Dr. Clarke was unable to measure the base, that 
 being b -.tried in the eaith : but within two feet of its lower extremity, the cir- 
 cumference was found to be 67 feet, 4 inches, and a half. The bottom of the 
 pit is covered with water. In the stoutest part, its thickness is twenty-three 
 inches. They were able to ascertain this by placing their hands under the 
 water where the rent had taken place. The bell is supposed by Dr. Clarke 
 to have been founded in 1653, during the reign of Alexis, although the 
 Russians for the most part maintain that it was cast during the reign of 
 their Empress, Anne. This great and powerful Princess succeeded Peter 
 the Great on the throne in 1725. The Turks have a very great aversion to 
 bells, and prohibit Christians the use of them at Constantinople, pretend- 
 ing that the sound of them would be troublesome to the souls of the 
 departed. 
 
 BELLMAN, first appointed in London 1556 
 
 BENEFIT SOCIETIES' ACT passed 1795 
 
 BERMUDA ISLES discovered 1527 
 
 Settled in 1612. 
 
 BIBLE. 
 
 The translation of this sacred volume was begun very early in this kingdom, 
 and some part of it was done even by king Alfred. Adelmus translated the 
 Psalms into Saxon in 709 ; other parts were done by Edfrid, or Ecbert, in 
 730; the whole by Bede in 731. Trevisa published the whole in English 
 in 1357. Tindal's was brought hither in 1534; revised andaltered in 1538; 
 published with a preface of Cranmer's, in 1549. In 1551, another transla- 
 tion was published, which being revised by several Bishops, was printed 
 with their alterations in 1560. In 1613, a new translation was published by 
 authority, which is that in present use. The Bible Society was instituted, 
 in 1804, for the purpose of diffusing the Sacred Scriptures over the world. 
 In this cause, it has laboured with astonishing diligence and success. 
 
 BILL, great riot at Nottingham on account of the rejection 
 
 of, for the relief of the frame- work knitters, June 10, 1779 
 
 Great riots commenced at Nottingham, in consequence of the rejection, by the 
 House of Commons, of a Bill for regulating the wages of the frame-work 
 knitters. A person of the name of Mephringham, who had been the leader 
 of the rioters, was shortly afterwards tried on the capital charge of pulling 
 down a dwelling house; and a resolution, of a very daring character, was 
 taken by his confederate to save him. The only witness to the fact of his 
 pulling down the house, was one Benjamin Lavers : and in the dead of the 
 night, this Lavers was surprised in his bed by three men in disguise, blind- 
 folded, and compelled by threats of instant death, in case of refusal, to 
 accompany them. From Nottingham he was carried to Charnwood Forest, 
 in Leicestershire, and thence into Essex : the party sleeping in copses or 
 woods by the day, and travelling only by night. Nor was the prisoner 
 restored to his home and family till his keepers received information of 
 Mephringham's acquittal. 
 
 BILL OF RIGHTS passed 1689 
 
 No. 2. c 
 
20 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 BILLS OF EXCHANGE first mentioned 1160 
 
 Used in England, 1307 ; the only mode of sending money from England by Law, 
 1381: regulated, 1698; again 1705; made felony to counterfeit, 1734; 
 taxed , 1788; advanced, 1797; again 1804, and 1814. 
 
 BILLINGSGATE made a free Fishmarket, 1699 
 
 BIRTHS and DEATHS, registration of began to operate, 
 
 July 1, 1837 
 
 BILLS OF MORTALITY, (for London) began 153S 
 
 BISHOP, the first that suffered death by sentence of the 
 
 Civil Power 1405 
 
 BISHOPS, (Seven) committed to the Tower, June 8 1688 
 
 In consequence of James endeavouring to restore Popery in England, the Bishops, 
 in remonstrating with him on the impropriety of such an act, were tried, 
 and committed to the Tower : on which the Prince of Orange invades Eng- 
 land, and James is compelled to abdicate. He retired to France, where he 
 died. 
 
 BLACK ACT, (The) passed 1723 
 
 BLACKFRIARS BRIDGE begun 1760 
 
 Blackfriars bridge, built by Mr. Mylne, was begun in 1760, and completed in 
 1768. Its length is 995 feet; the breadth of the carriage-way 28; and of the 
 foot-paths, 7 feet each. It consists of nine Elliptical arches, the centre one 
 of which is 100 feet wide: and both this, and the arch on each side, are 
 wider than the celebrated Rialto at Venice ; but decay is already too visible. 
 This noble structure is built of Portland stone, and cost £158,000. 
 
 BLANKETS first made in England 1340 
 
 The best blankets made, are at Witney, in Oxfordshire. 
 
 BLANDFORD ASSIZES, loss of life by the distemper 1730 
 
 Blandford Assizes this year proved fatal to the Judges, Sheriff, &c. who died of 
 the gaol distemper. 
 
 BLISTER PLAISTERS, invented, b. c 60 
 
 BLOOD, circulation of through the lungs, made public 1553 
 
 The circulation of the blood through the lungs, was first made public by Michael 
 Servetus, a Spanish physician. Csesalpinus, published an account of the 
 general circulation, of which he had some confused ideas, and improved it 
 afterwards by experiments, 1569; but it was fully confirmed by Harvey, in 
 1628 : Servetus discovered the circutus minor : Harvey, the circutus major. 
 
 BOARD WAGES first commenced with the King' servants, 
 
 in 1629 
 
 BOCCACIO, The Decameron of, sold June 17, 1812 
 
 A volume in small folio, printed in 1471, was knocked down to the Marquis of 
 Blandford, at the sale of the Duke of Roxburghe's Library, for £2,260. 
 
 BOHEMIA, Queen of, visits England, May 17 1661 
 
 She died in 1662. 
 
 BOOK SELLING by Catalogue began 1676 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 11 
 
 BOOKS burnt at Constantinople 1476 
 
 By this Goth and Vandal-like act, books to the number of 200,000 were burnt 
 at Constantinople, by the order of Pope Leo I. Above 4,194,412 volumes 
 were in the suppressed monasteries of France in 1770; 2,000,000 were oil 
 Theology; the Manuscripts were 26,000; in the city of Paris alone were 
 808, 120' volumes. 
 
 BOxMBAY nearly destroyed by fire, Feb. 27 1803 
 
 At this tire, many lives were unfortunately lost. 
 
 BOTTLE CONJUROR, imposition of, at the Haymarket 
 
 Theatre 1748 
 
 BOTANY BAY, Settlement first sailed from England, 
 
 March 21 1787 
 
 BOW BELLS. 
 
 The citizens of London have ever been proud of the bells of Bow Church, and it 
 was from their extreme fondness for them in old times, that a genuine 
 cockney has ever been supposed to be born within the sound of Bow bell. 
 
 In very early times a worthy citizen, John Downe, left to the parish of 
 St. Maiy-le-Bow, two tenements in Hosier-lane, now Bow-lane, for the 
 maintenance of the great bell; these tenements are still saved to the parish. 
 And in 1460, by an order of Common Council, the bells were to be rung 
 regularly at 9 p. m., and lights were to be exhibited in the steeple during 
 the night, to direct the traveller towards the metropolis. 
 
 The bells, steeple, and church, all shared the common fate in the Fire of 
 London, in 1666; but on the steeple being finished by Sir Christopher 
 Wren in 1670, part of £400. paid by the city to the united parishes for the 
 site of All-hallows church and churchyard, on which to build the present 
 Honey-lane market, was appropriated to a set of bells ; Dame Dyonis 
 Wilkinson having given £2000. towards erecting and beautifying the steeple. 
 
 The belfrey was prepared for twelve, but only eight were placed : these 
 from their continual use got sadly out of order, and after various repairs, it 
 was reported in 1739 that the great bell was cracked; however, the peal 
 was made good at the expense of £290. : but in 1758, a petition was pre- 
 sented to the Vestry from several most respectable citizens, setting forth 
 that on all public occasions the bells of Bow are particularly employed, 
 that the tenor bell is the completest in Europe, but the other seven are veiy 
 much inferior, and by no means suitable to the said tenor. Your petitioners 
 therefore request that they may be allowed at their own expense to recast 
 the seven smaller bells, and to add two trebles : this the parish permitted, 
 after an examination of the steeple by Dance and Chambers, the two ablest 
 architects of the day, who reported " that such additional weight, nor any 
 weight that can be put upon the steeple, will have any greater effect than the 
 number of bells now placed there." The present bells being thus raised by 
 subscription, were first rung on the 4th of June, 1762, the anniversary of 
 the birth of the late George III. The weight of the bells is as follows : — 
 
 Cwt. qr. lb. 
 ,17 11 
 
 1st 
 
 Cwt. qr. lb. 
 « 3 7 
 
 6th 
 
 2nd 9 2 
 
 7th 
 
 3rd 
 
 10 1 4 
 
 8th 
 
 4th 
 
 12 7 
 
 9th 
 
 5th 
 
 13 24 
 
 10th 
 
 20 2 26 
 .24 2 5 
 .34 2 6 
 
 58 22 
 
 There has been some fear expressed that the use of the bells would 
 endanger the steeple : but from an examination, it does not appear that there 
 is any cause for alarm. 
 
 BOYNE, The, Man of War, destroyed at Portsmouth, May 1 1795 
 
 The Boyne Man of War, of 98 guns, was unfortunately destroyed by her taking 
 fire at Portsmouth. Great mischief was done by the explosion of the 
 magazine. 
 
12 THB NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 BREAD, high price of 1754 
 
 Theassize of Bread was first appointed in 1523. In the year 1754, the quartern 
 loaf was sold for 4d: in 1757, it rose to lOd. : and in March, 1800, 1*. 5c/.; 
 when new bread was forbid to be sold, under a penalty of 5.9. per loaf if the 
 baker sold it until it was twenty-four hours old. In January, 1801, the 
 quartern loaf sold for 1*. lid. In July, 1810, it sold for Is. 5d. In July, 
 1815, the assize on bread was repealed; and in July, 1823, it sold for lOd. 
 
 BREMEN, explosion at, Seperaber 10 1739 
 
 This dreadful explosion was occasioned by gunpowder, and caused the destruc- 
 tion of one thousand houses, and the deaths of forty persons. 
 
 BREWHOUSE, accident at Meux's, October 17 1814 
 
 By this accident, several houses in the neighbourhood were destroyed by the 
 deluge. Many lives were lost, and the damage done by the waste of beer 
 was estimated at eight and nine thousand barrels. It was occasioued by the 
 bursting of two large vats. 
 
 BRIBERY at Elections illegal 1696 
 
 Bribery at Elections was forbidden by Law in 1696, 1729, and 1735. 
 
 BRICKS and TILES, taxed 1781 
 
 BRITISH LEGION, (The) formed 1835 
 
 The British Legion was embodied under Colonel Evans, for the service of the 
 Queen of Spain. 
 
 BRITISH ARCHITECTS, Institute of, founded, June 15... 1835 
 
 BROAD SWORDS forbidden by Law to be worn in Edin- 
 burgh, July 24 1724 
 
 BROTHEL in London, allowed in 1162 
 
 They were greatly suppressed in 1545. Tolerated in France, 1280. Pope 
 Sextus IV. licensed one at Rome, and the prostitutes paid him a weekly tax, 
 which amounted to 20,000 ducats a year, 1471 : another erected near 
 London, and put under the management of the Bishop of Durham. There 
 were similar Institutions in different parts of Europe. 
 
 BROUGHTON SUSPENSION BRIDGE, accident at, 
 
 April 12, 1831 
 
 This event took place at the time when a party of the 60th rifles, consisting of 
 seventy officers and men were passing over it, which falling suddenly, 
 severely wounded several of them. 
 
 BROAD SEAL of England first used 1049 
 
 BUBBLES suppressed, June 11 1720 
 
 The Mississippi bubble in France ceased, June 27, 1720, when its amount was 
 £100,000,000 sterling. 
 
 BUCKLES invented 1680 
 
 BUILDING with stone, brought into England by Bennett, 
 
 a Monk 670 
 
 Building with brick, was first introduced by the Romans into their provinces. 
 Introduced into England, about 886. Again by the Earl of Arundel, 1600: 
 London, at this time being mostly built of wood, presented a most unseemly 
 appearance. In 1580, the increase of buildings in London, and also to 
 within three miles of the city gates, was strictly forbidden by the mandate of 
 Elizabeth: also, that but one family should dwell in a house, 1580. The 
 buildings from High Holborn, north and south, and Great Queen street, built 
 nearly on the spot where the Elms stood, or the ancient Tyburn, in the time 
 
 . 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. IS 
 
 of Edward III. were erected between 1607 and 1631. In 1772, the number 
 of houses and its suburbs were computed at 122,930 ; in 1791, they amounted 
 to above 200,000. In St. George's Fields above 20,000 have been erected 
 since 1772. 
 
 BUILDER'S ACT passed, 1764; amended 1766 
 
 BUILDINGS regulated by Law, 1764, 1770, and 1772 
 
 BULLION, of gold and silver, first method of assaying 1354 
 
 BULL BAITING, first at Stamford, in Lincolnshire 1209 
 
 At Tutbury, in Staffordshire, 1374. 
 
 BULL FIGHTS in Spain first used 1560 
 
 BULL RUNNING, at Tutbury, in Staffordshire, instituted . 1374 
 BULLETS of stone used 1514 
 
 Those of iron first mentioned in the Fcedera, 1550 : red-hot, first used at the 
 siege of Gibraltar. 
 
 BURGESSES first constituted in Scotland 1326 
 
 BURGUNDY, Dukedom of established 890 
 
 The kingdom founded, 413: again in 814: united to the German Empire, 1035: 
 disunited by a revolt, and divided into four sovereignties, in 1074: 
 
 BURIALS first permitted in consecrated places 749 
 
 In churchyards, 758. 
 
 BURIALS taxed 1695, 1783 
 
 BURMESE, The, commence hostilities against the British 
 
 possessions in India 1825 
 
 The Burmese having commenced hostilities against the British possessions in 
 India, were defeated in a series of actions. Peace was established with them, 
 on condition of their ceding to the British Government two of their frontier 
 provinces, and paying one crore of rupees towards the expenses of the war. 
 
 BURNING GLASSES. 
 
 Burning glasses and common mirrors, the discovery of attributed to Tshunhausen, 
 a Lusatian baron, 1680. 
 
 BURWELL, accident at, September 8, 1727 
 
 At the above date, a melancholy event took place there. A number of persons, 
 among whom were several young ladies of fortune, being assembled in a 
 barn, to witness the exhibition of a puppet show, the place took fire, by a 
 careless accident, when only five persons out of 160 escaped. The bodies of 
 the unfortunate deceased, were so horribly disfiguied by the fire, and the 
 falling of the roof, &c. that it was not possible for their friends to recognize 
 them, and they were obliged to be promiscuously interred in one large 
 grave. A tablet was also erected in the church, to record the unfortunate 
 circumstance. 
 
 BUTTER annually sent to London, from Yorkshire, Cam- 
 bridge, and Suffolk, amounts to 210,000 firkins. 
 
 BUTTONS and BUTTONHOLES of cloth prohibited by law 1 721 
 
14 THE NEW TABLET QF MEMORY. 
 
 BYE-LAWS of Corporations restrained 1504 
 
 BYZANTIUM, now Constantinople, founded or built, b. c. . 715 
 
 CABLES, a method of making them, invented in 1792 
 
 By this invention, twei.ty men are enabled to do the work of 200. The machine 
 is set in motion by sixteen horses, and the cable is of the dimension for the 
 largest ships. 
 
 CABINET COUNCIL, first instituted, April 1670 
 
 CABRIOLETS introduced into England 1823 
 
 The one-horse carriages, denominated cabriolets, were introduced into Englaed 
 upon the model of those plying at Paris. 
 
 CALCUTTA, 123 persons perished in the Black Hole at, 
 
 June 20 1756 
 
 CALENDAR. 
 
 The Roman Calendar, from which ours i' borrowed, was composed by Romulus, 
 who made the year consist of no more than 304 days: Numa Pompilus cor- 
 rected his error by making it consist of Twelve lunar months, of thirty and 
 twenty-nine days alternately, which made 354 days: but being fond of an 
 odd number, he added one day more, which made it 365 days : and that the 
 civil year might equal the sun's motion, he added a month every second year. 
 Julius Caesar, as a farther improvement, made the year consist of 365 days, 
 and left the six hours to form a day, at the end of every fourth year, which 
 was added to the month of February. This Calendar was called the Julian, 
 or Old Style, in opposition to the New Style, introduced by Gregory XIII. 
 who finding the Julian gone too forward, cut off ten days from the Calendar: 
 and to remedy this defect for the future, left out one Bissextile day every 
 100 years, making every fourth hundred a Leap Year. By Act of Parliament, 
 to remedy the inconveniences arising from the differences of Style, this 
 kiugdom adopted the Gregorian, or New Style, by leaving out eleven days 
 of the month of September, in the year 1752. The New French Calendar 
 commenced on the 22nd of September, 1792. According to it, the year 
 commences at midnight, the beginning of that day in which falls the true 
 autumnal equinox for the Observatory of Paris. The year is divided into 
 Twelve equal months of thirty days each : after which, five supplementary 
 days are added, to complete the 365 days of the ordinary yeai : these five 
 days do not belong to any month. Each month is divided into three decades 
 of ten days each: distinguished by 1st. 2nd. and 3rd decade. In this 
 Calendar, the months and days of them have new names, taken from the 
 circumstances of the seasons : the first of the three months of the year, of 
 which the autumn is composed, from the vintage, is called Vindmiaire : the 
 second Brumaire, from the mists and low fog-s which take place from Octo- 
 ber to November. There are other particulars respecting this Calendar, 
 which it is not thought necessary to detail here, and which, indeed, can be 
 learned only by an Almanack. This Calendar has been abolished by the 
 French government, and the old one was resumed on the 1st of January, 
 1806. 
 
 CALICO PRINTING, and the Dutch loom, introduced 
 
 into Britain 1 676 
 
 CALICOES first made in Lancashire 1772 
 
 CALICO first imported by the East India Company 1631 
 
 CAMBRIDGE UN I VERSITY chartered 536 
 
 Cambridge, once a city called Granta, built by Carsiurus ; founded in 900; town 
 burnt by the Danes, 1010; University revived. 1110; streets paved, 1410; 
 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 15 
 
 again, 1544; Chancellor's court established by Queen Elizabeth; refused a 
 degree to a Papist recommended by the king, February, 1687 ; a Senate 
 house built, 1722; installation of the Duke of Newcastle, 5th July, 1749: 
 the Duke of Grafton, 1768 : the statue of the Duke of Somerset erected in 
 the Senate house, the 14th of July, 1756 : of George III. 1765: paved and 
 lighted, 1789. 
 
 CAMERA OBSCURA invented 1514 
 
 CANAL, in China. 
 
 This canal runs from Canton to Pekin, in a straight line, upwards of 806 miles, 
 having seventy-five locks, and forty-one large cities on its banks, and above 
 10,000 vessels on its surface : finished in 980 : 30,000 men were employed, 
 and forty-three years were occupied in its completion. 
 
 CANALS, &c. in England. 
 
 Navigable rivers, and canals to join rivers, first made by Henry I. 1134, when 
 the Trent was joined to the Witham. 
 
 The Thames made navigable to Oxford by Act of Parliament, 21 James 1. 
 1624. The Kennet navigation, from Reading to Newbury, 2 George I. 1715. 
 The river Lea made navigable from Hertford to Ware, and so to London, 
 12 George II. 1739. From Droitwich to the Severn, 1756. In Caermarthen- 
 shire, 1756. The Duke of Bridgewater's navigation began, 1758, and 
 opened 17th June, 1761. Northamptonshire navigarion began, August 7, 
 1761. From the Severn, near Tilton bridge, 1766. From Wilden Ferry, in 
 Staffordshire, 1766. From Stourbridge, 1776. From Birmingham to Bilston, 
 1768. From the Lea to Limehouse, 1770. From the Dee to Nantwich, 
 1772. From Skipton, 1773, to Oxford, 1775. From Hider's Green, 1766. 
 From Stroudwater to the Severn, 1775. From Apedale, 1775. From Ches- 
 terfield to the Trent, 1777. From Leeds to Liverpool, 1770: consolidated 
 1783. Trent and Mersey canal finished, 1772, extending ninety miles; 
 enlarged 1783. From Stroud to the Thames, began 1783. From the Thames 
 to Leachlade, 1783. From the Severn to Leachlade, 1789. From Oxford 
 to Coventry, 1769 : completed 1790. Over the Tame, near Birmingham, 
 and the Coventry canal, with the Birmingham, &c. completed, by which the 
 inland navigation between London, Bristol, Liverpool, and Hull, was opened, 
 July, 1790. From Hereford to Gloucester, had £50,000. subscribed, July, 
 1791 : began November following. The Kennet and Avon opened, 7th July, 
 1799. Thames to Fenny Stratford, 28th May, 1800. From Paddington to 
 the Grand Junction, 1800. Thames to Croydon, in Surrey, 1810. 
 
 CANDLES, tallow, began to be used about 1290 
 
 Previous to this, splinters of wood served for lights. There was not any idea of 
 ■wax candles in 1300. 
 
 CANON LAW first introduced into England 1140 
 
 CANTERBURY PALACE, robbed, October 11 1778 
 
 CAPS. 
 
 In 1571, a law was enacted, that every person above seven years of age, should 
 wear on Sundays and holidays a cap of wool, knit made, thickened and 
 dressed in England, by some of the trade of cappers, under the forfeiture of 
 three farthings for every day's neglect, excepting maids, ladies, and gentle- 
 women: and likewise every lord, knight, and gentleman of twenty marks of 
 land, and their heirs, and such as have borne offices of worship in any city, 
 town, or place, and the Wardens of the London Companies. 
 
 CARDS and DICE double taxed, April 8, 1756 
 
 Additional, 1789. 
 
 CARDINAL, title of, began to be used 308 
 
 Cardinals were originally the parish priests at Rome. College of, founded by 
 Pope Pascal I. 817: did not elect the Popes till 1160: wore the red hat (to 
 
15 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 remind them that they ought to shed their Mood, if required, for religion), 
 and were declared princes of the church, 1222; the Cardinals set fire to the 
 Conclave, and separated : and there was a vacancy in the Papal chair for two 
 years, 1314. Cardinal Carassa was hung, by order of Pope Pius IV. 1560; 
 as was Cardinal Poli, under Leo X.: the title of Eminence first given them 
 by Urban VIII. about 1630. 
 
 CARLTON HOUSE, splendid Fete given at 1811 
 
 At this fete many persons were severely hurt by the immense throng that 
 attended it, June 20, 1811. A second also given at the same place to the 
 Duke of Wellington, to which 2,500 persons were invited, June 21, 1814. 
 
 CARRIAGES taxed '. 1747 
 
 Again 1776, 1782, and 1785. 
 
 CASTLEREAGH, LORD, and THE HON. SPENCER 
 PERCIVAL. 
 
 They were accused of purchasing seats, whilst in the ministry. Not censured. 
 
 CASTLES in England taken from the Barons 1 153 
 
 CATTLE, 94,000 head, and above S00,000 sheep, were sold 
 
 in Smithfield during the year 1774 
 
 CAULIFLOWERS first planted in England 1603 
 
 CELERY introduced to the English tables in 1709 
 
 It was introduced by Count Tallai-d, during his captivity in England, after the 
 battle of Malplaquet, in 1709. 
 
 CEYLON nearly destroyed to revenge the Dutch cruelties . 1761 
 
 CHAIN-SHOT invented by Admiral De Witt 1661 
 
 CHANCERY, Court of, established 605 
 
 The present Court of Chancery was established by William I. 1066. The first 
 person qualified for Chancellor, by education, was Sir Thomas More, in 1530, 
 the office before being rather that of a secretary of state than the President 
 of a Court of Justice. First reference to a Master in, owing to the ignorance 
 of the Chancellor, Sir Christopher Hatton, about 1588. In May, 1811, 
 Parliament passed an Act appointing a Vice- Chancellor, to assist the Lord 
 Chancellor while attending his duties in the House of Lords. 
 
 CHINA made at Chelsea 1752 
 
 At Bow, 1758: in several parts of England, 1760 : by Mr. Wedgwood, 1762: at 
 Dresden, 1706. Porcelaine first spoken of in history, 1591. 
 
 CHINA, Empire of, founded B.C. 2100 
 
 Although China was founded at the above date, its history does not extend above 
 the Greek Olympiads : the first dynasty, when prince Yu reigned^ 2207, 
 B. C. : before this time, the Chinese Chronology is imperfect: by some, Fchi 
 is supposed to be the founder of the Empire, and its first sovereign, 2247, 
 B. C. Literature there revived, and the art of printing practised, 206 B. c: 
 the first history of China was published by Sematsian, 97 B C : first grant 
 of the island of Macao, at the entrance of the river of Canton, to the Portu- 
 guese, 1586^ the country conquered by the Eastern Tartars, when the 
 Emperor and his family killed themselves, 1635 : an attempt to establish 
 Christianity there by the Jesuits, 1692: the Missionaries expelled, 1724. 
 It is fifteen times larger than Great Britain aud Ireland: and though not 
 half the size of Europe, contains more inhabitants. 
 
 CHAMP DE MAI, General Federation in the, July 14, ... 1790 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 17 
 
 CATHOLIC RELIEF BILL passed 1829 
 
 CHARITY SCHOOLS, first began in England 1688 
 
 One hundred and sixty schools were established within London, Westminster, 
 and the bills of mortality, between 1688 and 1767» inclusive. Six thousand 
 children met- at St. Pauls, May 2, 1782. 
 
 CHELTENHAM MINERAL SPRING discovered 1740 
 
 CHEROKEE CHIEFS, Seven of them arrive in England . 1730 
 
 Three more in 17G2 : and three more in 1776. 
 
 CHESAPEAKE FRIGATE, The, captured by Broke, 
 
 June 1, 1813 
 
 The action of the Chesapeake frigate, (Captain Lawrence) and the Shannon, 
 (Captain Broke) was one of the most sanguinary and determined actions ever 
 fought. Captain Broke, having given orders for his men to board the 
 Chesapeake, in the short space of twenty minutes, that vessel was strewed 
 with dead bodies : and amongst them lay its unfortunate commander^ 
 Lawrence. Captain Broke was severely wounded. 
 
 CHILDREN forbidden by law to be sold by their parents... 1015 
 
 CHIVALRY began in Europe 912 
 
 CHURCHES, fifty new ones voted in 1711 
 
 CHUDLEIGH, Devonshire, accident at 1807 
 
 A dreadful accident happened at the above place, a small market town, consisting 
 of about two hundred houses, which were (with the exception of seven 
 houses, and the church) entirely consumed, without the loss of a human 
 life. 
 
 CINQUE PORTS vested in barons 1078 
 
 The Cinque Ports are five havens, that lie on the east part of England, towards 
 France; they are Hastings, Dover, Hithe, Romney, and Sandwich, to which 
 Winchelsea and Rye, have since been added. They have a particular policy, 
 and are governed by a keeper, with the title of Lord Warden of the Cinque 
 Ports, and send Representatives to Parliament, who are called barons of the 
 Cinque Ports. First received their privileges, 1216. 
 
 CIRCUITS, Justiciary, established in England 1176 
 
 In Scotland, in 1712. 
 
 CIRCUMNAVIGATORS OF ENGLAND, &c. 
 
 The Circumnavigators of England, were Drake, in 1577= Cavendish, 1586 : 
 Cowley, 1683: Dampier, 1689: Cooke, 1708: Clipperton and Sherbock, 
 1719: Anson, 1740: Biron, 1764: Wallis, 1766: Cartaret, 1766: Captain 
 James Cook, 1768, 1772, and 1776 : continued by King, 1780 : Portlocke, 
 &c. 1788: and Captain Hunter, 1788-9, in 137 days. The first that entered 
 the Pacific Ocean, was Magellan, a Portuguese, 1520. Among the Spanish 
 Circumnavigators, were Groalva, 1537= Avalradi, 1547: Mendana, 1567: 
 Quiros, 1625. The Dutch Circumnavigators were, Van Noort, 1598 : Spit- 
 bergen, 1614: Lemaire, 1615 : Scouten, 1616 : Tasman,1642: and Roggewin, 
 1721 : M. Bougainville's voyage, (the Frenchman) was in 1776; and several 
 others have been undertaken since, particularly that of La Perouse. 
 No. 3- D 
 
18 
 
 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 CLAREMONT, purchase of 1816 
 
 Claremont was purchased by the Commissioners of Woods and Forests for Her 
 Royal Highness the Princess Charlotte of Wales, on her marriage with the 
 Prince of Saxe-Cobourg. It was bought of C. R. Ellis, Esq. for the sum of 
 £69,000. 
 
 CLERGY OF FRANCE, renounced their privileges, on 
 
 the20thofMay 1809 
 
 Had all their property seized upon by the National Assembly, 1790, 
 
 CLERGY. 
 
 The celibacy of the Roman Catholic Clergy, first established by the decree of Pavia, 
 which was afterwards supported by the edict of the Emperor, Henry II. in 
 1009, at the request of the Pope, John XIX. and their children declared 
 serfs. At a council held at Toledo, it was ordered that every one, whether 
 layman, or ecclesiastic, should be contented with one companion, either wife 
 or concubine. 
 
 CLERGY. 
 
 In the year 1536, the clergy were excluded from being members of the Irish 
 Parliament by the Act of Henry VIII.: of the British Parliament, in 1801, 
 when the Rev. Home Tooke was forced to vacate his seat. 
 
 CLOCKS and WATCHES, taxed, 1797 
 
 The tax was repealed in 1798. Three clockmakers from Delft, were the first who 
 settled in England, 1568. The invention of clocks is ascribed to Pacificus, 
 who lived in the 9th century; by others, to Boethius, in 510. Pendulum 
 clocks were invented by Huyghens, in 1457- Clocks and dials were first 
 set up in churches, 913; made to strike by the Arabians, 801; by the 
 Italians, in 1300; a striking clock in Westminster, 1368, (afterwards in the 
 House of Lords, till the late fire.) The first portable ones, 1530 ; none in 
 England that went tolerably, until that dated 1540, maker's name N. O. now 
 at Hampton Court Palace. Clocks with pendulums, &c. invented by another 
 artist, (Fromantil) a Dutchman, about 1656. Repeating clocks and watches, 
 invented by one Barlow, 1676 : neither clocks nor watches were general, 
 until the year 1681 
 
 COACHES first used in England 1580 
 
 In 1601, an Act was passed to prevent men riding in coaches, it being considered 
 as effeminate: began to be common in London, 1605: hackney ditto, began 
 1634, when a Captain Baily set up four : prohibited in 1635: fifty hackney 
 coaches only were allowed in 1637: limited to 200, 1652: to 300 in 1654: 
 to 400, in 1661 : to 700, in 1694, when they were first licensed: to 800, in 
 1710 : to 1000, in 1771- The number of coaches in the year 1793, made in 
 this kingdom, amounted to 40,000, half of which were exported. By the 
 duty on coaches, it appeared, in 1778, that 23,000 were kept in England, 
 which duty amounted to £117,000.: and in 1785, it was £154,988. in 
 England : whilst in Scotland, it was only £9000. Coach-tax commenced, 
 March 25, 1747: it was increased 1776, 1782, 1785, and 1797. 
 
 COALS discovered near Newcastle 1234 
 
 Coals were first dug there by a Charter granted to the town by Henry III. in 
 1280. Dyers, Brewers, &c. began to use sea-coal for fire, 1350: but on an 
 application by the nobility, &c. Edward I. published a proclamation against 
 it, 1398: it came into g-eneral use in London, in 1400. In 1773, 600,000 
 chaldrons were consumed, and 766,880 ditto, in 1788. There were, in 1792, 
 841,380 chaldrons: and Scots coals, 2249 tons: in 1793,800,510: in 1794, 
 788,744: and in 1795, 887,759 ditto, exclusive of cinders, &c. This 
 immense duty yielded the Duke of Richmond £23,000. per annum. The 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 19 
 
 whole duty on coal in 1788, amounted to £306,728. The daily consump- 
 tion in London, is about 2,300 chaldrons. 
 
 COCHRANE, LORD. 
 
 Lord Cochrane, in concert with the Honourable Cochrane Johnstone, De 
 Berenger, Butt, &c. was convicted of a fraud on the Stock Exchange on 
 the 8th of June, 1814, when he was sentenced to pay a line of £1000., to be 
 imprisoned twelve months in the King's Bench Prison, and to stand one 
 hour in the pillory; his Lordship asserted his innocence in Parliament, but 
 was expelled, July 5, 1814. His constituents entered into a resolution to 
 re-elect him, on the 25th of the same month. Escaped from the King's 
 Bench Prison, and gave the casting vote against any extension of the grant 
 to the Duke of Cumberland. Left England for the continent. In the 
 Spring of 1827, Lord Cochrane joined the Greeks, and Sir Richard Church 
 took the command of their armies about the same time. The general had 
 previously commanded a battalion of Greeks at Zante. In 1831, Lord 
 Cochrane succeeded to the Earldom of Dundonald, on the death of his father : 
 and in 1832, the London Gazette of May 9, announced his restoration to 
 the rank he held in the British navy. 
 
 COCK LANE GHOST, imposition of 1762 
 
 Amidst the various impositions which have been practised at different periods, 
 none ever attracted so much notice as the Cock Lane Ghost : and it is singular 
 that such credulity could be carried on for such a period of time, without 
 detection. We shall be as brief as the nature of the story will admit. 
 
 A Mr. Kempe, it appears, a person of great respectability, and who resided 
 in the county of Norfolk, was married to a young woman of that neighbour- 
 hood: but dying in child-bed, her sister continued to assist him in his 
 business ; the consequence was an intimacy with each other ; and on his 
 quitting that line, in order to settle in London, she insisted on following 
 him, even on foot, if a more comfortable conveyance was not provided, and 
 she accordingly followed him to town; but being excluded by the Canon law 
 from marrying, they cohabited together, and made their wills in favour of 
 each other. Upon their arrival in London, they went to reside at Greenwich 
 for a time, when Mr. Kempe took lodgings in town, near the Mansion House. 
 
 While at this place, Mr. Parsons, the officiating clerk of St. Sepulchre's, 
 observing one morning Mr. and Mrs. Kempe at prayers, standing in the aisle, 
 shewed them into a pew. On the conclusion of the service, Mr. Parsons 
 was thanked for his civility by the party, and asked if he could inform them 
 of a lodging in the neighbourhood: Parsons consequently offered his own 
 house, which was accepted. 
 
 Soon after their removal to the house of Parsons, in Cock-lane, near 
 Smithfield, Mr. Kempe went into the country, and the lady, who went by 
 the name of Miss Fanny, took Parsons' daughter, (about eleven years of age) 
 as a companion, who also slept with her. It was at this time that Miss 
 Fanny had to complain of violent noises : when Mrs. Parsons pleaded igno- 
 rance as to the cause, but she supposed it was nothing more than that of a 
 shoemaker, who lived close by, (and who rose early to his labour) would 
 make. A short time after this, on Miss Fanny again being disturbed, she 
 arose from her bed, and enquired of Mrs. Parsons, if the shoemaker worked 
 on the Sunday, (it being on the Sunday evening) ? on being answered, no, 
 Mrs. Parsons was requested to come into the chamber, and witness the truth 
 of her assertion. The Rev. Mr. Linden was also called in, but he excused him- 
 self. Upon Mr. and Mrs. Kempe's removing from the house, the noises ceased. 
 
 Unfortunately for Mr. Kempe, both Parsons, and the landlord with whom 
 he now resided, were in indifferent circumstances, and had both of them 
 become indebted to him ; and in order to obtain a re-payment of the debt 
 from each, was obliged to sue both; from hence arose the contrivance of the 
 plot afterwards brought against him. During the period he resided in the 
 house of Parsons, the young lady became pregnant: and in the sixth month 
 of the same, Dr. Cooper was engaged to attend her. He visited her till she 
 was taken ill, which illness was thought to bean eruptive fever. The lodg- 
 
20 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 COCK LANE GHOST, The, (continued.) 1762 
 
 ings proving inconvenient, others were procured in Bartlett street, Clevken well, 
 to which place the patient was removed, a nurse having been previously 
 engaged to attend her. It was now ascertained that the disease was the 
 small pox ; and for the first four days, it was thought to be favourable, both 
 by the Physician, and also Mr. Jones, who attended her; but the complaint 
 changed for the worst, and her death was pronounced certain ; previous to its 
 taking place, a clergyman was called in, in order to afford spiritual consola- 
 tion. These facts were attested by Dr. Gooper and Mr. Jones, and con- 
 firmed by the Clergyman who attended her. She expired on the 2nd of 
 February, 1760, and was interred in the church of St. John's, Clerkenwell. 
 After a lapse of two years, the report of the knocking and scratching in 
 the night at the house of Parsons was asjain renewed, and various methods 
 were tried to discover the cause. The noise seemed to proceed from beneath 
 the bed, in which lay two children, the eldest of whom slept with Mrs. 
 Kempe when in lodgings at Parsons' house. The wainscot was taken down, 
 but the noise increased, and became more violent. The children were re- 
 moved to another room, but the noise still continued throughout the night. 
 The knocking and scratching still continuing to follow the children, the 
 eldest was interrogated as to what it was like ; when she declared it was 
 Mrs. Kempe. Suspicions were in consequence whispered that all was not 
 right, and hints were thrown out that the deceased had not died a natural 
 death. These reports were succeeded by a publication relative of Mr. 
 Kempe's connexion with the deceased. Still the noises continued, and from 
 the quarter already mentioned, so much so, as to throw the child into violent 
 fits, and Parsons now gave it out that the spirit of Mrs. Kempe had taken 
 possession of the child. The noises still increasing in violence, several 
 persons sat up all night in the child's room. On the evening of January 13, 
 between 11 and 12 at night, a respectable clergyman was sent for, who, 
 on his arrival, addressing himself to the supposed spirit, desired he might 
 be (if any injury had been done to the party) answered in the affirmative by 
 a single knock; if on the contrary, by two knocks. This was immediately 
 answered by one knock. He then asked several questions, which were 
 answered, and the following particulars learned : — that the spirit was a 
 
 woman, and her name Frances L ; that she had lived in fornication 
 
 with Mr. Kempe, whose first wife was her sister, and that she had poisoned 
 her, by administering arsenic in purl to her when confined by the small pox. 
 
 It being still strongly suspected that it was an imposition, it was resolved 
 to remove the girl to another house. This was accordingly done, the child 
 being taken away to a strange house, to that mentioned in her hearing: 
 and the reverend gentleman not wishing to condemn too hastily on this 
 extraordinary circumstance, collected some of his friends, among whom 
 were two or three Divines, with several other persons, and likewise two 
 negroes. Having carefully examined the bed clothes, and being satisfied that 
 there was no visible appearance of deception, the child, upon being put to 
 bed, was found to shake extremely by the gentleman who had stationed 
 himself at the foot. Having proceeded to ask a variety of questions, which 
 were answered by the required knocks, and expressions of displeasure, by 
 scratching, the following extraordinary conversation took place : — 
 
 Q. Are you brought to an untimely end by poison? — A. Yes. 
 
 Q. In what was the poison administered! — A. Purl. 
 
 Q. How long before your death? — A. Three hours. 
 
 Q. Is the person called Carrots able to give any information about the 
 poison ? — A. Yes. 
 
 Q. Are you Kempe's wife's sister ? — A. Yes. 
 
 Q. Were you married to Kempe? — A. No. 
 
 Q. Was any other person besides Kempe concerned in the poisoning? 
 
 A. No. 
 
 Q. Can you appear visibly to any one? — A. Yes. 
 
 Q. Will you do so?— A. Yes. 
 
 Q, Can you go out of this house ? — A. Yes. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 21 
 
 COCK LANE GHOST, The, (continued) .-. 1762 
 
 Q. Can you follow the child every where? — A. Yes. 
 
 Q. Are you pleased at being asked questions? — A. Yes. 
 
 Q. Does it ease your mind? — A. Yes. 
 
 (Here a mysterious noise, compared to the fluttering of wings, round the 
 room, was heard.) 
 
 Q. How long- before your death did you tell Carrots that you were poisoned ? 
 
 A. One hour. 
 (Here Carrots, who had been servant to Mrs. Kempe, and was admitted to 
 be one of the company, asserted, that the deceasrd had not told her so, 
 being at that time speechless.) 
 
 Q. How long did Carrots live with you ? — A. Three or four days. 
 
 Q. If the accused should be taken up, will he confess ? — A. Yes. 
 
 Q. Will you be at ease in your mind, if the man be hanged? — A. Yes. 
 
 Q. How many Clergymen are there in the room? — A. Three. 
 
 Q. How many negroes ? — A. Two. 
 
 Q. Can you distinguish the person of any one in the room? — A. Yes. 
 
 One of the Clergymen holding up a watch, asked whether it was white, 
 yellow, blue, or black. (The watch was in a black shagreen case.) 
 
 Q. What hour will you depart at in the morning? — A. Four o'clock. 
 
 The noise at that hour, removed into " The Wheatsheaf," a few doors off, 
 where it was heard in the bed-room of the landlord and landlady, which 
 caused great terror to both. During the interrogations, one of the company 
 placed himself by the bedside, and leaned on the bed ; a person on the other 
 side of the room desired him not to sit in that posture, when the former 
 replied, that " he came there to ascertain the truth of the affair, and he 
 should place himself in any part of the room where there appeared the least 
 suspicion." The individual who had leaned on the bed, requested Mr. 
 Parsons to permit him to remove the child to his own house, at the same 
 time promising that she should have a room to herself, a servant to wait upon 
 her, and whoever her father pleased should be with her, which was refused. 
 
 At seven o'clock on the following morning, the noise again commenced. 
 Though many were inclined to believe the preceding statements the effect 
 of supernatural agency, yet others considered it as nothing but a trick : and 
 in consequence, it was determined once more to remove the child, which was 
 accordingly done, to a house in Crown and Cushion court, at the upper end 
 of Cow-lane, near Smithfield, to which place two clergymen, several gen- 
 tlemen, and a few ladies had assembled. 
 
 The knocking again commenced, when a gentleman began to speak 
 angrily to the girl, hinting that he suspected it some trick of her's, upon 
 which the child became uneasy, and cried ; the knocking now became louder 
 than before ; and no answer could be obtained to any question whilst that 
 gentleman remained ; but, after he was gone, the noise ceased until a little 
 after twelve, when she was seized with a trembling similar to the approach 
 or departure of the spirit. On the question when, and at what time the 
 spirit would return, the answer was made by knocks, that it would return 
 again before seven in the morning. A noise resembling the fluttering 
 of wings was now heard ; after which, all remained quiet till between six 
 and seven on Friday moining, when the knocks again commenced. At 
 seven o'clock two Clergymen came, and the noise was repeated; several 
 questions were then put, one by a female, an acquaintance of the deceased, 
 who came out of curiosity, and who had seen Mrs. Kempe some time 
 previous to her death. The question was, "how long before the death of 
 the latter this individual had been to see her." The answer returned was 
 three knocks, signifying as many days, which was true. The next question 
 was, whether or not some one in the company then present had not a rela- 
 tion who had been buried in the vault where Mrs. Kempe lay. This reply 
 was made by one knock, in the affirmative. They then severally asked if it 
 was their relation ; when all, excepting the two last, were answered no ; but 
 to the last, the reply was by one knock, which was right. The replies caused 
 considerable surprize to the company. 
 
22 
 
 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 COCK LANE GHOST, The, (continued) 1762 
 
 On the evening of the 22nd of January, the girl was again removed, when 
 she was conveyed to the house of the matron of St. Bartholomew's Hospital. 
 Every precaution was used to keep her being there a secret, and likewise 
 to prevent any crowd from congregating round it, which would have greatly 
 tended to obstruct the method adopted for detecting any imposition. About 
 twenty persons sat up in the room, but no noise was heard till near six in 
 the morning, when a noise commenced similar to the scratching of a cat on a 
 cane chair. But a person in company having expressed an opinion that the 
 whole of the affair was an imposition, caused some altercation with those 
 who were of a different opinion, and which interruption caused the spirit to 
 take its departure; upon which no further noise was heard. 
 
 About seven o'clock, the child, who till now had appeared to be in a sound 
 sleep, awoke in a lit of crying : and on being interrogated as to the cause, 
 replied that her father would be ruined, should the affair be thought to 
 be an imposture. 
 
 She after this lay at a house, opposite the School House, in Cock-lane, at 
 which place a person of distinction, two clergymen, and several others, were 
 present. Between ten and eleven, the knocking began : and each inter- 
 rogation answered in a similar manner to the former. To a question now put, 
 Will you attend the girl to any place whither she maybe carried? — A. Yes. 
 At eleven o'clock, as many distinct knocks were heard: and at twelve, the 
 same number. On being asked if it were going away, and at what time it 
 would return, seven knocks were given. Exactly as St. Sepulchre's clock 
 chimed the hour of seven, the invisible agent knocked seven times. Every 
 person was now put out of the room who could have the least connexion 
 with the child; her hand being also laid on the outside of the clothes. 
 
 The supposed spirit having previously promised that it would attend 
 under the church of St. John, Clerkenwell, where the body was deposited, 
 and give a token of its presence by a knock on the coffin, it was proposed to 
 make thetiial of the real existence of the spirit; upon which Mr. Kempe, 
 the undertaker, clerk, sexton, and two or three gentlemen, repaired to the 
 church, and entered the vault, when the undertaker presently knew the 
 coffin, which was taken from under the others, and easily seen to be the 
 same. It having been given out that the body had even been displaced, the 
 coffin was opened in Mr. Kempe's presence, and there was exhibited all the 
 appearance of frail mortality. 
 
 During this period steps were taken to find out the fraud. The girl had 
 been removed from one place to another, and as constantly attended by the 
 noises, though bound and muffled hand and, foot ; and, strange to say, they 
 were often heard in rooms at some distance from where she lay. 
 
 Being at last removed to the house of a gentleman, her bed was tied up 
 in the manner of a hammock, a yard and a half from the ground, with her 
 hands and feet extended, but not so as to cause any injury, and fastened 
 with fillets for two nights, during which, no further noise was heard, and 
 the affair was ended by her detection. 
 
 On the 10th of July, Parsons, his wife, and one Mary Eraser, who acted 
 as interpreter between the ghost, and those who examined her, the Bev. 
 Mr. Moore, Curate of St. Stephens, and Mr. James, a tradesman, were tried 
 at Guildhall, before Lord Mansfield, and a special jury, and convicted of a 
 conspiracy against the life and character of Mr. Kempe. The trial lasted 
 twelve hours; but judgment was respited, in order to take the opinion 
 of the Twelve Judges on this curious affair. 
 
 The sentence was deferred for seven or eight months ; and the Rev. Mr. 
 Moore, and Mr. James, were discharged, on paying the prosecutor £300. and 
 costs, which amounted nearly to as much more. The publisher of the 
 narrative, (Brown), and Say, the printer, had previously compromised the 
 affair. 
 
 Parsons was ordered to be set in the pillory three times in one month, 
 once at the end of Cock -lane; and afterwards to be imprisoned two years ; 
 Elizabeth his wife, one year, and Mary Fiaser, six months, in Bridewell, and 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 23 
 
 COCK LANE GHOST, The, (continued) 1762 
 
 to be kept to hard labour. Parsons appearing to be out of his mind at the 
 time for his first standing in the pillory, that part of the sentence was 
 deferred to another day; when on other days of his public exhibition, the 
 populace, instead of using him ill, took compassion on him, and collected 
 a handsome sum for his use. The term of his confinement in the King's 
 Bench Prison having expired on the 13th of February, 1765, he was 
 liberated. 
 
 The Rev. Mr. Moore, was so overwhelmed with grief, that he did not 
 long survive the detection of the imposture. 
 
 Mr. Moore was the person to whom the spirit made the promise of striking 
 the coffin, and who in consequence visited the vault, accompanied by the 
 celebrated Dr. Johnson, and another gentleman, 
 
 COFFEE first brought to England 1641 
 
 Coffee was first brought to England by Mr. Nathaniel Conopius, a Cretan, who 
 made it his common beverage, at Baliol College, Oxford. Brought to Mar- 
 seilles, 1644. The first coffee house in England, was kept by one Jacob, a 
 Jew, at the sign of " The Angel," in Oxford, 1650. Mr. Edwards, an 
 English Turkey merchant, brought home with him a Greek servant, who 
 kept the first house for making and selling coffee in London, 1652; and 
 " The Rainbow," coffee house, near Temple Bar, was, in 1657, represented 
 as a nuisance to the neighbourhood. 
 
 COIF. 
 
 The Serjeant's coif, was originally an iron scull cap, worn by knights under their 
 helmets. Judge Blackstone writes, " that it was introduced before 1259, in 
 order to hide the tonsure of those renegado clerks who chose to remain as 
 advocates in the secular courts, notwithstanding they were prohibited by 
 the Canon." 
 
 COLUMBUS, the arrival of 1825 
 
 The Columbus, a timber ship, of colossal structure, went from Gravesend to 
 Quebec, with a cargo of 6,300 tons. 
 
 COMBINATION among Journeymen, Act against, June 21 1799 
 CONCERT, the first Subscription one, 1665 
 
 The first one was at Oxford. The first in London, 1678. 
 
 CONTRACTORS with Government disqualified from sitting 
 
 in Parliament 1782 
 
 COIN, The of England, first made round 1101 
 
 The first silver coinage at Rome 259 B.C.: before then, brass money was only 
 used, a sign that there was not any correspondence with the East, where 
 gold and silver were used some time before. Coin first used in Britain, 
 25 B. c. : in Scotland, of gold and silver, 223 A. c. First made round in 
 England, 1101 : silver halfpence, and farthings, were coined in the reign 
 of king John, and pence, the largest current coin. Gold first coined in 
 England, 1087; groats first coined in Bohemia, 1301; copper money used 
 only in Scotland and Ireland, 1399: Gold coined in England, 1345: groats 
 and half groats, the largest silver coin, 1531. In 1347, a pound of silver 
 was coined into twenty-two shillings: and in the year 1352, a pound was 
 coined into twenty-five shillings: in 1414, they were increased to thirty 
 shillings: in 1500, a pound of silver was coined into forty shillings; in 
 1530, they were extended to sixty-two, which is the same now. The 
 money in Scotland, now the same as in England, began to be debased, 
 1344. Gold first coined in Venice, 1476. Shillings first coined in England, 
 

 24 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 in 1068: Crowns and half crowns first coined in 1551. Copper money 
 introduced into France by Henry III. 15S0: the first legal copper coin 
 introduced, which put an end to private leaden tokens, universally prac- 
 tised, especially in London, 1609. Coppei monev introduced into England 
 by Tames I. 1620: milling coin introduced, 1662: invented by Castaing, 
 a Frenchman: halfpence and farthings first coined by government, August, 
 1672; guineas were first coined, 1673; silver coinage, 1696; broad pieces 
 of gold called in by Government, and coined into guineas, 1732. Five shil- 
 lings and three penny pieces in gold were issued in 1716 and 1761. One 
 million was coined in l7l0 from French Louis d'ors. Halfpence issued for 
 the Isle of Man by England, 1786. Dollars issued by the Bank at four 
 shillings and ninepence each, March 4, 1797; at five shillings, 1806; 
 raised to five shillings and sixpence, 1811. Gold seven shilling pieces issued 
 December, 1797- The new coin of William IV. announced in the London 
 Gazette, April 15, 1831. 
 
 COIN, The American, took place in ] 792 
 
 In eagles, half eagles, and quarter eagles. The first is ten dollars, or forty-five 
 shillings English. The dime is the tenth part of a dollar; and a copper 
 coin, called a cent, is the tenth part of a dime. 
 
 COINING with a Die first invented 1617 
 
 First used in England, 1620. 
 
 COLUSSUS OF RHODES, The, sold to a Jew 652 
 
 It was thrown down by an earthquake, and weighed 720,000 pounds. 
 
 COMMUTATION OF TITHES BILL passed 1836 
 
 COMETS. 
 
 In the year 1527, about four in the morning, not only in the Palatine of the 
 Rhine, but nearly over all Europe, appeared for an hour and a quarter, a 
 most horrible Comet; — in its length, it was of a blood colour, inclining to 
 saffron ; from the top of its train appeared a bended arm, in the hand 
 whereof was a huge sword in the instant posture of striking. At the point 
 of the sword was a star ; from the star proceeded dusky rays, like a hairy 
 tail; on the side of them, other rays, like javelins or lesser swords, as if 
 imbued in blood, between which appeared human faces, in the colour of 
 blackish clouds, with rough hair and beards. All these moved with such 
 terrible sparkling and brightness, that many spectators swooned with fear. 
 
 In perfect accordance with these descriptions are the drawings of Comets 
 in the old Treatises of Astronomy. A Celestial Atlas, published about the 
 year 1680, has several ; in which the fancy of the Artist has endeavoured 
 to embody the wild and distorted description of historians. Other remark- 
 able Comets have appeared, viz.: — one in 1758, 1808, 1811, and Septem- 
 ber, 1832. A conjunction of the sun and moon, and all the planets, in 1186; 
 and of Saturn and Jupiter, 1394. 
 
 CONTRIBUTION, a, demanded by Act of Parliament 1695 
 
 The above demand to contribute, was made by Act of Parliament, from every 
 individual whose wages were £4. per annum. 
 
 CONVICTS first sent to Botany Bay 1787 
 
 Intelligence was received that 224 souls were lost in a convict ship, wrecked on 
 the coast of Van Dieman's Land. 
 
 CONSPIRACY, The, CATO STREET 1820 
 
 This conspiracy had for its object revolution and the assassination of Ministers. 
 The framer of this wild and diabolical scheme, was Thistlewood, who had 
 been a subaltern first in a militia, and afterwards in a regiment of the line in 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 25 
 
 CONSPIRACY, THE CATO STREET, (continued). 
 
 the West Indies. Having resigned his Commission, he passed into France, 
 where he arrived after the fall of Robispiere, and there imbibed all the 
 opinions which prevailed in France at the eventful period of the Revolution, 
 and entertained the wild project that the destruction of his country was an 
 object worthy of accomplishing. Having been tried with Dr. Watson, and 
 acquitted, he sent a challenge to Lord Sidmouth, for which he was tried, 
 found guilty, and imprisoned. On being liberated, in August, 1819, he 
 formed a connection with some of the lowest class of beings. Ings, Brunt, 
 Tidd, and Davison, were his companions and confidants : they held meetings 
 in a room hired for the purpose in Gray's Inn lane, when the destruction of 
 the Ministers was declared to be of the greatest consequence, in order to 
 complete their fiend-like purpose. 
 
 A meeting took place on the 19th of February, 1820, at which, they came 
 to the resolution of assassinating the Ministers separately, each in his own 
 house on the Wednesday following; meetings were again held on the Sunday, 
 Monday, and Tuesday, when the plan was resolved on; but Thistlewood 
 being informed by Edwards (a Government spy) that a Cabinet dinner was 
 to take place at Lord Harrowby's house, Grosvenor-square, Thistlewood pro- 
 cured a paper containing the announcement of such intention. This event 
 gave fresh courage to the Conspirators, and it was at length determined that 
 one should go to the door with a letter, the remainder were to rush in, and 
 having secured the servants, they were to press forward into the room 
 where the ministers were assembled, and finish the business by murdering 
 the whole of them: and, as a particular trophy, the heads of Sidmouth and 
 Castlereagh were to be deposited in a bag. 
 
 Wednesday was passed in manufacturing the various weapons to be em- 
 ployed, and they resorted to a stable situated in Cato-street, Edgeware-road. 
 This building contained but two rooms, which could only be entered by a 
 ladder. The conspirators having mustered, to the number of twenty- four, 
 they|took the precaution of placing a centinel below, whilst they prepared for 
 their dreadful encounter. The Ministers having been made acquainted 
 by Edwards with their murderous intentions, also by a man of the name of 
 Hidon, who had been solicited to join them, and who had wanted Lord 
 Harrowby of it the previous day, a strong party of officers, headed by Mr. 
 Birnie proceeded to Cato-street, and were met and supported by a detach- 
 ment of the Coldstream Guards, under the command of Captain Fitz- 
 Clarence. The officers, on their arrival, mounted the ladder, and found the 
 conspirators in the loft, unconscious of their danger, and of the different 
 result of their speculations. Smithers being 1 the first to enter the loft, in 
 his attempt to seize Thistlewood, was pierced by him through the body, and 
 immediately fell: the lights being quickly extinguished, some of the con- 
 spirators escaped through a window at the back of the premises; but by the 
 joint exertions of the military and officers, nine were taken that evening, and 
 conveyed to Bow-street. Thistlewood escaped in the confusion, but was 
 arrested the next morning, in a house near Finsbury-square, and some on 
 the next two days. 
 
 True bills were found against eleven of the prisoners, for High Treason, 
 on the 27th of March; and on the 17th of April, Thistlewood was put on 
 his trial. A man of the name of Adams was the principal witness, and one 
 of the conspirators who escaped on the evening in Cato-street, but who 
 had been taken, and had remained in custody to the time of his appearance 
 in court. The trial lasted three days, when Thistlewood was found guilty of 
 high treason. Ings, Brunt, Field, and Davidson, were severally tried, and 
 convicted. The remaining six pleaded guilty. One received a pardon, and 
 five sentence of transportation for life. Thistlewood, Ings, Brunt, Field, and 
 Davidson, were executed on the 1st of May, 1820. 
 
 CONSTABLE. 
 
 The Lord High Constable was anciently an officer of the Crown, both of Eng- 
 land and France, whose authority was so very extensive, that the office has 
 long since been laid aside in both kingdoms, except on particular occasions, 
 No. 4 E 
 
26 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 CONSTABLE, (continued.) 
 
 as the King's coronation. The function of the Constable of England con- 
 sisted in thee are of the common peace of the land, in deeds of arms, and in 
 matters of war. The first Constable was created by the Conqueror; the 
 office continued hereditary till the 13th of Henry VIII. when it was laid 
 aside, as being so powerful as to become troublesome to the king. From the 
 Lord High Constable are derived those inferior ones, since called the 
 Constables of hundreds and franchises, ordained in the 13th of Edward I. by 
 the statute of Winchester, for the preservation of the peace, and view of 
 armour, which appointed that two constables should be chosen in every 
 hundred. These are what we now call High Constables ; and under these it 
 was found necessary to appoint others in every town, called Petty Constables. 
 We have also Constables denominated from particular places ; as Constable 
 of the Tower, of Dover Castle, of Windsor Castle, of the Castle of Caer- 
 narvon, and many other castles in Wales, whose officers are the same with 
 that of the Castellans, or governors of Castles. 
 
 COPENHAGEN, bombardment of 
 
 The bombardment of Copenhagen took place on the 2nd of April, 1801, and 
 consisted of eighteen sail of the line, four frigates, and a vast number of 
 bomb-vessels and gun-boats, amounting in the whole to fifty-two sail. This 
 formidable fleet was destined to dissolve the confederacy which was formed 
 against England at that period. It had on board several regiments of 
 marines and riflemen, and was commanded by Admiral Sir Hyde Parker, who 
 had under him Lord Nelson, as second in command. It set sail from Yar- 
 mouth on the 12th of March: and soon after its departure, the Invincibe, 
 of 74 guns, struck on a sand-bank, off the coast of Norfolk, by which acci- 
 dent she was so much injured, that she soon afterwards sunk, and four 
 hundred of her crew perished. 
 
 COPY-RIGHT, secured by an Act passed 1710 
 
 Further secured by an Act passed in 1814. 
 
 CORN BILL, The, passed 1814 
 
 The Corn Law Bill, passed in this year, was the cause of the most alarming riots, 
 and also loss of life, by the fireing of the soldiery A young gentleman, 
 passing by the house of Mr. Robinson at the moment of the affray, was 
 unfortunately killed on the spot. 
 
 CORSICANS, throw themselves under the protection of 
 
 the King of England, July 1794 
 
 Corsica formerly belonged to France: but on the Revolution taking place, the 
 Corsicans rose, and appointed General Paoli for their chief, and surren- 
 dered the island to the Crown of Great Britain, with great formality, in 
 July, 1794, accepting, at the same time, a new Constitution from the 
 English government. In October, 1796, however, the English Viceroy was 
 obliged to abandon the island, and the French again took possession of it. 
 Here Napoleon, Emperor of France, was born, August 15, 1769. 
 
 CORPORATION REFORM BILL passed 1835 
 
 COURT. 
 
 Courts are of various kinds, and are either held in the king's name, as all the 
 ordinary courts : or where the precepts are issued in the name of the judge ; 
 as the Admiral's Court. The superior Courts are those of The King's 
 Bench; The Common Pleas; The Exchequer; and The Court of 
 Chancery. A Court of Record has power to hold plea of real, personal, and 
 mixed actions, where the debt is 40s. or above; as the Court of King's 
 Bench, &c. A Base Court, or Court not of Record, is, where it cannot 
 hold plea of debt or damage, amounting to 405.. or where proceedingi are not 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 21 
 
 COURTS, (continued.) 
 
 according to the course of the common law; such as the County Court, Court 
 of Hundreds, Court Baron, &c. Court Baron, is a Court held by every 
 lord of a manor within his own precincts, by common law and custom ; the 
 former is where the barons or freeholders, beiDg suitors, are the judges; 
 the other is that where the lord or his steward, is the judge. Court of 
 Chivalry, or The Marshal's Court, of which the Lord High Constable 
 and the Earl Marshal of England were the judges. This Court is the foun- 
 tain of martial law, and the Earl Marshal is not only one of the judges, but 
 is to see execution done. Court of Conscience, a court in the cities of 
 London and Westminster, and some other places, where all causes where 
 the debt and damages come under 40*. are determined. Court of Dele- 
 gates, where delegates are appointed by the King's Commission, under the 
 Great Seal upon an appeal to him ; and is granted in three cases : — 1. When 
 a sentence is given in an ecclesiastical cause by the Archbishop, or his 
 official; — 2. When a sentence is given in an ecclesiastical cause in places 
 exempt; and 3. When sentence is given in the Court of Admiralty, in suits 
 Civil or Marine, by order of the civil law. Court of Hustings, is a Court 
 of Record, held at Guildhall, for the City of London, before the Lord Mayor 
 and Aldermen, Sheriffs, and Recorder, where all pleas, real, personal, and 
 mixt, are determined ; where all lands, tenements, &c. within the said city, 
 or its bounds, are pleadable, in two Hustings; the one called the Hustings 
 of the pleas of lands, and the other the Hustings of the common pleas. 
 This is the highest court within the city, in which writs of exigent may be 
 taken out, and outlawries awarded, wherein judgment is given by the 
 Recorder. Court Leet, is a Court held by the lord of a manor, wherein all 
 offences, except high treason, are inquired into, and punished. COURT 
 Martial is appointed for inquiring into, and punishing offences in officers 
 soldiers, and sailors, in a manner agreeable to the regulations of the Mutiny 
 Bill. Court of Requests was anciently a court of equity, of the same 
 nature with the Chancery, but inferior to it : it has been abolished. 
 
 COVENT GARDEN built 1632 
 
 The church was repaired in 1789; accidentally burnt by the carelessness of the 
 workmen, whilst under a state of repair, September 12, 1795; re-built, and 
 opened again for divine service, August 1, 1798. 
 
 COVENTRY, PEEPING TOM OF. 
 
 The story of Leoffric, Earl of Mercia, and lord of this place, heavily taxing the 
 citizens, and only remitting them at the entreaty of Godina his wife, on 
 condition of her riding naked through the city, which he thought she would 
 never submit to; but which it is said, she performed, with her long hair so 
 disposed, as almost wholly to cover her body, is commemorated till this day, 
 by the figure of a man peeping down into the street from one of the 
 houses. On that extraordinary occasion, all the doors and windows were 
 shut, and Campden says, " That nobody looked after her." The tradition 
 however is, that one would needs be peeping, and that he was thereupon 
 struck blind. The inhabitants celebrate this event by the exhibition of a 
 mock procession annually. 
 
 COVENTRY ACT passed 1669 
 
 COW POX, The, introduced in 1800 
 
 Vaccine inoculation is a modern discovery in medicine, whereby the matter of a 
 pustular irruption on the udder and teats of a cow, is found to produce a 
 regular disease in the human frame, which renders it unsusceptible of the 
 small pox, though it has been asserted, that it is no preventitive of that 
 baneful disease. It was long known to those persons employed in dairies; 
 but it was first brought into public notice by the celebrated Dr. Jenner, of 
 Berkeley, in 1798, and has proved, so far, an inestimable blessing, and 
 which the following comparative view affords a proof. 
 
28 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 COW POX, Inoculation of, (continued.) 
 
 The natural small pox is a contagious disease, violent, loathsome, and 
 dangerous: of which it is computed that one in twelve of the human race 
 perishes: in London 3000 annually: in the United kingdom, 40,000! 
 Inoculated small pox, also contageous, for the most part mild, but some- 
 times violent and loathsome, of which one in 300 is reckoned to die. In 
 London, about one in 100. The inoculation of the small pox having been 
 but partially adopted, has been the means of spreading the infection, and 
 thus increased the general mortality. Inoculated cow-pox, not conta- 
 geous; and when properly conducted, uniformly mild, inoffensive, seldom 
 painful, never fatal, and an almost infallible preventitive of the small pox; 
 besides, there is no medicine required, and no consequent deformity or disfi- 
 guration. 
 
 CRIMINAL LAW, The, amended 1837 
 
 CROWN, The first Roman that wore one, b. c 616 
 
 It was worn by Tarquin. The first used in England, 872. The first tiara, or 
 triple one, used by the Pope, 1364. The first single one used by him was 
 in 553 ; the first double one, in 1303. The crown is an ornament worn on 
 the head by kings, princes, and noblemen, as a mark of their dignity. It 
 was at first only a fillet tied round the head, but was afterwards made of 
 leaves and flowers, rich stuffs, and sometimes ornamented with jewels of 
 great value. The Jewish High Priest wore a crown, which was girt about 
 his mitre, on the lower part of his bonnet, The Romans had various kinds 
 of crowns, which they bestowed as rewards of military merit; as 1. The 
 Oval Crown, bestowed on generals who were entitled to the honours of the 
 lesser triumph, called ovation. 2. The Naval, or Rostral Crown, composed 
 of a circle of gold, with ornaments, representing beaks of ships, and given to 
 the captain who first grappled, or the soldiers who first boarded an enemy's 
 ship. 3. The Corona Villaris, or Castrensis, was a circle of gold raised 
 with jewels or pall-shades ; the reward of him who first entered the enemy's 
 intrenchments. 4. The Mural Crown, a circle of gold indented and em- 
 battled; given to him who first mounted the wall of a besieged place, and 
 there planted a standard. 5. The Civic Crown, made of the branch of a 
 green oak, and given to him who had saved the life of a citizen. 6. The 
 Triumphal Crown, consisting at first of the leaves of laurel, but afterwards 
 made of gold, for those generals who had the honour of a triumph. 7. The 
 crown called Obsidionalis, or Graminea, made of grass growing on the 
 place ; the reward of a general who had delivered a Roman army from a 
 siege. 8. The Crown of Laurel, given by the Gieeks to their athletse, and 
 by the Romans, to those who had negotiated or concluded a peace with an 
 enemy. They had likewise other crowns for those who excelled as poets, 
 orators, &c. The crowns were marks of nobility to the wearers; and upon 
 competitions for ranks and dignity in their favour, often determined the pre- 
 ference to them. The Roman Emperors hadfour kinds of crowns, still seen on 
 medals, viz.: a crown of laurel, a radiating crown, a crown adorned with pearl 
 and precious stones; and the fourth akind of bonnet or cap, something likethe 
 mortier. The Papal Crown, is composed of a cap or tiara, enclosed by 
 three Marques' coronets, having two pendants, like the Bishops' mitres, and 
 on its top a mound of gold ; these three crowns represent the pretended 
 triple capacity of the Pope, viz.: — as high priest, supreme judge, and sole 
 legislator of the Christians. The Imperial Crown, is a bonnet or tiara, 
 voided at the top like a crescent, with a circle of gold adorned with precious 
 stones and pearls, heightened with fleur-de-lis, supporting a globe with a 
 cross at the top. The English crown, is adorned with four crosses, in the 
 manner of those of Malta: between which are fleur-de-lis. It is covered 
 with four diadems, which meet at a little globe supporting a cross. The 
 French Crown is a circle enammelled of eight fleur-de-lis, encompassed 
 with eight arched diadems ; bearing at top a double fleur-de-lis, which is the 
 crest of France. The Spanish Crown is adorned with large indented leaves, 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 29 
 
 CROWNS, (continued.) 
 
 covered with diadems ; bordering on a globe, surmounted with a cross. 
 Those of Portugal, Poland, Denmark, and Sweden, are of the same form. 
 The crowns of most other kings are circles of gold, adorned with precious 
 stones, and heightened up with large trefoils, and closed by four, six, or 
 eight diadems, supporting a mound, surmounted with a cross. The great 
 Turk bears over his arms a turband, enriched with pearls and diadems under 
 two coronets, the first of which is made of pyrimidal points, heightened up 
 with large pearls, and the uppermost is surrounded with crescents. The 
 Crown of the Prince of Wales consists of one arch, adorned with pearls ; in 
 the middle of which is a ball and cross, and bordered with ermine, as in the 
 royal diadem. Besides this, the Prince of Wales has another distinguish- 
 ing mark of honour, viz. : — a plume of three ostrich feathers, with an ancient 
 coronet of a Prince of Wales, with this motto — " Ich dien," i. e. " I 
 serve." This device was at first taken by Edward, Prince of Wales, com- 
 monly called the Black Prince, after the battle of Cressy, where havincr 
 killed John, king of Bohemia, he took from his head such a plume, and put 
 it on his own. That of the younger sons and brothers of the king, consists 
 likewise of a circle of gold, bordered with ermine, and heightened with four 
 crosses and fleur-de-lis alternately, but without any arch, or being sur- 
 mounted with a globe and cross on the top. That of the other Princes of 
 the blood, consists alternately of crosses and leaves, like those in the coronets 
 of Dukes, &c. Those of the Princesses have the addition of strawberry- 
 leaves. The coronet of a Duke, is a circle of gold, bordered with ermine, 
 and enriched with pearls and precious stones, and set round with eight large 
 leaves of parsley, or strawberry. That of a Marquess is set round with four 
 strawberry leaves, and as many pearls, on pyramidal points of equal height, 
 alternately. An Earl's has eight pyramidal points, with as many large 
 pearls on the tops of them, placed alternately with as many strawberry- 
 leaves lower than the pearls. The Viscount has only pearls, without any 
 limited number, placed on the circle itself all around. A Baron has only 
 six pearls, set at equal distance, on the golden border of the ermine; not 
 raised, to distinguish him from the Earl, and limited, to shew that he is 
 inferior to the Viscount. 
 
 CRUSADE, The, to the Holy Land 1095 
 
 The Crusade to the Holy Land, began under several Christian Princes, to drive 
 the infidels fiom Jerusalem. The term Crusade, so called, because those 
 who were engaged in them, wore a cross on their clothes, and bore one on 
 their standard. Several circumstances contributed to give rise to the 
 Crusades (or Croissades), such as a desire for visiting Palestine, an opinion 
 that the end of the world was approaching, and the hardships which were 
 suffered by Pilgrims in the Holy Land, after the Turks had taken that 
 country from the Saracens. The first Croissade began in 1095, being insti- 
 gated principally by Peter the Hermit. The next year 800,000 croissaders 
 invaded Palestine, and in a little time gained considerable advantages. They 
 were however expelled by the Turks in the thirteenth century, after which 
 no advantages remained from these ill-conducted expeditions, but their 
 having contributed to civilize Europe, 
 
 CUMBERLAND. 
 
 Captain Barrett, of the merchant ship Cumberland, with twenty-six men, de- 
 feated four French privateers, taking 170 men, who had boarded the Cum- 
 berland, January 13, 1811. 
 
 CUMBERLAND, DUKE OF, attempted Assassination of 
 
 by Sellis, May 31, 1810 
 
 A criminal information was granted in the Court of King's Bench, against a 
 person of the name of Phillips for an alledged libel on the Duke of 
 Cumberland, relating to this transaction, published in a Work called — 
 
30 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 CUMBERLAND, DUKE OF, (continued.) 
 
 " Authentic Records of the Court," April 18, 1832.— On the 2nd of May, 
 the Rule was made absolute in the Court of King's Bench, for libels on the 
 Duke of Cumberland. 
 
 CURACY OF CLERKENWELL, The, Election for, Sep- 
 tember 1839 
 
 The contest for the perpetual curacy of St. James's, Clerkenwell, closed in the 
 return of the Rev. WE. L. Faulkner, he having obtained a majority over 
 the Rev. Dr. Dillon. At the close of the Poll, the numbers were, — 
 
 For Mr. Faulkner 2231 
 
 DilLon 1842 
 
 Mr. Faulkner was the popular favourite. 
 
 CURFEW BELL, The, introduced 
 
 The Conqueror perceiving how the English were affected towards him, after his 
 invasion of this country, proceeded, it is asserted, to great acts of severity. 
 But the establishment of the Curfew Bell by William, it would appear, is not 
 supported by any competent authority ; yet there is no doubt that the Eng- 
 lish were ill-treated by this king, and that he shewed great partiality to his 
 Norman followers; ruling the former with despotic cruelty, and exercising 
 many acts of severity towards them : and treating them, to all intents and 
 purposes, as a conquered people. Although there were many attempts to 
 throw off the Norman yoke, yet the whole of them proved ineffectual, and 
 only served as a handle to still greater punishment. 
 
 CUSTOMS, Officers of the, deprived of voting for Members 
 
 of Parliament 1782 
 
 CYDER ACT passed 1763 
 
 It was repealed in 1766. 
 
 DAMIEN, attempted to assassinate the French king, 5th 
 
 Janu ary 1 757 
 
 Robert Francois Damien, was tried and found guily of the above offence, and 
 executed in 1758. 
 
 DANES, various descents in England made by. 
 
 The incursions of the Danes were many; the first of which was made at Portland, 
 787: their second in Northumberland, 794, when they were opposed, and 
 perished by shipwreck. Landed on the Sheppey Island, 832; again in 
 Cornwall, and defeated by Egbert, 836 ; again at Charmouth, and defeated 
 Ethelwolf, S40 ; landed at the mouth of the Thames from 350 ships, and 
 took Canterbury and London, 851; subdued by Ethelwolf, at Okeley, in 
 Surrey, 853 ; invaded Northumberland, and seized York, 867; burnt Ely 
 Monastery, 870 ; defeated king Ethelred and his brother Alfred, at Basing 
 and Merton, 87' ; surprised Wareham Castle, and took Exeter, 876; took 
 Chippenham, 877; 1205 of them killed by Odun, Earl of Devonshire, 878; 
 Alfred entered into treaty with them, 882; their fleet totally destroyed at 
 Appledore by king Alfred, 894; invaded Anglesea, 900; made their first 
 descent on France, under Rollo, 895 ; made a settlement in Neustria, now 
 Normandy, 905 ; submitted to Edward the Elder, 921 ; invaded Dorsetshire, 
 982; landed again in Essex, 991 ; and were bribed to depart the kingdom; 
 their fleet defeated, 992; dreadful massacre of by order of Ethelred II. on 
 the feast of St. Biice, November 12, 1003 ; made England tributary to them, 
 1007, under Canute; conquered England, 1017; continued their ravages, 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 31 
 
 DANES, descents in England made by, (continued.) 
 
 and defeated the English at Ipswich, 1010 ; settled in Scotland, 1020 ; ex- 
 pelled England, 1041 ; landed again at Sandwich, 1047, and carried off 
 much plunder to Flanders; joined the Northumbrians, burnt York, and 
 slew 3000 Normans, 1069; invaded England again, bnt were bribed by 
 William to depart, 1074. 
 
 DANISH REVOLUTION, The, January 17 1772 
 
 Again in May, 1784. 
 
 DARTMOUTH burnt by the French 1337 
 
 DARTMOUTH POWDER MILLS, dreadful explosion 
 
 at, January 1833 
 
 This dreadful explosion took place at ten o'clock in the morning. The dwelling 
 house of the firm, situate about 100 yards from the mills, suffered severely. 
 Nearly every window was shattered to pieces, and the foundations of the 
 premises shook to their base. Five other mills exploded in rapid succes- 
 sion, but the last was considered to be the most severe of all the previous 
 ones. There were above sixty persons on the premises at the time of the first 
 explosion, seven of whom lost their lives, being blown up iu the air. 
 
 DELUGE. 
 
 A general inundation of water sent by God to punish the corruption of the world, 
 by destroying every living thing, Noah, his family, and the animals witb 
 them in the ark excepted. The date of this flood is fixed, by the best 
 Chronologers, to the year of the world 1656, and before Christ 2348. From 
 this flood, the state of the world is divided into diluvian and antediluvian. 
 
 DEMERARY, taken by the English 1796 
 
 Demerary forms one government with Issequibo. The two districts contain about 
 3000 Whites, and 40,000 slaves. The Settlement was restored to the 
 Dutch, but again taken by the English. 
 
 DENMARK. 
 
 The kingdom of Denmark was formerly elective: but since 1660, it was rendered 
 hereditary even to the daughters, partly by consent, and partly by force ; at 
 which time the nobility lost of their privileges. They have very few laws, 
 and those are so plain that they have little need of lawyers, for causes are 
 soon tried. They allow of but one apothecary in a town, except at Copen- 
 hagen, where there there are two. Their shops are visited by the physi- 
 cians once a week, and all the perished drugs are destroyed. The inhabi- 
 tants are Protestants since the year 1522. 
 
 DIAMONDS, first polished and cut at Bruges 1489 
 
 DIAMOND MINES discovered in Brazil 1730 
 
 That at Colour, in the East Indies, 1640. That at Golcondo, in 1584. A diamond 
 sent from Brazil to the Court of Portugal, weighed 1680 carats, or twelve 
 ounces and a half, valued at 224,000,000 sterling. Governor Pitt's weighed 
 127 carats, and 106 after cutting, and sold for £135,000. to the king of 
 France. That which belonged to Aureng-Zeb, weighed 793 carats. The 
 Mogul's weighed 279 carats, worth £779,244. The Grand Duke of 
 Tuscany's, weighed 139 carats. 
 
 DIEPPE laid in ashes by the English, July 14 1624 
 
32 TUB NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 DIEU ET MON DROIT, The motto of, first used, 1194 
 
 The motto of " Dieu et mon Droit," was first used by Richard I. on obtaining a 
 victory over the French. 
 
 DIPPING NEEDLE, The, invented 1576 
 
 The Dipping Needle is a long straight piece of steel, equally poised on its 
 centre, and afterwards touched with a loadstone, so contrived as to swing 
 in a vertical plane about an axis parallel to the horizon in order to discover 
 the exact tendency of the power of magnetism. It was invented by one 
 Robert Norman, a compass maker of Wapping, and was, by Mr. Whiston, 
 applied to discover the longitude, but without success. 
 
 DIVING BELL. 
 
 Improved by Charles Spalding, of Edinburgh, 1760. He lost his life in one. 
 Diving bells have been constructed in several different ways. One was 
 invented by Dr. Halley, and was made of wood, three feet wide at the top, 
 five at the bottom, and eight feet high, coated with lead to make it sink 
 readily, and having a particular weight distributed about the bottom, to 
 make it retain a perpendicular position. In the upper part was fixed a 
 strong, clear glass, to serve as a window, with a turn-cock to let out the hot 
 air : lower down was a circular seat for the divers to set on, and below, 
 about a. yard under the bell, was a stage suspended from it by three ropes, 
 each charged with an hundred weight to keep it steady, and for the divers 
 to stand upon to do their work. The machine was suspended from the mast 
 of a ship by a sprit, which was secured by stays to the mast-head, and was 
 directed by braces to carry it over-board, clear of the side of the ship, and 
 to bring it in again. Fresh air was sent down to the divers in barrels 
 coated with lead, each having a bung hole at bottom to let in the water as 
 they descended, and let it out again as they were drawn up. In the top of the 
 barrels was another hole, to which was fixed a leather pipe, long enough to 
 hang below the bung-hole, and kept down by a weight: so that the air, 
 driven to the upper part of the barrel by the encroachment of the water in 
 the descent, could not escape up this pipe, unless the lower end were lifted 
 up. These air barrels were filled with tackle, which guided them to the 
 bell, so thatthe ends of the pipes came readily to the hand of a man placed 
 on the stage to receive them, and who taking up the ends of the pipes as 
 soon as they came above the surface of the water in the barrels, all the air 
 which was included in the barrels was forced into the bell. With this 
 apparatus Dr. Halley, with four other persons, was able to remain for an 
 hour and a half at the depth of nine fathoms, where he enjoyed sufficient 
 light when the sea was clear, to be able to read and write. 
 
 DOCKS, THE NEW, at Sheerness, opened, Sept. 5, 1823 
 
 DOCK YARD, The, Portsmouth, damage at 1770 
 
 The damage done at the Dock Yard, Portsmouth, by an incendiary fire, amounted 
 to £150,000. 
 
 DOG STEALERS' ACT passed 1770 
 
 The duty upon dogs laid on in 1796 ; again in 1808. 
 
 DOOMSDAY BOOK. 
 
 This book was composed in the time of William the Conqueror, from a survey of 
 the several counties, hundreds, tithings, &c. The intent, or design of this 
 book was, to be a register, by which sentence may be given in the tenures of 
 estates, and from which that noted question, whether lands be ancient de- 
 mesne or not, is still decided. The book yet remains in the Exchequer, 
 fair and legible, consisting of two volumes, a greater and a lesser ; the 
 greater comprehends all the counties of England, except Northumberland, 
 Cumberland, Westmorland, Durham, and part of Lancashire, which were 
 
 . 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 33 
 
 never surveyed; and, except Essex, Suffolk, and Norfolk, which are con- 
 tained in the ^lesser volume. The Doomsday Book, (or Domesday Book) 
 was begun in 1080, and endsd in 1086. 
 
 DOMINGO ceded to the French in 1795 
 
 The Spaniards held the eastern part of this island upwards of three centuries, 
 but the whole by the treaty of 1795, was ceded to the French; after which, 
 it suffered much under all the successive rulers sent from France, the 
 miseries of anarchy, cruelty, and oppression: in order to put an end to 
 which, the Directory, in 1797i appointed the black General, Toussaint 
 Louverture, Commander-in-chief, and Governor-general of the island, as a 
 reward for the gallant manner in which he had defended it against the Eng- 
 lish. He was a man of no common talents, and the happy effects of his 
 administration proved the propriety of the appointment; but proceeding to 
 give a new Constitution to the island, which though it acknowledged its 
 dependence upon France, in fact separated it most essentially ; the French 
 government iu 1802 sent an army of 25,000 men to enforce obedience, which 
 after three months cruel war was effected, and Toussaiut afterwards sent 
 prisoner to France. But the contest was soon renewed, and the insurgent 
 blacks carried on, for a long time, a desolating war against the French army; 
 the remains of which, harrassed on all sides, capitulated on the 19th of 
 November, 1804, to the black general Dessalines, agreeing to evacuate Cape 
 Francois, and retire to their ships, which were afterwards surrendered by the 
 Convention to the English under Admiral Duckworth. The blacks having 
 thus got rid of their enemies in that part of the island, proceeded to form a 
 new government, under the title of the Republic (since changed to that of 
 Empire) of Hayti, with General Dessalines at its head, who published a most 
 vindictive Manifesto to the negroes, exciting them to vengeance against the 
 French inhabitants, and, horrid to relate, these were given up for some days ; 
 to indiscriminate butchery ! After this, intent on driving the French wholly 
 from the island, he carried the war into the Spanish part, of which the town 
 of St. Domingo is'the capital; but failing in this enterprise, the French re- 
 tained the possession of it till 1809 ; when, by the assistance of the English,, 
 their total expulsion from the island was effected, and the Spanish dominion 
 again restored. Nor has the negro government of Hayti yet enjoyed any 
 stability, having undergone several revolutions, and the sovereignty being 
 still contested by two rival chiefs. 
 
 DOMINICAL. 
 
 The Dominical Letter, denoting the Lord's Day, or Sunday. The Dominical 
 letter, in Chronology, is that which denotes the Sunday in Almanacks, &c. 
 throughout the year ; of these letters there are consequently seven, beginning 
 with the first letter of the Alphabet; and. as in leap years there is an inter- 
 calary day, there are then two, the first of which denotes every Sunday till 
 the intercalary day, and the second all the Sundays which follow after it. 
 The dominical letter for any particular year being known, it may be readily 
 found for any succeeding one, by observing that they move in a retrograde 
 order, so that if in any given year the Sunday-letter was D, in the following 
 year, (provided it was not leap-year,) it would be C, in the next year after 
 that, B, and so on: but in leap-year there are two of them used, as for 
 example, in the year 1803 the dominical letter was B, in 1804, (being leap- 
 year) AG, in 1805, F, &c. 
 
 DOMINICANS, the Order of, founded in 1215 
 
 An Order of religious, called in France Jacobins, and in England, Black Friars, 
 or Preaching Friars. This Order, founded by St. Dominic, a native of 
 Spain, was approved of by Pope Innocent III. in 1215, and confirmed by a 
 Bull of Honorius III. in 1216, under St. Austin's Rules, and the founder's 
 particular constitutions. 
 
 No. 5. F 
 
34 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 DONCASTER, Charter to, granted by James II. 
 DORCHESTER LABOURERS, transportation of 1834 
 
 The Dorchester labourers were tried, found guilty, and received sentence of trans- 
 portation for taking illegal oaths administred to them during the time of the 
 Trades' Union of London Society. On the 31st of April, 1834, a meeting 
 of the same took place at White Conduit House to petition the King, (Wm. 
 IV.) to pardon them, which petition was not acceeded to until the year 
 1839, when, on their return, a grand dinner took place atthe before-mentioned 
 Tavern, at which Mr. Wakley, and many of the leading Members of Reform 
 were present. 
 
 DOVER. 
 
 A great part of a rock, called Shakespeare's Cliff, at this place, fell down, March 
 2, 1771, and part of the wall of the castle gave way. After the Conquest, 
 a great part of the town was destroyed by fire, as it was also in the reign of 
 Edward I. by the French, who landed in the night. 
 
 DRAGOONS first raised in England 1681 
 
 They were sent to Oxford, to awe the people in a riot there, October 7, 1715. 
 
 DRUIDS -destroyed by the command of Nero 60 
 
 The Druids were priests and ministers of religion amongst the Britons, Celtic 
 Gauls, and Germans. They were, in Britain, the first and most distin- 
 guished Order in the island, chosen out of the best families ; and the honours 
 of their birth, added to those of their function, procured them the highest 
 veneration. They were versed in Astronomy, Geometry, Natural Philo- 
 sophy, Politics, and Geography ; had the administration of all sacred things ; 
 were the interpreters of the gods, and supreme judges in all causes, whether 
 ecclesiastical or civil. From their determination there was no appeal ; and 
 whoever refused to acquiesce in their decisions, was reckoned impious, and 
 excommunicated. They were generally governed by a single person, called 
 an Arch-Druid, who presided in all their assemblies. Once a year they used 
 to retire, or rather assemble in a wood, in the centre of the island, at which 
 time they used to receive applications from all parts, and hear causes. Their 
 peculiar opinions are not well ascertained by writers, though it is agreed by 
 all, that they held the immortality of the soul, and its transmigration; that 
 nothing could appease the gods more powerfully than human sacrifices ; and 
 that there was one supreme Deity, who presided over all others. 
 
 DRUMS, presented to the 1st Regiment of Life Guards . . . 1831 
 
 On the 6th of May, His Majesty, William IV. presented a pair of silver kettledrums 
 to the First Regiment of Life Guards ; and on the 23d of July, in the same 
 year, His Majesty also presented a pair of kettle drums to the Second reg-i- 
 ment of Life Guards. 
 
 DRURY LANE and ST. GILES' first paved by Act of 
 
 Parliament 1605 
 
 DUELING, in civil matters, forbidden in France 1305 
 
 The first public one, 1096. Introduced into England in 1587. 
 
 DUEL. — The Duke of Hamilton and Lord Mohun . 1712 
 
 On the 15th of November, 1712, the Duke of Hamilton, and Charles Lord 
 Mohun, met by appointment in Hyde Park, accompanied by Gen. Macartney 
 as second to the latter, and Colonel Hamilton as second to the Duke; they 
 fought with swords, and with such fury, that Mohun was killed npon the 
 spot, and the Duke of Hamilton expired before he could be conveyed to the 
 keeper's house, at that time known by the name of the Cake-House, and ; 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 35 
 
 DUELS (continued.) 
 
 which stood but a short distance from the Ring, where the duel took place. 
 Lord Macartney escaped in disguise to the continent, and was accused by 
 Colonel Hamilton upon oath before the Privy Council with having stabbed 
 the Duke over his (the Colonel's) shoulder while he was in the act of raising 
 him from the ground. A proclamation was issued offering £500. reward 
 for the apprehension of Macartney, to which was added £300. by the Duchess 
 of Hamilton. The Scotch Peers -addressing the Queen prayed that she 
 would use all her influence with her allies, in order that the murderer might 
 he brought to justice; but General Macartney having found favour at the 
 Court of Hanever, was afterwards employed by George I. in bringing over 
 the 6000 Dutch troops, at the breaking out of the Preston rebellion, soon 
 after which he surrendered, and taking his trial at the King's Bench bar, was 
 acquitted of the murder; being only found guilty of the manslaughter, by 
 direction of the Court. The cause of the duel was said to be a dispute on 
 the subject of a law-suit between the families ; but violent party politics no 
 doubt produced a termination so sanguinary. The Duke of Hamilton was 
 leader of the Tories, and suspected by the Whigs of favouring the Pretender ; 
 he had also been appointed Ambassador Extraordinary to the Court of 
 France, at which the Whigs were much exasperated. Lord Mohun was an 
 experienced duellist, and had killed two antagonists in previous combats; * 
 he was, moreover, called the Hector of the Whig party, and it was generally 
 believed had been selected to pick a quarrel with the Duke, and thus prevent 
 his proceeding on his mission. The Duke of Marlborough, who was also 
 publicly blamed as the author of all this mischief, immediately retired to the 
 continent, whither he was shortly followed by his Duchess. 
 
 DUEL. — John Wilkes, Esq. M. P. and Samuel Martin, 
 
 Esq. M. P. November 16, 16T3 
 
 This duel arose out of a paragraph written by Mr. Wilkes in the North Briton; 
 Mr. Martin, having declared in the House of Commons, that the writer of 
 that paragraph was a stabber in the dark, a cowardly and malignant 
 scoundrel: — Mr. Wilkes, immediately after the House broke up wrote a 
 letter to Mr. Martin, avowing himself to be the author, and his readiness to 
 give satisfaction; Mr. Martin insisted upon an immediate meeting at the 
 Ring in Hyde Park with pistols. 
 
 When the gentlemen met they walked together a little while to avoid 
 some company which seemed coming up to them. They brought each a pair 
 of pistols. When they were alone, operations commenced by the first fire 
 from Mr. Martin which missed; the pistol in Mr. Wilkes' hand only flashed 
 in the pan. Ea;h gentleman then took one of the remaining pistols : Mr. 
 Wilkes' missed ; and the ball frcm Mr. Martin's pistol lodged in Mr. Wilkes' 
 belly. He bled profusely, and Mr. Martin came up desiring to render all 
 the assistance in his power. Mr. Wilkes replied that Mr. Martin had 
 behaved like a man of honour, that he believed he should die, and insisted 
 that Mr. Martin should immediately make his escape. Mr. Wilkes being 
 then carried home, merely said to the surgeon, that it was an affair of 
 honour. 
 
 Mr. Graves extracted the ball, which first struck Mr. Wilkes' coat button, 
 entered his belly about half an inch below the navel, and sunk obliquely, on 
 the right side, towards the groin, but did not penetrate the abdomen. 
 
 Mr. Martin immediately went to Paris; and on Mr. Wilkes' recovery, and 
 proceeding to that capital, friendly visits were exchanged between them. 
 
 DUEL. — George Garrick Esq. and Mr. Baddeley, 
 
 March 17 1770 
 
 This duel was fought in Hyde Park, when Mr. Garrick having received the fire 
 of his antagonist, discharged his pistol into the air, which produced a 
 
36 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 DUELS, (continued.) 
 
 reconciliation. Mr. G. Garrick was the brother of the celebrated tragedian, 
 David Gariick, and the memory of Mr. Baddeley is preserved by a sum of 
 "money which he bequeathed for the purchase of a twelfth cake, to be drawn 
 for annually by the performers at Diury-lane Theatre. 
 
 DUEL. — Mr. Whateley, and John Temple, Esq. De- 
 cember 11, 1 773 
 
 This duel was fought in Hyde Park, when Mr. Whateley was dangerously wounded j 
 he was brother of Mr. Whateley, late Secretary to the Treasury, and his 
 antagonist was Lieutenant-Governor of New Hampshire. The cause of the 
 quarrel was : — the discovery of the confidential letters written by Messrs. 
 Hutchinson, Oliver, Paxton, &c. which were lately laid before the Assembly 
 at Boston, and were afterwards published in the London papers. 
 
 DUEL.— The Earl of Shelburne, and Col. Fullarton, 
 
 M. P. for Plympton, March 22, 1780 
 
 Lord Shelburne, with Lord Frederick Cavendish for his second, and Colonel 
 Fullarton, with Lord Balcarras acting as his second, met at half-past five in 
 Hyde Park. Lord Balcarras and Lord F. Cavendish, prop! sed that both 
 parties should obey the seconds. Lord Shelburne and Colonel Fullarton 
 walked together, while the seconds adjusted the ceremonials, and fixed on 
 pistols as tbe proper weapons ; they fought at twelve paces distance, both 
 parties missed on the first fire ; on the second fire, Colonel Fullarton's ball 
 struck Lord Shelburne in the groin ; his Lordship fell, and then fired his 
 pistol in the air. The seconds now interfered and immediately declared, 
 " That the parties had ended the affair, by behaving like men of the 
 strictest honour." 
 
 DUEL.— The Rev. W. Bate, and M. R.— -, a Student 
 
 in the Law, September 7, 1780 
 
 The parties met in Hyde Park at half-past four in the' morning: the quarrel 
 arose out of some circu-.nstances connected with the Morning Post, in which 
 they were both engaged. The chance of the first fire falling to Mr Bate, 
 
 he discharged his pistol, and hit Mr. R in the fleshy part of his aim ; 
 
 the wound, however, was not sufficient to incapacitate him from returning 
 the fire, which he did, but without effect. The seconds now interfering, the 
 affair was adjusted. 
 
 DUEL. — The Rev. Mr. Allen, and Lloyd Dulany, 
 
 Esq. June 26, 1782 
 
 These gentlemen met in Hyde Park, at half-past nine in the evening, attended by 
 
 Delancy, Esq. as second to Mr. Dulany, and Robert Morris, Esq. as 
 
 second to Mr. Allen. At the first fire, Mr. Dulany received a mortal wound, 
 but lingered a few days, and died at his house in Park-street, Grosvenor- 
 squarc. He was a gentleman of excellent character, and possessed lar«e 
 property in Maryland. The Rev. Mr. Allen and his second surrendered 
 themselves, and were tried at the Old Bailey on an indictment for murder, 
 on the (5th of July, 17S2, when it was proved that the quarrel had been of 
 three years standing, and originated in a paragraph written by Mr Allen, 
 reflecting upon the character of Mr. Dulany, which was published in the 
 Morning- Post, June 29, 1779. The Jury returned a verdict of guilty of 
 manslaughter against Mr. Allen, and acquitted Morris. Mr. Alien was sen- 
 tenced to pay a fine of one shilling, and to be imprisoned six months in 
 Newgate. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 37 
 
 DUEL. — The Hon. Cosmo Gordon, and Lieut.-Col. 
 
 Thomas, September 4, 1783 
 
 These gentlemen met at the Ring in Hyde Park at six in the morning. It was 
 agreed by the seconds, that after receiving the pistols they should advance 
 and fire when they pleased. On arriving within about eight yards of each 
 other, they presented, and drew their triggers nearly at the same time, when 
 only the Colonel's pistol went off. The Lieut. -Colonel having adjusted his 
 pistol, fired, and his antagonist reeeived a severe contusion on the thigh. 
 Their second pistols were fired without effect, and their friends called to re- 
 load them ; after Avhich they again advanced to nearly the same distance, and 
 fired, when the Lieut. -Colonel fell, having received a ball in his body. He 
 was immediately attended by a skilful surgeon who extracted the ball on the 
 spot; the wound, however, notwithstanding every attention, proved mortal. 
 
 DUEL.— Capt. Charles Mostyn, and Capt. Clarke, 
 
 January , 1 784 
 
 This duel took place in a field, near Little Chelsea, between Captain Charles 
 Mostyn, of the Navy, and Captain Clarke, of the African Corps, which termi- 
 nated in the death of the former, who was shot through the heart. The 
 quarrel originated in defence of a lew, who went about diverting company, 
 by taking off Mr. Fox. Some words arising, Captain Clarke was reduced to 
 the necessity of insisting on an apology, or calling Captain Mostyn to ac- 
 count. Captain Mostyn was a gallant officer, aged 25, who, for his intrepid 
 behaviour, had been made Post Captain in the Solitaire, a French ship of 
 the Hue, taken by the Ruby. 
 
 DUEL.— Lord Macartney, and General Stewart, 
 June 8, 
 
 This duel was fought near Kensington : the following account of this affair, 
 signed by the Seconds, was published at the time. The place and time of 
 meeting, having been previously fixed, the parties arrived about half-past 
 four in the morning, and took their ground at the distance of twelve short 
 paces, measured off by the Seconds, who delivered to each a pistol, keeping 
 possession of the remaining arms. 
 
 " General Stewart told Lord Macartney, he doubted, as his Lordship was 
 short-sighted, he would not be able to see him." His Lordship replied, " he 
 did, perfectly well." When the Seconds had retired a little on one side, 
 and as the parties were about to level, General Stewart observed to Lord 
 Macartney, " that his pistol was not cocked." His Lordship thanked him, 
 and cocked. When they had levelled, General Stewart said, " he was ready." 
 His Lordship answered, " he was likewise ready," and they both fired 
 within a few seconds of each other. The Seconds observing Lord Macartney 
 wo mded, stepped up to him, and declared the matter must rest here. Ge- 
 neral Stewart said, '•' this is no satisfaction," and asked " if his Lordship 
 was not able to fire another pistol?" His Lordship replied, " he would try 
 with pleasure," and urged Colonel Fullarton to permit him to proceed. The 
 Seconds, however, declared it was impossible, and they would on no account 
 allow it. General Stewart said, " then I must defer it till another occasion;" 
 on which his Lordship answered, " if thatbe the case, we had better proceed 
 now; I am here in conse iience of a message from General Stewart, who 
 called upon me, to give him satisfaction in my private capacity, for offence 
 taken at my public conduct; and to evince that personal safety is no consi- 
 deration with me. I have nothing personal; the General may proceed as he 
 thinks fit." General Stewart said, " It was his Lordship's personal conduct 
 to him that he resented." 
 
 The Seconds then put an end to all further conversation. The surgeons, 
 Messrs. Hunter and Home, who were attending at a little distance, were 
 brought up by Colonel Fullarton. Colonel Gordon in the mean time, assisted 
 his Lordship in taking ofF his coat, and requested him to sit down, appre- 
 
38 
 
 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 DUELS, (continued.) 
 
 hending he might faint^th rough loss of blood. Colonel Gordon then left the 
 ground, in company with General Stewart, and an easy carriage was provided 
 to convey Jlis Lordship home." 
 
 (Signed) W. Fullarton, 
 A. Gordon. 
 
 DUEL. — Sir John Macpherson, and Major Browne, 
 
 September 10, 1787 
 
 These gentlemen met in Hyde Park, near Grosvenor Gate, about eleven o'clock ; 
 three shots were exchanged, without bloodshed, when both parties quitted 
 their ground, and approaching each other, said a I'ew words, and parted with 
 salutations of civility, 
 
 DUEL. — His R. H. The Duke of York, and Colonel 
 
 Lennox, 1 789 
 
 The origin of the quarrel has. not been made publicly Known. The Earl of 
 Moira acted as second to His Royal Highness, and the Earl of Winchelsea, 
 as Colonel Lennox's. The ball from Colonel Lennox's pistol took off one of 
 the curls of His Royal Highness' hair ; and that of the Royal Duke, a button 
 from the breast of Colonel Lennox's coat. This duel caused great sensation, 
 and gave much offence to the Royal Family. 
 
 DUEL.— Mr. Frizell, and Mr. Clarke, June 1792 
 
 It appeared that Mr. Frizell and Mr. Clarke, both Students of the Law, accompa- 
 nied by Mr. Montgomery and Mr. Evans, were at the Cecil Coffee House, 
 where Mr. Frizell lodged. They drank till one in the morning, when Mr. 
 Frizell declining to drink any more, Mr. Clarke became very abusive, and 
 although Mr. Frizell offered to apologize, Mr. Clarke insisted that he should 
 meet him in Hyde Park in an hour from that time, viz. three o'clock. Mr. 
 Evans and Mr. Montgomery having in vain attempted to make up the quarrel, 
 eventually attended them to the ground as seconds. 
 
 The ball from Mr. Clarke's pistol penetrated Mr. Frizell' s collar-bone; he 
 instantly fell, and in falling-, his pistol went off. Mr. Montgomery immedi- 
 ately ran for a coach to convey him to a surgeon's, but on his return, found 
 that Mr. Frizell had expired. They were immediately apprehended by a 
 party of soldiers, but shortly afterwards liberated by order of the Command- 
 ing Officer, when the whole party got into a coach with the hody, and drove 
 off. Mr. Clarke and Mr. Evans got out in Piccadilly, and escaped. They 
 were all young men, and natives of Ireland. The Jury who sat on the body 
 of Mr. Frizell, returned a verdict of wilful murder. 
 
 DUEL. — Mr. Wm. Carpenter, and Mr. John Pride, 
 
 August 20, 1796 
 
 These gentlemen were both Americans ; having taken their ground in Hyde 
 Park, Mr. Carpenter received his antagonist's ball in the side, which pene- 
 trated nearly through his body; and notwithstanding it was immediately 
 extracted, he died soon after. A Coroner's jury afterwards returned a verdict 
 of wilful murder. 
 
 DUEL. — Colonel King, and Colonel Fitzgerald, Oc- 
 tober, c : 
 
 1797 
 
 The distressing circumstances attending this duel caused a great sensation at the 
 time in the public mind. The facts are as follows : — it appears that Colonel 
 Fitzgerald had seduced the Hon. Miss King, daughter of Lord Kingsborough, 
 at the same time being married to a lady who who was second cousin to Miss -, 
 King, and had caused her to elope with him from Lady Kingsborough, her 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 39 
 
 DUELS, (continued) 
 
 mother, who resided at Windsor. The lady having been discovered after 
 great difficulty, was forcibly taken home to her friends. 
 
 As soon as Lord Kingsborougli, who was in Ireland, heard of the fate of 
 his daughter, he came to England with his son, Colonel King, determined to 
 call him to a personal and severe account. 
 
 A meeting was appointed near the Magazine in Hyde Park : Colonel 
 King was accompanied by Major Wood as his second ; but Colonel Fitz- 
 gerald came alone. After exchanging six shots without effect, Colonel 
 Fitzgerald's powder and balls being all expended, it was agreed they should 
 meet again the next morning. Both Colonels were however put under arrest 
 the same day. 
 
 The sequel to this extraordinary affair is most tragical. It appears that 
 the young lady was removed to her father's residence at Mitchelstown, near 
 Kilworth, in Ireland. A discarded servant became the bearer of a letter to 
 Colonel Fitzgerald, which induced him immediately to follow her. Colonel 
 King, now Lord Kingsborough, his father being created Earl of Kingston, 
 having received intelligence of his arrival, immediately proceeded to Kil- 
 worth, and went to the apartment in which the Colonel lodged. Having 
 demanded admittance, and being refused, the enraged young nobleman forced 
 open the door, and running to a case of pistols lying in the room seized one, 
 and called on the Colonel to defend himself; they instantly grappled, and 
 whilst struggling, the Earl of Kingston entered the room, having come in 
 pursuit of his son, and seeing- that his life was in danger, immediately fired 
 upon the Colonel, and killed him on the spot. Colonel Fitzgerald thus fell a 
 victim to the most horrible infatuation and depravity, lamented by no one 
 who reflected on his dishonourable conduct in this affair. 
 
 DUEL. LlEUTENAT . W OF THE NAVY, AND CAPT. 
 
 I of the Army, March, 1803 
 
 These gentlemen met in Hyde Park, and fought at six paces distance ; on the first 
 
 fire, Lieutenant W received the ball of his adversary on the guard of his 
 
 pistol, which tore away the thirS and fourth fingers of his riyht hand. The 
 son of Neptune, apparently callous to pain, wrapped his handkerchief round 
 his hand, and swore he had another, which never failed him. On the second 
 fire both parties fall ; Captain I was shot through the head and immedi- 
 ately expired. Lieutenant W. received the ball in his left breast, and 
 
 enquiring if his antagonist's wound was mortal, and being answered in the 
 affirmative, he thanked heaven he had lived thus long, requested that a 
 mourning ring, which was on his finger, might be given to his sister, and that 
 she might be assured, it was the happiest moment he ever knew. He had 
 scarcely finished the word, when a quantity of blood burst from his wound, 
 and he expired almost without a struggle. 
 
 DUEL. — Lord Camelford, and Captain Best 1804 
 
 This meeting took place at Chalk Farm. The quarrel originated in consequence 
 of the fighting of Lord Camelford's favourite Newfoundland dog with that 
 of Captain Best. His Lordship conceiving that Captain Best had acted 
 with unnecessary cruelty in the separation of the animals, angry words took 
 took place, and a meeting was the consequence. The ball of Captain Best 
 took effect, and caused the death of his Lordship in a very short time. The 
 Captain was a fatal duellist. 
 
 DUEL.— Mr. Jeffreys, and Mr. Moore, 1806 
 
 The duel between Mr. Jeffreys and Mr. Moore, was to have taken place at Chalk 
 Farm, but was prevented by the interference of the Magistracy ; and on 
 examining the pistols, they were found to be without bullets. This circum- 
 stance gave rise to much mirth in the prints of the day. 
 
40 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 DUEL. — Sir Francis Burdett, and Mr. Paul, 1806 
 
 This duel originated in the Brentford Election. Sir Francis Burdett was severely 
 wounded in the leg, from the ball of his antagonist. 
 
 DUEL. — Lord Castlereagh, and Mr. Canning, Sep- 
 tember 21, 1809 
 
 In this duel, Mr. Canning was wounded in the thigh; this was followed"by the 
 resignation of the combatants, and the Duke of Portland. 
 
 DUEL. — The Duke of Wellington, and the Earl of 
 
 Winchilsea, 1829 
 
 The origin of this quarrel was in consequence of some pointed remarks of the 
 Earl of Winchilsea, relative to the motives of the Duke in grantins Catholic 
 Emancipation. The Duke having fired, the Earl of Winchilsea discharged 
 his pistol in the air. The affair then terminated. 
 
 DUEL. — Sir John Jeffcott, and Peter Hennis, Esq. 
 
 M.D.May 10, 1833 
 
 Sir John Jeffcott was the newly appointed Judge of Sierra Leone. The cause of 
 offence was an unfounded rumour that the deceased had aspersed Sir John 
 Jeffott's character. So generally was Dr. Hennis beloved for his charity 
 and amiable manners, that the wanton sacrifice of his life excited an universal 
 burst of indignation in the city of Exeter ; and his remains were honoured 
 with a public funeral, at which about 2.50 gentlemen attended as mourners. 
 He was a native of Ireland, as was his antagonist. 
 
 DUEL. — Prince Louis Napoleon, and Le Comte Leon, 
 
 (prevented) 1840 
 
 Prince Louis Napoleon, said to be a son of Bonaparte, and Le Comte Leon, were 
 brought up to Bow-street Office, charged with having- intended to break the 
 peace by fighting a duel on Wimbledon Common. Inspector 1'earce stated, 
 that having had intimation that a duel would be fought that morning between 
 the above parties on the Common, he proceeded thither on horseback, and 
 found the two principals and their seconds, Lieut. -Colonel J. Ratcliffe, of the 
 6th Dragoons, and Colonel C. Parquin, together with Count D'Orsay, and 
 Martiel Kien, assembled, and as their intentions were evident, he, with other 
 assistants, took the whole of the party into custody. The Magistrate declined 
 hearing any statement as to the cause of the quarrel, and bound the Prince, 
 the Count, and the seconds, to keep the peace for twelve months, the prin- 
 cipals in £500. and one surety in £500, ; and the seconds in £100. each. 
 Mr. Bates, of Poitland place, was surety for Prince Louis Napoleon, and Col. 
 Parquin, and Mr. Fenton for Comte Leon, and the Hon. F. Baring, M.P. for 
 Colonel Ratcliffe and Count D'Orsay. Kien was held to bail in his own 
 recognizance in £100. the two latter as aiders and abettors. It appeared 
 that two letters had been written by Le Comte Leon to his cousin, as he was 
 styled, demanding that he would retract certain expressions respecting their 
 relationship which he was alleged to have made use of, and his not comply- 
 ing gave rise to the quarrel. 
 
 DUNKI RK taken by the English and French 1 658 
 
 Afterwards put into the hands of the English, and sold to the French, by King 
 Charles II. in 1662. After this it was fortified by Vauban, in a very extra- 
 ordinary manner, the doing of which cost the king of France immense sums. 
 But it being a place where the French privateers were stationed in the time 
 of war, the fortifications were demolished, in consequence of the Treaty of 
 Utrecht, in 1713. The French afterwards attempted to re-build the works; 
 but they were ordeied to be demolished hy the Peace of 1763; but by the 
 Peace of 1783, they were again permitted to repair them. In 1793, the 
 English army, under the Duke of York, attempted to take it, but failed. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 41 
 
 DUNMOW, GREAT. 
 
 In the veign of Henry III. the Lord Fitzwalter instituted a custom here, which 
 is still the tenure of the manor, that whatever married man did not repent of 
 his marriage, or quarrel with his wife, in a year and a day afterwards, should 
 go to the Priory, and receive from the lord a gammon or flitch of bacon, pro- 
 vided he swore to the truth of it. Some old records here mention several 
 that have claimed and received this reward; and it has bean received so lately 
 as since the year 1750, by a weaver and his wii'e of Coggeshall. It has been 
 demanded more recently, but the demand is now evaded, from the ceremony 
 being attended with considerable expense to the lord of the manor. 
 
 DUNNOTAR CASTLE, forfeiture .of 1715 
 
 Dunnotar Castle, in the county of Aberdeen, a place of great strength, which 
 belonged formerly to the Earl Mareschal of Scotland, but was forfeited by 
 him, in consequence of his being concerned in the Rebellion of the above 
 date. 
 
 DUNSTAFFNAGE, formerly the Seat of the Scottish 
 
 Kings in 843 
 
 Dunstaffnage, in Argyleshire, Scotland, formerly the seat of the Scottish Kings, 
 previous to the overthrow of the Pijtish government. It was here that 
 Robert Bruce held a Parliament before he got entire possession of Scotland, 
 and there are still many ancient monuments. The famous stone on which 
 our kings are still crowned in Westminster Abbey, was carried from hence 
 to Scone by Kenneth II, 
 
 DURHAM, first sent Members to Parliament in 1673 
 
 An Episcopal See was erected there in 995, and the richest in Britain. The 
 Cathedral, which is a magnificent pile, was, before the Reformation, called 
 St. Mary's and St. Cuthbert's, the body of which last, was translated hither, 
 and gave rise to the foundation of its Cathedral; but in the Statutes of 
 King Henry VIII., it is styled, " Ecclesia Cathedralis Christi ET 
 BeaTjE Mari^:." The decorations of it for the administration of the Divine 
 offices are said to be richer than those of any other cathedral in England. 
 The remains of the Roman way, called Ickneld-street, are still visible near 
 the city. The Members for the city are chosen by the Corporation, citizens, 
 and freemen, who, at a poll in 1710, were about 1000. 
 
 DUTCH FLEET, The, sailed up the Mechvay, to Chatham 1667 
 
 In the above year, the Dutch sailed up the Medwayto Chatham, mastered Sheer- 
 ness, and retired without any loss, after having taken many vessels. 
 
 EARTHQUAKES, one in London, February 8, 1750 
 
 Earthquakes have been numerous in various parts: the following are the prin- 
 cipal ones: — in London, one month from the above. — At Poonah, in the East 
 Indies, when 2000 people perished, June 16, 1819. — One in Italy, where 
 40,000 people perished, 1783. — Three in Calabria Ulterior, and Sicily, de- 
 stroying a great number of towns and inhabitants, February 5, 7, and 28, 
 1783. — At Jamaica, November, 1813. Again at Jamaica. June 7, 1692. — 
 At Naples, where 20,000 people perished, July 26, 1805. — The City of 
 Carraccas, destroyed, March 23, 1811. — At St. Vincent and Barbadoes, De- 
 cember 23, 1816. — At Trinadad, September 20, 1825. — At Santa Fe de 
 Bogota, November 16, 1827. — At Lima and Calac, in Peru, which was 
 totally swallowed up, in 1745. — At Colombia, which destroyed the city of 
 Pasto. 
 
 EARTHQUAKE, the great one at Lisbon, in 1755 
 
 The whole number of persons that perished, including those who were burnt, or 
 No. 6- G 
 
42 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 EARTHQUAKES, (continued.) 
 
 afterwards crushed to death whilst digging in the ruins, is supposed, on the 
 lowest calculation, to amount to more than 60,000 ; and though the damage 
 in other respects cannot be computed, yet some idea may be formed on the 
 recollection of its former grandeur and opulence. Imagine for a moment the 
 havoc made in one single instance. There was a high-arched passage, front- 
 ing the west door of the ancient cathedral ; near which was the famous 
 church of St. Antonio, surrounded by private houses, consisting of several 
 stories; the whole of which did not much exceed any of our small courts in 
 London. Numbers of people were passing at the moment of the first shock ; 
 at this instant, the fronts of the church, and contiguous buildings, which had 
 inclined to each other, on a sudden fell down, and buried every soul of 
 them. 
 
 EAST INDIA COMPANY, (The.) 
 
 The East Indies were first discovered by the Romans, but authors vary as to the 
 precise time ; it is known, however, that Alexander the Great, made con- 
 quests in this country, 327, B. C. ; by the Portuguese, 1437 ; conquered in 
 1500, and settled by them in 1506, the first settlement being Goa. First 
 commercial intercourse of the English with, 1591. The Company's Charter 
 granted, December 31, 1600 ; incorporated the 43rd of Elizabeth for fifteen 
 years afterwards ; made a body politic, 7th James I. which was confirmed by 
 Charles II. 1661, who made them a present of the Islands of Bombay and 
 St. Helena; confirmed again by 2nd James II. and on condition that these 
 Charters should be void on three year's notice from the Crown. The New 
 Company established, 1698; the Old one re-established 1700; agreed to 
 give the Government £400,000. a year, for five years, provided they might 
 continue unmolested , February, 1769; house built, 1726: enlarged, 1799; 
 apply to Parliament for relief. 1772, under their difficulties, and obtained a 
 loan of £1,400,000.; India Billjpasse<i, 177-5 ; sent Judges from England 
 thither, 1774; Charter renewed for twenty years, May, 1813; Dutch East 
 India Company established, 1594; the East India Company at Copenhagen, 
 ditto, 1612; another at Embden, ditto, 1750 ; in Sweden, 1731. The first 
 voyage from England to the East Indies, made in 1591. 
 
 ECLIPSE, (a total) of the Sun 1715 
 
 The darkness was so great, that the stars faintly appeared, and the birds went to 
 roost at ten o'clock in the morning, April 22, 8th of George I. 
 
 On Sunday, the 13th of July, 1788, about nine in the morning, without 
 I any eclipse, another remarkable darkness suddenly overspread several parts 
 of France. It was the prelude of such a tempest as is unexampled in the 
 temperate climates of Europe. Wind, hail, rain, and thunder, seemed to 
 contend in impetuosity ; but the hail was the great instrument of ruin. In- 
 stead of the rich prospects of an early Autumn, the face of Nature, in the 
 space of one hour, presented the dreary aspect of universal Winter. The soil 
 was converted into a morass, — the standing corn beaten into the quagmire,— 
 the vines broken to pieces, — the fruit-trees demolished, — and unmelted hail 
 lying in heaps, like rocks of solid ice. Even the robust forest trees were 
 unable to withstand the fury of the tempest. The hail was composed of 
 enormous, solid, and angular pieces of ice, some of them weig-hing from 
 eight to ten ounces. The country people, beaten down in the fields on their 
 way to church, amidst this coucus<don of the elements, concluded that the 
 Last Day was arrived; and scarcely attempting to extricate themselves, lay 
 despairing and half suffocated amidst the water and the mud, expecting the 
 immediate dissolution of all things. The storm was irregular in its devasta- 
 tions. While several rich districts were laid entirely waste, some interme- 
 diate portions of country were comparatively little injured. One of sixty 
 square leagues had not a single ear of corn, or fruit of any kind left. Of the. 
 sixty-six parishes in the district of Pontoise, forty-three were entirely deso- 
 
1696 
 
 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMCRV. 43 
 
 ECLIPSE, (continued.) 
 
 lated, and of the remaining twenty-three, some lost two-thirds, and others 
 half their harvest: the Isle of France, and the Orleannois, appeared to have 
 suffered chiefly. The scarcity of grain, greatly increased by this event, 
 tended not a little to hasten those scenes of calamity which afterwards 
 afflicted that nation. 
 
 EDDYSTONE LIGHT-HOUSE, The, first commenced 
 in, -. 
 
 The Eddystone Light-house is erected on one of the rocks of that name, which 
 lie in the English Channel, about fourteen miles from Plymouth. Many a 
 gallant ship which had voyaged in safety across the Atlantic, was shattered 
 or destroyed on this hidden source, as it was nearing the place of its desti- 
 nation, and frequently gone down with its crew, in sight of their native 
 shore; so that it was necessary that some particular spot should, if there 
 were a possibility, be pointed out by a warning light. But this was for some 
 time a difficult undertaking. At length Mr. Henry Winstanley, of Little- 
 bury, in Essex, undertook the arduous experiment. 
 
 He had a house at Littlebury, which was fitted with various strange con- 
 trivances, and with which he frequently amused his guests: he had also 
 another exhibition at Hyde Park Corner, which appears to have been in 
 existence in September, 1709. He commenced the erection, of his light- 
 house on the Eddystone rocks, in 1696, which was finished about four years 
 after, and was about 100 feet in height. In stormy weather, however, the 
 sea continued to ascend far above its elevation; and the architect himself, 
 had expressed a wish to be in it in the greatest storm, that he might expe- 
 rience its effect. However, on the 26th of November, 1703, he was in the 
 light-house, when there came on one of the most terrific tempests ever 
 recollected; when, on the following morning, not a single vestige of this 
 aspiring column was to be seen, and thus was the wish of its unfortunate 
 projector most awfully fulfilled; it had been swept into the deep, as was 
 afterwards found, from the foundation, neither stone, beam, or bar of iron, 
 remained on its former resting place; the only thing left, was a piece of iron 
 chain, which had lodged in a deep cleft, and which was cut out more than 
 fifty years afterwards. 
 
 Such was the end of the first Eddystone light-house. Very soon after the 
 destruction of this majestic pillar, the Winchelsea, homeward bound from 
 Virginia, struck on these rocks, and the greater part of her crew unfortu- 
 nately perished. 
 
 Upon this an Act of Parliament was passed for the erection of a new 
 light-house, and which was granted on a lease to Captain Lovel, or Lovettj 
 for 99 years. It again turned out that the present individual was not, any 
 more than the preceding projector, a builder by profession. The individual 
 selected on this occasion, was a Mr. John Rudyerd, a silk-mercer on Ludgate 
 hill, and who appears to have been recommended on account of his general 
 sagacity, and possessing a genius for mechanism; be this as it may, he 
 commenced the undertaking, in July, 1706; when far advanced, a light 
 was put up: and in 1709, it was entirely completed. This erection differed 
 from the preceding one, being not of stone, but of wood: not angular, but 
 perfectly round. The height of it was 92 feet. 
 
 Notwithstanding some severe storms which it had to endure, particularly 
 that of September 26, 1744, it nobly withstood every attempt of the ele- 
 ments. But about two o'clock &n the morning of the 2nd of December, 1755, 
 one of the three men, who had the charge of it, having gone up to snuff the 
 candles in the lantern, found the place full of smoke, from the midst of 
 which, as soon as he opened the door, a flame burst forth. A spark, it is 
 supposed, from some of the candles, (124) which were constantly burning, 
 had probably ignited the wood-work. The man alarmed his companions, 
 who, being in bed, &c. it was some time before he received their assistance. 
 
44 THE NP;W TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 EDDYSTONE LIGHTHOUSE, The, (continued.) 1696 
 
 Water thrown upon it was of no avail, as the fire was burning four yards 
 above the individual: and the others being of little or no assistance, from 
 the distance they had to fetch the water. The lead on the roof having melted 
 from the great heat, it came down in a torrent on the head and shoulders of 
 an old man, (one of the inmates) who was 94 years of age. This accident, 
 together with the rapid increase of the fire, extinguished their last hope, and 
 they descended from room to room, in the hope of escape. 
 
 The fire having been observed in the meanwhile by some fishermen, they 
 immediately caused the alarm to be given. Boats were sent out, and having 
 arrived at the light-house, a landing was effected with great difficulty, and the 
 three men (who were in the light-house in a state of stupefaction) at length 
 dragged through the water, into one of the boats. One of them was seized 
 witha panic, and never more heard of. Hall, the old man, was placed under 
 medical care: but though he took his food tolerably well, he declared that 
 the doctors could not bring him round, unless they could remove the load of 
 lead he maintained he had swallowed on the melting of the roof of the 
 lantern. This was looked upon as a fable : but on the twelfth day after the 
 fire, he was suddenly seized with cold sweats and spasms, when he expired : 
 and on opening the body, there was found in his stomach, a flat oval coat of 
 lead, which had partly adhered, of the weight of seven ounces, five drachms. 
 A further account of this extraordinary case is to be found in the 49th vol. of 
 the Philosophical Transactions. 
 
 As more than half a century of the lease was unexpired, and the propri- 
 etors having become numerous, they felt it was not to their interest to lose 
 a moment in the attempt to re-build the light-house. Upon which a Mr. 
 Western, made application to Lord Macclesfield, the President of the Royal 
 Society to recommend them a person fit to be engaged. Upon which, his 
 Lordship named a Mr. Smeaton, who was a mathematical instrument maker, 
 and which he had practised for some years in London, but had taken up the 
 profession of Civil Engineer, for which his genius greatly tended. 
 
 A third time was the projection of the Eddystone light-house destined to 
 have a self-educated architect for its builder. At the time of his being 
 selected as its projector, Mr. Smeaton was in Northumberland, but arrived in 
 London, February 23, 1756; and on March 23, the future architect set out 
 for Plymouth: but owing to bad roads, (how strange such a statement is at 
 this time) he did not reach the end of his journey till the 27th. Having 
 remained at Plymouth until the 21st of May, (during which time he repeat- 
 edly visited the rock) he determined, his employers consenting to the same, 
 that the new light-house should be built of stone. He accordingly hired 
 work -yards and workmen ; contracted for the various materials he wanted ; 
 and made all other necessary arrangements, for beginning and carrying on 
 the work. Every thing being in readiness, and the season advanced, on the 
 5th of August the men were landed on the rock, and immediately began for 
 the foundation of the building. This was all that was accomplished that 
 season. 
 
 The belief at this time was, that a stone light-house would not stand the 
 winds and seas. On the 12th of June, however, 1757, the first stone was 
 laid, and the work proceeded with great rapidity. All the stone-work was 
 completed, August 26, 1759. On the 9th of October following, the building 
 was finished in every part : and the streaming light was again exhibited from 
 its summit to the waves; and the undertaking was accomplished in little 
 more than three years, without the loss of life or limb to anyone concerned; 
 and the time occupied was 421 days, comprising 2674 hours. 
 
 Smeaton's light-house has stood ever since, and promises to stand for many 
 centuries, as instanced in that extraordinary and furious tempest in 1762. 
 An individual, who was fond of predicting, declared, that if it could stand 
 such another tempest, it was likely to remain until the Day of Judgment. 
 
 On the morning after that storm, several persons came with their glasses 
 to see if it were still standing, expecting it to have been swept away, whe» 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 45 
 
 EDDYSTONE LIGHT-HOUSE, The, (continued.) 1696 
 
 a feeling of joy was expressed of the architect's abilities when its form was 
 discerned through the dark and troubled air, it being uninjured, even to a 
 pane of glass in the lantern. The whole is thirty-five feet high from the 
 foundation. The building has four rooms, one over the other, and at the 
 top, a gallery and lantern. Although it has stood so many years, it still re- 
 mains uninjured, although assaulted by the repeated attacks of wind and 
 water. 
 
 EDUCATION, (Madras System of.) 
 
 The Madras System of Education was much the same as that of the Lancastrian. 
 It is said to have been practised in the East, by Dr. Bell, twenty years before 
 that of the Lancastrian; and was afterwards adopted by the Clergy of the 
 Church of England in 1812, under the title of the " National Society for the 
 Education of the Poor." Mr. Lancaster, it is generally thought, was the 
 first promoter of it. 
 
 ELL or Yx4lRD, in measure, fixed by the length of Henry I's. 
 
 arm . . . . : 1101 
 
 ELECTRICITY, first idea of in 1467 
 
 The first notion of Electricity was given by two globes of brimstone. The electric 
 stroke discovered at Leyden, 1746; first known it would fire spirits, 1756; 
 that of the Aurora Borealis, and of lightning, 1769. 
 
 ELGIN MARBLES, The, arrival of in England 1816 
 
 Lord Elgin, who had been Ambassador at Constantinople in 1799. obtained, in 
 1801, an authority from the Turkish government, called a fermaun, which 
 eventually enabled the British nation to possess the most valuable of the 
 Sculptures of which any portion was left. The authority thus granted, 
 empowered Lord Elgin " to fix scaffolding round the ancient Temple of the 
 Idols;" to mould the ornamental and visible figures thereon in plaster and 
 gypsum; — and subsequently, " to take away any pieces of stone with old 
 inscriptions or figures thereon." For several years the intentions of Lord 
 Elgin were carried into effect, at his private risk ; and at a cost which is 
 stated to have amounted to £74,000. including interest of money. In 1816, 
 the entire Collection was purchased of Lord Elgin, by Act of Parliament for 
 £35,000. The British nation, by the purchase of these monuments, has 
 secured a possession of inestimable value. 
 
 No small degree of discussion was excited on the first arrival of the Elgin 
 Marbles in England, as totheir actual merit; but the opinion given by those 
 persons who were considered as real judges, before a Committee of the 
 House of Commons, was almost unanimous. The celebrated artist, Canova, 
 who happened to be in Engiand at the time of their arrival, expressed his 
 admiration and delight on an inspection of these relicts of antiquity. 
 
 ELY, made the See of Bishops 1 109 
 
 Here, at the date above mentioned, was a monastery, and which, in 1109, was 
 made the See of Bishops, who were Counts Palatine through the whole of 
 the Isle of Ely till the reign of Henry VIII. Its Minster, or Cathedral, 
 which is its chief ornament, has a stately lantern, and which may be seen at 
 a vast distance. 
 
 EMIGRANTS. 
 
 The Emigrants from France, resident in Great Britain, including Laity and 
 
46 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 EMIGRANTS, (continued.) 
 
 Clergy, made from the registers of the Alien Office, on the 28th February, 
 1800:— 
 
 Laity (including 530 domestic servants) 4,153 
 
 Clergy 5,021 
 
 Total . . 9,774 
 
 EMIGRANTS from England, arrived at the Cape of Good 
 
 Hope, March 17 : 1820 
 
 The emigrations, from the distressed state of the times, were this year very 
 numerous. In 1816, 1,192 American and Foreign vessels arrived at New- 
 York, bringing to that port alone 7,122 passengers. 
 
 EMPEROR, The first in 800 
 
 A title of honour amongst the ancient Romans, conferred on a general who had 
 been victorious, and now made to signify a sovereign prince, or supreme 
 ruler of an Empire. The title adds nothing to the rights of sovereignty; it 
 only gives pre-eminence over all other sovereigns. Charlemagne was the 
 first Emperor of Germany, in the year above mentioned, who was crowned 
 by Pope Leo III. 
 
 ENGINES, to extinguish fires, invented, 1663 
 
 Those now in use, 1752 : steam engines improved by Mr- James Watt of Glasgow, 
 1770. 
 
 ENGLAND, the first Geographical Map of 1520 
 
 ENGLAND, (or INGLAND.) 
 
 So called from the Angles, who settled in this part, in the year 449. Few 
 countries have a larger proportion of land capable of culture, and there is 
 none where Agriculture is better attended to, or, indeed, where it is more 
 necessary for the subsistence of the inhabitants. All the valuable produc- 
 tions, both animal and vegetable, of this country, have been imported at 
 different periods from the Continent : and have been kept up and improved 
 by constant attention. The bear, the wolf, and the wild boar, now totally 
 extirpated, roamed at large in the forests: immense herds of stags, ranged 
 through the woods : roebucks bounded over the hills ; and wild bulls ranged 
 in the marshy pastures. By degrees, the woods were destroyed, in order to 
 make way for cultivation, their retreats gradually disappeared, and their 
 places were supplied by no other wild quadruped than those of the smaller 
 kinds, such as the fox, the badger, the weasel, &c. &c. 
 
 There are dogs of every kind, except wolf-dogs, which, since the wolves 
 were destroyed in England, have been generally neglected. But there is still 
 a sort encouraged, and which is not to be equalled in any part of the world — 
 the bull-dog; these creatures will not only attack the most savage bull, but 
 also the most savage beast; and when once they have fastened upon the 
 animal, nothing but death can oblige them to let go their hold : but, trans- 
 ported to any other country, they lose their courage; and so it is with the 
 game-cock; and we are sorry to say, that the use which is made of that 
 courage, by men too, from whose rank and talents something different might 
 be expected, certainly fixes a stigma on the national character. The winters 
 of late have given way to rain and fog, and the weather is subject to great 
 variations ; but these do not particularly impair the health of those who are 
 subject thereto, and we have had frequent instances of longevity, viz. :— 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY, 47 
 
 ENGLAND, (or INGLAND), continued. 
 
 Henry Jenkins, Thomas Parr, &c. &c. (For a further account of whom, see 
 " Remarkable Personages.") 
 
 The circuits of England, which are six in number, and in each of which, 
 for the most part, two of the Judges administer justice twice a year, contain 
 thirty-eight counties : they are divided as follow : — 
 
 1. The Home Circuit, which contains the counties of Essex, Herts, Kent, 
 
 Surrey, and Sussex. 
 
 2. The Norfolk Circuit, containing the counties of Bucks, Bedford, Hunting- 
 
 don, Cambridge, Suffolk, and Norfolk. 
 
 3. The Oxford Circuit, containing the counties of Oxford, Berks, Gloucester, 
 
 Worcester, Monmouth, Hereford, Salop, and Stafford. 
 
 4. The Midland Circuit, containing the Shires of Warwick, Leicester, Derbv, 
 
 Nottingham, Lincoln, Rutland, and Northampton. 
 
 5. The Northern Circuit, containing the counties of York, Durham, North- 
 
 umberland, Lancaster, Westmoiland, and Cumberland. And 
 
 6. The Western Circuit, containing Hants, Wilts, Dorset, Somerset, Devon, 
 
 and Cornwall. 
 Middlesex being the seat of the Supreme Court of Justice, and Cheshire 
 being a County Palatine, are not included in any Circuit. 
 
 ENGRAVING on metal invented 1 423 
 
 At the same time, rolling press printing. Engraving on copper, as now used, 
 in 1511 ; in mezzotinto, and improved by Prince Rupert of Palatine, 1648 ; 
 to represent wash, invented by Barable, a Frenchman, 1761 ; crayon engrav- 
 ing invented at Paris, by Bonnet, 1769 — Engraving on wood invented in 
 Flanders, 1423; revived by Albert Durer, 1511. — Engraving on glass, in- 
 vented 1799, at Paris, by Boudier. 
 
 EPACT. 
 
 The word Epact, a number whereby we note the excess of the common solar year 
 above the lunar, and thereby may find out the age of the moon every year. 
 For the solar year consisting of 385 days, the lunar of but 354, the lunations 
 every year get eleven days before the solar year ; and thereby, in nineteen 
 years the moon completes twenty times twelve lunations, or gets up one 
 whole solar year; and having finished that circuit, begins again with the 
 sun, and so from nineteen to nineteen years. For the first year afterwards, 
 the moon will go before the sun eleven days ; the second twenty-two days ; 
 the third thirty-three days; but thirty being an entire lunation, cast that 
 away, and the remainder, three, shall be that year's epact; and so on, adding 
 yearly eleven days: excepting when the epact is eighteen, in which case 
 twelve must be added. 
 
 ERA, that of Nabonasser, b. c .. ... 747 
 
 Philippic, or death of Alexander, 324, b G.: of Contracts, or Selucidse, 312 b. c. 
 The Christians made their era the birth of Christ, which was A. M. 3962, 
 but did not use this reckoning till the year 600, using in the mean time, the 
 civil account of the empire* The Mahometans began their hege'ira (for so 
 they termed their computation), from the fl.iuht of their prophet from Mecca, 
 when he was driven thence by the Philarchse, A. D. 617- The Grecians 
 reckoned by Olympiads, the first of which is placed in the year of the world 
 3187; but this account perishing under the Constantinopoliian Emperors, 
 they reckoned by indictions, every indiction containing- fifteen 3'ears, and the 
 first beginning A. D. 313, which, among Chronologers, are still used. The 
 Romans reckoned first from the building of their city, which was A. M. 311.3, 
 and afterwards from the sixteenth year of the Emperor Augustus, A. M. 
 3536, which reckoning was used among the Spaniards till the reign of Fer- 
 dinand the Catholic. The Jews had divers epocha, as, 1st, from the creation 
 
48 TH£ NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 ERA. (continued.) 
 
 of the world, in the beginning of time : 2nd, from the Universal Deluge, ann. 
 2656: 3rd, from the Confusion of Tongues, ann. 2783: 4th, from Abraham's 
 Journey out of Chaldea into Canaan, ann. 2021 : 5th, from the Departure of 
 the Children of Israel out of Egypt, ann. 1451: 6th, from the year of the 
 Jubilee, ann. 2499. 7th, from the'building of Solomon's Temple, ann. 2932 : 
 and, 8th, from the Captivity of Babylon, ann. 3357- — But in historical compu- 
 tation of time, are used only the two most ordinary epochs, the world's 
 creation, and Christ's appearance in the flesh. The Christian era began to 
 be used in Italy, &c. 525, and in Britain in 816. 
 
 ESSEK, Marshes built by the Emperor Solyman 1566 
 
 A town of Sclavonia, in Hungary, is strongly fortified, and has a remarkable 
 wooden bridge over the Drau. The marshes here, five miles long, built by 
 the Emperor Solyman, in the above year, who employed 20,000 men in this 
 undertaking. This difficult pass has been several times taken and retaken, 
 and battles fought between Christians and Turks for the possession of it. 
 The bridge has also been often burnt, particularly in 16S6, by the Hunga- 
 rians, though they could not take the town; after the battle of Mohatz, they 
 drove the Turks from it. The place is now subject to Austria. 
 
 ETCHING on copper with aquafortis invented in 151 
 
 ETNA, (MOUNT), Eruption of, 1536 
 
 The eruptions of Mount Etna have been numerous, but the greatest of latter 
 years happened in 1554, 1566, 1579, 1669, and 1693: which last was ex- 
 ceedingly terrible, so much so, as to be attended with an earthquake that 
 overturned the town of Catania in a moment, and buried 18,000 persons 
 in its ruins. This mountain is sixty-three miles in circumference at the 
 foot. The bason, or crater on the top, is six miles round. 
 
 EUSTATIA, the Island of, taken by Admiral Rodney 1781 
 
 The island of St. Eustatia is, properly, a mountain in the form of a sugar-loaf, 
 or it may be termed a huge pyramidical rock, whose top is hollow or concave, 
 and serves as a large den for wild animals. It is strong by situation, having 
 but one landing-place, which is difficult of access, and fortified with all the 
 art imaginable, by its masters, the Dutch Not less than 5000 white inha- 
 bitants, and about 15,000 negroes, subsist upon this island, and rear hogs, 
 kids, rabbits, and poultry in such abundance, that they can afford to supply 
 their neighbours, after having served themselves. In general, it serves as a 
 storehouse for all kinds of European commodities. After its surprise by 
 Admiral Rodnev, it was taken by the French, and restored to the Dutch by 
 the Peace of 1783. 
 
 EXCHEQUER 1079 
 
 In the British jurisprudence is an ancient Court of Record, in which all causes 
 concerning the revenues and rights of the Crown are heard and determined, 
 and where the revenues are received. It took its name from the colour of 
 the cloth which covered the tables of the Court, which are party-coloured, 
 or chequered. This Court is said to have been erected by William the 
 Conqueror, its model being taken from a like Court established in Normandy 
 long before that time. Anciently its authority was so great, that it was 
 held in the King's palace, and the acts thereof were not to be examined or 
 controlled in any other of the King's Courts : but at present it is the last of 
 the Four Courts of Westminster. 
 
 EXCHEQUER OFFICE robbed 1303 
 
 Exchequer Bills invented, 1695 : circulated by the Bank, 1706. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 49 
 
 EXCISE OFFICE, The, founded, 1643 
 
 Excise is a certain duty or impost charged upon liquors, as beer, ale, cyder, &c. 
 also on several other commodities, within the kingdom of Great Britain; 
 and is one of the most considerable branches of the King's revenue. la 
 England, the Commissioners are nine, each of whom has a salary of £1000. 
 per annuml This duty was first granted to king Charles II. in 1660, for 
 his life, in England and Wales, and has been continued in several Parlia- 
 ments since, and extended to Scotland. Excise on beer, ale, &c. first 
 imposed by Act of Parliament, 1643. Bill passed, November 25, 1690. 
 Excise Bill rejected, April 11, 1733, opposed by every trading town in the 
 kindom. For one week, in 1733, it produced £28,000. In 1744, it was 
 £3,754,072. In the same year, the Malt Distillery of London, was £459,000. 
 In 1746, the Revenue was £3,847,000. In 1782, the Ofiicers of Excise were 
 deprived of their votes for Members of Parliament. In 1783, the Revenue 
 was £5,530,114. 6*. 10d.; and in 1811, £20,731,163. 65. 7c?. 
 
 EXECUTIONS. 
 
 It appears from a Parliamentary Return, that the number of Executions in 
 London and Middlesex, in the year ending December 31, 1830, was 42 : — 
 1833, 12: — in 1836, nil. The number of commitments for capital offences, 
 in 1830, was 900:— in 1833, 892 :— in 1836, 823. 
 
 By an Extract from Stowe's " Survey of London," it appears, that the 
 night previous to the execution of a criminal, it was formerly the custom to 
 repeat by way of advice to those under sentence of death in Newgate, some 
 verses, and which duty ought to be performed by the Clergyman, and not 
 the bellman. 
 
 " Robert Doue, Citizen and Merchant Tayler, gaue to the parish church 
 of St. Sepulchre's, the somme of £50. That after the seueral sessions of 
 London.when the prisoners remain in the gaole, as condemned men to death, 
 expecting execution on the morrow following; the clarke (that is, the Cler- 
 gyman) of the church shoold come in the night time, and likewise early in 
 the morning, to the window of the prison where they lye, and there ringing 
 certain toles with a hand-bell, appointed for the purpose, he doth afterwards 
 (in most Christian manner) put them in mind of their present condition and 
 ensuing execution, desiring them to be prepared therefore as they ought to 
 be. When they are in the cart, and brought before the wall of the church, 
 there he standeth ready with the same bell, and after certain toles rehearseth 
 an appointed praier, desiring all the people there present to pray for them. 
 The beadle also of Merchant Taylers' Hall hath an honest stipend allowed to 
 see that this is duely done." 
 
 EXETER, the bridge over the River Ex, built 1270 
 
 There is a long bridge over the Ex, built in the year 1270, and another was 
 begun in 1770, from the bottom of the principal street of the city. It is the 
 See of a bishop, transferred hither from Credilon, by Edward the Confessor, 
 and is one of the principal cities in the kingdom for its buildings, wealth, 
 &c. An arm of the sea formerly flowed nearly up to the city's wall till 
 1316, when Hugh Courtney, Earl of Devon, in revenge for an affront, 
 ruined the navigation by constructing wears and dams in the river ; but to 
 remedy it, iu 1539, an Act of Parliament was passed for making a navigable 
 canal for the better conveyance of goods in barges to and from the city to 
 Topsham, which was carried into execution in 1581, but not completed till 
 1675, which was found insufficient till the present haven was constructed in 
 1697, when it was rendered capable of bringing ships of 150 tons quite home 
 to the quay, constructed near the walls of the city. 
 
 EXPEDITIONS, two sent out r 1818 
 
 Two expeditions were sent out this year for the purpose of exploring the Polar 
 Regions. 
 No. 7- H 
 
50 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY, 
 
 EYRE, JUSTICES IN... 1184 
 
 The office of Justice in Eyre, was instituted by Henry II. The last instance of 
 their holding a Court in any of the Forests, is believed to have been during 
 the reign of King Charles II. 
 
 FAIRS AND MARKETS, first institution in England, 
 
 about 886 
 
 They were instituted by Alfred, and took their rise from wakes ; a vast number 
 of people having assembled together, brought a variety of traders, and were 
 in consequence called fairs. 
 
 FALKLAND, the Town of, forfeited 1424 
 
 Falkland, a small town in Fifeshire, Scotland, and formerly the seat of the 
 M'DufFs, Earls of Fife, became forfeited at the above date, and made a royal 
 residence. The magnificent ruins of the palace give some idea of its former 
 grandeur. Sir Henry Caney was created Viscount Falkland by James VI. 
 who was the first person who communicated to him the intelligence of Queen 
 Elizabeth's death. 
 
 FALKLAND ISLANDS, discovered in 1594 
 
 The Falkland Islands were first discovered by Sir Richard Hawkins. In the year 
 1764, Lord Egmont, then First Lord of the Admiralty, sent Commodore 
 Byron to take possession of these Islands in the name of His Britannic Ma- 
 jesty: the Commodore succeeded in gaining a settlement on a part, which he 
 called Port Egmont. Though this was then thought to he a very valuable 
 acquisition, yet the English totally deserted it on the 23rd of May, 1774, 
 owing to some applications from the Spanish Court, who were uneasy at 
 having the British flag flying so near their American settlements. 
 
 FAMINE, a great, in some parts of Ireland 1822 
 
 This event, which took place in the months of April, May, &c. was greatly re- 
 lieved by a subscription of upwards of £1,600,000. A grand ball was also 
 given at Drury-lane Theatre, for the relief of the unfortunate people. 
 
 FANS, MUFFS, &c. brought into England, from France ... 1572 
 
 FAST, a general, on account of the Cholera, March 21 1832 
 
 FEMALE SERVANT TAX, commenced 1785 
 
 Ceased in 1792. 
 
 FENCING SCHOOLS prohibited in London 1 785 
 
 Fencing was prohibited, in consequence of its being considered as an introdutory 
 step to Duelling. 
 
 FERNANDES, or (JUAN FERNANDES,) The Island 
 
 of, Anson's arrival at 1741 
 
 Admiral Anson put in here in 1741, for the purpose of repairing his ships, and 
 recovering his sick men. On this island, Captain Woods Rogers found one 
 Alexander Selkirk, a native of Fifeshire, in Scotland, and who had lived 
 there alone above four years and four months, having been left by his ship. 
 It is thought, that Daniel De Foe borrowed the idea for his novel, entitled, 
 " Robinson Crusoe." 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 51 
 
 FERRARA. 
 
 In the Benedictine church of, is the monument of that celebrated Poet Ariosto: 
 and it is the native place of Andrea Ferrara, a famous artist, many of whose 
 broad swords are still to be met with in Scotland, and highly prized by the 
 Highlanders for the superior excellence of their metal, and distinguished by 
 the name of the maker. 
 
 FETE, a grand one, given in the Lowther Arcade, Strand, 
 
 August 8, 1832 
 
 This Fete was give on the occasion of the passing of the Reform Bill. 
 
 FEVER, an Epidemic, in England and Ireland, in..... 1741 
 
 FEVERSHAM, in Kent, a Royal Demesne in 811 
 
 Feversham is a member of the Cinque Ports of Dover, and was a royal Demesne 
 at the time above stated, and called in Kenulfs Charter, " The King's 
 Little Town, though it is now a large one. It has a Market-house, built in 
 1574. 
 
 FEUDAL SYSTEM, The, first introduced into England in 1066 
 
 Into Scotland in 1090. 
 
 FIRE SHIPS invented by Sir Francis Drake 1581 
 
 FIRE- WATCH, established in London, November 12 1798 
 
 FIRE under water invented 622 
 
 It was discovered by Calinicus, an architect, who came from Syria to Constan- 
 tinople, and was only known to the Greek Emperors till the xnth century, 
 when other nations seem to have got the secret. 
 
 FIRE WORKS, on account of the Peace, played off in the 
 
 Green Park, April 27 1748 
 
 At those exhibited in Paris, in honour of the Dauphin's marriage, the passages 
 being stopped up, occasioned such a crowd, that the people, seized with a 
 panic, trampled upon one another till, they lay in heaps ; and a scaffold 
 erected over the river also broke down, when hundreds were drowned. By 
 this unfortunate event, nearly 1000 persons lost their lives, April 21, 1770. 
 
 FIERY ORDEAL, enforced 1042 
 
 FIGURES in Arithmetic, brought to Europe, 991 
 
 Figures were brought into Europe by the Saracens from Arabia. Letters of the 
 alphabet were used previous to their introduction. 
 
 FIRES, occasioned by Servants, made punishable 1707 
 
 FISHERY, The British, erected, October 11,.... 1750 
 
 FIVE-MILE ACT, The, passed, October 31 1 665 
 
 This Act obliged Non-conformist teachers, who refused to take the Non-resistance 
 Oath, not to come within five miles of a Corporation, where they had 
 preached since the Act of Oblivion, unless they were travelling, under the 
 penalty of £50. 
 
 FLAG, the honour of, given by the Dutch to England 1674 
 
52 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 FOG, a remarkable one, which extended fifty miles round 
 
 London, December 20, and 27 1813 
 
 A very great fog happened in 1729, (January 1), in which several chairmen 
 mistook their way in St. James's Park, and fell with their fares into the 
 canal; many persons fell into Fleet Ditch, and considerable damage was 
 done on the Thames in the evening. Another, almost as remarkable, took 
 place January 10, 1812. In 1831, December 24, a dense fog at night, con- 
 tinued on the 25th. On the 27th the Metropolis was enveloped in almost 
 total darkness at mid-day. Again in February. 
 
 FORBES, GRAHAM, and others, trial of, February 3, ... 1823 
 
 The individuals alluded to, with several others, were tried for throwing a bottle 
 at the Marquis of Wellesley, at the Theatre, in Ireland. 
 
 FORFARSHIRE STEAMER, loss of the, September 1838 
 
 The Forfarshire steamer, 300 tons burthen, under the command of Mr. John 
 Humble, sailed from Hull on her voyage to Dundee, on the evening of Wed- 
 nesday, the 5th of September, 1838, with a valuable cargo of bale goods and 
 sheet iron; and having - on board about twenty-two cabin, and nineteen 
 steerage passengers, Captain Humble and his wife, ten seamen, four firemen, 
 two engineers, two coal trimmers, and two stewards. On Thursday the boiler 
 sprung a leak, and in a very short time extinguished the fires, when the 
 vessel became unmanageable, and at three o'clock on Friday morning she 
 struck on the outer or Long-stone Island with tremendous force. 
 
 Nine persons were saved by immediately jumping into the boat; soon 
 after the vessel parted, the stern, quarter deck, and cabin been carried away, 
 with all upon them, through a tremendous current called the Piper Gut. 
 The Captain stuck to the wreck till washed overboard with his wife in his 
 arms ; while those who were in the fore part of the vessel were left upon a 
 small rock, whilst the tempestuous billows drowned their feeble shrieks. At 
 length their shouts of distress fell upon the ear of Miss Grace Horsley 
 Darling, who, with her father, Mr. W. Darling, occupies the outer Fern 
 Lighthouse. She awakened her parent, and at daybreak he launched his 
 boat and prepared to proceed to their rescue. The state of the tide and of 
 the weather was such as to render any attempt to reach the wreck extremely 
 dangerous : and the old man, who had never before known the quailings of 
 fear, was loath in such a tremendous gale to rush, as he considered on certain 
 death. After watching the wreck for a considerable time, they discovered, 
 from some movement, that living beings were still clinging to it * and the 
 gallant female, who partook of her father's generous sympathy, with match- 
 less intrepidity, seized the oar, and entered the boat. This was enough — the 
 noble parent followed, and with the assistance of the fair sailor, conducted 
 the frail skiff over the foaming billows to the spot where the wreck appeared. 
 By a dangerous and desperate effort the father was landed on the rock, and 
 to preserve the frail coble from being dashed to pieces, it was rapidly rowed 
 back among the awful abyss of waters, and kept afloat by the skilfulness and 
 dexterity of this undaunted and noble-minded young woman. At length the 
 whole of the survivors, consisting of five of the crew and four of the deck 
 passengers, were taken from the wreck, and conveyed to the lighthouse, 
 where the same tender hand administered to their wants. 
 
 FLEET MARKET opened, September 30, 1737 
 
 Obelisk erected, 1775. 
 
 FORGING of Letters of Attorney, made punishable in 1722 
 
 The forging of Letters of Attorney, for the Transfer of Stock, made felony in 
 1722. Forgery first punished in England with death, 1731. Ceased to be 
 ditto, by being commuted to transportation for life, in August, 1832. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 53 
 
 FORTIFICATION, the present mode introduced about 1050 
 
 Albert Durer first wrote on the science in 1527 j and many improvements were 
 made by Vauban, towards the year 1700. 
 
 FOUNDLING HOSPITAL, The, at Paris, erected 1677 
 
 FRAMES, destroying of, made a capital offence 1812 
 
 The law was to continue in force till March 1, 1814. 
 
 FRANCE, Revolution in 1830 
 
 Abdication of Charles X. ; and the Duke of Orleans declared King. Revolution 
 in Brussels. 
 
 FRANCE, the kingdom of, begins upon the Lower Rhine, 
 
 under Pharamond 429 
 
 FRANCE, the tombs of the Kings of, in the Abbey of 
 
 St. Denis, destroyed by order of the Convention 1793 
 
 The ancient church of St. Denis, which contained in its vaults the mortal remains 
 of princes, who, during a period of twelve hundred years, had swayed in 
 succession the sceptre of France, was, by a decree of the National Conven- 
 tion, in 1793, pillaged of their valuable relicts, and the leaden coffins, con- 
 taining the bodies, carried off to be cast into bullets. 
 
 Though the church of St. Denis had undergone alterations since the time of 
 Pepin, Charlemagne's father, the sepulchral vaults had remained unchanged 
 since the reign of that monarch, who was their constructor. In these vaults 
 lay the relicts of kings, queens, princes, and famous warriors: some of them 
 perfect in form, by the great attention of the embalmer, as when the indi- 
 vidual existed: others long mouldered into dust, on whose decision de- 
 pended the destinies of millions, lay shrouded in the silent tombs of St. 
 Denis; and their bones, so long venerated, turned from their resting place, 
 to become the sport of a tumultuous and lawless rabble. 
 
 The first monument which was opened was that of the celebrated Marshal 
 Turenne, whose services to France had gained him a situation in the royal 
 mausoleum. Though no process of embalming had been practised on the 
 body, it was lying in such perfect condition, that not a feature of the face was 
 in the least degree discomposed. Each one present was anxious to carry off 
 some little relic of the great warrior, and one of the fingers of his right hand 
 was taken away by Camille Desmoulins. 
 
 The vault of the Bourbon sovereigns, situated near the subterraneous 
 chapels, was the next object of attention; and here the workmen hastened to 
 draw out the coffin of Henry the Great, the greatest name in the annals of 
 France, and once the idol of the nation. The remains were torn from their 
 resting place, and given up to the insults of the populace. The body of 
 Henry was in a state of remarkable preservation. He was stabbed in his 
 coach by a friar named Ravilliac, inthe year 1610. The body was no sooner 
 out of the coffin than one of the spectators, drew his sabre, and cutting a lock 
 from the beard of the monarch, which was uninjured, placed it on his own 
 lip, swearing he would wear no other moustachio. The body was then placed 
 upright, with the winding sheet thrown carelessly around it, and exposed to 
 the gaze of the rabble. The coffin of Henry IV. bore the oldest date in the 
 Bourbon vault, in which lay four kings, four queens, twenty-one princes, 
 and twenty-eight princesses. The workmen were four days in clearing this 
 vault, the bodies, &c. found in it being thrown, after a short exposure, into 
 a pit of liquid lime to ensure their speedy destruction. Many of them being 
 in a state of great decay, (before their removal could be effected) the vault 
 became filled with an effluvia of so noxious a character, that the workmen suf- 
 fered severely from the effects of it. Some were in good preservation, as 
 was that of the proudest monarch of France, Louis XIV. who in life was 
 
54 
 
 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 FRANCE, Tombs of the Kings of in St. Denis, (continued.) 1793 
 
 honoured with the name of the Grand Monarque. The reception of this body 
 was no more favourable than that given to Henry's. Various insignias of 
 royalty were found in the Bourbon sepulchre, amongst which were several 
 cases containing hearts, which were mostly of silver, and in some instances 
 gilt. Below several of the coffins were leaden caskets containing the intes- 
 tines of the dead. The lead of these heart cases and caskets were all carried 
 away with the coffins for the making of bullets, and their contents thrown 
 into the lime-pit as before. The coffin of the last king, Louis XV. was the 
 last examined. This coffin was not in the vault, it being the custom in royal 
 burials to place the body of the last king in a niche at the entrance to the 
 vault, until his successor came after him to the chambers of death. The 
 latter, iu like manner, awaited the coming of the next occupant of the throne. 
 
 The opening of the vault of Charles VIII. followed. In life, he was styled 
 " the affable" was enclosed in a plain leaden coffin, without vestige of royal 
 rank. Near this king reposed Charles XL (his father) one of the most 
 treacherous of monarchs, and whose ambition, craftiness, and superstition, 
 have been so ably poui trayed by Sir Waker Scott. In a tomb not far from 
 Louis, lav his father Charles VII. who, previous to his decease, knowing the 
 wicked character of his son, became so apprehensive of being poisoned, that 
 he refused all nouiisment, till nourishment was of no avail. 
 
 The vault of Louis XII. was in no way remarkable, excepting two crcwns 
 of gilt brass, which lay between this monarch and his queen. After much 
 research, the workmen discovered the vault of Francis I. the contemporary 
 of Henry VIII. of Britain, and rival of Francis at the Field of the Cloth of 
 Gold. The bodies of Charles VII. and VIII. were reduced to perfect skele- 
 tons, but the workmen were almost unable to clear the vault of Francis, in 
 consequence of the putrified state of his remains. Five ot Francis' family lay 
 in it, in coffins similar to that in which he himself lay. 
 
 In the next vault lay Henry II. and eleven of his family, the most noted 
 of whom were his three cruel sons, Francis II., Charles lX., and Henry HI; 
 Catherine of Medicis, his wife ; and Margaret of France, his daughter. Of 
 this bigotted family, we shall briefly speak; — Henry II. at the coronation of 
 his queen, caused many unhappy Protestants to be burnt at the stake, while 
 he stood by a witness of their agony, on which he continued to gaze, till the 
 last victim of his detested cruelty had become a shrivelled ember; but the re- 
 tributive hand of Justice soon fell upon him, he being accidentally killed at 
 a tournament. As for his wife, the page of history will fully proclaim her 
 detestable deeds. Her son Francis exceeded his parent in ciuelty; but the 
 worst actions of his race were deeds of mercy, when compared with those of 
 the next son, Charles IX. In this reign the massacre of St. Bartholomew, as 
 it is called took place, when forty thousand Protestants were butchered by 
 the sword This monarch also felt the hand of retributive Justice more 
 severely than his father: for, very soon after, whilst racked with anguish on 
 the recollection of his several deeds of cruelty, the blood oozed from his body 
 at evory pore; and in this state he died. 
 
 The vaults were not opened according to succession of each king; nor 
 was it so arranged, and this irregularity continued throughout the whole 
 process. Near the vault of Henry II. was found the skeleton of the cele- 
 brated warrior Du-Guesclin, and, subsequently, the remains of Carloman, 
 brother of Charlemagne, and both sons of Pepin, the founder of the edifice. 
 Pepin's own grave was discovered many years afterwards, before the prin- 
 cipal entrance to the church of St. Denis. Pepin's last will being extant, his 
 remains were fully identified, he having directed in his will, that his body 
 be laid on its face in a stone coffin, and placed in front of the door of the 
 church of St. Denis, in which position it was found. But to return to the 
 tombs of later kings. 
 
 Previous to the opening of the tombs of the preceding monarchs, that of 
 Charles VI. and his queen Isabel, having been broken into and pillaged, it 
 only contained a few dried bones. That of Charles V. was in a side chapel, 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 55 
 
 FRANCE, Tombs of the Kings of in St. Denis, (continued) 1793 
 
 so named after him, and which was the richest met with. The coffin was of 
 brass, contained a silver crown, gilt, and in good preservation, a silver hand 
 of Justice, and a sceptre of gilt silver, about five feet in length, and sur- 
 mounted with a cluster of leaves ; in beautiful preservation, though it had 
 lain there nearly four hundred years. In the coffin of Jane of Bourbon, his 
 wife, were the remains of a crown, rings, bracelets, Stc. with shining em- 
 broidery of gold and silver. Charles V. was poisoned by his relative, the 
 king of Navarre, who himself perished in a more horrible manner, by being 
 accidentally burnt to death by the ignition of a cloth belt, steeped in brandy 
 and sulphur, which he wore for a leperous affection. 
 
 King John, the father of Charles, lay in the chancel of St. Denis. This 
 Icing was taken prisoner at the battle of Poictiers, by Edward the Black 
 Prince. There were found in his coffin, a broken sceptre, and a silver hand 
 of Justice. The saying of this monarch was, on his being unable to pay his 
 ransom, and resolving to render himself a prisoner to the English prince, — 
 " Though good faith were banished from the rest of the earth, it should 
 still be found in the breasts of princes!" In the chancel, near his son John, 
 lay Philip of Valois. The coffin, formed of hard stone, and lined with plates 
 of lead, was closed with a sheet of that metal soldered on iron bars, and over 
 the lid was placed a large flat stone. His body was gone to dust, nothing 
 of it remaining, excepting what lay in the crevices of a gilt crown, and an 
 ornamented sceptre. This was all that remained of a monarch, against whom 
 the power of Edward, was in vain directed for the attainment of the throne of 
 France. Many more tombs, and of older date than we have described, but of 
 whose possesssors little was known, were opened. Great must have been 
 the disappointment of those who had hoped to secure great treasures in these 
 tombs, on finding only the few baubles enumerated, and which constituted 
 the whole of the prize. 
 
 The treasures of the Church and Shrine of St. Denis were of great amount 
 and value,- as might be expected, when we consider its splendid ecclesiastical 
 possessions in Fiance, the whole of which went, by the decree of the Con- 
 vention, to similar purposes with the trinkets and leaden coffins of the 
 sepulchres. These treasures were kept in five Cabinets ; and from the 
 following enumeration of some of the principal articles, may be judged the 
 long duration of the grandeur of St. Denis. In the first Cabinet, were two 
 mitres of ancient Abbots of St. Denis; one of them formed entirely of pearls 
 and jewels, set in gold, and the other of seed pearls strewed with fleur-de-lis. 
 These mitres were made about the twelfth century. In another Cabinet was 
 a vase of Oriental agate, supposed to be the finest in the world. It was 
 covered with hieroglvphical figures of beautiful execution. John Tristen, in 
 his " Commentaries," expresses his belief that this vase was made by Ptolemy 
 Philadelphus, king of Egypt. An inscription on the foot says, that it was 
 given to St. Denis by Charles III. The crown of Charlemagne, of gold, and 
 enriched with jewels, used at the coronation of the French kings. A cup 
 made of the wood of Samaris, used by St. Louis. The sword which he carried 
 to the Holy Land, and a silver shrine containing a bone of St. Denis. A 
 splendid missal, written eight centimes ago. Four crowns, two of gold, and 
 two of silver, used at the coronations. A manuscript on vellum, ascribed to 
 St. Denis. And the crown used at the coronation of the queens, which was 
 made of gold, and studded with precious stones. There were other valu- 
 able curiosities and antique objects in this spleudid Collection, but of less 
 importance, and a notice of which does not appear requisite. 
 
 FRANKING LETTERS, claimed as a privilege of Par- 
 liament 1G63 
 
 Commenced 1734. — Before the year 1764, when the Act to alter the mode of 
 franking passed, the franked letters amounted annually to £170,000. The 
 privilege was abridged in 1784; and again in 1793. 
 
56 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 FRAUDULENT BANKRUPTS, punished by Act passed 1732 
 FREEMASONS forbidden in England 1424 
 
 Tolerated by Act of Parliament, 1699. Excommunicated by the Pope, 1738. 
 
 FREEDOM of the City of London presented to Lord John 
 
 Russell, July 10 1831 
 
 FRIENDLY ISLANDS discovered 1773 
 
 The Friendly Islands, discovered by Captain Cook, and named by him as such, on 
 account of the friendship shown towards strangers by the natives. Tasman, 
 the Dutch navigator, first touched here in 1643, and gave the names of New 
 Amsterdam, Rotterdam, and Middleburg to three of the principal islands. 
 Cook explored the whole cluster, consisting of more than sixty. New 
 Amsterdam, to the largest, extending twenty-one miles, from E. to W. and 
 13 from N. to S. Middleburg is called Eooa by the natives, who have given 
 the names of Annamooka, Tongataboo, Hapace, and Leefooga, to the other 
 principal islands. Under the name of Friendly Islands, are sometimes com- 
 prehended Boscawen's, Keppel's, and Prince William's Islands, and the 
 group of the Hapace Islands, amounting together to about 150. 
 
 FROSTS. 
 
 In Britain lasted five months, in 220. — The Thames frozen nine weeks, in 250. — 
 Most of the rivers in Britain frozen six weeks, in 291. — A severe one in 
 Scotland, which lasted fourteen weeks, in 359. — The Pontus Sea was entirely 
 frozen over for the space of twenty days, and the sea between Constantinople 
 and Seutair, in 401. — So severe a frost all over Britain, tliat the rivers were 
 frozen up for above two months, 508. — One so great that the Danube was 
 quite frozen over, 558. — The Thames frozen for six weeks, when booths 
 were built on it, 695. — One that continued from October 1, to February 26, 
 760.— One in England, which lasted nine weeks, 827. — Carriages were used 
 on the Adriatic Sea, 859. — The Mediterranean Sea was frozen over and 
 passable in carts, 860. — Most of the rivers frozen in England for two months, 
 908. — The Thames frozen thirteen weeks, 923.— One that lasted 120 days, 
 which began December 22, 987. — The Thames frozen five weeks, 998. — A 
 frost on Midsummer day, so vehement, that the corn and fruit were des- 
 troyed, 1035 — The Thames frozen fourteen weeks, 1063. — A frost in 
 England, from November to April, 1076. — Several bridges in England, being 
 then of timber, broken down by a frost, 1114. — A frost, from January 14, to 
 March 22, 1205.— One of fifteen weeks, 1207 — The Mediterranean was 
 frozen over, and the merchants passed with their merchandise in carts, 
 1234. — The Categat or sea, between Norway and Denmark, was frozen, and 
 that from Oxslo, in Norway, they travelled on the ice of Jutland, 1294. — 
 The sea, between Norway and the promontory of Scaggerat, frozen over, 
 and from Sweden to Gothland, 1296. — The Baltic was covered with ice 
 fourteen weeks, between the Danish aDd Swedish islands, 1306. — The Baltic 
 was passable for foot passengers and horsemen for six weeks, 1323. — The 
 sea was frozen over and passable, from Stralsund to Denmark, 1349. — The 
 Baltic was quite frozen over, from Poir.erania to Denmark, 1402. — The 
 whole sea, between Gothland and Geland, was frozen, and from Rostock to 
 Gezoer, 1408. — The ice bore riding on from Lubec to Prussia, and the 
 Baltic was covered with ice, from Mecklenburgh to Denmark, 1423, 1426, 
 and 1459, — The sea, between Constantinople and Iskodar, was passable on 
 ice, 1420. — One in England, from November 24, to February 10, 1434, 
 when the Thames was frozen helow London Bridge to Gravesend. — Another 
 thirteen weeks, 1683 — A great frost for three months, with heavy snows, 
 from December to March, 1709. — Again in 1716, when a fair was held on 
 the Thames. — Another December 24, 1739, and continued nine weeks or 103 
 days. — Again in 1742. — In Russia, very severe 1747. — In England, 1754. — 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 57 
 
 FROSTS, (continued.) 
 
 In Germany, 1760. — In 1763, which lasted ninety-four days. — In 1779, 
 which lasted 84 days. — In 1784, which lasted eighty-nine days. — In 1785, 
 which lasted 115 days. — In 1788, which lasted only from November to Janu- 
 ary. — In 1789, when the Thames was crossed opposite the Custom House, 
 the Tower, Execution Dock, Putney, Brentford, &.c. It was general through- 
 out Europe; particularly in Holland, at the same time. — The most severe 
 oiie was on December, 25, 1796. — The Thames frozen over January, 1811. — 
 Severe oue in January, 1814, when, booths were erected on various parts of 
 the Thames, and the Antiquarian Society of Newcastle recorded, that the 
 rapid River Tyne was frozen to the depth of twenty inches. — Severe frost 
 at Quebec, August 7, 1815. 
 
 FRUITS AND FLOWERS. 
 
 Sundry sorts, before unknown, were brought into England in the reigns of 
 Henry VII. and VIII. from about 1500 to 1578. Among others of less note, 
 the musk and damask roses, of great use in medicine, and tulips. Several 
 sorts of plum trees, and currant plants ; also saffron ; woad, and other drugs, 
 for dying-, attempted to be cultivated, but without success. 
 
 GAETA, or CAIETTA, held out against the attacks of 
 
 the Austrians, in 1707 
 
 It was the only town which held out any time against the Austrians, but was 
 at last taken by storm, and its two castles surrendered at discretion. It also 
 made a good defence in 1734, when the Spaniards recovered Naples from 
 the Austrians. 
 
 GALLEYS first used with three rowers to each oar, b. c. ... 786 
 
 They came from Corinth. 
 
 GAME ACTS, passed in 1496 
 
 Again 1670, 1753, 1784, and 1785. Certificates commenced in 1785. 
 
 GAMING HOUSES, licensed in London 1 620 
 
 Prevented by an Act, passed in 1789. 
 
 GAMUT, in Music, invented by Gu^ L'Aretin 1025 
 
 GARDENS, The Zoological, founded in 1826 
 
 The Zoological Society was founded in 1826, by Sir Thomas Stamford RafHes, 
 Sir Humphrey Davey, Lord Auckland, and other noblemen and gentlemen, 
 patrons of science. A grant of land having been obtained from the Govern- 
 ment, the Gardens were formed and opened to the public in 1828. The 
 original grant, however, being found inadequate to contain so many spe- 
 cimens of Zoology with which the Society was presented, an additional 
 piece of ground was granted on the north side. 
 
 GARTER, Order of the Knights of The, instituted, Janu- 
 ary 19 1344 
 
 This Order consists of twenty-six Knights Companions, generally Princes and 
 Peers, whereof the king of England is Sovereign, or Chief. They are a 
 College or Corporation, having a Great and Little Seal. Their Officers are 
 a Prelate, Chancellor, Register, King at Arms, and Usher of the Black Rod. 
 They have also a Dean, and Twelve Canons, Petty Canons, Vergers, and 
 twenty-six Pensioners, or Poor Knights. The Prelate is the head. This 
 No. 8- I 
 
58 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 GARTER, Order of the Knights of The, (continued.) 1344 
 
 office is vested in the Bishop of Winchester, and has ever been so. Next to 
 the Prelate is the Chancellor, which office is vested in the Bishop of Salis- 
 bury, and has ever been so, who keeps the Seals, &c. The next is the 
 Register, is always the Dean of Windsor, and who, by his Oath, is to enter 
 upon the Registry, the Scrutinies, the Elections, Penalties, and other acts of 
 the Order, with all fidelity. The fourth officer is Garter, and King at Arms, 
 being two distinct offices united in one person. Garter carries the Rod and 
 Sceptre at the feast of St. George, the Protector of this Order, when the 
 Sovereign is present. He notifies the Election of new Knights, attends the 
 solemnity of new Installations, carries the Garter to Foreign Princes, &c. 
 He is the principal Officer within the College of Arms, and Chief of the 
 Herald's. All these Officers, except the Prelate, have Fees and Pensions. 
 The habit of the Order upon solemn days is the Garter, mantles, sur-coat, 
 hood collar, Great George, and cap : upon the collar days, they are only 
 obliged to wear the Garter, the Collar of the Ordpr, and the Great George; 
 at the middle of the collar hangs the picture of St. George, sitting on horse- 
 back, who, having thrown the dragon on his back, encounters him with a 
 tilting spear. The Garter, which is blue, was, at the foundation of the 
 Order, appointed to be worn a little below the knee of the left leg, which 
 still continues, having this motto wrought on it. — " Honi soit qui mal Y 
 PENsE." The origin of this Order is somewhat differently related. The 
 common account is, and it is most probable, that it was instituted in honour 
 of a garter of the Countess of Salisbury, which she dropped when dancing 
 with king Edward, and which he picked up; but our best Antiquarians 
 think it was instituted on account of the victorv over the French, at Cressy, 
 where the king ordered his gaiter to be displayed as the signal of battle. 
 
 GAUZE, LAWN, and THREAD, The Manufacture of, 
 
 began 1 759 
 
 The manufacture of these articles were commenced at Paislev, in Scotland, and 
 which, in 1784, yielded £575,185. and employed 26,664 hands; in gauze 
 alone, it yielded £350,900. 
 
 GAZETTE, The first one in England, published at Oxford, 
 
 November 7, 1 665 
 
 Gazettes are of Venetian oriain, and so called from the price being gazetta, a 
 small piece of money. The London Gazette commenced February 5, 1665; 
 the first published at Paris, was in 1723; at Leipzic, 1715. A London 
 Gazette was ingeniously forged for a Stock Jobbing purpose in November, 
 
 1787. 
 
 GAZETTE, announcement of the payment of the Deccan 
 
 Prize-Money in 1839 
 
 In the London Gazette of 1839, was announced the Scale of distribution of the 
 Deccan Prize-Money, among the forces concerned in the Indian campaigns 
 of 1817 and 1818. According to this Scale, the share of the booty to the 
 Commander-in-Chief was £44,201.; of a captain, £119; and of a private, 
 19*. lOd. 
 
 GEE, Mr. an attempt made to force a Bill of Exchange 
 
 from, May 12, 1834 
 
 The three persons — Edwards, Lecaseagne, and Weedon, accused of attempting 
 to obtain certain title deeds and a check for £800. by force, from Mr. Gee, a 
 solicitor, at Bishop Storford, on the 12th of May, 1834, were convicted at 
 the Middlesex Sessions, and sentenced respectively to imprisonment, 
 Edwards two years, Lecaseagne one year, and Weedon six months. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 59 
 
 GENEVA, The Treaty of alliance with Bern and Friburgh 1526 
 
 The Treaty of alliance which Geneva contracted with Bern and Friburgh, may be 
 considered as the era of its liberty and independence; for, not long after, the 
 Dukes of Savoy were deprived of the authority which they possessed over 
 this city; the Bishop was expelled; a republican form of government esta- 
 blished, and the Reformation introduced. In 1584, Geneva concluded a 
 Treaty of perpetual alliance with Zurich and Bern, by which it is allied with 
 the Swiss Cantons. It is governed by a senate, or little council of twenty 
 five ; of which four are annually chosen syndics, who are the chief magis- 
 trates. Thus far the government is aristocratic. But there is also a Great 
 Council, and a General Council or Assembly of the People ; the latter 
 amounting to about 1500, who name half the members of the great council, 
 as the senate does the other half. This is the democratic part of the govern- 
 ment. During the greater part of the last century, to the year 1789, the 
 history of Geneva contains little more than a narrative of contests between 
 the aristocratic and the popular parties, the history of which would require a 
 volume to relate. Suffice it to say, that the years 1768. 1782, and 1789, 
 were distinguished by great revolutions; and that, by the last, the constitu- 
 tion is now wisely modelled into a mean between the too popular form esta- 
 blished in 1768, and the too aristocratic form established in 1782. The 
 houses of Geneva are lofty, and well built, and the citizens of both sexes re- 
 markably well instructed ; and " it is not uncommon," says Dr. Moore, " to 
 find mechanics, in the intervals of their labour, amusing themselves with the 
 works of Locke, Montesquieu, Newton, and other productions of the same 
 kind." In 1794, by the intrigues of the French faction, a revolution was 
 brought about, resembling in miniature that of France, by which much mis- 
 chief was done, and many of the principal inhabitants obliged to leave it. 
 
 GENOA, the present form of Government at, established in 1528 
 
 In 1713, the Emperor Charles VI. granted the marquisate of Final to the Re- 
 public of Genoa for a large sum of money : and in 1743 the Queen of 
 Hungary, by the Treaty of Worms, making over to the king of Sardinia all 
 the right she had to Final upon his demanding it; the Republic entered 
 into an alliance with France, Spain, and Naples, and in 1745, declared 
 against Sardinia; but being hard pressed by Great Britain and the Queen of 
 Hungary in 1746, the king of Sardinia took the whole Riviera di Ponente ; 
 the English fleet bombarded several places belonging to the Republic, and 
 the Imperialists made themselves masters of the city of Genoa. But by the 
 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, it was restored in 1748. In the year 1805, 
 Genoa was annexed to Fiance. 
 
 GENOA, the Bank of, failed at 1750 
 
 GEORGE'S FIELDS, (ST.) the Magdalen erected near in 1772 
 
 Many Roman coins, chequered pavements, &c. &c. have been found near St. 
 George's Fields ; and, in the same year, Parkinson's Museum also stood near 
 this spot. 
 
 GEORGIA, (in North America), Colonny of erected 1732 
 
 There are several towns built there, of which Savannah, Ebenezer, and Frederica 
 are the chief. There are also several forts, one of which was taken by the 
 Spaniards in 1742, but they fled at the approach of General Oglethorpe. 
 
 GEORGIUM SIDUS, The, discovered 1782 
 
 This is probably the most remote planet from the sun : it moves round its orbit 
 in about 30,445 days, eighteen hours, at the immense distance of about 1800 
 millions of miles from the sun. On account of its distance from the earth, 
 its rotation round its axis (and consequently the length of its days and 
 nights) is unknown to us. Six satellites, as has hitherto been discovered, 
 
60 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 revolve round this globe, which is about ninety times larger than the earth. 
 As seen from the earth, it appears under an angle of only four seconds of a 
 degree, and it cannot be readily distinguished from a fixed star by a less 
 magnifying power than 200 times. 
 
 GHENT, or GANT, surrendered to Charles III 1706 
 
 Ghent, or Gant, the capital city of Flanders, in the late Austrian Low Countries, 
 lying on the four rivers Scheldt, Lys, Lieue, and Mourwater, which are all 
 navigable, besides several canals; whence it is well situated for foreign 
 trade; and the silk, woollen, and linen manufacture still flourish; it also 
 deals considerably in corn. It is defended by walls and other works, being 
 twelve miles in circuit, and has besides a castle, but of no considerable 
 strength, by reason of the various aud extensive grounds within it, which 
 requires an army for its defence. About half the tract comprised within 
 the walls, consists of fields and gardens; the rivers and canals running 
 through it constitute twenty-six islands, which are joined by 100 bridges. 
 Here the English foot, in queen Anne's wars, generally took up their winter 
 quarters, sometimes to the number of twenty-four regiments, who had a 
 chapel in the same place, where the English service was performed every 
 Sunday. Though the natives reckon this a healthy climate, yet some 
 thousands of the English, who were mostly new levied men, lie buried on 
 St. Peter's hill, before the large barrack there. John of Gaunt, Duke of 
 Lancaster, and son of Edward III. king of England, was born here ; also 
 Charles V. Emperor of Germany, and king of Spain, of whom there is a 
 statue in the Great Square. 
 
 GIBRALTAR, the Siege of 1704 
 
 In the year 1704, Great Britain, having espoused the cause of Charles III, who 
 had been nominated to the Spanish crown, in consequence of the death of 
 Charles II. without issue, and in opposition to the Duke of Anjou, second 
 son of the Dauphin of France, who had, in virtue of his predecessor's will, 
 taken possession of the vacent throne by the title of Philip V. Sir George 
 Rooke was despatched with a powerful fleet and a strong body of troops to 
 escourt His Majesty to his kingdom, and put him in posssession of it; but 
 the people of Spain being in favour of Philip, but not flocking to his standard, 
 on his landing at Barcelona, he was compelled to re-embark on the following 
 day. 
 
 On the 2lst of July, the fleet entered the Bay of Gibraltar, and the English 
 and Dutch marines, amounting to 1800 were landed, under the command of 
 the Prince of Hesse, by which all communication was cut off. The Governor 
 having received a message to surrender the place to Charles III. the answer 
 returned was, his having sworn allegiance to Philip, and his determination to 
 defend the place in his name. Admiral Byng, and the Dutch Admiral, 
 Vander Dussen,were ordered to cannonade the town, which was accomplished, 
 and 15,000 shot were spent in five hours. The Admiral having again sum- 
 moned the Governor to surrender, and he finding the firing of the assailants 
 to be irrisistible, capitulated on the 24th : on which day, the Prince of Hesse 
 marched into the town, which was well defended by 100 guns, and a plentiful 
 supply of ammunition. 
 
 Various attempts were made by the Spaniards, (especially in 1726 and 
 1760, but which proved ineffectual) to recover their lost possession. On the 
 16th of June, 1779, the Spanish Ambassador signified an intention on the 
 part of his Court, of regaining it: and on the 27th of the same month, 
 Gibraltar was completely separated from the surrounding country, by order 
 of the Court of Madrid ; and in the middle of the following month, previous 
 to the Spaniards blockading the fort, that General Elliot had arrived in the 
 same, and brought with him the aid of his great military science. In the 
 preceding April, there happened another fortunate occurrence, the arrival of 
 a supply of provisions, a stoppage of which was prevented both from Spain 
 and Africa. On the 12th of September, the first firing took place on the 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 61 
 
 GIBRALTAR, the Siege of, (continued,) 1704 
 
 part of the besieged by a cannonade from the fort, which destroyed the 
 works which the besiegers had been for some time erecting. The blockade 
 became daily closer, and all attempts to relieve the place were cut off. Pro- 
 visions became at length extremely dear ; the small-pox, too, had broke out 
 amongst the Jewish inhabitants of the town, and every precaution was taken 
 to prevent its spreading. The Governor, in order to try how small a quan- 
 tity of food life could be supported, subsisted for eight days on four ounces 
 of rice per day. Thistles, dandelions, wild leeks, &c. were eaten by the 
 people of the town ; and meat rose to four shillings per pound. 
 
 On the 12th of January, 1780, the besiegers opened their fire; and by the 
 end of March, the first supply of provisions had arrived, and which were 
 brought in by Admiral Rodney, who, in his endeavour to render assistance 
 to his distressed countrymen, had the good fortune to capture six of their 
 men of war, and which included a sixty-four gun ship, with the Admiral on 
 board, and seventeen merchantmen. 
 
 Things continued in this state for some months after ; during which the 
 garrison and towns-people were reduced to dreadful privations by a want of 
 provisions, previous to the arrival of supplies. In the Spring- of 1781, how- 
 ever, the besiegers determined on opening their batteries, and continued to 
 fire on the town till they had completely destroyed it. But on the 27th of 
 April, a most gallant exploit was performed by a party from the garrison, 
 who making a sortie from their fortifications, succeeded in reducing to ashes 
 all the erections of the enemy, although they were not less than three quar- 
 ters of a mile distant. This, however, was only a temporary relief; for the 
 firing soon after re-commenced, and was continued for more than a year 
 incessantly; and although a desperate effort was made by the Spaniards to 
 bring the siege to a termination, their efforts were in vain, the rock proving 
 impregnable. Having procured a reinforcement of 12,000 men, the Duke de 
 Crillon was made Commander of the force, and a French Engineer, by name 
 D'Arcon, was to make the attack. Numerous floating batteries were con- 
 structed, and in such a manner, as to be incapable of being sunk, or set on 
 fire; they were to be composed of wood and cork, with layers of wet sand 
 between, a strong rope-work netting, covered with wet hides, which consti- 
 tuted the roof. These batteries, (ten in number) were mounted with cannon; 
 and so confident were the assailants of success, that the Count d'Artois, and 
 the Duke de Bourbon, with other celebrated characters, volunteered their 
 services, in the vain hope of beholding the entire destruction of this cele- 
 brated fortress. 
 
 On the 12th of September, the fleets of France and Spain arrived in the 
 bay; the following morning, they drew up on the south and west sides, 
 an armament, amounting in number to forty-seven sail of the line, (seven of 
 which were three-deckers), and ten battering ships, of immense strength, 
 with many frigates, and smaller vessels. An army of 40,000 men, and batte- 
 ries, on which were mounted 200 pieces of cannon. The garrison consisted 
 of about seven thousand effective men. The ships took their station without 
 interruption; but about a quarter before ten o'clock, the citadel began to pour 
 upon them a most destructive fire. For several hours the attack and defence 
 were maintained amidst the discharge of 400 pieces of the heaviest ordnance, 
 and with great spirit, so much so, as not to admit of any appearance of supe- 
 riority on either side. 
 
 The Governor having adopted the suggestion of General Boyd, at length 
 returned the fire of the besiegers with a tremendous discharge of red-hot 
 balls, by which a terrible effect was produced, and an immediate change in 
 appearance; and about seven or eight o'clock, it ceased, excepting from one 
 or two ships to the northward. At length the attack concluded in the com- 
 plete destruction of the assailing squadron. As the evening approached, 
 groans and signals of distress from those on board the navy supplied the 
 place of the severe firing before, and many of the unfortunate creatures were 
 struggling for life in the water, and the victors humanely put out to their 
 
62 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 GIBRALTAR, the Siege of, (continued.) 1704 
 
 assistance, and numbers of them were picked up. The loss of the enemy 
 amounted to 2000, including prisoners; on the side of the English, only 
 sixteen weie killed, and sixty-eight wounded. The besieging party had 300 
 pieces of ordnance in play ; the garrison, eighty cannon, seven mortars, and 
 nine howitzers. Eight thousand, three hundred rounds, more than half of 
 which were hot shot, and 716 barrels of powder were expended by the 
 English artillery. 
 
 Lord Howe was on his way from England, at the head of a fleet, with 
 supplies for the garrison. 
 
 General Elliot, for his gallant defence of Gibraltar, was elevated to the 
 Peerage, under the title of Barcn Heathfield, with a pension annexed, of 
 equal amount to that conferred upon Sir George Rodney. 
 
 GILDING, with leaf gold, art of invented 1273 
 
 The art of gilding with leaf gold, on bol ammoniac, was invented by Maigaritone, 
 1273;' on wood, in 16S0. 
 
 GIN-SHOPS in London amounted to 7000, in 1735 
 
 The Gin Act, for the regulation of Gin-Shops, passed in 1737, 
 
 GLASTONBURY. 
 
 By the ruins, there appears to have been the most magnificent abhey in the 
 world, and the Abbot lived in almost as much state as the royal donors, with 
 an income of £40,000. a vear; and a vast tract of rich land, which he could 
 see from the Tor, in his own possession, exclusive of seven deer parks, 
 belonging to this abley, which is walled round a mile in compass, and was 
 rated in the Kind's book at £700. a year, more than the Archbishop of 
 Canterbury, and £2000. a year more than the Bishopric of Durham. The 
 Abbot bad the title of Loid, and sat among' the barons in Parliament. (See 
 Abbots of Glastoneury, No. 1.) The Tor, so called, from the tower 
 which stands on it, was a hill so high, that it proved an excellent sea-mark. 
 King Edgar, and many other Saxon kings were interred in its abbey church, 
 as was also, (in Mr. Camden's opinion), King Arthur. Every cottage has a 
 part of a pillar, a door, or a window, of this fabric, of which there still 
 remained (1814) the ruins of the choir, the middle tower, and chapels. 
 There is nothing left entire of the Abbott's lodge but the kitchen, which 
 was buiit of stone by one of the Abbots, without any combustible material. 
 The walls that remain of the abbey are overgrown with ivy, and the aspect 
 of the whole is both melancholy and venerable. This town, while under the 
 protection of its Abbots, was a parliamentary borough, but it lost that and 
 its privilege of a Coiporation, the latter of which was, however, restored by 
 Queen Anne, who granted it a new Charter for a Mayor and burgesses. The 
 George Inn, was at that time called the Abbott's Inn, because it was a recep- 
 tacle for the strollers that came in pilgrimage to the abbey. A little distance 
 from the old church, and facing the monk's church-yard are two remarkable 
 pyramids, with inscriptions that aie in characters unintelligible, and an 
 image in Bishop's vestments. 
 
 GLASS-TAX established 1746 
 
 The art of making glass was known to the Romans before the year 79; to the 
 Chinese aboit 200. It was introduced into England by Benedict, a monk, 
 674; glass windows began to be used in privale houses in England, 1180; 
 glass bottles, and vessels, made in England in 1557; the first plate glass for 
 looking glasses, and coach windows, made at Lambeth, 1673; in Lancashire, 
 
 1773. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 63 
 
 GLASSES, MUSICAL. 
 
 Musical Glasses are of German origin, and revived by Dr. Franklin, 1760. They 
 were brought to a higher state of exquisiteness by the Cartwrights, in Eng- 
 land, 1799. 
 
 GLENCOE,. massacre of the Inhabitants at 1691 
 
 King William having published a Proclamation, inviting the Highlanders, who 
 had been in arms for king James If,.to accept a general a nesty before the 
 first of January, on pain of military execution after that period, Alexander 
 Macdonald, laird of Glencoe, went accordingly to Fort William, on the very 
 last day of December, and offered to surrender to the Governor, who in- 
 formed him, that he must apply to a Civil Magistrate. Upon which he 
 repaired with all possible expedition to Inverary, the county town and sur- 
 render himself to the Sheriff, the time prescribed by the Proclamation being 
 then expired one day. The Sheriff, however, in consideration of his having 
 offered to surrender to the Governor of Fort William before the time had 
 expired, accented his submission; and Macdonald, having taken the oaths, 
 returned to Glencoe, in full confidence of security and protection. Notwith- 
 standing which, on the 13th of February following, this dreadful catastrophe 
 took place. According to Smollett (see Continuation, vol. i. page 156), the 
 Earl of Breadalbane, from motives of personal enmity to Macdonald, had 
 concealed the circumstance of the surrender from the ministry; and an order 
 for the military execution, signed bv king William, was transmitted to the 
 Secretary of State for Scotland, and but too fatally obeyed. 
 
 GLENCHIL, Rebels defeated 1719 
 
 GOODWIN SANDS, The first overflowed in 1100 
 
 GOLD MINES, discovered in 1492 
 
 Gold mines were discovered by the Spaniards in America, in 1492, from which 
 time, to 1731, they imported from thence into Europe above 6000 millions 
 of pieces of Eight, in regisrered gold and silver, exclusive of what were un- 
 registered. 
 
 GOLD discovered in Malacca, October 27, 1 731 
 
 In New Andalusia, 1785; in Ireland, in the mountain called Craghawn, in 
 Wickiow, September, 1795. 
 
 GOLD-DUST ROBBERY, The extraordinary, June 1839 
 
 Lewin Caspar, Ellis Caspar, Emanuel Moses, (alias Money Moses,) and his 
 daughter, Alice Abrahams, the individuals charged in the above robbery, 
 were brought up to receive sentence at the February Sessions at the Old 
 Bailey, before Mr. Justice Williams, when Ellis Caspar and Emanuel Moses, 
 were sentenced to be transported beyond the seas for the term of fourteen 
 years, the sentence to take place from the date of conviction ; and Alice 
 Abrahams, to be imprisoned four Calendar months, from the time of passing 
 the sentence. At the conclusion of the sentence, the Counsel for the prose- 
 cution, (Mr. Clarkson), applied for an order of detention against Lewin 
 Caspar, two indictments being still pending against him. It was then 
 arranged that the prisoner, Lewin Caspar, should be detained till five o'clock 
 on the following day, when the Judges decided that the charge of being an 
 accessory before the fact, could not be sustained At the Old Bailey 
 Sessions for March, (1840), he was indicted f r larcenv, in aiding and assist- 
 ing Moss in the commission of the above robberv. The trial did not termi- 
 nate until after nine o'clock at night, when the Jury returned a verdict of 
 " Guilty," and the Court sentenced him to be transported for seven years. 
 
64 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 GOLDEN ISLAND, attempt to settle a Colony at, by the 
 
 Scotch, in 1698 
 
 In 1698, in the reign of king William III. a colony of the Scots nation attempted 
 to settle, but finding it barren, they possessed themselves of an isthmus 
 on the opposite shore of the continent so strong, that they could not have 
 been dispossessed by the Spaniards, had not the English ministry, at that 
 time, contributed to their calamities. 
 
 GOTHEBORG, or GOTTENBURG, attack made upon by 
 
 the Danes 1788 
 
 The fortifications of this town are so weak, that the Danes, who attacked the 
 Swedes in 1788, under the pretence of an alliance with Russia, must have 
 taken it, with the king of Sweden in person, but for the interference of Mr. 
 Elliot, the British Minister, under whose mediation an armistice, and after- 
 ward a convention, were concluded between the two contending powers. 
 
 GOUDHURST, Church of, severely damaged 1637 
 
 The Church of Goudhurst, in the county of Kent, was so severely injured by a 
 storm of thunder and lightning, in August, 1637, that its tall steeple was 
 obliged to be pulled down. 
 
 GRANADA, or GRENADA. 
 
 The whole Exports of Granada, in 1770, were more than £506,000. sterling. 
 Before the year 1763, this was a neutral island, when the English became 
 possessed of it by the peace. In 1771, this island received a very consider- 
 able loss by a fire at St. George's town, the capital of the island, which it had 
 scarcely recovered before another happened, November 1, 1775, which burnt 
 down the whole town, and the loss was estimated at above £500,000. In 
 1779, the island was taken by the French, under Count d'Estaing, but 
 restored to Great Britain at the Peace. This island also suffered greatly in 
 1795 from the French, and revolted negroes ; many fine plantations were 
 destroyed, and some of the principal inhabitants cruelly massacred. 
 
 GRANADILLOS, (Carabee Islands), ceded to the English, 
 
 by the Peace in 1763 
 
 GRAPES, cultivated in Flanders 1276 
 
 Brought to England, and planted at Blackhall, Suffolk, 1552. 
 
 GRAVELINES, demolished by the English 1384 
 
 Gravelines was fortified by the Emperor Charles V. 1528. The French were 
 defeated near this place, by the Spaniards, 1558. Taken by the French, 1644. 
 By the Austrians, 1652; and re-taken by the former, in 1658, who were 
 confirmed in the possession of it by the Peace of the Pyrenees. It was 
 entirely laid in ashes in 1694. 
 
 GR AVESEND, the Town of, burnt down in 1 727 
 
 The fair of, for one week, from October 23, was granted by king Edward III. 
 In the reign of Richard II. the French and Spaniards came up the Thames, 
 burnt and plundered it, and carried away most of the people. To compen- 
 sate the town for this loss, it obtained, that the inhabitants of this place 
 and Milton should have the sole privilege of carrying passengers from hence 
 to London by water at 4*. the whole fare, or 2d. a head, which was con- 
 firmed by Henry VIII. who also raised two platforms here and at Milton. 
 Coaches ply here at the landing of people from London, &c. to carry them to 
 Rochester. All outward-bound ships are obliged to anchor in this road till 
 
TEI'E NT'EVV TABLET OF MEM'ORY. 65 
 
 tliey have' been visited by the Custom House Officers, Upon the burning of 
 the town, £5000. was granted by Parliament in 1-73-1 for re-building its 
 church. 
 
 GREEK introduced into England in . . . 1491 
 
 GREEK CHURCH, St. Giles', erected in 1677 
 
 This Church, (or Chapel) formerly stood in Crown-street, St. Giles', (at that 
 time named Hog-lane), leading from Tottenham Court-road, to the Seven 
 Dials. 
 
 From a Greek inscription over the west door, engraved on a stone slab, in 
 five lines, we are informed, (from the translation) that 
 
 " In the year of salvation, 1677, this temple was erected by the Greeks, 
 in the reign of the Most Serene Charles the Second, and when the Lord 
 James was Prince and Royal Duke, and the most Rev. Lord Henry Compton, 
 High Priest (Bishop of London) at the expense of the above-mentioned, and 
 of other the High Priest and Nobles, and with the concurrence of our humi- 
 lity,' Samuel' Me son of* * * * of the island of Melos." 
 
 It is generally known that all this quarter of the town was built in the 
 reign of King Charles II. ; and Soho-square, is stated by Maitland and StJow 
 to have been originally named King-square, although it is now called Sbhb- 
 square; and we doubt not, but that Greek-street derived its name from its 
 contiguity to the Greek Church. It is supposed, from the diminution of the 
 Greek people residing in London, that they were not sufficient in number to 
 form a Congregation; for, in 17-58, the Church was transferred to the French 
 refugee Protestants, who at this time resided in this quarter, but who 
 attended Divine worship at the Chapel in Spring Gardens. 
 
 The Greek Church, with its dependencies the alms-houses, was, not long 
 since, in the possession of St. Martin's-in-the-Fields ; but it has since been 
 sold, and the poor who ocoupied those alms-houses, are now removed to the 
 country establishment of that parish. 
 
 GREEN", Saxon, invented ...........: 1744 
 
 GREEN DYE for Cottoil invented 1777 
 
 The inventor was Dr. R. Williams. 
 
 GREENLAND, (WEST) discovered 1585 
 
 Called by Forbisher, or rather Queen Elizabeth, Meta Incognita. It was first 
 discovered'by one John Davis, an Englishman, in 1585, from whom the strait 
 between the N. continent of America and Greenland takes its name. The 
 most southerly point of land is Cape Farewell. The inhabitants of this 
 country 1 are barbarous, and live in Winter about' eight families together, in a 
 very dirty manner, in narrow 5 low huts arid caves: their summer habita- 
 tions are slight tents, made of sea dog's skins. Here the Danes, who claim 
 the- sovereignty of the country, have a few colonies, and have sent Mission- 
 aries thither, with some success; the most remarkaTJle of these was Mr. 
 Paul Egecle, who went first among them in 1723, and has published a 
 Greenland Dictionary, in Danish and Latin, and besides other small pieces 
 for the instruction of the Greenlanders, has also translated the Four Evan- 
 gelists into their language, and printed them at Copenhagen. The fishery is 
 the only valuable thing about Greenland. 
 
 GREGORIAN CALENDAR, The, used in 1582 
 
 The Gregorian Calendar Was , first used' in the Catholic States of Europe, 1582; 
 in most of the others, 1710 ; in England and in Sweden, 1752. 
 
 No. 9- ^ 
 
(J6 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 GREY, EARL, invested with the Blue Ribbon of the Order 
 
 of the Garter, May 27 1831 
 
 Earl Grey was invested by His Majesty, (William IV.) with the Blue Ribbon of 
 the Order of the Garter, at a Chapter of the Order, held for that purpose at 
 St. James's. 
 
 GRIFFITH JENKINS ESTATE, (The) alleged Sale of 1807 
 
 The alleged purchase of the Griffith Jenkins Estate by Mr. Serjeant Wilde, and 
 which led to his having been excluded from the Mess of the Western 
 Circuit, took place in 1807. Lord Grey declined to give him the Solicitor 
 Generalship on these grounds. A decision of the Vice-Chancellor declared 
 the purchase to have been a fraudulent one. 
 
 GRIST MILLS invented in Ireland 214 
 
 GRODNO, appointed time of Diets to be held at, 1673 
 
 In this year it was ordered that every third Diet should be holden here, at which 
 time 400 ducats are usually paid for four apartments in a house for six 
 weeks only. In 1753, almost the whole town was burnt down. 
 
 GROSVENOR SQUARE, the centre house of, raffled for, 
 
 June 10, 1739 
 
 The above premises were raffled for by Guinea Tickets, valued at £10,000. 
 
 GROSVENOR BRIDGE, over the Dee, opened, Octo- 
 ber 17, 1832 
 
 The Grosvenor Bridge, over the Dee, formally opened by the Princess (now 
 Queen) Victoria, then on a visit to Eaton Hall, the seat of the Grosvenor 
 family. Not thrown open to the public generally till New Year's Day, 1834. 
 First stone laid October I, 1827. Total cost of, £49,900. Largest arch 
 200 feet span; rise forty-two feet ; form circular. Architect, Mr. Hartley. 
 Contractor, Mr. James Trubshaw. 
 
 GUADALOUPE, the French began to send Colonies to the 
 
 Island of. 1632 
 
 Since that time they have been continually improving and fortifying it, and yet it 
 was taken by the English in 1759, who found it extremely pleasant and 
 fertile; but it was restored to the French by the Treaty of Peace in 1763. 
 The most remarkable curiosity in Guadaloupe is the burning mountain, 
 called by the French " la Souffriere j " it is seated in the South part of Ca- 
 besterre ; and that called the Piton, or Pike, which is elevated above the 
 rest of the mountains, is twenty-four yards high, and 160 in circumference. 
 It consists of a heap of large white calcined stones, and on the top there is 
 a mouth of about thirty-six yards in diameter; the edges are covered with 
 large stones, mixed with ashes and pieces of sulphur, and there proceeds 
 from it, from time to time, clouds of black thick, sulphureous smoke, mixed 
 •with sparks of fire. Besides this, there are other places which continually 
 emit smoke with sparks of fire, which do not prevent the air from being very 
 cold. The negroes often go in quest of the sulphur, which they purify and 
 sell. 
 
 GUALDA, a small town in Italy, almost entirely destroyed 
 
 by an Earthquake , 1751 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 67 
 
 GUANIHANI, or ST. SALVADOR, now (CATTIS- 
 LAND. 
 
 It was the first land Columbus discovered on the 14th of October, 1492, whence 
 he called it St. Salvador, his crew having given themselves over for lost in 
 an immense ocean, till they saw this island. 
 
 GUARDS for the King's person instituted in 1486 
 
 Had their pay advanced in April, 1737. 
 
 GUILLOTINE, The, first used in France 1792 
 
 It was known in Italy in the 16th century. 
 
 GUILDHALL, Grand Dinner given at, July 9, 1814 
 
 This Dinner was given by the Corporation of London, to His Grace the Duke of 
 Wellington. 
 
 GUILDHALL, magnificent Dinner given at, on the passing 
 
 of the Reform Bill, July 11 1832 
 
 This splendid banquet was also given by the Corporation of London, to Lords 
 Grey and Brougham, on presenting them with the Freedom of the City, and 
 at which were present His Majesty's Ministers, and several other persons of 
 distinction, in celebration of the passing of the Reform Bill, July 11, 1832. 
 
 GUINEA. 
 
 The first slave trade on this coast by the English, was opened by John Hawkins, 
 assisted by a subscripton of sundry English gentlemen ; he sailed from Eng- 
 land with three ships, purchased negroes, sold them at Hispaniola, and re- 
 turned home richly laden with hides, sugar, and ginger, 5th Elizabeth, 1563. 
 It was first carried on by the Spaniards, at the suggestion of Bartholomew de 
 las Casas, as a substitute for the Indians who had hitherto been used for 
 working the mines. 
 
 GUISE, in Picardy, the last siege of, in 1650 
 
 The town of Guise had in its time sustained several sieges. The last was by 
 the Archduke Leopold. 
 
 GULLY, Mr. Action against, March 28, 1834 
 
 An action was brought at York, against Mr. Gully, the Member of Parliament, 
 by a Mr. Ridsdale, for an assault. The Jury returned a verdict for the 
 Plaintiff — Damages £500. 
 
 GUN-POWDER PLOT discovered, November 5, 1 605 
 
 GUNPOWDER invented by Schwartz, a German 1330 
 
 Made in England, 1413} used in Spain, 1344; mercurial gunpowder, invented 
 by A.J. Forsyth, a Scots Clergyman. 
 
 GUNS, great, invented 1330 
 
 Used by the Moors at the siege of Algesiras, 1344: at the battle of Cressy, 1346, 
 when Edward III. had four pieces of cannon, which gained him the battle : 
 they were also used at the siege of Calais, in 1347 : in Denmark, 1354; at 
 sea, by Venice against Genoa, 1377: used in Scotland, 1400: by the Eng- 
 lish against Berwick, 1405: used in Spain, 1406: used by the Russians, 
 against Felling, in Livonia, 1482: by the Swedes, 1495 : made in England 
 of iron, 1547: of brass, 1635: invented to shoot whales, 1735. Firing with 
 locks was first practised by Admiral Sir Charles Douglas, Bart. 
 
DO THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 GWALXQB, the fortress of, taken 1 780 
 
 The ancient and celebrated fortress of Hindostan Proper, is in the province of 
 Gohud, It stands on a vast rock, about four miles in length, but narrow 
 and of unequal breadth, and nearly flat on the top. The sides are so steep 
 as to appear almost perpendicular in every part : for where it was not natu- 
 rally so, it has been scraped away ; and the height from the plain below is 
 from 200 to 300 feet. The rampart; conforms to the edge of the precipice all 
 round; and the only entrance is by steps running up the side of the rock, 
 defended on the side next the country by a wall and bastions. The area 
 within is full of noble buildings, reservoirs of water, wells, and cultivated 
 "land, so that it is a little district within itself. In a word, this place is con- 
 sidered as the Gibraltar of the East. It was taken, however, by Major 
 Popham, who performed this exploit by an unexpected nocturnal escalade. 
 
 GYULA, a town in Hungary Proper, taken by the Turks ... 1566 
 
 Gyula was formerly fortified, but being taken by the Turks, at the above date, is 
 now dismantled. 
 
 HABEAS CORPUS ACT passed : 1641 
 
 .The suspension of this Act has taken place on different occasions. — Suspended 
 May 27, 1679; again 1715, for six months ; 1716, for six months ; J722, for 
 twelve months; 1744, for six months ; 1779, for six months ; 1794, 1795, 
 1798, 1799, and 1800, for nine months; 1801, six weeks; in 1808, in con- 
 sequence of the Piebellion j again suspended, on account of the Report of 
 the Green Bag Committee, March 3, 1817 ; the suspension to continue till 
 July 1 ; was renewed a few days previous to the expiration of that period. 
 Writs of, made issuable in vacations, and returnable immediately, 1814. 
 
 HADDINGTON, great inundation at, October 4 1775 
 
 Inundations from the river Tyne, on which the town is situated, are frequent, and 
 sometimes very destructive: particularly that above dated, when it suddenly 
 rose fifteen feet above the common run of the river, overflowed the whole East 
 end of the town, did a great deal of damage to the neighbouring country, and 
 ■would have spread its destructive consequences still farther, had it not been 
 for some high dykes, which obstructed its course a little below the -town, 
 giving way. 
 
 HAIR POWDER, the taxing of, began 1795 
 
 The origin of wearing powder in the hair, in England, took its rise from some of 
 the ballad singers at the Fair of St. Germain whitening their heads, to make 
 them look ridiculous. It was introduced in this country, 1614. Tax on, of 
 one guinea took place, May 5, 1795. 
 
 HAMMERSMITH GHOST, the affair of the 1804 
 
 The particulars of ^his tragical event are as follow : — The inhabitants of the 
 neighbourhood of Hammersmith had been for some days in a state of alarm, 
 arising from the report that a ghost had been seen, which report so intimi- 
 dated the residents of the place, that few would venture out of their houses 
 after dusk, unless upon urgent business. A young man, however, who 
 possessed more courage than the rest of his neighbours, determined to watch 
 the proceedings of this visitant of the other world : he accordingly placed 
 himself in a secluded spot, armed with a gun, and as near the spot as possi- 
 ble to where the ghost had been seen. He had not remained long in his 
 hiding-place, when he heard the sound of footsteps advancing, and immedi- 
 ately challenged the supposed spirit : but not receiving any answer, he fired 
 at the object. A deep groan was heard, and upon a light being procured, 
 it was discovered that a" poor bricklayer, who passed that way from his work 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. G9 
 
 on that evening rather later than usual, and who having on a new flannel 
 jacket, was the innocent cause of this unfortunate occurrence. The young 
 man was tried for murder, and acquitted. 
 
 HANOVERIAN TROOPS, arrival of in England 1756 
 
 At this time a scarcity next to a famine raged in England : and the Hessian 
 troops, who with the Hanoverians, had been sent to defend the kingdom 
 from an invasion intended by the French, remained still in England. So 
 many difficulties concurring, in 1758- a treaty of mutual defence was agreed 
 to between His Majesty and the king of Prussia ; in consequence of which, 
 the British. Parliament voted £670,000. to His Prussian Majesty; and also 
 voted large sums, amounting in the whole to near two millions a year for the 
 payment of 50,000 of the troops of Hanover, Hesse Cassel, Saxe Gotha, 
 Wolfenbuttel, and Buckeburg. This Treaty, which proved afterwards so 
 burdensome to England, was intended to unite the Protestant interest in 
 Germany. George II. with the consent of His Prussian Majesty, pretending 
 that the French had violated the Convention concluded between them and 
 the Duke of Cumberland at Closterseven, ordered his Hanoverian subjects 
 to resume their arms under Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick, a Prussian 
 general, who instantly drove them out of Hanover ; and the Duke of Marl- 
 borough, after the English had repeatedly insulted the French coasts, by 
 destroying their stores and shipping at St. Maloes and Cherbourg, marched 
 into Germany, andjoined Prince Ferdinand with 12,000 British troops, which 
 were afterwards increased to 25,000. A sharp war ensued. The English 
 every where performed wonders, and, according to the accounts in the 
 London Gazette, they were every where victorious^ but nothing decisive 
 followed, and the enemy opened every campaign with advantage. 
 
 HARLOTS, a Statute passed to compel them to wear a 
 
 Livery 1355 
 
 They were obliged to wear striped hoods of party colours, and their garments the 
 wrong side outward: — 27th Edward III. 
 
 HAT-TAX commenced, October 1 , 1784 
 
 Stamps for ditto, 1796. Repealed in 1811. 
 
 H AWKERS and PEDLARS licensed, June 24, 1697 
 
 Restrained, 1785. New Act for, in 1810. 
 
 HEARTH, or CHIMNEY MONEY, oppressive Tax of, 
 
 pased 1662 
 
 By this arbitrary measure, a tax of 2s. per annum was laid on every file place, or 
 hearth, throughout England, 12th Charles II. 1662. It was abolished by 
 William and Mary, 1689. 
 
 HEGIR A, i. e. THE FLIGHT OF MAHOMET 622 
 
 In Chronology, a celebrated epocha, from whence the Mahometans compute their 
 time ; which took its origin from Mahomet's flight from Mecca, on the even- 
 of the 15th. or 16th of Jr.ly, AD. 622, in the reign of Heraclius, being 
 driven from thence by the Magistrates for fear his imposture should occasion 
 sedition. As the years of the Hegira consist of only 354 days, they are 
 reduced to the Julian Calendar, by multiplying the year of the Hegira by 
 354, dividing the product by 365, subtracting the intercalary days, or as 
 many times as there are four years in the quotient, and adding 622 to the 
 remainder. 
 
70 - THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 HEIDELBURG, city of sacked and plundered by the 
 
 French 1683 
 
 In 1692, they almost entirely destroyed it, not sparing even the Electoral burial 
 place, many of the dead bodies being thrown about the streets, merely 
 because some had concealed themselves in vaults, obliging the inhabitants to 
 seek their safety in foreign countries : many of them came into England, and 
 were transported to our American colonies. The famous tun of Heidelburg 
 was repaired in the year 1727, and is generally full of the best Rhenish Wine, 
 and is said to contain 204 tons of liquor. The head of this cask is flat, and 
 surrounded with rails, so that several persons may walk about, or have an 
 entertainment upon it. This huge cask was made in the year 1G64, by order 
 of the Elector Charles Lewis. 
 
 HELENA, ST. the Island of, discovered 1502 
 
 This small rocky spot, in the midst of the Atlantic Ocean, is about twenty miles 
 in circumference. Mr. Forster tells us, that, " Having travelled about half 
 a mile from the town into the country, he was transported with one of the 
 finest prospects he had ever seen, consisting of several little hills, covered 
 with rich verdure, and interspersed with fertile vallies, which contained 
 gardens, orchards, and various plantations : that many pastures were filled 
 with cattle: that every valley was watered by a rivulet: that the soil was in 
 general rich mould, from six to ten inches deep, clothed with a variety of 
 plants and shrubs, and, in the Governor's garden, there were a profusion of 
 roses and lilies : several walks of peach trees, loaded with fruit, and which 
 had a peculiar rich flavour, different from that of our peaches. Other Euro- 
 pean fruit trees throve bi*t indifferently, never bearing fruit. Vines had 
 been planted several times, but had not succeeded, on account of the 
 climate: and that the barley, and other kinds of corn, are frequently de- 
 voured by rats, which are immensely numerous. The number of inhabitants 
 does not exceed 2000, including soldiers and 600 slaves, who are supplied 
 with all sorts of manufactures and other necessaries." This island 
 is rendered famous by being the place chosen by the Allied Sovereigns for 
 the exile of Bonaparte. It came into the possession of the English in 1672, 
 soon after its capture from the Dutch by Admiral Munden, when it was 
 granted by Charles II. to the East India Company, to whom it is invaluable 
 as a place for their fleet to supply themselves with fresh water. 
 
 HELIER, ST. 
 
 It took its name from Elerius, or Helier, a holy man, who lived in this island 
 many centuries ago, and was slain by the Pagan Normans, at their coming 
 there. He is mentioned among the martyrs in the Martyrology of Coutances. 
 His little cell, with the stone bed, is still shown among the rocks : and, in 
 memory of him, a noble abbey was founded in this island. On the site of 
 this abbey, now stands Elizabeth castle, a very large and strong fortification. 
 It is the residence of the Governor and garrison of St. Helier, and occupies 
 the whole island, which is near a mile in circuit, and surrounded by the sea 
 at every half flood: and hence, at low water, is a passage to the town of 
 St. Helier, called the Bridge, half a mile long, and formed of sand and 
 stones. 
 
 HENRY WILLIAM, (Duke of Clarence.) 
 
 William Henry, Duke of Clarence, third son of George III. was the first Prince 
 of the Blood Royal that ever landed in North America, 1781: or Ireland, 
 1788. 
 
 HENRY II. held the stirrup to Pope Alexander, to mount 
 
 his horse 1 161 
 
 Henry also did the same to Becket, 1170. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 71 
 
 HEPTARCHY of England began , 454 
 
 Ended in 824. 
 
 HERALDRY, had its rise in 1100 
 
 Heraldic lines for colours in coats of arms invented in 1639. 
 
 HERCULANEUM, the ancient city of, buried in the lava 
 
 of an Eruption of Mount Vesuvius 79 
 
 It was discovered by a peasant in 1730, of whom the prince d'Elbceuf purchased 
 a right to Search for the Curiosities : he was' stopt by Government, but the 
 researches were renewed in 1736, by Don Carlos, on his becoming king of 
 Naples. The Manuscripts found there, which had not been burnt, were 
 unfolded by father Anthony Piaggi. 
 
 HERETICS, (the burning of) forbidden by Parliament 1677 
 
 Thirty of them came from Germany to England, to propagate their opinions, and 
 were branded in the forehead, whipt, and thrust naked in the streets in the 
 middle of winter, when none daring to relieve them, they died of hunger and 
 cold, 1160. 
 
 HERITABLE JURISDICTIONS in Scotland abolished,... 1747 
 
 They were valued at £164,232. 16*. 
 
 HERRING FISHERY, first practised by the Hollanders 
 
 in ; 1164 
 
 HERRING-PICKLING invented 1397 
 
 W. Boekel was the inventor. 
 
 HEXHAM, Northumberland, Monastery founded at, in ... 1112 
 
 The liberties were so large that they procured it the name of a shire: and by Act 
 of Parliament in the reign of Henry VIII. it was of itself made a county 
 Palatine. It also was the See of a Bishop in 674, but the diocese was so 
 harassed and ruined by the Danes, that no man could be found to accept of 
 the Bishopric, and it was in consequence united to Lindisfarn i» 883. The 
 town and priory were destroyed by the Scots in 1296, and pillaged again in 
 1346. 
 
 HIERES, the French and Spanish Fleets blocked up in the 
 
 bay of, by the English 1744 
 
 Upon the latter quitting the harbour, they were engaged by Admiral Matthews, 
 before whom the combined fleet fled to the coast of Spain, and would proba- 
 bly have been entirely destroyed or taken, had he not been deserted by 
 Lestock, his Vice-Admiral, and several of his Captains, though some of that 
 squadron came into the engagement, particularly the Marlborough, com- 
 manded by the brave Captain Cornwall, who was killed in the engagement, 
 and in memory of his gallant behaviour, the British Senate, of which he 
 was a member, unanimously voted a very magnificent monument to be 
 erected at the public expense in Westminster Abbey. 
 
 HIGHGATE. 
 
 It has its name from its high situation on the top of a hill, and a gate erected 
 there about 400 years ago, to receive toll for the Bishop of London, when the 
 old miry road from Gray's Inn-lane to Barnet was turned through the 
 Bishop's Park, which gate is now removed. This toll was farmed by Queen 
 Elizabeth at £40. a year. Some of the public houses there have, (or lately 
 
72 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 HIGHGATE (continued.) 
 
 had) a large pair of horns placed on the sign, and when the country people 
 stop for refreshment, a pair of large horns, fixed to the end of a staff, is 
 brought to them, and they are pressed to be sworn. If they consent, a kind 
 of burlesque oath is administered, that they ivill never eat brown bread, 
 when they can get white, and other things, which are altered according to 
 the sexes, and which they repeat after the person who brings the horns: 
 being allowed, however, to add to each article the words, — " except I like 
 the other better." The whole being finished, they must kiss the horns, and 
 pay a shilling for the oath. 
 
 HIGHLAND DRESS, The, prohibited in Scotland by Law, 
 
 Angus t 1 746 
 
 It was restored in 1782. 
 
 HIGH TREASON ACT, The, passed 1696 
 
 It was improved in 1795. 
 
 HINDOOSTAN, or INDIA, invaded 1398 
 
 The name India, by which this country, as far as it was known, is distinguished 
 in the earliest Greek histories, appears to be derived from Hind, the name 
 given to it by the ancient Persians, through whom, doubtless, the knowledge 
 of the country was transmitted to the Greeks. The word- Hindoostan is, 
 indeed, entirely of Persian origin, compounded of Stan, a region, and Hind, 
 or Hindoo. From a pure Hindoo government, it became at last a Maho- 
 metan state, and continued to be so, under various dynasties, till the 
 beginning of this century. The first irruption of the Mahometans was in 
 the year 1000. From this period, it is to be observed, that the provinces 
 of Hindoostan were held rather as tributary kingdoms, than as provinces of 
 the same empire: and that the conquest of theDeccan, in particular, was for 
 age's an object of considerable importance to the Emperors. In 1398, the 
 Mogul Tartars, under the conduct of Timur, or Tamerlane, invaded Hin- 
 doostan : but the conquest was not effected'till 1525, by Sultan Baber, one of 
 his descendants, who from this circumstance, was, in reality, the founder of 
 the Mogul dynasty: and hence Hindoostan has been- called the Mogul 
 Empire, and its chief, the Great Mogul. The illustrious Acbar, his son, 
 failed in. his attack upon the Deccau : an attempt, in which many- of his' 
 successors were equally unfortunate, and which tended, in the sequel, to the 
 decline and dissolution of the Empire. In If) 15, the Emperor Jehanguire,. 
 hisfs'on, received Sir Thomas Roe, as the first English Ambassador: and the 
 Portuguese had, by this time, acquired considerable settlements in Bengal 
 and Guzerat. In the reign of his grandson Aurungzebe, which lasted from 
 1660 to 1707, the Empire attained its full extent. His authority reached 
 from 10 to 35 latitude and nearly as much in longitude, and his revenue ex- 
 ceeded £32, 000, 000. sterling, in a country where the productions of the earth 
 are four times as cheap as in England. But, in the course of 5"0 yearsafter 
 his death; a succession of weak princes and wicked ministers reduced this 
 astonishing empire to nothing. Bloody contests for the empire ensued on 
 the death of Aurungzebe, 11 years after which five princes of the line, who 
 had' mounted the throne, were deposed and murdered; and the deo-iaded 
 state of the imperial authority had introduced a disposition in all the governors 
 of the provinces to shake off their dependance on the head of the empire. In 
 a word, instead of finding the emperors attempting now the conquest of the 
 Deccan, we perceive their- empire attacked by the powerful Nizam of that 
 country, by whose contrivance Nadah Shah, the Persian usurper, invaded 
 Hindoostan in 1738. The weak emperbr, Mahomed Shah, threw himself on 1 
 the clemeneyjof the invader^ who entered Delhi,' and demanded £30,000,000. 
 sterling, by way of ransrjm. Tumults, massacres, and famine, were the 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. <0 
 
 HINDOOSTAN, or INDIA, invaded, (continued.) 1398 
 
 result: 100,000 of the inhabitants were massacred, and sixty-two millions of 
 plunder said to be collected. He evacuated Delhi, however, and left the 
 Nizam in possession of the whole remaining power of the empire, which he 
 sacrificed to his own views in the Deccan, where he established an inde- 
 pendent kingdom. Mahomed Shah died in 1747, having seen the Carnatic 
 and Bengal become likewise independent, under their respective nabobs; an 
 independent state too, formed by the Rohillas (a_tribe from the mountains 
 between India and Persia) on the east of the Ganges, within 80 miles of the 
 Delhi; and the kingdom of Candahar, erected by Abdalla, one of the gene- 
 rals of Nadir Shah. Ahmed Shah, the son of Mahomed, succeeded; in whose 
 rei^n the entire division of the empire took place ; nothing remaining to the 
 house of Tamerlane but a small territory round Delhi, with the city itself 
 (no longer a capital) exposed to depredations, massacres, &c. The last 
 imperial army was defeated by the Rohillas in 1749. Oude was seized by 
 the grandfather of the Nabob. The Mogul empire was now become merely 
 nominal, being regarded as of no political consequence, otherwise than as to 
 the names and persons of its Emperors. The name and person of each Em- 
 peror was of use so far, as being venerated by the bulk of the people of 
 Hindoostan, which is evident, from the application made for grants of terri- 
 tory, forcibly obtained by the grantee, but which required the sanction of the 
 Lord Paramount, to reconcile the transaction to the popular opinion. Ahmed 
 was deposed in 1753, as was his successor, and murdered, in 1760. Pie was 
 succeeded by his son, Shah Aulum, who was alternately dependent on the 
 contending powers, and more particularly upon the English, who obtained 
 from him a grant of the provinces of Bengal, Bahar, and Orissa, with the 
 Northern Circars. He was long a state prisoner ; living on the produce of a 
 small domain, allowed out of veneration to his ancestors, and the use of his 
 name. He was dethroned and blinded by the Rohillas; who being defeated 
 byMadajee Sindia, his son, a Mahratta chief, succeeded him, and lived in the 
 same deplorable state. After this, Hindoostan consisted but of six principal 
 states, which hold as tributary, numerous inferior states. These sis princi- 
 pal states are, the British ; the Poonah Mahrattas ; the Berar Mahrattas ; 
 Nizam Ally, Soubah of the Deccan ; Mysore, or the dominions of Tippoo 
 Sultan 5 and the Seiks. The British possessions are, Bengal, the greater 
 part of Bahar, part of Allahabad, part of Orissa, the northern Circars, the 
 Jaohire in the Carnatic, Baramahal Dindigul, and some considerable coun- 
 tries to the North and South of Calicut, on the coast of Malabar, with 
 Bombay, and the island of Salsette. The allies of the British, who may be 
 considered as dependent on them, are the Nabob of Oude : the Nabob of the 
 Carnatic, including Tanjore, Madura, Tinevelley, and Marrawars: the 
 Rajahs of Travancore : and the territory of Cochin. The Indian territory 
 held by England either in direct subjection, or through the intervention of 
 dependent allies, containing more than 20,000,000 of inhabitants, and yields 
 an annual revenue of £8,000,000. sterling. Exclusive of the Europeans, 
 the inhabitants of Hindoostan are computed at 10,009,000 Mahometans, and 
 100,000,000 Hindoos. The Hindoos are divided into tribes or casts, the 
 four principal of which are, the Bramins, Soldiers, labourers, and Mechanics : 
 and are subdivided into a multiplicity of inferior distinctions. There are 
 Bramins of various degrees of excellence, who have the care of religion 
 allotted to them. The Bramins vary much in their pursuits, and in their 
 degrees of knowledge : acknowledge the errors that have crept into their 
 religion, and own one Supreme Being : but laugh at the idolatry of the 
 multitude, and insist upon the necessity of working upou the weaknesses of 
 the vulgar. The generality of the Bramins are as ignorant as the laity: and 
 such as are not engaged in worldly pursuits, are a very innocent people, who 
 promote charity as much as they can, but are very superstitious; those who 
 engage in the world are generally the worst of all the Gentoos ; for, per- 
 suaded that the waters of the Ganges will purify them from their sins, and 
 
 No. 1© L 
 
74 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 HINDOOSTAN, or INDIA, invaded, (continued,) 1398 
 
 being exempt from the titmost rigour of the Courts of Justice (under the 
 Gentoo Governments,) they run into much greater excesses. The soldiers 
 are called Rajah Poots, (descended from the Rajahs.) Fighting is their profes- 
 sion, and they readily enter into the service of any that will pay them, and 
 readily follow the same; but, should their leader fall in battle, they will fly 
 from the field, without any stain on their reputation. The English East 
 India Company have many battalions of them in their service, who are called 
 Sepoys, and are clothed and disciplined in the European manner. The 
 Hellachores, who cannot be called a tribe, being rather the refuse of all 
 tribes, are a set of unhappy wretches, destined to perpetual misery, and 
 who are obliged to perform the vilest offices of life. In such detestation are 
 they held, that, on the Malabar side of Hindoostan, should one of them by 
 chance touch an Hindoo of a superior tribe, the latter would draw his sabre, 
 and cut him down on the spot, without the least compunction, or fear of 
 punishment. 
 
 Previous to closing the detail relating to Hindoostan, we shall advert for 
 a few moments to the dreadful custom which prevailed there, of the self 
 immolation of widows on the death of their husbands : — 
 
 Mr. Holwell says, " I have been present at many of these sacrifices: in 
 1743, I was at one near Cossimbuza, when a widow, about eighteen, with 
 three children, the eldest not four years of age, was strongly urged to live, 
 for the sake of the future care of her infants. Notwithstanding this, and 
 though the agonies of death were described to her in the strongest colours, 
 she put her finger into the fire with a calm and determined countenance, and 
 held it a considerable time. She then, with one hand, put fire into the palm 
 of the other, sprinkled incense on it, and fumigated the Bramins. Being 
 then told that she would not be permitted to burn, she resolutely answered, 
 that death was in her own power, and that if she were not allowed to burn, 
 she would starve herself. Her friends were obliged, at last, to consent to 
 the dreadful sacrifice of this lady, who was of high rank," In 1781, another 
 of these sacrifices took place near Benares, but of an inferior cast. Mr. 
 Hodges, (who witnessed it,) says : — " Repairing to the spot, on the banks 
 of the river, where the ceremony was to take place, I found the body of the 
 man on a bier, covered with linen, already laid at the edge of the river. 
 After waiting a considerable time, the wife appeared, attended by Bramins, 
 and music, with a few relations. The procession was slow and solemn; the 
 victim moved with a firm step, and perfect composure of countenance, ap- 
 proached close to the body, where she halted. She then addressed those 
 near her, without the least change of voice or countenance. In her left hand 
 was a cocoa nut, containing a red mixture, in which she dipped the fore- 
 finger of her right hand, marking those near her to whom she wished to 
 shew any particular mark of regard. She appeared to be about twenty-four 
 years of age; her dress was a loose robe of white flowing drapery, which 
 extended from the head to the feet. The pile was composed of dried branches, 
 leaves, &c, and had a door on one side: by this door stood a man with a 
 lighted brand. From the time the woman appeared, to the conveying of the 
 body to the pile, occupied half an hour, which was spent in prayer with the 
 Bramins, and conversation with her relations ; the body being deposited in 
 the pile, she bowed to all around her. The door was then closed, and the fire 
 put to the combustibles, which were instantly in flames. This part of the 
 ceremony was accompanied with the shouts of the multitude, who had now 
 become numerous, and which seemed a mass of confused rejoicing. In other 
 parts of India, (the Carnatic) the custom is more horrible: having dug a pit, 
 they deposit a quantity of combustible matter, which is set on fire, and the 
 body being let down, the victim throws herself into the flaming mass. In 
 other places, a pile is raised extremely high, and the body, with the wife, is 
 placed upon it, and then the whole is set on fire." In the Code of Gentoo 
 Laws, translated by Mr. Halhead, is the following remarkable passage con- 
 cerning this practice. " It is proper for a woman, after her husband's 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 75 
 
 HINDOOSTAN, or INDIA, invaded, (continued.) 1398 
 
 death, to burn herself in the fire with his corpse. Every woman, who thus 
 burns herself, shall remain in paradise with her husband three crore and fifty- 
 lacks of years, by destiny. If she cannot burn, she must, in that case, 
 preserve an. inviolable chastity: if she remain always chaste, she goes to 
 paradise; and if she do not preserve her chastity, she goes to hell." This 
 Code of Laws, were written in the Sanscrit language, and is very copious. 
 
 On the 1st of July, 1831, a petition from the principal natives of India, 
 was presented by the Marquess of Lansdown to the House of Lords against 
 the practice of burning Widows in India. 
 
 HISPANIOLA, or ST. DOMINGO, discovered in 1492 
 
 One of< the largest Antilles islands, in the West Indies. It partly belonged to 
 the Spaniards, Tmd partly to the French. It was styled by the natives Aitii, 
 and the Spaniards, when Christopher Columbus first discovered it, called it 
 Hispanio'a, or the Spanish island. The city, which he founded in 1494, 
 being dedicated to St. Dominic, the name was first extended to that quarter 
 of the island, and in process of time to the whole : so that it is now generally 
 called in our Charts, &c. St. Domingo. 
 
 In October, 1791, a dreadful calamity befel the French part of this island; 
 an almost general insurrection took place among the negroes, by which, a 
 great number of lives were lost, and nearly 200 sugar plantations burnt. 
 This was accompanied by a Civil War between the republicans and royalists ; 
 the latter called in the English, who took possession of Jeremie and Cape 
 St. Nicholas Mole. In 1795, the Spaniards, in adjusting their disputes with 
 France, surrendered their portion of the island to that country. 
 
 HITH, HIDE, or EAST HITHE. 
 
 In this town were once five parish churches, which are all demolished but one, 
 for the town has at times suffered very great losses. As its first rise was 
 owing to the decay of its neig-hbours, Lyme and West Hith, which were so 
 choaked with sand that their ships came hither, the same fate befel this also, 
 and made it almost useless. In the reign of Henry IV. numbers of its inha- 
 bitants were cut off by a pestilence, 200 of their houses consumed by fire, 
 and five of their ships sunk at sea, with the loss of 100 men; so that the 
 people were going to abandon the town, had not the king by his Charter 
 generously released to them, for five turns next following-, their service of 
 five ships of 100 men and five horse, which they were to have furnished out, 
 and kept at their own charge, in the king's wars, for fifteen days. 
 
 HOLBORN paved 1417 
 
 HOLLAND, (NEW) or BOTANY BAY, Orders in 
 
 Council for making a Settlement there, in 1786 
 
 New Holland, the largest island in the world, and formerly supposed to be part 
 of that imaginary continent called Terra Australis Incognita. Different 
 parts of the country have been called by the names of their discoverers, as 
 "Van Dieman's Land," '"Carpentaria," &c. ; and though the original 
 appellation of the whole was New Holland, it is now applied by Geographers 
 to the North and West parts of the country. The eastern part, called New 
 South Wales, was taken possession of in His Majesty's name (George III.) 
 by Captain Cook, though many other navigators had previously touched 
 here, and to whom this vast tract seems to have been perfectly unknown till 
 that celebrated navigator made his voyages, and by fully exploring that part 
 of the coast, gave his country an undoubted right to the possession of it, 
 which has since been taken, under the name of NEW South Wales, and now 
 forms a part of the British dominions. 
 
76 thh; n^y tablet of memory. 
 
 HOLLAND, (NEW) or BOTANY BAY, &c. (continued) 1786 
 
 On the 6th of December, 1786, Orders were issued by His Majesty in 
 Council for making a Settlement on New Holland, establishing a Court of 
 Judicature in the Colony, and other regulations necessary on the occasion, 
 and the sanction of Parliament was given in 1787- The first squadron 
 appointed consisted 1 of the Serius frigate, Captain Hunter; the Supply armed 
 tender, Lieutenant Ball; three store ships, for carrying provisions and 
 stores for two years ; and lastly, six transports to carry 778 convicts, of 
 which 558 were males, with a detachment of marines in each. On the 18th 
 of January, the supply arrived at Botany Bay, so called, from the great 
 quantity of herbs found on the shore, and which was afterwards changed for 
 Port Jackson, another part of the island, about fifteen miles to the north- 
 ward, as more favourable to a Settlement. Subsequent voyages were made, 
 and there is now a regular Colony, represented to be in a very flourishing 
 state, but after surmounting- great difficulties ; and on the 7th of February, 
 1788, a regular form of government was established on the coast of New 
 South Wales. On the landing of Governor Philips on the shore of Botany 
 Bay, an interview took place with the natives. They were all armed, but on 
 seeing the Governor approach with signs of friendship, alone and unarmed, 
 they readily returned his confidence by laying down their arms. Another 
 Settlement, named Norfolk Island, was founded in October, 1790, and 
 another party sent thither, which consisted of forty-four men, and sixteen 
 women. 
 
 HOLLAND, rising of the People in a body at, No- 
 vember 15, 1813 
 
 The people of Amsterdam rose in a body, proclaiming the House of Orange, and 
 their example was immediately followed by the principal towns of the other 
 provinces. The French authorities were deposed, and a Provisional Govern- 
 ment appointed, who sent off Baron Perponcher and Mr. Fagel to England, 
 to invite home the hereditary Prince of Orange, and solicit assistance.- 
 
 HOLT MINERAL SPRINGS discovered 1728 
 
 HOLY ALLIANCE, The, began June 21 1816 
 
 The Holy Alliance was formed by the Emperors of Russia, Austria, and the king 
 of Prussia, joined by other Sovereigns, by which they bound themselves to 
 be governed by Christian principles in their political transactions : signed at 
 Paris, September 26, 1816. The King of the Netherlands also agreed to 
 the Convention. 
 
 HOLY WATER first used in churches 120 
 
 HOPS, the use of, petitioned against in, 1428 
 
 In this year, the use of Hops was petitioned against as a wicked weed, by Parlia- 
 ment. First used in malt liquors in England, 1525; the duty for those 
 produced in Kent and Sussex, in 1792, yielded £170,000. ; in 1793, £162,112. 
 195. 5d.; in 1794, £190,196.7*. Ad.; 'in 1795, £82,323. 19s. Ad.; in 1798, 
 £46,322. 1-55. 2d.; and in 1799, it yielded about £77,279. 55. Ad. 
 
 HORSE GUARDS instituted 1550 
 
 The regiments of Life Guards and Horse Guards, were disbanded by order of 
 Government in 1788 ; a pension was granted to each man on this occasion 
 by way of compensation, with liberty to enter the regiments of Royal Horse 
 Guards then newly raised under different regulations : the honour of serving 
 in the former troops, with certain privileges they enjoyed, was deemed of 
 
THIS NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 77 
 
 such importance that the situation of private was purchased for the sum of 
 £100. Their barracks was situated in what was then called the outskirts of 
 the town, viz. Riding-house lane, Mary-le-bone, near Portland Place. 
 
 HORSE-SHOES introduced ■ into general use in the 9th 
 century. 
 
 HORSE TAX commenced in , 1785 
 
 Increased in 1796. 
 
 HOTTENTOTS, vaccination of 1808 
 
 Upwards of 600 of them were vaccinated by the Missionaries in Africa. 
 
 HOUGHTON COLLECTION OF PAINTINGS, The, 
 
 sold to the Empress of Russia 1779 
 
 HOUR GLASSES, invented at Alexandria, b. c 140 
 
 They were introduced at Rome 158, B. c. 
 
 HOUSE TAX, commenced in ., 1778 
 
 HUDSON'S BAY, discovered 1610 
 
 The place takes its name from the discoverer Captain Henry Hudson. This in- 
 trepid mariner, in searching- for a north-west passage to the South Sea, 
 discovered three straits, through which he hoped to find out a new way to 
 Asia by America. He had made two voyages before on the same adventure, 
 in 1607 and in 1608, and the third and last in 1610, when he entered the 
 straits that lead into this new Mediterranean, the bay known by his name, 
 and coasted a great part of it. He stayed there till the ensuing spring, in order 
 to prosecute further discoveries in 1611, but his crew mutinied, seized upon 
 him, and seven more who were most faithful to him, and committed them to 
 the icy seas in an open boat, and Hudson and his companions were never 
 more heard of; but the ship and the rest of the men returned home. Other 
 attempts were afterwards made in 1612 and 1667- In 1746, a Captain Ellis 
 wintered as far north as fifty-seven degrees and a half; and a Captain Chris- 
 topher attempted farther discoveries in 1761. In 1670, a Charter was 
 granted to a Company, which does not consist of above ten persons, for the 
 exclusive trade to this bay, and for planting the country ; and they have 
 acted under it ever since, with great benefit to themselves, but little compa- 
 rative advantage to the kingdom at large. Of late years however, the fur 
 trade from the inland parts, has been carried on to a much greater extent 
 than it was before. This has been chiefly occasioned by the interference of 
 the Canada traders who had effectually supplanted the Company on the sea- 
 shore. In consequence of this, the Company, in 1773, began their inland 
 voyages, and now the Canadians, and the Europeans from Hudson's Bay, 
 frequently meet together. 
 
 HUGUENOTS, the name of, given them in 1560 
 
 The name of Huguenot was given by way of contempt to the Protestants of 
 France, and took its rise from the following occurrence; — at Tours, the 
 place where they were first denominated, the people had a notion, that an 
 apparition or hobgoblin, called King Hugon, strolled about the streets in 
 the night-time ; from whence, as those of the reformed religion met in the 
 night to pray, &c. they called them Huguenots; that is, the disciples of King 
 Hugon. 
 
78 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 HULL, (Yorkshire), Grand Dock at opened, September 22, 1778 
 
 Hull was founded, in 1296, and incorporated by the name of Kingston, 1299. 
 The Grand Dock at Hull, said to be the large stin England, was opened at the 
 time just mentioned for the reception of ships. In 1667, King Charles II. 
 granted it two marts a year, viz. July 10, and December 10, and five days 
 after each. Its other fair is on October 10 ; and its markets are Tuesday and 
 Saturday. 
 
 HUMAN SKELETON, discovery of a, 1839 
 
 The remains of a human being were discovered under singular circumstances, 
 arising out of a mode of living little known, that is, of a class of people, who 
 wade through the Common Sewers in search of what might have escaped 
 th r ough the drains. Two men belonging to this class proceeded to the 
 Sewer by the river side, at the end of Essex-street, Strand, into which they 
 walked upwards in it to seek for money, or other property which might have 
 escaped as above described : and, in the course of their journey, picked up 
 no less than 7*. 6(2. .An unusual course was then taken by them, and they 
 proceeded as -far as Temple Bar. At the end of Shire-lane they found the 
 skeleton of a man in a sitting posture, the skull lying by its side, and the 
 legs separated from it. The skeleton was placed in a shell, and conveyed 
 to " The Ship," in Essex-street. At a subsequent part of the day, inspector 
 Mullins, of the F. Division, accompanied by Serjeants Selway and Pocock, 
 went up the Sewer, knee-deep in mud, in order, if possible, to get some 
 clue by which this case might be unravelled; but their exertions were not 
 attended with much success. They found a shoe, part of a pair of leather 
 breeches, and the remains of a leather apron. The body, and the rest of 
 the clothes, were supposed to have been eaten by the rats. These rats were 
 of an immense size. 
 
 The inspector made soundings by the different gutters, and the last spot 
 was the cheesemonger's, at the corner of Picket place: after which, they pro- 
 ceeded onwards, to the end of Shire-lane. The place is far above the reach 
 of the tide, and the only opinion that these facts warrant is, that the de- 
 ceased was one who followed the same occupation as the persons before 
 mentioned, and that having got very far into an unfrequented part of 
 the sewer, he had either lost his way, and was destroyed by the rats, or that 
 he had sat down and was suffocated by the effluvia which the Inspector 
 found to prevail. 
 
 HUNG, DRAWN, and QUARTERED, the punishment 
 
 of,'first inflicted 1241 
 
 The first infliction of this punishment took place at the date above mentioned, on 
 a pirate. It still forms part of the sentence for High Treason : but the 
 barbarous part of it was dispensed with during the reign of His Majesty, 
 George III. 
 
 HURRICANE, the dreadful one in England, on De- 
 cember 23 , 1790 
 
 This hurricane was accompanied with thunder and lightning, by which houses 
 were destroyed, various public edifices unroofed, and immense trees torn up 
 by their roots. 
 
 Another dreadful hurricane took place in the West Indies, July 23, 1813; woods 
 were blown down, and a great part of the city of St. Pierre, in the island of 
 Martinique, was laid in ruins, forty-two vessels stranded, hospital, barracks, 
 &c. blown down; — at Dominica the Court House, Government House, and 
 Hospital, with seventy sick destroyed, and all the ships in the roads blown to 
 sea, with many wrecks : — At St. Kitts eighteen sail were lost ; — At Barba- 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 79 
 
 does many vessels were driven ashore and lost: — its influence extended to 
 Jamaica, Bermuda, &c. Another at the above places, 25th and 31st of Sep- 
 tember. 
 
 HYDRAULIC CHEMISTRY invented 1746 
 
 HYDE PARK, Sale of 7 1652 
 
 After the execution of Charles I. in the year 1649, the- Parliament ordered the 
 Crown lands to be sold. But Hyde Park, "with Hampton Court, &c. was 
 especially excepted in the Act passed for that purpose. However, three 
 years after, viz. 1652, it was determined that they should be sold to raise 
 money for the Exigencies of the State, as will be seen by the following 
 laconic Resolution passed December 1, 1652: — " Resolved, that Hyde Park 
 be sold for ready money." — Perfect Passages, 26th November to December 
 3, 1652. 
 
 Particulars of the Sale of Hyde Park. — Lot 1. — " By indenture, dated 20 June, 
 between Thomas Cooke, Esq. and others, (trustees and contractors, autho- 
 rized and appointed by an Act of Parliament, for exposing to sale divers 
 castles, &c. belonging to the late King, Queen, or Prince, exempted from 
 sale by a former Act) of the one part, and Richard Wilcox of Kensington, 
 Esq. of the other part, the trustees, in consideration of £4141. 11*. sold to 
 Richard Wilcox, 
 
 " That parcel of ground called the Gravel Pitt Division, adjoining or 
 lying near to the great Gravel Pitts, upon Acton Road, being part of that 
 jmpaled ground, called Hide Parke, lying within the several parishes of St. 
 Martin's-in-the-Fields, St. Margaret's Westminster, and Paddington ; and 
 those two ponds lying between the two upper pooles or Middle Division, and 
 the pooles intended to be comprehended within Kensington Division ; 
 bounded on the great road to Acton on the north, the ground lying near the 
 Gravel Pitts, and part of Finch's ground on the west; with Kensington 
 Division on the south, and the Middle Division on the east, and containing, 
 by estimation 112 acres, 3 roods, 3 perches, except all conduits, pipes, &c. 
 for conveying water through the premises, which premises aie in the parti- 
 culars thereof, mentioned to be parcel of the possessions of Charles Stuart, 
 late King of England, and of the yearly value of £149. 7*. And all the 
 woods being within this division, which, in the particulars are valued at 
 £2428. 2s. 6rf.— Claus. 1654, p. 37, No. 10. 
 
 Lot 2. — " By indenture, dated 1 1 October, between Thomas Cooke, Esq. 
 of the one part, and John Tracy of London, merchant, of the other part; the 
 trustees, in consideration of £3906. 7s. 6d. sold to John Tracy, that piece of 
 ground, called Kensington Division, bordering upon Kensington Towne; and 
 those two pooles or ponds to be enclosed with the same, lying and being be- 
 tween the poole designed for Gravel Pitt Division, and the poole in the lower 
 corner of Middle Division ; and that parcel of meadow ground lying in the 
 south-west part of this division, inclosed for the use of the deere, but mea- 
 sured in with the rest of the division: the whole being bounded on the east 
 with Middle Division, on the north with Gravel Pitt Division, on the west 
 with part of the house and ground usually taken to belong to Mr. 
 Finch of Kensington, and on the south with the highway leading from 
 Knightsbridge through Kensington Towne, aforesaid; containing together, 
 in the whole 177 acres, 1 rood, 17 poles; all conduits, &c. excepted, of the 
 yearly value of £280. and all woods, &c. which are mentioned to be of the 
 value of £261. 7s. 6rf. — Glaus. 1653, p. 6, n. 6. 
 
 Lot 3. — " By indenture, dated 11 October, between Thomas Cooke, Esq. 
 and others, trustees of the one part, and Anthony Deane of St. Martin's-in- 
 the-Fields, Esq. of the other part. The trustees, in consideration of £9020. 
 85. 2c?. granted and sold to Anthonv Deane, that parcel of ground called the 
 Banquetting House Division ; and also a parcel of enclosed ground lying on 
 the north-east corner of this division, formerly used as a meadow, called 
 
80 THE NEW TABLET OP MEMORY". 
 
 HYDE PARK, Sale of, (continued) 1652 
 
 Tyburne Meadow, bounded with the Old Lodge Division on the south, with 
 part of the way leading from Brentford Road and Acton Road on the east, 
 with the great road to Acton on the north, and with the Middle Division on 
 the west; and also that building intended at the first erection thereof for a 
 banquetting house, situate near the south-west corner of this division, con- 
 taining together in the whole 100 acres, of the yearly value of £130. and the 
 materials of the banquetting-house are mentioned to be worth in the gross, 
 £12,5. 12s. ; and the wood to be worth £419. 5*. And also a parcel of ground 
 called the Middle Division, lying between two divisions of the said Parke, 
 viz. the Banquetting-House Division and Gravel Pitt Division, and three 
 pooles within this division, that is to say, two at the tipper corner thereof, 
 next to a place called Bayard's Watering, and one other, at the lower corner, 
 betwixt the pooles set out to go with the Old Lodge Division and Kensing- 
 ton Divison, bounded with Banquetting House Division on the east, with 
 Acton Great Road on the north, with Gravel Pitt Division on the west, and 
 part of Kensington Division on the south-west; containing in the whole S3 
 acres, 2 roods, and 38 poles, of the yearly value of £110. the woods, &c. 
 worth £1225. 18s. Ad. And also that parcel of ground called the Old Lodge 
 Division, and those four pooles, together with a parcel of ground inclosed 
 without the same division, called the Spittle Mead, bounded on the east with 
 part of the way from Brentford Great Road to Acton Great Road on the 
 north, with Banquetting-House Division on the west, with Middle Division 
 and Kensington Division, and with Knightsbridge highway on the south : 
 with that small parcel of ground formerly taken out of the Parke, and used 
 as a fortification, being at the corner of this division, called Parke Corner, 
 containing 147 acres, 3 roods, 16 poles. 
 
 " And several tenements, &c. near Knightsbridge, and all the Old Lodge, 
 with the barn and stable belonging, which are mentioned to be of the yearly 
 value of £225. 6s. 8d. The materials of the Lodge are valued at £120. clear 
 of all charges of taking down the same, and the woods, &c. at £765. 6*. 2d. 
 and the deer of several sorts within the said Parke, which are valued at 
 £330."— Claus. 1654, p. 42, n. 24. 
 
 From the above particulars of Sale, a survey having been made at the 
 time, we learn that the Park contained about 621 acres, and produced in 
 the whole the sum of £17,068, 6s. 8d. 
 
 HYDE PARK CORNER, Fortification erected at 1642 
 
 At Hyde Park Corner stood a large Fort with four bastions, erected in 1642, 
 when the city and suburbs were fortified by trenches and ramparts, in anti- 
 cipation of an attack by the royal army; another fort was also erected at 
 Oliver's Mount, the site of Mount- street. The enthusiasm prevailing at this 
 period, was carried to such an extent, that the whole population appear to 
 have assisted in the trenches, detachments from all trades relieved each 
 other at intervals, the work proceeding night and day without intermission; 
 even women and children partook of the general feeling, which is facetiously 
 alluded to by Butler, Hudibras, Part II. Canto 2; and in a note by Nash, it 
 is stated, that, " Ladies of rank and fortune, not only encouraged the men, 
 " but worked with their own hands. Lady Middlesex, Lady Foster, Lady 
 " Anne Waller, and Mrs. Dunch, having been particularly celebrated for 
 " their activity;" 
 
 HYDE PARK CORNER. 
 
 Walnut-tree walk, which extended nearly the whole length of the Park from 
 Hyde Park Corner towards Cumberland Gate, consisted of two rows of 
 magnificent walnut trees, shading a broad gravel walk, near Grosvenor gate; 
 these trees formed a circle, the area of which will be readily imagined 
 when the reader is informed that the reservoir of the Chelsea Water Works 
 which was placed in the centre of this circle, stood ninety fest from the 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 81 
 
 nearest tree. This splendid grove was consigned to the axe during the war, 
 (about the year 1800.) the wood being required by Government, to be used 
 in the manufacture of stocks for soldier's muskets. 
 
 HYDE PARK, serious accident in, June 28, 1 806 
 
 On the 28th of June, 1806, a serious accident happened in Hyde Park, to a 
 horse-dealer named Moulton, of Kensington, who when driving a spirited 
 horse in a gig, accompanied by a boy, imprudently attempted to water the 
 horse in the serpentine, when the animal plunged into deep water, and sunk, 
 thereby drowning himself, the man, and the boy. 
 
 Another melancholy loss of life took place in Hyde Park, by the breaking 
 of the ice at the Serpentine, on December 25, 1835. 
 
 HYDE PARK. 
 
 The entrances to Hyde Park are five, which are open from six in the morning till 
 ten at night, viz. : — Hyde Park Corner gate, Stanhope gate, Grosvenor gate, 
 Cumberland gate, and the gate near Kensington. The gate at Piccadilly, 
 appears to have been the original entrance to the Park, from the circum- 
 stance of the Old Lodge having occupied the site of Apsley House, built by 
 Lord Bathurst, subsequently tenanted by the Marquess of Wellesley, and. 
 now in the occupation of His Grace the Duke of Wellington; this entrance 
 was much improved in 1826-7, and exhibits great elegance of architectural 
 ornament from the designs of Decimus Burton, Esq. It is composed of three 
 arched carriage entrances, with two for foot-passengers, connected by a 
 screen of handsome fluted Ionic columns supporting an entablature, exhibit- 
 ing a frontage of about 107 feet. The central entrance is decorated with a 
 beautiful frieze, representing a naval and military triumph, designed by Mr. 
 Henning, jun. The iron gates were cast by Messrs. Bramah and Sons. 
 
 Stanhope gate was opened about the middle of the last century. 
 
 Grosvenor gate was opened in 1724, upon the petition of the inhabitants 
 of the neighbourhood, on condition of their keeping the Lodge in repair, and 
 paying the keeper's wages. 
 
 Cumberland gate was opened about 1774-5: when the Circus, (Cumber- 
 land Place) as it was then called was built, and the inhabitants of that 
 neighbourhood began to increase, it was found that an entrance to the Park 
 at this spot was most desirable, a subscription was immediately set on foot, 
 and leave being obtained, the gate was built, consisting of a mean brick arch 
 and small narrow entrance on each side for foot-passengers : still, however, 
 it was a decided improvement : this corner of the Park having become a place 
 to deposit all manner of filth thrown over the wall. Being still inconvenient, 
 it was taken down, at the expense of Henry Philip Hope, Esq. in 1822, and 
 replaced by two elegant ones, affording sufficient space for carriages, and also 
 four separate entrances for foot-passengers, exhibiting an instance of liberality 
 seldom recorded. This undertaking cost Mr. Hope the sum of £2000. In 
 1826-7, stone Lodges of the Doric Order were erected at all the gates, from 
 designs by Mr. Burton, for the residence of the Keepers; two were erected 
 at Stanhope gate, one of which being occupied as an office, by the Board of 
 Works, for the use of their officers. 
 
 ICELAND, the Island of, almost destroyed by an irruption 
 
 of lava 1783 
 
 This island was almost destroyed by a violent irruption of lava, which burst from 
 what were called Fire-spouts. The country to a great extent was desolated, 
 rivers dried up, and a number of the inhabitants, and most of the cattle 
 perished. A vast quantity of ashes, sand, and other volcanic matter, covered 
 the countries adjacent whenever the wind blew from Iceland ; and even in 
 Germany, Holland, Britain, &c. a thick smoke or vapour was observed 
 No. 11. M 
 
82 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 ICELAND, the Island of, almost destroyed by an irruption 
 
 of lava, (continued) 1783 
 
 during the months of July, August, and September. Mr. Stanley, an 
 English gentleman, visited this country in 1789. 
 
 In 1772, this island was visited by Dr. Solander, and Von Troil, a Swedish gen- 
 tleman, and who gave an opinion, that of the two, it is more inhospitable 
 than Greenland or Siberia. Von Troil, in writing to a friend, says, — 
 " Imagine to yourself a country, which, from one end to the other, presents 
 to your view only barren mountains, whose summits are covered with snow, 
 and between them fields divided by vitrified cliffs, whose high and sharp 
 points seem to vie with each other to deprive you of the sight of a little 
 grass which scantily springs up among them. These same dreary rocks 
 likewise conceal the few scattered habitations of the natives, and no where a 
 singletree appears. Whatever presented itself to our view, bore the marks of 
 devastation ; and our eves, accustomed to behold the pleasing coasts of England, 
 now saw nothing but the vestiges of a fire, heaven only knows how ancient!" 
 
 When an irruption is about to take place, the ice bursts with a dreadful noise ; 
 after which issue forth flames and smoke, from the latter of which proceed 
 lightning and fire balls. This is common to the smoke of all volcanoes; but 
 in Iceland the volcanic lightning seems to be more terrible than in other 
 parts of the world. Stones are also thrown out of these volcanoes to an 
 incredible height and distance, insomuch that one, weighing 290 pounds, is 
 said to have fallen at the distance of twenty-four miles from the mountain 
 which emitted it. In 1756, the ground was covered with snow to the depth 
 of three feet on the 26th of June ; and the next year the frosts were very 
 intense in May and June. The island of Iceland is said to have been, 
 formerly, well known to the English and Irish, but the histories of the 
 country go no farther back than the year 861, when a Norwegian pirate 
 landed on the island, which he named Snio-land or Snow-land, on account of 
 the great quantities of snow with which the country is covered. The accounts 
 he gave soon brought other adventurers, by one of whom the country was 
 named Iceland, which appellation it has ever since retained. No settled 
 inhabitants, however, were found on the island till the year 874, when a 
 company of Norwegians having remained there all the winter, determined to 
 continue in it for the future. These were quickly followed by other colo- 
 nies from different nations, who instantly began to contend as violently for 
 this dreary and desolate spot, as if it had been the finest country in the 
 world. To prevent, or rather put an end to the fatal effects of this conten- 
 tion, a kind of king was chosen in 928, on whom great powers were nomi- 
 nally conferred. His real authority, however, was so trifling, that the chiefs 
 waged war with each other as they thought proper, until at last they were 
 all enslaved by a few enterprising men, who ruled in such a tyrannical 
 manner, that in 1261 they put themselves under the protection of the king 
 of Norway, after which they became subject to Denmark along with it. 
 
 Some years ago a small island rose up from the sea in the neighbourhood of Ice- 
 land, probably thrown up by the volcanic fire of Hecla having taken another 
 direction. This island was no sooner emerged from the bottom of the ocean, 
 than the king of Denmark claimed it as his property ; but the sea paying no 
 regard to the rights of terrestial monarchs, soon resumed the sovereignty by 
 swallowing it up again. 
 
 << ICH DIEN," The motto of, first used 1346 
 
 The motto of " Ich Dtf.N," was first used by the Prince of Wales, commonly 
 called the Black Prince, after the battle of Cressy. Having killed John, 
 king of Bohemia, who wore it on his shield, to denote that he was subser- 
 vient to Philip, king of France, whose pay he received, Edward (on the 
 death of John,) took from his head the plume, and put it on his own, to 
 denote his obedience to his father. It has in consequence ever since been 
 borne by a Prince of Wales. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 83 
 
 ILLUMINATION, on the restoration of the health of 
 
 George III. March 10, 1789 
 
 The year 1788 closed with gloomy and desponding prospects owing to the state 
 of the King's health, and the rage of party, which seemed ripe to hurl every 
 tiling into a state of anarchy and confusion. In the early part of October, the 
 first symptoms appeared of a severe disorder which afflicted the King. On 
 the 6th of November, they were very alarming; and on the 13th, a Form of 
 Prayer for his recovery was ordered by the Privy Council. The year 1J89 
 opened with violent debates in both Houses of Parliament on the mode of 
 properly proceeding to business in order to settle the Regency during the 
 King's indisposition. This ferment continued till the 3rd of February, when 
 certain Lords were appointed as Commissioners to supply the place of the 
 King, as the third branch of the legislature, until a Regent should be 
 appointed. A bill was immediately brought into the House of Commons, 
 and afterwards sent to the Lords, for appointing the Prince of Wales Regent 
 under certain restrictions, which met with violent opposition in both houses. 
 The bill was in its last stage, when on the 10th of March, His Majesty sent 
 a message to Parliament acquainting them with his happy recovery. 
 
 On the 23rd of April, 1789, a general thanksgiving for the King's reco- 
 very took place at St. Paul's Cathedral, at which His Majesty, and the whole 
 of the Royal Family were present. Our limits will not allow us to enter 
 fully into the particulars of the general joy on the announcement of the 
 happy event; suffice it to say, that the illuminations which took place at 
 night were such as had never been surpassed before in this, or perhaps any 
 city in the world. In the year of 1810, the King's malady unfortunately 
 returned: and in the month of November, in the same year, he was declared 
 incapable of fulfilling the important duties of his situation. 
 
 ILFRACOMB, Grant of Parliament for repairing the Pier 
 
 there, in. 173 1 
 
 The harbour, with the quay, warp-house, light-house, pilot -boats, and tow-boats, 
 were formerly maintained at the expense of the ancestors of the Lord of the 
 Manor. Its quay was formerly S50 feet in length, but by time, and the vio- 
 lence of the sea, all went to decay; for the remedying of which, the Parlia- 
 ment passed an Act, for both repairing and enlarging the. piers, harbours, 
 &c. &c. 
 
 IMPEACHMENT, the first of a Chancellor, and the first by 
 
 the Commons 1386 
 
 IMPRESSED SEAMEN'S BILL introduced 1740 
 
 Ameaded in 1812. 
 
 IMPRISONMENT FOR DEBT BILL, brought in, 1835 
 
 This Bill was introduced into the Commons, and passed by them, for the aboli- 
 tition of Imprisonment for Debt. Partially abolished, 1838. 
 
 INCEST and ADULTERY made capital for the first 
 
 offence, May 14 1650 
 
 INCLOSURES in England restrained ,. 1521 
 
 INCOME TAX passed, 1799 
 
 Repealed, 1802. Renewed, 1803. Increased, 1806, and again repealed. Re- 
 newed for a year, April 11, 1815. Repealed March 18, 1816. 
 
84 THE NEW TABLET OK MEMORY". 
 
 INDEPENDENTS, Origin of made known in, 1616 
 
 A Sect of Protestants known in England and America; so called from their 
 independence of other churches, and their maintaining that each church, or 
 congregation, has a sufficient power to act and perforin every thing relating 
 to religious government within itself, and is no way subject or accountable 
 to other churches, or their deputies 3 and therefore disallow parochial and 
 provincial subordination, and form all their congregations upon a scheme of 
 co-ordinacy. Presbyterians and Anabaptists are now agreed with them ; the 
 Anabaptists always were. Their first Meeting-House, founded in England, 
 was that by Henry Jacobs, in 1616. 
 
 INDIES, (THE WEST) discovered by Columbus 1492 
 
 The name given to a great number of islands in the Atlantic Ocean. When 
 Columbus discovered them, he considered them as part of those vast regions 
 of Asia, comprehended under the general name of India, to reach which, by 
 a course due West across the Atlantic Ocean, had been the grand object of 
 his voyage ; and this opinion was so general, that Ferdinand and Isabella, 
 king and queen of Castile, in their ratification of an agreement granted to 
 Columbus upon his return, gave them the name of Indies. Even after the 
 error which gave rise to this opinion was detected, and the true position of 
 the New World was ascertained, the name has remained, and the appellation 
 West Indies is given by all the people of Europe to these islands, and that 
 of Indians to the inhabitants, not only of the islands, but of the two conti- 
 nents of America. They are likewise called the Caribbee Islands, from the 
 Aborigines of the country ; and the sea in which they lie is sometimes 
 called, by modern geographers, the Archipelago of the Caribbees. By the 
 French they are called the Antilles; and nautical men distinguish them, 
 from the different courses taken by ships, into the Leeward and Windwaid 
 Islands. 
 
 INDIGO first produced in Carolina, 1747 
 
 INDULGENCES. 
 
 Indulgences first began under Pope Leo III. First disposed of for money, 1190. 
 Sold publicly by the Roman Pontiff after 1200. 
 
 INFLUENCE OF THE CROWN abridged by Parlia- 
 ment 1782 
 
 INOCULATION FOR SMALL POX, introduced into 
 
 England 1721 
 
 Inoculation had been practised by the poor inhabitants of Arabia, and even of 
 Wales, time out of mind : but had never attracted the notice of Physicians 
 till the beginning of the last century. In the year 1717, Lady Mary Wortley 
 Montague, wife of the English Ambassador at Constantinople, had her son 
 inoculated there at the age of six years ; he had but few pustules, and soon 
 recovered. In April, 1721, inoculation was successfully tried on seven con- 
 demned criminals, in London, by permission of George I. It was also tried 
 before the preceding year in Scotland, on a gentleman of the name of Boyle, 
 by his countryman, who was surgeon to the Lady before mentioned, at 
 Constantinople. In 1722, her Ladyship had a daughter, of six years of age 
 inoculated; soon after which the children of the Royal Family, that had not 
 had the small pox, were inoculated with success; then followed some of the 
 nobility, and the practice soon prevailed. "Vaccine inoculation made gene- 
 rally known by Dr. Jenner, of Berkeley, in 1798. (See Cow Pox.) 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 85 
 
 INQUISITION, Court of, began 1204 
 
 The Inquisition at Naples, was abolished in 1782. In Tuscany, 1785. In Spain, 
 1812. 
 
 INSCRIPTIONS first collected for publication 1505 
 
 INSOLVENT ACT, The first, passed in 1649 
 
 The most considerable ones were, in 1743.— 1761 :— 1763:— 1769:— 1772:— 
 1774:— 1776:— 1778: — 1781.— 1784:— 1797:— 1801:— 1804.— 1809 :— 
 1810:— 1813:— and 1814. 
 
 INSURANCE on ships and merchandize, is conjectured by 
 
 Suetonius, to have been invented by Claudius 43 
 
 Insurance on shipping, in England, began, 1560. 
 
 INSURANCE on houses, &c. duty first laid on, in 1782 
 
 The Duty being 1*. 6d. on each £100. insured; 6d. additional, 1797. 
 
 INSURANCE secured by law . 1601 
 
 INSURRECTION of the Negroes at St. Domingo, Sep- 
 tember 179 1 
 
 This insurrection adds another to those dreadful scenes of bloodshed which has 
 occurred at St. Domingo. The negroes rose in a body, to the vast number of 
 35,000, against the Whites, when 300 of them were massacred. Another 
 took place in 1794. 
 
 INTEREST of money was 2d. per Week for 20s. in 1260 
 
 It was 45 per Cent, in 1307. The first law in England establishing it at 10 per 
 Cent was 1546. The good pious people of the time of Edward VI. repealed 
 this law, as unlawful and most impious; but it was restored by the wiser 
 sort of Queen Elizabeth's reign. In those days the Monarchs could not 
 borrow without the collateral security of the Metropolis. Reduced from 
 10 to 8 per Cent, in 1624; by the Rump Pailiament to 6 per Cent, and con- 
 firmed at the Restoration to 5 per Cent. 1714; from 4 to 3 per Cent. 1750. 
 
 INUNDATION, (The great one), in Holland, and Ger- 
 many, in 1717 
 
 INUNDATION, of the River Waag, from excessive rain ... 1813 
 
 In the beginning of September, 1813, the river Waag, which runs through part 
 of Hungary, and falls into the Danube, from excessive rains, overflowed its 
 banks, undermined and carried away a high mountain, destroyed sixty 
 villages, with the crops, flocks, bridges, &c. more than 1200 persons per- 
 ished, besides many thousand head of cattle: all the towns in the neighbour- 
 hood of that river were damaged, and part of the extensive district of 
 Trenchin laid in ruins. The river Drave, which rises in the Tyrol, and falls 
 into the Danube, by the rains and high winds, was raised to a tremendous 
 height, it swept away six villages, and the suburbs of a town ; a congrega- 
 tion, while celebrating divine service, was buried in the ruins of the church, 
 and the Minister, and 240 persons perished. The Danube, in the neighbour- 
 hood of Widdin, rose to a great height, swallowing up an island with 2000 
 Turkish soldiers. 
 
 INVERNESS, the old Castle of, destroyed 1746 
 
 The old Castle of Inverness, wtss destroyed by the Highlanders. 
 
8b THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 IPSWICH ELECTION, committal of Persons for Bribery 
 
 at 1835 
 
 At this Election, several persons were committed to Newgate, for Bribery. 
 
 IRELAND, prohibition of Weekly Breakfast Meetings in, 
 
 January 10, 1831 
 
 In consequence of the agitated state of Ireland at this time, the Lord Lieutenant 
 issued a proclamation, prohibiting the Weekly Breakfast Meetings at 
 Hobnes's Hotel, of Mr. O'Connell, and other agitators. 
 
 IRELAND United to England in 1801 
 
 The original inhabitants of this country are supposed to have been of the Celtic 
 stock ; it was formerly divided among a number of petty sovereigns. Strong- 
 bow, Earl of Pembroke, at the request of Dermot, king of Leinster, invaded 
 Ireland, and landed near Waterford, August 23, 1170. King Henry II. set 
 sail from Milford Haven, with a large army on board 440 transports, for the 
 conquest of Ireland. He landed near Waterford, August 23, 1171, and com- 
 pleted the conquest of the whole island, 1172. In 1314 the Scots fomented 
 a rebellion, and Edward Bruce, having expelled the English, was proclaimed 
 king of Ireland, 1315. The Scots were driven out by the English in return, 
 1318. All the Irish were ordered home, 1423. The kings of England were 
 called lords of Ireland, till 1542, when Henry VIII. took the title of king. 
 Erected into a kingdom by a bull from Pope Paul IV. 1555. Invaded by the 
 Spaniards, 1582; again by ditto, at Baltimore, 1601. Admitted to a free 
 trade by the British Parliament, 1779 ; and released from subserviency to 
 the English Privy Council, 1782. Harrassed by the Peep-of-Day Boys, 
 1789. Invaded by the French, 1797. Broke out into open rebellion in May, 
 1798, which was suppressed in August following. Again, when the French 
 made an unsuccessful landing at Killala Bay, and were all taken prisoners, 
 1798. Union with England proposed and opposed, 1799. Debated 1800. 
 First Meeting of the Union Parliament, January 22, 1801. 
 
 IRISH POOR LAW BILL proposed..... 1837 
 
 IRON discovered by the burning of Mount Ida, b. c 1406 
 
 Iron was cast at Bilboa, in Spain, 989. At Backstead, in Sussex, 1544, Iron 
 was also discovered ut Virginia, in America, 1715. 
 
 IRON BULLETS first used in England 1550 
 
 IRON WIRE. 
 
 Iron wire, English, before 1568, was all made and drawn by main strength alone, 
 in the Forest of Dean, and elsewhere, until the Germans introduced the 
 drawing it by a mill. The greatest part of iron wire, and ready-made wool- 
 cards were hitherto imported. 
 
 IRON-MILL for stilting-bars, the first in England, was set 
 
 up at Dartford 1590 
 
 A new method of making bar iron, from pig iron, by Mr. Cort of Gosport, in 
 1785, which is superior to Swedish iron. 
 
 ISLE OF MAN, its sovereignty annexed by an Act of 
 
 Parliament to Great Britain 1765 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 87 
 
 ISTHMIAN GAMES, The, b. c 1326 
 
 They were instituted by Sisiphus, king of Corinth, 15 years after the rape of 
 Ganymede. 
 
 ITALIAN BOOK KEEPING, Method of, published in 
 
 England t 1566 
 
 JACK, (Queen Charlotte's favorite Swan,) death of 1839 
 
 Old Jack, as he was called, was hatched about the year 1770, on the piece of 
 water attached to Old Buckingham House, and for many years was a great 
 favourite of Queen Charlotte's, and who frequently condescended to feed 
 him. 
 
 JAMAICA, the Island of, discovered by Columbus 1494 
 
 This island was taken by the English, in the year 1656, under the command of 
 Penn and Venables. An extraordinary Gazette was published, containing 
 official details of an extensive and destructive insurrection among the slaves 
 in the western district of the island of Jamaica, in the month of December. 
 February 22, 1832. 
 
 JAVA, dreadful massacre of the Chinese merchants at the 
 
 island of by the Dutch 1740 
 
 The Chinese, who were some of the expertest merchants there, brought them in 
 considerable revenues by the duties they paid, and yet grew vastly rich, and 
 entered, as the Dutch pretended, into conspiracies to dispossess them of the 
 island; so that the latter were obliged to secure themselves by a general 
 massacre of the former, which they accordingly put in execution, though they 
 had delivered up all their arms, and the Dutch had a well fortified town. It 
 is reported that not only the Governor, but many of his soldiers, and others 
 concerned in this dreadful massacre, in which 20,000 men, women, and chil- 
 dren, were destroyed, became afterwards immensely rich, from whence it was 
 shrewdly suspected, that the wealth of that people was the grand induce- 
 ment for taking this step, notwithstanding the Dutch in Europe pretended to 
 be alarmed at the inhumanity of the action, and sent orders to Batavia for 
 trying the governor upon this fact. 
 
 JEDDO, or YEDDO, at Japan, almost destroyed 1658 
 
 In 1658, a fire happened at this place, which, in the space of forty-eight hours, 
 burnt down 100,000 houses, and in which a great number of the inhabitants 
 perished. The Emperor's palace was reduced to ashes; but the whole has 
 since been re-built. The royal palace is in the middle of the town, and is 
 defended by walls, ditches, towers, and bastions, Where the Emperor re- 
 sides are three towers, nine stories high, each covered with plates of gold ; 
 and the hall of audience is supported by pillars of massy gold. Near the 
 palace are several others, where the relations of the Emperor live. The 
 Empress has a palace of her own. Besides, all the vassal kings have each 
 a palace in the city, with a handsome garden, and stables for 2000 horses. 
 
 JEFFREY, ROBERT, left on the dessert Island of Som- 
 brero, December 13, 1807 
 
 This disgraceful transaction was committed by Captain W. Lake, at the place 
 above mentioned, one of the Caribbee islands, in the American Ocean, but 
 which has no settled inhabitants. He was tried for his cruelty by a Court 
 Martial, who found him guilty of the charge, and sentenced him to be dis- 
 missed His Majesty's service. February, 1810. 
 
88 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 JEHUD, or JOUD. 
 
 After Timur had passed the Indus, in 398, the Chiefs of these mountains came 
 to make their submission to him, as Ambisires, the king of the same country, 
 did to Alexander about 1730 years before. 
 
 JENKOPING, The castle of, in Sweden, destroyed by fire... 1737 
 
 Its castle has been several times demolished, and repaired; but was at last de- 
 stroyed by fire, with the arsenal. 
 
 JERUSALEM, built, b. c 1800 
 
 Destroyed by Titus, 70 A. D. ; re-built by Adrian, 130; again destroyed, 136; 
 taken by the Saracens, 622; taken from the Christians by Saladin, 1190; 
 taken by the Crusaders, July 14, 1099, when 70,000 infidels are said to have 
 been massacred. It was a famous city when the ancient Jews inhabited the 
 country. It stands on a high rock, whose ascents on all sides are exceeding 
 steep, except that on the North, and surrounded with a deep valley, encom- 
 passed with hills. It has considerably changed its situation. Mount Calvary, 
 which was formerly without the city, is now in the middle; and Mount Sion, 
 which stood near the centre, is now without the walls ; these, however, with. 
 the fortifications, seem pretty antique ; the private buildings are mean, and 
 thin of inhabitants. The resort of pilgrims is the only thing which at present 
 renders it considerable, and the furnishing them with pi'ovisions and lodgings 
 is the chief business of the inhabitants. For protecting the pilgrims against 
 the depredations of the Arabs, and receiving the tribute from them, a 
 bashaw, with a guard of Janizaries, always resides here. On Mount Calvary 
 stands the church of the holy sepulchre, which pilgrims principally visit, 
 being a very stately structure, in which almost every Christian nation has a 
 chapel. Over the middle of the temple is an open cupola at which the light 
 is received, and under the cupola stands the Holy Sepulchre. In this church 
 also are twelve or thirteen places, consecrated on account of some actions 
 done in them relating to the death and resurrection of our Saviour ; and 
 annually on Good Friday, our Lord's passion is solemnized in this church, 
 and the several parts of it acted ; and here is seen the miraculous cleft of the 
 rock, made by the earthquake, when our Saviour gave up the ghost. 
 
 JERSEY. 
 
 In 1781, a body of French troops landed in this island, surprised the Lient.- 
 Governor, and compelled him to sign a capitulation ; but Major Pierson, the 
 commander of the English troops, refused to abide by this forced capitula- 
 tion, and attacked the French in the town of St. Helier. The French were 
 compelled to surrender prisoners of war ; but the gallant Major was killed 
 in the moment of victory, 
 
 JESUITS, or (THE SOCIETY OF JESUS,) Order of, 
 
 founded, 1538 
 
 This religious Order in the Romish church, founded by Ignatius Loyola, a native 
 of Guipuscoa, in Spain, who, in the year 1538, assembled ten of his compa- 
 nions at Rome, principally chosen out of the University at Paris, and made 
 a proposal to them to form a New Order : when, after many deliberations, it 
 was agreed to add to the three ordinary vows of chastity, poveity, and obe- 
 dience, a fourth, which was to go into all countries whither the Pope should 
 please to send them, in order to make converts to the Romish church. Two 
 years after, Pope Paul III. gave them a Bull, by which he approved this New 
 Order, giving them a power to make such statutes as they should judge con- 
 venient ; on which, Ignatius was created General of the Order, which in a 
 short time spread over all the countries of the world, to which he sent his 
 companions, while he staid at Rome, from whence he governed the whole 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 89 
 
 JESUITS, The, expelled from various Countries, (continued.) 
 
 Society. This Society had rendered themselves so obnoxious, during the 
 last two centuries, by their arts and intrigues, that they have been sup- 
 pressed in all the kingdoms of Europe; expelled in France, May 5, 1602; 
 England, 1604; Venice, 1606; Portugal, September, 1759; Bohemia and 
 Denmark, in 1766; Spain, 1767; Naples, 1768; Rome, 1773, by Pope 
 Clement XIV.; Prussia, 1776; revived in Russia, 1784; restored at Rome, 
 by Pope Pius VII. August 7, 1814; and again banished from Russia, on the 
 6th of May, 1820. 
 
 JEWS, The Seventy Years Captivity of, began b. c. 606 
 
 The Persecutions of the Jews have been many, at different periods. Those about 
 Cyrene, headed by one Andree, murdered about 100,000 Greeks and Romans, 
 eat their entrails, and covered themselves with the skins of the dead, after 
 Christ, 115 years. In 135, 580,000 were destroyed by the Romans. First 
 arrival of in England, 1079. Imagining to obtain the divine clemency, at the 
 celebration of the Passover, they sacrificed a lad twelve years old, the son of 
 a tradesman at Paris, by whipping the flesh from his bones, and then cruci- 
 fying him. The perpetrators were executed, and the rest banished, 1180. 
 They have in consequence been held in the greatest detestation. Jews mas- 
 sacred, Sept. 3, 1189. Seven were condemned to pay the king 20,000 marks, 
 or suffer perpetual imprisonment, for circumcising a Christian child at 
 Norwich, and an attempt to crucify him, 1235. Above 200 apprehended for 
 crucifying a child at Lincoln, when eighteen were hanged, and the rest fined, 
 1255. There were 700 killed in London, for endeavouring to force a Chris- 
 tian to pay more than 2s. pr week for the loan of 20*. in 1262. Every Jew, who 
 lent money on usury, commanded to wear a plate upon his breast, to notify 
 the same, or quit the kingdom, 1274. There were 267 hanged and quartered 
 in 1277, for clipping. Crucified a child at Northampton, for which fifty of 
 them were drawn at the tails of horses, and hanged, 1277. All the syna- 
 gogues ordered to be destroyed, 1282. Every Jew in England apprehended 
 in one day, their goods and chattels forfeited to the king, and 15,660 of them 
 ordered to depart, being allowed only money for sustenance, 1287. Restored 
 by Cromwell, after being banished 364 years. A general massacre of them 
 at Verdun by the peasants, who, from a pretended prophecy, conceived that 
 the Holy Land was to be recovered from the Infidels by them. In 1317, 
 500 Jews took shelter in a castle, defending themselves to the last extre- 
 mity, throwing their children at the enemy from a want of weapons : they 
 afterwards killed each other. Banished from France, 1394. From Spain, 
 to the number of 150,000, 1492: upon which they retired to Africa, Portu- 
 gal, and France. It was against them that the Inquisition was there first 
 established. Not a Jew in England, from 1610 to 1624. An Act passed to 
 neutralize them, 1753: repealed on the petition of all the cities in England, 
 1754. Sixty killed by a floor giving way, at the celebration of a wedding, at 
 Mantua, among whom were the bride, and the bridegroom's mother, June 3, 
 1776. Four executed for murdering Mrs. Hitchins, and her servant, De- 
 cember 9, 1771. 
 
 JEWELS, pawned by Charles I. to Holland 1629 
 
 Charles I. pawned his jewels to Holland, and redeemed by the sale of iron ord- 
 nance, in 1629. 
 
 JIONPOUR, The Bridge of at, built 1567 
 
 A small city of Hindoostan Proper. It is now chiefly in ruins, although it for- 
 merly commanded the country from the Ganges, quite to Lucknow. This 
 
 Wo, 12. n 
 
90 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 JIONPOUR, the Bridge of at, built (continued,) 1567 
 
 place was, at one time, the seat of an empire. Chaja Jehan, vizir to Sultan 
 Mahummud Shah, during the minority of his son,j Mamood Shah, assumed 
 the title of Sultan Shirki, or King of the East, took possession of Bahar, and 
 fixed his residence at Jionpour. The bridge over the Goomty is built of 
 stone, and consists of sixteen pointed arches. On the top of the bridge are 
 many little shops on both sides, built of stone ; and on such sound principles 
 is this bridge founded, as to have withstood, for a length of time, the force of 
 the stream, which, in the time of the rains, is very great. The inundations 
 have been known to rise frequently over the bridge, insomuch that, in the 
 year 1774, a whole brigade of the British army (that is, 10,000 men,) passed 
 over it in boats. 
 
 JOURNALS of the House of Peers, first taken 1550 
 
 JUBILEE, the last Grand in Rome, in 1759 
 
 Established in 1300, by Boniface IX; continued to be celebrated at the end of 
 every century, till Clement VI. who reduced it to once in every fifty years ; 
 Pope Urban VI. to the thirty-third year; and Paul II. to every twenty-five 
 years. 
 
 JUBILEE, The Grand National 1809 
 
 The commencement of the 50th year of the reign of His Majesty (George III.) 
 was celebrated as a day of Jubilee all over the kingdom, a public thanks- 
 giving being also composed for the occasion, and ordered to be read in all 
 churches and chapels, and large funds were raised for the relief of prisoners 
 for small debts. 
 
 JUDGES appointed, and the Kingdom divided into three 
 
 Circuits, three to each 1 176 
 
 A Lord Chief Justice was executed for favouring despotism, in 1388. A Judge 
 committed the Prince of Wales for assaulting him on the Bench, 1412. 
 Judge Bennett fined £20,000. for bribery, 1616. Threatened with impeach- 
 ment, and put in bail. Judge Berkeley taken off the Bench and committed 
 by the Commons, 1641. Three impeached, November 23, 1680. Their 
 salaries augmented, and themselves appointed for life, instead of during 
 pleasure, 1761. Enlarged, 177 2 - Some sent to the East Indies, 1774. The 
 salaries of the Puisne Judges enlarged, 1779. 
 
 JURIES first instituted by Ethelred 979 
 
 In former times, Juries were fed both by Plaintiff and Defendant; from whence 
 the law of denying any sustenance to a Jury after hearing evidence. In 
 1808, when the attempt was made to introduce Juries into the Civil Courts 
 in Scotland, the proposal met with great opposition from Lord Eldon, Sir 
 Hay Campbell, and other members of the Committee on the Scots Judicature 
 Bill. 
 
 JURISDICTION, temporal over the Princes, never attempt- 
 ed by the Popes since the time of Boniface, the end of 
 the xnith century. 
 
 JUSTICES OF THE PEACE first appointed 1076 
 
 Itinerant appointed, 1176. Their power settled as at present, 1590. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 91 
 
 JUSTINIAN published his Codex of the Civil Law 529 
 
 Four years after, he published his work, of the same nature, called " The 
 Digest." 
 
 KAMTSCHATKA discovered by the Russians 1739 
 
 KASAN. 
 
 It was formerly an independent kingdom, subject to the Kalmue Tartars, to 
 whom the great Dukes of Moscow, with the other petty principalities of 
 Russia, were tributary. But Ivan Vassilievitch I. the founder of the Russian 
 greatness, toward the end of the XXth century rescued his country from the 
 Tartar yoke ; and, in 1552, the second Duke of the same name conquered 
 Kasan, which now forms the three Russian governments of Kasan, Simbirsk 
 and Penza. 
 
 KENT EAST INDIAMAN, loss of the, by fire, Fe- 
 bruary 28, 1827 
 
 " The Kent," a beautiful ship, of 1350 tons, commanded by Captain Henry Cobb 
 bound for Bengal and China, having on board a crew of 148 men, including 
 officers, twenty military officers, 344 soldiers, forty-three women, and sixty 
 children belonging to the 31st regiment, and twenty private passengers, 
 making a total of 641 souls, was lost on the night of the 28th Feb. The 
 particulars are as follow : — One of the officers going below to ascertain that - 
 all was fast, went into the hold with a light, in the patent lantern, accom- 
 panied by two sailors ; but it burning dimly, the officer took the precaution 
 to hand it up to be trimmed ; upon its being returned to him, he discovered 
 one of the spirit casks adrift, and sent the seamen for some billets of wood 
 to secure it, and, in their absence, the ship having made a heavy lurch, the 
 officer dropped the lamp: and eagerly endeavouring to recover it, let go the 
 cask, when it suddenly stove, and the spirits coming in contact with the 
 light, the whole became one entire blaze. 
 
 The spot where the fire broke out being surrounded by water-casks, a 
 faint hope was cherished that all danger would in a short time cease ; but 
 thick dingy volumes of smoke arising, which soon ascended through the 
 hatchways, all further hope of safety vanished. The cry of fire from every 
 tongue, and the strong smell of pitch, was a confirmation beyond all doubt. 
 
 At this eventful moment, horror was depicted on every countenance • and 
 Captain Cobb, with a decision which was highly honourable to him, ordered 
 the lower deck to be scuttled, and the ports to be opened for the free admis- 
 sion of the waves ; and although the order was promptly executed, some of 
 the sick soldiers, and several children, had perished from suffocation. On 
 the opening of the lower ports, the sea rushed in with irresistible rapidity, 
 bearing down every thing opposed to its progress. 
 
 There was now no appearance of escape ; on the one hand stood death by 
 fire, on the other, by water; and the scene of horror at this moment is 
 beynnd all description; imagine, for a moment, the deck covered with nearly 
 700 human beings, some sea-sick, others running about in search of husbands, 
 or children; others standing in silent resignation, or insensible to danger; 
 some yielding to frantic despair, and some were imploring the interposition 
 of the Most High ; whilst many of the sailors, seated themselves on the 
 magazine, with the melancholy wish that an explosion would take place, and 
 put an end to their sufferings. 
 
 All hope seemed now gone, and the more firm awaited the issue of 
 impending fate with manly fortitude; others in death-like stupor, whilst 
 many were engaged in prayer. At this awful instant, a voice from the fore- 
 top cried out — " a Sail !" The announcement was received with three cheers 
 from those on deck, the signals of distress were hoisted, and in a short time 
 the vessel bore down upon the Kent, which proved to be the Cambria, a brig 
 
92 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 KENT EAST INDI AMAN, loss of the by fire, (continued) 1827 
 
 of 200 tons burthen, commanded by Captain Cook, and bound to Vera 
 Cruz. 
 
 Arrangements having- been made for their departure from the ship, the 
 long boat was lowered, the ladies being first placed therein, with as many of 
 the soldiers' wives as it could safely carry. This having been done, and the 
 removal of the men completed, directions for the departure of the officers 
 from the ship were commenced, Captain Cobb being the last person to leave 
 the vessel, and who with the rest, got safely on board the Cambria. 
 
 Thus perished the Kent, adding one more to the vast catalogue already 
 engulphed in the voracious ocean. 
 
 KIDDERMINSTER, the Carpet Manufactory there, esta- 
 blished in 1735 
 
 In 1735, a carpet manufactory was established with success, so as to employ, in 
 1772, above 250 looms. Here are upwards of 700 looms employed in the 
 silk and worsted; and above 1600 hands employed as spinners, &c. in the 
 carpet looms only in the town and neighbourhood; and upwards of 1400 
 hands are employed in preparing yarn, -which is used in different parts of 
 England in carpeting ; and it is supposed, not less than 2000 hands are 
 employed in the silk and worsted looms in the town and neighbourhood. 
 The silk manufacture was established in 1755. 
 
 KILLICRANKIE. 
 
 The pass of Killicrankie, Perthshire, Scotland, is celebrated for the decisive vic- 
 tory obtained by the Highlanders, under the command of Viscount Dundee, 
 who was killed in the moment of victory, over king William's army, under 
 General Mackay, in 1789. Here also a body of Hessians, in 1746, made a 
 full pause, refusing to march farther ; for it appeared to them as a very- 
 habitable country. 
 
 KILKENNY, the Statute of, passed, 1364 
 
 KINGS, Four, entertained by the Lord Mayor of London, at 
 
 one Table 1364 
 
 They were, the king of England, (Edward III.) the king of France, the king of 
 Scotland, and Cyprus. 
 
 KING'S EVIL, The. 
 
 The cure for this disorder, was supposed to be the touch of the King of England. 
 The first who touched for it was Edward the Confessor, in 1058. It was 
 abolished by George I. 
 
 KING'S SPEECH, the first delivered to Parliament," was 
 
 by Henry I. in 1107 
 
 KINGHORN, death of Alexander III. at, March 16 1285 
 
 Near this place Alexander III. King of Scotland, was thrown from his horse, and 
 killed. 
 
 KINGSTON, the Town of, at Jamaica, built, after the great 
 
 fire in 1692 
 
 KING GEORGE SOUND, discovered.. 1778 
 
 So called by Captain Cook, on his first discovering it : but the natives called it 
 Nootka, the name now generally adopted by the English. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 93 
 
 KIOF, or KIOW. 
 
 Once a Duchy belonging to the great Dukes of Russia, and Kiof was their 
 capital, and principal residence. This country was conquered by the Tartars, 
 and came again into the possession of the great Dukes, but was overrun and 
 possessed by the Cossacs, under the protection of Poland. In 1664, the 
 natives, discontented with John Casimir, king of Poland, submitted to 
 Russia. 
 
 KIRIE ELYSON first brought into the Litany 590 
 
 KISSING THE POPE'S FOOT first practised 709 
 
 KNARESBOROUGH, The Sweet Spaw at, discovered 1620 
 
 Knaresborough is famous on account of four medicinal springs discovered there, 
 near each other, and yet of different qualities. — 1. The Sweet Spaw, or 
 Vitriolic Well, in Knaresborough Forest, three miles from the town, which 
 was discovered at the above date. — 2. The Stinking Spaw, or Sulphur, 
 which tinges silver with the colour of copper, but is very foetid, and there- 
 fore used only in bathing. — 3. St. Mungo's, a cold bath, four miles from 
 the town. — -4. The Dropping-Well, which is in the town, and the most 
 noted petrifying spring in England, so called by reason of its dropping from 
 the spungy rock hanging over it. The ground which receives it, before it 
 joins the well, is, for twelve yards long, become a solid rock. From the 
 well it runs into the Nid, where the spring water has made a rock that stretches 
 some yards into the river. 
 
 KNEE, The, ordered to be bent at the name of Jesus 1275 
 
 KNIGHTHOOD, by the King, forbidden by the Parlia- 
 ment, 1640 
 
 KNIGHTS and CITIZENS obliged to reside at the places 
 
 they represented 1413 
 
 KNITTING OF STOCKINGS invented in Spain, about... 1550 
 
 KNIVES first made in ENGLAND 1563 
 
 They were made by Thomas Mathews, on Fleet-bridge, London. 
 
 LABOUR OF HUSBANDMEN in England. 
 
 The following were the wages for the labour of Husbandmen in England, from 
 1568, to 1788, viz.:— 
 
 s. d. 
 
 In 1568 4 per Diem 
 
 1620 4\ 
 
 1632 6 
 
 1647 10 
 
 1662 : , 6 
 
 1688 8 
 
 1698 8 
 
 1716 • 9 
 
 1740 10 
 
 1760 1 
 
 178S ": 1 4 
 
94 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 LACE, FLANDERS. 
 
 More valuable than gold — one ounce of fine Flanders thread has been sold in 
 London for £4. ; such ounce made into lace may be here sold for £40. which 
 is ten times the price of standard gold, at the rate of weight for weight. 
 
 LADRONE ISLANDS. 
 
 These are islands of the South Sea, about 1800 miles East of Canton. They 
 were discovered by Magellan, a Portuguese, who found out the South-West 
 passage to the East Indies in 1520. He touched first at the island of Guam, 
 where the natives stole some of liis goods, which caused him to give these 
 islands the name of Ladrone, or Thievish Islands. 
 
 LADYE'S CHAPEL, The, Southwark, Meeting of Pari- 
 shioners respecting, February 10, 1832 
 
 At a Meeting of the Parishioners of St. Saviour's, Southwark, it was decided by 
 a majoiity of 380 to 140, that the ancient edifice of " Our Ladyje's " 
 Chapel should not be taken down. 
 
 LANARK, NEW, Cotton Mills founded at, 1784 
 
 The cotton mills at Lanark were entirely the creation of the enterprising and 
 well-known Mr. David Dale. In 1784, he founded the mills and village of 
 New Lanark, with some few acres of ground adjoining. The ground was at 
 that period almost a mere morass, situated in a hollow den, and of difficult 
 access, Its only recommendation was the very powerful command of water 
 that the Clyde could be made to afford it ; in other respects, the distance 
 from Glasgow andbadness of the roads were rather unfavourable. The first 
 mill was begun in April, 1785, and a subterraneous passage of nearly 100 
 yards in length was also formed through a rocky hill, for the purpose of an 
 aqueduct to it. In the summer of 1788, a second one was built, and was 
 nearly roofed in, when on the 9th of October, that year, the first one was 
 totally consumed by an accidental fire, but was again re-built and finished in 
 1789. The proprietor has since erected two others, all of which are meant 
 to be driven by one and the same aqueduct. In March 1786, the spinning 
 commenced, and notwithstanding the severe check by the total destruction 
 of the first mill, the manufactory has been in a constant progressive state of 
 advancement. In March, 1791, from an accurate account then taken, it ap- 
 pears there were 981 persons employed at the mills; whereas, in November, 
 1793, there were 1334. 
 
 LANCASTRIAN EDUCATION, System of the, promul- 
 gated by in 181 1 
 
 The Lancastrian system of Education was invented by Mr. Joseph Lancaster, a 
 Quaker, and promulgated by him through Great Britain and Ireland, in 1810 
 and 1811. 
 
 LANCASTER, Duchy Court of, established 1376 
 
 LAND CARRIAGE of Fish supported by Parliament 1764 
 
 LAND-TAX, the first in England 991 
 
 Amounted £82,000. in 1018. Every hide of land taxed 35. in 1109. Established 
 one in 1695. 
 
 LAND-TAX, as established at the Revolution in 1688 
 
 The Land-Tax was established at the time of the Revolution, from which period 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 95 
 
 LAND-TAX, (continuad) 1688 
 
 it has yielded, to the year 1800, above £227,000,000. The proposed augmen- 
 tation and equalization of this tax rendered it a subject of much interest to 
 the public. It may not be unacceptible to many of our readers to be informed, 
 that the cause of the disproportion of its operation proceeds from its having 
 been originally a kind of voluntary contribution, levied for the service of the 
 state, in the reign of His Majesty, king William. The sum formerly agreed 
 to be raised by it (the sum of £2,000,000.) was divided into five hundred 
 and thirteen parts, being the number of the Members for England and Wales; 
 and it was left to the option of these counties to pay as many of these parts 
 as they thought proper, or could afford, the consequence was, that some of 
 them, celebrated for their loyalty, took upon themselves the payment of 
 immense sums, while others, although equally capable of bearing the burthen, 
 contributed very sparingly indeed. For instance, Middlesex agreed to pay 
 eighty parts, Essex and York, twenty-four each, and Norfolk and Kent 
 twenty-two each; whereas Westmorland and Cumberland would subscribe 
 only one each, Rutland two, and Durham three : in this manner it has ever 
 since been voted from year to year, down to the present time. 
 
 LANTERNS invented by King Alfred 890 
 
 LATIN ceased to be spoken in Italy about 581 
 
 LAUDERDALE'S, LORD, unsuccessful Embassy to Paris, 
 
 October 8, 1806 
 
 LAW PROCEEDINGS required to be in English 1730 
 
 Latin entirely abolished in the Courts of Law, in 1731. 
 
 LAWNS and THREAD GAUZE manufactured 1784 
 
 Manufactured at Paisley, to the value of £164,385. 16s. 6 d. 
 
 LAWS OF THE LAND first translated into Saxon 590 
 
 Published in 610. 
 
 LAWS OF EDWARD THE CONFESSOR composed... 1065 
 LAWYERS. 
 
 In the time of Edward III. the number of attornies was limited to between three 
 and four hundred for the whole kingdom : now there are more than sixteen 
 thousand, and their agents, within the bills of mortality. Our ancestors 
 formerly were content with plain countrymen for their stewards, but now 
 they must be attornies: formerly a nobleman had only occasional recourse to 
 law agency, now almost every peer must have a law agent, but not because 
 his Lordship's or his Grace's estates or concerns are more important. 
 
 LEADEN PIPES for conveying water invented 1236 
 
 LEAGUES OF THE GRISONS, established in 1473 
 
 The League of the Grisons, in Switzerland, consisted of three sub-divisions, 
 namely, the Upper League, that of the house of Gad, and the League of the 
 Ten Jurisdictions, each forming a sovereign independent republic, but united 
 for their common defence in 1473. They have a General Assembly, which 
 is composed of the deputies of every province, like the States-General of the 
 United Provinces. 
 
96 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 LEATHER first taxed ; 1339 
 
 LE CLERC, GENERAL, sailed for St. Domingo, De- 
 cember 14 1801 
 
 General Le Clerc sailed for St. Domingo, with a force of 28,000 men, French, 
 and other expeditions. He landed at St. Domingo, February 3, 1802. 
 
 LEFOOGA, the Island of, visited by Captain Cook in ...... 1776 
 
 The Island of Lefooga, one of the Friendly Islands, situated near Hapaee, in the 
 South Seas, was visited by Captain Cook as above, and who considered this 
 island, in some respects, as superior to Annamooka, the plantations being 
 more numerous and extensive, 
 
 LEGACIES taxed 1708 
 
 Advanced in 1796. 
 
 LEITH, a Fleet of Merchantmen wind-bound at in, 1781 
 
 In the year 1731, a large fleet of ships of the line, and about 500 merchantmen, 
 remained for several weeks wind-bound, and were supplied with provisions 
 of every kind from Edinburgh market without any rise in the price. 
 
 LENCICI A, or LENCZICZ, laid in ashes 1294 
 
 A city of Great Poland, which was laid in ashes by the Lithuanians; in 1656 it 
 also underwent the same fate from the Poles, when the Swedes were in pos- 
 session of it, and all the inhabitants, especially the Jews, were put to the 
 sword. 
 
 LEON, taken from the Moors, .722 
 
 A city of Spain, built by the Romans, in the reign of the Emperor Galba, and 
 called Legio Septima Gemina, whence its present name. It is the See of a 
 Bishop, immediately subject to the Pope; and in theCathedral, famed for its 
 beauty, lie buried thirty-seven kings, and one Emperor. It was the first 
 considerable city taken from the Moors, and fortified by Pelago, from which 
 time it became the royal residence of the first Christian kingc of Spain, till 
 the year 1029. 
 
 LEON, burnt by the Buccaneers in 1684 
 
 A city of Mexico, in America, and is the See of a Bishop. It 1684 it was burnt 
 by the Buccaneers, for refusing to pay the contributions exacted of the inha- 
 bitants. Dampier was among these sea robbers, but had not the command 
 of the expedition. 
 
 LEO IX. the first Pope that kept up a standing army.... 1044 
 
 LEOPOLSTADT, the fortress of, built in 1663 
 
 A regular fortification, in Upper Hungary, situated on the Wag, in a morass, 
 built in 1663, by the Emperor Leopold, instead of the dismantled New- 
 hausel, for the defence of the country against an invasion. It was dexterously 
 relieved by Count Starenberg, in March, 1707, when just ready to fall into 
 the hands of the Hungarian malecontents. 
 
 LETTERS OF MARQUE, issued against Spain, July 21, . 1739 
 
 War declared October 23, 1739. Letters of Marque issued by the Americans 
 against Great Britain, March 22, 1776. Again in 1812. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 97 
 
 LEVEL, (the celebrated Bedford), commenced in 1649 
 
 This tract of fenny land consisting of about 300,000 acres, in the counties of 
 Norfolk, Suffolk, Huntingdon, Northampton, Lincoln, Cambridge, and the 
 Isle of Ely, was, after divers expensive attempts to drain them, in the reigns 
 of Henry VII. and Charles I. undertook to be drained, and were completed 
 as far as 100,000 acres. 
 
 LIBERTY OF THE PRESS, The, granted in Denmark . 1770 
 LIBRARY, the first private one, the property of Aristotle, b. c 534 
 
 The first public library of which we have any certain account in history, was 
 founded at Athens, by Hipparchus, 526, B.C. The second of any note was 
 founded at Alexandria, by Ptolemy Philadelphus, 284. It was burnt when 
 Julius Caesar set fire to Alexandria, 47 B.C. (400,000 valuable books in M.S. 
 are said to have been lost by this catastrophe.) The famous library at Per- 
 gamus, founded by Eumenes, and which was about the same time with the 
 Alexandrian library, and Ptolemy became so jealous of it, that he forbid the 
 exportation of papyrus from Egypt, which occasioned the invention of parch- 
 ment. The first library at Rome was established, 167- That at Constanti- 
 nople, founded by Constantine the Great, about A.D. 335; destroyed in 477. 
 A second library formed from the remains of the first at Alexandria, by 
 Ptolemy's successors, and computed to have consisted of 700,000 volumes, was 
 totally destroyed by the Saracens, who heated the water for their baths, for 
 six months, by burning books instead of wood, by command of Omar, Caliph 
 of the Saracens, 642. The Vatican at Rome, by Pope Nicholas V. 1446 ; re- 
 built, and the Library considerably improved, by Sixtus V. 1588. The 
 Imperial of Vienna, by Maximilian I. about 1500. The Poyal of Paris, by 
 Francis I. about 1520. The Escurial, at Madrid, by Philip II. 1557. Of 
 Florence, by Cosmo de Medicis, 1560. The Bodleian, at Oxford, founded 
 40th Elizabeth, 1598. The Cottonian, formerly kept at Cotton House, West- 
 minster, founded by Sir Robert Cotton, about 1600; appropriated to the 
 public use and benefit, 13th William III. 1701 ; partly destroyed by fire, 
 1731 ; removed to the British Museum, 1753. The Radcliffeian, at Oxford, 
 founded by the will of Dr. Radeliffe, who left £40,000. to the University for 
 that purpose, 1711. At Cambridge, 1720, to which George I. gave £5000. 
 to purchase Dr. Moore's Collection. 
 
 LICENCES for Public Houses first granted 1551 
 
 For brewers, and Exciseable articles, enforced, 1784. 
 
 LIEUTENANTS, LORD, of Counties, instituted in Eng- 
 land 1549 
 
 LIFE PRESERVER, The, invented in 1809 
 
 The invention of Captain Manby, for saving the lives of ship-wrecked seamen. 
 It consists of a shot, frequently a barbed one with an eye inserted, which is 
 fastened by means of a platted hide, to a rope, and thrown by a small 
 mortar over the vessel which is in distress. By this means a communication 
 is secured between the vessel and the shore, and either a boat or a cot may 
 be hauled to the assistance of the persons on board the ship ; or the rope 
 being fastened round their waists, they are drawn in safety to the shore. He- 
 has also invented a cot, which may be sent to the ship from the shore, for 
 the removal of helpless women, children, and sick and wounded persons. 
 
 LIGHTS of the Zodiac discovered 1659 
 
 No. 13. o 
 
98 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 LIGHTS, (The Northern) first appearance of 1716 
 
 A body of light appeared in the North-east, which formed several columns, or 
 pillars, and threw the people into great consternation; it lasted from the 
 evening of March 6, till three o'clock the next morning. 
 
 LIGHTS first used in Churches in the day-time 409 
 
 LIGHTNING, a flash of, penetrates the Theatre at Venice, 
 
 August, 1769 
 
 It took place during a representation, and when 600 people were in the house, 
 several of whom were killed ; it put out the candles, melted a lady's gold 
 watch-case, the jewels in the ears of others, which were compositions, and 
 split several diamonds. In 1222, the lightning and thunder were so dread- 
 ful as to throw down several churches. In 1233, in the month of February, 
 it thundered fifteen days together, with rain and floods that destroyed the 
 fruits of the earth. In 1360, it destroyed many men, beasts, houses, &c. 
 
 LILLY, (THE WATER,) of Limerick, burnt at Sea, 
 
 October 23 1836 
 
 Nine lives out of ten were lost. 
 
 LIMA, founded in the beginning of the year 1535 
 
 The city of Lima, in South America, and capital of Peru, was founded by Francis 
 Pizzaro, at the above period. It has an University, and gives its names to 
 the principal audience of Peru. Earthquakes are very frequent here, and 
 some have done this city a great deal of damage, particularly that of 1746, by 
 which it was almost destroyed. The inhabitants are so rich, that, when the 
 Viceroy, sent from Spain, in 1682, made his public entry into the city, they 
 paved the street he was to pass through with ingots of silver. 
 
 LIMITATION of the Crown, Act passed 1701! 
 
 LIMITATION respecting Estates, Act passed 1769 
 
 LINENS first made in England... 1253 
 
 Now began the luxurious to wear linen, but the generality woollen shirts. Table 
 linen very scarce in England in 1386. In this year, a Company of linen 
 weavers from the Netherlands, were established in London. Linen staining 
 first known in London, 1579. 
 
 LINOIS, ADMIRAL, repulsed at Vizagapatam, Feb. 28 ... 1805 
 
 By the English Admiral, Sir Nathaniel Dance. 
 
 LISSA. 
 
 In 1656 the town of Lissa, in Great Poland, was deserted by its inhabitants, for 
 fear of the Polish troops, who plundered and laid it in ashes. It was also 
 destroyed by the Russians in 1707> but afterwards re-built and very much 
 improved. 
 
 LITANIES first used in Churches 443 
 
 Litany first used in England, in English, 1543. 
 
 LITERARY PROPERTY, Statue in favour of, passed 1709 
 
THK NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 99 
 
 LITHUANIA, LITTLE, in Regal Prussia, destruction at 
 
 by the Plague in 1710 
 
 This place was, in 1710, almost totally stript of its inhabitants by a Plague, 
 which king William Frederick new peopled with 20,000 Switzers, &c at the 
 expense of five millions of rix-dollars : and again in 1732, with 12,500 Saltz- 
 burghers, at the charge of three hundred and fifty thousand, who have culti- 
 vated and greatly improved this waste spot of ground. 
 
 LITIZ, in North America, Settlement of Moravians formed 
 
 at ...: 1757 
 
 There is now, beside an elegant church, and the houses of the single brethren and 
 single sisters, which form a large square, a number of houses for private 
 families, with a store and tavern, all in one street. 
 
 LITURGY, The, composed and confirmed, &c. . . 1548 
 
 The English Liturgy was composed, approved, and confirmed in Parliament, 
 anno 1548, the offices for the Morning and Evening Prayer being then in the 
 same form as they stand at present, excepting that there was no Confession 
 and Absolution, the office beginning with the Lord's Prayer. In the Com- 
 munion, the Ten Commandments were omitted; the Offertory was made 
 with bread and wine mixed with water ; and in the prayer for Christ's church 
 militant, thanks were given to God for his wonderful grace declared in his 
 saints, in the Blessed Virgin, the Patriarchs, Prophets, Apostles, and 
 Martyrs ; and the saints departed were commended to God's mercy and peace: 
 to this the consecratory prayer, now used, was joined as a part, only with 
 some words now left out, petitioning that the bread and wine might be to us 
 the body and blood of Jesus, the beloved Son, &c. In Baptism, besides the 
 form of the cross made on the child's forehead, another was made on his 
 breast, with an abjuration of the devil to go out of him j after which the 
 child was dipped three times in the font, if well, but otherwise, only 
 sprinkled.- Besides these, some other ceremonies were omitted in the Office 
 for the sick, as is supposed, in 1551, when the form was altered at the soli- 
 citation of Calvin. The last review of the Liturgy was in 1661, and the last 
 act of uniformity, enjoining the observance of it, is 13 and 14 of Car. II. 
 cap 4. The Liturgy was first read in Scotland, in 1638. 
 
 LIVERPOOL, or LEVERPOOL, besieged in 1644 
 
 So late as the year 1565, it was a mere fishing hamlet, containing only 138 house- 
 holders and cottagers : while twelve barks, containing 223 tons, and navi- 
 gated by seventy-five men, made up the sum of its maritime riches, and 
 formed the embryo of its present commercial greatness. Respecting the 
 Antiquities of this town, hardly any thing is known with certainty ; the 
 only monument of the kind now standing is an old tower near the lower end 
 of Water-street, the remains of which have long been used as a prison. The 
 date of its erection is involved in obscurity ; but it was long the residence of 
 the Earls of Derby. In 1644 the town, then in the hands of the Common- 
 wealth, was besieged by Prince Rupert, nephew to king Charles I. and 
 taken after a vigorous defence of one month, during which they often re- 
 pulsed the besiegers with great slaughter. It was not till the year 1699, 
 that Liverpool became a distinct parish ; for before that time, it was no more 
 than a hamlet to the parish of Walton, about three miles off, having only a 
 parochial chapel of ease, the present church of St. Nicholas : it is now, how- 
 ever become, with respect to extent of commerce, next to the Metropolis ; as 
 by estimates which have been made, it appears that Liverpool navigates one- 
 twelfth part of the shipping, and has one-fourth of the foreign trade of Great 
 Britain ; one-half of the trade of London, and one-sixth of the general 
 commerce of the kingdom. The Slave Trade, (now happily abolished) formed 
 a considerable branch of the commerce of this port, and is computed to have 
 
100 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 LIVERPOOL, or LEVERPOOL, Docks of, (continued)... 1644 
 
 employed one-fourth of the ships belonging to it ; that it had five-eighths of 
 Great Britain's share of this iniquitious traffic, and three-sevenths of that of 
 Europe. The trade to Ireland is very considerable, as also to the Isle of 
 Man. The Docks of Liverpool form a prominent feature of the town, and 
 give this port a decided preference over most others: it has thirteen Docks; 
 five Wet Docks, retained by large flood-gates, so that the ships are kept 
 constantly afloat; three others, which are left dry at low water, and called 
 Dry Docks. The Old Dock, (the first made at Liverpool) is 200 yards long, 
 and about eighty wide, with flood-gates twenty-three feet high, and thirty- 
 four wide. Its site was a Pool, which, tradition says, was formerly fre- 
 quented by a bird of the cormorant kind, called a Liver, and that hence the 
 town was called Liverpool, and the liver adopted as its crest. The second 
 made was the Salt-house Dock, having a length of quay 640 yards, with 
 flood-gates of the same dimensions as those of the Old Dock. The next 
 made was George's Dock, 250 yards long, and 100 broad, with flood-gates 
 twenty-five feet high, and thirty-eight wide ; at the expense of £21,000. 
 Next to the former was King's Dock, 290 yards long, and ninety broad: 
 with flood-gates twenty-five feet high, and forty-two wide, cost £20,000. 
 The last of these Docks is named the Queen's Dock, and is 270 yards long, 
 and 130 broad: it has also flood-gates similar to the preceding : these were 
 erected at a cost of £25,000. Each Dock has a master, who has a salary of 
 100 guineas per annum, and whose duty is to superintend the arrangement 
 of the flood-gates, also the docking and unlocking of the ships at tide- 
 time, &c. &c. 
 
 LOAD-STONE, Polar attraction of, known in France be- 
 fore 1180 
 
 LOCUSTS, found in St. James's Park, August 4 .' 1748 
 
 The county af Palestine was infested with such swarms of locusts, that the air 
 was darkened by them; and, after devouring every thing of a vegetable 
 nature, they died, and caused such a stench that it brought on a pestilential 
 fever, in 406 ; in the month of August, 873, such a prodigious swarm of 
 large grasshoppers, or locusts, settled upon the lands of France, that in one 
 night, they devoured every green thing even to the leaves and bark of 
 young trees ; they died soon after, and another dreadful fever was the con- 
 sequence, arising from the noxious effluvia thereof 5 infested Germany in 
 1749; and Poland, in 1750. 
 
 LOGARITHMS invented by John, Lord Napier, of Mer- 
 
 cheston, Scotland, 1614 
 
 LOG-LINE in Navigation used 1570 
 
 LOGWOOD, first cut in the Bays of Honduras and Cam- 
 peachy 1662 
 
 During a long period, no European nation intruded upon the Spaniards in these 
 provinces, or attempted to obtain any share in this branch of trade. But, 
 after the conquest of Jamaica by the English, one of the first objects of the 
 settlers on that island was the great profit arising from the logwood trade, 
 and the facility of wresting some portion of it from the Spaniards. Their 
 first attempt was made at Cape Catoche, the south-east promontory of Yuca- 
 tan. When most of the trees near this cape were felled, they removed to 
 the island of Trist, in the bay of Campeachy ; and, in later times, their prin- 
 cipal station has been in the bay of Honduras. The Spaniards, alarmed at 
 this encroachment, endeavoured by negociation, remonstrances, and open 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 101 
 
 LOGWOOD, the cutting of, &c. (continued) 1662 
 
 force, to prevent the English from obtaining any footing on that part of the 
 American continent. But, after struggling against it for more than a cen- 
 tury, the disasters of an unfortunate war extorted from the Court of Madrid, 
 in 1763, a reluctant consent to tolerate this settlement of foreigners in the 
 heart of its territories. This privilege was confirmed by the Definitive Treaty 
 of 1783; by which, however, it was "stipulated, that nothing in this conces- 
 sion should be considered as derogating in any respect from the sovereignty 
 of His Catholic Majesty ; that, if the English had erected any fortifications 
 in the country, they should be demolished, and none erected in future, and 
 they should confine thomselves within certain districts. But by a convention 
 signed in 1786, these limits were extended, beginning from the sea, and 
 continued to the source of the river Jabon, to cross from thence in a straight 
 line, and to descend to the point where it would meet the line already settled 
 in 1783. By this convention, moreover, the English were not only permitted 
 to cut logwood, but mahogany, or any other kind of wood, or produce of the 
 country; with certain exceptions, however, against the establishing of any 
 plantations of sugar, coffee, &c: they were likewise permitted, with restric- 
 tions, to occupy the island called Casina, St. George's Key, or Cayo Casina. 
 The British settlement in this country had formerly been considered as foreign ; 
 but in 1790, by an Act of Parliament, they were allowed the same advan- 
 tages, in their exports and imports, as a British colony. 
 
 LOLLARDS proscribed by the English Parliament 1406 
 
 LOMBARDS. 
 
 The Lombards, a people which some say took their name from their long beards, 
 or, as others, from their long halberts, which they call Barden. They dwelt 
 at first in the country now called the Middle March e of Brandenburg, but 
 were invited into Italy by the Emperor Justinian, to serve against the Goths ; 
 and to reward their services he gave them Norica, and part of Upper Panonia, 
 in 548. From hence in 558 they passed into Italy, and their chief was de- 
 clared king by the army at Milan in 560. This kingdom subsisted by the 
 name of Lombardy till 772, when Charlemagne took Desiderius king of the 
 Lombards, and became master of its territories, which, besides the countries 
 just mentioned, included all the territories of Venice, the bishopric of Trent, 
 part of Tyrol, the country of the Grisons, the Republic of Genoa, and of 
 Tuscany, 
 
 LOMBARDY. 
 
 This kingdom anciently comprised almost the whole northern part of Italy, viz. 
 Piedmont, Milan, most of the Venetian territories, Mantua, Parma, Modena, 
 &c. It was erected by the Longobards, or Lombards, a nation of Germany, 
 upon the declension of the Roman Empire, Albion, their first king, began 
 his reign in 56S, being succeeded by twenty-one princes of his family, who 
 kept possession of Lombardy about 200 years; but their last king Astulphus 
 being at war with the Pope, and besieging Rome, Pepin, king of Fiance, 
 came to that Prelate's assistance, and raised the siege; and in the year 760 
 his son Charlemagne put an end to the kingdom of the Longobards, and laid 
 the foundation of a new empire, comprehending Germany, France, Italy, and 
 part of Spain, having been solemnly declared Roman Emperor at Rome, De- 
 cember 25, in the year 800. 
 
 LONDON, Grand Dinner of the Merchants of, August 4, ... 1808 
 
 This splendid banquet was given by the Merchants of London, to the Deputies of 
 Spain, at the City of London Tavern. 
 
102 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 LONDON SESSIONS, the, of 1831 
 
 At these Sessions, which commenced on the 29th of June, 1831, not a single 
 individual ! had been committed for trial, which proved a maiden Session. 
 
 LONDON, The Common Council of, entertained at St. 
 
 James's Palace by George 1 1727 
 
 LONDON AND BIRMINGHAM RAILWAY, THE, 
 
 finished 1338 
 
 The London and Birmingham Eailway, finished and opened throughout to an in- 
 creasing commerce, both of passengers and goods ; by tbis line is completed 
 the entire distance of railway from London, to Manchester and Liverpool. 
 
 LONDON EAST INDIAMAN, The, run down by the 
 
 Russell Man of War, December 28 1778 
 
 By this accident, 100 persons perished. 
 
 LONDON, LORD MAYOR OF. 
 
 London fortified by the Romans, 50: walled, and a palace built, 294: made a 
 bishoprick, 653: repaired by Alfred, 8S5: greatly damaged by fire, 982, 
 1027, and 1130 : not paved, 1090: houses of timber, thatched with straw : 
 but to prevent fire, ordered to be built with stone, and covered with slates,. 
 1192: but the order not observed: a Charter by king John to the Londoners 
 to choose a Mayor out of their own body annually, (the office being formerly 
 for life,) to elect and remove their Sheriffs at pleasure, and their Common 
 Council men annually, 1208: a common hunt first appointed, 1226: Alder- 
 men first appointed, 1242: the houses still thatched with straw: Cheapside 
 lay out of the city, 1246: all built of wood in 1300: their privileges taken 
 away, but restored on submission, 1366 : the first Lord Mayor sworn at 
 Westminster, that went by water, 1433: Lord Mayor's Show instituted, 
 1453: feast ditto, 1501: a Sheriff fined £50. for kneeling too near the Lord 
 Mayor, when at prayers at St. Paul's Cathedral, 1486 : the Thames water 
 first conveyed into the city, 1582 : the city chiefly built of wood, and very 
 irregular, 1600 : the Lord Mayor and Sheriffs arrested at the suit of two pre- 
 tended Sheriffs, April 24, 1652: the greatest part of the city destroyed in 
 the great fire of 1666: Messrs. Pilkington and Sute, the City Sheriffs, sent 
 prisoners to the Tower for continuing a Poll, after the Lord Mayor had 
 adjourned it, 1682: the Charter of the City declared forfeited to the Crown, 
 June 12, 1682: the privileges of the City taken away, but restored in 1688: 
 built the Mansion House, 1737: furnished and inhabited, 1752: repaired 
 London bridge, 1758, when the Government granted them £15,000. and per- 
 mitted them to pull down the gates, viz. Ludgate, Aldgate, Cripplegate, 
 Aldersgate, Moorgate, and Bishopsgate, which were all taken down in Sep- 
 tember, 1760: began Blackfriar's Bridge, 1760: the Common Council 
 ordered to wear blue mazarine gowns, September 14, 1761 : lost their cause 
 against the Dissenters serving as Sheriffs, July 5, 1762: the City remon- 
 strates on the King's paying no attention to their Petition for a redress of 
 grievances, and was censured, March, 1770: Brass Crosby, Esq. (the Lord 
 Mayor) and Alderman Oliver, sent to the Tower by the House of Commons 
 for committing their Messenger, March, 1771 : regulation of admitting the 
 Livery at Guildhall, by Mr. Stone's scheme, 1774: the Common Council dis- 
 continued the wearing of their mazarine gowns in court, 1775 : Newgate, the 
 County Gaol, taken down, and a massive building erected a little South of, in 
 1776 : from the year 1763, to the year 1776, the Corporation of London 
 expended the foliowing sums for public uses, which shews the opulence of 
 the city, viz. : — in new paving, repairing old pavement, lighting, cleansing, 
 &c. and purchasing old houses to widen streets, £200,000. For the New 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 103 
 
 LONDON, LORD MAYOR OF, (continued.) 
 
 Bridge at Blackfriars, £200,000. &c. &c. : the city abandoned to the mercy 
 of an ungoverned mob, when the Gaol of Newgate received damage to the 
 amount of £S0,000. July 3, 1780: re-built the Compters of London, near 
 Newgate, which cost £20,473. 1789: the Court of Aldermen rescinded the 
 standing order made in 1785, that baptized Jews should not be, admitted to 
 the freedom- of the City. The decision was now come to in the cause of 
 Messrs. Saul, who for thirteen years had been petitioning for leave to carry 
 on business in the city, 1839. 
 
 LONDON BRIDGE built 1016 
 
 Burnt 1136. Re-built with timber, 1165: finished with stone after thirty-three 
 years' labour, 1209: re-built with stone, 1212: houses of took fire at both 
 ends, when the people thinking to suppress it, were hemmed in, and leaping 
 over into boats and barges several sunk, and 300 persons were drowned, 
 1214: its water works invented and begun, 1582 : a great fire on it, Febru- 
 ary 11, 1632: houses taken down, 1758: the temporary bridge burnt, April 
 11, 1758 ; made passable again for carriages in ten days: the water works on, 
 burnt 1779: Toll ceased, 27th March, 1782: streets of London new paved, 
 and signs removed, 1764. The first pile for the New Bridge was driven, 
 •March 15, 1824. The coffer dam of the bridge having been completed, the 
 first stone was laid, April, 27, 1825, and the construction of the piers pro- 
 ceeded very rapidly, the first arch being keyed in on the 4th of August, 
 1827. It being necessary that the . centres should be strongly supported 
 during the progress of the work, each centre of the bridge consisted of nearly 
 800 tons of timber and iron. The New London Bridge was finally completed 
 on the 3lst of July, 1831, having occupied nearly seven years and a half in 
 in its construction, and was opened on the 1st of August, in the same year, 
 by His Majesty, William IV. 
 
 The New London Bridge consists of five arches; and is built 180 feet 
 higher up the river than the former one. The least of the arches is larger 
 than any other stone arch erected in this form: the centre one is 152 feet, 
 with a rise of twenty-nine feet six inches above high water mark. The 
 arches next the centre are 140 feet in span ; and the abutments are each 130 
 feet in span. The road is fifty-three feet wide between the parapets ; the 
 footways occupying nine feet each. The length of the bridge, from the 
 extremities of the abutments, is 928 feet; within the abutments, 872. The 
 bridge is built of granite, and the entire quantity employed is 120,000 tons. 
 The New Bridge is free of toll; the expense having been paid partly by the 
 Corporation and partly by the Government ; the Corporation being allowed 
 to lay a tax (to last for twenty-six years) of ten pence per chaldron on all 
 coals entering this port. 
 
 Waterloo bridge was built in six years; and Westminster and Blackfriars, 
 in eleven years. 
 
 LONGINICO, or LANGANICO, anciently OLYMPIA. 
 
 Olympia was formerly a famous city, and near which the Olympic Games used 
 to be celebrated, in the plain of Olympus. These famous sports were first 
 instituted by Pelops, in honour of Jupiter, and afterwards restored by Atreus 
 and Hercules. These were held every fifth year for the space of five days 
 with great solemnity, and a numerous resort of people from all parts; whence 
 the era of measuring time by Olympiads was introduced in Greece, and these 
 began A. M. 3228, and before Christ 776. 
 
 LONGITUDE at Sea, reward promised for the discovery 
 
 of 1714 
 
 Mr. John Harrison, the inventor of the timekeeper, was the individual who 
 obtained the reward of £20,000. offered by the 14th of Queen Anne, for a 
 
104 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 LONGITUDE at Sea, reward offered for the discovery of, 
 
 (continued) 1714 
 
 means of determining the longitude at sea within half a degree of a circle, or 
 thirty geographical miles: and also of the gridiron pendulum. He was born 
 at Foulby in Yorkshire, in 1698, and was the son of an humble carpenter, 
 whom he assisted in his business till he was twenty years of age. He was 
 from childhood much attached to wheel machinery; and when, in his sixth 
 year, confined to bed by a severe illness, he had a watch placed upon his 
 pillow, that he might amuse himself by contemplating its movements. His 
 opportunities of acquiring knowledge were few: but he eagerly availed him- 
 self of every opportunity of improvement, and often passed whole nights 
 over his books, models, and drawings. His fourth, and best timekeeper was 
 in the form of a pocket watch, about six inches in diameter; and was finished 
 in 1759. 
 
 LOOKING-GLASSES of silver, invented by Praxiteles, 
 
 b. c 70 
 
 Made only at Venice, in 1300. 
 
 LORDS LIEUTENANTS of Counties instituted, July 4 . 1549 
 
 LORD HOWE'S GROUP, (Islands of the Pacific Ocean) 
 
 discovered in 1791 
 
 An extensive group of islands in the South Pacific Ocean, discovered by Captain 
 Hunter, who, from the mast head, could distinctly descry thirty-two of them, 
 some of considerable extent. They appeared thickly covered with wood, 
 among which the cocoa nut was very distinguishable. 
 
 LORRAIN. 
 
 A late province of Prance, is divided into three parts, viz. Lorrain Proper, the 
 Duchy of Bar, or Bar-le-Duc, and French Lorrain, consisting of the bishop- 
 ricks of Metz, Tool, and Verdun, the last confirmed to Fiance by the peace of 
 Munster in 1648 ; the rest of Lorrain, in the possession of the French, was 
 restored to the Duke, and confirmed to him by the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 
 1659, but the French reserved to themselves the liberty of garrisoning some 
 towns, and marching through Lorrain into Alsace when they pleased. Louis 
 XIV. seized Lorrain again in 1670, and kept it till the Peace of Ryswick, in 
 in 1698, when it was again restored to the Duke, a few small towns excepted, 
 with the understanding that the fortifications of Nancy, the capital of 
 Lorrain, should be destroyed. The French King possessing himself again of 
 Lorrain, in 1702, was obliged to restore it to the Duke by the Treaty of Rat- 
 stadt in 1714. In the last war between France and the Emperor Charles VI. 
 which ended with a peace, concluded in 1735, a stipulation in the prelimi- 
 naries of it was, that king Stanislaus, father of the Queen of France, should 
 have the dominion of the Duchies of Lorrain and Bar, the county of Falken- 
 stein excepted, with the title of Duke during life; and that after his decease, 
 it should be for ever united to the Crown of France; in consideration of 
 which, on the other hand, Duke Francis Stephen was to have the Grand 
 Duchy of Tuscany, or Florence, after the death of the then reigning Duke, 
 which happened in 1737 : and this his father-in-law the Emperor Charles 
 VI. undertook in 17^6 to see performed. Accordingly Stanislaus took pos- 
 session of Lorrain and Bar, which he held till his death, when it reverted to 
 France; Duke Francis at the same time taking possession of Tuscany. This 
 province now forms the three departments of Meurthe, Moselle, and the 
 Vosges. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 105 
 
 LOTTERIES, the first public one in England 1569 
 
 This was for repairing the fortifications of the coast of England, and was drawn at 
 the West-end of St. Paul's Cathedral. The first mentioned by historians 
 for sums ofmonev, in 1630; established 1693; that for the British Museum, 
 in 1758; for Cox's Jewellery, 1774; for the Leverian Museum, 1784; for 
 the Poets' Gallery of Pictures, 1798; and for the Pigot Diamond, 1801. 
 
 LOUIS XVIII. the entry of into London, April 20 1814 
 
 Louis XVIII. being about to return to Prance, after the banishment of Bonaparte 
 to the Island of Elba, previous to which he had resided many years in 
 England, made his entry into London on the 20th of April, 1814, accom- 
 panied by the Prince Regent in his State carriage drawn by the cream- 
 coloured horses, preceded by six of the royal carriages containing the princi- 
 pal Officers of the Households, both English and French, and escorted by 
 the First and Second regiments of Horse Guards, the officers and privates 
 wearing white cockades. An immense number of English gentlemen, also 
 followed on this occasion, who exhibited similar favours : whilst different 
 corps of volunteer cavalry and infantry lined the road nearly from Stanmore 
 to London. The Prince Regent having met His Majesty at Stanmore, about 
 three o'clock, the procession moved towards town, and arrived at Grillon's 
 Hotel, Albemarle street, where His Majesty was met by their Royal High- 
 nesses the Dukes of York and Kent, and the Foreign Ambassadors, who 
 paid their respects on this occasion. A general illumination took place in 
 the evening. 
 
 LUBLIN, in Little Poland, greatly damaged by fire, in 1656 
 
 In the year 1240, the town was destroyed by the Tartars, and afterwards long in 
 the possession of the Russians : greatly damaged by an accidental fire in 
 1447, and 1606: and burnt down by the Swedes in 1656. An extraordinary 
 Diet was held here in 1703. 
 
 LUCIUS, the first Christian King of Britain, who reigned 
 
 77 years .7 179 
 
 Before the Romans came into this island, the Britons, who at that time were in 
 possession of the country, were divided into several nations, each of them 
 governed by their own kings: and when Britain became a member of the 
 Roman Empire, many of their tribes had their proper kings, who were suf- 
 fered to govern by their own laws, provided they consented to become tribu- 
 tary. Thus were Cogidunus and Prastitagus, mentioned by Tacitus. Lucius 
 founded the first Christian church in London, at St. Peter's, Chornhill, which 
 was made the See of an Archbishop, till removed to Canterbury. He died 
 in the year 181, leaving the Roman Empire heir to his kingdom: and Coilus, 
 the father of Helena, mother of Constantine the Great. After the Romans 
 had quitted Britain, upon the irruption of the Goths into Italy, during - the 
 reign of Honorius, that is, in 410, the kingly government returned to the 
 Britons, who chose for their king Constantine. 
 
 LUXURY, restricted by an English Law in 1337 
 
 In this year a law was enacted, which prohibited more than two courses at the 
 tables of the prelates and nobility, and two kinds of food to each course, ex- 
 cept on particular festivals. It also enacted, that all who were not possessed 
 of a free estate of £100. per annum from wearing furs, skins, or silk; the 
 use of foreign cloth was confined to the Royal Family alone. An edict was 
 issued by Charles VI. of France, which says, " Let no one presume to treat 
 with more than a soup and two dishes," 1340. 
 
 No. 14. P 
 
106 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 LYCURGUS, the Spartan Lawgiver, established his body of 
 Laws in Lacedemonia b. c. 
 
 LYONS, in France, founded b.c. 43 
 
 Opposed the National Convention, by whom it was fiercely besieg-ed in the year 
 1793. Lyons is the most considerable in the kingdom, next to Paris, with 
 an Archbishop's See. It is seated in the centre of Europe, on the conflu- 
 ence of the rivers Rhone and Saone. The townhouse, the arsenal, the Roman 
 amphitheatre, the hospital, and the numerous palaces, are worthy of a 
 traveller's attention. The Cathedral is a superb structure. 
 
 MACHINE PAPER MAKING, invented and patented, 
 
 April 20 1801 
 
 Invented and patented by John Gamble. Patent afterwards assigned to Henry 
 and Sealy Fourdinier, by whom the invention was much improved; and by 
 great exertions, and at a vast expense, brought into general use. There are 
 now 240 machines, equal to 1200 vats, in operation; the annual saving, 
 effected by which, is estimated at £586,240. By this invention, manual 
 labour is entirely dispensed with : the paper must not even be touched by the 
 hand. The machine alone conducts it from the state of pulp to that of perfect 
 paper, of a texture, strength, and quality far superior to any ever made by the 
 hand of man. It is of a width before unknown, of length unlimited, and of 
 any thickness from that of a bank-note to pasteboard. Every twelve hours it 
 can produce the astonishing quantity of 106,900 square feet. Messrs. Four- 
 dinier proved lately, to the satisfaction of a Committee of the House of 
 Commons, that they had lost by the prosecution of this valuable invention, 
 no less than £51,865. 12s. 10c?. ; but, to this moment, they are without any 
 reward from the country, for the great benefits they have conferred upon it. 
 
 MADEIRA, the Island of, discovered 1344 
 
 The Island of Madeira, according to Mr, Ovington, was discovered by an English 
 gentleman, in 1344, and conquered by the Portuguese in 1431. They set 
 fire to a forest with a design to warm themselves, which continued burning 
 for several years: and the ashes rendered the soil extremely fertile, espe- 
 cially in wine, which it now produces in great quantities, and keeps best in 
 the hottest climate under the torrid zone. For this reason the inhabitants of 
 the Caribbee Islands that can afford it drink little else, and the Madeira wine 
 that is brought to England is thought to be worth little, unless it has first 
 been a voyage to the West Indies. 
 
 MADRAS, settled by the English, about 1640 
 
 Madras, or Fort St. George, a fort and town of the peninsula of Hindoostan, on 
 the coast of Coromandel. It is the principal settlement of the English East 
 India Company, and a fortress of very great strength, within which is a well- 
 built city. There is also a second city, called the Black Town, separated 
 from Madras by the breadth of a proper esplanade only : and, although near 
 four miles in circuit, fortified in such a manner as to prevent a surprise from 
 the enemy's horse: an evil to which every town in the Carnatic is subject, 
 from the dryness and evenness of the country. Madras was taken by the 
 French in 1746, but restored by the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. Indeed, it 
 was hardly defensible, until the destruction of Fort St. David, in 1758, 
 pointed out the necessity of fortifying it. The fort was planned by Mr. 
 Robins, the real author of Lord Anson's Voyage: and it is, perhaps, one of 
 the best fortresses in the possession of the British nation. 
 
 MADRID built b.c 936 
 
 Remained an obscure village, in 1515. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 107 
 
 MAGIC LANTERNS invented by Roger Bacon 1252 
 
 MAGISTRATES, Arrangements of, on change of Officers... 1839 
 
 Sir Frederick Roe having resigned his situation of Chief Magistrate of Bow- 
 street, Mr. Hall, of Hatton-Garden, was appointed in his place, on a salary 
 of £1200. per- annum. Mr. Minshull also retired, after a service of twenty 
 years, on a superannuation allowance. It was further arranged, that Mr. 
 Twyford be appointed second Magistrate, at Bow-street, and Mr. Jardine, a 
 barrister on the Western Circuit, third Magistrate. The two latter gentle- 
 men were each to have a salary of £1000. per annum. The approval of the 
 last-named gentlemen, as the future Magistrates at Bow-street, was made 
 known by a letter from Lord John Russell. 
 
 Mr. Bennett, of Hatton-Garden Office, to be superannuated, and Mr. 
 Coombes and Mr. Greenwood to act as Magistrates there. The Magistrates 
 also received the following appointments from the Home Secretary, viz : — 
 
 Bow-street. — Goodson, door and office keeper; Fall and Mace, first and 
 second ushers to the Court; Tyrrell, the jailer, to retain his situation; Davis, 
 the under-jailer, to be messenger at Queen-square Court; the superseded 
 Officers to receive a superannuated allowance, with the exception of Shackell, 
 to whom was offered an Inspector's situation in the Metropolitan Police Force, 
 with the prospect of promotion. 
 
 Marlborough-street. — Plank, to retire on a well-earned pension : suc- 
 ceeded by Thomas Clements, now Chief Usher. Richard Mace, second 
 Usher of Bow-street. 
 
 Queen -square. — Chief Usher, Smith: Webster, second Usher ; Davis, 
 of Bow-street, Messenger : and Glibbery, of Worship-street, Door and Office- 
 keeper. To resign. — Handley, Dawkins, Hall, and Woodbury. Cain, still 
 to retain the office of jailer. 
 
 Worship-street. — To be two officers, senior and junior Usher, Jailer, 
 Office-keeper, and Messenger. Three Officers to be discharged upon a 
 pension, and one removed to Queen-square. Four Policemen to take out 
 Warrants and Summonses. 
 
 Thames Police Court. — Blaby and Ellis. Thomas Sporle, to act as 
 door-keeper. Moore, the jailer, Constable of the Court, and to act as here- 
 tofore. Mackenzie, from Hatton-Garden, to be Messenger of the Court. 
 
 MAGNA CHARTA, signed bv King John, and the Barons 
 
 of England, June 19 1215 
 
 MAGNA ChARTA, the great Charter of the Liberties of the People of England, 
 signed at Runny-Mead, where king John, in 1215, affrighted by the great 
 army of his barons, who met him here, settled those Charters of their liber- 
 ties, called Charta Magna, and Charta de Foresta. Nothing could be more 
 solemn or impressive than the manner of its subsequent publication. King 
 John, with most of the nobles and chief prelates of the land, each holding a 
 candle in his hand, assembled to hear the sentence of excommunication pro- 
 nounced against those who should infringe it. When the candles were lighted, 
 the king gave his to a prelate who was near to him, saying, " It becomes not 
 me, being no priest, to hold this candle; my heart shail be greater testi- 
 mony." The candles were then thrown on the ground; and while they lay 
 smoking there, a solemn curse (excommunication from fire and candle), was 
 pronounced against all impugners of the Charter; the King with a loud voice, 
 exclaiming, — " As God me helps, I will, as I am a man, a Christian, a 
 knight, a king, crowned and anointed, inviolably observe all these things." 
 The bells were then rung ; and all the people shouted for joy. 
 
 MAGNET AND RED ROVER, Accident to the, Oc- 
 tober 17 1836 
 
 The Magnet and Red Rover, were Margate steam boats, and the accident happened 
 off the Nore, in a fog : in consequence of which, the latter vessel was sunk. 
 
10S THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 MAGNETS, artificial, invented in England 1751 
 
 MAGNIFYING GLASSES invented by Roger Bacon 1260 
 
 MAHOMET, the False Prophet, death of, June 17 63 1 
 
 Mahomet, the False Prophet, flies from Mecca to Medina, in Arabia, in the 44th 
 year of his age, and the tenth of his ministry, when he laid the foundation of 
 the Saracen Empire, and from whom the Mahometan Princes to this day claim 
 their descent. His followers compute their time from this era, which, in 
 Arabic, is called Hegira, i. e. the Flight. (For a further account, see 
 " Hegira.") 
 
 MAHOMET began his opinions 604 
 
 MAIL COACHES first established to Bristol in 1784 
 
 To other parts of England, and an act to regulate and encourage them, and exempt 
 them from tolls, 1785 3 repealed in 1813. 
 
 MAIMING AND WOUNDING made capital 1670 
 
 MALMSBURY, LORD, sent Ambassador to Paris, De- 
 cember 1796 
 
 Received at Paris, December 22, 1796. His Lordship returned from Paris, 
 whither he had been sent to offer terms of Peace, but did not succeed, De- 
 cember 29, 1796. Ordered to quit France, on svispicion of having encouraged 
 the Royalists, September 18, 1797. 
 
 MALTA, the Island of, surrendered to the Maltese and 
 
 British, after a long siege, September 5, 1800 
 
 The Order of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, afterwards called Knights of 
 Rhodes, and now of Malta, owes its origin to the Benedictine Order. 
 
 About the middle of the eleventh century, certain merchants from Amalfi, 
 who traded with Syria, obtained from the Caliph of Egypt, permission to 
 found a monastery according to the Latin Ritual at Jerusalem, which was 
 occupied by Benedictine Monks brought from Italy. Close by this monastery, 
 called St. Mary of the Latin Church, an hospital for poor and sick pilgrims 
 was built, and dedicated to St. John the Almoner, afterward to St. John the 
 Baptist. The Order at first consisted of lay brethren, employed by the 
 monks to take care of the hospital, who were distinguished by a black mantle 
 adorned with a white cross. They were soon obliged to arm themselves in 
 defence of the pilgrims, who were attacked on the highways by the Arabian 
 robbers. Having thus become military men, they elected a Captain to com- 
 mand them in the field: and as they became rich they refused to acknow- 
 ledge any other head, and soon renounced the authority of the monks, by 
 quitting the Order of St. Benedict, in order to follow that of St. Augustin. 
 Their proselytes soon became numerous. After Jerusalem was taken (1187) 
 they retired to Acre, which they defended most valiently in 1290. They then 
 followed John de Lusignan, who settled them at Limisson, in his kingdom 
 of Cyprus, where they remained till the year 1310, when they took Rhodes, 
 from whence they were expelled by Soliman in 1522. They afterwards wan- 
 dered about Italy till 1525, when Charles V. made them a present of the 
 Island of Malta, where Soliman again attacked them in 1566, but was obliged 
 to retire after a siege of four months, with an immense loss of above 20,000 
 men. The Order retained possession of Malta till 1798, when it was seized 
 on by the French, who were driven out of it by the British forces, commanded 
 by Colonel, now General Sir Thomas Graham: since which time it has con- 
 tinued in the possession of Great Britain, and will probably continue so as 
 long as we retain our present decided superiority at sea. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 109 
 
 MALT TAX established 1677 
 
 Malt liquor was used in Egypt 450 B. c : Increased in 1760. Excise on it in 
 England, 1697: the duty on malt spirits for 1783, 1734, 1785 and 1786, 
 amounted to £1,451,998. Is. Id. The duty on malt for 1784 and 1785, was 
 £514,668. In 1788 the duties on beer yielded about £1,666,152. and on 
 malt, £1,328,103.: and malt spirits the sum of £509,167- 
 
 MANCHESTER NAVIGATION opened, June 17, 1761 
 
 MANCHESTER AND LIVERPOOL RAILWAY, acci- 
 dent at the, September 9 1837 
 
 The Manchester train, which left Manchester at six o'clock, on the above evening, 
 was staying for the purpose of dispatching the Bolton train. They had not 
 been there more than a minute, when the Grand Junction train, from Bir- 
 mingham, came in sight. It was expected that the Engineer of the Grand 
 Junction would have stopped the propelling power, instead of which he con- 
 tinued his course, proceeding on his way at the rate of thirty miles an hour, 
 and came up with the Manchester engine. The effect was, that the Bolton 
 carriage was smashed to pieces. The concussion was so awful, that one of 
 the passengers (a female) was killed on the spot, and a number of the others 
 seriously injured. The verdict of the Jury was, manslaughter against the 
 engineer and fireman. 
 
 MAN, THE ISLE OF, (Sovereignty of the) purchased for 
 
 £70,000 1765 
 
 The Isle of Man was formerly subject to Norway, afterwards to John and Henry 
 III. of England, and then to Scotland. Governed by its lords from 1043} 
 conquered by Henry IV. and by him given to the Earl of Northumberland, 
 with the title of king, 1341 ; at whose attainder it was granted to Sir John 
 de Stanley, 1406; in this family it continued till 1594, when it was seized by 
 the Queen; granted to William Earl of Derby, 1608; fell by inheritance to 
 the Duke of Athol, 1735 ; Christianity first established there by St. Patrick 
 and St. Andrew, about 440; Episcopal See established, 447; conquered from 
 the Scots, by Montacute, Earl of Sarum, 1314; to whom Edward III. gave 
 the title of King of Man ; first Tynwald meeting about 1418 ; the proprietors 
 first called Lords of Man, 1521 ; the bishoprick annexed to the province of 
 York, 1541 ; island of, annexed to the Crown of England, having been pur- 
 chased of the Duke of Athol for £70,000. to prevent smuggling. On the 1st 
 of July, 1786, a copper coinage for the use of the island, was issued from the 
 Tower of London. 
 
 MANUFACTURES in England produced annually, the 
 
 following sums in the year 1783 
 
 Woollen £16,800,000 
 
 Leather 10,500,000 
 
 Flax 1,750,000 
 
 Hemp 890,000 
 
 Glass 630,000 
 
 Paper 710,000 
 
 Porcelain 1,000,000 
 
 Silk 3,350,000 
 
 Cotton 960,000 
 
 Lead 1,650,000 
 
 Tin 1,000,000 
 
110 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 MANUFACTURES, of England, (continued,) 
 
 Iron 870,000 
 
 Plating, steel, &c 3,400,000 
 
 51,310,000 
 Other manufactures ........ 5,250,000 
 
 Total £56,560,000 
 
 The manufactures of England, in 1800, were computed at £82,000,000: 
 and of the United Kingdom, £89,000,000, and they have been gradually- 
 increasing since that time. 
 
 MAP OF ENGLAND, the first one, was in 1520 
 
 The first Map of England was by George Lilly. The first of Russia, 1560- 
 
 MAPS AND GLOBES invented by Anaximander, B.C. 600 
 
 That of the moon's surface invented at Dantzick, 1647. Maps and Sea Charts 
 were first brought to England by Bartholomew Columbus, to illustrate his 
 brother's theory respecting a Western Continent, 1489. 
 
 MARCH'S, LORD, celebrated Wheel-Carriage wager at 
 
 Newmarket, August 29 1750 
 
 A bet, won upon the course at Newmarket, which the Duke of Queensbury, of 
 sporting celebrity, made with Count O'Taaf, that he would cause a carriage 
 with four horses to be drawn a distance of nineteen miles in sixty minutes. ■ 
 The carriage was constructed partly of wood and partly of whalebone, drawn 
 by blood horses, and driven by two grooms of extremely light weight. 
 
 MARINER'S COMPASS invented or improved by Goija 
 
 of Naples, 1302 
 
 Invented in China, 1120, B.C.; said to be used at Venice, 1260; improved at 
 Naples, 1302; its variation observed, 1500; its dipping, 1576; supposed to 
 be invented by Goija, a Neapolitan, who marked the Needle with a fleur-de- 
 lis, the arms of the Duke of Anjou, then king of Naples. 
 
 MARRIAGE, BANNS OF, first published in Churches ... 1200 
 MARRIAGE in Lent forbidden 354 
 
 Forbidden to the Priests 1015: first celebrated in churches, 1226. 
 
 MARRIAGE AND REGISTRATION ACTS passed 1836 
 
 MARSEILLES, the city of, built b„c. 500 
 
 It stands at the foot of a high rocky mountain, on a fine bay of the Mediterranean, 
 and is divided into two parts, the Old and Nevv town ; between which is a 
 beautiful walk of trees. It was the See of a Bishop, has an Academy of the 
 Fine Arts, and an Observatory. In 1720 and 1722, the Plague caused terri- 
 ble havoc there. 
 
 MARSHALSEA PRISON, death of a Prisoner at the, 
 
 January 7 1811 
 
 Thomas Culver, a prisoner for debt, died there of want. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. Ill 
 
 MARTINICO taken by the English, February 13 , 1762 
 
 Martinico, a considerable island of North America, and one of the Caribbees. The 
 French possessed it from 1635 till 1762, when it was taken by the English: 
 but was again restored to the Frencl. by the peace of 1763. It has several 
 safe and commodious harbours, well fortified. 
 
 MASS first used in Latin 394 
 
 Introduced into England in 680. 
 
 MASSACRE OF HUGONOTS, The, August 25, 1572 
 
 The Massacre of 70,000 Hugonots, or French Protestants, throughout the kingdom 
 of France, was attended with circumstances of the most horrid treachery and 
 cruelty ; it began at Paris, on the night of the Festival of St. Bartholomew, 
 August 25, 1572, by secret orders from Charles IX. king of France, at the 
 instigation of the Queen Dowager, Catherine de Medicis, his mother. It is 
 styled in History the Massacre of St. Bartholomew. (See the opening of the 
 Tombs of the Kings of France, page 54.) 
 
 MASQUERADES, the first in Scotland, January 15 1773 
 
 MAUNDAY THURSDAY, ceremony of commenced 1362 
 
 MEDICINE DUTY commenced in 1783 
 
 It was increased in 1804. 
 
 MEDICIS, MARY DE, Queen Mother of France, visited 
 
 England 163S 
 
 MEDWAY. 
 
 It is navigable for large ships to Rochester bridge, and thence for vessels and 
 barges to Maidstone, the tide flowing up to that town. The distance between 
 the mouth of this river, where the fort at Sheerness is erected, and 
 Rochester bridge, is between sixteen and eighteen miles. In this part of the 
 river, the channel is so deep, the banks so soft, and the reaches so short, that 
 it is one of the best and safest harbours in the world : and ships of eighty- 
 guns ride afloat at low water, within musket shot of Rochester bridge. Nor 
 is there a single instance upon record, that any of the royal navy suffered 
 here by storms, except in that dreadful tempest which happened in Novem- 
 ber, 1703, when the Royal Charlotte was driven on shore, where she sunk 
 and was lost. In 1667 the Dutch came up the Medway, and burnt the Men 
 of War, which occasioned Sheerness to be built at its mouth to defend the 
 entrance. 
 
 MEDWAY STEAMER, The, burnt August 16 1837 
 
 MERCURY, the Planet, passed over the Sun's disk, No- 
 vember 25 1 769 
 
 Visible to the naked eye, from twelve to two o'clock, at London. 
 
 MERMAID TAVERN, Hackney, Sale of The, February 20 1833 
 
 The sale of " The Mermaid" Tavern took place at Garraway's; it included the 
 banquetting room on the lawn, the pleasure grounds, three cottages, the tap, 
 the extensive stabling, and all the appurtenances, held for twentv-three 
 years, at £332. 10s. per annum ; the Lessee to repair, insure, &c. Goods, 
 fixtures, and effects, to be taken at a valuation. After a long discussion, in 
 a crowded room, the lot was bona fide sold, as was stated, for £1000. 
 
112 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORV. 
 
 METHODIST MEETING HOUSE, the floor of a, at 
 
 Leeds, gave way, May 29, 1 796 
 
 Sixteen women, a man, and a child were unfortunately killed, and eighty persons 
 dreadfully wounded. 
 
 MILITARY EXECUTIONS in Hyde Park in 1747 
 
 In the reign of Richard II. 1388, Sir Robert Tresilian, Chief Justice of the King's 
 Bench, and Sir Nicholas Brembre were executed here, for high treason; and 
 all military criminals who were sentenced to death by Courts Martial, were 
 taken to a spot within the wall of Hyde Park, and there suffered death, by 
 being shot: this spot is identified by a stone, against which the unfortunate 
 delinquent was placed, and which was visible till within these few years. 
 The situation of the stone is correctly laid down in a Plan of Hyde Park at 
 Kew Palace; it was situated only a few yards from Cumberland gate, and 
 when the entrance to the Park was enlarged for public convenience, this stone 
 was found so deeply embedded in the earth, that, to prevent trouble, the 
 earth was carried over, and now lies buried on the spot where it was origi- 
 nally placed. 
 
 November 26, 1747. — A Court Martial was held at Whitehall, General 
 Wade being President, when Serjeant Smith was tried for desertion. He 
 was found guilty of the charge, and sentenced to be hanged in Hyde 
 Park; when the sentence was carried into execution on the 11th of Decem- 
 ber following. He was accompanied to the place of execution by the 
 Minister of the Savoy, escorted by a party of the foot-guards, when the sen- 
 tence having been read at the head of the regiment, he was marched thence 
 to Hyde Park, where he was hanged on a gibbet erected for that purpose, and 
 buried near it. 
 
 This is the only instance on record of an execution by the gibbet in Hyde 
 Park, all other military criminals being shot; but in this case it was thought 
 advisable, for the sake of example, to check frequent desertion. 
 
 January 5, 1756, John M'Gew was shot, at the stone before mentioned, 
 for desertion : on this occasion nearly 200 recruits were drawn up to witness 
 the awful ceremony. 
 
 Monday, May 24, 1756. — William Goodman was shot at the usual place 
 in Hyde Park for desertion, he having committed the same crime four dif- 
 ferent times, and received a pardon each time. 
 
 Military punishment by flogging has taken place in Hyde Park : — 
 August 6, 1716, two soldiers were almost flogged to death in Hyde Park, 
 and turned out of the service, for having worn oak boughs in their hats on 
 the 29th of May. 
 
 MILITIA ACT, The, passed April 1 , 1757 
 
 Again 1764, and 1781. Supplemental, 1797; — for Scotland, 1797: a clause intro- 
 duced into it, authorising Courts Martial to inflict, if they think proper, the 
 punishment of imprisonment, instead of flogging, 1811. 
 
 MINISTERIAL INDEMNITY BILL, The, passed 1801 
 
 MOHOCKS, savage and daring depredations of the 1711 
 
 In the year 171 1, a reward was offered for the apprehension of a set of wretches 
 of this description, who went about the streets of London at night, and took 
 pleasure in wounding and disfiguring the men, and indecently exposing the 
 women; a further reward of £100. was offered by Royal Proclamation for the 
 seizing of any one of them. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 113 
 
 MONARCH AND APOLLO, The, (Steam Vessels,) sunk, 
 
 September 5 1837 
 
 The loss of the Monarch and Apollo was occasioned in consequence of their 
 running foul of each other, by which, three lives were lost. The Coroner's 
 Jury, on one of the bodies, fixed a deodand of £500. on the Monarch, on the 
 ground of negligence. 
 
 MONASTERY, the first founded, to which the Sister of 
 
 St. Anthony retired, 270 
 
 Monks first associated, 328. The first founded in France near Poictiers, by St. 
 Martin, 360. The first in Britain in 596. Constantine IV. sent for a great 
 number of Friars and Nuns to Ephesus, ordered them to change their black 
 habits for white, and to destroy their images ; on their refusal, he ordered 
 their eyes to be put out, banished them, sold several monasteiies, and appro- 
 priated the produce to his own use. They were totally suppressed by Act of 
 Parliament in 1539. 
 
 MONEY. 
 
 Money first mentioned as a medium of commerce in Chapter xxiii. of Genesis, 
 when Abraham purchased a field as a sepulchre for Sarah, in the year of the 
 World 2139; first made at Argos, 894 B.C.; has increased eighteen times in 
 value from 1290 to 1789; and twelve times its value from 1530 to 1739. 
 Silver has increased thirty times its value since the Norman Conquest, viz. a 
 pound in that age was three times the quantity that it is at present, and ten 
 times its value in purchasing any commodity. 
 
 MONEY, The Interest of, reduced to 5 per Cent, in 1714 
 
 The Interest of Money was 40 per Cent, in 1260; established legally at 10 per 
 Cent, in 1546; reduced to 9 per Cent, in 1604; to 8 per Cent, in 1622; the 
 Interest of the National Debt reduced to 3 per Cent, in 1749. (See In- 
 terest. J 
 
 MONEY-MARKET, great panic in the, December 10 1825 
 
 This occurrence caused the failure of a vast number of Banks both in town and 
 country. 
 
 MONKEY, (death of Queen Victoria's favourite), October . 1839 
 
 Her Majesty's monkey was a present from one of the Cobourg family, and was 
 domiciled under the especial care of Mr. Cross, of the Surrey Zoological 
 Gardens. 
 
 MONUMENTS erected by order of Parliament, July 13 ... 1813 
 
 One to General Bowes, who fell at the battle of Salamanca: one to Colonel 
 Myers, who was killed at Albuera: one to Colonel Cadogan, who fell at 
 Vittoria: and one to Sir J. Brock, who fell in Upper Canada. 
 
 MONUMENT, The, London, began 1671 
 
 Finished 1677: repaired 1786. In 1810, Lyons Levy, a Jewish dealer in 
 diamonds, threw himself from the top of the Monument, January \8, when he 
 was literally dashed to pieces. Nearly about the same time, a baker, named 
 Leander, a native of Pleading, in Berkshire, committed suicide from the same 
 spot. 
 
 In 1839, another distressing suicide was committed by Miss Margaret 
 Moyes, daughter of Mr. Moyes, of No. 3, Hemming's-row, by throwing 
 herself off the top of the Monument: 
 
 No. 15 Q 
 
M4l THE EEW TABLET OF MEMORY".. 
 
 MONUMENT, The, Suicides at, (continued.) 
 
 On tlie 18tH of October, 1839, the inhabitants of Fish-street hill were» 
 again thrown into great consternation, in consequence of another suicide of a* 
 youth, from the top of the Monument. A boy having informed police-con-- 
 stable Dbgherty, 52, who was on duty in Gracechurch street, that a lad had 
 precipitated himself from off the top of the Monument, the officer hastened 
 to the spot, and found the body of the unfortunate youth about twelve feet 
 from the railing, directly opposite the door. where the visitors enter, but life 
 was extinct. On enquiry, his name was found to be Richard Donaldson 
 Hawes, the son of a widow, a laundress, and who resided near Chelsea, At 
 the time of his committing the act, there weretwo females on the Monument- 
 with him, and a Bible was found, some of the leaves of which were turned 
 down at passages relating to self destruction. The father also of the un- 
 fortunate youth destroyed himself by casting himself from an elevation. 
 
 This mode of committing suicide is not confined to England, many persons 
 having thrown themselves from the column in the Place de Vendome, at 
 Paris. A young gentleman, M. Politeau, having murdered his wife,- in a fit 
 of jealousy, ascended the column, and terminated his existence. 
 
 MONTHS, The, first received their names 790* 
 
 They first received their names from the Emperor Charlemagne. They were 
 altered by the French in 1792. 
 
 MOORFIELDS levelled and first planted, 1614 
 
 Quarters formed, gravelled and planted, 1740: division wall pulled down, 1754: 
 road made to cross it, 1786: converted to Finsbury Square, in 1789. 
 
 MORNING POST, Criminal Information against, May 4 . 1831 
 
 The Attorney-General moved a Criminal Information against the Editor of the 
 above paper for a libel on the Lord Mayor, (Key.) His Lordship not wish- 
 ing to press the charge further, and the imputation on his conduct made by 
 the Editor, the Rule was discharged. 
 
 MORNING ADVERTISER, Action against for a Libel, 
 
 December 23 1831! 
 
 This action was brought by Captain Garth, for a libel in the Morning Advertiser 
 on his character. Damages, one farthing ! There was another action for 
 the same article, against the Editor of the Globe newspaper. — Damages, one? 
 farthing! ■'. 
 
 MORTALITY,, a great, in _' „ 1094 
 
 Again, !among men, cattle, and fowls,, 1111:1.. Among men, at Oxford,, 14711.. 
 Among youtdr, 1589. And at York, when; 1,1, 000 persons- died, ih> August,, 
 1691,. 
 
 MORTAR, The, placed in St. James's Park,. August 1% ...... 18 IT 
 
 MORTARS for bombs first made in England 15A% \ 
 
 MORTMAIN ACT passed _ 12.79* 
 
 Another May 20, 1736. 
 
 MOURNING,. WHITE, used in Spain for the last time In .. 1495 
 MULBERRY-TREES first planted in England: 109S 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 115 
 
 MURDER, an Act passed for the more effectual prevention 
 
 of, in 1754 
 
 An Act was passed this year for the more effectual prevention of murder, which 
 decreed that the murderer should be executed on the second day after the 
 conviction: for which reason it has been customary to try persons charged of 
 murder on Friday, by which indulgence, in case of conviction, the execution 
 of the sentence is necessarily postponedtill Monday; and by the same Act k 
 is ordained that the convicted murderer shall be either hung in chains, or 
 anatomised. One Thomas Wilford was the first that suffered under this Act, 
 which was for the murder of his wife. 
 
 MUSEUM, THE BRITISH, purchased by Parliament, and 
 
 vested in the Public 1 788 
 
 On the 15th of January, 1823, His Majesty, George IV. made a donation to the 
 British Museum, of his Father's Library. In His Majesty's letter, commu- 
 nicating the gift, he states the Library to consist of ONE hundred And 
 twenty thousand volumes; but when it came to be counted, the number 
 was found not to exceed seventy thousand! ! Like most libraries it had 
 been numerically overated, though in intrinsic worth it is surpassed by few. 
 " The Collection of George III." says Mr. Panizzi, " is magnificent, not only 
 " with respect to the choice of Works, but in point of the beauty of the 
 " copies, of the value of the editions, of the number of large papers and 
 " vellum books, and of other typographical rarities." 
 
 MUSICAL NOTES invented 1070 
 
 MUSIC on Bells, or Chimes, invented at Alost 1487 
 
 MUSKETS first used in France, at the Siege of Arras 1414 
 
 In general use, 1521. In the Netherlands, 1567. 
 
 MUSLINS from India, first worn in India 167© 
 
 In 1789, the great quantity of 334,352 pieces were sold by the East India 
 Company. 
 
 MUSLINS were first manufactured in England in 1 781 
 
 MUTINY ACT first passed in 1689 
 
 MUTINY, the alarming one throughout the Fleet at Spit- 
 head, April 15 1797 
 
 An alarming mutiny took place onboard the fleet at Portsmouth for an advance of 
 wages by the seamen, which was suppressed by a promise from the Admiralty 
 Board, but, it being delayed, occasioned a re-commencement on board the 
 London Man of War, when Admiral Colpoys, and his Captain, were put into 
 
 1 confinement for ordering the marines to tire, whereby three lives were lost. 
 
 The mutiny subsided, May 10, 1797, when an act was passed to raise their 
 wages, and the king pardoned the mutineers. (For a further account of 
 this Mutiny, see Parker, the principal leader, in " Remarkable Person- 
 
 I ages.) 
 
 MUTINY, the general one, which broke out in the Fleet at 
 
 Sheerness, April 12 1797 
 
 'The Mutineers were put in irons, and many of them executed; terminated 
 June 14, 1797. 
 
 MUTINY at Vellore, in India, January 31 1807 
 
116 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 NANTZ, Edict of, passea by Henry IV 1598 
 
 An ancient town of France, in the department of Lower Loire, and late province 
 of Bretagne. Large ships can come no further up the Loire than the village 
 of Paimboeuf. This city is very much celebrated in history. Henry IV. or 
 Henry le Grand, having, by an Edict in 1598, granted the Reformed, or 
 Huguenots the public exercise of their religion, by which Protestants 
 enjoyed toleration in France, was by his grandson, Louis XIV. revoked in 
 1685 : an era which that body of men mournfully commemorate every year j 
 and in consequence of this bad policy, 50,000 French Protestants left France, 
 and came to England. 
 
 NAPIER'S BONES invented 1617 
 
 A method of computing by means of marked pieces of wood, were invented by Sir 
 John Napier 
 
 NAPLES. 
 
 Naples, a kingdom in the South part of Italy, has undergone a many changes. 
 The Normans became masters of it in the Xith. century : and the sovereigns 
 were called Counts, then Dukes, and afterwards kings of Puglia ; but in 
 1282, Peter III. king of Arragon, caused all the Normans to be massacred: 
 and this massacre was called the Sicilian Vespers. After this, Puglia was 
 joined to Sicily, whence the sovereigns have had the title of The King of 
 the Two Sicilies for 260 years past. It has been called the Kingdom of 
 Naples, from the city of that name, which is the capital. The French entered 
 it again in 1504, but were driven away, and then it came under the domi- 
 nion of Spain ; but the Archduke Charles, afterwards the Emperor Charles 
 VI. got possession of it in 1706. In 1736 it was given to Don Carlos, by the 
 Treaty of Vienna, who, succeeding to the Crown of Spain, it went to his 
 brother. This kingdom is a fief of the church, and the king pays to the 
 Pope every year a purse of 70,000 crowns of gold, and a white hackney. As 
 this kingdom has been peopled by different nations, the mixture has produced 
 strange effects : the Neapolitans possessing not only the vices of the original 
 natives, but of various nations. There was a time when Italy swarmed with 
 vagabonds, called banditti, who made robbing a business. Some of these 
 companies were so bold and very formidable, that if they intended to murder 
 any one, he seldom escaped. This was carried so far, that not only travel- 
 lers were assassinated in their inns, but they sent letters to persons of 
 quality, requiring them to lay such a sum of money in a certain place, unless 
 they were willing to be murdered. But this terrible race of men is greatly 
 decreased, and the roads more free from robberies. 
 
 The Jews were banished out of this kingdom till the reign of Charles V.: 
 but in 1740 the king allowed them to enter it again for the sake of trade; 
 however, in 1743, and 1744, a terrible plague happening, the Churchmen 
 persuaded the King, that it was on account of the Jews, and so they were 
 expelled the kingdom again. 
 
 NATIONAL DEBT, The, of America, was Sixteen Millions 
 
 in 1791 
 
 NATIONAL ANTHEM of « God Save the King," The, 
 
 first sung, July 16 1607 
 
 The National Anthem of — " God save the King," was first sung at an entertain- 
 ment given by the Merchant Tailors' Company to James I., to commemorate 
 his escape from the Gunpowder Plot. It was said to have been written by 
 Ben Jonson, and set to music by Dr. John Bull. 
 
 NATURALIZATION, first Law for, in England, in 1437, 
 
 and 1709 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 117 
 
 NATURALIZATION OF JEWS, Bill passed . 1753 
 
 It was repealed in the month of December following 1 . 
 
 NAVIGATION ACT first passed 1381 
 
 The Navigation Act was passed the 5th of Richard II. s. 1 , cap. 3. Again in 
 1541: again for the Colonies, 1646, and 1651, which secured the trade of 
 our Colonies, 1660, and 1778. Of -the Thames shipping, commenced in 
 1786. 
 
 NAVY OF ENGLAND, The. 
 
 The Navy of England, at the time of the Spanish Armada, was only twenty-eight 
 vessels, none larger than frigates. James I. added ten ships, 1400 tons, of 
 sixty -four guns, the largest then ever built. In August, 1813, it was as 
 follows: — In commission, 151 of the line, twenty-five from 50 to 44 guns, 
 166 frigates, 115 sloops and yachts, 6 bombs, &c. 192 brigs, 37 cutters, 
 60 luggers: — Repairing for service, 76 of the line, 10 from 50 to 44 guns, 
 sixty-four frigates, 34 sloops and yachts, 2 bombs, &c. 9 brigs, 1 cutter, 
 4 luggers: — Building, 23 of the line, 6 from 50 to 44 guns, 32 frigates, 
 29 sloops and yachts, 3 bombs, &c. and 8 brigs. Making a grand total of 
 1053. 
 
 NAVY OF FRANCE, The, first mentioned in History ... 728 
 
 They vanquished the Frisons at sea. 
 
 NEEDLES first made in England in 1545 
 
 They were first made by a native of India, and the art was for a time lost at his 
 death; recovered by one Christopher Greening in 1560, who was settled 
 with his three children, Elizabeth, John, and Thomas, by Mr. Damer, 
 ancestor of one of the Earls of Dorchester, at Long Grendon, in Bucks, 
 where the manufactory has been carried on from that time. 
 
 NEGROES adjudged to be free whilst in this country 1772 
 
 Declared free in Scotland, January 15, 1778. Termination of slavery in the 
 British Colonies, 1834. 
 
 NETHERLANDS, or LOW COUNTRIES. 
 
 Anciently called Gallia Belgica. In the fifth century, the Francs, a people of Ger- 
 many, coming to settle in Gaul, founded a new kingdom, to which they gave 
 the name of France. In the ixth. century, the son of the Emperor, Lewis 
 the Pious, having divided the dominions of their father, who possessed 
 Germany, France, and Italy, a new kingdom was formed, comprehending 
 Germany and Fiance, which extended from the Mediterranean to the Ocean, 
 and contained a part of the Netherlands. It was called Lotharia, but did not 
 long subsist: for it was soon divided into two; and that seated near the Me- 
 diterranean was called the kingdom of Burgundy ; while the other, to the 
 north had the name of Austrasia. Nor did this last long, it being divided 
 into small provinces under different names, which still depended on the 
 Empire of Germany, and were called Lower Germany. In process of time, 
 the House of Burgundy purchased many of them, and was about to form 
 them, with Burgundy, into a kingdom; but Charles the Bald, the last Duke 
 of Burgundy, being killed by the Swiss in 1447, his part of the Netherlands 
 devolved on his only child and heiress, Mary; by whose marriage with the 
 Emperor Maximilian, the Netherlands were an acquisition to the house of 
 Austria. The Emperor Charles V. king of Spain, in 1555, abdicated the 
 sovereignty of the Netherlands, and, sometime afterward, the Spanish Crown, 
 
118 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY, 
 
 NETHERLANDS, or LOW COUNTRIES, (continued.) 
 
 in favour of his son Philip. The tyranny of this cruel bigot, Philip II. who 
 endeavoured to introduce the Inquisition into the Low Countries, with -the 
 harbarities of the Duke of Alva, exasperated the people to such a degree, that 
 they threw off the Spanish yoke, and, under the conduct of William I. Prince 
 of Orange, formed the famous league of Utrecht, in 1579, which proved the 
 foundation of the Republic of the United Provinces : these Provinces are 
 Zealand, West Friesland, Guelderland, Utretcht, Overyssel, and Groningen. 
 After a long and dreadful war, the Spaniards agreed a truce with the Pro- 
 vinces, the first article of which acknowledged them to be free and indepen- 
 dent states. The war was renewed in 1621 ; but by the treaty of Westphalia, 
 in 1648, Philip IV. of Spain renounced all claim to sovereignty over the 
 United Provinces. On the death of Charles II. of Spain, and the subsequent 
 accession of a branch of the house of Bourbon to that monarchy, it was stipu- 
 lated, by the Treaty of Baden in 1714, that the Spanish Netherlands was to 
 return to the German branch of the house of Austria. The Emperor Charles 
 VI. left the Austrian Netherlands to his daughter Maria Theresa, Queen of 
 Hungary and Bohemia, who married Francis, Grand Duke of Tuscany, after- 
 ward Emperor. During her reign, her people were happy : but her son, 
 Joseph II. having projected many innovations in the constitution, both in 
 church and state, and enforcing them with violence, an universal spirit of re- 
 volt broke out; an army of 40,000 men rose, as if by magic, to support the 
 renunciation of all allegiance, which several of the provinces now openly 
 made: a -congress was formed, and by the end of December, 1790, the 
 Austrian forces were entirely expelled from the Netherlands. The new- 
 government was not of long duration. Leopold II. the successor of Joseph, 
 who died in the early part of 1790, was enabled, partly by the force of arms, 
 conciliatory measures, and the mediation of the Courts of London, Berlin, 
 and the Hague, to recover the entire possession of his authority in these 
 provinces, to the satisfaction of the people ; the Ministers of the mediating 
 Courts having guaranteed the restoration of the ancient Belgic constitution, 
 as enjoyed under the happy reign of the Empress Queen Maria Theresa. In 
 1792, the French overrun the Netherlands, and endeavoured to effect another 
 revolution, but were driven out of the country in 1793. In 1794 they agaia 
 recovered possession; and in 1795 the Netherlands were decreed to form a 
 part of the territory of the French Republic. 
 
 NETHERLANDS, THE UNITED. 
 
 The violent proceeding of Philip II. king of Spain, particularly under the cruel 
 Duke of Alva, induced the provinces of Holland and Zealand to unite them- 
 selves for the support of their liberty, by a particular alliance signed April 
 25, 1576, under William of Nassau, Prince of Orange, whom they invested 
 with the supreme authority in all matters relating to the war. The example 
 of these two provinces drew several others to unite, who at last entered into 
 an alliance with them, called the Pacification of Ghent. Several towns of the 
 Netherlands subscribed to this union; but they were either conquered again, 
 or voluntarily receded from it; so that seven provinces only continued united 
 as they do at this day. 
 
 NEW FOREST, The, in Hampshire made 1031 
 
 The New Forest, in Hampshire, had many populous towns and villages, and thirty- 
 six mother churches, till it was destroyed, and turned into a forest, by 
 William the Conqueror. There are nine walks in it; and to every one a 
 keeper, under a Lord Warden, besides two Rangers, and a bow-bearer. As 
 this large tract lay many ages open and exposed to invasions from foreigners, 
 king Henry VIII. built some castles in it; ^nd it has now several pretty 
 towns and villages. It possesses advantages of situation, with respect to the 
 convenience of water-carriage and nearness to the Dock-yards, superior to 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 11$ 
 
 NEW FOREST, The, in Hampshire, (continued.) 
 
 every other forest, having in its neighbourhood several ports, and places of 
 shelter for shipping timber. This is the only forest belonging to the crown 
 of which the origin is, known. Doomsday-book contains the most dis- 
 tinct account of its afforestation by William the Conqueror: the contents of 
 every field, farm, or estate afforested, in hides > carueates, or virgates, by 
 which the extent of land was then computed, together with the names of the 
 hundreds and villages, and of the former proprietors (which are for the most 
 part Saxon) the rent and yearly value of each possession, and the tax which 
 had been paid for it to the crown during the reign of Edward the Confessor, 
 before the inhabitants were expelled, and that part of the country laid waste-* 
 are all to, be found in that most curious and venerable Record. 
 
 NEWFOUNDLAND FISHERY began in 1517 
 
 The Newfoundland Fishery Act was passed in 1699. In the fishing season,. 
 Newfoundland gives employment to at least 10,000 people every year, on 
 account of the fishing banks to the East of this island, for here they cure the 
 cod fish, which is carried not only to England, hut to all parts of Europe. 
 
 NEW M ALTON, Yorkshire,, the floor of the Sessions 
 
 House at gave way, December 9 1785 
 
 Although 300 persons fell twelve feet deep, fortunately no lives were lost. 
 
 NEW RIVER, brought to London from Anwell 1614 
 
 Water was conveyed to London by leaden pipes, 21 st Henry III. 137, and took 
 nearly fifty years in its completion. The whole, however, was finished, and 
 the Conduit in Cheapside erected in 1285. An engine was erected at Broken. 
 Wharf, to convey water by leaden pipes, 1594. The New River brought to 
 London from Amwell, in Hertfordshire, at an immense expense, by Sir 
 Hugh Middleton, in 1614. The New River Company incorporated in 1620. 
 The City was supplied with its water, by conveyances of wooden pipes in the 
 streets, and small leaden ones to the houses ; the wooden ones have been 
 removed and replaced by pipes of cast iron. So late as Queen Anne's time 
 there were water carriers at Aldgate pump, as now in Edinburgh, Salt 
 Water made fresh by Joshua Appleby, of Durham, 1747. 
 
 NEWSPAPER, the first published in England ... I5SS 
 
 It was titled the English Mercury, one of which is deposited in the British 
 Museum, dated July 28. A private Newspaper, called — " The Weekly 
 Courant," was printed in London, in 1622, (a private one). A Newspaper 
 was printed by Robert Barker, Newcastle, 1639\ After the Revolution, the 
 first Daily Paper was called, " The Orange Intelligencer r" and from thence, 
 to 1692, there were twenty-six Newspapers. In 1696V there were nine- 
 Weekly Papers, but only one Daily, besides the Votes of Parliament, pub- 
 lished in London. In 1709, there were eighteen Weekly, and one Daily- 
 paper, — " London Courant." In 1724, there were three Daily, eight 
 Weekly, and ten Evening Papers, three times a week. In 1792, in London, 
 were published, thirteen Daily, twenty Evening, and nine Weekly Papers.. 
 In the country, seventy: and in Scotland, fourteen. In 1795, there were 
 thirty-eight published in London : seventy-two in the country : thirteen in 
 Scotland: and thirty-five in Ireland: — in all, 158 Papers. Fourteen in 
 London were Daily: ten were three times a week: two twice a week: andi 
 invelve were Weekly. 
 
 Their annual prodnce to Government in 1788, was £129,000*. 
 
120 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 NEWSPAPERS in England, (continued.) 
 
 In 1753, the number printed was 7,411,757 
 
 1760, , 9,404,790 
 
 1790 14,035,639 
 
 1791, August, to 1792, there were 14,794,193 
 
 1792, August, to 1793 17,073,621 
 
 The year 1791 to 1792, yielded to the Government the sum of £118,498. j and 
 
 the period from 1792, to 1793, £142,280. 3s. 7c?. 
 The number conveyed by post before the improved plan by Mr. Palmer, was 
 2,000,000 per annum: — after the Plan took place, in 1794, they amounted 
 to near 12,000,000 per annum. Stamped, in 1713; increased 1725, 1765, 
 1781, 1789, and 1798. Newspaper Stamp Duty reduced to one penny, in 
 1836. 
 
 NEWSPAPERS were first published at Constantinople, in . 1797 
 
 The following were circulated in France, at the expense of Government in paying 
 
 different Journalists, 1796: — livres. 
 
 To the Editor 150,000 
 
 Real, for the Journal des Patriots de, 1789 500,000 
 
 Louvet, for La Sentinelle, 500,000 
 
 For Bon Homme Richard 500,000 
 
 Another Journal 500,000 
 
 And in the Country, for the following: — 
 
 At Rouseville, for l'Orateur Plebeien 540,000 
 
 Imber la Platiere, for the Courier de Paris 400,000 
 
 Sibuee, for 1' Ami des Loix .. 1,000,000 
 
 Tn all, 5,440,000 livres per month, which makes 65,280,000 livres per 
 annum. 
 
 NEW STYLE ACT passed 1752 
 
 NICE, the first General Council held at 325 
 
 It was here the first general council was assembled by Constantine the Great, for 
 the suppression of the Arian heresy. At this Council, 328 Fathers attended, 
 against Arius ; and at this Council it was that the famous Nicene Creed was 
 composed. A second Council was also held at Nice, when Pope Adrian pre- 
 sided, and 350 Fathers attended, in 787- 
 
 NICOPPING, Castle of, in Sweden Proper, destroyed by 
 
 the Russians, in 1719 
 
 NISMES, several houses at, burnt by the Catholics, in 
 
 July, 1815 
 
 At Nismes, several houses were burnt, and massacres perpetrated by the Catho- 
 lics, July, 1815. Further violences were committed at, and the place 
 quitted by the Protestants of distinction and property, May 4, 1816. 
 
 NON-JURORS double taxed, May 27 1723 
 
 They were obliged to register their estates. Began to pray for the King and 
 Family, May, 1788. 
 
 NORTH-W r EST PASSAGE, The, attempted by Captain 
 
 Phipps, afterwards Lord Mulgrave 1 773 
 
 NORTHAMPTONSHIRE Navigation began, August 7,... 1761 
 
TEI5: NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 121 
 
 NORWAY declares itself independent, and elects Prince 
 
 Christian King, February, 1814 
 
 The Ports of, were blockaded by Great Britain, in April following. 
 
 NORWICH, dreadful pestilence at, in 1348 
 
 In 1348, nearly 58,000 people died in consequence of this dreadful visitation; 
 and, in 1505, it was almost entirely consumed by fire. It bad a flint-stone 
 wall, three miles in compass, which was finished in 1309, and had forty 
 towers. The city is extensive. It has twelve gates, fifty-ei^ht parochial 
 churches and chapels, besides the Cathedral, with various dissenting Meeting 
 Houses. The worsted manufacture was introduced here by the Flemings in 
 the reign of Edward III. and afterwards very much improved by the Dutch, 
 who fled from the Duke of Alva's persecution, and being settled here by 
 Queen Elizabeth, taught the inhabitants to make says, baize, serges, &c. 
 By an Act of Parliament in 1726, certain duties are laid on goods brought 
 into the city, for the repair of its bridges, walls, gates, the stathes, wharfs, 
 and roads. 
 
 NOTARIES, PUBLIC, began in the first century. 
 
 NOTES AND BILLS first stamped 1782 
 
 Advanced in 1796. 
 
 NOVA CASTELLO, in Calabria, Earthquake at, Sep- 
 tember 30 1789 
 
 Several villages near it were destroyed. 
 
 NUNNERY, the first in England, at Folkestone, in 630 
 
 NUTMEG TREES, were first planted in Jamaica 1782 
 
 OAK SAW-DUST first discovered useful in Tanning 1765 
 
 OLIVES first planted in Italy B.C. 562 
 
 In Peru, by Anthony de Rivera, 15G0. 
 
 OLYMPIADS, The First, in 776 
 
 The second, in 772:— Third, in 768 .-—Fourth, in 764 .-—Fifth, in 760 .-—Seventh, 
 in 752: — Tenth, in 740 :— Thirteenth, in 728: — Fifteenth, in 720: — Six- 
 teenth, in 7^6: — Seventeenth, in 712: — Twenty-first, in 696: — Twenty- 
 third, in 688 :— Twenty-fourth, in 684:— Twenty-fifth, in 6S0 :— Twenty- 
 seventh, in 672 : — Twenty-eighth, in 688 : — Twenty-ninth, in 664: — Thirty- 
 ninth, in 624:- Forty-third, in 608 :— Forty-sixth, in 596: — Fifty-fifth, in 
 569:— Fifty-sixth, in 556: — Sixtieth, in 540: — Sixty-first, in 536, B.C. 
 
 O. P. ROW, the Great, at Covent Garden Theatre, in 
 
 September 1S09 
 
 On the 18th of September, 1809, this Theatre opened for the season. The prices 
 of admission to the Pit and Boxes having been raised, a most tumultuous 
 uproar took place, which was contiuued for six nights, and with considerable 
 injury to the interior; the seats were torn from their places, the chandeliers 
 were destroyed, when the row terminated. 
 
 No. 16 R 
 
122 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORV. 
 
 O. P. ROW, The, at the Liverpool Theatre, July 1810 
 
 OPERA, the first in London, in 1692 
 
 The first Opera in London, was in York-buildings. The first at Drury-lane was 
 in 1705. By Handel, in 1735. 
 
 OPERA HOUSE at Rome, the roof of fell in, January 18... 1762 
 
 ORANGE LODGES, suppression of the 1835 
 
 ORANGE AND NASSAU. 
 
 The Prince of Orange, in consequence of an invitation from the Dutch patriots, 
 ("See Holland, page 1&,J embarked at Deal on the 27th of November, and 
 landed at Scheveling, December 1, 1813: from whence he proceeded to the 
 Hague, and on the next day entered Amsterdam amidst immense rejoicing 1 , 
 after an absence of nineteen years. The port at which this Prince landed, 
 was the same from which Charles II. embarked on a similar occasion. The 
 term Orange boven, " Up with Orange," was the watch-word, or war cry, 
 when the Dutch first resisted the Duke of Alva and the tyranny of Spain, 
 and again, when the counter-revolution began against the French on the 15th 
 November, 1813. 
 
 ORANGE. 
 
 An ancient and considerable town of France. It was formerly governed by its 
 own sovereigns, among whom was William III. king of England, whose heir 
 Frederick William ceded it to the house of Bourbon, by the Treaty of Utrecht, 
 in 1713. It is the See of a Bishop, and has an University. Maurice of 
 Nassau, Prince of Orange, very well fortified its castle, which stood on an 
 eminence, in 1622: but Louis XIV. demolished the works in 1660, and the 
 castle in 1673. In the early ages Councils were held here. 
 
 OR AN, in Africa, Earthquake at, October 8 1 7 90 
 
 The greatest number of its inhabitants were destroyed. 
 
 ORATORIO, the first in London, in :. 1732 
 
 It was performed at Lincoln's Inn Playhouse, Portugal-street. 
 
 ORBITS of the Planets, first determined by a Saxon 
 
 Clergyman 1 68 1 
 
 ORBIT, parabolic, of Comets explained 1680 
 
 ORDEAL, The, by Fire and Water, abolished 126 1 
 
 ORGANS brought to Europe 757 
 
 They were brought from the Greek Empire, being a present from Constantius 
 Capronymus to Pepin the Little ; were first invented and applied to religious 
 devotion in churches, 757. Water organs invented by Cuming, a Scotsman, 
 about 1770. 
 
 ORGAN, The, at Exeter Hall, opened I anuary 23 1840 
 
 The Organ at Exeter Hall was built by Mr. James Walker, of Francis- street, 
 Tottenham-Court road. Opened by Mr. T. Adati s. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 123 
 
 ORGAN, The Grand one at Haarlem, built 1738 
 
 This organ was built by Muller in the year 1738. It has sixty stops, several of 
 which are not known to our organ-builders, or to be found in any instrument 
 in this country. 
 
 The principal Organs in the different cities of the continent are thus enu- 
 merated: — In the Cathedral of Seville, in Spain, there is an organ with 100 
 stops, which comprise 5300 pipes. The organ at Goerlitz, in Upper Lusatia, 
 has eighty-two stops, comprising 3270 pipes. That at St. Michael's, in 
 Hamburg, has sixtv-seven stops (instead of sixty-four, as described by Dr. 
 Burney), containing nine pipes of sixteen feet, and three of thirty-two feet, 
 with four rows of keys. It was erected at the cost of £4000, At Wein- 
 garten, a Benedictine monastery in Suabia, there is an organ with sixty 
 stops, which comprise 6666 pipes, seven of which are sixteen feet high, and 
 three thirty-two feet. It is stated that the Monks were so delighted with 
 this fine instrument, that they presented the builder, Gabelaar, of Ulm, with 
 as many florins, being a florin each pipe, beyond the amount of his charge. 
 The old organ at York Cathedral was the largest in England : it had fifty- 
 two stops, 3254 pipes, and three rows of keys. The largest organ at Rome 
 is that in the church of St. John Lateran: it has thirty-six stops. There is 
 one in the Cathedral at Ulm that has forty-five stops with 3442 pipes. At 
 Baltimore, in the United States, there is an organ in the Cathedral which 
 has thirty-six stops, with 2213 pipes, the height of the largest of which is 
 thirty-two feet. 
 
 To complete this statement, the organs at Seville, Goerlitz, &c. &c. are all 
 larger than that of Haarlem ; and the new instruments at York and Birming- 
 ham exceed them all. Indeed, it is a matter of dispute which of the two is 
 the largest; it is admitted, however, that the pipes of the Birmingham organ 
 are a little larger than that of York. The width of the Birmingham organ 
 is thirty-five feet, the depth fifteen, and the height forty-five. The largest 
 central pipe is thirty-five feet long, and rather less than twenty-one inches 
 in diameter. The foot of the pipe is four feet in length, and weighs 2241bs. 
 and the metal pipes are of large dimensions. There are four rows of keys, 
 and an extensive set of pedals, or foot-keys. The builder is Mr. Hill, of 
 London. The funds requisite for the erection of this noble instrument were 
 raised by subscription, the estimate of the projector being given in at the very 
 moderate sum of £2000. The case of the instrument is the design of Mr. 
 Mackenzie. The weight of the timber alone used in the construction of this 
 organ, is said to have weighed between twenty and thirty tons, and the metal 
 and other materials, to at least forty tons. 
 
 ORIANO, in Naples, almost destroyed by an Earthquake, 
 
 October 8 1790 
 
 ORKNEY ISLES, The, sold by Denmark to Scotland in . . . 839 
 
 Re-granted in 1468. 
 
 ORLEANS, The siege of raised, in 1429 
 
 The capital of the department of the Loiret and late province of Orleannois, situ- 
 ated on the north bank of the Loire, over which it has a fine stone bridge, 
 and on the centre a monument of cast brass, and ornamented in the Gothic 
 taste; among the figures, which are less than life, is king Charles VII. on the 
 right hand, kneeling before a crucifix ; and on the left, the famous Maid of » 
 Orleans, or Jeanne of Arc, who happily raised the siege of this cityin 1429, 
 represented in the same suppliant posture, and both dressed in armour. A 
 solemn procession is annually held at this place, on the 19th of May, in com- 
 memoration of this del ' verance. (For a further Account of the Maid of 
 Orleans, see " Remark ible Persons," The canal at this place was finished 
 in 1682. 
 
124 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 ORRERY, invented 1670 
 
 Though the Art of Orrery was known at this time, it was John Boyle, Earl of 
 Cork and Orrery, from whom the well-known machine for representing the 
 motions and phases of the Planets in their orbits derived the name of Orrery. 
 The real inventor, however, was George Graham, the celebrated chronometer 
 maker. A workman, named Rowley, borrowed the original from Graham, 
 and made a copy of it for the Earl of Orrery, after whom it was named by Sir 
 Richard Steele. 
 
 OSBALDESTON'S, Mr. Grand Match over the Course at 
 
 Newmarket, November 5, 1831 
 
 This Match was performed on the Newmarket Round Course for a bet of One 
 Thousand Guineas, Colonel Charite betting Mr. Osbaldeston that he did not 
 perform the distance on horseback of 200 miles in ten hours, the number of 
 horses being unlimited ; various bye bets to a great amount were also made, 
 one party betting 1000 to 1 that Mr. Osbaldeston did not accomplish the 
 task in nine hours. The distance was, however, performed in gallant style 
 in eight hours and twelve minutes, including the time for mounting, dis- 
 mounting, and refreshment. What adds more particularly to the accomplish- 
 ment of the undertaking is, that the greater part of the day was very unfa- 
 vourable, being stormy, and attended with heavy showers. Mr. Osbaldeston's 
 weight, including' saddle and bridle, was list. 31bs. — (For a correct List of 
 the horses, with the time each took to perform the distance, see the Print, 
 which may be obtained at Moore's Sporting Repository, the corner of West- 
 street, Upper St. Martin's-lane). 
 
 OSTEND, in Flanders, capitulation of to the Spaniards, ... 1604 
 
 Ostend, in Flanders, endured a siege of three years, and the garrison and inhabi- 
 tants, reduced by famine, surrendered on capitulation: attempted to be taken 
 by the French, but the scheme miscarried with great loss to them, owing to 
 the minister having been deceived by his agents, 1658 : India Company 
 Chartered, 1722: suppressed by the Treaty at Vienna, 1731 : made a free 
 port, June 15, 1781 : surrendered to the French, 178', and was taken by the 
 English, in 1793: and in 1794, with all the Netherlands, surrendered to the 
 French. 
 
 OSTROGOTHS, their kingdom began in Italy 476 
 
 Ended in 554. 
 
 OSWESTRY. 
 
 This place took its name from Oswald, King of the Northumbrians, who was 
 killed here in the battle with Penda, the Pagan king of the Mercians, and 
 torn limb from limb. In the years 1542 and 1567, this town suffered much 
 from fire. 
 
 OTAHEITE, or GEORGE THE THIRD'S ISLAND, in 
 
 the South Seas, discovered 1 767 
 
 The island of Otaheite was first discovered by Captain Wallis, who called it 
 " George the Third's Island." M. de Bougainville next arrived at it in April, 
 
 1768, and staid ten days. Captain Cook, in the Endeavour, came hither in 
 
 1769, to observe the transit of Venus, sailed round the whole island in a boat, 
 and staid three months. It has since been visited twice by the same cele- 
 brated navigator, and two or three times by the Spaniards. 
 
 OTTOMAN EMPIRE, The, be^an 1293 
 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 125 
 
 OTRANTO, or HYDRUNTUM. 
 
 In 1480, it was taken by the Sultan Mahomet II. who ordered the Archbishop 
 that came to meet him, at the head of his clergy, to be sawn asunder : and the 
 latter to be massacred at the foot of the altar. 
 
 OUDE. 
 
 An ancient city of Hindoostan Proper, in the soubah of Oude, the remains of 
 which are seated on the Ganges, nearly adjoining Fyzabad. It is said to 
 have been the first imperial city of Hindoostan, and to have been built by 
 their hero Krishen. In Colonel Dow's translation of Feritsha's history, it is 
 mentioned as the capital of a great kingdom, 1209 years before the Christian 
 era: and it is frequently mentioned in the famous Hindoo work in Shanscrit 
 the learned language of the Bramins) the Mahaberet, under the name of 
 Adjudea. But whatever may have been its magnificence, no traces of it are 
 left. It is considered a place of sanctity; and the Hindoos frequently come 
 hither in pilgrimage from all quarters of India. 
 
 OWY-HE, The Island of, discovered 1778 
 
 OXENALL, near Darlington, sudden rise of an eminence 
 
 at, 1179 
 
 In this year the earth suddenly rose an eminence resembling a mountain, remained 
 so some hours, then sunk as suddenly, with an awful noise, leaving a deep 
 chasm,, which still continues. 
 
 OXFORD ASSIZES, deaths from infection at, in 1577 
 
 These Assizes were made memorable by the fatal distemper which occurred here, 
 and which caused the death of the Sheriffs, together with 300 individuals, 
 communicated by the infection from the prisoners. 
 
 PACHA, ALY, of Janina, declares himself independent of 
 
 Turkey, April 1820 
 
 PACKET, one to Ireland, by Milford Haven, began 1787 
 
 PADLOCKS invented at Nuremberg 1540 
 
 PAINTING, the Art of, first introduced at Rome from 
 
 Hertruria, by Quintus, B.C. 291 
 
 He was on that account styled Pictor. The first excellent Pictures were brought 
 from Corinth to Rome by Mummius, B. c. 146. In oil, said to have been 
 invented by John Van Eyck, who with his brother Hubert were the founders 
 of the Flemish School, 1415. The first picture was an " Ecce Homo," 
 1455. In chiar' oscuro, introduced into Venice by Venetiano, 1450; into 
 Italy by Antonello, 1746. — In enamel, discovered by John Toutin, a French- 
 man, 1632, whose son Henry excelled in this art. 
 
 PAISLEY, manufacture at, from 1743 to 1744 
 
 At the above period it produced 353,407 yards, value £15,886. The manufac- 
 tures carried on are chiefly in silk and thread gauze, which are brought to 
 the highest degree of perfection. Here are interred Majory, daughter of 
 Robert Bruce, and mother of Robert II. and the two Queens of Robert II. 
 The Black Book of Paisley, kept by the Monks, was a faithful Chronicle of 
 public affairs, and remarkable events. 
 
126 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 PAISLEY, Five Persons burnt there for Witches, in 1697 
 
 PALERMO INSURRECTION 177 
 
 PALMYRA, The Ruins of, in the Deserts of Syria, dis- 
 covered 1 678 
 
 PANAMA settled 1516 
 
 PAPAL AUTHORITY abolished by law 1591 
 
 PAPER TAX, 1781, 1784, and 1798 
 
 PAPER CURRENCY, first established at Milan, in ...... 1240 
 
 Paper currency was established in America, May 15, 1775. 
 
 PAPER, made of cotton, in use in 1000 
 
 That of linen rags in 1319: the manufacture of, introduced into England, at 
 Dartford, in Kent, 1588: scarcely any brown paper made in England, until 
 1690: white paper first made in England, 1690: made of the asbestos at 
 Danbury, in Connecticut, in North America, by a Mr. Beach, who discovered 
 a fine kind there, in 1792. Stamped paper first used in Spain and Holland, 
 in 1555: velvet, or floss, for hanging apartments with, first used in 1620. 
 Paper was first brought from China to Sarmacand, A. H. 30, or A. D. 652, and 
 was introduced at Mecca, A.H. 88, or A. D. 710. The Escurial library has 
 paper as old as A. H. 400, or 1022 to 1122. 
 
 PAPISTS obliged to register their Names and Estates 1717 
 
 Again 1762, 1780, 1781, 1784. Their estates valued at £375,284. 15s. Z\d. per 
 annum, 1719. Taxed £100,000. November 23, 1722: indulgences granted 
 them by Parliament, 1778: excluded the throne, 1689. 
 
 PARAGUAY, or LA PLATA, discovered 1525 
 
 This country is called Paraguay from the river running through it from North to 
 South, and La Plata from that rising in Peru and running through it south- 
 west joins its stream with the former near Buenos Ayres. 
 
 PARCHMENT invented bv King Eumenes, of Pergamus, 
 
 in : b.c. 198 
 
 PARDONS, general ones, for all Crimes, at Coronations ... 1S27 
 
 The first was by Edward III. as above. 
 
 PARIS first paved with stones 1168 
 
 PARISHES in England first laid out 640 
 
 Thev were at this time 45,000 : afterwards reduced to 9,000, besides chapels, in 
 1527. In 1776, there were 14,563. 
 
 PARISH REGISTERS were first introduced by Lord 
 
 Cromwell's order in 1538 
 
 PARK, the first in England, made by Henry I. at Wood- 
 stock, in 1 123 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 127 
 
 PARK, ST. JAMES'S, drained, 1537 
 
 St. James's Park was drained at the above period, by Henry VIII. : greatly 
 improved, planted, and made a thoroughfare for public use, 1668: decoy 
 removed, and drains filled up, 1774. 
 
 PARLIAMENTARY GRANTS to the King were in kind, 
 
 30,000 sacks of Wool being in the grant 1340 
 
 PARLIAMENTARY REFORM, Motions for it: 
 
 In 1733, rejected. In 1745, ditto. In 1758, ditto. In 1782, by Mr. Pitt, ditto, 
 by 161, to 141. In 1783, by Mr. Pitt, rejected by 293, to 149. In 1785, 
 by Mr. Pitt, rejected bv 248, to 174. In 1790, by Mr. Flood, withdrawn. 
 In 1793, by Charles Grey, rejected by 282, to 41, In 1810, by Mr. Brand, 
 rejected by 234, to 115. 
 
 PARLIAMENT, the first regular one, in 1204 
 
 Parliaments were known as far back as the Saxon government ; the first regular 
 one was in king John's reign 1204: the epoch of the House of Commons, 
 January 23, 1265 : Members obliged to reside in the place they represented, 
 1413: Peer's eldest son, Francis Russell, son of the Earl of Bedford, was the 
 first who sat in the House of Commons, 1549 : that remarkable in the epoch 
 in which were first formed the parties of Court and Country, was June 16, 
 1621: the Long, began November 3, 1640, ended April 10, 1653: a Peer 
 elected, and sat as a Member of the House of Commons, 1659 : the House of 
 Commons committed a Secretary of State to the Tower, November 18, 1678: 
 their Speaker refused by the King, 1679 : Bill passed for triennial ones, 
 November, 1694: the first British one, met October 24, 1707: the triennial 
 Act repealed, May 1, 1716 : Septenial ones, 1716: by Act George I. c. 38, 
 when the Parliament there assembled, did without any Election, extend their 
 privileges as Members of Parliament, for seven years, in place of three, for 
 which only they had been elected to serve; the Lord Mayor and au Alder- 
 man of London committed to the Tower by the House of Commons, 1771 : 
 their privilege of protection from arrest for debt relinquished, 1779: the 
 shortest one, from December 15, 1806, to April 25, 1807. 
 
 PAROCHIAL ASSESSMENTS began 1370 
 
 PARTY WALLS, regulated by Parliament 1785 
 
 PATENT for Copper and Brass Coin in England 1 636 
 
 PAWNBROKERS' LICENCE ACT, 1784; 1786; and 1796 
 
 PEACE, grand display of Fire Works on the occasion of, 
 
 April 27 1749 
 
 This event took place in the Green Park, St. James's. 
 
 PEACE, grand display of Fire Works on the occasion of, 
 
 in Hyde and St. James's Park, August 1, 1814 
 
 Monday, August 1, 1814, being remarkable as the anniversary of the glorious 
 victory of the Nile, and by a singular coincidence, the centenary of the acces- 
 sion of the House of Brunswick to the throne of these realms, was selected as 
 the day for a grand rejoicing, to celebrate the return of Peace, and which 
 was conducted on a scale of magnificence seldom before witnessed. 
 
 A vast number of workmen had been employed for some weeks, in order 
 to complete the various arrangements, and a numerous body of artists were 
 
128 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 PEACE, Grand display of Fire Works, &c. (continued.) 
 
 ordered to attend from the Royal Arsenal at Woolwich to superintend the 
 fire-works, under the direction of Sir William Congreve, which were in tem- 
 porary buildings, erected for that purpose in the Green Park : whilst the 
 greatest precaution was taken to prevent any accident. 
 
 In St. James's Park, the principal object was the Chinese pagoda, of seven 
 stories, erected on a bridge thrown across the canal, ornamented by a profu- 
 sion of lamps, witli fire works attached to many parts of it: several booths 
 and tents were likewise pitched : whilst boats filled with elegantly dressed 
 females, presented to the view of the beholder a scene seldom witnessed. 
 
 Her Majesty and the Princesses gave a splendid entertainment to a party 
 of 250 of the nobility, at Buckingham House, the front of which being brilli- 
 antly illuminated, seemed uniform with the Royal Booth in the Green Park, 
 which exhibited the names of some of our most celebrated men, military and 
 naval: and, in the early part of the evening Mr. Sadler made an ascent in 
 his balloon in the front of Buckingham House. In the course of the evening, 
 an unfortunate occurrence took place which marred the general hilarity of the 
 day; the fire-works having set fire to the pagoda, two of the men employed 
 were so severely injured, as to cause their death on the following day; and 
 five stories of the pagoda were destroyed, ere the fire could be extinguished. 
 
 Unusual anxiety was evinced to witness a mimic naval engagement on the 
 Serpentine river; this splendid sheet of water presented the singular spec- 
 tacle of two hostile fleets, viz.: — an English and American, riding in proud 
 defiance on its bosom, both shores being lined with a dense mass of people 
 assembled to witness this novel scene. About six o'clock the action com- 
 menced by a brisk cannonading from each ship in the van of the opposing 
 fleets, until the whole line gradually neared each other: after a severe 
 struggle the Americans were ultimately driven on shore: at dark, however, 
 the British line formed and bore down upon the American fleet then lying 
 at anchor, and set fire to the whole of their ships which were burnt to the 
 ■water's edge. The effect of this conflagration was surprizingly magnificent, 
 and well calculated to afford gratification to the middling and lower classes 
 of a maritime nation. The entertainment terminated at this point bv a dis- 
 play of fire-works, 1 among which the water rockets, a new species of combus- 
 tible, attracted much notice. 
 
 The fair was allowed to continue during the whole of the week: the Park 
 being cleared by order of the Secretary of State on Monday the 8th, and such 
 was the injury done to this beautiful spot by the influx of so many visitors, 
 that a lapse of two years passed away ere it recovered its pristine beauty. 
 
 PEDESTRIAN. Thomas Standen, the celebrated walking 
 
 Match of, July 1811 
 
 In the year 1811, Thomas Standen undertook to walk 1000 miles in as many suc- 
 cessive hours, for a trifling wager ; one mile only in each hour, and accom- 
 plished it. He was at the time nearly sixty years of age. 
 
 PEERS, French House of, Question for abolishing the here- 
 ditary Peerage, December 27 1831 
 
 In the House of Peers, the question for abolishing the hereditary Peerage was 
 carried; — the numbers for the hereditary Peerage being 70 ; against it, 103. 
 Majority for the abolition of the Peerage 33. 
 
 PEER, a (the Earl of Abingdon) committed to the King's 
 
 Bench Prison, February 9 1795 
 
 The Earl of Abingdon was committed to prison for having uttered and published 
 a libel on Mr. Serman, an Attorney. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 129 
 
 PELEVV ISLANDS, shipwreck there of Captain Henry 
 
 Wilson, August, 1783 
 
 Captain Henry Wilson, of the Antelope, a packet belonging to the East India 
 Company, was. wrecked there in the night between the 9th and 10th of Au- 
 gust, 17'S3. This misfortune was the more distressing to the crew, as they 
 were utterly ignorant what resources the islands afforded, or supposing them 
 to be inhabited, what might be the disposition of the inhabitants. However, 
 they found these islands inhabited, and the natives simple in their manners, 
 and friendly in their disposition. Their astonishment was great on first view 
 of the crew of the Antelope, which plainly shewed, that they had never before 
 seen a white man. The dress of the strang-ers puzzled them exceedingly. 
 When one of the crew, the Captain's brother, was deputed to wait upon the 
 King, who resided at an island at some distance from that whereon they had 
 saved their lives, he accidentally pulled off his hat, at which, the gazing spec- 
 tators were struck with astonishment, as if they thought it had formed a 
 part of his head. The conduct of the natives towards the English was, from 
 first to last, uniformly courteous and attentive, accompanied with a politeness 
 which surprised those who were the objects of it. Such an opinion had the 
 king of the island entertained of the English, that on their departure, he 
 suffered his second son, Lee Boo, to accompany them to England, wheie this 
 hopeful youth unhappily died of the small-pox, in December, 1784, The 
 East India Company erected a monument over his grave in Rotherhithe 
 church-yard, -where he was buried. These islands were afterwards visited by 
 Captain M'Cleur, who confirmed the account given of them and their inha- 
 bitants by Captain Wilson. In his journal, Captain M'Cleur says, " Having 
 " pitched my tent in a bay opposite to the ship, I found myself in a perfect 
 " paradise, and could have been happy to have continued here the remainder 
 " of my days." 
 
 PENAL LAWS began 1381 
 
 PENANCE enjoined as a punishment 157 
 
 PENDULUMS for clocks invented 1656 
 
 The oscillations of a pendulum were used by the Arabians for measuring time, 
 long before Galileo's time, 1G56. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA, Penn's Charter for Planting. (For a 
 
 further Account, see " Remarkable Persons J 1680 
 
 PENNY FUND, The, made 1832 
 
 The Penny Fund was proposed for the purpose of presenting Lords Grey, 
 Althorpe, (now Earl Spencer), Brougham, and Russell, with gold cups, 
 which had the great number of 300,000 subscribers. 
 
 PENNY PIECES, the present, first issued in England, 
 
 June 20, 1797 
 
 PENNY POST, The, first set up in London 1681 
 
 The Penny Post was first set up in London, by a person of the name of Murray, 
 an upholsterer, who afterwaids assigned it to a person of the name of 
 Dockwra. It was claimed by Government, who allowed the latter person a 
 pension of £200. a year, in 1711. First set up in Dublin, 1774. It was 
 considerably improved in and round LondoD, July, 1794, and raised to two- 
 No- 17 s 
 
130 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 PENNY POST, The, (continued.) 
 
 pence, Commenced in Edinburgh, by P. Williamson, about 1770. Pur- 
 chased by Government in 1/92. Postage of letters reduced to 4rf. in Decem- 
 ber, 1839. The Penny Postage Act came into operation in January, 1840. 
 
 PEPPER, early known in Europe, as growing in the Hither 
 India. Black Pepper Vines discovered in Jamaica, 
 in 179^ 
 
 PERIODICALS in 1800 
 
 Title. No. Sold. Proprietors. 
 
 Monthly Review 5000 Griffiths. 
 
 Monthly Magazine 5000 Philips. 
 
 Gentleman's Magazine 4250 Nichols. 
 
 British Critic. 3500 Rivington, &c. 
 
 European Magazine 3250 Sewel, &c. 
 
 Critical Review 2500 Hamilton, &c. 
 
 Universal Magazine 1750 Bent, &c. 
 
 Repertory 1000 Wyat. 
 
 Annals of Agriculture 700 Young. 
 
 Nicholson's Journal 750 Robinson. 
 
 Dodsley's Annual Register 3000 
 
 New Annual Register 6000 
 
 The Farmer's Magazine, 4000 sold, Archibald Constable and Co. Edin- 
 burgh: — commenced in 1800, published Quarterly. 
 
 The Scots Magazine : — commenced in 1739, 1300 sold; Archibald Consta- 
 ble and Co. 
 
 Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal : — commenced in 1805, 2500 sold; 
 Archibald Constable and Co. 
 
 Edinburgh Review: — commenced in October, 1802; no less than 12,000 
 numbers are sold Quarterly, at 6s. each, making it equal to 72,000 at Is. 
 being at that time nearly five times the value of any other Periodical publica- 
 tion printed in Britain ; Archibald Constable and Co. 
 
 PERJURY punished with Pillory, in 1563 
 
 PERSIAN TRADE, The, began 1569 
 
 Opened through Russsia, 1741. 
 
 PERSIAN ARMY, threw themselves into the Euphrates, in 424 
 
 The army of the Persians fearing they should be cut off by the Romans, threw 
 themselves into the Euphrates, where upwards of 10,000 of them perished. 
 
 PERUKE, the first used in France, 1620 
 
 Introduced into England, 1660. 
 
 PERU discovered 1518 
 
 PETERLOO, near Manchester, dreadful Massacre at, Au- 
 gust 16 1819 
 
 PETER-PENCE, paid to Rome 790 
 
 Abolished 1534; took its name from being collected on the 1st of August, — St. 
 Peter's Day. 
 
THE. NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 131 
 
 PEVER, in Gloucestershire, singular occurrence at 1773 
 
 A singular circumstance occurred here, by the river altering its course, when ten 
 acres of land, with every thine upon its surface, were removed with the 
 current. 
 
 PHILIPPINE ISLES discovered by the Spaniards 1521 
 
 PHOSPHORUS, artificial fire, first discovered 1 699 
 
 Hermetic Phosphorus was made in 1677' 
 
 PHYSIC-GARDEN, the first cultivated in England, in ... 1567 
 
 The first cultivated in England was by John Gerrard', surgeon, of London, 1/567 : 
 that at Oxford, endowed by the Earl of Danby, 1652: that in Cambridge 
 began, 1763. The Physic garden at Chelsea, began 1732. 
 
 PHYSIC, the practice of, was confined to Ecclesiastics, 
 
 from about 1206 to about 1500 
 
 PIER, THE NEW, at Gravesend opened, July 29 1834 
 
 PILLAGE. 
 
 The pillage committed in Italy by Bonaparte, and sent to Paris, consisted of sixty- 
 six pieces of sculpture, and forty-seven capital paintings. Among the former 
 are the following celebrated chefs-d'oeuvre. : — The Apollo, the Antinous, the 
 Adonis, the Dying Gladiator, the Laocoon, the two Sphinxes, and the Tomb 
 of the Muses. — Among the latter are the principal paintings of Raphael, 
 Perugino, Guerchino, Annibal Carrache, Guido, Titian, and Corregio. In 
 the catalogue of the articles sent to the National Library, are a Manuscript 
 of the Antiquities of Josephus on papyrus: — a Manuscript Virgil of Petrarch, 
 with notes in his hand writing, and 500 of the most curious Manuscripts 
 which were in the Library of the Vatican. 
 
 PINS brought from France 1543 
 
 They were first used in England by Catharine Howard, Queen of Henry VIII. 
 Previous to the invention of Pins, both sexes used ribbons, loop-holes, laces, 
 with points and tags, clasps, hooks and eyes, brass skewers, silver, and gold. 
 
 PISTOLS first used by Cavalry 1544 
 
 PITCH AND TAR made from Pit-coal, discovered at 
 
 Bristol 1779 
 
 PITT'S STRAITS, in the East Indies discovered, April 30, 1760 
 
 PITT, RT. HON. WM. declared by a Decree of the Con- 
 vention, an enemy to the human race, August 1793 
 
 PITT, RT. HON. WM. made free of London, with Mr. 
 
 Legge 1 757 
 
 DO 
 
 PITT, RT. HON. WM. resigned, and was succeeded by Mr. 
 
 Addington, the Speaker, March 17 ,.... 1801 
 
132 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 PLAGUE, THE, b. c. 767 
 
 The whole world visited by one, B.C. 767- In Rome, when 10,000 died in a dav, 
 78 a. D.— In England, in the following years, 762, 772, (when 34,000 died 
 in Chichester):— 788, 1025, 1247, 1347," (when 50,000 died in London, 150O 
 in Leicester, &c.) :— 1367, 1379, 1407, (which carried off 30,000 persons. In 
 1 477. (when more were destroyed than in a war of fifteen years before) : 1499 
 (when 30,000 died in London): 1548, 1594, which carried off a fourth part 
 of its inhabitants: 1625, and 1631, 35,417 died in London: 1665, 68,000 
 persons died : — in Scotland, which swept away 40,000 inhabitants, 954, In 
 France, 1367, 1632, when 60,000 died at Lyons. In Germany, 1348, which 
 cut off 90,000 people. At Messina, in Sicily, in 1743 : in the Levant, 1784, 
 which carried off 20,000 of the inhabitants of Smyrna: 1786, and 1791, at 
 Constantinople: 1611, when 20,000 persons died: in Persia, 1773, when 
 80,000 persons perished at Bussorah. In Africa in the following years: 1755, 
 at Algiers: 1784, which destroyed 32,000 people at Tunis: 1792, when 
 nearly 300,000 people died in Egypt: June, 1799, when 247,000 died at 
 Fez: and in 1800, when 1700 died in one day. In 1793, the Yellow Fever 
 destroyed 2000 at Philadelphia. 
 
 PLAGUES, (THE TEN,) of Egypt b.c. 1494 
 
 " PLAISTER OF PARIS, the taking of likenessses with, 
 
 invented 1 4 70 
 
 It was first found out by one And. Verocchio. 
 
 PLATE ACT passed, May 1756 
 
 Repealed in 1780. 
 
 PLATE-GLASS Manufactory established in Lancashire, in . 1773 
 
 First made in France, in 1688. 
 
 PLATE, silver, (except spoons) prohibited in public houses 
 
 in by Parliament 1696 
 
 PLATINA, a new Metal, discovered in America, about ... 17C0 
 
 PLAYS required by Parliament to be licensed by the Lord 
 
 Chamberlain 1737 
 
 Plays first performed in England, 1378: that by the Parish Clerks in 1390. Sup- 
 pressed by Parliament, in 1647: restored, 1659. 
 
 PLEADING introduced .786 
 
 Changed from French to English, in 1362. 
 
 PLYMOUTH DOCK YARD, extraordinary exhibition at, 
 
 July 1, 1817 
 
 The Tigre, of eighty guns, and weighing 1964 tons, was lifted completely out of 
 the water, and placed high and dry in a cradle, to the delight and astonish- 
 ment of thousands of spectators. Sixteen hundred men were employed at the 
 capstan. 
 
 POACHING, The Act to prevent, passed 1753 
 
 POET LAUREAT, the first one, in 1487 
 
 The salarv is £100. and a butt of wine. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 133 
 
 POISONING made treason 1532 
 
 POLAND dismantled of its Provinces, in 1 772 
 
 This deprivation was committed by Russia, Prussia, and the Emperor of Ger- 
 many. The crown was made hereditary, and it admitted citizens to civil, 
 military, and epclesiastical employments, May 3, 1791. Poland was seized 
 upon and divided by the neighbouring states of Russia, Prussia, and Austria. 
 This event took place November 25, 1795 ; the plan for so doing was the 
 invention of the king of Prussia, and who had a meeting- with the Emperor at 
 Neustadt, in August, 1769, where the plan was first proposed. Poland was 
 invaded hy Bonaparte in 1806 : and afterwards by the same person, in the 
 year 1812, when he gave them a new constitution. But the French army 
 having been totally destroyed by the Russians, in the end of that year, the 
 fate of Poland is at present uncertain. 
 
 DUKES OF POLAND SINCE THE SEVENTH CENTURY. 
 Lesko I. 550. Cracus, 700. Vanda, Queen, 750. Twelve Palatines. Premislaus, 
 760. Interrognum. Lesko II. 810. Lesko III, 815. Popiall. 830. Popial II. 
 Interregnum. Piart, elected 842, died 861. Ziemovitz, 892. Lesko IV. 913. 
 Ziemomislaus, 964. Miceslaus, 999. 
 
 KINGS OF POLAND. 
 
 Boleslaus I. 1025. Miceslaus II. 1034 Interregnum. Richia, widow of Micislaus, 
 104L. Casimir I. 1058. Boleslaus II. 1081. Uladislaus I. 1102. boleslaus 
 III. 1139. Uladislaus II. 1146. Boleslaus IV. 1173. Miceslaus III. 1177- 
 Casimir 11.1194. Lesko V. 1227 Boleslaus V. 1279. Lesko VI. 1289. 
 Lokstek, brother of Lesko, and Premislaus, Duke of Posnante, had the title 
 of Governors till 1295. Premislaus, 1296. Uladislaus, deposed in 1300. 
 Wenceslaus, 1304. Uladislaus, a second time, 1333. Casimir III. 1370. 
 Lewis, King of Hungary, 1382. Interregnum of three years. Uladislaus, or 
 Jagellow, 1435. Uladislaus IV. Interregnum till 1447. Casimir IV. 1492. 
 John Albert, 1501. Alexander, 1506. Sigismund I. 1548. Sigismund II. 
 1573. Henry Duke of Anjou, 1575. Stephen Battori, 1586. Sigismund III. 
 1632. Uladislaus VII. 1648. John Casimir, abdicated. 1669. Michael, 1674. 
 John Sobieskie, 1696. Frederick Augustus, 1704. Stanislaus I. forced away, 
 1709. Frederick Augustus, 1733. Stanislaus, elected a second time, but 
 forced to renounce it, 1736. Frederick Augustus II. 1763. Stanislaus Au- 
 gustus II. (Poniatowski) carried a prisoner to Russia, 1794. Obliged to sign 
 the partition Treaty, 1795. Abdicated the throne, 1796. 
 
 POLICE ACT, THE NEW, passed August 17, 1S39 
 
 POLICE OF PARIS, established by Stephen Boileau, Pre- 
 
 vost des Marchands. 1270 
 
 POLICIES of Insurance taxed, in 1782 
 
 POLISH DIET opened at Warsaw, by Alexander, Sep- 
 tember 1 1820 
 
 POLITICIANS, the term first used in France 1569 
 
 POLL-TAX, The, first levied in England 1378 
 
 POOLE, Monmouthshire, accident at, August 11, 1758 
 
 At Poole, Monmouthshire, the floor of the Sessions Hall fell, while the Court was 
 sitting, and occasioned the death of several psrsons. 
 
134 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 POOR, The first Act for the relief of 1597 
 
 POOR LAW, The New, passed 1834 
 
 POOR RATES, first established in England, 1774 
 
 They were established by Queen Elizabeth, and amounted to £3,000,000. in 1774. 
 In 1812, to above £10,000,000. 
 
 POPERY abolished in England by law 1536 
 
 The temporal power of the Pope annihilated by order of General Miollis, March 
 27, 1808. Pope Pius VII. protests against the demands of the French, who 
 entered Rome, February 2, 1808. On the 17th of May, 1809, Napoleon 
 Bonaparte annexed the Papal dominions to the French Empire, and reduced 
 the Pope nearly to his original condition of Bishop of Rome. Formerly the 
 appellation of Pope being given to all Bishops, till the time of Gregory VII. 
 since which it has been exclusively given to the Bishop of Rome. 
 
 Pius VI. was confined by Napoleon Bonaparte, after being despoiled of 
 most part of his personal estate. 
 
 By the Concordatum of January, 1813, the dominions of Pius VII. were 
 restored by Bonaparte to Pius, in consequence of this prelate threatening to 
 have his second marriage declared illegal, and his son, the King of Rome, 
 declared illegitimate. 
 
 On the restoration of the Papal dominions in Italy, Pius agreed to acknow- 
 ledge the legitimacy of Bonaparte's marriage; and he was crowned King of 
 Rome, at Paris, December 2, 1804, by this Pope: thus sacrificing a religion, 
 of which he was the head, his temporal, for his eternal interest. 
 
 Pope Pius VII. died August 20, 1823. 
 
 Pius VII. was succeeded by Cardinal Annibal Delia Genga, (Leo XII.) who 
 died at Rome, February 10, 1829. On the death of Pope Leo, a grand dirge 
 was performed for the departed, at the Roman Catholic Chapel, Moorfields, 
 and attended by a great number of distinguished persons. The chapel was 
 hung with black on the occasion, and the service performed by three Bishops, 
 Drs. Bramston and Gradwall, and the Bishop of New York, January 14, 1831. 
 
 POPULATION, The, of England. 
 
 The Population of England in 1S21 was,— In England, 11,621,437;— Scotland, 
 2,093,456;— and Ireland, 5,500,000. 
 
 PORTER. 
 
 An account of the number of barrels of this beverage brewed in London, by the 
 ten principal houses, to Midsummer, in the years 1810, and 1813, viz: — 
 
 1810. 1813. 
 
 Barclay, Perkins, and Co. 235,053 . . 257,265 
 
 Meux, Reid, and Co 211,009 .. 165,157 
 
 Truman, Hanbury, and Co 144,990 . . 140,114 
 
 Felix Calvert and Co 133,491 ..100,093 
 
 Whitbread and Co 100,939 .. 135,390 
 
 Henry Meux and Co 93,660.. 82,012 
 
 Combe, Delafield, and Co 85,150.. 97,035 
 
 Goodwin, Skinner, and Co 74,223.. 70,709 
 
 Elliott and Co 44,510 . . 49,268 
 
 Taylor 44,510.. 41,454 
 
 A cask at Meux, Reid, and Co.'s is 65^ feet diameter, 2\ high, and con- 
 sists of 314 oak staves, 2\ inches thick; contains 20,000 barrels of Porter, 
 and costs £10,000. 
 
 PORTERAGE ACT passed, June 21 1709 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 135 
 
 PORTMAN MARKET opened, December 1830 
 
 It was opened as a Haymarket, and also for the sale of vegetables. 
 
 PORTSMOUTH, Virginia, destroyed by the British Forces, 
 
 May 11 1779 
 
 PORT ROYAL, Jamaica, destroyed by an Earthquake, 
 
 June 7, 1692 
 
 Port Royal experienced another disaster by lire, in 1703: and by a hurricane, 
 August 28, 1722: again, by a storm, October 20, 1744: £100,000. damage 
 done by fire, in 1750: very much damaged by a storm, July 30, 1784. 
 
 PORTLAND, Isle of, damage at, December 20 1735 
 
 One hundred yards of its north end sunk into the sea, which did damage to the 
 amount of £4000. to the pier. The pier, with part of the land, nearly half a 
 mile square, was washed into the sea, in February, 1792. 
 
 PORTO BELLO, taken by Admiral Vernon, 1739 
 
 Although the place was defended by several forts, it was taken by Admiral 
 Vernon, with six ships only. 
 
 PORTO RICO discovered 1497 
 
 PORTUGUESE FLEET, The, escorted by the British 
 
 Fleet, from the Tagus 1807 
 
 The Prince Regent of Portugal fearful of Bonaparte's seizing the whole of the 
 Portuguese fleet lying in the Tagus, resolved to place himself under the pro- 
 tection of Great Britain. Arrangements having been made, the Admiral, 
 Sir Sidney Smith, escorted the Portufluese fleet from the shores of Lisbon, 
 having on board the whole of the House of Braganza. This fleet consisted 
 of eight sail of the line, four large frigates, several corvettes, brigs, and ships 
 of war, besides twenty-five sail of merchantmen, forming in all a fleet of 
 thirty-six saH. Whilst they passed through the British squadron, our ships 
 fired each a salute of twenty-one guns, which was returned by an equal 
 number. 
 
 PORTUGUESE, massacre of the, in Lisbon, January 12 ... 1808 
 POST OFFICE, The Twopenny, Gerrard-street, erected in 1683 
 
 It was improved in 1794. 
 
 POST-HORSES first taxed 1779 
 
 POST CHAISES invented by John Tull, for which he ob- 
 tained a patent. He died in the King's Bench Prison, 
 February 22, 1764 
 
 POST HORSES AND STAGES established 1483 
 
 The Duty on Post Horses, in 1785, yielded £147,865. 
 
 POST OFFICES established in Paris 1462 
 
 The Post Office of Paris was established by Lewis XI. entirely for the king and 
 the Pope; established in England, 1561 ; in Germany, 1641 ; in the Turkish 
 dominions, 1740 ; regulated by Parliament, and made general in England, 
 
136 THE XCVV TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 POST OFFICES, (continued.) 
 
 1656 ; in Scotland, 1695. {For an account of the New Post Office, see 
 Public Edifices ) 
 
 Regular Posts were established between London, and most towns of Eng- 
 land, Scotland, Ireland, &c. in 1685. The Emperor Cyrus was the first who 
 erected Post-bouses throughout the kingdom of Persia: — Augustus intro- 
 duced this institution among the Romans, and employed post-chaises. Lewis 
 XI. established post houses in France: and they were not settled in England 
 till the 12th of Charles II. 
 
 POTATOES brought to England, from America, 1563 
 
 They were brought by a person of the name of Hawkins, and introduced into Ire- 
 land by Sir Walter Raleigh, in 1586. They were not known in Flanders till 
 1750. Potatoes were derived from a province of Quito, the most northerly 
 province of Peru, in South America: and take their name from the village of 
 Potate, in the ussiente of Hambato, in that kingdom. 
 
 PRESIDENT, The American ship, of 60 guns, captured, 
 
 January 15 181; 
 
 PRESSING of Seamen commenced in 1355 
 
 PRESBYTERIAN MEETING HOUSE, the first in Eng- 
 land in 1572 
 
 The first one, was at Wandsworth, in Surrey. It was standing- in 1817. 
 
 PRIMROSE HILL. 
 
 Primrose Hill is 206 feet, eleven inches, and eighty- five parts above high-water 
 mark: Hampstead Heath is 427 feet, four inches, and thirty-five parts : and 
 Shooter's Hill, forty-one feet, nine inches, and eighty-eight parts. The 
 Observatory should have been on Hampstead Heath, instead of where it is : 
 for its height above high water mark is only 143 feet, eleven inches, and ten 
 parts. 
 
 PRINCE GEORGE (Man of War,) The, burnt off Lisbon, 1758 
 
 Four hundred and thirty-five of her crew perished. 
 
 PRINTERS licensed, on paying Duty 1799 
 
 Printing presses were licensed July 12, 1799. 
 
 PRINTING, The Art of, invented about 1430 
 
 Printing was also practised early by the Chinese. About the year 1430, Lau- 
 rentius, of Haarlem, invented the Art of Printing, which he practised with 
 separate wooden types : this mode was also carried on at Strasburgh, by 
 Faust, in 1440 : and afterwards carried on so far as to make separate types of 
 wood. Guttemburgh, of Mentz, afterwards invented cut metal types, by 
 whom the first book was printed : it is a Bible, in two volumes, folio, of 
 which there is a very perfect copy in the Advocate's library in Edinburgh, 
 formerly the property of David Stewart, Esq. a merchant in that city. But 
 the Art was carried to perfection by Peter SchoefTer, who invented the mode 
 of casting the types in matrices, in 1452. Frederick Corsellis began to print 
 at Oxford, in 1468, with wooden types : but it was William Caxton, a mercer 
 of London, who introduced into England the art of printing with fusil types, 
 in 1474. About that time Aldus cast the Greek Alphabet, for a Greek book 
 was printed (Ap. Aldi) 1479: Hebrew ditto, 1478: introduced into Scot- 
 land, 1509: steryotype invented by William Ged, a goldsmith of Edinburgh, 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 137 
 
 PRINTING, The Art of, (continued.) 1430 
 
 1740 : used at Paris, 1799 : introduced into England by Earl Stanhope, 1804: 
 and greatly improved by Mr. Andrew Wilson. The first book printed with 
 a date, is the " Codex Psalmorum," 1547. 
 
 A Great Festival took place at Mentz, on the 14th, 15th, and 16th of Au- 
 gust, 1837, in commemoration of the Art of letter-press printing, and which 
 is ascribed, by the Germans, to one John Guttenburgh, or Guttemburg, of 
 Mentz, who flourished about 1438. Caxton, who introduced the Art into 
 England, set up his press in Westminster Abbey, in 1477- The first book, 
 however, in the English tongue, was the " Recuyell of the Historie of 
 Troye," printed at Cologne, September 19, 1471. The early English 
 printers seem to have made but slow progress, for, as late as 1483, we find 
 an Act passed, authorising " strangers repairing unto the realm, to bring 
 printed and written books to sell at their pleasure." 
 
 PRINTSELLERS, the property of, secured. 1777 
 
 PRISONERS' COUNSEL BILL passed 1836 
 
 PRIVILEGED PLACES in London, suppressed in 1696 
 
 They were the following, viz. : — In the Minories, Salisbury-court, White-friars, 
 Ram-alley, Mitre-court, Fulwood's rents, Baldwin's-gardens, the Savoy, 
 Montague-close, Deadman's-place, the Clink, and the Mint. This last was 
 not wholly suppressed till the reign of George I. 
 
 PRIVY COUNCILLORS protected 1711 
 
 PRIZE-MONEY. 
 
 The distribution of Prize-Money by Government, is divided into eight parts, and 
 distributed in the following proportions: — Captains to have three-eighths, 
 unless under the direction of a Flag-Officer, who in that case is to have one 
 of the three-eighths ; Captains of marines and land-forces, sea Lieutenants, 
 &c. one-eighth; Lieutenants of marines, gunners, Admirals, Secretaries, &c. 
 one-eighth; midshipmen, Captain's Clerk, &c. one-eighth; ordinary and 
 able seamen, marines, &c. two-eighths. — Given at St. James's, April 17, 
 1793. 
 
 PROMISSORY NOTES regulated 1705 
 
 Taxed by a stamp, in 1782. 
 
 PROTECTORATES. 
 
 The following Protectorates have taken place at different periods, viz. : — That of 
 the Earl of Pembroke began October, 1216: ended by his death the same 
 year : — Of the Duke of Bedford, began 1422, ended by his death, September, 
 1435: Of the Duke of Gloucester, began April 1483: — Of Somerset, began 
 1547, ended by his resignation, 1549: — Of Oliver Cromwell, began Decern^- 
 ber, 1643, ended, by his death, 1658: — Of Richard Cromwell, began De- 
 cember, 1658, ended by his resignation, April, 1659. He afterwards with- 
 drew to France : but finally returned home, and settled at Cheshunt, where 
 he died, venerable for his great age and quiet virtues, in 1712. 
 
 After the Restoration, the bodies of Oliver Cromwell, Ireton, and Brad- 
 shaw, were drawn on sledges to Tyburn, where they were hanged by the 
 neck, from morning till four in the afternoon: Cromwell in a green seare- 
 cloth, very fresh, embalmed; Ireton having been buried long-, hung like a 
 dried rat, yet corrupted about the body ; Bradshaw, in his winding-sheet, the 
 No. 18- T 
 
138 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 PROTECTORATES, (continued.) 
 
 fingers of his right hand, and his nose perished: the rest very perfect; the 
 hangman, after cutting his head off, held it up. Their bodies were then 
 thrown into a hole, and their heads set up on the south end of Westminster 
 Hall. Ireton died 26th November, 1651: — Bradshaw, 31st of October, 
 1659. The skull of Oliver Cromwell, was, a short time ago, in the posses- 
 sion of ^— Wilkinson, Esq. of Broad-street, and may be identified by the 
 following circumstances : — the heads of the three Regicides, having been 
 fixed on poles and placed on the top of Westminster Hall, in progress of time, 
 the pole on which the head of Cromwell was fixed, had shrunk from exposure 
 to the weather, and the skull was blown to the ground on a windy night, 
 being picked up by the centinel on duty, who concealed it for a time and. 
 then sold it. It came into the possession of Mr. Wilkinson through a long 
 line of ancestors, and is still further identified by the remains of the herbs 
 used in embalming, (the body of Cromwell being the only one of the three 
 which had been embalmed) having been found in the cavity whence the 
 brain had been taken, and by the indention made in the skull by the pole on 
 which it was fixed. 
 
 PROTESTANT ASSOCIATION, the Petition of, June 2 . 1780 
 
 This Petition was presented to the Commons for the repeal of an Act in favour of 
 the Papists. The Association went up to the House of Commons in a body, 
 to the number of 50,000 persons. This event was followed by the most 
 daring riots in the city of London and Southwark for several days, in which 
 some Popish chapels were destroyed, together with the Prisons of Newgate, 
 the King's Bench, the Fleet, several private houses, Langdale's celebrated 
 Distillery in Holborn, Lord Mansfield's house, together with his valuable 
 library of books and Manuscripts. These riots were at length put a stop to 
 by the interposition of the military, and many of the rioters were tried and 
 executed. 
 
 PROTESTANTS permitted to have Churches in Hungary . 1784 
 
 They were protected in Germany. In France, in 1791. 
 
 PROTESTANTS. 
 
 The Protestants were in the minority in the Diet of Spires, April 17, 1530, when 
 the decree for supporting the Doctrines of the Church of Rome was protested 
 against : hence the term Protestants given to the Reformers. They were 
 tolerated in Germany, 1624: in Bohemia, 1707: in Hungary, 1784: in 
 France, 1792: in Portugal, in 1801. 
 
 PROTESTANT DISSENTERS, Petition of the, against 
 
 Lord Sidmouth's Bill, May 21 1811 
 
 Six hundred Petitions were presented, signed by 100,000 males, in forty-eight 
 hours. 
 
 PROVISIONS, prices of, at different periods, as follows : 
 
 A fat ox, \2d. : a sheep Ad. : provender for twenty horses, Ad. : and bread for 100 
 men I2d. in 1177. 
 
 Wheat 12d. the quarter: beans and oats Ad. 1216. 
 
 A goose Ad.: lamb at Christmas &d. : all the rest of the year Ad: two 
 pullets three farthings, 1299. 
 
 A fat ox £1. As. : sheep Is. 2d,: hog 3*. Ad. : two chickens Id. : four 
 pigeons Id.: twenty-four eggs Id. : wheat, beans, and peas, 20s. the quarter. 
 
 Wheat 30*. the quarter, in 1315. 
 
 Wine 80s, the tun, in 1316. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 139 
 
 PROVISIONS, the Price of, (continued.) 
 
 Barley 1*. the quarter in 1317. 
 
 Wheat 1*. the quarter : malt 16d. in 1454. 
 
 Wheat 3*. the bushel, in 1486. 
 
 Wheat 20d. the bushel, in 1491. 
 
 Wheat 4s. the bushel: claret 30*. the hogshead, in 1493. 
 
 Wheat 15*. the quarter, in 1527. 
 
 A barrel of beer, with the cask, 6d. : and four great loves for Id. in 1553. 
 
 Wheat 14*. the quarter, in 1558 : and £6. in 1796. 
 
 Flour 10*. the bushel, in 1596: and 18*. in 1796. 
 
 Living seven times cheaper in 1066, than in 1796. 
 
 Ditto six times cheaper in 1381, than ditto. , 
 
 Ditto ten times cheaper in 1403, than ditto. 
 
 Ditto four times cheaper in 1440, than in ditto. 
 
 Ditto three times and a half cheaper in 1498, than ditto. 
 
 Ditto near five times cheaper in 1560, than ditto. 
 
 PRUSSIAN BLUE invented by a native of Berlin 1707 
 
 PRUSSIA. 
 
 fn the 13th century, all Prussia belonged to the Knights of the Teutonic Order. 
 In 1454, that part, since denominated Polish Royal, or Western Prussia, re- 
 volted to Casimir IV. king of Poland, and was afterwards incorporated into 
 the dominions of the Republic. At the same time, the Knights were con- 
 strained to hold the remaining part, called Eastern or Ducal Prussia, as a 
 fief of the crown of Poland. In 1525, Albert of Brandenburgh, their Grand- 
 Master, having become a convert to the doctrines of Luther, took advantage 
 of the confusion of the Empire to betray the interests of his fraternity, and 
 concluded a treaty with Sigismund, king of Poland, by which Eastern Prussia 
 was erected into an hereditary Duchy, and given to him as a Polish fief. He 
 married a Princess of Denmark, and transmitted this rich inheritance to his 
 descendants ; one of whom, Frederick William, the great Elector, was the 
 first Duke that threw off his feudal dependence on Poland. His son, 
 Frederick I. in 1701, assumed the title of king of Prussia, which was soon 
 after acknowledg.ed by all the Christian powers, except Poland, which did not 
 acknowledge it till 1764, at the accession of Stanislaus Augustus, king of 
 Poland. The successors of Frederick I. were Frederick William I. Frederick 
 II. and Frederick William II. In 1772, Frederick II. compelled the Poles to 
 cede to him the whole of Western Prussia, the cities of Dantzic and Thorn 
 excepted; and, in 1793, the king of Prussia, by another forced cession, ob- 
 tained possession of those cities, with severalconsiderable provinces, to which 
 he has given the name of Southern Prussia. 
 
 PSALMS, THE BOOK OF, printed by Faust & Schoeffer, 1457 
 
 This is one of the first printed books on record. 
 
 PSALMS of David translated by Sternhold and Hopkins ... 1552 
 
 PUBLIC FUNDS originated at Florence 1344 
 
 PUBLIC HOUSES, the power of licensing them first 
 
 granted 1620 
 
 The Power of licensing public houses was first granted to Sir Giles Montpesson 
 and Sir Francis Michel, for their own emolument. In the city of London, 
 and within the Bills of Mortality, there were 5204 licensed public houses : and 
 it is calculated that the money expended in beer and spirits in those places, 
 by the labouring people only, amounted to upwards of three millions sterling 
 a-year. 
 
140 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 PUMPS first invented 1425 
 
 PURPLE DYE discovered about b.c. 300 
 
 QUACK MEDICINES, taxed... 1785 
 
 QUAKERS, the Religious Order of, began 1650 
 
 QUALIFICATIONS FOR MEMBERS OF PARLIA- 
 MENT, Act passed, 1711 
 
 For Justices of the Peace, Act passed, in 1732. 
 
 QUEBEC taken by the English, October 18 1759 
 
 Quebec is not regularly fortified; but cannot easily be taken, for the harbour is 
 flanked with two bastions, which at high tides are almost level with the water. 
 A little above one of the bastions is a demi-bastion, partly taken out of the 
 rock; and above it, on the side of the gallery of the fort, is a battery of 
 twenty-five pieces of cannon: still above this is a square fort, called the cita- 
 del, and the ways from one fortification to another are difficult to pass. To 
 the left of the harbour, on the side of the road, there are large batteries of 
 cannon, and some mortars; besides these, there are several other fortifica- 
 tions, not very easy to be described. In 171 1, the English fitted out a fleet, 
 with a design to conquer Canada, which failed on account of the rashness of 
 the Admiral; who, contrary to the advice of his pilot, went too near the 
 Seven Isles, in consequence of which he lost his largest ships, and 3000 of 
 his best soldiers. October 18, 1759, it was taken by the English, under the 
 command of General Wolfe, who lost his life in the battle, after he had the 
 satisfaction to know the English troops were victorious. Admiral Saunders 
 commanded a squadron of men of war, and did immense service in reducing 
 this place : there being not a man in the navy but what was active on this 
 occasion, not excepting the sailors belonging to the transport vessels. After 
 this valuable acquisition, all Canada came under the jurisdiction of the 
 Crown of Great Britain : and was given up by the French by the Treaty of 
 Peace in 1763. 
 
 QUEEN OF ENGLAND, (VICTORIA), and HIS R. H. 
 
 PRINCE ALBERT, attempt on the lives of, June 10 1840 
 
 On the afternoon of the above day, as the carriage of Her Majesty, (in which also 
 was Prince Albert,) was proceeding up Constitution Hill, an individual, of 
 the name of Oxford, who was seen just before, walking with his arms folded, 
 and his hands under the lappels of his coat, who, on the carriage advancing 
 near him, turned round, gave a nod with his head, as if with a sneer, took 
 a deliberate aim at Her Majesty and the Prince, and fired. Upon doing this, 
 the assassin turned his head round as if to see whether or not he was observed, 
 and, keeping his right hand in the same position as when he first fired, he 
 then drew a pistol with his left from his right breast, rested it upon the pistol 
 in his rig-lit hand, and taking a deliberate aim, again fired. The carriage had 
 then passed about two or three yards, the postillions having driven on. The 
 villain was immediately taken, and the pistols seized. He appeared to be 
 quite composed when firing, but rather excited when captured. After his 
 arrest, he was taken to the Home Office, where he underwent a strict 
 examination by the Marquis of Normanby, Her Majesty's Principal Secretary 
 of State for the Home Department, and committed to the custody of the 
 keeper of Newgate. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 141 
 
 QUEEN DOWAGER OF ENGLAND, (ADELAIDE,) 
 
 and suite, embarked at Woolwich, for Germany, July 5 1834 
 
 Returned to England, August 20, 1834. The Lord Mayor, and a large party met 
 Her Majesty, at the mouth of the Thames to welcome her on her return. 
 
 QUEEN CHARLOTTE'S ANNUITY, settled 1762 
 
 Queen Charlotte's Annuity was to be £100,000 in case of the death of His 
 Majesty, George III. 
 
 QUEEN CHARLOTTE'S ISLAND, the discovery of, in . 1767 
 
 An island in the South Pacific Ocean, discovered by Captain Wallis. 
 
 QUEENS OF ENGLAND, FRANCE, AND SCOT- 
 LAND, in England at one time, in 1517 
 
 QUEENSTOWN, Canada, an American division of 800 men 
 
 taken prisoners at, June 24, 1813 
 
 QUIBERON, destruction of the Emigrant army at, July 21 1795 
 
 QUICKSILVER, the use of, discovered, in refining silver 
 
 ore 1540 
 
 QUILLS first used for Pens 635 
 
 QUITO, in Peru, swallowed up by an Earthquake, April 24 1755 
 QUONBOROUGH, or QUEENBOROUGH. 
 
 It was made a borough by king Edward III. in honour of his wife. He empowered 
 the inhabitants to choose a Mayor and two Bailiffs yearly, and to have 
 markets on Monday and Thursday. 
 
 RAILWAY, The Birmingham, opened, July 16 1837 
 
 RAIN, an excessive heavy one, in Scotland, for five months, 553 
 
 A continual rain in Scotland for five months, in 918: a violent one in London, 
 1222: again, 1233 : so violent, the harvest did not begin till Michaelmas, in 
 1330: so heavy, that the corn was spoiled, 1335 : from the beginning of Oc- 
 tober to December, 1338 : from Midsummer to Christmas, so that there was 
 not one day or night dry together, 1348: again violent, 1365: in Wales, 
 which destroyed 10,000 sheep, September 19, 1752: in Languedoc, which 
 destroyed the village of Bar le Due, April 26, 1776 : in the north of Eng- 
 land, 1789: in the Island of Cuba, June 21, 1791, when 3000 persons, and 
 11,700 cattle of various kinds perished, by the torrents occasioned by the 
 rain. 
 
 RAINBOW, Theory of the, given by Dedomenis, 1611 
 
 Improved in 1689. 
 
 RANGERS OF HYDE PARK. 
 
 List of Rangers after the Restoration. — When the Crown Lands were 
 resumed on the Restoration of Charles II. the King g-ave this office to his 
 brother Henry, Duke of Gloucester, the Deed reciting that the Earl of 
 Holland was dead, and Mountjoy, Earl of Newport had by deed of the 28th 
 June, 1660, surrendered all his interest in the said office. Prince Henry 
 died on the 27th of September following, having held the office only two 
 
142 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 RANGERS, LIST OF, (continued). 
 
 months. The death of this Prince greatly affected Charles during his whole 
 life. This Prince died at the age of 20, by the small-pox. 
 
 After the death of the Duke of Gloucester, James Hamilton, Esq. one of 
 the Grooms of the Bedchamber was appointed to the office. During the 
 usurpation several houses had been erected on the skirts of the Park, near 
 what is now called Hyde Park Corner, and Park Lane; these were after- 
 wards granted on lease to the said James Hamilton, which lease was renewed 
 in 1692 to Mrs. Elizabeth Hamilton: and Hamilton Place in Piccadilly is 
 named after this family. New leases of part of this property were granted in 
 1806, and great improvements were made here under the inspection of John 
 Fordyce, Esq. Surveyor-General. 
 
 In a Report drawn up by Sir Charles Harbord, the Surveyor-General, in 
 the year 1664, he observes, that king Charles I. was very earnest with him 
 for walling Hyde Park, " as well for the honour of his palace and great city, 
 as for his own disport and recreation." It appears, however, that it was not 
 till after the year 1670, that it was replenished with deer, and surrounded 
 by a wall. The wall was renewed or repaired on the south, north, and east 
 sides in 1726. 
 
 In 1664, a grant was made to Mr. Hamilton of a portion of the Park, for 
 the purpose of planting fruit-trees, but was not acted upon. 
 
 The following grant was made two years afterwards : — " Indenture between 
 " the King and James Hamilton, Esq. one of the Grooms of His Majesty's 
 " Bedchamber, and Ranger of Hyde Park, and John Birch, Esq. Auditor of 
 " the Excise. Reciting, that the Indenture between the same parties, in 16 
 " Car. II. was cancelled. The said James Hamilton and John Birch, had 
 " undertaken to plant with choice and fit apple trees, to supply His Majesty 
 " with apples or cider, all that parcel of ground, containing- 55 acres, ditched 
 " and severed from the said Park, lying in the north-west corner thereof, 
 " bounded on the north with Uxbridge Way, on the west with lands of Sir 
 " Heneage Finch, and on the south and east, by the said Park. The King 
 " granted and demised the same to them for 41 years, at the rent of 5s. The 
 " said Hamilton and Birch, to inclose the same at their own expense, towards 
 " the Uxbridge Way and Finch's land, with v brick wall of eight feet, and 
 " plant the same with pippins and red-streaks, at ten yards distance or less, 
 " one tree from another, and to deliver to the Lord Steward, or Treasurer of 
 " the Household, one-half of the apples there growing, in apples or cider, 
 " according to his Majesty's pleasure. If in cider, His Majesty, first to 
 " deliver to them casks and bottles to contain the same." — Pat. 18. Car. II. 
 No. 10, April 12. — A renewal of the grant was made to Mr. Hamilton, 
 (Pat. 23, Car. II. Feb. 9), since which period no other separate grant has been 
 recorded. It also appears the following Rangers, until the appointment of 
 the Earl of Grenvilie in 1792, were only of St. James's Park, although from 
 the circumstance of the grant of the Lodge to the Earl of Jersey by King 
 William, in 1700, it is most probable that their jurisdiction extended over 
 both Parks, However, the grant to Lord Grenville, (Pat. 32, Geo. III. No. 
 4, May 14) includes particularly Hyde Park with St. James's, and has been 
 continued in the same terms to his successors. 
 
 William Harbord, Esq. 16S4: he was M. P. for Launceston, in Cornwall, 
 in 1688, and returned in the same year for Thetford, county of Norfolk. 
 
 William, Earl of Bath, 1694. 
 
 The Earl of Jersey, 1790. This nobleman was Ambassador to France, and 
 afterwards principal Secretary of State to William III. and Lord Chamber- 
 lain of the Household to Queen Anne. 
 
 The above nobleman was succeeded in this Office by 
 
 Henry Portman, Esq 1703 
 
 The Earl of Essex, 17S9 
 
 Thomas Viscount Weymouth, December 4 1739 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 143 
 
 RANGERS, LIST OF, (continued) 
 
 The Earl of Pomfret 1751 
 
 The Earl of Ashburnham 1759 
 
 George, Earl of Orford, and the Earl of Grenville. 
 Upon the surrender of his Lordship in 1794, the Earl of Euston, (after- 
 wards Duke of Grafton) obtained the Office, and resigned it in 1807, being 
 succeeded by Lord Viscount Sidney, On the death of Viscount Sidney, who 
 died in 1831, the Office was accepted by His R. H. the Duke of Sussex. 
 
 RAPE, the Crime of, made a capital offence 1279 
 
 RECEIPT TAX commenced 1782 
 
 Amended, 1784: 1791 : and 1795. 
 
 RECORD of the Acts of the Crown began to be regularly 
 
 kept in 1100 
 
 The first in the English language, in 1415. 
 
 REFORMATION, The, took place in England, 1370 
 
 The Reformation began in England by Wickliffe, 1370: in Germany, by Jerome 
 of Prague and Luther, 1530: completed by king Henry VIII. 1535: esta- 
 blished by Queen Elizabeth, 1558. In Scotland, it was completed by John 
 Knox, 1566. 
 
 REFORM MEETING, the grand one at Birmingham, 
 
 May 7, 1832 
 
 It was computed that nearly 300,000 persons were collected at this Meeting. 
 
 REFORM BILL, The, rejected by the House of Lords, 
 
 October 7 1831 
 
 The Reform Bill was rejected by the House of Lords, after a most eloquent speech 
 delivered by the Lord Chancellor (Brougham). — The following are the 
 numbers for and against this great national question : — 
 
 Ayes (present) 150; Proxies 47 197 
 
 Noes (ditto) 133 ; Proxies 29 .'„".' 162 
 
 Majority against the Bill 35 
 
 REFORM BILL, The, passed 1832 
 
 On the 3rd of February, Earl Grey gave notice in the House of Lords of his 
 intention to bring the subject of Parliamentary Reform speedily before the 
 House. Lord Althorp also in the Commons gave notice that Lord John 
 Russell would, on the 1st of March, submit a motion on a Reform in Parlia- 
 ment. At the stated period, Lord J. Russell moved for leave to bring in a 
 Bill to reform the Commons House of Parliament, and, after a long discus- 
 sion, the debate was adjourned till the next day. The Debate continued, and 
 again adjourned. Again adjourned, March 4. On the 10th of March, 
 (Saturday), the House again sat for the purpose of expediting the Reform 
 Bill, (when, after a debate which had lasted seven nights) leave was given to 
 bring in a Bill (without the House dividing) to amend the representation of 
 the people of England and Wales. Similar Bills were brought in for Scot- 
 land and Ireland. 
 
 The debate on the third reading of the Reform Bill in the House of 
 Commons, adjourned, after great discussion, till the 18th of March. Again 
 adjourned on the 20th to the 22nd of March. Third reading of the Reform 
 
144 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 REFORM BILL, The, passed {continued) 1832 
 
 Bill carried in the House of Commons at five o'clock in the morning. The 
 
 Ayes being, on a division, 
 
 Ayes 355 
 
 Noes 239 
 
 Majority for the Bill 116 
 
 Passed the House of Commons March 24. Brought up to the Lords on the 
 26th from the Commons ; read a first time, and ordered to be read a second, 
 on Thursday sennight. After some discussion on the second reading, the 
 Debate was adjourned, April 9 : continued on the 10th, and again adjourned. 
 On the 11th, again adjourned to the 13th, after much discussion. At seven 
 o'clock in the morning, the House of Lords divided on the second reading of 
 the Bill, when there appeared 
 
 Contents present 56 ; Proxies 128 184 
 
 Non-Contents present 49 ; Proxies 126 175 
 
 Majority for the second reading 9 
 
 On the 7th of May an Amendment was proposed in the House of Lords 
 by Lord Lyndhurst, in opposition to Ministers, to postpone the disfran- 
 chising clause in the Relief Bill ; their Lordships divided — 
 
 When there appeared for the amendment 151 
 
 Against it 116 
 
 Majority against Ministers 35 
 
 Further proceedings on the Bill were, on the motion of Earl Grey, ad- 
 journed to May 10. The king, refusing to create New Peers, to carry the 
 Reform Bill, Lord Grey and the Lord Chancellor, tendered their resignation, 
 May 11. Great excitement at Birmingham, Manchester, and elsewhere, on 
 the King's refusing to create Peers, May 12. A motion made by Lord 
 Ebrington in the Commons, to address the King on the necessity of calling 
 such persons only as will carry into effect, unimpaired in all its essential 
 provisions, the Reform Bill ; which was carried by a majority, the numbers 
 being — 
 
 For the Motion 288 
 
 Against it 208 
 
 Majority for the Motion 80 
 
 The Lord Chancellor took leave of the Chancery Bar, May 12. Great run 
 on the Bank for gold, in consequence of the resignation of Earl Grey and 
 the Lord Chancellor, May 14. The Duke of Wellington having informed His 
 Majesty that he was unable to form an Administration, Lord Grey receives a 
 communication from His Majesty, May 15. Earl Grey in the House of 
 Lords, and Lord Althorp (now Earl Spencer) in the House of Commons, 
 stated they still continued in the service of His Majesty, having received a 
 sufficient security for passing the Reform Bill, " unimpaired in its principle 
 and in its essential provisions," which communication was received with loud 
 cheers, May 18. The House of Lords went into a Committee on the Reform 
 Bill, May 21. The third reading of the Reform Bill carried in the House of 
 Lords by a triumphant majority — there being 
 
 For the third reading 106 
 
 Against it 22 
 
 Majority 84 
 
 It was then passed without" a division, and sent to the Commons, June 4. 
 Received the Royal Assent by Commission in the House of Lords, June 7, 
 1832. 
 

 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 145 
 
 REFORM BILL, The Irish, read a third time, July 30, ... 1832 
 
 Received the Royal Assent by Commission, August 7> 1832. 
 
 REGENT'S CANAL, The, from Paddington to Limehouse, 
 
 opened August 1 1820 
 
 The Regent's Canal was begun in 1812, and opened at the above date, with an 
 aquatic procession of boats, barges, &c. ornamented with flags and streamers, 
 and filled with ladies and gentlemen. It commences at Paddington, and 
 passes under the Edgeware road, by a tunnel 372 yards, and continues under 
 the estates of the Governors of the Harrow School, and E. B. Portman, Esq. 
 when it enters the property of H. S. Eyre, Esq. where the canal is partly open, 
 and partly covered, and afterwards enters the Regent's Park, round the Park 
 to a basin near the Jew's Harp, which is surrounded by Warehouses and 
 Wharfs. The Canal branches off from the Regent's Park, a short distance 
 East of the boundary of Mary-le-bone Parish through the Estates of G. 
 Earle, Esq. Lord Southampton, &c. passing through Camden Town, crossing 
 Hampstead and Kentish Town Roads, Maiden-lane, and Islington, and falls 
 into the Thames at Limehouse. The length of the Canal is eight miles, six 
 furlongs : it has a descent of about eighty-four feet from its commencement 
 to its termination. There are twelve locks necessary for the purposes of navi- 
 gation, and it has forty bridges thrown over it in various places. 
 
 REGIMENTAL CLOTHING for the Army introduced 
 into France by Lewis XIV. 
 
 REGISTERS, PAROCHIAL, first appointed 1530 
 
 REGISTERING SHIPPING in the Thames commenced... 1786 
 
 REGISTERING OF WILLS, (in Yorkshire), The first, 
 
 permitted, 1707 
 
 In Middlesex, 1709. 
 
 RENT IN ENGLAND first made payable in Money, in- 
 stead of kind 1 136 
 
 RENT made recoverable by an Act passed 1731 
 
 REPORTS from the Recorder to be discontinued, July 15... 1837 
 
 REQUESTS, COURTS OF, began 1494 
 
 REVENUE, progress of the Public, since the Conquest, 
 viz. : — £. s. d. 
 
 William the Conqueror 400,000 
 
 William Rufus 350,000 
 
 Henry I 300,000 
 
 Stephen.... 250,000 
 
 Henry II 200,000 
 
 Richard 1 150,000 
 
 John 100,000 
 
 Henry III 80,000 
 
 Edward 1 150,000 
 
 Edward II 100,000 
 
 No. 19- tJ 
 
s. 
 
 d. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 146 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 REVENUE, Progress of the, (continued.) £. 
 
 Edward III -, 154,000 
 
 Richard II 130,000 
 
 Henry IV 100,000 
 
 Henry V 76,648 
 
 Henry VI 64,976 
 
 Edward IV. 
 
 Edward V 100,000 
 
 Richard III. 
 
 Henry VII 400,000 
 
 Henry VIII 800,000 
 
 Edward VI 400,000 
 
 Mary 450,000 
 
 Elizabeth , , 500,000 
 
 James 1 600,000 
 
 Charles 1 895,918 
 
 Commonwealth 1,517,247 
 
 Charles II 1,800,000 
 
 James II 2,001,855 
 
 William III 3,895,205 
 
 Anne, (the Union) 5,691 ,803 
 
 George 1 6,762,643 
 
 George II 8,522,540 
 
 George III. (1788) 15,572,971 
 
 George IV. (1812) 105,74S,682 
 
 Since which the Revenue has increased and decreased. 
 
 REVENUE, The, of the principal States in Europe, before 
 the French Revolution, viz.: — 
 
 Turkey 5,000,000 
 
 Russia 5,800,000 
 
 Prussia 3,600,000 
 
 Sweden 1,000,000 
 
 Denmark 1,000,000 
 
 Holland 4,000,000 
 
 Austria 12,400,000 
 
 Hanover 900,000 
 
 Saxony 1,100,000 
 
 Bavaria and Palatinate 1,100,000 
 
 France , 18,000,000 
 
 Spain 5,000,000 
 
 Portugal 1,800,000 
 
 Sardinia 1,100,000 
 
 Sicily 1,400,000 
 
 Venice 1,000,000 
 
 Rome (4,500,000 Roman crowns) ) 800,000 
 
 REVENUE OFFICERS deprived of giving their Votes for 
 
 Members of Parliament 1782 
 
 REVIEW, the, of the Household Troops, in St. James's 
 
 Park „ 1828 
 
 This Review was on the occasion of Don Miguel's visit to this country. The 
 Household Troops and the 72nd Highlanders were the regiments reviewed. 
 The Duke of Wellington, Don Miguel, &c. &c. were present. It rained 
 incessantly throughout the day, and thereby damped the splendour of the 
 scene. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 147 
 
 REVIEW, the grand one, in Hyde Park, July 22 1801 
 
 At an early hour, immense crowds from the Metropolis, and the adjacent parts, 
 made their appearance in Hyde Park to witness the review of those volun- 
 teer and associated corps, in London and its environs, who so patriotically 
 enrolled, equipped, and disciplined themselves, at their own expense, for the 
 defence and safety of their country. The different corps, to the number of 
 4,734 had been drawn out for a considerabletime, when, at ten o'clock, His R. 
 H. the Commander-in-Chief appeared on the ground, accompanied by his 
 brother, the Duke of Kent, Lord Harrington, Lord Cathcart, &c. &c. 
 
 REVIEW, on the occasion of the Visit of the Allied Sove- 
 reigns to this Country, June 20 '. 1814 
 
 This Review took place as above, and was probably the most interesting exhibition 
 that has taken place on any public occasion. The novelty of two foreign 
 crowned heads, accompanied by the several leaders of their armies, together 
 with the Prince Regent of our own country, and the proclamation of peace 
 on the same day, proved a great source of gratification to the assembled 
 thousands. 
 
 The different regiments having taken up their position by 9 o'clock in the 
 morning, and the arrangements completed by ten, the scene at this moment 
 was rarely, if ever surpassed, on a similar occasion, the weather proving 
 extremely beautiful at this time. At half-past eleven a salute of twenty-one 
 guns announced the arrival of the royal party at the park gate, when the 
 cheering of the populace was truly deafening. His Royal Highness the 
 Prince Regent had now entered the Park, accompanied by the Emperor Alex- 
 ander on his right hand, and the king of Prussia on his left, followed by a 
 splendid Staff composed of nearly three hundred persons, of all nations, 
 among whom were the veteran Blucher, the Hetman Platoff, &c. &c. &c. &c. 
 The whole of the line having been inspected, a, feu de joie was given, and the 
 regiments afterwards passed in review order. The illustrious Visitors having 
 expressed their greatest satisfaction at the discipline and fine appearance of 
 the troops, the corps marched off the ground. 
 
 So great was the anxiety of the public to witness this splendid spectacle, 
 that every tree was filled with people, in consequence of which, several 
 melancholy accidents happened, by their branches giving way, and falling on 
 the heads of those standing beneath, the crowd being so great as to render it 
 impossible to escape them. 
 
 The number of troops reviewed on this occasion was as follows, viz : — 
 
 Officers. Non-commissioned Officers, Horses, 
 and Privates. 
 
 Royal Artillery 9 .. 17L 155 
 
 Regular Cavalrv 126 2035 2035 
 
 Volunteer Cavalry 27 372 399 
 
 Regular Infantry 61 1417 
 
 Militia 171 2864 
 
 Volunteer Infantry 523 6570 
 
 917 13,429 2589 
 
 (Signed) CHARLES GREEN, 
 Lieut.- General. 
 
 REVOLUTION in Paris, July 27 1830 
 
 RHETORIC, Regius Professor, established at Edinburgh, 
 
 April 20 1762 
 
 The first Professor, was Dr. Blair. 
 
148 THE NEW TABLET OF MliMORY. 
 
 RHODES, the celebrated COLOSSUS of, thrown down by 
 
 an Earthquake 652 
 
 At the mouth of the harbour at Rhodes, which is fifty fathoms over, was erected 
 the famous colossal statue of Apollo, esteemed one of the Wonders of the 
 World: it was seventy cubits high, and ships sailed in and out of the 
 harbour between its legs. Its head represented the sun, and in one hand 
 it held a light-house for the direction of mariners. It was the work of the 
 celebrated architect Chares, a native and citizen of Rhodes, who spent twelve 
 years in making and rearing it ; but it had not stood above sixty-six years, 
 before it was thrown down by an Earthquake. Some idea may be formed of 
 its dimensions by its thumb, which was so large that few could fathom it; 
 we are also told that the brass of it loaded 900 camels. 
 
 RICE first cultivated in South Carolina by chance 1702 
 
 Cultivated in Ireland, 1585 : in England, in 1690. 
 
 RIDING SCHOOL, The Duke of Gloucester's, erected in 
 
 Hyde Park, October 10 1768 
 
 The above Riding House was erected by His R. H. the Duke of Gloucester, under 
 a grant of the 10th of October, 1768, to hold the land during His Majesty's 
 pleasure, on payment of a yearly rent of £5. It stood near the reservoir, at 
 a short distance from Grosvenor Gate : it was taken down about seventeen or 
 eighteen years ago, and was succeeded by a temporary wooden building built 
 in 1825 by permission of Government, forthe purpose of exhibiting a picture 
 of the Battle of Waterloo, painted by Sir John W. Pieneman, painter to His 
 Majesty the king of the Netherlands. The picture measured twenty-seven 
 feet in breadth, by eighteen feet in height, and as a work of Art, was univer- 
 sally admired. This erection was also taken down in the following year. 
 
 RIGHTS, BILL OF, established 1641 
 
 And of succession, in 1689. 
 
 RIOT ACT, The, passed 1715 
 
 RIOTS in British History:— 
 
 The Convent of Westminster Abbey destroyed . a. d. 1221 
 
 Some riotous citizens of London demolished the Convent belonging to 
 Westminster Abbey : the ringleader was hanged, and the rest had 
 their hands and feet cut off, 6th Henry III. A. d. 1221. 
 
 The Goldsmith's and Tailor's Companies fought in 
 
 the streets of London 1262 
 
 Several were killed on each side : the Sheriffs quelled it, and thir- 
 teen were hung. 
 
 At Northwitch: when the rioters burnt the Cathe- 
 dral and Monastery 1271 
 
 The King went there, and saw the ringleaders executed. 
 
 At London, when Dr. Lamb was killed by the mob . 1628 
 
 Ditto, under the pretence of pulling down houses of 
 
 ill-fame 1688 
 
 Four of the ringleaders were hung. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 149 
 
 RIOT. At Guildhall, at the Election of Sheriffs 1692 
 
 Several distinguished persons were concerned in this riot: they seized 
 the Lord Mayor, but the City Lieutenancy raised the militia, and 
 the rioters were severely fined. 
 
 At Edinburgh and Dumfries, on account of the Union 1 707 
 A great one in London, in ■•• l' oy 
 
 This alarming riot took place in consequence of Dr. Sacheveral's trial; 
 several Dissenting Meeting Houses were broke open; the pulpit 
 of one pulled down, and, with the pews, burnt in Lincoln s-lnn 
 fields. ' 
 
 The Whig and Tory mobs 1715 
 
 They were also called Ormondand Newcastle, 2nd George I. Consider- 
 able mischief was done by both parties, in London. 
 
 The Mug-House, Salisbury Court, between the 
 
 Whigs and Tories l" lb 
 
 One was shot dead by the master of the house: it was quelled by the 
 guards, and five of the rioters were executed there, September l\. 
 
 In Herefordshire; the rioters demolished the turn- 
 pikes ; quelled after a smart engagement with 
 the Constables I? 35 
 
 Of the Spital Fields Weavers 1736 
 
 This riot was occasioned on account of the employing workmen who 
 had come from Ireland; the military and civil power were called 
 in to quell the disturbance, when several lives were lost : 9th of 
 George II. 
 
 Of the Cornish tin miners, on account of the dear- 
 
 ness of corn *-'&I 
 
 Of the nailers, in Worcestershire 1737 
 
 The rioters marched to Birmingham, and compelled all the iron- 
 mongers to sign an agreement, to allow them an advance in their 
 wages. 
 
 Of some sailors, who were robbed, at a brothel in the 
 
 Strand 1749 
 
 Bein" assisted by a large body, they pulled down the house, and de- 
 stroyed the furniture of several others, turning the inmates naked 
 into the streets. 
 
 In Southampton-street, in the Strand, ditto 1757 
 
 On the same occasion. 
 
 Of the Spital Fields Weavers ■ I 765 
 
 At this riot the Duke of Bedford narrowly escaped being killed. 
 
 Of the people in all parts of England, on account of 
 
 the dearness of provisions, 1766, and 17b7 
 
150 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 RIOT. In St. George's Fields, to see Mr. Wilks in the 
 
 King's Bench Prison 1768 
 
 In this instance, the aid of the military was unnecessarily called in by 
 the Justices of the Peace, when several innocent persons, parti- 
 cularly a young man of the name of Allan, was fired upon, and 
 killed by the soldiers. 
 
 At Glasgow, among the cotton manufacturers 1787 
 
 Several were killed by the soldiers, September 4. 
 
 At Birmingham, in 1791 
 
 This riot took place on account of commemorating the French Revo- 
 lution, when several houses were destroyed, July 14. 
 
 In various parts of Scotland, on account of the Militia 
 
 Act, August and September 1797 
 
 Several were unfortunately killed in this affray. 
 
 At Maidstone, at the trial of Arthur O'Connor, and 
 
 Others, May 22 1798 
 
 The Earl of Thanet, Mr. Ferguson, and others, were particularly 
 active in endeavouring to rescue O'Connor, for which they were 
 tried and convicted, April 25, 1799. 
 
 In several parts of England, on account of the high 
 
 price of bread, September 1800 
 
 Of the Weavers, near Manchester, May 24 1808 
 
 At Liverpool, June 27 1809 
 
 This riot was occasioned by a quarrel between a party of dragoons, and 
 a Press-gang. 
 
 In London, in consequence of the seizing of Sir 
 
 Francis Burdett, April 9 1810 
 
 At Sheffield, April 14 1812 
 
 At this riot, 800 musquets belonging to the local militia were de- 
 stroyed. 
 
 In various parts of the north of England, by the Lud- 
 dites, during 1811, and 1812 
 
 Among the sailors at Lynn ; quelled without blood- 
 shed 1814 
 
 At St. Ives, Huntingdonshire, December 13 1814 
 
 This riot was occasioned on account of a proposed increased Assess- 
 ment of the Property-Tax, which was appeased by the Commis- 
 sioners relinquishing their purpose. 
 
 In Westminster, on account of the Corn Bill, which 
 
 lasted several days, March 6 1815 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 151 
 
 RIOT. At Bishopwearmouth, near Durham, March 20 1815 
 
 This riot was caused by the keelmen, who destroyed an expensive 
 waggon-road, and set fire to an immense p'ie of coals. 
 
 At the Depot at Dartmore, amcng the prisoners, 
 
 April 8- =». 1815 
 
 In the quelling of this riot, seven Amf- loans were killed, and thirty- 
 five others wounded. 
 
 By the seamen of Newcastle, Sunderland, and Shields 
 
 October 21 1815 
 
 After continuing several weeks, this riot terminated without bloodshed. 
 
 By the miners, and men employed in the Iron Works, 
 
 Wolverhampton, November 14 1815 
 
 On account of wages : quelled by the military, without bloodshed. 
 
 By the tanners in Bermondsey, April 17 1816 
 
 Several persons were severely wounded by Mr. Timbrel, whose house 
 they attacked. 
 
 At Bridport, May 6 1816 
 
 This riot was occasioned by the high price of bread, which was quelled 
 by the exertions of the principal inhabitants. 
 
 At Brandon, near Bury, in Suffolk, and the city of 
 
 Norwich, May 6 1816 
 
 At Beddeford, to prevent the exportation of a cargo of 
 
 potatoes, May 20 1816 
 
 At Bury, to destroy a spinning jenny, May 22 1816 
 
 In their attempt to accomplish this, the rioters were defeated by the 
 Magistrates, and the principal inhabitants. 
 
 At Newcastle-upon-Tyne, by the Pitmen, and others, 
 
 May 28, 1816 
 
 In London, for High Treason,which Watson was tried 
 
 for, and acquitted, June 16 1817 
 
 At Manchester, in consequence of a popular Meeting, 
 
 March 3 1817 
 
 In Westminster, in which Sir Murray Maxwell was 
 
 severely hurt, June 18, 19, 20 1818 
 
 At Oxford, on enclosing an immense tract of Com- 
 monable Land 1 830 
 
 At Merther Tydvil, in Wales, June 3 1831 
 
 This alarming riot was caused in consequence of a large body of miners 
 turning out for an increase of wages, and who proceeded to great 
 
152 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 RIOT, (continued.) 
 
 excesses. The military was called out, and lives were lost on 
 both sides. 
 
 At Bristol, October 29, 1831 
 
 This riot was one of the most outrageous almost ever remembered. On 
 the approach of Sir Charles Wetherell to Bristol, (who was Re- 
 corder there), escorted by the Mayor and senior Aldermen, they 
 were assailed by the populace ; the confusion at the Guildhall was 
 so alarming and serious, that he was obliged to make his escape 
 in disguise. The Mansion House was broke open, the Riot Act 
 read, several persons were killed and wounded by the military, 
 the Bishop's Palace set on fire, and nearly the whole of Queen- 
 square set in a blaze; the bridewell was burned down, also the 
 jail, and the whole of the prisoners liberated. On the 2nd of No- 
 vember, the Royal Proclamation was issued for the suppression 
 of riots, and preservation of the public peace. A special Com- 
 mission was issued to try the rioters, December 2, 1831. The 
 Commission opened at Bristol, by Chief Justice Tyndal, of the 
 Court of Common Pleas, January 2, 1832, when William Clarke, 
 Patrick Kearney, Daniel Higgs, James Courtney, and James 
 Mackay, were found guilty af breaking into, and attempting to 
 destroy the gaol, &c. James Williams was acquitted. Thomas 
 Evans Bendal, and James Smith, were convicted of setting fire to 
 the Bishop of Bristol's Palace. Sentence of death was passed on 
 Christopher Davis, Thomas Gregory, Richard Vines, and William 
 Clarke, by Judge Tyndal; — and by Judge Bosanquet, Joseph 
 Kayes, a livery servant, January 12, 1832. Nineteen others were 
 put to the Bar, who were convicted, and sentenced to be trans- 
 ported. Gregory, Davis, Clarke, and Hayes, executed at Bristol, 
 January 27, 1832. 
 
 At Knocktopher, in Ireland, December 14 1831 
 
 This affray took place at Knocktopher, in tho county of Kilkenny, 
 between the populace and police, while the latter were protecting 
 a tithe process server from the vengeance of the mob. In the 
 conflict, fourteen of the Police were killed. 
 
 At Nottingham 1831 
 
 A Special Commission was opened at Nottingham, by Sir Joseph 
 Littledale, and Sir Stephen Gaselee, for the trial of the Notting- 
 ham rioters, January 4, 1831, when nine unfortunate individuals 
 received sentence of death, being found guilty of being concerned 
 in the late riots, and the destruction of property thereat. George 
 Beek, George Hearson, and John Armstrong, were executed at 
 Nottingham, February 1, 1832. Charles Berkins, and Thomas 
 Skelton, also received sentence of death, but were respited. 
 
 At Birmingham 1839 
 
 This Riot though not quite so alarming as the Bristol one, was the 
 cause of a great destruction of property, and loss of life. 
 
 At Newport :... 1839 
 
 At Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1839 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 153 
 
 ROAD, THE CITY, between Moorfields and Islington, 
 
 opened, June 29 1761 
 
 Lately extended to the Bank of England, by which means a direct outlet is 
 afforded from the heart of the Metropolis to the Great North Road. 
 
 ROADS between Market Towns widened by an Act of 
 
 Parliament, in .. 1285, 1555 
 
 First repaired by Act of Parliament, 1524; began in the Highlands of Scotland 
 by General Wade, 1746 ; and finished in 1757. 
 
 ROCK SALT discovered about , 950 
 
 In Poland, 1289. 
 
 ROMAN CATHOLICS in England relieved by an Act ... 1776 
 
 Again in 1791. In Ireland ditto, passed 1792. The Catholic Relief Bill passed 
 in 1S29. 
 
 ROMAN LADIES poisoned their husbands 331 
 
 One hundred and seventy were executed for it. This was the first example of 
 such a crime. 
 
 ROMANCE. 
 
 The first written, was the marriage of Theagenes and Chariclea, by Heliodorus, 
 bishop of Tricca, in Thessaly, who lived in the ivth century ; it must be ac- 
 knowledged it has produced a numerous issue, viz. all the Romances extant: a 
 Synod convocated for the purpose of considering of the danger which might 
 accrue to youth from reading this romance, although a modest and reserved 
 piece when compared with modern works of the same kind, deposed the 
 author from being a bishop, on account of his refusing to suppress his work. 
 
 ROMAN EMPIRE, The. 
 
 Rome was founded about the year of the world 3252; the fourth year of the sixth 
 Olympiad, 428 years after the siege of Troy, 121 from the foundation of 
 Carthage, and 752 years B. C. The beginning of the city, which afterwards 
 became mistress of the world, was very trifling. Romulus, who founded it, 
 appears to have been no more than the leader of a band of robbers. His 
 small territory, during the first 300 years, was not above forty miles square. 
 The capital of the pretended kingdom of Romulus was only 1000 paces 
 square — a space hardly large enough for two farmer's yards of the present 
 day. But it soon afterwards greatly increased, especially under the Re- 
 public. 
 
 The following persons were Kings of Rome, viz.: — 
 
 Romulus 752 
 
 Interregnum 716 
 
 Numa Pompilius 715 
 
 Tullus Hostilius 672 
 
 Ancus Martius 640 
 
 Tarquin the Elder 616 
 
 Servius Tullius 578 
 
 Tarquin the Proud 534 
 
 It is remarkable that seven Kings, who were each of them elected, four 
 should have been assassinated, and one dethroned: and that they should have 
 reigned for so long a term as 240 years : an instance of which hereditary 
 monarchy does not furnish us with an example. 
 
 In the time of the Roman Republic, before Tarquin the Proud, the walls 
 
 No. 20. x 
 
154 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 ROMAN EMPIRE, The, (continued.) 
 
 were of mud. After his dethronement, Rome advanced, by degrees to uni- 
 versal monarchy. All Italy was subdued; as were Sicily, Sardinia, Spain, 
 Africa, Greece, Gaul, Britain, and a part of Germany. This Republic was 
 bounded in the time of Julias Csesar, by the Euphrates, Mount Taurus, 
 and Armenia, on the East : Etholia on the South : the Danube on the North 
 and the Ocean on the West. Their successes struck the minds of the people 
 conquered so forcibly, that the exploits of Scipio, of Sylla, and of Caesar, are 
 well known. 
 
 We shall here very briefly speak of the principal events during the Re- 
 public of Rome. Tarquin being banished, and rovaltv abolished, Consuls 
 were chosen annually to govern the State. The first Consuls were Lucius 
 Junius Brutus, and Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus, 509. Alliance with the 
 Carthaginians, 509. Wars with Porsonna, 508. Dictator first created, 498. 
 Tribunes of the People established, 493. Coriolanus banished Rome, 491. 
 Besieges Rome, 489. Is killed, 488. Three hundred Fabii killed bv the 
 Veii, 477. Secular Games instituted, 459. Decemvirs, 451, Military 
 Tribunes, 444. Censors, 443. Rome taken by Brennus, and re-taken by 
 Furius Camillus, 390. Five years anarchy at Rome, 375. Prsetor, 367. 
 Consuls taken from the Plebeians, 366 Laws against luxury, 358. War 
 against the Samnites lasted 49 years, 343. Manlius Torquatus beheads his 
 victorious son, for fighting contrary to his orders,' 340. Romans pass under 
 the yoke, 321. Fabius Maximus Dictator, 301. War against Pyrrhus, 280. 
 First Punic War, 264. Attilius Reg-ulus made prisoner, 256. Asdrubal de- 
 feated by Metellus, 251. Hanibal takes Saguntum, 219. Second Punic war, 
 218. Hanibal defeats the Romans at Cannse, 216. First Macedonian war, 
 214. Syracuse taken by Marcellus, 212. Hanibal returns to Africa, 203. 
 Scipio defeats Hanibal in Africa, 202. Second Macedonian War, 200. War 
 with Antiochus, 192. Death of Cornelius Scipio Africanus, 184. Death of 
 Philopcemen and Hanibal, 183. War with Perseus, 171. Perseus conquered 
 by Publius Emilius, 168. Third Punic War, 149. Third Macedonian war, 
 148. Corinth, and Carthage destroyed, 146. Achaian war, Greece con- 
 quered, 145. War with Numantia and Spain, 141. Death of Scipio the 
 Younger, 129. Carthage re-built: death of Polybius, 123. War with the 
 Cimbri, 113 — with Jugurtha, 111, — with Mithridates, 94 — between Marius 
 and Sylla, 88. War of Sertorius, 77: of Catiline, 63. First triumvirate, 60. 
 Pompey sole Consul, 52. War between Csesar and Pompey, 49. Battle of 
 Pharsalia, 48. Csesar perpetual Dictator: Calendar corrected, 45. — Twelve 
 Csesars: Julius Csesar, assassinated, 44. Second Triumvirate, 43. Battle 
 of Philippi, 42: of Actium, 31. Augustus, 14. Tiberius, A. D. 37. Ca- 
 ligula, 41 . Claudius, 54. Nero, 68. Galba, 69. Otho, 69. Vitellius, 69. 
 Vespasian, in 79. Titus, in 81. Domitian, in 96. Nerva, 98. Tiajan, 1 17. 
 Adrian, 138. Antoninus Pius, 161. Marcus Aurelius, and Lucius Verus, 
 180-189. Commodus, 192. Perlinax, 198. Didius Julius, 103. Niger, 195. 
 Allinus, 197. Septimius Severus, 211. Caracalla, 2 17, and Geta 212, Ma- 
 crinus, 218. Heliogabalus, 222. Alexander Severus, 235. Maximinianus, 
 238. Gordianus, 237. Gordianus, the Son, 237 Maximus and Balbinus, 
 238. Gordianus, Junior, 244. Philip, father and son, 249. Decius, 251. 
 Gallus, 253. Emilianus, 253. Valerianus, 260. Gallienus, 267- Claudius II. 
 270. Aurelianus, 275. Tacitus, 276. Florianus, (3 months) 276. Pmbus, 
 282. Carus, 283. Carinus and Numirianus 285. Diocletianus and Maxi- 
 minianus abdicate, 305. Constantius Chlorus, 306. Galerius, 311. Seve- 
 rus II. 307. Maximin, 313. Constantine the Great, 337. Licinius, 323. 
 Constantine the Younger, 340. Constans, 350. Constantius, 361. Julianus, 
 363. Jovianus, 364. Valentinianus I. (West) 375. Valens (East) 378. 
 Gratian 383. Valentinianus II. 392. Theodosius the Great, 395. After 
 which the Empire was divided into Western and Eastern. The Western, (of 
 which Rome continued to be the Capital), began in 74; ended 92.; and the 
 Eastern, (Constantinople being the Capital) began 364; ended in 1553. They 
 were under the government of different Emperors. It was 2000 miles broad, 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 155 
 
 ROMAN EMPIRE, The, (continued.) 
 
 and 3000 in length. Alexis Ducas, the last of the Emperors of the East, 
 was dethroned by the Crusaders, and the city sacked. They retained posses- 
 sion of Constantinople till 1261, when they were driven out by the Greeks 
 of the family of Paleologus, the last of whom was, in 1453, obliged to yield 
 to Mahomet, Emperor of the Turks, whose descendants have retained posses- 
 sion of Constantinople to this day. Rome was declared a part of the French 
 Empire, April 13, 1809. 
 
 ROMAN EMPEROR, the first that properly had the title 
 
 was Augustus Octavius, b. c. 27 
 
 ROMAN HIGHWAYS made in Britain 415 
 
 ROME declared itself independent as a Republic, February 
 
 26 1798 
 
 The Pope's authority was in consequence annulled. 
 
 RONCESVALLES, in the Pyrenees, Pass of the, attacked, 
 
 July 25 1813 
 
 The Pass of Roncesvalles was attacked by Marshal Soult, from July 25, to August 
 2, 1813, in order to relieve St. Sebastian and Pamplona, but he was repulsed 
 with the loss of 15,000 men, by the combined army under the Marquess of 
 Wellington. 
 
 ROSARY, or BEADS, first used in Romish Prayers, in 1093 
 
 ROSES planted in England 1522 
 
 They were first consecrated, as presents from the Pope, and placed over Confes- 
 sionals, as the symbol of secrecy, in 1526. From this circumstance arose the 
 phrase of — " under the rose." 
 
 ROSTOCK founded 1169 
 
 ROUND TABLE, KNIGHTS OF THE, began 516 
 
 Revived in 1344. 
 
 ROUSSILLON, &c. annexed to the Kingdom of France ... 1349 
 ROYAL CHARLOTTE, The, burnt by accident, 1800 
 
 The Royal Charlotte, of 100 guns, was burnt, by accident near Leghorn, March 
 16, 1800, when only 150 persons were saved. 
 
 ROYAL NAVY, of England, the first so called, (for which 
 
 see a further account^ at page 117) 1512 
 
 ROYAL GEORGE, loss of The 1782 
 
 On the 29th of August, 1782, it was found necessary that the Royal George, a 
 line of battle ship of 108 guns, which had lately arrived at Spithead from a 
 cruise, should, previously to her going 1 again to sea undergo the operation 
 which seamen technically call a Parliament heel, in which operation the ship 
 is inclined rather on one side, until the defects on the other are examined and 
 repaired, a mode practised to prevent delay by going into dock, or where the 
 repairs are not extensive, and this operation generally takes place in still 
 
156 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 ROYAL GEORGE, loss of The, (continued.) 1782 
 
 weather, and smooth water, it being unnecessary in that case to remove the 
 guns. 
 
 The business was commenced early in the morning. Finding it necessary 
 to strip off more of the sheathing than had been intended, the men in their 
 eagerness to reach the defect in the ship's bottom, were induced to heel her 
 too much, when a sudden squall of wind threw her wholly on her side; and 
 the gun-ports being open, and the cannon rolling over to the depressed side, 
 the ship was unable to right herself, and instantly filling with water, she 
 sunk. 
 
 The accident happened about ten in the morning; Admiral Kempenfeldt 
 was writing in his cabin, and the greater part of the people were between 
 decks. Among the sufferers were many of the wives and children of the 
 petty officers, and seamen, who, knowing the ship was shortly to sail on a 
 very distant service, embraced the opportunity of visiting their husbands and 
 fathers. 
 
 Admiral Kempenfeldt, (who was nearly seventy years of age) with many 
 brave officers, and most of those who were between decks, perished; several 
 of those on the upper decks were saved by the boats of the fleet; about 70 
 others were likewise saved. The exact number of persons on board at the 
 time could not be ascertained; but it was calculated that from 800 to 1000 
 were lost. Such was the swell made at the moment by the ship's sinking, 
 that the victualler, lying at the time by her side was swamped, and several 
 small craft at a distance, were in great danger. 
 
 In the month of September, 1839, Colonel Paslev commenced his project 
 of blowing up the wreck of the Royal George. On the commencing of ope- 
 rations, a cylinder, containing 2320 lbs. of powder, was carefully lowered 
 to the bottom, where it was placed alongside the most compact portion of the 
 wreck which has yet been discovered by the divers. This operation was 
 effected bymeans of hauling-lines rove through blocks attached to the bottom 
 of the ship by the divers. When every thing was ready, the vessel in which 
 the voltaic battery was placed, was drawn off to the distance of 500 feet, 
 which is the length of the connecting wires, and instantaneously, on the 
 circuit being completed, the explosion took place, and the effects were very 
 remarkable. At first the surface of the sea, which had before been perfectly 
 smooth and calm, was violently agitated by a sort of tremulous motion, which 
 threw it into small irregular waves, a few inches only in height. This lasted 
 for three or four seconds, when a vast dome of water made its appearance, of 
 a conical, or rather bee-hive shape. At first it appeared to rise slowly, but 
 rapidly increased in height and size till it reached the altitude of twenty- 
 eight or thirty feet, in a tolerably compact mass. It then fell down and 
 produced a series of rings, which spread in all directions. The first, or outer 
 one of those, having the aspect of a wave several feet in height, curled, and 
 broke, as if it had been driven towards the shore. Neither the shock nor the 
 sound was so great as had been expected by those who had witnessed the 
 former explosions by Colonel Pasley, where the quantity of powder was only 
 forty-five lbs.: but the effect produced on the water at the surface, consider- 
 ing that the depth was ninety feet, was truly astonishing. What the effect 
 has been upon the wreck will not be fully asceitained by the divers till the 
 spring tides are over, and the long periods of slack water at the neaps enable 
 the divers to remain for upwards of half an hour under water. Colonel 
 Pasley has on his first attempt completely established his command over the 
 application of the voltaic battery to sub-marine purposes, and can now with 
 certainty explode his charges at any depth of water: and by placing his 
 cylinders against the most refractory parts of the wreck, and blowing thern 
 to pieces, enable him to draw the whole, by small portions, to the surface. 
 
 Early in the spring of the present year, (1840), Colonel Pasley again com-? 
 menced his efforts in this arduous undertaking of endeavouring to clear Spit- 
 head of the remains of this wreck. In a letter lately addressed 1 y him to the 
 Editor of the Times, correcting several erroneous reports which had gone 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 157 
 
 ROYAL GEORGE, loss of The, (continued) 1 782 
 
 forth to the public, he states, — " That he has recovered twelve guns, five 
 gun-carriages, 100 beams and riders, or large fragments of them, exclusive of 
 other timbers, planks, and coppers; also the cooking places and boilers 
 complete, the stern, and great part of the bows on each side of it, the two 
 capstans, part' of the main-mast, and all that remained of the fore-mast of the 
 Royal George ; which were to be seen at Portsmouth very lately." The re- 
 port that part of the wood-work of the Royal George had floated along the 
 coast, is also contradicted. No part of the Royal George ever rose to the 
 surface, after the explosions, except some large fragments of the main-mast, 
 which were immediately recovered by the boats on duty, and carried into the 
 Dock-yard. 
 
 The great explosion, announced for the 22nd of June, (1840) took place on 
 that day. It had a beautiful effect: and having become generally known, a 
 great number of people attended there to witness it. In the course of the 
 morning Lieut. Symonds, the executive Engineer, according to a plan agreed 
 upon between him and Col. Pasley, sent down Mr. George Hall, the diver, 
 who placed a charge of 47 lbs and afterwards another of 260 lbs. of powder, 
 on the spot originally occupied by the main hatchway on the orlop deck, which 
 were fired successively by Professor Daniell's voltaic battery, as soon as he 
 came up, the second charge being' placed in the hole made by the first About 
 1 o'clock, Col. Pasley came up: and at nearly half-past 1, the great cylinder, 
 loaded with 25^ barrels, or nearly 2,300 lbs. of gunpowder, with the voltaic 
 conducting apparatus attached to it, was raised out of a launch alongside, by 
 the Derrick of No 5, lump, and lowered into the water so as to rest a little 
 above the surface, where it remained suspended by the bull-rope of the 
 Derrick. Hall was again sent down: and at nearly a quarter past 2 o'clock 
 he came up and reported that the cylinder was properly placed, and that all 
 was ready. Col. Pasley then ordered his bugler to sound the " preparative," 
 and, in a minute after, " the fire." An immediate explosion took place, 
 the shock and the report being felt and heard at the same time. Alter a few 
 seconds, the surface rose three or four feet in a circle, from which, a column 
 of water full fifty feet high, was thrown up, followed by several large frag- 
 ments of wreck, which proved to be the lower pait of the mainmast. Soon 
 after this the mud from the bottom arose, blackening the surface of the water 
 to a great distance. A number of small fish also came up dead. The two 
 Admirals and the General commanding the garrison, attended by a number of 
 naval and military officers, together with the officers of the dock-yard, &c. 
 were present. Should Col. Pasley be so fortunate as to raise the wreck of 
 the Royal George, the Government may be induced to remove the wreck of 
 " The Edgar," from which Lieut. Symonds recovered five iron guns during 
 Coi. Pasley's last visit to Chatham, the surface of which, after an immersion 
 of owe hundred and twenty-nine years, proved to be converted into soft car- 
 buret of iron or plumbago to a considerable depth. These guns are remark- 
 able for being much thicker at the breech, and thinner at the muzzle than the 
 guns of the same calibre of more modern construction, from which the iron 
 guns recovered from the Royal George differ very little. 
 
 The following articles have been brought up, viz.: — a 12-pounder brass 
 gun : two iron 32-pounders, and several gun-carriages. A large quantity of 
 timber and other matters have been weighed and taken to the yard; the tits, 
 in a very soui.d state, and many other large fragments, by Corporal Harris. 
 The whole of the starboard bow, from the forefoot to the water-line, was suc- 
 cessfully slung, by John Fullagar, and brought to the yard, by the lively, 
 lighter; it is a piece of thirty feet by twenty-three feet, and presents on its 
 outside curved surface, 300 superficial feet of copper sheathing, with the 
 planking, timber, and inside lining complete, as it was when the vessel 
 went down ; it is in better preservation than most of the other wood-work. 
 Its computed weight exceeds thiity tons. This immense piece was detached 
 by the last large explosion in 1839. Hall, the diver, weighed one gun by 
 passing a chain round one trunnion only, which was all that appeared above 
 
158 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 ROYAL GEORGE, loss of The, (continued) 1782 
 
 the mud, but it nipped so closely that it drew the weighty mass out of its 
 grave, and safely landed it on the deck of the lump. Several copper hoops 
 from the powder barrels have been taken up, but all the barrels in the maga- 
 zine are decayed, and have disappeared. 
 
 There were three survivors of the Royal George ; a person of the name of 
 Ingram, who keeps (or kept) the Fox Inn, at Westborough, near Berkeley, 
 on the road side from Gloucester to Bristol. He was nearest to one of the 
 port-holes when the ship capsized, and was shot out without injury. He 
 rescued a female, who also floated. 
 
 The second individual who escaped on that eventful day, was Sir Philip 
 Durham, and Captain John Crispo. Sir Philip was returning from a-shore, 
 and was at a short distance from that ill-fated ship ere she went down, and 
 narrowly escaped from a watery grave. Captain Crispo, was a midshipman of 
 the quarter-deck watch at that time, and escaped by swimming. He was then 
 nine years of age. 
 
 It further appears, from the statement of a Correspondent of the Bath 
 Journal, that there is another survivor of the Royal George accident, viz. a 
 person of the name of Abel Hibbs, and who resided near Bristol. 
 
 ROYAL MARRIAGE ACT, The, for regulating the Mar- 
 riages of the Royal Family, passed 1772 
 
 Clandestine Marriages were forbidden by Law, in 1753: took place March 25, 
 1754: amended, 1781: New Act passed, 1822: repealed, 1823: altered, 
 1836. 
 
 It was not until the famous Council of Trent (1429) that the intervention of a 
 priest, or other ecclesiastical functionary, was deemed in Europe indispen- 
 sable to a marriage. It was then ascertained that the existence of the marriage 
 contract as a mere civil engagement, unhallowed by any spiiitual sanction, 
 tended much to the formation of clandestine connexions, and their concomi- 
 tant evils. The celebrated decree passed in that Session which interdicted 
 any marriage otherwise than in the presence of a priest, and at least two 
 witnesses. But in England, previous to 1754, the common law continued to 
 regulate the law of marriage, the authority of the Council of Trent not having 
 been acknowledged in this country; and whilst, in virtue of domestic insti- 
 tutions, a form was enjoined for the more solemn celebration of matrimony. 
 Banns were first directed to be published by Hubert Walter, in I 200 ; and 
 William la Zouch, (in 1347) notices the performance of unlawful marriages 5 
 and that, " Some contriving unlawful marriages, and affecting the dark, lest 
 " their deeds should be reproved, procure every day, in a damnable manner, 
 " marriages to be celebiated without publication of banns duly and lawfully 
 " made, by means of chaplains that have no regard to the fear of God and the 
 " prohibition of the laws." These marriages, it appears, have been continued 
 in London, in defiance of the punishment denounced, (and occasionally in- 
 flicted) by the ecclesiastical law. Previous to the year 1686, thousands of 
 unlawful marriages were performed; most of them, in churches and chapels 
 exempted from the visitation of the Ordinary, the ministers of which places 
 did frequently many without licence or banns: these were called " lawless 
 churches ;" the laws for the prevention of unlawful marriages being, by these 
 means, of no effect. 
 
 Many of the earlier Fleet weddings were performed at that spot ; but as 
 the practice increased, it became necessary to add other places within the 
 precincts of the Fleet, (the Warden being prohibited by Act of Parliament 
 from allowing such ceremony) the consequence was, that many of the Fleet 
 parsons, and also tavern-keepers in the neighbourhood appropriated certain 
 rooms in their dwellings for this purpose; the parsons receiving the fees, and 
 allowing a portion to the tavern-keepers, who also derived a profit from the 
 sale of their liquors served to the wedding party. These tavern-keepers 
 have also been known to to keep a parson regularly at a salary of twenty shil- 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 159 
 
 ROYAL MARRIAGE ACT, The, (continued.) 
 
 lings per week ; while others, upon the arrival of a wedding party, sent for 
 any one they chose, with whom they divided the wedding fee. The gene- 
 rality of these tavern-keepers kept their own registers, the parsons entering 
 the several weddings in these books, as well as their own. 
 
 One of these Fleet Registers being produced on a trial at Shrewsbury, in 
 1794, a Mrs. Olivi gave the following evidence: — " My first husband was 
 Thomas Owens. I had the Registei -books of Fleet-marriages in my posses- 
 sion from my marriage in 17° 1, till I went to America eleven years ago. I 
 then sold them to Mr. Panton, My husband, Owens, died about 1773. He 
 made a will. I had the possession of the books myself, as my husband had 
 other business. I heard my husband say he purchased these books. He had 
 a marriage-house in Fleet lane. I used the books to grant certificates upon 
 parish affairs." By the will of Thomas Owens, dated February 18, 1775, and 
 proved in the Prerogative Court of Canterbury, he bequeaths to his wife 
 Susan Owens, "All the books of the Registry of the Fleet Marriages now in 
 my possession." By the evidence on the before- mentioned trial, in 1794, it 
 appears that " persons who kept the different Marriage-houses were occa- 
 sionally the clerks : if nobody was in the way, any person executed the office 
 as a clerk. The man that in general was their servant he registered them." 
 Five or six hundred of these books were purchased of Mrs. Olivi, about 
 17S3, by Mr. Benjamin Panton, who, in his evidence in the cause of Lloyd v. 
 Passingham, said they weighed more than a ton ; that he had been in the 
 habit of attending Courts of Justice with them, and never knew them refused. 
 After Mr. Panton's death, he bequeathed these books to his daughter, who, 
 in 1813, disposed of them to Mr. William Cox. Amongst the books is one 
 used to contain an account of all searches made; it is headed, " This book 
 contains all the searches found and not found from the year 1784 to 1804 and 
 1819, that as been made by any of Mr. Panton's family since inn their pos- 
 session, and is now going on by Mr. William Cox, 1813." They were after- 
 wards purchased of Mr. Cox by Government, in 1821 : and in one of the 
 printed Parliamentary estimates for that year is the following item: — " An 
 account showing how the sum of £280,000. granted by Parliament to provide 
 for extraordinary expenses of a civil nature, was expended; — George Maule, 
 Esq. solicitor for the affairs of the Treasury, to enable him to purchase for 
 the use of the public a series of books containing the entries of marriages in 
 the Fleet Prison and the Rules thereof, from the year 1686 to the year 1754, 
 £260. 6s. 6rf." 
 
 The same causes which induced people to marry clandestinely at the Fleet 
 prison, no doubt operated with those who married at the King's Bench prison, 
 although from the latter prison being situated in the suburbs of London, but 
 comparatively few marriages were performed there. In the neighbourhood 
 of the King's Bench was a part of the Borough called " The Mint," a place 
 of refuge for thieves and malefactors of the worst description; which, with 
 White Friars, the Savoy, and other places about London, claimed certain 
 privileges, and held out the advantages of a sanctuary to all debtors, thieves, 
 and malefactors. At this place marriages were performed, and amongst the 
 Fleet registers are three of King's Bench, and The Mint marriages. 
 
 Although the Savoy was one of those places of pretended privileges, there 
 does not appear to have been any clandestine marriages there until after the 
 passing of the Marriage Act : the following are the number of marriages be- 
 fore and after that period, viz. : — 
 
 In 1752 15 
 
 1353, 19 
 
 1754, 342 
 
 1755, 1190 
 
 1756, 63 
 
 1757, 13 
 
 1758, 17 
 
 On the passing of the Marriage Act, the Rev. John Wilkinson began to exer- 
 
160 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 ROYAL MARRIAGE ACT, The, (continued.) 
 
 cise his supposed rights as the Minister of the Savoy, considering himself 
 authorized to grant licences, because Dr. Killigrew, and other of his prede- 
 cessors had granted them : the consequence was that the Savoy soon became 
 known as the place for easy matrimony, these marriages procuring him a pro- 
 fusion of cash, all being rat-tat-tat at the street door, and on Easter day 
 paticularly. Mr. Wilkinson having had repeated hints from government of 
 the impropriety of such proceedings, and the consequences like]y to result 
 from a continuance of the same, proceedings were at length resorted to 
 against him, and he was compelled to make his escape over the leads of the 
 Savoy, through the kitchen of the prison, (which was at that time there) to 
 a private door into the chapel, to avoid those set to watch him. One Sunday 
 morning an alarm was given that the Officers were in the church. A general 
 panic ensued in his family; he sent word he was taken suddenly ill, and 
 could not read piayers, made his way to a gate that opened on the Thames, 
 reached Somerset stairs, where he took a boat, and got into Kent. Having 
 arrived there, without interruption, he engaged a Mr. Grierson to officiate as 
 his curate; but granted licences himself, imagining' that his curate could not 
 be responsible for any act or deed of the Minister. Soon after this, Mr. 
 Vernon of Drury-lane Theatre, was married by Mr Grierson to Miss 
 Portier. Garrick insisted on seeing the certificate, which Mr. Vernon ob- 
 tained from Mr. Grierson, and gave it to Garrick, who handed it over to Mr. 
 Carrinston, the King's Messenger. Upon this Mr Grierson was taken up 
 and tried for having married the parties, was convicted, and transported for 
 fourteen years. In his defence, he stated that he was not aware of the illegality 
 of the transaction, as he had married his own son there. After his committal, 
 Mr. Wilkinson engaged the Rev. Mr. Brooks as his curate, and continued to 
 derive great profits from these marriages. Considering himself certain of an 
 acquittal, Mr. Wilkinson determined on surrendering himself and taking 
 his trial, which he did, July 11, 1756. He was tried on the 16th, found 
 guilty, and sentenced to fourteen years' transportation. The vessel which 
 was to take him to America, sailed early in March, 1757, but owing to stress 
 of weather was driven back to Plymouth, where Mr. Wilkinson died from an 
 attack of the gout. 
 
 After the death of Mr. Wilkinson, an individual of the name of Keith, of 
 May-Fair Chapel, commenced this illegal employment, for which he was 
 imprisoned fifteen years. In 1753, he published a pamphlet intituled " Ob- 
 servations on the Act for preventing Clandestine Marriages, " and to which 
 is prefixed an engraving of him as " The Rev. Mr Keith, D. D." 
 
 The passing of the Marriage Act put a stop to these illegal marriages at 
 May-Fair: but the day before the Act came into operation, (Lady-Day, 
 1754), sixty-one couple were married there. 
 
 RULING MACHINES invented by a Dutchman, in 
 
 London 1792 
 
 Woodmasson, Payne, and Brown, very much improved them. They were intro- 
 duced into Scotland in 1803. Three were employed at Edinburgh, in 1806, 
 which were the means of giving subsistence to at least thirty persons weekly, 
 and facilitated labour to a very great extent. 
 
 RUSSIA began their new year, from January 1 1 700 
 
 SABA, the Island of, planted by the Dutch 1640 
 
 SADDLES in use in 340 
 
 Saddle-Horse Duty commenced in 1784. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 161 
 
 SAFFRON in England in 1389 
 
 It was first brought to England by a Pilgrim. Cultivated in 1582. 
 
 SAIL-CLOTH first made in England 1599 
 
 SALEM, in New England, settled, 1628 
 
 SALIQUE LAW, The. (See * Arms of England? 
 SALT-MINES discovered in Staffordshire 1670 
 
 Salting herrings after the Dutch method first used, 1416. Salt Petre first made 
 in England, in 1625. Salt Duty revived in 1732. Salt, and incident duties, 
 amounted to £1,400,000. in 17S6 :- to £1,800,000. in 1787:— and to 
 £1,812,969. in 1788. 
 
 SANCTUARIES instituted 617 
 
 SANDWICH ISLANDS, The, in the Pacific Ocean, dis- 
 covered 1778 
 
 SANDWICH HARBOUR destroyed by an Earthquake in. 1580 
 
 SANDWICH ISLANDS, the King and Queen of the, died 
 
 in London, July 1824 
 
 In the Spring of this year, the King and Queen of the Sandwich Islands, with a 
 suite of six persons of rank, arrived in this country, where every mark of 
 attention was paid to them, and sanguine hopes were entertained that their 
 visit would be productive of important political advantages, as well as tend to 
 the extension of civilization among the natives 5 but these hopes were disap- 
 pointed by the sudden death of their Majesties. The bodies were deposited 
 in the vaults under St. Martin's church until the 7th of October, when they 
 were removed on board the Blonde frigate, Captain Lord Byron, to be con- 
 veyed to the Sandwich Islands. 
 
 SANDUSKY, FORT, in Upper Canada, the British and 
 Indian Forces, under Major-General Proctor, repulsed 
 at an attack on, August 2, 1813 
 
 SANTA CASA, or HOLY HOUSE OF LORETTO. 
 
 Santa Casa, pretended to have been brought by angels from Palestine into Illyria, 
 1291. It was pillaged by the French, February 12, 1797, when the statue 
 of the Madona was conveyed to Paris. 
 
 SARDINIAN KING, The, relinquished Turin, and all 
 
 Piedmont to the French, December 6, 1798 
 
 He afterwards retired to Sardinia. 
 
 SARDINIA erected into a kingdom 1707 
 
 It was given to the Duke of Savoy. 
 
 SATURN'S SATELLITES discovered 1608 
 
 The ring, in 1634. 
 
 Wo. 21- Y 
 
162 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 SAVANNAH settled 1732 
 
 SAW, The, invented by Daedalus, B.C. 13S0 
 
 SAXON GREEN, invented.. 1744 
 
 SAXONS, The, came into England 449 
 
 The Saxon line was restored under Edward the Confessor. Edward was born at 
 Islop, in Oxfordshire, and began his reign in the fortieth year of his age; 
 He was crowned at Winchester, 1042 : married Editha, daughter of Godwin, 
 Earl of Kent, 1043: remitted the tax of Danegelt, and was the first king of 
 England that touched for the King's Evil, 1058: died January 5, 1066, aged 
 65 : was buried in Westminster Abbey, which he re-built, where his bones 
 were enshrined in gold, set with jewels, 1206. Emma, his mother, died in 
 1052. He was succeeded by Harold II. 
 
 SCARBOROUGH CLIFF, and the Spaw removed, De- 
 cember 18 1733 
 
 SCARCITY-ROOT, a kind of turnip, introduced and propa- 
 gated in England by Dr. Lettsom, 1 787 
 
 SCARLET DYE invented 1000 
 
 It was first used at Bow, near Stratford, in 1643. 
 
 SCENES introduced into Theatres 1533 
 
 SCHISM ACT passed in 1714 
 
 SCOTCH GOLD and SILVER prohibited passing current 
 
 in England 1393 
 
 SCOTLAND, the Rebellion in, began 1715 
 
 SCULPTURE invented by Debutades B.C. 200 
 
 SCUTAGE, the first tax levied in England to pay an army . 1159 
 
 SEAL, THE GREAT, of England, stole from the Lord 
 
 Chancellor, (Thurlow,) March 24 1784 
 
 Seals were not much in use with the Saxons : they signed their parchments with 
 the cross, impressions of lead being affixed. The Great Seal of England first 
 used to Crown Grants, &c. in 1050. There was a seal of Edward I. at 
 Westminster, about 1188. Coats of Arms were not introduced on Seals till 
 1218. 
 
 A new one made on account of the United Kingdoms, January 2, 1801. 
 Destroyed in Council by William IV. and a new one adopted. It was 
 executed by Mr. Wyon, the Chief Engraver of Seals to the King. On the 
 obverse of the New Seal, His Majesty is represented seated on his throne, 
 supported by Neptune and Britannia: on one side are the figures of Piety 
 and Justice; and, on the other, Peace and Plenty. The Seal is composed of 
 silver. A New Seal for the Admiralty Court of Scotland was also ap- 
 proved of. 
 
 SEAL ENGRAVING, the Art of, applied to printing with 
 
 blocks 1440 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 1G3 
 
 SEALING CHARTERS AND DEEDS first used in Eng- 
 land in 1065 
 
 SEALING-WAX introduced into general use 1556 
 
 SEAMEN'S WAGES advanced by Parliament, May 9 1797 
 
 The Purser's deduction of one-eighth of provisions being taken off. 
 
 SEAS, the sovereignty of the, maintained 1633 
 
 The sovereignty of England over the British seas maintained by Selden, and 
 measures taken by the British Government in consequence, 8th Charles I. 
 1633. 
 
 SECRETARIES OF ST ATE first appointed in England .. . 1529 
 
 Lord Cromwell was so made by Cardinal Wolsey. 
 
 SECURITY OF THE KING'S PERSON, the Act for, 
 
 passed 1703 
 
 Improved in 1795. 
 
 SEDAN CHAIRS introduced into England by the Duke of 
 
 Buckingham 1634 
 
 First made in London, and a fourteen years' patent for selling them granted to a 
 person of the name of Duncombe, in 1634. The Marine Chair invented by 
 Christopher Irving, in 1764. 
 
 SEDITION BILL, The, passed, December 17 1795 
 
 It was also enacted that all Seditious Societies and Reading Rooms, should be sup- 
 pressed. Act passed, June 21, 1797. 
 
 SEISINS, Register of, established 1617 
 
 SEIZURES at the Custom House amounted to £25,000. in . 1742 
 
 < SEMPER EADEM,' first used as the motto of the Arms 
 
 of England, December 13 1702 
 
 SEPTENIAL PARLIAMENT ACT passed. (See Par- 
 liament.) 
 
 SERVANT MAN'S TAX took place in 1775 
 
 Enlarged 1781: 1785: 1796: and 1797 :— Female Servant's Tax, 1785 : abolished 
 in 1792. 
 
 SERVANT'S WAGES taxed 1695 
 
 SESSION, COURT OF, first appointed by James I. in ... 1425 
 
 Abolished 1503 : re-established by James V. in 1531 : re-instated at Edinburgh, 
 in 1656. 
 
164 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 SESSIONS HALL, the floor of the, at Poole, in Monmouth- 
 shire, fell August 11 1758 
 
 This unfortunate event happened when the Court was sitting, and occasioned the 
 death of several persons. 
 
 SETTLEMENT OF THE CROWN 1689 
 
 SEXTANT, The, invented by Tycho Brahe, at Augsburg . 1550 
 SHEEP prohibited to be exported from England in 1424 
 
 They were permitted to be sent to Spain in 1467- In 1S09, the Spanish Cortes 
 sent two thousand of the Merino breed, accompanied by shepherds, as a 
 present to His Majesty George III. They have since been crossed with the 
 English sheep, and aiford the finest wool. 
 
 SHERBROOK, THE LADY, wrecked on the Mouse 
 
 Island, July 19 1831 
 
 She was wrecked on Mouse Island, near Point Blank, by which unfortunate acci- 
 dent 246 persons were drowned. 
 
 SHERIFFS first appointed 10T9 
 
 SHERIFFS OF LONDON, fifty appointed in one day 1734 
 
 Thirty-five of whom paid the fine, July 2, 1734. 
 
 SHIPS invented b.c. 1689 
 
 The first ship seen in Greece, (supposed to be a galley) was brought from Egypt 
 to Rhodes by Daunus, B.C. 1485. In 1310, and some time after, the English 
 ships of war were hired of merchants ; that with a double dock, and built in 
 England, was of the burthen of 1000 tons, and built by order of Henry VII. 
 •which was called the " Great Harry," and cost £14,000. Previous to this, 
 24-gun ships were the largest in our navy, and these had no port-holes, the 
 truns being on the upper decks only. The first double-decker in Scotland 
 ■was the Carmel, built in the reign of Jarnes III. In 1512, while commanded 
 by Sir Andrew Wood, and convoying a fleet of merchantmen from Flanders, 
 she was attacked off the east coast of Fife by Sir Stephen Bull, in the Great 
 Harry, who was taken after a severe conflict. Port-holes, and other improve- 
 ments, were invented by Decharges, a French builder at Brest, in the reign 
 of Louis XII. Fire-ships first used at Antwerp, 1585. Bomb-vessels in- 
 vented 1680, by Bernard d'Elisagaray Renau, a Frenchman. 
 
 SHIP-BUILDING. 
 
 The art of ship-building was attributed to the Egyptians, as the first inventors. 
 The first ship of the burthen of 800 tons was built in England in 1597. A 
 first-rate man of war requires about 60,000 cubic feet of timber, and uses 
 180,000 lb. of rough hemp in the cordage and sails for it. The ground on 
 which the timber for a 74-gun ship would require to grow, would be four- 
 teen acres. It requires 3000 loads of timber, each load containing fifty 
 cubical feet, Fifteen hundred well-grown trees, of two loads each, will 
 cover fourteen acres, at twenty feet asunder. Three thousand loads of 
 rouch oak, at 2s. per foot, or £5. per load, will cost £15,000. The shipping 
 and navigation of Great Britain for 1810, 1811, and 1812, ending on the 
 30th of September in each year, was as follows: — 
 
 Years. Vessels. 
 
 In 1 810 23,703 
 
 1811, 24,106 
 
 1812 24,107 
 
 which, in the last-mentioned year, were navigated by 165,030 seamen. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 165 
 
 SHIP-MONEY exacted 1634 
 
 Abolished in 1641. This oppressive tax cost Charles the First his head. 
 
 SHOES. 
 
 The people had in former times an extravagant way of adorning their feet; they 
 wore the beaks, or points of their shoes so long, that they encumbered them- 
 selves in their walking, and were forced to tie them up to their knees ; the 
 gentlemen fastened theirs with chains of silver, or rich silver-gilt, whilst 
 others had recourse to laces. This fantastic custom continued in fashion 
 until the year 1382; it was then prohibited, on the forfeiture of 20*. and the 
 pain of cursing by the Clergy, 1467- Shoes of the present fashion were worn 
 in England in 1633; but the buckle was not introduced until 1670 : began to 
 be discontinued about 1794. 
 
 SHOP- LIFTING ACT, which made it capital, passed 1699 
 
 SHOP-TAX passed 1785 
 
 Repealed in 1789. 
 
 SHOULDER KNOTS first used 1672 
 
 SICILY garrisoned by the English, March 24 1808 
 
 SICKNESS, the Great, in London 1729 
 
 This sickness, which happened in December, carried off the amazing number of 
 1000 persons in the course of a week. Ag-ain in January, 1733, which car- 
 ried off 1,588 persons in one week. — Tn the year 1743, it again proved fatal, 
 carrying off persons to the number of 1,488. 
 
 SIDE SADDLES first used in England 1380 
 
 SIERRA LEONE COAST discovered 1460 
 
 SIERRA LEONE, the Settlement of, attacked by the natives, 
 
 who were repulsed, February 17 1809 
 
 SIGNALS AT SEA were devised by James II. while Duke 
 
 of York 1665 
 
 SILK, WROUGHT, brought from Persia to Greece ... b. c. 325 
 
 From India, A. D. 274. Known at Rome in Tiberius' time, when a law passed in 
 the senate, prohibiting the use of plate of massy gold, and also forbidding men 
 to debase themselves by wearing silk, which was only to be worn by women. 
 Helingabalus first wore a garment of silk, 220. Silk-worms brought to Eu- 
 rope 300 years later. Silk at one time the same value with gold, weight for 
 weight, and thought to grow like cotton on trees, 220. The Emperor Aure- 
 lian, who died in 275, refused his Empress a robe of silk on account of its 
 being too dear. Silk introduced into Europe by some Monks, 551; by the 
 sa ne class, who had visited India, in 555, and who brought from thence silk- 
 worms' eggs to Constantinople, at which place raw silk was in time produced 
 in abundance, and worked up into manufactures at Athens, Thebes, Corinth, 
 &c. &c. Charlemagne presented to Ofifa, king of Meicia, a belt, a Hunnish 
 sword, and two silk vests, in 7&0. Greek manufacturers of silk, brought by 
 Roger, king of Sicily, to Europe, settled at Palermo, where they taught the 
 Sicilians, not only to breed up the silk-worms, but to spin and weave silk; 
 which art was carried afterwards to Italy and Spain, and also to the south of 
 France, a little before Francis I. who brought it to Touraine, 1130. Venice 
 
166 
 
 THR NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 SILK, WROUGHT, (continued.) 
 
 inveigled silk weavers from G reece and Palermo, in Sicily, 1207; silk mantles 
 worn by some noblemen's larliesata ball, at Kennelworth Castle, in Warwick- 
 shire, 1286; silk manufactured in England, 1504; first silk manufacture in 
 France, 1521; raw silk not produced there till a long time afterwards ; first 
 worn by the English clergy, 1534; silk-worms and mulberry trees propagated 
 by Henry IV. through all Fiance, 1559; broad silk manufacture from raw 
 silk introduced into England, 1620. Silk first imported from Persia through 
 Russia, 1742. 
 
 SILK MACHINE, the powerful one at Derby invented ... 1734 
 
 This wonderful machine, invented, and first erected at Derby, by Sir Thomas 
 Lombe, for the purpose of making organzine, or thrown silk. Sir Thomas, 
 after immense labour, and with the assistance of a friar, at great personal 
 hazard, succeeded in bringing it from Ilalv into this country. By a law of 
 Sardinia, the disclosing, or attempting to disclose to foreigners the process of 
 making organzine silk was punishable with death. This wonderful machine 
 contains the astonishing number of 26,586 wheels, 97,746 movements, and 
 makes the amazing quantity of 518,504,660 yards in twenty-four hours : all 
 the movements are set to work by only one water-wheel. The sum of 
 £14,000. was voted by the House of Commons to the inventor. A model 
 of this machine was, agreeably to a condition of the giant, deposited in the 
 Tower of London, where it still remains. 
 
 SILVER MINES first discovered in Germany 950 
 
 Silver mines discovered at Brittany, in Fiance, November, 1730; in Devonshire, 
 1294; at Potosi, 1545; at Cu'sco, 1712. 
 
 SILVER PLATE. 
 
 Silver plate, or vessels, first made use of in Enaland, by Welfred, a Northumber- 
 land bishop, a lofty and ambitious man, 709 ; silver knives and forks, spoons 
 and cups, a very great luxury, 1300. 
 
 SINGING in Churches established 77 
 
 SINKING FUND BILL, The, passed 1717 
 
 Again in 1786. 
 
 SIRNAMES introduced into England by the Normans 1200 
 
 SLAVE TRADE, The, first followed by the English 1563 
 
 A statute was made, enacting, that a runauade servant, or any who lives idly for 
 three days, be brought before two Justices of the Peace, and marked V. with 
 a hot iron on the breast, and adjudged the slave of him who brought him, for 
 two years ; he was to take the said slave, and give him bread, water, or 
 small drink, and refuse-meat, and cause him to work, by beating, chaining, 
 or otherwise: and if within that space, he absented himself fourteen days, 
 was to be marked on the forehead or cheek, by a hot iron, with an S. and be 
 his master's slave for ever; for a second desertion, to be tried for felony ; it 
 was also lawful to put a ring of iron round his neck, arm or leg; a beggar's 
 child might be put apprentice, and, on running away, become a slave to his 
 master, 1547. The Slave-Trade began in Suuth America, 1550. At the sale 
 of Rice the broker's effects, who was executed for forgery, a negro slave 
 was put up and sold in London for £32. January 28, 1763 ! ! ! In the same 
 year, there were 104,000 bought in the West Indies at £15. each, amount- 
 ing to £1,582,000. sterling, chiefly by barter. Obtained their freedom by 
 arrival in England, in 1772. Abolished in Popish Austria, June 26, 1782. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. ] 67 
 
 SLAVE-TRADE, The, (continued.) 
 
 Abolished in Pennsylvania, 1784. Debated in Parliament in 1787: and re- 
 gulated in 17S8. 
 
 In the year 1788, the slaves in the West India Islands, belonging to Great 
 Britain, were : — 
 
 In Jamaica 174,000 
 
 Barbadoes 80,000 
 
 Antigua f 36,000 
 
 Grenada and the Grenadines 40,000 
 
 St. Cb ristophers 27,090 
 
 St. Vincent's , 15.000 
 
 Dominica 15,000 
 
 A-nguilla, Tortola, &c \ 14,000 
 
 Nevis 10,090 
 
 Montserrat 9,000 
 
 Total number of Slaves. 10,000 
 
 The debate for its abolition lasted two days, in April, 1791: again in 
 1792; and la?t, in 1807. when the Act passed. Negro Slavery abolished, 
 and twenty millions!! gianted by the British Parliament as a compensa- 
 tion to the Planters, 1833. Abolished in the British Colonies, in 1834. 
 
 SLIPPERS first used about 1570 
 
 SMITHFIELD paved 1615 
 
 SMUGGLER'S ACT passed 1736 
 
 Mitigated in 1781 ; enforced 1784. 
 
 SNOW, heavy fall of, January 10, 1814 
 
 On the evening of this day a very heavy snnw commenced, which was general 
 over the whole kingdom. Upwards of 100 bags of letters were due at the 
 General Post Office on the evening of the 15th ; and, on the 17th, 1,500 
 bags were due in Dublin. 
 
 SOA P first made at London and Bristol 1524 
 
 SOCIETY ISLES, in the Pacific Ocean, discovered 1765 
 
 SOHO WORKS, The, Birmingham, lighted with Gas, 
 
 April 29 1802 
 
 The Soho Works at Birmingham were brilliantly lighted by Gas, in honour of 
 the Peace. The first public display of this new mode of illumination. Mr. 
 Murdoch has the singular merit of being the Author of this miracle of 
 modern times. 
 
 SOLAR SYSTEM discovered by Pythagoras B.C. 500 
 
 Revived by Copernicus, 1532; proved by Sir Isaac Newton, 1695. 
 
 SOLOMON'S ISLES, in America, discovered in 1527 
 
 Little is known of them, as no Europeans have settled colonies there. 
 
 SOLWAY MOSS, the sudden swell of, December 31 1771 
 
 Solway Moss, bordering on Scotland, ten miles from Carlisle, began to swell, 
 owing to heavy rains, and upwards of 400 acres of it rose to such a height, 
 
168 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 SOLWAY MOSS, (continued.) 
 
 above the level of the ground, that at last it rolled forward like a torrent, 
 and continued its course above a mile, sweeping along with it, houses, trees, 
 and every thing in its way : it then divided into islands of different extent, 
 from one to ten feet deep. It covered near 600 acres at Netherby, to which 
 it removed, and destroyed about thirty small villages. It continued in motion 
 from Saturday to Wednesday, December 31, 1771. 
 
 SOMERS' ISLES discovered 1527 
 
 SORCERY AND WITCHCRAFT. 
 
 A woman convicted of these imaginary crimes, was burnt by order of the Inquisi- 
 sition at Seville, in 1780 !! 
 
 SOUND, a Toll established there in 1348 
 
 A Toll was established there by Denmark, on all ships passing into the Baltic 
 Sea. The supposed impregnability of its fortress disproved by a British 
 fleet, 1801. 
 
 SOUT-HSEA ACT passed, May 6 1716 
 
 SOUTH-SEA SCHEME, The ; (See Bubbles.) 
 SOUTHWARK annexed to London in 1550 
 
 Its Fair regulated, 1743: abolished in 1762. 
 
 SOWING CORN, &c. the Art of, taught by Ceres, ... b.c. 1409 
 SPACE. 
 
 The following calculation of Space has been determined by Jedediah Buxton, of 
 Elmton, near Chesterfield, in Derbyshire, who proved, in 1751, that, — 200 
 Barley-corns, 300 Wheat-corns, 512 Rye-corns, 180 Oats, 40 Peas, 25 Beans, 
 80 Vetches, 100 Lentils, 2304 hairs one inch long, are contained in one solid 
 inch. 
 
 SPA-FIELDS MEETING, the Great, November 15 1816 
 
 At this Meeting from twenty to thirty thousand persons assembled to vote an 
 Address to the Prince Regent, from the distressed manufacturers, tradesmen, 
 &c. A second Meeting took place on the 2nd of December following, which 
 terminated in a very alarming riot, the shops of several gun-smiths being 
 plundered of arms by the mob, amongst which was that of Mr. Beckwith, on 
 Snow-hill, and for which one of the rioters (Cashman, a sailor,) was executed 
 there. 
 
 SPANIARDS, dreadful massacre of, at Madrid, May 2 1808 
 
 Charles having resigned his kingdom to Bonaparte on the 4th of May, 1808, he 
 appointed his brother Joseph, king of Spain and India. 
 
 SPANIARDS, 10,000 revolt, August 24 1808 
 
 The Spaniards in the north of Germany, under the Marquis de la Romana, em- 
 barked with 10,000 Spaniards in English ships for Spain, quitting Bonaparte's 
 armies. 
 
 SPANISH ARMADA, Defeat of the 1588 
 
 On the 21st of July, 1588, this formidable fleet appeared off Plymouth, and was 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 169 
 
 SPANISH ARMADA, Defeat of the, (continued) 1588 
 
 met there by the English fleet, under the command of Lord Effingham, Lord 
 High Admiral, Drake, Hawkins, and Frobisher, when both fleets immediately 
 formed the line of battle. The van of the Spanish fleet was led by Alphonso 
 de Leyva, the Duke of Medina commanded the centre, and Juan Martinez tie 
 Ricaldo the rear. This Armada consisted of 132 ships, including transports, 
 on board of which were embarked 19,290 soldiers, 8,350 sailors, 2,080 galley 
 slaves, and 2,630 pieces of cannon, which, at tbat time of day, when ships of 
 1,200 tons carried hardly sixty pieces of ordnance, was a prodigious force. 
 
 SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE OF COMMONS, the first 
 
 chosen, in 1340 
 
 SPEAKING TRUxMPETS invented by Kircher, a Jesuit, 
 
 in 1652 
 
 S PECT ACLES invented by Spina, a Monk of Pisa, 1299 
 
 SPINNING-WHEEL, The, invented at Brunswick 1530 
 
 Another was invented by Mr. Swindell, at Stockport, in Yorkshire, which finishes, 
 on each Spindle, three lays, of thirty hanks to the pound, in an hour, in 
 1785. 
 
 SPIRITUOUS LIQUORS, the drinking of, restrained by 
 
 Act 1751 
 
 SPOT, or MACULA OF THE SUN, more than thrice the 
 
 bigness of our earth, passed the Sun's centre, April 21, 1766 
 
 SPURS were in use before 1400 
 
 STAMP ACT in America, passed 1764 
 
 It was repealed March 18, 1766. 
 
 STAMP DUTIES began in 1 reland, March 25, 1 774 
 
 STAMP DUTIES instituted in England 1694 
 
 Increased 1756: again 1776: again 1780, 1789, and 1797. The Stamp Duties 
 from the years 1785, to 1792 inclusive, yielded the sum of £9,790,522. 17s. 3d. 
 
 STAMP PAPER for the covering of walls of rooms, intro- 
 duced in Spain and Holland, 1555 
 
 Flock, or velvet paper first used, in 1620. 
 
 STANDING ARMIES began in France, by Charles VII . 1445 
 
 STANDARD fixed by Law for gold and silver 1300 
 
 STAR-CHAMBER, THE COURT OF, instituted, 1487 
 
 Unable to stem the torrent of popular fury, Charles I. (in whose reign it was esta- 
 blished,) agreed to abolish the Courts of Star Chamber and High Commission, 
 
 Wo. 22. z 
 
170 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 STAR-CHAMBER, COURT OF, (continued.) 
 
 two of the worst tribunals ever known in this country, for stripping the sub- 
 ject of all civil and religious rights, the instituting of which no doubt paved 
 the way for his downfall. The Star-Chamber Court was abolished in 1641. 
 
 STARCHING linen first introduced into England 1552 
 
 STATUARY invented by Daedalus b.c. 1200 
 
 Artificial stone, for Statues, &c. discovered by a Neapolitan, in 1776; and intro- 
 duced into this country, by Mrs. Coade, of London. 
 
 STATUTE MILES first ascertained in England 1593 
 
 STATUTES first printed 1483 
 
 STATUTES OF CLARENDON made 1164 
 
 In the French language, 1266: of Marlborough, 1269: of Mortmain, enacted, 
 1279: Quo Warranto, passed, October, 1280. Winchester passed, October, 
 1284: forbidding the levying of Taxes without consent of Parliament, 1297: 
 of premunire, which excluded foreigners from Ecclesiastical livings, April 
 23, 1344. 
 
 STEAM-BOAT, the Comet, run down by another, 1825 
 
 The Comet was run down by another steam-boat, off Gourock, in the River Clyde, 
 when sixty persons were drowned. 
 
 STEAM ENGINE invented by Savary 1618 
 
 This engine was invented for the purpose of taking ballast or gravel out of rivers, 
 or for raising great quantities of water, for which patents were granted in 
 1618; improved by James Watt, in 1764; the first idea of by the Marquis of 
 Worcester, 1663. 
 
 STEAM VESSEL, The Rothsay Castle, loss of, August 17, 1831 
 
 This vessel was lost near Puffin island, Beaumaris, by which accident 100 persons 
 lost their lives. 
 
 STEAM BATTERY, floating steam, experimental trip of, 
 
 &c. July 4 1815 
 
 A floating Steam Battery, carrying twenty-six guns of the largest calibre, con- ■ 
 structed by the celebrated Fulton, performed an experimental trip from New 
 York to the Ocean eastward of Sandy Hook, and back again, a distance of 
 fifty-three miles, in eight hours and twenty minutes. The battery was 
 mounted on a double boat, 156 feet long, with a channel between of fifteen 
 feet wide. 
 
 STEEL, GERMAN. 
 
 German steel was invented, and brought into England, by a man who died in a 
 shed in Golden-square, London, May, 1788. 
 
 STEWS, public ones, suppressed, which before were licensed 1546 
 STIRRUPS first used in the 6th century. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 171 
 
 STOCKINGS, (SILK) first worn by Henry II. of France ... 1547 
 
 Mr. Howell says, " That in 15G0, Queen Elizabeth was presented with a pair of 
 " black knit silk stockings by her silk-woman, Mrs. Montague, and she never 
 " wore cloth ones any more." He adds, " That Henry VIII. that magni- 
 " ficent and experienced Prince, wore ordinarily cloth hose, except there 
 " came from Spain, by great chance, a pair of silk stockings ; " for Spain very 
 early abounded in silk. His son, Edward VI. was presented with a pair of 
 Spanish silk stockings by his merchant, Sir Thomas Graham, and the present 
 was then much taken notice of; consequently the invention of knit silk 
 stockings came from Spain. Others relate that William Rider, a London 
 apprentice, seeing at the house of an Italian merchant, a pair of knit worsted 
 stockings from Mantua, from thence ingeniously made a pair like them, which 
 he presented to the Earl of Pembroke, and were the first of the kind made in 
 England, 1564 • the loom for weaving them was invented by the Rev. Mr. 
 Lee, of Cambridge, 15S9. 
 
 STOCK COMPANIES, Act respecting, 1693 
 
 STOCK- JOBBING forbid by Parliament, March 28 1734 
 
 STONEHENGE, a remarkable occurrence at 1797 
 
 A most singular circumstance took place at Stonehenge, near Salisbury, January 
 1, 1797, viz. the removal of the massive stones there. These stones were 
 placed one upon another, and are supposed to have been the temple of the 
 ancient Druids; because it is in a circular form, and seems to have been 
 much more regular. It has puzzled a great many diligent enquirers to ac- 
 count for the laying of these enormous stones one upon another ; for they are 
 so heavy, that it is thought no artifice now known is sufficient to have raised 
 those that lie across to that height. 
 
 STONE BULLETS in use in England so late as 1514 
 
 STORM, a dreadful, in the Baltic, October 14 1813 
 
 It did great damage to the shipping, particularly to the British homeward-bound 
 convoys. 
 
 STRAND, London, first built on 1353 
 
 STRANGFORD, LORD, suspended from voting, &c 1784 
 
 Lord Strangford was suspended from voting in the Irish House of Lords, for soli- 
 citing a bribe in the cause of Rochfort and Ely, at the above date. 
 
 STRATFORD JUBILEE, The, in honour of Shakspeare, 
 
 September 6 1 769 
 
 STRAW used for the King's bed 1234 
 
 STREET, The, crossing the West end of the Metropolis, 
 from Carlton House to the Regent's Park, commenced 
 building . . 1815 
 
 ST. SWITHIN'S DAY. 
 
 For more than a thousand years, the popular superstition respecting this day has 
 prevailed in this country, that if it rains on St. Swithin's day, it will ram more 
 
172 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 ST. SWITHIN'S DAY, (continued) 
 
 or less every day for the next forty days ensiling 1 ; but the following correct 
 statement of the number of days in six successive years, in which no rain fell 
 between the 15th of July and 24th of August, may suffice to show the fallacy 
 of the adage. 
 
 Years. Days of no rain. 
 
 In 1821, 22 
 
 1822, 21 
 
 1823, . . . 4 
 
 1824, , 16 
 
 1825 26 
 
 1826, 25 
 
 1828, 3 
 
 Saint Swithin, or Swithum, was a bishop of Winchester who died in 868. 
 He desired that he might be buried in tbe open church-yard, instead of the 
 chancel of the Minster, where the great reposed ; wishing his body to be laid 
 where the drops of rain might wet his grave; but the Monks imagining it de- 
 rogatory for their bishop to be interred with the common people, they deter- 
 mined upon removing the body from the church-yard into the choir of their 
 church. On the 15th of July tbe Monks began the work of disinterring the 
 body of the bishop ; but in the midst of their proceeding, it rained so heavily 
 that they were obliged to desist for that day. On the second, the attempt 
 was again renewed, but with no better success: and the same on the third, 
 when all further proceedings were given up. The tradition is so far valuable 
 as it proves that the summers in our island were subject to occasional heavy 
 rains, in the same way as at present. The popular superstition connected 
 with St. Swithin's Day is expressed in a Scotch proverb : — 
 
 " Saint Swithin's Day, gif ye do rain, 
 For forty days it will remain; 
 Saint Swithin's Day, an ye be fair, 
 For forty daies 'twill rain nae mair. " 
 
 Mr. Howard, in his interesting work on the Climate of London, states, 
 that in 1807, it rained with us on the day in question, and a dry time fol- 
 lowed; and the same in 1808. In 1818 and 1819 it was dry on the 15th, 
 and a very dry time in each case followed. The other summers, occurring 
 between 1807 and 1819, appear to have come under the general proposition, 
 that in a majority of our summers, a showery period, which, with some lati- 
 tude as to time and local circumstances, may be admitted to constitute daily 
 rain for forty days, does come on about the time indicated by the tradition of 
 St. Swithin. 
 
 ST. EUSTATIA ISLE settled by Holland 1632 
 
 ST. LAWRENCE river discovered and explored by the 
 
 French 1508 
 
 ST. SALVADOR, or GUANIHANI. {Seepage 67.) 
 
 STORMS. One in Canterbury 234 
 
 It threw down 200 houses, and killed several families. 
 
 In London, which killed several people 277 
 
 At Winchester, 301 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 173 
 
 STORMS. Hail-stones much bigger than hens' eggs 344 
 
 At Carlisle in 349 
 
 Four, hundred and twenty houses were blown down, and many 
 people killed. 
 
 Great Part of Colchester destroyed, and several 
 
 people killed 416 
 
 In York, which blew down several houses, and 
 
 killed many people 458 
 
 In most parts of Britain, in 459 
 
 In this storm, hailstones fell above three inches in diameter, 
 killing many people, and much cattle. 
 
 In London, which threw down many houses, and 
 
 killed 250 inhabitants 549 
 
 On the coasts of Kent, Sussex, and Hampshire ... 566 
 
 At Lincoln, which threw down above 100 houses, 701 
 
 In Wells 772 
 
 At Coventry ,., 781 
 
 In Cambridge; above forty houses destroyed ... 919 
 
 At Manchester, 921 
 
 In London, which threw down 1500 houses 944 
 
 Southampton nearly destroyed by lightning 951 
 
 At Colchester 996 
 
 In London, when nearly 400 houses were blown 
 
 down 1055 
 
 At Edinburgh 1064 
 
 In several parts of England, in 1091 
 
 The storm was particularly severe at Winchelscomb, in Glouces- 
 tershire, where the steeple of the church was thrown down, 
 October 3, 1091. 
 
 At London, October 17, 1091 
 
 Five hundred houses were thrown down, and Bow church un- 
 roofed; and at Old Sarum, the steeple with several houses 
 were thrown down, October 17, 1091. 
 
 In England 1116 
 
174 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 STORMS. A great part of Denmark and Norway almost 
 
 made desolate in 1 194 
 
 Another in 1205 
 
 This storm caused many lives to be lost ; houses were over- 
 thrown, and the corn in the fields destroyed, by hail as large i, 
 as hens' eggs. 
 
 One which threw down several churches in 1222 
 
 Another in 1233 
 
 Dreadful thunder for fifteen successive days, with terrible tem- 
 pests of rain. 
 
 At Windsor, in 1251 
 
 In this storm, the chimney of the chamber where the Queen of 
 Henry III. and her children lay, was blown down, and their 
 whole apartments at Windsor shaken. Several oaks in the 
 park were rent asunder, and torn up by the roots, accom- 
 panied with the most dreadful thunder and lightning ever 
 recollected. 
 
 Another in 1285 
 
 Edward I. and his Queen when walking in their bedchamber, 
 were struck by a flash of lightning which came in at the 
 window, passed by them, killed two of the servants who 
 waited upon them, but did their Majesties no injury. 
 
 Onein 1359 
 
 During the time that Edward III. was on his march, and within 
 two leagues of the town of Chartres, in France, he was 
 overtaken by a storm of the most piercing wind, accompanied 
 with rain, lightning, and hailstones of such an immense size, 
 as to kill 600 of his horses and 1000 of his best troops. 
 
 Another in 1389 
 
 On the arrival of the second wife of Richard II. from Bohemia, 
 a most terrible storm arose at the moment of her being about 
 to place her foot on shore, as had not been experienced for 
 many years. Several ships were dashed to pieces in the 
 harbour, and that in which the Queen came over was severely 
 injured; and is a remarkable circumstance, that on the arrival 
 of his second wife, a similar storm happened, in which the 
 King's baggage was lost, and many ships of the fleet cast 
 away. 
 
 Another in different parts of England, in 1392 
 
 Many houses were thrown down, by which a serious destruction 
 of cattle was caused, and several trees were rooted up. 
 
 Another, in London, November 25 1413 
 
 In this severe storm the leads of the Grayfriars church, and the 
 ■whole side of a street, called " The Old Exchange," London, 
 beat down. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 175 
 
 STORMS. One by which St. Paul's steeple was fired by light- 
 ning, and the steeple of Waltham Cross 
 consumed 1442 
 
 At St. Neot's, Huntingdonshire 1480 
 
 A storm of hail took place here at the above date, the stones of 
 which measured eighteen inches round. 
 
 In Italy, in 1510 
 
 A storm of hail at this place destroyed all the fish, birds, and 
 beasts in the country, some of the stones weighing nearly one 
 ; hundred pounds. 
 
 In Denmark, January 1 1515 
 
 This terrible storm rooted up whole forests, and blew down the 
 steeple of the great church at Copenhagen. 
 
 In Northamptonshire 1558 
 
 A storm of hail, the stones of which measured fifteen inches in 
 circumference, July, 15.18. 
 
 At Leicester, in 1563 
 
 At Chelmsford, in Essex, which destroyed 500 
 
 acres of corn 1566 
 
 At Dorchester, a storm of hail, the stones of 
 which measured seven inches in circum- 
 ference, August 22 1651 
 
 All over Europe, September 2 1658 
 
 This storm happened on the day of Oliver Cromwell's death, and 
 was so very violent and terrible, that it extended all over 
 Europe. 
 
 In London, February 18 1662 
 
 In the Bay of Cromer, in Norfolk 1696 
 
 In this storm two hundred sail of colliers and several coasters, 
 were lost, with all their crews. 
 
 In Cheshire, Lancashire, &c, April 29 1 697 
 
 This storm killed fowls and small animals, and knocked down 
 horses and men; some of the hailstones weighing half a 
 pound. 
 
 In Hertfordshire, May 4 1697 
 
 In this storm hailstones fell fourteen inches in circumference, 
 destroying trees and corn in a dreadful manner. 
 
176 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 STORMS. The Great One, in London, November 26, ... 1703 
 
 Among the dreadful calamities which have happened to London, 
 since that of the Great Fire, nothing seems to have threat- 
 ened it more than this dreadful occurrence, which happened 
 in the second year of the reign of Queen Anne, and began 
 about ten o'clock at night, and continued to rage with the 
 utmost violence until seven o'clock on the following morning. 
 The following is a list of the losses in London alone, viz. : — 
 2000 stacks of chimnies blown down : the lead on several 
 church tops rolled together like parchment : and at West- 
 minster Abbey, Christ's Hospital, St. Andrew's, Holborn, 
 and many other places, it was entirely carried off by the wind. 
 Two newly-built turrets on St. Aldermany's, one of the 
 spires at St. Saviour's, Southwark, and all the four pinnacles 
 of St. Michael's, in Crooked-lane, were entirely blown down; 
 the vanes and spindles of weathercocks were universally 
 broken; several houses near Moorfields were entirely levelled 
 to the ground; and upwards of 200 more in the out- parts, 
 together with the gable-ends of houses almost innumerable; 
 fifty-one persons were killed, 500 maimed, and a great number 
 perished in the river Thames, where all the vessels (four 
 only excepted) were driven from their moorings, and were 
 found mostly on shore, particularly between Shadwell and 
 Limehouse ; more than 500 wherries were dashed to pieces; 
 sixty barges driven foul of London bridge, and numbers 
 sunk and staved. The loss in London alone was estimated at 
 £1,000,000. and a half sterling : and so great was the demand 
 for bricklayers' work, that numbers were for some time corn- 
 compelled to use sail-cloths, tarpaulins, &c. for temporary 
 expedients. The damage at sea, far exceeded that on land ; 
 twelve men of war were entirely lost, with upwards of 2000 
 of the crew ; and the destruction among the merchantmen 
 was adequate; 8000 persons perished by the floods of the 
 Thames and the Severn ; many vessels were lost on the coast 
 of Holland; 17,000 trees were torn up by the roots in Kent 
 alone. The Eddystone light-house, near Plymouth, (for an 
 account of which see page 43) was destroyed on this night. 
 Among the multitude of cattle, lost on this occasion, 15,000 
 perished in one level. 
 
 Carolina greatly damaged by Storms 1722, and... 1798 
 Cheltenham, in Gloucestershire, June 1731 
 
 Received damage to the amount of £2000. 
 
 At St. Kitt's, June 30 1733 
 
 Twenty ships were lost. 
 
 At Jamaica, in 1734 
 
 At the mouth of the Ganges, in India, October 11 1737 
 
 This storm occasioned 20,000 vessels to be cast away, eight 
 English East India ships, and the loss of 300,000 people. 
 The water rose forty feet higher than usual. 
 
 At Antigua, in August 1740 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 177 
 
 STORMS. On the coast of England, November 1 1740 
 
 At Canterbury, September 3 1741 
 
 In Yorkshire, when the hailstones were 5 inches 
 
 round, May ,.,.., 1745 
 
 At Nantz, March 7 1750 
 
 Sixty-six vessels were lost, and 800 sailors. 
 
 At Jamaica, August 10 1751 
 
 Damage was done to the amount of £300,000. 
 
 At Cadiz, when 100 ships were lost, December 8, 1751 
 
 At Martinico, September 12 1756 
 
 At Barbadoes, August 23 1758 
 
 At Charleston, South Carolina, May 4, 1761 
 
 The ships lost there, were worth £20,000. 
 
 At Girgenti, in Italy, April 18 1772 
 
 The hailstones weighed twenty ounces. 
 
 At Leeds, in Yorkshire, June 20 1772 
 
 The hailstones were of a tremendous size. 
 
 At St. Jago, July 16 1772 
 
 At this place the storm did an immense deal of damage, the hail- 
 stones being the size of oranges. 
 
 At St. Kitt's, August 30 1772 
 
 Immense damage was done in that and the adjoining islands. 
 
 In France and England, March 1773 
 
 At Boston, North America, in August ; also at 
 
 Cuba, in July, in 1773 
 
 At Oxford, November 15 1773 
 
 Again, on the South Coasts, in November 1773 
 
 At Alenc,on, in France 1774 
 
 The hailstones measured eighteen inches round. 
 
 At London, September 20 : and December 5, 6, 
 
 and 7 1774 
 
 Did great damage to the shipping. 
 No. 23- Aa 
 
17.8 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 STORMS. In the North of England, when four Dublin 
 
 Packets foundered, October 19 1775 
 
 At Antwerp, &c. July 11 1776 
 
 The hailstones were as large as hens' eggs, and weighed three 
 quarters of a pound ; they killed several horses, &c. and de- 
 stroyed the fruits of the earth. 
 
 In the West Indies, September 6 1776 
 
 This was the severest ever known. 
 
 At Florence, and its neighbourhood, which did 
 
 great damage, October 16 1777 
 
 All over England, January 1779 
 
 At Highbickington, Devonshire, July 1780 
 
 At this place thirteen elm-trees were removed 200 yards from 
 their original position, remaining upright, and in a flourish- 
 ing state. At the same place, a rock was divided upwards of 
 eight feet asunder, and all the poultry and corn, for some 
 miles, were destroyed by the lightning. 
 
 At Roehampton, Wandsworth, October 17 v 1780 
 
 In the whole of the West Indian Islands, August, 1781 
 
 It prevailed more particularly at Savannah-la-Mar, in Jamaica, 
 and at Jamaica, in August, 1781. 
 
 At Barbadoes, October 20 1781 
 
 At Surat, in the East Indies, April 22 1782 
 
 Seven thousand of the inhabitants were destroyed. 
 
 At Dieupole, in Moravia, which totally destroyed 
 
 the place, May 30 1782 
 
 In France, June 21 1782 
 
 The hailstones in this storm weighed eight ounces. 
 
 At Madrid, July 26 17S2 
 
 In this storm, the damage done to the glass windows, amounted to 
 £6000. some of the hailstones weighing a pound. 
 
 In America, which did great damage, particu- 
 larly in New England, 1784 
 
 At Irun, in the Pyrenees, July 18 1784 
 
 In the storm at Irun, on the borders of France and Spain, the 
 hailstones which fell were as large as hens' eggs, and weighed 
 twenty-three ounces each. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 179 
 
 STORMS. On the north Coast of England, December 5 1784 
 
 At Paris, July 1 1785 
 
 The hailstones were about the size of cherries. 
 
 In the West Indies, July 6 1785 
 
 In France, August 5. 1785 
 
 This storm caused the entire destruction of ONE HUNDRED AND 
 
 THIRTY-ONE VILLAGES AND FARMS ! 
 
 At Ferrara, in Italy, July 17 1786 
 
 The hailstones were the size of hens' eggs. 
 
 At Barbadoes, August 11 1786 
 
 At North Shields, August 16 1786 
 
 The hailstones were as large as hens' eggs. 
 
 In the Channel, when " The Halswell," was lost, 
 
 January 1 786 
 
 In Normandy, August 4 1787 
 
 At this place the hailstones were also as large as hens' eggs. 
 
 In different parts of England, August 1 787 
 
 In the West Indies, when great damage was done, 
 
 particularly in the French Islands, in July... 1787 
 
 By which considerable damage was done to the 
 
 Tower-ditch, London, June 20 1788 
 
 The ground on Little Tower-hill was trenched near tweive feet 
 deep. 
 
 At St. Germain-en-Laie, in France, July 18 1788 
 
 The hailstones which fell during the time of this terrible storm, 
 were as large as a quart bottle: and all the trees from Val- 
 lance to Lisle were torn up by the roots. 
 
 At Liverpool, June 29 1789 
 
 Nearly all over the kingdom, by which consider- 
 able damage was done, December 23 1 790 
 
 In Italy, June 1791 
 
 In several parts of England 1791 
 
 In Calabria, near Naples, in September 1791 
 
 The hailstones were one pound in weight, and the produce of the 
 vintage for that year was entirely destroyed. 
 
180 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 STORMS. At Speldhurst, in Kent, October 25 1791 
 
 In this storm the church of Speldhurst was destroyed by light- 
 ning, the bells melted, and a great deal of damage done at 
 Raynham. 
 
 In Sussex, when the hailstones were four inches 
 
 in circumference 1791 
 
 At Waterford, in Ireland, April 4 1792 
 
 In various parts of Kent, April 13 1792 
 
 At Whitehaven, March 1793 
 
 The tide rose six feet above its usual height. 
 
 At Savannah-la-Mar, in Jamaica, June 2 1793 
 
 The hailstones that fell in this storm were of the size of pigeons' 
 eggs- 
 
 At Thornton, in Leicestershire, August 3 1793 
 
 The hailstones measured from four to six inches in circumference, 
 and did great damage. 
 
 Nearly general in Britain, January 16 1 794 
 
 A violent one on the East coast of England, when 
 serious damage was done to the shipping, 
 October 6 1794 
 
 In Norfolk, November 1794 
 
 A very violent storm of rain took place at Norfolk in this month, 
 which completely inundated Norwich, and many other towns. 
 
 A terrible one in Cumberland, December 2 1794 
 
 In Essex and Herts, which did immense damage, 
 
 June 12 1795 
 
 In different parts of England, especially in the 
 
 Channel and in London, November 4 1795 
 
 At St. Petersburgh, June 7.. ,.... 1796 
 
 Upwards of ninety vessels, and a magazine of Naval Stores, were 
 destroyed. 
 
 Over London, May 6, 1797 
 
 The hail-stones in this storm measured one inch and a half in 
 circumference. Great damage was done to the various gar- 
 dens around. 
 
 At Lewes, in Sussex, June 5 1798 
 
 The hail-stones measured three inches round, and some of them 
 weighed thte£ ounces each. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 181 
 
 STORMS. At Bletchington 1798 
 
 At this place 575 panes of glass were broken belonging to the 
 barracks, and a great deal of damage in various places was 
 done. 
 
 At Halifax, in Nova Scotia, damage to the amount 
 of £100,000. was done by the storm,, Septem- 
 ber 25 .. 1798 
 
 A dreadful one in the Baltic, October 14, 1813 
 
 In this storm great damage was done to the shipping, particularly 
 to the British homeward bound convoys. 
 
 Again in 1825 
 
 Again May 19 1831 
 
 The storm was then so violent as to occasion much mischief 
 among the craft in the Thames; several vessels having broke 
 from their moorings, and dashed against each other. One 
 vessel coming out of St. Katherine Dock, was upset by the 
 gale, and sunk. 
 
 Another, November 29 1836 
 
 The number of persons brought into the different Hospitals were 
 as follow, viz. : — in St. Bartholomew, 12; — The London, 3 ; — 
 Guy's, 1 ;• — The Westminster, 3 • — The North London, 1 ; — 
 and the Middlesex, 3. — Total number of persons, 23. Of 
 these, three terminated fatally. 
 
 STYLE, THE NEW, introduced into Great Britain, Sep- 
 tember 3; (See " Calendar,") 1752 
 
 SUBSCRIPTION, a, (being a Loan to Government) to 
 
 carry on the War, 1796 
 
 This Subscription was made for £18,000,000. as a loan to the Government, to 
 enable them to carry on the war against France. This amazing sum was filled 
 in fifteen hours and twenty minutes. December 5, 1796. 
 
 SUBSIDIES raised upon the Subjects of England for the 
 
 last time by James 1 1624 
 
 SUCCESSION ACT passed, 1689 
 
 This Act was passed to exclude the Catholics, 1689. Settled on the present 
 family, in 1700. 
 
 SUFFOLK ISLES discovered 1764 
 
 First produced sugar in 1770. 
 
 SUGAR first mentioned by Paul Eginetta, a physician, 625 
 
 Sugar was originally from China, and the East, where it was known 900 years 
 before that period; produced in Sicily, 1148; first produced in Madeira, 
 1419; in the Canary Islands, in 1503; carried to the West Indies by the 
 Portuguese and Spaniards, 1510; cultivated at Barbadoes, 1641; sugar- 
 refining discovered by a Venetian, in 1503 ; first practised in England, in 
 
182 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 SUGAR, (continued.) 
 
 1569; was first taxed in England in 1685; imported into England in 1789, 
 above 1,936,440 cwt. for which duty to the amount of £1,189,814. 12s. 2d. 
 •was paid. The profits to the importers amounted to £3,515,763. in 1790. 
 There was imported, in 1798, 2,361,715 hundred weight 
 
 SUMPTUARY LAW passed 1482 
 
 SUNDAY, Act for the due observance of, passed 1781 
 
 SUNDAY SCHOOLS, first established in Yorkshire 1784 
 
 Became general in England and Scotland in 17S9. 
 
 SUN-DIALS invented, „ b.c. 558 
 
 The first erected at Rome was that by Papirius Cursor, when time was divided 
 into hours, B.C. 308 : first set up against churches, 613. 
 
 SUPPLIES. 
 
 The Supplies granted for the year 1798, amounted to £28,490,005; and for 1813, 
 £68,585,942. 
 
 SUPREMACY OF THE POPE above the Emperor intro- 
 duced 607 
 
 The first Prince that shook off the yoke of Rome and settled the supremacy in 
 himself, was Henry VIII. 1533. 
 
 SURAT settled 1603 
 
 SURGEONS AND DOCTORS, exemptions of 1513 
 
 Surgeons and Doctors were exempted from bearing arms or serving on juries, and 
 at the above period there were »nly thirteen in London. 
 
 SURINAM planted by England 1640 
 
 The French and English were successively in possession of this place; the former 
 quitting it as unwholsome, and the latter making no great account of it, sur- 
 rendered it readily to the Dutch, who took possession of it in 1674. The 
 colony has now become very powerful. 
 
 SURNAMES first used 1102 
 
 Became common in 1200. 
 
 SURVEY OF ENGLAND, The, first made by order of 
 
 Alfred, in 900 
 
 By William the Conqueror, in 10SO: by Charles II. 1668. 
 
 SUSPENSION BRIDGE, The, over the Menai Straits, 
 
 first stone of laid, August 10 1819 
 
 Completed and opened to the public, January 30, 1826. Length of the suspended 
 part of the road, 553 feet; height of each of the main piers, from the high- 
 water line to the level of the roadway, 100 feet. The largest ships can pass 
 under it, in full sail. It is only exceeded in magnitude by the Freybottrg 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 183 
 
 SUSPENSION BRIDGE, over the Menai Straits, The, 
 
 (continued.) \ 1819 
 
 Suspension Bridge in Switzerland, which, between the main piers, is 903 ft. 
 long, and 163 -feet high. The Architect of Menai Bridge, John Telford. 
 Superintendant of construction, J. Provis. Contractors, Messrs. J. and W. 
 Wilson, and Mr. Hazeldine. 
 In 1S13, Mr. Telford proposed to construct a Suspension Bridge over the River 
 Mersey, at the place where the Duke of Bridgewater's canal communicates 
 with that river. This bridge was to have only four supports, and to be com- 
 posed of three arches, having, respectively 500 feet, 1000 feet, and 500 feet 
 in span, making a total length of 2000 feet. • The boldness of this project 
 frightened the capitalists to whom it was proposed; but it had, at least, the 
 advantage of drawing public attention to this new species of constructions by 
 causing a number of experiments to be made on the strength of iron, and on 
 its utility when employed for suspension bridges. 
 
 SUSPENSION BRIDGES introduced into Scotland 1816 
 
 Towards the end of 1816, the Scotch introduced the use of Suspension Bridges, 
 but without extending them, at first, to the passage of horses and carriages. 
 
 SUSPENSION BRIDGE, The, over the Tweed, at Kelso, 
 
 built 1820 
 
 Captain Brown, the inventor of the suspension bridge at Hammersmith, and who 
 has since erected one over the Tweed, at Kelso, was the first engineer who 
 erected such bridges for heavy vehicles in Great Britain. His bridge over 
 the Tweed, at Kelso, is 300 feet in length, by 18 feet in width. 
 
 There is a suspension bridge over the Seine, at Paris, which is now known, 
 in consequence of the conflict of July, 1830, as the bridge of Arcole. 
 
 In the United States are to be found several Suspension Bridges, but of less 
 dimension than those of the English. That over the Merrimack, at Newbury- 
 port, is a curve whose chord measures 244 feet. That over the river Brandy- 
 wine, at Wilmington, has a chord of 145 feet; the one at Brownsville, over 
 the Monongahela, measures 120 feet between the points of suspension. That 
 in its vicinity, forms an inverted suspended arch, with a chord of 112 feet. 
 
 SUTTON, THE HON. MANNERS, took leave of the 
 
 House of Commons, on resigning the Chair, July 30, 1832 
 
 SWEARING ON THE GOSPELS first used 528 
 
 SWEDEN, THE KING OF, changes the Constitution of 
 
 that Kingdom, 1772 
 
 The crown of Sweden was anciently elective; but in the reig-n of Gustavus I. who 
 ascended the throne in 1523, it was made hereditary in his male issue in a 
 right line of succession, with this reservation, that in default of such issue, 
 the right of election should return to the States. But Queen Christina, the 
 last of Gustavus's descendants, abdicating the crown, she persuaded the 
 States to confirm the right of succession on the descendants of her cousin, 
 Charles Gustavus, Count Palatine of the Rhine. In 1682, the States agreed 
 that the daughters should succeed in case the male heirs failed. The king- 
 dom became hereditary, and soon after absolute by Charles XI. whose son 
 Charles XII. carried his authority to the highest pitch of despotism: upon 
 his death his sister Ulrica renounced for ever all absolute power for herself 
 and her successors, determining to re-establish the government to the ancient 
 form it happily enjoyed in former times. Upon her recommendation, her 
 consort, the hereditary Prinee of Hesse, was elected King, and it continued 
 
184 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 SWEDEN, THE KING OF, changes the Constitution of 
 
 that Kingdom (continued) 1772 
 
 in the same manner till 1772, when the States, who had obtained the whole 
 power since the death of Charles, and made a very indifferent use of it, were 
 entirely subjected, by a dexterous manoeuvre of Gustavus, (who was assassi- 
 nated in 1792.) See " Remarkable Persons." 
 
 On the death of Gustavus, his brother, the Duke of Sudermania, was 
 appointed Regent during the minority of the young King, his son. This 
 Prince was obliged to fly his country from the intrigues of the French, with 
 his uncle, who seized on the throne under the title of Charles XIII. and got 
 the States to declare him and his children successors to it, to the exclusion of 
 Gustavus and his family. The French being dissatisfied with this, contrived 
 to poison the Crown Prince, (it being so said) the only child of Charles, who 
 was compelled to adopt Bernadotte, one of Bonaparte's generals, as Crown 
 Prince; and on the 17th of March, 1811, Charles, on pretence of his own 
 bad health, appointed Bernadotte Regent of Sweden, it being still under his 
 government. This kingdom, a short time ago, entered into an offensive and 
 defensive treaty with England and Russia. 
 
 The Reformation here, as well as in Denmark and Norway, began soon 
 after the neighbouring parts of Germany had embraced Luther's tenets, and 
 is now the established religion. 
 
 SWISS CANTONS, beginning of the 1308 
 
 The three small Cantons of Ury, Switz, and Underwalden, to free themselves from 
 the tyranny of the imperial Vicars or Judges, sent by the Emperor, whose in- 
 solence was become intolerable, entered into a confederacy, and took up arms 
 on the 1st of January, 1308. In the year 1315, Leopold, Archduke of 
 Austria, marched against them with an army of 20,000 men, but was defeated 
 near Mortgarten, in the canton of Switz ; after which they solemnly renewed 
 their confederacy, and all the other Cantons successively acceded to this 
 League, which constituted the confederated body of the Thirteen Swiss 
 Cantons, namely, — Zurich, Bern, Lucern, Ury, Switz, Underwalden, Zug, 
 Glaris, Basil, Friburg, Solothurn, Schaffhausen, and Appenzel. The Switzers 
 have also other confederates, as the abbev and town of St. Gall, the Grisons, 
 and Valesins, the cities of Geneva, Mulhausen, the Bishopric of Basil, &c. 
 besides. several cities and counties that are either subject to the whole confe- 
 deracy, or to some particular commonwealth among them. In their general 
 Diet, the Helvetic body is represented by deputies from all the Cantons, who 
 usually meet at Baden on Midsummer-day, and seldom sit above a month. 
 The chief occasion of the Diet's meeting, is to concert measures for the good 
 of the whole Helvetic body, but all other matters are treated of at particular 
 Diets of the respective religions, that of the Protestants being held at Aaraw, 
 and that of the Roman Catholics at Lucern. So that though the Thirteen 
 Cantons are generally supposed to constitute but one Commonwealth, they 
 are really so many independent Republics. The constitution of the govern- 
 ment in the Seven Cantons of Zurich, Bern, Lucern, Basil, Friburg, Solo- 
 thurn, and Schaffhausen, is aristocratical, and the other six democratical. 
 The Protestant Cantons are those of Zurich, Bern, Basil, and Schaffhausen, 
 two-thirds of Glaris, and more than half of Appenzel; all the rest are Roman 
 Catholics: the former are much the largest, and their territories more fruit- 
 ful. The legislative power in the Canton of Bern is in the Great Council of 
 299persons; and the executive power in a Senate of twenty-seven chosen out 
 of that body. The government in the other aristocratical Cantons is much 
 the same; but in the democratical ones, every parish is a distinct state, and 
 the legislative power is lodged in the collective body of the people, every 
 male of sixteen years of age, and every servant as well as his master, having 
 an equal share in the government. The Cantons never keep any troops in 
 pay but in time of war. All the inhabitants are regularly enrolled in the 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 185 
 
 SWISS CANTONS, beginning of the, (continued.) 1308 
 
 body of militia, from sixteen to sixty: whereof about one-third is regimented 
 for foreign service, under the name of Fusileers, and the other two-thirds, 
 •who stay at home, serve for recruits. Neither horse or foot receive pay until 
 they have taken the field. In order to raise the militia on a sudden, in case 
 of any alarm, signals are given by a fire in the night, or smoke in the day 
 •time, from the most conspicuous places : upon which the whole body take 
 arms, and fly to the general rendezvous. Another great advantage of the 
 militia is, that their youth always serve three or four years in the Swiss 
 troops in foreign countries, after which their Captains are obliged to give 
 them leave to return home. By this means, one-third of the troops may be 
 reckoned disciplined. In the war in 1712, between the two Cantons of 
 Zurich and Bern on the one part, and the five Catholic Cantons on the other, 
 about 80,000 men were in arms, though only the regimented troops were 
 raised. 
 
 SWORD OF STATE, The, carried at an English King's 
 
 Coronation, by a King of Scotland in..... 1194 
 
 TAIL, creating Estates in, Act passed 1279 
 
 TAMARISK PLANT, The, first brought from Germany, 
 
 by Archibald Grindall 1560 
 
 TANNING LEATHER, a new and expeditious method, in- 
 vented in 1795 
 
 TAPESTRY, the invention of in 1619 
 
 Tapestry was the invention of Sir Francis Crane; and for the encouragement of 
 which James the First gave the sum of £2000. to build a house at Mortlake, 
 in Surrey. 
 
 TAK, MINERAL, discovered 1779 
 
 It was discovered at Colebrook Dale, Shropshire, iji 1779 ; and in Scotland, Oc- 
 tober 10, 1792. It was afterwards made from coal, by the Earl of Dundonald. 
 
 TAR Water recommended by Bishop Berkeley 1 744 
 
 TATE ISLAND, in the East Indies, discovered, June 29... 1785 
 TAVERNS restrained by an Act of Edward VI 1552 
 
 In London, 40: — in York, 8: — in Norwich, 4: — in Westminster, 3: — in Bristol, 
 6: — in Lincoln, 3: — in Hull, 4: — in Shrewsbury, 3: — in Exeter, 4: — in 
 Salisbury, 3: — in Gloucester, 4: — in Chester, 4:— in Hereford, 8: — in Wor- 
 cester, 8 : — in Southampton, 3 : — in Canterbury, 4 : — in Ipswich, 3 : — in 
 Winchester, 3: — in Oxford, 3: — in Cambridge, 4: — in Colchester, 3: — in 
 Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 4. 
 
 TAVERN, ST. JOHN'S WOOD, established in 1824 
 
 TAX ON INCOME, imposed in Britain by Mr. Pitt 1799 
 
 It was afterwards suggested in France by Bois Gilbert, who gave it under the 
 No- 24- Bi) 
 
186 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 name of the Political Testament of Marshal Vauban. The gross receipt for 
 the year ending January 5, 1813, amounted to £13,131,548. (See " Income 
 Tax.) 
 
 TAX, (THE LAND), progress of the, from 1688, to 1799 
 
 In 1688, it was 1*.: 1685, 3s.: 1690 to 1692, 3*.: 1693tol697, 4*.: 1698 to 1699, 
 3s.: 1700, 2s. additional duty, 6d.: 1701, 3s : 1702 to 1712, 4s.: 1713 to 
 1715,2s.: 1716,4s.: 1717 to 1721, 3s. : 1722 to 1726, 2s.: 1727,4s.: 1728 
 to 1729, 3s.: 1730 to 1731, 2s.: 1732 to 1733, Is.: 1734 to 1739, 2s.: 1740 
 to 1749,4s.: 1750 to 1752, 3s.: 1753 to 1755, 2s.: 1756 to 1766, 4s.: 1767 
 to 1770, 3s.: 1771, 4s.: 1772 to 1775, 3s. : 1776 to 1799, 4s. (For a further 
 account of this Tax, see " Land-Tax.) 
 
 TAXES raised in 1100 
 
 They amounted to £7,513,340. in 1754;— and to £16,500,000. in 1797. 
 
 TEA-DEALERS obliged to have sign-boards painted 1779 
 
 TEA DUTIES ceased, and the double tax on windows com- 
 menced, October 1784 
 
 Increased in 1796. 
 
 TEA destroyed at Boston by the inhabitants ..................... 1773 
 
 An immense quantity of tea was destroyed at Boston by the Americans, in abhor- 
 rence to English taxes, for which they were afterwards severely punished by 
 the British Parliament, in April, 1774. 
 
 TEA first mentioned by John Botero, an Italian 1590 
 
 Brought into Europe by the Dutch East India Company, early in 1591; tea, 
 coffee, and chocolate, first mentioned in the Statute Books, 1660; a quantity 
 of tea brought from Holland by Lord Arlington and Lord Ossory, 1699 5 was 
 sold at £3. per lb in 1707; the Americans refused to receive it with a duty, 
 1773. In 1787, about 18,852,675 lb. were imported by the East India Com- 
 pany, besides what was brought by clandestine trade and smugglers. The 
 duty for 1783 was £112,105. Is. 6d. 
 
 TELEGRAPHS invented 1687 
 
 Put into practice by the French in 1794. By the English, January 28, 1796. 
 
 TELESCOPES invented 1590 
 
 Telescopes invented by Z. Jansen, a spectacle maker, at Middlehurgh. 
 
 TELESCOPES, REFLECTING, invented 1657 
 
 They were invented by Dr. James Gregory, of Aberdeen: since perfected by Dr. 
 Halley, Mr. Short, Mr. Mudge, and by Dr. Herschell. The first reflecting 
 one made on the principles of Sir Isaac Newton, in 1692. Achromatic tele- 
 scopes invented by Dolland. 
 
 TEMPLARS, KNIGHTS, the first Military Order, esta- 
 blished 1185 
 
 The first house, or preceptory, as it was then called, which the Templars had in 
 this country, was situated on the south side of Holborn, on the spot where 
 the Southampton-buildings now stand. From thence they removed, probably 
 about the time of the dedication of the Temple Church, to this dwelling in 
 Fleet-street, which accordingly went for a long time by the name of the New 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 187 
 
 TEMPLARS, KNIGHTS, the first Order of established, 
 
 (continued.) 1 185 
 
 Temple. The Order of the Templars was suppressed in 1312; and the 
 Temple was then g-iven by the King, Edward II. to the Knights Hospitallers 
 of St. John of Jerusalem, whose chief seat in London was the splendid esta- 
 blishment of St. John's, Clerkenwell, a fragment of the gate of which, is still 
 standing. The succeeding proprietors of the temple, do not however appear 
 to have made any residence at this place; for, about the middle of the four- 
 teenth century they granted a lease of the house to the Society of Students to 
 the Common Law, who were then the occupants of Thavies Inn, in Holborn. 
 The lawyers, now divided into two Societies, have ever since kept possession 
 of the Temple, having, in 1609, obtained a perpetual lease of it, at a rent of 
 £20. from the Crown, into whose hands it came on the dissolution of the 
 Order of the Knights Hospitallers, with the other monastic institutions, 
 during the reign of Henry VIII. The whole of the Knights Templars in 
 France arrested in one day, being charged with enormous crimes and great 
 riches, when fifty-nine of them were burnt alive at Paris, October 13, 1307; 
 destroyed by Philip of France, 1342. 
 
 TENERIF, dreadful earthquake at, in 1704 
 
 This island, in 1704, was visited with the most dreadful earthquake ever known, 
 several volcanoes bursting out in the mountains, by which whole towns were 
 swallowed up or overturned, and many thousand people destroyed by torrents 
 of liquid fire, whereby most of the island was converted into a desert. 
 
 TENTHS OF CHURCH LIVINGS, The, first collected 
 
 in England 1226 
 
 TENURES, held by Knights, services of, abolished by law . 1613 
 
 TERRA FIRM A settled by the Spaniards 1524 
 
 TERCERAS ISLES discovered by the Spaniards 1593 
 
 TERMS OF LAW began 1079 
 
 TEST ACT passed 673 
 
 The Test and Corporation Act repealed, 1828. 
 
 TESTE MORTI, KNIGHTS OF, in Wirtemburg, began . 1652 
 TEUTONIC, or MARIAN ORDER, began in 1192 
 
 Abolished, 1322. Revived in Prussia, 1522. 
 
 THAME SHOT, the Cross at, taken down 1642 
 
 The erection of Crosses, in former times, was resorted to on various occasions; 
 to record the memory of any remarkable event, near the place where a 
 battle had been fought, or over persons slain in battle, or as a place of refuge 
 absurdly indulged in old times to criminals of certain denominations. Pre- 
 vious to the Reformation, it was also customary to set up Crosses, of more 
 or less costliness or elegance, in point of both, materials and execution, near 
 highways; and it is also known that Crosses were in those ages placed occa- 
 sionally in the neighbourhood of churches, to mark the boundaries of those 
 privileged places, in which fugitives, whether for debt or crime, were sure to 
 find protection. Hence it is probable that this Cross was erected to mark 
 
188 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 THAME SHOT, The Cross at, taken down, (continued) ... 1642 
 
 the western boundaries of the Abbey of Westminster ; all these lands being 
 for many ages the entire property of the Abbot and Convent. All these privi- 
 leges were fully established and confirmed by Pope Boniface V. and his suc- 
 cessors in the Papal Chair. 
 
 Crosses were frequently placed on the spot where any singular instance of 
 God's mercy had been shown, or when a person had been murdered by 
 robbers, or had met with any violent death. They were also erected where 
 the corpse of any great person rested as it was carried to be buried. It was 
 ordered to be taken down in 1642, after having existed here for many ages. 
 
 THAMES EMBANKMENT began 1771 
 
 THAMES, THE RIVER. 
 
 The Thames was so low between the Tower and the bridge, that women and chil- 
 dren waded over it, owing to so great an ebb in the shore, that laid the sand 
 bare several miles from the Ocean, which continued a whole day, in 1214; 
 rose so high at Westminster, that the lawyers were brought out of the hall 
 in boats, 1235; again, 1703, and 1736 ; so dry at London bridge, that many 
 passed and re-passed, June 14, 1592; ebbed and flowed twice in three hours, 
 1698 ; again, three times in four hours, March 22, 1682 • very dry above and 
 below bridge, September 14, 1716 ; the tide flowed eight hours instead of 
 four, and ebbed five hours instead of eight, September 16, 1732 ; the tide 
 exceeded its bounds eighteen inches, February 18, 1734; again, December 
 24, 1736, October 14, 1747, and February 9, 1762: greatly exceeded its 
 usual bounds, and did much damage to the warehouses and cellars on its 
 banks, February 2, 1791; when the lawyers were again brought in boats 
 from Westminster Hall. 
 
 THANKSGIVING, a, for Peace 1814; 
 
 A general Thanksgiving, for the return of Peace, was ordered throughout Great 
 Britain, Thursday, July 11, 1814. 
 
 THAW, sudden one, January 25 .... 1809 
 
 A sudden thaw on this day rendered some of the roads near the Metropolis 
 scarcely passable. At Battle-bridge, the ground-floors of many houses were 
 full of water, so that the inhabitants were compelled to get their provisions in 
 at the first-floor window by means of ladders. In the neighbourhood of Ken- 
 nington and Vauxhall, furniture, trees, and cattle, were carried away by the 
 torrent. At Lee, Lewisham, and Deptford, similar effects were experienced, 
 and two persons were drowned. 
 
 THEATINS founded 1594 
 
 Established at Paris, 1644. 
 
 THEATRE, the first one erected B.C. 420 
 
 The first was, that of Bacchus, at Athens, built by Philos. The ruins were still 
 in existence in 1814. The first Royal Licence for one here was in 1574, to 
 one James Bourbage, and four others, servants to the Earl of Leicester, to 
 act Plays at the Globe, Bankside, or in any part of England : but long before 
 their time miracles were represented in the open fields, where the devil ap- 
 peared in person on the stage, shearing the bristles of hogs ; hence the old 
 proverb, " Great cry and little wool." Plays were opposed by the Puritans, 
 in 1633, till 1660, when Charles II. licensed two Companies, Killigrew's and 
 Davenant's. (For a further account of which, see " Duke's Theatre," 
 in Section III.) Till this time boys performed women's parts. Sir William 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 189 
 
 THEATRE, The first one erected, (continued.) b.c. 420 
 
 Davenant introduced Operas, and both Companies united, 1684, and conti- 
 nued together till 1694; when, from the reduced salaries given to the per- 
 formers, the principal of them, under Betterton, obtained a licence, and with- 
 drew to Portugal-street, Lincoln's-Inn fields, in 1695. 
 
 THEATRE, CO VENT GARDEN. (For an Account of, 
 see " Public Edifices, Section III") 
 
 THEATRE, DRURY LANE, Ditto. 
 
 THEATRES not to be licensed by the King, but by Parlia- 
 ment 1737 
 
 THEATRICAL REPRESENTATIONS introduced into 
 
 England 1566 
 
 They were introduced by Geoffrey, Prior of St. Swithin's, Winchester. 
 
 THEBES built by Cadmus b. c. 493 
 
 THE EDGAR, lost October 9, 1711 
 
 The Edgar, 70 guns, bearing the flag of Admiral Sir Hovenden Walker, blown up 
 at Spithead, when her whole crew, with many visitors from Portsmouth and 
 Gosport, perished. The Edgar was the oldest ship in the British Navy, and 
 was reported to have been built upon a remnant of one in which king Edgar 
 had actually sailed. The spot where the accident happened is marked by the 
 well-known " Edgar's Buoy," at Spithead. Five iron gains were, a short 
 time ago, recovered from the wreck of The Edgar, by the exertions of Lieut. 
 Symouds. See the Account of the wreck of " The Royal George." 
 
 THEFT made death in 964 
 
 , THERMOMETERS invented 1620 
 
 The invention of Thermometers is given to Cornelius Drebbel, of Alkmaer, whilst 
 others ascribe the invention of them to Sanctorius. They were improved by 
 Reaumur, 1730, and by Fahrenheit, in 1749. For ascertaining the heat in 
 ovens, by Wedgwood, 1763. 
 
 THIEF TAKERS condemned and pilliored in Smithfield, 
 
 March 1755 
 
 I THISTLE, KNIGHTS OF THE, instituted 787 
 
 Restored, 1540: revived, 1687: and re-established, in 1703, for the Sovereign, 
 and twelve Brethren, or Knights. 
 
 THISTLE OF BOURBON, KNIGHTS OF THE, began 1370 
 
 THORN, Protestants executed there 1724 
 
 THORN, in Prussia, founded 1225 
 
 THREAD first made at Paisley, in Scotland, in 1722 
 
 THREATENING LETTERS, the sending of, made punish- 
 able by an Act 1730 
 
190 THE NEAV TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 TIDES, the first Theory of, by Kepler, 1596 
 
 TIDE, The, ebbed and flowed three times in one hour, at 
 
 Lyme, in Dorsetshire, May 31, 1582 
 
 The tide was suddenly and violently agitated, on the south coast of England, so 
 as to rise and fall above two feet in a few minutes, several times, November 1, 
 1755, during the earthquake at Lisbon. Four times in an hour at Whitby, 
 July 17, 176 1 : much damage done on the coast of Essex, when the sea walls 
 on its eastern coast were destroyed, February 2, 1791. At Plymouth, the 
 tide rose two feet perpendicular in nine minutes, and retired as rapidly, and 
 this it did three times in less than an hour, October 30, 1795. 
 
 TIDE, great height of the, at Westminster in 1 736 
 
 The tide was so high this year at Westminster, that the lawyers were fetched out 
 of the Hall in boats ; March 24. 
 
 TILBURY FORT built 1545 
 
 It is a regular fortification, planned by Sir Martin Beckman, chief engineer to 
 king Charles II. with bastions, the largest of any in England. It has a 
 double moat: the innermost of which is 180 feet broad, with a good counter- 
 scarp, a covered way, ravelines and tenailles, and a platform, on which 106 
 cannonare placed, from 24 to 46 pounders each, besides smaller ones planted 
 between them, and the bastions and curtines also are planted with guns: and 
 here is a high tower, called the Block -house, which is said to have been 
 built in the reign of Queen Elizabeth. On the land side are also two redoubts 
 of brick : and there it is able to lay the whole level under water. The foun- 
 dation is laid upon piles driven down in two ranges, one over the other, which 
 reach below the channel of the river, and the lower most being pointed with 
 iron, enters the solid chalk rock, which extends under the Thames to the 
 chalk hill in Kent. 
 
 TILES first used in England 1246 
 
 TILES taxed 1784 
 
 TILTS AND TOURNAMENTS began in 370 
 
 Instituted by Henry, Emperor of Germany, 919. 
 
 TIME-MEASURE BAROMETER, The, introduced by 
 
 Scipio Nasica, in 159 
 
 King Alfred the Great's timekeeper was six large wax tapers, each twelve inches 
 long ; as they burnt unequally, owing to the wind, he invented a lanthorn 
 made of wood, with thin-scraped plates of ox-horns, glass being a great rarity, 
 887. The ancients had three sorts oi" time-measures, hour-glasses, sun-dials, 
 and a vessel full of water with a hole in the bottom. 
 
 TIME, the first computation of, from the Christian sera 516 
 
 In History, 748; in Spain, 1358$ in Arragon and Castile, 1383 3 in Portugal, 
 in 1415. 
 
 TIMES NEWSPAPER, motion against the Printer of, for 
 
 a breach of Privilege, April 18 1831 
 
 On the motion of the Earl of Limerick, the printer of the Times Newspaper was 
 ordered to attend the next day. He accordingly appeared at the Bar of the 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 191 
 
 House of Peers, and, after acknowledging himself the printer, and refusing 
 to give up the name of the Editor, he was ordered intc the custody of the 
 Usher of the Black Rod. 
 
 TIMES NEWSPAPER, trial of the Printer of, Decem- 
 ber 19 . „ 1838 
 
 J. J. Lawson, the printer of the Times Newspaper, was tried for a libel on Sir 
 J. Conroy, of which he was found guilty. On the 31st of February, 1839, 
 he was brought up to receive judgement, when he was sentenced to pay a fine 
 of £200. and be confined one month in the Queen's Bench Prison. 
 
 TIN, found in Germany in 1241 
 
 Not known in any place in England but Devonshire and Cornwall; in Barbary, 
 1640 j in India, 1740; and in New Spain, 1782. 
 
 TITHES COMMUTATION BILL, The, passed 1836 
 
 TITHES first granted in 854 
 
 Tithes were given by Moses to the tribe of Levi, B'. C. 1490. Granted to the 
 Church in England, 854. Established by law by the Lateran Council, 1200. 
 
 TITLES, the first creation of by patent, used bv Ed- 
 ward III. in " 1344 
 
 The following were the title of the different Sovereigns of England, viz. : — Henry 
 IV. had thetitle of ' Grace' conferred on him ; Henry VI. that of ' Excellent 
 Grace:' Edward IV. that of ' High and Mighty Prince;' Henry VII. ' High- 
 ness;' Henry VIII. ' Majesty;' (and who was the first and last that was 
 styled * Dread Sovereign;)' and James I. that of ' Sacred, ' or ' Most Excel- 
 lent Majesty.' That of ' Majesty' was first given to Louis XI. of France; 
 before that Monarch, it was the title only of Emperors. The Kings of 
 Arragon, Castile, and Portugal, had the title only of ' Highness;' those of 
 England, ' Your Grace;' and those of: France, ' Your Despotism.' 
 
 TOBACCO AND SUGAR first taxed by name 1 685 
 
 TOBACCO first brought to England in 1585 
 
 The first introducing' of Tobacco into Europe from the province of Tabaca, in St. 
 Domingo in 1559, was by a Spanish gentleman, named Hernandez de Toledo, 
 who brought a small quantity into Spain and Portugal. It was afterwards, in- 
 troduced into Paris by the French Ambassador to the Court of Lisbon, Jean 
 Nicot, from whom it derived the name of Nicotia, where it was used in the 
 form of a powder by Catherine de Medici. After this it was patronised by the 
 Cardinal Santa Croce, the Pope's nuncio, who, in his return from his embassy 
 at the Courts of Spain and Portugal, conveyed the plant to his own country, 
 by which he acquired a fame not inferior to that which he had previously won 
 by bringing a portion of the real cross from the Holy Land. In France, and 
 in the Papal State, tobacco was received with joy, in the shape of snuff; but 
 it was some time after, ere the practice of smoking tobacco was introduced. 
 Sir Walter Raleigh, was supposed to have been the first person who introduced 
 it into England; but Camden informs us, in his " Elizabeth, that Sir Francis 
 Drake, upon his return from Virginia in 1585, " was the first, (as far as he 
 knew, who introduced the Indian plant, called Tabacca, or Nicotia, into 
 England, having been taught by the Indians to use it as a remedy against 
 indigestion. And from the time of his return," says he, " it immediately 
 began to grow into very general use, and to bear a high price ; a great many 
 persons, some from luxury, and others for their health, being wont to draw in 
 the strong-smelling smoke with insatiable greediness through an earthenware 
 
192 
 
 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 TOBACCO first brought to England, (continued) 1585 
 
 tube, and then to puff it forth again through their nostrils : so that tabacca- 
 taverns (tabernoe tabaccanae) are now as generally kept in all our towns, as 
 wine-houses or beer-houses." A note in the Criminal Trials, vol. i. p. 361, 
 says, that the French Ambassador, in 1600, in his despatches, related that the 
 smoking of tobacco was very general on the trial of the Earls of Essex and 
 Southampton, whilst deliberating on the verdict: and it has been said that 
 Sir Walter Raleigh sat smoking his pipe, whilst witnessing the execution of 
 Essex in the Tower. These stories maybe untrue, but the relation of them, 
 by different writers, shows that they were not altogether incredible, and prove 
 the existence of smoking amongst the higer class at that period. The prac- 
 tice of smoking tobacco afterwards met with great opposition both in this 
 country and other parts of Europe. Its greatest opponents were the priests, 
 the physicians, and most of the sovereign princes; the former declaring its use 
 sinful. In 1684, Pope Urban VIII. issued a bull, prohibiting all persons 
 from taking snuff under pain of excommunication, which was renewed in 
 1690, by Pope Innocent. About twenty-nine years afterwards, the Sultan 
 Amurath IV. made smoking a capital offence. It was for a length of time 
 forbidden in Russia, under pain of having the nose cut off; it was also a sub- 
 ject of prosecution in Switzerland, in 1661, the Canton of Berne placing the 
 prohibition of smoking in the list of the Ten Commandments, immediately 
 under that against adultery. In 1603, James I. published his " Counter- 
 blaste to Tobacco," in which is the following passage : — " It is a custom 
 " loathesome to the eye, hatefull to the nose, harmfull to the braine, danger- 
 " ous to the lungs, and in the black stinking fume thereof nearest resembling 
 " the horrible Stygian smoke of the pit that is bottomless." Notwith- 
 standing this royal opinion of its disgusting qualities, the plant continued to 
 increase in favour with the public to the present moment. Prohibited to be 
 planted here, in 1624. First taxed by name, 1685. Allowed to be cultivated 
 in Ireland, 1779; the duties at the Custom House for the year 1788 amounted 
 to £498,020. 7s. 2d. Subjected to Excise laws in 1789. 
 
 TOBAGO, the Island of, planted by the Dutch in 1642 
 
 At the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, in 1748, it was declared a neutral island: but by 
 that of Paris, in 1763, it was ceded to the English. It was taken by the 
 French in 1781, and confirmed to them by the Peace of Paris in 1783: but 
 was afterwards taken by the English, April 13, 1793. 
 
 TOLERATION ACT, The, passed 1689 
 
 TOLL. See'' Sound." 
 
 TOLL-GATES, or TURNPIKES, the first legally erected 
 
 in England, in 166JB 
 
 Produced in 1788, about £508,000. 
 
 TOLLS gathered in London in 1346 
 
 The tolls collected at this period were for the purpose of repairing the highways 
 of Holborn, Gray's-Inn lane, and St. Martin's lane. 
 
 TONNAGE AND POUNDAGE granted to the Kings of 
 
 England for life 1465 
 
 TONTINES first established at Paris in 1653 
 
 The plan was invented by one Lorenzo Tonti, a Neapolitan; but it did not take 
 place till the year 1656. 
 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 193 
 
 TORTURE, inflictions of, on various Persons, for the pur- 
 pose of forcing confession, abolished 1640 
 
 Torture has been inflicted on various individuals, and at different periods of time. 
 We shall proceed to give an account of the infliction of this mode of punish- 
 ment on the following individuals as briefly as possible. 
 
 In 1468, Sir Thomas Coke, Lord Mayor of London, was tried for high 
 treason, and found guilty of misprision of treason, upon the single testimony 
 of one Hawkins, given under torture. Hawkins himself was convicted of 
 treason upon his own confession on the rack, and executed. 
 
 In 1571, the Duke of Norfolk was found guilty of high treason, chiefly 
 upon the evidence of his servants, who were examined under torture. Nume- 
 rous instances of torture might be adduced in the reign of Elizabeth, and 
 applied on very slight occasions. Lord Bacon states, that upon one occasion, 
 when she could not be persuaded that a book, containing treasonable matter, 
 was really written by the person whose name it bore, she said, that " she 
 would have him racked, to produce his author." Lord Bacon replied, " Nay, 
 " Madam, he is a Doctor, never rack his person, rack his style; let him have 
 " pen, ink, and paper, and help of books, and be enjoined to continue his 
 " story, and I will undertake, by collating his style, to judge whether he 
 " were the author." 
 
 In the reign of James I. the practice was still continued. Two warrants 
 from the Privy Council, dated April 19 and 20, 1603, previous to the King's 
 arrival in London, for applying the torture to one Philip May, maybe found 
 fn the State-Paper Office ; one is directed to the Lord Chief Justice (Popham), 
 the Attorney-General (Coke), and the Solicitor- General (Fleming); and is 
 signed by several Members of the Privy Council, and amongst others, by Lord 
 Chancellor Ellesmere, and the Archbishop of Canterbury. It remains a doubt 
 whether or not Guy Fawkes was placed on the rack; yet it is probable he 
 was ; the king's warrant being still preserved, and which concludes with, 
 these words : — " using the gentler torture first, et sic per gradus ad ima 
 " tenditur, (and thus by degrees we may proceed to extremities), and so 
 " God speed you in your good work." 
 
 In 1614, one Peachum, who was accused of high treason for certain passa- 
 ges in a sermon written by him, found in his study, but never preached or 
 published, was examined upon interrogatories " before torture, in torture, 
 " between torture, and after torture." There is a warrant from the Privy 
 Council in 1620, still extant, by which Sir Allen Apsley, the Lieutenant of 
 the Tower, Sir Henry Montague, Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench, and 
 Sir Thomas Coventry, the King's Solicitor-General, are authorized to examine 
 one Peacock, and to put him to the torture " either of the manacles or the 
 *' rack." This warrant is signed both by Lord Chancellor Bacon and Sir Ed- 
 ward Coke. 
 
 In 1628, the Judges delivered an unanimous opinion in the case of Felton, 
 who bad stabbed the Duke of Buckingham. The following are the circum- 
 stances under which this opinion was given : — " Afterwards Felton was 
 " called before the Council, where he confessed much concerning his induce- 
 " ment to the murder. The Council much pressed him to confess who set 
 " him on to do such a bloody act, and if the Puritans had no hand therein. 
 " He denied they had, and so he did to the last, that no person whatsoever 
 " knew any thing of his intention or purpose to kill the Duke; that he re- 
 " vealed it to none living. Doctor Laud, Bishop of London, being then at 
 " the Council-table, told him, if he would not confess he must go to the rack. 
 *' Felton replied, ' If it must be so, he could not tell whom he might nomi- 
 " ' nate in the extremity of torture; and if what he should say then must 
 " ' go for truth, he could not tell whether his Lordship (meaning the Bishop 
 " ' of London), or which of their Lordships he might name, for torture 
 " ' might draw unexpected things from him.' After this he was asked no 
 " more questions, but sent back to prison," 
 
 No. 2 5- Cc 
 
194 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 TORTURE, the infliction of, &c. (continued.) 1640 
 
 Notwithstanding this opinion of the Judges in this case, there is no doubt 
 that the practice continued during the whole of the reign of Charles the First, 
 as a warrant for applying the torture to one Archer, in 1640, is to be seen at 
 the State-Paper Office. This appears to have been the last of the punish- 
 ments by torture, there being no record of it during the Commonwealth, nor 
 during the reign of Charles II. 
 
 Torture was abolished in Poland, 1776 ; in France, by an Edict, August 
 25, 1780 ; and in Sweden, by order of the King, in 1786". 
 
 The following were the kinds of torture used in the Tower:— 
 
 1. The Rack, a large open frame of oak, raised three feet from the ground. 
 The prisoner was laid under it on his back on the floor ; his wrists and ancles 
 attached by cords to two collars at the ends of the frame ; these were moved 
 by levers in opposite directions, till the body rose to a level with the frame. 
 Questions were then put, and, if the answers did not prove satisfactory, the 
 sufferer wasstretched moreand more till the bones started from their sockets. 
 
 2. The Scavenger's Daughter, a broad hoop of iron, so called, consisting 
 of two parts, fastened to each other by a hinge. The prisoner was made to 
 kneel on the pavement, and to contract himself into as small a compass as 
 possible; when the executioner, kneeling on his shoulders, and having in- 
 troduced the hoop under his legs, compressed the victim so closely, as to 
 enable him to fasten the extremities over the small of the back. The process 
 of the infliction of this horrid punishment took about an hour and a half to 
 complete, during which time, owing to the violent compression, the blood 
 started from the nostrils. 
 
 3. Iron Gauntlets, which could be contracted by the aid of a screw. These 
 were also called Manacles. They served to comptess the wrists, and to 
 suspend the prisoner in the air, from two distant points of a beam. He was 
 placed on three pieces of wood piled one on the other, which, when his 
 hands had been made fast, were successively withdrawn from under his feet. 
 " I felt," said F. Gerard, one of the sufferers, " the chief pain in my breast, 
 " belly, arms, and hands. I thought that all the blood in my body had run 
 " into my arms, and began to burst out of my finger ends. This was a 
 " mistake: but the arms swelled, till the gauntlets were buried within the 
 " flesh. After being thus suspended an hour, I fainted, and when I came 
 " to myself, I found the executioners supporting me in their arms : they re- 
 " placed the pieces of wood under my feet: but as soon as I was recovered, 
 " removed them again. Thus I continued hanging for the space of five 
 " hours, during which I fainted eight or nine times." 
 
 4. A fourth kind of torture was a cell called " Little Ease." It was of 
 such small dimensions, and so constructed, that the prisoner could neither 
 stand, walk, sit, nor lie in it at full length. He was compelled to draw 
 himself up in a squatting posture, and so remain during several days. 
 
 TOULON. 
 
 It was founded, according to the common opinion, by a Roman General, and before 1 
 the great Revolution in 1789, was an episcopal See. It experienced the 
 dreadful ravages of the Plague three times in the fifteenth century, in 1418, 
 1461, and 1476: once in the sixteenth, in 1.587: four times in the seven- 
 tenth, in 1621, 1630, 1647, and 1664: and once in 1720. This place was 
 destroyed toward the end of the tenth century, and pillaged by the African 
 pirates almost as soon as re-built. The Constable of Bourbon, at the head of 
 the Imperial troops, obtained possession of it in 1524, as did Charles V. in 
 1536: but, in the next century, Charles Emanuel, Duke of Savoy could not 
 enter it: and Prince Eugene, in 1707, ineffectually laid siege to it. Both 
 the Old and New Port have an outlet into the spacious outer road or harbour, 
 which is surrounded by hills. The city of Toulon was surrendered by the 
 inhabitants, in September, 1793, to the British Admiral Lord Hood, as a 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 195 
 
 TOULON, (continued.) 
 
 condition and means of enabling them to effect the re-establishment of 
 monarchy in Fiance, according to the constitution of 1789. Lord Hood ac- 
 cordingly, in conjunction with the Spanish land and naval forces, took pos- 
 session of the harbour and forts in trust for Louis XVII. It was garrisoned 
 for some time by the British troops, and their allies, the Spaniards, Neapo- 
 litans, and Sardinians; but the French Republicans having lai'd siege to it, 
 the garrison was obliged to evacuate the place in the month of December 
 following. 
 
 TOURNAMENT, THE EGLINGTON, August 28, 1839 
 
 Wednesday, August 28. — The proceedings of the day, of the splendid spectacle 
 given by Lord Eglinton, commenced with the marshalling of the grand pro- 
 cession, which took place about one o'clock, and proceeded to the Castle in 
 the following order : — The horses of the Knights and Esquires, under care of 
 the Grooms, &c. were arranged on the right of the grand entrance ; and the 
 retainers and men at arms on the left, according to their priority in the pro- 
 cession. 
 
 A Chamberlain and a Trumpeter were on each side of the door. 
 
 A Deputy-marshal, with the Seneschal, were situated in the outer hall. 
 
 A Chamberlain was placed at the door of the inner hall or vestibule, and at 
 each of the three doors leading from the vestibule into the three principal 
 reception rooms. 
 
 The Knights, Esquires, and the principal personages forming part of the 
 procession, assembled in the three above-named rooms, and were arranged in 
 their order of joining the procession by the Deputy-marshals and Pursuivants. 
 The Deputy- marshal called from his roll the name of the first person to head 
 the procession : — the Chamberlain at the outer door ordered his horses, re- 
 tinue, &c. to advance : — the Chamberlain stationed at the inner door summoned 
 the personage so named to take his place in the procession. This done, the 
 party rode up the line of route to a given point, so as to allow a space for the 
 marshalling of the whole cavalcade : — this order was continued until the 
 whole were mounted and marshalled, which being proclaimed by the Cham- 
 berlains and trumpet at the entrance, the procession proceeded en route to 
 the lists, to the sound of the warlike music and blasts of the trumpet. The 
 line of march was kept by mounted men-at-arms, at regular distances, assisted 
 by the retainers and halberdiers of the Lord of the Tournament. 
 
 Having arrived at the lists, the procession entered at the principal gate ; 
 and after making the half circuit, the King of the Tournament, the judges of 
 the field, &c. with their attendant knights and esquires, were dismounted and 
 marshalled to their appointed seats in the Gothic gallery. 
 
 The King, Queen, &c. having assumed their thrones, a flourish of trumpets 
 summoned the Knights and Esquires to pay their obedience to the Queen of 
 Beauty : and the whole riding again round, received from their ladies favours 
 of gloves, &c. &c. to be worn in their helmets. Again the trumpet announced 
 to the Knights leave to retire to their different pavilions, to complete their 
 arming, and await the summons of the herald. 
 
 The Knights being armed, were assisted to their chargers by their Esquires, 
 and took the station appointed to them. The trumpet having again sounded, 
 the herald of the tourney gave notice that they were ready to enter the list 
 against any knight who might demand the combat. Upon which, the Knight 
 elected to run the first course against the challengers, left his tent, and, 
 riding up to the gallery, demanded permission to make a trial, which was 
 granted. At the cry of " Laisser les allez, " the trumpets sounded the charge, 
 and the knights ran the appointed courses. 
 
 Up to one o'clock, the period at which the procession was expected on the 
 ground, the sun shone serenely, and the pavilion and tents presented a scene 
 truly interesting. Enthroned in the centre of the Grand Pavilion sat the 
 
196 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 TOURNAMENT, THE EGLINTON, August 28 1839 
 
 Queen of Beauty, (Lady Jane Seymour), and the supreme judge of the Tour- 
 nament, to whom the duty fell of crowning with laurel the several Knights 
 who should most distinguish himself on that day — 
 
 " And, as in beauty she surpassed the choir, 
 So nobler than the rest was her attire — 
 A crown of ruddy gold enclosed her brow, 
 Plain without pomp, and rich without a show." 
 
 The Grand Pavilion was ornamented with Gothic architecture, and hung 
 with drapery studded with cloth of gold, and was crowded with a display of 
 beauty seldom seen. At length the elements began to wear an unfavourable 
 aspect ; and, at about a quarter to 4 o'clock in the afternoon, the rain fell in 
 torrents; but in the course of a quarter of an hour, the storm having abated, 
 noble knights were seen, their plumage waving, their helmets glistening in 
 the sun's rays, with gallant steeds, richly caparisoned, and impatient for the 
 onset. 
 
 The armour worn by the several knights was of the most brilliant descrip- 
 tion, as were the trappings of the horses. That worn by the Earl of Egling- 
 ton, was brass, very costly, and beautiful. The crest which surmounted his 
 helmet contained a plume of blue and yellow feathers; and his horse was 
 richly caparisoned with blue satin and cloth of gold. Viscount Alfotd, had a 
 magnificent suit of polished steel; his horse caparisoned with blue and white 
 cloth. The most splendid specimen of ancient armour worn on this occasion, 
 was that of the Right Honourable the Earl of Craven. The suit was of pure 
 Milan steel, burnished blue, decorated with gold studs, (or rivets), curiously 
 inlaid with the same costly metal, and exquisitely wrought in arabesque. 
 The casque or helmet alone weighed nearly 40 lbs. and the bars of the vizor 
 were of solid gold. It was brought from the armoury of the baronial hall of 
 Hylton Castle, near Sunderland. This armour was worn at the victorious 
 battle of Cressy, by the then Baron Hylton. All the Knights had golden 
 stirrups and spurs. 
 
 Thuksday, August 29. — This morning was ushered in by storm; in con- 
 sequence of which, an intimation was given by Lord Eglington, that the tour- 
 ney would be postponed until Friday. 
 
 Friday, August 30. — This morning every thing was favourable, the day 
 dawned brightly, and both wind and sun united to repair the disappointment 
 experienced on the preceding day. By one o'clock, upwards of 10,000 persons 
 were assembled, and numbers continued to arrive. At two o'clock, the pro- 
 cession moved from the Castle, in the order similar to that of Wednesday. 
 The variety of armorial bearings on the surcoats of the Knights and Squires, 
 the rich housings of the horses, and the costly trappings of the riders, the 
 highly-polished armour of the chevaliers, and the elegant costumes of the 
 ladies, rendered it a truly imposing and pleasing sight. Bands of archers, 
 troops of Highlanders, and an almost endless succession of Esquires, men-at- 
 arms, halberdiers, and other formidable personages were present. The tour- 
 nament commenced with the jousting of the Knights, wko challenged each 
 other. The jousting was followed by riding at the ring, and the quaintain, 
 and the mele closed the labours of the day. In the mele eight Knights in 
 complete armour fought with swords, and some heavy blows were exchanged. 
 One accident occurred, but only a slight one. Mr. Jerningham was wounded 
 by a sword-cut in the wrist. The Marquis of Waterford seemed very anxious 
 to carry the contest beyond the rules of the Tournament, and some heavy 
 blows were exchanged between him and Lord Alford 5 but the Marshal of 
 the lists, (Sir Charles Lamb,) very properly interposed his authority between 
 the combatants, when order was restored. The procession left the ground at 
 six o'clock, nearly in the same manner as on its entrance. In the course of 
 the day Lord Craven was thrown from his horse, but received no injury 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 197 
 
 TOURNAMENT, THE EGLINTON, August 28 1839 
 
 beyond a severe shake. The Marquis of Waterford also got a tumble; and 
 the horse of Mr. Lamb fell with his rider, but neither were much hurt. 
 
 At eight o'clock the banquet commenced in the temporary room erected 
 for the occasion. This was a spiendid feast, to which nearly 400 persons sat 
 down; the whole being served up in dishes and covers of silver, partly 
 from the family plate of the noble Earl. Lord Eglington announced that the 
 tilting would be carried on the day following, the weather permitting. 
 
 Saturday, August 31. — The weather throughout the entire of the day 
 was most unpropitious ; the rain descending in torrents : in consequence of 
 which, the tilting intended by the noble Lord, was g'iven up. A person 
 named M'lan, partly an artist, and partly a player, performed the office of 
 Jester. 
 
 Wednesday, the 27th of May, 1840, being the day appointed for the sale of 
 the magnificent costumes worn at the Tournament at Eglington Castle, an 
 immense concourse of persons assembled at Messrs. Oxenham and Sons, 
 353, Oxford-street, to witness the same. The following is a statement of the 
 prices of the principal articles sold thereat, viz.: — £. s. d. 
 
 A splendid mantle of white cashmere, lined with rose-coloured 
 and satin, and bordered with rich Milanese embroidery, gold 
 cord and tassels, a tunic of velvet, trimmed with fur, and a pair of 
 silken pantaloons, cost stated at upwards of fifty guineas .... 3 17 6 
 
 A characteristic costume worn by the Jester, and composed of 
 rich party-coloured satin, with a hood and moveable cockscomb, 2 4 
 
 A magnificent Lady's robe of rich Genoa silk velvet, embroi- 
 dered in imitation pearls, with dress of white satin and silk blond 
 lace to correspond, worn by the Queen of Beauty, bought by 
 Mr. Webster, for ". 10 10 
 
 A rich costume, worn by the Marquis of Londonderry, and 
 consisting of a purple silk velvet robe, lined with silk and 
 trimmed with sable: a tunicof black silk velvet, a pair of crim- 
 son silk pantaloons, and a velvet silk cap and plume, en suite, 5 5 
 
 A full tunic of fine Lincoln-green cloth, with sleeves, &c. of 
 fine black silk velvet, and a velvet cap and plume, (the pattern 
 costume prepared for the Ayrshire archers) 2 4 
 
 The magnificent Knight's evening costume worn by Lord 
 Beresford, comprising a vest of rich black silk velvet, slashed 
 with white satin, and bound with silver braid, a pair of trunks 
 to correspond, and a superb cloak of silk velvet, with silver lace, 
 lined with white satin : cap and plume, (the original cost of which 
 was nearly 1 00 guineas) 10 10 
 
 A rich Venetian carnival dress of silver cloth, embossed with 
 gold flowers; original cost 70 guineas 7 10 
 
 A magnificent covering for a horse, embroidered in gold and 
 silver, with deep silver fringe; cost originally £120 7 10 
 
 A rich robe of geranium-coloured silk, worn by the Emperor 
 Napoleon. — Bought by Mr. Ducrow 3 10 
 
 A demi-suit of bright steel armour, worn by a man-at-arms, 
 at the Tournament 5 5 
 
 A suit of polished steel cap-a-pie armour, for a Knight of 
 fine form and large proportions, with tilting helmet and passe 
 guards, made in the time of Henry VIII 42 
 
 A splendid suit of German armour, with invulnerable back 
 and breast, pauldrons, and visored helmet, of the Maximilian 
 era 19 19 
 
198 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 TOURNAMENT, THE EGLINTON, Sale of some of the 
 
 Articles worn at, May 27, {continued.) , 1840 
 
 A full suit of Knight's armour, highly polished, and partially- 
 engraved, and inlaid with gold, made in the date of Philip II. . 22 1 
 
 A suit of cap-a-pie armour for a Knight (of German manu- 
 facture) of the time of Elizabeth 25 5 
 
 The principal purchasers were Mr. Webster, Mr. Ducrow, Mr. Elton, 
 Mr. M'lan, Mr. Davidge, and Mr. Nathan; and the sale of the different 
 articles excited great interest. 
 
 TOURNIQUET, invented in 1674 
 
 This invention is ascribed to an individual of the name of Morell, at the siege of 
 Besancon, in 1674. Petit, of France, invented the screw tourniquet, 1718. 
 
 TOWERS, (high) first erected to Churches, in 1000 
 
 TRANSPORT, THE ROCHDALE, lost 1S07 
 
 The Rochdale was lost off Dunleary Point, with 267 persons on board, when the 
 whole of them perished, November 19, 1807. 
 
 TRANSPORTATION OF FELONS 1590 
 
 The transportation of Felons was introduced 39th of Elizabeth, 1590. 
 
 TR ANSUBST ANTI ATION opposed by the English Church 
 
 about 1000 
 
 Received it between 1000 and 1066. 
 
 TRANSYLVANIA given to Austria 1699 
 
 TRAPEZOND, or TREBIZOND. 
 
 It was the metropolis of an empire of the same name founded by Alexis Commenis, 
 a Frenchman, in 1209, and which continued in the same family till 1460, 
 when David, the last of that house, was subdued and put to death by 
 Mahomet II. since which time it has continued in the possession of the 
 Turks. 
 
 TRANQUEBAR settled by the Danes 1617 
 
 TRAVE, THE, a French frigate, of 44 guns, taken by the 
 
 Andromache, October 23 1813 
 
 The Andromache, 38 guns, was commanded by Captain Tobin. 
 
 TREATIES with any Foreign nation begun 1217 
 
 TREATY, Marine, with Holland 1674 
 
 TREATY concluded between the Republic of Holland, and 
 
 the. United States of America, October 8 1782 
 
 TREATY, a Commercial, signed between England and 
 
 France, September 26 1786 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 199 
 
 TREATY, a, of Amity and Commerce with America, signed 
 
 at St. James's, November 19 1794 
 
 TREATY of Defensive Alliance with Austria, May 20 1795 
 
 TREATY of Defensive Alliance with Russia, February 18... 1795 
 
 TREATY between the East India Company and the Peishwa, 
 
 December 31 1802 
 
 TREATY, the Definitive of Peace, signed at Amiens, 
 
 March 27 1802 
 
 TREATY with Scindiah, December 30 1803 
 
 TREATY of Peace with the Rajah of Berar, December 17 . 1S03 
 
 TREATY again with Scindiah, November 22 1806 
 
 TREATY OF GHENT, between Britain and the United 
 
 States of America, December 24 1814 
 
 TREATY of Adjustment and of Commerce, between the king 
 of France, and the Island of St. Domingo, amicably 
 concluded 1825 
 
 TREATY, between England and South America 1827 
 
 The ratification of a Commercial Treat)', between England and South America, 
 February 19, 1827. 
 
 TRENT, the Council of begins, and continues 18 years 1545 
 
 TRIAL, the first by single combat, in 1096 
 
 TRIALS for Treason regulated 1695 
 
 By this regulation, two witnesses were required in a case of Treason. 
 
 TRIBUTE OF WOLVES' HEADS paid in England 971 
 
 Paid by the English, to the Danes, in one year, £48,000. in 997. 
 
 TRICHINOPOLI, in the East Indies, the magazine there, 
 
 blew up, 1772 
 
 By this unfortunate event 300 inhabitants lost their lives ; 340,000 ball cartridges 
 were destroyed, and the whole foundation shaken. 
 
 TRIEVES, the Archbishop of, first admitted an Elector ... 1021 
 
 TRINIDAD, The Isle of, discovered, 1498 
 
 TRINITARIANS, Order of, instituted, 1198 
 
 TRINITARIANS, Order of, in Spain, began 1594 
 
200 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 TRINITY, the word first applied to the Persons of the 
 
 Godhead 150 
 
 TRINITY SUNDAY appointed by Pope John 1334 
 
 TRIPOLI nearly destroyed by an Earthquake, December 13 1759 
 
 TRITHEITES began 560 
 
 TROOPS, incampment of, in Hyde Park, December 2 1468 
 
 The Parliament army marched up to London, and were encamped in Hyde, and 
 St. James's Park. The troops under the command of General Monk were 
 also encamped in Hyde Park, in 1665. 
 
 His Majesty's regiments of Horse and Foot-guards, with a train of artil- 
 lery from the Tower, were encamped here, extensive preparations being 
 made in various parts of the kingdom, in anticipation of an invasion by the 
 Pretender, 1715. 
 
 The household troops encamped here were reviewed by His Majesty, 
 (George I.) on the 11th of June, 1722, who was afterwards magnificently 
 entertained by General the Earl of Cadogan, the Commanding Officer, in a 
 pavilion which had been formerly taken from the Grand Vizier by Prince 
 Eugene. His Majesty was accompanied on this occasion by the Prince, a 
 numerous Staff, and a majority of the nobility. 
 
 Troops, both horse and foot, were encamped here in March, 1739: other 
 forces were also encamped at the same time on Hounslow and Blackheath, in 
 pursuance of an order issued from the Horse Guards on the 8th of February 
 preceding. 
 
 Troops of the line were also encamped in Hyde Park, in the year 1780, in 
 order to assist in suppressing the ri^ts which had been excited by the intem- 
 perance of Lord George Gordon. Troops were drawn from the provinces to 
 the number of 30, 000 before order was restored. 
 
 TROOPS, FRENCH, land in South Wales, February 22 ... 1797 
 
 Fourteen hundred landed at Fishguard, in Pembrokeshire, South Wales, and were 
 all made prisoners. 
 
 TROY, the destruction of, B.C. 1184 
 
 Dardanus, who came from Italy into Asia Minor, and settled in the Lesser Phrygia, 
 built a city called Dardania, which became the capital of his little kingdom. 
 Tros, one of his successors, changed its name into Troy. This kingdom was 
 in existence 326 years, and was overturned by the Greeks after a ten years' 
 siege. 
 
 KINGS OF TROV 
 
 Scamander arrived in Phrygia 1552 
 
 ... Teucer 1528 
 
 Dardanus 1 1506 
 
 Erichtonus 1475 
 
 Tros 1400 
 
 Ilus 1340 
 
 Laomedon 1 285 
 
 Priam , 1249 
 
 Troy taken 1209 
 
 TRUMPETS, the first sounding of, before the Kings of 
 
 England, was by order of Offa, king of Mercia 790 
 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 201 
 
 TRUXILLA, in Peru, ruined by an Earthquake, December 1759 
 
 TUILLERIES, the Royal Apartments of, ransacked bv the 
 
 People, June 20 1792 
 
 A great massacre- of the Swiss, and also of a vast number of the adherents of 
 Louis XVI. In consequence of which, Louis and his family fly for shelter 
 to the National Assembly ; after which, dreadful disturbances take place at 
 Paris. The disturbances continued till August 10, 1792. 
 
 TULIPS, &c. See " Fruits and Flowers." 
 
 TUNNEL, first project of a, under the River at Gravesend, 
 
 commenced in 1799 
 
 In 1799, it was proposed to erect a Tunnel under the river at Gravesend, but the 
 intention was soon given up. Shortly after, another attempt was made to form 
 one from Rotherhite to Limehouse. In 1S04, it was commenced, under the 
 authority of an Act of Parliament, and a shaft of eleven feet in diameter was 
 sunk to the depth of forty-two feet : but difficulties arising in the prosecuting- 
 of the work, it was for a time suspended. It was soon after continued at 
 a reduced diameter, but new difficulties having arisen, the Engineer reported 
 its further progress impracticable, and the work was discontinued. 
 
 A variety of Plans were proposed, but after a time, rejected. Notwithstand- 
 ing the failure of all former attempts, in 1823, Mr. Brunei exhibited his Plan 
 for constructing a road-way under the Thames : when it was well received, and 
 as liberally supported by gentlemen of rank and science, who were not dis- 
 couraged by the magnitude of the undertaking. 
 
 The place selected for the intended road-way is two miles below London 
 Bridge, and where a facility of land communication between the two shores 
 is most desirable, and in every respect advantageous to the neighbourhood, 
 and its adjacent parts. 
 
 During the period for the obtaining of the Act of Parliament, steps were 
 taken to raise a sum of money for the execution of the project; and the Com- 
 mittee of Subscribers having received a satisfactory account relative to the 
 nature of the soil, was an inducement for Mr. Brunei to enlarge his original 
 plan of dimension, and consequently the apparatus to be employed. 
 
 On the 24th of June, 1824, the Act of Parliament was obtained, and Mr. 
 Brunei appointed engineer to the undertaking : when he commenced opera- 
 tions on the Rotherhithe side, and succeeded in passing through a bed of 
 gravel and sand. 
 
 Mr. Brunei had received an intimation of the existence of a bed of sand 
 at the bottom of the river, and advising him to go as little beyond the same as 
 possible : but on approaching the depth of eighty feet, the ground suddenly 
 gave way, and sunk several feet at once, the sand and water blowing up at 
 the same time. 
 
 The excavation made for the Thames Tunnel is thirty-eight feet in breadth, 
 and twenty-two feet six inches in height; so that the size of the excavation 
 is larger than the interior of the Old House of Commons, that building being 
 thirty-two feet in breadth, by twenty-five feet in height. 
 
 The shield was entered under a substantial bed of clay by the 1st of Janu- 
 ary, 1826, and the structure of the double archway of the Tunnel was com- 
 menced: but on the 25th of the same month, the substantial protection of 
 clay broke off at once, leaving the shield open for six weeks to a considerable 
 quantity of land-water, which greatly impeded the progress of the work. 
 
 On the 11th of March, this misfortune was remedied, and the work pro- 
 ceeded ; and on the 30th of June, 1826, entered under the bed of the river, 
 
 No. 26- Dd 
 
202 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 TUNNEL, THE THAMES, '(continued.) 
 
 daily increasing in its progress; so that, by the 30th of April, 1827, 400 feet 
 of the Tunnel had advanced under the river. These 400 feet were excavated, 
 and the double archways completed in ten months and a half. 
 
 On the 18th of May, 1827, and also in the month of January, 1828, the 
 river again broke in and filled the Tunnel : but the cavity soon filled itself, 
 and the work proceeded. A somewhat similar occurrence took place on the 
 18th of October following, which was attended with the same success. 
 
 From December, 1828, the works remained suspended during a period of 
 seven years, when they were re-commenced, and are now (August, 1840) 
 steadily and successfully proceeding. The contemplated length of the 
 Tunnel is 1300 feet; 1135 feet of which were completed up to August, 1840. 
 
 TURKEY TRADE began 1550 
 
 TURKISH SHIPS, navigated by Greek Sailors, the first 
 
 arrived at London, April 5 1797 
 
 TURKISH EMPIRE, the present, begins 1298 
 
 The Turks, a people originally from Asiatic Sarmatia, between Mount Caucasus 
 and the Don, the Palus Meotidis, and the Caspian sea, began to be distin- 
 guished; they had served the Emperor Heraclius against Chosroes, king of 
 Persia, as auxiliary troops : the Saracen Caliphs afterwards took them into 
 their pay, in the conquests they made in the East. The Turks finding how 
 useful they were become as allies, thought they might as well make conquests 
 for themselves. They made war on the Saracens and Greeks, and conquered 
 Persia, Mesopotamia, Syria, and Palestine. 
 
 Abutatif, one of their chiefs, gained several victories over the Saracens ; 
 defeated Diogenes, Emperor of Constantinople: took the kingdom of Pontus, 
 since named Turcomania, Capadocia, and Bithynia, where his son, Solyman, 
 established the seat of his Empire in 1080; and from idolators they became 
 Mahometans. One of their princes, called Othman, or Osman, made himself 
 master of several provinces in Asia Minor in 1300. His reign was glorious, 
 and his successors ruined the empire of the Saracens, founded by Mahomet 
 in 622. 
 
 The same causes which ruined the Empire of the Caliphs, have weakened 
 that of the Turks. Since the time of Solyman II. the Sultans, shut up in 
 their seraglios, have devolved their authority on Ministers, often incapable, 
 always despotic. They are open to the attacks of the Persians, the Germans, 
 and the Russians, as well as of the British and French. 
 
 OTTOMAN SULTANS. 
 
 Othman, or Osman 1 326 
 
 Orkan 1360 
 
 AmurathI 1389 
 
 Bajazet 1 1403 
 
 Solimanl 1410 
 
 Musachelabi 1413 
 
 Mahomet 1 1421 
 
 Amurath II 1451 
 
 Mahomet II 1481 
 
 Bajazet II 1512 
 
 Selim I 1520 
 
 Solyman II 1566 
 
 Selim II 1574 
 
 Amurath III 1595 
 
 Mahomet III 1603 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 203 
 
 TURKISH EMPIRE, The present, (continued.) 1298 
 
 Achmet I 1617 
 
 Mustapha, (dethroned) 1618 
 
 Osman 1 1622 
 
 Mustapha, (re-established) 1623 
 
 Amurath IV 1640 
 
 Ibrahim . . . 1649 
 
 Mahomet IV r. 1687 
 
 Solyman III 1691 
 
 Achmet II 1695 
 
 Mustapha II 1703 
 
 Achmet III. -. 1730 
 
 Mahomet V '. 1754 
 
 Osman II 1757 
 
 Mustapha III 1774 
 
 Achmet IV. 
 
 Mustapha IV 1808 
 
 Mahomet VI. 
 
 TURKS, The, take possession of Persia 1043 
 
 The Tufts, (a nation of adventurers from Tartary) become formidable, and take 
 possession of Persia. Took Jerusalem from the Saracens, 1065. 
 
 TURKEYS brought into England in 1523 
 
 Into France, in 1570. 
 
 TYPES. See " Printing." 
 
 UBIQUARIANS, the Order of 1540 
 
 UKRAINE settled by Russia 1752 
 
 UNIFORMITY, ACT OF, passed, 1559 
 
 Took place, in 1662. 
 
 UNION OF ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND, attempted 
 
 July 22, 1604 
 
 Again 1670, and took place, 1707, when the island was called Great Britain. 
 
 UNION with Ireland began 1801 
 
 UNION STEAM VESSEL, (THE,) blown up at Hull, 
 
 June 7 1837 
 
 By this dreadful accident, many lives were lost. 
 
 UNITARIANS 1553 
 
 URINE, Proclamation issued for the preservation of, 1626 
 
 The inhabitants of London and Westminster, &c. commanded by proclamation to 
 keep all their urine, throughout the year, for making salt-petre, 1626. 
 
 URSILINES established 1198 
 
204 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 USURY forbid by Parliament 1341 
 
 In 1260, 2s. per week was paid for the loan of 20s. being at the rate of £43. 6s. 8d. 
 per annum for £100. which was restrained by an Act, 1274, against the 
 Jews. 
 
 UTRETCHT, THE PEACE OF, signed 1579 
 
 It was here the Treaty of Union between the confederate Provinces was signed in 
 1579; and the famous Peace between the Allies and France was concluded 
 in 1713, about the close of Queen Anne's reign. 
 
 VANDALS, ALANS, &c. irruption of, into France 406 
 
 The Vandals, &c. spread into France and Spain, by a concession of Honorius, 
 Emperor of the West. Began their kingdom in Spain, 412. 
 
 VAN DIEM AN'S LAND discovered in 1642 
 
 First discovered by Tasman, in 1642, visited by Captain Furneaux in 1773, and 
 afterwards by Captain Cook. 
 
 VASSALAGE, or SERFS, abolished by Law in Holstein 
 
 and Sleswic, in Denmark, in 1797 
 
 VAUXHALL, Grand Fete at, July 20 1813 
 
 This fete was in honour of the battle of Vittoria, at which the royal Dukes of 
 York, Kent, Sussex, Clarence, and Gloucester, Princess of Wales, and above 
 1200 nobility and gentry attended. 
 
 VAUXHALL GARDENS, final closing of, August, 1839 
 
 These Gardens, which have existed for several years, and enjoyed the patronage of 
 every admirer of this celebrated place, are now closed. For the last few 
 years they have been less frequented, owing, in a great measure, to other 
 places of amusement which have arisen, the entertainments of which have 
 been upon as grand a scale, and the charge for admission more reasonable. 
 In consequence of this, the Proprietors of the Vauxhall Gardens, in order to 
 compete with other establishments, were compelled to lower the price of ad- 
 mission. This, however, had not the effect, of drawing so many visitors as 
 was imagined. The ground has since been sold, and is about to be built 
 upon. 
 
 VENICE. 
 
 Several families from Padua retired, in 596, from the fury of the Lombards, to 
 some islands in the Adriatic Gulph, where Venice was since built. Padua 
 at first claimed the government of the New State, and appointed a particular 
 tribune to govern each island : these tribunes afterwards shook off the yoke 
 of Padua, and erected themselves, in 709, into a Republic, under a Duke, or 
 Doce. These Doges were elected for life, and at length came to name their 
 successors, till 1172, when the Senate greatly curtailed the authority of the 
 Doge, and appointed a Council with powers to depose the Doge, if they found 
 him incapable to perform the duties of his station. Pepin, king of Italy, 
 caused himself to be proclaimed king of this State, which bore the name of 
 Rialto, the principal of these islands, which was by him called Venice, from 
 the Venetii, who occupied the continent next to these islands. 
 
 Peter Gradenigo, who was elected Doge in 1289, deprived the people of the 
 part they had in the administration, and established an absolute aristocracy. 
 These changes caused great discontent: and the establishment of the terrible 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 205 
 
 VENICE, (continued.) 
 
 Council of Ten, exposed Venice to the greatest danger. Genoa, availing 
 herself of these troubles, made war with her, and destroyed a part of her 
 navy, the Turks took Crete and Cyprus, and it was with difficulty she re- 
 tained Corfu. . At last her commerce was attacked by the English and the 
 Dutch, when, by the great discoveries of the routes to the East and West 
 Indies, at the end of the sixteenth century, she lost the valuable trade which 
 ■was carried on to the East, which was transferred to the nations by whom 
 these discoveries were made. Venice was taken by the French in 1796, and 
 afterwards was ceded to Austria. 
 
 VENTILATORS invented by the Rev. Dr. Hales 1740 
 
 VENUS, her transit over the Sun, June 2 1660 
 
 VERNON, launch of His Majesty's frigate, The, May 1, ... 1832 
 
 The Vernon, of sixty guns, was launched at Woolwich. 
 
 VESSELS employed in the mercantile line in England, 
 
 were 23,600 in 1792 
 
 VESSELS, number of the arrival of at Leith, from Novem- 
 ber 13, 1812, to November 13, 1813, was 3520. 
 
 VICTORIA HULL STEAM PACKET, Accident of The . 1838 
 
 The boiler of the Victoria Hull Steam Packet, during an experimental trip in 
 Erith Reach burst, by which, five persons were unfortunately killed. 
 
 VICTORY MAN OF WAR, The, lost, October 1744 
 
 The Victory Man of War, of 100 guns, with Admiral Balchen, 300 gentlemen's 
 sons, and all the crew were lost. 
 
 VICTUALLER, Law respecting the Sale of Ale 1 603 
 
 A law was enacted, that no Victualler should sell less than one full ale quart of 
 the best beer or ale for Id. and two quarts of the smaller sort for Id. in 1603. 
 
 VIENNA, great damage done at, by an explosion of gun- 
 powder, June 26 1779 
 
 Several lives were unfortunately lost. 
 
 VIENNA. 
 
 Vienna was very obscure, till 1051 : it was walled and enlarged by Henry I. of 
 Austria, 1122, with the ransom of king Richard I. of England: made an 
 imperial city by Frederick II. 1136 : made subject to the House of Austria, 
 1149: besieged and taken by the King of Hungary, 1490: besieged by the 
 Turks under Soloman the Magnificent, with an army of 300,000 men, 1529: 
 again in 1532, 1543, and 1663, when the Grand Vizier with 100,000 men 
 cannonaded the city, from the 24th of July, to the beginning of September, 
 without effect. 
 
 VIGO, galleons taken there, October 12 1702 
 
206 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 VILLAIN. 
 
 Villain, (of or belonging to the vill or lordship) was a servant during life, and de- 
 visable, as chattels, in the feudal times. In 1572, Queen Elizabeth ordered 
 her bondmen to be set free, at very easy rates. 
 
 VINE-DRESSERS, introduced at Marseilles b. c. 600 
 
 A colony of Vine-dressers, from Phoecia, in Ionia, settled at Marseilles, and in- 
 structed the South Gauls in the work of tillage, vine-dressing, and the art of 
 commerce. Some think that they grew spontaneously on the Mediterranean 
 shores of Italy, Fiance, and Spain. Vines planted in Germany and North. 
 Gaul, 276. No Vines in Greece, 450 B. C. Vines and sugar-canes planted 
 in Madeira, 1420. 
 
 VIOLENT COMMOTIONS in France, in 1797 
 
 Violent Commotions broke out in Paris, a strong party being said to have been 
 formed to restore royalty in France : in consequence of which M. Barthelemy, 
 General Pichegru, and sixty representatives of the people, were transported 
 by the arbitrary mandate of the majority of the Directory, without being 
 brought to a trial, or any proofs being produced of the crimes with which, 
 they were charged, September 15, 1797- 
 
 VIOLINS invented about 1477 
 
 VIRGINIA discovered by John Cabot 1496 
 
 Taken possession of by Sir Walter Raleigh, and named after the Virgin Queen, 
 (Elizabeth), 1584: the settlement of the first permanent colony there, in 
 1636. 
 
 VIRGIN OF MOUNT CARMEL, Order of, began in 
 
 France 1607 
 
 VIRGIN MARY, KNIGHTS OF THE, began 1233 
 
 VIRGIN MARY, THE MOST GLORIOUS KNIGHTS 
 
 OF THE, began at Rome 1618, 
 
 VISCOUNT, the first in England, February 12 1440 
 
 First borne by Lord Beaumont. 
 
 VOLCANO, in the Isle of Ferro, September 13 1777 
 
 The Volcano, in the Isle of Ferro, which broke out September 13, 1777, threw 
 out an immense quantity of red water that discoloured the sea for several 
 leagues. 
 
 VOTES OF THE COMMONS, The, first printed 1671 
 
 WAGER BY BATTLE, the Law of, abolished, 1819 
 
 WAGGON, duty on, commenced 1783 
 
 WALCHEREN EXPEDITION, The, to the Island of, 
 
 sent out , 1809 
 
 The expedition to the Island of Walcheren was sent out in the Autumn of the 
 year 1809, in order to ascertain the nature and causes of the great sickness 
 and mortality prevailing in the British army in Zealand, and to make a 
 report thereon. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 207 
 
 WALES incorporated with England 1536 
 
 Wales first inhabited by the Britons, on their being expelled England by the 
 Saxons, 685 : divided into North Wales, South Wales, and Powis Land, 970: 
 conquered and divided bv William I. among the conquerors, 1091 : Griffith, 
 the last king, died in 1137: the sovereign, from that time, was a Prince only. 
 In this state Wales remained unconqnered till Henry II. Subdued South 
 Wales, in 1157: and in 12S2, Edward I. entirely reduced the whole country, 
 putting an end to its independency, by the death of Llewellin, the last prince. 
 (See " Remarkable Personages, ""Section V.) The Welch, however, 
 were not entirely reconciled to this revolution, till the Queen happening to 
 be brought to bed of a son at Caernarvon, in 1284, Edward very politically 
 stvled him Prince of Wales ; which title the heir to the Crown of Great 
 Britain has borne almost ever since. Wales was united and incorporated with 
 England by Act of Parliament, 38 Henry VIII. 1536. Invaded by the 
 French, 1796. 
 
 WARFARE OF CHRIST, Knights of the, began in White 
 
 Russia, 1325 
 
 In Poland, 1705. 
 
 WARSAW annexed to Saxony, August 16 1807 
 
 Warsaw was constituted a Duchy, and annexed to the House of Saxony, August 
 16, 1807. 
 
 WARS WITH SPAIN. 
 
 The wars with Spain between 1589 nnd 1593, cost Queen Elizabeth £1,300,000. 
 besides the double subsidy of £280,000. granted by Parliament. In the Irish 
 Rebellion, she spent £3,409,000. in ten years. The expenses of the war in 
 1756, cost England £90,000,000. 
 
 WASHINGTON, the City of, in America, founded 1791 
 
 WASTE LANDS in Great Britain in 1794 
 
 The waste lands in Great Britain, by examination were, in 1794, found to be 
 22,351,000 acres ; which, if cultivated and inclosed, reckoning an annual in- 
 crease of 9*. per acre, the annual rent would amount to £10,957,950. ; and, 
 on a supposition that the yearly produce would be £1. 7*. per acre, or three 
 rents, it would be worth £30,073,850. per annum to the community. 
 
 WATCHES AND CLOCKS. (See Clocks.) 
 
 A repeating watch is said to have been sent by the Caliph Haroun al Raschid, to 
 the Emperor Charlemagne. First used in Astronomical observations, 1500. 
 The Emperor Charles V. was the first who had any thing that might he 
 called a watch, though some call it a small table clock, 1530. 
 
 WATCHES invented at Nureraburg, in Germany 1747 
 
 Brought to England from Germany, 1577: spring pocket ones invented by Dr. 
 Hooke, 1658: horizontal ditto, invented by Graham : repeaters by Tompion : 
 and Chronometers, by Arnold. 
 
 WATCH, by Night, for the City of London, first appointed. 1268 
 WATERFORD, in Ireland, built 1162 
 
208 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 WATER- WORKS, (The Chelsea) licence to the Governor 
 
 and Company of to erect a Reservoir, September 9, ... 1725 
 
 On the Report of the Surveyor-General in August, 1725, a licence was granted 
 under the Sign Manual of His Majesty, bearing date September 9, 1725, to 
 tbe Governor and Company of the Chelsea Water Works, to erect a reservoir 
 in Walnut-tree Walk, Hyde Park, for the purpose of supplying the palace at 
 Kensington with pure water, and by another branch, to supply the new build- 
 ings about Oliver's Mount, (i. e. Mount Street) and the upper parts of West- 
 minster. In pursuance of the above licence, a circular bason was made of the 
 diameter of 200 feet, enclosed with brick-work, laid in terras, coped with 
 Portland stone, raised four feet above the surface of the ground, and finished 
 with a handsome iron railing, to guard against accidents. According to the 
 terms of the grant, a main pipe of four inches bore, for conveying the water 
 into the reservoir, was laid down from Park- lane through the Park wall, the 
 distance from the old wall to the reservoir being about 290 feet, and the 
 breadth of the ground to be dug for laying down the main was restricted to 
 six feet; it was also stipulated that this grant might be resumed at any after 
 period, at the pleasure of the Crown. The licence has since been resumed to 
 a certain extent, since the Engine-house has been taken down, the materials 
 of which were sold by auction, in June, 1835. The bason still remains. 
 
 WATER-MILLS for grinding corn invented 555 
 
 Water-mills for grindingcorn were invented by Belisarius, while besieged in Rome 
 by the Goths. The ancients parched their corn, and pounded it in mortars. 
 Afterwards mills were invented, which were turned by men and beasts with 
 great labour; and yet Pliny mentions wheels turned by water. 
 
 WATER. (See New River.) 
 
 WATER sold in the West Indies for 1*. per pail 1731 
 
 Also in Exeter, in the streets, in 1785. 
 
 WEAVERS, two from Brabant, settled in York 1331 
 
 Weavers, dyers, cloth-drapers, linen makers, silk throwsters, &c. (Flemish) settled 
 at Canterbury, Norwich, Sandwich, Colchester, Maidstone, Southampton, &c. 
 on account of the Duke of Alva's persecution, 1567. They taught the Eng- 
 lish the making of baize, serges, Norwich crapes, &c. The baize makers 
 chiefly settled at Colchester. 
 
 WEIGHING ENGINE, or BEAM, a public one, set up in 
 
 London 1309 
 
 All commodities were ordered to be weighed by this machine, the City Officer to 
 superintend the same, called the " Weigh Master," who was to see justice 
 done between buyer and seller. Stat. 3 Edward II. 
 
 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES invented b. c 869 
 
 Fixed to a standard in England, 1257-' regulated, 1492: the thronus, trone, or 
 public weighing place in towns, established by Act of Parliament, 1429. Act 
 passed for the uniformity of, see Act. 
 
 WELCHMEN forbid purchasing lands in England. ........... 1401 
 
 WEYMOUTH, &c. visited by George III. and the Royal 
 
 Family, July...... 1789 
 
THE NRW TABLET OF MEMORY. 209 
 
 WHALES killed at Newfoundland and Iceland for their oil 
 
 only 
 
 1578 
 
 The whale fishery having been pursued in the first instance for the sake of its 
 flesh, the use of their bones and fins were not known at that time : but the 
 highly elastic substance, with which its jaws are lined, afterwards formed one 
 of our principal commercial objects, on account of its value. Anderson, the 
 historian of commerce, gravely observes that, " before this commodious mate- 
 " rial was found out, no stays could be worn by the ladies." It is most 
 probable that pieces of cane, or of some pliant wood, might have been substi- 
 tuted. Be this as it may, the introduction of whalebone was speedily brought 
 into use in the making of stays, and also proved a most useful article in the 
 construction of the hoop petticoat, which came into fashion about the begin- 
 ning of the last century; that " seven-fold fence," as Pope calls it — 
 
 " Stiff with hoops, and arm'd with ribs of whale." 
 
 The consumption of this article was so great, that the Dutch are said to have 
 received from England the vast sum of £100,000 per annum, the price being 
 at that time £'700. per ton, four times more than it commonly brings, and 
 eight times as much as it brought but a few years ago. But the chief value 
 of the whale is the blubber. 
 
 WHALEBONE found by the English ships at Cape Breton . 1321 
 
 First mentioned being brought home with oil, 1617. 
 
 WHALE FISHERY, the first by the Dutch 1596 
 
 By the English at Spitzbergen, 159S. 
 
 WHALE FISHERY promoted by an Act passed 1732 
 
 It appears from a narrative of Othere the Dane, as related by King Alfred, in his 
 Saxon translation of Orosius, that the pursuit of the whale was practised by 
 the people of Norway as early as the ninth century; but nothing certain is 
 known as to the precise mode. The inhabitants surrounding the coast of the 
 Bay of Biscay seem to have been the first to engage in whale fishing, and they 
 may therefore be considered the originators. By degrees, the number of 
 whales that resorted to the Bay of Biscay diminished, and ceased to visit that 
 sea altogether. The consequence was that the mariners of Biscay carried their 
 trade to a more distant part, until they approached the coasts of Iceland, &c. 
 and thus was commenced, about the sixteenth century, the northern whale 
 fishery. 
 
 The earliest voyage of the English in the whale fishery was in 1594. The 
 merchants of Hull are said to have fitted out ships for this fishery in 1598. 
 At first, it was carried on by companies, charters having been obtained for 
 that purpose. At length it was thrown open to Holland, when it was found 
 to be more profitable. The monopoly of the Dutch was put an end to in 1642; 
 and the English some time afterwards. 
 
 In 1732, Parliament adopted the plan of an attempt to encourage and esta- 
 blish the trade, by granting a bounty to each ship which should embark in it, 
 such bounty to be twenty shillings a ton ; but in 1749, it was raised to 
 double that rate, and a number of ships were fitted out. The bounty was 
 afterwards reduced to thirty shillings, and again raised to its former amount. 
 After which, it was reduced to thirty shillings, to twenty-five shillings, then 
 to twenty shillings, and eventually withdrawn in 1824. The Americans, 
 Hamburghers, and Prussians are now the only competitors against whom the 
 English whale traders have to contend. The French Revolution, and the dis- 
 asters which followed, gave a blow to the pretensions of the French and 
 No- 27» e e 
 
210 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 WHALE FISHERY, promoted by an Act, (continued) ... 1732 
 
 Dutch; so that neither have succeeded in the attempt made since the peace, 
 in that line of traffic, so long interrupted. 
 
 The whale ships are mostly of from three to four hundred tons burden, and 
 usually leave this country in time to reach Shetland, to complete their ballast, 
 and increase their stock, by about the month of April, and to get from thence 
 to the ice, in order to commence fishing either in the middle, or about the 
 latter end of May; but of late years, the season, which used formerly to ter- 
 minate in July, has extended in a slight degree at its commencement and 
 close. The principal place for fishing has of late been changed; and as re- 
 cently as 1820, when Captain Scoresby's book was published, the greater 
 number of ships still continued to trade to the part of the Arctic Ocean on 
 the east coast of Greenland ; but that sea is now almost deserted, being 
 nearly exhausted of its fish, as the Bay of Biscay previously was many years 
 before. The ships now proceed direct through Davis' Straits to the great 
 inland sea, called Baffin's Bay, on the other side of Greenland. 
 
 Notwithstanding the gradual decrease of the whale trade from the ports of 
 this country, which formerly had its greatest share, London still continued to 
 send out, in 1790, four times the number of ships, than that of any other 
 place. In 1820, seventeen or eighteen vessels were still engaged in the 
 trade : but it is now reduced to two at most. Liverpool, after having carried 
 it on to a great extent, has relinquished it. Whitby also, which for the 
 space of sixty or seventy years had pursued this trade with success, has now 
 only two ships engaged in it. Hull is now the principal whale-fishing port in 
 England, and has been such from the commencement of the present cen- 
 tury. In 1830, the number of ships sent out was thirty-three. The next in 
 rank to Hull, is Peterhead, on the east coast of Scotland, having in that year 
 sent out thirteen ; in fact, the trade is on the increase in the preceding place, 
 as likewise Aberdeen, Dundee, Leith, &c. 
 
 According to Captain Scoresby, the average quantity of shipping fitted out 
 for this trade for the nine years ending with 1818, in all the English ports, 
 namely, Hull, London, Whitby, Newcastle, Liverpool, Berwick, Grimsby, 
 and Lynn, was 91 vessels; and in the Scotch ports, namely, Aberdeen, Leith, 
 Dundee, Peterhead, Montrose, Banff, Greenock, Kirkaldy, and Kirkwall, 40. 
 In 1830, the former quantity had diminished to 41 ; while the latter had only 
 increased to 50. Upon the whole, therefore, there has been a falling off inthe 
 , course of twelve years to the extent of about 30 per cent. The season of 1830 
 was one of the most disastrous ever known since the commencement of the 
 fishery. Of the 91 vessels which sailed 19 were entirely lost; as many more 
 returned clean, or without a single fish ; seventeen brought only one fish 
 each; and of the others many had only two or three. The actual loss incur- 
 red from the shipwrecks, and the severe injuries sustained by twelve other 
 vessels, is calculated to have amounted to about £143,000. Both oil and 
 whalebone immediately rose to more than double their former price; but still 
 the whole produce of the fishery of this year did not amount, according to the 
 highest estimate, to more than £155,565.; while that of 1829 was reckoned 
 at £376,150. The season of 1831 was also unfortunate, though not to the 
 same extent ; three of the vessels having suffered shipwreck. The produce as 
 compared with that of the preceding year was, in oil 4800 tons in place of 
 2205, and of bone 230 tons in place of 119. But in 1829 there had been 
 obtained 10,672 tons of oil, and 607 tons of bone; and in 1828, of oil 13,966 
 tons, and of bone 802 tons. The value of the whole produce of the fishery 
 of 1831, when oil had fallen from £50. to £30. and whalebone from £380. to 
 £200. was estimated only at £190,000. The season of 1832 was considered 
 prosperous. 
 
 The British fishery has lately yielded a produce and value much exceeding 
 that of the Dutch, even during the period of its greatest prosperity. In the 
 five years ending with 1818, there were imported into England and Scotland 
 68,940 tons of oil, and 3,420 tons of whalebone; which, valuing the oil at 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 211 
 
 WHALE FISHERY, promoted by an Act, {continued.) ... 1732 
 
 £36. 10s. and the bone at £90. with £10,000. in skins, raised the entire 
 product to £2,834,110. sterling, or £566,822. per annum. The fishery of 
 1814, a year peculiarly fortunate, produced 1437 whales from Greenland, 
 yielding 12,132 tons of oil, which, even at the lower rate of £32. including 
 the whalebone and bounty, and added to the produce from Davis' Straits, 
 formed altogether a value of above £700,000. But these were the days of 
 the bounty, which cost the nation, from 1750 to 1824, upwards of two 
 millions and a half. The invention of light by gas has rendered us indepen- 
 dent of oil in regard to what was its chief use in former days. 
 
 WHALES, appearance of in England, &c. 1570 
 
 One was driven on the coast of Norfolk, 1751. One near Berwick, 1752. Thir- 
 teen were driven ashore in a storm, on the coast of England, February, 1762. 
 One killed above London Bridge in September, 1781. One 19 feet long was 
 killed at Execution Dock, August, 1796. One killed at Hull, November, 
 1797. Another in the Thames, September, 1799. One at Leith, the same 
 month. One exhibited to the populace, near London Bridge, March, 1809; 
 the blubber valued at £150. One at Charing Cross, 1831, the dimensions 
 of which were as follow, viz. : — Feet. 
 
 Height of the animal „ 18 
 
 Length of the head „ .. 22 
 
 Height of the cranium 4£ 
 
 Length of the spine 69^ 
 
 Number of bones forming the spine 62 
 
 Number of ribs on each side 14 
 
 Bones analogous to the breast bones of other auimals 4 
 
 Length of the ribs ..., 9 
 
 Ditto of the fins ".. 12^ 
 
 Ditto of the fingers 4J 
 
 Width of the tail. 221 
 
 Length of the tail 3 
 
 Weight of the animal when found, 240 tons, or 480,000 lbs. 
 Weight of the entire skeleton, 45 tons, or 70,000 lbs. 
 Quantity of oil extracted from the blubber, 4,000 gallons, or 
 
 40,000 lbs. 
 Weight of the rotten flesh buried in the sand 85 tons, or 
 170,000 lbs. 
 
 This Whale was found dead, floating on the coast of Belgium, November 
 8, 1827. 
 
 WHEAT, the sale of, during the following reigns, was as 
 below stated, viz. : — £t s . dm 
 
 In the reign of Philip and Mary, (per Quarter) ..... 6 8 
 
 Elizabeth 9 
 
 James I 11 6 
 
 Charles I , 14 
 
 Charles II 1 
 
 James II. , 1 4 
 
 William and Marv Ill 
 
 Anne ' 118 3 
 
 George I 2 
 
 George II 2 15 
 
 George III. (1796) ;.„.. 6 10 
 
 George IV 3 7 11 
 
 William IV . 3 6 4 
 
 The quantity of Wheat produced in England and Wales in 1796, amounted 
 
212 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 WHEAT, The Sale of, (continued.) 
 
 to 32,000,000 bushels; 20,000 sacks are consumed weekly in London. A 
 single grain of Tartarian oats was planted at Beverley, in Yorkshire, in 1795, 
 from the root of which eighteen stalks were produced, which yielded 8,280 
 grains. 
 
 Eden in his " History of the Poor," says, " About fifty years ago, (this 
 was written in 1797,) so small was the quantity of wheat used in the county 
 of Cumberland, that it was only a rich family that used a peck of wheat in 
 the course of the year, and that was used at Christmas. The usual treat for 
 a stranger was a thick oat cake (called haver-bannock) and butter. An old 
 labourer of eighty-five remarks that, when he was a boy, he was at Carlisle 
 market with his father, and wishing to indulge himself with a penny loaf 
 made of wheat flour, he searched for it for some time, but could not procure 
 a piece of wheaten bread at any shop in the town." 
 
 At the time of the Revolution, according to the estimate of Gregory 
 King, 14,000,000 bushels of wheat were grown in England. The population 
 of England at the Revolution was under five millions, so that each person 
 consumed about three bushels annually. The population, in 1833, was under 
 15 millions, so that each person consumed about seven bushels annually. 
 
 The present Corn-law (9th George IV. c, 60) came into operation in 1828, 
 
 and imposes a duty fluctuating according to the average price in this country. 
 
 The Scale of this duty maybe judged of by quoting the following extracts from 
 
 the scale for wheat: — Per Quarter 
 
 When the average price is not under 61s. and under 62s. per \ 4 - s - d - 
 
 Quarter, the duty is } 
 
 When 62 5 . and under 63s 14 8 
 
 „ 69s. „ 70s 13 8 
 
 „ 71s. „ 72s 6 8 
 
 „ 72s. „ 73s 2 8 
 
 At or above 73s 
 
 This law is a modification of a more prohibitory system which had been acted 
 upon for some years, but it preserves the principle of the fluctuating scale of 
 duties. Since it came into operation on the 15th July, 1828, up to the 30th 
 of June, 1831, there have been imported in those three years 7,263,184 
 quarters of corn of every description, being an average of 2,421,061 quarters 
 a year, and the total amount of duty collected upon corn in such three years 
 was £2,096,951. The total quantity of foreign wheat imported in the same 
 period was 4,620,029 quarters, being an average of 1,540,009 quarters a year, 
 and the three years' duty amounted to £1,389,290, being after the rate of 
 6s. 1 d. per quarter as the mean duty. The annual consumption of corn in 
 the United Kingdom, including what is used for seed, has been estimated as 
 follows:— Wheat — Quarters. Other Grain — Quarters. Total Quarters. 
 
 Year 12,000,000 40,000,000 52,000,000 
 
 Month 1,000,000 3,333,333 4,333,333 
 
 Week 250,000 833,333 1,083,333 
 
 Day , 35,714 119,048 154,762 
 
 It appears that, upon an average of the last three years, the quantity of corn 
 imported has been less than two million quarters and a half. But taking the 
 import of the year 1818, viz. 3,522,729 quarters, being the largest quantity 
 imported in any one year, and comparing it with the produce of the kingdom, 
 it will be found te amount to about the fourteenth part of it. It is probable, 
 however, that nearly half the corn produced is not brought to market, but 
 consumed by the agriculturists, or used for seed : the consequence of this is, 
 that the quantity of foreign corn in the market may be estimated, at the 
 most, not to exceed the seventh part of British corn brought to market ; even 
 this would have a great influence in alleviating a bad year, and likewise be 
 the means of checking monopoly. Upon the corn laws in general, we shall 
 merely remark, that where there are conflicting interests, it is necessary that 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 213 
 
 WHEAT, The Sale of, (continued.) 
 
 each should give and take for the benefit of the whole ; and if it is unfair in 
 the consumer to object to the protection of the agriculturist, so, on the other 
 hand, would it be as censurable for the agriculturists by any means to lessen 
 the interest of the community in general. 
 
 Earl Fitzwilliam's resolution that the Corn-Law had failed to realise the 
 intention with which it was passed, lost, in the House of Lords, by a majority 
 of 200, March 14, 1839 :— 
 
 There being against the Resolution » 224 
 
 In favour of it 24 
 
 200 
 
 WHIG AND TORY, took their rise in 1649 
 
 They 'were at their greatest height about 1704. 
 
 WHIPPERS, the Religious Order of 1055 
 
 WHITE COATS, the Religious Order of, began 1396 
 
 WHITE MONKS, the ditto, in 1319 
 
 WHITEHALL PREACHERS first appointed by the two 
 
 Universities, April 5 1724 
 
 W T IDOWERS taxed 1695 
 
 WIGS, full bottom, first worn by the Judges, in 1674 
 
 WILD-FIRE invented by a Grecian 663 
 
 Du Cange gives a particular description of it: it was usually planted on the prows 
 of vessels when they were in naval engagements : but in the expedition to 
 attack Igor, the son of Rurick, in 941, the sides and sterns of the vessels were 
 abundantly supplied with this ammunition, which decided the victory in 
 favour of Michael; and to this circumstance may also be ascribed the origin 
 of artillery on board of ships, after the invention of gunpowder, which put 
 an end to the Greek fire. 
 
 WILLS. 
 
 Wills to devise lands were first permitted, under restrictions, by Henry VIII. 
 Universally all real property at the Restoration. Wills of Sovereigns, the 
 first on record, is Richard II. of the date of 1399. 
 
 WILLIAM'S FORT, loss of life in the Black Hole there... 1756 
 
 In 1756, Calcutta was taken by the senbah of Bengal, who forced the feeble gar- 
 rison, to the amount of 123 persons, (some accounts state 146) into a prison 
 called the Black Hole, a cube of eighteen feet, out of which only twenty- 
 three came out alive. It was retaken the next year by Colonel Clive and 
 Admiral Watson. The victory of Plassey followed; and the inhuman senbah 
 was deposed, and put to death by his successor. Immediately after this 
 victory, Colonel Clive began to erect the present Citadel of Calcutta, which is 
 superior to any other fortress in India. 
 
 WINDMILLS invented , 1299 
 
214 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 WINDOWS of glass first used in England for houses 1 180 
 
 Tax on first passed, in 1696 : increased February 5, 1746: again, in 1763, and 
 
 1778. 
 WIND SAW-MILL, a, invented , 1633 
 
 It was erected near the Strand, London, by a Dutchman. 
 
 WINES first made in Flanders, in 276 
 
 In England, in 1140. Sold by the Apothecaries as a cordial, 1300: sold at 20s. 
 the ton, and the second sort, 13*. 4d. in 1389. In 1790, there were 140,000 
 pipes of wine made in Portugal, 45,000 of which were imported into Eng- 
 land; 20,000 into Ireland; 38,000 into Holland, Denmark, &c. and the re- 
 maining 37,000 were consumed at Home. 
 
 WINE LICENCES established 1661 
 
 WING OF ST. MICHAEL, Order of Knighthood of, began 
 
 in Portugal 1165 
 
 WINSTER, in Derbyshire, accident at, January 25 1785 
 
 At Winster, in Derbyshire, nearly sixty persons were assembled at a puppet show, 
 when the upper floor of the house was blown up with gunpowder, without 
 doing the least injury to the people below. 
 
 WIRTEMBERG erected into a County, in 1078 
 
 Into a Duchy at the Diet of Worms, 1495. Into a kingdom by Bonaparte, in 
 1805. 
 
 WITCHCRAFT much believed in, in the 16th century. 
 
 The Duchess of Gloucester, aunt of Henry VI. was condmned to perpetual impri- 
 sonment on a charge of witchcraft and treason, in 1441. 
 
 In the reign of Henry VIII. a woman was executed for this supposed crime by the 
 Sheriff of Devon; six hundred were executed for it in France, in 1600. 
 Witchcraft Act passed, 1601. Grandiere, a priest of London, burnt for be- 
 witching a whole convent of nuns, 1634; twenty women were executed in 
 Bretagne, 1654; five persons were burnt for witches at Paisley, in Scotland, 
 1697; the Act repealed, March 23, 1736; about the middle of the 17th cen- 
 tury, a woman was tried in England for witchcraft, found guilty, condemned 
 and executed— the judge being the celebrated Sir Matthew Hale. Nine 
 were burnt in Poland, in 1775. 
 
 WOAD first cultivated in England 1582 
 
 The fixing its colour discovered, 1753. 
 
 WOOD-CUTS invented 1460 
 
 WOODSTOCK PARK enclosed 1123 
 
 WOOD'S PATENT for coining granted, January, 1723 
 
 WOODS, an Act for the preservation of 1544 
 
 First taxed by Parliament, 31 Henry VI. in 1542. 
 
 WOOD'S halfpence ordered to be coined for Ireland and 
 
 America. ,,,...,, ;. , : . .".....,.;,............. i ... . 1 "7^3 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 215 
 
 WOLDIMER, ST. Knights of, established in Russia 1687 
 
 WOOL. 
 
 One pound of wool has been spun as follows : — A lee of woollen yarn measures in 
 length eighty yards: — a hank of ditto, by the custom of Norwich, consists 
 of seven lees ;; — twenty-four hanks in the pound is accounted good spinning 
 in the schools, 13,440 yards: — seventy hanks in the pound is accounted 
 superfine spinning at Norwich, being 35,200 yards, or twenty-one miles. One 
 hundred and fifty hanks in the pound were spun in 1754, by Mary Powle, of 
 East. Dereton, Norfolk ; and this was thought so extraordinary, that an ac- 
 count of it is registered at the Royal Society. Since that period, 300 hanks 
 in the pound have been spun by a Miss Ives : and it is thought it will, at no 
 distant period of time, be brought to greater perfection. 
 
 WOOLLEN GOODS first exported from Ireland, to a 
 
 Foreign Market, January 15 1780 
 
 WOOLLEN CLOTHS. 
 
 The manufacturers of, were in all civilized countries, and in very remote ages: 
 probably of linen also. Diodorus Siculus, who wrote in Augustus Caesar's 
 time, A. D. 21, relates, that in the Isle of Malta several mercantile wares were 
 made, particularly very fine cloth : and Strabo, speaking of Turtetania, in 
 Lusitania, says, in 34, that cloths were formerly the exports of that country, 
 but that they have now another manufacture of most excellent beauty, such 
 as that of the Corai, a people of Asia, from whence the rams were bought at a 
 talent each, or £100. The manufacture of Woollen-cloth commenced at 
 Sedan, in France, 1646. The first made in England, in 1331 : medley cloths 
 first made, 1614: enacted that none should be buried but in wool, under the 
 penalty of £5. in 1666 and 1678. First dyed and dressed in England in 1667. 
 Medley cloths greatly improved by the Walloons, 16S8. Wool and woollen 
 manufactures of Ireland and America prohibited to be carried any where but 
 to England, 1700. In 1779, 272,755 pieces of broad cloth, containing 8,806,688 
 yards, and 108,168 pieces of narrow cloth, containing 6,327,277 yards, were 
 manufactured in the West-Riding of Yorkshire, being an increase on the year 
 1798, a produce of 48,596 pieces, or 1,672,574 yards of broad cloth, and 
 315,602 or 1,196,964 yards of narrow cloth. Its export from Great Britain 
 in 1787 was £3,687,795. 12s. 2d. value: exportation of forbid, by an Act 
 passed in 1788. 
 
 WORCESTER CITY, accident at, March 15 1757 
 
 A stack of chimnies fell on the Court-House, and killed several persons : greatly 
 damaged by an explosion of gunpowder, August 11, 1762: damaged by fire 
 to the amount of £12,000. in November, 1791. 
 
 WORMWOOD, and other Plants, used for preserving Malt 
 
 Liquors, before the use of Hops 1492 
 
 WORSHIPPING IMAGES introduced into England 763 
 
 Suppressed in 1546. 
 
 YARM overflowed by the River Tees, and received much 
 
 damage, October 20 1761 
 
 YORK COLUMN, The completed, April 10 1834 
 
 The York Column was completed, and a statue of the Duke placed on the summit 
 
216 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 YORK COLUMN, The, (continued.) 
 
 at the above period. Mr. B. Wyatt was trie architect, and Mr. Nowell, of 
 Chelsea, the Contractor. Independent of the bronze statue, it cost £15,760. 
 The total height is 137 feet. 
 
 YORK INDIAMAN, The, lost in going into Limerick, in 
 
 Ireland, November 14 1758 
 
 YORK-STREET, dreadful accident in, October 26 1832 
 
 Two houses fell in York-street, lower Westminster; eighteen persons were buried 
 in the ruins, thirteen were dug up alive, but severely injured, and five 
 killed. 
 
 YORKSHIRE, floor of the Sessions House at Malton, fell, 
 
 December 1785 
 
 Although three hundred persons fell twelve feet deep, no lives were lost. 
 
 YOUGHALL, the barracks of, in Ireland, blown up by 
 
 accident, September 1 793 
 
 n consequence of this dreadful accident, the face of Mr. Armstrong, the quarter- 
 master, was so burnt that the whole of the skin was scorched; and it is a 
 singular circumstance, that, being previously very much marked with the 
 small-pox, on getting a new skin it became perfectly smooth, without the] 
 least appearance of the marks of that disorder ! 
 
 ZARRAGOSSA, surrendered July 30 1813 
 
 Zarragossa surrendered to General Mina, with 500 prisoners, forty-seven pieces 
 of cannon, with a vast quantity of stores, clothing, &c. 
 
 ZODIAC, the Signs of the, invented by Anaximander, b. c. . 597 
 
 ADDENDA. 
 
 THE FOLLOWING EVENTS HAVE BEEN OMITTED TO BE INSERTED IN 
 THEIR PROPER PLACE. 
 
 Section I. — General Events. 
 
 ABJURATION OATH first required 1701 
 
 ADMIRAL in France, 1276 
 
 The first in England, in 1297. 
 
 ADMIRAL'S, the Turkish, ship burnt off Scio, by Greek 
 
 fire-ships, July 1 1822 
 
 AFRICAN BILL, to supply that trade with calicoes 1765 
 
 AGRICULTURE introduced b. c. 1600 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 217 
 
 ALE AND ALE-HOUSES, in England 1728 
 
 Made mention of in the laws of Ina, king of Wessex. First licensed in 1551. 
 
 ALTARS first used in 135 
 
 Consecrated in 271. The first in Britain, in 634. 
 
 AMETHYSTS discovered at Kerry, in Ireland 1755 
 
 AMSTERDAM first settled 1203 
 
 ANABAPTISTS began 1525 
 
 Arrived in England, 1549. 
 
 ANCHORITES began 1255 
 
 ANCHORS invented 587 
 
 ANDOFER made a free Burgh 1205 
 
 ANDREW, ST. Knights of, in Scotland, instituted 809 
 
 Renewed, 1452, and 1695: instituted in Russia, 1698. 
 
 ANTHEMS first used 386 
 
 ANTIGUA settled by the English 1632 
 
 APPEALS. 
 
 The following is a Summary of the Scots Appeals determined in the Session of 
 Parliament for 1814, viz. : — 
 
 Affirmed 14 
 
 Reversed , 8 
 
 Remitted 7 
 
 Reversed and affirmed in part 2 
 
 Reversed and remitted in part 1 
 
 Deferred 1 
 
 Total 33 
 
 ARABLE LANDS restrained, and Pasture enforced 1534 
 
 ARBITRATION ACT passed 1698 
 
 ARCHANGEL, the passage to, discovered 1553 
 
 ARCHDEACON, the first appointed in England 1075 
 
 ARCHERY introduced into England before 440 
 
 ARGUND'S LAMPS introduced into general use in London 
 
 in .: 1785 
 
 No. 28- Ff 
 
218 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 ARGUS, The, an American sloop of war taken, August 14 . 1813 
 
 The Argus, of 20 guns, taken in St. George's Channel, by the Pelican, 18 guns, 
 after an action of forty minutes. 
 
 ARITHMETIC introduced into Europe from Arabia 991 
 
 Decimal, invented by Regiomontanus : others say by Simon Stevin, 1402; binary 
 invented by Leibnitz. 
 
 ARTICHOKES first planted in England 1487 
 
 ARTICLES OF RELIGION, published by Henry VIII.... 1536 
 
 The Articles of Religion published by Henry VIII. were six ; forty-two were 
 published without consent of Parliament, in 1552 j reduced to thirty-nine, 
 January, 1563; received the authority of Parliament, 1571; 104 drawn up 
 by Archbishop Usher for Ireland, 1615 ; established in 1634. 
 
 ARTIFICERS, Bill to prevent the seduction of 1587 
 
 ARUNDELIAN TABLES made b. c. 264 
 
 Discovered in 1610. 
 
 ASSAYING gold and silver legally established in England, 
 
 in 1299 
 
 Tlie first Assay-Master appointed at Sheffield and Birmingham, 1773. 
 
 ASSIGNATS first ordered by the National Assembly of 
 
 France, April 17, 1790 
 
 There were many thousands of them forged in London, and circulated in France. 
 
 ASSIZE OF BREAD first appointed 1528 
 
 ASPARAGUS first produced in England 1608 
 
 ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS first made at Baby- 
 lon in 2234 
 
 The celebrated tables made, B.C. 1353. 
 
 ASTRONOMY AND GEOGRAPHY brought into Greece, 
 
 b.c 368 
 
 First brought into Europe by the Moors of Barbary and Spain, 1201. 
 
 ASYLUMS for Debtors abolished in London 1696 
 
 ATHELSTAN, afterwards King, the first Knight created by 
 
 any English monarch 900 
 
 ATTORNEYS TAX commenced 1785 
 
 ATTRACTION, the first idea of, taken up by Kepler 1605 
 
 AZORES ISLE discovered, by Portugal 1419 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 219 
 
 BAHAMA ISLES discovered 1626 
 
 BALLOON", the starting of " Green's Monster," No- 
 vember 7 1839 
 
 The car contained three persons, which passed over to the continent, and de- 
 scended in the Duchy of Nassau. 
 
 BALLOON ASCENT, July 24 1837 
 
 Mr. Green and Mr. Spencer ascended in the Nassau Balloon, from the Vauxhall 
 Gardens, as above, to which was attached a parachute of a new construction, 
 (of the form of an expanded umbrella reversed), constructed by Mr. Cocking, 
 an artist, and containing Mr. Cocking himself. When at the height of about 
 5000 feet, Mr. Cocking detached his parachute: it scarcely, however, re- 
 tained its original shape more than three or four seconds, when it collapsed, 
 and descending to the ground with great violence, its unfortunate inventor 
 was killed on the spot. 
 
 BALLOON ASCENT from Cremorne House, August 1840 
 
 BANK STOCK, 3 per Cent. Annuities created in 1726 
 
 Three per Cent. Consols, 1731 ; — 3 per Cent. Reduced, 1746 ; — 3 per Cent. Annu- 
 nuities, payable at the South-Sea House, 1751; — 31 per Cent. Annuities, 
 1758; — Long Annuities, 1761 ; — 4 per Cent. Consols, 1762. 
 
 BANKRUPTS, the number of, at different periods, from 
 1700, to 1806:— 
 
 In 1700, the number of Bankrupts was 38 
 
 1701, 38 
 
 1702, 38 
 
 1713, 200 
 
 1714 173 
 
 1726, 415 
 
 1727 446 
 
 1744, 197 
 
 1745 200 
 
 1746 159 
 
 1762, 205 
 
 1763, 233 
 
 1772, 525 
 
 1773 562 
 
 1774, 360 
 
 1778, 675 
 
 1779 544 
 
 1780, 449 
 
 1781, 438 
 
 1782, 537 
 
 1783 528 
 
 1784, : 517 
 
 1791 604 
 
 1792, 628 
 
 1793 1304 
 
 1806 - 591 
 
 BARBADOES discovered and planted .................. 1614 
 
220 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 BANNERETS first created in England 1360 
 
 Renewed by Henry VII. 1485. Knight Banneret, is so styled from his right to 
 wear a banner, or flag, of a particular form. If a knight-banneret had been 
 created by the king in person, in the field, under the royal banners, in time 
 of open war, as formerly, he would be entitled to rank after a Knight of the 
 Order of St. George, or of the Garter, as instituted by Edward III. : other- 
 wise, he ranks after the Baronet. 
 
 BARBUDA ISLE first planted by England 1628 
 
 BARRINGTON ISLE, one of the Gallapagos, explored, 
 
 June 1793 
 
 BARON, the title first by patent in England 1388 
 
 The title of Baron is the most universally used of all the denominations of 
 nobility, being frequent throughout all the European countries in early 
 times, and of great antiquity. The origin and primitive meaning of the term 
 have occasioned much controversy among the learned. Judge Biackstone 
 writes, that the most probable opinion seems to be that they were the same 
 with our present Lords of Manors, to which the name of Court Baron (which 
 is the Lord's Court, and incident to every manor) gives some countenance. 
 
 BARONETS first created in England 1611 
 
 The title of Baronet is created by Letters Patent, and usually descends to male 
 issue. It was instituted by James I. " in order," says Judge Biackstone, 
 " to raise a competent sum for the reduction of the province of Ulster, in Ire- 
 " land (for which purpose one hundred gentlemen, who obtained this title, 
 " advanced £100. each) for which reason all baronets have the arms of 
 " Ulster (a hand gules, or a bloody hand in a field argent) superadded to 
 " their family coat." Baronets created in Scotland, 1624. In Ireland, 1620. 
 
 BARONETS of Nova Scotia created 1625 
 
 BAT AVI A, in the Isle of Java, first fortified by Holland ... 1611 
 
 BAT A VIA settled by the Dutch 1612 
 
 Taken by the British in 1812. 
 
 BAVARIA, The Dukedom of, founded, 1180 
 
 Made an Electorate; Maximilian Joseph, king of, 1805; Wirtemberg was at the 
 same time declared to be a kingdom; Augusta, the new Queen consort, being 
 the eldest daughter of George III. of England. Bavaria joined the allies 
 against France, 1813. Maximilian, king of Bavaria, died in 1825, and was 
 succeeded by his son. 
 
 BEADS first used in the Papist devotion 1093 
 
 BEAR, Knights of the, in Switzerland, began 1213 
 
 BEGGARS relieved by law in 1496 
 
 BELLEISLE, Marshal, and his brother, brought prisoners 
 
 to Windsor Castle 1745 
 
 BELLOWS invented , B. c. 554 
 
In the New. 1 
 
 Total. 
 
 27 
 
 66 
 
 260 
 
 1,189 
 
 ... 7,959 
 
 31,173 
 
 ...181,253 
 
 773,692 
 
 ...838,380 
 
 .. 3,566,480 
 
 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 221 
 
 BENEFICES began in 500 
 
 The following is the account given by Dr. 15urn of those in England, viz. : — that 
 there were 1071 livings not exceeding £10. per annum; 1467 above £10. 
 and not exceeding £20;— 1126 above £20. and not exceeding £30 ;— 1049 
 above £30. and not exceeding £40. ; — 884 above £40 and not exceeding £50.; 
 5597 under £50. per annum. It must be 500 years before every living can 
 be raised to £60. a year by Queen Anne's Bounty, and 339 years before any 
 of them can exceed £50. a year. On the whole, there are about 11,000 
 Church Preferments in England, exclusive of Bispopricks, Deaneries, Canon- 
 lies, Prebendaries, Priest- Vicars, Lay-Vicars, Secondaries, &c. belonging to 
 Cathedrals or Choristers, or even Curates to well-beneficed Clergymen. 
 
 BIBLE. 
 
 The Bible History ceases, 340 B.C.; Septuagint version made, 2S4; first divided 
 into chapters, 1253; permitted by the Pope to be translated into all the lan- 
 guages of the Catholic States, February 28, 1759. The following is a dissec- 
 tion of the Old and New Testament : — 
 In the Old Testament. 
 
 Books 39 
 
 Chapters 929 
 
 Verses 23,214 
 
 Words 592,493 
 
 Letters 2,728,100 
 
 The Apocrapha has 183 Chapters, 608 L verses, and 125,185 words. The 
 middle Chapter, and the least in the Bible, is the 117th Psalm; the middle 
 verse is the 8th of the 118th Psalm ; the middle line is the 2nd Book of the 
 Chronicles, 4th Chapter, 16th verse; the word AND occurs in the Old Testa- 
 ment 35,535 times; the same words in the New Testament occurs 10,684 
 times; the word Jehovah occurs 6,855 times. 
 
 The Old Testament. — The middle Book is Proverbs; the middle Chapter 
 is the 20th of Job ; the middle verse is the 2d Book of Chronicles, 20th 
 Chapter, 13th verse; the least verse is in the 1st Book of Chronicles, 1st 
 Chapter, and 1st verse. 
 
 The New Testament. — The middle Book is 2nd Thessalonians; the 
 middle Chapters are the 13th and 14th of the Romans; the middle verse is 
 the 17th of the 17th Chapter of the Acts; the least verse is the 35th verse of 
 the llth chapter of the Gospel by St. John. 
 
 The 21st verse of the 7th Chapter of Ezra has all the letters of the Alphabet. 
 The 19th Chapter of the 2nd Book of Kings, and the 37th Chapter of Isaiah, 
 are alike. The Book of Esther has 10 Chapters, but neither the words of 
 God or Loud are in it. 
 
 BIBLE, TIND AL' S, ignominiously burnt in 1534 
 
 BIGAMY Statute of, first passed 1762 
 
 BIRTH OF CHILDREN taxed 1695 
 
 Again in 1783. 
 
 BISHOP of Nova Scotia first appointed, August 11 1787 
 
 BISHOP, the first in America, 1784 
 
 The first Bishop in America was Dr. Seabury, consecrated November 14. 
 
 BISHOPS, their translation instituted 239 
 
 Appointed by the people, in 400; first in England, 694; first in Denmark, 939; 
 made Barons, 1072; precedency settled, 1075; banished England, 120S; con- 
 
222 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 BISHOPS, (continued.) 
 
 sented to be tributary to Rome, 1245; deprived of trie privilege of sitting as. 
 Judges in capital offences, 1388; the first who suffered death in England by 
 a sentence of the Civil Power, 1405; six new ones instituted, 1530; elected 
 by the King's Conge d'Elire, 1535 ; held their sees during 1 pleasure, 1547 ; 
 form of consecration ordained, 1549 ; seven deprived for being married, 1554 ; 
 several burnt for not changing their religion, 1555; fifteen consecrated at 
 Lambeth, 1559; twelve impeached, and committed for protesting against any 
 law passed during- the time the populace prevented their attending Parlia- 
 ment, 1641 ; their whole order abolished by Parliament, October 9, 1646 ; 
 nine restored, and eight new ones consecrated, October 25, 1660; regained 
 their seats, November 30, 1661; seven committed to the Tower, for not 
 ordering the King's declaration for liberty of conscience to be read in their 
 dioceses, 1688: they were tried and acquitted. (See page 10.). Bishops 
 expelled Scotland, 1689; six suspended for not taking the oaths to king 
 William, 1689. Deprived 1690. 
 
 Bishopricks of England and Wales, according to the antiquity of their 
 institution, viz. : — 
 
 London, an Archbishoprick and Metropolitan of England, founded by 
 Lucius, the first Christian King.' (See Lucius.) 
 
 Llandaff, 185. 
 
 Bangor, 5L6. 
 
 St. David's, 519, (the Archbishoprick of Wales, from 550 till 1100, when 
 the Bishop submitted to the Archbishop of Canterbury as his metropolitan. 
 
 St. Asaph's, 547. 
 
 St. Augustin, or Austin, made Canterbury the Metropolitan Arch- 
 bishoprick, by order of Pope Gregory, 596. 
 
 Wells, 604. 
 
 Rochester, 604. 
 
 Winchester, 650. 
 
 Litchfield and Coventry, 656. 
 
 Worcester, 679. 
 
 Hereford, 680. 
 
 Durham, 690. 
 
 Sodor and Man, (with jurisdiction of the Hebrides in Scotland,) 83S. 
 
 Exeter, 1050. 
 
 Sherborne, (changed to Salisbuby,) 1056. 
 
 York, (Archbishoprick), 1067. 
 
 Dorchester, (changed to Lincoln,) 1070. 
 
 Chichester, 1071. 
 
 Thetfokd, (changed to Norwich,) 1088. 
 
 Bath and Wells, 1081. 
 
 Ely, 1109. 
 
 Carlisle, 1133. 
 The following six were founded upon the suppression of the Monasteries 
 by Henry VIII. :— 
 
 Chester, Peterbobough, Gloucester, Oxfobd, Bristol, West- 
 minster. Westminster united to London, in 1550. CANADA made a 
 Rishoprick in 1793. 
 
 Revenues attached to the several Bishopricks of England and Ireland, 
 per annum, viz. : — 
 
 ENGLAND. £. ENGLAND. £, 
 
 Canterbury 8000 
 
 York 7000 
 
 London 6200 
 
 Durham 8700 
 
 Winchester ,. 7400 
 
 Ely 4000 
 
 Worcester « 3400 
 
 St. Asaph 1500 
 
 Carlisle 2800 
 
 Llandaff 1600 
 
 Peterborough 1 700 
 
 Gloucester 2200 
 
 Rochester 2400 
 
 Litchfield and Coventry . . 2800 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 223 
 
 BISHOPRICKS, (continued.) 
 
 ENGLAND. £. 
 
 Salisbury 3500 
 
 Norwich 5000 
 
 Lincoln 3200 
 
 Hereford 3000 
 
 Chichester 2200 
 
 Bath and Wells 2400 
 
 IRELAND. £. 
 
 Armagh 8000 
 
 Dublin 5000 
 
 Tuam 4000 
 
 Cashel 4000 
 
 Derry 7000 
 
 Clonfert 2300 
 
 Clogher 4000 
 
 Kilmore 2600 
 
 Elphin 3700 
 
 Meath 3200 
 
 Killaloe 2300 
 
 ENGLAND. £. 
 
 Bangor 1200 
 
 Chester 2700 
 
 Oxford 2800 
 
 Exeter 2700 
 
 St. David's 400 
 
 Bristol 1500 
 
 IRELAND. £. 
 
 Killala L\ 2900 
 
 Limerick 3500 
 
 Cork 2700 
 
 Cloyne 2500 
 
 Down 2300 
 
 Dromore 2000 
 
 Leigh and Fearns 2200 
 
 Kildare 2600 
 
 Raphoe 2600 
 
 Ossory 2000 
 
 Waterford 2600 
 
 BISHOPRICKS in Germany first founded by Charlemagne . 800 
 
 Removed from villages to great towns in England, in 1076. 
 
 BLACK RENT established in Ireland 1412 
 
 BLACKWELL HALL appointed for a repository for 
 
 woollen cloth 1515 
 
 BOATS, flat-bottomed, invented in the Conqueror's time, 
 who used them in the Isle of Ely. 
 
 BOMBS first invented by a man at Venlo, in the United Pro- 
 vinces of Holland, in 1588 
 
 First used in the service of France, 1634. Bomb-vessels invented in Fiance, 
 in 1681. 
 
 BONES, the art of softening them found out 1688 
 
 BOOKS, in the present form, invented in 887 
 
 Books in the present form were invented by Attalus, king of Pergamus, 387. The 
 first supposed to be written in Job's time. Two hundred thousand burnt at 
 Constantinople, by order of Pope Leo I., in 761. A very large estate given 
 for one on Cosmography, by king Alfred. Books were sold from £10. to £30. 
 a-piece in about 1400. The first printed one was the vulgate edition of the 
 Bible, in 1462; the second was Cicero de Officiis, in 1466 ; Cornelius 
 Nepos, published at Moscow, was the first classical book printed iu Russia, 
 April 29, 1762. Selling by Catalogue began in 1676. 
 
 BOOK-KEEPING, after the Italian method, first used in 
 
 London 1569 
 
 BOURBON, (formerly Mascareen), Isle of, planted by 
 
 France 1672 
 
224 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 BOOTS invented b. c. 907 
 
 BOSTON PORT BILL, for its removal, 1775 
 
 BOTANY, the study of revived in; 1534 
 
 BOUNTIES first legally granted in England for exporting 
 
 corn 1 "89 
 
 For raising naval stores in America, 1703. 
 
 BOURDEAUX opened its gates to a British force under Sir 
 
 W. C. Beresford, March 12 1814 
 
 This was the first city in France that hoisted the white flag, and declared for the 
 Bourbons. 
 
 BRASIL discovered 1486 
 
 Settled by the Spaniards, 1515; settled by Holland, 1624; taken from Holland 
 by Portugal, 1654. 
 
 BREAD first made with yeast in England, about 1649 
 
 BREAST-PLATES for armour invented b. c. 937 
 
 BRITAIN discovered to be an island, about 90 
 
 BRITISH ARMY, effective strength of, September 25 1813 
 
 The effective strength of the British army at this period, amounted to 260,797, 
 exclusive of militia and volunteer corps. 
 
 BRITISH ISLES. 
 
 They were inhabited originally by a people called Britons, of the same stock with 
 the ancient Gauls or Celtse. The Romans first invaded them under Julius 
 Caesar, B. c. 54, but made no conquests. The Emperor Claudius, and his 
 generals Palutius, Vespasian, and Titus, subdued several provinces after 
 thirty pitched battles with the natives, A. D. 43 and 44. The conquest was 
 completed by Agricola in the reign of Domitian, 85. Wrested from the 
 Roman Empire by Carausius, 289 ; recovered by Constantius, 296. The 
 Romans held their conquest till 428 ; then the old inhabitants called in the 
 Saxons to assist them against the Picts and Scots; these Saxons made a 
 second conquest, and divided South Britain into seven kingdoms, 455. This 
 government was called the Saxon Heptarchy, and lasted till 829, when Egbert 
 having subdued and united them under one government, was crowned king of 
 England. Egbert is styled the first king of England, though that honour is 
 not due to him, but to his descendant, Athelstan. 
 
 BRIGHTHELMSTONE BLOCK-HOUSE, The, washed 
 
 away by the sea, November 19 1716 
 
 BROKERS regulated in London by law 1697 
 
 BUCKINGHAM HOUSE demolished 1825 
 
 The present Palace is erected on the structure of the late building. (For a further 
 account of Buckingham House, see " Edifices," Section III.) 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 225 
 
 BURGOS evacuated, and blown up by the French, under 
 
 General Boyer, June 13 1813 
 
 BURGUNDY, the Dukedom of, established 890 
 
 The kingdom of founded, 413; again in 814; united to the German Empire, 
 1035; disunited by a revolt, and divided into four sovereignties, 1074. 
 
 BURIALS forbidden within towns in Poland in 1792 
 
 BUTTON MANUFACTURERS, Petition of the Birming- 
 ham, 1830 
 
 This Petition was presented to His Majesty. William IV. at Windsor, in conse- 
 quence of the great depression in trade, at the same time exhibiting a splendid 
 specimen of buttons, with the royal arms embossed thereon. They were a 
 present to Queen Adelaide, Prince George of Cumberland, and Cambridge. 
 This was the first occasion of presenting a Petition, but by the Secretary of 
 State. 
 
 BYNG COMMEMORATION, The, March 1840 
 
 The Dinner to Mr. Byng was given with feelings of affectionate respect to an indi- 
 vidual whose character was so justly regarded by those who knew him well, 
 and to one who could refer to services rendered to his country for half a can- 
 tury, as Member in Parliament for the County of Middlesex. The dinner took 
 place at Druiy-lane Theatre, which was splendidly illuminated and decorated 
 for the occasion. The Pit was raised to a level with the Stage, so that the 
 tables extended from one extremity of the Theatre to the other. At the back 
 of the Stage were two brilliant illumination stars, in the centre of either of 
 which the letter " V. "and " A." were conspicuous. The boxes and galleries 
 were filled with spectators, the former almost exclusively with ladies. 
 
 CALATRAVA, Knights of, in Spain, instituted 1158 
 
 CALIFORNIA discovered by Cortes 1543 
 
 CALVINISTS, Religious Order of, began 1546 
 
 CAMBRICS from France prohibited 1745 
 
 Totally, in 1758. Pce-admitted in 1786. 
 
 CAMERONIANS, the Religious Order of, began 1685 
 
 CANADA discovered by Cabot 1499 
 
 Explored by the French, 150S: 1524: and 1534; settled, 1540; Quebec built, 
 1603; 'taken first by England, 1628. 
 
 CANARY ISLES discovered 1344 
 
 Granted to Spain; explored, 1393. 
 
 CANDY, in the island of Ceylon, massacre of Troops, &c... 1803 
 
 At Candy, in the island of Ceylon, in an expedition against that place, a whole 
 British detachment were massacred or imprisoned, 1803. War renewed 
 No. 29- Gg 
 
226 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 CANDY, (continued.) 
 
 against, October, 1814. Kins; of defeated, and made prisoner by General 
 Brownrigg, February 18, 1815. Deposed, and the sovereignty vested in 
 Great Britain, March 2, 1815. 
 
 CANONIZATION first used by the Papal authority 993 
 
 CANONS regular, the Religious Order of began 400 
 
 CAPE BLANCO, on the Coast of Africa, discovered, 1441 
 
 CAPE BRETON discovered by the English 15S4 
 
 Yielded to France, 1632; taken by England, 1745; restored, 1748; again talcen 
 and kept, 1758. 
 
 CAPE DE VERD Islands discovered 1447 
 
 CAPE OF GOOD HOPE discovered, 1487 
 
 Planted by Holland, 1651. 
 
 CAPE HORN first sailed round 1616 
 
 Straits discovered, 1643. 
 
 CAPPER, or HATTER, prohibition against 1489 
 
 In this year a Statute passed that no capper or hatter s ould sell any hat above 
 20d. nor cap above 2s. 8d. 
 
 CAPUCHINS, the Religious Order of, began 1525 
 
 CARDS invented in France, for the amusement of Charles 
 
 VI 1380 
 
 They were invented by one Jaquerien Grigonneur; forbidden in Castile, 1387; 
 428,000 packs were stamped in England, in 1774. 
 
 CARIBBEE Isles discovered 1595 
 
 CARMELITES, the Religious Order of, began 1141 
 
 CARRIAGES introduced into Vienna 1514 
 
 Into England in 1580. 
 
 CAROLINA discovered 1497 
 
 Planted in 1629. 
 
 CARP first brought to England... 1524 
 
 CARPET, Order of, made in England 1553 
 
 CARTHUSIANS, ditto 1084 
 
 CARVING in marble invented b. c. 772 
 
 CATALOGUES of English printed Books first published in 1594 
 
 In Ireland, in 1632. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 227 
 
 CATHERINE, ST. the Religious Order of, began 1373 
 
 CATHERINE, ST. Knights of, began in Palestine 1063 
 
 CATHERINE, ST. the Order of, in Russia, began 1715 
 
 CATHOLIC MAJESTY, the Title of, given by the Pope 
 
 to the King of Spain 739 
 
 CATTLE prohibited to be imported into England from Ire- 
 land and Scotland 1663 
 
 CAULIFLOWERS first planted in England 1603 
 
 CHAMBERLAIN, Election of, for the City of London, 
 
 January 21 „ 183 1 
 
 The Election for the Office of Chamberlain, for the City of London, vacant by the 
 death of J. Clark, Esq. commenced at Guildhall, January 21, 1831. Candi- 
 dates, Alderman Waithman, and Alderman Shaw. 
 
 The Poll. 
 
 First Day. Shaw 150 
 
 Waithman 127 
 
 Second Day. Shaw 1555 
 
 Waithman 695 
 
 Third Day. Shaw' 2652 
 
 Waithman 1294 
 
 Alderman Waithman decided the contest by resigning; but the Poll was 
 kept open till January 26. At Three o'clock the State of the Poll for Cham- 
 berlain was declared, viz. : — 
 
 Sir J. Shaw. 3447 
 
 Waithman 2007 
 
 Last Day. Sir J. Shaw 3488 
 
 Waithman 2041 
 
 CHAMPION OF ENGLAND first used 1377 
 
 CHANTRIES, 2374 suppressed in England in ; 1548 
 
 CHAPLINES, the Religious Order of, began .................. 1284 
 
 CHARLESTOWN, south Carolina, infested with worms, 
 
 June 1751 
 
 Destroyed by a hurricane, September 15, 1753: had 250 dwellings besides out- 
 houses, burnt, to the amount of £100,000. sterling, January 15, 1778: taken 
 by the British forces, May, 1779. 
 
 CHARTERS first granted to different Cities in England 1179 
 
 CHATHAM, Statue of the Earl of, erected in the Guildhall 
 
 of London, in , 1782 
 
228 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 CHELTENHAM MINERAL SPRING discovered 1740 
 
 CHELTENHAM, in Gloucestershire, visited by His Ma- 
 jesty, (George III.) and Royal Family, July 12 1788 
 
 Returned August 16, 1788. 
 
 CHEMISTRY AND DISTILLERY introduced into Eu- 
 rope by the Spanish Moors 1150 
 
 Chemistry and Distillery were introduced into Europe by the Spanish Moors, who 
 learnt it from those of Africa, and they of the Egyptians. Hydraulic Chemis- 
 try invented in 1746. 
 
 CHERRIES brought from Pontus to Rome, by Lucullus ... 70 
 
 Apricots from Epirus, Peaches from Persia, the finest plums from Damascus and 
 Armenia, pears and figs from Greece and Egypt, citrons from Media, pome- 
 granates from Carthage, about 114 years B.C. Cherry-trees first planted in 
 Britain, 100 B. C. ; brought from Flanders, and planted in Kent, with such 
 success, that an orchard of thirty-two acres produced, in 1540, £1000. 
 
 CHESS, the game of, invented 608 
 
 Introduced into Persia, 533. 
 
 CHEST AT CHATHAM, The, enforced by law 1558 
 
 The Chest at Chatham was instituted as above, when the seamen in the service of 
 Queen Elizabeth agreed to allow a portion of each man's pay for the relief of 
 their fellow sailors that had been wounded in the defeat of the Spanish 
 Armada, which custom has continued ever since. It was instituted on the 
 plan suggested by Sir J. Hawkins. 
 
 CHIARO-OBSCURO, the art of printing in, with three 
 
 plates, to imitate Drawings, first used 1500 
 
 CHILI discovered by Spain 1518 
 
 Invaded by the Spaniards, in 1540. 
 
 CHIMES on bells invented at Alost 1487 
 
 CHIMNIES first introduced into buildings in England 1200 
 
 Only in the kitchen, or large hall, smoaky, where the family sat round a great 
 stove, the funnel of which passed through the ceiling, in 1300. 
 
 CHINA first visited by the Portuguese.... 1517 
 
 Conquered by the Eastern Tartars, in 1635. 
 
 CHOCOLATE introduced into Europe from Mexico 1520 
 
 CHRISTIANITY propagated in Spain 36 
 
 In Britain, 60, or, as others say, in the 5th century: in Franconia and Flanders 
 in the 7th century: in Lombardy, Thuringia, and Hesse, in the 8th century: 
 in Sweden, Denmark, Poland, and Russia, in the 9th century : in Hungary 
 and Sclavonia, in the 10th century: in Vaudalia and Prussia, in the 11th 
 century: in Pomeiania and Norway, in the 12th century: in Livonia, Lithu- 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 229 
 
 CHRISTIANITY, (continued.) 
 
 ania, and part of Tartary, in the 13th century: Sclavonia, part of Turkey, 
 and the Canary Isles, in the 14th century: in Africa, at Guinea, Angola, and 
 Congo, in the 15th century: made great progress in Prussia, both the Indies, 
 and in China, by the Protestant faith, in the 16th century : reinstated in 
 Greece, &c. &c s in the 17th rentury. 
 
 CHRISTENINGS taxed .., , 1783 
 
 CHRISTMAS-DAY first observed as a Festival 98 
 
 CHRISTOPHERS, ST. Isle of, discovered 1595 
 
 Settled by the English, 1626. 
 
 CHRISTIAN KING, the title first given to Louis IX. of 
 
 France 1469 
 
 It was afterwards annulled by the National Assembly, in 179.1. 
 
 CHURCH BENEFICES forbid to be held by foreigners ... 1430 
 CHURCHES began to be built in England, in 63S 
 
 First began to be built at Babingley, in Norfolk : fifty new ones were ordered by 
 Parliament to be built in 1711. 
 
 CHURCH-MUSIC introduced into worship.... 350 
 
 Choral service first used in England, at Canterbury, 677: changed throughout 
 England from the use of St. Paul's to that of Sarum, 1418: first performed in 
 English, May 3, 1559. 
 
 CHURCHWARDENS AND OVERSEERS instituted ... 1127 
 CINNAMON trade began by the Dutch 1506 
 
 It was known in the time of Augustus Caesar, and long before. 
 
 CINCINNATUS Order of, began in America 1783 
 
 CIS- ALPINE REPUBLIC, The, founded by the French, 
 
 June30Marchl8 \ 1797 
 
 Acknowledged by the Emperor to be independent, October 17 following; united 
 to the French Empire, in 1805; Eugene Beauharnois, Viceroy. 
 
 CISTERTIANS, the Religious Order of, began 1094 
 
 CLANDESTINE MARRIAGES. (See "Royal Mar- 
 riage Act." 
 
 COCK-FIGHTING instituted by the Romans, after a victory 
 
 over the Persians,. B.C. 476 
 
 COFFEE.TREES conveyed from Mocha to Holland, in 1616 
 
 They were carried to the West Indies in the year 1726; first cultivated at 
 Surinam by the Dutch, 1718 : its culture encouraged in the plantations, 1732. 
 
 COIN in circulation was £44,000,000. in , 1 799 
 
230 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 COIN in bullion first legally permitted to be exported 1663 
 
 The whole of the money coined in England, since the beginning of Queen Eliza- 
 beth's reign, including the debased silver of the three preceding reigns, up to 
 
 the year 1793, was as follows: — £. 
 
 By Queen Elizabeth 5,832,932 
 
 King James 1 2,500,000 
 
 Charles I 10,499,544 
 
 Cromwell „ 1,000,000 
 
 Charles 1 I 7,524,105 
 
 James II 3,737,637 
 
 King William III. including re-coinage .. 10,511,963 
 
 Queen Anne 2,691,626 
 
 George 1 8,725,921 
 
 George II 11,966,576 
 
 Coined, up to March 25, 1793, including 
 
 re-coinage 51,073,362 
 
 Total coined from 158, to 1793, being 
 
 235 years £116,036,666 
 
 Of this £116,063,666 sterling, there were £32,000,000. in silver, long before the 
 Revolution. The whole gold coinage did not exceed six millions, all pay- 
 ments till then being mostly made in silver ; and so much is the nature of 
 our coin changed, that, during the reign of George III. the whole silver 
 coinage amounted to only £63,101. 
 
 The coinage of gold and silver in four years amounted to £6,191,125, 
 
 dS. s. d. 
 
 Of which was coined in 1793 2,747,430 6 
 
 i. in 1794 2,553,894 12 
 
 in 1795 497,7H 5 6 
 
 in 1796, only 391,789 2 
 
 in 1797, 2,000,297 
 
 £8,192,122 Ji 
 
 Davenant estimated the coin in the kingdom, in 171 1, to be about 
 £12,000,000. Anderson estimates it, in the year 1762, at £16,000,000.; 
 and Mr. Chalmers supposes it, in 1786, to amount to £20,000,000., and at 
 present (1797) at £37,000,000. 
 
 The gold coin brought into the Mint by Proclamation, in 1773, 1774, and 
 1776, amounted to £15,563,593. 10s. 8d. The expense attending the loss in 
 collecting, melting, &c. to government, was £754,019. 19*. 6d. 
 
 The Mint of the United States of America, established, 1793, issued gold 
 and silver coin ; the copper had been delivered before. 
 
 The following is an account of the total quantity of Standard Gold imported into 
 
 the Mint in the last fourteen years 961,129 ft. 10 oz. 4dwts. 
 
 Ditto of Silver 2,823,186 ft. 4 oz. 5 dwts. 
 
 The value of which was as follows : — 
 
 Gold Coin: — £. s. d. £. s. d. 
 
 Sovereigns 40,686,467 IS 
 
 .Half-Sovereigns 3,519,794 5 
 
 Double ditto 32,240 5 
 
 44,238,502 S 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 231 
 
 X)IN, &c. (continued.) 1840 
 
 Silver Coin : — £ s. d. £ *. d. 
 
 Crowns 462,476 7 1 
 
 Half-Crowns 3,500.936 7 1 
 
 Shillings 4,183,146 
 
 Sixpences..' .... 1,000,692 
 
 Maunday Monies.. .. 1,735,16 
 
 9,143,986 10 2 
 
 Aggregate.. £53,387,488 18 2 
 
 Dn the 17th of May, 1830, Mr. Huskisson presented a Petition to the House 
 of Commons, of very considerable importance to the Mercantile department, 
 from the Merchants trading to South America, and other parts of the world, 
 and who were obliged to import large quantities of bullion. The Petition stated 
 the great loss and injury to which the trade was exposed, in consequence of the 
 high rate of duty charged by King's ships and Government packets. By an 
 Order in Council, King's ships and Government Packets are allowed to 
 charge 2 per Cent upon all gold sent to this country from the West Indies 
 and South America. The Petitioners complained that this tax of 2 per Cent, 
 took away a very considerable portion of their profits : and further, that in the 
 event of such ships being employed to carry bullion for the King's service, 
 only 1 per cent is charged, although, in each instance, the responsibility is 
 the same. 
 
 According to the Order in Council, if one of those vessels carries bullion 
 from Columbia to any of the neighbouring islands — a sail of not perhaps more 
 than thirty or forty hours — a charge is made of one-and-a half per Cent; and 
 therefore, when it arrives in this country, the charge in such cases amounts 
 to between three and four per cent. If one per cent, only were paid by the 
 public, no more ought to be exacted. That would be a very ample remune- 
 ration for lieutenants commanding on those stations. The Petition was from 
 the Merchants of London, engaged in the trade with the West India Islands, 
 and South America. It was then laid on the table. 
 
 COLLARS of S. S. in honour of St. Sulpicius, the fashion of 
 
 wearing began ?*. 1407 
 
 COLDINGHAM NUNNERY ravaged by the Danes 869 
 
 COMMANDMENTS, The, given to Moses b.c. 1424 
 
 COMEDY, the first acted in Athens b.c 562 
 
 The first Comedy acted on a scaffold, by Susarian and Dalon : those of Terence 
 first acted,. 154 b.c'; the first in England, in 1351. 
 
 COMMISSIONERS appointed for the Public Accounts 1780 
 
 COMMISSIONERS OF SEWERS appointed, 1425 
 
 COMMONS mentioned as legislators in 855 
 
 The Commons are mentioned as legislators in the Wittenagemot held by Ethel- 
 WOLF, as far back as 885, in the thirty-fifth whereof we find, " Hoc enim 
 " factum fuit per commune consilium, et assensum omnium episcoporum, - 
 " principum, procerum, cominum, et omnium sapientium seniorum et popu- 
 " loruin totius regni." — The origin of our Parliament may be found in 
 Tacitus, De Moribus Germ. " De rebus minoribus principes consultant, de 
 " majoribus omnes." 
 
232 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY - . 
 
 COMMONS OF FRANCE, first summoned to Parliament 
 
 by Philip the Bel 1301 
 
 COMPANIES, Twelve first established in London 1194 
 
 COMPOUND WATERS highly taxed, May 29 1729 
 
 COMMUTATION TAX commenced 1734 
 
 CONCORD, Knights of, began in Brandenburg 1 660 
 
 CONFIRMATION took place 190 
 
 CONSECRATION of Churches instituted 153 
 
 The form of the consecration of Bishops was appointed in 1549. 
 
 CONSPIRACIES. 
 
 A conspiracy was formed against the infant Republic of Rome, to restore the 
 banished Sextus Tarquin and the regal government, in which the two sons of 
 Junius Brutus, the first Consul, being concerned, were publicly condemned 
 and put to death by their father, 507. Another by the Tarquin faction 
 against the Roman senators, Publius and Marcus discovered it ; the other 
 conspirators were put to death, 496. Of Catiline and his associates, to murder 
 the Consuls and. Senate, and to burn the City of Rome, discovered by Cicero, 
 Consul for the year, in 62. Against Henry III. for cancelling Magna Charta, 
 1227. Of the Duke of Exeter, and others, against the life of Henry IV. dis- 
 covered by dropping a paper accidentally, 1400. Against Henry V. by the 
 Earl of Cambridge, and others, 1415. Insurrection of the London appren- 
 tices, 7th Henry VIII. 1517. Against Queen Elizabeth, by Dr. Story, 1571. 
 By Anthony Babbington, and others, 1586. By Lopez, a Jew, and others, 
 1593. Of Walpole, a Jesuit, who engaged one Squire to poison the Queen's 
 saddle, 1598; all the conspirators were executed. Against James I. by the 
 Marchioness de Uerneuil, bis mistress, and others, 1604. Of Sindercomb 
 and others, to assassinate Oliver Cromwell ; discovered by his associates. 
 Sindercomb was condemned, and poisoned himself the day before he was to 
 have been executed, 1656. An insurrection of the Puritans, 1657- Of the 
 French, Spanish, and English Jesuits, countenanced by the Pope, to assassi- 
 nate Charles II. discovered by Dr. Tongue and Titus Oates, 1668; another to 
 assassinate him at the Rye-house farm, near Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire, in 
 his way from Newmarket, called the Rye-House Plot, 1683. Of Lord 
 Prestod, the Bishop of Ely, and others, to restore King James, 1691. Of 
 Granvil, French Chevalier, and his associates, to assassinate king William 
 III. in Flanders, 1692. A conspiracy by the Earl of Aylesbury, and others, 
 to kill the King near Richmond as he came from hunting, discovered by 
 Pendergrast, called the Assassination Plot, 1695. Of Simon Frazer, Lord 
 Lovat, in favour of the Pretender, against Queen Anne, 1703. Of the 
 Marquis Giscard, 1710, to assassinate George I. by James Shepherd, an en- 
 thusiastic youth, who had been educated to consider the King as an usurper, 
 1718. Of counsellor Layer and others, to bring in the Pretender, 1722. 
 
 CONSTANTINOPLE had 50,000 subjects massacred by the 
 
 Arabs in 1758 
 
 CONTRIBUTIONS to oppose the French invasion in 1798 
 
 Voluntary contributions, for the support of the British Government to oppose the 
 threatened invasion of the French, which amounted to upwards of two 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 233 
 
 CONTRIBUTIONS, {continued.) 
 
 millions and A half, £10,000. of which was given by Robert Peele, Esq. 
 of Bury, Lancashire. 
 
 CONSUL, the English, the first one by that name in Italy... 1485 
 
 In Portugal, in 1633. 
 
 CONSULS first made at Rome b. c. 307 
 
 CONTRIBUTIONS to relieve the Widows and Orphans of 
 
 those who fell at the victory of the Nile 1 798 
 
 They amounted to £35,260. 8*. Gd. 
 
 CONVENTION for an armed neutrality, 1800 
 
 This Convention was concluded at Petersday; the original parties were Russia, 
 Denmark, and Sweden; and it was acceded to by Prussia, Naples, France, 
 Spain, Holland, Austria, Portugal, Venice, Tuscany, &c; it was broke by 
 Lord Nelson at the battle of Copenhagen. (See Copenhagen.) 
 
 CONVENTION, The French, decrees War against Eng- 
 land, and the Statdtholder, February 1 1 793 
 
 CONVENTICLES punished by law 1661 
 
 CONVICTS. See « Holland, New. " 
 
 COPENHAGEN founded 1169 
 
 Made a city, 1319; made the Capital of Denmark, 443. From the circumstance 
 of the Danes having joined France, the British forces, the army under Lord 
 Cathcart, and the Navy under Lord Gambier, took Copenhagen inl807, car- 
 rying off all the ships and naval stores found there. The Danes harassed by 
 this warfare, and afraid of losing Norway, joined Russia, Prussia, Sweden, 
 and Great Britain, against France. 
 
 COPPER first imported from Virginia, October 1396 
 
 In England, 1561 ; revived in England, 1689. Found in New York, 1722. The 
 Paris copper mine in Anglesey, had a bed of copper ore forty feet thick, and 
 supplied between 29 and 30,000 tons annually, 1790. The quantity exported 
 in 1799, was 97,125 cwt. 2 qrs. 7lb. at £6. 9*. per. cwt. amounted to the 
 value of £626,459. 19*. Gd. 
 
 The following is an account of the quantity and prices of the different 
 articles of copper purchased for the use of His Majesty's navy, from the 29th 
 of April, 1799, to the 17th of March, 1800; and also of old copper delivered 
 in payment for the same, with the prices, as far as it can be made up : — 
 
 Tons. cwt. qrs. lb. 
 
 Copper sheets 615 15 13"^ £ ^ 
 
 Copper bolts and rings. .. . 123 9 3 25^ 128 325 14 7* 
 
 Copper nails 15 17 2 23 / ' 
 
 Mixed metal nails „... 158 14 12) 
 
 Old Copper returned to the Contractor in \ 37 59A 2 11 
 part payment for the new ) 
 
 £.90,729 11 8 
 No. SO Hh 
 
234 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 CORINTH. 
 
 Corinth, formerly a powerful city, was at first subject to Argos and Mycene: 
 afterwards Sysiphus, son of Eolus, rendered himself master of it. Hyantidas, 
 one of his successors, and 27th king, was dethroned by the Heraclidee. On 
 the death of Automenes, the last king of the race of Hercules, Corinth be- 
 came a Republic, under a Chief who was changed annually, called Prytanis, 
 or Moderator, and continued under this government till Cypselus bribed the 
 people, who after that became a tyrant. He transmitted his authority to his 
 son Periander. Corinth recovered her liberty six years after, and the Re- 
 public was governed by a small number of the principal citizens, the people 
 having also a share in the government. 
 
 After being engaged in several wars in defence of their liberties, they in- 
 creased their dominion and power, and did not abuse it. The conveniency of 
 their navigation, and their isthmus, which gave them the command of the 
 Ionian and iEgean seas, made the citadel of Corinth to be regarded as the 
 Eye of all Greece. The immense riches they afterwards acquired in conse- 
 quence, produced the usual effect, by throwing the Corinthians into a state 
 of languor, that never allowed them to rise above the rank of a Republic of 
 the second order, and at last to become a prey to the Romans. Lucius 
 Mummius destroyed the city, and with it, its finest buildings. 
 
 It was again re-built, and peopled, by Julius Caesar. Many ages after- 
 wards it fell under the dominion of the Venetians, when in A. D. 1458, 
 Mahomet made himself master of it. The Venetians took it several times 
 from the Turks, when they were driven out of it for ever in 1705. 
 
 KINGS OF CORINTH OF THE HERACLID^. 
 
 Aletes 1099 
 
 Ixion 1061 
 
 Agelaus 1023 
 
 Phrymno 986 
 
 Unknown 954 
 
 Bacchis . „ 935 
 
 Agelastes 900 
 
 Eudemus , 870 
 
 Aristomedes 835 
 
 Agemon 800 
 
 Alexander . 784 
 
 Telestes 759 
 
 Automenes 747 
 
 The Prytany 746 
 
 Cypsilus 656 
 
 Periander 626 
 
 Psammiticus 585 
 
 Corinth becomes a Republic 582 
 
 CORONATION OATH first framed 980 
 
 The Coronation Oath enacted, in 1789. 
 
 CORONATION CHAIR and Stone brought from Scotland. 1296 
 CORPUS CHRISTI, the Festival of, appointed, 1265 
 
 COTTON MANUFACTURER'S utensils prohibited to be 
 
 exported, in 1774 
 
 COTTON DUTY commenced 1785 
 
 Before the invention of Spinning Machinery in 1787, the demand for cotton wool 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 235 
 
 COTTON DUTY, (continued.) 
 
 iu England was comparatively small. In the 17th century we obtained our 
 trifling supply wholly from Smyrna and Cyprus, and when we were even re- 
 ceiving it from our own colonies, we find that from 1763 to 1787 the average 
 annual import was barely four millions of pounds. In 1786 we imported 
 19,900,000 : viz. 5,800,000 pounds from the British West Indies : 9,100,000 
 from the French, Spanish, Portuguese, and Dutch Colonies : and 5,000,000 
 from Smyrna and Turkey. 
 
 The average annual import for the last six years (1832) has been 777j372 
 packages, each bale weighing about 2\ or 3 cwt. 
 
 Of 227,760,000 lbs. of cotton-woof imported into the United Kingdom in 
 1828, 151,752,000 lbs. were from the United States: 29,143,000 lbs. from 
 Brazil: 32,187,000 lbs. from the East Indies: 6,454,000 lbs. from Egypt: 
 5,89,3000 lbs. from the British West Indies: 726,000 lbs. from Columbia : 
 and 471,000 lbs. from Turkey and Continental Greece. 
 
 COUNTIES first sent Members to Parliament, by authority, 1258 
 COUNTY COURTS first erected, S96 
 
 For an account of the various Courts, see " Courts." 
 
 COURIERS invented by Charlemagne. 880 
 
 COURTS OF CONSCIENCE, in London, began in 1517 
 
 Again in 1605; in Bristol, Gloucester, and Newcastle, November 30, 1689. 
 
 COURTS OF JUDICATURE, established in the East 
 
 Indies, in 1774 
 
 Previous to this, there were no legal disputes in that then happy country, nor was 
 the taking a Bond or other acknowledgment for a debt known, it being suffi- 
 cient that the statement of the debt was entered in the Creditor's book. In 
 Camden's Britannia we read, that at one time there were only two attor- 
 nies in the Counties of Norfolk, Suffolk, and Cambridge, and these had so 
 little business, thatthey were obliged to send their clerks to the neighbouring 
 fairs, to excite the country people to quarrel, and go to law. What improve- 
 ments have been made in this profession throughout the kingdom is well 
 known. There were more Statutes in 1814, than those of all the kings of 
 England put together since the Conquest. 
 
 COWS, number ofin 1795 
 
 The number of cows kept near London in 1795, yielded about 28,713,000 quarts 
 of milk, which, when sold to the milk people for one penny three farthings a 
 quart, yielded the sum of £209,365. 12s. 6d. or £24. 13s. per annum, per 
 cow, at about nine quarts a-day. The consumers paid three pence per quart, 
 which amounted to £358,912. 10s. thus yielding a profit of £149,574. 17s. 6d. 
 
 CRIMINALS were ordered for transportation instead of 
 
 execution in 1590 
 
 In the reign of Henry VIII. that Prince executed seventy-two thousand!! 
 individuals. 
 
 CROSS, the sign of, first used by Christians 1095 
 
 Used as a mark of distinction. (See Crusade.) That of our Saviour, said to be 
 found on Mount Calvary, 326. Crosses first set on steeples, 568. 
 
;S 
 
 236 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 CRONSTADT built by Peter the Great, of Russia 1704 
 
 CROSSED FRIARS, the Religious Order of, began 1170 
 
 CROWN LANDS resumed by law 1449 
 
 CRUCIFIXES painted in Churches and Chambers, intro- 
 duced 461 
 
 CUBA, the Island of, discovered 1492 
 
 In 1741, a landing was effected here by the English, on which were encamped 
 some thousands of men; but it being in the rainy season, they returned to 
 Jamaica without attempting any thing. 
 
 CUMBERLAND, THE DUKE OF, made his public entry 
 
 into Hanover, June 27, 1837 
 
 CURACOA, sunk into the sea, April, 1811 
 
 ^uracoa, one of the lesser Antillas, fifteen leagues long, and four in breadth, 
 sunk into the sea. 
 
 CURFEW BELL established by William the Conqueror ... 1068 
 
 Abolished, 1100. 
 
 CURRANTS first planted in England 1533 
 
 Brought from Zante Isle, in 1482. 
 
 CUSTOMS OF ENGLAND, The. 
 
 In 1580, they amounted to but 14,000 
 
 1592 50,000 
 
 1614, , 148,000 
 
 1622, 168,000 
 
 1642, 500,000 
 
 1720, 1,555,600 
 
 1721, 1,593,000 
 
 1744, 1,094,000 
 
 1748, 2,000,000 
 
 1811 , 11,355,350 
 
 Since that time they have greatly increased. 
 
 CYDER, called Wine, made in England 1334 
 
 DANCING by Cinque Paces introduced into England from 
 
 Italy 1540 
 
 DANEGELT, a Land Tax first established by Ethelred II,. . . 991 
 
 Abolished by Stephen, 1186. 
 
 DARIEN first established by William Paterson, Esq., born at 
 
 the farm of Skipmyre, parish of Tinwald, Dumfries ... 1649 
 
 Settled, 1700. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 237 
 
 DARKNESS, great, at noon-day, January 12 1676 
 
 There was so great a darkness (no eclipse) at noon-day in England, so that no 
 person could see to read, January 12, 1676.. A similar event also occurred 
 at Quebec, &c. on Sunday, September 16, 1785. 
 
 DAUPHINE OF FRANCE, The murdered the Duke of 
 
 Burgundy 1419 
 
 He was disinherited the crown in consequence. 
 
 DAUPHINY annexed to the Kingdom of France 1349 
 
 DAVIS'S STRAITS discovered 1585 
 
 DEATH, the punishment of, for robbery, ordained by Ed- 
 mund 1 946 
 
 DEATHS taxed 1783 
 
 DECIMAL ARITHMETIC invented by Simon Steven, of 
 
 Brugdes 1602 
 
 DECLARATION OF RIGHTS Bill passed 1689 
 
 DE COURCY had the priviledge of standing covered before 
 
 the kings of England, granted by John „ 1203 
 
 DEDICATIONS TO BOOKS introduced in the time of 
 
 Mecaenas, a.d 17 
 
 Practised for the purpose of obtaining money, 1600. 
 
 DEEDS in Old English, in Rymer's Fcedera 1385 
 
 DEFENDER OF THE FAITH, the title of, given to 
 
 Henry VIII 1520 
 
 DEGREES, Academical, introduced at Paris, before 1213 
 
 DE LA PLATA RIVER discovered 1512 
 
 DELFT EARTHENWARE invented at Firenza 1450 
 
 DENNIS, the Religious Order of, began in France 1267 
 
 DEPREDATIONS 1814 
 
 The following' are said to be the Depredations committed in the Metropolis : 
 
 Small thefts, including pewter pots £710,000 
 
 Thefts on rivers and quays 500,000 
 
 In dock yards, &c. on the Thames 300,000 
 
 Burglaries, highway robberies, &c. . . . r 220,000 
 
 Coining base money 200,000 
 
 Forging bills, swindling, &c 70,000 
 
 £2,000,000 
 
238 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 DESE AD A ISLE discovered by Columbus 1494 
 
 DEY OF ALGIERS, assasinated by a Soldier, 11th Dcc... : 1745 
 
 DEY OF TUNIS, The, first appointed, 1570 
 
 DICE invented, b.c 1500 
 
 Three Thousand pair stamped in England in 1775. 
 
 DICTUM DE KENNELS WORTH passed 1266 
 
 DINNER, to celebrate the memory of Robert Burns, the 
 
 Poet, January 21, 1832 
 
 This dinner took place at the Freemason's Tavern, in celebration of the memory 
 of the Poet Burns, and in compliment to Mr. Hogg, the " Ettrick Shepherd." 
 The latter was present on the occasion. Mr. Hogg died in 1835. 
 
 DISSENTERS first separated from the Church of England . 1571 
 DISSOLUTION OF MONASTERIES by Act. 1539 
 
 Monasteries were dissolved to the value of £361,000 per annum, by which 50,000 
 religious persons were maintained, equal now to £1,750,000. There were 
 643 Monasteries, 90 Colleges, 374 Chapelries, and 110 Hospitals. 
 
 DISTAFF SPINNING first introduced in England by 
 
 Bonavera, an Italian 1505 
 
 DISTILLATION of Spiritous Liquors began in 1200 
 
 In Ireland, in 1590. 
 
 DISTILLERY yielded in England £421,193 Is. 3d. in 1786 
 
 In 1794 it yielded £680,573 16s. 8d. If the tax on malt, and the product of 
 the Scotch Distilleries are included, it will be £900,000 0s. 9d. 
 
 DISTILLING first practised in Spain by the Moors 1150 
 
 DISTURBANCES in the Army at Madras 1809 
 
 DIVORCE, the first, at Rome, b.c 229 
 
 DOCTOR'S degree began in England 1607 
 
 DON, a title first taken by the king of Spain, 759 
 
 DOVE OF CASTILE, Knights of the, began, 1379 
 
 DRAGON, Knights of the, in Hungary, began 1413 
 
 DRESDEN CHINA invented 1702 
 
 DRESS restrained by law 1465, 1574,1580 
 
 DROIT D'AUBAXNE abolished in France, 6th August ... 1790 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 239 
 
 DRUNKENNESS forbidden by the Canon Law to the 
 
 Clergy 741 
 
 Restrained bylaw in the Commonalty, 975. 
 
 DUEL— Between Mr. Elliott, and Mr. Charles Flower 
 
 Mirfin, August 29 1838 
 
 This Duel took place on Wimbledon Common, and terminated in the death of Mr, 
 Mirfin. After the death of Mr. Mirfin, Mr. Elliott fled to Belgium, from 
 which place .he was expelled by the Government, on account of his previous 
 bad conduct at Brussels. 
 
 DUKE, GRAND, the first title of, given to the Duke of 
 
 Tuscany, by Pope Pius V 1570 
 
 DUKE, the first created in Scotland 1398 
 
 DUNKIRK sold to France for £200,000 '. 1662 
 
 DUTCHY COURTS were erected by Henry IV. 
 
 DUTIES, termed " incident Duties," yielded £2,000,000, in 1717 
 DUTY ON BRANDIES lowered 4s. 6d. per gal. 10th May 1787 
 DYING, abuses in it prevented 1 783 
 
 EASTER ISLAND discovered 1722 
 
 EARL, the first created in England, October 14 1066 
 
 EARL-MARSHALL, the first in England 1313 
 
 ECLIPSE, the famous Racer, death of, February 26 1789 
 
 This celebrated horse was bred by His B.. H. the Duke of Cumberland, and was 
 foaled during the great eclipse that happened on the 1st day of April, 1764, 
 from whioh circumstance he took his name, He was never beat, nor ever 
 paid forfeit. He was got by Marsk, son of Squirt, a son of Bartlett's Chil- 
 ders, (own brother to flying Childers, which was got by the Darly Arabian. 
 Eclipse's dam, Spiletta, (dam also of Garrick and Proserpine) was purchased 
 by His B.H. of the late Sir Bobert Eden, Bart, and was got by Regulus, son 
 of the Godolphin Arabian, his grandam, (called Mother Western) by Smith, 
 son af Snake, brother to Williams's Squirrel, that won the King's guineas at 
 York, in 1725. 
 
 His great grandam by Lord D'Arcey's Old Montague, out of a daughter of 
 Old Hautboy, and she out of a daughter of Brimmey. After the Duke's de- 
 cease, Eclipse became the property of Mr. Wildman, and in 17^9, won the 
 maiden plate of £50. at Epsom, beating four others. They were altogether 
 at the three-mile post, notwithstanding which he distanced the whole four. 
 He also won £50. at Ascot Heath, beating Cream-de-Barbe. The King's 
 plate at Winchester, at 12st. though only five years old, beating five others, 
 two of which were distanced. lie walked over for the £50. for five years old 
 at Winchester, and the King's plate at Salisbury; the day after, he won the 
 City Bowl, with thirty guineas, beating Sulphur ; he afterwards started alone 
 
240 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 ECLIPSE, the celebrated Racer, Death of, February 26, 
 
 (continued.) 1789 
 
 for the King's plate at Canterbury. Won the King's plate at Lewes, and 
 Litchfield; and at Newmarket, in April, 1770, he beat Mr. Wentworth's 
 Bucephalus, 8st. 7lb. each over the B. C. Mr. Wildman staked 600 to 400 
 guineas: after which he was purchased by Mr. O'Kelly, in whose possession 
 he won the King's plate at Newmarket, beating Mr. Bland's Diana, Mr. 
 Strode's Pensioner, and two others : the odds at starting were ten to one on 
 Eclipse ; and, after the first heat, six and seven to four that he distanced Pen- 
 sioner, which he did with great ease; after which, he walked over for the 
 King's plate at Guildford, Nottingham, and York, and also won the great 
 subscription of £309. 10s. at York, beating the famous horses, Tortoise and 
 Bellario. He afterwards walked over for the King's plate, at Lincoln and at 
 Newmarket. In October he won 150 guineas for six years old, and aged 
 horses, (Mr. O'Kelly paying 1 100 guineas entrance) beating Sir Charles Bun- 
 bury's Corsican : the odds were seventy to one on Eclipse; and on the 
 following day he walked over for the King's plate there, which was the last 
 time of his starting. This celebrated horse died at Mr. O'Kelly's, at Cannons, 
 near Edgewere, in Middlesex, February 26, 1789, aged nearly twenty-five 
 years. His heart weighed 131bs. Mr. O'Kelly stated that his winnings by 
 Eclipse, exceeded £25,000. 
 
 Eclipse was sire of the dam of the very famous horse, Phenomenon, and 
 also of the 162 following truly capital Racers and Winners, and no less eapi- 
 tal breeders, as the progeny fully proves. 
 
 A splendid coloured print of this celebrated Racer may be obtained at J. 
 Moore's Sporting Repository, Nos. 1 and 2, West-street, Upper St. 
 Martin's-lane, London. 
 
 PROGENY OF ECLIPSE, 
 
 Name. When Run. No. of Plates. 
 
 Adonis 1779 3 
 
 Alphonso 178 1 10 
 
 Achilles 1782 3 
 
 Adjutant 1783 15 
 
 Alexander...... 1785 9 
 
 Annet 1786 .. 5 
 
 Anna Liffey, (Ireland) 1787 1 
 
 Aurelius 1788 3 
 
 Basilius 1775 1 
 
 Burringdon 1779 17 
 
 Bondrow 1780 18 
 
 Bank , 1783 1 
 
 Bobtail , 1788 2 
 
 Brush , 1789 1 
 
 Big Ben, (afterwaids Traveller) the last son ofl ,„„, „ 
 
 Eclipse j 1791 d 
 
 Chestnut Colt, (Mr. O'Kelly's) 1776 3 
 
 Dittto ditto 1776 1 
 
 Colt, Sir John Shelly's 1777 1 
 
 Colt, Mr. O'Kelly's 1778 1 
 
 Chefsfield „ 1778 6 
 
 Colt, Mr. O'Kelly's 1778 1 
 
 Colt, Lord Suit 1779 1 
 
 Colt, brother to Eutychus 1779 1 
 
 Colt, Mr. Parker's ...., 1779 1 
 
 Colt, Mr. O'Kelly's 1779 1 
 
TEE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY - . 241 
 
 ECLIPSE, the celebrated Racer, the Progeny of, (con- 
 tinued.') 
 
 Name. When Run. No. of Plates. 
 
 Colt, Mr. O'Kelly's 1779 1 
 
 Crafsus 1779 6 
 
 Colt, Mr. Wentworth's 1781 1 
 
 Colt, Mr. Hamilton's 17S1 I 
 
 Colt, Mr. Schutz's ..., 1781 1 
 
 Colt, brother to Venus 1781 ...... 1 
 
 Colt, Sir John Shelley's 1782 1 
 
 Colt, Mr. Carper's 1782 3 
 
 Cherry 1784 3 
 
 Chaunter '.... 1785 5 
 
 Clarinet 1785 1 
 
 Colt, Lord Grosvenor's 1786 1 
 
 Canta Baboo 1788 2 
 
 Competitor 1789 5 
 
 Charlemont 1790 ...... 2 
 
 Dion '.. 1788 6 
 
 Dido, (sold for 350 guineas) 1781 5 
 
 Duplicity 1782 . , 2 
 
 Dennis' Jo Andrews 1782 15 
 
 Dungannon, beat Rockingham, and was Sire's 1700 97 
 
 of Lurcher, &c } 
 
 DonQuixotte 1787 18 
 
 Drummer 1785 2 
 
 DeviSing 1791 2 
 
 Eagle 1778 1 
 
 Eutychus 1778 4 
 
 Everlasting, (Dam of Skyscraper) 1778 9 
 
 Elegant 1779 2 
 
 Empress, (Dam of Montezumar) 1779 3 
 
 Eliza 1791 S 
 
 Filley, Mr. O'Kelley's 1776 2 
 
 Filley, the Duke of Bolton's 1778 2 
 
 Filley, Lord Grosvenor's 1778 1 
 
 Filley, Mr. Clark's „ 1778 1 
 
 Filley, Mr. Carteret's c 1778 1 
 
 Filley, Sister to Horizon 1778 2 
 
 Filley, Mr. O'Kelley's 1779 1 
 
 Farmer 1779 11 
 
 Filley, Sister to Twilight 1779 1 
 
 Filley, sister te Eagle 1779 1 
 
 Filley, Mr. Hanks's 1780 1 , 
 
 Filley, Mr. Parker's 1780 1 
 
 Filley, sister to Venus 1780 1 
 
 Filley, Mr. Garforth's 1781 1 
 
 Filley, Lord Derby's 1781 1 
 
 Filley, Mr. Douglass' 17S2 .. 1 
 
 Filley, Mr. Garforth's 1782 1 
 
 Filley, Mr. Champreux's 1783 1 
 
 Flamer 1783 8 
 
 Filley, Duke of Rutland's • • 1786 1 
 
 No. 31- li 
 
242 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 ECLIPSE, the celebrated Racer, the Progeny of, (con- 
 tinued.) 
 
 Name. When Run. No. of Plates. 
 
 Fair Barbara „ 1786 1 
 
 Filley, Lord Egremont's 1787 3 
 
 Golden Rose 1775 2 
 
 Glow-worm 1776 2 
 
 Grimalkin 1777 3 
 
 Greybeard 1778 1 
 
 Giant „ 1779 4 
 
 Gelding, Mr. Vernon's 1782 1 
 
 General 1784 8 
 
 Gunpowder 1787 15 
 
 Horizon, first son of Eclipse that ever ran 1774 10 
 
 Harmonia 1780 3 
 
 Henley , 1780 4 
 
 Horse, Lord Grosvenor's 1781 1 
 
 Horatio '!• 1781 6 
 
 Hiccough 1782 10 
 
 Hermes 1782 3 
 
 Horse, Sir John Shelley's 1783 2 
 
 Hope 1783 ...... 2 
 
 Hackwood „, 1786 8 
 
 Hidalgo 1787 7 
 
 Impudence ' 1775 4 
 
 Isabella 1787 3 
 
 Javelin, first son (sire of Chance, Halbert, \ . _*(. « 
 
 Lance, and Spear) 3 
 
 Jupiter 1777 5 
 
 Jessey 1779 1 
 
 Jockey 1779 10 
 
 KingHiram 1777 3 
 
 King Fergus 1779 8 
 
 King Herman 1780 1 
 
 Lavinia 1780 2 
 
 Lightning 1780 2 
 
 Luna 1780 13 
 
 Light Infantry 1783 3 
 
 Mare, Mr. Wildman's 1^77 1 
 
 Madcap 1777 1 
 
 Milerus.... 1777 1 
 
 Mercury, sire of Precipitate, Calomel, Cinna- ~i i 7 g2 26 
 
 bar, &c § 
 
 Meteor (the best of his get) 1786 31 
 
 Mare, Mr, Monson's 1790 I 
 
 Mountebank 1782 19 
 
 Nina 1787 II 
 
 Obscurity 1781 4 
 
 Pot-8 o's, sire of Coriander, Waxey, Druid, &c. 1776 33 
 
 Planet 1776 13 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 243 
 
 ECLIPSE, the celebrated Racer, the Progeny of, (con- 
 tinued.) 
 
 Name. When Run. No. of Plates. 
 
 Paris 1777 ..... 7 
 
 Postillion 1777 1 
 
 Polydore .' 1780 1 
 
 Princess 1781 4 
 
 Plutus ..... 1782 ...... 13 
 
 Poor Soldier 1786 10 
 
 Pegasus 1788 12 
 
 Peeping Tom 1789 1 
 
 Regatta 1776 4 
 
 Ready Rhino - 1779 14 
 
 Romp 1779 ...... 5 
 
 Recruit 17&2 1 
 
 Satellite (sire of Kesia, and Keren Happuch . . 1777 7 
 
 Spitfire 1780 11 
 
 Speranga 178 1 4 
 
 Sussex 1782 2 
 
 Soldier, (beat Rockingham) 1782 19 
 
 Saltram, sire of Whiskey 1783 5 
 
 Serjeant, brother to Dungannon 1784 10 
 
 Sister to Duplicity 1785 2 
 
 Scota 1786 2 
 
 Spartacus 1786 „ 2 
 
 Spark 1787 1 
 
 Stripling 1787 7 
 
 Serpent = . 1789 , 21 
 
 Squeak 1790 1 
 
 Twilight 1775 6 
 
 Termagant f 1775 1 
 
 Tempest 1775 3 
 
 Trimbush 1778 2 
 
 Tiffany 1779 13 
 
 Thunderbolt 1779 2 
 
 Ticklepitcher 1783 2 
 
 Teresa 1787 3 
 
 Venus, sister to Mercury 1776 10 
 
 Vercumnus, sire of Baronet 1778 6 
 
 Volunteer, sire of Portio and Ccelia, who both } .„„« n 
 
 won the Oaks Stakes § 
 
 Whizgig 1779 6 
 
 Zantippe, dam of John Bull 1783 2 
 
 Young Eclipse „ 1781 13 
 
 Yarico 1787 :.... 3 
 
 Zoroaster 1783 2 
 
 Zelia 1785 7 
 
 Total number of Sweepstakes, Matches, and Plates won by, \ g^ 
 and Forfeits paid, to the produce of Eclipse § 
 
244 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 EDINBURGH CASTLE. 
 
 It is remarkable that the guns of this ancient fortress fired no less than ten times, 
 exclusive of annual holidays, in little more than four months, viz. on the 
 
 6th of July, 1813 for the Battle of Vittoria. 
 
 1 9th of August ...... for the Battles of the Pyrenees. 
 
 17th September fall of St. Sebastian. 
 
 24th ,, Crown Prince, and Blucher's victories. 
 
 1st. of October Invasion of France. 
 
 6th of November . „ . . for the Battle of Leipsic. 
 
 12th , the fall of Pamplona. 
 
 25th ,, the Restoration of the House of Orange. 
 
 27th ,, the Restoration of Hanover. 
 
 28th „ the Defeat of Marshal Soult. 
 
 ELECTORS of Germany began 1298 
 
 ELEPHANT, Knights of the, began in Denmark ............ 1478 
 
 EMINENCE, the title given to Cardinals 1644 j 
 
 ENGRAVING protected by a Bill ....1775, and 1777 
 
 ENTAILING ESTATES introduced by Statute, 1279 and . 1307|| 
 ENTERTAINMENT, Places of, about London, licensed ... 1752 
 
 EPSOM MINERAL SPRING first discovered 1630 
 
 EQUESTRIAN STATUE, founded at one cast 1699 
 
 The first was that of Lewis XIV. of France. 
 
 ERMINE, Knights of the, began in France 1450 
 
 In Naples in 1463. 
 
 ESSEX, The, taken by the Phoebe, March 28 1814 
 
 The Essex, a large American frigate, was taken by the Phoebe, 36, and Cherub, 
 18 guns, off Valparaiso, March 28, 1814. 
 
 ESQUIRE, the title of, first used to persons of honour not 
 
 attendants on Knights 1345 
 
 First mentioned in an Act of Parliament, 1st Henry VII. c. 61, of Private 
 Acts. 
 
 EXCHEQUER, The, stopped payment, from December 6, 
 
 1672, to May 1673 
 
 EXCISE. See" Excise Office." 
 
 EXPORTS from Great Britain in... 1700 
 
 Were £7,302,716. 8s.1d.:~ Imports, £5,970,175. 1*. Id.; in 1786, £5,600,000; 
 in 1787, £5,700,000. In 1788, the exports amounted to £18,296,166. 12s. 
 lid. ;— the imports were £17,804,024. 16*. Id. In 1793, they were 
 £24,000,000.: and in 1794, £27,000,000. In 1811, they were £34,923,576^ 
 in 1812, £24,131,734;— and in 1813, £31,243,362. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 245 
 
 FAIR, ST. BARTHOLOMEW, Resolution of the Corpo- 
 ration respecting, August 1840 
 
 This Fair, the Charter of which was granted in the time of Henry II. is by a 
 late resolution of the Corporation, arising out of a Pieport from the Market 
 Committee, likely to be entirely abolished. In consequence of that Report, 
 it was determined, that booths for the exhibition of plays, interludes, panto- 
 mimes, and all other Theatrical entertainments be henceforth entirely ex- 
 cluded from the fair;" and also, " that no swing, roundabout, flying vehicle, 
 or other machinery of a like nature, be permitted in any part of Smithfield 
 Market." The Fair will, in future, instead of lasting four days, be limited 
 to two and a half: and will conclude on Saturday, by ten o'clock at night, 
 so that all machinery and paraphanalia may be removed before Sunday. By 
 this decision, the death-blow to the future Fair of St. Bartholomew may be 
 considered as determined on. All the arrangements of this Fair are under the 
 controul of a Court of Piepoudre, vulgarly called " Piepowder," 
 which is the lowest, and, at the same time, the most expeditious Court of 
 Justice known in the law of England. It is called Piepoudre probably from 
 the dusty feet of suitors, or. according to Sir Edward Coke, because justice 
 is there done as speedily as dust can fall from the feet. It is upon the same 
 principle that justice among the Jews was administered in the gate of the 
 city, that the proceedings might be the more speedy, as well as public. 
 Another authority assigns its etymology to pied poddreux, " a pedlar," in 
 old French, and therefore signifying the court of such petty chapmen as 
 resort to fairs and markets. It is a Court of Record, incident to every fair 
 and market, of which the steward of him who owns or has the toll of the 
 market is the judge. This for Bartholomew Fair was formerly the Steward 
 of Lord Kensington, the lord of the manor, who sold his privilege a few- 
 years since to the Corporation of London, who now appoint the Steward. It 
 was instituted to administer justice for all commercial injuries done in the 
 very Fair or Market, and not in any preceding one; so that the injury com- 
 plained of should be heard and decided within the compass of one and the 
 same day, unless the Fair lasted a day longer. The Court, as constituted, 
 takes cognizance of all matters that arise in the Fair, whether of debt or 
 trespass, and a writ of error lays from its decisions to the Courts ot West- 
 minster. The reason of its establishment was to do speedy justice, and save 
 the expense of appealing to a superior Court of Judicature. The Court of 
 Bartholomew Fair is held daily at " The Hand and Shears" public house, iu 
 Cloth-fair in Bartholomew Close, where matters connected with stall-keepers 
 are the chief subjects of complaint. Several ludicrous cases have occurred 
 in the Court, and the members of Richardson's Company, and other 
 Thespian Companies, were often brought up for breaches of contract. 
 
 FAIRLOP OAK, The. 
 
 This celebrated oak, situated near Hainault, a forest of Essex, lying to the south 
 east of Epping forest, and supposed to be so called from some of the deer, 
 with which it was stocked, having been brought from the province of the 
 same name in the Netherlands, flourished in the reign of Queen Anne. The 
 report of its vast bulk having reached the royal ear, the Queen, attended by 
 several of her Court, determined to pay a visit to it, in order to witness this 
 astonishing tree. It was planted by one Thomas Day, who had frequently 
 made merry with his friends and neighbours under its far-spreading boughs. 
 It was forty-eight feet in circumference, and covered an acre of ground. 
 Geat pains had been taken for some time to secure it ; but it was blown 
 down by the wind about the year 1819-20. On the death of Mr. Day, his 
 coffin was made of one of the limbs of this famous tree. 
 
 The fair of Fairlop, which formerly lasted two days, is, like that of St, 
 Bartholomew, likely to be done away: it being now, (1840) by the decision 
 of the Magistrates, limited but to ONE day, and a prohibition of the erection 
 of ail booths, &c. 
 
246 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 FAMINE. 
 
 A severe famine which lasted seven years, B. c. 1708 ; — at Rome, when a number 
 of persons threw themselves into the Tiber, B.C. 440; — one at Constanti- 
 nople, A. D. 446; — in Italy, when parents devoured their children, 450; — in 
 France, from 1»193 to 1195, and 1353. In England and Wales, 272 (so that 
 the inhabitants ate the bark of trees; — in 1310, when 40,000 people were 
 starved ;— again in 325, 739, 747, 792, 836, 864, 974, 976, 1005, 1050, 1087; 
 from 1193 to 1195;— in 1251, 1315, 131S, 1335, 1348, 1353, (calledthe 
 dear summer,) 1389, 1438, (so great, that bread was made of fern roots), and 
 in 1565, (when £2,000,000. was expended on the importation of corn). In 
 Scotland, in 272, 306, (when thousands perished), 325, 576, 739, 793, 803, 
 823, (when great numbers were starved) ; one from 954 to 958 ; — and 1047-8 
 (which lasted two years); — all over Britain, 1748, 1788, and 1800. 
 
 FESTIVAL OF THE JEWS. 
 
 The principal festival of the Jews, is the Feast of the Tabernacles, and is cele- 
 brated by them to this day; it was instituted by Moses in the Wilderness, 
 B.C. 1490: but was celebrated with the greatest magnificence, for fourteen 
 days, upon the dedication of the Temple of Solomon, 1005 B. c. They car- 
 ried boughs loaded with fruit in procession, 
 
 FESTIVALS of Christmas, &c. in ordered to be observed ... 68 
 
 The Festivals of Christmas, Easter, Ascension, and the Pentecost, or W'hitsun- 
 tide, first ordered to be observed by all Christians. Rogation days ap- 
 pointed, 469. 
 
 FIRE ARTILLERY in England, the first in Europe, 1347 
 
 FIRE-ENGINES. See " Engines." 
 
 FIRST FRUITS ACT 1704 
 
 First-fruits and tenths were instituted hy Pope Clement V. in 1306; first col- 
 lected in England, 1316; granted by Queen Anne for the relief of Poor 
 Clergy, February 7, 1704. 
 
 FISH. 
 
 The increase of fish is calculated as follows : — a flounder of 2 ounces contains 
 133,407 eggs, or spawn: 1 of 24 ounces, 1,357,403. Herrings, weighing 
 from 4 ounces to 5|, from 21,285 to 36,960. Lobsters from 14 to 36 ounces, 
 contain 21,699. Mackarel, of 20 ounces, 454,961. Prawn, about 3806. 
 Shrimps, from 2849 to 6807. Smelts, from 14,41 1 to 38,278. A soal of 5 
 ounces, 38,772; one of 14^ ounces contains 100,362. To the above may be 
 added the cod, which produces 3,686,700, and a ling, 19,248,625. 
 
 FISHING on the English coasts, tribute of the Dutch for ... 1609 
 
 In 1683, the Dutch paid the sum of £30,000. for liberty to fish. Welwood, in 
 his Answer to Grotius, says, " That the Scots obliged the Dutch, by treaty, 
 to keep eighty miles from the shore in fishing, and pay a tribute at the port 
 of Aberdeen; where a tower was erected for that and other purposes, and the 
 Dutch paid the tribute even in the memory of our forefathers." 
 
 FISHING TOWNS legally regulated 1542 
 
 FLAGELLANTES, the Religious Order of, began 1259 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 247 
 
 FLORIDA discovered by Cabot 1500 
 
 That part of this country possessed by the French and Spaniards, was ceded to 
 the English by the Treaty of Peace in 1763; in whose hands it continued till 
 1781, when it was again taken by the Spaniards, and ceded to them by the 
 fifth Article of the Treaty of Peace in 1783. 
 
 FLOWERS, the Art of preserving them in sand observed . 1633 
 FCEDAL, or FEUDAL LAWS. 
 
 The tenure of land by suit and service to the Lord or Owner of it 5 it was intro- 
 duced into England by the Saxons about 600. The slavery of this tenure 
 increased under William I. in 1068. This was dividing the kingdom into 
 Baronies, giving them to certain persons, and requiring those persons to 
 furnish the King with money, and a stated number of soldiers, It was dis- 
 countenanced in France by Louis XI. about 1470.; restored and limited by 
 Henry VII. 1495 ; abolished by statute of 12th Charles II. 1662. 
 
 FORBISHER'S STRAITS discovered 1578 
 
 FORFEITED ESTATES. 
 
 Forfeited Estates in Scotland of £29,694. 6*. 8 d. annual value ; and in England, 
 to the annual value of £47,626. 18*. bd. were seized by Government, in 
 1716. Those in Scotland were restored by Parliament, in August, 1784. 
 
 FORFAIR ELECTION, decision respecting, January 30 . 1832 
 
 A Committee of the House of Commons on the Forfair Election, decided that Mr. 
 Ogilvy, the sitting Member, was not duly elected, and that Mr. Haliburton 
 was duly elected. 
 
 FOX ISLANDS, in the North Pacific Ocean, discovered... 1760 
 
 They are sixteen in number, each island having a particular name; but this 
 general name is given to the whole group, on account of the great number of 
 black, grey, and red foxes with which they abound. 
 
 FRANCISCANS, the Religious Order of, began 1206 
 
 Settled in England, 1217. 
 
 FREEHOLDERS permitted to alienate their lands 1492 
 
 Also in 1512 ; those under £40. per annum, were unqualified to vote for Mem- 
 bers of Parliament, in 1429. 
 
 FRENCH KING, the phrase first used by Edward III. ... 1332 
 
 FRENCH TONGUE, The, abolished in the English Courts 
 
 of Justice, in 1362 
 
 GALLEYS first used with three rowers to each oar, b. c. ... 786 
 
 They came from Corintb. 
 
 GAMING prevented by an Act passed in 1739 
 
 GARTER, ORDER OF THE. 
 
 It is remarkable that this is the only Order which has been granted to foreign 
 Princes. Of this illustrious Order there have been 
 Eight Emperors of Germany, 
 
248 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORV. 
 
 GARTER, ORDER OF THE, (continued.) 
 
 One Emperor of Russia, (Alexander, in 1813), invested by- 
 Viscount Cathcart, acting as proxy Sovereign, Sept. 29, 
 
 Three Kings of Spain, 
 
 One King of Arragon, 
 
 Seven Kings of Portugal, 
 
 One King of Poland, 
 
 Two Kings of Sweden, 
 
 Six Kings of Denmark, 
 
 Two Kings of Naples, 
 
 One King of Sicily and Jerusalem, 
 
 One King of Bohemia, 
 
 Two Kings of Scotland, 
 
 Five Princes of Orange, and 
 
 Thirty-four foreign Electors, Dukes, Margraves, and Counts. 
 The Order of St. George began in Carinthia, 1279 ; — in Spain, 1318 ; — in 
 Austria, 1470;— at Rome, in 1496; and in Venice, in 1200. 
 For a further account of this Order, see pag-e 57. 
 
 GARTER, KING OF ARMS, first appointed in England 1420 
 GENOA captured, April 17 1814 
 
 Genoa was captured by the army under Lord William Bentinck, and the fleet 
 under Sir Edward Pellew; when the latter was shortly after created Lord 
 Exmouth, with a pension of £2000. a-year. 
 
 GENS D' ARMS began 360 
 
 GENTLEMEN, the first use of the distinction 1430 
 
 GEORGE, ST. D'ALFAMA, Knights of, began, 1201 
 
 GIPSIES, or EGYPTIANS, quitted Egypt when attacked 
 
 by the Turks in 1515 
 
 They wandered over almost all Europe; in England an act -was passed for 
 their itinerancy, in 1530 : they were expelled France, in 1560, and most 
 countries of Europe soon after. 
 
 GLADIATORS, their combats abolished, 325 
 
 GLADIATORS, the Order of, began in Livonia. 1204 
 
 GLOVE TAX passed, August 2 1785 
 
 It was soon afterwards repealed. 
 
 GODFATHERS and GODMOTHERS appointed 130 
 
 GOLDEN FLEECE, Knights of the, began in Flanders ... 1492 
 GOLDEN SHIELD AND THISTLE, Order of the, began 1370 
 GOODWIN SANDS first overflowed 1100 
 
 The Goodwin, or Godwin Sands, were lands that belonged formerly to 
 Godwin, Earl of Kent, father of king Harold, and being low ground, were 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 249 
 
 GOODWIN SANDS, The, (continued.) 
 
 defended from the sea by a great wall, which wanted constant care to uphold. 
 This tract of land was afterwards given to St. Austin's monastery, near 
 Canterbury, whose Abbot neglecting the wall, while he was eager in building 
 Tenterden steeple, the sea broke in and drowned the said lands, leaving 
 the sands upon it, which have proved so dangerous to sailors. 
 
 GOREE ISLE, on the Guinea Coast, first planted by the 
 
 Dutch 1617 
 
 GRANADA ISLE settled by France 1652 
 
 GRAND JUNCTION RAILWAY, opening of the, July 4 1837 
 
 GREENLAND discovered 1585 
 
 Settled, 1721, 1731. 
 
 GREENWICH RAILWAY, opening of the, October 10 . 1836 
 
 GREY FRIARS, the Religious Order of, began 1 122 
 
 GU AD ALOUPE, the Island of, discovered in 1493 
 
 Planted by Fiance, 1632, and colonies sent out; but in the year 1759, it was 
 taken by the English, who found it extremely pleasant and fertile. It was 
 restored to the French by the treaty of peace in 1763. It is now in the pos- 
 session of the British. 
 
 GUINEA COAST discovered by the Portuguese 1682 
 
 HAMBURGH founded 804 
 
 Walled in 811. 
 
 HAMMET, SIR BENJAMIN, fined £100. October 13 ... 1797 
 
 Sir Benjamin was fined by the Court of Common Council of London, for refusing 
 to serve the Office of Lord Mayor. 
 
 HANDKERCHIEFS first manufactured in Paisley, in Scot- 
 land, 1743 
 
 Fifteen thousand, eight hundred and eighty-six pounds worth were made j in 
 1784, the manufacture yielded above £164,385. 
 
 HANOVER, hitherto but a village, walled 556 
 
 Obtained the privileges of a city, 1178; made the Ninth Electorate, 1692. 
 
 HANOVER. 
 
 Entered on the 6th of November, 1813, by the Allies, and the Electoral govern- 
 ment of His Britannic Majesty restored, in the presence of his son, the Duke 
 of Cumberland, amidst the acclamations of the people. 
 
 HARROGATE MINERAL SPRING discovered 1571 
 
 No. 32- Kk 
 
250 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 HATS invented at Paris 1404 
 
 Made in London, 1510. 
 
 HAVRE-DE-GRACE built and fortified 1545 
 
 HEMP AND FLAX first planted 1533 
 
 There are 180,000 lb. of rough hemp used in the cordage and sails of a first-rate 
 man of war. In 1783, the nation paid £153.5. bounty to encourage its culti- 
 vation ; in 1784, £2165. were paid, and in 1785, £2396. 
 
 HERMITS, the Religious Order of, began 1257 
 
 Revived in 1425. 
 
 HIGH CONSTABLE. See page 25. 
 
 HOBHOUSE, SIR JOHN CAM, vacated his seat for 
 
 Westminster, February 8 1832 
 
 Sir John vacated his seat for Westminster, in consequence of his accepting the 
 Office of Secretary at War, 
 
 HOLBORN-BARS first set up by the City of London 1346 
 
 HOLLAND allowed the independence of America, Oc- 
 tobers 1782 
 
 She soon after lost her own, (1795), the Statholder being expelled, and a new 
 form of Government established, February 19, 1796. 
 
 HOLLANDERS, The, made money of pasteboard, in...... 1574 
 
 HOLSTEIN ceded to Denmark, by Russia 1773 
 
 HOLY TRINITY, the Religious Order of, began 1214 
 
 HOLY GHOST, Knights of the, began in France 1468 
 
 Restored January 1, 1559 ; abolished, 1791 ; at Rome, 1798. 
 
 HOLY TRINITY, Knights of the, began 1211 
 
 HOMILIES drawn up by Archbishop Cranmer 1547 
 
 HOSPITALLERS, Order of the, began 1097 
 
 HUBERT, ST. Knights of, in Juliers, began in Germany . 1473 
 
 HUNTINGTONIANS, the Religious Order of, began 1780 
 
 From Huntingdon, a coal-heaver. 
 
 HURRICANE in the West Indies, July 26 1837 
 
 This hurricane was most calamitous in its consequences, nearly 1200 persons 
 losing their lives. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 251 
 
 ILLUMINATIONS. 
 
 Illuminations in London for three nights, in honour of the battle of Vittoria, on 
 the 5th, 6th, and 7th of July, 1813. A general, for the battle of Leipsic, 
 November, 1813; and again for the restoration of the Bourbons, in April, 
 1814. At London, on the arrival of the foreign Sovereigns, on the 9th, and 
 for the restoration of Peace on the 23rd of June, 1814. 
 
 IMPOSTORS, four crucified in . 1221 
 
 Two were crucified for assuming the character of Christ; and two women, for 
 pretending to be the Virgin Mary or Mary Magdalen. > 
 
 IMPROPRIATIONS. 
 
 Previous to the destruction of the Monasteries, by Henry VIII. in 1539, they had 
 many livings in their possession ; the great tithes they kept to themselves, 
 allowing those of the smaller to the Vicar, or substitute that served the 
 church. On the suppression of the Monasteries, Henry disposed of these 
 great tithings among his favourites. 
 
 INSURANCE POLICIES first used in Florence 1523 
 
 First Society established at Hanover, 1530. That at Paris, 1740. 
 
 INTEREST, first mentioned for the word Usury 1624 
 
 ITALY, the kingdom of, began 476 
 
 Ended, 964. 
 
 JACOBITES, the religious Order of, began 1 198 
 
 JAMES, ST. KNIGHTS OF, began in Spain 1030 
 
 In Holland, 1290; in Portugal, 1310. 
 
 JANUARY, the 30th of, ordered to be kept as a Fast 1660 
 
 JAPAN discovered 1542 
 
 Visited by the English,. 1612. 
 
 JESUITS BARK introduced into France 1650 
 
 In general use, 1680. 
 
 JESUS SOCIETY, Sisters of, began 1626 
 
 JEWISH NATURALIZATION ACT passed 1753 
 
 It was repealed in the year following. 
 
 JOHN, ST. OF JERUSALEM, Order began 1099 
 
 Removed to Rhodes, 1300; to Malta, 1522; suppressed in England, 1540. 
 
 JULIAN, ST. of Alcantara, in Spain, Knights of, began ... 1176 
 JUSTICIARY COURT OF SCOTLAND established ... 1672 
 
 KENT, kingdom of, began 455 
 
 Ended 823. 
 
252 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 KNIGHTHOOD first used in England , 897 
 
 KNIGHTHOOD, all its Orders abolished in France, by the 
 
 National Assembly, July 30 1791 
 
 KNOT, Knights of the, began in Naples 1351 
 
 LA CALZA, Knights of, began in Venice 1400 
 
 LAND CARRIAGE, Fish brought to London by 1761 
 
 LA SCAMA, Knights of, in Spain, began 1420 
 
 LATIN TONGUE, the abolished in Courts of Law 1731 
 
 LAZARUS, ST. Knights of, began .. , 366 
 
 LENT, the Fast of, instituted 142 
 
 In Kent, 640. 
 
 LEOPOLD, PRINCE, made King of Belgium 1831 
 
 LILY OF NAVARRE, Knights of the, began 1048 
 
 Of Arragon, began in 1403. 
 
 LINENS taxed ;. 1785 
 
 LIVERPOOL incorporated 1299 
 
 LOLLARDS, the Religious Order of, began 1315 
 
 LONG PARLIAMENT, the dissolution of the 1653 
 
 The dissolution of the Long Parliament, took place on the 20th of April, 1653. 
 This was the only dissolution of Parliament that ever occurred in Saint 
 Stephen's Chapel, and the scene was the most extraordinary that ever took 
 place there. 
 
 The longest English Parliament on record, was the Long Parliament of 
 Charles II. which met on the 8th of May, 1661, and was not dissolved till 
 January 24, 1678, after it had existed for 16 years, 8 months, and 16 days ; 
 but what is commonly known by the name of the Long Parliament is its more 
 famous predecessor, which first met on the 3rd of November, 1640, in the 
 reign of Charles I. A history of this Parliament would comprehend the 
 beginning, progress and completion of by far the greatest revolution England 
 has ever undergone since it first became one kingdom; for assuredly neither 
 the Norman Conquest, nor the Reformation, nor the settlement of 1688, 
 momentous as each of those changes were, will bear to be compared in magni- 
 tude with that brought about within the period in question. In the Revo- 
 lution of 1649, the Crown was not merely taken from one family and given 
 to another, but the monarchy was utterly overthrown ; and the church, which 
 had been merely reformed in the preceding century, was now abolished by 
 the proceedings of the Long Parliament. 
 
 About the end of the year 1648, just before the trial and execution of the 
 King, Colonel Pride blockaded the House with a party of military, forcibly 
 seized forty-one of its Members, and shut out 160 more, not one of whom 
 was allowed to enter his place again. This clearing of the House was not 
 enough for the great director of these operations ; the Members of which 
 
THK NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 253 
 
 LONG PARLIAMENT, dissolution of the 1653 
 
 having long before lost the confidence of the nation, all parties were desirous 
 of witnessing some event which would bring it to a close, there being no 
 authority in the Commonwealth by which it could be legally dissolved. A 
 motion had been made in the House to that effect by one of Cromwell's 
 paity, but it was speedily negatived; and its failure being communicated 
 to the Protector, he was greatly enraged, and commanding some of his offi- 
 cers to fetch a party of soldiers, he marched forthwith to the House; which, 
 having entered, (accompanied by the soldiers,) he forced the Speaker from his 
 chair, ordering his men to " take away that bauble," as he called the mace, 
 and locking the doors, no one made the least resistance against him, but all 
 of them tamely departed. On the 16th of December, in the same year, he 
 was formally invested in Westminster Hall, with the dignity and authority 
 of Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland. By 
 the firm and lofty tone which he adopted towards foreign Powers, he elevated 
 England to a height of influence and glory, which, since the time of Eliza- 
 beth, she had never approached; in other respects, he was little better than 
 a despot; that is, everything being conducted solely according to his will and 
 pleasure. 
 
 On the 20th of June, 1656, he was publicly enthroned anew as the head 
 of the State, with still greater pomp and ceremony thau on the previous occa- 
 sion, the new Parliament having, (after the ejection of above two hundred 
 of the mrst refractory) agreed to conform to his authority; but from this 
 moment his future reign was disturbed by suspicion of a conspiracy against 
 his life. Alarm and disease at length made rapid inroads upon his health: 
 and he expired September 3, 1658, aged 60. His remains were escorted 
 with great pomp from Somerset House to Westminster Abbey, where they 
 were deposited, in Henry the 7th's chapel, but dug up after the Restoration, 
 and publicly exposed, with every mark of indignity. (For an account of 
 which, see page 137 — " Protectorates." 
 
 LORD HIGH STEWARD, the first appointed for a Coro- 
 nation was Thoma?, second son of Henry IV. 
 
 The first for the trial of a Peer, was Edward, Earl of Devon, on the arraignment 
 of John, Earl of Huntingdon, in the same reign. 
 
 LORD STEWARD OF THE HOUSEHOLD, so called 
 
 since 1540 
 
 Previous to that time he was styled Grand Master of the Household. 
 
 LORD DANES, a title used in London, in 1000 
 
 LORETTO, Knights of, began at Rome 1587 
 
 LOUIS, ST. Knights of, began May 10... 1603 
 
 Abolished in 1791. 
 
 LUBECK founded 1140 
 
 LUCCA, Republic of, founded 100 
 
 LUTHERANS, the Religious Order of, began 1517 
 
254 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 MADAGASCAR discovered by the Portuguese 1506 
 
 MAGELLAN, the Straits of, discovered, 1520 
 
 A famous Strait of South America, discovered in 1520 by one Magellan, a Por- 
 tuguese, in the service of Spain, since which time it has been sailed through 
 by several navigators; but the passage being dangerous and troublesome, 
 they have now found out another, to the South Sea, round Cape Horn. 
 
 MAHOMETANS, the Religious Order of, began 622 
 
 MALACCA GOLD MINES discovered 1731 
 
 MALTA, KNIGHTS OF ; see " Malta," page 108. 
 
 MARIAN KNIGHTS ; see « Teutonic Order." 
 
 MARK, ST. Order of, began at Venice 830 
 
 Revived, in 1562. 
 
 MARK, ST. the glorious, Knights of, began in Italy 1233 
 
 At Rome, in 1618. 
 
 MARIGALANTE ISLE discovered 1349 
 
 One of the least of the Caribbee Islands, and subject to Great Britain. 
 
 MARQUIS, the title of, instituted 1365 
 
 The title of Marquis, is a term derived from the Teutonic Marche, a word signi- 
 fying a limit or boundary, the officers so called having originally been ap- 
 pointed to guard the frontiers of the kingdom. Hence they were styled 
 Lords Marchers, and subsequently Marquisses. Their peculiar authority 
 was abolished in the reign of Henry VIII.: but long before that period the 
 title was considered merely honorary. The title of Marquis was bestowed 
 by Richard II. on his favourite, De Vere. 
 
 MARSHALS OF FRANCE instituted 1436 
 
 Abolished, in 1791. 
 
 MARTYRS, Knights of the, in Palestine, began 1319 
 
 MARY, ST. DE MERCED, Knights of, began in Spain . 1218 
 
 MARY-THERESA, or Royal Order for Ladies in Spain, 
 
 instituted 1 792 
 
 MARYLAND PROVINCE planted by Lord Baltimore, at 
 
 the expense of £40,000 in 1633 
 
 MARY ROSE, THE, sunk in an engagement, in 1545 
 
 Since the commencement of operations in the endeavour to raise the wreck of the 
 Royal George, a like attempt has been proceeded in, to restore some portion 
 of the above ship, and the task has been attended, in some measure, with 
 success. A brass gun, between eleven and twelve feet long, of exquisite 
 workmanship, and upwards of five inches in the bore, has by the indefati- 
 gable exertions of Mr. Dean, and his party, been brought up; it bears an 
 inscription, which will require some little cleaning in order to render it 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 255 
 
 MARY ROSE, THE, (continued.) 
 
 more clear to the reader; the name of Henry VIII. however, is very legible: as 
 is also the figure of a full-blown rose. The " Mary Rose" was sunk in an 
 engagement, in the reign of Henry VIII. Alongside of this curious and 
 perfect piece of ordnance, was also found an iron gun, of the very rudest de- 
 scription, made out of bars hooped round: and what is still more remark- 
 able, a granite shnt, rather larger than a 32-pounder ! after having been 
 sunk nearly three centuries. 
 
 MASTER OF THE CEREMONIES first appointed 1603 
 
 MAURITIANS, Knights of the, began in Savoy 1480 
 
 Restored, in 1572. 
 
 MAURITIUS ISLE discovered 1598 
 
 Settled in 1721. 
 
 MEAL TUB PLOT, The, 1679 
 
 A forged conspiracy against James II. was so called from the place where the pre- 
 tended correspondence lay concealed, 
 
 MEDICINAL SIMPLES first brought from the East into 
 
 Europe 1200 
 
 MEETING OF RADICALS, attempted one, January 29 . 1832 
 
 A Meeting was attempted to be held on this day, (Sunday) of Radicals in St. 
 George's Fields, Manchester, but they were dispersed by the Civil Power, 
 and seven of trie leaders captured. On the 12th of March, E. Curran, R. 
 Gilchrist, N. Broadhurst, and W. Ashmore, the promoters of the same were 
 indicted at the Lancaster Assizes, for having feloniously combined, at a 
 Meeting at Manchester, with more than 1000 others, for the purpose of en- 
 deavouring to subvert the established Institutions of the Realm. They were 
 tried, and convicted on the third charge for riotously assembling to disturb 
 the public peace. The other prisoners, J.Maskell, G. Lomax, T. Faux, and 
 J. Faux, were acquitted. On the 15th of March, sentence was passed — 
 Twelve months imprisonment. 
 
 MERCATOR'S CHARTS invented 1556 
 
 MERCHANTS known b. c. 1865 
 
 The Peerage, as well as the Baronetage of England, exhibits numerous proofs of 
 voluntary respect paid to commerce by British Sovereigns. The house of 
 Osborne had for its founder Edward Osborne, apprentice to Sir Wm.Hewett, 
 a merchant, who lived in London, and was Lord Mayor in 1559. Sir Wm. 
 had only one daughter, Anne, who, when a child, was, by the carelessness of 
 her nurse, dropped in the Thames. The apprentice, Edward Osborne, 
 jumped into the river and saved her life. When the child grew up to woman- 
 hood, as she was rich, she had many suitors, among whom was the Earl of 
 Shrewsbury, but the father refused them all, saying, that as Osborne had 
 saved her life, he should have her. They were married, and their descend- 
 ant is Duke of Leeds. The Marquis Cornwallis is lineally descended from 
 Thomas Cornwalleys, merchant, who was Sheriff of London in 1378. The 
 noble house of Wentworth was founded by Sir W. Fitzwilliam, who was an 
 Alderman of London, and Sheriff in 1506; he was a retainer of Cardinal 
 Wolsey, and knighted by Henry VIII. for his attachment to that prelate in 
 his misfortunes. The Earl of Coventry is descended from John Coventry, 
 
256 THfi NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 MERCHANTS, (continued.) 
 
 mercer and Lord Mayor, in the year 1425. Laurence des Bouveries married 
 a daughter of a silk mercer at Frankfort on-the-Maine, and returning to 
 England, laid the foundation of tVie house of Radnor. — The ancestor of the 
 Earl of Essex was Sir William Capel, Lord Mayor of London, in 1503. The 
 ancestor of the Earl of Dartmouth, T. Legge, or Leggett, a skinner, was twice 
 Lord Mayor, in 1347 and 1354, and lentking Edward III. no less a sum than 
 £300. for his French war. Sir William Craven, merchant tailor and Lord 
 Mayor of London, was ancestor of the present Earl of Craven; and the 
 present Earl of Warwick is lineally descended from William Greville, a 
 citizen of London, and " flower of the woolstaplers." Thomas Bennet, 
 mercer, Sheriff in 1594, and Lord Mayor in 1603, laid the foundation of the 
 fortunes of the Earls of Tankerville, who are lineally descended from him. 
 Th« ancestor of the Earls of Pomfret was Richard Fermour, who, having 
 amassed a splendid fortune as a citizen in Calais, came to England, and suf- 
 fered attaint under Henry VIII. and did not recover his property till the 4th 
 of Edward VI. The Earl of Darnley owes the first elevation of his family to 
 John Bligh, a London Citizen, who was employed as agent to the speculators 
 in the Irish estates forfeited in the Rebellion in 1641. John Cowper, an 
 Alderman of Bridge Ward, and Sheriff in 1551, was ancestor of Earl Cowper; 
 and the Earl of Romney is descended from Thomas Marsham, alderman, who 
 died in 1624. Lard Dacre's ancestor, Sir Robert Dacre, who was banker to 
 Charles I. although he lost £80,000. by that Monarch, left a princely fortune 
 to his descendants. Lord Dormer is descended from Sir Michael Dormer, 
 Lord Mayor in 1541. Viscount Dudley and Ward's ancestor was William 
 Warde, a goldsmith in Lond m, and jeweller to the consort of Charles I. 
 Sir Rowland Hill, who was Lord Mayor in the reign of Edward VI. was 
 ancestor of Lord Berwick, Lord Hill, and " all the Hills in Shropshire." 
 
 MERCIAN KINGDOM began 584 
 
 Ended in 823. 
 
 MERIT, a Military Order of Knighthood in Prussia, insti- 
 tuted... 1730 
 
 METHODISTS, the Religious Order of, began 1734 
 
 METHODISTS in the year 1767 
 
 It appears, that in the year 1767, the number of itinerant preachers was not more 
 than 92, and of the people in the Societies 25,911; hut that in 1795, the 
 number of Preachers was 357, and that of the people of the Societies 83,368* 
 By the Reports produced at the Methodist Conference held at Leeds, July 
 26, 1812, the number of itinerant Preachers in Great Britain, Ireland, and 
 the West Indies, was 956, and about double that number of local Preachers 
 (for those of America there was no correct statement;) the numbers of 
 people were as follows, viz. : — 
 
 Great Britain ,. 155,124 
 
 Ireland 27,823 
 
 Gibraltar 129 
 
 Sierra Leone 60 
 
 Nova Scotia and Newfoundland 1,225 
 
 West Indies , 13,042 
 
 United States of America 170,000 
 
 Additional number in Gieat Britain, up to July, 1813. . . . 9,000 
 
 Total 376,403 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 257 
 
 METHODISTS, (continued.) 
 
 The following is an Abstract of the Return made to the late Conference of 
 the number of Members in the Society, showing an increase during the year 
 of 22,551, viz.:— 
 
 Great Britain 1840 323,178 
 
 1839 307,068 
 
 ■ Increase . . 16,110 
 
 1840 27,047 
 
 1839 \ 26,383 
 
 ■ Increase. . 664 
 
 Foreign Stations, 1840 78,504 
 
 1839 ,72,727 
 
 > Increase. . 5,777 
 
 Total increase. . 22,551 
 
 Reported as on trial in Great Britain, March, 1840 19,603 
 
 The gross receipts of money during the past year, (1839) for Missionary 
 purposes by this body, from every source, both at home and abroad, has been 
 £92,697. 18*. 8d. being an increase of annual income amounting to more 
 than £10,000. on the year 1838. The expenditure has been, for the past 
 year, for Missionary purposes, £104,017. 65. Id. 
 
 MEXICO conquered by the Spaniards under Cortez 1519 
 
 MICHAEL, ST. Knights of, began in France 1469 
 
 In Germany, 1618. 
 
 MICROSCOPES first used in Germany 1621 
 
 The double ones discovered by Torricelli, 1624; solar Microscopes invented in 
 1740. 
 
 MICROMETERS invented by Mr. Wm. Gascoigne, who 
 
 was slain at Marston Moor, aged 23, in 1644 
 
 MILAN. 
 
 The capital of this celebrated Dukedom is reputed to have been built by the 
 Gauls, B.C. 408. It submitted to the Romans, B.C. 222; was formed into a 
 Republic, A. D. 1221; and lastly was governed by Dukes from 1395, till 
 1501 ; the French were expelled, from it by Chartes V. of Germany, about 
 1525, who gave it to his son Philip II ; taken by the Imperialists, 1796; 
 given to Austria, on Naples and Sicily being ceded to Spain, 1748. Seized 
 by the French, 1706; re-taken by the Austrians, May, 1799. 
 
 MILE. 
 
 The length of it first determined, 1593. It was calculated to consist of 5280 feet, 
 or 1760 yards; so that a square mile contains 27,178,400 square feet, or 640 
 square acres. 
 
 MILITIA, one established in Ireland by king Cormac O'Con, 
 
 about 254 
 
 In England, Alfred the Great first enrolled a militia, which continued till the 
 Wo. 33. LI • 
 
258 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 MILITIA, (continued.) 
 
 reign of James I. ; revived under Charles IT. ; the present Militia Act passed 
 1757; altered, 1764, 1781, and for Scotland, 1797- Supplementary Militia 
 embodied, 1797; the whole number was 104,000, in 1800. 
 
 In 1761, the Militia Act was opposed at Hexham, when 45 persons were 
 killed, and about 300 wounded; it was opposed in various parts of Scotland 
 in 1796, particularly at Tranent, where several persons in the neighbour- 
 hood of that village were killed while pursuing their lawful avocations. 
 
 MILITIA ACT, to enable His Majesty to establish a per- 
 manent Local Militia Force, under certain restrictions, 
 for the defence of the Realm, June 30 1808 
 
 Again May 12, 1809. Completion of in Great Britain, May 27, 1809. An Act 
 to amend several Acts relating- to the Militia, and to the enlisting of the 
 Militia into His Majesty's regular Forces, July 3, 1813. An Act to amend 
 the Laws relating to the Militia in Great Britain, May 25, 1815. 
 
 MILITARY UNIFORMS first used in France, by Lewis 
 
 XIV. 
 
 MINICHEES, the Religious Order of, began 343 
 
 MINIMES, the Religious Order of, began 1450 
 
 MINISTERS, the, in a minority of the House of Commons 
 
 on theLand-Tax Bill for 1767 
 
 This was the first instance of the kind on a Money Bill since the Revolution. 
 
 MINISTERS, liberation of the French Royalist, October 17 1836 
 
 Prince Polignac, landed at Dover, after his long confinement in France, De- 
 cember 2, 1836. 
 
 MINORS, the Religious Order of, began 1009 
 
 MODENA made a Duchy 1451 
 
 MOGUL EMPIRE. 
 
 The first conqueror, was Jenghis Khan, a Tartarian prince, who died 1226. Timur 
 Bek became Great Mogul, by conquest, 1399; the dynasty continued in his 
 family till the conquest of Tamerlane, in the fifteenth century, whose de- 
 scendants have kept the throne ever since ; Khouli Khan, the famous Sophi 
 of Persia, considerably diminished the power of the Moguls, carried away 
 immense treasures from Delhi, and since that event many of the Nabobs have 
 made themselves independent. 
 
 MONKS first associated 328 
 
 MOON, Knights of the, began in Sicily 1464 
 
 MONMOUTH made an English County by Henry VIII. ... 1535 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORV. 259 
 
 MONTEJIA, Knights of, began in Spain, 1223 
 
 MONTREAL discovered 1534 
 
 MONTSERRAT, in the West Indies, discovered by Co- 
 lumbus 1493 
 
 Planted by England, in 1632. 
 
 MORAVIANS, or UN IT AS FRATRUM, appeared in 
 
 Bohemia 1457 
 
 In England, in 1737. 
 
 MOROCCO, The Empire of, anciently Mauritius, first 
 
 known 1 008 
 
 It was possessed by the Romans, 25 B.C. and by them reduced to a province, 50. 
 From this time it underwent various revolutions, till the establishment of the 
 Almovarides. The second Emperor of his family built the capital, Morocco. 
 About 1116, Abdalla, the leader of a sect of Mahometans, founded the dynasty 
 of Almahides, which ended in the last sovereign's total defeat in Spain, in 
 1312. At this period, Fez, and Tremecen, then provinces of the Empire, 
 shook off their dependence. Morocco was afterwards seized by the king of 
 Fez; but the descendants of Mahomet, about 1550, subdued and united the 
 three kingdoms again, and formed what is at present the Empire of Morocco. 
 
 MOSCOW founded 1156 
 
 Invaded by Bonaparte, with an army of 300,000 men ; and set on fire, by the 
 Russian Governor, to prevent its falling into the hands of the French, 1812. 
 
 MOUNTJOY, Knights of, began 1015 
 
 Ceased in 1221. 
 
 MUGGLETONIANS, the Religious Order of, sprung from 
 
 one Muggleton, a journeyman tailor, in 1647 
 
 MUNICH, in Bavaria, founded, 962 
 
 Walled in 1157. 
 
 NATIONAL CONFEDERATION at Paris commemorated 
 
 in the field of Mars, July 14 1790 
 
 NATIONAL DEBT. 
 
 The National Debt, first contracted in Henry Vllth's reign, was £1430. The 
 present system was established by king William III. on the suggestion of 
 Bishop Burnet, a Scotchman. 
 Progress of the National Debt: — in 1755 we owed seventy-two millions. In 1776, 
 123 millions. In 1786, 239 millions. And at Midsummer 1796, it was 3S0 
 millions sterling. 
 
 Money advanced by the Bank of England for the public service, and out- 
 standing December 7, 1798 : — £. s. d. 
 
 On Land-Tax, 1797 551,000 
 
 Ditto 1798 1,880,000 
 
 Malt, 1797 ' 220,000 
 
260 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 NATIONAL DEBT, The, (continued.) 
 
 £. s. d. 
 
 Ditto 1798 750,000 
 
 Supply of Bills 1798 3,000,000 
 
 Total £.6,401,000 
 
 By the Official Statement of tlie National Debt, created in Great Britain 
 ALONE, as laid before the House of Commons, it appears that the Funded 
 
 Debt was, February 1, 1806, 640,725,103 
 
 Short Annuities, per ann 485,167 
 
 Long .. ditto.... ditto 1,047,494 
 
 Further borrowed that Session, £.29,880,000 
 Less paid off 5 pr Ct. Annuities 979,256 
 
 28,900,744 
 
 Created in Britain for Ireland . £.38,198,000 
 
 Borrowed that Session 3,320,000 
 
 41,518,000 
 
 Exclusive of Long Annuities to the amount of 912,081 
 Created for the Emperor (independent of an- 
 nuities which expire in 1819, of £230,000 
 
 a-year) 7,502,633 
 
 Exchequer Bills unprovided for 15,341,000 
 
 Unfunded Debt in Navy Bills, Jan. 5, 1806. 5,91 1,588 
 
 N.B. — No notice was taken of the other Unfunded Debt. 
 So that, by this Statement, the whole FUNDED Debt of 
 
 Great Britain, was £.739,826,068 An. 1,762,661 
 
 Purchased by the Commis- Irish ditto 912,081 
 
 sioners for reducing the — . 
 
 National Debt £104,701,999 £2,674,742 
 
 Net amount of Funded Debt , 
 
 and Annuities, &c £.635,124,069 
 
 By this a further deduction is made of Funded Debt of £22,000,000 odds, 
 transferred to the above Commissioners towards reducing the National Debt, 
 on account of Land-Tax redeemed. 
 
 The following is an Account of the National Funded Debt at the Revolu- 
 tion, and at the commencement and termination of each war since : — 
 
 Debt at the Revolution 1689 1,054,925 
 
 Funded Debt at the Peace of Rys wick 1697 21,515,772 
 
 Ditto at the commencement of the War .... 1701 16,394,701 
 Ditto at the Peace of Utrecht, (including An- 
 nuities afterwards subscribed to the South 
 
 Sea Stock) 1714 55.282,978 
 
 Ditto at the commencement of the War .... 1740 47,954,623 
 
 Ditto at the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle 1748 79,193,313 
 
 Ditto at the commencement of the War 1756 73,289,673 
 
 Ditto at the Peace of Paris, (including 
 
 £9,839,957. which was funded in the 
 
 subsequent years) 1763 133,959,270 
 
 Besides this, there was about £6,000,000. of 
 
 Debt paid off, without being funded. 
 Ditto at the commencement of the American 
 
 War 1775 123,644,500 
 
 Ditto at the Peace of Versailles 1783 211 ,363,524 
 
 Besides this, there was a large Unfunded Debt, 
 
 which being Funded in the following 
 
 years, raised the amount to 238,231,248 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF M E M O R V . 261 
 
 NATIONAL DEBT, The, (continued.) 
 
 And this was reduced by purchases for the re- 
 demption of the National Debt, at the 
 commencement of the War 1793 227,989,148 
 
 Ditto at the Peace of Amiens, in 1802 
 
 Including that year's Loan £567,008,978 
 
 Of which redeemed 67,255,915 
 
 499,753,063 
 
 There was no reduction of the National Debt 
 
 in the short Peace which followed the 
 
 Treaty of Amiens. 
 
 Funded Debt, Feb. 1, 1812 ..£. 769,764,356 
 
 Of which redeemed 189,538,480 
 
 580,225,876 
 
 In this Statement the value of Annuities granted for lives and years is not 
 included. The amount of these Annuities, February 1st, 1812, was 
 £1,318,421. 
 
 Debt at the Revolution 1,054,925 
 
 Contracted in the 
 
 War commencing . . 1689, of 8 years, 20,460,847 
 
 Ditto 170L, of 13 „ 38,888,277 
 
 Ditto 1740, of 8 „ 31,238,690 
 
 Ditto J756,of 7 „ ...... 66,669,597 
 
 Ditto 1775, of 8 „ 114,586,748 
 
 Ditto 1793, of 9 „ 271,763,915 
 
 Ditto 1803, to 
 
 February 1,.. 1812, 9 ,, 80,472,813 
 
 Contracted in 62 years' War, including that exist- 
 
 ing at the Revolution, £.619,135,812 
 
 Debt paid in the Peace of 1697, .. 4 years 5,121,071 
 
 7,328,355 
 
 5,903,640 
 
 10,314,770 
 
 10,242,000 
 
 Ditto... 
 
 
 . 1714, 
 
 .26 
 
 Ditto . . . 
 
 .. ditto. 
 
 . 1748, 
 
 .. 8 
 
 Ditto . . . 
 
 . . . ditto . 
 
 . 1763, 
 
 .12 
 
 
 
 . 1783, 
 
 .10 
 
 
 
 1803, 
 
 . 1 
 
 Debt paid off in 61 years' Peace £.28,909,936 
 
 Funded Debt, February 1, 1812 £580,225,876 
 
 Reduction of the National Debt, up to August 1, 1813 : — jj 
 
 Redeemed by the Sinking Fund. , 221 ,928,973 
 
 Transferred by Land-Tax redeemed 24,534,1 14 
 
 Ditto by Life Annuities purchased 2,195,111 
 
 On account of Great Britain 248,653,198 
 
 Ditto of Ireland 11,532,365 
 
 Ditto of Imperial Loan 1,429,359 
 
 Ditto of Loan to Portugal 207,606 
 
 Ditto of Loan to the East India Company 190,893 
 
 Total £.262,018,421 
 
 The whole Debt contracted during 62 years of War, is £618,080,887. 
 being £9,969,046. annually, at an average. 
 
262 
 
 THE NEW TABLET OK MEMORY. 
 
 NATIONAL DEBT, The, (continued.) 
 
 Thewhole Debt discharged during 61 years of Peace is £38,909,936. being 
 £637,867 annually, at an average. 
 
 The management of the National Debt is conducted by the Bank of Eng- 
 land, except a small part, which is in the hands of the South Sea Company. 
 
 The expense of management, in most articles, before 1786, was at the rate 
 of £562. 10*. per million of capital, whether of a Three, Four, or Five per 
 Cent. Annuity, reckoning £40,000. of terminable Annuities, equal to a 
 million of capital. 
 
 In 1786, the rate of management was reduced to £450. per million; and 
 this was confirmed by an Act of Parliament in 1791. 
 
 In 1808, the rate of management was further reduced, aad settled on the 
 following terms: — £450. per million, if the capital exceeded 300 millions, but 
 fell below 400 millions; — £340. per million, if the capital exceeded 400 
 millions, but fell below 600 millions; — £300. per million on such part of the 
 Public Debt as exceeded 600 millions. No agreement was made for the case 
 of the Public Debt falling below 300 millions. 
 
 It was farther agreed that the Bank should advance, without Interest, 
 £500,000. in addition to £376,739. formerly advanced, in consideration of a 
 large sum of unclaimed Dividends always remaining in their hands. 
 
 Besides these allowances for management, the Bank receives considerable 
 sums for conducting Loans. 
 
 NATIONAL DEBT, The, of England and Ireland 1840 
 
 DEBT.— Great Britain. 
 
 South Sea Company, at 3 pr Cent. £. 3,662,784 8 7 
 Old South Sea Annuities ditto .. 3,497,870 2 7 
 
 New ditto ditto .. 2,460,830 2 10 
 
 South Sea Ann. 1751 ..ditto .. 523,100 
 
 Debt to Bank of England ditto .. 11,015,100 
 
 Bank Annuities, 1726 826,636 
 
 Consolidated Annuities 357,960,903 3 8 
 
 Reduced ditto ditto 126,115,262 9 9 
 
 Total at 3 pr Cent. . 506,062,486 7 5 
 
 Annuities at 3i pr Cent. 1818 10,727,622 15 1 
 
 Reduced Annuities, 3J> pr Cent 66,298,818 13 9 
 
 New 3| per Cent. Annuities 146,237,360 3 8 
 
 New 5 pr. Cent Annuities 438,240 13 4 
 
 Great Britain £729,764,528 13 3 
 
 IRELAND, (in British Currency. J 
 
 Irish Con. 3 pr. Cent. Annuities . 
 
 Reduced 3 pr Cent dittto .. 
 
 3^ pr. Cent. Debenture & Stock . . 
 Reduced 3^ pr Cent. Annuities . 
 New 3| pr Cent. Annuities .... 
 Debt to Bank of Ireland 4 pr. Ct. 
 
 New 5 pr Cent. Annuities 
 
 Debt to Bank of Ireland, 5 pr Ct. 
 
 Ireland 33,463,343 5 2 
 
 3,004,253 
 
 19 
 
 7 
 
 162,882 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 14,757,160 
 
 15 
 
 9 
 
 1,045,712 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 11,855,903 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 1,615,384 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 6,661 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1,015,384 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 Total Debt of the United Kingdom £.763,227,871 18 5 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 263 
 
 NATIONAL DEBT, The, of England and Ireland, (con- 
 cluded) 1840 
 
 CHARGE. 
 
 Annual Interest unredeemed Debt £.24,142,471 15 2 
 
 Long Annuities to expire inU860 1,294,586 6 10 
 
 Annuities 4 Genrge IV. ex. 1867 585,740 
 
 Ditto 10 Geo. IV. various periods 1,402,363 18 6 
 
 Ditto Waterloo Fund, 59 Geo. III. \ 2 900 
 
 expired July 5, 1837 > 
 
 Life Annuities, 48 George III. \ 074 939 4 « 
 
 10 Geo. IV. & 3 Win. IV. . . % 
 
 Life Annuities, payable at IN a- 1 iq ojr- 19 in 
 
 tional Debt. Office, England, $ ' 
 
 Ditto Irish 41,053 15 10 
 
 Annual Interest on Redemption 7 12 848 5 9 
 
 of Land-Tax j ' 
 
 Management 157,120 14 11 
 
 Total Charge of United Kingdom £.28,533,192 14 4 
 
 Total of Unfunded Debt and De- 
 mands outstanding the 5th of . 
 January, 1837 •••• provided 3 1 «n 
 
 Uprovided 28,155' 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 £34,504.544 6 5 
 
 Exchequer Bills to complete the Charge upon the \ n 5 90c ooi 15 in 
 Consolidated Fund, issued 5th January, 1837 . . J ' ' 
 
 NAVY, THE BRITISH, strength of, August 1840 
 
 SHIPS IN ORDINARY. guns. 
 
 The Queen, (ready for commissioning) 110 
 
 Waterloo 1 20 
 
 Royal George 1 20 
 
 Nelson 1 20 
 
 Hibernia 120 
 
 Prince Regent. . . c 120 
 
 Neptune 1 20 
 
 St. Vincent 120 
 
 Royal William : 120 
 
 Caledonia 120 
 
 Queen Charlotte 104 
 
 Camperdown , 1 04 
 
 Nile 92 
 
 Bombay 84 
 
 Calcutta i 84 
 
 Canopus 84 
 
 Clai ence 84 
 
 Achille 76 
 
 Indus 78 
 
 Foudroyant 78 
 
 Kent 76 
 
 To which may be added 29 ships of 72 guns; making 50 sail of the 
 line fit at any time to be put in commission. 
 
264 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 NAVY OF ENGLAND, The, August, (continued) 1840 
 
 SHIPS BUILDING. 
 
 The Trafalgar, Woolwich, 1 20 "1 
 
 St. George, Plymouth 120 > ready for launching-. 
 
 London, Chatham 92 3 guns. 
 
 Victoria 110 
 
 Prince Albert 90 
 
 St. George 120 
 
 Royal Frederick „ 110 
 
 Algiers 110 
 
 Albion 90 
 
 Hannibal 90 
 
 Exmouth 90 
 
 Centurion « . . ., 80 
 
 Collingwood 80 
 
 Colossus 80 
 
 Goliath 80 
 
 Lion 80 
 
 Majestic 80 
 
 Mars 80 
 
 Superb . 80 
 
 Hindostan , . . 78 
 
 Cumberland 70 
 
 Boscawen , c 70 
 
 Twenty-two sail of the line to be brought forward for launching in succes- 
 sive years, as wanted. 
 
 NEYIS, one of the Caribbee Islands, planted by England... 1628 
 
 NEW CALEDONIA discovered 1774 
 
 NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE built 1079 
 
 Incorporated by king John, in 1213. 
 
 NEWFOUNDLAND discovered by Cabot 1497 
 
 Settled, in 1614. 
 
 NEW GUINEA discovered 1770 
 
 New Guinea has, by former voyagers, been stated to have been discovered in the 
 year 1669; but Captain Cook has had the merit of establishing, beyond dis- 
 pute, the time to be the year 1770. 
 
 NEW JERSEY, in America, planted by the Swedes 1637 
 
 NEWMARKET — the celebrated race at, between Hamble- 
 
 tonian and Diamond, March 25 1799 
 
 At the Newmarket Craven Meeting, March 25, 1799, the celebrated race between 
 Sir Harry Vane's Hambletonian, and Mr. Cookson's Diamond, for 3000 gs. 
 was decided, Hambletonian bearing away the palm from Diamond. Never 
 did a contest bring such a throng and press of spectators and visitors to the 
 neighbouring town and county. The inns overflowed. Barns and stables 
 became equally the repertory of grain, bipeds, and quadrupeds. Expecta- 
 tion stood on tiptoe as the day of trial dawned ; nor, till within a very few- 
 strides of the winning post, could the name of the conqueror be confidently 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 265 
 
 NEWMARKET, (continued.) 
 
 dently pronounced. If ever a cast of the figure of Victory should be exe- 
 cuted for the plains of Newmarket, it should assume the form of Buckle — 
 whose unrivalled management of Hambletonian ensured the conquest to its 
 owner. Never since that memorable day hath jockey worn a brighter 
 w reath. 
 
 Upon this identical turf did the Violantes, the Selims, and Sultans of old, 
 astonish both their owners and the lookers on by their marvellous achieve- 
 ments. Here did Filho da Puta and Sir Joshua strive for the mastership; 
 and the latter may be almost said to have died as he attained it. (He died 
 the next day, in consequence of the exertion.) The stride of his antagonist 
 was fearful ; but the winner more than counterbalanced it in fleetness, and 
 was much the smaller horse. Here too, of later years, did the once unrivalled 
 Emilius bear away his most splendid prizes. Under the discipline of the 
 same consummate commander did he defeat the Laird's Jock, the pride and 
 wonder of the north! and in turn was himself defeated by the winged gallop 
 of Bazaar. And yet more recently, on the same spot, did an illustrious 
 Marquis see many of his bright hopes darkened by his beloved. Green Mantle 
 (she, that bore away the Oatlands prize) distanced by the intrepid Lusetta ! 
 Nor let the achievements of Stumps, (he deserved a better name,) at this 
 famed spot, be overlooked in the records of future chroniclers. He was the 
 property of the late Mr. Wyndham; and concluded a brilliant career by the 
 decisive overthrow of Rufus, upon the Round Course. 
 
 NEW YORK settled 1664 
 
 NOBLE PASSION, Knights of, in Saxe Weissenfels, 
 
 began 1704 
 
 NOOTKA, in the North-west of America, discovered 1778 
 
 Settled by the English, 1789 5 captured by the Spaniards, 1790, but afterwards 
 confirmed to the English by treaty. 
 
 NORMANDY erected into a Dukedom , 876 
 
 NORTH-EAST PASSAGE to Russia discovered 1553 
 
 NORTHUMBERLAND Kingdom began 457 
 
 Ended in 828. 
 
 NOTTINGHAM built . 924 
 
 NOVA SCOTIA settled '. 1622 
 
 Nova, Scotia divided into two provinces, in 1784. 
 
 NOVA ZEMBLA discovered 1553 
 
 An island separated from the northern part of Russia by the strait of Wygate, 
 called by the Dutch Strait Van Nassau. Several attempts have been made to 
 find a North-east passage to China by this strait 3 which the Dutch passed, 
 and wintered on the east side of Nova Zembla in 1596, but did not penetrate 
 further for the mountains of ice and snow. 
 
 OAK OF NAVARRE, Knights of the, began in Spain ... 722 
 
 OIL consumed in London, cost £300,000. in 1775 
 
 Wo, 34- M jh 
 
266 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 OPHITES, the Religious Order of, began 187 
 
 ORDER IN COUNCIL, an, revoking the quarantine of 
 any vessels coming to the Ports of the United 
 Kingdom, March 2 1832 
 
 OREBITES, the Religious Order of, began 1 422 
 
 OSNABURGH BISHOPRICK established. „ 1780 
 
 The Duke of York was appointed Bishop of it. 
 
 OUR LADY AND ST. GEORGE OF MONTESA, 
 
 Knights of, in Spain, began...... 1317 
 
 PADUA built b.c. 1269 
 
 Surrounded with a wall, &c. by the Venetians, in 1019. 
 
 PAMPLONA, surrender of, October 31, 1813 
 
 Pamplona, the capital of Navarre, (42 miles south of Bayonne, and 137 north- 
 east of Madrid) surrendered by capitulation to Don Carlos D'Espana, com- 
 manding the blockade under the Marquis of Wellington. The garrison 
 consisted of twenty-four officers, and 4,198 privates. 
 
 PARIS taken possession of by the Allies, and Louis XVIII. 
 
 proclaimed King, March 31 1814 
 
 PARIS founded 357 
 
 Made the capital of France, 510 ; the city of consumed by fire, 588. The States 
 General of the kingdom were assembled here in 1302 and 1303, under Philip 
 the Handsome; in 1355, under John II,; in 1356, under Charles V. then 
 Dauphin; in 1357 and 1369, under the same Charles V.; in 1380, 1382, 
 and 1412, under Charles VI; in 1614, under Louis XIII.; and the first Na- 
 tional Assembly of France, convoked by Louis XVI. at Versailles, was held, 
 after the 19th of October, 1789, at Paris, and was succeeded by the second 
 National Assembly in 1791, and by a National Convention in 1792. In 
 1795, a new constitution being established, which vested the government of 
 the country in a Council of Ancients and a Council of Five Hundred, these 
 met for the first time on the 27th of October, the former at the Palais 
 Bourbon, the latter at the Thuilleries. There are nine principal bridges 
 in Paris, three of which occupy the whole breadth of the Seine, namely, Pont 
 Neuf, Pont Royal, and Pont de Louis XVI. But all the names of buildings, 
 squares, streets, &c. given in honour of their kings, were totally changed, 
 at the time of the abolition of monarchy, at the close of 1792. The Pont 
 Neuf, the finest of all the bridges, was bepun under Henry III. in 1578, and 
 finished by Henry IV. in 1604. It is 1020 feet long by'72 broad, and has 
 twelve arches. In 1614 was erected an equestrian statue of Henry IV. in 
 bronze; but this statue of him whose memory was once idolized by the 
 French, was destroyed in the general demolition of the royal statues in 1792. 
 The Louvre is distinguished into the Old and New. The Old Louvre was 
 begun by Francis I. in 1528; and the grand gallery, 1362 feet long, and 30 
 broad, which joins it to the Thuilleries, was begun under Charles IX. and 
 finished by Louis XIV. who likewise built, in 1665, the New Louvre. The 
 Thuilleries, begun in 1564, by Catherine of Medicis, continued by Henry 
 IV. and completed by Louis XIV. takes its name from its situation in a plaee 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 267 
 
 PARIS founded, (continued.) 357 
 
 in which were formerly many tile-kilns, (tuileries), which for three or four 
 centuries, furnished the greatest part of the tiles used in Paris. From this 
 palace, when attacked by the enraged mob, on the 10th of August, 1792, the 
 unfortunate Louis XVI. went for an asylum to the hall of the National As- 
 sembly, thence to a prison, and from thence to the scaffold. The Palais 
 Royal was built by Cardinal Richelieu in 1629, and had the name of " The 
 Cardinal's " Palace, till Anne of Austria came to reside in it, in 1643, with 
 her son Louis XIV. It had been long the property of the late Dukes of 
 Orleans. The Palace of Luxemburg was built by Mary of Medicis in 1715, 
 and, in form, somewhat resembles Queen's College, Oxford. The Hotel des 
 Invalides, for the wounded and superannuated soldiery, is a magnificent 
 structure, built by Louis XIV. ; as is the Military School, in the Champ de 
 Mars, which was founded by Louis XV. 
 
 PARNELL'S, SIR H. Corn Bill, thrown out, June 6 1814 
 
 Sii H. Parnell's Corn Bill, was thrown out of Parliament at the above date, in 
 compliance with the united Petition of the British people. 
 
 PARTHENIAN GAMES first instituted, b.c. 1262 
 
 PATRICK, ST. Knights of, in Ireland, began, February 25 1783 
 
 PAUL, ST. Knights of, began at Rome 1540 
 
 PAWNBROKERS introduced into Scotland 1806 
 
 PEARLS, artificial, invented 1686 
 
 PEARL ASHES MANUFACTORY first set up in Ire- 
 land 1783 
 
 PEERS, eldest sons of, first permitted to sit in the House 
 
 of Commons 1550 
 
 PEERS OF FRANCE began 778 
 
 PEERS, twelve created at once in the reign of Queen Anne, 
 
 in 1711 
 
 Sixty were made in seven years preceding 1718. * 
 
 PELAGIANS, the Religious Order of, began 382 
 
 PENITENT WOMEN, the Religious Order of, began 1494 
 
 PERSONS worth £40. per annum, compelled to take the 
 
 Order of Kuighthood in 1430 
 
 PETERSBURGH, in Muscovy, built by the Czar, Peter I. 1703 
 
 PETER, ST. Knights of, began at Rome 1520 
 
 PISA Republic founded 1403 
 
268 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 PLACE OF INTERMENT, The, for Malefactors executed 
 
 at Newgate, first burial of at, May 1 1820 
 
 This piece of ground is appropriated to the burial of the bodies of those executed 
 for high-treason, or murder; previous to this, they were given to the 
 surgeons for the purposes of Anatomy. As none at that time were dissected 
 but men of the above, stamp, it was thought by the legislature, added to the 
 daring deeds of the " Resurrection Men," that dissection was more de- 
 grading and odious, by murderers being made the subjects of it; although 
 in fact it was then a part of their sentence. This law has since been altered, 
 their bodies being, in future, to be buried within the precincts of the prison. 
 The first who were deposited within the walls of this cemetery, were Arthur 
 Thistlewood, together with the rest of his companions in the Cato-street 
 conspiracy; (for an account of which, see page 24, ante.) On the day that 
 he was executed, his wife intreated to have his body delivered to her; but 
 the answer returned was, — " That Thistlewood was buried within the 
 prison." Here also lie the remains of the murderers Pegsworth, Greenacre, 
 Lees, Marchant, and, lastly, Courvoisier. It is also the general belief, that 
 the bodies of Bishop and Williams, the murderers of the Italian boy, were 
 likewise placed here: but this is not true; — after the execution, the body of 
 Bishop was sent to King's College, in the Borough; and that of Williams, 
 to Mr. Tuson's Theatre of Anatomy, Upper Windmill-street, from whence, 
 (after the operation of dissection had been performed,) it was likewise sent 
 to the before- mentioned place, where both still remain. (For an account of 
 the Trial of Bishop, Williams, and May, the individuals who perpetrated 
 this horrid affair, see Section V. — " Remarkable Persons." 
 
 This cemetery is about forty yards long, not near so wide, and open to the 
 heavens. Tall upright stones, with rude inscriptions of names, are all that 
 mark the spot of these notorious characters. At their burial, no funeral 
 service is read, eight o'clock in the evening being the hour of interment, as 
 eight in the morning was the hour of their execution. The number already 
 deposited are twelve. 
 
 PLYMOUTH BREAKWATER, The, commenced 1812 
 
 This great undertaking was begun by the advice of some of the most experienced 
 Engineers, the object of which was, to construct, at St. Carlos rocks, near 
 Plymouth, a mole, consisting of a vast heap of stones, in the middle of the 
 Sound, stretching across its entrance, occupying half its width, and leaving a 
 free passage for vessels, on the eastern and western shore, the sole expense 
 of which was estimated at £1,171,100. viz. — £1,051,200. for the mole, or 
 breakwater, and £119,900. for a pier, with lighthouses. The whole length 
 wasto be 1700 yards ; 4000 feet in the middle being quite straight, and the 
 two extremities having a slope up the Sound. On the 12th of August, 1812, 
 the first stone was sunk; and on the 31st of March, 1813, the building 
 made its appearance above the surface of low water at spring-tides. The 
 stones were purchased from a quarry of the Duke of Bedford, at the cost of 
 £10,000. The quantity of stone deposited up to the end of the year 1816, 
 was upwards of 100,000 tons, of which 12,000 were five tons each. At the 
 close of the second year, the swell was so much broken, that ships of various 
 sizes ran in, and anchored behind the breakwater; since which, 200 sail of 
 vessels have found shelter; so that twenty-five or thirty sail of the line may 
 ride here in security. The only damage which this great work has received, 
 was during the dreadful gale on the night of November 24, 1824, when it was 
 discovered that a considerable chasm had taken place near to the eastern 
 end. ' 
 
 Previous to the Breakwater being 1 erected at Plymouth, ships sought the 
 more distant anchorage of Torbay ; but, owing to its bearing so bad a charac- 
 ter among naval officers, Lord Howe has been heard to say, " that it would 
 one day be the grave of the British Fleet." 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 269 
 
 POLICE ACT, THE NEW, came into operation Janu- 
 ary 1, 1840 
 
 By the provisions of this Act, which came into operation as above, it was enacted 
 that every person should be liable to a penalty, not more than forty shillings, 
 who, within the limits of the Metropolitan Police District, shall, in any 
 thoroughfare or public place, commit any of the following offences, viz: — 
 any person who shall expose for sale, except in a market lawfully appointed 
 for that purpose: — any person suffering a ferocious dog to be at large un- 
 muzzled: — or causing any accident byjiegligent driving': — or endangering 
 the life or limb of any passenger in any thoroughfare : — or causing any cart, 
 &c. to stand longer than necessary in loading or unloading: — or leading any 
 horse, or any other animal, &c. on the footway: — or roll, or carry any cask, 
 &c. on the same : — or after being made acquainted with the regulations, act- 
 ing contrary thereto: — or affixing any posting bill on a wall without consent 
 of owner, occupier, &c. : — or common prostitute loitering in the streets, &c. 
 to the annoyance of the inhabitants or passengers : — or sell, or offer for sale 
 or distribution, any profane, or indecent book, &c. or use any indecent song, 
 &c. to annoy any passenger: — using threatening-, or abusive language, which 
 may cause a breach of the peace: — or any one blowing a horn, or other noisy 
 instrument, the guards of mails, and postmen, excepted: — or discharging 
 any fire arms, or throwing any missile, to the danger of any one, or making 
 bonfires, or throwing any fireworks: — nr wilfully and wantonly ringing of 
 door-bells, knocking at doors, and extinguishing lamps: — or flying kites, or 
 playing at any game, whereby the public are likely to be annoyed; any one ' 
 so offending, may be taken into custody, without a warrant, who shall break 
 any of these regulations. And any person, after the first day of January, 
 1840, who within the Metropolitan Police District shall use any dog for the 
 purpose of drawing or helping to draw any cart, carriage, truck, or barrow, 
 shall be liable to a penalty of not more than forty shillings for the first, 
 offence, and not more than five pounds for the second, or any following 
 offence. 
 
 It shall be lawful for any householder within the Metropolitan Police Dis- 
 trict, personally, or by his servant, or by any police constable, to require any 
 street musician to depart from the neighbourhood of the house of such house- 
 holder on account of the illness of any inmate of such house, or for other 
 reasonable cause; and every person who shall sound or play upon any musi- 
 cal instrument in any thoroughfare, near any house after being so required 
 to depart, shall be liable to a penalty of not more than forty shillings. 
 
 Persons found drunk in any street, or public thoroughfare, or gnilty of any 
 riotous or indecent behaviuur, or committing the same in any police station 
 house, shall be liable to a penalty of not more than forty shillings for every 
 such offence, or may be committed, if the Magistrate before whom he shall 
 be convicted shall think fit, instead of inflicting on him any pecuniary 
 penalty, to the House of Correction for any time, not more than seven days. 
 
 It is also enacted, that any Police Constable belonging to the Metropolitan 
 Police Force shall have the power of destroying any dog, or other animal, 
 suspected to be in a rabid state; and the owner of such dog permiting it to be 
 at large after having information, or reasonable ground for believing it to be 
 in a rabid state, or to have been bitten by any dog or other animal in a rabid 
 state, shalhbe liable to a penalty of not more than five pounds, 
 
 The preceding are the principal regulations contained in the New Police 
 Laws. 
 
 POLISH INSURRECTION, the, 1831 
 
 POLYGAMY forbid by the Romans 393 
 
 POOR WOMEN, the Religious Order of, began 1212 
 
270 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 PORCUPINE, Knights of the, began in France 1393 
 
 POST, RExMITTANCES BY, New Regulation respecting, 1840 
 
 By ihis new Regulation of the Lords Commissioner of Her Majesty's Treasury, 
 
 parties may send, in a small sheet of note paper, coin of the following 
 
 amounts, viz. . — * s. d. 
 
 In silver, 2 . . or . . . . \ oz. for 1 penny. 
 
 ,, 4 6 .. ,, .... 1 ,, 2 pence. 
 
 „' 9 6 ..,,.... 2 „ 4 pence. 
 
 In gold, a i sovereign 1 . , ~ , , 
 
 j , . 2 ., ° > 11 .. „ i ,, 1 penny. 
 
 and is. in silver, . . ) i r ' 
 
 ,, \.\ sovereign, 30 ..„•••• \ » 1 penny. 
 
 ,, 3 ,, 1 ,, 2 pence. 
 
 ,. <6\ „ 2 ,, 4 pence. 
 
 A £5. note, or Bank of England note of any amount, might be added to 
 the above sums, or to a sum less in each case, the smallest coin, as 4rf. 
 Where it is necessary to transmit pence or odd amounts of money for which 
 there is no silver coinage, such as a \d. 2d. 3d., when the Postage Stamps 
 are prepared, it will be a convenient arrangement, available to the public, to 
 transmit stamps instead of coin. 
 
 POYNING'S ACT repealed in Ireland, when indepen- 
 dency was restored there, May 17 1782 
 
 PREDESTINARIANS, the Religious Order of, began 371 
 
 PROPERTY TAX, an Act to repeal certain parts of, passed 
 
 June 5 1805 
 
 An Act to repeal certain parts of an Act (43 George III. c. 122,) for granting a 
 contribution on the profits arising from Property, Professions, Trades and 
 Offices ; and to consolidate, and render more effectual the provisions for 
 collecting the said duties. 
 
 PROTESTANTS, in 1229 
 
 They were so called, from the Elector of Saxony having protested against the 
 decree of the Diet of Spires, not to make any innovations, particularly re- 
 specting Mass, till the sense of a General Council could be taken. The Con- 
 fession of Augsburg was brought forward the year following, after which the 
 separation of the two churches was irrevocably fixed. (See page 138, ante.) 
 
 PUBLICAN SECT first came to England 1162 
 
 PURGATORY invented 250 
 
 Introduced into the Church, in 593. 
 
 PURITANS, the Religious Order of, began 1545 
 
 QUAKER, the first one admitted as a Member of Parlia- 
 ment^ in 1833 
 
 The first Member was Mr. Pease, elected for Durham. 
 
 QUEENSTOWN, (CANADA), an American division of 
 
 800 men taken prisoners at, June 24 1813 
 
 QUIETISTS, the Religious Order of, began 1685 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 271 
 
 RECORDS OF SCOTLAND, being sent by sea from 
 
 England to Scotland, were lost 1 295 
 
 RED EAGLE, Knights of the, in Prussia, revived 1792 
 
 REDEMPTION, Knights of, began 1212 
 
 REGNANT QUEEN, the first in England, (Mary) 1553 
 
 In Scotland (Mary Stuart), 1542. 
 
 REPENTANTS, the Religious Order of, began 1360 
 
 REVOLUTIONS in ancient history. — The Assyrian Empire 
 destroyed, and that of the Medes and Persians founded 
 by Cyrus the Great, b. c. 546 
 
 The Macedonian Empire founded on the destruction of the Persian, on the defeat 
 of Darius Codomanus, by Alexander the Great, 331 B.C. — The Roman 
 Empire established on the ruins of the Macedonian, or Greek monarchy, by- 
 Julius Caesar, 47 B. c. — The Eastern Empire founded bv Constantine the 
 Great, on the final overthrow of the Romans, A. D. 306. — The Empire of the 
 Western Franks began under Charlemagne, A. D. S02. This Empire under- 
 went a new revolution, and became the German Empire, under Rodolph of 
 Auasbourg, the head of the house of Austria, A. D. 1273, from which it is 
 also called the monarchy of the Austrians. — The Eastern Empire passed 
 into the hands of the Turks, A. D. 1800. 
 
 REVOLUTIONS. 
 
 In England, in 1688.— Poland, in 1704, 1709, and 179.5— Turkey, in 1730. 
 Persia, in 1748, and 1753.— Russia, in 1682, 1740, and 1762.— Sweden, in 
 1772.— America, in 1775.— France, in 1789.— Venice, 17th May, 1797. 
 Rome, February 26, 1798. 
 
 RUPERT, ST. Knights of, began in Germany 1702 
 
 SABBATICAL YEAR, the first, b.c. 451 
 
 SACRAMENTARIANS, the Religious Order of, began ... 878 
 
 SANCTUARIES abolished in England' 1534 
 
 SANDEMANIANS, (called Glassites in Scotland), the Re- 
 ligious Order of, began 1 760 
 
 SCRIPTURES, The, enjoined to be read in Monasteries in 
 
 Britain .' 746 
 
 SEPULCHRE, Knights of the, began in Palestine 1092 
 
 SERAPHIM, Knights of the, began in Sweden 1 334 
 
 SHAVING OF PRIESTS introduced 169 
 
272 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 SHEEP from England, permitted to be sent to Spain 1467 
 
 SHIP, Knights of the, began, 1252 
 
 SHIP AND DOUBLE CRESCENT, Knights of the, be- 
 gan in France 1269 
 
 SICILIES, Queen of the, obliged to abandon the Govern- 
 ment, and retire into Austria in April 1813 
 
 SINCERITY, Knights of, in Saxony, began 1 690 
 
 SMITHFIELD MARKET, number of cattle brought into, 
 
 in 1774 
 
 The number of cattle brought to this market in 1774, was 94,000 head, and 
 above 800,000 sheep: since which time it has greatly increased. The 
 average number of cattle annually sold in Smithfield, is about 150,000; of 
 sheep, 1,200,000. The number of calves is not included in that of cattle, 
 but the average brought into the market is upwards of 20,000, besides those 
 called sticklers, which are generally sold with the cows. The number of 
 horses annually brought to market, (the horse-market being on a Friday) 
 average from twelve to thirteen thousand ; but there is no correct account of 
 the number sold, it not being obligatory to register the same; nor is there 
 any account of the number of pigs sold, — but for those fer which toll is 
 paid on entering the Market, this amounts to about 24,000; but freemen 
 being exmpted, the exact number cannot be stated, but are supposed to be 
 nearly 60,000. This Market is likely to continue the greatest of all Markets, 
 notwithstanding the rivalry attempted by the New Market at Islington. 
 
 SNAKES, a prodigious quantity appeared on a plain at 
 
 Tournay, near Flanders, in 1059 
 
 A prodigious quantity of these reptiles formed themselves into two bands at the 
 above place, and fought with such fury, that one band was almost destroyed, 
 and the peasants killed the other with sticks and fire. 
 
 SOLI DI ROMA, the Estate of, in Spain, voted to the 
 
 Marquis of Wellington 1813 
 
 This Estate was voted to the Marquis of Wellington, by the Cortes, in testimony 
 of the gratitude of the Spanish nation, October 1, 1813. 
 
 SPAIN, (NEW) established 1520 
 
 SPAIN. 
 
 Spain was first civilized by the Phoenicians, who possessed great part of it; these 
 called in the Carthaginians ; it was afterwards invaded by the Rhodians; the 
 Carthaginians however madenew conquests, 209; and, after the destruction 
 of ancient Tyre, became the most powerful in this country. Conquered by 
 the Romans, 216 B.C. Granada and Andalusia was the Bcetica of the 
 Romans. 
 
 SPONSORS instituted 130 
 
 SPORTS allowed on Sunday after Service, in 1617 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 273 
 
 STAMP DUTIES, an Act granting to his Majesty certain 
 
 Duties on Receipts, August 11 1803 
 
 An Act repealing the Stamp Duties on Deeds, Law Proceedings, and other 
 written or printed Instruments, and the duties on Legacies, and Successions 
 to personal Estate, upon Intestacies, now payable in Great Britain, July 2, 
 1803 ; repealed again, July 11, 1815. 
 
 An Act repealing the Stamp Office Duties on Advertisements, Almanacks, 
 Newspapers, Gold and Silver Plate, Stage Coaches, and Licenses for keep- 
 ing stage coaches, now payable in Great Britain, July 11, 1815. 
 
 An Act to reduce the Stamp Duties on Advertisements, and on certain 
 Sea Insurances; to repeal the Stamp Duties on Pamphlets; on Receipts for 
 sums under £5. ; and to exempt Insurances on Farming Stock from Stamp 
 Duties, June 28, 1833. 
 
 STANDING at the reading of the Gospels introduced, in... 406 
 STAR, Knights of the, began in France, and disused in ... 1455 
 STEAMER, THE BRITISH QUEEN, seizure of, August 1840 
 
 Information having been obtained by the Commissioners of Customs that a great 
 quantity of contraband goods were concealed on board, an order was accord- 
 ingly issued by them to the officers to search the said vessel, which being 
 done, there was found concealed tea, cigars, and tobacco. 
 
 ST. LEGER STAKES, THE, DONCASTER, first esta- 
 
 blisment of at, in 1776 
 
 At what precise period hoise-racing commenced at Doncaster, we are unable to 
 determine: but it is supposed to have taken place about the Sixteenth cen- 
 tury, for we find that it was introduced in various parts of the kingdom, long- 
 before the time of James I.; since which, it was patronised by Charles I. 
 Cromwell, Charles II. and most of the Monarchs of England since that 
 period. 
 
 On the 6th of June, 1615, an Order was issued by the Corporation of 
 Doncaster, in consequence of the riot ous manner in which the sports of 
 horse-racing were conducted, such Order being intended to put a stop to its 
 future progress. The following is a literal copy: — 
 
 " Forasmuch as plainely appereth by divers accidents and inconveniences 
 " past that the Race on Doncaster More had brought and bred many caires 
 '■ and sutes wch tendeth to the great damage and prejudice of the Corpora- 
 " con, and quairells and open inconveniences have by occasion of this race 
 " bene stirred upp, therefore for the preventinge of sutes quarrells murders 
 " and bloodshed that may ensue by the contynninge of the same race, it is 
 " agreed that the Stand and the Stoopes shal be pulled upp and imploied to 
 " some better purpose, and the Race to be discontinued." 
 
 After the passing of this Order, we are unable to state how soon after 
 Horse-Racing was revived at Doncaster ; but in 1703, we find the Corpora- 
 tion passing a Resolution respecting the sum of £5. subscribed by Mr. 
 Patterson, the late Mayor, and adjudging it should not be allowed, in conse- 
 quence of its having been done without the consent of that body ; but it was 
 agreed at the same time that £4. 4s. should be contributed towards the Plate 
 to be run for, during the new agreement, for seven years. In 1710, the 
 subscription was raised to £5. 5s. ; and in 1716, the sum of £5. 7s. 6d. was 
 voted towards a Plate, denominated " The Town's Plate, " on condition of 
 the neighbouring Gentry subscribing for a valuable Plate, to be also run for. 
 
 In 1754, the Corporation voted a piece of Plate value £50. for that year 
 only, which was called " The Corporation Plate; " but which has ever since 
 been continued annually. In 1776, that splendid Subscription, called " THE 
 No. 35. Nn 
 
274 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 ST. LEGER STAKES, THE, AT DONCASTER, (con- 
 tinued.) 
 
 St. Leger," was fixed, a race which has, for a number of years caused the 
 greatest anxiety to every individual connected with the turf. The first 
 winner of this celebrated Sweepstakes, was the Marquis of Rockingham's 
 horse, Sampson. 
 
 September 26, 1776, the Corporation commenced the formation of a new 
 Course, and a more elegant Stand : in order to effect which, a Committee 
 ■was empowered to treat with a Mr. Childersfor about fifteen acres of land, at 
 the southern extremity of the Common, (part of the enclosed Commons of 
 Chantley ;) of which a lengthy lease of 99 years was obtained, from February 
 15, 1779> by the Corporation, at the yearly rent of £15. 
 
 In 1803, the King's Plate of 100 guineas was removed from Burford to 
 Doneaster; and another day was also added to the three during which the 
 Races had previously been held. 
 
 WINNERS OF THE ST. LEGER SINCE THE YEAR 1800, TO 
 
 THE PRESENT TIME, 1840 
 
 Year. Horse. Owner. 
 
 1801 Quiz Mr. Goodrich e. 
 
 1802 Orville Lord Fitzwilliam. 
 
 1803 Remembrancer Lord Strathmore. 
 
 1804 Sancho Mr. Mellish. 
 
 1805 Stavely Mr. Mellish. 
 
 1806 Fyldener Mr. Clifton. 
 
 1807 Paulina Lord Fitzwilliam. 
 
 1808 Petronius Duke of Hamilton. 
 
 1809 Ashton Duke of Hamilton. 
 
 1810 Octavian Duke of Leeds. 
 
 1811 Soothsayer Mr. Gascoigne. 
 
 1812 Otterington Mr. Rob. 
 
 1813 Altisidora Mr. Watt. 
 
 1814 William Duke of Hamilton. 
 
 1815 Filho da Puta Sir W. Maxwell. 
 
 1816 The Duchess Sir B. R. Graham. 
 
 1817 Ebor Mr. Pierse. 
 
 1818 Reveller Mr. Pierse. 
 
 1819 Antonio Mr. Ferguson. 
 
 1820 St. Patrick Sir E. Smith. 
 
 1821 Jack Spigot Mr. T. O. Powlett. 
 
 1822 Theodore Mr. Petre. 
 
 1823 Barefoot Mr. Watt. 
 
 1824 Jerry Mr. Gascoigne. 
 
 1825 Memnon Mr. Watt. 
 
 1826 Tarrare Lord Scarborough. 
 
 1827 Matilda Mr. Petre. 
 
 1828 The Colonel Mr. Petre. 
 
 1829 Rowton Mr. Petre. 
 
 1830 Birmingham Mr. Beardsworth. 
 
 1831 Chorister Duke of Cleveland. 
 
 1832 Margrave Mr. Gulley. 
 
 1833 Rockingham Mr. Watt. 
 
 1834 Touchstone Marquis of Westminster. 
 
 1835 Queen of Trumps Mr. Mostyn. 
 
 1836 Ellis Lord Lichfield. 
 
 1837 Mango Mr. Greville. 
 
 1S38 Don John Lord Chesterfield. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 275 
 
 ST. LEGER STAKES, THE, AT DONCASTER, and 
 the GOLD CUP, Winners of. 
 
 Year. Horse. Owner. 
 
 1839 Charles Twelfth Major Yarburgh. 
 
 1840 Launcelot Marquis of Westminster. 
 
 DONCASTER CUP. 
 
 1801 Chance .\ Mv. Wentworth. 
 
 1802 Alonzo Mr. Brandling. 
 
 1803 Remembrance Lord Strathmore. 
 
 1804 Sir Oliver Lord Grey. 
 
 180. r ) Caleb Quot'em Lord Fitzwilliam. 
 
 1806 Camillus Mr. Garforth. 
 
 1807 Scud Lord Monson. 
 
 1808 Laurel Leaf Mr. Duncomb. 
 
 1809 Whitenose Lord Milton. 
 
 1810 Trophonius Lord Darlington. 
 
 1811 Grimalkin.. Mr. Duncomb. 
 
 IS 12 Slender Billy Mr. Glover. 
 
 1813 Viscount Sir W. Maxwell. 
 
 1814 Tramp Mr. Watt. 
 
 1815 Catton Lord Scarborough. 
 
 1816 Filho da Puta Mr. Houldsworth. 
 
 1817 Fulford Colonel King. 
 
 1818 Rasping Duke of Leeds. 
 
 1819 Otho Mr. Garforth. 
 
 1820 The Juggler Mr. Powlett. 
 
 182L Consul Mr. Lambton. 
 
 1822 Euphrates Mr. Dilly. 
 
 1823 Figaro Mr. Farquharson. 
 
 1 824 Mercutio Duke of Leeds. 
 
 1825 Lottery Mr. Whittaker. 
 
 1826 Fleur-de-Lis Sir. M. W. Ridley. 
 
 1827 Mulatto Lord Fitzwilliam. 
 
 1828 Laurel Major Yarburgh. 
 
 1829 Voltaire Duke of Cleveland. 
 
 1S30 Retriever Lord Kelburne. 
 
 1831 The Saddler Mr. Wagstaff. 
 
 1832 Gallopade Mr. Riddell. 
 
 1833 Rockingham Mr. Watt. 
 
 1834 Tomboy Mr. Orde. 
 
 1835 Touchstone Marquis of Westminster. 
 
 1836 Touchstone Marquis of Westminster. 
 
 1837 Bee's-wing Mr. Orde 
 
 1838 Don John Lord Chesterfield. 
 
 1 839 Charles the Twelfth Major Yarburgh. 
 
 1840 Bee's-wing Mr. Orde. 
 
 STOCKHOLM built v 1253 
 
 STONE cured by a medicine, for which Government paid a 
 
 Mrs. Steevens a premium, June, 1739 
 
 STORE-CASK, one made, in January 1792 
 
 A store-cask for a brewery was made by Mr. Layton, in Southward, which would 
 
276 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 STORE-CASK, (continued.) 
 
 contain EIGHT THOUSAND casks, of sixteen gallons each. Its diameter fifty- 
 five feet six inches, and in depth twenty feet, all of English oak. Finished 
 in January, 1792. 
 
 STRALSUND, in Pomerania, founded 1209 
 
 STUCCO WORK revived by D'Udine about 1500 
 
 SUPPLIES granted during the reign of 
 
 King William III. was £.72,047,369 
 
 Queen Anne 122,373,531 
 
 George 1 79,832,160 
 
 George II 276,349,773 
 
 George III. to Michaelmas, 1788 450,041,321 
 
 Ditto, for the year 1798 28,490,005 
 
 George IV. for the year 1813 68,585,942 
 
 £.1,097,720,101 
 
 SURPLICES first used in Churches 316 
 
 SUSSEX KINGDOM, founded by Alia, a Saxon 49 1 
 
 Ended in 448. 
 
 SWAN, Knights of the, (time immemorial.) 
 
 SWEDENBORGIANS, the religious Order of, began 1780 
 
 SWORN, Order of Knighthood, in Cyprus, began 1 195 
 
 In Sweden, in 1528. 
 
 SYRACUSE, in the Isle of Sicily, founded ' 709 
 
 THEATRICAL PERFORMANCES encouraged 1194 
 
 Theatrical performances were encouraged as early as the reign of Richard I. and 
 laid the foundation for the regular Drama. 
 
 THE LAW r OF SETTLEMENT, ACTS relating to. 
 
 Settlements are acquired, — 1st by Birth. — 2nd Parentage. — 3. Marriage — 
 4. Hieing and Service.— 5. Apprenticeship. — 6. Renting a Tenement. 
 7. Estate. — 8. By Serving an Office. — 9. Paying of Taxes. 
 
 1st. — Birth. Bastards are settled where they are born, (before August 14, 
 1834) unless the mother be confined in another parish by collusion or fraud 
 — or under an order of removal — or whilst removing under such order — or in 
 a lying-in Hospital — or in a prison — in these cases they take the mother's 
 settlement, as do all bastards born since August 14, 1834. For legitimate 
 children, the birth settlement is only taken after inability to discover that of 
 the parents, taking first the father, then the mother. 2nd. Parentage. Chil- 
 dren follow their father's settlement until they acquire one in their own 
 right, or cease to be a part of the family; but if the father has no settlement, 
 as a foreigner, &c. then they follow the Settlement of the mother, prior to 
 her marriage; if the husband die, and the widow acquire another settle- 
 ment, it is communicated to the children, but the children do not take the 
 second husband's settlement; if the widow many again they retain her last 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 277 
 
 THE LAW OF SETTLEMENT, ACTS relating to, (con- 
 tinued.) 
 
 settlement prior to such marriage. 3rd. By marriage, the wife takes the 
 husband's settlement, and every subsequent settlement he may acquire until 
 his death; but if the husband has no known settlement, she retains her 
 maiden settlement. 4th. Hiring and Service: — an unmarried person, not 
 having child or children, lawfully hired as a yearly servant, is settled in the 
 parish in which he serves the last forty days, provided he has continued in 
 such service one whole year; an unmairied person includes Widow and 
 Widowers, if they have no children dependant on them. This mode of set- 
 tlement was abolished, August 14, 1834: and unless the party had been in 
 the service one year on that day, no settlement could be acquired. 5th Ap- 
 prenticeship. — The person bound an apprentice, gains a settlement in the 
 parish in which he resides the last forty days of such Apprenticeship. To 
 constitute a legal apprenticeship there must be an indre propeity executed 
 and stamped, if it require a stamp. 6th. Renting Tenement. — Before July 2, 
 1819, a person residing forty days upon a tenement of the value of £10. per 
 annum, gained a Settlement: the tenement or holding might consist of vari- 
 ous parcels, and might be taken at various times, and be in different parishes. 
 The settlement would be in the parish where the residence was : — an apart- 
 ment, a shop, stable, land, mill — are all tenements prior to this period. (39 
 Geo. III. c. 50.) But after July 2, 1819, the tenement must consist of a 
 dwelling-house, or building, or of land, or of both, bona-fidc hired by the 
 person occupying for one whole year, and must be entirely situate within the 
 same parish, and of the value of £10. per annum, and rent to the amount of 
 £10. actually paid. The tenement might consist of different parcels; if a 
 house, part of il might be under-let — but if land, it could not. The hiring 
 might also be at different times. On the 22nd of June, 182.5, another Act 
 was passed, requiring the dwelling-house, building, or land must be bona- 
 Jide rented by the party for the sum of £10. a-year at the least, for the term 
 of one whole year, and must be occupied under such yearly hiring and rent 
 for the same, to the amount of £10. actually paid for one whole year at the 
 least. From this period, (i. e. June 22, 1825, to March 30, 1831,) a settle- 
 ment would still be obtained, although the house or land be under-let, and 
 although the rent was paid by some one else; but the occupation must be 
 under the same hiring, and not under several. On the 30th of March, 1831, 
 an Act was passed (1 Wm. IV. c. 18), requiring " Such house or building, 
 " or land, or both, shall be actually occupied under such yearly hiring, in the 
 " same parish or township, by the person hiring the same for the term of 
 " one whole year at the least, and the rent for the same to the amount of 
 " £10. at the least shall be paid by the person hiring the same." After this 
 period no person could gain a settlement, if he under-lets, so as to give 
 another person an adverse possession, but merely letting beds for the night, 
 as in the case of an Innkeeper, or lodging-house keeper, does not defeat the 
 settlement. After August 14, 1834, in addition to the former requisites for 
 gaining a settlement by renting a tenement, it is necessary the party should 
 be assessed to, and pay the poor-rate for one year. As the Settlement, by 
 renting a tenement, is the most difficult branch of the Su! ject, I have thought 
 it not amiss to put the subject in another form, as follows: — In consequence 
 of the loose nature, and the great latitude occasioned by the decisions on the 
 subject of settlements by renting a tenement prior to the passing of the 59th 
 Geo, III. c. 50, itappears to have been the intention of the legislature to re- 
 strict such settlements to renting a house, or building, or land, or both com- 
 bined, of the annual value of £10. bona fide hired, occupied, and the payment, 
 on account of rent, of not less than £10. which requisites should be per- 
 formed by the party hiring, and not by any other on his behalf. That the 
 tenement should be entirely situated in one parish, and taken at one time, 
 and under one agreement, and should not be under-let. To attain these 
 objeets, the 59th Geo. III. c. 50 was passed, but failed in doing so. The 
 
278 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 THE LAW OF SETTLEMENT, ACTS relative to, (con- 
 tmued.) 
 
 decisions on that Statute are to the effect — that an actual occupation, {i.e. no 
 part under-let) of the house, or building, was not necessary, although it was 
 with regard to land: nor that the tenement should consist of an undivided 
 parcel, or be contiguous to one another, nor be occupied or rented under the 
 same hiring; part, (say £5.) might be hired in May 1823, and occupied till 
 May following: part (say £5.) might be hired June 1823, and occupied till 
 June following, and both might be connected, and confer a settlement. To 
 remedy these inconveniences the 6th Geo. IV. c. 57 was passed June 22, 1 825, 
 repealing the former statute; but although the terms were varied, to render 
 an actual occupation necessary, the omission of the words " by the party 
 hiring the same" frustrated that intention, and the decisions on that statute 
 are to the effect, that the house, building, or land, or both, maybe under-let, 
 that the rent need not be paid by the party hiring, but by some one else. 
 This statute, however, confines the occupation to the same year as the hiring, 
 by the words under such yearly hiring. To remedy these defects, and to ex- 
 plain the 6th of Geo. IV. c. 57, the 1st Wm. IV. c. 18, was passed on the 
 30th March, 1831, which very materially narrows the means of obtaining a 
 settlement by renting a tenement. The party must bona fide hire a separate 
 and distinct dwelling-house, or building, or land, or both, of the value of 
 £10. per annum : cannot under-let either house or land : and must actually 
 pay rent to the amount of £10. himself. 7th. Estate. — A person obtains a 
 settlement by residing on his own estate for forty days ; the estate may be 
 freehold, copyhold, leasehold, held for life, or for years ; if purchased, the 
 consideration must not be less than £30.; but if held by descent, devise, &c. 
 the value is of no consequence. House. — If a person takes the lease of a 
 house of less than £10. per annum value, he obtains no settlement, but his 
 heirs would. This settlement is only retained so long as the party resides 
 within ten miles of such Estate. 8, Serving an Office. — Persons holding a 
 public annual Office, as Constable, — Tylhingman, — Collector of Taxes, — 
 Parish Clerk, — Sexton, obtain settlements thereby; he must be appointed, 
 and serve for a year. A deputy gains no settlement, though the principal 
 for whom the deputy serves does. This mode of settlement is now abolished ; 
 (4 & 5, Wm. IV. c. 76, s. 64.) 9. Paying Taxes.— (3 Wm. and Mary, c. 11. 
 s. 6.) " If any person, who shall come to inhabit in any parish or township, 
 " shall be charged with, and pay his share towards the public taxes, or levies 
 " of the said township or parish, then he shall be deemed to have a legal 
 " settlement in the same." These taxes are, Poor Kate, — Church Rate, — 
 Land-Tax, and every other general and public tax which the inhabitants of 
 the parish are bound by law to pay, except Scavenger's Rate, — Highway 
 Rate, — and Window Duties, which are specially excepted by Statute. The 
 parties must both be charged and pay ; if he pay without being rated, or, if 
 rated, and another pay, no settlement is gained by either. He must also 
 reside in the parish fortv days in which he is rated. By 35 Geo. III. c. 101, 
 s. 4, passed June 22, 1795, these payments of rates, &c. are to be made in 
 respect of tenements not being less than the yearly value of £10. This had 
 the effect of rendering this mode of settlement nearly obsolete: for the party 
 would gain his settlement by renting the tenement, it being of the value of 
 £10. whether he paid taxes or not. It was again brought into operation by 
 59th Geo. III. c. 50, for a man might be rated and pay taxes for a tenement 
 of the value of £10. and yet not occupy it the whole year, in which case he 
 would gain a settlement by paying taxes, but not by rent of a tenement. 
 The Act 6th Geo. IV. c. 57, (June 22, 1825) again nearly extinguished this 
 mode of settlement, by subjecting it to all the requisites for obtaining a 
 
 settlement by renting a tenement. Since the decision in the case of R , 
 
 v. St. Nicholas, Rochester, it has become of more general application than 
 ever; for as by that decision it was held, that since March 30, 1831, no 
 person could gain a settlement, by renting a tenement, who under-let any 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 279 
 
 THE LAW OF SETTLEMENT, ACTS relative to, (con- 
 cluded.) 
 
 part, recourse was immediately had to settlements, by paying taxes which 
 were in nowise affected bv such decision : and as most persons renting a 
 tenement pay the rates chargeable thereon, settlements are obtained by that 
 m eans 
 
 TIMES NEWSPAPER, the first sheet of paper printed by 
 
 Cylinders, and by Steam, November 28 1814 
 
 TOLL, the, of Waterloo Bridge, reduced for Cattle, July 1 1839 
 
 TRANSIT OF MERCURY, over the Sun's disc, in 1802 
 
 The last transit of this Planet visible in England, was November 9, 1802; the 
 next will be on the 8th of May, 1845. There was a transit in 1815, and 
 another in 1822; these taking place in our night, they were to us invisible. 
 These phenomenons of Planets passing over the sun's disc were not attended 
 to previous to the invention of Telescopes. Three transits of Mercury hap- 
 pened in 1615, 1618, and 1628, subsequent to the invention of that in- 
 strument, which were allowed to pass unnoticed, although that of 1618 might 
 have been seen in different parts of Europe. 
 
 In 1629, Kepler, in a paper published at Leipsic, called the attention of 
 Astronomers to this subject, by announcing that there would be a transit of 
 Mercury in 1631 : of Venus, the same year; and another of Venus, in 1761. 
 Kepler's death occurring in November, 1630, he could not, therefore, wit- 
 ness his predictions ; but the transit of Mercury was seen at Paris, by — — 
 Garsendi, December 6, 1631, and was the first observation of such an occur- 
 rence. That of Venus, predicted by Kepler, to have taken place in the same 
 year was not seen; but another one of that Planet, and which he had not 
 foretold, was observed December 4, 1639, at Pool, near Liverpool, by Jeremiah 
 Horrox, an English Astronomer, then in his 20th year, and who, previous 
 to this, though self-taught, had acquired great reputation; but unfortunately 
 for the admirers of Astronomy he only lived to finish a Treatise, entitled — 
 " Venus in sole Visa," — (Venus seen in the sun) and which was an account 
 of the phenomenon which he had observed; he died January 3, 1640, a few 
 days after his having finished this work. 
 
 That celebrated man, Halley, was the first to show, that the transit of 
 Venus, would, if observed under certain circumstances, afford the means of 
 determining with accuracy, (and which preceding Astronomers had failed to 
 do) the ascertaining the distance of the earth from the sun. Halley died at 
 an advanced age in 1742, after having confirmed the announcement of Kepler, 
 that the next transit of Venus would take place in the beginning of June, 
 1761, and calculated the dates of a succession of subsequent phenomena of 
 the same kind. 
 
 In 1761, Maskelyne, the Astronomer, was sent to St. Helena, at the ex- 
 pense of the British Government to observe the appearance of what had so 
 long been foretold ; but the sky being covered with clouds on that day, the 
 transit was unable to be seen on that station ; but it was afterwards observed 
 in various places by other Astronomers. 
 
 The next instance of this phenomena was in 1769 ; the government again 
 gave its assistance to this noble science, by ordering an expedition to the 
 South Sea, for the purpose of making an observation of the transit in that 
 quarter, and was one of the three expeditions conducted by the celebrated 
 Captain Cook; by whom, (and those who accompanied him) it was favour- 
 ably observed at the island of Otaheite. The next transit will occur in 1874, 
 and 1882. The transits of Mercury are more common, happening generally 
 to the number of fourteen or fifteen in a century. In the present century,, 
 
280 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 TRANSIT OF MERCURY, The, over the Sun's disc, 
 (continued.) 
 
 tlie phenomena has already occurred, in 1802, 1815, 1822 and] 1835; and 
 besides these, there will be other transits of Mercury, viz. in 1845, 1848, 
 1861, 1868, 1878, 1881, 1891, and 1894. 
 
 TYTHES first granted : 854 
 
 UNITED LADIES FOR THE FIONOUR OF THE 
 
 CROSS, Order of Knighthood, in Germany, began . 1666 
 
 VAN DIEMAN'S LAND, discovered by Tasman, 1642 
 
 Taken possession of by the English, 1804: Colonel David Collins being appointed 
 Governor of, ib, Governor Collins, died 1810, and was succeeded by Lieut.- 
 Colonel Davey, in 1813. Colonel Sorell succeeds Colonel Davey in the Go- 
 vernment, 181 7- Emigration to Van Dieman's Land, began, 1821. A Supreme 
 Court of Judicature established at, 1824. Colonel Sorell replaced at, by 
 Colonel Arthur, 1824. Van Dieman's Land declared independent of New 
 South Wales; and an executive and legislative Council, appointed as advisers 
 to the Governor, the Members of each being named by the Crown, in De- 
 cember, 1825. The island divided into eight Police Districts, and each 
 placed under the control of a stipendiary Magistrate, December, 1827- The 
 island in a more flourishing state, in 1828; and a New Act of Parliament 
 passed for the government of the Colony, the provisions of which were, to 
 transfer the power of levying taxes from the Governor to the Legislative 
 Council, and the extending of all the laws of England to the Colony of Van 
 Dieman's Land as far as circumstances permitted, 1829. The natives, after 
 various attempts had been made to tame them, again commence their depre- 
 dations against the settlers; the Governor, in consequence, is obliged to 
 call upon the inhabitants to arm themselves, in order to confine them in one 
 particular part of the island, to prevent their incursions in future, Sept. 
 1830. 
 
 VASE, THE WARWICK, accidental discovery of, in ... 1774 
 
 The Warwick Vase was dug up from the ruins of the Emperor"Adrian's Villa, at 
 Tivola, and sent to England by the late Sir WillianvHamilton. It is pro- 
 bably the most beautiful specimen of ancient sculpture which this country 
 possesses. The material of which it is made, is white marble. Its form is 
 nearly spherical, with a deep reverted rim. The Vase is very large, and is 
 capable of containing ONE HUNDRED AND SIXTY-THREE GALLONS! It is 
 still at Warwick Castle. 
 
 VASE, THE PORTLAND. 
 
 The celebrated Portland, or rather, as it used to be called, Barberini Vase, 
 the workmanship of which is Grecian, may be seen in the British Museum, 
 and in as perfect state as when it first came from the hands of the artist. It 
 is of small dimensions; the height of it being but ten, and its diameter, at 
 the broadest part, only six inches. The shape is elegant: and it has two 
 handles. It is composed of a dark, but transparent blue glass, supposed by 
 some to be a species of stone. The figures, formed of a delicate white sub- 
 stance, are in bas-relief. This Vase was discovered about the middle of the 
 Sixteenth century, enclosed within the monument of the Emperor Alexander 
 Severus, and his mother Julia Mamaea, commonly called^ the Monte del 
 Grano, ab«ut two miles from Rome. The Vase was for more than two 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 281 
 
 VASE, THE PORTLAND, {continued.) 
 
 centuries in the palace of the Barberini family, in the same city. It eventu- 
 ally fell into the hands of Sir William Hamilton, from whom it was pur- 
 chased about forty-seven years ago, by the Duke of Portland. A mould of 
 the vase had been taken at Rome, previous to the possession of it by Sir 
 W. Hamilton, by Pechler, the gem engraver; and from which the late Mr. 
 Tassie, the famed modeller, took sixty casts in plaster of Paris ; after which 
 the mould was broken up. Some beautiful imitations of it were also devised 
 by that famed artist, Mr. Wedgwood. 
 
 VICTORIA I. (QUEEN), took possession of the New 
 
 Palace, in St. James's Park, July 13 1837 
 
 Windsor Castle, August 22, 1837. 
 
 VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD, the first, in 1525 
 
 WATER mixed with Wine in the Sacrament, introduced ... 122 
 
 WEEKLY BILLS OF MORTALITY round London began 1603 
 
 WESER, The, French frigate, of 44 guns, taken by the 
 
 Scylla, and Rippon, October 21 1813 
 
 WEST END FAIR, dreadful riot at, and last one held ... 1818 
 
 On the evening of the day on which it was customary for this fair to close its 
 amusements, one of the most ruffianly attacks was made on the company as- 
 sembled, ever known. A numerous gang of pickpockets, armed with bludgeons, 
 entered several of the tents, and committed the most unheard of cruelties. 
 The men were knocked down, and robbed, and the women were most shame- 
 fully ill-treated : some had the ear-rings torn from their ears, whilst others 
 were robbed of various articles of dress. Several of the gang were overpow- 
 ered and secured; two of whom were tried, and executed at Newgate. The 
 Magistrates, in consequence, prohibited the holding of a fair there for the 
 future. 
 
 WEST INDIES, The, discovered by Columbus 1492 
 
 WET DOCKS, of London. (See Docks; Section III.) 
 
 WHIPPERS, the Religious Order of, began 1355 
 
 WHITBY, the tide rose and fell at, four times in an hour, 
 
 July 17 1761 
 
 WHITE COATS, the Religious Order of, began 1396 
 
 WHITE MONKS, the Religious Order of, began... 1319 
 
 No. 36- ° ° 
 
282 
 
 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 WINNERS OF THE ASCOT GOLD CUP, from 1800, 
 
 to 1840 
 
 Year. Horse. Owner. 
 
 1807 Master Jack ey Mr. Durand. 
 
 1808 Brighton Mr. Fermor. 
 
 1 809 Anderida General Gower. 
 
 1810 Loiterer . Lord Lowther. 
 
 1811 Smallhopes . . „ Mr. Ashmole. 
 
 1812 Flash Lord Lowther. 
 
 1813 Lutzen Mr. Trevanion. 
 
 1814 Pranks Mr. Batson. 
 
 1815 Aladdin Duke of York. 
 
 1816 Anticipation Mr. Thornhill. 
 
 1817 Sir Richard Mr. Blake. 
 
 1818 Belville Lord Darlington. 
 
 1819 Anticipation Mr. Goddard. 
 
 1820 Campignon Mr. Fraser. 
 
 1821 Banker DulieofYork. 
 
 1822 Sir Huldibrand Mr. Ramsbottom. 
 
 1823 Marcellus Lord Darlington. 
 
 1824 Bizarre Lord G. H. Cavendish. 
 
 1 825 Bizarre Lord G . H. Cavendish. 
 
 1826 Chateau Margaux Mr. Wyndham. 
 
 1 827 Memnon Lord Darlington. 
 
 1828 Bobadilla Mr. Malony. 
 
 1829 Zinganee. Lord Chesterfield. 
 
 1830 Lucetta Sir Mark Wood. 
 
 1831 Cetus Sir Mark Wood. 
 
 1832 Camarine Sir Mark Wood. 
 
 1833 Galata , Lord Exeter. 
 
 1834 Glaucus Lord Chesterfield. 
 
 1835 Glencoe Lord Jersey. 
 
 1836 Touchstone Lord Westminster. 
 
 1837 Touchstone... Lord Westminster. 
 
 1838 Grey Momus Lord G. Bentinck. 
 
 1839 Caravan Captain Berkeley. 
 
 1840 St. Francis Mr. R. Pettitt. 
 
 WOOLWICH, re-casting of cannon taken from the French 
 
 at, in 1716 
 
 The Government foundry, for the casting of brass ordnance, was formerly situated 
 in Moorfields. The process of casting cannon, was at that time, considered 
 very curious hy the inhabitants of the metropolis, many of them frequently 
 attending to the operation of pouring the melted metal into the moulds. The 
 cannon which had been taken from the French in the campaigns of the Duke 
 of Marlborough, amounting to a great number, had been placed before the 
 foundry and the artillery ground, when it was determined, in 1716, to re- 
 cast them. On the appointed day a vast number of persons were assembled 
 to view the process. A great many of the nobility, and several general offi- 
 cers were present, and for whom temporary galleries were erected near the 
 furnaces. Among the company drawn together was Andrew Schalch, a 
 native of Schaffhausen, in Switzerland, who was travelling for improvement ; 
 he Tfcas at the foundry at an early hour, and having been permitted minutely to 
 inspect the works, he detected some humidity in the moulds, and instantly 
 preceived the danger likely to arise in pouring the hot metal into them. He 
 inconsequence communicated his fears to Colonel Armstrong, the Surveyor- 
 General of the Ordnance ; explained his reasons for believing that an explo- 
 sion would take place, and strongly urged him, with the rest of the company, 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 283 
 
 WOOLWICH, (continued.) 
 
 to withdraw from the foundry before the commencement of casting. Colonel 
 Armstrong having closely questioned Schalch on the subject, found him per- 
 fectly conversant with the knowledge of the art of the foundry, and being 
 convinced by the justness of his observations, he accordingly, (the rest of 
 the company following his example) withdrew from the foundry. 
 
 The furnace being opened, the fluid metal rushed into the moulds, the 
 moisture in which was instantly converted into steam, and its expansive 
 force acting upon the metal, drove it out in all directions with extreme 
 violence; part of the roof was blown off, the galeries gave way, and many of 
 the spectators had their limbs broken, and most of the workmen were burnt 
 in a dreadful manner, so that many lives were lost. 
 
 An advertisement appeared in the Newspapers a few days after, notifying, 
 that if the young foreigner who foretold this explosion would call at the 
 Ordnance Office, it might prove advantageous to both parties. Schalch being 
 informed by a friend of this, hastened to obey the summons. On his arrival 
 there, he hadafurther conversation with Colonel Armstrong on the subject; 
 by this means he was so well assured of Schalch's ability, that it was agreed 
 to intrust him with putting into execution the intention of Government of 
 procuring a fit situation out of the Metropolis, to be within twelve miles 
 thereof, and to which place the Royal Foundry was to be removed. After 
 an examination of several places, Schalch fixed upon the rabbit warren at 
 Woolwich, and the erection of the works was left to his entire management. 
 
 The specimens of Schalch's first attempt were highly approved of, and he 
 was in consequence appointed Master Founder to the Board of Ordnance: 
 which office he continued to hold for the long period of sixty years, during 
 the latter part of which, he was assisted by his nephew, Lewis GaschliD, 
 who in 1808, was still employed there, as principal modeller, though more 
 than eighty years of age. Schalch died in 1776, at the great age of ninety, 
 and was buried in Woolwich Church-yard. 
 
 During the period which Schalch superintended the Arsenal at Woolwich, 
 not a single accident happened. 
 
 WORCESTER built 225 
 
 STORK, celebrated Race at, between the Lady of Colonel 
 
 Thornton, and Mr. Flint, August 25, 1804 
 
 J"he particulars are as follow : — In the course of one of their equestrian excursions 
 in Thornville park, the lady of Colonel Thornton and Mr. Flint were con- 
 versing on the quality of their horses : and as the difference of opinion was 
 great, and the horses occasionally put at full speed, for the purpose of deter- 
 mining the question, the horse on which the lady rode, aided by the skilful- 
 ness of its rider, distanced his antagonist every time, which so displeased 
 Mr. Flint, that he was at length induced to challenge the lady to ride on a 
 future day. The challenge was accepted (on the part, of the lady) by Colonel 
 Thornton; and it was agreed that the race should take place on the last day 
 of the York August Meeting, 1804. The Match was accordingly announced 
 as follows : — 
 
 " A Match for 500 guineas bye — four miles, between Colonel Thornton's 
 " Vingarillo, and Mr. Flint's brown horse, TJiornville, by Volunteer. Mrs. 
 " Thornton to ride her weight against Mr. Flint's." 
 
 On the Saturday, August 25, this race took place. Never did we witness 
 such an assemblage of people as were drawn together on the above occasion 
 — there being 100,000 at least. The appearance was greater on this occasion, 
 than when the celebrated Bay Malton run, or when Eclipse went over the 
 Course, leaving the two best horses of the day a mile and a half behind. At 
 starting, expectation was raised to the highest pitch from so novel an occur- 
 rence j and in order to keep the ground as clear as possible, a party of the 
 
284 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 YORK, celebrated Match at, (continued.) 
 
 6th Light Dragoons were on the ground to keep order, and to this precaution 
 we may unquestionably attribute the saving of many lives. 
 
 About four o'clock, Mrs. Thornton appeared on the ground, in high 
 spirits, her horse led by Colonel Thornton, followed by Mr. Baker, and Mr. 
 H. Boynton; soon after, Mr. Flint appeared. At starting the lady took the 
 lead for upwards of three miles, in excellent style ; but her horse was much 
 the shorter of the two in his stride. When within a mile of the Winning- 
 Post, Mr. Flint made play, and got the lead, which he kept. The lady made 
 every exertion, but it being next to impossible to win the race, she threw 
 up, when within distance. 
 
 At the commencement, the Lets were 5 and 6 to 4 on the lady ; in running 
 the three first miles, 7 to 4 and 2 to 1, in her favour. It was the opinion of 
 the oldest Sportsman on the Stand that she must have won. In running the 
 last mile, the odds were in favour of Mr. Flint. The Lady wore a leopard- 
 coloured body, with blue sleeves: the rest buff, with blue cap. Mr. Flint 
 rode in white. The race was run in nine minutes, and fifty-nine seconds. 
 
 Thus ended this interesting race ; and no words can express the disap- 
 pointment felt at her defeat. Not less than £300,000. was pending, if the 
 bets in every part of the county were included. The same lady rode a race 
 against the celebrated jockey, F. Buckle, in 1805, which she won. 
 
 ZEALAND, NEW, discovered by Abel Jansen Tasman, 
 
 December 1 642 
 
 He traversed the eastern coast from lat. 34, to 43 south, and entered the strait 
 that divides the two islands ; but being attacked by the natives, soon after 
 he came to an anchor, in the place to which he gave the name of Murderers 
 Bay, he did not go on shore. He called the country Staten Land, hi honour 
 of the States General, though it has been generally distinguished in our 
 maps and charts by the name of New Zealand. From the time of Tasman, 
 the whole country, except that part of the coast which was seen by him, 
 remained altogether unknown, and was by many supposed to make part of a 
 southern continent, till the year 1770, when it was circumnavigated by 
 Captain Cook, who found it to consist of two large islands, separated by a 
 strait four or five leagues broad, to which he gave his own name. On the 
 west side of this strait, in lat. 41 south, Queen Charlotte's sound is situ- 
 ated, which was made a principal place of rendezvous in his subsequent 
 voyages. Captain Cook, in 1773, planted several spots of grouud with Euro- 
 pean garden seeds; and in 1777, in several of these spots, although totally- 
 neglected and over-run with weeds, were found cabbages, onions, leeks, 
 purslain, radishes, mustard, &c. and a few fine potatoes, greatly improved by 
 change of soil. In other places, every thing- had been rooted, to make room 
 for temporary villages. The only quadrupeds are dogs and rats: the former 
 are domestic, and for food, and the latter, though not numerous, seem also 
 to be eaten. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORV. 285 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 SOME OF THE PRINCIPAL FIRES IN THE METROPOLIS, ITS 
 VICINITY, &C. &C. 
 
 FIRE. At Rochester „ 677 
 
 Again 1130: — again in June, 1137. 
 
 In London, which destroyed part of the city, in ' 982 
 
 Again in 1087;— 1132;— and in 1136. 
 
 At Gloucester Abbey, 1102 
 
 Again in 1122. 
 
 On London Bridge, which destroyed 2000 persons, 
 
 July 10 „ 1212 
 
 This bridge was nearly consumed by a fire, which broke out at both 
 ends at the same time. The sides of the bridge being occupied by 
 rows of houses, there was, consequently, no escape for the unfor- 
 tunate inhabitants, thus hemmell in by the fire on both sides, and 
 the water behind. 
 
 At Hastings 1277 
 
 At Leadenhall, in 1484 
 
 At Westminster Palace 1540 
 
 — At Honiton, Devonshire, July 13. „ 1647 
 
 In 1765, Honiton had 140 houses burnt: — in May, 1790, thirty-seven 
 houses were destroyed; in August, 1797, the same place had forty- 
 seven houses burnt, valued at £10,000. 
 
 THE GREAT, OF LONDON, in 1666 
 
 The fire of London broke out September 2, 1666, (Old Style) and has 
 ever since been called — " The Great Fire of London." Scarcely 
 were the inhabitants of London recovered from the disastrous effects 
 of the Plague, when the above scene of ruin and desolation took 
 place. Although from that period, to the present time, the greatest 
 obscurity as to its origin prevails, all the accounts agree that it com- 
 menced in Pudding-lane, situated on the east side of Fish-street 
 hill, near Thames-street, at the house of a baker, of the name of 
 Farryner. It appears to have broken out, not as Evelyn in his 
 
286 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 FIRE, THE GREAT, OF LONDON, (continued) ...... 1666 
 
 " Diary " states, at ten o'clock at night, but rather about one in the 
 morning of Sunday, the 2nd of September, the time mentioned in 
 the account published by authority in " The London Gazette." No 
 further account has been given of the first appearance of the confla- 
 gration than that which we find in the " Diary" of Pepys, then 
 Clerk of the Acts of the Navy. He says, — " Some of our maids 
 " sitting up late last night to get things ready against our feast to- 
 " day, Jane called us up about three in the morning, to tell us of 
 " a great fire they saw in the city. So I rose and slipped on my 
 " night-gown, and went to her window ; and thought it to be on the 
 " back side of Mark Lane at the farthest; but being unused to such 
 " fires as followed, I thought it far enough off; (Pepys' house and 
 " office were in Seething-lane, Crutched Friars,) and so went to bed 
 " again and to sleep. About seven rose again to dress myself, and 
 " there looked out at the window, and saw the fire not so much as 
 " it was, and farther off. So to my closet to set things to rights, 
 " after yesterday's cleaning. By and by Jane comes, and tells me 
 " that she hears that above three hundred houses have been burned 
 " down to-night by the fire we saw, and that it is now burning down 
 " all Fish-street, by London Bridge. So I made myself ready pre- 
 " sently, and walked to the Tower, and there got up upon one of the 
 " high places, Sir J. Robinson's little son going up with me; and 
 " there I did see the houses at that end of the bridge all on fire, 
 " and an infinite great fire on this and the other side the end of the 
 *' bridge. So I drove to the water-side, and there got a boat, and 
 " through bridge, and there saw a lamentable fire. Every body 
 " endeavouring to remove their goods, and flinging into the river, 
 " or bringing them into lighters that lay off; poor people staying in 
 " their houses as long as till the very fire touched them, and then 
 " running into boats, or clambering from one pair of stairs by the 
 " water side to another. And among other things the poor pigeons, 
 " I perceive, were loth to leave their houses, but hovered about the 
 " windows and balconies, till they burned their wings and fell 
 " down." 
 
 " In the evening," he continues, — " to the fire, up and down, it still 
 " increasing, and the wind great. So near the fire as we could for 
 " smoke: and all over the Thames, with one's faces in the wind, 
 " you were almost burned with a shower of fire drops. This is very 
 " true : so as houses were burned by these drops and flakes of fire, 
 " three or four, nay five or six houses, one from another. When we 
 " could endure no more upon the water, we to a little alehouse on 
 " the Bankside, over against the Three Cranes, and there staid till 
 " it was dark almost, and saw the fire grow, and as it grew darker, 
 " appeared more and more, and in corners, and upon steeples, and 
 " between churches and houses, as far as we could see up the hill of 
 " the city, in a most horrid malicious bloody flame, not like the fine 
 " flame of an ordinary fire. We staid till it being darkish, we saw 
 " the fire as only one entire arch of fire from this to the other side 
 " the bridge, and in a bow up the hill for an arch of above a mile 
 " long : it made me weep to see it. The churches, houses, and all on 
 " fire, and flaming at once : and a horrid noise the flames made, and 
 " the cracking of houses at their ruin." 
 
 It appears that on the Sunday this devouring element had run as far 
 Garrick Hythe, in Thames-street, and so into Cannon-street, level- 
 ing all before it to the ground: and a violent east wind, which had 
 been blowing with little intermission for a week, drove the flames up 
 the bank of the river into the heart of the city. 
 
 On Monday the entire of Gracechurch-street was on fire, as also 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 287 
 
 FIRE, THE GREAT, OF LONDON, (continued) 1066 
 
 Lombard-street, to the west, and Fenchurch-street, to the east. 
 The flames then caught Cornhill, the Royal Exchange, and some 
 other buildings in that street. On the afternoon of that day, Evelyn 
 went to the Bankside, in Southwark, to see the fire, which he again 
 describes, as follows: — " It was," he says, " so universal, and the 
 " people so astonished, that from the beginning, I know not by what 
 " despondency or fate, they hardly stirred to quench it, so that 
 " there was nothing heard or seen but crying out and lamentations, 
 " running about like distracted creatures, without at all attempting 
 " to save even their goods. Here we saw the Thames covered with 
 " goods floating, all the barges and boats laden with what some had 
 " time and courage to save : as on the other, the carts, &c. carrying 
 " out to the fields, which for many hiiles were strewed with move- 
 " ables of all sorts, and tents erecting to shelter both people and 
 " what goods they could get away. All the sky was of a fiery 
 " aspect like the top of a burning- oven, and the light seen above 
 " forty miles round about for many nights. God grant mine eyes 
 " may never behold the like, who now saw above ten thousand 
 " houses all in one flame! The noise, and cracking and thunder of 
 " the impetuous flames, — the shrieking of women and children, — 
 " the hurry of people, — the fall of towers, houses, and churches, — 
 " was like a hideous storm, and the air all about so hot and inflamed 
 " that at last one was not able to approach it, so that they were 
 *' forced to stand still and let the flames burn on, which they did for 
 " near two miles and length and one in breadth. The clouds, also, 
 " of smoke were dismal, and reached, upon computation, near fifty 
 " miles in length." 
 
 The night of Tuesday was more dreadful than that of Monday ; the fire 
 rushing- with irresistible rapidity to the west, whilst its dreadful 
 devastations continued to flame elsewhere: but in the course of the 
 night, the wind abated a little : and according to an account of it by 
 Malcolm, the fire was stopped at the Temple, Fetter-lane, and 
 Holborn Bridge, between two and six on the Wednesday morning. 
 In Shoe-lane, however, it was not got under till twelve: and in 
 Cripplegate and the neighbourhood it burned till the evening. Its 
 extinction at the different points where it was stopped was effected 
 in a great measure by the blowing up of the houses in its course 
 with gunpowder : a barrel of which was placed under each house, 
 which was lifted up by the effect, but afterwards fell in a mass of 
 ruins. It was at this time that the full extent of the damage was to 
 be seen and felt. Not more than six or seven individuals fell a 
 sacrifice to the flames, though it is very probable that the sudden 
 removal from their homes into the open fields, proved fatal to many 
 of the sick and infirm. 
 
 Evelyn gives a touching account of this unfortunate transaction : — He 
 says, — " The poor inhabitants were dispersed about St. George's 
 " Fields, and Moor-fields, as far as Highgate, and several miles in 
 " circle, some under tents, some under miserable huts and hovels; 
 " many without a rag, or any necessary utensils, bed, or board, who 
 " from delicateness, riches, and easy accommodations, in stately and 
 " well-furnished houses, were now reduced to extremest misery 
 " and poverty. The people walked about the ruins like men in 
 " some dismal desert ; to which was added, the stench that came 
 " from some poor creatures' bodies, beds, and other combustible 
 " goods. Nor was I yet able to pass through any of the narrower 
 " streets, but kept the widest; the ground and air, smoke and fiery 
 " vapour, continued so intense that my hair was almost singed, and 
 " my feet insufferably surbated. The by-lanes and narrower streets 
 
288 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 FIRE, THE GREAT, OF LONDON, (concluded.) 1666 
 
 *' were quite filled up with rubbish, nor could one have possibly 
 " known where he was, but by the ruins of some church or hall that 
 " had some remarkable tower or pinnacle remaining. I then went 
 " towards Islington and Highgate, where one might have seen 
 " 200,000 people, of all ranks and degrees dispersed and lying 
 " along by their heaps of what they could save from the fire, deplor- 
 " ing their loss, and though ready to perish for hunger and desti- 
 " tution, yet not asking one penny for relief, which to me appeared 
 " a stranger sight than any I had yet beheld." 
 
 To add to this misery and confusion, a rumour had gone forth that the 
 French and Dutch had landed, and were expected to enter the city. 
 This news excited the greatest terror ; and it was found necessary 
 to send the military to the fields to preserve order. 
 
 Maitland, in his " History of London," informs us, — " That the 
 " fire laid waste and consumed the buildings on four hundred and 
 " thirty-six acres of ground, four hundred streets, lanes, &c. 13,000 
 " houses, the Cathedral church of St. Paul, eighty-six parish 
 " churches, six chapels, the magnificent buildings of Guildhall, the 
 " Royal Exchange, Custom-House, and Blackwell Hall, divers Hos- 
 " pitals and Libraries, fifty-two of the Companies' Halls, and a vast 
 " number of other stately edifices, together with three of the City 
 " Gates, four stone bridges, and the prisons of Newgate, the Fleet, 
 " the Poultry, and Wood-street Counters ; the loss of which, 
 " together with that of merchandise and household furniture, by the 
 " best calculation, amounted to ten millions, seven hundred 
 
 " AND THIRTY THOUSAND, AND FIVE HUNDRED POUNDS." 
 
 A fluted Doric column was erected on Fish-treet hill to commemorate 
 the event, two hundred and two feet in height, and the shaft is fif- 
 teen feet. There was formerly an inscription on the Monument, 
 imputing the cause of the Fire to the Papists, who were much per- 
 secuted at that time. It has since been erased by a vote of the 
 Corporation of London. 
 
 At St. Catharine 1673 
 
 In Southwark, when 600 houses were burnt 1676 
 
 In the Temple, January 26 1679 
 
 In Grey's Inn, February 7 1680 
 
 In Whitehall Palace, which was partly burnt, April . 1 690 
 
 In 1606, the slight Banquetting House erected here by Queen Eliza- 
 beth, was pulled down by James, who built a more substantial one 
 in its stead, but it was soon after destroyed. It is thus described by 
 Stowe: — 
 
 " In 1619, about ten a clocke, in the morning, vpon Tuesday the 12 
 of January, the faire Banquetting House at Whitehall was vpon the 
 sodaine all flaming a fire, from end to end, and side to side, before it 
 was discerned or descryde by any persons or passengers, either by 
 scent or smoke; at sight whereof the Court being sore amazed, sent 
 speedy newes to the great Lords of the Councell, who were then but 
 newly set in the Guildhall in London, about excessive and disor- 
 derly buildings; but they all arose and returned to Whitehall, and 
 gave directions to the multitude of people to suppresse the flame, and 
 by hooke to pull downe some other adjoining buildings, to prevent 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 289 
 
 in Whitehall Palace, (continued.) 
 
 the furious fire, and so bv their care and the people's labour, the 
 flame was quite extinct by twelve a clocke : besides the Banquetting 
 House, there were diuers lodgings burned and the writings in the 
 office of the Privy Signet, which was vnder the Banquetting 
 House." 
 In 1691 a very considerable portion of the Palace was again destroyed 
 by fire ; and on the 5th of January, 1698, the entire edifice, with the 
 exception of the Banquetting House, (still remaining), was con- 
 sumed • in consequence of this, St. James's Palace became the future 
 royal residence, the Banquetting House remaining useless for _ some 
 years; but in the reign of George I. it was converted into a Chapel, 
 chiefly for the military, to which pews for the officers, and seats for 
 the privates of the foot guards were added; the King giving a stipend 
 of £30. yearly to twelve Clergymen, (six from each University), to 
 officiate a month each in succession. Since that period, the number 
 is increased to twelve Preachers, from Oxford, and the same from 
 Cambridge, each serving the half of the month. They are appointed 
 by the Bishop of London, as Dean of Her Majesty s Chapel ; and 
 selected from the resident Fellows of Colleges. 
 A military chapel having been erected in St. James's Park for the entire 
 use of the troops, Whitehall Chapel was no longer attended by the 
 military; it having- been greatly altered, the sittings are now appro- 
 priated to the use of certain public Officers, &c. of the Crown estate 
 of Whitehall and Privy Gardens. 
 The ceiling of the Banquetting House, was ordered by Charles I. to 
 be painted; which was performed by Rubens, (assisted by Jordaens) 
 for which they received the sum of £3000. It represents the apo- 
 theosis of James I. and is in nine compartments, the middle one of 
 which represents James on his earthly throne, turning with horror 
 from Mars, and other deities, towards Peace, with her attendants, 
 Commerce and the Fine Arts. It was repaired by Kent in the reign 
 of George II.; and by Cipriani, in 1778, who received the sum of 
 2000 guineas. 
 In their original state, the walls were decorated with rich hangings, 
 represpnting a portion of the Acts of the Apostles, from the Cartoons 
 of Raphael. But after the decapitation of Charles I. they were pur- 
 chased by the Spanish Ambassador, who sent them to the Marqms 
 del Carpio, in Spain. They were afterwards purchased by an Enghsa 
 gentleman, from the Duke of Alva, and exhibited at the Egyptian 
 Hall, Piccadilly, in 1825. 
 
 In Thames-street, Wapping, December 4 1716 
 
 ~\T\c\ 
 
 At Limehouse 
 
 At the Custom House, (the first in England, 1559); 
 
 re-built in ■ 17iy 
 
 At Billingsgate '•— 1718 
 
 Again May 14, 1809, when the loss was estimated at near £70,000. 
 
 . At Constantinople, September 27 1729 
 
 At this fire there were above 12,000 houses and 7000 inhabitants de- 
 stroyed. Another, which burnt five days, May 31, 1745. Another 
 
 No. 37- Pp 
 
290 THE NEW TABLET OF MEM0RY. 
 
 FIRE. At Constantinople, (continued.) 
 
 January 29, 1749, when 12,000 houses were destroyed. Another 
 in June, 1750, 10,000. Another in 1751, by which 4000 houses 
 were destroyed. Another in 1755, had 500 houses burnt. Another 
 in 1756, when 15,000 houses and 1000 persons were burnt, July 5 ; 
 great havoc made in 1761, 176*5, 1767, 1769, and 1771. February 
 19, 1782, 600 houses were burnt. On the 10th of June following, 
 7000 ditto; and on the 22nd of August following, there were 10,000 
 houses, 50 mosques, and 100 corn-mills, &c. destroyed. On the 5th 
 of August, 1784, 10,000 houses, &c. were destroyed. In 1778, 
 there were 2000 houses, and in July, 1782, 7000 ditto. August 4, 
 1784, 10,000 houses were destroyed. Between March and July, 
 1791, 32,000 houses were destroyed. In September, 1792, 7000 
 houses were destroyed, and the same number in August, 1795. The 
 suburb of Pera had 1300 houses, and several magnificent buildings, 
 burnt down, March 13, 1799, 
 
 At St. Catharine 1734 
 
 At the Inner Temple, January 5 1736 
 
 Again in 1750. 
 
 Moscow, July 1736 
 
 At this fire 2000 houses were destroyed; at one in 1752, 16,000 
 houses shared the same fate. At that of 1812, its Governor, General 
 Rostopschin, set fire to the City and Kremlin, to prevent its becom- 
 ing the winter quarters of Bonaparte, when above one half of this 
 ancient city was destroyed, and the French army compelled to make 
 that disastrous retreat which almost annihilated that immense force 
 in the beginning of 1813. 
 
 At Shadwell, when fifty houses were burnt, Sep- 
 
 tember 10 1736 
 
 At Haxey, Lincolnshire, March 4 1743 
 
 Had fifty-six houses burnt, valued at £10,000. 
 
 At Rycaut, the seat of the Earl of Abingdon, No- 
 
 vember 1745 
 
 It was totally destroyed, and the Earl's eldest son burnt to death. 
 
 At Thoresby, the seat of the Duke of Kingston, 
 
 Northamptonshire, April 4 1745 
 
 The whole of the valuable furniture was destroyed. 
 
 - — At Cornhill, March 25 .... 1748 
 
 Again November 10, 1759: — another November 7, 1765. 
 
 At Battle Bridge, August 12 1749 
 
 ■ At Gillingwood, in Yorkshire, December 4 1 750 
 
 - At Cotton Wharf, August 12 1751 
 
 The loss was estimated at £40,000. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 291 
 
 FIRE. In Lincoln's-Inn Square, June 27 /752 
 
 At Hindon, Wilts, July 2 1754 
 
 At this fire one hundred and fifty houses were destroyed. 
 
 At Billingsgate, January 13 1755 
 
 ■ At Hermitage Brewhouse, loss £20,000. May 1 1755 
 
 At Sir John Bingham's Castle, Ireland, 1755 
 
 Received damage to the amount of £50,000. 
 
 At Staples Inn, November 27 1756 
 
 Three persons were unfortunately burnt to death. 
 
 At Maidstone 1756 
 
 At the London temporary bridge, April 11 1759 
 
 At Duke-street, Lincoln's-Inn . . 1 759 
 
 At this fire the Sardinian Ambassador's chapel was entirely destroyed, 
 November 30. Again by the rioters, in 1780. 
 
 At King-street, Covent Garden, 1759 
 
 Fifty houses fell a prey to this destructive element j the loss was esti- 
 mated at £70,000. 
 
 At Portsmouth Dock Yard, July 3 1760 
 
 Received damage to the amount of £400,000. Again, July 27, 1770; 
 received damage to the amount of £150.000. Again, December 7, 
 1776, when it received damage to the amount of £60,000. 
 
 At Fishmonger's Hall, and several houses in Thames- 
 street, February 10 1761 
 
 At East Smithfield, April 11.... 1761 
 
 Twenty-eight houses were burnt. 
 
 In Swallow-street, April 24 1761 
 
 Fourteen houses were burnt. « 
 
 At Shadwell, May 2 1761 
 
 Thirty houses were burnt, besides barges. 
 
 At Maxtock Castle, August 1 ; 1762 
 
 In the Vault under St. James's church, Piccadilly, 
 
 January 15 1 763 
 
 At Rotherhithe, June 1 1765 
 
 At Fonthill, near Salisbury, February 12 1765 
 
 It was burnt down, and the loss sustained amounted to £30,000. 
 
 At London House, in Aldersgate-street 1768 
 
292 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 FIRE. In Throgmorton -street, May 9 1772 
 
 ■ In Chandos-street, Covent Garden, November 10 ... 1772 
 
 » At Cornhill, June 6 1773 
 
 At the Tower, January 31 1774 
 
 ; In King-street, Covent Garden, May 4 1774 
 
 — — At the Dock, Wapping, September 28 1 775 
 
 Twenty houses were burnt. 
 
 ■ At Sidney House, in the Old Bailey, August 1 1775 
 
 In Russell-street, Covent Garden, September 29 ... 1775 
 
 At the Savoy, March 2, 1776 
 
 In Pope's-head Alley, Cornhill, December 1 1776 
 
 At the Marine Hospital, at Brest, December 1 1776 
 
 Fifty galley slaves, and a great number of sick, fell victims to the 
 flames. 
 
 At Flaxley Abbey, April 1 1777 
 
 Flaxley Abbey was built in the reign of Henry I. The damage was 
 estimated at £7000. 
 
 At Greenwich Hospital, January 2 1779 
 
 The steeple, and one quadrangle of the whole building was destroyed. 
 
 At Hermitage Stairs, 16 March 1779 
 
 At London Bridge Water Works, October 31 1779 
 
 At Plymouth Victualling Office, July 1779 
 
 The damage done amounted to upwards of £3000. ; and a fire in 
 South-street did damage to the amount of £30,000. February, 1792. 
 
 At Horse-ly- down, April 30 1780 
 
 Nearly thirty houses were destroyed, besides warehouses and shipping. 
 
 ■ In the Strand, near the New Church 1781 
 
 At Gun-dock, Wapping, September 23 1783 
 
 At this fire fourteen houses were destroyed. 
 
 — — At Exeter Exchange, July 1784 
 
 In Abchurch Lane, July 27 1784 
 
 ■ At Wimbleton House, Surrey, the seat of Lord 
 
 Spencer, March 28.. 1785 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 293 
 
 FIRE. At Windsor Forest, April 17 1785 
 
 Several miles of the heath were burnt, and the trees much damaged. 
 
 — — At Spring Garden's Gate, April 2 1785 
 
 In Compton-street, January 12 1785 
 
 Sixteen houses were burnt. 
 
 At Dock Head, May 2. 1785 
 
 At this fire several Warehouses were destroyed to a very considerable 
 amount. 
 
 In Holborn, January 13 1785 
 
 In James-street, Haymarket 1786 
 
 In Vine-street, Piccadilly, October 2 1786 
 
 At the Corner of Bow-street, Covent Garden, Janu- 
 
 ary 10 1788 
 
 At the Opera House, in the Haymarket, June 17 ... 1789 
 
 At Malta, April 6 1789 
 
 By this disastrous fire the superb Observatory at that place, with its 
 valuable apparatus and MS. Observations, were entirely consumed. 
 
 ■ ■ In Hanway Yard, Oxford-street, March 12 1790 
 
 At the foot of Westminster-bridge, February 18 ... 1790 
 
 Twenty persons were killed or maimed in consequence. 
 
 In Aldersgate-street, May 16 1790 
 
 In Fleet-street October 4 1790 
 
 At Rotherhithe, October 12 1790 
 
 Twenty houses were destroyed. 
 
 At Hermitage Stairs, April 1 1790 
 
 The damage done was estimated at £30,000. 
 
 — — At Wark Castle, in Cumberland, December 1 1791 
 
 At Domingo, in October, November, and December, 1791 
 
 At Port-au-Prince, by the revolted Negroes. 
 
 At the Albion Mills, March 2 1791 
 
 These mills were erected in 1786 ; and it was strongly suspected that 
 the fire was not the effect of accident: for, so determined were the 
 populace against any assistance being given to extinguish the flames, 
 they cut the hose during the time of the water passing through. 
 
294 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 FIRE. At Cherry Garden Stairs, Rotherhithe, September 14 1791 
 
 This dreadful fire reached to West-lane, Rotherhithe, destroyed several 
 vessels, and sixty houses. 
 
 — , — ■ At a Sugar-house, Wellclose-square, December 12.. 1791 
 
 The damage was estimated at £30,000. 
 
 At the Duke of Richmond's house, &c. Privy Gar- 
 
 dens, which was destroyed, December 21 1791 
 
 At the Pantheon, Oxford-street, January 14 1792 
 
 (For a further account of the Pantheon, see " Panthson," Section 
 III.) 
 
 In Finsbury-square, Moorfields, July 28 1 792 
 
 This fire took place at a timber-yard, the damage at which was esti- 
 mated at £10,000. 
 
 At a Manchester Calico Manufactory, March 15 1792 
 
 The goods destroyed were valued at £100,000. 
 
 At the Birmingham Theatre, August 16 1 792 
 
 At the Dublin House of Commons, February 27 ... 179*2 
 
 It was built in 1731, at the ^expense of £40,000.; it has since been 
 restored, 
 
 At the Falmouth Theatre, August 2 1 1 792 
 
 The Theatre, and twenty-two houses, were destroyed. 
 
 At Hawley's Wharf, Hermitage Wharf, December 21 1793 
 
 The damage done to the sugar, was estimated at £10,000. 
 
 In Duck-lane, near Wardour-street, December 13.... 1793 
 
 Thirteen houses were burnt down. 
 
 ■ At the L'Orient Magazine, April 11 1793 
 
 At Co wdrey House, Kent, September 25 1 793 
 
 The whole of its valuable paintings and furniture were destroyed. 
 
 — — At Limehouse Hole, where many houses were burnt, 
 
 June 18 1794 
 
 At Ratcliffe Cross, July 22 and 23 1794 
 
 At this fire, there were upwards of 630 houses destroyed, together 
 with an East India warehouse, in which 35,000 bags of salt-petre 
 were destroyed; the whole loss was estimated at above £1,000,000. 
 sterling. There was £40,000. worth of sugar in one sugar-house; 
 and the whole loss is said to be the most severe of the kind since the 
 Great Fire of London in 1666. The house of Mr.Bere, (the Quaker) 
 was miraculously saved from the great destruction. 
 
 At Tiverton, June 30 1794 
 
 Had 200 houses burnt down, June 5, 1781 ; — twenty-six, Muy 27, 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 295 
 
 FIRE, at Tiverton, June 30, (continued.) 1794 
 
 1762; — between sixty and seventy, in April, 1785; — and about 
 200 at the above date. 
 
 At Astley's Theatre, near Westminster Bridge, 
 
 August 17 1795 
 
 Property to the value of nearly £30,000. was 'destroyed by this fireY 
 Nineteen dwelling houses were also destroyed. Again, September 
 2, 1803, when forty houses were burnt. , v 
 
 At St. Paul's Church, Covent Garden, September 12 1795 
 
 The elegant church of St. Paul's, Covent Garden, was accidentally 
 burnt down by the carelessness of the workmen, whilst undergoing 
 some repairs. Re-built, and opened again for divine service, Ausust 
 1, 1798. 
 
 At Romford Barracks, May 27 1795 
 
 Cost £10,000. building. 
 
 At Dartford Cotton Mills, which were destroyed, De- 
 
 cember21 1795 
 
 The loss was estimated at £10,000. 
 
 At Copenhagen, June 5 1795 
 
 In 1728, there happened there a dreadful fire, which destroyed seventy- 
 seven streets, the royal palace, with all its rich furniture, to the 
 amount of twenty millions of rix dollars, equal to £4,500,000. 
 sterling, and above 100 persons lost their lives, February 26, 1794. 
 By the conflagration of June 5, 1795, the arsenal, admiralty, &c. 
 with near fifty streets, having 1363 houses, were destroyed. It 
 burnt with great fury for forty-eight hours. 
 
 At Shadwell, November 1, 1796 
 
 At the Theatre at Mentz, August 1796 
 
 This Theatre was destroyed during a performance, when seventy indi- 
 viduals were burnt, and many crushed to death on the falling in of 
 the roof. 
 
 At Baltimore, in America, which was nearly de- 
 stroyed, December 4 1796 
 
 ■ In the Minories, March 23 1797 
 
 Thirty houses were consumed at this fire. 
 
 At the Water Works, at Shadwell, December 12 ... 1797 
 
 These works conveyed water from the Tower, to Limehouse, and raised 
 903 gallons in a minute; they were burnt down in one hour and a 
 half. 
 
 ■ At Hanworth Park House, March 26 1797 
 
 At the King's Bench Prison, July 14 1799 
 
 Fifty apartments were burnt. 
 
296 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 FIRE. At Philadelphia, which broke out in the Theatre, 
 
 December 28 , 1799 
 
 One near the Custom House, February 11 1800 
 
 At this fire three large warehouses of West- India goods, valued at 
 £30,000. were destroyed. 
 
 At Wapping, October 6 180( 
 
 Thirty houses, besides warehouses, valued at £80,000. were burnt, 
 and many lives lost; it extended from New Stairs to Execution 
 Dock. 
 
 In Store-street, Tottenham-court-road, September 27 180$ 
 
 Property to the amount of £40,000. was destroyed at a Brewery there. 
 
 At Liverpool, August 14 180$ 
 
 By this destructive fiTe, goods to the value of a million in money were 
 consumed. 
 
 ■ At the Printing Office of Mr. S. Hamilton, in Falcon 
 
 Court, Fleet-street, February 21 180^ 
 
 The destruction'of Printing materials, &c. &c. caused by this fire, was 
 estimated at £80,000. 
 
 In the Great Choir of Westminster Abbey, which 
 
 was destroyed, July 9 1803 
 
 At an Inn in Chelmsford, October 22 1804 
 
 By this unfortunate circumstance, out of 120 Hanoverian troops, who 
 had but a few hours before been lodged there, twelve of them were 
 burnt to death. 
 
 In Adam-street, Edgeware-road, January 27 1805 
 
 Eight persons were burnt at this fire. 
 
 At St. James's Palace, January 21 1809 
 
 One of the wings was destroyed by fire, and a servant maid found suf- 
 focated in the apartment where it was supposed to have originated. 
 Re-paired in 1823. 
 
 — — At Mr. Smeelon's Printing Office, St. Martin's-lane, 
 
 May 27 1809 
 
 By this unfortunate accident, Mr. Smeeton and his wife fell victims to 
 the flames. 
 
 In Conduit-street, July 8 1809 
 
 At this fire a Mr. Windham, in exerting himself to save Mr. North's 
 library and manuscripts, received so severe a blow on the thigh, as 
 to cause his death. 
 
 At Mr. Askell's, York-street, Westminster, January 1809 
 
 The above fire originated at Mr. Askell's cooperage, and burnt with 
 astonishing rapidity for above an hour, threatening entire destruc- 
 tion to the York Brewery, nearly adjoining, and the neighbourhood. 
 It consumed the whole of the premises where it began ; the houses 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 297 
 
 FIRE. At Mr. AskelFs, (continued.) January 1809 
 
 of Mr. Lamb, grocer, and Mr. Dudley, patten-maker, were in immi- 
 nent danger of being consumed. Mr. Elliot sent his engine the first, 
 and his men played it. A waggon-load of canteens for the army 
 were delivered to the premises on the Saturday, consisting of 1,200 
 in number. Mr. Askell made his escape with nothing but his waist- 
 coat and small-clothes. 
 
 At Covent Garden Theatre, September 20, 180S; 
 
 and at Drury Lane Theatre, in February 1809 
 
 (For a further account of the destruction of these Theatres, see 
 " Public Edifices," Section III.) 
 
 At the Wharf of Messrs. Pococke and Buckley, 
 
 Whitefriai*'s Dock, January 1 1810 
 
 This fire was the cause of the loss of timber to the amount of £30,000. 
 and nine valuable horses. 
 
 - — — At Reeves's Floor-cloth Manufactory, Little Titch- 
 
 field-street, July 13 ; 1810 
 
 Seven houses, with Mr. Huntington's Chapel, were destroyed. 
 
 At the house of Mr. Paris, printer, in Took's-court, 
 
 July 20 1810 
 
 Three houses were destroyed, and a woman burnt to death. 
 
 At Gillett's Printing Office, in' Salisbury-square, 
 
 July 29 1810 
 
 A calamity of the same kind happened in 1805. 
 
 At the Mexican Coffee House, Lisle-steret, De- 
 
 cember 8 1810 
 
 Mr. Simeon, the proprietor, and his wife, were destroyed in the flames. 
 
 ■ At Goullee's Pork Shop, the corner of Half Moon- 
 
 street, Bishopsgate-street, April 22 1811 
 
 Mr. Goullee, his wife, three children, nurse, maid-servant, and shop- 
 boy perished in the flames. 
 
 ■ In Bury-street, St. Mary- Axe, by which nearly half 
 
 the street was destroyed, June 18 1811 
 
 At Mr. Holland's, tallow-chandler, South Audley- 
 
 street, by which that and several other houses 
 were destroyed, August 25 1812 
 
 At Mr. Merle's, Picture-frame maker, Leaden-hall- 
 
 street, October 17 1812 
 
 By this unfortunate event, every house to Billiter-lane, was consumed, 
 with three others. 
 
 No. 38- Qq 
 
298 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 FIRE. At the Commercial Hall, Skinner-street, which was 
 
 entirely consumed, April 4 1813 
 
 At a Fishmonger's, near Vauxhall Turnpike 1813 
 
 The Oak Tavern, and Vauxhall Chapel, were destroyed, August 12. 
 
 At the Dock Yard, Woolwich, July 8 1813 
 
 Nearly all the hemp and oakum were destroyed. 
 
 On the premises of Messrs. Jones and Co. timber 
 
 merchants, King-street, Southwark, December ... 1813 
 
 At this fire fifteen houses were destroyed. 
 
 In Denmark-street, January 18 181' 
 
 Five houses were destroyed, and a woman lost her life. 
 
 At the Custom House, Thames-street, February 12 . ISh 
 
 At this fire the whole range of buildings, and many other houses, were 
 destroyed. The loss was estimated at half a million in property. 
 The first Custom House erected there in 1559, was destroyed by fire 
 in 1 7 1 8 , and re-built the same year. 
 
 At the Flour Mills, Light-House Quay, near Wat- 
 
 ford, June 9 1814 
 
 The premises were destroyed, and two men lost their lives. 
 
 At the Mustard Mills of Messrs. Lingard and Jones, 
 
 Southwark, August 28 1814 
 
 Dreadful devastation was made by this fire : several adjoining ware- 
 houses being destroyed, together with a great extent of stabling be- 
 longing to Messrs. Thell and Steel. 
 
 In High-street, Shadwell, October 10 1814 
 
 Twenty dwellings were consumed. 
 
 In a narrow street, Limehouse, November 1 1 1814 
 
 Sixteen dwelling houses were consumed, together with several ware- 
 houses. 
 
 At Mr. Biggs', St. Paul's Church-yard, January 19 . 1815 
 
 The house, and two of his children were burnt. 
 
 At the Works belonging to the Gas Company, in 
 
 Dorset-street, which were destroyed, May 24 1815 
 
 In Leadenhall-street, opposite the India House, 
 
 June 4 1815 
 
 Two houses were burnt down. 
 
 At the range of buildings between the Crescent, and 
 
 America Square, July 14 1815 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 299 
 
 FIRE. At the Mint, October 31 1815 
 
 At this fire the eastern and southern wings of the building were 
 unroofed, and the interior, containing the machinery, destroyed. 
 
 In Wardour- street, at the house of Mr. Seymour, 
 
 October 31 , 1815 
 
 Mr. Seymour's three daughters, the eldest of whom was only eight 
 years of age, unfoitunately perished in the flames. 
 
 At Grove Place, Kentish Town, November 23 1815 
 
 The house of Mr. Slack was destroyed, and himself perished in the 
 flames. 
 
 In Red Lion-street, Holborn, November 24 1815 
 
 At this fire the house of a Goldbeater was destroyed, and a child was 
 burnt. 
 
 At the house of an umbrella maker, High Holborn, 
 
 between Featherstone Buildings and Brownlow- 
 street, November 28 1815 
 
 Six houses were entirely burnt to the ground. 
 
 ■ In Crown-street, Finsbury-square, December 31 ... 1815 
 
 The house and warehouse of Mr. Mitchell were destroyed. 
 
 In Berkeley-square, at the house of Mr. Charles 
 
 Boon, which with the furniture and library, were 
 destroyed, February 11 1816 
 
 At the Stock Exchange Coffee House, April 23 1816 
 
 It was entirely destroyed, as were several adjoining counting houses. 
 
 At " The Plough Inn," Clapham, May 29 1816 
 
 It was entirely destroyed. 
 
 At Mr. Irvine's, No. 49 & 50, St. Mary-le-Bone- 
 
 street, June 1 1816 
 
 A number of new, and unfinished carriages, were destroyed. 
 
 At Mr. Dunkin's, tallow-chandler, Aldersgate-street, 
 
 June 26 1816 
 
 The House was entirely destroyed, with the upper part of the adjoin- 
 ing one of Cockerton and Son, oilmen. The houses had just been 
 re-built, in consequence of a similar accident in the preceding year. 
 
 At Mr. Norris' carpet warehouse, September 20 1816 
 
 Mr. Norris' house was at the time under repair, in consequence of 
 having been burnt but ten months before. 
 
 ■ At Belvoir Castle, October 28 1816 
 
 Belvoir Castle, the princely residence of His Grace the Duke of 
 Rutland, was three-fourths of it destroyed by this unfortunate event. 
 
300 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 FIRE. At the shop of Mr. Falconer, carpenter, Turk's Head 
 
 Yard, Oxford Market, October 2 181( 
 
 The house of Mr. Falconer, and others, were greatly damaged. 
 
 At the Warehouse of Mr. Henderson, October 23 ... 1816 
 
 Several houses were burnt down, others damaged, and property to the 
 amount of £40,000. destroyed. 
 
 Near Wapping Docks, December 1 6 1816 
 
 The warehouses of Messrs. Viner and Co. and several adjoining ones, 
 were burnt down. 
 
 At Poplar, at the house of Mrs. Cock, December 30 . 1816 
 
 Mrs. Cock, aged 80, and nine houses, were burnt. 
 
 At Mount Place, Homerton-road, at the house of Mr. 
 
 Duskall, April 6 181' 
 
 The house was entirely burnt; the damage was estimated at £5,000. 
 
 At Mr. Bainbridge's, Carver and Gilder, High 
 
 Holborn, April 7 181' 
 
 The house was totally destroyed. 
 
 On the premises of Mr. Mist, Fleet -street, May 23 . 1817 
 
 At the house of Mr. Black, oilman, Bermondsey , which 
 
 was destroyed, June 28 1817 
 
 Mr. Black, his wife, and eldest child, were found suffocated in the 
 adjoining house. 
 
 At Mr. Wheatear's, grocer, No. 460, Strand, March 1 1818 
 
 Ten houses were destroyed, and three persons perished in the flames. 
 
 At Mr. Clarke's, oilman, Somers'-town, and at Mr. 
 
 Higgs', hat manufacturer, Webber-row, Black- 
 friars-road, April 14 1818 
 
 Two children were burnt to death at this fire. 
 
 At Messrs. Spencer's, Newton-street, High Holborn, 
 
 July 1818 
 
 Five houses were burnt, and several others damaged. 
 
 In Ratcliff Highway, August 1818 
 
 At this fire, fifteen houses were consumed. 
 
 In Nelson-street, Whitechapel, at the sugar-house of 
 
 Messrs. Craven and Shutts, August 1819 
 
 The loss was estimated at £15,000. 
 
 At Bensley's Printing Office, Bolt-court, Fleet-street, 
 
 June 1819 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 301 
 
 FIRE. At the house of Mr. Worms, Whitechapel, Nov. ... 1819 
 
 Three children perished at this fire. 
 
 At the sugar-refining house of Messrs. Severn, King, 
 
 and Co. November , 1819 
 
 Entirely destroyed; the loss estimated at £80,000. 
 
 At the house of Mr. Kerr, bootmaker, the corner of 
 
 Norfolk-street, Strand, January 17 1820 
 
 Two houses were destroyed, and several others damaged. 
 
 At Canton, in China, March 3 - 1820 
 
 This terrible conflagration consumed 15,000 houses, and above 500 
 people. 
 
 In Thames-street, on the premises of Messrs. Thomas 
 
 and Co. porter merchants, February. 1820 
 
 Damage was done to the amount of £20,000. 
 
 At Mr. Westlake's, ship-builder, Rotherhithe, March 1820 
 
 This fire consumed seven houses, a brig, several warehouses, and other 
 property, worth £59,000. 
 
 In Drury-lane, at a timber-yard, November 9 1820 
 
 Totally destroyed, with ten houses ; and, at one time, it threatened the 
 destruction of the entire neighbourhood. 
 
 At Messrs. Smith and Co.'s sugar bakers, Mile End, 
 
 January 11 1821 
 
 The loss was estimated at £200,000. 
 
 In Gutter-lane, Cheapside, February 27 1821 
 
 Destroyed the house, and damaged six others. 
 
 On the premises of Messrs. Southall and Fossick, 
 
 Grace-church-street, September 9 1821 
 
 It destroyed four houses, a Meeting-House, and occasioned the death 
 of four persons. 
 
 In Princes-street, Soho, September 10 1821 
 
 Four houses were destroyed, and three persons burnt. 
 
 In Waterloo-row, Surrey-road, October 19 1821 
 
 At Mr. George Hoppe's, Old Gravel-lane, Wapping, 
 
 November 3 1821 
 
 Several houses were destroyed, or injured. 
 
 On board a West Indian, of 300 tons burthen, which 
 
 was destroyed in the River Thames, November 3, 1821 
 
302 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 FIRE. At the extensive premises of Messrs Bagster, Book- 
 sellers, Paternoster Row, which was consumed, 
 March 2 1822 
 
 At Mr. Briggs', tallowchandler, Old Gravel-lane, 
 
 June 4 1822 
 
 The house was destroyed, and seveial workshops. 
 
 In St. John's-street, Clerkenwell, June 20 1822 
 
 On the premises of Mr. White, boat-builder, at 
 
 Rotherhithe ; and another June 28 1822 
 
 In Adam-street, Adelphi, June 29 1822 
 
 Two houses were consumed. 
 
 At the house of Mr. Wardell, provision merchant, 
 
 Old Gravel Lane, June 30 1822 
 
 On the premises of Messrs. Astor and Co. Musical 
 
 Instrument makers, Tottenham-street, which were 
 destroyed, July 20 1822 
 
 At the plate-glass manufactory of Messrs. Reed and 
 
 Co. Upper Smithfield, August 11 1822 
 
 The premises were shortly reduced to a heap of ruins, and the loss 
 was estimated at £100,000. 
 
 At the patent rope manufactory of Mr. Dun, at 
 
 Stepney, August 14 1822 
 
 The whole of the machinery was consumed, to a great amount. 
 
 At the house of Mr. Stokes, calico printer, Grosvenor 
 
 market, August 24 1822 
 
 ■ In Upper East Smithfield, August 26 1822 
 
 Two houses were burnt down. 
 
 In Old Court, September 2 1822 
 
 At this fire, three houses were consumed. 
 
 At the extensive premises of Messrs. Luntley and 
 
 Millar, wholesale druggists, Bread-street-hill, Sep- 
 tember 3 1822 
 
 The premises were nearly destroyed. 
 
 At the floor-cloth manufactory of Messrs. Rolls and 
 
 Goulston, in the Bermondsey-road, September 16 1822 
 
 At this fire, the manufactory was consumed, a timber yard, and many 
 houses destroyed and damaged. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 303 
 
 FIRE. Next door to the Architectural Library of Mr. 
 
 Taylor, in Holborn, November 23 1822 
 
 The house of Mr. Taylor was destroyed, with several Works of Art, 
 of the greatest value. A great many other houses were also de- 
 stroyed. 
 
 ■ At Long's Hotel, Bond-street, December 21 1822 
 
 It was nearly burnt down. 
 
 At Milford Barracks, Ireland, February 2 1822 
 
 The above Barracks were totally destroyed by the insurgents in a riot 
 there. 
 
 In Watling-street, January 16 , 1823 
 
 Several houses were destroyed. 
 
 In New-street, Covent-Garden, May 12 1823 
 
 Several houses were destroyed, and one life lost. 
 
 In Red Lion-street, Bedford-square, June 24 1823 
 
 Fifteen houses were consumed, and Featherstone buildings. 
 
 In the London-road, September 14 1823 
 
 One house was consumed, and several others damaged. 
 
 At the Church of St. Paul, Rome, July 15 1823 
 
 In King-street, Hammersmith, February 23 1 824 
 
 Two houses were destroyed, and several others damoged; a child was 
 also killed. 
 
 At the extensive Wharfs of Messrs. Pick ford and Co. 
 
 on the Banks of the City Road Basin, February 26 1824 
 
 The damage was estimated at £30,000. Two lives were lost. 
 
 At New Brunswick, in America, October 7 1825 
 
 At New Brunswick, the forests having been intentionally fired for the 
 clearance of brushwood, the district of Miramichi, and the sea-coast, 
 were devastated by the unexpected progress of the conflagration ; 
 by this unfortunate occurrence, nearly three hundred! persons 
 were burnt. 
 
 At Great Titchfield-street, Well-street, &c. &c 1825 
 
 This destructive fire took place on the 21st of June, 1825, by which 
 the houses in Great Titchfield-street, Well-street, Mortimer-street, 
 and Margaret-street, were nearly destroyed. The fire commenced 
 in the workshops of Mr. Crozet, carver and gilder, in Great Titch- 
 field-street, caused by a kettle, containing French polish, boiling 
 over, which set fire to some shavings of wood. The flames spread 
 rapidly to the premises of Mr. Woolley, a stable-keeper; Mr. 
 Stoddart, the pianofortemaker ; Mr. Stout, (who had a mahogany 
 
304 THE NKW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 FIRE. In Great Titchfield-street, (continued.) 
 
 and timber yard;) Mr. Meser, a coachmaker; Messrs. Bolton and 
 Sparrow, upholsterers; the Chapel of Ease, in Margaret-street; Mr. 
 Pears, perfumer; Mr. Arnold, grocer; Miss Storer, and Mrs. 
 Vennes. The houses of Mr. Wales, Mr. Hunt, Mr. Reid, Mr. 
 Kensett, and Messrs. Holt and Scheffer, of Mortimer-street, were in 
 a short time reduced to ruins. A party of the guards, assisted by 
 the Police Officers, aided the firemen ; but the exenions of all, al- 
 though there was a plentiful supply of water, seemed to have no 
 effect in extinguishing the flames. Thirty houses and shops were 
 destroyed, and one hundred families deprived of their homes. 
 
 In Well-street, Oxford-street, May 17 1830 
 
 At Nottingham Castle, by the rioters, which was 
 
 burnt to the ground 1831 
 
 At Cow-cross, West Smithfield, November 8 1831 
 
 At Mr. Franks', a confectioner, 95, Piccadilly, De- 
 
 cember 30 J831 
 
 In Panton- street, at a Spunging-house, September 25 1832 
 
 In a court, Queen-street, Glasgow, January 14 1832 
 
 This fire was supposed to be the work of an incendiary. The loss was 
 estimated at £150,000. 
 
 At Messrs. Horrocks' Manufactory, near Manchester, 
 
 January 15 1832 
 
 Three men were taken into custody, suspected of setting fire to the 
 above premises. 
 
 At Mr. Wall's, a tobacconist, Deptford, March 9 ... 1832 
 
 An old lady, aged 80, was unfortunately burnt to death. 
 
 At the Brewery of Messrs. Young and Bainbridge, 
 
 (late the Brewery of Messrs. Tritton) March 13... 1832 
 
 At an apartment in Kensington Palace, March 16 ... 1832 
 
 It was extinguished, without doing any serious damage. 
 
 At the Greenwich Theatre, January 11 1832 
 
 At the Brewery of Messrs. Barclay and Perkins, 
 
 May22 " 1832 
 
 Did considerable damage, before it could be got under. 
 
 ■ At the House of Mr. Mullins, pipe and bucket maker, 
 
 in Holborn, August 3 1832 
 
 It destroyed the same, and did a great^deal of mischief to several ad- 
 joining houses. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY'. 305 
 
 FIRE. At the Painting Lofts of Messrs. Tyrrells, in Long 
 
 Acre, November 27 1832 
 
 This fire broke out in the rear of the premises, and injured and de- 
 stroyed about fourteen houses. The valuable stock of carriages of 
 Messrs. Tyrrells was consumed by the flames. 
 
 At the House of Mrs. Manley, 103, Hatton Garden, 
 
 January 1833 
 
 This dreadful occurrence was attended by a loss of life truly afflicting. 
 The first notice which the inmates received of their danger, was a 
 violent knocking at the door about seven o'clock in the morning. The 
 servant immediately rose, and on going to the door, found two men, 
 who proceeded up stairs with an intention of informing Mrs. Manley 
 of her perilous situation. The flames were now rapidly gaining 
 ground, and before they could reach Mrs. Manley's room, a part of 
 the floor fell in. The house was completely destroyed, and Mrs. 
 Manley, with three of her children, were unfortunately burnt. About 
 twelve months previous to this event, Mr. Manley, who retired to 
 bed in perfect health, was found byhis wife a corpse in the morning; 
 this event produced such an effect on her mind as to cause her a 
 severe fit of illness, and for the last eight months, she was confined 
 to her bed. 
 
 At the house of Mrs. Watts, No. 56, London-street, 
 
 Fitzroy-square, March 5 1833 
 
 A person of the name of Strong, who resided in the house, being; awoke 
 by a feeling of suffocation, found, on getting out of bed, the room 
 densely filled with smoke. She immediately raised the alarm of 
 "fire," which aroused Mrs. Watts. Mrs. Mensay, a widow lady, 
 who occupied the back room on the first floor, as a sleeping apart- 
 ment, was unfortunately burnt to death. The deceased was 75 years 
 of age, and is supposed to have dropped the candle in her lap, or had 
 fallen in a fit, against the bars of the grate. 
 
 At Wood's Family Hotel, Panton-square, June 1 ... 1833 
 
 By this melancholy event two individuals fell a sacrifice, viz.: — Lieut. 
 Nagle, of the Royal Navy, and Mr. Cope, a Giasgow merchant. No 
 property could be saved. 
 
 AT BOTH HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT, Oc- 
 
 tober 16 1834 
 
 This destructive fire took place about seven o'clock in the evening; a 
 strong breeze was blowing at the time, and the moon was shining 
 with great brilliancy. The bridges soon became crowded by specta- 
 tors, so that, even from Blackfriars, the exact situation of the confla- 
 gration could be ascertained, and the rumour that the House of 
 Lords was burning, confirmed. The towers of Westminster Abbey 
 were brilliantly illuminated by a mass of fire seen at a short distance 
 on the left of the venerable place, and at half-past seven, the light 
 was sufficient to read the small print of a newspaper; Westmin- 
 ster had now become so crowded by persons collected to witness the 
 fire, as to render it nearly impassable ; in consequence of which, 
 several waggons, carts, and other vehicles, were engaged in convey- 
 ing persons across, that a clearer view of the tremendous scene 
 might be witnessed in their passage. The falling of roofs, the 
 No. 39 R r 
 
3G8 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY, 
 
 FIRE, AT BOTH HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT, (con- 
 tinued.) 
 
 shattering of glass, the crackling and scattering of tiles and slates, and 
 the roaring of the flames, all added to the destructive scene of terror 
 that met the eye. A want of water was experienced at the first 
 breaking out of the fire: but a supply having been procured, added to 
 the great exertions of the firemen, the flames received a check ; but 
 it was only for a short period, the flames having got such strong 
 hold, that the water appeared to have but little effect; the wind, 
 too, being unfavourable to their exertions, it blowing smartly from 
 the southward. How the fire originated was doubtful. No damage 
 was done to Westminster Hall ; and the mace was preserved by the 
 deputy Serjeant-at-Arms, soon after the fire began ; but the House, 
 Robing-Rooms, Committee Rooms in the West-front, and the rooms 
 of the resident Officers, as far as the octagon tower, at the south-end 
 of the building, the Painted Chamber, the north-end of the Royal 
 Gallery, were totally destroyed. The loss is estimated, by competent 
 judges, to be not less than HALF A MILLION. 
 
 On the 27th of September, 1839, the Tenders for the third Contract 
 for the building of the New Houses of Parliament, comprising the 
 whole of the River front, and returns or wings of the buildings, were 
 opened before the Commissioners of Her Majesty's Board of Works, 
 when, after a spirited competition, the Contract was decided in 
 favour of Messrs. Grisell and Peto, the well-known builders, of the 
 York-road, Lambeth. The Contracts were as follow : — 
 
 Messrs. Grisell and Peto £.159,718 
 
 Baker 167,746 
 
 Cubitt 174,452 
 
 Winsland 177,489 
 
 Lee 179,363 
 
 Grimsdell , . 181,588 
 
 Piper „. 183,106 
 
 Hicks 183,899 
 
 Bennett 184,639 
 
 It is expected that three years will expire befor the above Contract 
 will be finished, and that it will be near nine years ere the structure 
 will he entirely completed. 
 
 At Nocton Hall, the seat of the Earl of Ripon, which 
 
 was entirely destroyed, July 15 1834 
 
 At Hatfield House, 1835 
 
 A destructive fire took place at Hatfield House, the seat of the Marquis 
 of Salisbury, by which the Dowager Marchioness perished, at the 
 venerable age of 85 years. 
 
 At New York, which destroyed 700 houses 1836 
 
 — — At Mr. Spottiswode's Printing Office, March 21 1837 
 
 At the house of Mr. Harris, in the Strand, Sep- 
 
 tember 14 1837 
 
 Mr. Harris, his ehild, and servant, fell victims to the flames. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 307 
 
 FIRE. On the premises of Messrs. King and Witt, South- 
 ampton, November 7 1837 
 
 This fire continued to burn with unabated fury for upwards of three 
 hours, consuming in its frightful progress the counting-house and 
 the extensive stores and warehouses, with all their valuable stock of 
 turpentine, vitriol, oil, and other inflammable materials. No less 
 than eleven bodies, some without limbs, and otherwise dreadfully- 
 disfigured, were dug out of the ruins. The damage was estimated 
 at £10,000. 
 
 At Mr. Tyler's Printing Office, Bolt-court, Fleet- 
 
 street 1838 
 
 At the house of Mr. R. Holt, 19, Pancras-street, 
 
 September 19 1838 
 
 The above fire commenced early in the morning, in Pancras-street, 
 Tottenham Court-road, and was attended with loss of life. On the 
 ground- floor lived Mr. Holt, wife, and four children ; in the kitchen, 
 were a Mr. Mead, wife, and one child ; in the first floor front room 
 lived a man of the name of Scott, a stone mason, his wife, and one 
 child; in the back-room, on the same floor, a young female, of the 
 name of Thorn, who perished in the flames ; in the second floor 
 front lived Mr. Leaman, (tailor) wife, and three children; in the 
 back room, second floor, Mrs. Coif; and, on the third floor, a person 
 of the name of Smith, in the whole, tenanted by nineteen individuals, 
 who lost the whole of their property, being uninsured. 
 
 At the Royal Exchange, January 1838 
 
 This fire consumed in one night a magnificent pile of buildings, with 
 vast contents of property, papers, books, and accounts of sundry 
 Corporations, the whole estimated at many hundred thousand pounds 
 value. (For an account of the Old Royal Exchange, see — " Royal 
 Exchange," Public Edifices, Section III ) 
 
 In one of the apartments, containing a printing ma- 
 
 chine, of the Morning Chronicle Office 1389 
 
 A speedy supply of water being obtained, enabled the firemen, who had 
 arrived with their different engines to overcome it, before much 
 damage had been done. 
 
 At the house of Mr. Green, Dairyman, Strand 1839 
 
 The alarm was instant, and the inmates of the upper floors made their 
 escape by means of ladders into the street ; but notwithstanding 
 the great exertions made, the entire building, stock, and furniture of 
 Mr. Green, and his lodgers, were entirely destroyed. None of the 
 inmates were insured. The house of Mr. Bayliss, brazier and 
 tinman, was greatly damaged, and also that of Mr. Cowderoy. The 
 lives of the inmates would, in all probability have been sacrificed, but 
 for the means of escape afforded by Merryweather's ladders. 
 
 At Houndsditch, November 12 1839 
 
 At the above period, the neighbourhood of Houndsditch, and its vici- 
 nity, were aroused by one of the most dreadful fires imaginable, which 
 broke out in Widegate- alley, a narrow-street, leading from the 
 centre of Houndsditch to Bishopsgate-street, surrounded by old and 
 ruinous premises, and densely inhabited by the poorest classes. By 
 whom_the alarm was given, is unknown ; but on the Police proceed- 
 
308 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 FIRE at Houndsditch, (continued.) 
 
 ing in the direction from whence the sounds came, they perceived 
 the upper portion of the house No. 10, in the above alley, on fire. 
 It appeared to be confined to the second floor front room ; but before 
 they had time to give the general alarm to the neighbourhood, the 
 flames burst forth from the windows, and in a very short time enve- 
 loped the whole front of the house. The Police, on reaching the 
 spot, beat loudly against the door with their staves and rattles, and 
 succeeded in arousing the inmates, who were thought to have all 
 escaped : but this was not the case. 
 
 In about a quarter of an hour the fire brigade of the establishment of 
 Jefferys-square, St. Mary Axe, arrived speedily at the spot ; but 
 though they strove hard to suppress the flames in this early stage, 
 their exertions and skill were baffled, and the conflagration every 
 moment increased in magnitude, and within an hour after its com- 
 mencement, the house (No, 9) let out to seven or eight families, and 
 two houses at the back, appropriated as a kind of store, ignited, and 
 were instantly in a blaze. The scene at this moment defies descrip- 
 tion ; women, children, and men, now rushed into the street, with 
 nothing to cover them but their night clothes, and in a state ap- 
 proaching to madness. Mr. Biaidworth had at this time reached the 
 spot, with the engines and firemen of the head department in 
 Watling-street, and followed quickly from the station in Wellclose- 
 square, Whitecross-street, Farringdon-street, Holborn, and after 
 those, by that of the West of England, of the County, and several 
 others. The houses 9 and 10, soon gave way, and fell with a dreadful 
 crash into the street, which being anticipated by the firemen, they 
 received no injury. About eight in the morning, the fire was so 
 much got under, that several engines returned to their respective 
 Stations, four still remaining to play on the burning ruins. Up to 
 the period of half-past ten, it was supposed that all who had inhabited 
 the premises, had escaped; but whilst one of the brigade was direct- 
 ing the branch of an engine into a pile of rubbish, he imagined he 
 saw the body of a human being hanging over a high beam in the 
 ruins ; upon which he called several of his brother firemen to him, 
 and on their going up, they were horror struck on discovering it to 
 he the remains of a woman. They removed them from the gaze of 
 the immense number of persons who surrounded the place; but no 
 sooner had they done so, than the bodies of three children presented 
 themselves to their view. A further search was then made by two 
 firemen, and in the course of an hour after, they dug- out the re- 
 mains of four others, a female, and three men; they were instantly 
 wrapped in blankets, until the arrival of shells from the workhouse. 
 A woman leaped from the window, and was taken to the London 
 Hospital much injured. The origin of the fire was not known with 
 any certainty, but is by some attributed to the dissolute habits of 
 two of the persons who perished. The loss of property was very 
 great, as will appeaar as follows: — In Widegate-alley, No. 10, the 
 premises occupied by Mr. Barton, scale-board maker, and let out as 
 tenements, totally destroyed, together with the buildings occupied 
 as his manufactory, with their contents, — steam-engine, boilers, 
 machinery, stock, and utensils. The buildings were insured in the 
 Phcenix Office, but the contents not. 
 
 No. 9. — Shop and dwelling-house, wholly hurnt down. Let in tene- 
 ments to poor people, who lost all. 
 
 No. 8. — Also let out in tenements ; greatly damaged, and not insured. 
 
 No. 2. — Seriously damaged. Insured in the Royal Exchange. 
 
 No. 11. — Seriously damaged; not insured. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 309 
 
 FIRE at Houndsditch, (concluded.) 
 
 A cottage ; partially burnt. Not insured. 
 
 Nos. 21, 22, and 23; very seriously damaged ; but insured in the 
 
 Westminster, Sun, and Phcenix. 
 Windsor-street, 11, 12, and 13, let out to families, greatly damaged by 
 
 fire. Not insured. 
 
 At Pimlico, October 25 1839 
 
 This alarming fire took place fn the neighbourhood of Buckingham 
 Palace. On repairing to the spot, the house of Mr. Harding, Arti- 
 ficial Fire Work manufacturer, was found to be on fire from the top 
 to the bottom. Several engines arrived in quick succession, and 
 proceeded to pour a vast body of water on the burning premises, 
 which were, after some time, by the great exertion of the firemen, 
 partly subdued. Further danger having subsided, enquiries began 
 to be made with respect to the fate of the inmates in the house of 
 Mr. Harding, and the one adjoining, let out in tenements; when it 
 was found that Mr. Harding, Mrs. Harding, Mr. and Mrs. Hanson, 
 and two sons, had perished in the flames, their remains being dug 
 out of the ruins on the following day. 
 
 At the Theatre Royal, Cork, April . . . ., 1840 
 
 The Theatre was entirely destroyed ; and the loss of property dreadful. 
 
 At East Smithfield, Wapping, August 27 1840 
 
 This dreadful fire continued to rage during the whole of Thursday 
 night and Friday under the immense pile of ruins created by the fall- 
 ing in of the roof and wall of the building. During the whole of 
 Friday the neigbourhood presented the appearance of a fair, thou- 
 sands of persons being assembled in every street, leading to the 
 ruins, from which they could be seen. Baniers were placed, which 
 were guarded by detachments of the Police, to prevent accidents in 
 the event of the falling of any portion of the building still standing. 
 One man however passed the barriers unnoticed, and the result was, 
 he lost his life. Having stationed himself near a portion of the 
 building where a crane of nearly a ton weight was still attached to 
 one of the upper stories, and which was in a dangerous condition, 
 the crane unl'oitunately gave way, together wilh a laige portion of 
 brickwork, the whole of which fell upon him; when picked up, he 
 was lifeless, and dreadfully mutilated. His name was Swinford, and 
 he had come from from Suffolk but two days before. The unfortu- 
 nate man Lindsey, who fell from one of the upper stories during the 
 fire, was taken to the London hospital in a dangerous state. On the 
 discovery of the fire, the Thames Police conveyed the new iron float- 
 ing-engine which was stationed in the Docks, and which had never 
 before been worked, to the edge of the wharf. Its dimensions are so 
 great, as to require 140 men to work it, and throws several tons of 
 water in a minute, being built for the London Fire Establishment. 
 From the great assistance derived from this immense machine, may 
 be attiibuled a diminution in the loss of property, which, it is thought, 
 would otherwise have trebled the loss at present sustained. 
 
 The other force employed were the two floating engines from South- 
 wark-bridge and Rotherhithe, and thirteen land engines; and from 
 a calculation which has been made, it would appear that upwards of 
 seventeen tor - of water were thrown upon the flames in a minute. 
 The firemen \ scertained that the fire first originated on Hore's 
 premises, but\lhe firm were unable to account fur it. It has 
 
310 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 FIRE at East Smithfield Wapping, (continued.) 
 
 been ascertained that there was a large quantity of cotton waste 
 on the premises, such as is used for cleaning and oiling machiunry, 
 and it was the opinion of Mr. Braidwood that that was the cause of 
 the fire, as he had known it to ignite of itself, by oil getting among 
 it, of which there were several barrels in the place. 
 
 At Bermoixlsey, August 27 1840 
 
 This fire broke out at the time when the former was at its height, and 
 caused a fearful destruction of property. The loss sustained bv the 
 fire at these mills, and the machinery therein, is estimated at £6000. 
 Mr. Fiear is not insured. Messrs. Hasland's loss is estimated at 
 between £3000. and £4000. The other sufFerers are not insured. 
 
 In Salisbury-street, Strand, April 16 1840 
 
 Between twelve and one o'clock on Wednesday morning, the inhabi- 
 tants of the above street were greatly alarmed by the report as of a 
 park of artillery; immediately after which, the house, No. 7, was 
 observed to be in flames from top to bottom. The house in question 
 was in the occupation of Messrs. Shaw and Robertson, wine and 
 spirit merchants; and the origin of the fire was stated to be an 
 escape of gas on the ground floor. In a few minutes afterwards, the 
 engines and men fromChandos-street, the West of England, Water- 
 loo-road, Watling-street, and several other engines belonging to the 
 London Fire Establishment, under the superintendence of Mr. 
 Braidwood, arrived ; soon after which a plentiful supply of water was 
 obtained. In the mean time the inmates made their escape in their 
 night dresses, and took shelter in the houses of the neighbours. The 
 hose of several of the engines were carried through the houses at the 
 Lack in Cecil-street, and the houses on either side, by which means 
 the firemen were enabled to confine the devouring element to the 
 house in which it originated. The conflagration spread with such 
 rapidity, that it was entirely impossible to save any portion of the 
 furniture, or, in fact, anv thing else the house contained ; and it was 
 not until nearly three o'clock that it was got under sufficieutly to " 
 allay all danger. The shock was so great that the windows of the 
 house on the opposite side of the street were nearly all broken. The 
 amount of property destroyed was very great. 
 
 At Mr. Winsland's, timber merchant and builder, 
 
 Brewer-street, Bloomsbury 1840 
 
 At the time of this fire, several of the men in the employ of Mr. Wins- 
 land, the extensive timber- merchant and builder, of Brewer-street, 
 Bloomsbury, were engaged at work in the yard, when on a sudden an 
 immense body of smoke was seen to issue from one of the stacks of 
 timber, and in a short time it was one body of flame. Another 
 account of the origin of the fire is, that it began in the lower work- 
 shop, by the boiling over of pitch. The dry and combustible natuie 
 of the stock caused the fire to extend with a rapidity seldom wit- 
 nessed, and, before any of the engines arrived, the devouring element 
 had obtained such a hold as to render all chance of extinguishing it 
 hopeless. In the course of ten minutes the brigade-engine fiom 
 Crown-street, Holborn, the Chandos-street, and several others be- 
 longing to the London brigade, reached the spot, as well as the West 
 of England and County, followed by those from Watling-street and 
 the more distant stations. A good supply of water was obtained, 
 and the engines were very speedily got to play. In the meantime 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 FIRE at Mr. Winsland's, timber-merchant and builder, (con- 
 tinued.) 
 
 the confusion was still further increased from the numerous persons 
 living in Brewer-street endeavouring to save their furniture and 
 other property: this, coupled with the confined scene of conflagra- 
 tion, occasioned the fire to obtain such a hold as to endanger the 
 numerous buildings abutting on the yard of Mr. Winsland; the 
 utmost fear was entertained for- the safety of the extensive distillery 
 of Mr. Tanqueray, known as the " Bloomsbury Distillery." To this 
 point the attention of the firemen was especially directed, and the 
 hoses of the engines in Broad-street and the avenues leading to the 
 distillery, were conveyed up and into the building, when torrents of 
 water were poured into those portions which were exposed to the de- 
 vouring element; the fire, however, extended its ravages towards 
 Museum-street, and by half-past eleven o'clock the whole of the rear 
 of the following houses were more or less on fire: — Messrs. Haugh- 
 ton, Callaghan. Queen's Coffee-house, Brackett, Cartwright, and 
 others; on the house of Mr. Cartwrisht the fire appeared to extend 
 its fury, as the flames were repeatedly to be seen curling over the 
 front; in those houses a number of men were busily engaged in re- 
 moving the furniture, the greater part of which, we regret to say, was 
 forced to be thrown from the windows of the second and third floors 
 into the street, and thus rendered completely useless. Through the 
 united exertions of the firemen, police, and the men from the brewery 
 of Messrs. Meux and Co. a/id those from Messrs. Combe and Dela- 
 field, the fire was so far got under by two o'clock as to prevent any 
 further loss being sustained; the loss, however, is considerable, and 
 at the same time several persons will feel it severely, being unin- 
 sured, from the circumstance of their goods being destroyed. The 
 number of houses damaged amounted to eighteen. Great credit was 
 due to Messrs. Combe and Delafield, who, on hearing of the fire, 
 sent down their powerful engine, and with it thirty men to work it. 
 The engine was conveyed into Mr. Winsland's yard, and although 
 surrounded with the burning element, the men heroically kept at 
 their work, and were in a great measure instrumental in preventing 
 so great a loss as otherwise must have occurred, The true cause it 
 appears was the bursting of the steam-boiler in the workshop. The 
 whole of the books of Mr. Winsland have been saved ; Inspector 
 Dudley, of the E. division, and the men under him, rushing into the 
 counting-house while on fire, three times, and bringing out the 
 books. To the police great credit is due in saving the vast quantity 
 of property which was exposed in the street — a great number from 
 the A, C, D, and E divisions, with their respective inspectors being 
 forwarded to the spot. The principal loss will fall on the Sun, 
 County, West of England, and Westminster Fire Offices. The loss 
 sustained is little short of from £20,000. to £30,000. Messrs. 
 Winsland have lost their entire stock, which, with the various ma- 
 chinery, models of building, &c. is valued at about £20,000. The 
 men who worked on the premises had all their tools destroyed, the 
 loss of some being between £30. and £40 The premises belonging 
 to Mr. Hudson, the comic song writer, are most materially injured, 
 and a great part of his valuable collection of music. Had it not been 
 for a party wall that separates the back part of the houses named 
 above from Mr. Winsland's premises, the whole of Museum-street 
 would probably have been destroyed. All the houses burnt down 
 are, fortunately, insured, being on the Bedford estate, where insu- 
 rance is made part of the conditions of letting. No lives were lost, 
 but one of the accidents was of a very serious nature. A young 
 woman, in endeavouring to cross the road, near Vine-street, was 
 
 311 
 
312 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 FIRE at Mr. Winsland's, timber-merchant and builder, 
 (concluded,) 
 
 suddenly knocked down by the shaft of a van, and before she could be 
 rescued from her perilous situation, one of the wheels passed over 
 her chest, crushing her body in a frightful manner. She was imme- 
 diately carried by the police on a shutter to the North London Hos- 
 pital ; and although life was not quite extinct on her arrival at that 
 Institution, it was thought by the medical gentlemen who examined 
 her that she could not long survive. A man who was working one of 
 the engines was also crushed in a dreadful manner, in consequence of 
 its being overbalanced during the same. He was also taken to the 
 same hospital. 
 The damage done to the premises of Messrs. Winsland, (comprising five 
 large brick buildings,) is, the destruction of the carpenters' and 
 joiners' workshops, show-rooms, store-house, marble show-rooms, 
 moulding-rooms, plasterers' and masons' workshops, engineers' work- 
 shops, warehouse, stables, carthouses, dwelling-house of foreman, 
 extensive drying rooms, counting-house, and offices. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 313 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 REMARKABLE BUILDINGS, CASTLES, CATHEDRALS, HOSPITALS, 
 COLLEGES, AND OTHER PUBLIC WORKS. 
 
 ABBOTSBURY ABBEY, Dorsetshire, built 1026 
 
 ABERCONWAY CASTLE, Caermartlienshire built 1202 
 
 A magnificent castle was built here by the Earl of Chester in the reign of William 
 the Conqueror, which was destroyed in the reig-n of king Stephen, but kin" 
 Edward I. ordered it to be re-built, and it yet remains one of the most beauti- 
 ful structures in Wales. 
 
 ABERISTWITH CASTLE, built, 1110 
 
 Burnt in 1124. 
 
 ABINGDON ABBEY, Berks, built 941 
 
 ADELPHI BUILDINGS, Strand, London, built 1770 
 
 ADMIRALTY, THE COURT OF, erected 1357 
 
 Incorporated June 22, 1768. 
 
 AGATHA'S, ST. MONASTERY, near Richmond, York- 
 shire, built 1131 
 
 ALBAN'S, ST. ABBEY, Hertfordshire, built 793 
 
 5t. Albans was one of the principal places of the ancient Britons; and twenty- 
 one years after the invasion of the island, was raised to the rank of a city, 
 under the name of Verulam, which afterwards became the abode of Lord Bacon, 
 who was created Earl of Verulam, and Viscount St. Albans. The Abbey is 
 now used as a parish church, and in it we e buried several persons of royal 
 blood, particularly the famous Duke Humphrey, whose body was discovered 
 some years ago. There was here a font of solid brass, in which the children 
 of the kings of Scotland were used to be baptized, and was brought from 
 Edinburgh by Sir Philip Lea, but in the time of the Civil Wars was taken 
 away and lost. 
 
 On the 2nd of February, 1832, a portion of the wall of the upper battle- 
 ment of this Abbey fell upon the roof below, in two masses, an interval of 
 five minutes taking place previous to the falling of the second, which caused 
 great alarm to the inhabitants of the houses contiguous thereto, the noise 
 being so great, as to resemble a loud peal of thunder. It was asserted, by 
 competent judges, that £15,000. would be required to repair the damage 
 done to the roof, &c. A public subscription has since been entered into for 
 this laudable object. 
 
 Mo- 40- s s 
 
314 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 ALBION MILLS; see " Fires." 
 
 ALCANTARA BRIDGE, The, over the Tagus, in Por- 
 tugal, built about the year 98 
 
 ALDERSGATE, London, built 1616 
 
 Pulled down, and sold for £91. April, 1760. 
 
 ALDGATE, London, built 1608 
 
 Pulled down, and sold for £177- 10s July, 1760. 
 
 ALGIERS, a Roman Province, ........B.C. 44 
 
 The Turkish dominion at Algiers originated with the Turkish corsair Barbarossa, 
 whose real name was Horush, or Baba (Father) Horush, as he used to be 
 called. Being called in by the Algerine Moors to assist them in 1516, in 
 opposing the Spaniards, he availed himself of the opportunity of making 
 himself master of the place; but ruling in such a tyrannical manner, the 
 Moors revolted, and he was killed whilst fighting at the head of his Turks, in 
 1518. His brother succeeded him. Several expeditions have been sent out 
 against this place, and at different periods. The first was by Charles V. in 
 1541, at the entreaty of Pope Paul III. The next expedition against this 
 place was in 1681, by Louis XIV. who being highly indignant at the violation 
 of the several treaties made with the Algerines, sent Admiral Duquesne 
 against them with twelve ships of war, fifteen galleys, three fire ships, and 
 several vessels. Five bomb-vessels, under the orders of the celebrated 
 Renau, who originally devised the means of rendering bomb-inortars avail- 
 able in vessels, completed this formidable armament. Algiers was bombarded 
 with such vigour that the Dey was compelled to yield. Three years after, 
 they commenced their insults upon the French flag, when they were severely 
 dealt with by Marshal d'Estrees, who bombarded their capital, and reduced, 
 it nearly to ashes : but not until the whole of the French there had been put 
 to death, their consul bound alive to the mouth of a cannon, and shot against 
 the bombarding fleet. 
 
 Another expedition was sent out in 1816 against Algiers, under Lord 
 Exmouth, whose instructions were, to require the liberation of all the Chris- 
 tian slaves there, upon the payment of a stipulated ransom, and the system 
 to be entirely relinquished for the future. Upon the arrival of the British 
 fleet at Algiers, the terms proposed were acceeded to by the Algerine govern- 
 ment: but scarcely had the fleet taken its departure, when the treaty was 
 violated by the dreadful murder of a great body of Neapolitan fishermen at 
 Bona. Upon this intelligence reaching England, Lord Exmouth set sail for 
 Algiers with a powerful fleet, to avenge this insult. The Dey, well aware 
 of what was to be expected, made every possible defence. But it availed him 
 nothing when opposed to a British force: for, on the 27th of August, the 
 fleet of this barbarian was reduced to ashes, — the powerful batteries which 
 defended the harbour were destroyed, — and Omar, the Dey, was compelled to 
 submit to the humiliating conditions proposed by the British Admiral, which 
 were, — the restoration of all his captives without ransom, — with the repay- 
 ment of former ransoms, — and the abolition for ever ! of Christian slavery in 
 his dominions. 
 
 The cause of the French expedition sent to Algiers in 1830, was an insult 
 offered by the Dey to the consul Deval, in the year 1827. The expedition 
 was preceded by a blockade of two years which cost France nearly a million 
 sterling. The expedition commenced its operations against the town on the 
 land side in Juue, 1830: and, on the 4th of July, they obtained possession 
 of the " Emperor's Fort," which commands the city. On the following day 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 315 
 
 ALGIERS, (continued.) 
 
 the town surrendered, and the French took possession of it, the castles, and 
 all the public property, among which were twelve ships of war, 1500 bronze 
 cannon, andjabout two millions sterling in gold and silver. The last of the 
 Deys withdrew to Europe. 
 
 AIX-LA-CHAPELLE, built 795 
 
 ALLINGTON CASTLE, Kent, built 1282 
 
 ALNWICK CASTLE, Northumberland, built 1147 
 
 ALL SOULS COLLEGE, Oxford, founded 1437 
 
 AMBERLEY CASTLE, Sussex, built 1374 
 
 AMIENS, THE CATHEDRAL OF, destroyed by fire in 1019 
 
 The first Cathedral was burnt as above, and the second experienced the same fate 
 in 1218. Bishop Everard, who presided over the See at the time of the de- 
 struction of the latter, lost no time in endeavouring to obtain means towards 
 the erection of another, and, if possible, a more splendid church. Sufficient 
 money having been obtained towards the accomplishment of the design, it 
 commenced in 1220, and was perseveringly carried on by the projector, and 
 his successors, till completed. It was consecrated in 1269, and in the time of 
 Bishop Bertrand d'Abbeville, the fifth from its founder; but the ornamental 
 part of the building, continued to be carried on twenty years after that time; 
 and, we are informed, that tbetwo great towers over the west-front were not 
 erected until the following century. The principal dimensions, as given by 
 Mr. Whittington, in French feet, (each containing about 13 inches, English,) 
 are as follow : — feet. in. 
 
 Length from East to West 415 
 
 Ditto of transept, from north to south 182 
 
 Breadth of the nave, with its aisles, 78 9 
 
 Breadth of the transept 42 9 
 
 At the time of Mr. Whittington's visit to Amiens, (in 1802-3) the original 
 stained glass was still in the windows ; but, according to later travellers, it 
 is removed. The length of the choir is 130 feet (French); and the Lady 
 Chapel, beyond the choir, 45 feet in length. 
 
 The Cathedral of Amiens was pillaged of all its ornaments at the time of 
 the Revolution ; but the fabric was preserved by the resolute conduct of the 
 Mayor, and inhabitants of the place, who armed themselves in its defence. 
 
 In 1597, Amiens was taken by the Spaniards, by the following stratagem: 
 soldiers, disguised as peasants, conducted a cart loaded with nuts, and let a 
 bag of them fall just as the gate was opened ; and whilst the guard was busy 
 gathering them up, the Spaniards entered, and became masters of the town. 
 It was retaken by Henry IV. who built a citadel there. 
 
 AMMERSBURY NUNNERY, Wilts, built 976 
 
 AMSTERDAM first Settled, 1203 
 
 The Stadthouse, or Town-hall at Amsterdam, was began in 1648, and finally com- 
 pleted in 1655, at an expense of i'300,000. It rests upon 13,695 trees, or 
 piles. The building, which is 282 feet long, 255 in depth, and 116 high is, 
 with the exception of the ground-floor, which is brick, all built of free-stone. 
 The building is ornamented with fine bronze figures of Justice — Wealth — 
 and Plenty, with a colossal statue of Atlas, upholding the world. The Stadt- 
 house is now appropriated as a palace, first used for that purpose by Louis 
 
316 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 AMSTERDAM, (continued.) 
 
 Bonaparte, upon his becoming King of Holland. The Exchange there is also 
 built of freestone ; is 230 feet in length, and 140 in breadth. The galleries 
 are supported by twenty-sis marble columns, which are entered by a noble 
 staircase. The building will contain 4,500 persons. 
 
 The noble church of St. Nicholas, or, as it is frequently called, the Old 
 Church, has no particular claim to our notice ; but the New Church is a fine 
 structure. It is 350 feet in length, and 210 wide at the transepts; the upper 
 part resting on fifty-two pillars of stone : and is lighted by seventy-five large 
 windows, some of which are elegantly painted. The organ is a very fine one, 
 and has fifty-two whole stops, besides half stops; two rows of keys for the 
 feet, and three rows for the hand ; it has also a set of pipes, which will imi- 
 tate, with surprising effect, a chorus of human voices In the choir is a 
 marble monument of the celebrated Dutch Admiral, De Roytek. 
 
 ANTIQUARIES, SOCIETY OF, Somerset Place, instituted 1751 
 ANTWERP walled round 1201 
 
 Re-walled in 1514. — Burse built, 1531. 
 
 APOLLO'S TEMPLE, at Delphos, built b. c. 434 
 
 Burnt down, 362. 
 
 APOTHECARIE'S SOCIETY, London, incorporated in... 1617 
 
 ARTIST'S ROOM, in the Strand, London, built ........ 1772 
 
 ARTS AND SCIENCES HOUSE, in the Adelphi, Lon- 
 don, built 1772 
 
 ARUNDEL CASTLE, built by the Saxons, about ..... 800 
 
 ASAPH, (ST.) CHURCH AND PALACE OF, Flintshire, 
 
 built ". 560 
 
 Re-built, 1402. 
 
 ASHBY-DE-LA-ZOUCH CASTLE, built 1399 
 
 ASHDOWN CHURCH, Essex, built 1020 
 
 ASSYLUM, near Westminster Bridge, London, instituted . 1758 
 
 ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON 57, Lin- 
 coln's Inn-fields 1820 
 
 AUGUSTINE'S ABBEY, (ST.) built 1605 
 
 AYLMOUTH CASTLE, Northumberland, built 559 
 
 AYSGARTH BRIDGE, Yorkshire, built 1539 
 
 BALTIMORE HOUSE, Southampton -row, London, built 1759 
 
 BANCROFT'S ALMSHOUSES, Mile End, Middlesex, 
 
 built 1735 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 317 
 
 BANGOR CATHEDRAL, built 1616 
 
 BANK OF ENGLAND, THE, instituted 1693 
 
 The Bank of England was originally projected by a merchant, of the name of 
 Patterson, and established in 1693. House re-built, 1732: enlarged, 1771: 
 1783: 1789. In 1694, it was incorporated by King William and his Parlia- 
 ment, in consideration of £200,000. lent to Government, which was then its 
 capital. This capital has gradually increased, and was (in 1829), £11,686,800. 
 sterling. Began to issue notes for £10. (having previously no others in cir- 
 culation below £20.) in 1759. Notes oj £5. value were first issued in 1793. 
 Discontinued paying in cash, February 25, 1797- Notes of £1. issued, 
 March 9, 1797- Notes of £2. (except in one partial instance) in 1821 : and 
 ceased by law, on the 5th of April, 1829, — since which time, £5. is the 
 smallest sum for which any Bank in England may send forth its notes, payable 
 to Bearer. The necessity for the issue of notes for so small an amount as 
 £1. arose out of the Act of 1797, which restricted the Bank from making 
 payments in gold, a measure forced by the financial operations of the 
 Government, then very largely indebted to the Corporation. Issued Seven 
 Shilling pieces, in 1797- Five Shilling Tokens, in 1798. Raised the value 
 of them to 5s. 6d. in 1811. Bank Tokens (ordered by an Act, July 11, 
 1817) not to be paid or received, after the 25th day of March, 1818, under a 
 penalty of paying for every such dollar, &c. whether offered or tendered in 
 payment; the sum not to exceed £5. nor less than 40*. But there was 
 nothing in the Act to prevent their being presented to the Bank, until 
 March, 1820, or to restrain any one from selling them as old silver, at the 
 current price, without regard to the nominal current value at which they 
 were circulated. Again restricted by Parliament from paying in Cash, in 
 in 1816, not to extend beyond April 5, 1818. The new silver coinage (Geo. 
 III.) issued in 1816. Payment in gold renewed, in sovereigns and half 
 sovereigns, on the 8th of May 1821. The Five Per Cents, reduced to Four, 
 in March, 1822. 
 
 BANQUETTING HOUSE, Whitehall. (See—" Fires." 
 
 BARLING ABBEY, Lincolnshire, built 1 180 
 
 BARNWELL CASTLE, Northamptonshire, built 1 132 
 
 BARTHOLOMEW MONASTERY, near Smithfield, Lon- 
 don, built 1162 
 
 Hospital founded, 1546; re-built, from 1750, to 1770. 
 
 BASINGWERK ABBEY, Flintshire, built 1131 
 
 BASTILE, THE, (of Paris), foundation of laid, April 23 . 1369 
 
 The Bastile was not finished till 1383: destroyed by the mob, and the Governor, 
 (M. Launey) killed for resisting them, 
 
 BATTERSEA BRIDGE, built , 1772 
 
 Church re-built, 1786. 
 
 BATH HOSPITAL, Somerset, built 1387 
 
 BATH, THE ABBEY CHURCH OF. 
 
 The Abbey Church of Bath has frequently been called a Cathedral, but without 
 any real claim to such a title. Up to the time of the dissolution of all reli- 
 gious houses in England, it was merely the religious house of a monastery or 
 
318 THE NEW TABLET OE MEMORY. 
 
 BATH, THE ABBEY CHURCH OF, (continued.) 
 
 convent; but never was a diocesan church. The first religious establishment 
 being a nunnery, founded in 676, by Osric, called king of the Wiccii, a petty, 
 prince, and subservient to the king of Wessex. This nunnery is said to have 
 been destroyed by the Danes: but, in 775, it appears that the house was re- 
 built by Offa, king of Mercia, who dedicated it to St. Peter, and settled in it 
 a body of secular canons, who held possession of it till 970, when they were 
 removed by Edgar, and the Abbey converted into an institution of Benedic- 
 tine monks. After this the fabric was again destroyed, and re-built. The 
 one which preceded the present, was erected in the middle of the twelfth cen- 
 tury. At that period, the dimensions, it would appear, exceeded those of the 
 present church, its length being about 300 feet. In the course of time it fell 
 to decay, and was little better than a mere ruin, when Dr. Oliver King was 
 appointed to the see of Bath and Wells in 1495, who commenced the re- 
 building of the Abbey Church. But bis death taking place in 1525, the 
 building of the new church had made but little progress. It was, however, 
 carried on by his successor, and nearly brought to a close, when the last 
 ruler of the monastery was obliged to surrender the house into the hands of 
 the king: upon which the church was stripped of the glass, iron, bells, &c. 
 which were purchased of the Commissioners by some merchant : the weight 
 of the lead alone, amounted to 480 tons ; and its bare walls, with other 
 monastic buildings, were purchased by Humphrey Colles, who sold the same 
 to Matthew Colthurst, whose son made a present of the church to the Mayor 
 and Citizens, to serve as a future parish church. The other buildings passed 
 through various hands, and were pulled down one after the other, to supply 
 materials for other structures. The last traces of these monastic buildings, 
 entirely disappeared in 1755, on their foundations being removed, in doing 
 which, many stone coffins were dug up, and the old Roman Baths, which had 
 been probably buried for more than 1000 years, were again brought to light. 
 It was long after the church came into the possession of the city, ere any 
 preparation was made for its restoration. Repairs were at length commenced 
 1572, by a private citizen, and which was carried on by the contributions of 
 many individuals during the close of the reign of Queen Elizabeth, but not 
 completed till the year 1616. The most munificent donor to it was, Dr. 
 James Montague, who came to the see in 1609. Sir Henry Montague, 
 (brother of Dr. James Montague) Chief Justice of the King's Bench ; and Sir 
 Nicholas Salters, (a citizen of London), were also great contributors towards 
 its elevation. 
 
 BATTLE ABBEY, Sussex, built 1067 
 
 The town of Battle stands on a rising ground, eight miles north-west of Hastings : 
 and on this spot the great battle was decided betwixt William of Normandy, 
 and Harold. On the 28th of September, 1066, William landed at Pevensey, 
 (or Pemsey) on the coast of Sussex ; Harold being at that time in the north, 
 where he had gained a victory over the Norwegians, headed by their king, 
 who was killed. William having effected a landing, commenced the erection 
 of a fort. Harold returning soon after, William disputed his right to the 
 crown, and the consequence was, the meeting of the two armies, which took 
 place on the 14th of October, 1066, and the birth-day of the English king. 
 (For a further account of this memorable event, see Section IV. — " Battles." 
 The erection of Battle Abbey was commeneed in the following year by the 
 Conqueror, in consequence of a vow he had made previous to the Battle of 
 Hastings; though it was not completed till 1094, and in the reign of Rufus. 
 The high altar being, (as is asserted) placed on the spot where the body of 
 Harold was found. Originally, the house was intended to consist of one 
 hundred and forty monks; but only sixty were placed in it, and those 
 were from the monastery of Marmoustier, in Normandy. Several manors, 
 in the counties of Kent, Surrey, Sussex, Oxford, and Berks, were given to 
 it, and also very great privileges — among which were, exemption from taxa- 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 319 
 
 BATTLE ABBEY, (continued.) 
 
 tion, the rights of free warren and sanctuary, independence of episcopal 
 jurisdiction ; and to the Abbot, the singular prerogative of pardoning any 
 condemned thief, whom he should meet in his road to execution. Many 
 Charters were granted by the Conqueror, Rufus, Henry I. and continued by 
 other kings, down to the period of Henry IV. in favour of this establish- 
 ment; copies of several of these Charters may be seen in " DugdAle's 
 MonASTICoN." In the course of time, they became greatly extended, by the 
 liberality of its patrons. The Abbot" enjoyed the dignity of wearing 1 the 
 mitre, and was summoned to Parliament during the continuance of their re- 
 ligion. John Hammond was the last who held the office. He was elected in 
 1529, and surrendered the monastery to the king in 1538. He retired on a 
 pension of £66. 13s. 4s?. Dugdale informs us that its revenues amounted to 
 £880.: but Speed says, £987. 
 
 At the time of the dissolution, the property was granted to an individual 
 of the name of Gilmer, who pulled down a certain portion of the building, 
 disposed of the materials, and afterwards sold the place to Sir Anthony 
 Browne, who soon commenced the erection of a dwelling-house on the site of 
 the old monastery, which was finished by his son, the first Lord Montague. 
 This building soon after fell into ruins : but the estate being purchased by 
 Sir Thomas Webster, the ancestor of Sir Godfrey Webster, anew house was 
 erected, which still exists. A fragment only of the church now remains: but 
 there are still to be seen arches of the cloisters, part of the refectory, nearly 
 150 feet in length, as also another building, detached from the rest: by 
 which is exhibited the remains of a room, 166 feet in length by 35 in breadth, 
 the walls being adorned by twelve windows on one side, and six on the other. 
 It is supposed to have been the great hall, in which the Abbott and his 
 monks gave their entertainments. The ruins of the great gate at the entrance 
 of the quadrangle is still standing, and is supposed to be of the reign of 
 Henrv VI. with its battlemented towers. Till within the last forty years, 
 the apartment over the gateway was used as a town house : but on the 18th 
 of September, 1794, it was greatly damaged by a storm of wind and rain, and 
 has not since been repaired. 
 
 BE AUCHIEF ABBEY, Derbyshire, built 1 183 
 
 BEAULIEU ABBEY, Hampshire, built 1204 
 
 BEAUMARIS CASTLE, Anglesea, built 1295 
 
 BEDFORD PRIORY, built in 1000 
 
 Re-built, 1223. Bridge built, 1224. 
 
 BEES, ST. PRIORY, Cumberland, founded 1 120 
 
 BEESTON CASTLE, Cheshire, built 1180 
 
 BELFAST BRIDGE, Ireland, built 1682 
 
 Bank built in 1787. 
 
 BERGHAM ABBEY, Sussex, built 1160 
 
 BERKELEY CASTLE, Gloucestershire, began by Henry I. 1108 
 
 Finished by Henry II. 
 
 BERNARD CASTLE, Durham, built 1270 
 
320 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 BERRY POMEROY CASTLE, Devon, built 1070 
 
 BETHLEM HOSPITAL built 1553 
 
 Re-built, 1675: pulled down in portions, at several periods of time since the 
 commencement of the century. The first stone of the new one laid, April 
 20, 1812. 
 
 BEVESTON CASTLE, Gloucestershire, built 1076 
 
 BEVERLEY CHURCH, Yorkshire, built 711 
 
 BILLING, LITTLE, PRIORY, Northamptonshire, built . 1076 
 
 BINGHAM PRIORY, Norfolk, built 1206 
 
 BIRKHEDDE PRIORY, Cheshire, built r 1189 
 
 BIRMINGHAM, NEW TOWN HALL at, erected 1834 
 
 In this building is a large saloon or hall, 140 feet in length, 65 feet wide, clear of 
 the walls, and 65 feet high from the floor to the ceiling, with corridors of 
 communication running along on each side on its own level, and staircases 
 leading to upper corridors as an access to the galleries. The organ is of 
 wonderful dimensions, and cost upwards of £3000. The erection of the 
 building was for municipal purposes, — for public meetings, — and for musi- 
 cal performances. The design was supplied by Messrs. Hanson and Welsh, 
 of Liverpool, who were also the contracting builders for carrying it into 
 execution. 
 
 BISHOP AUCKLAND PALACE, Durham, re-built 1665 
 
 BISHOPSGATE, London, &c. pulled down ..." 1760 
 
 BLACKFRIARS BRIDGE ; see page 10, ante. 
 
 BLANTYRE PRIORY, Scotland, built 1296 
 
 BLIGHBURY PRIORY, Suffolk, built 1110 
 
 BLINDON ABBEY, Dorsetshire, built 1172 
 
 BLUE COAT SCHOOL, Westminster, founded in 1688 
 
 BODIAM CASTLE, Sussex, built 1139 
 
 BODLEIAN LIBRARY, (THE,) Oxford, re-built and 
 
 founded 1598 
 
 This library was founded by Sir Thomas Bodley, on the remains of one esta- 
 blished by Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, which had been divested of all 
 its valuable books and illuminated MSS. by the Commissioners of Edward VI. 
 This library originally consisted of three extensive rooms united, forming 
 the figure of a Roman H. to which several other rooms have since been 
 added: in one of them is a valuable collection of books upon Topography, 
 and a number of MS. which were bequeathed to the University by Mr. Gough 
 in 1799. Another is appropriated to foreign, and a third to domestic peri- 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 321 
 
 BODLEIAN LIBRARY, THE, (continued.) 
 
 odical literature. Below the library is an apartment called the AuCTARIUM, 
 for the reception of very choice Manuscripts, early printed books, &c. In 
 the room adjoining is a beautiful collection of Oriental Manuscripts; 
 and beyond this are deposited the miscellaneous Manuscripts of Archbishop 
 Laud, and other donors. In this library is also to be found some of the most 
 valuable books in this or any other country. The contributions of its founder 
 have been most liberal; and the value of this library is farther enhanced by 
 the continued increase it receives by the presentation of copies of works 
 printed in this country, as also books purchased by the funds left by the 
 founder, and 'the annual payments of those persons who have the right of 
 admission to the library. The library is governed by regulations drawn up 
 by the founder, and who also left an estate to the. University, for the provid- 
 ing of suitable salaries to be given to the Officers, and for the keeping of the 
 building in repair. 
 
 BOLTON ABBEY, Yorkshire, built 1120 
 
 Castle built, 1330. 
 
 BOTHEL CASTLE, Northumberland, built 1330 
 
 BOTOLPH PRIORY, Colchester, built 1109 
 
 BOW BRIDGE, first built 1087 
 
 BOW CHURCH, Cheapside, built 1673 
 
 Present tower of finished, in 1680. 
 
 BOXGROVE PRIORY, Sussex, built 1110 
 
 BRADENSTROKE PRIORY, Wilts, built 1076 
 
 BRADSOLE ABBEY, Kent, built 1191 
 
 BR AMBER CASTLE, and CHURCH, Sussex, built 
 before the Conqueror's time. 
 
 BRAZEN-NOSE COLLEGE, Oxford, founded 1513 
 
 BRECKNOCK CASTLE, built 1089 
 
 The Priory built, 1100. 
 
 BRIDEWELL, built 1522 
 
 Formerly a palace of Henry VIII.: — converted to an Hospital in 1553. 
 
 BRIDGEWATER CASTLE and BRIDGE, Somersetshire, 
 
 built 1204 
 
 BRIDGNORTH CASTLE, Shropshire, built 800 
 
 BRIGHTON CHAIN PIER constructed about 1823 
 
 On the 15th of October, 1833, this ingenious construction was greatly damaged 
 by a severe storm. About half-past seven in the evening there came on one 
 No- 41. T t 
 
322 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 BRIGHTON CHAIN PIER, (continued.) 
 
 of the most dreadful gales from trie west, attended with heavy rain and light- 
 ning : but all accounts agree that it was not accompanied by thunder : the 
 damage, therefore, is to be attributed to the wind. 
 
 BRISTOL, CHURCH OF ST. MARY REDCLIFF, at, 
 
 built 1376 
 
 This structure is considered to be one of the most beautiful parish churches in 
 England, and was commenced in the year 1249, by Simon de Burton, who 
 was six times Mayor of Bristol; but it was not finished till 1376. The 
 tower and spire were at first 250 feet high : but in 144.'), a dreadful storm 
 happened, which destroyed part of the spire, and materially damaged the 
 church. This accident to the church was repaired by William Canynge, (or 
 Canning), but the spire was never restored. The roof, which is nearly sixty 
 feet high, is arched with stone, and ornamented with various devices ; the 
 length of the church is 239 feet ; that of the transept 117 feet, and consists 
 of three divisions, or aisles, like the body of the church : and the effect thus 
 produced is fine and striking, when the spectator places himself in the centre, 
 and looks around him. The breadth of the naive and aisles is fifty-nine feet; 
 the height of the naive is fifty-four feet; and of the aisles, twenty- five feet. 
 
 The Cross at Bristol, built, 1373: taken down, and removed to Stourhead, 1760: 
 Exchange built, 1741 : the Bridge-bill passed, May 22, 1760. 
 
 BRITISH INSTITUTION, for promoting the Fine Arts, 
 
 in the United Kingdom, Pail-Mall 1805 
 
 BRITISH LYING-IN HOSPITAL, Brownlow-street, in- 
 stituted 1749 
 
 BRITISH MUSEUM, THE, (late Montague House), pur- 
 chased by the British Parliament, in 1 788 
 
 BRODIE CASTLE, Scotland, built 1113 
 
 BROMHOLM PRIORY, Norfolk, built 1113 
 
 BROUGHAM CASTLE, Westmorland, built 1070 
 
 BRUNSPETH CASTLE, Durham, built 1140 
 
 BUCKFASTRE ABBEY, Devon, built 918 
 
 BUCKINGHAM CASTLE, built 918 
 
 BUCKINGHAM CHURCH, destroyed, March 26 1776 
 
 This event was occasioned by the accidental falling of Buckingham tower. 
 
 BUCKLAND PRIORY, built 1278 
 
 BUCKINGHAM HOUSE, St. James's Park, built 1703 
 
 Bought for the residence of Queen Charlotte, for £21,000. in 1760 ; her first re- 
 sidence there, May 13, 1762; demolished in 1825, and the present one 
 erected on its site. 
 
 BUGDEN PALACE, Huntingdonshire, built 1480 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 323 
 
 BURGH CASTLE, Staffordshire, built by the Romans. 
 
 BURLINGTON PIER, built 1697 
 
 BURNHAM PRIORY, Bucks, built 1266 
 
 BURROUGH CHAPEL, Somersetshire, was standing in . 900 
 
 BURTON ABBEY, Staffordshire, built 1004 
 
 BURY CASTLE, Suffolk, built 1090 
 
 BUTLEY PRIORY, built 1170 
 
 BYLAND ABBEY, Yorkshire, built 1134 
 
 BYSHAM ABBEY, Berks, built 1333 
 
 CAERLAVEROC CASTLE, Scotland, built 1 638 
 
 CALDER PRIORY, Cumberland, built 1 134 
 
 C ALSHOT CASTLE, Hampshire, built 1540 
 
 CAMBERWELL FREE GRAMMAR SCHOOL founded 1615 
 
 This School was founded hy the Rev. Edward Wilson, M.A. by Charter of 
 James I. 
 
 CAMBRIDGE CASTLE, built 1068 
 
 Senate House begun, 1722. 
 
 CANTERBURY CASTLE, built 1075 
 
 CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL. 
 
 The Cathedral of Canterbury, it will be remembered, was the place where the 
 murder, or rather the martyrdom of the celebrated Thomas a Becket took 
 place, December 28, 1170, in consequence of which, it attained considerable 
 sanctity, and attracted great crowds of pilgrims from every country in Europe. 
 The Cathedral, previous to this event, had gone greatly to decay : but in 
 consequence of this transaction, it proved the means of augmenting the 
 funds, so much required, for its restoration, and which soon after poured in 
 in abundance, the most distinguished persons of that day eagerly offering their 
 aid, and no one more so than the king, (Henry II.) who contributed most 
 bountifully thereto. 
 
 In the Cathedral of Canterbury, is the chapel of the Holy Trinity, erected 
 about 1184 in honour of Thomas a. Becket, and which continued, for some 
 time, the principal attraction of this church. Stow, in speaking of the shrine 
 of Becket, says, — " This shrine was builded about a man's height, all of 
 " stone, then upwards of timber plain, within which was a chest of iron, con- 
 " taining the bones of Thomas Becket, scull and all, with the wound of his 
 " death, and the piece cut out of his scull laid in the same wound. The 
 " timber-work of this shrine, on the outside, was covered with plates of gold, 
 " damasked with gold wire, which ground of gold was again covered with. 
 " jewels of gold, as rings, ten or twelve cramped with gold wire into the said 
 " ground of gold, many of those rings having' stones in them, brooches, 
 " images, angels, precious stones, and great pearls." The body of this Saint 
 was removed in 1 220 from the crypt underground, where it had been previ- 
 
324 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL, (continued.) 
 
 ously deposited; and at which the Pope's legate, the Archbishops of Canter- 
 hury and Rheims, and a many other Bishops and Abbots, bearing 1 the coffin 
 on their shoulders, amidst a gorgeous display of pomp, at which the king 
 himself was present. Archbishop Langton is said to have been so profuse on 
 this occasion, that a debt was left on the revenues of tbe see, which was not 
 discharged until the time of his fourth successor : but the whole was in time 
 amply repaid. Erasmus tells us, — " That, under a coffin of wood, inclosing 
 " another of gold, which was drawn up from its place by ropes and pulleys, 
 " he beheld an amount of riches, the value of which he could not estimate. 
 " Gold, was the meanest thing to be seen : the whole place shone and glit- 
 " tered with the rarest and most precious jewels, most of which were of an 
 " extraordinary size, some being larger than the egg of a goose." At the 
 time of the dissolution, Henry VIII. seized upon the whole of this wealth. 
 Stow also informs us, that " The spoil in gold and precious stones filled two 
 " great chests, one of which, six or seven men could do no more than convey 
 " out of the church at once." One of the precious stones, named the Regal 
 of France, and which had been presented by Louis VII. on his visit to this 
 church in 1179, Henry wore as a thumb-ring. He at the same time ordered 
 the remains of Becket to be burnt, and his ashes scattered to the winds. It 
 is also believed, that the bones of St. Dunstan, with those of St. Anselm, also 
 deposited in this Cathedral, shared the same fate. The only trace of the 
 shrine of Becket now remaining, is by the pavement around the spot where 
 it stood, which is worn down by the knees of the crowds of worshippers, who 
 for more than three centuries offered up their prayers. This part of the 
 church is on that account styled, — " The Martyrdoms." 
 
 CARDIGAN CASTLE, built 11G0 
 
 CARE W CASTLE, Pembrokeshire, built 1 100 
 
 CARISBROOK CASTLE, built 692 
 
 CATHERINE HALL, Cambridge, founded 1475 
 
 CATHERINE HILL CHAPEL, Surrey, built 1230 
 
 CHANCERY, COURT OF. (See page 16, ante.) 
 CHARING CROSS. 
 
 This place has undergone great alterations within these last few years, not only 
 with respect to the public convenience, but for the display of newly-erected 
 buildings. Charing Cross derives its name from a village detached from 
 London, and called Charing Cross ; also from a stately cross erected there, by 
 order of Edward I. in testimony of his affection for his deceased queen, Ele- 
 anor, the Cross occupying the last spot on which her remains rested in their 
 progress for entombment in Westminster Abbey. 
 
 On the north side of the Cross, the king's falcons were kept; and, at that 
 time, the Hay-market was a country road, having hedges on each side, and 
 running between pastures. St. Martin's-lane was surrounded by the high 
 walls of the Mews ; on the other side, by a few houses, and by Old St. Mai- 
 tin's church, where the present church now stands.- From this place it was a 
 quiet country lane, leading to St. Giles', then a pleasant village, surrounded 
 by fine trees : and Holborn was a mere road, between open meadow land, 
 with a green hedge on the north. Opposite St. Martin's lane, in the Strand, 
 stood the Hospital and Gardens of St. Mary Rouncival, a religious establish- 
 ment, and which was founded and endowed by William Earl of Pembroke, in 
 the reign of Henry III. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 325 
 
 CHARING CROSS, (continued.) 
 
 In the middle of the road, leading to the Abbey, and opposite to Charing 
 Cross, stood a Hermitage and Chapel, dedicated to St. Catherine. 
 
 Charing Cross was of an octagonal form, built of stone, and contained, (in 
 niches above) eight figures. The Cross was pulled down in 1643, and de- 
 stroyed by the populace, who entertained great hatred for superstitious edi- 
 fices, in the same manner that Henry VIII. suppressed the various religious 
 ■ houses of the kingdom, by seizing their estates and revenues for his own use : 
 and in the order of this demolition, felfthe Hospital of St. Mary of Rouncival, 
 on the site of which stands the residence of the Duke of Northumberland. It 
 was built in the reign of James I. by Henry Howard, Earl of Northampton, 
 which, during his life, was called Northampton House. In 1642, it came to 
 Algernon, Earl of Northumberland by marriage, and since then, has been 
 called Northumberland House. 
 
 The spot on which this Cross stood, is now occupied by the bronze eques- 
 trian statue of Charles I. which was executed by Le Sceur in 1633, for the 
 Earl of Arundel. In the time of the Civil Wars, it was seized by the Parlia- 
 ment, sold, and supposed to have been broken up. The purchaser, (John 
 Rivere, a brazier,) instead of complying with the terms of the Commissioners, 
 deceived them, (and also the loyalists) by producing- handles of knives and 
 forks pretended to be made from the statue, when in reality he had buried it 
 unmutilated. At the restoration, however, of Charles II. it was dug up, 
 and sold to the Government: Grinlin Gibbon executed a stone pedestal, 17 
 feet high, upon which it was placed, and still remains. There is a singular 
 circumstance connected with this statue, and that is, the horse having a 
 saddle, but without a girth. It was formerly customary, on the 29th of May, 
 the anniversary of the Restoration, to dress the statue with oaken boughs. 
 
 CHARTER HOUSE, THE, founded by Thomas Sutton, 
 
 Esq. in 1611 
 
 CHEAPSIDE CROSS demolished, May 2 1643 
 
 CHELSEA COLLEGE commenced 1609 
 
 Chelsea Hospital, erected for the reception of wounded and superanpuated 
 soldiers, situated on the banks of the River Thames, was completed in 1690. 
 It was begun by Charles II. continued through the short reign of his succes- 
 sor, and completed by William and Mary. 
 
 When we survey the noble fabrics at Chelsea and at Greenwich, we cannot 
 Taut feel grateful that we live in a country which constantly affords asylum 
 to the helpless wanderer, which relieves the wants of the infirm and needy, 
 and allays the sufferings of the sick, to an extent, and with a liberality, un- 
 known throughout the rest of Europe : — 
 
 Go with old Thames, view Chelsea's glorious pile, 
 And ask the shatter'd hero whence his smile ; 
 Go view the splendid domes of Greenwich — go, 
 And own what raptures from reflection flow. 
 Hail ! noblest structures imag'd in the wave, 
 A nation's grateful tribute to the brave; 
 Hail! blest retreats from war and shipwreck, hail! 
 That oft arrest the wandering stranger's sail. 
 Long have ye heard the narratives of age, 
 The battle's havock, and the tempest's rage; 
 Long have ye known reflection's genial ray 
 Gild the calm close of valour's various day. 
 
 The site of King James's College was purchased in 1681 of the Royal 
 Society, for the purpose of erecting this Hospital ; but not being found sufti- 
 
326 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 CHELSEA COLLEGE, (continued.) 
 
 cient, the lands lying between the College and the river Thames, and that in 
 front of the present Hospital, were also purchased of Lord Cheyne and Sir 
 Thomas Grosvenor, for about the sum of £1100. The cost of the present 
 building, was £150,000. 
 
 CHELMSFORD BRIDGE, built 1100 
 
 Prison built, 1777. 
 
 CHERTSEY ABBEY founded 664 
 
 CHESTER CASTLE re-built 1084 
 
 Cathedral founded, 660. St. John's church founded, 689. Water tower built, 
 1322. 
 
 CHICHESTER, built by Cissa, 540; Cathedral built, 1115 
 
 CHILDH AM CASTLE, Kent, erected before 182 
 
 CHRIST'S HOSPITAL, London, founded in 1552 
 
 Two additions have been made to this noble structure, viz. : — That of a Dining 
 Hall, and the Mathematical and Grammar Schools. The hall was built under 
 the superintendence of Mr. Shaw. It is 157 feet in length by 52 in breadth, 
 and 47 in height. To this hall the public are admitted by Tickets every 
 Sunday evening, from the first Sunday in February, to Easter, to witness the 
 PUBLIC SUPPERS as they call them. The tickets are obtained of the Go- 
 vernors. The building was opened for public use, May 19, 1829. 
 
 The Mathematical and Grammar Schools, are contained in one 
 building. A statue of Charles II. ornaments the eastern wing. The build- 
 ing was opened for public use, in Easter, 1832. The expense of the new 
 Hall, Schools, and Wards, cost about £30,000. 
 
 CHRIST-CHURCH COLLEGE, Oxford, begun 1515 
 
 Completed in 1523. 
 
 CHRIST-CHURCH PRIORY, Hampshire, built 1060 
 
 CHRIST COLLEGE, Cambridge, founded 1505 
 
 CIRCUS, THE ROYAL, St. George's Fields, burnt in 
 
 August 1805 
 
 Re-built, in 1806, 
 
 CIRENCESTER ABBEY founded 1182 
 
 CIS BURY FORT, Wiltshire, built by Cissa '. 547 
 
 CLAPHAM CHURCH, built 1777 
 
 CLARE HALL, Cambridge, founded 1326 
 
 CLARENDON PRESS PRINTING OFFICE, Oxford, 
 
 founded 1711 
 
 The Clarendon Printing Office was erected with the profits arising from the 
 sale of the Earl of Clarendon's " History of the Rebellion," the copy- 
 
THE NEW TABLKT OF MEMORY. 
 
 327 
 
 CLARENDON PRESS PRINTING OFFICE, Oxford, 
 
 (continued.) 
 
 right being presented to the University by his son. This structure has a 
 Doric portico in front; over which is a fine statue of the noble author. The 
 building is two stories high; and, besides the offices required for printing, 
 there is a handsome apartment, where the Heads of Colleges, and the " Dele- 
 gates of the Press," hold meetings. Previous to the erection of this build- 
 ing, the printing of the University used to be carried on at the top of the 
 Theatre, an extensive apartment there being appropriated for that purpose : 
 and the under part of the building is still used as a warehouse for books 
 printed at the before-named press, Since that time, a new University Print- 
 ing Office has been erected at the back of the Observatory, and in the 
 Corinthian Order. The press-room, on the ground-floor, is the largest in 
 the kingdom, being 200 feet in length, and 28 in width. The architect was 
 Vanbrugh. 
 
 CLERBURY CASTLE, Shropshire, built, 1160 
 
 CLERKENWELL MONASTERY, founded. 1098 
 
 Burnt by a mob, 1380. The first stone of the new church laid, December 18, 
 
 1788. 
 
 CLEVE ABBEY, Somerset, founded 1198 
 
 CLITHERO CASTLE, Lancashire, built 1171 
 
 CLUN CASTLE, Salop, built 1140 
 
 CLUNOKVAUR ABBEY, Caernarvonshire, built 1616 
 
 COCKERMOUTH CASTLE, Cumberland, built 1069 
 
 COCKERS AND ABBEY, Lancashire, built in 1200 
 
 COCKLEPARK TOWER, Northumberland, built before . 1200 
 COLCHESTER built b.c. 125 
 
 Monastery of St. John built, 1097 : castle built, 912. 
 
 COLD NORTON PRIORY, Oxfordshire, built 1160 
 
 COLLEGE OF THE FOUR NATIONS, at Paris, built. 1670 
 COLOSSEUM, THE, erected in the Regent's Park, in 1829 
 
 The Colosseum, in the Regent's Park, was erected for the exhibition of a pano- 
 ramic view of London, and was named after the Colosseum at Rome, though 
 it does not bear the slightest resemblance to that building. 
 
 The origin of this design is singular. A Mr. Horner, an artist of great 
 celebrity, undertook, during the time of the repair of the ball and cross of the 
 Cathedral of St. Pauls, in 1823, to complete a series of Panoramic Sketches 
 of the Metropolis from that elevated spot; and in order to accomplish his 
 intentions the more effectually, he commenced his labours as early as possi- 
 ble, in order that the smoke of the city might not interrupt him. On the 
 morning of the commencement of these designs, the clearness of the atmo- 
 
328 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 COLOSSEUM, THE, (continued.) 
 
 sphere — and the stillness of the streets, were forcibly illustrative of the words 
 of the Poet, (Wordsworth) in one of his beautiful little pieces : 
 
 " Earth has not any thing to show more fair: 
 
 Dull would he be of soul who could pass by 
 
 A sight so touching in its majesty : 
 
 This city now doth lie like a garment wear 
 
 The beauty of the morning ; silent, — bare, — 
 - Ships, towers, domes, theatres, and temples lie 
 
 Open unto the fields, and to the sky ; 
 
 All bright and glittering in the smokeless air. 
 
 Never did sun more beautifully steep 
 
 In his first splendour valley, rock, or hill; 
 
 Ne'er saw I, — never felt, — a calm so deep ! 
 
 The river glideth at his own sweet will: 
 
 Dear God! the very houses seem asleep: 
 
 And all that mighty heart is lying still." 
 
 COMBE ABBEY, Warwickshire, built 1150 
 
 COMBERMERE ABBEY, Cheshire, built 1134 
 
 COMMON PLEAS, COURT OF, Westminster Hall, built 1741 
 COMMONS, THE OLD HOUSE OF, built 1115 
 
 Repaired in 1348. 
 
 COMPTER OF LONDON, near Newgate, built, 1789 to 1791 
 
 Cost £20,473. building. 
 
 CORFE CASTLE, Dorset, built 970 
 
 CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE, Cambridge, founded ... 1351 
 
 CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE, Oxford, founded 1516 
 
 COTTONIAN LIBRARY, THE, settled for the Public .. . 1701 
 
 Was destroyed by fire, and several valuable MSS. burnt, October 25, 1731. 
 
 COVENT GARDEN SQUARE, built 1632 
 
 The New Market commenced to be built, 1828; completed in 1830. 
 
 COVENT GARDEN THEATRE, first built in 1733 
 
 Enlarged in 1792. Destroyed by fire, September 20, 1808.— Re-built in 1809.— 
 On the morning of the 20th of September, 1 808, at 4 o'clock, this terrible fire took 
 place, and ended in the total destruction of this Theatre, and a great number 
 of the adjoining houses. Covent Garden, and the contiguous streets, as far 
 as Temple Bar and Charing Cross were so illuminated that the smallest print 
 might have been read. Fire was vociferated in every direction, and the asto- 
 nished inhabitants rushed out of their houses, many of them, almost in a 
 state of nudity, into the street. The engines arrived as speedily as possible, , 
 but the supply of water was at first scanty ; at six o'clock, it became more 
 plentiful. During that time the flames had made dreadful progress, and had 
 caught three houses in Hart-street, on the one side, and penetrated to the 
 back part of the Piazza Coffee-house on the other. The firemen burst 
 open the doors of the Theatre in Bow-street, and Covent Garden, in order to 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 329 
 
 COVENT GARDEN THEATRE, Destruction of, (con- 
 tinued,) September 20 1808 
 
 check the progress of the fire, by pulling down walls, to save as much pro- 
 perty as they could. The Play had been Pizarro: but no one knew how it 
 commenced, the house having, as usual, been examined after the Play was 
 finished. 
 
 The firemen had now burst in the Piazza door, (the flames having reached 
 as far) when the' archway, leading to the boxes, fell in, when several of them 
 were killed, and others dreadfully mutilated. They were supposed to belong 
 to the Phcenix fire office; lives were also lost in Bow-street. One of the 
 pillars of the Piazza there fell down, and crushed two men. A house in Hart 
 Street also fell down, and buried seven men under its ruins. 
 
 A corps of volunteers had now arrived, as well as a detachment of foot and. 
 horse-guards, who kept the populace off, (for by this time thousands had col- 
 lected to view the awful scene,) and to keep the avenues clear, so as to get 
 the engines up, as well as to remove furniture, &c. ; but those engines which 
 had been got into play, seemed to have but little power in arresting the 
 flames, defying the whole of them. The main body of the fire was in the 
 Theatre, which was burnt down; nothing remaining but a black mass of 
 smoking ruins of this once admired edifice. The chasm now left between 
 Bow-street, and the Piazzas in Covent Gatden, was most dreadful. But the 
 mischief did not rest here, nor did the fire cease with the destruction of the 
 Theatre: it spread out right and left; and had not the wind (which was 
 high) fortunately subsided, and blew gently from the west, instead of the 
 east, its ravages must have extended to the Piazzas, into James-street, and 
 the whole have been consumed. The houses No. 9, 10, and 11, which were 
 attached to the Theatre: and No. 12, 13, 14, and 15, were completely de- 
 stroyed ; the three latter being insured in The Hope, for £2,650. : No. 16 &17 
 were also seriously damaged. There was, from four to seven o'clock, an 
 incessant falling of flakes of fire, which spread as far as Clare Market on one 
 side, and St. Martin's lane on the other, but no particular damage was done. 
 
 After some time, the rubbish was began to be removed, in order to dig for 
 the unfortunate sufferers, when it was found that two of the Phcenix men, 
 (Higglesworth and Kilby) were both deprived of life : and Sayers, another 
 belonging to the same office, was taken to St. Bartholomew's Hospital in a 
 most dangerous state. Several poor labouring men who were employed in 
 assisting the firemen, were also dug out of the ruins, some of them dead, 
 whilst others were most terribly disfigured. Amongst the killed, were 
 Joseph Holmes, Jones , and Crabb ; one of the sufferers was recog- 
 nised in consequence of a nutmeg being found on his person, which his sister 
 had given him on the previous day. 
 
 Of those severely injured, and sent to the Hospitals, the following expired 
 in the course of the day: — Richard Bird; John Sayers, (engineer of the 
 Phcenix) ; Mr. Harris, (an optician) ; a young man, a member of the Blooms- 
 bury Volunteers ; and Mr. James, an attorney, who had only arrived in town 
 from Wales about a week before ; he was carried home to his lodging, but 
 had scarcely entered the shop, when he expired. 
 
 The number of persons killed is supposed to have been very great: thirty 
 at least having been dug out, and carried to the Covent Garden bone-house, 
 lifeless and shapeless trunks, too horrid to describe, the flesh having literally 
 fell from their bones. 
 
 On the following day an inquisition was taken at The Britannia, in Covent 
 Garden, before Anthony Gell, Esq. Coroner for the City and Liberty of West- 
 minster, on the bodies of those persons killed at the fire which destroyed 
 Covent Garden Theatre. 
 
 The first witness examined was William Addicott, one of the stage carpen- 
 ters of the Theatre, who stated that he left the Theatre about half-past eleven 
 o'clock, and went home. About four o'clock, on Tuesday morning, Mr. 
 
 No. 42- Uu 
 
330 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 COVENT GARDEN THEATRE, Destruction of, Sep- 
 tember 20, (continued.) 1 808 
 
 Carmichael, a baker, rung at his bell, and informed him that the Theatre was 
 on fire. He immediately got up, and hastened to the spot, when he found it 
 in a blaze. Shortly after several engines arrived, and but few persons were 
 collected. It was found impracticable to work the engines belonging to the 
 Establishment at first. The Treasury door, and the Piazza door were broke 
 open, and one of the Phcenix fire engines was run up the passage, just within 
 the Piazza door, where there was a large reservoir of water; upwards of 
 twelve persons were working the engine, and just beyond them, further up 
 the passage, were several of the firemen; seeing that the room, called the 
 " Apollo Room," and the inside of the audience part of the Theatre, was on 
 fire, and likely to fall, this witness advised the men of their danger, observ- 
 ing, that they must inevitably be burnt, as the fire was rapidly approaching 
 the Garden: upon which the firemen told witness to mind his own business. 
 To avoid the danger, witness instantly left the place, and went round to the 
 Bow-street door. From what he had since heard, the fire, as it was supposed, 
 began about the centre of the house. He afterwards was told, several men 
 had been killed by the falling of the timber, which happened shortly after he 
 had quitted the Piazza door. This witness also stated, that there was a 
 watchman regularly appointed to watch the interior of the Theatre; but that 
 ■when the akrm was first given, the people could not make him hear, and it 
 ■was imagined that he must have fallen asleep; he, however, afterwards 
 escaped. 
 
 William Darby, one of the firemen in the Eagle Insurance Office, was 
 present when the unfortunate persons were taken out of the fire. When he 
 first arrived at the Theatre, the engine worked at Bow-street side of the 
 house. This was about six o'clock; afterwards, on coming round to the 
 Piazza side, he heard the crash as of a wall falling; this was near eight 
 o'clock; he immediately ran up to the door which leads to the boxes; the 
 outer great doors were half closed; he assisted in clearing away the heavy 
 wood which had fallen on the engine, and buried both it, and the persons 
 who were working the same in the burning ruins. Water from buckets was 
 thrown on the burning materials. They then set about digging for the dead 
 bodies, when half an hour had elapsed before they could get at them. The 
 first body they drew out, was a man in his shirt. In another quarter of an 
 hour, however, they succeeded in getting two more bodies ; and after that, 
 drew out the engine, when they saw Kilby, (the fireman), lying alongside the 
 engine. They then drew out in the whole, (one after another), nine dead 
 bodies, when the witness, from fatigue, was obliged to quit the place. He 
 understood that some more were afterwards taken out. 
 
 Here one of the Jury related, that he had witnessed the shocking spectacle 
 which occurred when the ceiling fell in. One man, dreadfully scorched, 
 made his way from under the ruins, shaking his head with agony, and at the 
 instant, he appeared covered with fire; one of the firemen emptied a bucket 
 of water over him, to alleviate his torment. Another unfortunate sufferer 
 rushed out with his arm nearly burnt off; and, impelled by pain, he rubbed 
 the flesh from the bones, which appeared quite bare. These men were con- 
 veyed to the Hospital. One of them was a fireman. 
 
 The Coroner here summed up, and said, in his opinion, the fire was purely 
 accidental; and the Jury returned a verdict, that the unfortunate persons 
 were killed accidentally, by the falling of the " Apollo Room," at Covent 
 Garden Theatre. 
 
 COVENTRY ABBEY, built 1043 
 
 COVERHAM ABBEY, Yorkshire, built in 1280 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 331 
 
 COURTS OF CONSCIENCE, ( REQUESTS), THE, in 
 
 Lon don , began 1517 
 
 Courts of Conscience also were established in Bristol, Gloucester, and Newcastle, 
 November 30, 16S9 ; extended to the sum of £5. in October, 1800. 
 
 COWLING CASTLE, Kent, built 1481 
 
 COWES CASTLE, Isle of Wight, built in 1540 
 
 CRANBOURN PRIORY, Norfolk, built 980 
 
 CREAK PRIORY, Norfolk, built, 1206 
 
 DRICKHAITH CASTLE, Caernarvonshire, built 1206 
 
 CRIPPLEGATE, London, pulled down, and sold for £91.. 1760 
 
 CROXTON ABBEY, Staffordshire, built 1180 
 
 CROYLAND ABBEY, Lincolnshire, built 718 
 
 Destroyed by the Danes, 667: — re-built in 945. 
 
 CUMMER ABBEY, Merionethshire, built in 1200 
 
 DACRE CASTLE, Cumberland, built before 925 
 
 PARTINGTON TEMPLE, Devon, built 1123 
 
 0ARTFORD PRIORY, Kent, built 1372 
 
 )AVID'S, (ST.) CATHEDRAL, built in 1180 
 
 Palace built, 1335. 
 
 3AVINGTON NUNNERY, Kent, built 1153 
 
 pEAL CASTLE, Kent, built 1539 
 
 DENBIGH ABBEY, built, 1330 
 
 Castle built, 1280. 
 
 )ENNIS' ABBEY, in France, built 1140 
 
 )EVIZES CASTLE built 1136 
 
 HONISIN'S PRIORY, Hampshire, built 1124 
 
 )OCKS, THE LONDON, first Stone of, laid June 26 1802 
 
 pened January 30, 1805. — West India ditto, in the Isle of Dcgs, opened August 
 21, 1S02. — East India, ditto, opened August 4, 1806. The New Docks, at 
 Sheerness, opened September 5, 1823. — The New Eastern Dock and Basin, 
 at Lower Shadwell, completing the London Dock, opened with great cere- 
 ^ mony, March 1, 1832. — St. Katherine's Dock, London, opened October 25, 
 1S28. — First stone laid May 3, 1827. No work of equal magnitude ever ex- 
 ecuted in this country in so short a time. The number of men daily employed 
 
332 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 DOCKS, (continued.) 
 
 were 2,500. The capital expended, (up to the time of the opening) was 
 £1.200,000. The expense of taking down houses, and other buildings, was 
 £L, 250. Population displaced by, 11,300. Area obtained, about twenty- 
 four acres, of which eleven and a half are devoted to the Docks, and the rest 
 to the buildings and quays. The Engineer, Mr. Telford ; builder, Mr. 
 Hard wick. 
 
 DOLWYDDELAN CASTLE, Caernarvonshire, built in . 500 
 
 DOMITIAN'S PALACE, at Rome, built, in 80 
 
 DOMUS DEI HOUSE, at Dover, built 1240, 
 
 DONNINGTON CASTLE, Berks, built 1260 
 
 DORCHESTER CATHEDRAL first built 686 
 
 DORMITORY, at Westminster School, re-built.... 1719 
 
 DOVER CASTLE, built b.c. 50 
 
 Built by Julius Caesar. Tower built, 47. St. Mary's church, built, 121. Priory 
 built, 1130. Pier built, 1549. 
 
 DRURY LANE THEATRE, built 1G62 
 
 Destroyed by fire, in 1672, with near sixty houses; re-built in 1674. Pulled 
 down, January, 1791-2 ; re-built in 1794. Burnt again, February 24, 1809; 
 re-built, and opened to the public, November 10, 1812. The receipts of the 
 four first vears of the New Theatre were as follow : — £. s. d. 
 
 First Year 79,925 14 
 
 Second 68,389 3 
 
 Third, 61,585 8 5 
 
 Fourth 49,586 17 
 
 DUBLIN CASTLE, Ireland, built 1220 
 
 Parliament House began, 1729: cost £40,1100. Destroyed by fire, February 27, 
 1792. Custom House began, 1731. 
 
 DUDLEY CASTLE, Staffordshire, built 700 1 
 
 Priory built, 1160. 
 
 DUKE'S THEATRE, Lincoln's Inn-fields, destroyed 1809 j. 
 
 This Theatre was situated in Portugal-street, Lincoln's Inn-fields, and the site 
 of it is now occupied by Spode and Copeland's China Warehouse. It was 
 built of fine red brick, and had originally an elegant stone front, which faced 
 Clare Market. There were at this time two Companies of Comedians, one 
 called " The King's Company," (to which Nell Gwynn at one time belonged, 
 and the other, " The Duke's Company," in honour of the Duke of York : and, 
 to distinguish it from the " King's Company," at that time performing at the 
 Cock-Pit, Drury-lane. The Theatre was opened under a Patent granted to 
 Sir William Davenant, in the spring of 1662, with the " Siege of Rhodes," 
 which had been previously rehearsed at Apothecarie's Hall, and was splen- 
 didly got up. On this occasion it was honoured with the presence of king 
 Charles II. and his Court, this being the first time the king had visited a 
 public Theatre. The Duke's Theatre was the first Play-House built after 
 the Reformation: and the first Theatre at which scenes were introduced, 
 and regularly used. The house being of very limited dimensions, Sir William 
 Davenant, shortly after the Plague of London, had one of greater dimen- 
 sions built in Dorset Gardens. - • - -••-■.. 
 
THE NEW TARLET OF MEMORY. 333 
 
 DULWICH COLLEGE, founded by Edward Alley n, in... 1619 
 
 DUNMOW PRIORY, Essex, built in 1110 
 
 DUNOON CASTLE, Scotland, built long before 1334 
 
 DUNSTABLE PRIORY, founded 1132 
 
 DUNSTABURG PRIORY, Northumberland, built in 1280 
 
 DUNSTAFFNAGE CASTLE, Scotland, built 1307 
 
 DUNSTAN'S, (ST.) THE CHURCH OF, built in the 
 reign of Queen Elizabeth. 
 
 In May, 1671, a Mr. Thomas Harrys, clock maker, of Water-lane, Fleet-street, 
 proposed to build a clock with chimes, and also two figures attached to the 
 same, to strike the quarters : at the same time agreeing to keep the said 
 clock in repair for the sum of £80. per annum, (taking the old clock). In- 
 stead of £S0. Mr. Harrys received but £35. and the old clock. In the Oc- 
 tober of the same year, the clock being completed, the vestry voted £4. to Mr. 
 Harrys, per annum for the keeping of the same in repair. The clock was 
 fixed in an ornamental case, projecting from the church, and supported by a 
 bracket. The two figures of Saracens, each with a huge club in his hand, 
 attached to the bell of the clock, struck the hours, and daily attracted great 
 crowds of visitors. In 1738 the clock was repaired at an expense of £110. 
 In 1831, the church was taken down. The two figures, with their bells, 
 were purchased by the present Marquis of Hertford for £200.: and now 
 stand in a recess near the entrance to his villa, Regent's Park. 
 
 DURHAM CASTLE, built 1069 
 
 DURHAM CATHEDRAL, began to be built, in 1093 
 
 The present Cathedral of Durham was began in 1093, by William de Carilipho, 
 who had been Abbot of St. Vincent, the Martyr, in Normandy. He presided 
 over the see of Durham from 1080 till 1095. At his decease, he was suc- 
 ceeded by Ralph Flambard, who held the office till 1128. He continued the 
 undertaking, carrying the walls as higb as the roof. After that, the see 
 became vacant: during which time the monks applied the principal part of 
 their revenues towards its completion. It was completed about the middle 
 of the 13th century : when Nicholas Farnham became its bishop, and Thomas 
 Welscome, (or Melsonby, or Malsamb) prior of the monastery. 
 
 It appears afterwards to have endured great changes, especially during the 
 reign of the three Henries. Cardinal Langley, who was bishop of Durham, 
 at the commencement of the I5th century, contrtbuted largely towards this 
 Cathedral. 
 
 It is built in the form of a cross (the usual custom at that time) ; the central 
 transept is 170 feet in length. A tower ascends from the centre of the 
 building, to the height of 212 feet; and two others, of less height, rise over 
 the western front. The whole of the Cathedral is about 411 feet in length. 
 
 EASTBY ABBEY, Yorkshire, built 1152 
 
 EASTBURN PRIORY, Sussex, built in 1270 
 
 EASTBURN HOUSE, Essex, built 1572 
 
334 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 EAST GRINSTEAD, Tower at, fell down, November 12 . 1785 
 EAST INDIA HOUSE, THE, Leadenhall-street, built ... 1799 
 
 In this building the Courts of the Company are held, and their genera) business 
 transacted. This edifice was preceded by a smaller house, erected in 1726, 
 and was occupied by the east wing of the present building : but proving in- 
 sufficient in its extent for the general business of the Company, led to the 
 erection of the present fabric, which was executed from the designs of Mr. 
 Jupp, in 1799. A part of the old house was preserved. The front of the 
 present building, composed of stone, is 200 feet in length : its portico con- 
 sists of six Ionic columns, fluted, which supports an entablature and pediment. 
 The Museum consists of Indian, and other Asiatic curiosities: for an inspec- 
 tion of which, a Director's order is required. 
 
 EDGAR TOWER, Worcester, built 975 
 
 EDMONSBURY, (ST.) THE MONASTERY OF, Suf- 
 folk, built in 633 
 
 Re-built, 1028: the arches near the East-gate, 1148. The following account of 
 the Weekly and Annual Expenses of this monastery in the 14th year of Ed- 
 ward I. is given in the Harleian Manuscript, No. 647, in the British Museum, 
 for the necessaries required for the support of 80 monks, 111 serving-men, 
 11 chaplains, the nuns of Thetford, and visitors to the monastery. It com- 
 mences with an account of the weekly charges of the bakehouse and brewery : 
 Sixteen seams, (qrs.) and 2 bushels of wheat, at 6s. the seam 4 3 9 
 
 Twelve and a half ditto of barley malt, at 4s. seam 2 10 
 
 Thirty-two of oaten malt, at 3s. ditto 4 16 
 
 Wages of servants in the brewery and bakehouse, each week 4 4\ 
 Fuel 16 8" 
 
 £.13 91 
 
 giving a total weekly charge of £13. 0s. 9\d. : and an annual ditto, of 
 £678. Is. 2d. 
 
 Exclusive of this charge, there is a separate account, for the Abbot, in the 
 bakehouse and brewery; which was also the same in all the greater monas- 
 teries at that period, the one being detached from the other. 
 
 In the kitchen of this monastery, £10. per week was expended on flesh, 
 fish, eggs, cheese, and other minor articles, making a total annual expendi- 
 ture under this head of £520. exclusive of the purveyance of the cellarer, 
 which consisted of the provision made for Lent, during the continuance of 
 which his expenditure was, herrings, £25 : for 4 seams of pulse for gruel, 
 32s.: for 6 seams of beans, 30s. : honey, 6s. 8d. : nuts, 13s. 4d.: salt, 66s. 8d.: 
 42 seams of peas, for pottage through the year, £11.: total annual expense in 
 the cellaier's department, £43. 8s. 8d. Here the Abbot's portion comes in 
 again; the weekly expenditure of which was, 6 carcases and three quarters of 
 oxen, at 4s. the ox, 27s. : 15 porkers and a half, at 3s. the porker, 46s. 6d. : 
 31 geese, at 2d. each, 5s. 2d. : 155 hens, at Id. each, 12s. llcZ. The weekly 
 expenditure in the Abbot's kitchen amounted to £4. 15s. 7d.: making an 
 annual total, exclusive of fuel, of £568. 4s. 3d. The annual cost of fuel for 
 the kitchen to both Abbot and Convent, was £30. After which there is a 
 charge of £60. for provender for the horses of the prior, cellarer, and hospi- 
 taller: there is also another charge for pittances, misericordias, robes, horses, 
 and other expenses of the cellarer. All these accounts make a gross annual 
 total expenditure of the abbey, the refectory, and the convent stables, 
 amount to £1407. 1 Is. 2d. which sum provided for the maintenance and hospi- 
 tality of the convent; but, ou particular occasions, the expenses became 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 335 
 
 EDMONSBURY, (ST.) THE MONASTERY OF, (con- 
 tinued.) 
 
 greater. The entertainment of Richard II. and his queen at this abbey, in 
 13S3, cost the abbey the sum of 800 marks. In 1433, Henry VI. stayed here 
 from Christmas, to St. George's Day. 
 
 EDINBURGH CASTLE, built 950 
 
 Palace of Holyrood House at, built, 152S. First fortified in 1074. Register 
 Office built, 1774. New College at, foundation of laid in 1789. New Bride- 
 well fortified, 1791. Bank, the first stone of laid, June 3, 1801. 
 
 EDDYSTONE LIGHT-HOUSE; (See page 43, ante.) 
 
 EGREMONT CASTLE, Cumberland, built in 1070 
 
 ELIZABETH CASTLE, Jersey, built 1586 
 
 ELTHAM PALACE, built 1290 
 
 This was a most magnificent palace, and was granted by the Conqueror to one of 
 his Norman followers : but having again been forfeited to the Crown, it was 
 given by Edward I, to the English baron, John de Vesci: after which it came 
 into the possession of Anthony Bee, the famous military Bishop of Durham, 
 who is said to have obtained it by the violation of his trust as guardian of the 
 rightful heir. King Henry III. accompanied by his queen and all the prin- 
 cipal nobility, kept their Christmas here in 1269. Again fell to the Crown, 
 in 1310, on the decease of the Bishop, in the possession of which it still 
 remains. The son of Edward II. (John) was born here in 1315, and was 
 called John of Eltham. Edward IV. kept his Christmas here in 1482. It 
 ■was afterwards converted to a barn. 
 
 The length of the hall in the inside is above 101 feet by 36 J in width. The 
 main beams of the roof are full 17 inches square, and 28 feet long. 
 
 ELY MONASTERY, built 566 
 
 Destroyed by the Danes, 870 : re-built, 1 109 : Bishop's house, in Holborn, built, 
 1290: pulled down, and converted into buildings, 1780. 
 
 EMANUEL COLLEGE, Cambridge, founded 1584 
 
 ENGLISH COLLEGE, at Rome, built 854 
 
 ESCURIAL, THE, of Spain, built 1562 
 
 It was begun in 1557 by Philip II. son of the Emperor Charles V. after the victory 
 which his army obtained over the French at St. Quentin, and finished in 22 
 years, at an immense expense. It had 15,000 windows, twenty-two courts, 
 and seventeen cloisters or piazzas, besides a church, college, monastery, &c. 
 It is of a quadrangular form, but something longer than broad, with three 
 magnificent portals towards the mountains, adorned with Doric, Corinthian, 
 and Ionic pillars; it has forty chapels, the high altar in one of which, from 
 the ground to the roof, consists of the most beautiful jasper. This chapel is 
 said to have cost upwards of five millions ! The Escurial has a spacious park, 
 with groves, cascades, grottos, &c. The Pantheon, where the royal family of 
 Spain are interred, is in the above-mentioned chapel, and is a curious and 
 rich structure : it was begun by Charles V. carried on by kings Philip II. and 
 III. and completed by Philip IV. 
 
 ESHER PLACE, Surrey, built 1414 
 
336 THE NEW TABLET OE MEMOIIY. 
 
 ETHELBERT'S TOWER, in Canterbury, built in 1047 
 
 ETON COLLEGE, Windsor, founded 1440 
 
 The College of Eton was founded by Henry VI. for the maintenance of a Provost 
 and seven Fellows, one of whom is Vice-provost, and for the instruction of 
 seventy King's Scholars (as those are called who are on the foundation), who, 
 when fit, are elected, on the first Tuesday in August, to King's College, 
 Cambridge, where they are provided for by scholarships and fellowships : 
 but they are not removed till vacancies fall in the College, and then they are 
 called according to seniority. The school is divided into upper and lower, 
 and each into three classes. There is a master to each school, and four assist- 
 ants to each master, there being seldom less than 300 scholars there, besides 
 those on the foundation, who board at the masters' houses, or elsewhere 
 within the College bounds. In the great court is a fine statue, put up in 
 honour of the founder by a late Provost, Dr. Godolphin, Dean of Paul's. 
 The revenue of this College is about £5000. a year. 
 
 E WELM PALACE, Oxfordshire, built 1424 
 
 EXCHANGE, (THE ROYAL,) built by Sir Thomas 
 
 Gresham 1566 
 
 The Royal Exchange was originally built by Sir Thomas Gresham, merchant and 
 citizen of London, the ground being selected and purchased by the Lord 
 Mayor and citizens, in 1566. The first brick was laid by Sir Thomas, and 
 the Aldermen, June 7, 1566, each Alderman laying a brick, and a piece of 
 gold for the workmen, who picked up the gold, and left the brick. The 
 building was finished in November, 1567- Devised to the Lord Mayor and 
 Citizens of London, and Company of Mercers, by testament, in 1579. Burnt 
 in the great fire of London, 1666. Re-built, 1669-70. It was erected at 
 the charge of the city and Company of Mercers, and cost f 80,000. The 
 building was 203 feet long, 171 feet wide, 56 in height, and had a tower 178 
 feet high, with a grasshopper for a weathercock, The area within had a 
 portico all round, different portions of the area having different names, viz.: — 
 Turkey Walk, Grocer's Walk, Hamburgh Walk, Grocers' and Druggists' 
 Walk, &c. ; and within the portico, were Jews' Walk, Spanish Walk, Scotch 
 Walk, &c. It was repaired and beautified, September 28, 17C9; the tower 
 re-built, 1821 ; repaired, 1824. 
 
 The following inscription was put on the building after it was re-built:— 
 " Hoc Greshamii Peristylium Gentiis Commerciis Sacrum Flammis ex- 
 tinctum 1666, augustius e cinere resurrexit 1669. Will: Turnero, Milite, 
 Praetore." 
 
 This elegant building was destroyed by fire in 1S38. 
 
 EXCISE OFFICE, in Broad-street, London, built 1774 
 
 EXETER CASTLE, built 680 
 
 Cathedral begun, 1064: completed, 1485: new bridge begun, 1770: country 
 courthouse built, 1776: royal theatre built, 1773. (For a further account 
 of Exeter, see page 49, ante.) 
 
 EXETER COLLEGE, Oxford, built 1316 
 
 EXETER CONDUIT, built 1486 
 
 EYNSHAM ABBEY, Oxfordshire, built 1005 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 337 
 
 FARLEY CASTLE, Somersetshire, burnt 1342 
 
 FARNHAM CASTLE, Surrey, built 1138 
 
 FEVERSHAM ABBEY, Kent, built 1147 
 
 FISHMONGERS' HALL, burnt, February 10 1761 
 
 On the destruction of this Hall, another was built in its stead; a view of which 
 has been given in Mr. Brayley's ' Londiana, ' vol. ii. as it appeared in June, 
 1827. Shortly after this period, it was taken down, to make room for the 
 approaches to the New London Bridge ; and a very splendid new Hall has 
 since been erected a little to the west of the place where the former one stood. 
 
 FLAXLEY ABBEY. See " Fires," page 292, ante. 
 FLEET MARKET. See page 52, ante. 
 
 FLINT CASTLE, built, 1185 
 
 FORD ABBEY, Devonshire, built 1133 
 
 FOTHERINGAY CASTLE, Northamptonshire, built 1408 
 
 In the Castle of Fotheringay, king Richard III. was born ; and Mary Queen of 
 Scots beheaded. 
 
 FOUNDLING HOSPITAL, THE, London, incorporated 1739 
 
 The building began, 1742: opened, 1756: let part of their estate, 1797: which 
 yields £2000. per annum, in addition to their income. 
 
 FOUNTAINS ABBEY, Yorkshire, built in 1132 
 
 FOUNTAIN DE TREVI, at Rome, built 1751 
 
 FREEMASONS' HALL, Great Queen -street, built 1775 
 
 Consecrated May 23, 1776. 
 
 FRENCH PROTESTANTS' HOSPITAL, London, in- 
 
 corpo rated „ 1718 
 
 FRITHELSTOKE PRIORY, Devon, built 1222 
 
 FULHAM BRIDGE, built 1727 
 
 FURNESS ABBEY, Lancashire, built 1127 
 
 GALWAY COLLEGE, Ireland, founded 1551 
 
 It was founded by Edward VI. 
 
 GATESIDE MONASTERY, Durham, founded 653 
 
 GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY, Somerset Place, instituted, 
 
 February 5 1813 
 
 No- 43 x x 
 
338 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 GEORGE'S HOSPITAL, (ST.) Hyde Park Comer, in- 
 stituted, October 19 ' 1733 
 
 GEORGE'S CHURCH, (ST.) Bloomsbury, London, built 1730 
 
 GEORGE III. Statue of erected in Windsor Park 1832 
 
 It is raised upon a mass of stones, representing a rock. The total elevation of 
 the statue and its pedestal, is full fifty feet. The statue alone, is twenty-six 
 feet in height. 
 
 GEORGE IVth's. GATE, Hyde Park Comer, ereoted ... 1827 
 
 This gate was completed after a design by Mr. Decimus Burton, and was origi- 
 nally intended for a private entrance to the New Palace; but it has since been 
 devoted to more general use, as a gate for the carriages of those having the 
 privilege of passing through the Park, and also to foot passengers. 
 
 GEORGE, FORT, in the East Indies, built 1620 
 
 GERMAN'S, (ST.) PRIORY, Cornwall, built 937 
 
 GERVIS ABBEY, Yorkshire, founded in 1145 
 
 GILES'S CHURCH, (ST.) Holborn, re-built 1731 
 
 GLASTONBURY ABBEY, Somerset, built 690 
 
 Re-built, 954. 
 
 GLE ASTON CASTLE, Lancashire, built 1340 
 
 GLOBE THEATRE, THE, destroyed by fire in 1613 
 
 The Globe, was converted from a bear garden into a Theatre about the period of 
 1590, and stood nearly opposite to the end of Queen-street, Cheapside; it was 
 an hexagonal building of wood, partly open at the top, partly thatched with 
 reeds. The performances took place by day-light, and during the time of 
 playing, a flag was hoisted on the roof. About 1596', the proprietors, of 
 whom Shakspeare became subsequently one, had the old edifice pulled down, 
 and a more commodious place erected. 
 
 On the 29th of June, the new house was destroyed by fire. The Company 
 were representing; Shakspeare's play of Henry VIII. and on the King's 
 entrance in the Masquerade, cannon were discharged, the wadding from 
 which set fire to the thatch. It was re-built in the following year, and with 
 more-splendour than the preceding building. Taylor, the poet, alludes to it 
 in the following lines: — 
 
 " As gold is better that's in fire tried, 
 
 So is the Bankside Globe that late was burned, 
 For wnere be 'ore it had a thatched hide 
 Now to a stately Theatre is turned: 
 Which is an emblem that great things are won 
 By those who dare through greatest dangers run," 
 
 Performances, it is thought, were continued at this Theatre till the year 
 1642, when an order was issued by Parliament for the suppression of all 
 theatrical representations. Its site is now occupied by Barclay and Perkins 
 brewery, formerly the property of Mr. Thrale. 
 
 GLOUCESTER MONASTERY, founded in 710 
 
 
TUB NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 339 
 
 GOODMAN'S FIELDS THEATRE, opened in.. 1729 
 
 GODALMIN BRIDGE, in Surrey, began, July 1782 
 
 GODSTOW NUNNERY, Oxfordshire, consecrated in ... 1138 
 
 GONVIL and CAIUS COLLEGE, Cambridge, founded... 1348 
 
 GOLDSMITHS' HALL, the late, taken down in 1829 
 
 GRACE DIEU NUNNERY Leicester, built in 1151 
 
 GRAY'S INN re-built, in 1687 
 
 GREEN CASTLE, Caernarvonshire, built 1138 
 
 GREENWICH OBSERVATORY, repaired, or re-built . 1526 
 
 This Observatory stands on the site of an old and once fortified tower belonging to 
 the Crown, and repaired, or re-built by Henry VIII. in 1526. It being de- 
 cided by Charles II. that there should be a new one erected, the foundation 
 stone was laid on the 10th of August, 1675, and Mr. Flamstead was appointed 
 first superintendent of the establishment, by the title of Astronomer Royal, 
 and commenced his observations in August, in the following year. 
 
 This eminent Astronomer resided at the Observatory until his death, 
 which took place December 31, 1719, forty-three years after his appointment. 
 The labours of this scientific individual were made known to the world in 
 1725, in three folio volumes, entitled, — " Historia Celestis;''' a lasting 
 memorial of his great genius. Mr. Flamstead was succeeded in the situation 
 by Dr. Halley, who filled it twenty-three years; he died in 1742, at the 
 great age of 85. His successor was Mr. Bradley, the discoverer of the alter- 
 ation of light. Upon the death of Mr. Bradley, which took place in 1762, Mr, 
 Bliss was appointed to the office, which he held for two years, when he died, 
 and was succeeded by Dr. Maskelvne, who enjoyed the situation nearly half 
 a century, surviving to the year 1810. Mr. Pond was the next successor. 
 
 Since the year 1767, the observations made by the Astronomer Royal at 
 Greenwich have been regularly published, under the superintendence of the 
 Royal Society. 
 
 GREENWICH HOSPITAL instituted in , 1694 
 
 King William granted the palace at this place in 1694, with nine acres of ground 
 thereto belonging, to be converted into a Royal Hospital for old and disabled 
 seamen, the widows and children of those who lost their lives in the service, 
 and for the encouragement of navigation. The wing which cost Charles II. 
 £36,000. is now the first wing of the hospital towards London. The chapel 
 was destroyed by an accidental fire, January 2, 1779> which totally consumed 
 the dome, the chapel, the great dining hall, and eight wards, containing the 
 lodgings of near 600 pensioners. The dome was re-built about 1785. First 
 began to receive disabled seamen in 1705. Had the Derwentwater estate 
 given it, 1735: the chapel re-built, and opened for service, September 2, 
 1789. Began to receive 6d. per month from every seaman in the royal navy, 
 and in the service of the merchants, 1695 ; and Is. from June, 17^*7- 
 
 GRETHAM HOSPITAL, Durham, built 1220 
 
 GREY COAT SCHOOL, Westminster, founded 1707 
 
340 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 GUILDHALL, London, built 1416 
 
 Council-chamber, 1425: the front and porch, 1431: burnt, 1666: re-built, 1669: 
 beautified, 1762: front re-built, 1789. 
 
 GUILDFORD CASTLE, Surrey, built before 1036 
 
 The tower at fell down, April 23, 1700. 
 
 GUY'S HOSPITAL, Southward, built in 1721 
 
 Mr. Guy, the founder of this noble edifice, was born in 1644. He also built and 
 furnished three wards on the north side of the outer court of St. Thomas's 
 Hospital, in Southwark, in 1707; and gave £100. annually to it, for eleven 
 years preceding the erection of his own Hospital, the design for whieh was 
 formed when in the 70th year of his age; it cost £18,793. building. At his 
 death he left £21 9,000. to endow it. It was established for 400 sick persons, 
 and twenty incurable lunatics. The building contains twelve Wards, in which 
 are upwards of 400 beds, for as many patients ; and the annual number ad- 
 mitted amounts to 2250 patients. 
 
 Mr. Guy was also the founder of an alms-house, with a library, at Tamworth, 
 in Staffordshire, which he represented in Parliament. It was erected for the 
 benefit of fourteen poor men and women: to which he bequeathed £125. a 
 year for pensions, and the putting out poor children as apprentices. He also 
 bequeathed £400. a year to Christ's Hospital for ever. The residue of his 
 immense property, amounting to £80,000. he divided amongst those who 
 could prove themselves in any way related to him. In the building of his 
 own hospital, he only lived to see it roofed in. He died December 17, 1724, 
 in the 81st year of his uge. 
 
 GYSBURGH PRIORY, Yorkshire, founded 1119 
 
 HADDON HALL, near Bakewell, Derbyshire. 
 
 This noble mansion is supposed to have been built in the time of Edward III. On 
 the painted glass, in one of the windows of the chapel there, is the date — 
 " Millesimo ccccxxvu." The gallery was erected in the time of Queen 
 Elizabeth. 
 
 HADLEY CASTLE, Essex, built 1306 
 
 HAGMON PRIORY, Salop, built 3300 
 
 HALL, CROSBY, built in the fifteenth century. 
 
 Crosby Place erected in 1466, on a lease for 99 years, obtained from the Prioress 
 of the convent of St. Helen, by Sir John Crosby, a grocer and woolman, who 
 had attained the dignities of Alderman, Sheriff, and Warden of his Company, 
 and represented the City of London in Parliament. He died in 1745. After 
 his death it became the residence of the Duke of Gloucester, (afterwards king 
 Richard III.) 
 
 On the dissolution of the religious houses, this place was confiscated to the 
 crown. In the course of time it was tenanted by various wealthy merchants, 
 amongst whom were, Sir John Langham, (Lord Mayor in the time of the 
 Protectorate) and who was the last person who used it as a dwelling house. 
 It was afterwards used occasionally as a residence for foreign ambassadors, 
 the Duke de Sully occupying it, in 1603, bearing the name of M. de Rosny. 
 
 In the latter part of the seventeenth century a great portion of the building 
 was destroyed by an ncctdental fire; and in 1677, other houses were built on 
 the site of the ruins occasioned by this fire. The Hall was converted into a 
 
THE NEW TADLET.&F MEMORY. 341 
 
 HALL, CROSBY, (continued.) 
 
 Presbyterian Meeting House in 1672.. After this, it was let to another con- 
 gregation of Dissenters, who continued to meet in it till 1778. It afterwards 
 was let as a warehouse: and the lease having expired in 1831, it remained 
 untenanted in 1832. 
 
 HALES-OWEN ABBEY, Shropshire, built 1215 
 
 HALES ABBEY, Gloucestershire, built 1146 
 
 HALLING HOUSE, Kent, built 1183 
 
 HAMPTON COURT PALACE, ... 1525 
 
 An entertainment of great splendour was given here, by order of Henry VIII. at 
 this period, to the French Ambassador. Wolsey, who had previously pre- 
 sented the palace to the king, was commanded by him to preside not only 
 over the preparation, but the solemnization of the festivity. 
 
 HARLACH CASTLE, Merionethshire, built by the Britons, 
 
 and re-built in 876 
 
 HARROW SCHOOL, Middlesex, founded by John Lyon . 1585 
 
 HARWOOD NUNNERY, Bedfordshire, built 1150 
 
 HAVARD COLLEGE, New England, built 1650 
 
 Burnt down, and re-built in 1764. 
 
 HAVERFORDWEST CASTLE, built about 1700 
 
 H AUGMOND ABBEY, Shropshire, built 1 109 
 
 HAWARDEN CASTLE, Flintshire, built 1250 
 
 Demolished in 1643. 
 
 HAYMARKET, THE NEW, Regent's Park, opened, 
 
 January 1 , 1831 
 
 HAYMARKET THEATRE, (THE LITTLE.) 
 
 At this Theatre, there occurred a most dreadful accident, February 3, 1794. Fif- 
 teen persons were trod to death, amongst whom was Charles Brook, Esq. 
 Somerset Herald, in endeavouring to get admission to see the performance; 
 several were severely bruised, some of whom died. 
 
 HENRY VIIth's. CHAPEL, Westminster, built 1502 
 
 HENRY VIIIth's CHAPEL, built, January 18 1502 
 
 HERALD'S COLLEGE, instituted 1340 
 
 House built in 1670. 
 
 HEREFORD CATHEDRAL, built 1107 
 
 The western tower fell down in 1786, 
 
 HERTFORD COLLEGE, Oxford, founded 1740 
 
 \ 
 
342 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 HERTLEBURY CASTLE, Worcestershire, built. 1268 
 
 HEVER CASTLE, Kent, built 1340 
 
 HICKS'S HALL, Clerkenwell, foundation of laid, May 20 . 1779 
 
 Finished in 1782. 
 
 HICKS'S HALL, Smithfield, built 1612 
 
 It was pulled down in 1782. The foundation of the present one laid, May 20, 
 1779: was finished in 1782. 
 
 HIGH AM FERRARS COLLEGE, Northamptonshire, built 1422 
 
 HIGHGATE ARCHWAY, completed 1813 
 
 HIGHLAND SOCIETY OF LONDON, instituted 1778 
 
 Incorporated in 1816. 
 
 HINCHINBROKE PRIORY, Luncashire, founded 1320 
 
 HOLDENBY HOUSE, Northamptonshire, built 1585 
 
 HOLM CULTRAM ABBEY, Cumberland, built 1115 
 
 HOLY CROSS CHURCH, Tipperary, built, 1169 
 
 HOLYHEAD CHURCH, Anglesea, built 1291 
 
 HOLYROOD ABBEY, Edinburgh, built 1128 
 
 Repaired in 1758. 
 
 HORSE GUARDS, Westminster, built 1758 
 
 HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF LONDON incor- 
 porated 1 808 
 
 HOTEL DE VILLE, finished in 1442 
 
 This handsome structure was commenced in 1400. Its height is 364 feet, and at 
 its summit is a gilded statue of St. Michael trampling a dragon under his 
 feet. The statue itself is 17 feet high, and, as it turns with the wind, serves 
 for a weathercock. 
 
 HOUSE OF COMMONS, (the Old), Westminster, re- 
 paired 1347 
 
 Enlarged, 1800; outside ornamented, in 1806. 
 
 HULL, Yorkshire, the Humber Dock at, begun in 1807 
 
 Completed in 1809, at a cost of £220,000. It is on the west side of the town, 
 and the entrance is from the Humber, into which it opens by a lock which 
 will admit a 50-ffun ship, and is crossed by an iron bridge. The dock is 914 
 feet in length, 342 in breadth, and 7 acres in surface. In 1826, athird Dock, 
 named " The Junction," was begun, and completed in 1829. It is 645 feet 
 long, 407 broad, and in extent more than 6 acres; it is situated between the 
 two former, and completes a line of Docks which extends from Hull to the 
 Humber, and divide the old town from the new by water on every side. The 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 343 
 
 HULL, (continued.) 
 
 bridges which cross the locks are cast iron, each 24 feet wide, and supposed 
 to be of greater magnitude than any moveable bridge of earlier date. The 
 church named " Trinity church," was built about the year 1312, and occupies 
 a space of 20,056 square feet. The nave is 144 feet long: the breadth of 
 the transept 28, and the length of the chancel 100. St. Mary's church, or 
 Low Church, built a few years later, once a magnificent edifice, of which the 
 existing building formerly constituted the choir, the remaining part having 
 been pulled down by order of Henry VIII. : the present tower vyas added in 
 1696. The church of St. John was finished in 1792- 
 
 The Free Grammar School, was founded by Alcock, Bishop of Ely, in 
 1436. The Vicar's School, in 1734, by the Rev. W. Mason, the father of 
 Mason the poet, for sixty scholars. First sent members to Parliament in the 
 thirty-third year of the reign of Edward I.: but regular returns have only 
 been made since the 12th of Edward II. By the operation of the Reform 
 Bill, the elective franchise became extended, the limits for voters previous to 
 that measure taking place, being confined to the parish of St. Mary — the 
 portion of the town surrounded by water, as before stated. The right of 
 voting was vested in the burgesses and freemen, and the greatest number of 
 voters polled at any election within the last thirty years was 2299, in the 
 year 1826. The Reform Bill has greatly increased the extent of the borough, 
 and proportionately multiplied the number of electors. The population of 
 the old borough was 15,996, while that of the town was not less than 46,426. 
 The population of the present borough is 49,727. 
 
 HUNGERFORD MARKET, incorporated 1830 
 
 In 1830, an Act was obtained, incorporating a Company of proprietors for the re- 
 establishment of Hungerford Market. The site of the Old Market was pur- 
 chased, with the surrounding houses, in order to ensure as convenient a 
 thoroughfare to the New Market as possible. The architect was Mr. C. 
 Fowler. 
 
 The New Hungerford Market was opened, August 4, 1832: the first 
 traffic conimenced here, was by the sale of oysters. 
 
 HUNTINGDON CASTLE, built 920 
 
 HURST CASTLE, Hampshire, built 1539 
 
 HURSTMONCEAUX CASTLE, Sussex, built before 1066 
 
 HYDE ABBEY, Hampshire, built 904 
 
 HYDE ABBEY, near Winchester, founded 1130 
 
 HYLTON CASTLE, Durham, built 930 
 
 IPRES TOWER, at Rye, built, 1160 
 
 IPSWICH COLLEGE, built 1524 
 
 IRISH SCHOOLS.— Smith's School, incorporated in 1669 
 
 Bluecoat Hospital incorporated, 1670. Royal, near Kilmainham, ditto, 1695. 
 Dublin Workhouse established, 1728. Charitable Infirmary opened, 1728. 
 Stephen's Hospital incorporated, 1730. St. Patrick's founded, 1745. Incor- 
 porated 1746. Lying-in Hospital established, 1745; incorporated, 1757. 
 
344 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 IRISH SCHOOLS, &c. (continued.) 
 
 Mercer's incorporated, 1750. St. Nicholas's opened, 1753. Lock instituted, 
 1755. Charitable Loan, 1757. Venereal opened, 1758. Dublin Hospital 
 opened, 17627 
 
 INSURANCE OFFICES IN LONDON:— 
 
 Hand-in-Hand, established in 1696. Amicable, 1706. Sun, 1710. Union, 1714. 
 Westminster, 1717- Royal Exchange, 1719. London, 1719. Phoenix, 1782. 
 Pelican, 17971 British, 1800. Imperial. 1803. Globe, 1803. Albion, 1805. 
 Rock, 1806. Hope, 1807- County, 1807. Eagle, 1807. Atlas, 1808. 
 
 Insurance Offices in Edinburgh: — Friendly, 1720. Caledonian, 1806. 
 Hercules, 1808. North British, 1808. 
 
 INSTITUTION MECHANICS', formed, August 1817 
 
 An Association formed in London by a number of journeymen mechanics under 
 the name of — " The Mechanical Institution, " for the " mutual instruction of 
 the Members in all subjects connected with the Arts, Sciences, Manufactures, 
 and Commerce, but more particularly on such matters as lead to any improve- 
 ment to the Mechanical Arts." The " Mechanics' Institution," in Southamp- 
 ton Buildings, foundedin 1823, was, for a time, generally supposed to be the 
 first establishment of the kind in the British metropolis : but " The Me- 
 chanical Institution " is now admitted to have been its pjecursor by five years. 
 From some unexplained cause, this prior Institution never attained to much 
 distinction, and had completely sunk into oblivion, when the one"' which now 
 flourishes with the somewhat similar title, and professing the same objects, 
 was started. The fact of its existence is not, however, without its historical 
 importance : since it shows that a considerable time before the Scientific In- 
 stitution of the working classes began to be cared for, by the higher orders 
 of society, they had formed an association for the purpose among themselves, 
 and of their own accord 
 
 ISLINGTON CHURCH, Middlesex, re-built; 1750 
 
 JAMES'S, ST, built 1530 
 
 Converted to a Palace, and the Park made, 1536. One of the wings destroyed by 
 fire, and a servant maid found suffocated in the apartment where it was 
 supposed to have originated, 1809. Repaired, 1823. 
 
 JAUNAY'S HOTEL, Leicester-square, pulled down, Oct. 1840 
 
 JESUS COLLEGE, Cambridge, founded 1496 
 
 JESUS COLLEGE, Oxford, founded 1571 
 
 JOHN'S (ST.) COLLEGE, Cambridge, founded 1508 
 
 JOHN'S, (ST.) CHURCH, Westminster, consecrated, in 
 
 June 1728 
 
 Burnt, September 26, 1742;; repaired, 1743. 
 
 JOHN OF GAUNT'S HOUSE, near Lincoln, built 1397 
 
 KATHARINE H4LL, Cambridge, founded 1472 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 345 
 
 KENELWORTH PRIORY, Warwickshire, built in 1106 
 
 Castle built, 1120. 
 
 KEW BRIDGE built of wood 1759 
 
 Of stone, 1783. Opened, September 23, 1789. 
 
 KILMAINHAM HOSPITAL, Ireland, founded 1695 
 
 This Hospital was founded by Charles II. for the reception of the superannuated 
 and disabled soldiers of the Irish army; and is built on a plan somewhat 
 similar to the Royal Hospital at Chelsea. 
 
 The ground on which it stands was part ofthePhcenix Park, and anciently 
 belonged to the Order of Knights Templar. It is erected on the southern 
 side of the river Liffy, and contains seventy-one acres, Irish measure. In 
 one of the rooms there are whole-length portraits of the founder and his 
 queen, and the succeeding monarchs of Great Britain. The erection and 
 other expenses of this building are stated to have amounted to £23,500. 
 
 KING'S COLLEGE, Somerset House, first Lectures given 
 
 in, October 17 1831 
 
 KING'S BENCH PRISON, THE, St. George's Fields, 
 
 South wark, built 1751 
 
 Enlarged 1776: burnt by the rioters, June 7, 1780: re-built, 1781: fire at, and 
 fifty apartments burnt, July 14, 1799. 
 
 KING'S COLLEGE, Aberdeen, founded 1500 
 
 KING'S COLLEGE, Cambridge, founded 1540 
 
 KIRKH AM PRIORY, Yorkshire, built 1 122 
 
 KIRKSTAL ABBEY, Yorkshire, built 1153 
 
 KIRKSTEAD ABBEY, Lincolnshire, built 1139 
 
 KNARESBOROUGH CASTLE, Yorkshire, built 1100 
 
 LACOCK NUNNERY, Wilts, built 1133 
 
 LAMBETH CHAPEL, founded 1169 
 
 Palace built, 1184. 
 
 .AMBETH PALACE. 
 
 This Palace is of very ancient origin, the manor on which it stands having ori- 
 ginally belonged to the see of Rochester, to which it had been granted before 
 the Norman Conquest, by a sister of Edward the Confessor : and was obtained 
 
 i in exchange for other lands, by Baldwin, Archbishop of Canterbury, in the 
 year 1189; but it is thought, the Archbishops of Canterbury had a residence 
 here at least a century before. 
 
 The great hall of Lambeth Palace was erected by Archbishop Chichely, in 
 the early part of the reign of Henry VI. : but the Palace being afterwards 
 sold by the Parliament, in the time of the Commonwealth, this apartment was 
 Wo. 44- Y y 
 
346 
 
 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 LAMBETH PALACE, (continued,) 
 
 pulled down, and afterwards re-built in close imitation of, and on the site 
 of the former one after the Restoration, by Archbishop Juxon, at an expense 
 of £10,500. The length of this room is 93 feet, its breadth 38,f and its 
 height 50. The Gate-house, which forms the principal entrance to the 
 Palace, was erected by Cardinal Morton, in the year 1490. The library was 
 founded by Archbishop Bancroft, in 1610. Several additions have been made 
 to this Palace, at an expense of £55,000. 
 
 LANARK CASTLE, Scotland, founded 1314; 
 
 LANCASTER CASTLE, built 124 
 
 Built by Agricola, the Roman General. 
 
 LLANDAFF CATHEDRAL, built 1120 
 
 LANECROFT PRIORY, Cumberland, built in 1169 
 
 LANGUARD FORT, Essex, built 1611 
 
 LATTON PRIORY, built before 1270 j 
 
 LEADENHALL, London, built 1446 
 
 LEEDS CASTLE, Kent, built 857 
 
 Re-bui!tin 1071. 
 
 LEEDS PRIORY, Essex, built 1306 
 
 LEIBURN CASTLE, Kent, built 1190 
 
 LEICESTER ABBEY, built 1143 
 
 LEITH BRIDGE, near Edinburgh, first Stone of laid, Sep- 
 tember 23 1788 
 
 A second one built in 1807. 
 
 LEITH WET DOCKS, founded 1801 
 
 LEWES PRIORY and CASTLE, Sussex, built 1078 
 
 LICHFIELD CATHEDRAL, built about 300 
 
 It was originally built by Oswius, king of Northumberland: re-built and enlarged 
 byOffa, king of Mercia, in 766. In 1148 it was re-built, and greatly enlarged 
 in 1296. At the Reformation, Coventry was divided from it. In 1776, a 
 beautiful painted window, by the benefaction of Dr. Adenbrook, was set up 
 at the western end of the Cathedral. It is 450 feet long, of which the choir 
 is 110, and the breadth in the broadest place 80. Its portico is hardly to be 
 paralleled in England. Underwent a general repair in 1789. 
 
 LILLESHUL PRIORY, Salop, built. 1104 
 
 LINCLUDEN ABBEY, Scotland, founded 1165 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 347 
 
 LINCOLN CATHEDRAL. 
 
 Tower of blown down by a tempest in 1547. The two western towers of, taken 
 down by the Dean and Chapter, in 1808. The dimensions of the Cathedral 
 are very great, the whole length of the interior being 470 feet. The western 
 front is 174 feet wide: and the length of the great transept is 220 feet in the 
 interior. Its width is 63 feet, and its height 74. The Chapter-house is 
 above 60 feet in diameter, the roof being supported by a single cluster of 
 columns in the centre. The circumference of this room is divided into ten 
 compartments, or sides, one of which is occupied by the door, and the other 
 nine by windows. 
 
 Lincoln, it is said, had at one time fifty-two churches, which in the reign of Ed- 
 ward VI. were by Act of Parliament reduced to eighteen. The Cathedral is 
 a stately Gothic pile, being brought by several bishops to such a pitch of 
 magnificence, that the monks used to say, the devil must needs frown at so 
 noble a structure for divine worship ; hence the proverb, — " he looks as the 
 | devil over Lincoln." It is so lofty, and the hill it stands on so high, that it 
 may be seen in five or six counties. Here is the bell, called " Great Tom of 
 Lincoln," which weighs 10,400 lbs. ; is twenty-three feet in circumference, and 
 will hold 424 gallons ale measure. This city formerly abounded in monas- 
 teries, and other religious houses. The palace was built in 1149. 
 
 LINCOLN CASTLE, built by the Romans. 
 
 LINCOLN COLLEGE, Oxford, founded 1427 
 
 [LINCOLN'S INN, built 1229 
 
 Converted from the Bishop of Chichester's Palace to an Inn of Court, 1310; 
 chapel finished, 1626 ; Theatre built, 1695 ; square inclosed with rails, 1737 ; 
 new buildings erected, 1782. 
 
 ^LINDISFARNE MONASTERY, Northumberland, founded 651 
 
 Re-built in 1014. 
 
 LINNEAN SOCIETY, Soho-square, founded in 1788 
 
 Incorporated in 1802. 
 
 LLANSTEPHEN CASTLE, Caernarvonshire, built 1138 
 
 LANTHONY MONASTERY, Monmouthshire, built ... 1110 
 
 [LOCK HOSPITAL, Knightsbridge, instituted 1746 
 
 LONDON BRIDGE; seepage 103, ante. 
 
 .LONDON INSTITUTION, first stone of the New Building 
 
 in Moorfields, laid, 1815 
 
 LONDON UNIVERSITY, instituted 1826 
 
 For the erection of this building a piece of ground was purchased at the north end 
 of Gower-street, for the sum of £30,000. The contract agreed to was, that it 
 should be finished for £107,000. according to the design at that time furnish- 
 ed, by Mr. Wilkins. The foundation stone was laid April 30, 1827, by His 
 R. H. the Duke of Sussex, and in the presence of the Duke of Norfolk, the 
 late Earl of Carnarvon, Lord Auckland, the Lord Chancellor, the late Sir J. 
 Mackintosh, and other distinguished individuals in this country : and it is not 
 a little singular, that the same mallet was used on this occasion, as on the 
 laying of the foundation of St. Paul's Cathedral by Sir Christopher Wren, it 
 
 L 
 
348 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 LONDON UNIVERSITY, (continued.) 
 
 having been presented by him, previous to his death, to the Masonic Lodge 
 of Antiquity, of which he was a member. 
 
 The building having been commenced, it was carried on with great spirit. 
 On its completion, it was opened to the public, October 1, 1828 : on this occa- 
 sion the audience was composed of from 800 to 1000 persons, who were ad- 
 mitted by tickets, and assembled in one of the large theatres of the building, 
 when they were addressed in an introductory Lecture by Mr. Charles (now 
 Sir Charles) Bell, the Professor of Phisiology and Surgery. Among those 
 assembled, were many Members of the Council. 
 
 LONDON DISPENSARY, instituted 1770 
 
 LONDON HOSPITAL, THE, Mile End, instituted in ... 1740 
 
 Foundation of laid, June 10, 1752 : incorporated, 1758 : Medical Theatre opened, 
 October, 1785. 
 
 LONDON LYING-IN HOSPITAL, Brownlow Street, in- 
 stituted 1749 
 
 LONDON STONE, in Cannon-street, first placed there by 
 
 the Romans B.C. 15 
 
 LONDON WALL, built 306 
 
 LONDON WORKHOUSE, Bishopsgate-street, instituted 1611 
 
 LOUTH-PARK ABBEY, Lincolnshire, built 1 139 
 
 LOUVRE, THE, at Paris, built 1665 
 
 The Louvre is distinguished by the Old and New. The Old Louvre was begun by 
 Francis I. in 1528; and the grand gallery, 1362 feet long, and 30 broad, 
 which joins it to the Thuilleries, was begun under Charles IX. and finished 
 by Louis XIV. who likewise built the New Louvre. The front of the New 
 Louvre built, in 1688. 
 
 LUDLOW CASTLE, built 1097 
 
 LUGGERSHAL CASTLE, Wilts, built 1199 
 
 LUKE'S, (ST.) HOSPITAL, for Insane Persons, Moor- 
 fields, begun, July 31 1751 
 
 Built in the City Road, 1785. 
 
 LULWORTH CASTLE, Dorset, built 1610 
 
 LYING-IN HOSPITAL, in Old-street, began to be built . 1770 
 LYME CASTLE, Kent, built before 791 
 
 MACLOU, (ST.) CHURCH OF, at Rouen, built 1512 
 
 This ohurch was erected as late as above described. It has a porch consisting of 
 three arches, and something resembling the great entrance of Peterborough 
 Cathedral. The central tower was formerly surmounted by a spire of extra- 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 349 
 
 MACLOU, (ST.) CHURCH OF, (continued.) 
 
 ordinary beauty: but it was greatly damaged by a hurricane in 1705, and 
 taken down about thirty years after. This church was not erected out of the 
 ecclesiastical funds : but by the contributions of the people, in the purchasing 
 of indulgences, or a grant of permission from the Archbishop of Rouen, to 
 sin without penance for forty, and even a hundred days. This sale of indul- 
 gences was orie of the reasons for the resistance to the Papal power, and 
 which ended in the introduction of the Reformation. 
 
 MAGDALEN COLLEGE, Oxford, founded 1479 
 
 , MAGDALEN COLLEGE, Cambridge, founded 1519 
 
 \ MAGDALEN HOSPITAL, instituted 1758 
 
 At that time, in Prescot-street, Goodman's-fields ; built in St. George's-fields, in 
 1772. 
 
 MAISON DIEU HOSPITAL, Dover, built 1229 
 
 MALMESBURY ABBEY, built..... 642 
 
 Castle of, built, 1134. 
 
 j M ANNORBEER CASTLE, Pembrokeshire, built 1 088 
 
 I MANSION HOUSE, The, built 1737 
 
 Inhabited in 1752. 
 
 M ARCELLUS'S THEATRE, at Rome, built in 80 
 
 MARGARET SCHOOL, Westminster, founded by Charles I. 
 
 MARINE SOCIETY-HOUSE, Bishopsgate-street, London 
 
 begun, April 30 1773 
 
 MARISCHAL COLLEGE, Aberdeen, founded ...... 1593 
 
 MARK'S PALACE, Venice, built 450 
 
 MARK'S, (ST.) CHURCH, at Venice, built 826 
 
 MARSH CASTLE, Guernsey, built by the Danes. 
 
 MARY'S, (ST.) PRIORY, Thetford, built 1104 
 
 The Old House built in 1075. 
 
 MARY'S, (ST.) CHURCH, Mary-le-bone, consecrated, 
 
 January 7 , 1824 
 
 MARY-LE-BONE NEW CHURCH, (ST.) erected 1817 
 
 MARY-LE-BONE,— ALL SOULS CHURCH at, first 
 
 stone of laid, November 18 ... 1822 
 
 Consecrated, November 26,1824. 
 
 MARY-LE-BONE,— CHRIST CHURCH at, consecrated 1825 
 
350 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 M AXTOKE CASTLE, Warwickshire, built 1346 
 
 Priory built in 1337. 
 
 MEDICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON, Bolt-court, Fleet- 
 street, instituted 1 733 
 
 MEDICAL AND CHIRURGICAL SOCIETY, 57, Lin- 
 coln's Inn-fields, established in 1805 
 
 MEDICO-BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON, 32, 
 
 Sackville-street, instituted 182 1 
 
 MELROSE ABBEY, founded 1136 
 
 The Abbey of Melrose was founded by King David I. commonly called St. King 
 David. This monastery was peopled immediately on completion, by Cister- 
 tians from Rival, (or Rivaulx) in Yorkshire, the first of that Order of monks 
 which had been seen hi Scotland ; from this occurrence, Melrose retained the 
 dignity of the Mother Cistertian Church of that country. It was dedicated to 
 the Virgin in 1146. 
 
 Gale, in the first volume of his " Rerum Anglicarum Scriptores," compiled 
 by the monks, and known as the ' Chronicle of Melrose,' being a chronolo- 
 gical account of Scottish affairs from 785 to 1270. This abbey, from various 
 causes, rose to great wealth, notwithstanding the incursions of the English, 
 when the two countries were at war. In 1651, and almost immediately 
 before the dissolution, the revenues of the abbey amounted to £1,758. in 
 cash, exclusive of great quantities of wheat, oats, poultry, and butter. In 
 later times, the monks varied from about 80 to 100. 
 
 After the Reformation the Monastery, with its estates, were granted by 
 Queen Mary to Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell. After which they were be- 
 stowed upon James Douglas, brother of the Earl of Morton ; and afterwards, 
 purchased, (in the last century) by the family of Buccleugh, to whom they 
 belong. 
 
 The entire length of the abbey is 258 feet, and the transept 137. All that 
 remains of the tower is 75 feet in height : and which appears to have been 
 formerly surmounted by a spire. 
 
 MERCERS' CHAPEL, London, built 1187 
 
 MERCHANT TAILORS' SCHOOL, founded.. 1568 
 
 MERLIN'S CAVE, in Richmond Gardens, made 1735 
 
 MERTON COLLEGE, Oxford, founded 1247 
 
 METTINGHAM CASTLE and COLLEGE, Suffolk, built 1335 
 MEWS, THE, Charing Cross, Westminster, built 1732 
 
 Commenced to be pulled down, 1826. 
 
 MICHAELHAM PRIORY, built 1230 
 
 MICHAEL, (ST.), or VALE CASTLE, Guernsey, built, 1100 
 
 Church built, 1117. 
 
 MICHAEL, (ST.) MOUNT MONASTERY, Cornwall, 
 
 built 1030 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 351 
 
 MIDDLEHAM CASTLE, Yorkshire, built 1190 
 
 MIDDLESEX HOSPITAL, instituted 1745 
 
 Built, 1755. House of Correction finished, 1794. 
 
 MIDDLETON ABBEY, Dorset, built 938 
 
 MILBANK, THE NEW BRIDGE at laid, May 9 1811 
 
 It was named — " The Regent." 
 
 MILITARY ASYLUxM, THE, Chelsea, foundation of laid, 
 
 June 19 1801 
 
 MINERVA' S TEMPLE, at Athens, built b. c. 450 
 
 MINT, THE NEW, on Tower-hill, erected 1813 
 
 i The Royal Mint was formerly annexed to the Tower, and was established there 
 before the time of Edward I. : at one time there were no less than thirty fur- 
 naces employed. From the increased population of the country, and other 
 causes, the Government issued orders for the erection of a new Mint. 
 
 MONTACUTE PRIORY, Somerset, built 1070 
 
 MONTGOMERY CASTLE, re-built 1098 
 
 MONT ORGUEIL CASTLE, Jersey, built in 1000 
 
 MONUMENT OF LONDON, THE; see pages 113-14, 
 ante. 
 
 MOORGATE ; see page 102, ante. 
 
 MOORFIELDS ; see page 114, ante. 
 
 MORPETH CASTLE, Northumberland, built about 1230 
 
 MOUNT ST. MICHAEL, on the coast of France, built ... 966 
 
 Completed, 1070. 
 
 MUSEUM, (THE BRITISH), purchased by Parliament ... 1788 
 
 NATIONAL GALLERY, or (BRITISH INSTITU- 
 TION), Pall-Mail, instituted 1805 
 
 In the year 1823, the beautiful Collection of pictures of Mr. Angerstein were, 
 in consequence of his death, offered for sale: upon which, the Government 
 judging the occurrence a fit opportunity for the formation of a National 
 Gallery, a proposition was made to Parliament for the purchasing of the same. 
 The proposition was met by a prompt acquiescence, and a grant of £57,000. 
 (the price demanded for the same, comprising thirty eight pictures, by the 
 most eminent artists) was agreed to. In the Session of 1825, a further sum 
 of £15,000. was voted for the purchase of four pictures, in addition to those 
 of the Angerstein. The management of this Gallery was to be entrusted to 
 the Marquis of Stafford, Lord Farnborough, Sir George Beaumont, Sir 
 
352 THE NEW TAB-LET OF MEMORY. 
 
 NATIONAL GALLERY, THE, (continued.) 
 
 Thomas Lawrence, to which list was added the name of the Hon. Agar Ellis, 
 (Lord Dover) all of whom are dead. 
 
 The first donation towards the formation of this Gallery, was a picture 
 from Sir George Beaumont, Bart. This example was quickly followed by a 
 bequest of the valuable collection of the Rev. Holwell Carr, (thirty-two 
 pictures in number) : to which have been added twenty other paintings, by 
 several individuals, or purchased by the Government. Amongst the contri- 
 butors to this Collection, are to be added those of His Majesty George IV.: 
 the Marquess of Stafford ; the Earl of Liverpool; Lord Farnborough ; G. J. 
 Chohnoudeley, Esq.; M. M. Zachary, Esq.; the Rev. Mr. Long; and W. 
 Wilkins, Esq. 
 
 NA WORTH CASTLE, Cumberland, built 1330 
 
 NEATH ABBEY, Glamorganshire, built 1150 
 
 Castle built, 1090. 
 
 NETHER HALL, Essex, built 1280 
 
 NETLEY ABBEY, near Southampton, founded 1239 
 
 According to an ancient manuscript, the first Charter to this abbey appears to have 
 been granted by Henry III. in 1251. In it the abbey is called, — Ecclesia 
 Sanctce Marice de loco Sancti Edwardi. " The monks of this abbey were of the 
 Cistertian order, and originally, brought from the neighbouring monastery of 
 Beaulieu. At its dissolution, it consisted of an abbot and twelve monks ; and 
 the net revenue of it was returned at only £100; but in the valuation of 
 it by Pope Nicholas IV. towards the end of the 13th century, it appears that 
 its income was only £17. In their library, Leland tells us that he found but 
 one book — a copy of Cicero's Treatise on Rhetoric. 
 
 In 1537, Netley was granted by the king to Sir William Paulet, afterwards 
 Marquis of Winchester. After that it became the property of the Earl of 
 Huntingdon. The abbey is now a complete ruin, nothing remaining but the 
 bare walls. In 1833, the remains of the abbey church, or chapel, which 
 appears to have been about 200 feet iu length, by 60 in breadth, and crossed 
 at the centre by a transept of 120 feet long. The roof of the abbey fell in about 
 thirty or forty years ago. Near this place is a small building, called Netley 
 Castle, erected by Henry VIII. The Rev. Mr. Bowles has given some beau- 
 tiful lines on the departed greatness of this once interesting spot : — 
 
 Fallen pile ! I ask not what has been thy fate; 
 
 But when the weak winds, wafted from the main 
 
 Through each lone arch, like spirits that complain, 
 
 Come hollow to my ear, I meditate 
 
 On this world's passing pageant, and the lot 
 
 Of those who once might proudly, in their prime, 
 
 Have stood with giant port; till, bowed by time, 
 
 Or injury, their ancient boast forgot, 
 
 They might have sunk, like thee; though thus forlorn, 
 
 They lift their head, with venerable hairs 
 
 Besprent, majestic yet, and as in scorn 
 
 Of mortal vanities and short-lived cares ; 
 
 E'en so dost thou, lifting thy forehead grey, 
 
 Smile at the tempest, and time's sweeping sway." 
 
 NEWARK CASTLE, Nottinghamshire, built 1140 
 
 NEWARK PRIORY, Surrey, built 1192 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 353 
 
 NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE CASTLE, built, 1081 
 
 Bridge re-built, 1779. 
 
 NEWCASTLE-UNDER-LYNE CASTLE, built, 1340 
 
 NEW CHURCH, THE, Strand, London, opened, Feb. 1 . 1720 
 
 NEW CHURCH, THE, Berwick-street, first stone of laid, 
 
 March 15 1838 
 
 The old one pulled down, 1837. New one opened, 1840. 
 
 NEW COLLEGE, Oxford, founded , 1375 
 
 NEW CUT, THE, from the River Lea to Limehouse, open- 
 ed, September 17, 1770 
 
 NEWGATE, in the Old Bailey, London, built 1776 
 
 Burnt by the rioters, June 6, 1780. Restored, 178 1. Sessions House built, 
 1773; enlarged, 1808. Six felons made their escape from, by cutting through 
 the roof of their cells, but were re-taken, October 27, 1816. They were under 
 sentence of transportation. A terrible riot also took place among the convicts 
 here, which was quelled by threats of withholding their allowance of food, 
 August 26, 1816. 
 
 NEW ROAD, THE, from Paddington to Islington, cut ... 1757 
 
 rhe New Road from Paddington to Islington, commenced from the Edgeware- 
 road, at the west end of Water-lane, and passed through the estates of the 
 Rev. Mr. Lloyd, at Lisson-grove, Mr. Portman, the Duke of Portland, &c. &c. 
 
 NEWSTEAD ABBEY, Nottinghamshire, built 1160 
 
 NTORHAM CASTLE, Durham, built 1100 
 
 NORTON PRIORY, Cheshire, built 1210 
 
 NORWICH CATHEDRAL, begun 1096 
 
 NOTTINGHAM CASTLE, built 1068 
 
 NOTRE DAME, CATHEDRAL OF. 
 
 The first Christian church which Paris possessed was built nearly on the site of 
 the present Cathedral, and is supposed to have been built about the year 375. 
 It was for some time the only one in the city. In or about the year 522, 
 another was erected close beside it. This Cathedral may be considered as 
 uniting these churches, from the circumstance of its occupying nearly the 
 whole space upon which they had before stood. This edifice is said to have 
 been begun about the year 1010, in the reign of Robert II.; though others 
 assert that it was not erected until 1160. It is probable, however, that it 
 was not commenced till after the accession of Louis's son and successor 
 Philip II. named Philip Augustus, who occupied the throne from 1180 till 
 1223; and was not quite finished till the latter end of the reign of Philip VI. 
 or the middle of the fourteenth century. The interior is 414 feet in length, 
 by 144 in width. The roof is 102 feet high. 
 No- 45 z z 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 NUNEATON NUNNERY, Warwickshire, built . . . .... 1 170 
 
 NUTLY ABBEY, Bucks, built 1162 
 
 OAKHAM CASTLE, Rutlandshire, built . 1162 
 
 OBELISK, THE, in Blackfriars road, erected ... ., 1761 
 
 In the Mayoralty of Crosby. 
 
 ODIAM CASTLE, Hants, built, 1190 
 
 OKEHAMPTON CASTLE, Devon, built....- 1058 
 
 OLD MANOR HOUSE, THE. 
 
 The Old Manor House, was built in the reign of Henry Vlll. This mansion 
 stood at the top of High-street, nearly opposite the Old Church. It was 
 pulled down in 1791. 
 
 OLVESTON PRIORY, Lincolnshire, built 1160 
 
 OPERA HOUSE, THE ENGLISH, in the Strand, en- 
 tirely destroyed by fire, February 16 — 1830 
 
 OPERA-HOUSE, THE, in the Hay-market, opened 1704 
 
 Burnt 1789, and the foundation of a new one laid, April 3, 1790 : used as a play- 
 house, September 22, 1791. 
 
 OPERA HOUSE, THE NEW, built on the site of the 
 
 Lyceum, in the Strand.... ... 1816 
 
 ORANSEY ABBEY, Scotland, built 567 
 
 ORFORD CASTLE, Suffolk, built 1066 
 
 ORIEL COLLEGE, founded 1337 
 
 ORPHAN'S FUND, in London, began about 1391 
 
 OSYTH'S, (ST.) PRIORY, Essex, built 1120 
 
 OTTERY PRIORY, Devon, built 1060 
 
 OUTINIAN SOCIETY, instituted, July 30 1820i 
 
 OXFORD CASTLE, built ,,, 1074 
 
 Theatre built, 1169. Library built, 1745. Hospital begun. May 4, 1772. The 
 ToWn Hall of Oxford was built about the middle of the last century, princi- 
 pally at the expense of Thomas Romney, Esq. formerly High Steward, and 
 representative of the city in Parliament. City Bridewell at, built, 1789, in- 
 stead of the Old Prison, which was taken down in 1771- Serious disturb- 
 ance at in 1209, in consequence of some dispute between the Students and 
 the townsmen. University College founded or restored, by William of 
 Durham, Rector of Bishop- Wearmouth, 1223. Sixty-three Students killed 
 at, February 10, 1354, in a quarrel with the townsmen; when the Mayor of 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 355 
 
 OXFORD CASTLE, (continued.) 
 
 the city, and Sheriff of the county were prosecuted and fined on account of 
 the same ; and in commemoration of which, the Mayor and sixty-two of the 
 townsmen were obliged to attend St. Mary's church on every anniversary of 
 the day, and after prayers to pay each a silver penny to the proctors of the 
 University at the altar. This custom was kept till 1825, when the claim was 
 relinquished. The Observatory at, completed in 17S5, by Mr. Wyatt; cost 
 £30,000. defrayed by the trustees of Dr. Radcliffe. 
 
 PADDINGTON-STREET, Mary-le-bone, built 1772 
 
 PAINTERS IN WATER COLOURS, Pali-Mall East, 
 
 established......,,,,..., ,.. , 1804 
 
 PAISLEY MONASTERY, Scotland, founded 1160 
 
 PALACE, CARLTON HOUSE, pulled down 1825 
 
 PANCRAS NEW CHURCH, (ST.) the first stone of, 
 
 laid, July 1 1819 
 
 The Architect of this beautiful building, was H. Inwood, Esq. ; the builder, Mr, 
 Seabrook, who contracted to erect it for the sum of £42,223. It was conse- 
 crated on the 7th of May, 1S22. The pulpit and reading-desk are formed of 
 a part of the celebrated oak, called the Fairlop Oak. 
 
 PANTHEON, THE, at Rome, built b.c. 25 
 
 PANTHEON, THE, Oxford-street, first opened, January, 
 
 27 1772 
 
 Converted to an Opera House, March, 1791; burnt down, January 14, 1792; loss 
 estimated at £80,000. Re-built, 1795. Sold pursuant to an order of the 
 Court of Exchequer, January 24, 1832. It was put up at £6,000. and ulti- 
 mately knocked down to a Mr. Robinson for £16,000. The premises are 
 freehold, except the front entrance, which is leasehold, and held for a term 
 of 49 years, from 1798. 
 
 PARK, ST. JAMES'S ; see page 127, ante. 
 
 PARLIAMENT HOUSE, Dublin ; see " Fires," page 294. 
 
 PAUL'S, THE CATHEDRAL OF ST. built on the foun- 
 dation of an old Temple of Diana 6 
 
 Burnt, 964; re-built, 1250, having been 150 years in building; steeple fired by 
 lightning, 1443; re-built, having been in great part burnt down, 1631 ; it was 
 totally destroyed by the great fire in 1666 ; first stone of the present building 
 laid, June 21, by the architect, assisted by Thomas Strong, (the master 
 mason), and the second by Mr. Long-land, 1675; finished 1710; and cost the 
 sum of £100,000,000.; first service performed in, December 2, 1697; the 
 ball and cross renewed, 1823. The entire length of St. Pauls, from east to 
 west is 500 feet, and that of the proper transept 285. The breadth of tht 
 body of the church is 107 feet, and that of the transept nearly the same, 
 The dial-plate of the clock, is nearly fifty-seven feet in circumference, or 
 nearly twenty in diameter. The minute hand is eight feet long; and tbe bell 
 which chimes the quarters, between 11 and 12,000 pounds. This hell is 
 only tolled on the death and funeral of any member of the Royal Family, the 
 
356 
 
 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 PAUL'S, THE CATHEDRAL OF ST. (continued.) 
 
 Bishop of London, and the Lord Mayor. Malcolm informs us, (in 1803) that 
 the bell had been silent ever since 1790, after announcing the death of the 
 Duke of Cumberland, the brother of George III. 
 
 The height to the top of the cross is four hundred and six feet, eight 
 inches, and forty parts. The iron balustrade round the church-yard is three 
 furlongs, and one-fifth. The number of rails rounrl, is betwixt two and three 
 thousand: and the cost of the same, above £11,000. 
 
 PAUL'S, (ST.) SCHOOL, founded, 1510 
 
 PEELE CASTLE, in the Isle of Man, built before 1245 
 
 PEELE CASTLE, Lancashire, built 1140 
 
 PEMBROKE COLLEGE, Oxford, founded 620 
 
 PEMBROKE HALL, Cambridge, founded 1343 
 
 PENDRAGON CASTLE, Westmoreland, destroyed 1341 
 
 Repaired, 1660. 
 
 PENITENTIARY, THE NEW, built 1816 
 
 The Act for the erection of the New Penitentiary for convicts, at Milbank, was 
 passed in 1812; the quadrangle of completed, and convicts removed to, in 
 June, 1816. 
 
 PENMON PRIORY, Anglesea, built 540 
 
 PERE LA CHAISE, THE NEW, commenced interments 
 
 in, January 31 1833 
 
 In the year 1832, an Act was passed " for establishing a General Cemetery for 
 the interment of the dead in the vicinity of the Metropolis." This new place 
 of burial is situated, at Kensall Green, on the Harrow-road. The first 
 interment was Margaret, wife of Barnard Gregory, Esq. of Great Russell- 
 street, Bloomsbury ; in consequence of which, no charge was made to the 
 family of the deceased, and they promised to erect a tablet to her memory, 
 recording the event of the opening thereof. The service was read by the 
 Chaplain, in the new chapel. The coffin was then lowered to its destination, 
 by machinery, in the most solemn and impressive manner, bricked up in a 
 vault in the presence of the mourners, and the ground left under the protec- 
 tion of an armed patrol, to be relieved every three hours. The place selected 
 for the purpose of interments, consists of forty-eight acres. 
 
 PETERBOROUGH CATHEDRAL, built 1200 
 
 The Cathedral of Peterborough was formerly a monastery; many of the stones of 
 which, used in the foundation, were of such an extraordinary size, as to re- 
 quire eight pair of oxen to draw them. The building was reduced to ruin by 
 the Danes in 870; when the abbot Hedda, with eighty-four of his monks 
 were put to death, after a furious attack on the place, by the command of 
 Earl Hubba, who, after plundering the monastery, set it on fire, when it is 
 said to have burnt fifteen days. After this, the monastery remained unin- 
 habited for nearly a century, during which period, part of it was used for the 
 confinement of cattle; but in 966, its restoration was begun, under the 
 patronage of king Edgar, by Athelwold, Bishop of Winchester; when it was 
 again burnt down by accident in 1116. Two years after, a new foundation . 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 357 
 
 PETERBOROUGH CATHEDRAL, (continued.) 
 
 ■was laid by Abbot John de Sais, or Seez, when the present structure was 
 erected. 
 
 In 1643, the new building was attacked by the Republican soldiery, who 
 committed dreadful excesses, destroying it even to the bare walls. All the 
 ancient records, documents, &c. were either burnt, or torn to pieces. 
 
 The Abbey- of Peterborough having been surrendered to the king, by the 
 then Abbot, fJohn Chambers, in 1540, was erected into a bishopric in the 
 following year; the residence being ordered to become the Bishop's palace. 
 
 PETER'S, (ST.) at Rome, begun 1503 
 
 St. Peter's, at Rome, began to be built by Julius II. Bramante Lazzari was the 
 architect, and his plan was, to build the church in the form of a Greek cross. 
 After his death, the work of finishing it was committed to Michael Angelo 
 Buonarrotti, who continued the plan of Bramante, with respect to the Greek 
 cross. Buonarotti continued the work for eighteen years; but he did not live 
 long enough to complete it. On his successor resuming the work, the origi- 
 nal plan was departed from, by the adoption of the lengthy latin cross; the 
 reason for this was, because it was considered necessary that the new edifice 
 should include the whole of the site of the ancient church of Constantine! 
 and to this circumstance is attributed the defects in the building. 
 
 The first stone of the edifice was laid by its founder in 1506 : and the front 
 was completed in 1622, during the pontificate of Pius V. the seventeenth 
 successor of Julius. Though carried on'with the greatest energy, it took the 
 reign of eighteen Popes, and the period of one hundred and fifteen years to com- 
 plete the temple alone ! the splendid additions, &c. occupying 150 years more. 
 The buildings, up to the year 1622, cost the see of Rome forty millions of 
 crowns, (more than eight millions sterling); and from that date to 1784, 
 nearly ten millions of crowns more were expended. Even to the present 
 time, the cost to the Papal treasury is thirty thousand crowns to keep it in 
 repair. 
 
 The whole length of the church in the inside is six hundred and fifteen 
 feet; and the breadth in the transepts, four hundred and forty-eight. The 
 extreme height, from the level of the piazza before the temple to the apex of 
 the cross, is about four hundred and sixty feet, or nearly one-fourth as big-h 
 again as St. Paul's, London. 
 
 In the masonry of this church, &c. &c. several quarries must have been ex- 
 hausted, vast quantities of stone having been used below the surface of the 
 ground. 
 
 PETERHOUSE COLLEGE, Cambridge, founded 1257 
 
 PEVENSEY, or PEMSEY, Sussex, built by the Romans. 
 
 PHILANTHROPIC SOCIETY, Blackfriars road, esta- 
 blished in 1S00 
 
 PHYSICIANS' COLLEGE, London, founded 1519 
 
 PHYSICIANS, ROYAL COLLEGE OF, Pali-Mall, 
 
 founded 1523 
 
 PHYSIC GARDENS, of Cambridge, Chelsea, and Oxford, 
 see page 131, ante. 
 
 PIAZZA FOUNTAIN NAVONA, at Rome, built 1680 
 
358 
 
 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 PICTON CASTLE, Pembrokeshire, built before the Con- 
 quest. 
 
 This castle was entire in 1814. 
 
 PLASHEY CASTLE, Essex, built by the Romans. 
 POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTION, THE, established ... 1808 
 
 This Institution was established for the advancement of Practical Science, &c. 
 The principal object of the Directors of this Institution, being todemonstrate 
 those sound and important principles, upon which all science is based, and 
 the different processes adopted in the most useful Arts and Manufactures. 
 A building sufficiently capacious has been erected, and its public entrance is 
 at No. 309, Regent-street; the building is 320 feet in depth ; and includes 
 the mansion, 5, Cavendish-square. The interior consists of a hall, which is 
 45 feet long by 40 in width, devoted to manufactures of various descriptions, 
 viz.: — Letter-press Printing, — the business of an Optician, — a glass furnace, 
 — Workshop of an Ivory Turner, — Weaving by Power Looms, — a rolling 
 Steam Engine, — economical Cooking by Gas, — a Forge, — Two Steam Engine 
 Boilers, &c. &c. 
 
 PONTEFRACT, or POMFRET CASTLE, Yorkshire, 
 
 built 1069 
 
 PORCHESTER CASTLE, Hampshire, built by the Romans. 
 
 POST OFFICE, THE NEW, St. Martin's-le-Grand, com- 
 pleted 1829 
 
 In 1815, an Act of Parliament was passed, which authorized certain Commis- 
 sioners to make choice of a piece of ground for the erection of the New Post 
 Office. It was some time before the ground was sufficiently clear for the 
 laying of the first stone, which did not take place until May, 1824. On the 
 23rd of September, 1829, fourteen years after the passing of the Act of Par- 
 liament, the new building was completed and opened for public business. 
 Over the centre portico is the inscription, — " Georgeo Quarto Regb, 
 MDCCCXXIX." The building is 389 feet long, 130 wide, and 64 high. 
 
 There is not any regular account in existence, which states the revenue of 
 the Post Office of England, later than 1724. In that year the net income of 
 the institution was £96,339. Its progress since, stated at intervals of five 
 years, has been as follows, viz. : — 
 
 sS. £. 
 
 In 1729, 92,307 1784 126,513 
 
 1734 91,701 1789 318,610 
 
 1739 97,250 1794, 463,003 
 
 1744, 85,114 1799 733,150 
 
 1749, 88,323 1804, 952,893 
 
 1754, 97,365 1809, 1,213,049 
 
 1759, 86,095 1814 1,532,153 
 
 1764 116.182 1819, 1,528,538 
 
 1769, 164,760 1824 1,588,672 
 
 1774 164,077 1829, 1,509,347 
 
 1779, 139,248 1832, 1,547,132 
 
 The following is the amount of Postages collected in some of the principal 
 trading cities and towns of the United Kingdom in the years 1831, and 
 1832, viz.:— 
 
 1831. £. 1832. £ 
 
 InLondon, 628,641 637,178 
 
 Birmingham 29,864 28,684 
 
 Bristol 36,670 33,887 
 
THE J^KVV TABLET OF MEMORY. 359 
 
 POST OFFICE, THE, LONDON, (continued.) 
 
 1831. £. 1832. £. 
 
 Hull 15,030 14,603 
 
 Leeds 20,963 20,315 
 
 Liverpool 70,974 70,018 
 
 Manchester 52,320 53,449 
 
 Sheffield 11,161 11,026 
 
 Edinburgh 42,621 42,758 
 
 Glasgow 35,641 35,754 
 
 Dublin 101,529 80,610 
 
 Cork 10,769 11,511 
 
 POWIS CASTLE, Montgomeryshire, built 1110 
 
 POWDERHAM CASTLE, Devonshire, built, 970 
 
 PUTNEY BRIDGE, built . 1726 
 
 PYRAMIDS IN EGYPT, built, b. c. 1430 
 
 PYTHAGORAS'S SCHOOL, Cambridge, built 1092 
 
 QUEEN'S COLLEGE, Oxford, founded 1340 
 
 QUEEN'S COLLEGE, Cambridge, founded.. 1448 
 
 RABY CASTLE, Durham, built 1020 
 
 RADCLIFFE LIBRARY, began 1737 
 
 This Library was founded by Dr. Radcliffe, a distinguished Physician, who be- 
 queathed £40.000. for the erection of the building, £100. per annum for the 
 purchase of books, and £150. per annum for the Librarian. The building 
 was designed and executed by Gibbs, of Aberdeen. It was opened April 13, 
 1749. 
 
 RAINE'S CHARITY, commenced 1720 
 
 RAMSEY ABBEY, Huntingdonshire, built .. 969 
 
 RANZA CASTLE, Arran Isle, Scotland, built before 1380 
 
 RATHBONE PLACE, began to be erected in 1720 
 
 The erection of Rathbone Place, was commenced by Captain Rathboiie, who died 
 in 1721. 
 
 RAVENSWORTH CASTLE, Yorkshire, built 1030 
 
 READING ABBEY, founded 1130 
 
 RECULVER ABBEY, Kent, built 669 
 
 RESTORMEL CASTLE, Cornwall, built 1100 
 
 RHEIMS CATHEDRAL, built 840 
 
360 
 
 Til!C NEW TABLET OF MKMURY 
 
 RHUDLAND CASTLE, in Wales, built before the Con- 
 quest. 
 
 Re-built, 1063. Repaired, 1281. 
 
 RIALTO, THE, at Venice, built 1570 
 
 RICHBOROUGH CASTLE, Kent, built by the Romans. 
 
 RICHMOND BRIDGE, Surrey, begun to be built, Au- 
 gust 23 1774 
 
 Finished, 1777: Palace built, 1498. 
 
 RICHMOND CASTLE, Yorkshire. 
 
 The town of Richmond dates its origin, shortly after the Norman invasion. The 
 Saxon noble, Earl Edwin, possessed that part of the country in which Rich- 
 mond is situated ; and, on the invasion of William the Conqueror, he became 
 a determined opposer of the invaders of his country. He marie two unsuc- 
 cessful attempts to recover it ; on the failure of the first, he received -a 
 pardon: but on the suppression of the second, he was betrayed by those in 
 whom he confided, and slain. The assassins, in the hope of obtaining a re- 
 ward for this exploit, cut off his head, and bore it in triumph to William, 
 who, instead of bestowing any mark of approbation of the transaction, burst 
 into tears, and commanded the banishment of the perpetrators from the 
 kingdom. The domains of the Earl were afterwards bestowed on one of the 
 Conqueror's followers, Alan, Count of Bretagne, to whom he also some time 
 after gave his daughter in marriage. By this gift, the Count became the 
 possessor of two hundred manors and townships; and in order to protect 
 bjmself and his property from the enraged population around, he built the 
 Castle of Richmond. 
 
 After the death of Alan, the property descended to his son-in-law, having 
 no children by his wife. After been inherited by various families, it was 
 erected into a Dukedom by Henry VIII. in favour of his natural son, by the 
 daughter of Sir John Blount, who died in 1535, at the age of seventeen. The 
 Dukedom came to the present family, in the reign of Cearles II. and also 
 the Castle of Richmond. 
 
 Leland, who saw it in 1534, mentions it in his ' Itinerary, ' as having 
 greatly fallen to decay. It bad not been inhabited from the year 1485, when 
 it came into the possession of the Crown, by the accession of Henry VII. 
 who was previously Earl of Richmond. This noble building occupies about 
 six acres of ground. [Ruined and desolate as it now appears, Richmond 
 Castle was, when seen by the Compiler, in 1817! still majestic and im- 
 posing.] 
 
 RIPPON MONASTERY, Yorkshire, built 677 
 
 RIVAULX ABBEY, Yorkshire, built 1132 
 
 ROCHE ABBEY, Yorkshire, built..., 1147 
 
 ROCHESTER BRIDGE, built 1392 
 
 Repaired, 1744, and palisadoed with new iron rails. Cathedral built, 610. Re- 
 paired, 1080. Castle built, 1070. 
 
 ROCKINGHAM CASTLE, Northamptonshire, built 1070 
 
 ROLL'S CHAPEL, Chancery-lane, London, built 1232 
 
 Master's house built, 1717, 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 353 
 
 ROMAN HIGHWAYS made in Britain 415 
 
 ROTHSAY CASTLE, Isle of Bute, Scotland, built before . 1263 
 ROUND TOWERS, in Ireland, built about 838 
 
 They were called Clochtheach, or House of the Bell, and were built by the Danes, 
 or Ostmen. 
 
 ROYAL SOCIETY, Somerset Place, incorporated 1663 
 
 ROYAL ACADEMY OF ARTS, Somerset Place 1768 
 
 ROYAL INSTITUTION, 21, Albemarle Street, incor- 
 porated 1800 
 
 Enlarged by Act of Parliament, 1810. 
 
 ROYAL ACADEMY OF MUSIC, Tenterden-street, in- 
 stituted 1822 
 
 ROYAL SOCIETY OF LITERATURE, 2, Parliament- 
 street 1 823 
 
 RUMSEY ABBEY, Hants, built 972 
 
 RUSSELL INSTITUTION, Great Coram-street, Russell- 
 square, instituted 1808 
 
 SALISBURY CATHEDRAL, the foundation of laid, 
 
 April 28 : 1220 
 
 The founder died in 1229; when the building was carried on by his successors in 
 the see — Bingham, de Yorke, and Giles de Bridport, by the last of whom it 
 was brought to a close about the year 1260. The upper part of the tower, 
 with the spire, were added afterwards; and, (adds Mr. Button), probably in 
 the time of Bishop Robert de Wyvile, who occupied the see from 1329 to 
 1375. After the Cathedral had been begun, and the Bishop, Clergy, and 
 tenantry had built houses, Henry III. granted them a Charter, which de- 
 clared New Salisbury, (or Sarisbury) a free city; giving them permission to 
 enclose it with walls and ditches, from the incursions of robbers, and all 
 other hostile attacks. 
 
 SALT WOOD CASTLE, Kent, built by the Romans. 
 
 SAMPSON'S, (ST.) CHURCH, Guernsey, built 1111 
 
 SANDAL CASTLE, Yorkshire, built 1317 
 
 SANFORD CASTLE, Dorset, built 1540 
 
 SANDOWN CASTLE, Kent, built .. 1539 
 
 SANDGATE CASTLE, Kent, built 1540 
 
 SANDWICH BRIDGE, built.. 1756 
 
 No. 46. 3 A 
 
354 THE NKW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 SAVIOUR'S, (ST.) CHURCH, Southwark, built 109$ 
 
 SAVOY PALACE, THE, in the Strand, London, built ... 1245 
 
 It was converted to an Hospital in 1.549. Bnrnt down, March 2, 1776. The 
 ruins of, pulled down for the erection of the Waterloo Bridge. 
 
 SAWLEY ABBEY, Yorkshire, built 114^ 
 
 SCARBOROUGH CASTLE, built 1 14C 
 
 It was huilt by William Earl of Albemarle and Holderness. King Henry II. 
 with a view of curbing the power of bis nobility, ordered the demolition of 
 most of the places of strength which had previously been built in all parts of 
 the kingdom ; but the uncommon strength and position of Scarborough 
 Castle, instead of being destroyed, was ordered by him to be preserved as the 
 property of the crown ; and it has ever since remained one of the royal 
 castles, being occupied by a small garrison, consisting of a few invalids, but 
 who are accommodated in barracks of modern erection. This castle was 
 afterwards considerably enlarged by Richard II. 
 
 SCHOOL, THE EASTERN NATIONAL, St. Mary-le- 
 
 bone, instituted 1824 
 
 This School will hold 500 children. 
 
 SCONE ABBEY, near Perth, founded 1114 
 
 Burnt by the populace at the Reformation, 1.599, and afterwards re-built; 
 Charles II. was the last king crowned in the Kirk; all the Scottish monarchs 
 having been crowned in this Abbey. Made the residence of the Count de 
 Artois, of France, in 1798. 
 
 SEVERUS'S WALL, built in the North of England 203 
 
 SE WDLEY CASTLE, Gloucestershire, built 1442 
 
 SHADWELL POLICE OFFICE, removed to High-street, 
 
 Mary-le-bone : 1821 
 
 It was removed by Act of Parliament, from Shadwell to High-street, Lord Sid- 
 mouth being Secretary of State at the time ; it was opened for the trans- 
 acting of business, July 16, 1821. 
 
 SHAKSPEARE'S MONUMENT, in Westminster Abbey, 
 
 erected 1 741 
 
 SHAP MONASTERY, Westmorland, founded 1189 
 
 SHERBORNE CASTLE, Dorset, built 1107 
 
 SHREWSBURY- ABBEY, Salop, built 1033 
 
 Castle built, 1084. 
 
 SION ABBEY, Middlesex, built 1414 
 
 SION COLLEGE, London Wall, built 1624;, 
 
 SIMPSON'S HOSPITAL, Dublin, for Blind and Gouty 
 
 Men, established, and built, 1780 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 355 
 
 SIX-CLERK'S OFFICE, Chancery-lane, London, built ... 1776 
 
 SKIPTON CASTLE, Yorkshire, built about 1070 
 
 SMALL-POX HOSPITAL, St. Pancras, instituted, Sep- 
 tember 26 1746 
 
 SOCIETY FOR THE ENCOURAGEMENT OF ARTS, 
 MANUFACTURES, and COMMERCE, Adelphi, 
 instituted ". 1753 
 
 SOCIETY FOR THE HOUSELESS POOR, in London, 
 
 founded, January 14 1820 
 
 SOMERSET HOUSE, Strand, London, built 1549 
 
 Pulled down, 1776, and began to be re-built in its present state: — first Exhibi- 
 tion at, May 1, 1780: — the Navy Office, Pipe Office, Victualling Office, and 
 other Public Offices, removed into it in 1788: — the terrace fell down, De- 
 cember 26, 1788: — had £306,134. and 9|tZ. granted by Parliament to defray 
 the expense of its erection to the year 1788 : — £1,500 in addition, in 1798 : 
 and £2,550. in 1801. 
 
 SOMERTON CASTLE, near Newark, Lincolnshire, built . 1305 
 
 SORBONNE, THE, at Paris, founded 1250 
 
 SOUTHWARK BRIDGE, first stone of laid, May 23 1815 
 
 Opened, March 25, 1819. 
 
 SOUTHWARK LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC SO- 
 CIETY, founded 1840 
 
 The foundation stone of a new building for the accommodation of this body was 
 laid in the borough road in the presence of a numerous company. Mr. H. 
 Kemble, M.P. for Surrey, performed the masonic officp, and delivered a suit- 
 able address. Alderman Humphrey, M. P., Dr. Southwood Smith, and the 
 Rev. Mr. Horton, Rector of the parish, also attended and took part in the 
 proceedings. 
 
 SOUTHWELL PALACE, Newark, Nottinghamshire, built 1518 
 STADTHOUSE; see page 315, ante. 
 
 STAFFORD CASTLE, built 1070 
 
 STAINES, NEW BRIDGE at, opened April 23 1832 
 
 William IV. and Queen Adelaide, were present at the ceremony. 
 
 STATUE, THE, OF Wm. DUKE OF CUMBERLAND, 
 
 erected in Cavendish-square, by Chew, 1770 
 
 Erected at the expense of General Sir William Strode. In 1783, it was re-gilt, 
 at the expense of the Princess Amelia. 
 
 General Strode also erected, in 1799, a handsome Corinthian pillar and 
 pedestal, upwards of 20 feet high, commemorative of the Naval Victories ©f 
 
356 
 
 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 STATUE OF Wm. DUKE OF CUMBERLAND, (con- 
 tinued.) 
 
 Great Britain: and supporting a statue of George III. with the following in- 
 scription on the front : — 
 
 " Sacred to British Glory, and the heroes 
 
 of its Empire; 
 
 Who aided by the Almighty 
 
 have carried their victorious arms 
 
 throughout every region 
 
 of the earth ; 
 
 liberating mankind 
 
 from the Atheistical principles, 
 
 unjust usurpations, 
 
 and tyrannical subjugation 
 
 of rapacious France, 
 
 restoring due subordination, felicity, and 
 
 civivilization throughout 
 
 Europe." 
 
 On the right-hand Square. 
 
 " In this memorable year, 
 
 on the 4th of May, 1799, 
 
 Seringapatam was taken by storm, 
 
 and the perfidious Tippoo Saib 
 
 slain in his capital, 
 
 by the English forces under General Harris ; 
 
 the territory of Mysore, 
 
 and port of Mangalore, 
 
 annexed to the Eastern dominions 
 
 of Great Britain ; 
 
 and quiet and security restored 
 
 to that quarter of the 
 
 Globe." 
 
 On the left-hand Square. 
 
 " In memory 
 
 of the achievements of Admirals 
 
 Lords Havvke, Rodney, Howe, Hood, 
 
 Bridport, St. Vincent, Nelson, Duncan, 
 
 Sir John Borlase Warren, 
 
 Sir Sidney Smith, and Mitchell, 
 
 who in different actions with the 
 
 Spanish, French, and Dutch, 
 
 took the Admirals of each nation; 
 
 captured, sunk, and destroyed, 
 
 above one thousand of their ships 
 
 annihilating their fleets and commerce, 
 
 and ascertained and maintained 
 
 under the Divine Providence, 
 
 the Empire of Great Britain over the 
 
 Globe." 
 
 On the Back Square. 
 
 " Stet columna 
 
 in secula stet 
 
 magis floreant res Britannic®; 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 357 
 
 STATUE OF Wm. DUKE OF CUMBERLAND, (continued.) 
 
 sic sperat precat 
 
 Edw. Aug. Stratford, 
 
 Comes de Aldborough, de Ormond super, 
 
 Vicecomes Amiens, 
 
 Baro de Battinglass, &c. &c. &c. 
 
 Qui 
 
 regnante Georgio Tertio, 
 
 sub auspiciis Dei Omnipotentis 
 
 anncque Salustis, 1799, 
 
 posuit." 
 
 The foundation of the pillar having given way, the whole was taken down 
 about 1805. 
 
 ST. JOHN'S WOOD CHAPEL consecrated 1814 
 
 ST. MARY-LE-BONE GENERAL DISPENSARY, in- 
 stituted 1785 
 
 ST. MARTIN-IN-THE-FIELDS, CHURCH OF. 
 
 St. Martin's parish was formerly of very great extent, and comprehended the 
 whole space, (the parishes of St. John's and St. Margaret's excepted) from 
 the banks of the river, to St. Giles's, and from Somerset House, in the east, 
 and to Hyde Park and Chelsea, in the west. Various alterations have taken 
 place: — viz. the erection of St. Paul, Covent Garden, in 1645: that of St. 
 Anne's, Westminster, in 1678: that of St. James's, in 1685: and that of 
 St. George's, Hanover-square in 1724. The parish of St. Martin is now com- 
 paratively a small district, consisting of some streets in the immediate 
 neighbourhood of the church; from Waterloo bridge to Charing Cross, and 
 a continuation of the same line to the West-end of Pali-Mall. It also in- 
 cludes the Green Park, with part of St. James's, being the only fields within 
 the boundaries of the same remaining. 
 
 Little is known of this district, than that it contained a chapel so early as 
 the beginning of the thirteenth century, and that in the middle of the four- 
 teenth, it was erected into a parish. The church had long before gone to ruin, 
 and re-built in the reign of Henry VIII. ; was greatly enlarged in 1607, by the 
 addition of a chancel, at the expense of Prince Henry, son of James I. and 
 several of the nobility. This building too went to decay, was taken down in 
 
 1721, and the foundation stone of the present structure laid, March 19th, 
 
 1722, by the Bishop of Salisbury, with great ceremony, en the site of the 
 former one. According to the Latin inscription over the front portico, it is 
 described as being finished in 1726 ; and that it was consecrated October 20, 
 in the same year. The expense was nearly £37,000.; of which, £33,450. 
 was raised, by Act of Parliament, by rates, and voluntary contributions. The 
 King gave 100 guineas to be distributed among the workmen, and £1,500. for 
 the purchasing an organ ; but the original instrument has long since given 
 place to another. The steeple has an excellent peal of bells, and the cost for 
 re-casting the same, amounted to £1,264. The celebrated Nell Gwynn was 
 interred in the burial ground of this parish; and it is said, left a sum of 
 money for a weekly entertainment to the ringers, which they still enjoy. 
 
 " The newspapers of 1724," according to Malcolm, in his " ' Londinum 
 Redivivum,'" mentions the refusal of £500. from a lady who would have 
 given that sum towards enriching the altar-piece." 
 
 In grandeur, St. Martin's church is accounted next to St. Paul's Cathedral. 
 It was erected by Gibbs, a native of Scotland. The spire is also reckoned one 
 of the most beautiful in London. The length of the church is 140 feet, its 
 breadth 60, and its height 45. 
 
 The Palace of St. James's being accounted within the bounds of this parish, 
 
358 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 ST. MARTIN'S CHURCH, (concluded,) 
 
 it is, consequently, the proper parish church of the Royal Family, their seats 
 being provided accordingly for them and their household on each side of the 
 altar: and George III. used to attend here occasionally. The admiralty is 
 also in this parish : and on that account it is customary for naval victories to 
 be first announced by the bells of this church. On the day of the consecra- 
 tion of this church, " the Lords of the Admiralty," says Malcolm, " pre- 
 sented to the parish a grand Standard of England, thirty feet long, and four- 
 teen broad, to be displayed on the steeple, during the public rejoicings ; but 
 it was blown to rags on the first day it was hoisted, August 1, 1726, the anni- 
 versary of the accession of George I. 
 
 The late burial ground of St. Martin's Church was removed, 1830. The 
 present Catacombs of erected, 1831. Consecrated by the Lord Bishop of 
 London. 
 
 STONE, the first, of the OPHTHALMIC HOSPITAL, 
 
 Charing-Cross, laid, 183 L 
 
 The first stone of this building was laid, June 29, 1831, by His Grace the Duke 
 of Richmond, Post-Master General. 
 
 STRAND BRIDGE, THE, first stone of, laid, October 11 1815 
 
 Opened to the public by a grand procession, the name having- been changed to 
 Waterloo Bridge, in honour of the Duke of Wellington, June 18, 1817. 
 
 STRASBURGH CATHEDRAL, begun in the vmth. cen- 
 tury. 
 
 The present Cathedral was begun by the French king, Pepin le Bref, and finished 
 by his son and successor, Charlemagne. Destroyed in the war which follow- 
 ed the death of the Emperor Otho III. in 1002. Their restoration com- 
 menced in 1015, by Bishop Werinhaire, or Werner, by whom the work was 
 continued with great spirit till his death, in 1028, 100,000 men being em- 
 ployed ; the body was not completed till 1275. The first stone of the present 
 spire laid, May 25, 1277. by Bishop Conrad de Lichtenberg. Steinbach, the 
 master builder, died 1318. Succeeded by his son John, who superintended 
 the work till his death in 1339. Spire finished, 1438, having been in hand 
 161 years. Brought to a conclusion by John Hulz, who survived its comple- 
 tion till 1449. Clock of begun, 1571 ; finished June 24, 1574. 
 
 STRATFORD-UPON-AVON MONASTERY, built 1075 
 
 STRATFORD PLACE, St. Mary -le-bone, built 1774 
 
 ST. STEPHEN'S CHAPEL, built 1110 
 
 SUNDAY SCHOOL, THE, at Camberwell, established .. . 1800 
 
 SURGEONS, ROYAL COLLEGE OF, Lincoln's Inn- 
 fields, Chartered in 1800 
 
 SYDNEY SUSSEX COLLEGE, Cambridge, founded ... 1113 
 
 TAMWORTH CASTLE, Warwickshire, built,. 914 
 
 TAVISTOKE MONASTERY, Devon, built 961 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 359 
 
 TEMPLE, THE, London, founded by the Knights Tem- 
 plars 1 185 
 
 The Middle Temple liall built, 1572 ; their present church built, 1240. (For a 
 further account of " The Templars," see page 186, ante, 
 
 The Temple Church fittings were sold by auction, by Mr. Hammond, by 
 order of the Honourable the Benchers of the Inner and Middle Temples. 
 The various articles put up for sale attracted the attention of the collectors 
 of rare and curious articles : the fittings consisted of magnificent carvings and 
 decorations in oak, in the style of the celebrated Gibbons. The matchless 
 ornaments of the noble organ, and the splendidly carved altar, executed ac- 
 cording to the Corinthian and Tuscan orders, were objects of peculiar attrac- 
 tion. The sale took place in the dinmg-hall of the Inner Temple. 
 
 TEMPLE BAR, built 1672 
 
 Temple Bar is now the only remaining city gate ; after the great fire of London, 
 two strong gates were erected, of the Corinthian Order, which used, for- 
 merly, to be shut at night, and guarded by watchmen. Over the gateway, 
 fronting the city, in niches, are the effigies in stone, of Queen Elizabeth, 
 and king James I. with the king's arms over the key-stone of the gate. On 
 the west side, fronting the city of Westminster, in niches, are the figures of 
 Charles I. and II. Formerly the heads of those executed for rebellion used 
 to be fixed over the same. The gate was built by Sir C. Wren. The shut- 
 ting the gate every night is now done away, excepting on the visit of a King 
 or Queen to the city, who are not admitted therein until a pursuivant has 
 knocked, and permission granted by the Lord Mayor. In 1795, the pro- 
 priety of taking down this gate was strongly urged ; the intended demolition, 
 however, was abandoned. The State has now ceased the exhibitions at 
 Temple Bar. The last heads placed there, were those of some of the indi- 
 viduals who suffered after the Rebellion of 1745. Horace Walpole, in one 
 ofjhis letters, dated Aug-ust 16, 1746, says, — " I have been this morning at 
 " the Tower, and passed under the new heads at Temple Bar, where people 
 " make a trade of letting spy-glasses at a halfpenny a look." Thpse heads 
 were removed at the commencement of the present century. They were 
 sometimes allowed to bleach for years in the sun and rain, when at last the 
 wind would blow one down into the street. Mention is also made, that the 
 head of Counsellor Layer, as he used to be called, who was executed for 
 High Treason at Tyburn, May 17, 1723, was the same. It was picked up by 
 Mr. John Pearce, an attorney, a gentleman who resided in the neighbourhood. 
 
 TENBY CASTLE, Pembrokeshire, built 1079 
 
 TETBURY CHURCH, Gloucestershire, re-built 1781 
 
 This church was rebuilt at the expense of £3,658. 16s.: and the pavement and 
 pews cost £1000. 17s. additional. Opened, October, 1781. 
 
 TEWKESBURY ABBEY, Gloucestershire, built 1102 
 
 THEO BALD'S HOUSE, Herts, pulled down 1 765 
 
 THESEUS' TEMPLE, at Athens, built b. c 428 
 
 THETFORD MONASTERY, founded 1103 
 
 THOMAS'S HOSPITAL, (ST.) Southwark, founded 1553 
 
 THORNBURY CASTLE, Gloucestershire, built 1510 
 
 THORNEY ABBEY, Cambridgeshire, built 972 
 
300 
 
 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 THORNTON COLLEGE, Lincolnshire, built 1174 
 
 TILBURY FORT; see page 190, ante. 
 
 TILTEY ABBEY, Essex, built 1152 
 
 T1NTERN ABBEY, Monmouthshire; built 1131 
 
 Founded by Walter de Clave, grand-son of Walter Fitzosbert, Earl of Ew. It was 
 filled by a colony of Cistercians, or White Monks. These Cistercians made 
 their first appearance in England abnut 1128, and established themselves at 
 Waverley, in Surrey, when, having obtained a footing, they spread rapidly, so 
 much so, that, in the 26th of Henry VIII. the number of abbies of that order 
 alone, amounted to seventy-five, thirty-six of which were included amongst 
 the greater monasteries. There were also twenty-six nunneries of the same. 
 This abbey is suppose!! to have been the oldest of that Order. At its disso- 
 lution, it contained but thirteen monks : and its rental, according to Dugdale, 
 amounted to no more than £132 Is. 4d. 5 but Speed says it was £256 1 Is. Gd. 
 After the Reformation, it was granted by the Crown to Henry, second Earl 
 of Worcester, ancestor of the present Duke of Beaufort. 
 
 The church was erected some time after the monastery. According to 
 William of Worcester, the monks celebrated their first mass in the new 
 church in 1268; but it lias been conjectured, that at that lime, only part of 
 the building- could have been erected. Tintern Abbey has been the theme of 
 several poetical effusions. 
 
 TOWER OF LONDON, THE, built by WILLIAM 
 THE CONQUEROR. 
 
 The foundation of the Tower of London, according to record, was marked out, 
 and that pait of the building, called " The White Tower, " erected by 
 William the Conqueror, in the year 1076, with a view, no doubt, to secure 
 to himself and his followers, a safe retreat, in case of any surprise from the 
 English while he was employed in settling the government of his new con- 
 quests. The death of the Conqueror in 1088, about twelve years after this 
 fortress was begun, put a stop to the progress of the work for a while, and 
 left the completion of it to William Rufiis, son to William the Conqueror, 
 who iu 1096, surrounded it with walls, and fortified it with a broad and deep 
 ditch; since his time, indeed, the number of buildings within the walls has 
 been gradually and greatly increased, so that it seems now rather a town, than 
 a fortress. 
 
 TIVERTON CASTLE, Devonshire, built 1110 
 
 TRAJAN'S PILLAR, erected in Rome 114 
 
 It is built of white marble, and was formerly surmounted by a statue of the 
 Emperor : in the place of which, that of the Apostle Peter has been substi- 
 tuted. The height, including the statue, is 124 English feet, and consists 
 only of thirty-three blocks of marble. It is ascended by a staircase: and 
 there are forty-three loop-holes for the admission of light. 
 
 TRAJAN'S PIAZZA, built at Rome, in 100 
 
 TREMATON CASTLE, Cornwall, built before the Con- 
 quest; it was entire, in 1817 
 
 TRINITY HOUSE, London, founded..... 1515 
 
 Incorporated, 1685. Built on Tower-hill, 1795. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 361 
 
 TRINITY COLLEGE, Cambridge, founded 1536 
 
 The bust of Sir Isaac Newton erected in, July 5, 1755. 
 
 TRINITY COLLEGE, Oxford, founded 1555 
 
 TRINITY HALL, Cambridge, founded 1350 
 
 TUILLERIES, in Paris, built 1577 
 
 TUNBRIDGE CASTLE, built 1090 
 
 Priory built, 1094. 
 
 TUPHOLME PRIORY, near Lincoln, built 1 1 60 
 
 TYCHFIELD ABBEY, Hampshire, built 1232 
 
 TYNEMOUTH CASTLE and PRIORY, Northumber- 
 land, built 700 
 
 VAL DE GRACE, in Paris, built 1666 
 
 VALLE CRUCIS ABBEY, Denbighshire, built , 1200 
 
 VAUXHALL BRIDGE, first stone of laid, May 9 1811 
 
 Completed, 1815; opened July 25, 1817. 
 
 VERSAILLES PALACE, France, began 1687 
 
 Finished in 1708. 
 
 ULVERSCROFT PRIORY, Leicestershire, built 1 167 
 
 UPNOR CASTLE. 
 
 Built by Queen Elizabeth, in the third year of her reign, for the defence of the 
 river. In the reign of Charles II. in June, 1677, the Dutch, under the 
 famous Admiral De Ruyter, suddenly appeared at the mouth of the Thames 
 during a protracted negotiation, and detached his Vice-Admiral, Van Ghent, 
 with seventeen of his lighter ships, and eight fire-ships, to sail up the 
 Medway. Van Ghent took the fovt of Sheerness with little difficulty, and 
 having destroyed the stores, made dispositions to proceed up the river. 
 Monk, Duke of Albemarle, made every effort which the sudden surprise 
 would admit of. He sunk several ships in the Channel of the river, and 
 drew a chain across, behind which he placed the Unity, the Matthias, and 
 Charles the Fifth, three large men of war that had just been taken from the 
 Dutch, who were advancing very fast, and having the advantage of wind and 
 tide, passed through the sunken ships and broke the chain. The ships that 
 guarded it were in a moment in a blaze; and Van Ghent continued to ad- 
 vance with six men of war, and fire ships until he came opposite Upnor Castle ; 
 but he met with so warm a reception from Major Scott, the Commandant of 
 the Castle, and Sir Edward Spragge, who directed the battery on the oppo- 
 site shore, that he was obliged to sheer off; but on their return, they burnt 
 the Royal Oak, the Great James, and the Loyal London. 
 
 No. 47- B b 
 
362 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 WADHAM COLLEGE, Oxford, founded 1613 
 
 WALMER CASTLE, Kent, built , 1539 
 
 WALSINGHAM PPJORY, Norfolk, built ,. 1070 
 
 WALTHAM ABBEY, built 1062 
 
 WALTHAM CROSS, built 1292 
 
 This Cross was another of the fifteen erected by Edward I. in memory of his affec- 
 tionate wife, Eleanor of Castile, in the places where her corpse rested for the 
 night, on its way for interment in Westminster Abbey, where it was buried, 
 in the chapel of king Edward the Confessor. 
 
 WALTON BRIDGE, erected 1747 
 
 Re-built, 1786. 
 
 WARDEN MONASTERY, Bedfordshire, built.. 1136 
 
 WARWICK CASTLE, built 912 
 
 Re-built, 1072. 
 
 WELCH HOSPITAL, Gray's Inn -lane, London, erected . 1772 
 
 WELLS CATHEDRAL, built 704 
 
 WELNOCK ABBEY, Salop, built 1081 
 
 Monastery built, 680. 
 
 WESTERN NATIONAL SCHOOL, THE, Mary-le-, 
 
 bone, erected 1824 
 
 The School-rooms of this Institution are capable of accommodating 600 children, 
 viz: — 350 boys, and 250 girls. 
 
 WESTHAM ABBEY, Essex, founded 1154 
 
 WESTMALLING ABBEY, Kent, founded 944 
 
 WESTMINSTER BRIDGE, began, September 13 1738 
 
 First stone of laid, January 29, 1738: centre arch finished, March 3, 1741 : last 
 arch, August, 1746: pier sunk and repaired, September 1, 1747: opened for 
 passengers, November 17, 1750, and cost £426,650.: it was defrayed by 
 Parliament. 
 
 WESTMINSTER COLLEGE, founded by Queen Eliza- 
 beth 1590 
 
 WESTMINSTER ABBEY, built by Ethelbert of Kent ... 91 
 
 Built on the spot where stood the Temple of Apollo. — Repaired by king Edgar, 
 969. Raised to its present pre-eminence by Edward the Confessor, 1065. 
 William the Conqueror crowned in, 1066 ; and in this abbey, with the excep- 
 tion of Edward V. every Prince who has reigned in England, during the 
 nearly eight centuries that have since elapsed. It is supposed to have been 
 the first built in the form of a cross, and received no addition till the reign of 
 Henry III, when the eastern portion of the edifice was taken down, and re-. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 363 
 
 WESTMINSTER ABBEY, (continued.) 
 
 built in a style of greater magnificence, succeeding monarchs continuing it. 
 Here is preserved the famous stone, brought from Scone, in Scotland, by Ed- 
 ward I. in 1296, and upon which our kings have since been crowned. Con- 
 stituted a Cathedral, December 17, 1540, with a Bishop, Dean, twelve pre- 
 bendaries, and other inferior officers. The new Bishop was Thomas Thirleby, 
 then Dean of the Chapel Royal. The annual revenue was £4000. at that 
 period. Bishop Thirleby surrendered the new bishopric to Edward VI. 
 March 29, 1550, when it was soon afterwards united to London. Part of the 
 possessions of St. Peter's Cathedral (the real title of Westminster Abbey) 
 were taken for the repairs i3f St. Paul's Cathedral, and hence arose the pro- 
 verb of — " robbing Peter to pay Paul." The rose window re-built, 1722, 
 and forms a circle of thirty-two feet in diameter. [The corresponding circular 
 window, in the south transept, was newly built in 1814]; towers built, 1732; 
 and north porch repaired, 1750. 
 
 Laurence, abbot of Westminster, applied to Pope Alexander III. for per- 
 mission to use the mitre, ring, and gloves, distinguishing marks of the epis- 
 copal dignity. He died before the consent was obtained ; and his successor, 
 Walter, enjoyed the first fruits of the request; upon which, mitred Abbots ■ 
 came to sit in Parliament, as well as Bishops, and enjoyed every honour to 
 which Bishops, as lords of Parliament, were entitled. The last Abbot who 
 sat in Parliament was John Fackenham, the only ecclesiastic of his rank, 
 and who appeared in the first Parliament of Queen Elizabeth in 1558, he 
 taking the lowest place on the Bishops' bench ; but the most famous of these 
 Abbots was John Islip. King Henry Vllth's. treasury here, was robbed to 
 the amount of £100,000. which had been laid up for the service of the 
 Scottish wars, in 1303. The abbot, and forty-eight monks, were committed 
 to the Tower on suspicion ; and although they protested their innocence, 
 twelve of them were kept two years in prison, being discharged in 1305. 
 
 In 1643, in the month of July, says Dr. Ryves, in his ' Mercurius 
 Rusticus,'— rsome soldiers of the Parliamentary army, quartered in the abbey- 
 church,broke the rail about the altar, burnt it, pulled down the organ, pawned 
 the pipes at several alehouses, ate, drank, and smoked tobacco round the 
 Gommunion table, and committed various beastly atrocities ! 
 
 A grand selection of sacred music was performed here, in commemoration 
 of Handel, May 26, and four following days, in 1784, the instrumental band 
 amounting to 513, and, on the third day, it was increased to 535; tbe 
 number present on each day, was estimated at from three to four thousand, 
 and the receipts amounted to £12,736. 12s. \Qd. 
 
 Another of these Festivals took place in 1785, under the same patronage and 
 direction as before; the band was on this occasion increased, by the addition 
 of more than 100 performers; but the receipts were less, although the ex- 
 penses were diminished. In 1786, the festival was again repeated, when the 
 band amounted to 741 individuals'. The receipts on this occasion came within 
 £400. of those of 1784. Another Grand Festival took place in 1787, when 
 the band amounted to 825, including the principal singers, 25 in number. 
 On this occasion the receipts were £14,042. In the two succeeding years, 
 there was no renewal, on account of the state of health of George HI. In 
 1790, and 1791, they were renewed, and the number of performers increased 
 to 1667; and though tolerably well attended, the demand for tickets was 
 nothing near so great as on former occasions. At the last of these Festivals^ 
 Haydn, the celebrated composer, was present, being his first visit to -this 
 country. 
 
 The Abbey of Westminster was very much Damaged by fire, July 7, 
 1803.— Complete repair of begun, 1810. — Westminster Hall, built by William 
 Rufus, 1098.— Re-built, 1399, by Richard II.— Repaired, 174S.— Slated, 
 1750. — Beautified and repaired, 1782. — Went through a general repair in 
 1802, at the expense of £13,000.— Infirmary instituted, 1720.— Lying-in 
 Hospital instituted, 1765.— Palace built, 1098.— Burnt, 1298.— Again, 1540. 
 School founded, 1070. Again by Queen Elizabeth, 1560. 
 
364 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 WETHERHALL PRIORY, Cumberland, built 1086 
 
 WEVERLEY ABREY, in Surrey, built 1128 
 
 WERMOUTH CASTLE, built 1539 
 
 WHALLEY ABBEY, Lancashire, built 1178 
 
 WHIGMORE CASTLE, Herefordshire, built 1075 
 
 WHITECROSS STREET PRISON, first stone of laid, 
 
 July 5 1813 
 
 Completed, 1815. 
 
 WHITEHALL PALACE, Westminster, built 1545 
 
 Whitehall was built by Cardinal Wolsey. Damaged by fire, 1690. Gateway 
 pulled down, and carried to Windsor, 1746. 
 
 WHITBY MONASTERY, Yorkshire, founded ............ 1075 
 
 WHOREWELL NUNNERY, built 979 
 
 WINCHCOMB MONASTERY, Gloucestershire, founded 800 
 
 WINCHELSEA MONASTERY, built 1310 
 
 Castle built, 1543. 
 
 WINCHESTER CATHEDRAL, completed 1093 
 
 WINDSOR CASTLE, built 1365 
 
 This magnificent Castle which crowns the eminence on which it stands, is asso- 
 ciated with some of the most interesting occurrences and persons in the 
 history of this country. Here has been witnessed the pomp of chivalry, and 
 its courts have rang with the feasts and tournaments of the Edwards and 
 Henries. Kings were born here, — and here they are buried; and after every 
 change of fashion and opinion, it still remains the residence of the sovereign 
 of England. Sir John Denham, in his Poem of ' Cooper's Hill,' thus speaks 
 of Windsor Castle in his time: — ■ 
 
 " Such seems thy gentle height, made only proud 
 To be the basis of that pompous load, 
 Than which a nobler weight no mountain bears 
 But Atlas only which supports the spheres." 
 
 It is doubtful whether in the time of William the Conqueror, or his son 
 Rufus, it was used as a residence ; but it was certainly a military post. In 
 1105 and 1107, Henry I. held his court there ; and, according to the Saxon 
 Chronicle, kept the festival of Whitsuntide there in 1110. In the time of 
 king Stephen, as stated in Holingshed's Chronicle, the Castle was esteemed 
 the second fortress in the kingdom. Henry II. and his son held two Parlia- 
 ments there. Upon the news of his brother Richard's imprisonment in the 
 Holy Land, John took possession of this Castle; and after his accession to 
 the throne remained there, as a place of security, during his contests with 
 the barons. Holingshed says, that the barons, having refused to obey the 
 summons of the King to attend him in his castle, he gave them the meeting 
 at Runnemede, which ended in the signature of Magna Charta. (See Magna 
 Charta, page 107, ante.) 
 
 Thechapelin Windsor Castle, built, 1473; College founded, 1543; terrace 
 made, 1587. The north side of the terrace is constantly open to the public. 
 Chapel thoroughly repaired, and opened, October 17, 1790. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 365 
 
 WINGFIELD CASTLE, Suffolk, built before the Con- 
 quest. 
 
 WINIFRED'S WELL CHAPEL, built 1490 
 
 WITHAM PRIORY, Essex, built 913 
 
 WOLSEY COLLEGE, Ipswich, founded 1529 
 
 WOLVERHAMPTON CATHEDRAL, founded 996 
 
 WOBURN ABBEY, Bedfordshire, founded 1145 
 
 WOOLWICH CHURCH, re-built.. 1732 
 
 Academy finished, 1741. 
 
 WORCESTER COLLEGE, Oxford, founded 1713 
 
 Incorporated, 1744. 
 
 WORCESTER CATHEDRAL, built 1055 
 
 WORKSOP ABBEY, Nottinghamshire, built 1103 
 
 WYMONDHAM MONASTERY, founded 1105 
 
 YARROW MONASTERY, Durham, built 674 
 
 YORK MINSTER, built 628 
 
 This majestic fabric was erected at different periods, and on the site of former 
 buildings, which have again and again been destroyed by fire. The first 
 Christian Church erected here, which, however appears to have been preceded 
 by a Roman temple, was built by Edwin, King of Noithumbria, about the 
 year 6'30. It was damaged by fire in 741, and re-built by Archbishop Albert 
 about 780. It was again destroyed by fire in 1069, and re-built by Arch- 
 bishop Thomas. It was again burnt down in 1137, with St. Mary's Abbey 
 and 39 churches in York. Archbishop Roger began to build the choir in 
 1171 ; Walter Gray added the south transept in 1227; John de Romayne, 
 the treasurer of the Cathedral, built the north transept in 1260. His son, 
 the Archbishop, laid the foundation of the nave in 1291. In 1330, William 
 de Melton built the two western towers which, however were finished by 
 John de Birmingham in 1402. Archbishop Thoresby, in 1361, began to re- 
 build the choir, in accordance with the magnificence of the nave, and he also 
 re-built the lantern tower. And thus, by many hands, and with the contri- 
 butions of many of the first families in Yorkshire, and also of multitudes who 
 ■were promised indulgences for their liberality, this elegant fabric was com- 
 pleted j of which it is said, in an inscription in the Chapter House: — 
 
 " Ut rosa phlos phlorum, 
 Sic est domus ista domorum." 
 
 " As the rose is the flower of flowers, 
 So is this the house of houses." 
 
 Which has been most elegantly, but less literally rendered :— 
 
 " The chief of houses, as the rose of flowers. " 
 
 On the 2nd of February, 1829, this Cathedral received very considerable 
 
366 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 YORK MINSTER, (continued.) 
 
 injury by fire, by the maniac, Jonathan Martin, for which he was tried at the 
 York March Assizes, (1829) and acquitted, on the ground of insanity, caused 
 by religious fanaticism. He was sentenced to perpetual imprisonment, and 
 died in Bethlem Hospital, London, June 3, 1838. His death was very 
 sudden, and it appeared from a 'post mortem examination of his body that it 
 was occasioned by a disease of the heart. For the last two or three years of 
 his confinement he was very quiet in his demeanour, and spent a great deal 
 of his time in reading Fox's Book of Martyrs, a work to which he was parti- 
 cularly partial. When he was first admitted into the Hospital he was allow- 
 ed the use of paper and pencil, but the governors finding that whenever this 
 indulgence was extended to him he invariably occupied his time in drawing 
 sketches of York Minster, and that his doing so threw him into a state of 
 very considerable excitement, they prohibited his being supplied with those 
 articles in future, of which prohibition he frequently and bitterly complained. 
 Although very quiet when in his cell, yet whenever he was allowed to walk 
 in the garden it was almost always found necessary to handcuff him, he being 
 very mischievous when allowed his liberty. He was between 50 and 6 
 years of age. 
 
 The subscriptions towards the restoration of the Minster amounted to 
 £50,000. Six hundred pounds were raised in the city, exclusive of the 
 vicinity, and £5,000. from the Clergy connected with the Cathedral. Eari 
 Fitzwiiliam subscribed £3,000.; the Duke of Devonshire, £500.; Lord 
 Dundas, £500. ; Archbishop of Canterbury, £500.; Lord Durham, £500.; 
 Earl of Carlisle, £400.-, &c. &c. 
 
 Another dreadful fire took place at this Cathedral in May, 1840. It ap- 
 peared, on an inquiry as to the cause, that Mr. W Groves, church clock- 
 maker, of Kirkgate, Leeds, had been employed to repair the clock-works, 
 and set the quarters going. In the procedure of these operations, he acknow- 
 ledged that, having left his lantern elsewhere, he inadvertently threw the 
 snuff of his candle on the floor of the clock-chamber, which being covered 
 with dry straw, sticks, &c. that fall from birds' nests, (a vast number of jack- 
 daws having built in the tower) together with the oakum worn off the bell- 
 ropes, it is supposed that the burning snuff, falling under these light mate- 
 rials, were fanned into a flame by the current of air, and produced this dis- 
 astrous result. The damage done to the south-western tower, is estimated 
 at little short of £10,000.; and from £18,000. to £20,000. to repair the 
 nave. Two or three days after the fire, there was a very high wind, and 
 great fears were entertained by many that the south-western tower, which 
 was reduced to a mere shell, would be blown down: but in the evening, the 
 wind abated. 
 
 YORK MONASTERY, founded 1072 
 
 York Castle built, by William the Conqueror; re-built, in 1701. Mansion House 
 at, built, 1728. 
 
 ZECCA, at Venice, built 1570 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 367 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 
 BATTLES, SIEGES, SHIPWRECKS, &C. &C. 
 
 ABENSBERG, Austrians defeated by the French,^ Ap. 20 1809 
 ACRE, siege of, by Bonaparte, 1 798 
 
 Taken by Richard I. and other Crusaders, July, 12, 1191, after a siege of two 
 years, with the loss of 6 Archbishops, 12 Bishops, 10 Earls, 500 Barons, and 
 300 soldiers. Attacked by the French under Bonaparte, July 1, 1798, and re- 
 lieved by Sir Sidney Smith, March 6, 1799, when the French were totally 
 routed. This place was bombarded by the English, under Admiral Stopford, and 
 Commodore Napier, and taken in the short space of three hours and a half, 
 1840. 
 
 ADRIANOPLE, taken by the Ottomans 1360 
 
 AFZULGUR, under Smith, against the Mahrattas, March 2 1805 
 AGINCOURT, under Henry V. of England, October 25 ... 1415 
 
 With only 9,000 English, he defeated 15.000 French, and took more prisoners 
 than he had men in his army. Near Harfieur, 15,000 French were defeated by 
 1,500 English. 
 
 AGRA, the fortress of, in Hindostan, taken by the English, 
 
 October 17 1803 
 
 AIX, sea-fight, under Hawke, against the French, April 4... 1758 
 
 Again, under Gambier, against the French, April 11, 1809. 
 
 ALBANS, (ST.) Battle of, May 22 1455 
 
 Again, on Shrove Tuesday, 1461. 
 
 ALBANY, battle of, North America, 1777 
 
 ALBERSTADT, French division defeated at, by the Russian 
 
 General, Czernicheff, May 7 1813 
 
 ALDEM, battle of, May 15 1645 
 
 ALDENHOVEN, battle of, Austrians and French, Feb. 28 1793 
 
 ALEXANDRIA, battle of, in Egypt, March 21 1801 
 
 ALFORD, battle of, July 2 1645 
 
 ALGEZIRAS, ship-fight, under Saumarez, against the 
 
 Spaniards and French, July 12 1801 
 
 ALGIERS, reduced by Blake 1655 
 
 Bombarded by the French, 1761. (For a further account of the bombardment of 
 Algiers, see page 314, ante.) 
 
368 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 ALMEYDA, in Portugal, taken by the Spaniards, Aug. 25 1762 
 
 Again by the French, August 27, 18L0. Blown up by the French, May 10, 1811. 
 
 ALMORA, in the East Indies, height and town of, carried 
 
 by assault by the Company's forces, April 25 1815 
 
 ALNWICK, battle of 1092 
 
 ALRESFORD, battle of, March 29 1644 
 
 ALSENTZ, battle of, and defeat of the French, December 8 1795 
 
 ALTENHEIM, battle of, July 28 1675 
 
 AMAND, (ST.) and MAULDE, English against the French, 
 
 May 10 1793 
 
 AMAZON, THE, a French frigate, destroyed by the Eng- 
 lish squadron, off Cape Barfleur, March 25 1811 
 
 AMSTERDAM, taken possession of by the French, Jan. 18 1795 
 
 ANDERLECHT, battle of, Austrians and French, Nov. 13, 1792 
 
 ANCONA, taken possession of by the French, July, 1796 
 
 Surrendered to the Imperialists, November 13, 1799. 
 
 ANGRIA, taken by Watson, from the Mahrattas, Feb. 12... 1756 
 
 ANJAR, the fortress of, in the province of Cutch, captured 
 
 by the troops of the East India Company, February 1816 
 
 ANHOLT, (see page 4, ante.) 
 
 ANTWERP. (See page 5). 
 
 AOST, battle of, Sardinians and French, May 2 1794 
 
 ARAZUA, Valley of, battle of, June 18 1814 
 
 ARCIS-SUR-AUBE, defeat of the French there, by the 
 
 Prince of Wurtemberg, March 21 1814 
 
 ARCOS, evacuated by the French, August 28 1802 
 
 ARCOT, battle of, under Coote, against the French, Feb. 9, 1760 
 
 ARGOS, battle of 1683 
 
 ARLEUX, battle of, Allies and French 1711 
 
 ARLON, sanguinarv battle near, where the Austrians were 
 
 defeated, June 9 1793 
 
 Again, Allies and French, April 17, 1794. 
 
 ARMENIA, conquered by the Turks 1522 
 
 ARNEE, battle of, in the East Indies, 1781 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 369 
 
 ARNHEIM, taken by General Bulow, and the garrison put 
 
 to the sword, November 30 1813 
 
 ARQUES, in Normandy, September 21 1589 
 
 ARRAS, battle of, June ' 1640 
 
 Again in 1644. 
 
 ARZILLA, in Morocco, seized by the Portuguese 1470 
 
 A SS A YE, battle of, fought, September 23 1803 
 
 In the battles of Delhi, Assaye, and Laswarrah, there were taken from the enemy 
 268 pieces of ordnance, 5000 stand of arms, 215 tumbrels, and 51 stand of 
 colours, with a large quantity of stores, baagage, camp equipage, and ammuni- 
 tion, in the field: and the captures in the different forts amounted to 445 
 pieces of ordnance, making the total number 713. . 
 
 ASSENDEN, battle of, when the Danes were defeated by 
 
 Alfred and Ethelred ; again defeated at Merton 871 
 
 ASCALON, battle of, September 16 1191 
 
 In Judaea, in which Richard, king of England, defeated Saladine's army, consist- 
 ing of 300,000 combatants. 
 
 ASHDEN, in Essex, battle of, between Canute and Edmund 1016 
 ASTORGA, taken by the French, April 12 1810 
 
 Quitted by them, June 12, 1811; capitulated to the Spaniards, August 18, 1812. 
 
 ASTR ACAN, in Tartary, taken by the Russians 1554 
 
 ATHENS taken by the Greeks, June 22 1822 
 
 AVIGNON, taken from the Pope by the French 1769 
 
 Restored, on the suppression of the Jesuits, 1773; declared to belong to France 
 by the National Assembly, 1791; continued to France by the Congress of 
 ^ Sovereigns, 1815. 
 
 AUBEROCHE, in France, battle of. 1344 
 
 AUBIN, (ST.), in France, battle of 1488 
 
 AUERSTADT, French and Prussians, latter beaten, Oct. 3 1806 
 
 AUGHRIM, battle of, July 22 1691 
 
 AURAY, in Brittany, battle of .. 1363 
 
 AURORA FRIGATE, THE; see page 6. 
 
 AUSTERLITZ, battle of, in which the Austrians and 
 
 Russians were totally defeated by the French, Dec. 2 ... 1805 
 
 AUSTRIANS and TURKS, battle of 1788 
 
 AUSTRIANS, THE, defeated the French in Italy, near 
 
 Cremona, April 9, and 30 1799 
 
 No. 48 c e 
 
370 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 AUSTRIANS defeated near Coire, by General Massena ... 1799 
 
 Captain d'Ausanberg, and 700 men were taken prisoners, May 7- 
 
 AUSTRIANS, THE, defeated by Eugene Beauharnois, 
 
 near Leoben, May 26 1809 
 
 AYLESFORD, battle of 455 
 
 ADMIRAL'S, (The Turkish), ship, burnt off Scio, by 
 
 Greek fire-ships, July 1822 
 
 BAHAMA ISLANDS, taken by the Spaniards, May 8 1782 
 
 Re-taken by the English, July 16, 1783. 
 
 BAJAZET defeated by Tamerlane, 1402 
 
 BALAGUER, battle of, under Prevost, against the French, 
 
 June 6 1813 
 
 BAMBERG, taken by the French, August 4 1 796 
 
 BANBURY, battle of, 1452 
 
 Another July 26, 1469. 
 
 BANCOOTE, taken by James, against the Mahrattas, Ap. 9 1755 
 BANDA ISLES, seized by the Dutch.. 1621 
 
 Taken by the English, August, 1810. » 
 
 BANNOCKBURN, battle of, June 25 1314 
 
 Fought between Edward II. king of England, and Robert Bruce, in which the 
 English were completely routed, and the latter established on the throne of 
 Scotland. 
 
 BARBADOES, the Island of, surrendered to Admiral 
 
 Watson, January 18 1807' 
 
 BARBARY conquered from the Greek Empire 640 
 
 First conquest there, by Spain, was Melilla, 1497. 
 
 BARCELONA besieged by the French 1697 
 
 It was besieged for fifty-six days, and taken by the French, but restored the same 
 year to the Spaniards, by the treaty of Ryswick. In 1700 the French possess- 
 ing themselves of this city and the rest of the Spanish monarchy, king Charles 
 III. and the Earl of Peterborough, took it October 4, 1705, after a siege of only 
 three weeks, with a handful of men, not much more numerous than the garrison 
 that defended it. In April, 1706, Philip Duke of Anjou invested it with a large 
 train of artillery and a numerous army ; but the city, animated by the presence 
 of king Charles III. held out thirty-five days, though in the midst of extreme 
 difficulties, till it was relieved by Lord Peterborough and Sir John Leake, who 
 coming up with the English fleet, the French and Spaniards raised the siege 
 with precipitation, and left behind them all their cannon, ammunition, tents, 
 jf ,, baggage, and wounded men. The city remained in the possession of Charles III. 
 till 1712, when the citizens, erecting a sort of Commonwealth, set up for an 
 independent state; but after a very long siege it was reduced to the obedience 
 of Philip V. of Spain, by the Duke of Berwick, in 1714. 
 
 BARHAM MOOR, battle of, March 29 1643 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 371 
 
 BARNET, battle of, 1468 
 
 Again April 14, 1471, between the houses of York and Lancaster, in which the 
 Earl of Warwick, (named the king-maker) with many of the nobility, and 
 10,000 men, were killed. The field of battle is said to be a little before the 
 St. Alban's and Hatfield roads meet, where a stone column was erected in 1740, 
 with an inscription perpetuating that action, by Sir Jeremy Sambroke, Bart. 
 
 BARROSSA, battle of, March 5 1811 
 
 The French were commanded by General Victor, and the English by General 
 Graham. 
 
 BAR-SUR-AUBE, taken by General Wrede, February 26 . 1814 
 
 Re-taken by the French the same day: and taken again by the Prince of Wur- 
 temburgh, March, 1814. 
 
 BASQUE ROADS, four sail of the line destroyed in, by the 
 
 English, under Lord Cochrane, April 11 1809 
 
 BAT AVI A surrendered to the British, August 8 1811 
 
 BATH, battle of, 1520 
 
 BAUTZEN, battle of, May 20 1813 
 
 BEAUGE, when the Duke of Clarence, and 1500 English 
 
 were killed, April 3 1421 
 
 BEDFORD, battle of... 571 
 
 BEJAR, in Spain, wheu the French were defeated by Gene- 
 ral Hill, and the allied Spaniards, February 20 1813 
 
 BELGRADE, battle of, Austrians and Turks, July 16 1717 
 
 It was also taken by Prince Eugene, August 22, 1717, who kept possession of it 
 till 1739, when it was obliged to be delivered up to the Turks: but previous to 
 doing so, they demolished all the outward fortifications, and left none standing 
 but its old walls, and the defences inseparably connected therewith. It was 
 again taken by the combined army of Russians and Austrians, under Marshal 
 Laudohn, October 8, 1789. 
 
 BELLISLE, taken by Hodgson, from the French, June 7... 1761 
 
 It was restored at the Peace. 
 
 BENBURB, battle of, Ireland 1646 
 
 BENGALORE, taken by Abercrombie, from Tippoo Saib, 
 
 February 21 1791 
 
 BERGEM, battle of, under Ferdinand, against the French, 
 
 April 13 1759 
 
 BEREZINA, battle of, November 28 1812 
 
 This battle terminated in the capture of a French division of 8,800, by General 
 Witgenstein. 
 
 BERLIN, evacuated by the French troops, February 2 1813 
 
372 Tiirc new tablet of memory. 
 
 BERMESE, severe contest with, and capture of Rangoon 
 
 and Gorhatty : 1 824 
 
 BLACKHEATH, battle of, June 22 1497* 
 
 On this heath, the Kentish rebel, Wat Tyler, mustered 100,000 men, in the reign 
 of king Richard II. 
 
 BLACK ROCK, the American General Hull, defeated by 
 
 the British General Riall, December 30, 1813 
 
 BLACKWATER, battle of, Ireland 1517 
 
 BLENHEIM, battle of, August 1 1704 
 
 French and allies: when the former lost 27,000 killed, and 12,000 prisoners 
 taken. 
 
 BLOREHEATH, battle of, September 22 1459 
 
 BERWICK, battle near 1378 
 
 BOG, battle of, Russians and Turks 1738 
 
 BOIS-LE-DUC, taken by the French, October 1794 
 
 BOLOGNA, in Italy, seized by the French, June 18 1798 
 
 Taken by the Austrians, June 12, 1799; evacuated by Murat, and entered by the 
 Austrian army, April 16, 1815. 
 
 BOMBAY yielded to the English, by Portugal. .'. 1661 
 
 BORISSON, battle of, 1812 
 
 The Russians, under Count Lambert, defeated Dombrowski's Polish division, 
 November 21, 1812. 
 
 BOROUGHBRIDGE, in Yorkshire, battle of. 1322 
 
 BOSWORTH, battle of, August 22 1485 
 
 This place is famed for a most sanguinary battle fought between Richard III. and 
 Henry Earl of Richmond, afterwards king Henry VII. wherein Richard lost his 
 life and crown, and also put an end to the contest between the houses of York 
 and Lancaster. 
 
 BOTHWELL BRIDGE, battle of, June 22 1651 
 
 BOURBON, ISLE OF, taken by Keating, against the 
 
 French, July..... 1810 
 
 BOURDEAUX, taken by Beresford, March 12 1814 
 
 BOYNE, battle of the, July 1 1690 
 
 Between king William III. and James II. when the latter was defeated. 
 
 BOZZOLO, on the Mincio, when the Austrians were defeated 
 
 by the French, under Beauharnois, January 7 and 8, ... 1814 
 
 BRANDY WINE CREEK, North America, battle of. 1777 
 
 BRANNAU, battle of, Austrians and Bavarians 1743 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 373 
 
 BRAZIL seized by Portugal, from Holland 1654 
 
 BREECHES, battle of, in Italy .. 1734 
 
 BRENTFORD, battle of, 1642 
 
 BRESLAU, taken by the Austrians, 1758, 1761 
 
 Entered by the .French, June 1, 1813. 
 
 BREST surrendered to Neale by the FrencU, March 9 1797 
 
 Invaded by Julius Caesar, 54; pcssessedby the English, 1378: re-delivered to 
 the Duke of Bretagne, 1391. 
 
 BREST, sea-tight under Howard, against the French, Ap.15 1513 
 
 Again, under Howe, against the French, June 15, 1794. 
 
 BRETON, CAPE, taken by the English, June 17 1745 
 
 Given up to the French, 1749; retaken by Boscawen, Amherst, and Wolfe, 
 July 27. 
 
 BRIEL, &c. seized by the Hollanders, which began that Re- 
 public 1570 
 
 Seized by the French, January, 1795. 
 
 BROAD RIVER, battle of, by Tarleton, against the Ame- 
 ricans, January 17 1781 
 
 BUENOS AYRES, taken by Sir Home Popham, against 
 
 the Spaniards, June 24 1806 
 
 Retaken by the inhabitants, 1807. Entered into a Treaty with Monte Video to 
 acknowledge no sovereign but Ferdinand VII. October 21, 1811. Monte Video 
 surrendered to, by capitulation, June 20, 1814. Declaration of independence 
 by the " Representatives of the United Provinces of South America in General 
 Congress," published at, July 19, 1816. 
 
 BUFFALO TOWN, North America, taken by the British, 
 
 and burnt, December 30 , 1813 
 
 BURDEROCK, battle of, under Prevost, against the Ame- 
 ricans, March 3 1779 
 
 BUNKER'S HILL, America, battle of 1775 
 
 BURLINGTON, battle of, under Vincent, against the Ame- 
 ricans, June 5 1813 
 
 BURY, battle of, in Suffolk, between Edward the Elder, and 
 
 his cousin, Ethelred 905 
 
 BUS ACO, French defeated at, September 24 1810 
 
 BYZANTIUM, taken by the Romans 73 
 
 Destroyed by Severus, 196; re-built by Constantine, 330; taken by the Turks, 
 in 1453. 
 
 CADIZ, sea-fight under Collingwood, against the French, 
 
 June 4, 1794 
 
374 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 CADIZ, in Spain, taken by the English, 1596 
 
 Bombarded July 14, after it had been blocked up, with the Spanish fleet, by Earl 
 St. Vincent, from 1797 to 1798. Siege of by the French, raised August 25, 
 1812. Expedition from, for the reduction of the insurgents of South America, 
 arrived at Poito Cabello, April 1S15. 
 
 CAIRO taken by Hutchinson, against the French, July 9 ... 1801 
 CALAIS, taken by the English, August 4 1347 
 
 Retaken by the French, January 10, 1558. 
 
 CALDER, SIR R. engaged the French and Spanish Fleets, 
 
 July 22 1805 
 
 CALVI, in Corsica, surrenders to the English forces, Aug. 10 1794 
 
 This place surrendered to the British forces after a siege of fifty-nine days, 
 August 10, 1794; abandoned by the British, 1795. 
 
 CAMBRAI, taken by Colville, against the French, June 25 1815 
 
 The town of Cambrai was taken by the English, and the citadel surrendered the 
 next day, and was occupied by Louis XVIII. and his court, from Ghent. 
 
 CAMDEN, battle of, in America, August 16 1780 
 
 CAMELFORD, battle of 549, and 908 
 
 CANDY, massacre at 1S03 
 
 In the island of Ceylon, in an expedition against, a whole British detachment 
 were massacred, or imprisoned. The war renewed against, October, 1814: king 
 of defeated, and made prisoner, by General Brownrigg-, February 18, 1815. 
 Deposed, and the sovereignty vested in Great Britain, March 2, 1815. 
 
 CAPE SALOMAN, taken by General Maitland, from the 
 
 French, January 30 1809 
 
 CAPE HENRY, surrendered to Arbuthnot, by the French, 
 
 March 17 1780 
 
 CAPE FINISTERRE, sea-fight, under Ducie, against the 
 
 French, May 26 1779 
 
 CAPE NICHOLAS, taken by Ford, from the French, July, 1793 
 
 CAPE BRETON^ taken by the English, 1745; again, 1758 
 
 CAPE OF GOOD HOPE, taken by the English, June ... 1795 
 
 Again, January 8, 1806. 
 
 CARACAS, city of, capitulated to the Spanish Royalists, 
 
 July 28 1812 
 
 Taken again by the Royalists, July 7, 1814. 
 
 CARTH AGENA, taken by Sir Francis Drake, 1585 
 
 Also taken by M. de Pontis, the French Admiral, in 1697- Spa-fight, under 
 Wager, against the Spaniards, May 27, 1708; sea-fight, under Dixon, against 
 the Spaniards, July 15, 1798. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 375 
 
 CASSEL taken by the French 1760 
 
 Besieged without effect, 1761 ; surrendered, 1762; capitulated to the Russian 
 General, Czernicheff, September 30, 1813. 
 
 CASTEL NUOVA, French and Russians, latter defeated, 
 
 September 29 1806 
 
 CASTINE, Fort of, in the Penobscot, taken by the British, 
 
 September 1 _. 1814 
 
 CEYLON. Isle of, taken by the Portuguese, 1505 
 
 Again by the Hollanders, 1603; attempted by Denmark, 1620; by the Portu- 
 guese, 1621 ; by the Dutch, 1658; a great part by the East India Company's 
 troops, 1782; restored to the Dutch, 1783; taken again by the English, Sep- 
 tember 16, 1793; ceded to England, 1801 ; complete sovereignty assumed by- 
 England in 1815. 
 
 CHALEUR BAY, ship-fight, under Bvron, against the 
 
 French, July 8 1760 
 
 CHAMP UBERT, attack of the French at, February 12... 1814 
 
 A division of Blucher's army, under Generals Sacken and D'Yorck, attacked by 
 the French, under Napoleon, in whose favour it terminated. 
 
 CHARLESTOWN, under Clinton, taken from the Ame- 
 ricans, May 12 ... 1780 
 
 CHARLOTTE, THE QUEEN, burnt; see " Fires." 
 
 CHERBURG, sea-fight at, 1692 
 
 Cherburg is remarkable for the sea-fight between the English and French fleets in 
 1692, when the latter were beat, and upwards of twenty of their ships of war 
 burnt near Cape la Hogue. The English landed here in August, 1758, and took 
 the town, with the ships in the bason, demolished the fortification, and ruined 
 the other works. 
 
 CHESAPEAK, Island of, sea-fight, under Cochrane, against 
 
 the French, May 17, 1795 
 
 CHIAPAWA, battle of, under Drummond, against the 
 
 Americans, July 25 1814 
 
 CHIAPAWA, battle of, when the British, under General 
 Rial, were defeated by the Americans, under General 
 Brown, July 5 1814 
 
 CHILL APET, surrendered by the French to Coote, Jan. 29 1760 
 
 CHRISTOPHER, the Island of, surrendered by the French 
 
 to Sir Samuel Hood, January 26 1782 
 
 Sea-fight, under Harmann, against the French, May 10, 1667. 
 
 CIVITA VECCHIA taken by the French, February 1799 
 
 Evacuated in the September following'. 
 
 CIUDAD REAL, taken by the French, March 27 1809 
 
376 THE NEW TABLET OF* MEMORV. 
 
 CIUDAD RODRIGO, surrendered to the French, May 10 1810 
 
 Surrender of to the Duke of Wellington, by the French, January 19, 1812. 
 
 COIMBRA taken by the English, 1810 
 
 GOLBERG besieged in vain from 1758, to 1761 ; taken in... 1762 
 
 COLUMBO, in Ceylon, surrendered to the English, June 12 1796 
 
 CONDE, battle of, Austrians and French, October 2 1792 
 
 CONDE, surrendered to the French, with 161 pieces of 
 
 cannon, August 30 1794 
 
 CONNAUGHT, battle of, September 7 1798 
 
 The French having aided the Irish rebels, were all taken prisoners. 
 
 CONI, surrendered to the Austrians, December 3 1799 
 
 CONSTANCE seized by the French, August 2 1796 
 
 Again October, L799. 
 
 CORDOVA taken by the French, November 1809 
 
 CORFU seized by the French, 1797 
 
 Taken by the Ptussians, March 3, 1799. 
 
 CORFU, ship-fight, under Otway, against the French, Ap. . 1811 
 
 COROMANDEL, sea-fight under Pocock, against the 
 
 French, April 28 1758 
 
 CORON, battle of, in European Turkey, allies and Turks ... 1685 
 
 COURTAS, in Flanders, battle of 1302 
 
 CREN ANT, battle of, English and French, June 1423 
 
 CRESSY, orCRECY, battle of, 1346 
 
 The battle of Cressy was fought between Edward III. king of England, and the 
 French, in which the latter were defeated with the loss of 30,000 men, and the 
 kings of Bohemia and Majorca were slain, August 28. 
 
 CREVELT, battle of, French and Allies, June 23 1758 
 
 CROPEDY BRIDGE, Oxfordshire, battle of, June 6 1644 
 
 CROSSFORD, battle of, with the Welsh 1038 
 
 CROWN POINT taken by the English 1746 
 
 Again by General Amherst, July 7, 1759. By the Provincials, May 14, 1775. 
 
 CUBA, Isle of, taken by the Spaniards, in , 1511 
 
 Taken from the Spaniards, under Knowles, May 8, 1748; again by the English, 
 in 1762. 
 
 CURACOA, the island of, seized by Holland 1634 
 
 Taken by the English, September 14, 1800; and again January 1, 1807, under 
 Admiral Brisbane. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OP MEMORY. 377 
 
 CULLODEN, battle of, April 17 ,. 1746 
 
 CYPRUS taken from the Venetians, by the Turks 1570 
 
 CZASLAW, battle of, between the Prussians and Austrians, 
 in which the latter were worsted, though both claimed 
 the victory 1742 
 
 CZENSTOCHOWA, battle of „ 1665 
 
 This battle was fought between the royal army of Poland and Lubomirski, to the 
 disadvantage of the former. 
 
 DALMATIA occupied by the Russians, 1806 
 
 DANTZIC taken by the Russians 1734 
 
 By the Prussians, 1773. Abridged of its privileges by the king of Prussia, 
 1775; taken by the French after a long siege, May 20, 1807; evacuated by the 
 French, by capitulation, January 2, 1814. 
 
 DAVID, King of Scotland, taken prisoner by the English ... 1346 
 
 Ransomed for 100,000 marks, in 1357. 
 
 DELHI, battle of, September , 1803 
 
 DEMERARY taken by White, from the Dutch, April 12 ... 1796 
 DEMERARY, BERBICE, &c. see page 31. 
 
 DENAIN, battle of, French and Allies 1712 
 
 DETTINGEN, battle of, June 16... '. 1743 
 
 The English, Hessians, and Hanoverians, as auxiliaries to the Queen of Hungary, 
 and commanded by the king of Great Britain, were attacked in their march 
 from Asschaffenburg to Hanau, by the best troops of France, under Marshal 
 Noailles, who passed the Maine for that purpose, but was defeated with the 
 loss of 8,000 men. 
 
 DETROIT, the fort of, capitulated to the British, August 16 1813 
 
 DOGGER BANK, sea-fight, Admiral Parker and the Dutch, 
 
 August 5 1781 
 
 DOMINICA taken by the English 1761 
 
 Again by the French, September 7, 1778- Restored to the English, 1783, 1785. 
 The 8th West India regiment mutinied at, April, 1802. Again taken by the 
 French, February 9, 1805. Abandoned by them, February 28, 1805. French 
 pillaged it, and St. Christopher's, February, 1805. 
 
 DOMINICA, sea-fight under Rodney, against the French, 
 
 April 12 1782 
 
 DONAWERT, battle of under Marlborough, against the 
 
 French and Bavarians, July 2 ... 1 704 
 
 DORT taken possession of by the French, January 10 1795 
 
 Ho- 49- D d 
 
378^ THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 DRESDEN taken by. the Prussians 1756 
 
 By the Imperialists, 1759 ; Prussians, 1760 ; Austrians, 1S09 ; the allied army of 
 Austrians, Russians, and Prussians, made a grand attack on, August 27, 1813 ; 
 surrendered to the allied army, November 12, 1813. 
 
 DRISSA, the Russians defeated by the French, August ... 1812 
 
 DUMBLAIN, battle of, when the Rebels were defeated in 
 
 Scotland, November 13 1715 
 
 DUN A, between the Russsians and French, August 16 & 17 1812 
 
 Several severe actions took place on the banks of the Duna, between the Russians 
 and French, in which success was nearly balanced,, 
 
 DUNBAR, battle of, April 27 1296 
 
 Again September 3, 1650. 
 
 DUNKIRK taken by the English, from Spain, and delivered 
 
 to France, June 24 1658 
 
 Sold to France for £200,000. November 17, 1662. Battle of, English and. 
 French, September 7, 1793; the English raise the siege of, September 12, in 
 the same year. 
 
 DUNSINANE, in Scotland, between Siward and Macbeth, 1054 
 
 DUPONT, General, and his whole army, made prisoners, 
 
 July 19 1808 
 
 Also General Wedel's division, forced to surrender to the Patriots, under Gene- 
 ral Castanos. 
 
 DUSSELDORF surrendered to the French, September 6 ... 1795 
 
 DUTCH, the, attack the French near Lisle; and the Prince 
 
 de Waldeck is killed there, June 12 1793 
 
 DUTCH, the, defeat of, at Merian, September 12 1793 
 
 DUTCH FLEET, at the Texel, surrendered, April 30 1799 
 
 ECKMUHL, Austrians defeated by the French, May 22 ... 1809 
 
 EDGEHILL, battle of, October 23 1642 
 
 EDINBURGH taken by the English ' 1296 
 
 By the Pretender's forces, 1745. 
 
 ELAU, battle of, February 7 1807 
 
 In this battle the Russians were defeated with the loss of 20,0 00 men, and 15,000 
 on the part of Bonaparte. 
 
 ELBA, Isle of, near Leghorn, taken possession of by the 
 
 English, July 6, 1796; relinquished, in 1797 
 
 ELBING, taken possession of by the French, April 1812 
 
 By the Russians, January 12, 1813. 
 
 ENGLISH repulsed at New Orleans, January 7 1815 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 379 
 
 ERIE, FORT, taken by the American General, Brown, 
 
 July 3 ',. 1814 
 
 Fort Erie was attacked unsuccessfully by the British, with the loss of 962 men, 
 August 15, 1814. Sortie from, repulsed by the British, but with great loss, 
 September 17, 1814. Abandoned by the English; evacuated by the Americans, 
 November 5, 1814. 
 
 ETIENNE, (ST.) battle of, under Hope, against the 
 
 French, April 14 1814 
 
 EUSTATIA, the Island of, taken by the French, from 
 
 Holland .. 1681 
 
 The island of Eustatia was also taken by the English in 1690 and 1781 ; when it 
 was retaken by the French the same year. Restored to Holland, 1783; when it 
 was again captured by the English in 1801, and 1810. 
 
 EXETER, taken by Sweyn, king of Denmark, and destroyed 1003 
 
 City rebelled, 1067, and reduced by king William the Conqueror; again by- 
 Henry VII. 
 
 FALMOUTH, in New England, destroyed by the British 
 
 forces, October 18 1775 
 
 FAMARS, battle of, under His R. H. the Duke of York, 
 
 against the French, May 24 1793 
 
 FERRARA, Neapolitans under Murat, defeated by the 
 
 Austrians, April 12 1815 
 
 It was also taken from the French in 1799. 
 
 FERE CHAMPENOISE, March 25 1814 
 
 The corps of General Marmont, Mortier, and Arrighi, surprised and defeated by 
 General Schwartzenberg, and a convoy taken. 
 
 FEROE and ICELAND, Islands of, taken under British 
 
 protection, February 12 , 1810 
 
 FERROL surrendered to the French, January 26, 1809, and 
 
 evacuated by them, June 21 1809 
 
 FIGUERAS, battle of, Spaniards defeated at, April, 5 1795 
 
 The fortress of, surprised by the Spaniards, April 10, 1811; re-taken by the 
 French, August 19, 1811. 
 
 FINLAND, battle of, between the Russians and Swedes ... 1789 
 
 FINISTERRE, the Island of Cape, surrendered by the 
 
 French to Barton, January 27 . : 180 1 
 
 FLANDERS dismembered from France 866 
 
 la the year 1792 and 1794, Flanders was overrun by the French, and declared 
 part of that Republic ; taken from them, and made part of the kingdom of the 
 Netherlands, 1814. 
 
 FLEURUS, in Flanders, July 12 1690 
 
380 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 FLODDEN FIELD, battle of, September 9 1513 
 
 James IV. king of Scotland, invading England with a great army, when Henry 
 VIII. was engaged abroad in the siege of Toumay, was met by the gallant Earl 
 of Surry, in which, after a bloody battle, the Scots were totally defeated, and 
 their king, fighting valiantly at the head of his nobility, was slain. 
 
 FLORENCE taken possession of by the French, July 1796 
 
 Again March 20, 1799 ; evacuated July 18 following. It was afterwards taken 
 by the Austrians, evacuated by them, and entered by the Neapolitans, April 6, 
 1815. 
 
 FLORIDA taken by the English, 1759 
 
 By the Spaniards, 1781. 
 
 FLORIDA ceded to the United States, February 22 1820 
 
 Many new-settled States have also been admitted into the Confederation of the 
 United States. 
 
 FLUSHING surrendered to the English, August 15 1809 
 
 FONTAINBLEAU reduced by the Austrians and Cossacks, 
 
 February 16, and entered by them the next day 1814 
 
 FONTENOY, Fleights of, Romanville, and Belleville, action 
 
 of, March 30 1814 
 
 The French army out of Paris, under Joseph Bonaparte, Marmont, and Mortier, 
 defeated by the allied Austrians, Russians, and Prussians. 
 
 FONTENOY, battle of, April 30 1745 
 
 The battle of Fontenoy was fought by the French against the allies, commanded 
 by His R. H. the Duke of Cumberland, in which the latter being deserted by 
 the Dulcb, while the British troops, the Austrians, Hessians, and Hanoverians, 
 stood to be hewn down by the French batteries, were at last obliged to retreat 
 after considerable loss. 
 
 FORMOSA seized by the Dutch, 1635 
 
 The Dutch inhabitants expe'lled by the Chinese, 1662. 
 
 FORT DU QUESNE, battle of 1755 
 
 FORT BOYER, taken from the Americans, by Lambert, 
 
 February 11 1815 
 
 FRANCE conquered by the English 1170 
 
 Again 1358; recovered by the French, 1447; declared a Republic, 1789; erected 
 into an Empire, of which Bonaparte was proclaimed Emperor, May 30, 1804. 
 
 FRANCE, the Isle of, taken from the French, December 2, 1810 
 
 FRANCFORT seized by the French, July 1796 
 
 FRANCISCO, (ST.) taken by Harcourt, January 14 1812 
 
 FRANKENDAL taken by the French, October 17....... 1794 
 
 Re-taken November 12, 1795. 
 
 FREDBURGH, between the Prussians and Austrians, Oc- 
 tober 29 1762 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 381 
 
 FRENCH, the, defeated by the Austrians at Mikn, and 
 
 lost 11,000 men, April 27 1799 
 
 FRENCH defeated near the Adda, March 26 and 31, and 
 
 May 5 1799 
 
 FRENCH defeated near Alexandria, under Moreau, May 17 1799 
 FRENCH defeted near Manheim, August 12 1 799 
 
 Defeated near Cassano, April 27, 1799; at Zurich, and lost 4000 men, June 4, 
 1799; at Naples, by Cardinal Ruffo, June 5, 1799; near Tranto, June 19, 1799; 
 at Mondovi, November 6, 1799; at Phillipsburg, with the loss of 4000 men, 
 December 3, 1799; near Wetzlaer, June 4, 1796; nearKupers, under Jordan, 
 by General Kray, June 20, 1796 ; near Nieuwied and Amberg, by the Aus- 
 trians, August 24, 1796; near Verona, March 5, 25, and 26, with great loss: 
 and again March 30, and April 5, 1799. 
 
 FRENCH TOWN, taken by the American General, Win- 
 chester, January 12 1812 
 
 Re-taken by Colonel Proctor, January 22, in the same year. 
 
 FRENCH, the, capture Ratisbon, April 28. 1809 
 
 FRENCH ARMY, cross the Rhine, at Dusseldorf, Jan. 6 . 1796 
 FRENCH ARMY, defeated the Archduke Charles, June 15 1796 
 
 FRENCH enter Rome, and depose the Pope, February 11... 1798 
 
 FRENCH make an irruption into Holland, and take Fort 
 
 St. Michael, February 17 1793 
 
 FRENCH SHIPS, four taken by Sir R. Strachan, Nov. 4 . 1805 
 
 FRENCH possess themselves of Pampeluna, by treachery, 
 
 February 15 ! . 1808 
 
 FRENCH FLEET, The, in Cadiz harbour, surrendered to 
 
 the Patriots, June 14 1808 
 
 FRIEDLAND, battle of, in which the Russians were de- 
 feated with terrible slaughter, June 14 1807 
 
 FRIEDBURGH, in Suabia, battle of 1744 
 
 Again, Prussians and Austrians, June 4, 1745; again, January 17, 1746; again, 
 Prussians and Austrians, October 29, 1762. 
 
 GADESBUSH, battle of, Swedes and Danes 1712 
 
 GAETA surrendered to the French, July 1806 
 
 Submitted to the English, August 8, 1815. 
 
 G ARRIS, battle of, when the French were defeated by the 
 
 allied Spaniards under Gen. Morillo, and Gen. Stewart . 1814 
 
382 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 G AVILG AR, in the East Indies, taken by the English, Dec. 15 1 803 
 GAZA, near Malta, surrendered to the French, June 11 ... 1796 
 
 Taken by the English for the Neapolitans, in November following. 
 
 GEMAPPE, battle of, and taking of Mons, November 7 ... 1792 
 GENEVA entered by the allied army, December 30 1813 
 
 Entered by the allied army under General Bubna, by capitulation, which per- 
 mitted the French Governor to retire with his garrison. 
 
 GENOA taken by the Austrians, December 8 1746 
 
 In 1798 Genoa was seized by the French, and repulsed, August 17, 1799. Taken 
 by the English and Austrians in May, 1800 ; surrendered to the French in the 
 July following ; surrendered to the combined English and Sicilian army, April 
 18, 1814; transferred to the king of Sardinia, 1816. 
 
 GEORGE, (ST.) the Island of, surrendered to Talbot, by 
 
 the Spaniards, February 22 1812 
 
 GEORGE, THE ROYAL; see page 155, ante. 
 
 GEORGIA surrendered to the British forces, and relin- 
 quished obedience to the Congress of America, Dec. 29 1778 
 
 Abandoned by the British forces, 1783. 
 
 GERONA capitulated to the French, December 10 1810 
 
 Regained by the Spaniards, February, 1814. 
 
 GERI AH, Plains of, battle at, in the East Indies 1763 
 
 GERMANTOWN, battle of, America, October 14 1777 
 
 GIBRALTAR ; see page 60, ante. 
 
 GLISS A, in Poland, battle of, Swedes and Saxons 1702 
 
 GOLDSBERG, battle of, Prussians under Blucher defeated 
 
 by the French, August 22 1813 
 
 GOREE, the Island of, taken by the English 1758 
 
 Again, 1779; restored to the French, 1783; taken by the French, January 18, 
 1804; retaken by the English March 9, following. 
 
 GOZA, an Island dependant on Malta, surrendered to the 
 
 English, October 1798 
 
 GRAND PRE, battle of, when the French were defeated, 
 
 September 10 1 792 
 
 GRAVELINES, in Flanders, battle of 1558 
 
 GREENLAND seized by England from the Dutch. 1610 
 
 GRENADA ISLE taken by the French, July 6 1799 
 
 Restored to the English, 1783; insurrection in, 1795. 
 
 GRISONS, revolt from Germany to the Swiss 1 741 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 383 
 
 GUADALOUPE taken by the English, 1759, and 1779 
 
 Again, in 1794. 
 
 GUILDFORD, battle of, America, March 16 1781 
 
 GUN-BOATS destroyed before Gibraltar, September 13 1782 
 
 HALLIDON HILL, battle of, near Berwick, July 19 1333 
 
 In this battle 20,200 of the Scots were slain, and only fifteen English. Another, 
 August 26, 1346. 
 
 HAMBURGH sacked by the Pagans, 1012, and 1066 
 
 Hamburgh was also sacked by the Danes, 1216; by the Norwegians, 1244: en- 
 tered by the Russian advanced guard, under General Tettenborn, March 18, 
 1813; re-taken by the French, May 30, 1813; surrendered by the French, 
 May 16, 1814. 
 
 HANAU, battle of, Austrians and French, October 27 ...... 1792 
 
 At the battle of Hanau, the French were defeated by the combined Austrian and 
 Bavarian army, under General Wrede, October 29, 1813. Another severe en- 
 gagement between the same armies, in which Wrede was wounded, and the 
 allies driven from the place, October 30, 1813. 
 
 HANOVER desolated by the French 1758 
 
 Seized by the king of Prussia, April 3, 1801; the French army, under General 
 Mortier, took possession of the city and Electorate, Jane 5, 1803. The cele- 
 brated boring machine in the iron foundry at, valued at 2,000,000 crowns, 
 carried away by the French, January, 1804; annexed to Jerome Bonaparte's 
 kingdom of Westphalia, March 1, 1810; entered by the Crown Prince of Sweden, 
 in favour of England, November 6, 1813; declared to be a kingdom, 1813; 
 B,ecovered November 6, 1813; George III. the first king of, 1814 • George IV. 
 declared king of, January 29, 1820. 
 
 HARFLEUR taken by the English, September 18 1415 
 
 HASTEN BECK, battle of, French and Allies, July 25 1757 
 
 HASTINGS, battle of, October 14 1066 
 
 The decisive battle of Hastings was fought between William of Normandy, (who 
 afterwards assumed the title of Conqueror), and Harold. The army of each, 
 consisted of 60,000 men. During the moment of Harold's leading on his men, 
 he was wounded in the head by an arrow, and instantly fell. In consequence 
 of the death of their leader, his followers began to fly, which William quickly 
 observing, a most dreadful slaughter took place in the pursuit. After the 
 battle, the royal corpse was found, covered by heaps of slain. 
 
 HAVRE-DE-GRACE successfully bombarded 1759 
 
 HELDER POINT, in Holland, surrendered to the British 
 
 forces, August27, 1799; relinquished, Oct. 19, following. 
 
 HELIGOLAND taken by the English, September 5 1807 
 
 HELVOETSLUYS, deserted by the French, December 5... 1813 
 HEXHAM, battle of, May 15 1463 
 
384 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 HOBKIRK'S HILL, battle of, North America 1781 
 
 HOCHSTADT, the battle of, fought : „ 1 704 
 
 At the battle of Hoctistadt, the French had 12,000 men killed, 5000 wounded, and 
 more than 30,000 taken prisoners. 
 
 HOHENLINDEN, battle of, French and Austrians, Nov.... 1800 
 HOLKAR'S army defeated by the British, near Deeg, Nov. 15 1804 
 
 Joined by the Rajah of Bhurpore, November, 1804. Defeated at Bhurtnore, by 
 the English, April 2, 1805. Peace with, April 10, 1805. 
 
 HOLSTEIN, possession of, obtained by the allied Russians 
 
 and Prussians, December 16 1813 
 
 HOMELDON, battle of, between the English and Scotch, 
 
 when 10,000 of the latter were slain, May 7 ] 402 
 
 HOPTON HEATH, Staffordshire, battle of, March 19 1642 
 
 HUNINGEN, the French fortress of, surrendered to the 
 
 Austrians, and its works destroyed, June 28 1815 
 
 INSURRECTION at Amsterdam, against the French 1813 
 
 , at Velore, July 10 1806 
 
 , (Great) in Holland and Germany 1717 
 
 INVASIONS of England. — By the Romans, under Julius 
 
 Csesar, B.C. 55 
 
 Again under Plautius, A.D. 43 ; by the Saxons, 447; by the Danes, in 787, 832, 
 851, 866, 979, and 1012. From the death of Edward the Confessor, the fol- 
 lowing Invasions have taken place, viz.: — William of Normandy, successful, 
 1066: — by the Irish, unsuccessful, 1069: — by the Scots, unsuccessful, 1071 : 
 by the Scots, when their king, (Malcolm) was killed, unsuccessful, 1093: — by 
 Robert of Normandy, unsuccessful, 1101: — by the Scots, unsuccessful, 1136: 
 by Maud, unsuccessful, 1139: — by Isabel, Queen of Edward II. unsuccessful, 
 Sept. 23, 1326: — by the Duke of Lancaster, successful, July, 1399 : — by the 
 French, unsuccessful, 1416: — by the Queen of Henry VI. unsuccessful, 1462: 
 by the Earl of Warwick, successful, July, 1470: — by Edward IV. successful, 
 1471 : — by the Queen of Henry VI. unsuccessful, 1471 : — by the Earl of Rich- 
 mond, unsnccessful, 1484: — again by the Earl of Richmond, successful, August 
 6, 1485: — by Lambert Simnell, unsuccessful, 1487: — by Perkin Warbeck, un- 
 successful, 1495: — ditto, unsuccessful, 1497: — by Philip of Spain, unsuccess- 
 ful, 1588: — by Charles II. unsuccessful, 1650: — by the Duke of Monmouth, 
 unsuccessful, May .25, 1685 : — by the Prince of Orange, successful, October 19, 
 1688: — by James II. unsuccessful, March 12, 1683: — by the Pretender, un- 
 successful, March 17, 1708: — again, unsuccessful, 1715: — again, unsuccessful, 
 July 14, 1745:— by the French, in Wales, February 22, 1797. 
 
 IRISH REBELS, battle of, and the King's forces, at Kil- 
 
 cullen, May 22 1798 
 
 Again at Naas, May 23, 1798. 
 
 JANVILLIERS, Blucher's army attacked at by the French, 
 
 and driven back to Chalons, Februarv 14 1814 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 385 
 
 JAVA, Island of, capitulated to the British, September 18 . 1811 
 
 The Sultan of Djojocarta, in the island of Java, dethroned by the British, and the 
 hereditary Prince raised to the throne in his stead, June 22, L813. 
 
 JENA, defeat of the Prussians at, with immense slaughter, by 
 
 the French 1806 
 
 JERSEY attempted by the French, May 1 1779 
 
 Their shipping was destroyed in Cancale Bay. 
 
 JERSEY, Island of, taken by Pierson, from the French, ... 1781 
 
 Major Pieison was killed about the close of the action. 
 
 JERUSALEM taken by David from the Jebusites b.c. 1048 
 
 Bv Nebuchadnezzar, after a siege of 18 months, B. C. 587; destroyed by Titus, 
 70; taken by the Saracens, 637; taken by Robert, Duke of Normandy, 1100. 
 
 JOPPA re-taken from Bonaparte by the Allies, under Sir 
 
 Sidney Smith, June 22, 1799 
 
 KALITCH, battle of 1813 
 
 At Kalitch, the Saxons, under the French General Regnier, were defeated by the 
 Russian Genera! Winzingerode, with the loss of many officers, and two hundred 
 privates, February, 1813. 
 
 ICEHL surrendered to the Austrians, af'er 49 days' siege, 
 
 January 1797 
 
 KILLICRANKIE, battle of, in Scotland 1689 
 
 KILRUSH, Ireland, battle of ... 1642 
 
 KINGSTON, in Surrey, battle of 1647 
 
 KNOCKTOW, battle of, Ireland 1491 
 
 KNOCKONESS, in Ireland, 1647 
 
 KOWNO, battle of, December 14 1812 
 
 At the battle of Kowno the French were defeated by the Russians, with the loss 
 of 6000 prisoners, and twenty-one pieces of cannon. 
 
 KONIGSWERDEN, battle of, May 19 1813 
 
 At the battle of Konigsweiden, the French were defeated by the allied army of 
 Russians and Prussians under Generals Barclay de Tolly and D'Yorck. A second 
 battle took place, which ended in the falling back of the Allies, May 20, 1813. 
 
 KRASNOI, battle of 1812 
 
 The French army, under Davoust, were completely destroyed or dispersed, by 
 Kutusoff, November 16. 
 
 LAKES, battle of the, in America, July 5 1777 
 
 LEFEVRE, General, defeated by the Arragonese, August . 1808 
 Wo 50- 3 E 
 
386 TUB STEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 LEGHORN taken possession of, July 29 1796 
 
 Again by the French, under Bonaparte, April 15, 1799; abandoned by them, 
 June 19. Attacked again by the British and Italian forces, without success, 
 December 14, 1814. 
 
 LEIPSIC, engagement before, and French defeated, Oct. 18 1813 
 
 This engagement was attended by a loss to the French of 40,000 men, in killed, 
 wounded, and prisoners, sixty-five pieces of artillery, aud the desertion of 
 seventeen German battalions. 
 
 LERIDA, the fortress of, taken by the French, May 14...... 1810 
 
 Capitulated to the Spaniards, February 18, 1814. 
 
 LEXINGTON; see America, page 3, ante. 
 
 LIEGE, the City of, taken by the English 1702 
 
 By the French, in 1792; again, 1795; by the Austrians, 1798. 
 
 LIGNY, battle of, June 16 1815 
 
 Prince Blucher lost the battle of Ligny, and fifteen pieces of cannon ; but re- 
 treated in good order, and joined the Duke of Wellington in the action of the 
 18th of June, 1815. 
 
 LONDONDERRY besieged, April 20 1689 
 
 LONG ISLAND, ditto, see page 4, ante. 
 
 LUBEC entered by the Prussians, March 1801 
 
 Taken by the French, June, 1803; taken by storm by the French, November 6, 
 1806; capitulated to the allied Austrians, Russians, and Prussians, December 
 5, 1813. 
 
 LUCIA, (ST.) taken by the English, January 17, 1779, and 1794 
 
 Again May 21, 1796. Again June 22, 1803. 
 
 LUCIE, (ST.) battle of, 1778 
 
 LUNENBURG, battle of, April 2 1813 
 
 At the battle of Lunenburg the French were defeated by the united army of 
 Russians and Prussians, with the loss of General Morand, 100 officers, 2200 
 privates, and nine pieces of cannon. 
 
 LUTZEN, battle of, May 2 1813 
 
 The battle of Lutzen, between the Russians and Prussians, was attended with 
 great Slaughter oh both sides, and victory claimed by each. 
 
 LUTZEN, battle of, September 7 1632 
 
 Here the Swedes obtained a victory over the Germans, but lost their king, 
 Gustavus Adolphus, who was killed in the field of battle. 
 
 LUXEMBOURG taken and pillaged by the French 1543 
 
 Re-taken by the Spaniards, 1544. Taken by the French, June 4, 1684; but re- 
 stored to Spain, 1697. Again taken by the French, 1701. Belonged to the 
 Emperor, 1715, and was surrendered to the French, after a severe siege, June 
 7, 1795. 
 
 LYONS capitulated to the Austrians, March 23 1814 
 
 Again July 12, 1815. 
 
THB NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 387 
 
 MADEIRA, occupied by the English, July 25 1801 
 
 Surrendered, December 24, 1801. 
 
 MAIDA, battle of, in Sicily, July 4 1806 
 
 The battle of Maida was fought between the English and French; the English 
 were commanded by Sir John Stuart, and the French by Marshal Regnier. The 
 French, who were greatly superior in number, were completely defeated at the 
 point of the bayonet. Sir John Stuart took the island of Ischia, in Naples, 
 June 25, 1809. 
 
 MALACCA seized by the Dutch 1640 
 
 Surrendered to the English, August 17, 1795. 
 
 MALAGA taken by the French, February 5 1810 
 
 Evacuated by them, March 17, 1810. 
 
 MALO, (ST.) reduced to ashes by the English 1695 
 
 MALPLAQUET, battle of, Freuch and Allies, September 1 1 1709 
 
 The English and allies, were commanded by the Duke of Marlborough and Prince 
 Eugene; the French by Marshals Villars and Boufflers. The French being 
 encamped in the woods of Sart and Sansarl, cut down trees and threw up a 
 triple entrenchment, so that it cost the confederates several thousand men 
 before they could drive them from thence. The army on each side consisted of 
 120,000 men, of which at least 20,000 were killed. The French made a regular 
 retreat. Marshal Villars was wounded early in the engagement, and disabled. 
 This battle is also frequently called the battle of Teniers, or Blanges, villages 
 at that time near the scene of action. 
 
 MALTA ; see page 108, ante. 
 
 MARENGO, battle of, June 14 1800 
 
 In this battle the Austiians lost 6000 killed, 8000 prisoners, and forty-five pieces 
 of cannon. 
 
 MARSTON MOOR, July 2 1644 
 
 MARTINIQUE captured by the English, February 24 1809 
 
 MARC, (ST.) West Indies, taken by the English, October 31 1803 
 MARCIAL, SAN, Soult defeated by the Spaniards, July 31 1813 
 
 Defeated again, August 4, and driven from the Pyrenees, 1813. 
 
 MAURITIUS surrendered to the British, Decembers 1810 
 
 MAURA, (ST.) the Island of, taken by the British, July 23 1810 
 
 MEDINA taken by the French, March 28 1809 
 
 MEMEL taken by the Russians, December 27 1812 
 
 MEMINGEN surrendered to the French, October 14 1805 
 
 MEQUINENZA, fortress of, taken by the French, June 8 . 1810 
 
 Capitulated to the Spaniards, February IS, 1814. 
 
 MIAMI, the Americans defeated at, by Col. Proctor, May . 1813 
 
388 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 MINDEN, WARBURG, &c. battle of 1759 
 
 At the battle of Minden the French army, under Marshal Broglio, were defeated 
 by the allied army under Prince Ferdinand. 
 
 MINORCA, the Island of, taken by General Stanhope, Aug. 1708 
 
 Surrendered to the French, June 29, 1755 ; restored to the English, 1763; was 
 besieged by the Spaniards, and taken February .5, 1782; surrendered to the 
 English, November 14, 1796 ; after which, it was given up to Spain. 
 
 MIRAVETE, taken by Hill, against the French, May 18 ... 1812 
 
 MOCKERN, Beauharnois defeated with great loss by the 
 
 Russians and Prussians, April 5 1813 
 
 MOCKERN, battle of, October 14 1813 
 
 The battle of Mockern was fought between the French, and the allied army of 
 Austrians, Russians, and Prussians, a desperate conflict, the place having been 
 taken and re-taken five times, which ended in the defi at of the French. A ge 
 neral engagement, between the same armies, took place before Leipsic, in which 
 no ground was gained by either, October 18, 1813. 
 
 MOHILON, battle of, July 23 ., 1812 
 
 The Russians, under Prince Bagration, defeated by the French, under General 
 Davoust. 
 
 MOLDAVIA and WALLACHIA invaded by the Russians, 
 
 November 23 1806 
 
 MOLEHEAD, taken by Freemantle, against ths French ... 1813 
 
 MONCEY, General, defeated by the Patriots of Valencia, 
 
 July 1 1808 
 
 MONMOUTH, battle of, America 1778 
 
 MONMOUTH, battle of, and defeat of the Welsh, March 11, 
 
 and May 11 1405 
 
 MONTE VIDEO taken from the Spaniards, by Sir S. 
 
 Auchmuty, February 3 1807 
 
 MONTEBELLO, battle of, June 9 1800 
 
 The French, by this battle, became possessed of Italy, from Milan to Placentia. 
 
 MONTMORENCI, battle of, French and English, Aug. 10 1759 
 MONTREAL, taken by the English........... 1760 
 
 By the Provincials, November 12, 1775; and re-taken by the English, June 15, 
 1776. 
 
 MONTSERRAT, Isle of, taken by the French, February 18 1782 
 
 Restored to England, 1783. 
 
 MORTIMER CROSS, battle of 1461 
 
 MOSCOW entered by the French, September 14 1812 
 
 Moscow was, in consequence of the entry of the French, set on fire in 500 places 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 389 
 
 at once, by order of the Russian Governor, and three-fourths of the city de- 
 stroyed two days after ; evacuated by the French, and re-entered by the 
 Russians, October 22, 1812. 
 
 MOSELLE, French defeated at, November 28 1795 
 
 MUNICH taken by the French, August 25 1796 
 
 Again Juoe 28, 1800. ' 
 
 NAMUR, the Siege of, under king William III 1695 
 
 This place was thought impregnable, and yet taken from a complete army within, 
 headed by a Marsha! of Fiance, in the sight of 100,000 men that came to re- 
 lieve it, under the command of Marshals Boufflers and Villeroy. Lord Cutts 
 commanded the English at the general assault of the Castle, and by his un- 
 daunted resolution acquired the name of the " English Salamander." Scarcely 
 an officer or soldier came off unhurt; the greatest part fell in the action, than 
 which no one was ever more desperate. Again taken by the French, July 18, 
 1794. 
 
 NASEBY, battle of, June 1645 
 
 NEPAUL, East India Company's War with the State of, ter- 
 minated, April 27... 1815 
 
 A Treaty of Peace was signed between the parties, December 2, 1815. War was 
 again renewed by an infraction of the Treaty by the Nepaulese, January, 1816. 
 After several contests unfavourable to the Nepaulese, the former Treaty was 
 again ratified, March 15, 1816. 
 
 NEW-YORK surrendered to the British troops, Sep. 15 ... 1776 
 
 It was afterwards surrendered to the Americans. 
 
 NIAGARA, in North America, taken by the English, July 24 1759 
 
 Fort taken by the British, December 19, 1813. 
 
 NORFOLK, in Virginia, destroyed by the British forces, 
 
 January 1 1 776 
 
 NOVA SCOTIA taken by the English, from the French ... 1681 
 
 Restored 1731.; taken again, 1745, and 1758; confirmed to England, 1760; di- 
 vided into two provinces, 1784; had a bishop appointed by the king of England, 
 August 11, 1787. 
 
 NOVI, battle of, Austrians and French, 1800 
 
 NUREMBERG seized by the French, July 9 1796 
 
 By the Austrians in the August following. 
 
 ODOUR, battle of, by Hope, against the French, Feb. 23... 1814 
 
 OGDENBURGH, river St. Lawrence, taken by the British, 1813 
 
 OLIVA, the Fort of, taken by stratagem by the French, with 
 
 900 Spanish prisoners, June 29 181 1 
 
 OLIVENZA, surrender of to the French, June 22 1810 
 
 Surrender of, to the allied army under Lord Wellington, April 15, 1811. 
 
390 THE NEW TABLET OF MUMOKV. 
 
 OMOA, in the Bay of Honduras, taken by the British forces, 
 
 October 20 1779 
 
 OPORTO taken by the French, March 29 1809 
 
 Evacuated by them May 12, following. 
 
 ORANGE GROVE, battle of, English and Americans, ... 1815 
 
 ORLEANS, NEW, unsuccessful attack on, by the British 
 
 June 8 1815 
 
 Lost in killed, wonnded, and prisoners, 2000 men ; Generals Pakenham and 
 Gibbs were killed, and General Keane, wounded. 
 
 OSTEND, the Works and Floodgates at, destroyed by the 
 
 English, May 19 * 1798 
 
 OSTEND taken by the French 1745 
 
 OSTEND, battle of, Allies and French, May 5 1794 
 
 OSWEGO taken by the English, under Fisher, against the 
 
 Americans 1756 
 
 Again May 15, 1814. 
 
 OTTERBURN, Northumberland, battle of 138S 
 
 Otterburn, near Ellesdon, was the field of battle, between the English and Scots 
 at the above period, wherein Henry Percy, called Hotspur, was taken prisoner, 
 and Douglas, the Scots general, was killed. On this battle was founded the 
 old ballad of ' Chevy Chace, ' the village being situated by the river Rhead, on 
 the south side of the Cheviot hills. 
 
 OUDENARD, battle of. 1708 
 
 PAMPELUNA, battle of, Spaniards and French, Oct. 28 . 1794 
 
 Again, when the French were defeated, July 2, 1795. 
 
 PARIS occupied by the Allied Army, July 3.... 1813 
 
 PARMA, battle of, June 29 1734 
 
 PATAY, battle of, under Joan of Arc, June 10 1429 
 
 PHILIPSBURG taken by the French 1734 
 
 PIEDMONT, battle of, Sardinians and French, April 6 ... 1794 
 
 Again, Allies and French, September 23,1794. Again, when the Piedmontese 
 were defeated, April 12, 1795. Again, when the French were defeated, June 
 14, 1795. Again, June 27, 1795. Again, July 1, 1795. Again, when the 
 Austrians were defeated, August 30, 1795. Again, when the French were de- 
 feated, October 1, 1795. Again, when the Sardinians were totally defeated by 
 the French, April 14, 1796. Piedmont surrendered to the French, December 
 6, 1798; recovered, 1799. 
 
 PLASSY, the battle of, in the East Indies, February 5 1757 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 891 
 
 PLATTSBURGH, Lake Champlaine, expedition against, 
 by Sir George Prevost ; abandoned after a naval defeat, 
 September 11 1814 
 
 POICTIERS, the battle of, 13,56 
 
 la this battle king John of France, and his son, were taken prisoners, by Edward, 
 the Black Prince. 
 
 <POLES, defeated, and the Polish General, Kosciusko, taken 
 
 prisoner by the Russians, October 10 1794 
 
 POLOTSK, French under Marshal Oudinot, defeated by the 
 
 Russians under Count Witgenstein, July 30 and 31 ... 1812 
 
 Again defeated by the Russians, and the piace taken by storm, October 20, 
 1812. 
 
 PONDICHERRY taken from the French 1761 
 
 PONZA, the Island of, taken by a British detachment from 
 
 Palermo, February 29 1813 
 
 PORTO NOVO, battle of, in the East Indies, in 1 78 1 
 
 PORTO BELLO taken by Admiral Vernon, November 22 . 1739 
 
 PORTSMOUTH, in Virginia, destroyed by the British 
 
 forces, January 1 1776 
 
 PORTUGAL, revolution attempted in, by Don Miguel, 
 
 against his Father, April 30 1824 
 
 An attempt to depose the king of Portugal defeated by the spirited conduct of the 
 English and French Ambassadors, supported by the whole diplomatic corps. 
 His Portuguese Majesty escaped from his palace, and accompanied by his two 
 infants, finds an asylum on board His Britannic Majesty's ship, The Windsor 
 Castle, in the Tagus, May 9. The king landed, and resumed his royal func- 
 tions, after holding Courts, and transacting Affairs of State during six days, on 
 board a British ship of war, May 14. The Queen and Miguel, the chief con- 
 spirators were sent, the former to a state prison, and the latter upon his travels. 
 
 PORTUGAL, invasion of by the French, June 28 1810 
 
 PRESIDENT, The American ship of 60 guns taken, Jan. 15 1815 
 
 PRESTON PANS, battle of, September 21 1745 
 
 PRESTON, battle of, and defeat of the Rebels, Nov. 13 ... 1715 
 PULTO WA, battle of, Russians and Swedes, June 8 1709 
 
 Again in 1713. 
 
 PULTUSK, battle of, Poles and Swedes 1703 
 
 QUEBEC besieged in vain by the English in 1711 
 
 Taken from the French, September 13, 1759; besieged in vain by the Provin- 
 cials, December 6, 1775. (See a further account of Quebec, page 140, ante) 
 
392 
 
 
 THE NKW TABLET OK MEMORV. 
 
 QUESNE, FORT DU, North America, battle of, July 9 .1755 
 
 QUESNO Y, taken by the confederate army in 1711 
 
 QUIBERON, destruction of the Emigrant Army at, July 21 1795 
 
 RAGOSENZA, 18 vessels brought out of the creek of, and 
 
 10 destroyed, by the British, July 27 1811 
 
 RAMILLIES, battle of, under Marlborough, May 12 1706 
 
 RATHMINES, in Ireland, battle of 1649 
 
 RATISBON taken by the French, April 23 1809 
 
 REGGIO, French defeated at, by the king of Naples, 
 
 March 5 1814 
 
 RHODE ISLAND taken from the Americans by the British, 
 
 December 6 1776 
 
 RHODE ISLAND, battle of, America 1778 
 
 ROSBACH, battle of, French and Prussians, November 5... 1757 
 
 ROSETTA, battle of, under Hutchinson, against the French, 
 
 AprilS 1801 
 
 Kosetta surrendered to the Turks and British, April 19, in the same year. The 
 Turks defeated at, 1807, 
 
 ROSS, battle of, in Ireland, March 1643 
 
 ROTHIERE, battle of, February 1 1814 
 
 In this action the French under Napoleon, were defeated by the allied Russians 
 and Prussians, with the loss of 3000 prisoners, and thirty-six pieces of cannon. 
 
 / ROUND- A-W AY-DOWN, battle of, July 13 164J 
 
 SALAMANCA, battle of 1812 
 
 SANTA CRUZ, and ST. THOMAS, surrender to the Eng- 
 lish, December 23 1S07 
 
 SARAGOSSA, battle of, in Spain, August 9 1710 
 
 SARAGOSSA taken by the French, February 21 1809 
 
 SARAGOSSA, battle of, 1813 
 
 SEBASTIAN, (ST.) taken by Storm, by General Graham, 
 
 July31 1S13 
 
 SERINGAPATAM, taken by Storm, under General Harris, 
 
 May 4 1799 
 
 In 1791, the confederated forces, under the command of Lord Cornwallis, defeat- 
 ed Tippoo Saib near this place, and would probably have taken the city, had not 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 393 
 
 the monsoons set in, which obliged them to retreat. In the month of February 
 1732, the allied army again appeared before Seringapatam ; and having crossed 
 the river and taken some of the outworks, Tippoo was obliged to sue for peace, 
 which he at last obtained, at a loss of one-half of his dominions, and about 
 £3,000,000. in specie. Two of Tippoo's sons were sent to the British camp as 
 hostages for his fulfilment of the Treaty, which was soon after ratified. 
 
 5TOCKACH, battle of/Austrians defeated, May 1 1800 
 
 SEA-FIGHTS. 
 
 Between the English and French 1217 
 
 English and Flemmings near Sluys, when 400 ships and 30,000 men 
 
 were taken 1304 
 
 English and Flemmings . . 1371 
 
 Eighty French ships taken by the English . ; 1389 
 
 Off Milford Haven, when 31 French ships were taken or destroyed, 1405 
 Off Barfleur, when 500 French, and 3 Genoese vessels were taken, 1416 
 Off Sandwich, when the French fleet was taken by the Earl of 
 
 Warwick, November 1449 
 
 English and French, when the latter were defeated , 1454 
 
 Ditto, wheii 1000 French were killed 1549 
 
 Near Lepanto, when the Turks lost 235 ships, 25,000 killed, and 
 
 4000 prisoners, October 7 1571 
 
 Between the English, and the Spanish Armada; see Armada, p. 168. 
 
 Between the Spaniards and Dutch 1639 
 
 Ditto English and Dutch in the Downs; English successful, Oct. 28 1652 
 
 Ditto, when the Dutch were victorious, November 29 
 
 Ditto, under Admiral Blake, Feb. 18, 19, 20; English victorious .„ 1653 
 English and Dutch; the Dutch lost 30 men of war, and their Admi- 
 ral Van Tromp, July 29 ' 
 
 At Cadiz, when the English destroyed the galleons, September .... 1656 
 
 At the Canaries, when Blake destroyed the galleons, April ...... 1657 
 
 Off Harwich, when 18 Dutch ships were taken, and 14 destroyed. . 1665 
 
 Earl of Sandwich took 12 men of war, and 2 Indiamen, September 4 
 
 The Dutch totally defeated, with the loss of 24 men of war, 4 Ad- 
 mirals, and 4000 Officers and seamen, July 25 and 26 1666 
 
 Five of the Dutch Smyrna fleet, and 4 East Indiamen, taken by the 
 
 English, March 14 1667 
 
 Southwold Bay, Dutch defeated, May 28 1672 
 
 Again by Prince Rupert, May 28. June 4, and Aug. 11, and com- 
 pelled to salute the British flag in future, the French remaining 
 
 neuter in place of assisting the English 1673 
 
 At Tripoli, where the English burnt 4 Dutch men of war, Mar 4 . . 1675 
 Off Beachv Head, when the English and Dutch were defeated by the 
 
 French, June 30 1690 
 
 Off La Hogue; see page 375. 
 
 Off St. Vincent, when the English and Dutch were defeated by the 
 
 French, June 16 1693 
 
 The Vigo fleet taken by the English and Dutch, October 12 1702 
 
 French and English, when the French relinquished the sea to the 
 
 English, August 24 1704 
 
 Off the Lizard, when the English were defeated, October 9 1707 
 
 Sixty vessels, laden with provisions, taken by Adm. Lake, May 22, 1708 
 Commodore Wager, with 4 men of war, engaged 17 Spanish galleons, 
 blew up the Admiral's ship with 30 millions of dollars; the 
 
 Commodore's share amounted to £100,000, May 28 • — — — 
 
 Sir George Byng destroyed the French Fleet, July 31 1718 
 
 Off Toulon, February 9 1744 
 
 No- 51- SF 
 
394 THE NRvV TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 SEA-FIGHTS, (continued.) 
 
 East Indies, when the French retired to Pondicherry 1747 
 
 Off Cape Fiuisterre, when Adm. Anson took the French fleet, May 3 
 
 Off Ushant, when Adm. Hawke took 7 French men of war, Oct. 14 
 
 Off Belleisle, when 14 sail of victuallers were taken by Hawke, July 14 1756 
 Off Cape Francois, when 3 British ships defeated 7 French, Oct. 21 1757 
 Off Cape Lagos, when Admiral Boscawen beat the French, August 18 1759 
 Off Quiberon Bay, when Hawke defeated the French, November 20 1759 
 Admiral Keppel took 3 French frigates, and a fleet of merchantmen 1762 
 Off Ushant, between Keppel and Dorvilliers, a drawn battle, July 17 1778 
 Off St. Vincent, between Rodney and Don Juan de Langara, Jan. 8 1780 
 
 Off Cadiz, when Adm. Rodney again defeated the Spaniards, Jan. 16 
 
 Off the Digger Bank, between Adm. Parker and the Dutch, Aug. 5 1781 
 Off Cape Virginia, between Admiral Arbuthnot and the French. . . . — — 
 Admiral Rodney took the Comte de Grasse and 5 ships, April 12.. 1782 
 
 Admiral Hughes destroyed the French fleet under Suffrein, April 12 
 
 Earl Howe defeated the French fleet, and took 6 ships, June 1 . . . . 1794 
 Sir Edward Pellew took 15, and burnt 7 sail of merchantmen, Mar. 8 1795 
 Lord Ilotham defeated the French fleet, and took 2 ships, March 14 . 
 
 Eleven Dutch Indiamen taken, June 19 
 
 Lord Bridport defeated the French fleet at l'Orient, June 25 
 
 Lord Keith took 5 ships & several frigates in Saldanna Bay, Aug. 19 1?96 
 Lord Duncan took or destroyed 15 ships off Camperdown, October 11 1797 
 Lord Nelson defeated 17 French ships and took 9, with only 13 ships, 
 
 in the Entrance of the Nile in Egypt, August 1 1798 
 
 Sir J. B. Warren defeated the French off the Coast of Ireland, Oct. 12 
 
 The Dutch surrendered to Admiral Mitchell at the Helder, Aug. 29 1799 
 
 Lord Nelson took 18 Danish ships off Copenhagen, April 2 1801 
 
 Sir James Saumarez blew up 2 ships of 112 guns, and took 1 of 74, 
 
 July 12 
 
 Boulogne, an attack made by Lord Nelson on the gun-boats col- 
 lected there for the invasion of England, August 4 1801 
 
 Sir Rober Calder; see page 374. 
 
 At Trafalgar, after a conflict of four hours, when 19 of the enemy's 
 
 line struck their colours, and a 74.gun-ship blew up, Oct. 21 . . 1805 
 Near St. Domingo, where Admiral Duckworth burnt 2 ships, and 
 
 captured 3 frigates, two escaping, February 6 1 806 
 
 Near the bay of Rosas, where Admiral Martin destroyed 2 French 
 
 line of battle ships and several frigates, October 25 1809 
 
 Basque Roads, 4 sail of the line destroyed in, by the English, under 
 
 Lord Cochrane, April 11 1809 
 
 By the Chesapeak-and Shannon ; see page 17, ante. 
 
 SHIPWRECK OF 
 
 The Aurora frigate 1771 
 
 Amphion frigate; see page 4, ante. 
 
 Antelope Packet; see page 129, ante. 
 
 Apollo frigate; see page 5, ante. 
 
 Atheniene, a 64, -wrecked in the Mediterranean 1811 
 
 Boyne; see page 11, ante. 
 
 Centaur, a 74, lost in the West Indies, September 23 1782 
 
 Degrave Indiaman, which was lost near Madagascar, in 1701 
 
 Doddington Indiaman, wrecked on a rock, in the open sea, near the 
 
 Cape of Good Hope, July 1755 
 
 Dover frigate, and Chichester sloop of war, lost in Madras Roads, 
 May 2, 1811, during a violent gale of'wind; about seventy other 
 vessels of different descriptions went down at the same time. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 305 
 
 SHIPWRECKS, (continued.) 
 
 Droits and De L'Homme, French 74's, driven on shore, Jan. 14 .. 1797 
 
 Emulous sloop of war, lost near Cape Sable, August 2 1812 
 
 Fazy Allum, lost near Cape Orfoy, June 7 1801 
 
 Ferret gun-brig wrecked off the coast of Yorkshire, Jan 1813 
 
 Flora, and three other transports lost on the Hank Sands, near the 
 
 Texel, December 24 1811 
 
 Fly Packet, from Newry, lost near Liverpool, when 300 persons were 
 
 lost, March 4 .- 1812 
 
 Grasshopper, of 16 guns, wrecked off the Texel, December 18 .... 1811 
 Grosvenor Indiaman, wrecked on the coast of Caffraria, August 4 .. 1782 
 Guardian frigate nearly wrecked on an island of ice, December, 
 
 1789, and arrived at the Cape of Cood Hope, February 21 1790 
 
 Halsewell Indiaman, wrecked off the Isle of Purbeck, Dorsetshire, 
 
 January 6 1786 
 
 Hero, a 74, wrecked off the Texel, December 23.... 1812 
 
 Hector frigate, lost in the Atlantic, October 5 1782 
 
 Hindostan East Indiaman, lost off Margate, January 11... 1803 
 
 Hugh de Beauvois, with 40,000 foreigners, coming to the aid of 
 
 king John, were lost in a storm 11 15 
 
 Invincible, a 74, wrecked off Winterton, March 16 1801 
 
 Lady Hobart Packet, struck on an island of ice in the Atlantic 
 
 Ocean, June 23 1803 
 
 La Tribune frigate, lost off Halifax, Nova Scotia, November 17 . . 1793 
 London East Indiaman; see page 102, ante. 
 
 New Hoorn, a Dutch East Indiaman, destroyed by fire near the 
 
 Straits of Sunda 1619 
 
 Nottingham galley, of London, wrecked on Boon Island, New Eng- 
 land, December 11.... 171 
 
 Occum Chamnan, a Siamese Mandarin, wrecked at the Cape of the 
 
 Needles, south of Africa, 1686 
 
 Pallas and Nymphe frigates, wrecked off Dunbar, December 18 .. 1810V. 
 
 Pandora sloop, lost off the Scaw, February 13 1811 
 
 Phoenix, 44 guns, lost in a hurricane off Cuba, June 1780 
 
 In the same hurricane were destroyed the Thunderer,- a 74; 
 the Stirling Castle, 64; La Blanche, 42; Laurel and Andro- 
 meda, 28; Deal Castle, 24; Scarborough, 20; Barbadoes and 
 Endeavour, 14; and Victor, 10 guns. 
 
 Pomone frigate, lost at the Needles, Portsmouth, October 14 1811 
 
 Prince, French Indiaman, burnt near L'Orient, July 29 1752 
 
 Prince George man of war ; see page 136. 
 
 Prince William, eldest son of Henry I. with two of his sisters, and 
 180 of the nobility shipwrecked and lost in coming from Nor- 
 mandy, in 1 1 20 
 
 Proserpine frigate, lost in the Elbe, February 1 1799 
 
 Ramillies, of 74 guns, lost in the Atlantic Ocean, September 21 ... . 1758 
 Ramillies, of 74 guns, Admiral Sir T. Trowbridge, foundered near 
 
 the Cape of Good Hope 1809 
 
 Resistance man of war, blown up in the Straits of Banda, July 24 , 1793 
 Royal Charlotte, of 100 guns, burnt by accident near Leghorn, 
 
 March 16, and only 1 50 persons were saved 1800 
 
 Royal George; see pages 156-7-8, ante. 
 
 Sceptre, 64 guns, wrecked in Table Bay, Cape of Good Hope, Nov. 6 1799 
 
 Seagull sloop of war, lost in the English Channel, Sept 1811 
 
 St. George, 98 guns, (Admiral Reynolds), two 74's, several frigates, 
 
396 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 SHIPWRECKS, (continued.) 
 
 and a number of merchantmen, lost in a dreadful storm in the 
 North Seas, December 24 1811 
 
 Swan sloop of war lost oiF Waterford, when 130 persons perished, 
 
 August 1782 
 
 Tartar frigate lost in the Baltic, August 18 1812 
 
 Union Packet of Dover, was lost off Calais, January 28 1792 
 
 A similar accident had not happened for 105 years before. 
 
 Victory man of war lost in a storm, October 1744 
 
 Vryheid, Dutch Indiaman, wrecked off Dymchurch Wall, near 
 
 Dover, November 23 1822 
 
 Wager store-ship, wrecked at Chili 1740 
 
 Winterton Indiaman, wrecked off Madagascar, August 20 ........ 1794 
 
 York Indiaman, lost going into Limerick, November 1758 
 
 TALAVERA, battle of, 1811 
 
 In this battle the allied army, of 20,000 men, engaged and defeated the French, 
 with 45,000, July 27 and 28. 
 
 TEWKESBURY, battle of, May 4 1471 
 
 TICONDERAGO, Canada, taken by the English from the 
 
 French 1759 
 
 TILSIT, battle of, Russians and Prussians, defeated by the 
 
 French 1807 
 
 TIRLEMONT, battle of, Austrians and French, Nov. 17... 1792 
 
 Again, Austrians and French, March 19, 1793. 
 
 TIRLEMONT, battle of, under Marlborough, against the 
 
 French and Bavarians, July 18 1705 
 
 TOBAGO, the Island of, taken by the English, April 15 ... 1793 j 
 
 TOLENTINO, battle of, May 2 and 3 1815 
 
 The battle of Tolentino was fought between the Austrians under General Biarrchi, 
 and the Neapolitans under Murat, ending, after two engagements, in the retreat 
 of Murat. 
 
 TOPL1TZ, French defeated by the allied Austrians, Rus- 
 sians, and Prussians, August 30 1813 
 
 TOULON surrendered to the French, November 19 1793 
 
 TOULOUSE, battle of, and defeat of Soult, April 11.. 1811 
 
 TOURNAY, battle of, Austrians and English against the 
 
 French, May 8. 1793 
 
 Again, May 10, 1794; again May 18, 1794; a battle near, which continued for 
 sixteen hours; the French lost 12,000 men, the allies 3000, May 22, 1794. 
 
 TOWTON, battle of, March 29 1461 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 397 
 
 TREATY OF PEACE between the King of Prussia, 
 the Queen of Hungary, and the Elector of 
 Saxony, February 15 1762 
 
 . Definitive, between Great Britain, France, Spain, 
 
 and Portugal, concluded at Paris, Feb. 10 ... 1763 
 
 This Treaty confirmed to Great Britain the extensive Provinces 
 of Canada, East and West Florida, and part of Louisiana, in 
 North America; also the Islands of Grenada, St. Vincent, Do- 
 minica, and Tobago, in the West Indies. 
 
 Between His Britannic Majesty, and the Kings 
 
 of France and Spain, January 20 1783 
 
 Signed at Versailles. Ratified September 3, 1783. 
 
 Between England, France, Spain, Holland, and 
 
 America, 1 783 
 
 Between Great Britain and Holland, May 25 ... 1784 
 
 ■ Between England and Prussia, April 5 1795 
 
 Proposal on the part of Great Britain to open a 
 
 Congress for a general Peace 1796 
 
 M. Barthelemy, resident at Berne, received from Mr. Wickham, 
 the British Plenipotentiary to the Swiss Cantons, a note expres- 
 sive of the disposition of Great Britain to open a Congress for 
 the purpose of settling a general Peace, which Barthelemy 
 transmitted to the Directory; and on the 26th, the French 
 Minister returned his answer, declining a Congress, and at the 
 same time expressing a doubt of the sincerity of the British 
 Cabinet, and declaring a determination to retain all the coun- 
 tries which had been united to France, March 8, 1796. 
 
 ■ Between Austria and France, signed at Leoben, 
 
 May4 1797 
 
 Between Austria and Fiance, signed at Udina, 
 
 October 19 1797 
 
 ■ Between Austria and France, February 9 1801 
 
 Signed at Luneville. The Rhine made the boundary of the 
 French Republic. 
 
 Between France and Naples, March 1801 
 
 Between Spain and Portugal, June 6 1801 
 
 Between France and Portugal, September 29 ... 1801 
 
 Between France and Spain, September SO 1801 
 
 Between England and France, October 1 1801 
 
 Between France and Austria 1805 
 
398 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 TREATIES OF PEACE, (continued.) 
 
 • Between France and Russia, July 20 1806 
 
 Between Prussia and France, July 9 1807 
 
 ■ Between England and Spain, June 6 1808 
 
 Between England and France, signed at Paris ... 1814 
 
 VALENCIENNES, battle of, May 23 1793 
 
 Bombardment of commenced by General Ferraris, June 17, 1793; surrendered to 
 the Duke of York, by capitulation, July 28, 1793 ; surrendered again to the 
 French, with 227 pieces of cannon, August 29, 1794. 
 
 VIGO, galleons taken there, October 12 1 702 
 
 VIMEIRA, the French array defeated at 1808 
 
 The French army, under Marshal Junot was beaten, and the Russian fleet 
 taken, August 17 and 21 ; but these advantages were shamefully thrown away 
 by the convention of Cintra, August 30, 1808. 
 
 VITTORIA, battle of, in which the Duke of Wellington 
 
 completely defeats Joseph Bonaparte, June 21 1813 
 
 ULM, surrender of. 1805 
 
 Austrians defeated by the French ; and General Mack and his Staff taken pri- 
 soners. It has been generally supposed, that the surrender of this place was 
 the effect of great treachery on the part of Mack, and his officers. 
 
 WAR declared against Spain 1739 
 
 declared against France 1744 
 
 against Spain, January 4 ,. 1762 
 
 by the king of Portugal, against France and Spain, 
 
 May 23 1762 
 
 between England and America, 1775 
 
 between England and France 1778 
 
 ■ between England and Spain 1 779 
 
 between England and Holland 1780 
 
 ■ declaration of, by Spain against England, Oct. 18 ... 1796 
 
 . between Naples, Sardinia, and France, December 20 1798 
 
 with the Batavian Republick, June 17 1803 
 
 ■ declared with Spain, January 24 1805 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 399 
 
 WAR, DECLARATIONS OF, (continued.) 
 
 between France, Russia, and Austria, September 8 . 1805 
 
 declared against Prussia, May 23 1806 
 
 between England and Russia, November 1 1807 
 
 with Doondia Khan, March 9 1808 
 
 declared by Austria against France, April 6 1809 
 
 declared by Great Britain against America 1812 
 
 WAGRAM, battle of, Austrians and French, July 5 1809 
 
 WALDORE, battle of> under Gordon, against the French . 1760 
 
 WANDIWASH, battle of, East Indies, January 10 1760 
 
 WARSAW occupied by the Russians, January 8 1813 
 
 WARSAW', battle of, Russians and Poles, April 21 1794 
 
 WASHINGTON, the City of, captured by the British 
 
 forces, August 24 * 1814 
 
 WATERLOO, battle of, Allies and French, January 23 ... 1794 
 
 WATERLOO, battle of, June 18 1815 
 
 WERNICK, surrendered with 15,000 men to Murat, Oc- 
 tober 20 1805 
 
 WILNA, battle of, when a column of French troops was de- 
 stroyed near that town by Count Platoff, and a General, 
 and 1000 prisoners taken, December 11 1812 
 
 WILTON, battle of, in Oxfordshire, where the English were 
 
 defeated by the Danes 872 
 
 WITOPSK, the French under General Victor, defeated by 
 the Russians under Gen. Witgenstein, with the loss of 
 3000 men, November 14 1812 
 
 WORCESTER, battle of, September 3, 1651 
 
 WORCESTER, battle of, September 23 1642 
 
 WORMS, battle of, and defeat of the French, November 28 1795 
 
 WURTZSCHEN, battle of, May 21 1813 
 
 The battle of Wurtzschen, between the allied army of Russians and Prussians, 
 and the French army under Napoleon, was fought with dreadful carnage on both 
 sides; the allies retreated. 
 
400 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY, 
 
 XIMENA, a division of Soult's army at, defeated by General 
 
 Ballasteros, September 18 1811 
 
 YORK TOWN, battle of, October 29 1781 
 
 Earl Cornwallis surrendered to the Americans. 
 
 ZORNDORF, battle of, Russians and Prussians, August 25 1758 
 
 ZULICHAU, battle of, in Silesia, Prussians and Russians, 
 
 July 27 , 1750 
 
 CORUNNA, battle of, January 16 1809 
 
 PRAGUE, battle of, Prussians and Austrians, May 22 ...... 1757 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 401 
 
 SECTION V. 
 REMARKABLE PERSONS. 
 
 ABELL, JOHN, the Musician, died about the end of 
 Queen Anne's reign. 
 
 ABEL, CHARLES FREDERICK, death of 1787 
 
 This celebrated composer served some years in the band of the Electoral Kino- of 
 Poland, at Dresden; but his abilities not being rewarded as they deserved, he 
 quitted that country in 1758, and arrived in England in the following year. 
 He soon met with encouragement, by being appointed chamber musician to the 
 queen of George III. on the completion of her establishment, at a salary of 
 £200. per annum. His fondness for spirituous liquors soon led to his death. 
 
 ABELARD, PETER, died 1142 
 
 He was the celebrated lover of the no less celebrated Heloise, the niece of a canon 
 named Fulbert, who engaged him to teach her philosophy. Instead of teaching 
 her abstruse learning, he taught her love ; and their passion for each other was 
 fatal to the peace of both. Fulbert, enraged at the deception practised by Abe- 
 lard, demanded the immediate marriage of his niece, to which Abelard, (although 
 ordained, and dissuaded from it by Heloise, in a letter full of the most eloquent 
 persuasion) acceded, and it was agreed that it should take place at Paris. 
 Heloise feeling convinced that the future advancement of her husband depended 
 upon secrecy, denied her marriage in the strongest terms. The uncle, highly 
 enraged at the obstinacy of bis niece, in which he suspected she was encouraged 
 by Abelard, vowed to be revenged on her, as she still continued to reside 
 with him. Abelard being in the mean time informed of the harsh treatment 
 she received from her uncle, took her away, and placed her in the convent of 
 Argentenil, near Paris. Fulbert imagining that Abelard intended to make a 
 nun of her, vowed a cruel vengeance; having bribed the valet of Abelard he 
 admitted two miscreants into the bed-room of his master at midnight, who muti- 
 lated him in a most horrid manner. They were punished for it after the 
 fashion of that time; and the instigator was condemned to lose all his fortune 
 and banished from Paris. Heloise took the veil ; and Abelard hid his grief 
 and shame under the monastic garb of the abbey of St. Denis. But the monks 
 of that convent soon despised him, on account of his severe reproval of their 
 dissolute habits. Upon this he made his escape, and took refuge near Troyes ; 
 when, having encountered great persecution, the monks of the abbey of Bruis, 
 near Vannes, in Brittany, elected him their superior. But, as at St. Dennis 
 his endeavours to suppress the licentiousness of the monks, drew on him the 
 hatred of that Order; Heloise also had her share of trouble: being expelled 
 with the rest of the nuns from the convent of Argenteuil, on account of the 
 disorders which prevailed there, although she had conducted herself with strict 
 propriety. 
 
 After this, Abelard gave her the offertory of Paraclet. Having endured a 
 separation of eleven years, he saw her there at the consecration of the commu- 
 ^ Wo. 52 3 G 
 
402 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 ABELARD, PETER, (continued.) 
 
 nity. Being once more accused of heresy by his inveterate enemies, he defended 
 himself in full council, at Sens. Louis VII. was desirous of being present to 
 hear the defence of this distinguished individual; but with all his eloquence, 
 he was condemned. He desired to appeal to the Pope; and, when on his way 
 to the Pontiff, he was stopped at Cluni, near Mason, by Peter the Venerable, 
 who did all he could to soothe his grief: he became reconciled to St. Bernard: 
 and consigning himself for the remainder of his life to the closest retirement, 
 he died two years after (1142), at the priory of St. Marcel, having by his resig- 
 nation and good conduct, procured the admiration of the monks and the clergy 
 of France. He was interred at Paraclet, and the remains of Heloise, in the 
 same tomb, twenty-one years after. This beautiful gothic tomb was removed 
 to Paris in the year 1800, and placed in the cemetery of Pere la Chaise in 1817, 
 where it is now to be seen. 
 
 ABERCRQMBY, SIR RALPH, death of, March 21 1801 
 
 Born, 1738, at Tillibodie, in Clackmannanshire: entered the army as a cornet in 
 the third regiment of dragoon guards, 1756 : became a lieutenant in the same 
 regiment, 1760: major in the third regiment of horse, 1770: Lieut.-gen. of a 
 regimen*, 1793: created a Knig'ht of the Bath, and appointed Commander-in- 
 Chief of an expedition against the French power in the West Indies, 1795: ar- 
 rived off the island of Grenada, March, 1795: commenced operations, which 
 terminated, after some difficulty, in the capture of that island, and was followed 
 by those of St. Lucia, St. Vincent, and the Spanish isle of Trinadad: together 
 with the settlements of Demera-ra, and Esequibo, on the continent of South 
 America; appointed Commander-in-Chief for Scotland, 1799: commanded the 
 troops destined to drive the French from Egypt: arrived at Malta, with 15,000 
 men, Nov. 30, 1799: landed at Aboukir, March 8, 1801, after a severe contest, 
 and fought the battle of Alexandria, March 21, 1801 : in which the veteran, 
 disarmed his antagonist, whose sword he presented to Sir Sidney Smith : ex- 
 pired March 28, 1801, and his body interred beneath the ramparts of the castle 
 of St. Elmo, where an inscription, recording his name, was placed. 
 
 ABERNETHY, JOHN, the divine bom, 1630; died 1740 
 
 ABERNETHY, DR. JOHN, died April 20 1831 
 
 Dr. Abernethy succeeded Mr. Pott as assistant surgeon to St. Bartholomew's Hos- 
 pital, 1786; and afterwards took the place of that gentleman as Lecturer on 
 Anatomy and Surgery; and on the death of Sir Charles Blick, his former 
 master, he was elected surgeon in his room. He died at Enfield, after a pro- 
 tracted illness, in the 67th year of his age. 
 
 ABINGDON, EARL OF, committed to prison, Feb. 9 ... 1795 
 
 The Earl of Abingdon was committed to the King's Bench prison, for having 
 uttered and published a libel on Mr. Serman, an attorney. 
 
 ABBOT, GEORGE, Archbishop of Canterbury, died 1633 
 
 During the period of his being Archbishop of Canterbury, an unfortunate accident 
 happened, which greatly tended to lessen his future happiness. Hunting one 
 day in the Park of Lord Zouch, at Bramshill, he let fly an arrow at one of the 
 deer, but which unfortunately wounded Lord Zouch's keeper in the arm, of 
 ■which he soon died. The Bishops in consequence refused consecration at his 
 hands. j& 
 
 ABULFEDA, the Geographer died, aged 72 1345 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 403 
 
 ACHELINI, ALEXANDER, born October 29, 1463; 
 
 died August 2 1512 
 
 A celebrated philosopher and physician of Bologna; he is said to have first traced 
 the manner in which the impressions made on the external ear are conveyed 
 from the tympanum to the vestibule. At the early age-of 22, he was appointed 
 Professor of Natural Philosophy in his native city. 
 
 ACHILLES, died b. c. 1184 
 
 ACOSTA, JOSEPH D. Spanish Writer of the 16th cen- 
 tury, born 1539 ; died February 15 ; 1600 
 
 ADAIR, MR. Army Agent, death of, March 17 1834 
 
 This was the firm which the two brothers, Robert and Daniel Perreau, made the 
 forgery upon, at the instance of Mrs. Margaret Rudd, and which at that time 
 caused much public conversation. 
 
 ADAM, ALEXANDER, born 1741 ; died.... 1809 
 
 This eminent Divine was the author of several valuable works. He was carried 
 off by a fit of apoplexy, December 18, 1809, aged 69, and was honoured by a 
 public funeral by his fellow citizens. 
 
 ADAM, ROBERT, born 1728, died 1792; and ADAM, 
 
 JAMES, (brothers), died 1794 
 
 James and Robert Adam were celebrated architects. James was little known; 
 but in 176.3-4, Mr. R. Adam was appointed architect to the King. He after- 
 wards executed a great many public and private buildings, amongst which may 
 be enumerated Luton House, Bedfordshire; the screen to the Admiralty Office, 
 London; the Register Office, Edinburgh; Shelburne House, now Lansdowne 
 House, &c. &c. "Mr. Adam resigned the office of Architect to the king, on 
 being returned to Parliament for the county of Kinross, in 1768. He was 
 buried in Westminster Abbey, in the south transept of which is a tablet to his 
 memory. 
 
 ADAM, (three brothers,) Sculptors. 
 
 Lambert Sigisbert, theeldest was born February 10, 1700; hedied May 13, 1759. 
 Nicholas Sebastian, born March 22, 170. r >; died March 27, 1778. Francois 
 Gaspard, the third brother, was born 1710; died at Paris, 1795. 
 
 ADAMS, JOHN, the American President, born 1735; 
 
 died July 4 1826 
 
 John Adams, second President of the United States of America, was born at 
 Braintree, in the colony of Massachusetts, October 19, 1735, and was one of 
 the most prominent actors in the American war for independence. On the 4th 
 of July, 1826, he breathed his last with the same hallowed sentiment on his 
 lips which, on that glorious day fifty years before, he had uttered on the floor 
 of the Congress — " Independence for ever!" were his dying words. 
 
 ADAMS, SAMUEL, born September 27, 1722: died Oc- 
 tober 2 : 1803 
 
 Samuel-Adams was another of those conspicuous characters of the American Re- 
 volution, on the breaking out of which he joined the popular side. In the year 
 of the passing of the Stamp Act, he was appointed one of the representatives in 
 the legislature. Sent as one of the four members from Massachusetts to the 
 first Congress, 1774. He was a firm and active patriot, and greatly contributed 
 to the termination of that cause to which he had devoted a great part of his life. 
 
404 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 ADANSON, MICHAEL, French Naturalist, bom April 7, 
 
 1727; died August 6, 1806 
 
 ADDINGTON, RT. HON. J. H. death of 1818 
 
 ADDINGTON, SIR WILLIAM, death of 1811 
 
 ADDISON, JOSEPH, born 1672; died June 17 1719 
 
 Went over to Ireland as Secretary to the new Lord Lieutenant, the Marquis of 
 Wharton ; Queen Anne-bestowing upon hirn the office of Keeper of the Records 
 in that kingdom, with an increased salary of £300. in 1709. The Tatler termi- 
 nated, January 2, 1711, and was followed by The Spectator, March 1, and conti- 
 nued till December 6, 1712. The Spectator was followed by The Guardian, the 
 first number of which was published March 12; and the 175th, and last, on 
 the 1st of October, 1713. He published his Tragedy of Cato in the same year, 
 which was performed thirty-five nights in succession. A continuation of The 
 Spectator appeared June 18, 1714; brought out his publication of The Free- 
 holder, December 23, 1715, and continued till June 29, 1716. Married the 
 Dowager Countess of Warwick, 1716. 
 
 ADRIAN I. POPE, died 795 
 
 ADRIAN II. died 872 
 
 ADRIAN III. POPE, died 885 
 
 ADRIAN IV. POPE, died : 1159 
 
 An Englishman, whose name was Nicholas Breakspeare ; succeeded Anastatius 
 IV. in 1154. 
 
 ADRIAN V. POPE, a Genoese, succeeded Pope Inno- 
 cent in 1276 
 
 Died five weeks after his election. 
 
 ADRIAN VI. POPE, died September 15£3 
 
 iESOP, the Fabulist, lived 600 years before Christ. 
 AGRICOLA, JULIUS, born 37 ; died 93 
 
 Julius Agricola, Governor of South Britain, to protect the civilized Britons from 
 the incursions of the Caledonians, builds a line of forts between the rivers 
 Forth and Clyde ; defeats the Caledonians under Galgacus on ths Grampian 
 Hills, and sails round Britain, which he discovers to be an island, 85. 
 
 AIKEN, JOHN, M.D. born January 15, 1747; died De- 
 cember 7 1822 
 
 Dr. Aikin was the author of a great many works, among-st which were, his 'Eng- 
 land Delineated, which appeared in 1788; the first volume of Evenings at Home, 
 in 6 vols, the last of which appeared in June, 1795 ; The Arts of Life, came out 
 in 1801 ; in 1803, appeared his Letters to a Young Lady on a Course of English 
 Poetry. Accepted the office of Editor of Dodsley's Annual Register, in 1811. 
 
 AINSWORTH, ROBERT, born 1660; died 1743 
 
 Commenced the compilation of his Latin Dictionary about 1714, but it did not 
 appear till 1736. The 2nd edition of it appeared, in 2 vols. 4to. in 1746; and 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 405 
 
 AINSWORTH, ROBERT, (continued.) 
 
 has since been frequently re-published. An edition of it came out in 1752, in 
 2 folio vols; another, in 2 vols. 4to. in 1773; the latest and best edition ap- 
 peared in 1816, all under the superintendence of different Editors. 
 
 AITON, WILLIAM, Botanist, born ] 731 ; died 1743 
 
 AKENSIDE, MARK, death of.. 1770 
 
 He was born November 9, 1721. His principal poetical work was, — Pleasures of 
 Imagination, which appeared in 1744. 
 
 ALAND, SIR F. (a Judge), born 1670; died 1747 
 
 ALBAN'S, ST. (DUCHESS OF), death of, August 6 1837 
 
 Married the Duke of St. Albans, June 16, 1827. 
 
 ALBERONI, CARDINAL, born 1664; died 1752 
 
 ALDUS, the celebrated Printer died 1516 
 
 ALLEN, CARDINAL, died 1594 
 
 A determined opponent of the Reformed Church, whose talents and influence made 
 him truly obnoxious to Queen Elizabeth. Being compelled to leave England, 
 he went to Rome, where he died. 
 
 ALLEYN, EDWARD, Comedian, born 1556; died ...... 1626 
 
 Alleyn, or Allen, was a distinguished actor in the reigns of Elizabeth, and James 
 I. and was looked upon as the first performer of his day. One of his most cele- 
 brated parts was the Jew of Malta, in Marlow's play of that name. He after- 
 wards became a theatrical proprietor : and was sole owner of Tlie Fortune play- 
 house, near Whitecross-street, Moorfields, which he built himself, and which 
 the author of the Historia Histrionica, published in 1699, describes as a large, 
 round, brick building. 
 
 Alleyn was the founder of Dulwich College, which^was erected after adesign 
 of Inigo Jones, was in a great state of forwardness in 1614, and finished in 1619. 
 He had some difficulty at first in getting permission to settle his property in 
 mortmain, principally through the opposition of Lord Bacon, the then Lord 
 Chancellor. The licence however was at last signed, June 21, 1619; and on 
 September 13, in the same year, the College was opened in form; Bacon, and 
 many distinguished characters, honouring the ceremony with their presence. 
 Alleyn took upon himself the office of Master in the first instance, at least so 
 far as living in the house, and restricting himself to the regular allowance of 
 that situation. He died at Dulwich, November 25, 1626, and was buried in 
 the chapel of the College. 
 
 The members composing the College are a master, warden, four fellows, six 
 poor brethren, six sisters, twelve scholars, six assistants, and thirty out-mem- 
 bers. The original revenue amounted only to £800. per annum j but has since 
 greatly increased. On this account, the situation of Master of the Institution, 
 who must be of the surname of Alleyn, or Allen, and, if possible, of kin to the 
 founder, is now of considerable value. Dulwich College has, from its founda- 
 tion, been celebrated for its Collection of Pictures : Alleyn himself left it some, 
 and many more were afterwards added by Mr. William Cartwright, the come- 
 dian, who died about the end of the 17th century. But the most valuable ac- 
 cession has been from the bequest of the late Sir Francis Bourgeois, in 1810. 
 Dulwich College also received a large and curious collection of old plays from 
 Mr. Cartwright, which the Managers afterwards gave to Garrick in exchange 
 for some modern publications. In the present library, the most carious relic is 
 the original Diary of the founder, begun September 29, 1617; and continued 
 to the same day, in the year 1622. 
 
406 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMOUY. 
 
 ALEXANDER, W. died 1816 
 
 ALEXANDER THE GREAT, born b. c. 356 
 
 ALFRED THE GREAT, born 849 ; died 900 
 
 Took the field against the Danes, at Wilton, in Oxfordshire, and fought seven 
 battles with them in 876. More Danes having arrived in 877. he disguised 
 himself in the habit of a shepherd, till 878. Collected his scattered friends in 
 879, and obliged the greatest part of their army to quit the country; in 897, 
 they went up the river Lea, and built a fortress at Ware, when Alfred turned 
 off the course of the river, and left their ships dry, which obliged them to re- 
 move. After subduing the Danish invaders, against whom he fought fifty-six 
 battles by sea and land, he composed his body of laws : divides England into 
 Counties, Hundreds, and Tythings ; erects County Courts, and founds the 
 University of Oxford about 896. 
 
 ALICK, (BLIND), of Stirling. 
 
 This wonderful phcenomenon was living in 1833 ; Alick was blind from his child- 
 hood. He was the son of poor parents, and had no other instruction than that 
 gained at a day-school for children, to which he was sent more to keep him out 
 of mischief, than any thing else. The only volume then used at these establish- 
 ments as a class or reading book, was the Bible; and as the scholars read in 
 rotation, young Alick soon began to retain many passages in Scripture, as also 
 the number of the chapter and verse where they occurred. 
 
 Many persons of education have examined him, and have invariably been 
 astonished at the extent of his memory. Not long since, to puzzle him, a gen- 
 tleman read with a slight verbal alteration, a verse of the Bible. Alick hesi- 
 tated a moment, and then told where it was to be found, but said it had not been 
 correctly delivered: he then gave it as it stood in the book, correcting the 
 slight error that had been purposely introduced. Any passage in Scripture 
 might be repeated, and he could tell chapter and verse ; or if told the chapter 
 and verse of any part of that book, he could repeat the passage, word for word. 
 
 ALLI CAWN MEER JAFFIER, made Nabob of Bengal 17C5 
 
 AMELIA, the PRINCESS, death of November 1810 
 
 AMES, JOSEPH, Typographical Historian, born 1689; 
 
 died : 1759 
 
 ANDOVER, LORD, killed whilst in the act of delivering 
 
 his fowling-piece to his servant 1801 
 
 ANDREWS, M. P. Esq. death of ." 1814 
 
 ANDRE, MAJOR, hung by the Americans as a spy, Oc- 
 tober 2 1780 
 
 On the breaking out of the American war, Andre, having previously procured a 
 commission in the army, proceeded with his regiment to North America, then 
 at war with Great Britain. Here his great talents soon raised him to the rank 
 of major, and also that of Adjutant to the army. In the summer of 1780, Major 
 Andri was with the troops then occupying the town of New York under the 
 command of General Sir Henry Clinton, when the infamous Arnold, who had 
 been entrusted by Washington with the important position of West Point on 
 the Hudson, about sixty miles above New York, sent over to the British com- 
 mander his proposals for delivering that fortress into his hands, which, had the 
 
THE NEW TABLET OE MEMORY. 407 
 
 ANDRE, MAJOR, (continued.) 
 
 scheme been attended with success, would most likely have ended the war. 
 On Arnold's overtures been accepted, Andre was appointed to conduct the 
 negotiation. After some correspondence under feigned names, Andre and 
 Arnold met on the banks of the Hudson on Friday, September 22, when every- 
 thing was arranged for the execution of the plot on the Monday following, the 
 necessary information in writing being put into Andre's hands to be delivered 
 to General Clinton. Unfortunately for Andre, the boatmen who had brought him 
 on shore from the English sloop of war in which he had come up the river, 
 having had their suspicions awakened, refused, although he bore a flag of truce 
 from General Arnold, to convey him back, and he was obliged to attempt his 
 return to New York by land. On his return, Arnold insisted that he should 
 exchange his military uniform for a plain coat, to which Andre unwillingly con- 
 sented. A proper guide having being appointed, they set out; when, having 
 reached the next post, they were obliged, in order to prevent suspicion, to 
 follow the advice of the commanding officer, and to remain there all night. 
 On the following morning they proceeded on their journey, and having arrived 
 within view of the British army, the guide took his leave of Andre a little 
 below Pine's Bridge, a village on the Croton. Andre having proceeded alone, 
 to the distance of about four leagues, as he was entering the village of Jarry- 
 town, his horse was suddenly seized by three men, who it afterwards appeared 
 belonged to the New York militia. Andre with great imprudence, assumed 
 that thev were of the English party, and instead of producing his passport re- 
 quested them not to detain him, he being a British officer. Upon finding- his 
 mistake, he offered them his watch to let him go; but they were not to be 
 bribed, and having found the important papers concealed about his person, they 
 immediately conducted him to the nearest station. His anxiety for the safety 
 of Arnold now prompted him to endeavour to prevail upon the officer in 
 command, to forward a notice of his capture to that general, in consequence of 
 which the traitor effected his escape. Andre having stated who he was, was 
 conducted to the presence of General Washington ; on the 25th his case was 
 submitted by the American General to the consideration of a board of fourteen 
 general officers, among whom were Rocbambeau and Lafayette, who had a short 
 time before arrived with troops from France. When brought before this tri- 
 bunal, he stated that he had come on shore under the sanction of a flag of truce, 
 sent to him by Arnold: and that with respect to his having been found dis- 
 guised and bearing a false name, he had only acted in obedience to the com- 
 mands of Arnold. The decision of the Court-martial was, that the prisoner 
 ought to be considered as a spy, and as such he was sentenced to be executed. 
 General Clinton spared neither intreaty or remonstrance to the American Gen. 
 to avert his fate, but in vain. He exhibited the most perfect resignation to his 
 fate, and only begged that his death might be that of a soldier. After being 
 kept in ignorance of the determination of the Court-martial, he was at last 
 brought to the fatal spot, October 2, and then perceived that he was to end his 
 life on a gibbet: having exclaimed, — ' It is but a momentary pang,' he gave no 
 further expression to his feelings. He died with the respect of those who were 
 obliged to be his executioners. A monument was erected to his memory, at the 
 public expense, in Westminster Abbey. 
 
 ANGELO, FILIPPO, Venetian painter, born 1570; died . 1610 
 ANGELO, MICHAEL, painter, bo~n 1600; died 1660 
 
 ANGELO, MICHAEL BUONAROTTI, painter, born in 
 
 1474; died 1564 
 
 ANGELO, MICHAEL DE CARAVAGIO, painter, born 
 
 1569: died 1600 
 
408 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 ANNE, QUEEN, born February 6 1665 
 
 Married to Prince George of Denmark, July 28, 1683, by whom she had IS chil- 
 dren, all of whom died young; lost her son, George, Duke of Gloucester, by a 
 fever, July 29, 1700, aged 11. She came to the crown March 8, 1702; lost her 
 husband, who died of an asthma and dropsy, October 28, 1708, aged 55. The 
 Queen died of an apoplexy, August 1, 1714, aged 49; reigned twelve years, 
 four months, and twenty-four days. Buried at Westminster. 
 
 ANSON, ADMIRAL, sailed to the South Sea, Sept. 18 ... 1740 
 
 Born 1697 ; made post captain, 1724 ; selected to attack the Spanish settlements 
 in the Pacific Ocean, 1739 ; sailed September 18, 1740, with a squadron of five 
 men of war, a sloop, and two victuallers; and after passing along the eastern 
 coast of South America, doubled Cape Horn in the midst of a series of storms 
 and tempests that separated his whole fleet, only a small part of which ever 
 again joined him. 
 
 After re-fitting at the island of Juan Fernandez, he took the rich town of 
 Paita, on the coast of Peru, and he also captured some valuable prizes, on board 
 of which were passengers of distinction. He afterwards sailed with the Centu- 
 rion and Gloucester to the coast of Mexico, to intercept the annual Acapulco 
 ship; was obliged to unite the crews and abandon his second vessel; and so 
 thinned and weakened were the seamen by the scurvy, that it was with diffi- 
 culty they reached the uninhabited island of Tinian, one of the Ladrones. Here, 
 while the Commodore, with most of his officers and crew were on shore, the 
 Centurion was blown out to sea, and so little prospect was entertained of her 
 reaching the island again, that much labour was employed to lengthen a small 
 vessel found on the shore, the Commodore taking the axe in hand like a 
 common man. Having fortunately regained his ship, he went to re-fit at 
 Macao, and was so fortunate as to fall in with, and capture the Manilla galleon, 
 although greatly superior to his own ship in size and number of men. At the 
 very moment of victory he had another difficulty to encounter in consequence 
 of a fire, which broke out near the Centurion's powder room; but he gave his 
 orders, and surmounted the disaster with his usual coolness. He sailed back 
 with his prize to Canton, and having circumnavigated the globe, arrived with 
 great riches at Spithead, June 15, 1744, and was made Rear- Admiral of the 
 Blue, and not long after, a Commissioner of the Admiralty. 
 
 In May, 1747, he commanded the Channel fleet, and captured a French 
 squadron of six men-of-war, which were convoying a large fleet bound to the 
 East and West Indies. Two of these prizes were ealled the " Invincible and 
 the Glory," which induced the Captain of the first of them to say, on giving up 
 his sword : " Sir, you have conquered the Invincible, and Glory follows you." 
 For this and other services he was in the June following raised to the Peerage, 
 by the title of Lord Anson. Married Elizabeth, daughter of Lord Chancellor 
 Hardwicke, 1748; she died without issue 1750; made first Lord of the Admi- 
 ralty, 1751 ; retired on a change of Administration, 1756; again appointed, 
 1757, when he remained at the head of the Admiralty during the whole of that 
 spirited war. Raised to the principal naval dignity of Admiral and Commander- 
 in-Chief of the fleet, for the purpose of bringing over Queen Charlotte, 1761. 
 He died at Moor Park, Hertfordshire, June, 1762. 
 
 ARGYLL, MARQUIS OF, beheaded May 27 1661 
 
 After the murder of Charles I. the Marquis of Argyll placed the crown upon the 
 head of his son with his own hands, in 1651; assisted in the ceremony of pro- 
 claiming Oliver Cromwell Protector in 1653; signed an agreement to support 
 his government; sat in his Parliament as the representative of the County of 
 Aberdeen, where he secretly intrigued for the Restoration. 
 
 ARGYLL, ARCHIBALD, EARL OF, beheaded 1685 
 
 Afterthe defeat of the royal army at the battle of Worcester, 1651, this nobleman 
 (then Lord Lorn) on taking arms for His Majesty's service, so incensed the 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 409 
 
 Protector, that though a grant of a free pardon was to be extended to all, this 
 nobleman, strange to say, was excepted. His decapitation took place at the 
 High Cross at Edinburgh. 
 
 ARGYLL, JOHN CAMPBELL, died 1743 
 
 This nobleman was surnamed the Great Duke of Argyll ; his private life was 
 adorned by the most amiable qualities, which were retained through a long 
 course of his public services, military and civil. He served under the Duke of 
 Marlborough; Was successively Commander-in-Chief of the troops in Scotland, 
 Lord Steward of the Household, Master-General of the Ordnance, and Com- 
 mander-in-Chief of the army. 
 
 ARAM, EUGENE, trial of, for the murder of Daniel Clark 1759 
 
 Eugene Aram was a man of uncommon talent; but, in order to obtain a trifling 
 property, he formed, (with the aid of an accomplice of the name of Houseman) 
 the resolution of murdering Daniel Clark, a shoemaker of Knaresborough, in 
 Yorkshire. The murder remained a secret for nearly 14 years; but the acci- 
 dental digging for gravel near the place where the body was deposited, the 
 skeleton was turned up. The sudden disappearance of the deceased, and his 
 well-known intimacy with Aram and Houseman, together with the declarative 
 assertion of Houseman on his seeing the bones, that they could not be those of 
 Clark, he was wrought to a confession of their deposit, and the particulars of 
 the same. Aram was arrested and arraigned; and, after a trial of some hours, 
 he was declared guilty, after delivering one of the most ingenious and eloquent 
 defences ever delivered in a Court of Justice. 
 
 ARBUTHNOT, DR. death of 1735 
 
 Dr. Arbuthnot happening to be at Epsom, at the time when Prince George of 
 Denmark was taken ill there, and being called upon to attend him, he was so 
 successful in his treatment, that he was appointed the future regular physician; 
 he was also appointed Physician in ordinary to Queen Anne, in 1799- He 
 died at his house in Cork-street, Burlington Gardens, after a lingering illness of 
 nearly twelve months. 
 
 ARCHER, MATILDA, and MARY ANN PERRY, death 
 
 of, June 3, 1834 
 
 An inquest was held on the bodies of these young women, when the Jury return- 
 ed a verdict of felo de se. It appeared by the evidence that, on the previous 
 night, they had tied their wrists tightly together with a silk handkerchief, and 
 then threw themselves into the Thames, near the Upper Mall, where they 
 were found drowned the following morning. Archer was 19 years of age, and 
 Perry 18. 
 
 ARIOSTO, LUDOVICO, Italian Poet, born 1474; died... 1534 
 ARISTOTLE, Grecian Philosopher, born 385; died b. c. . 322 
 
 ARK WRIGHT, SIR RICHARD, inventor of the Spinning- 
 Jennies, died 1 792 
 
 ARMINIUS, JAMES, founder of that Sect, died 1609 
 
 ARMSTRONG, DR. JOHN, born 1732; died 1779 
 
 ARNE, DR. THOMAS AUGUSTINE, born 1710; died 1778 
 
 ARNE, MICHAEL, the Musician, died 1785 
 
 No. 53- sh 
 
410 TUB NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 ARNOLD, RICHARD, English Divine, died 1765 
 
 ARNOLD, DR. the Musician, born 1739 • died October 22 1802 
 
 ARNOLD, JOHN, Watchmaker, born 1744; died 1799 
 
 ARUNDEL, LORD, died at Rome, June 21 1834 
 
 ARUNDEL, EARL OF, who brought the famous Marbles 
 
 to England, died 1645 
 
 ASHBURTON, LORD, died 1803 
 
 ASHFORD, MARY, murder of 1812 
 
 ASHMOLE, ELIAS, born May 23, 1617; died May 18 ... 1692 
 
 An eminent Antiquary and Herald, and the founder of the Museum which still 
 bears his name, at Oxford. Married Eleanor, daughter of Peter Mainwaring, of 
 Smalhvood, in Cheshire, 1638; sworn an attorney of the Common Pleas, 1641; 
 married again, 1649; published his Theatrum Chymicum Britannicum, 1652; 
 published his — The Way lo Bliss, in three Books, 4to. in 1658; made a Cata- 
 logue of the Coins which had been given to the Bodleian Library, by Arch- 
 bishop Laud, in the same year; had the Museum of Curiosities, at South 
 Lambeth, made over to him, by the younger Tradescant and his wife, which the 
 father and eldest son had been some time in accumulating, 1659; called to the 
 bar of the Middle Temple, November 2, 1660; appointed to the Secretaryship 
 of Surinam, February 9, 1661; appointed accomptant-General, and Country 
 Accomptant in the Excise, June 9, 1668 ; received the degree of M. D. from 
 the University of Oxford by diploma, July 19, 1669; resigned his Office of 
 Windsor Herald, in 1675 ; lost the greater part of his library, a cabinet of 9000 
 ancient and modern coins, together with a great collection of Seals, Charters, 
 and other antiquities by a fire in the Middle Temple, the adjoining apartments 
 to those in which he resided, (his Manuscripts and gold medals being fortunately 
 preserved,) January 26, 1679 ; presented his Curiosities to the new building of 
 the University of Oxford, to which he afterwards added his Manuscripts and 
 Library, 1682. tl is still called the Ashmolean Museum. 
 
 ASHTON, MR. THOMAS, assassination of, January 3 ... 1832 
 
 Mr. Ashton was assassinated whilst returning from his factory at Apethorp, near 
 Manchester. An inquest was held on the body, when a vervict of — wilful 
 murder was returned against some person or persons unknown. On the 5th of 
 January, a reward of £500. was offered for their apprehension. 
 
 ATTERBURY, FRANCIS, Bishop of Rochester, died 1732 
 
 Atterbury, when the English prelates drew up a " Declaration of the Bishops," in 
 1715, in which they strongly protested against the war which was going on in 
 Scotland, when presented to him, refused to sign it. His disaffection to the 
 Brunswick family having been long suspected, he was in 1722 charged with a 
 traitorous correspondence with the Pretender, upon which a Bill passed the 
 House of Lords, depriving him of his dignities and benefices. He died in 
 exile. 
 
 ATKINS, ALDERMAN, died..... 1838 
 
 ATKINSON, MR. CHRISTOPHER, an expelled Member 
 of Parliament, stood in the Pillory for perjury, Oc- 
 tober 25 „„ 1785 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 41 I 
 
 AUBREY, JOHN, Antiquarian, born 1626; died 1700 
 
 AUDLEY, ALERVIN LORD, hung... 1631 
 
 AYSCOUGH, GEORGE EDWARD, English writer, died 1779 
 
 BACKHUYSEN, LUDOLPH, Dutch painter, born 1631 ; 
 
 died b 1709 
 
 BACON, FRANCIS LORD, born 1569 ; committed to the 
 
 Tower 1626 
 
 He died April 9, 1626, aged 57. 
 
 BACON, SIR NICHOLAS, died 1579 
 
 BACON, JOHN, sculptor, died 1799 
 
 jBADGER, WILLIAM, died February 17.... 1833 
 
 This individual met his death in consequence of injuries received from an acci- 
 dent which occurred on the 26th of January preceding, in raising- the roof of 
 the Birmingham Town-Hall, and which proved, on the instant, fatal to a fellow- 
 workman of the name of John Heap. In St. Philip's church-yard, Birmingham, 
 there is a column erected to the memory of these unfortunate artizans by their 
 employers and fellow-workmen; and part of that column is stated to have been 
 "the last workmanship" of poor Badger himself. An inscription on one 
 square of the pedestal commemorates Heap as a " skilful, honest, and indus- 
 trious workman, a good husband, and a good father." And on another square, 
 there is the following appropriate poetical inscription, from the pen of Miss 
 Twamley, to the memory of Badger :— 
 
 " Why should the monumental tribute rise 
 
 Alone, where grandeur's mouldering remnant lies ; 
 
 Or why the sculptured mockery of woe 
 
 Claim Pity's tear, for worthless dust below; 
 
 Whose unregarded grave had been forgot, 
 
 But for the costly tomb that marks the spot ? 
 
 Far other feelings raised this humble shrine, 
 
 Far holier thoughts inspired the simple line, 
 
 That fain would tell, with sad and grateful pride, 
 
 The mind, worth, enterprise, of him who died; — 
 
 Who closed a lowly but a just career, 
 
 Led by the love of Science to his bier j 
 
 And wrought, as though prophetic of his doom, 
 
 The touching emblem that surmounts his tomb. " 
 
 3AGSTER, ROSA MATILDA, Commission of Lunacy 
 
 against, 1833 
 
 i Commission of Lunacy, after sitting eleven days, brought in a verdict to the 
 following effect, — " That Rosa Matilda Mary Bagster, (or Newton), is now, 
 and has been since the 1st of November, 1830, of unsound mind, so that she is 
 not fit to take proper care of her goods, chattels, messuages, tenements," &c. 
 
 3AILLIE, DR. M. died 1823 
 
 5ALLANTYNE, MR. died January 17 1833 
 
 Ir. Ballantyne was deservedly celebrated as an elegant and correct printer. He 
 belonged to a past age, when printers were, by royal privilege entitled to wear 
 swords, and dress like courtiers. 
 
412 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 BAKER, SIR GEORGE, Bart. M.D. died 1809 
 
 BALCHEN, ADMIRAL, born 1669; lost 1744 
 
 Admiral Sir John Balehen was lost in the Victory. In July, Sir John sailed from 
 Spithead with a strong squadron, in quest of an opportunity to attack the 
 French fleet at Brest, under the command of M. R:chambault. In the bay of 
 Biscay he was overtaken by a violent storm, his ships were dispersed, and drove 
 up the English Channel. The greater part of them however, under Admiral 
 Stewart, arrived at Plymouth ; Sir John Balehen was not so fortunate, for his 
 ship, which was reckoned, without an exception the most beautiful, was lost, 
 and every one on board perished. The crew amounted to eleven hundred. 
 
 BALDWIN, MR. Letter-Press Printer died 1813 
 
 Mr. Baldwin was the first proprietor of the St. James's Chronicle. 
 
 BALIOL, JOHN, founder of Baliol College, died 1209 
 
 BALMERINO, LORD, beheaded for High Treason, Au- 
 gust 18 1746 
 
 BAMPFYLDE, SIR CHARLES, assassinated, April 7 ... 1823 
 
 Sir Charles Warwick Bampfylde, Bart, was shot in the open day, in Montague- 
 square, April 7, 1823. J. Morland, the assassin, had formerly been in the ser- 
 vice of Sir Charles, and his wife was servant at the time of the occurrence. 
 Morland perceiving that his aim had taken effect, immediately discharged 
 another pistol in his own mouth, which killed him on the spot. Sir Chailes 
 lingered until the 19th, when he expired in great agony. The Jury which sat 
 on the body of the murderer, returned a verdict of — felo de se, and his body was 
 buried in the cross-road, opposite St. John's Wood Chapel. Sir Charles was 
 in the 71st year of his age. The murder was committed under the influence 
 of jealousy, which was proved to have been entirely groundless. 
 
 BALY, HAYNES, ESQ. Musical Composer, died 1839 
 
 BANKS, SIR JOSEPH, born 1743; died May 19 1820 
 
 BANKS, THOMAS, Sculptor, born 1735; died 1805 
 
 BARBAROSSA, the famous Corsair died, aged 43 1518 
 
 BARCLAY'S, CAPTAIN, celebrated Walking Match, ... 1809 
 
 Captain Barclay undertook to walk 1000 miles in as many successive houis. The 
 undertaking was to be performed at Newmarket, arid to walk at the rate of a 
 mile in each and every hour. The weather was at the time very rainy. He 
 commenced the arduous task on the 1st of June, 1809, and completed it on the 
 12th of July following. The bets amounted to £100,000.; £16,000. of which 
 were the Captain's. 
 
 BARETTI, MARK ANTONY JOSEPH, born in 1716; 
 
 died May 5 1789 
 
 Came to England 1750, and settled in London. Returned from a visit to Spain, 
 1769, when he had the misfortune to kill a man in an accidental affray in the 
 streets. Tried at the Old Bailey, and after the most honourable testimony 
 given to his character, the Jury returned a verdict of — Manslaughter. 
 
 BARHAM, LORD, died 1813 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 41-3 
 
 BARHAM, LADY CAROLINE, died November 6 1832 
 
 A Coroner's Inquest sat on the body of Lady Caroline Barham, whose death was 
 occasioned by a cabriolet driving against her, when a verdict was returned of— 
 Manslaughter, ag-ainst the driver of the cab, and a deodand of £50. on the 
 cabriolet and horse. 
 
 BARNARD, SIR JOHN, born 1685; died 1764 
 
 His statue erected in the late Royal Exchange, London, May 23, 1747. 
 
 BARRETT, JOHN, executed at Newgate, for stealing 
 Money out of Letters at the General Post Office, 
 February 13 1832 
 
 BARRINGTON, WILLIAM VISCOUNT, died 1801 
 
 BARRINGTON, ADMIRAL THE HON. SAMUEL, 
 
 died 1800 
 
 BARRINGTON, HON. DAINES, died 1800 
 
 BARROW, DR. ISAAC, English Theologian, born 1631 ; 
 
 died 1677 
 
 BARRUP, BENJAMIN, executed for the murder of Mary 
 
 Mortlock 1829 
 
 BARTLEMAN, the Musician, died 1822 
 
 The sale of this celebrated Musician's music began on the 20th of February, 
 1822, and continued eight days. It consisted of 1480 lots, and produced only 
 £1400. although collected at a considerable expense. 
 
 BARTON, ELIZABETH, the Holy Maid of Kent, exe- 
 cuted 1534 
 
 BASKERVILLE, JOHN, celebrated Printer, died 1775 
 
 BATHURST, RIGHT HON. BRAGGE, died August 20 1831 
 
 BATHURST, ALLEN EARL, died 1775 
 
 BATHURST, EARL, died 1834 
 
 His Lordship was Colonial Secretary for sixteen years, and President of the 
 Council during the Wellington Administration. 
 
 BEATTIE, DR. JAMES, Author of" The Minstrel," bora 
 
 1735 ; died August 18 1803 
 
 BEATOUN, CARDINAL, died 1546 
 
 BEAUHARNOIS, EUGENE, formerly Viceroy of Italy, 
 
 died February 24 1824 
 
 BEAUMONT, FRANCIS, English Dramatic Writer, and 
 
 Poet, born 1555: died... 1615 
 
414 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 BECKET; see pages 323-4, ante. 
 
 BECKFORD, ALDERMAN, died, and Statue placed in 
 
 Guildhall .. 1770, 
 
 Alderman Beckford amassed the great sum of £50,000. a year. 
 
 BEDE, Venerable, born 665 ; died in 735 
 
 BEDFORD, DUKE OF, made Regent of France, 1422 ; 
 
 died 1435 
 
 BEDFORD, JOHN, (Fourth Duke of), died 1771 
 
 BEDFORD, FRANCIS, (Fifth Duke of), died 1802 
 
 BEDFORD, JOHN, Sixth Duke of), died 1840 
 
 BEECHEY, SIR WILLIAM, died February 4... 1839 
 
 BELL, DR. died January 28 1832 
 
 BELLINGHAM, executed for shooting the Hon. Spencer 
 
 Percival, May 18 1812 
 
 BELZONI, (the celebrated Traveller), died, December 3 ... 1823 
 
 BEMBO, CARDINAL, of Venice, died 1547 
 
 BENBOW, JOHN, born 1650; died 1702 
 
 BENBOW, , arrest of, January 24 1832 
 
 Benbow, who previously kept a coffee and beer-shop, in Fleet-street, near 
 Temple-Bar, and who rendered himself conspicuous, on the Fast-day, with the 
 procession of the Trades' Union, was arrested under the authority of a warrant 
 from the Secretary of State's Office. Examined at Marlborough-street Police 
 Office, charged with having, along with others, on the 21st of January, 1832, 
 caused a great riot, noise, and disturbance, at the parish of St. Pancras. He 
 was held to bail to take his trial for the riot, but afterwards acquitted. 
 
 BENGOUGH, MR. death of, December 26 1825 
 
 Mr. Bengough was a performer at Drury-lane, the Surrey, and Cobourg Theatres. 
 
 BENTHAM, JEREMY, ESQ. died June 6 1832 
 
 Mr. Bentham expired at his house, Queen-square, Westminster. He was 86 
 years of age. 
 
 BERN ADOTTE, Elected Crown Prince of Sweden 1810 
 
 BERTIE, EARL OF LINDSEY, died 1642 
 
 He was a General ol the army of Charles I. at the battle of Edge Hill, where he was 
 moitally wounded and taken prisoner. Lord Clatendon describes him amongst 
 those heroes who did not hesitate to sacrifice life and fortune in supporting the 
 institutions of their country. 
 
 BERTIE, MONTAGUE, died 1666 
 
 This nobleman, (son of the preceding), was likewise at the battle of Edge Hill, 
 and when attempting the rescue of his wounded father, was also taken prisoner 
 with him. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 415 
 
 BERRI, THE DUKE DE, murdered bv Louvel, at Paris, 
 
 February 14 ; 1820 
 
 The Duchess was delivered of a son (the Duke of Bourdeaux), September 28, 
 1820. 
 
 BERRY, SIR EDWARD, died February 13 1831 
 
 BERTHIER, MARSHAL, Prince of Wagram, died June 1 1815 
 
 Marshal Berthier threw himself from the window of a house at Bamberg, and was 
 killed. 
 
 BERTON, GENERAL, and five others, executed, Sep- 
 tember 16 1822 
 
 BETTENSON, MR. of Queen-square, died October 28 ... 1788 
 
 This gentleman in his Will left £30,000. to charitable uses; £10,000. of it to 
 Mr. Hethering-ton's Charity for the Blind. 
 
 BETTERTON, MR. Performer, born 1635; died April 7 ... 1710 
 
 BETTY, W. H. WEST, first appearance of, in London, 
 
 December, 1804 
 
 BEV AN, BENJAMIN, died July 1 1833 
 
 Mr. Bevan was the author of the well-known ' Treatise on the Slide Rule,' the 
 * Guide to the Carpenter's Rule,' and many other useful contributions to 
 mechanical science. He was in the act of observing an eclipse of the moon, 
 and had just called Mrs. Bevan to witness the sight, when he was taken 
 suddenly ill, and in a few minutes was a corpse. 
 
 BERWICK, DUKE OF, born 1670; killed at the siege of 
 
 Philipsburg, June 12 1734 
 
 BIRD, MR. and his Servant, murdered at Greenwich, 
 
 February 12 1818 
 
 BIRNIE, SIR RICHARD, died April 29 1832 
 
 Sir Richard was buried at St. Martin's church, May 6, 1832. 
 
 BLACKSTONE, JUDGE, Author of the Law Commen- 
 taries, born 1 723 ; died February 14 1780 
 
 BLAIR, DR. HUGH, died December 27, 1800 
 
 BLAIR, ROBERT LORD, President of the Court of 
 
 Session, Scotland, born 1743; died 1811 
 
 BLAIR, DR. Poet, died 1782 
 
 BLAKE, ADMIRAL, born 1599; died in 1657 
 
 Blake was the rival and constant opponent of Van Tromp and De Ruyter, and by 
 his splendid successes, established the superiority of the British Navy over that 
 of her formidable enemy, the Dutch. 
 
416 THE NEW TABLET OK MEMORY. 
 
 BLANDY, MISS, -hung at Oxford, for the murder of her 
 
 father, April 6 1752 
 
 BLANE, SIR GILBERT, died June 26, aged 84 1834 
 
 BLOOD, COLONEL, took the Crown out of the Tower, 
 
 May 9 1671 
 
 Colonel Blood seized the Duke of Ormnnd, with an intent to hang him at Tyburn, 
 but was prevented, December 6, I 670. He died August 24, 1680. 
 
 BLOOMFIELD, ROBERT, died August 19 1823 
 
 Bloomfield, the author of The Farmer's Boy, fyc. was one of the most pleasing 1 
 Poets of his time. He was born at Honington, in Sussex, in 1716. He had to 
 struggle with many pecuniary embarrassments, and at last died poor ; but his 
 poverty was not brought on by improvidence. He was kind, generous, and 
 warm-hearted, which drained his purse. His brothers were also in humble cir- 
 cumstances, and he mainly supported their families ; so that it might truly be 
 said, that he went about doing good. He continued his literary labours to his 
 death. 
 
 BLUCHER, PRINCE, died, September 6 1819 
 
 BODLEY, SIR T. founder of the Bodleian Library in the 
 University at Oxford, died 1612; for an account of 
 which, see page 320-1, ante. 
 
 BOERHAVE, DR. died September 23, (aged 70) 1738 
 
 BOHEMIA, ELIZABETH, Queen of, daughter of James I. 
 
 died 1662 
 
 After the death of her husband, she came over to England, and was privately 
 married to the Earl of Craven, who fought as a volunteer in her husband's 
 army. 
 
 BOILEAU, French Satirist, born March 16, 1635; died ... 1711 
 
 BOLEYN, QUEEN ANN, beheaded 1536 
 
 BOLINGBROKE, LORD, died (aged 73).: 1751 
 
 BOLIVAR, GENERAL, account of the death of, received 
 
 in London, February 18 1831 
 
 BONAPARTE, NAPOLEON, born August 15, 1769; 
 
 died May 5 1821 
 
 France became a Republic, 1792. Defeated the Austrians at the bridge of Lodi, 
 May 11, 1796. Forced the passage of the Mincio. and obliged General Beaulieu 
 to retire with the loss of 22,000 men, May 30, 1796. Married Josephine 1796. 
 Defeated the Austrians in Italy, January 19, and 27, 1797- Again on the Upper 
 Bhine, when the French took Frankfort, Kehl, &c. 1797. Seized Egypt, 1798. 
 Island of Malta surrendered to, June 11, 1798. Installed First Consul, De- 
 cember 25, 1799. Defeated at Acre, by Sir Sidney Smith, 1799. Re-proclaim- 
 ed the Cisalpine Republic, June 5, 1800. Defeated the Austrians at Marengo, 
 with dreadful slaughter, June 14, 1800. An attempt made on his life, by a 
 machine called — " The Infernale," December 24, 1800. Established the Order 
 of the Legion of Honour in France, May 7, 1802. Installed First Consul for 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 417 
 
 BONAPARTE, NAPOLEON, (continued.) hoxn 1769 
 
 life, August 6, 1802. Offers terms to Louis XVIII. if he will relinquish the 
 Crown of Fiance in his favour, which were indignantly rejected, 1803. Arrest- 
 ed 7,500 Eng-lish travellers, May 22, 1803. Appointed Emperor of the French, 
 under the name of Napoleon I. May 18, 1804; crowned by the then Pope, after 
 great difficulty, November 19, 1804. Defeated the -Austrians at Elchingen, 
 October 19, 1805. Infamous surrender of Ulm, by General Mack to, and the 
 whole of the garrison made prisoners, 1805. Defeated the Austrians on the 
 Adige, Oct 'ber 31, 1805.^. Triumphantly entered Vienna, November 13, 1805. 
 Crowned King of Italy at Milan, 1805. Defeated the Austrian and Russian 
 armv at Austerlitz, December 2, 1805. Defeated the Prussians at Jena, 1806. 
 Defeated the Russians at the battle of Friedland, with terrible slaughter, June 
 14, 1807. Declares the towns of Kehl, Wesel, Cassel, and Flushing united to 
 the French Empire, January 29, 1808. Declares the Papal territory annexed 
 to France, May 21, 1808. Bonaparte and the Emperor of Russia offer Peace to 
 England at Erfurth, September 27, 1808. Fought the battle of Asperne and 
 Essling against the Austrians, with dreadful slaughter on both sides, May 21 
 and 22, when he was defeated, 1809. Defeated the Austrians at Eekmuhl, 
 May 22, 1809. Effected the passage of the Danube, July 5, 1809. Defeated 
 Prince Charles at Wagram, July 8, 1809. Divorced from Josephine, after a 
 marriage of thirteen years, upon the plea of having no issue, December 17, 
 1809; but the real cause was, his having entered into a treaty with Francis II. 
 Emperor of Austria, for a marriage with his daughter, the Archduchess Maria 
 Louisa ; which ceremony took place March 11, 1810 ; and on the 20th of April, 
 1811, the Empress presented him with a son, whom he announced to his officers 
 of state as the young king of Rome. Annexed Holland and the Hanse towns 
 to Fiance, July 9, 1810. Made Hamburgh a part of France, January 1, 1811. 
 Seized on Swedish Pomerania, January 22, 1812. Headed an invading army 
 against Russia, (the most unfortunate event he ever undertook), May 2, 1812. 
 Entered Wilna, June 28, 1812, after gaining a battle. Fought the battle of 
 Smolensko, August 28, 1812. Was victorious at Moskwa, September 7, 1812. 
 Entered Moscow, after a well-fought battle, September 14, 1812. Rostopschin, 
 the Russian Governor, having set fire to the city, he was obliged to retire from 
 it; his previous good fortune now deserted him, and he experienced sad re- 
 verses, October 22, 1812. His army suffered severely from the frost, and great 
 numbers perished in his retreat ; he deserted the army, on the 5th of December, 
 and arrived at Paris on the 18th, which caused great dissatisfaction. Fought 
 the battle of Lutzen, May 1, 1813, which proved disastrous. Bautzen, May 20, 
 1813. Vittoria, June 21, 1813. Engaged the combined troops at Dresden, 
 1813. Fought the battle of Leipsic, without success, October 18, 1813. En- 
 gaged the Allies, under the walls of Paris, at Montmantre, and was defeated, 
 March 30, 1814. On the following day the allied army entered the French 
 capital. Abdicated on the 1 1th of April following, with an understanding that 
 he should retire to Elba, where he arrived May 8, 1814. The Empress Jose- 
 phine died at Paris, May 30, 1814. Bonaparte makes his escape from Elba, 
 and returns to Paris after the Allies had quitted it, and re-ascended the throne 
 which he had so lately abdicated, March 20, 1815. The Allied Sovereigns, in 
 consequence of this bold step, sign a new treaty for his extermination, March 
 25, 1S15. Abolished the Slave Trade, March 29, 1815. Left Paris to join the 
 army at Laon, June 12, 1815. Defeated Blucher at Ligny, June 16, 1815. 
 Defeated at Waterloo, returned to Paris, June 20, and abdicated on the 23rd, 
 in favour of his son. Arrived at Rochefort, with the view of sailing to Ame- 
 rica, July 3, 1815. Failing in this project, he surrendered himself and suite of 
 forty persons to Captain Maitland, of the Bellerophon, July 15, 1815. Sailed 
 to Plymouth, July 20, 1815. Transferred at Torbay from the Bellerophon to 
 the Northumberland, which sailed withhim for the island of St. Helena, decreed 
 by the allied Sovereigns to be his place of residence for life, August 8, 1815. 
 Arrived at St. Helena, October 16, 1815. His relatives, of every description, 
 Ko. 54 3 I 
 
418 , THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 BONAPARTE, NAPOLEON, (continued.) born 1769 
 
 excluded for ever from Fiance, by the law of Amnesty, January 12, 1S16. His 
 Son died 1832. The remains of Napoleon were disinterred, and brought to 
 Paris, when they were again entombed in the Cathedral of St. Denis, in 1840, 
 with great ceremony. 
 
 Having given the principal achievements of Bonaparte, we cannot but 
 admire the wonderful qualities of his mind, which appear to have been beyond 
 any other individual on record; he commanded an army whose prowess for 
 many years carried death and destruction wherever it went; monarch after 
 monarch — kingdom after kingdom, fell prostrate before his victorious troops; 
 and Berlin, Vienna, Madrid, Moscow, Dresden, Amsterdam, Venice, Rome, 
 Mantua, Turin, and Genoa were obliged to open their gates to this triumphant 
 Commander. 
 
 BONAPARTE, JOSEPH, born 1768 
 
 Caused his brother Joseph to be declared king of Naples, March 30, 1806; and 
 two years after, on the 7th of July, 1808, he made him king of Spain, transfer- 
 ing the kingdom of Naples to his brother-in-law, Murat. 
 
 BONAPARTE, LUCIEN, born 1774 
 
 BONAPARTE, LOUIS, born 1778 
 
 Made king of Holland, June 5, 1806, by his brother Napoleon. Attempted to 
 Taise an insurrection at Boulogne, August 5, 1840, in which he failed. 
 
 BONAPARTE, JEROME, bom 1784 
 
 BONAPARTE, LETITIA, (Mother) born 1750 
 
 BONAR, MRS. and MR. of Chislehurst, murder of, May 31 1813 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Bonar were murdered in their bed, by their servant, Philip Nichol- 
 son. He was tried and found guilty, and executed August 23, 1813. 
 
 BOSANQUET, WILLIAM, ESQ. died June 21 1800 
 
 Mr. Bosanquet, in making some alterations in his house, had removed the balcony 
 from his back drawing room window; forgetting this circumstance, he walked 
 out, and fell into the area, and, in his fall, broke the vertebrae of his back, and 
 was severely injured. Though sensible of his certain dissolution, he in the 
 midst of his sufferings, which he bore with gTeat patience, dictated some addi- 
 tions to his will. He was son of the respected Bank Director of that name. 
 
 BOSCAWEN, ADMIRAL, born 1711; died 1761 
 
 BOSCAWEN, WILLIAM, died 1811 
 
 BOURBON, CONDE, death of His R. H. the Prince of... 1830 
 
 His Royal Highness was the father of the Due d'Enghien. On the morning of 
 the 27th of August, his Highness was found dead in his chamber, at the Castle 
 of St. Leu, in the department of the Seine and Oise. His death was occasioned 
 by strangulation. 
 
 BOURGEOIS, SIR FRANCIS, died 1813 
 
 Sir Francis Bourgeois was descended from a Swiss family, but horn in London, 
 in 1 756. He was originally destined for the army, but having a taste for drawing, 
 he continued it professionally, and was at length appointed painter to the King 
 of Poland, who honoured him with the Order of Merit. He was afterwards 
 knighted by George III. and nominated by His Majesty his landscape painter. 
 He acquired a large collection of pictures by the will of Mr. Desenfans, which 
 ha Intended to have left as the commencement of the founding of a National 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 419 
 
 BOURGEOIS, SIR FRANCIS, (continued.) 
 
 Gallery, and which were offered to the Duke of Portland, on condition that lie 
 would give a piece of ground on some part of his estate on which to erect such 
 gallery ; Sii Francis also agreeing to give the sum of £10,000 towards its erec- 
 tion, and for the endowment of a keeper. The proposition was not responded 
 to until too late, Sir Francis having bequeathed them to Dulwich College, where 
 a new wing was erected for their reception. 
 
 BOWDITCH, MR. (the traveller), died January 10 1824 
 
 BOWER, ARCHIBALD, died 1766 
 
 He contributed to a work called Historia Literaria, which was discontinued in 
 1734, and engaged in the Universal History, upon which he was employed seve- 
 ral years. In 1748, he published the first volume of The History of the Popes ; 
 a second followed : and after the publishing of the third volume, the work fell 
 into discredit, and the author into disgrace, on account of a discovery of his 
 secret correspondence with the Jesuits, into whose society he had been a second 
 time admitted. A great controversy was carried on in consequence, and Bower 
 was convicted of many falsehoods. The material charges were never satisfac- 
 torily answered, although he continued to assert his innocence.- 
 
 BOWYER, the Printer, born 1699; died November 18 1777 
 
 BOWYER, ADMIRAL SIR GEORGE, died 1800 
 
 BOYCE, DR. the Organist, born 1710 ; died February 9, 
 
 (aged 69) 1779 
 
 BOYLE, ROGER, born 1621; died 1679 
 
 BOYLE, EARL OF ORRERY, born 1676; died 1731 
 
 BOYLE, JOHN, EARL OF ORRERY, born 1707 ; died 1762 
 
 BRADBURY, MR. (the Clown), died July 21 1831 
 
 BRADDOCK, GENERAL, killed at Du Quesne, July 9 . 1755 
 
 BRADSHAW, JOHN, one of the Judges of Charles I. 
 
 born 1586; died 1659 
 
 BRADY, REV. DR. NICHOLAS, born 1569; died 1726 
 
 BRAGANZA, CATHARINE OF, Queen of CHARLES 
 
 II. died 1705 
 
 She was the daughter of John, Duke of Braganza, who recovered the Crown of 
 Portugal from the usurpation of Spain; she married Charles in 1662, and died 
 at Lisbon. 
 
 BRAHAM, MR. the celebrated Singer, born 1777 
 
 Mr. Braham, in 17&7. at the age of 10 years, made his appearance at the Royalty 
 Theatre, Goodman's-fieKts, under the management of John Palmer, in aburletta 
 called The Birth-day. He had pieviously made his appearance at Covent Garden 
 Theatre, for the benefit of his first instructor, Leoni, on which occasion he sang 
 The Soldier tir'd of Wars alarms," In 1794, he first sang at Bath, at Signior 
 
420 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 BRAHAM, MR. {continued.) 
 
 Ronzine's Concerts, with Madame Mara. In 1796, he made his first appear- 
 ance at Drury-lane, in Mahmoud. In 1797, he sany at the Opera House, in the 
 Opera of Zemira and Azor. At the latter end of the same year, he left his 
 native land for Italy with Madame Storace. At Florence, he played the part of 
 Ulysses. In Italy he sang with Billington, David, Marchesi, &c. &c. In 1801, 
 he returned to England, and made his appearance in — The Cabinet. In 1805-6, 
 he was engaged at the Opera House, Drury-lane, Oratorios, Concerts, &c. &c. 
 Arrival of in America, October 31, 1840. 
 
 BRAHE, TYCHO, Astronomer, born 1546; died 1601 
 
 BRAMAH, JOSEPH, Engineer and Mechanist, born 1749; 
 
 died December 9 1814 
 
 BRANDON, CHARLES, Duke of Suffolk, died 1 545 
 
 He was the son of Sir William Brandon, standard bearer to Henry VII. who was 
 slain at the battle of Bosworth. 
 
 BRANDRETH, TURNER, and LUDLAM, executed at 
 
 Derby, November 6 , 1817 
 
 BREADALBANE, MARQUIS OF, death of, at Tay- 
 
 mouth Castle, (aged 72), March 29 1834 
 
 BRERETON, COLONEL, trial of, by a Court Martial, at 
 
 Bristol, January 13 1832 
 
 It being considered that Colonel Brereton had not done his duty in the riots at 
 Bristol, a charge was preferred against- him to that effect, and he was brought to 
 a court martial; previous to the closing of which, however, the Colonel sud- 
 denly terminated his life, by shooting himself with a pistol. On the 14th of 
 January an inquest sat on the body, which returned a verdict of — " died by a 
 pistol wound, inflicted by himself." 
 
 BRIDGE WATER, DUKE OF, born 1736; died 1803 
 
 BRIDPORT, ADMIRAL, (ALEXANDER HOOD), died 1814 
 
 Lord Bridport was engaged in many of those brilliant victories which are to be 
 found in the records of our naval history. He commanded the Royal Georpe of 
 100 guns, in Lord Howe's victory of the 1st of June, when, after breaking 
 through the French line he became closely engaged with two of the enemy's first 
 rates, one of 120, the other of 80 guns. 
 
 BRIGHT, MR. of Maiden, in Essex, born 1727; died No- 
 vember 10 1756 
 
 Mr. Bright weighed 44 stone, or 616 pounds; aged 29. His coffin was 3 feet 
 6 inches over the shoulders. 
 
 BRINDLEY, MR. the Duke of Bridgewater's Engineer, 
 
 born 1716; died September 27, (aged 50) 1772 
 
 BROOK, JOHN CHARLES, Somerset Herald, killed, 
 
 February 3 1794 
 
 He was unfortunately crushed to death at the Haymarlcet Theatre, on the occa- 
 sion of the attendance of their Royal Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of 
 York on that evening. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 421 
 
 BROOK, ROGER, of Halifax, Yorkshire, born 1435; died 
 
 October S, (aged 133) 1568 
 
 BROOKES, DR. the Anatomist, died January 10 1833 
 
 Dipd suddenly, Joshua Brookes F.E.S ; F.L.S.; Soc. Cces. Nat. Cur. Mosq. 
 Soc. forty years Professor of Anatomy in Blenheim-street, during which time 
 he educated no less than 7,000 Students, and reared, by unexampled industry 
 and perseverance the most extensive and splendid collection of Anatomical and 
 Zoological specimens ever accumulated by one individual in this or any other 
 country. His remains were deposited in St.- James's church, Piccadilly, Janu- 
 ary 18', 1833. 
 
 BROTHERS, RICHARD, died January 25 1824 
 
 During the years 1792-3-4, the minds of the credulous had been much disturbed 
 by the prophecies of this man, who had been a Lieutenant in the Navy; among 
 other extravagancies, he styled himself the nephew of God, predicted the de- 
 struction of all Sovereigns, the downfall of the Naval power of Great Britain, 
 and the restoration of the Jews, who, under him as their Prince and Deliverer, 
 were to be re-seated at Jerusalem; these events were to be accomplished by the 
 year 1798. At length the Government found it expedient to interfere; and 
 on the 14th of March, 1795, he was apprehended at his lodgings, No. 58, Pad- 
 dington-street, under a warrant from the Secretary of State. After a long ex- 
 amination before the Privy Council, he persisted in the divinity of his legation. 
 He was committed into the custody of a State Messenger. On the 27th he was 
 declared a lunatic, by a Jury appointed under a Commission of Lunacy; upon 
 which he was removed to a private madhouse at Islington, where he remained 
 till the year 1806, when he was discharged by the authority of Lord Chancellor 
 Erskine. Alter his liberation, he resided some time in the neighbourhood of 
 the Edge ware-road, and after that in Upper Baker-street, where he died. It 
 is a singular fact that the Minister died of a broken heart, and the doctor who 
 attended him, poisoned himself. 
 
 BROUGHAM, HENRY LORD, born 1778 
 
 Born at Edinburgh, and commenced his literary course in editing the Edinburgh 
 Review, in conjunction with Jeffrey and Horner; and also practised at the 
 Scottish bar. In 1807, he became M P. for Camelford ; but the grand epoch 
 of his life was his defence of Queen Caroline, (then Her Majesty's Attorney- 
 General) duiing her trial in 1821. 
 
 BROUGHTON, SPENCE, executed April 14 1792 
 
 Spence Broughton was indicted for robbing the Sheffield and Rotheiham mail; 
 there was a second count in the indictment, for feloniously taking out of the 
 said mail a foreign Bill of Exchange, value £123. 14s. The Judge having 
 summed up the evidence, (which was rather long) the Jury retired for a short 
 time, when they returned, and pronounced a verdict of — guilty. 
 
 The Judge then addressed the prisoner; he told him he had been convicted, 
 (on the clearest evidence that could be produced), of a crime which must have 
 been long premeditated, and which, in its consequence was most baneful to 
 society — of a crime of such a nature as to leave him without a shadow of hope 
 that he should receive any mercy in this world. That, in order to deter others 
 from offending in the like manner, it was necessary that his punishment should 
 not cease at the place of execution — (his Lordship then passed the following 
 extraordinary sentence on the prisoner, after the usual suspension), — " that 
 " your body be suspended between heaven and earth, (as unworthy of either) to be 
 " buffeted about by the winds and storms." He was executed at Tyburn, near 
 York, on Saturday, April 14, 1792, and afterwards hung in chains on Atter- 
 cliffe Common, near Sheffield. 
 
 BRUCE, JAMES, traveller, died 1794 
 
422 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 BRUCE, SIR CHARLES, dropped down dead on entering 
 
 St. Martin's Court, August 7 1832 
 
 BUCHAN, DR. WM. Author of the ' Domestic Medicine,' 
 
 &c. died February 25, (aged 76) 1805 
 
 BUCHANAN, CLAUDIUS, D.D. born 177G ; died 1815 
 
 BUCKINGHAM, DUKE OF, died January 17 1839 
 
 Created Duke of Buckingham and Chandos by George IV. 
 
 BUCKINGHAM, GEORGE VILLIERS, DUKE OF, 
 
 born 1627; died 1688 
 
 BUCKINGHAM, DUKE OF, born 1593; murdered by 
 
 Felton 1628 
 
 The following paper, containing the reasons for committing this dreadful act, was 
 found concealed in Felton's hat after the murder: — 
 
 " That man is cowardly base and deserreth not the name of a gentleman o souldier 
 that is not willing to sacrifice his life for the lionor of his God, his Kinge, and his 
 countrie. Lett noe man commend me for doeing of it, but rather discommend them- 
 selves, as the cause of it, for if God had not taken away o harts for o sinnes he would 
 not have gone so long unpunished. Jo. Felton." Hung November 29, 1G28. 
 
 BUCKINGHAM, JOHN SHEFFIELD, DUKE OF, Poet 
 
 born 1649; died 1721 
 
 BUCKLE, FRANK, died 1832 
 
 He was born at Newmarket, and his first appearance as a jockey there, was on the 
 17th of May, 1783, when he rode Mr. Vernon's b. c. Wolf, in which race he was 
 beat. His last race was on Colonel Udney's Conservator, November 5th, 1831, 
 which was the very day on which he had, fifty years befoie, commenced his 
 public life, having entered Mr. Vernon's stables on November 5, 1781. 
 
 BUFFON, COUNT DE, born 1707; died 1788 
 
 BULLER, SIR FRANCIS, KT. died June 5.. 1800 
 
 Judge Buller died at his house, Bedford Square. On the morning preceding the 
 day on which he died, he had visited the Lord Chancellor; he returned home, 
 was seized with a degree of languor, and after being conveyed to his chamber, 
 died on the following morning. He was created a baronet in 1789. 
 
 BUNYAN, JOHN, author of ' The Pilgrim's Progress, ' 
 
 born 1628; died ,. 1688 
 
 BURDETT, SIR FRANCIS, born 1770 
 
 Committed to the Tower of London, April 9, 1810. Liberated from thence, 
 June 21, 1810. 
 
 BURGESS, DR. BISHOP OF SALISBURY died, (aged 
 
 81), February 19 1837 
 
 BURGHLEY, WM. CECIL LORD, died 1598 
 
 First Minister to Queen Elizabeth, and founder of the noble house of Exeter and 
 Salisbury. 
 
8 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 423 
 
 BURGOYNE, GENERAL, died 1792 
 
 BURK, , and ELLEN M'DOUGALL, tried at Edin- 
 burgh, for Murder, January 28 1829 
 
 Burk and M'D >uyall were tried before the High Court of Justiciary, at Edinburgh, 
 for the murder of Abigail Simpson, when Burk was found guilty, and received 
 sentence of death ; hut M'Dnugall's guiit was not proven. Previous to his exe- 
 cution, he confessed to having been instrumental to the deaths of the following 
 unfortunate victims : — 
 
 1. An Englishman, a native of Cheshire, a lodger of Hare's, £. s. d. 
 
 name unknown. Sold to Dr. Knox for 10 4 
 
 2. An old woman, a lodger of Hare's; name unknown. Sold 
 
 to Dr. Knox for 10 4 
 
 3. Margaret Paterson, murdered in Burk's brother's house, 
 
 in the Canon-gate, by Burk and Hare. Sold to Dr. 
 Knox for 
 
 4. An old woman and her grandson, a dumb boy, the two . . 
 
 5. Joseph, (a miller), sold to Dr. Knox for 
 
 6. A woman, name unknown, murdered by Hare, sold to Dr. 
 
 Kuox for 
 
 7. A Cinder-gatherer, murdered by Burk and Hare; sold to 
 
 Dr. Knox for '. 
 
 8. A drunken woman, name unknown, murdered by Burk 
 
 and Hare. Sold to Dr. Knox for „, 
 
 9. Daft Jamie. Ditto 10 
 
 10. Ann M'Dougall, cousin to Ellen, murdered by Burk and 
 
 and Hare. Ditto 10 
 
 11. Mrs. Haldare, a lodger of Hare's, ditto. 
 
 12. Margaret Haldare, daughter of the above, murdered by 
 
 Hare. Sold to Dr. Knox for 8 
 
 13. Mrs. Hostler, murdered by Burk and Hare, ditto 8 
 
 14. Campbell, (or Doherty), murdered in the same way. 
 
 Burke was executed, 1829. 
 
 BURKE, EDMUND, died July 8, (aged 68) 1797 
 
 BURNS, ROBERT, Poet, born 1759; died 1796 
 
 His widow died March 26, 1834. 
 
 BURNET, GILBERT, BISHOP OF SALISBURY, His- 
 
 torian,born 1643; died 1715 
 
 BURNET, SIR THOxMAS, (his son), died 1753 
 
 BURNHAM, JOSEPH, executed for house-breaking ...... 1829 
 
 He was executed for breaking into, and entering the dwelling-house of Matthew 
 Milton, a horse-dealer, at Hillingdon. 
 
 BUSBY, DR. RICHARD, Schoolmaster, bom 1606; died 1695 
 BUTE, JOHN EARL OF, died 1792 
 
 BUTLER, SAMUEL, Author of < Hudibras,' born 1612; 
 
 died 1680 
 
 BUTLER, JAMES, DUKE OF ORMOND, died 1688 
 
 A truly loyal subject of the reign of Charles I, by which he merited the acquired 
 appellation of — The Great Duke of Ormond. 
 
424 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 BUTLER, JAMES, 2nd DUKE OF ORMOND, died ... 1745 
 
 The Duke of Ormond having strenuously opposed the bigoted measures of king 
 James TI. joined with several L'-rds and Bishops, in 1G88, in a petition to him 
 to prevent, by calling a free Parliament, the miseries to which his kingdom was 
 exposed; but meeting wi<h a sharp answer, he left the court, and was one of 
 the first of the English nobility that went over to the Prince of Orange. 
 
 BYNG, SIR GEORGE, beat the Spanish fleet 1718 
 
 BYNG, ADMIRAL, shot, March 14 1757 
 
 Byng is now universallv considered to have been the victim rather of popular 
 clamour, artfully excited and fomented for the basest partv purposes, than for 
 anv misconduct of his own. His fate, though unmerited, has nevertheless 
 proved a lesson of great utility to the British navy. Previous to this the im- 
 pression had not been fixed on the minds of the officers of our navy that, 
 where an opportunity offered, to sink, burn, or destroy no consideration should 
 interfere to prevent them from accomplishing the same; and to this may be 
 attributed that succession of daring achievements which have raised the glory 
 of this country to so unrivalled a pitch, and illustrates the maxim of the hero 
 Nelson, that — " in sea affairs, nothing is impossible, and nothing improbable." 
 
 CABOT, SEBASTIAN, son of the navigator, born 1487; 
 
 died 1557 
 
 CADE, JACK, the rebel, killed by Alexander Iden 1451 
 
 C^SSAR, JULIUS, after fifty battles, wherein fell above 
 
 1,190,000 men, killed ■ B.C. 44 
 
 OESAR, SIR JULIUS, Antiquarian, died 1639 
 
 CALKIN, BRIDGET, tried for murder, January 7 1832 
 
 Bridget Calkin was tried upon a charge of murdering a little girl, of the name of 
 Duffy ; but the evidence not being sufficiently strong enough to convict the 
 prisoner, she was acquitted. She was only nineteen years of age. 
 
 CALVERT, BARNARD, went from Southwark to Calais, 
 July 17, 1619, and returned the same evening. 
 
 On the 17th of July, 1619, one Barnard Calvert, of Andover, in Hampshire, for a 
 considerable wager, set out from St. George's church, Southwark, about three 
 o'clock in the morning, and rode to Dovor, where he left his horse, and took a 
 small vessel that was prepared for him, in which he crossed to Calais; having 
 taken refreshment here for a short time, he returned again to Dovor, remounted 
 his horse, and rode back again to St. George's church, from whence he set out, 
 in excellent spirits, before eight o'clock in the evening. The time allowed for 
 the performance of this journey and voyage, was eighteen hours. He won his 
 wager by about fifty minutes. 
 
 CALVIN, JOHN, born 1509 ; died 1564 
 
 CAMDEN, CHARLES EARL, born 1713; died 1794 
 
 CAMDEN, WILLIAM, Historian and Antiquarian, born 
 
 1551; died 1621 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 425 
 
 CAMDEN, MARQUIS, death of, October 1840 
 
 CAMELFORD, LORD; see page 39, " Duels." 
 
 CAMERON, DR. ARCHIBALD, executed at Tyburn ... 1753 
 
 CAMPBELL, DR. JOHN, Author, born 1708; died 1775 
 
 CANNING, RIGHT HON. GEORGE, died August 18 . 1827 
 
 Statue of, placed in Palace Yard, May 2, 1832. 
 
 CANNING, ELIZABETH, tried and transported, 1754; 
 
 died : 1773 
 
 CARDAN, JEROME, born 1501; died 1576 
 
 This eminent mathematician was the discoverer of what is called Cardan's Rule for 
 the solution of cubic equations. He was a man of real science, but supersti- 
 tious, whimsical, and vain. Having foretold the time of his death, he denied 
 himself the necessaries of life in order that his prediction might be fulfilled. 
 
 CARDIGAN, EARL, Trial of, for the attempted Murder 
 
 of Captain H. G. Tuckett, February 16 1841 
 
 This trial took place in the Painted Chamber, at present used by the Peers for 
 their Parliamentary business since the destruction of the old House by fire. The 
 smallness of the apartment, added to the general anxiety of the many to witness 
 the proceedings of this extraordinary trial, had rendered it necessary that very 
 great alterations should be made to afford accommodation, and to secure order. 
 The day of trial having arrived, the Court was soon filled, and the scene became 
 truly interesting. Lords Lyndhurst, Wynford and Brougham were early in 
 attendance; and the Attorney-General, accompanied by Mr. Waddington, was 
 at the Bar, long before the hour of business. Sir W. Follett, Mr. Serjeant 
 Wrangham, and Mr. Adolphus, who were for the prisoner, shortly afterwards 
 entered. 
 
 The Judges now arrived, and took their seats on the cross benches, in front 
 of the chair, with the exception of Lord Denman, (the Lord High Steward,) 
 and Lord Abinger, who sat with the Peers, upon the Barons' bench. The Peers 
 wore cocked hats, agreeable to an order to that effect, and posted in the lobbies 
 of the house some days before, reminding 1 their Lordships that it was not 
 proper to wear round hats with robes. Lady Cardigan arrived early, and took 
 a seat on the right of the Bar, immediately adjoining that of his Lordship. The 
 Lords' Speaker, (Lord Denman), having robed, now entered the house, and the 
 names of the Peers were called over ; there were present the Duke of Cambridge, 
 the Marquis of Lansdowne, Earl of Clarendon, the Dukes of Somerset, Rich- 
 mond, Beaufort, Marlborough, Buckingham, and Cleveland; — the Marquises of 
 Salisbury, Abercorn, Hertford, Bute, Exeter, Northampton, Anglesey, Chol- 
 mondeley, Westmeath, Westminster, and Normanby; — Earls Devon, Denbigh, 
 Chesterfield, Sandwich, Essex, Shaftesbury, Abingdon, Coventry, Oxford and 
 Mortimer, Tankerville, Aylesford, Cowper, Brooke and Warwick, Hardwicke, 
 De Lawarr, Radnor, Bathurst, Hillsborough, Mount Edgecumbe, Beverley, 
 Carnarvon, Cadogan, Mountcashell, Mayo, Wicklow, Lucan, Bandon, Rosslyn, 
 Wilton, Minto, Verulam, Morley, Bradford, Beauchamp, Earl De Gray, Eldon, 
 Howe, Somers, Amherst, Lichfield, and Dude; — Viscounts, Torrington, Hood, 
 Hawarden, Gordon, Beresford, and Canterbury ; — Bishops, Llandaflf and 
 Chichester; — Lords, Kilmarnock, Audley, Willoughby de Eresby, Camoys, 
 Beaumont, Clifford of Chudleigh, Saltoun, Colville of Culross, Montfort, 
 Holland, Walsingham, Bagot, Southampton, Grantley, Kenyon, Braybrooke, 
 
 No. 55- 3& 
 
426 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 CARDIGAN, EARL, Trial of, (continued.) 
 
 Gage, Lvttleton, Garlies, Calthorpe, Carrington, Northwick, Lilford, Redes- 
 dale, Sheffield, Gardner, Dalhousie, Melbourne, Colchester, Ker, Ormonde, 
 Forester, Rayleigh, De Tabley, Seaford, Lyndhurst, Tenterden, Melross, 
 Cowley, Stuart de Rothesay, Wynford, Brougham and Vaux, Kenlis, Dinorben, 
 Godolphin, Denman, Duncannon, Fitzgerald, Abinger, De L'Isle and Dudley, 
 Ashburton, Glenelg, Cottenham, Bateman, Sudeley, Leigh of Stoneleigh, Col- 
 borne, DeFreyne, Monteagle of Brandon, and Keane. 
 Absent. Peers. — Lords, Sydenham, De Fresne, Lurgan, Wenlock, Stuart de Decies, 
 Furnival, Beauvale, Methuen, Wrottesley, DeManley, Carew, Lismore, Kintore, 
 Lovat, Portman, Hatherton, Western, De Saumarez, Cloncurry, Segrave, Mostyn, 
 Poltimore, Panmure, Hamilton, Ludlow, Dunmore, Chaworth, Sefton, Fingall, 
 Plunkett, Fife, Seaford, Faversham, Skelmersdale, Roseberry, Heytersbury, 
 Ranfurly, Wigan, Somerville, Gifford, Bexley, Downe, Delamere, Ravensworth, 
 Oriel, Maryborough, Glenlyon, Kingston, Clanbrassil, Wemyss, Munster, 
 Prudhoe, Harris, Churchill, Ross, Melville, Hill, Lynedoch, Hopetown, Manners, 
 Crewe, Lauderdale, Androssan, Erskine.Barham, Sandys, Ellenborough. Rivers, 
 Abercorn, Loftus, Clanallan, Farnham, Carbery, Dunsany, Fitzg-ibbon, W'el- 
 lesley, Rolle, Salterton, Stuart of Chapel, Stuart, Thurlow, Douglas, Dorches- 
 ter, Tyrone, Montague, Sherborne, Powis, Rodney, Foley, Dynevor, Hawke, 
 Lovell and Holland, Sondes, Bruce, Monson, Boyle, Ray, Sinclair, Grey, Forbes, 
 Howland, Clifford, Stafford7 Teynham, Dormer, Arundel, Petre, Howard de 
 Walden, Seaton, Seaton de Peltroe, Vernnn, Dacre, De Roos, and Paget;^ 
 Bishops, Ely, Chichester, and St. David's; — Viscounts, Ponsonby, Cottenham, 
 Canning, Clancarty, Hutchinson, A'Court, Exmouth, Lake, Luton, Sidmouth, 
 Melville, St. Vincent, De Vesci, Maynard, Bolingbroke, Strathallen, and Arbuth- 
 not; — the Earls of, Dudley, Yaiborough, Ripon, Camperdown, Burlington, 
 Dunraven, Stradbroke, Glengall, St. Germains, Cathcart, Harewood, Harrowby, 
 Lonsdale, Grey, Ross, Gosford, Powis, Craven, O'Niel, Belmore, Charleville, 
 Liverpool, Mansfield, Fortescue, Talbot, Abergavenny, Spencer, Ilchester, Corn- 
 wallis, Guildford, Egremont, Fitzvvilliam, Buckingham, Portsmouth, Hadding- 
 ton, Waldegrav.e, Graham, Harborough, Stafford, Dartmouth, Orkney, Arden, 
 Elgin, Albemarle, Suffolk, and Pembroke; — Marquises, Breadalbane. Bristol, 
 Aylesbury, Hastings, Hertford, Townsend, Tweeddale, and Winchester; — 
 Dukes, Sutherland, Wellington, Newcastle, Manchester, Portland, Brandon, 
 Rutland, Devonshire, Leeds, St. Albans, Grafton, Norfolk, and Cumberland, 
 who was the last called. 
 
 The calling over the names being finished, the Clerks of the Crown in Chancery 
 and in the Queen's Bench, jointly made three reverences, and the Clerk of the 
 Crown in Chancery on his knee delivered the Commission to the Lord Speaker, 
 who gave it to the Clerk of the Crown in the Queen's Bench to read, and both 
 Clerks retired with the like reverence to the table. 
 
 The Serjeant-at-Arms then made proclamation for silence, and the Lord 
 Speaker acquainted their Lordships that Her Majesty's Commission was about 
 jo be read; and that all persons do stand up uncovered during tha same. The 
 Commission wasthen read by theClerk of the Crown in the Queen's Bench, as 
 follows : — 
 
 " Victoria R. 
 
 " Victoria, by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain 
 " and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, to our right trusty and well-beloved 
 " Councillor, Thomas Lord Denman, Chief Justice, assigned to hold pleas 
 " before us, greeting: — 
 
 " Know ye that whereas James Thomas Earl of Cardigan, late of the parish 
 " of Wandsworth, in our County of Surrey, in our Central Criminal Court, 
 " stands indicted upon the oaths of the Jurors, good and lawful men of and 
 " within the said jurisdiction of our said Central Criminal Court, in due manner 
 " sworn and charged to enquire within the said jurisdiction of felony by him 
 " the said James Thomas Earl of Cardigan done and committed; We, consider- 
 " ing that justice is an excellent virtue, and pleasing to the Most High, and 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 427 
 
 CARDIGAN, EARL, Trial of, (continued.) 
 
 " being willing that the said James Thomas Earl of Cardigan, of and for the 
 " felony whereof he is indicted as aforesaid before us in our present Parlia- 
 " ment, according to the law and custom of our United Kingdom of Great 
 " Britain and Ireland may be heard and examined, sentenced and adjudged, 
 " and that all other things which are necessary on this occasion may be duly 
 " exercised and executed; and for that the office of High Steward of our said 
 " United kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, whose presence upon this 
 " occasion is required, is now vacant, as we are informed ; We, very much 
 " confiding in your fidelity, prudence, provident circumspection, and industry, 
 " have for this cause ordained and constituted, you Steward of our said United 
 " Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, to hear, execute, and exercise for 
 " this time the said office, with all things due and belonging to the same office 
 " in this behalf; and, therefore, we command you that you diligently set about 
 " the premises and for this time exercise and execute with effect all those 
 " things which belong to the office of Steward of our said United Kingdom of 
 " Great Britain and Ireland, and which are required on this behalf. In witness 
 " thereof we have caused these our letters to be made patent. Witness our- 
 " self at Westminster, this 15th day of February, in the 4th year of our reign. 
 " By the Queen herself, signed with her own hand." 
 
 The Commission being read, Garter and Black Rod made their reverence to 
 the throne, and proceeded from the Bar to the Woolsack, where they took their 
 places on the right side of the Lord High Steward, and both holding the staff, 
 presented it upon their knees to his Lordship, when his Lordship rose, and 
 preceded by Garter and Black Rod, and the Purse Bearer, with reverence to the 
 throne, took his seat in the chair provided for his grace, on the uppermost step 
 but one of the throne, and delivered the staff to Black Rod, to hold in his right 
 hand, Garter standing on his left. 
 
 Proclamation was then made for silence ; the Queen's Writ of certiorari to 
 remove the indictment, with the return thereof, into the House of Lords, was 
 read, by the Clerk of the Crown in the Queen's Bench, as well as the indict- 
 ment. The prisoner was then brought into the house, who advanced to the Bar. 
 After making- his obeisance to the Lord High Steward, and to the Peers, he 
 was conducted within the Bar, and the indictment read. 
 
 The indictment contained three counts ; when, after the reading thereof, the 
 Clerk asked the prisoner, — *' How say you, James Thomas Earl of Cardigan, 
 are you guilty or not?" 
 
 The Earl of Cardigan: — " Not guilty, my Lords." 
 
 The Clerk: " How will you be tried, my Lord?" 
 
 The Earl of Cardigan : " By my Peers. " 
 
 The Clerk: ,! God send your Lordship a safe deliverance." 
 
 Proclamation was here made for all persons who had been summoned to at- 
 tend as witnesses, to come forth and give evidence. 
 
 The pleadings were then opened by Mr. W T addington, as set forth in the 
 indictment, and the trial proceeded. 
 
 At the close of the evidence for the prosecution, an objection was taken by 
 the counsel for the Earl of Cardigan, that the evidence failed to prove the 
 identity of Captain Tuckett, as described in the indictment. Strangers were 
 then ordered to withdraw, while their Lordships considered the objection raised 
 by Sir W. Follett. After an absence of about twenty minutes, their Lordships 
 had decided in favour of the objection, that there was not evidence sufficiently 
 strong to condemn the prisoner. The Lord High Steward then put the question 
 to each Peer severally: beginning with the junior baron, and proceeding, according . 
 to seniority, through the list of Viscounts, Earls, Marquises, and Dukes, in the 
 following form : — John Singleton Lord Lyndhurst, how says your Lordship, is 
 James Thomas Earl of Cardigan guilty of this felony whereof he stands indicted 
 or not? Whereupon each Peer rose, and, putting his right hand upon his 
 breast, said, — " Not guilty upon my honour." The Lord High Steward then, last 
 
428 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 CARDIGAN, EARL, Trial of, (concluded.) 
 
 of all, said, " Not guilty upon my honour." The Serjeant-at-Arms then said, 
 call in James Thomas Earl of Cardigan. Lord Cardigan was brought in, and 
 declared by the Lord High Steward — Not Guilty. His Lordship then bowed, 
 and retired. 
 
 CAREY, LUCIUS, VISCOUNT, FALKLAND, killed . 1643 
 
 Lord Falkland was killed at the battle of Newbury; he was a great favourite of 
 Charles I. His character, given by Lord Clarendon, in his ' History,' is one of 
 the most interesting that occurred in that reign. 
 
 CAREW, ADMIRAL SIR B. died, September 2 1831 
 
 He was a native of Canada, and took the name of Carew on succeeding to a large 
 fortune. 
 
 CAREW, THOMAS BAMPFYLDE MOORE, died 1770 
 
 CAREW, SIR NICHOLAS, beheaded 1539 
 
 He was Master of the Horse to king Henry VIII. and a distinguished favourite of 
 his sovereign, but falling under the displeasure of that monarch, added another 
 to the number that was sacrificed to his capricious whim. 
 
 CAREY, DR. the Baptist Missionary, died June 9 1834 
 
 His death took place at Serampore. He had lived forty years in India, and 
 translated the New Testament into forty Oriental languages. 
 
 CARHAMPTON, EARL OF, "died March 17, (aged 88) 1829 
 CARLISLE, RICHARD, tried for Blasphemy, Nov. 16 ... 1819 
 
 Carlisle was convicted by Mr. Justice Bayley for publishing Paint's Age of Reason. 
 There were two convictions; — the sentence of the Court was, that for the 
 
 . first oifence, he should pay a fine to the King of £1000. and to be imprisoned in 
 His Majesty's jail at Dorchester, for the term of two years; and for the second 
 offence, to be fined £500. and imprisoned in the same jail for the term of one 
 year, to be computed from the expiration of the first two years imprisonment, 
 and that he should give security for his good behaviour in a sum of £1000. and 
 two sureties in the sum of £100. each, for and during the remainder of his 
 natural life, and that he should be imprisoned until the fines and securities were 
 found. He was also found guilty at the Old Bailey Sessions of publishing a libel 
 to excite an insurrection in the country, and finally, a rebellion. He was also 
 convicted of this charge and sentenced to two years imprisonment, a fine of 
 £500. and two securities in £50. each to preserve the peace for ten years, 
 January 11, 1831. 
 
 CAROLINE, QUEEN, died 1821 
 
 Left England for the Continent, 1814; landed at Dovor from thence, June 5, 
 1820 ; Messrs. Brougham and Denman heard at the Bar of the House of Lords, 
 in defence of, June 22, 1820 ; Charge against opened, August 19, 1820; trial 
 ended November 10, 1820 ; Went in state to St. Paul's Cathedral, November 
 29, 1820. Protests against her exclusion at the Coronation, Jly 19, 1821 ; 
 taken ill at Drury-lane Theatre, July 30, 1821; died August 7, 1821, after an 
 illness of eight days; her remains removed from Hammersmith, in order to be 
 interred in the Royal vault at Hanover. 
 
 CARR, THE REV. HOLWELL, died January 24 1830 
 
 CARRACCI, ANTONIO, painter, born 1583; died, 1618 
 
 CARRACCI, ANNIBALE, ditto, born 1557; died 1606 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 429 
 
 CARRACCI, AUGUSTINO, painter, born 1557; died... 1602 
 
 CARRACCI, LODOVICO, ditto, born 1557; died 1613 
 
 CARRAVAGGIO, MICHAEL ANGELO, painter, and 
 
 statesman, born 1569 ; died 1609 
 
 CARTWRIGHT, MAJOR, born September 28, 1740 ; died 
 
 September 23, : 1824 
 
 Statue erected to the memory of, in Burton Crescent, July 20, 1S31. 
 
 CARTWRIGHT, DR. EDWARD, died 1813 
 
 Dr. Edward Cartwright-, was the inventor of the Power Loom, for which he took 
 out a Patent April 4, 1785. He was led by this -invention to undertake manu- 
 facturing with power looms at Doncaster ; but the scheme proved unsuccessful, 
 and he was compelled to abandon it. He afterwards obtained patents for im- 
 proving wool-combing, with which he met with no better success. His affairs 
 had now become greatly embarrassed in consequence of these speculations ; he 
 was, however, more fortunate than the generality of speculators, the Parliament 
 having, in 1809, awarded a grant of £10,000. as a reward for his ingenuity. 
 
 ■CASHMAN, JOHN ; see page.IGS, ante. 
 
 CASLON, WILLIAM, Letter-founder, died January 24, 
 
 aged 74 1766 
 
 CAVENDISH, W T 1LLIAM, DUKE OF NEWCASTLE, 
 
 died 1676 
 
 CAXTON, Printer, born 1412 ; died (aged 78) 1491 
 
 CERVANTES, , died 1616 
 
 The eminent Spanish writer, Cervantes, died aged 68. He was the author of Don 
 Quixotte, which work was written by him whilst languishing in a prison for 
 debt. 
 
 CHALMERS, ALEXANDER, Biographer, &c. died 1834 
 
 CHAPONE, MRS. died 1801 
 
 She married December 30, 1760, Mr. Chapone, Attorney, of Clements Inn, who 
 died in September, 1761, leaving one daughter, Augusta, married 1 795> to Mr. 
 Thresher of the Strand. 
 
 CHARLES I. began his reign, March 27 *..,.. 1625 
 
 Pawned his jewels to Holland, which were redeemed by the sale of iron ordnance, 
 1629. Impeached five members who had opposed his arbitrary measures, which, 
 begins the Civil War in England, 1642. Erected his standard at Nottingham, 
 which was blown down the same night by a violent tempest, August 26, 1642. 
 Seized by Colonel Joice, at Holmbv, June 3, 1647. Escaped from Hampton 
 Court, and retreated to the Isle of Wight, July 29, 1648. Confined in Hurst 
 Castle, December 1, following. Removed to Windsor Castle, December 23. To 
 St. James's House, January 19, 1649. Brought to trial the next day, condemn- 
 ed on the 27th, beheaded at Whitehall, on the 30th, aged 48, and buried at St. 
 George's chapel, Windsor, 1649. Vault of, and also of king Henry VIII. 
 opened in 1813; at which the Prince Regent, Sir Henry Halford, &c. &c. were 
 present. 
 
 He reigned 22 years, ten months, and three days. 
 
430 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 CHARLES II. born, May 29, 1630; died February 
 
 Escaped from St. James's, April 23, 1648. Landed in Scotland, 1650. 
 
 _ 6 1685 
 
 Escaped from St. James's, April 23, 1648. Landed in Scotland, 1650. Crowned 
 at Scone, January 1, 1651 ; defeated at the battle of Worcestei, 1651. Landed 
 at Dover, Mav 20, 1660, and restored to his throne. Crowned April 13, 1661. 
 Married Catharine, Infanta of Portugal, May 21, 1662. Accepted the city 
 freedom, December 18, 1674. Died of a fit of apoplexy, aged 54. Buried at 
 Westminster. His queen died December 21, 1705. Reigned 36 years, 7days; 
 succeeded by his brother James II. 
 
 CHARLES X. Ex-king of France, died at Goritz, aged 79, 
 
 November 6 1836 
 
 Charles Philip, Count D'Artois, born October 9, 1757- Landed at Leith, in Scot- 
 land, January 6, 1796. Visited London, May 27, 1799. Ascended the throne 
 of Fiance on the death of Louis XVIII. September 16, 1824. Crowned May 
 29, 1825. Deposed 1830. 
 
 CHARLES XII. of Sweden, killed at Frederickshall, in 
 
 Norway, November 30, aged 36 1718 
 
 CHARLOTTE, HER R. H. THE PRINCESS, born 
 
 January 7, 1796; died November 6, 1817 
 
 Married in May, 1816, to His Serene Highness Leopold, Duke of Saxe, Margrave 
 of Meissen, Prince of Courbourg of Saalfeld, who died soon after the birth of a 
 son. Buried at Windsor. 
 
 CHARLOTTE, QUEEN, died, in the 75th year of her age, 
 
 November, (buried at Windsor) 1818 
 
 CHATTERTON, THOMAS, Poet, born 1752; died 1770 
 
 CHATHAM, EARL, born 1708; died 1788 
 
 He was educated at Eton, and afterwards at Trinity College, Oxlord, in 1726. 
 Purchased a cornetcy in the Blues, and was shortly after returned to Parlia- 
 ment for the borough of Old Farum, Sir R. Walpole being then Prime Minister ; 
 and Pitt, joining the Opposition, that minister was after a while compelled to 
 retire, which took place in 1742. In the Newcastle administration, in 1746, he 
 was chosen to fill the office of Vine-Treasurer for Ireland, from which he was 
 transferred in the same year to that of Paymaster-General of the Forces. This 
 situation he held for nearly nine years, displaying great energy and activity. 
 Resigned it in 1755; but the force of public opinion compelled his recall, 
 when he was, in consequence, on the 4th of December, 1756, appointed prin- 
 cipal Secretary of State. In the month of April following, finding his plans 
 opposed by the rest of the Cabinet, he again resigned ; but the king was obliged 
 to 'yield to the call of the nation; the ministry was driven from power, a new 
 one formed in accordance with his wishes, and Mr. Pitt once more became the 
 Premier. His measures were now so successful, that victory after victory 
 crowned the British arms wherever they were employed, both by sea and land; 
 the French were defeated in the east and west; Canada was wrested from them 
 ere they were aware of any danger at home; so that, by the enlrepid energy of 
 this great man, they hecame nearly divested of every colony they possessed in 
 the several parts of the world; and amidst all this, tranquility reigned at home. 
 In 1760, however, George II. died, and the new reign was ushered in with far 
 different principles from those of the preceding one, and Mr. Pitt, conse- 
 quently soon resigned. On the accession of George III. the sorereign, sensible 
 of his deserts, bestowed a barony upon his lady, and apension of £3000. a-year 
 to him, for their joint lives, and for that of the eldest son. He remained out 
 of office until 1766 when, upon the failure of the Rockingham administration, 
 it was found necessary, in consequence of the embarrassed state of affairs, and 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 431 
 
 CHATHAM, EARL, (continued.) 
 
 the great trouble which prevailed respecting the American Stamp Act, to again 
 call in the assistance of Mr. Pitt ; and in the July of that year, he was appoint- 
 ed to form a new administration. In the arrangement of this cabinet, he re- 
 served to himself, together with the Premiership, the office of Lord Privy Seal, 
 as better suiting the enfeebled state of his health ; at the same time, he went 
 to the upper house, with the title of Earl of Chatham. He now exereised his 
 best endeavours to ameliorate the existing difference of this country with Ame- 
 rica; but the great opposition of his colleagues prevented him from carrying 
 his plans into effect; and in December, 1768, he once more resigned. His 
 infirmities now pressed so heavily upon him, that he was obliged to spend the 
 greatest part of his time in retirement, only now and then appearing in his 
 place, or whenever important discussions were to be brought forward. On the 
 7th of April, 1778, when a motion on the subject of the American war was to 
 be discussed, he appeared in his place in the House of Lords for the last time, 
 leaning on the arm of his son, his majestic figure wrapped in flannel, with a 
 countenance pale as death. After having delivered his sentiments with his 
 accustomed eloquence, he sat down. On rising again to reply to the arguments 
 of the Duke of Richmond, he suddenly fell back in the arms of the Duke of 
 Cumberland, and 'Lord Temple, who sat beside him. speechless, and to all ap- 
 pearance insensible. He recovered so far as to be able to be removed to his 
 country house, at Hayes, where he lingered till the 12th of May, and then 
 expired, in the 7^th year of his age. 
 
 CHAUCER, GEOFFREY, died October 24 1400 
 
 CHESTERFIELD, PHILIP EARL OF, died 1772 
 
 CHILLINGWORTH, WILLIAM, born 1602; died 1644 
 
 CHUISTOPHE, CHIEF OF HAYTI, defeat of PETION 
 
 by 1808 
 
 Christophe defeated Petion with great slaughter, and destroyed his flotilla. He 
 founded an Archbishopric at St. Domingo, and several Bishoprics, April 5, 1811. 
 Crowned at Cape Francois, as King of Hayti, June 2, 1811. Shot himself in 
 consequence of his subjects revolting, October 6, 1820. 
 
 CHUBBE, THOMAS, English Philosopher, died 1747 
 
 CHURCHILL, CHARLES, died 1764 
 
 CHURCHYARD, THOMAS, died about 1604 
 
 CIBBER, CAIUS GABRIEL, sculptor, died 1700 
 
 CIBBER, COLLEY, ESQ. his son, Dramatic Writer, born 
 
 1671; died 1757 
 
 Mr. Cibber was made Poet Laureat, December 1730. 
 
 CIBBER, MRS. (the Actress), born 1709; died 1766 
 
 CLARE, JOHN EARL OF, died 1802 
 
 CLARK, J. ESQ. Chamberlain of the City of London, died 
 
 January 16 1831 
 
432 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 CLARK, MRS. died February 28 1831 
 
 An inquest was held at Putney on the body cf Mrs. Clark, who died in conse- 
 quence of eating pudding in which there was arsenic; and of which Mr. Clark, 
 and his two daughters also partook. After a long inquiry, the Jury delivered a 
 verdict of murder asainst Miss Jane Clark, the youngest daughter, for poisoning 
 her mother, Mrs. Elizabeth Clark. On the 2nd of April, she was tried at the 
 Kingston Assizes, on the above charge, and acquitted. 
 
 CLARKE, REV. DR. ADAM, died 1832 
 
 He was buried August 29, 1832; the Rev. Dr. was in his 73rd year. 
 
 CLEMENTI, MR. died March 10 1832 
 
 This eminent composer, and pianoforte player departed this life at his cottage, in 
 the vale of Evesham, Worcestershire He was born at Rome, and came to En- 
 gland in 1767. He published, in 1773, his celebrated Opus II. Mr. Clementi 
 was in the 81st year of his age, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. 
 
 CLIFFORD, GEORGE, EARL OF CUMBERLAND, 
 
 died 1605 
 
 This nobleman was a most distinguished naval commander in the reign of Queen 
 Elizabeth. Upon his return from one of his voyages, at an audience, the Queen 
 dropped her glove, upon which Clifford picked it up and presented it to Her 
 Majesty upon his knee. She desired him to keep it for her sake; upon which 
 the Earl adorned it with rich diamonds, and wore it ever after in the front of 
 his hat at public ceremonies. 
 
 CLINTON, GENERAL SIR HENRY, died 1795 
 
 CLITHERO, MRS. died November 3 1791 
 
 By an unfortunate accident, her family and lodgers, consisting of eleven persons,, 
 •were blown up by an explosion, whilst making fire-works by candle light, in 
 Crown-court, near Moorfields. 
 
 CLIVE, MRS. CATHARINE, (the Actresss), died 1785 
 
 CLIVE, LORD, born 1725; committed suicide, November 1774 
 
 Defeated the Nabob, June 26, 1757 ; created a Peer, 1762. 
 
 CLOOTS, ANACHARSIS, French revolutionist, born 1756, 
 
 executed . . 1 794 
 
 COBBETT, WILLIAM, ESQ. tried in the Court of King's 
 
 Bench, for a Libel, July 7 1831 
 
 Mr. Cobbett was tried before Lord Tenterden, on an indictment charging him 
 with publishing a seditious libel, tending to excite the peasantry to acts of out- 
 rage and violence, in his Register of the 11th of December, 1831. The Jury, 
 after remaining out several hours, could not agree on their verdirt, and were 
 discharged. 
 
 COBBETT, WILLIAM, died June 18, (aged 73) 1835 
 
 COCKING, MR. see page 219, ante. 
 
 COFFIN, ADMIRAL SIR ISAAC, died July 23 1839 
 
 Sir Isaac was within three of being at the top of the list of Admirals; his Com- 
 mission as Admiral of the Red, being dated June 4, 1804. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 433 
 
 COKE, LORD CHIEF JUSTICE, born 1549; died 1634 
 
 COLERIDGE, MR. the Poet, died at Highgate, aged 62, 
 
 July 25 : 1834 
 
 COLET, DR. JOHN, founder of St. Paul's School, born 
 
 1466; died 1519 
 
 COLLIER, JEREMIAH, English Writer, born 1650; died 1726 
 
 COLLIER, JOSEPH, ditto, died 1796 
 
 COLLINGWOOD, ADMIRAL LORD, born 1748 ; died 1810 
 
 He was born at Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Made a lieutenant, 1775 ; a commander, 
 in 1779; married Miss Blacket, niece to Sir Edward Blacket, Bart, to whom he 
 continued united till his death. He was present at the great victory of Lord 
 Howe, as flag-captain on board The Prince, June 1, 1794. Comenanded The 
 Excellent, at the battle off Cape St. Vincent, in 1797- Made an Admiral, in 
 1799. The next action in which he was engaged, was that ever-to-be remem- 
 bered one off Cape Trafalgar, in which he was second in command under the 
 heroic Nelson; and, on that great Commander receiving 1 his death-wound, Lord 
 Collingwood took the command of the fleet; and for the admirable skill dis- 
 played on that glorious occasion, he was raised to the Peerage by the title 
 of Baron Collingwood. In the beginning of March, 1810, his health continued 
 to get worse; and on the evening of the day on which he expired, he had 
 attained the age of 59 years, and 6 months. 
 
 COLLINS, WILLIAM, the Poet, born about 1720 ; died . 1756 
 
 COLLINS, DENNIS, committal of, for throwing a stone at 
 
 King William IV. June 19 .' 1832 
 
 Dennis Collins was committed for throwing a stone at His Majesty, (Wm. IV.) in 
 the Royal Stand, at Ascot Races, which struck his Majesty on the head. On 
 the 21st of June, the Court of Common Council agreed to Resolutions expres- 
 sive of their indignation at the murderous attempt made on His Majesty. On 
 the 29th of June, a Common Hall of the City of London unanimously voted a 
 similar address to His Majesty, congratulating him on his happy escape. 
 
 On the 22nd of August, (1832), Collins was tried and convicted at the 
 Abingdon Assizes, of High Treason; when he was sentenced to be hung, drawn, 
 and quartered; — but the sentence was commuted to his being confined during 
 His Majesty's pleasure. 
 
 COLMAN, GEORGE, (the Elder), born 1733; died 1794 
 
 COLMAN, GEORGE, (the Younger), born October 21, 
 
 1762; died 1836 
 
 Mr. Colman commenced his early education at Fountain's Academy, Mary-le-bone, 
 afterwards went to Westminster School, and next entered at Christ Church 
 College, Oxford, where he distinguished himself, by his quickness of parts; 
 he was afterwards sent by his father to King's College, Old Aberdeen. After, 
 completing his studies, he commenced Dramatic Author. He was the Author 
 of John Bull; Tlie Surrender of Calais ; The Mountaineers ; The Iron Chest ; The 
 Poor Gentleman; The Heir at Law; The Law of Java, &c. Upon the death of 
 Mrs. Colman, he married Mrs. Gibbs, the celebrated actress, who made her first 
 No. 56' 3 L 
 
434 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 COLMAN, GEORGE, (continued.) 
 
 appearance at the Haymarket Theatre, as Miss Logan, in 1783. Mr. Colman 
 expected to have succeeded to the office of Examiner of Plays ; but Mr. Charles 
 Kemble was appointed to fill the situation. 
 
 COLQUHON, PATRICK, born 1745; died 1820 
 
 COLUMBUS, DON CHRISTOVAL, born 1442; died ... 1506 
 
 CONGREVE, SIR WM. died 1828 
 
 CONGREVE, WM. Poet, born 1670 ; died 1729 
 
 CONWAY, GEN. H. SEYMOUR, died 1795 
 
 CONWAY, SIR WM. killed by the overturning of < The 
 
 Criterion ' coach, June 7, 1834 
 
 CONYNGHAM, MARQUIS OF, death of, December 28 . 1832 
 
 COOK, CAPTAIN JAMES, the Navigator, born Oct 27, 1728 
 
 Born at the village of Marton, in the North Riding of Yorkshire. Sent out by 
 Government in The Endeavour, to the South Sea, on a voyage of discovery in 
 1768, and returned in 1771- He conducted this expedition with so much 
 ability, that he was, in the following year, appointed to proceed to the same 
 regions with two ships, The Resolution and The Adventure, with the view of 
 endeavouring to settle the long disputed question as to the existence of a 
 southern polar continent. On this voyage he was absent nearly three years. 
 In about a year after his return, he made his third and last voyage of discovery; 
 the object of which was, to ascertain the possibility of a passage between the 
 Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, along the northern coast of America. In this ex- 
 pedition also Cook had been out nearly three years. It was on his return from 
 this voyage that he put in at the islaud of O-wy-hee, where he was killed by 
 the native savages, February 14, 1779- 
 
 COOKE, GEORGE, Performer, born April 17, 1756; died 
 
 at New York, September 26 1812 
 
 COOK, EDWARD, and ELIZA ROSS, tried for murder, 
 
 January 6 , 1 832 
 
 Edward Cook, and Eliza Ross, were tried for the murder of Caroline Walsh, or 
 Welsh; when Ross was found guilty, and received sentence of death. Cook 
 was, after the trial, ordered to be detained, but afterwards set at liberty. The 
 woman Ross was executed on Monday January 9, and her body given to the 
 surgeons for dissection. Their son, a mere youth, was the principal evidence 
 on this trial. 
 
 COOPER, SIR ASTLEY, died February 1841 
 
 COOTE, SIR EYRE, born 1726; died 1783 
 
 COPERNICUS, NICHOLAS, Astronomer, born 1473; 
 
 died 1543 
 
 COPLEY, J. S. R.A. (father of Lord Lyndhurst), died ... 1815 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 435 
 
 CORAM, CAPTAIN, died March 29, (aged 84) 1751 
 
 Captain Coram was the projector of the ' Foundling Hospital.' It is not a little 
 singular, that this benevolent man was himself supported in his latter days by- 
 public subscription. He lost his property by the establishment of this most 
 philanthropic Institution. 
 
 CORD AY, CHARLOTTE, born 1768; executed 1793 
 
 CORDER, WILLIAM, Trial of,...: 1828 
 
 Corder was tried at Bury, on Thursday the 17th, and Friday the 18th of 
 August, for the murder of Elizabeth Martin ; when the Jury returned a verdict 
 of guilty. 
 
 CORK, THE LORD BISHOP OF, died, January 11 1831 
 
 CORNEILLE, PIERRE, Dramatic Poet, born 1606; died 1684 
 
 CORNEILLE, THOMAS, Dramatic Poet, born 1625; 
 
 died 1709 
 
 CORNELIUS NEPOS, Historian, died b. c. 25 
 
 CORNWALLIS, MARQUIS OF, born 1738; died 1805 
 
 Defeated the Americans at Calawba, February 2, 1781 ; defeated in America, and 
 surrendered prisoners of war to the American and French troops, under the 
 command of General Washington and Count Rochambeau, at York Town, in 
 Virginia, October 9, 1781 ; defeated Tippoo Saib at the battle of Cavery, Feb.7> 
 1792; appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, June 13, 1798; defeated the 
 Americans at Guiford, March 15, 1781; signed a Treaty of Peace with Tippoo 
 Saib, on condition of his ceding half his territory, and delivering up his two 
 sons as hostages, March 19, 1792. 
 
 COSTER, LAURENZ, printer, died 1440 
 
 COTTON, SIR ROBERT, Antiquarian, born 1571; died 1631 
 
 COURVOIS1ER, , murdered Lord William Russell, 
 
 May , 1840 
 
 On the 18th of June, 1840, Courvoisier was tried at the Old Bailey for the above 
 murder; when, after a trial of nearly three days, he was found guilty, and re- 
 ceived sentence of death. He was executed July 6, 1840. 
 
 COUTTS, MR. (the Banker), died February 24, (aged 87) 1821 
 
 Mr. Coutts willed the whole of his immense property to Mrs. Coutts. The per- 
 sonals within the Diocese of Canterbury alone were sworn under £600,000. 
 
 COWLEY, ABRAHAM, Poet, born 1618; died 1687 
 
 COWPER, WILLIAM, Anatomist, died 1698 
 
 COWPER, WILLIAM, Poet, born 1731; died 1800 
 
 COX, BISHOP, Translator of the Bible, born 1499; died . 1581 
 CRAIG, GENERAL, SIR H. died 1811 
 
436 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 CRABBE, GEORGE, Poet, died 1832 
 
 CRANMER, THOMAS, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTER- 
 BURY, burnt 1556 
 
 When brought to the stake, he declared that the hand which had so sinned in 
 subscribing the doctrines of the enemies of truth should be the first to suffer 
 punishment; and as soon as the fire was kindled, he thrust out his right hand, 
 exclaiming 'that unworthy hand;' nor would he remove it, except to stroke his 
 heard, till it was quite consumed. 
 
 CREECH, THOMAS, Poet and Translator, born 1659; de- 
 stroyed himself 170!< 
 
 CROFT, DR. died November 1817 
 
 Dr. Croft committed suicide by shooting himself, after attending the Princess 
 Charlotte of Cobourg. 
 
 CROMWELL, OLIVER; see pages 252-3, ante. 
 CROMWELL, THOMAS, EARL OF ESSEX, beheaded 1541 
 
 Cromwell was employed by Henry VIII. in various services during his reign; but 
 the act which led to his death was the treaty of marriage in which he engaged 
 Henry with Ann of Cleves, who he married with indifference, and very soon 
 after abandoned : from this time he became an object of the greatest aversion to 
 his royal master, who, in the end, sacrificed him to his resentment. 
 
 CROXALL, DR. SAMUEL, died 1751 
 
 CRUDEN, ALEXANDER, lexicographer, died 1770 
 
 CRUIKSH ANK, DR. Anatomist, died 1800 
 
 CUDWORTH, SAMUEL, English Writer, born 1617; 
 
 died 1688 
 
 CULLEN, WILLIAM, Physician, born 1710; died 1790 
 
 CUMBERLAND, RICHARD, Critical Author, born 1632 ; 
 
 died 1718 
 
 CUMBERLAND, RICHARD, eminent W T riter in Verse 
 
 and Prose, born February 19, 1732; died May 7 1811 
 
 CUMBERLAND, DUKE OF, (brother of George III.) 
 
 died 1790 
 
 CUMBERLAND, ANN, DUCHESS OF, died 1809 
 
 CUNNINGHAM, JOHN, Poet, born 1729; died 1773 
 
 CURRAN, JOHN PHILPOT, born 1750; died 1817 
 
 CUVIER, , the Nafuralist, died 1832 l 
 
 He was the son of a Protestant Minister, and was born at Montbeliard, in 1769. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 437 
 
 DALRYMPLE, ALEXANDER, Geographer, bom 1737; 
 
 died 1808 
 
 DALRYMPLE, SIR JOHN, Historian, died 1810 
 
 DAMIEN, ROBERT FRANCOIS; see page 30, ante. 
 
 DANBY, BENJAMIN, murder of, at Enfield, December . 1832 
 
 Danby, the sailor, was murdered by Johnson, in the month of December, 
 
 1832, and tried at the following January Old Bailey Sessions, when he was 
 found guilty, and executed in the front of Newgate. 
 
 DANCE, MRS. mysterious murder of ..! 1815 
 
 The author of this deed has never yet been made known. 
 
 DANCER, DANIEL, the Miser, died 1794 
 
 This individual was one of the most remarkable of that class of men denominated 
 misers ; he was born at Harrow Weald Common, in Middlesex. Having come 
 to the possession of some property left him by his father, he began to exhibit a 
 great desire for the hoarding up money, which continued till his death. So 
 considerable was the wealth amassed by this man at the time of his death, that 
 we may truly apply the words of the poet Dryden to him ; 
 
 Content is wealth, the riches of the mind, 
 And happy he who can that treasure find; 
 But the base Miser starves amid his store, 
 Broods o'er his gold, and griping still for more, 
 Sits sadly pining, and believes he's poor. 
 
 His sister, whose disposition exactly corresponded with his owd, resided with 
 him for many years; and numerous were the privations which they endured. 
 When, during her last illnes, her brother was requested to procure medical 
 assistance for her, his reply was — " Why should I waste my money, in 
 " wickedly endeavouring to counteract the will of Providence ? If the old girl's 
 " time is come, the nostrums of all the quacks in Christendom cannot save her: 
 " and she may as well die now as at any other period." 
 
 Dancer died in October, 1794; and after his funeral the following property 
 was found concealed in various parts of the premises : — large bowls filled with 
 guineas and half guineas, and parcels of bank-notes stuffed under the covers of 
 the chairs. Large jugs of dollars and shillings were found in the stable. It 
 took many weeks to explore this depo of riches — his dwelling. One of his 
 richest hiding places was the dung-heap in the cow-house, where was found 
 nearly £2,500.; and in an old jacket carefully tied, and strongly nailed down to 
 the manger, was the sum of £500. in gold and bank notes: in the chimney, 
 about £200.; and an old tea-pot contained bank-notes to the value of £600.; 
 it was covered with a piece of paper, whimsically inscribed; — " not to be hastily 
 looked over." In landed property, he left to the amount of £500. per annum to 
 Lady Tempest, and after her death to her only son, Sir Henry Tempest, of 
 Stoke-end, Hereford: the whole property which he left to Lady Tempest was _ 
 about £3000. per annum; — but she did not live long to enjoy it; having con- 
 tracted an illness during her attendance upon he'r brother in his last hours, and 
 which terminated her life, January, 1795. 
 
 Amidst these penurious habits, Mr. Dancer possessed praiseworthy qualities, 
 being a rigid observer of integrity in his several transactions, and was never 
 averse to lender assistance to those who required temporary assistance; but 
 never declined to receive the interest on money advanced. 
 
 DANDO, , death of, August 28 .. 1832 
 
438 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 DARNLEY, HENRY LORD, KING OF SCOTLAND, 
 
 died : 1567 
 
 DARWIN, DR. died 1802 
 
 DAVISON, ALEXANDER, tried for perjury 1809 
 
 His sentence was necessarily delayed, although the Attorney-General moved the 
 Court that he should be pillored ; he was at last sentenced to two years impri- 
 sonment in Newgate. 
 
 DAVIS, JOHN, Navigator, died 1685 
 
 DAVY, SIR HUMPHREY, died May 28 1829 
 
 Sir Humphrey Davey died at Geneva, in the 5lst year of his age. He was consi- 
 dered one of the most eminent chemists and philosophers of his day. At the 
 age of eighteen, he commenced the study of chemistry : and soon after attempted 
 the experiment, though at great hazard, upon his life and person, the proper- 
 ties of nitrous-oxide, at that time first introduced to the notice of the chemical 
 world. In 1815, he introduced his Safety Lamp, one of his most useful disco- 
 veries. In 1802, he was elected to the Presidency of the Royal Society ; but 
 he was obliged, owing to his ill state of health, to retire The authorities of 
 Geneva honoured the remains of this distinguished man by a public funeral ; 
 which was attended by a large body of Mechanics, who were anxious to pay their 
 last tribute of gratitude to departed worth. 
 
 DAWSON, JEMMY, executed 1746 
 
 Shenstone's (the Poet), pathetic and affecting ballad of — " Jemmy Dawson," was 
 taken from a narrative first published in The Parrot, of August 2, 1746. " Mr. 
 James Dawson was one of those unfortunate gentlemen who suffered on Ken- 
 ninoton Common for high treason ; and had he either been acquitted, rr received 
 the royal mercy after condemnation, the day of his enlargement was to have 
 been the day of his marriage. The following are the particulars of his execu- 
 tion, and the fate of the unfortunate young lady, to whom he was sincerely 
 attached. 
 
 " On her being informed that Mr. Dawson was to be executed, not all the 
 persuasions of her kindred could prevent her from going to the place of execu- 
 tion, and she accordingly followed the sledges in a hackuey coach, accompanied 
 by a gentleman nearly related to her, and a female friend. Having arrived at the 
 place of execution, she got near enough to see the fire kindled that was to con- 
 sume him. and all the other dreadful preparations, without betraying any of 
 those emotions her friends apprehended; but when all was over, and she found 
 he was no more, she threw her head back in the coach, and ejaculating, — ■■' My 
 dear, I follow thee, I follow thee! Lord Jesus! receive our souls together," 
 fell on the neck of her companion, and expired the very moment she had done 
 speaking. That excessive grief which the force of her resolution had kept 
 smothered within her breast, is thought to have put a stop to the vital motion, 
 and suffocated at once all the animal spirits. 
 
 In the Whitehall Evening Post, of August 7, 1746, this narrative is copied, 
 •with the remark, that " upon enquiry, every circumstance was literally true." 
 
 DAUN, LEOPOLD, COUNT DE, the great General, born 
 
 born 1705; died 1766 
 
 DAY, JOHN, Printer, died 1584 
 
 He was the first who introduced the Greek and Saxon characters into England. 
 
 DAY, THOMAS, died .,.. 1789 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 439 
 
 DAY, , the Blacking Manufacturer, died October 26... 1836 
 
 Mr. Day accumulated the great sum of £450,000. 
 
 DEFOE, DANIEL, Political Writer, born 1663; died 1731 
 
 DELAUNY; see page 317, ante. 
 
 DEMPSTER, THOMAS, Historian and Commentator, 
 
 born 1579; died ; 1625 
 
 DENHAM, SIR JOHN, born 1615; died 1669 
 
 DENNY, SIR ANTHONY, died 1549 
 
 Sir Anthony Denny was physician to Henry VIII. and on the approach of that 
 monarch's death, (no one daring to hint such an event to him) Sir Anthony 
 Denny ventured to perform so unpleasant a communication; at the same time 
 requesting him to remember his former life. After having done so, Henry ap- 
 pointed him one of the executors of his will. 
 
 DERBY, EARL OF, died 1839 
 
 He was the founder of ' The Derby Stakes; ' and had been Lovd Lieutenant of 
 Lancashire 60 years. 
 
 DERHAM, WILLIAM, English Writer, born 1657; died 1735 
 
 DERWENTWATER, EARL OF, and LORD KEN- 
 
 MUIR, beheaded on Tower Hill, February 24 1716 
 
 DESMOND, THOMAS EARL OF, beheaded in Ireland . 1468 
 
 DESPARD, COLONEL, and six of his associates, hung in 
 
 Southwark, for High Treason, February 21 1803 
 
 DESSEASAU, CHEVALIER, died February 1775 
 
 This excentric character was a native of Prussia, and early in life bore a Commis- 
 sion in the service of that country; but having a disagreement with a brother 
 officer, a duel was the consequence, and his antagonist severely wounded. Not 
 knowing what might be the result, he made a hastv departure from thence, and 
 came to England, where he resolved to pass the remainder of his days. 
 
 He soon became acquainted with Foote; Murphy, Goldsmith, Johnson, and 
 many others of that day. His principal places of amusement were Old Ander- 
 ton's Coffee-house, in Fleet-street: a tavern called — The Barn, in St. Martin's 
 Lane, and various coffee-houses near Covent Garden, at which his company was 
 much sought after. 
 
 He at length became greatly reduced by misfortune: so much so, as to be 
 confined in the fleet; but such was the confidence placed in his honour, that he 
 was allowed to go wherever he pleased. 
 
 He died at his lodgings in Fleet-market, in February, 1775, aged 70, and 
 was interred in St. Bride's church-yard. 
 
 DE WHITT, JOHN, statesman, born 1625; assassinated. 1672 
 
 DE WHITT, , (brother), assassinated at the Hague, 
 
 August 12 1672 
 
 In 1667, the celebrated " Perpetual Edict, for abolishing the office of Stadtholder, 
 was passed through the influence of De Witt, the Pensionary, or Prime Minis- 
 
440 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 ler, who endeavoured to fix the liberty of the Republic on a firm basis; but in 
 1672, he and his brother were cruelly butchered by the mob, and William III. 
 was raised to the Stadtholderate. 
 
 DIBDIN, CHARLES, died January 15 1833 
 
 DIBDIN, CHARLES, celebrated writer of humourous 
 
 Songs, born 1748; died July 25 1814 
 
 DICKONS, MRS. died, May 4 1833 
 
 Mrs. Dickons made her first appearance- at Covent Garden in 1793, as Opelia ; 
 and retired from the Stage in 1818. She had a powerful and highly cultivated 
 voice, added to which, she was an excellent actress. 
 
 DICKENSON, CAPTAIN, operations commenced by, to 
 
 recover property on board The Thetis, January 30 ... 1831 
 
 Captain Dickenson, commanding H. M. S. Lightning, commenced the recovery by 
 means of the diving- bell, the treasures sunk with the wreck of The Thetis, off 
 Cape Frio. On the 6th of March, 1832, he had recovered 531,621 dollars; the 
 Lightning was then succeeded by The Algerins, Captain De Roos, by whose 
 exertions 161,379 dollars more were raised, making together fifteen-sixteenths 
 of the property lost. 
 
 DIDEROT, DENIS, French writer and lexicographer, born 
 
 1713; died 1784 
 
 DIEBITSCH, GENERAL, (the Russian), died June 9 ... 1831 
 
 General Diebitsch, Commander of the Russian army, died suddenly at Kleesewo, 
 near Pultusk, said to be by the cholera morbus. 
 
 DIGBY, SIR KENHELM, born 1603; died 1665 
 
 DILLON, LUKE, Trial of, for Rape, April 14 1S31 
 
 Mr. Dillon, a young man of respectable family and connections, was found guilty 
 at the Sessions in Dublin, of abduction and rape on Miss Ann Frozell, received 
 sentence of death, and to be executed on the 7th of May following. The sen- 
 tence was afterwards commured to transportation for life. 
 
 DIMSDALE, BARON, died in 1800 
 
 D*ODD, DR. born May 29, 1729; executed for forgery, 
 
 June 27 7 1777 
 
 This celebrated and very popular Preacher, was tried for forging a bond upon the 
 Earl of Chesterfield for the sum of £400. Great "was the appeal for the exten- 
 sion of the royal clemency for Dodd, the petition being signed by twenty-three 
 thousand "persons, and in which was subscribed the names of some of the most 
 influential individuals in the kingdom ; but it proved of no avail, oh account of 
 the execution of the Perreaus for the same offence. Lord Mansfield, when re- 
 ferred to on this subject, decided his fate by the observation, that — " If his 
 Majesty pardoned Dodd, he had murdered the Perreaus." He was in consequence 
 executed with a prisoner of the name of Harris, who on the morning of his exe- 
 cution attempted suicide by poison. 
 
 DODDRIDGE, DR. born June 26, 1702; died October 26 1751 
 DODSLEY, ROBERT, English writer, born 1703; died... 1764 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 441 
 
 DODSWORTH, ROGER, Antiquarian, born 1580; died. 1659 
 DOGGETT, THOMAS, the Actor, died 1721 
 
 Mr. Doggett was a native of Ireland, and made his first appearance in Dublin: but 
 not meeting with sufficient encouragement, he came to London, and met with 
 great success, by which he realized a competent fortune, and quitted the stage 
 some time previous to his death. He was also a patentee and manager of the 
 Theatre with Wilks, Booth, and Cibber; the latter of whom says, — " He was 
 the most original and strictest observer of nature of all his contemporaries. He 
 borrowed from none of them ; his manner was his own, he was a pattern to 
 others, whose greatest merit was, that they had sometimes tolerably imitated 
 him. In dressing a character he was remarkably skilful ; the least article of 
 whatsoever habit he wore seemed in some measure to speak the different 
 humour he presented. He excelled in representing the lower characters of life. 
 In songs, and particular dances, too, for humour, he had no competitor. Con- 
 greve was a great admirer of him ; and he was a favourite of several of high rank 
 and taste. 
 
 He is highly spoken of in The Spectator. He wrote one Play, — The Country 
 Wake, a Comedy acted with great applause; out of which was made two farces, — 
 Hob, or The Country Wake, — and Hob's Wedding. The first has been acted often, 
 with great success, and likewise several songs have been added to it, in imita- 
 tion of The Beggar's Opera, since which it has been acted under the title of 
 Flora. 
 
 In his political principles he was, in the words of Sir Richard Steele, — " A 
 Whig up to head and ears ; " and he took every occasion of demonstrating his 
 loyalty to the house of Hanover. One instance among others, is well linown; 
 which is, that in the year after George I. came to the throne, in 1715, Doggett 
 gave a waterman's orange-coloured coat and silver badge to be rowed for; on the 
 latter is represented the Hanoverian horse. This contest takes place on the first 
 of August, being the anniversary of that king's accession to the throne, between 
 six young watermen, who have just completed their apprenticeship 5 the claim- 
 ants starting off on a signal being given at that time of the tide when the 
 current is strongest against them, and rowing from the Old Swan, near London 
 Bridge, to the White Swan at Chelsea. 
 
 DOMINICHINO, DOMINICO ZAMPIERE DETTO IL, 
 
 painter, born 158 1 ; died 1641 
 
 DOMINIS, MARC ANTHONY DE, Dean of Windsor, 
 
 born 1561; died 1625 
 
 DONNE, JOHN, Poet, born 975 ; died 1031 
 
 DONNE, DR. bora 1573; died 1631 
 
 DONOUGHMORE, EARL OF, died June 29 1832 
 
 DOWTON, , retirement of from the Stage, June 8 1840 
 
 DOW, GERARD, painter, born 1613 ; died 1680 
 
 DRAKE, SIR FRANCIS, born 1545; died 1595 
 
 He returned from his voyage round the world in 1580, and is distinguished as 
 being the first of his country who achieved the circumnavigation of the whole 
 world. In the ever memorable defeat of the Spanish Armada, Drake, whom 
 Elizabeth had appointed Vice-Admiral, under Lord Howard of Effingham, had 
 the cjiief share; and the horrible vengeance experienced by the flying Armada, 
 was inflicted principally by his division of the fleet. 
 
 No- 57. » m 
 
442 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 DRAPER, SIR WILLIAM, died 1787 
 
 DRAYTON, MICHAEL, Poet, born 1573; died 1631 
 
 DRURY, DR. died January 6 ' 1834 
 
 DRUMMOND, WILLIAM, born 1586; died 1649 
 
 DRYDEN, JOHN, Poet, born 1631; died 1700 
 
 DUCKWORTH, SIR JOHN, died March 17 1817 
 
 He obtained a victory over the French Fleet, off St. Domingo, in 1806. 
 
 DUDLEY, JOHN, DUKE OF NORTHUMBERLAND, 
 
 died 1553 
 
 He was High Admiral of England, Lord Great Chamberlain, Steward of the 
 Household, and Earl Marshal. Having entertained the romantic notion, that 
 by marrying his son, (Lord Guildford Dudley), to Lady Jane Grey, he should 
 eventually fis the succession of the crown in his own family, he brought de- 
 struction upon himself, and the victims of his daring ambition, by causiug them 
 to be beheaded. 
 
 DUDLEY, ROBERT, EARL OF LEICESTER, died ... 1588 
 
 The favourite of Queen Elizabeth, and son of the preceding nobleman. 
 
 DUDLEY, AMBROSE, EARL OF WARWICK, brother 
 
 to the favourite, died 1590 
 
 DUGDALE, SIR WILLIAM, born 1605; died 1686 
 
 DUNCAN, ADMIRAL LORD, born July 1, 1731; died 
 
 August 4 1804 
 
 The battle of Camperdown, fought by this intrepid commander, October 11, 1797, 
 and which was most obstinately contested, was decided against the Dutch, and 
 within sight of their own coast. 
 
 DUNDAS, RT. HON. CHARLES, LORD AMERSBY, 
 
 died June 30 1832 
 
 He expired at his house at Pimlico, in the 81st year of his age. He had been a 
 Member of the House of Commons sixty years. Having no male heir, the title 
 became extinct. 
 
 DUNDONALD, EARL OF, (father of Lord Cochrane), 
 
 died 1831 
 
 DUNSTAN, SIR JEFFREY, born 1759 
 
 Jeffrey Dunstan, (or, as he was afterwards named, Sir Jeffrey Dunstan,) was 
 found, in the year 1759, at the door of a Churchwarden, in the parish of St. 
 Dunstan in the East, and was supposed to be the illegitimate child of some 
 person of respectability from the appearance of the article in which he was 
 wrapped. He was taken to the workhouse of that parish, where he remained 
 till the age of twelve years, when he was apprenticed to a greengrocer for the 
 term of nine years, but which he never completed, having ran away from his 
 master; he afterwards worked in several factories at Birmingham, when, (from 
 the great labour he endured whilst there), he contracted a peculiar deformity. 
 He returned to London in 1770, when he entered into a matrimonial alliance 
 
TFIE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 443 
 
 DUNSTAN, SIR JEFFREY, (continued.) 
 
 with a fair nymph in the neighbourhood of St. Giles', by whom he had two 
 daughters, (acknowledged as really fine women,) of whom he was very fond, call- 
 ing the one Miss Polly, and the other Miss Nancy; and they in return styling 
 him Papa. 
 
 It is not now exactly known at what time, or by whom Sir Jeffrey was knighted ; 
 but it is reported that it was on the death of Sir John Harper, and about the 
 time of the celebrated contest for Westminster, in 1784, between Hood, Fox, 
 and Wray; for in the spring following, he was( unanimously elected Mayor of 
 Garratt, which seat he kept till his death; neither buying the votes of his con- 
 stituents, nor selling them. 
 
 Before proceeding in a further detail of the Mayoralty of Garratt, some expla- 
 nation might as well be given with respect to its origin. 
 
 " About 1750, several persons who lived near that part of Wandsworth which 
 adjoins to Garratt-lane, had formed a kind of club, not merely to eat and drink, 
 but to concert measures for removing the encroachments made on that part of 
 the common, and to prevent any others being made for the future. As the 
 Members were most of them persons in low circumstances, they agreed, at every 
 meeting, to contribute a trifle in order to make up a purse for the defence of 
 their collective rights. W T hen a sufficient sum of money was subscribed, they 
 applied to a worthy attorney in that neighbourhood, who brought an action 
 against the encroachers, in the name of the president, (or, as they called him, 
 the Mayor,) of the club. They gained their suit with costs; the encroachments 
 were destroyed; and, ever after, the President, who lived many years, was 
 called—" The Mayor of Garratt." This event happening at the time of a 
 general election, the ceremony, upon every new Parliament, of choosing out- 
 door members for the Borough of Garratt, has been constantly kept up, and is 
 still continued, to the great emolument of all the Publicans at Wandsworth, 
 who annually subscribed to all the incidental expenses attending the mock 
 Election." — Hughson's London, and its Environs. 
 
 But, to proceed to the Election : — The cavalcade on Sir Jeffrey's first election 
 was conducted with the most splendid show, and really grand: he was drawn 
 in a phaeton, decorated with costly magnificence, and in this order they arrived 
 at Garratt-lane, a filthy village in the parish of Wandsworth. 
 
 The benefit which the Publicans derive at these Elections is very great ; 
 and the qualifications for voting , (according to Grose) are the being able to 
 swear on a brick-bat that the party has had an amour in the open fields round 
 Garrett-lane. 
 
 The death of Sir Jeffrey was rather sudden; being at a jovial meeting, he 
 drank rather more than his usual quantity of juniper; and his companions 
 placing him in a wheelbarrow to convey him home, he was found, on his arrival 
 there quite dead, from the effects of suffocation. 
 
 DURER, ALBERT, born 1471; died April 6 1528 
 
 This eminent man was distinguished both as a painter and engraver, and in this 
 capacity was superior to the rest of his countrymen. He, it has been generally 
 stated, was the inventor of etching; but, certain it is, that he was the first 
 person who brought it to any degree of perfection. He was born at Nurem- 
 berg, anil died at the same place. 
 
 DURHAM, LORD, bom 1792; died 1840 
 
 EBRALL, THOMAS, died April 9 1810 
 
 The death of this young man was occasioned by the firing of the military on the 
 committal of Sir Francis Burdett to the Tower. 
 
 EACHARD, LAURENCE, Historian, born 1671 ; died... 1730 
 
444 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMOKY. 
 
 EDEN, THE HON. W. died 1810 
 
 EDGEWORTH, R. L. ESQ. died 1817 
 
 EDWARDS, BRYAN, Natural Historian, died 1800 
 
 EDWARD I. born June 16 1239 
 
 Married Eleanor, princess of Castile, 1253; succeeded to the crown, November 
 16, 1272; wounded in the Holy Land with a poisoned dagger; recovered and 
 landed in England, August 23, 1274; crowned at Westminster, August 19 
 following, with his Queen; went to France, and did homage to the French 
 king, 1279; reduced the Welch princes, 1287; lost his queen in 1296; married 
 Margaret, sister to the king of Fiance, September 12, 1299; conquered nearly- 
 all Scotland, and brought to England their coronation chair, &c. ; died of a flux 
 at Burgh upon the Sands, in Cumberland, on his way to avenge the defeat of 
 his armies by the Scots, July 7. 1307; was buried at Westminster, where, on 
 May 2, 1774, some Antiquarians, by the consent of the Dean and Chapter, ex- 
 amined his tomb, when they found his corpse unconsumed, though interred 466 
 years. Reigned 37 years, 7 months, and 17 days. 
 
 EDWARD II. born 1284 
 
 He was born at Caernarvon, in Wales, April 25; was the first king of England's 
 eldest son that had the title of Prince of Wales ; ascended the throne in July, 
 1307; married Isabella, daughter of the French king, 1308; crowned with his 
 queen at Westminster, February 26, 1308; compelled by his barons to invest 
 the government of the kingdom in twenty-one persons, March 16, 1310; sets 
 out on a pilgrimage to Boulogne, December 13, 1313; declared his queen and 
 her party enemies to his kingdom, 1325 ; made over his French dominions to 
 his son Edward, September 10, 1325; dethroned, January 13, 1327; put to a 
 cruel death in Berkeley castle, September 21, following. Reigned 19 years, 6 
 months, and 18 days; was succeeded by his son, Edward III. 
 
 EDWARD III. born at Windsor, November 15 1312 
 
 He succeeded to the crown Jan. 25, 1327, and was crowned at Westminster on the 
 1st of Febi'uary following; married Philippa, daughter of the Earl of Hainault, 
 January 24, 1328; claimed the crown of Fiance, 1329; confined his mother 
 Isabella, and caused her favourite, Earl Mortimer, to be hanged at Tyburn, No- 
 vember 23, 1330; defeated the Scots at Halidon Hill, 1333; invaded France, 
 and pawned his crown and jewels for 50,000 florins, 1340; quaitered the arms 
 of England and France, 1341 ; the first that made the distinction of Loids and 
 Commons, 1342; defeated the French at Crescy, when 30,000 were killed, 
 among whom was the king of Bohemia, 1346; Calais besieged and taken, 
 August 16, 1347. Died June 21, 1377; feigned 50 years, 4 months, and 27 
 days. Succeeded by his grandson, Richard II. 
 
 EDW T ARD IV. born at Rouen, April 29, 1443 
 
 Succeeded to the crown, March 4, 1461. Previous to his coronation, he took the 
 field, and fought the battle of Towton, when 35,781 fell, and not one prisoner 
 was taken but the Earl of Devonshire, March 13. Crowned at Westminster, 
 June 28, same year. Married lady Elizabeth Grey, widow of Sir John G;ey, of 
 Groby, March 1, 1464, who was crowned on the26th following. Taken prisoner 
 by the Earl of Warwick in Yorkshire, from whence he was brought to London, 
 with his legs tied under his horse's belly, 1467. Escaped, and was expelled, 
 the kingdom, 1470. He returned again, March 25, 1471, and restored. 
 Caused his brother, the Duke of Clarence, who had joined the Earl of Warwick, 
 to be drowned in a butt of Malmsey wine, March 11, 1478. Died of an ague at 
 Westminster, April 9, 1483, and was buried at Windsor, where his corpse was 
 discovered undecayed, and his dress and the lineaments, nearly entire, Match 
 11, 1789. Reigned 22 years, 1 month, and 5 days. Succeded by his son, 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 445 
 
 EDWARD V. born November 4........ 1470 
 
 Proclaimed kmtr in London, April 9 ; deposed June 20 following, and with his 
 brother, the Duke of York, smothered soon alter by their uncle, Richard III. 
 who succeeded them. Edward V. leigned only 2 months, and 16 days. 
 
 EDWARD VI. born October 12 1537 
 
 Succeeded to the Grown January 28, 1547; crowned Februaiy 20, in the same year. 
 Died of a consumption at Gieenwieh, July (5, 15.53: buried at Westminster, 
 and succeeded by his cousin, (Lady Jane Grey,) who was beheaded. See page 
 442, ante. Edward VI. reigned 6 years, 5 months, and 8 days. 
 
 ELDON, LORD, died 1839 
 
 Lord Eldon married a Miss Surtees; it was a run-a-way match, and strongly 
 opposed by her father, who was a coalmerchant ; and it is not a little singular, 
 that the first time the son-in-law put the Chancellor's seal to a bankruptcy, it 
 was in the failure of Mr. Surtees. 
 
 ELLENBOROUGH, LORD, born 1749; died. 1818 
 
 Lord Edenborough was the Judge who tried Mr. Hone, the bookseller, for a 
 Parody on the — " Liiany." 
 
 ELLEY, LIEUT.-GENERAL SIR JOHN, died Feb. 2... 1839 
 
 Sir J ihn commenced his military career as a private trooper in the Blues, in 
 which he soon obtained the post of Quarter-Master In 1791, he obtained a 
 cornetcy in the same regiment. He served in the campaigns of 1793-4-5 in 
 Flanders ; and was present at the siege of Valenciennes. 
 
 ELLIS, MR. of Liverpool, died, aged 130^ years, August . 1780 
 
 ELLISTON, MR. Comedian, died July 9 1S31 
 
 ELWES, the Miser, died November 26 1789 
 
 ELZEVIRS, celebrated Printers, flourished 1595 
 
 Ludowyck, was the eldest of them : Bonadventure followed in his footsteps: and 
 the race terminated with Daniel, who died in 1680. 
 
 EMMETTS, THE, (Brothers), trial of, for High Treason, 
 
 September 18 1803 
 
 Robert Emmett, was tried on a charge of High Treason, before Lord Norbury, at 
 the Sessions House, Dublin, when, altera trial of some length, he was found 
 guilty as the leader of the insurrection He was executed on the 20th of Sep- 
 tember, in the 22nd year of his age. He delivered a long and animated address 
 to the Court. 
 
 ENGHIEN, LE DUG DE, of the family of Conde, shot 
 
 by order of Bonaparte, March 21 1804 
 
 ERSKINE, THOMAS LORD, born 1750; died Jan. 17 . 1824 
 
 ESSEX, EARL OF, found with his throat cut in the Tower 1683 
 
 ESTCOURT, RICHARD, Dramatic writer, born 1665; died 1713 
 
 ESTIENNE, famous printer, died 1520 
 
 ESTIENNE, ROBERT, his son, born 1503; died 1559 
 
448 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 ESTIENNE, CHARLES, his third son, born 1504 ; died . 1564 
 ESTIENNE, ANTOINE, bom 1554; died 1674 
 
 He died in the Hotel Dieu, at Paris, and was the last of a race of men whose 
 names will last as long as classical learning shall exist. 
 
 EUGENE, PRINCE, warrior, born 1662; died 1735 
 
 EULER, LEONARD, Mathematician, bom April 15, 1707; 
 
 died September 17 1783 
 
 Elected to a Professorship in the University at St. Petersburg?! early in life, and 
 went to Berlin in 1741, to direct and assist the Academy that was then rising 
 to great eminence; returned to Petersburgh in 1766, where he spent the re- 
 mainder of his days. 
 
 EVELYN, JOHN, born 1620; died February 27 1705 
 
 The following extract is from the epitaph inscribed on his tomb in Wootton church- 
 yard, Kent; — " Living in an age of extraordinary events and revolutions, he 
 learnt (as himself asserted) this truth, which, pursuant to his intention, is here 
 declared, that all is vanity which is not honest; and that there is no solid 
 wisdom but in real piety." Evelyn's name has been perpetuated by his 
 " Diary." 
 
 EXETER, THE MARQUIS OF, LORD MONTAGUE, 
 
 and SIR NICHOLAS CARE W, beheaded 1539 
 
 EXMOUTH, LORD, died January 23 1833 
 
 FAHRENHEIT, G. D. born 1686; died in 1736 
 
 FAIRBROTHER, MR. died at Wigan, in Lancashire, aged 
 
 138 :■. 1770 
 
 FAIRFAX, SIR THOMAS, Revolutionary General, died . 1671 
 
 FALKLAND, CHARLES JOHN VISCOUNT, killed in 
 
 a duel with ALEXANDER POWELL, ESQ 1809 
 
 FALCONER, WILLIAM, Poet, born 1730; lost 1770 
 
 FALSTAFF, or (FALSTQLFE), SIR JOHN, born 1379; 1459 
 
 FANSHAW, SIR RICHARD, born 1607; died 1666 
 
 FARINELLI, C. B. BROSCHI DETTO. a famous singer, 
 
 born 1705; died 1782 
 
 FARQUHAR, GEORGE, Dramatic Writer and Poet, born 
 
 1678; died 1707 
 
 FARQUHAR, JOHN, of Fonthill, died July 6 1S26 
 
 FAULKNER, GEORGE, Printer died 1775 
 
 FAULKNER, CAPTAIN, killed April 21 1794 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 447 
 
 FAUNTLEROY^, HENRY, executed for Forgery, Nov. 30 1824 
 
 FAUX, GUY, executed for the Gunpowder Plot 1606 
 
 FAWCETT, MR. Performer, died March 1837 
 
 This eminent actor expired at Botley, in Hampshire. He was born in London in 
 1769, and at the age of 15 was apprenticed to a tradesman, but fancying 1 the 
 Stage, he set off for Margate, and under the name of Foote, made his first ap- 
 pearance as Courtall, in the Belle's Stratagem. He afterwards resumed his own 
 name, and joined the celebrated Tate Wilkinson on the York Circuit, where he 
 remained some years. On the 21st of September, 1791, he made his first bow 
 to a London audience, at Covent Garden, as Caleb, in He would be a Soldier, and 
 Simlcin, in The Deserter. It was not till some years after that he began to attract 
 attention: but his celebrated songs of — What's, a Woman like, and the mock 
 Italian bravura — Maestro ivas an Opera singer, stamped his fame. His dramatic 
 reputation was at once fixed, by his acting of Dr. Pangloss, Ollapod, and Caleb 
 Quotem. In 1798, he joined the Haymarket Company, and became acting- 
 Manager in 1800, of that Theatre. In 1813, he appeared at the English Opera. 
 In 1816, he rejoined the Haymarket. He afterwards became Manager of 
 Covent Garden Theatre, which situation he held till his retirement from the 
 stage. Owing to some domestic misfortunes, Mr. Fawcett for the last few years 
 was obliged to come upon the Fund of the Theatre, of which he had for a long 
 period been Treasurer. 
 
 FAWCETT, SIR WILLIAM, died March 22 1804 
 
 Having very early in life shown a, strong desire for the army, an ensignancy was 
 obtained for him at the proper age. His attention to duty was soon noticed; 
 and on General Elliott being ordered to Germany, he appointed him one of his 
 Aid-de-camps. On the death of General Elliott, he was placed in the same situ- 
 ation by the Marquis of Granby. The eminent situations be afterwards held 
 are well known, and likewise the able manner in which he performed them. 
 His remains were interred in the burial-ground of the Royal Hospital, and at- 
 tended to the grave by His R. H. the Prince of Wales, the Dukes of York, 
 Clarence, Kent, and Cambridge, and by several noblemen, and general officers. 
 A handsome monument has been erected, on which is the following inscription: 
 General Sir William Fawcett, Knight of the Bath, Colonel of His Majesty's 3rd 
 regiment of Dragoon Guards, and Governor of the Royal Hospital of Chelsea, 
 departed this life March 22, 1804, aged 76- Charlotte Lady Fawcett, his 
 widow, departed this life March 11, 1805, aged 76. 
 
 FENELON, Archbishop of Cambray, died 1715 
 
 FENNING, ELIZA, executed July 26 1815 
 
 FENWICK, SIR JOHN, beheaded on Tower-hill 1697 
 
 FERDINANDO, MARCO DE PALIOTTI, brother to 
 the Duchess of Shrewsbury, hanged for murder at 
 Tyburn, February 28 1717 
 
 FERRERS, LORD, committed to the Tower, for the murder 
 
 of Mr. Johnson, his Steward, February 13 1760 
 
 Earl Ferrers having imagied that Mr. Johnson had conspired, with the rest of 
 his family, against his interest, he came to the resolution of shooting him, and 
 laid his plan accordingly. On the Sunday previous, Earl Ferrers desired him 
 to come to his house on the following Friday, in order to peruse some papers, 
 or settle his accounts; and Johnson proceeded accordingly, without the least 
 suspicion of his Lordship's real intention. Previous to Johnson's arrival, the 
 
448 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 FERRERS, LORD, (continued) 
 
 Earl had sent each of the servants on some frivolous errand, with the exception 
 of three women in the kitchen. On the arrival of Johnson at his Lordship's 
 residence, he was received bv that nobleman with unusual complacency, at the 
 same time desiring him to accomnanv his Lordship to the studv; which having 
 entered, the door was immediately locked bv his lordship in the inside. After 
 accusing him of dishonesty, he drew a pistol, and shot him through the body, 
 of which wound he died, on the morning after his removal from his Lordship's 
 house in great agony. His Lordship was then taken into custody, and removed 
 to London bv the gaoler of Leicester, and committed to the Tower. 
 
 On the 16th of Anril he was brought to trial in the House of Peers, Lord 
 keeper Henley being appointed High Steward on the trial. The trial lasted two 
 days; on the third, the Lord Steward pronounced sentence of death, and to be 
 executed at the common place of execution. 
 
 On the .5th of Mav, his body being demanded by the Sheriffs at the Tower- 
 pate, he was delivered up, and conveyed to the usual place of execution in his 
 own landau, followed bv the chariots of the Sheriffs, and a mourning coach and 
 six, filled with his friends, and a hearse for the c mvevauce of the body. He 
 was guarded bv a posse of constables, a partvof horse grenadiers and a detach- 
 ment of infantry; in this manner thev moved from the Tower to Tvburn. On 
 arriving there, he ascended the scaffdd with a firm step, and having repeated 
 the Lord's Praver, the cap was pulled over his eyes, the Sheriff made the signal, 
 at which the stage fell from under his feet, and he was left suspended. His 
 body having hung an hour and five minutes, was cut down, placed in the 
 hearse, and conveyed to the public theatre for dissection ; when, being opened, 
 and lying for some days, it was carried off, and privately interred. 
 
 FERGUSON, JAMES, died in November 1776 
 
 Ferguson was born in the county of Banff, about the vear 1710. His surprising 
 performances in mechanical pursuits, rendered him distinguished in the path of 
 science. After struggling for some time against very great difficulties, he met 
 with numerous Patrons. His principal writings were, a — Dissertation on the 
 Harvest Moon: — a Description of an Orrery; — Astronomical and Mechanical Lec- 
 tures; — and a Treatise-on Elect icity. His last publication was entitled, — S4ect 
 Mechanical Exercises. His Majesty allowed him £50. per annum out of the 
 Privy Purse. 
 
 FERGUSON, DR. ADAM, died 1816 
 
 FIELDING, HENRY, English Writer, born 1707 ; died . 1754 
 
 FIELDING, SIR JOHN, Chief Magistrate of Bow-street, 
 Covent Garden, London, died September 6 1780 
 
 FISHER, JOHN, Bishop of Rochester, born 1459; behead- 
 ed Ju e 22 1535 
 
 FITZCLARENCE, , elevation of to the Peerage, 
 
 May 13 , I 31 
 
 Announced in the London Gazette, as Baron Tewkesbury, Viscunt Fitzciarence, 
 and Earl of Munster. On the 24th of the same month, the Gazette announced 
 Colonel Frederick Fitzciarence, Captain Adolphus Fitzciarence, R.N. and the 
 Rev. Augustus Fitzciarence respectively, created Marquisses of the United 
 Kingdom ; and also, that His Majesty granted to their sisters respectively the 
 title and precedency of a daughter of a Marquis of the United Kingdom. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 449 
 
 FITZGERALD, GEORGE ROBERT, hanged at Castlebar, 
 
 June 12 1786 
 
 FITZGERALD, LORD EDWARD, mortally wounded in 
 
 an attempt to take him into custody in Dublin . 1798 
 
 FITZGERALD, with Five of his uncles, (Irish rebels,) ex- 
 ecuted at Ty bu rn, February 3 1537 
 
 FITZHERBERT, MRS. died March 27, (aged 81) 1837 
 
 This lady was the daughter of W. Smytlie, Esq. of Tonge Castle, aud niece to Sir 
 Edward Smythe, Bart, of Acton Burnel, Salop; and was also a distant relation 
 of the family of Sefton, in Ireland. She was first married to John Weld, Esq. 
 of Lulworth, Dorsetshire ; and after his death, became the wife of Mr. Fitz- 
 herbert, of Swinnerton, Staffordshire. On the death of that gentleman, she 
 ■went to Italy, and on her return from that country attracted the notice of the 
 Prince of Wales, at Brighton. About this period, the fascinating charms 
 of Mary Robinson had declined, the Prince was seeking for some new favourite, 
 when th ! charms of Mrs. Fitzherbert had their due effect, and she was thought 
 worthy of sharing the Royal favour. But then there were scruples to be over- 
 come, — and they were only to be overcome by proposals of marriage. This 
 marriage was at length solemnized according to the Catholic Ritual, of which 
 she was a communicant; but a marriage, (according to the English law) no more 
 binding between the heir apparent of the British throne, than any two indivi- „ 
 duals who might agree to cohabit together. This took place in 1786. In April, 
 1787> the affairs of the Prince became greatly embarrassed, and were made the 
 subject of Parliamentary investigation; and though Pitt did all in his power for 
 him, yet the old King was deaf to every intreaty with respect to pecuniary 
 assistance. 
 
 On the 30th of April, Mr. Fox rose in his place, and gave his positive denial 
 of the marriage of the Prince with Mrs. Fitzherbert. He denied it in toto, in 
 point of fact, and in point of law. It never could have happened legally, nor 
 did it ever happen in any way whatever. In spite of this assertion on the part 
 of Mr. Fox, and the well-known shyness existing between him and the Prince, 
 it has been asserted by persons that Fox was not only privy to the marriage, but 
 that Burke and Sheridan were actually present on that occasion. Be this as it 
 may, it is a well-known fact, that Mrs. Fitzherbert never afterwards counte- 
 nanced Fox, but left the society into which they might happen to meet. 
 
 With respect to the marriage, there was serious reason for alarm ; for, by the 
 Royal Marriage Act, — " Every person marrying a Papist, shall be for ever inca- 
 " pable of inheriting the throne of these realms; and the people of these realms, shall 
 " be, and arehereby absolved from their allegiance;" so that, by the Bill of Rights, 
 the marriage became null and void. Lampoons of all kinds were published on 
 the occasion. Home Tooke wrote a severe pamphlet ; and Withers was fined 
 £50. and sentenced to one years' imprisonment in Newgate, and to give sureties 
 for five years for a libel on Mrs. Fitzherbert. The libel was part of a Pamphlet 
 called — " History of the Roval Malady ;" a second ditto, of the same writer, 
 entitled — " Alfred; " it styled Mrs. Fitzherbert the rightful Princess of Wales ! 
 The sale of these Publications was immense; and extraordinary measures were 
 resorted to for the suppression of any further publication. In 1790, Mrs. Fitz- 
 herbert was no longer to be the reigning favourite, and the Prince transferred 
 his affections to Lady Jersey; but in 1795, (previous to his marriage with the 
 Princess of Wales) his favour revived, and Mrs. Fitzherbert was once more 
 noticed. A mansion was procured for her in Park-lane, and a pension granted, 
 to her. The brother-in-law of Mrs. Fitzherbert (Cardinal Weld) inherited the 
 estates of her first husband; and his head being fitted for a Cardinal's hat, was 
 easily granted without any influence of the Papal court. On the trial of Lord 
 
 No. 58- 3 N 
 
450 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 FITZHERBERT, MRS. (continued.) 
 
 George Gordon, for a libel on the Queen of Fiance, he spoke with freedom of 
 the connection between the Prince and Mrs. Fitzherbert. Mrs, Fitzherbert was, 
 to the last hour of her life, in intercourse with the Royal Family. 
 
 FITZPATRICK, RT. HON. RICHARD, died 1813 
 
 F1TZ WILLI AM, EARL, died February 8 1833 
 
 His Lordship expired at his seat at Milton, Northamptonshire, in the 85th year 
 of his age. 
 
 FLAMSTEAD, JOHN, Astronomer, born 1646; died 1719 
 
 FLEETWOOD, WILLIAM, Lawyer, died 1593 
 
 FLEETWOOD, WILLIAM, Bishop of St. Asaph, Anti- 
 quarian, died 1723 
 
 FLETCHER, JOHN, Dramatic Writer and Poet, born 
 
 1576; died_ 1625 
 
 FLEURY, CARDINAL, died December 18 1742 
 
 FLINDERS, CAPTAIN, died 1814 
 
 FONTAINE, JEAN DE LA, French Poet, born 1621; 
 
 died 1695 
 
 FONTAINES, PIERRE FRANCOIS GUYOT DES, 
 
 French poet, born 1685 ; died 1745 
 
 FONTENELLE, BERNARD LE BOVIER DE, born 
 
 1657; died January 9 1757 
 
 FOOTE, SAMUEL, died October 21, (aged 51) 1777 
 
 FORBES, SIR WILLIAM, the eminent Banker, died 1806 
 
 FORDYCE, DAVID, English writer, died 1755 
 
 FORDYCE, JAMES, ditto, died 1796 
 
 FORREST, JOHN, born 1496; burnt for denying the 
 
 King's supremacy 1538 
 
 FORTESCUE, SIR JOHN, English Judge, born 1373, died 1463 
 
 FOTHERGILL, , Physician, born 1711; died 1780 
 
 FOULIS, ROBERT, an eminent printer, died 1776 
 
 FOUNT AINE, SIB ANDREW, Antiquarian, died 1753 
 
 FOURNIER, P. S. Parisian letter founder, born 1712; died 1758 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 451 
 
 FOX, GEORGE, founder of the Quakers, born 1624; died 1681 
 
 FOX, JOHN, Marty rologist, born 1517; died 1587 
 
 FOX, CHARLES JAMES, born 174S; died 1806 
 
 Public funeral of, October 10, 1806. 
 
 FRANCIS, PHILIP, D.D. died ...., 1773 
 
 FRANKLIN, DR. B. born at Boston, 1706; died April 17 17G0 
 
 FRANKLIN, CAPTAIN, his success in tracing the course 
 of the Mackenzie river, in North America, till he 
 reached the sea, August 16 1825 
 
 FRESNOY, CHARLES ALPHONSE DU, painter and 
 
 writer, born 1611 ; died 1665 
 
 FRESNOY, NICOLAS LENGLET DU, French Writer, 
 
 born in 1674; died 1755 
 
 FROBISHER, SIR MARTIN, ADMIRAL, died in 1594 
 
 FROISSART, JEAN, Historian, born 1337 ; died 1410 
 
 FROST, WILLIAMS AND JONES, tried 1839 
 
 The Chartists, Frost, Williams, and Jones, were tried and received sentence of 
 death; but the sentence was afterwards commuted to transportation for life. 
 On the 28th of February they set sail from Portsmouth in the Mandarin con- 
 vict ship, bound for Van Dieman's land, and in which were Moses and Caspar, 
 found guilty of the gold dust robbery. 
 
 FULLER, THOMAS, English writer, born 1606; died in . 1661 
 
 FULLER, JOHN, ESQ. (the celebrated), .Member for 
 
 Sussex, died in London, at an advanced age, April 11 1834 
 
 He had granted, at various times, £10,000. to the Royal Institution, in Albe- 
 marle-street. 
 
 FUST, JAN, one of the earliest printers, died of the Plague 1466 
 
 GALLOWAY, GEORGE EARL OF, (Admiral of the 
 
 Blue,) died March 27 1S34 
 
 GALILEO, Professor of Medicine, born Feb. 19, 1564; died 
 
 January 8 1642 
 
 Commenced the study of Medicine at the University of Pisa, (his native place), in 
 1581 ; made his grand discovery of the telescope, 1609, which he presented to 
 the Senate of Venice, after having exhibited it for a few days ; and in return, 
 he was appointed to the Professorship for life. He soon after constructed 
 another telescope, with which he examined the hpavens, and made those bril- 
 liant discoveries which will for ever add lustre to his name. The satellites of 
 Jupiter, the ring of Saturn, the seas and mountains of the Moon, and the spots 
 
452 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 GALILEO, {continued.) 
 
 in the Sun, were announced to the public in succession, in a publication, which, 
 he called — Nuncius Siderius, or Intelligence of the Heavens. Having about this 
 time resigned his Professorship at Padua for the appointment of first Mathema- 
 tician at Pisa, he began to teach the Copernicum system of the Uuiverse, which 
 ■was the cause of that persecution carried on against him for the remainder of his 
 life. In 1639, he became blind, and soon after lost his favourite daughter. He 
 died at the age of 78. 
 
 GAINSBOROUGH, THOMAS, Portrait Painter, died ... 1788 
 
 GALE, ROGER, Antiquarian, died 1744 
 
 GAMBIER, LORD, born 1756; died April 9 1833 
 
 Appointed to the command of the Thunder bomb, in which he was captured by 
 the French fleet under Count d'Estaing, 1778. Promoted to the rank of Post 
 Captain, October 9, 1778. Appointed to the command of the Raleigh, 32. In 
 this frigate he was engaged in repelling the French attempt made upon Jersey, 
 January 6, 1781 ; in thisyear he also captured the ' General Mifflin,' an Ame- 
 rican ship of war of 20 guns. Appointed to ' The Defence,' 74; was present 
 in the glorious action of June 1, 1794; on that memorable day, The Defence 
 was the first vessel that cut through the enemy's line, passing between the 
 seventh and eighth ships; and had successively three or four ships engaging 
 her, her men being divided at their quarters to fight both sides at once. Her 
 masts were shot away ; the main-mast fell in-board, and tho whole of the 
 quarter deck and forecastle guns were rendered useless. The loss amounted to 
 18 men killed, and 39 wounded. For this glorious action, he was nominated 
 Colonel of marines; and on June 1, 1795. he was raised to the rank of Rear- 
 Admiral ; appointed to a seat among the Commissioners of the Admiralty, which 
 lie retained till February, 1801 ; attained the rank of Vice-Admiral, 1799 ; pro- 
 ceeded to Newfoundland, as Governor of the island, 1802; re-appointed to a 
 seat at the Admiralty, 1804; appointed to assist in naval affairs under Lord 
 Mulgrave, April 4, 1807, (having become full Admiral in 1805); sent in the 
 following summer with a fleet to demand that of Denmark, in conjunction with 
 Lieutenant-Gen. Lord Cathcart, which he most ably accomplished, to the morti- 
 fication of Bonaparte, and the entire overthrow of his intentions. For this he 
 was rewarded with a peerage, dated November 9, 1807, and a pension of £2000. 
 a-year, which latter he declined. He retired from the Admiralty in May, 1808 3 
 being appointed to the command of the Channel Fleet. ' The Plantagenet,' a 
 74, was launched at Woolwich, 1801, under his directions. 
 
 A detachment of his fleet attacked a French squadron in the Aix road, and 
 destroyed ' La Ville de Varsovie, ' 80 ; ' Tonnerre, ' 74 ; ' Aquilon,' 74; and 
 ' Calcutta,' 56, and driving several others on shore. A difference of opinion 
 having- arisen respecting the practicability of destroying the rest of the enemy's 
 squadron, caused a misunderstanding between the Commander-in-Chief and 
 Lord Cochrane, who had the command of the fire-ships ; upon which Lord 
 Gambier requested a Court Martial to be called, in order to investigate his 
 conduct. On the 29th of July, 1809, it took place, and was continued by ad- 
 journments, until August 9, when the charge of neglect and delay were pro- 
 nounced to be not proven ; his conduct being " marked by zeal, judgment, and 
 ability." His Lordship was consequently — " most honourably acquitted," and 
 in addition, received the thanks of both Houses of Parliament. He retained the 
 command of the Channel Fleet until 1811, when he resigned it, the time speci- 
 fied (three years) having expired for holding it. He was placed at the head of 
 the Commissioners for the concluding a peace with the United States of America, 
 in 1814, the first meeting for which took place at Ghent, August 8; prelimi- 
 naries for signed at the same place, December 24, and ratified at Washington, 
 February 17, 1815. On the 7th of June following, he was nominated a Grand 
 Cross of the Bath, and advanced to the rank of Admit al of the Fleet, along with 
 Admiral Peere-Williams, on the accession of William IV. to the throne. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 453 
 
 GARAMOND, CLAUDE, type-founder, died 1561 
 
 GARDELLE, THEODORE, executed for murder 1790 
 
 This individual was executed for the murder of Mrs. King-, his landlady, in Lei- 
 cester-street, Leicester-square. He having requested her to fetch him some 
 snuff, she refused : upon which, angry words arose, and he struck her; she fell 
 backwards down the stairs, upon which Gardelle, being greatly alarmed, ran to 
 assist her, and found her dead. Being the only person at this time in the house, 
 and fearful he should be accused of murdering her, he secreted the body in his 
 room, and told the servant her mistress had left the house suddenly, and gone 
 out of town. He afterwards cut up the body into separate portions, locked them 
 in boxes, and then hid them in the loft of the house. 
 
 GARDINER, COLONEL JAMES, born 1688; killed at 
 
 Preston Pans , 1 745 
 
 GARDINER, STEPHEN, Bishop of Winchester, died ... 1555 
 
 GARNET, THOMAS, a Jesuit, hanged 1608 
 
 GARRICK, DAVID, Dramatic Writer and Actor, born 
 
 1716; died January 20, 1779 
 
 He was born at Hereford, and was aged 62 years and 10 months. First appeared 
 on the London Stage in 1741. 
 
 GARTH, SIR SAMUEL, Physician and Poet, died 1719 
 
 GASCOIGNK, SIR, WILLIAM, the Judge who committed 
 the Prince of Wales, afterwards Henry V. to prison, 
 for insulting him on the Bench, flourished 1414 
 
 GASSENDI, PIERRE, mathematician and astronomer, born 
 
 1592; died 1656 
 
 GAY, JOHN, English poet, born 1688; died 1732 
 
 GED, WILLIAM, inventor of steryotype printing, died ... 1749 
 
 GEDDES, JAMES, critic, born 1711; died 1749 
 
 GEDDES, REV. ALEXANDER, died February 26 1802 
 
 This learned writer was a Roman Catholic, and educated at the Scotch College, in 
 Paris. After finishing his education, he was successively priest of several 
 Roman Catholic congregations in Scotland ; he officiated for twelve years at the 
 Imperial Ambassador's chapel in London ; and after that was shut up, at the 
 Chapel in Duke-stieet, Lincoln's Inn-fields. 
 
 GEMINIANI, GENGA, a celebrated player on the violin, 
 
 born 1666; died 1 1762 
 
 GENGA, GIROLAMO, architect, born 1476; died 1551 
 
 GENGA, BARTOLOMEO, ditto, fortified Malta, son of 
 
 the former, born 1518 ; died 1558 
 
 GEOFFREY OF MONMOUTH, historian, died 1152 
 
454 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 GEORGE I. bora May 28, 1660; died June 11 1727 
 
 Created Duke of Cambridge, &c. October 5, 1706. The Princess Sophia, (his 
 queen), mother of George II. died June 8, 1714, aged 83. He was proclaimed 
 August 1, 1714. Landed at Greenwich, September 18, following. Died on his 
 journey to Hanover, at Osnaburg, June 11, 1727, of a paralytic disorder, aged 
 67- Reigned 12 years, 10 months and 10 days ; succeeded by his eldest son, 
 
 GEORGE II. bora October 30, 1683; died October 25 ... 1760 
 
 Created Prince of Wales, October 4, 1714. Married the Princess Wilhelmina- 
 Carolina-Dorothea, of Brandenburg-Anspach, 1704. Ascended the throne 
 June 11, 1727. Lost his Queen of a mortification in her bowels, November 
 20, 1737j aged 54. Suppressed a rebellion, 1746. Reigned 33 years, 4 months, 
 and 14 days; succeeded by his grandson, George III. Issue of George II.: — 
 Frederick Lewis, Prince of Wales, son of George II. born January 20, 1706. 
 arrived in England, December, 1729. Married Augusta, Princess of Saxe 
 Gotha, April 27, 1736. Forbid the Court the year following. Died March 20, 
 
 1751, aged 44; had issue: — Augusta, born August 11, 1737, late Duchess of 
 Brunswick : George Augustus, (George III.) : Edward Augustus, born March 
 25,1759, died Duke of York, September 17, 1769: Eliza-Caroline, born Janu- 
 ary 10, 1740, died September, 1759: William Henry, born November 23, 1743: 
 Henry Frederick, born November 7, 1745, married October, 1771, Ann Horton, 
 daughter of Lord Irnham, and died without issue, September 18, 1790: Louisa 
 Anne, born May 2, 1748, who died May 21, 1768: Frederick William, bom 
 May 24, 1750, died May 10, 1765 : Caroline Matilda, born July 22, 1751, died 
 Queen of Denmark, 1755. His Princess died of a consumption, February 8, 
 1772, aged 52. 
 
 GEORGE III. born June 4, 1738; died January 29 1820 
 
 George III. eldest son of Frederic Prince of Wales. Created Prince of Wales, 
 
 1752. Succeeded his grandfather, October 25, 1760. Proclaimed the next day. 
 Married Charlotte Sophia, a Princess of Mecklinburgh Strelitz, September 8, 
 1761, (who was born May 19, 1744, and died November 17, 1818), and both 
 were crowned September 22, 1761. Annuity granted to, in case of the King's 
 death, £100,000. in 1762. Their issue:— 
 
 1. George Prince of Wales, born August 12, 1762. .Married April 8, 1795, 
 Caroline Amelia Augusta, second daughter of the Duke of Brunswick, (by 
 Augusta, the eldest sister of His Majesty, (George III.) born May 17, 
 1768. (See further account, page 428, ante.) His debts paid by Parlia- 
 ment, May 24, 1787- Again in 1795, which amounted, according to the 
 Statement laid on the table of the House of Commons in June, as under: 
 Debts on various securities, and bearing Interest.. 500,571 19 I 
 
 Amount of Tradesmen's Bills unpaid 86,745 
 
 Tradesmen's Bills, and arrears of Establishment, 
 
 from October 10, 1794, to April 5, 1795 52,573 5 3 
 
 £639,890 4 4 
 
 Misunderstanding between His Royal Highness, and the Jockey Club at 
 Newmarket, 1791, which originated from an imputation thrown out, and 
 which accused the Prince's jockey of unfair play in a race run by the horse 
 Escape; in consequence of which, the Prince withdrew his presence from 
 the Newmarket Meetings for many years. Appointed Regent, with re- 
 strictions, January 11, 1811. Restrictions removed, January 13, 1812. 
 Issue, Charlotte Caroline Augusta, born January 7, 1796 ; married Prince 
 Leopold of Saxe-Cobourg of Saalfeld, May 1816. Died November 6, 1817. 
 (For George IV. see further.) 
 2. Frederick, Duke of York, born August 16, 1763. Elected Bishop of 
 Osnaburgh, February 27, 1764. Married September 29, 1791, to the 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 455 
 
 GEORGE III. (continued.) 
 
 Princess Frederica Charlotte Ulrica Catherine, eldest daughter of the king 
 of Prussia, born May 7, 1767- Fought a duel with Colonel Lennox, (see 
 ' Duels, ' page 38, ante.) Corps of English troops sailed under from Eng- 
 land, February 25, 1793. Took a Republican General, and several priso- 
 ners, April 26, 1794. Narrowly escaped being taken prisoner near Roubaix, 
 May 18, 1794. Defeated by the French, October, 1794. Charges prefer- 
 red against,. in the House of Commons, (see Wardle). Resigned his situ- 
 ation as Commander-in-Chief, March 18, 1809. Duchess of, died August 
 6, 1820. The remains of the Duchess were privately interred at Weybridge 
 church, in the county of Surrey, in a vault which had been previously pre- 
 pared under Her Royal Highness' special direction. The Duke died Janu- 
 ary 5, 1827. 
 
 3. William Henry, Duke of Clarence, born August 21, 1765. Married July 
 11, 1818, to Adelaide Amelia, sister of the reigning Duke of Saxe Mei- 
 ningen, born August 13, 1792: had issue, Princess Charlotte Augusta, 
 born and died March 27, 1819. Princess Elizabeth Georgiana Adelaide, 
 born December 10, 1820; died March 4, iu the following year. 
 
 The Earl of Errol, the Honourable John Erskine Kennedy, (second son 
 of the Earl of Cassillis), Mr. Philip Sydney, only son of Sir James Sydney, 
 Bart., and Lieut. -Col. Charles Fox, stand in the relation of sons-in-law to 
 the late Duke of Clarence, having married the Misses Elizabeth, Augusta 
 Sophia, and Mary Fitzclarence, his daughters, by Mrs. Jordan. Colonel 
 Fitzclarence, of the 7th Fusileers, married in 1821, Lady Augusta Boyle, 
 daughter of the Earl of Glasgow ; and Colonel George Fitzclarence, married 
 the daughter of the Earl of Egremont. Captain Adolphus Fitzclarence, 
 R.N. and the Rev. Augustus Fitzclareuce, Rector of Maple, Durham, are 
 unmarried. (See also, William IV.) 
 
 4. Charlotte Augusta Matilda, Queen of Wirtemberg, born September 29, 
 1766. Married the Prince of Wirtemberg, May 18, 1797- He was born 
 September 27, 1781. In 1806, Bonaparte erected the Duchy of Wirtem- 
 berg into a kingdom, making the then Duke king. He died in 1816. 
 
 5. Edward Duke of Kent, born November 2, 1767- Married Her Serene 
 Highness Victoria Maria Louisa, daughter of His Serene Highness Francis, 
 Duke of Saxe-Cobourg Saalfeld, and sister of Leopold, King of Belgium, 
 and left at his decease an only daughter, born May 24, 1819. On the 3rd 
 of August, 1831, a message was delivered from His Majesty, in both 
 Houses of Parliament to make a more adequate provision for the Duchess 
 of Kent, and for the Princess Victoria; when the House of Commons 
 voted £10,000. a-year to the Duchess of Kent, in addition to her former 
 £12,000. per year. The Duke of Kent died January 23, 1820. 
 
 6. Sophia Augusta, born November 8, 1768; died 1841. , 
 
 7. Elizabeth, born May 22, 1770; married, April 7, 1818, tho Prince of 
 Hesse Homberg, who died April 2, 1829. 
 
 8. Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, born June 5, 1771. Attempt- 
 ed assassination of by Sellis, his valet, May 31, 1810. Married Frederica 
 Carolina Sophia, daughter of the Duke of Mecklenburg Strelitz, and widow 
 of Fred. William, Prince of Solms Braunfels, born March 20, 1778, in Au- 
 gust, 1814. Re-married at Carlton House, August 29, 1815. Motion for 
 settling £6000. per annum, additional income on the Duke, and a jointure 
 to the same amount on the Duchess, negatived in the House of Commons 
 by a majority of one, July, 1815. Issue, George Frederick, born May 27, 
 1819. The Duke became king of Hanover on the death of his brother, 
 (William IV.) in 1837, agreeably to the Salique Law. 
 
 9. Augustus Frederic, Duke of Sussex, born January 27, 1773. 
 
 10. Adolphus Frederic, Duke of Cambridge, born February 24, 1774. Mar- 
 ried May 7, 1818, to Augusta Wilhelmina Louisa, niece of the Landgrave 
 
456 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 GEORGE III. (continued.) 
 
 of Hesse, born July 25, 1797; issue a son, George William Frederic 
 Charles, born March 2(5, 1819; and a daughter, Augusta Carolina Eliza- 
 beth Mary Sophia Louisa, born July 19, 1822. 
 
 11. Mary, born April 25, 1776. Married her cousin, William, the late Duke [i 
 of Gloucester, July 22, 1816. He died November 28, 1834. 
 
 12. Sophia, born November 3, 1777. 
 
 13. Octavius, born February 23, 1779; died May 3, 1783. 
 
 14. Alfred, born September 22, 1780; died August 20, 17S2. 
 
 15. Amelia, born August 7. 1783; died in November, 1810, and buried at 
 Windsor 
 
 George III. had the glass of his sedan chair broken by a mad woman as he 
 was being conveyed to the Opera House, June 25, 1777- Was thrown from his 
 horse in Windsor Park, October 8, 1785. Attempted assassination of, by Mar- 
 garet Nicholson, August 2, 1786. Grand illumination on the restoration of the 
 health of, March 10, 1789. Had a stone thrown at his state coach when going 
 to the House of Peers, by John Frith, a maniac, January 21, 1790. Visited 
 Cheltenham in 1788, and became deranged in his mind from October, 1788, to 
 March, 1789, when he visited St. Paul's in procession, to return public thanks 
 to the Almighty for his recovery. Assaulted by a mob in his way to and from 
 the House of Peers, October 30, 1795, when his state coach was nearly de- 
 stroyed. Had a stone thrown at his coach, the glasses broke, and the Queen 
 received a blow in the face, February, 1796. Made a grand procession to Saint 
 Pauls, to return thanks for the victories obtained by his fleets, December 19, 
 1797. Shot at in the Play-house, by a maniac of the name of Hatfield, May 16, 
 1800. Grand Jubilee all over England, on his entering the 50th year of his 
 reign, October 25, 1809. His malady returned in 1810, to which were added, 
 other distressing infirmities — blindness, and the loss of hearing. From this 
 time he remained secluded from the world, till death terminated bis sufferings. 
 
 GEORGE IV. died June 24 1830 
 
 Began his reign, January 29, 1820. Charges commenced against the Queen, 
 August 19, 1820. Crowned July 19, 1821. Embarked for Ireland, where he 
 was received with the most enthusiastic marks of attachment, 1821. Paid a 
 similar visit to Scotland in 1822, and was well received. Reigned 10 years, 
 4 months, and 28 days. 
 
 GERMAIN, PIERRE, a famous goldsmith, born 1647; died 1684 
 
 GERMAIN, THOMAS, his son, ditto, born 1674; died ... 1748 
 
 GERM A IN, ST. Bishop of Auxerre, born 380 ; died 448 
 
 GERMAIN, ST. Bishop of Paris, born 496 ; died 576 
 
 GERRARD, ALEXANDER, English writer and professor, 
 
 died 1795 
 
 GERING, ULRIC, one of the early printers, died in 1510 
 
 GESNER, CONRAD, born March 26, 1516; died 1565 
 
 This celebrated botanist, left at his death, wood engravings to the number of 
 1500, as illustrations of his botanical labours. Such was the excellence of the 
 materials and workmanship, that after a period of one hundred and seventy-nine 
 years after his death, and having been used as embellishments to various works, 
 they were very little the worse for wear. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 457 
 
 GESNER, SOLOMON, poet, born 1726; died 1788 
 
 GIANONE, PIETRO, historian, born 16S0 ; died in 1748 
 
 GIBBON, EDWARD, historian, born 1738; died Jan. 16, 1794 
 
 GIBBS, JAMES, architect, born 1683; died 1754 
 
 His principal works are the Radcliffe Library, and the new quadrangle at 
 All Soul's College, in Oxford, the new building at King's College, Cambridge, 
 and the Seriate House at ditto; — the Duke of Newcastle's monument, in West- 
 minster Abbey, the New Church in the Strand, and St. Martin's-in-the-Fields. 
 The whole of his books, prints, &c. he bequeathed to the Radcliffe Library at 
 Oxford. 
 
 GIFFORD, LORD, died in September 1826 
 
 GIFFORD, WILLIAM, ESQ. critic, died December 31 . 1826 
 
 iGIOLITO, GABRIEL, printer, died in 1581 
 
 GIUNTI, celebrated printers, flourished in the 16th century. 
 GLANVIL, JOSEPH, English writer, &c. born 1636; died 1680 
 
 GLAUBER, JOHN, chemist, died in 1660 
 
 GLOUCESTER, DUKE OF, uncle to Richard II. murdered 1397 
 GLOUCESTER, DUKE OF, 4th son of Henry IV. ditto . 1447 
 
 GLOUCESTER, DUKE OF, died August 25 1805 
 
 GLOUCESTER, DUKE OF, died November 28 1834 
 
 GODFREY, SIR EDMONDBURY, murdered, October 12 1678 
 
 The murder of Sir Edmondbury Godfrey was a mysteiious circumstance; the 
 body was found at Primrose hill, though the transaction is generally supposed 
 to have taken place elsewhere. The Coroner's Jury, after an adjourned inquest, 
 returned the following verdict: — " That he was murdered by certain persons 
 unknown to the Jurors, and that his death proceeded from suffocation and 
 strangling : and that his sword had been thrust through his body sometime 
 after his death, and when he was quite cold; because not the least sign of blood 
 was seen on his shirt, his clothes, or the place where he was found. 
 
 Charles II. having appointed Somerset House as the residence of Catharine 
 for a time, it became the haunt of Catholics, and the odium of this murder was 
 entirely thrown upon them. Three persons, Robert Green, (cushion man to the 
 Queen's chapel ;) Laurence Hill, (servant to Dr. Godden, treasurer to the 
 chapel ;) and Henry Berry, (Porter to Somerset House,) were tried for the 
 murder at the King's Bench Bar, before the Lord Chief Justice Scroggs, on the 
 10th of February, 1679, the infamous witnesses Oates, Prance, and Bedloe, de- 
 clared that he was waylaid, and inveigled into the palace, under the pretence of 
 keeping the peace between two servants who were fighting in the yard; that he 
 was there strangled, his neck broke, and his own sword run through his body; 
 that he was kept four days before they ventured to remove him ; at length his 
 corpse was carried in a sedan chair to Soho, and then on a horse to Primrose- 
 hill." The Jury found them all guilty of the murder, aud the Lord Chisf 
 Justice, said, " They had found the same verdict that he would have found if 
 he had been one of them." 
 
 No. S9- 3 O 
 
458 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 GODFREY, SIR EDMONDBURY, (continued.) 
 
 The abandoned characters of the witnesses, however, together with the absurd 
 and irreconcileable testimony they gave on the trial, has made unprejudiced 
 times to doubt the whole. But the innocence of these poor men could not avail, 
 the torrent of prejudice prevailing 1 against them ; and Green and Hill were ex- 
 ecuted February 21, declaring their innocence to the last, as did Berry, who 
 was executed May 28, having been reprieved till that time. 
 
 Sir Edmondbury's corpse being embalmed, was kept till October 31, when it 
 was carried from Bridewell Hospital, of which he was one of the Governors, to 
 the church of St. Martin-in-the-Fields, where he was buried. The pall was 
 supported by eight Knights, all Justices of the Peace; all the Aldermen of the 
 City of London attended the funeral. Seventy-two Ministers marched two and 
 two before the body, and great multitudes followed after in the same order. A 
 sermon was preached on the occasion, by Dr. Wm. Lloyd, Vicar of St. Martin's, 
 from 2 Sam. ch. iii. v. 24. 
 
 GODWIN, FRANCIS, Bishop of Hereford, English writer, 
 
 died 1633 
 
 GOETHE, (the celebrated), died February 22 1832 
 
 He died at Weimar, in the 83rd year of his age. The Theatre of that place was 
 closed on the day of that melancholy event, and did not open until four days 
 after his burial. 
 
 GOLD, RICHARD, trial of, April 13 1840 
 
 Richard Gold, alias Nicholson, was charged with having on the 17th of March, 
 1840, in the parish of St. Mary's, Islington, murdered John Templeman, an old 
 gentleman, who inhabited a cottage in Pocock's fields ; also a man and his wife, 
 of the name of Jarvis, were likewise implicated in this charge. The deceased 
 had the reputation amongst his neighbours of being a man of property, and, 
 unfortunately for him, he appeared to have encouraged the notion. 
 
 After a trial which lasted from 10 in the morning, until half-past 11 at night, 
 the Jury, after a few moments consideration, returned a verdict of — Not guilty. 
 
 On the 22nd of June, (1840), he was again tried at the Old Bailey, charged 
 with the crime of burglary, in the house of the unfortunate deceased. After a 
 trial of some hours, he was found guilty, when he was sentenced to — transporta- 
 tion/or life. 
 
 GOLDSMID, ABRAHAM, died 18121 
 
 GOLDSMITH, OLIVER, English writer, born 1728; died 1774 
 
 GOOD, DR. M. died 1827; 
 
 GOODIER, CAPTAIN, hung for the murder of his brother, 
 
 Sir John Goodier, January 20 1740 
 
 GORDON, HIS GRACE THE DUKE OF, died May ... 1836 
 
 GORDON, LORD GEORGE, died in Newgate, Nov. 1 . 1793 
 
 GRAHAM, JAMES, MARQUIS OF MONTROSE, be- 
 headed 1650 
 
 He was one of the steadfast friends of Charles I. and particularly attached to the 
 interests of his Royal Master. He was betrayed, and ignominiously hanged 
 upon a gibbet, and afterwards beheaded and quartered; his head being fixed on 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 459 
 
 the Tolbooth of Edinburgh, and his arms and legs over the gates of Aberdeen, 
 Perth, Sterling, and Glasgow. 
 
 3RAMMONT, COUNT, born 1604; died 1707 
 
 3RANBY, JOHN MANNERS, MARQUIS OF, died... 1770 
 
 [n the Rebellion of 174.'), this nobleman raised a regiment of infantry, at the head 
 of which he served in Scotland, and was engaged at the decisive battle of Cullo- 
 den, where he greatly distinguished himself. The victory of Minden was, in a 
 great measure, obtained by the undaunted courage displayed by him on that day, 
 he being second in the command of the British and Hanoverian cavalry. 
 
 GRANGER, , English writer, died as he was adminis- 
 tering the Sacrament 1776 
 
 GRANTLEY, FLETCHER LORD, died 1789 
 
 GRANVILLE, LADY, burnt to death 1804 
 
 GRATTAN, RIGHT HON. HENRY, born 1750; died 
 
 June 4 1820 
 
 GRAVES, LORD, committed suicide, February 7 1830 
 
 } GRAY, DR. Bishop of Bristol, died September 28 1834 
 
 He was succeeded by Dr. Allen, Rector of St. Bride's. 
 
 GRAY, THOMAS, poet, born 1716; died July 30 1771 
 
 GREEN, DR. MAURICE, musician, died 1755 
 
 GREENWOOD, MR. Army Agent, died 1832 
 
 Mr. Greenwood's death was sudden ; he was at dinner with the king, (William IV.) 
 at Brighten, when he was taken ill, and expired in the arms of Sir Herbert 
 Taylor. Mr. Greenwood had passed his 80th year. 
 
 GREENWOOD, ELIZA, murder of, May 25 1838 
 
 On the morning of Saturday, May 26, I83S, the inhabitants of the Waterloo-road 
 were alarmed by the report that a woman named Eliza Greenwood, residing at 
 No. 12, Wellington terrace, had been inhumanly murdered in the course of the 
 preceding night. The report was first given by a man lodging at No. 12, run- 
 ning out of the house, and calling Police, at the same time saying that a murder 
 had been perpetrated. At the end of the terrace, he met a policeman, (31 L.), 
 and having apprised him of the fact, the policeman immediately proceeded to 
 the house, and on entering the back parlour, he beheld a female, apparently of 
 about 25 years of age lying on the floor, with her throat cut in a dreadful 
 manner, and quite dead. From the enquiries made by the police, it appeared 
 that the unfortunate woman, who was described as being remarkably handsome, 
 had for some time been living with, a man at the above house, and that she was 
 also in the habit of frequenting the theatres, and taking home gentlemen 
 with her ; that, on those occasions, when she was accompanied home by a 
 stranger, the man with whom she lived retired to another bed in the same 
 house, in which it also appeared that there were other lodgers ; and that on 
 that day, Eliza Greenwood left home in the early part of the afternoon, and re- 
 turned at twelve o'clock the same night, when her servant, a young girl, per- 
 ceived that she was accompanied by a gentleman : and having gone up stairs 
 from the kitchen without a candle, asked her if she should return down stairs 
 and strike a light? Her mistress, however, desired her to go to bed, adding 8 
 
460 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 GREENWOOD, ELIZA, (continued.) 
 
 that she could get a light for herself, as she knew in what part of the room the 
 tinder-box was to be found. As this took place in the dark, in the passage of 
 the house, the servant bad no opportunity of distinguishing the features of the 
 person who accompanied her mistress home. The servant having proceeded 
 down stairs, heard her mistress and the gentleman enter the back parlour, and 
 shut and lock the door after them. She heard no noise during the night; and 
 the first intimation she had of the murder, was the hearing the man with whom 
 she cohabited, give the alarm at six in the morning. 
 
 An inquest having been summoned by Mr. Carter, the Coroner, the Jury 
 proceeded to the back parlour to view the body of the deceased ; the head was 
 nearly severed from the shoulders, and deep cuts were on her left hand, as if 
 she had thrown up that hand in her defence. The Inquest having been adjourn- 
 ed till the following Monday, and no further evidence produced, a verdict of — 
 Wilful murder was returned against some person or persons unknown. The 
 murderer still remains at large. 
 
 GREENACRE, , trial of for Murder, April 1 1 1837 
 
 On the Sunday after the murder, several hundreds of persons visited the house 
 previously occupied by Greenacre, in Carpenter's buildings, Bowyer's-lane, 
 Camberwell. Two men placed a large pole across the street, and demanded 
 three-pence for each person to visit the interior, arm-chair, and block of wood, 
 on which it was said the unfortunate woman expired, which was readily paid 
 by an immense number of persons. The woman Gale, was sent off for trans- 
 portation the same year. 
 
 GREGORY, JAMES, who discovered the reflecting teles- 
 cope, born 1635; died 1675 
 
 GREGORY, JOHN, physician and professor, died 1778 
 
 GRENVILLE, LORD, died 1834 
 
 Lord Grenville died at his seat at Dropmore, aged 75. At the time of his death 
 he was Chancellor of the University of Oxford, and Auditor of the Exchequer ; 
 and had been Speaker of the House of Commons, and First Lord of the 
 Treasury. 
 
 GRENVILLE, RT. HON. GEORGE, Statesman, died... 1770 
 GRESHAM, SIR THOMAS, died 1579 
 
 He terminated a career of unexampled prosperity, by erecting the Royal Exchange 
 at his own private charge, and presenting it to his country, a munificence un- 
 exampled in commercial history. (For a further account of the Royal Ex- 
 change, see page 336, ante. 
 
 GREVILLE, FULKE, (LORD BROOKE,) killed by his 
 
 servant 1628 
 
 He was buried in a monument which he had himself caused to be erected some 
 years before at Warwick, with the simple inscription — " Fulke Greville, ser- 
 vant to Queen Elizabeth, councillor to king James, and friend to Sir Philip 
 Sidney." 
 
 GREY, GENERAL CHARLES EARL, died 1807 
 
 GREY, EARL, born in 1764 
 
 GREY, LADY JANE; see page 442, ante. 
 
 GRIMALDI, MR. (father), died (aged 58), May 31 1837 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 461 
 
 GRIMALDI, MR. J. C. died December 1 1 1832 
 
 He was in the 30th year of his age. 
 
 GRIMSTONE, SIR HARBOTTLE, lawyer, died in 1683 
 
 GROSE, FRANCIS, Antiquarian, died 1791 
 
 GROVE, JOSEPH, historian and critic, died 1764 
 
 GUISE, DUKE OF, murdered ..' 1558 
 
 GUNTER, EDWARD, mathematician, bom 1600; died . 1726 
 
 GURNEY, WILLIAM, short-hand writer, died 1770 
 
 GUSTAVUS III. King of Sweden, assassinated, March 16, 1792 
 
 The King of Sweden was mortally wounded at a masquerade, by Count Anker- 
 stroem, a discontented officer. 
 
 GUTHRIE, WILLIAM, historian, died 1770 
 
 Mr. Guthrie was buried in the cemetery, on the south side of Paddington street, 
 ■where, against the east wall, is his monument. 
 
 GUTTEMBURG; see " Printing," page 136, ante. 
 
 GUSTAVUS VASA, died, aged 70 1560 
 
 GUY, THOMAS ; see page 340, ante. 
 
 HACKLUYT, RICHARD, writer of Voyages, &c. died in 1616 
 
 HACKET, WILLIAM, the fanatic, hanged, July 28 1592 
 
 HALE, SIR MATTHEW, born 16C0; died 1676 
 
 He was strongly attached to the royal cause during the great Rebellion, and was 
 one of the counsel for Strafford, Laud, Hamilton, Holland, Capel, Craven, and 
 eventually, for king Charles I. 
 
 HALES, STEPHEN, natural philosopher, born 1687; died 1761 
 
 HALL, BISHOP, died 1656 
 
 HALLEY, DR. EDMUND, Astronomer, died 1742 
 
 HAMILTON, DUKE OF, and others, beheaded 1649 
 
 Hamilton was the personal friend of Charles I. ; but falling into the hands of Par- 
 liament, was sent prisoner to Windsor Castle. His brother, the second Duke, 
 was likewise much attached to the royal cause; he commanded at the fatal 
 battle of Worcester, where he fell mortally wounded, and died in eight days 
 after the action, in 1651. 
 
 HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM, died in 1803 
 
 HAMPDEN, (PATRIOT,) killed at Chalgrave, June 18 . 1643 
 
 He was killed at the battle of Chalgrave, where the Parliamentary forces were 
 
462 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 HAMPDEN, (continued.) 
 
 beaten by the Royalists, under Prince Rupert. His opposition against the 
 Crown in the famous ship-money cause, which was tried in April 1638, and in 
 which he contested the right of the same to impose taxes on the people, without 
 the consent of their Representatives in Parliament, but in which he was defeat- 
 ed by a corrupt and despotic bench of Judges, will for ever stamp his memory 
 with the appellation of Patriot. 
 
 HAMMET, SIR BENJAMIN, fine inflicted on, Oct. 13 . 1797 
 
 Sir Benjamin, was fined £1000. by the Court of Common Council, for refusing to 
 serve the office of Lord Mayor of London. 
 
 HANDEL, GEORGE FREDERICK; born 1684; died... 1759 
 
 For an account of the Festivals, see page 363, ante. 
 
 HANSARD, LUKE, ESQ. Printer of the Votes to the 
 
 House of Commons, died October 29 1828 
 
 HANSARD, THOMAS, (his son), died... 1833 
 
 HAN WAY, JONAS, a philanthropic merchant, died 1786 
 
 HARCOURT, SIMON EARL, drowned himself 1777 
 
 HARDWICKE, EARL OF, died 1834 
 
 He was Lord Lieutenant of Cambridgeshire, and High Steward of the University. 
 
 HARDY, MR. THOMAS, tried for High Treason, 1794 
 
 Mr. Hardy was Secretary to a Corresponding Society, and was indicted for High 
 Treason with Home Tooke, Mr. Thelwall, Mr. Holcroft, and several others. 
 Hardy and Tooke were only tried. Mr. Hardy addressed the Court in a speech 
 of nine hours. He died at his house at Pimlico, October 11, 1832, in the 81st 
 year of his age, and was buried on the 18th of the same month, attended by a 
 procession of many of his friends. Mr. Thelwell delivered an Oration over the 
 grave of the deceased. The trial lasted from October 28, to November 5, 1794. 
 He was acquitted. 
 
 HARLEY, RIGHT HON. THOMAS, died 1804 
 
 HARLEY, ROBERT, stabbed by Guiscard 1711 
 
 HARLEY, ROBERT, Statesman, born 1661 ; died in ... 1734 
 
 HARRINGTON, EARL OF, died September 1829 
 
 HARRINGTON, EARL OF, (Petersham), married to 
 
 Miss Foote, the Actress, at Elvaston, Derby, April 6 1831 
 
 HARRISON, MR. • see page 103, ante. 
 
 HARRIS, MR. the Aeronaut, died May 15 1824 
 
 Mr. Harris was killed by falling rapidly with his balloon. 
 
 HATTON, SIR CHRISTOPHER, lawyer, died in 1591 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 463 
 
 HARVEY, WILLIAM, discoverer of the circulation of 
 
 the blood, born April 2, 1578 ; died 1657 
 
 HARVEY, DANIEL WHITTLE, born 1786 
 
 In 1834, Mr. Harvey, in consequence of the Benchers of the Inner Temple refus- 
 ing to admit him to the bar, and, after his request, examining into the parti- 
 culars of the charges brought against him, and their resolution not to alter their 
 determination, procured a Committee of the House of Commons to be appointed, 
 Mr. O'Connell, Chairman, to examine the evidence; when the Committee re- 
 ported in his favour, but the Benchers persisted in their former resolution. In 
 1812, he contested the Borough of Colchester unsuccessfully; but was returned 
 for the same in 1818, and sat for it till 1835, when he was returned for South- 
 wark, in conjunction with Alderman Humphrey, who was then Sheriff; and 
 also at the election, in opposition to Mr. Richards, the Member for Knares- 
 borough. 
 
 HASE, HENRY, died March 28 1829 
 
 Mr. Hase had been sitting in his drawing room, when he rose for the purpose of 
 walking into an adjoining one; but on reaching the door, he fell, and instantly 
 breathed his last. 
 
 HASTINGS, LADY FLORA, died 1839 
 
 HASTINGS, RIGHT. HON. WARREN, born 1733; 
 
 died 1818 
 
 Mr. Burke, at the Bar of the House of Lords, in the name of all the Commons of 
 Great Britain, impeached Warren Hastings, late Governor-General of Bengal, 
 of high crimes and misdemeanors. When describing the atrocities committed 
 by Debi Sing, alleged to be one of the agents of the accused, a convulsive sensa- 
 tion of horror, affright, and smothered execration pervaded all the male part of 
 his hearers, and audible sobbings and screams, attended with tears and faintings, 
 the female. His own feelings were scarcely less overpowering ; he dropped his 
 head upon his hands, and for some minutes was unable to proceed; he recovered 
 sufficiently to go on a little further, but, being obliged to cease from speaking 
 twice at short intervals, His R. H. the Prince of Wales, to relieve him, at 
 length moved the adjournment of the House. At the close of the dav, the de- 
 scriptions were more vivid, harrowing, and horrific, than human utterance, or 
 fact, or fancy, perhaps ever formed before. The agitation of most people was 
 very apparent. Mrs. Sheridan was so overpowered that she fainted : several 
 others were as powerfully affected. Mrs. Siddons is said to have been one of 
 the number. The accused himself, was lost in a reverie of wonder at the won- 
 derful powers of this great man. He was acquitted, after a trial which began 
 February 12, 1788, and ended April 23, 1795, during which long period no less 
 than one hundred and thirty seven of his judges were changed by death or 
 otherwise, a thing quite unprecedented in the annals of this country. 
 
 HASTINGS, LORD, beheaded by order of Richard III. ... 1463 
 HATFIELD, JAMES, attempts to shoot George III. May 16 1800 
 
 On the 26th of June, 1800, Hatfield was brought to trial for the above offence; 
 when, after an investigation of the charge for eight hours, a verdict of — 
 " Not guilty was returned." He was remanded for safe custody to Newgate till 
 some other place of confinement could be obtained. He died 1841. 
 
 HAWKESWORTH, DR. JOHN, born 1723; died in 1773 
 
 HAWKE, ADMIRAL EDWARD LORD, died 1781 
 
 His defeat of the French fleet in the Bay of Quiberon will be long remembered 
 
464 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 from its being attended with very great difficulty with respect to the raging of 
 the elements, and the dangers of the shore, upon which several of the French 
 ships were driven. 
 
 HAWKINS, SIR JOHN, Admiral, died 1595 
 
 HAWKINS, SIR RICHARD, navigator, died in 1600 
 
 HAYDN, JOSEPH, born March 31, 1732; died May 31 . 1809 
 
 HAYES, CATHERINE, hanged for the murder of her 
 
 husband, April 20 1726 
 
 HAYMAN, FRANCIS, painter, died in 1776 
 
 HAYWOOD, MR. JUSTICE, stabbed in Westminster-hall 1640 
 
 HEARNE, THOMAS, Antiquarian, born 1678; died in . 1735 
 
 HEATH, JAMES, historian, died 1664 
 
 HEATH, JAMES, A.R. A. celebrated engraver, died in . 1834 
 
 HEATHFIELD, LORD, who defended Gibraltar, died in . 1790 
 
 HEIDEGGER, J. J. Master of Ceremonies, died 1749 
 
 HELENA, arrival of Her Imperial Highness the Duchess of 
 
 in England, June 27 ". 1831 
 
 HENLEY, the celebrated Orator, born at Melton Mowbray, 
 
 1692: died , 1756 
 
 HENRY I. born 1068, crowned August 5, 1100, died Dec. 1 1135 
 
 Married Matilda, daughter of Malcolm, king of Scots, November 11 following. 
 Made peace with his brother Robert, 1101. Invaded Normandy, 1105. At- 
 tacked by Robert, whom he defeated and took prisoner, 1107, and sent him to 
 England. Betrothed his daughter Maude to the Emperor of Germany, 1109. 
 Challenged by Lewis of France, 1 1 17- Lost his Queen, May 1, 1119. His 
 eldest son, and two others of his children, shipwrecked and lost, with 180 of 
 his nobility, in coming from Normandv, 1120. Married Adelais, daughter of 
 Godfrey, Earl of Lovain, Jan. 29, 1121. In quiet possession of Normandy, 
 1129. Surfeited himself with eating lampreys, at Lyons, near Rouen, in Nor- 
 mandy. His body brought to England, and buried at Reading. He was suc- 
 ceeded by his nephew Stephen, third son of his sister Adela, by the Earl of 
 Elois. He left £'100,000. in cash, besides plate and jewels to an immense 
 value. Reigned 35 years, 3 months, and 27 days, aged G7- 
 
 HENRY II. (grandson of Henry I.) born 1133; died Jnly 6 1189 
 
 Married Eleanor, heiress of Guienue and Ptntcu, 1 152, the divorced wife of Lo ;is 
 VII. king of Fiance. He invaded England, Jan. 7, 1153. Returned into Nor- 
 mandy the spring following. Began his reign December 19, 1154. He was 
 crowned with his queen at London, on the 19th of the same month; at Lin- 
 coln, 1158; and at Worcester, 1159. Had his son Henry crowned king of 
 England, 1170. Invaded Ireland, October 26, 1171. Reduced it to his sub- 
 jection, 1172. [Ireland has, from that period, been governed by an English 
 Viceroy, (Lord Lieutenant.) He divided England into six circuits, and justice 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORV. 465 
 
 HENRY II. (continued.) 
 
 is dispensed by itinerant Judges.] Imprisoned his Queen on account of Rosa- 
 mond, (Fair Rosamond), his concubine, 1173. Did penance at Becket's tomb, 
 July 8, 1174. Took the king of Scotland prisoner, and obliged him to give up 
 the independency of his crown, 1175. Named his son John lord of Ireland, 
 1176. Lost his. eldest son, Henry, June 11, 1183. His son Richard rebelled, 
 1185. Had his sou Geoffrey trodden under foot, and killed, at a tournament at 
 Paris, August 19, 1 186. Made a convention with Philip of France to go to the 
 Holy War, 1188. Died with grief at the altar, cursing his sons, July 6, 1189. 
 Buried at Fouteverard, in France, and succeeded by his son Richard. He 
 reigned 34 years, 6 months, and 18 days. Eleanor, his Queen, died 1204. 
 
 HENRY III. born October 1, 1207;. died November 16 ... 1272 
 
 Crowned at Gloucester, October 28, 1216. Received homage from Alexander of 
 Scotland, at Northampton, 1218. Crowned again at Westminster, after Christ- 
 mas, 1219. Married Eleanor, daughter of the Count of Provence, January 14, 
 1236. Pledged his crown and jewels for money, when he married his daugh- 
 ter Margaret to the king of Scots, 1242. Oblig-ed by his nobles to resign the 
 power of a sovereign, and sell Normandy and Anjou to the French, 1258. Shut 
 himself up in the Tower of London, for fear of his nobles, 1261. Taken pri- 
 soner at Lewes, May 14, 1264. Wounded at the battle of Evesham, 1265. He 
 reigned 56 years, and 19 days, and was succeeded by his son Edward. Eleanor, 
 his queen, died in a monastery at Amevsbury, about 1292, where she had 
 retired. 
 
 HENRY IV. grandson of Edward III. born 1367 5 died 
 
 March 20 1413 
 
 Married Mary, daughter of the Earl of Hereford, who died 1394, before he ob- 
 tained the crown. Fought with the Duke of Norfolk, 1397, and banished. 
 Returned to England in arms against Richard II. who resigned him his crown, 
 and Henry was crowned, October 13, 1399, when he insituted the Order of the 
 Bath, (see ^age 7-) Was conspired against, January, 1400. Defeated by the 
 Welsh, 1402. Married a second Queen, Joan of Navarre, widow of the Duke 
 of Bretagne, 1403; she was crowned with great magnificence January 26 follow- 
 ing, and died in 1437. The rebellion of the Piercies, suppressed the same 
 year. He died of an apoplexy, in Westminster, March 20, 1413, and buried at 
 Canterbury. Reigned 13 years, 5 months, and 20 days; succeeded by his son, 
 
 HENRY V. born 1389; died August 31 . 1422 
 
 Committed to prison for striking Judge Gascoigne, 1414. Claimed the crown of 
 France, 1414. Gained the battle of Agincourt, October 24, 1415. Pledged 
 his regalia for £20,000. to push his conquests, 1416. The Emperor Sigismund 
 paid a visit to Henry, and was installed Knight of the Gaiter, 1416. Invaded 
 Normandy with an army of 26,000 men, 1417. Declared Regent, and married 
 Catherine of France, May 30, 1420. She was crowned at Westminster, Feb. 
 22 following j outlived Henry, and was afterwards married to Owen Tudor, 
 grandfather of Henry VII. He reigned 9 years, 5 months, and 10 days, was 
 buried at Westminster, and succeeded by his son, 
 
 HENRY VI. born December 6, 1421 ; murdered June 20, 1471 
 
 Ascended the throne, September I, 1422. Proclaimed king of France the same 
 year. Crowned at AVestminster, November 6, 1429, and at Paris, December 17, 
 1430. Married Margaret, daughter of the Duke of Anjou, at Southwick, 
 Hampshire, Aptil 22, 1445, and was crowned at Westminster, May 30, follow- 
 ing. The insurrection of Jack Cade, 1446. Henry taken prisoner at St. Albans, 
 1455. Regained his liberty, 1461, and deposed March 5, following, by his 
 fourth cousin, Edward IV. Fled into Scotland, and taken prisoner in Lanca- 
 
 No- SO s p 
 
466 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 HENRY VI. (concluded.) 
 
 shire, 1463. Restored to his throne, October 6, 1470, Taken prisoner again 
 by Edward, April 11, 1471. Queen Margaret and her son taken prisoners at 
 Tewkesbury by Edward, May 4; the prince killed in cold blood, May 21, and 
 Henry murdered in the Tower, June 20, following, and buried at Chertsey, 
 aged 49. Reigned 38 years, 6 months, and 3 days. 
 
 HENRY VII. bom 1455; died April 22 1509 
 
 Landed at Milford Haven, August 7, 1485. Defeated Richard III. in B-Qsworth 
 Field, when he was elected king, and crowned October 20, same year. Married 
 Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV. January 18, 1486, who was crowned Nov. 
 25, 1487. Defeated Lambert Symnel, the impostor, June 16, 1487. Received 
 as a compromise for his claim on the French crown, £186,250. besides 25,000 
 crowns yearly, 1492. Married his eldest son Arthur to the Princess Catherine 
 of Spain, November 14,1501. Prince Arthur died April 2, 1502. Queen Eli- 
 zabeth died in childbed, February 11, following, and was buried at Westmin- 
 ster. Mary, his third daughter, married Louis XII. of France, August 12, 
 1514, by whom she was left without issue, and she re-married October follow- 
 ing, Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, by whom she had issue : died 1533, and 
 was buried at St. Edmondsbury, where her body was found, September 6, 1784, 
 in a complete state. She was grandmother of the unfortunate Lady Jane Grey. 
 Henry married his daughter Margaret to James IV. of Scotland, 1504 : he died 
 of a consumption at Richmond, April 22, 1509, aged 52. Reigned 23 years, 
 7 months, and 30 days ; buried at Westminster, and succeeded by his son, 
 
 HENRY VIII. born June 28, 1491 ; died January 28 1547 
 
 Married Catherine, Infanta of Spain, widow of his brother Arthur, June 3, 1509, 
 and crowned the 24th of June following. Had a personal interview with 
 Francis I. of France, at Guisnes, in Flanders, June, 1520, and again at Bou- 
 logne, October 21, 1532. Received the title of Defender of the Faith from the 
 Pope, for his writings in favour of Popery, 1520. Styled Head of the Church, 
 1532. Divorced Queen Catherine and married Anne Bulleyne, May 2, 1538, 
 who was crowned June 1 following. Assumed the title of Head of the Church 
 of England, in presence of his whole Court, January 13, and was excommuni- 
 cated by Pope Paul, August 30, 1535. Catharine, his first Queen, died at 
 Kimbolton, January 8, 1536, aged 50. He put Anne, his second Queen, to 
 death on the 19th, and married Jane Seymour on the 20th of May, 1536 who 
 died in childbed Octoberl 2, 1537. Suppressed the religious houses in England, 
 1540: amounted to 1041. Married Anne of Cleves, January 6, and divorced 
 her, July 10, 1540. Married Catherine Howard, his fifth wife, August 8 fol- 
 lowing, an beheaded her on Tower-hill, with Lady Rochford, February 12, 
 1542. The title of King of Ireland confirmed by Act of Parliament, January 
 24, 1543 to the king and his successors. Married Catherine Parr, his sixth 
 wife, July 12, same year. He died of a fever and an ulcerated leg, at West- 
 minster, aged 56. Was buried at Windsor. Reigned 37 years, 9 months, and 
 6 days: succeeded by his only son, Edward VI. 
 
 HENRY IV. OF FRANCE, Murdered at Paris, by 
 
 Ravaillac, a Priest, in 1610 
 
 HERBERT, EDWARD LORD, OF CHERBURY, died 1648 
 
 He was one of the most romantic and extraordinary persons of his age: and his 
 biographer states, — " the most eminent and accomplished men of his time 
 courted his intimacy, and the women procured miniature copies of his picture, 
 and wore them secretly about their persons." 
 
 HERSCHELL, SIR WILLIAM, Astronomer, died in 1822 
 
 Sir William Herschell died at Slough, near Windsor, in his 85th year. He was a 
 native of Germany, and originally designed for the musical profession, but astro- 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 467 
 
 HERSCHELL, SIR WILLIAM, (continued.) 
 
 nomy was his favourite study, and in it he became very eminent. His observa- 
 tions added a new Planet to our system, to which he gave the name of the 
 Geoigium Sidus ; but foreign astronomers usually term it the Herschell, to 
 con.memorate the name of its discoverer. 
 
 HERTFORD, THE DOWAGER MARCHIONESS, died 1834 
 
 HERVEY, REV. JAMES, poet, died 1758 
 
 HIBBERT, JULIAN, died January 22 1834 
 
 HILL, LIEUT.-GEN. created LORD HILL, May 3 1814 
 
 A pension of £2000. a-year was also granted for his services in the Peninsula. 
 
 HILL, THE REV. ROWLAND, born August 12, 1744; 
 
 died April 11 1833 
 
 In 1783, Mr. Hill laid the first stone of Surrey Chapel, which was opened in 1784; 
 and although he was usually considered as the Pastor, from his constantly 
 preaching there during the winter, the chapel was not licensed as under his 
 pastoral care. ,_ 
 
 HOARE, PRINCE, died December 22, (aged 80) 1834 
 
 HOOD, ADMIRAL SAMUEL VISCOUNT, died in ... 1816 
 
 Lord. Hood was the elder* brother of Lord Bridport, and equally distinguished in 
 the maritime history of his country. He served with Lord Rodney in the 
 memorable victory over the Count de Grasse, who struck his colours to the 
 Bavfleur commanded by Hood, and surrendered his sword to his Lordship on 
 the quarter deck of that ship. 
 
 HOOD, ROBIN, and LITTLE JOHN, noted robbers in . 1189 
 
 HOGG, JAMES, (the Ettrick Shepherd) died in 1835 
 
 HOGARTH, (The Painter), died October 26 1764 
 
 HOOKE, ROBERT, inventor of Pendulum Watches, died, 1703 
 
 HOOKER, ROBERT, died 1600 
 
 HOLBEIN, HANS, painter, born 1498 ; died 1554 
 
 HOLCROFT, THOMAS, born December 22, 1744; died 1809 
 
 Mr. Holcroft was of humble origin, having been originally a shoemaker. He was 
 for several years a performer in the provincial Theatres; and in 1778 obtained 
 an engagement at Drury-lane, but was never a distinguished actor; he was the 
 author of several pieces for the Stage, but none of them were very successful, 
 with the exception of The Road to Ruin, which had a great run. He was also 
 the author of Anna ; St. Ives ; and other novels. A Tour in France and Normandy, 
 &c. He was buried in the larger Cemetery of St. Mary-le-bone. 
 
 HOLLINGSHED, , historian, died 1580 
 
 HOLLOWAY, JOHN WM. tried for murder, Dec. 15 . 1831 
 
 He was found guilty at the Lewes Assizes of the murder of his wife, by strangling 
 her; he afterwards cut off her head and limbs, and burned them. He was or- 
 
468 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 HOLLOWAY, JOHN WILLIAM, (continued.) 
 
 d.ered for execution on the 16th, at Horsham, where he was executed accord- 
 ingly; and Ann Kennett, charged with being concerned in the murder, was 
 acquitted. 
 
 HOLT, LORD CHIEF JUSTICE, born 1643 ; died in .1710 
 
 HOME, SIR EVERARD, died 1832 
 
 HOME, Author of— ' Douglas, ' died September 1808 
 
 HONE, MR. bookseller, tried for publishing a parody on 
 
 the " Litany" 1818 
 
 HONEY, RICHARD, killed during the firing of the mili- 
 tary, at Cumberland gate, at the time of the progress 
 of the funeral of Queen Caroline, August 15 1821 
 
 HOOPER, JOHN, Bishop of Gloucester, burnt 1555 
 
 HORNE-TOOKE, JOHN, philologer, died 1812 
 
 HOTHAM, SIR JOHN, and his son, beheaded January 1, 1645 
 
 HOWARD, PHILIP, EARL OF ARUNDEL, died in . 1595 
 
 This nobleman was the son of Thomas, Fourth Duke of Norfolk, who was beheaded 
 by Queen Elizabeth for aspiring to the hand of Mary her prisoner and rival. 
 Having fallen under Elizabeth's displeasure, he was committed to the Tower, 
 on a charge of High Treason. When brought to trial in Westminster Hall, and 
 called on to hold up his hand, he raised it high, exclaiming " Here is as true a 
 man's heart and hand as ever came into this hall." He died a prisoner in the 
 Tower. 
 
 HOWARD, WM. VISCOUNT STAFFORD, beheaded . 1680 
 
 HOWARD OF EFFINGHAM, CHARLES, EARL OF 
 
 NOTTINGHAM, died 1624 
 
 He was Lord High Admiral of England in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, and 
 had the command of the English fleet on that eventful day when he defeated 
 the Spanish Armada, with signal success. 
 
 HOWARD, THOMAS, THIRD DUKE OF NOR- 
 FOLK, died 1554 
 
 This nobleman having been prosecuted under a Bill of Attainder, he was con- 
 demned to lose his head, which sentence would have been carried into effect but 
 for the king (Henry VIII.) dying on the previous night. 
 
 HOWARD, HENRY, EARL OF SURRY, beheaded ... 1547 
 
 The Earl of Surry was tried for high treason, the charge against him being that 
 of bearing the arms of king Edward: for this he was brought to the block, and 
 executed on the 19th of January. 
 
 HOWARD, JOHN, born 1726; died January 20 1790 
 
 This celebrated Philanthropist died at Cherson, in Russia, a victim to his inde- 
 fatigable exertions in prosecuting his plan of reform of the different Hospitals 
 and Prisons in various countries in Europe. A statue was erected to his me- 
 mory in St. Pauls. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 469 
 
 HOWE, ADMIRAL, RICHARD EARL, died 1799 
 
 The victory of the 1st of June, obtained by the British under the command of 
 Lord Howe over the first revolutionary fleet which France sent to sea, was of 
 the greatest consequence to the British nation, and added fresh laurels to those 
 already acquired by the navy of England. 
 
 HOYLE, EDMUND, writer on Games, born 1672; died... 1769 
 
 HUME, DAVID, historian, died 1776 
 
 HUME, JOSEPH, born 1777 
 
 Born at Montrose; went to India as a surgeon; returned to England, 1812; 
 bought his way into Parliament, voting at first with Liverpool and Castlereagh, 
 after which he turned his attention to the correction of the financial abuses of 
 the Tories. 
 
 HUNT, HENRY, born 1773; died February 13 1835 
 
 HUNTER, WILLIAM, born May 23, 1718 ; died March 30 1783 
 
 Dr. William Hunter was originally educated lor the Scotch church; but during 
 the period of pursuing his studies at the University of Glasgow, he was induced 
 to turn his attention to Medicine. Mr. Hunter, devoted a great portion of the 
 profits arising from the delivery of his Lectures, to the formation of a magni- 
 ficent Museum of Natural History and Antiquities, which he bequeathed to the 
 University of Glasgow, where it is deposited. 
 
 HUNTER, JOHN, Anatomist, born July 14, 1728; died... 1793 
 
 This eminent anatomist was born at Kilbride, in Scotland, and bound apprentice 
 to a cabinet maker; but his master failing in business soon after, he was again 
 at liberty. His brother William having settled in London, followed the medical 
 profession, where he soon became a distinguished proficient. John now applied 
 to his brother William, informing him of the unforeseen event which had taken 
 place, and requesting him to employ him as an assistant in his dissecting room. 
 John was accordingly invited to London; and seldom did an individual attain 
 to such eminence in so short a time. 
 
 Mr. Hunter's valuable Museum of Anatomical preparations was purchased by 
 Parliament, after his death, for £15,000.; and it is now deposited in the hall 
 belonging to the Royal College of Surgeons, in Lincoln's Inn fields, where the 
 public are admitted to view it on the order of any Member of the Society. He 
 died suddenly, October 16, 1793, aged 65. 
 
 HUSKISSON, RIGHT HON. HENRY, died 1830 
 
 HUNTON, JOSEPH, (the Quaker), convicted of Forgery, 
 
 executed December 12 , 1828 
 
 John James, and Daniel Mahoney, for burglary : and James Abbott, for cutting 
 and maiming his wife, were executed with him. 
 
 HYDE, THOMAS, first librarian to the Bodleian Library, 
 
 died 1703 
 
 HYDE, EDWARD, EARL OF CLARENDON, died ... 1674 
 
 His History of the Rebellion, will be a lasting monument of his talent and loyalty. 
 His daug-hter was married to king James II. when Duke of York. 
 
 IBARRA, JOACHIN, Spanish printer, born 1725; died... 1785 
 
470 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 IMBERT, JOSEPH GABRIEL, painter, 1657; died 1740 
 
 IMHOFF, JOHN WILLIAM, German writer, died 1728 
 
 INCHBALD, MRS. bom 1786; died 1821 
 
 IRVING, REV. EDWARD, died at Glasgow, Dec. 26 ... 1834 
 
 IRWINE, CHRISTOPHER, inventor of the Marine chair, 
 
 died 1765 
 
 JACKSON, DR. CYRIL, Dean of Christ Church, Oxford, 
 
 died in 1819 
 
 JAMES, I. born at Edinburgh, June 19, 1566 ; diedMarch 27 1625 
 
 Crowned king of Scotland, July 22, 1567; married Ann, Princess of Denmark, 
 August 10, 1589; succeeded to the crown of England, March 24, 1603; first 
 styled King of Great Britain, 1604. [On the death of Elizabeth, that Queen 
 nominated James VI. of Scotland, (and first of the Stuarts) as her successor; 
 which unites both kingdoms under the name of Great Britain.] Arrived in 
 London, May 7, 1604; lost his eldest son, Henry Prince of Wales, November 
 6, 1612, aged IS ; married his daughter Elizabeth to the Prince Palatine of the 
 Rhine, 1612, from whom His Majesty George III. was descended; went to 
 Scotland, March 4, 1617: returned September 14, 1618; lost his Queen in 
 March, 1619. Reigned 22 years and 3 days ; succeeded by Charles I. 
 
 JAMES II. born October 15, 1633; died August 6 1701 
 
 Married Ann Hyde, September, 1660, who died 1671; married the Princess of 
 Modena, November 21, 1673; succeeded to the throne, February 6, 1685; 
 the Duke of Monmouth, natural son of Charles II. landed in England, June 11, 
 1685; proclaimed king at Taunton, in Somersetshire, June 20, following; de- 
 feated near Bridgewater, July 5; beheaded on Tower Hill, July 15, following. 
 James had a son born, June 10, 1688; fled from his palace, December 12, 1688; 
 seized soon after at Feversham, and brought back to Whitehall; left England, 
 December 23, following; landed at Kinsale, in Ireland, March 12, 1689; re- 
 turned to France, July, 1690; died at St. Germain's. Reigued 3 years, 10 
 months, and 5 days. 
 
 JAMES, DR. ROBERT, Author of the Fever Powders, died 1776 
 
 JEBB, JOHN, Physician, died..... 1786 
 
 JEBB, SIR RICHARD, Physician, died 1787 
 
 JEBB, SAMUEL, Physician, died 1772 
 
 JEFF, MRS. murder of, December 1 1829 
 
 Mrs. Jeff had the care of a gentleman's house, of the name of Lett, No. 11, Mon- 
 tague-place, Russell-square. Mr. Lett having gone to reside at Dulwich, left 
 his late residence in charge of the deceased. On the following day, Mrs. Jeff 
 not making her appearance, suspicions were excited that something tragical 
 had occurred. Information was given to Mr. Justice Holroyd of the fact, when 
 his butler, in conjunction with the porter of Mr. Robinson, an upholsterer, 
 obtained admission into the house, and discovered the poor creature lying with 
 her throat cut, in a room on the basement story, in front of the house. A 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 471 
 
 JEFF, MRS. {continued.) 
 
 surgeon was sent for, who examined the body, and he declared that she had 
 been murdered. It was tben discovered that the pockets of the deceased were 
 turned inside out, and several drawers in the house had been opened. The de- 
 ceased was 75 years of age. 
 
 JEFFRIES, SIR GEORGE, Chief Justice of England, ... 1682 
 
 Chief Justice of the Court of King's Bench in 1682. He was, after the defeat of 
 the Dulce of Monmouth, sent into the West of England to try the rebels. Soon 
 after his return from thence, and upon the death of Lord Keeper North, made 
 Lord Chancellor. After the abdication of James, he made an attempt to escape 
 to Hamburgh; but was discovered, disguised as a sailor. The mob, who were 
 greatly exasperated against him for his various atrocities, and who discovered 
 him in the attempt to escape, seized and carried him before the Lord Mayor, 
 who committed him to the Tower. He died there in 1689. 
 
 JEKYLL, SIR JOSEPH, born 1 603; died 1738 
 
 JENNER, DR. EDWARD, died January 26, (aged 76) ... 1823 
 JENKINS, HENRY, born 1501 ; died 1670 
 
 This venerable man was, for the last century of his life, a fisherman, and used to 
 wade and swim in the rivers even after he was 100 years of age, and lived upon 
 very coarse diet. He was subpcened upon a trial after he had attained his 
 hundredth year. Jenkins lived to the surprising age of 169! and was buried at 
 Bolton upon Swale, in Yorkshire, where the following monumental inscrip- 
 tion to his memory, in the church there, is placed. 
 
 " BLUSH NOT MARBLE! 
 
 TO RESCUE FROM OBLIVION 
 
 THE MEMORY OF 
 
 HENRY JENKINS, 
 
 A PERSON, OBSCURE IN BIRTH, 
 
 BUT OF A LIFE TRULY MEMORABLE: 
 
 FOR 
 
 HE WAS ENRICHED 
 
 WITH THE GOODS OF NATURE, 
 
 IF NOT OF FORTUNE; 
 
 AND HAPPY IN THE DURATION, 
 
 IF NOT VARIETY, 
 
 OF HIS ENJOYMENTS. 
 
 AND THOUGH THE PARTIAL WORLD 
 
 DESPISED AND DISREGARDED 
 
 HIS LOW AND HUMBLE STATE, 
 
 THE EQUAL EYE OF PROVIDENCE 
 
 BEHELD AND BLESSED IT 
 
 WITH A PATRIARCH'S HEALTH 
 
 AND LENGTH OF DAYS; 
 
 TO TEACH MISTAKEN MAN 
 
 THESE BLESSINGS 
 
 WERE ENTAILED ON TEMPERANCE, 
 
 A LIFE OF LABOUR, AND A MIND AT EASE; 
 
 HE LIVED TO THE AMAZING AGE 
 
 OF CLXIX YEARS!! 
 
 HE WAS INTERRED HERE THE VIth DECEMBER, 
 
 MDCLXX 
 
 AND HAD THIS JUSTICE DONE TO HIS MEMORY, 
 
 MDCCXLIII." 
 
 In the ' County Chronicle' of December 13, 1791, a paragraph was in- 
 
472 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 JENKINS, HENRY, &c. (continued.) 
 
 serted, statin^ that Thomas Cam, according to the parish register of St. Leonard, 
 Shoreditch, died the 28th January, 1588, aged 207 years ! ! The correspondent 
 of that paper adds,—" This is an instance of longevity, so far exceeding any 
 other on record, that one is disposed to suspect some mistake, either ni the 
 register or in the extract." The same paragraph having been met with in the 
 year 1832, an application was made to the Parish Clerk of St Leonard's, from 
 whom was obtained an extract from the register of Burials, of which a true 
 copy is here subjoined: — 
 
 1588 BURIALLES Fol: 35. 
 
 Thomas Cam was buriel y 22 inst of 
 Januarye Aged 207 years 
 
 Holywell Street 
 
 Geo. Garrow 
 Copy Aug*' 25, 1832 Parish Clerk 
 
 So that, it appears that Cam was born in the year 13S1, in the fourth of Richard 
 II. and living through the reign of that monarch; also through those of the 
 whole of the following sovereigns, viz. Henry IV., Henry V., Henry VI., Ed- 
 ward IV., Edward V., Richard III., Henry VII., Henry VIII., Edward VI., 
 Mary, and the thirtieth of Elizabeth. 
 
 JENKYNS, SOAME, English writer and poet, died 1787 
 
 JERVIS, SIR JOHN, EARL OF ST. VINCENT, died. 1823 
 JOHN, KING, born December 24, 1166; died October 18 1216 
 
 Crowned May 27, 1199. Divorced his wife Avisa, and married Isabella, daughter 
 of the Count of Angoulesme, when they were both crowned at Westminster, 
 October 8, 1200. Went to Paris, 1201. Besiened the castle of Mirable, and 
 took his nephew, Arthur prisoner, August 1, 1202, whom he caused to be mur- 
 dered, April 3, 1203. Expelled the French provinces the same year. Impri- 
 soned his Queen, 1208. Banished all the clergy in his dominions the same 
 year. Excommunicated, 1209. Landed in Ireland, June 8, 1210. Surren- 
 dered his crown to Pandolf, the Pope's legate, May 25, 1213. Absolved, July 
 20, following. Obliged by his Barons to confirm Magna Charta, June 9, 1215. 
 Lost his treasure and baggage in passing the marshes of Lynn, 1216. Died at 
 Newark, and buried at Worcester, where his corpse was discovered nearly entire 
 in 1797, having been buried 580 years. Reigned 17 years, 4 months, and 23 
 days. Succeeded by his son, Henry III. 
 
 JOHN OF GAUNT, fourth son of Edward III. born 1339; 
 
 died 1399 
 
 JOHNSON, DR. SAMUEL, born September 18, 1709; 
 
 died December 13, (aged 7.5) 1784 
 
 JOHNSON, ■ , the Informer, died April 24 1832 
 
 Johnson expired at his residence, No. 3, Seabrook-buildings, W T hite Lion-street, 
 Pentonville. He fell a victim to the prevailing' epidemic, and was in the 69th 
 year of his age. He was supposed to have realised from ten to £15,000 in the 
 profession of an informer. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 473 
 
 JONES, SIR WILLIAM, died 1794 
 
 JONES, JOHN GALE, committed to Newgate, Feb. 21 . 1810 
 
 Gale Jones was committed to Newgate by the House of Commons, for a breach of 
 its privifeges. 
 
 JONES, INIGO, architect, born 1572; died 1651 
 
 JONSON, BEN, Dramatic writer, bom 1574; died 1637 
 
 JORDAN, MRS. DOROTHEA, died at St. Cloud, July 5 1816 
 
 JORTIN,' JOHN, English divine and writer, died 1770 
 
 JUXON, WILLIAM, Archbishop of Canterbury, died 1663 
 
 KATTERFELTO, DR. died in December 1799 
 
 This eccentric character died at Bedale, iu the county of York. He had a remedy 
 for every disease, and his advertisements were announced under the head, — 
 " Wonder !.' ! " three times- repeated. 
 
 KATER, CAPTAIN HENRY, born April 16, 1777; died 1835 
 
 He was a distinguished mathematician. He entered the army in 1794: and in 
 1814, went on half pay, from which period he gave up the greatest portion of 
 his time to the study of science, contributing several valuable papers to the 
 Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. His observations of Trigono- 
 metry, and experiments for determining the length of a pendulum beating 
 seconds, will fully shew his patient industry, and powers of reasoning. His 
 daughter also, though but in her 17th year, had displayed great mathematical 
 talent. She died in 1827, her death being accelerated by too intense study. 
 
 KAUFFMAN, ANGELICA, painter, died 1808 
 
 KEAN, EDMUND, ESQ. born November 4, 1787; died 
 
 May 16 1833 
 
 This celebrated actor made his first appearance on the stage of life, in Castle- 
 street, Leicester-square; his father was a tailor, and his uncle a celebrated 
 mimic and ventriloquist; his mother, the daughter of the well-known George 
 Saville Carey. Early in life he was taken notice of by Miss Tidswell, then an 
 actress at Drury-lane, from whom he received great kindness. He afterwards 
 exhibited as buffoon at a booth of horsemanship, belonging to Saunders. At 
 one of the minor theatres, he obtained great applause for his delivery of Rolla's 
 address to the Peruvians, in Pizarro ; and from that period he commenced the 
 study of Plays, his protectoress recommending him to a company of performers 
 in Yorkshire, where he appeared under the name of Carey, enacting the parts 
 of Hamlet, Lord Hastings, and Cato, (although no more than thirteen years of 
 age) in which he gave great satisfaction to his auditors. After this, he joined 
 Richardson, whose booth was then at Eton, and there he drew bumpers every 
 night. His fame had now reached the palace, from whence a message was sent, 
 commanding him to appear before royalty. This unlooked for occurrence caused 
 great dismay to the showman and his company; for, although the business had 
 hitherto been good, it had not been of sufficient duration to enable them to add 
 any. thing to their wardrobe ; but after begging from one, and borrowing from 
 another, Kean was at length, made tolerably decent, and he had the honour of 
 appearing before the Royal Family, before whom he gave several recitations, 
 which were received with marked approbation. Elated by this success, he de- 
 No. 61- 3 Q 
 
474 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY, 
 
 KEAN, EDMUND, ESQ. (continued.) 
 
 termined on quitting Richardson, and giving rescitations ; and he engaged the 
 Town-Hall at Exeter for that purpose. The speculation added to his fame, but 
 failed in the desired object. 
 
 Having at this time attracted the notice of Dr. Drury, he sent him to Eton 
 school, where he remained three years; and, at the expiration of that period, 
 commenced his theatrical career under the name of Carey, and obtained an en- 
 gagement at Birmingham, but did not please; he then went to Edinburgh, 
 where he met with no better success. At the island of Guernsey, when per- 
 forming the character of Richard, he was received with marks of great displea- 
 sure, which he bore with patience for some time; but it still continuing, he 
 addressed a passage from his part to the pit, — " Unmannered dog! stand thou 
 when I command?" On this the tumult became very great; and instead of 
 apologizing, he addressed the audience as follows : — " You have shown some 
 '* symptoms of understanding, by applying the words to yourselves." After 
 this, he was obliged to quit the town, and became greatly reduced by distress. 
 In 1805, he played at Sheerness; (at the same time being engaged for inferior 
 business at the Haymarket Theatre,) where he remained one season. From 
 Sheerness he went to Croydon, but relinquished his engagement, not choosing 
 to perform Laertes to Master Betty's Hamlet. On a previous occasion, when at 
 Croydon, he was announced for the part of Alexander the Great, and when the 
 triumphal car had just reached the centre of the proscenium, some one in the 
 stage box exclaimed, with a sneer, — " Alexander" the Great ! — Alexander the 
 Little ! " he with great presence of mind, at the same time fixing his eyes on 
 the sneerer, with a look of the severest contempt replied, — " Yes, hut with a 
 great soul!" The audience were in consequence immediately roused to a just 
 sense of the insult offered him, and the sneerer slunk away. 
 
 He next went to Swansea, and from thence to Waterford, where he married a 
 Miss Chambers ; had a benefit, at which he played in Tragedy; gave a specimen 
 of tight-rope dancing, and finished with the monkey in La Perouse, in the 
 death-scene of which, he gave such touches of deep tragedy, as to cause the 
 audience to shed tears. He after this went to Scotland, and from thence, to 
 Belfast. At this place he was called upon, with the short notice of two 
 days, to study Osmyn, in the Mourning Bride, the Tragedy intended by Mrs. 
 Siddons for her commencing an engagement of three nights. In vain he remon- 
 strated on the shortness of the notice ; the cruelty to him, and the injustice to 
 that actress ; but the manager was resolute ; he had engaged to play, and play he 
 must. The evening now arrived, and he had endeavoured to make himself 
 as perfect as possible; but the moment he beheld the Queen of Tragedy; and 
 heard the plaudits of the audience on her entrance, he stood in perfect amaze- 
 ment; his memory forsook him, and he spoke not a single word set down for 
 him by the author. In order to appease the rising indignation of the house, he 
 came forward, explained all the circumstances, and removed the blame from 
 himself, to the manager. Venice Preserved was the next piece in which Mrs. 
 Siddons was to appear. On her enquiring who was to represent Jaffier ? — the 
 reply was — " Mr. Kean." " What ! Mr. Atkins, — surely not that horrid little 
 man who destroyed the Tragedy last night ? " She was assured that Mr. Kean 
 was not only perfect, in the part, but that he would, there was no doubt, per- 
 form the character extremely well ; and so it proved : for on the fall of the 
 curtain, she complimented him on the talent and feeli.ug he had displayed. Her 
 engagement concluded with the performance of Douglas, Mr. Kean playing 
 Norval, to her matchless Lady Randolph, to her entire satisfaction. 
 
 In 1813, Dr. Drury wrote to Mr. Pascoe Grenfell, then one of the Managing 
 Committee of Drury Lane Theatre, after witnessing his performance at Exeter, 
 and recommending a trial of Mr. Kean's abilities ; at the same time intimating, 
 that he might be the means of arresting the declining state of that Theatre. Ac- 
 cordingly, Mr. Arnold, who was then Stage Manager, was sent down to Exeter, 
 where he saw him play Oetavian, in the Mountaineers. So satisfied was Mr. 
 Arnold of his ability as an actor, that he engaged him for three years, at an in- 
 
THE NEW TJABLET OF MEMORY. 475 
 
 KEAN, EDMUND, ESQ. (concluded.) 
 
 creasing salary of eight guineas per week for the first, ten for the second, and 
 twelve for the third. The engagement of Mr. Kean, at this critical moment, 
 averted the certain ruin of the Theatre, the proprietors having been losing 
 for one hundred and thirty-nine nights successively ! he quickly revived their hopes, 
 enraptured the metropolis, and replenished the nearly exhausted coffers of the 
 treasury.' A party was at this time raised against him, in favour of Mr. Booth, 
 but all their efforts were of no avail. 
 
 During the period of his journey to the Metropolis, so diffident was he, and so 
 doubtful of success, that he had nearly given up his engagement, and returned 
 to the country; but meeting with a friend on the day previous to his appearance 
 at Drury Lane Theatre, he succeeded in persuading him to make the attempt; 
 and on the 26th of January, 1814, he appeared before a London audience in the 
 character otShylock, in the Merchant of Venice, and was well received. Though 
 the house was not crowded, yet there was a most respectable audience, who 
 seemed to wait, in painful silence, until he uttered the words — " I will be 
 assured," — " Then," to use his own expression, — " then, indeed, I felt — lknew 
 " I had them with me!" From this moment, to the conclusion, the applause 
 was most enthusiastic. 
 
 His next character was Richard III. which completely stamped his fame ; 
 and so great was the admiration of his abilities with the members of his profes- 
 sion, that, on his performing Massinger's Jew of Malta, his brother performers 
 presented him with a gold cup. 
 
 In 1820, Mr. Kean visited America with the view of recruiting his finances, 
 and performed, with great success, at New York, Baltimore, Philadelphia, and 
 Boston ; this trip fully answered his expectations, and he returned to his native 
 land. In 1825, he made a second visit, which was attended but with little ad- 
 vantage. 
 
 He was very grateful for any favour conferred in his days of adversity; and 
 his reply to the Earl of Essex, who wished to separate him from the intimacy 
 of that Prince of Singers, (Charles Incledon), with whom he had been seen 
 walking arm-in-arm, by his Lordship, will ever redound to his goodness of 
 heart: — " My Lord," said he, " Mr. Incledon was my friend in the strictest 
 " sense of the word, when I scarcely had another friend in the world 5 and if 
 " I could now desert him in the decline of his popularity, or the fall of his 
 " fortune, I should little deserve the friendship of any man, and be quite 
 " unworthy of the favourable opinion your Lordship has done me the honour 
 " to entertain of me." He died at Richmond, May 16, 1833, in the 46th year 
 of his age. 
 
 KEATS, SIR RICHARD G. died April 4 1834 
 
 He was Governor of Greenwich Hospital, and succeeded by Sir Thomas Hardy. 
 He was also a shipmate of His Majesty, William IV. at the commencement of 
 his naval career, had charge of his instruction, and was with him in the engage- 
 ment between Rodney and Langaras, in 1780. 
 
 KEIL, JOHN, Astronomer, born 1671 ; died 1721 
 
 KEITH, JAMES, soldier and statesman, born 1698 ; died . 1758 
 
 KEITH, ROBERT, historian, born 1681; died 1757 
 
 KELLY, MISS, attempted assassination of, February 17 ... 1816 
 
 Miss Kelly was shot at whilst ^performing at Drui y-lane Theatre, by a person of 
 the name of George Barnett ; he was tried for the offence, April 8, 1816, and 
 acquitted on the ground of insanity. 
 
 KELLY, HUGH, Dramatic writer, died 1777 
 
 KEMBLE, J, P. ESQ. died February 26 ; 1823 
 
476 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 KEMBLE, CHARLES, ESQ. retirement of from the 
 
 Stage, December 23 1836 
 
 He appeared in several successive characters, by command of Queen Victoria, 
 1840. 
 
 KEMPIS, THOMAS A, divine, bom 1380; died 1471 
 
 KENT, THE MAID OF, executed at Tyburn........ 1534 
 
 KENT, WILLIAM, archbishop, died 1748 
 
 KENYON, LLOYD LORD, died 1802 
 
 KEPLER, JOHN, Astronomer, born 1571; died 1630 
 
 KIA KING, the Emperor, died 1820 
 
 His successor was the Emperor Taou Kivang. 
 
 KILDER, BISHOP, and his Lady, killed by the fall of a 
 
 stack of chimnies, when in bed 1 703 
 
 KILLIGREW, SIR WILLIAM, born 1605; died 1693 
 
 KILMARNOCK, LORD, and LORD BALMERINO, 
 
 beheaded, August 18 1746 
 
 KIL WARDEN, LORD, murdered by the rebels, July 23 . 1803 
 
 KING, ADMIRAL SIR RICHARD, Commander-in- 
 Chief in the Medway, died August 5, (aged 61) 1834 
 
 KINGSTON, DUCHESS OF, tried for bigamy, April 22 . 1776 
 
 Formerly Miss Chudleigh. She was tried for having married a Mr. Harvey, a 
 private gentleman; was convicted and degraded; but allowed to be Countess of 
 Bristol. She died in 1788. 
 
 KIPPIS, ANDREW, English writer, born 1724; died 1795 
 
 KIRCH, CHRISTIAN FREDERIC, Astronomer, died ... 1740 
 
 KIRCHER, ATHANASIUS, Astronomer, born 1601 ; died 1680 
 
 KLEBER, GENERAL, assassinated 1800 
 
 KNIGHT, MR. Cashier of the South-Sea Company, ab- 
 sconded with £100,000. in 1720 
 
 He afterwards compounded with the Government for £10,000. and was allowed 
 to return home, in 1743 !! 
 
 KNOX, JOHN, one of the Reformers of the Scotch Church, 
 
 born 1515 ; died in 1572 
 
 KOSKIUSKO, the Polish General, died in .................... . 1817 
 
 Koskiusko, the Polish general, suffered great hardship after his country was 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 477 
 
 KOSKIUSKO, (continued.) 
 
 seized upon, on account of his patriotism ; but he was mean enough to employ 
 his influence over his countrymen in favour of Napoleon, since which, his name 
 is little thought of. 
 
 KOTZEBUE, GENERAL, assassinated at Manheim, by a 
 
 maniac of the' name of Sandt, March 23 1819 
 
 KUTUZOFF, PRINCE, born 1741; died June 21 1813 
 
 LACKINGTON, MR. the Bookseller, died November 22... 1815 
 
 The death of Mr. Lackington, the celebrated bookseller of Finsbury-square, took 
 place at his seat at Budleigh, Sullerton, Devonshire. The extensive premises, 
 formerly occupied by the firm of Lackington and Co. were destroyed by fire, 
 in 1841. 
 
 LADE, SIR JOHN, died in February 1838 
 
 LAFAYETTE, GENERAL, death of, at Paris, May 20 ... 1834 
 
 LALLY, COUNT, French General, beheaded in ........... . 1766 
 
 LAMARQUE, GENERAL, died in i 1832 
 
 LAMB, DR. killed in a riot in London, June 24 1628 
 
 LAMB, THE HON. GEORGE, died January 2 1834 
 
 The Hon. George Lamb, Secretary of State, and brother of Lord Melbourne, died 
 aged 49. He was a man of considerable literary acquirement, and author of an 
 elegant translation of Catullus. 
 
 LAMBERT, DANIEL, born 1769; died June 21..... 1809 
 
 He weighed 52 stone, 11 lbs.; 141bs. to the stone. He was 10 stone lllbs. 
 heavier than Mr. Bright, of Maiden, in Essex, (see page 420.) Mr. Lambert 
 measured three yards round the body, and one yard one inch round the leg. 
 His clothes cost £20. 
 
 LANDER, MR. R. traveller, died February 2 1834 
 
 Accounts were received of the death of this celebrated traveller, at Fernando Po, 
 (May 1,) in consequence of an attack made on him and his party by the natives, 
 on the Nunn river. 
 
 LANDER, MR. JOHN, died November 1 6 ' 1839 
 
 Brother of the«preceding, and the faithful servant and attendant of Captain 
 Clapperton in his African expedition. In the year 1829, the British Govern- 
 men thaving determined upon sending out an expedition to explore the course, 
 and also the termination of the Niger, Richard Lander volunteered the under- 
 taking, accompanied by his brother John. In 1832, an account of this expedi- 
 tion was published, which excited deep interest. Soon after, the brothers were 
 engaged to proceed in another expedition to the same part, which the elder 
 one did not long survive. 
 
 LANGHORNE, DR. JOHN, English writer, died 1779 
 
 LAUD, ARCHBISHOP, born 1574; beheaded ............ 1645 
 
 Laud possessed great influence in the councils of Charles I. and was supposed by 
 
478 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 LAUD, ARCHBISHOP, (continued.) 
 
 ■ his opponents to have advised many of the intemperate measures which were 
 the cause of the monarch and himself being brought to the block, an occurrence 
 which his enemies had long wished for. 
 
 LASCELLES, THE HON. EDWARD, died April 1816 
 
 LATIMER, BISHOP, burnt at Oxford, October 1555 
 
 LAUGHER, THOMAS, born at Markley, Worcestershire 1699 
 
 He died in St. Martin's Workhouse, London, August 28, 1813, aged 114. 
 
 LAVALLETTE, MONSIEUR, condemned at Paris, for 
 
 High Treason, December 21 1815 
 
 He escaped from prison dressed in the clothes of Madame Lavallette. Major- 
 General Sir Robert Wilson, Michael Bruce, Esq. and Captain J. H. Hutch- 
 inson, (now Earl of Donoughmore) were convicted in Paris of having aided him 
 in his escape, and were sentenced to three months imprisonment, April 24, 
 1816. 
 
 LAVATER, , the physiognomist, died 1801 
 
 LAVOISIER, , chemist, executed 1794 
 
 LAWLESS, MR. the Irish Orator, died August 10 1837 
 
 LAWRENCE, DR. FRENCH died 1809 
 
 LAWRENCE, SIR THOMAS, died January 7 1830 
 
 LAYER, COUNSELLOR, hanged for Treason, March 17, 1722 
 LEACH, SIR JOHN, Vice-Chancellor, died September 14, 1834 
 
 He was succeeded by Sir Charles Pepys. 
 
 LEE, EDWARD, Archbishop of York, born 1432; died ... 1544 
 
 LELAND, JOHN, Antiquarian, died (aged 45) 1552 
 
 LEOFFRIC, the first Bishop of Exeter, died in 1073 
 
 LEOPOLD II. Emperor of Germany, died February 29 ... 1790 
 
 LEOPOLD, PRINCE, elected King of Belgium, by the 
 
 Congress sitting at Brussels, June 4 « 1831 
 
 The Belgium Congress, after a discussion which lasted nine days, adopted the 
 eighteen Articles submitted to it, by a majority of 56, thereby accepting Prince 
 Leopold as king of Belgium. The Commissioners arrived in town from Brus- 
 sels, to communicate officially to Prince Leopold his being elected king of 
 Belgium by the National Congress, July 12, 1831. On the 16th of July, 1831, 
 Leopold left town for Brussels. On the 19th, Lord Grey communicated the 
 contents of a letter to the House of Peers that he had received from Prince 
 Leopold, whereby he had ordered his trustees, after paying certain pensions to 
 faithful servants, donations to several Charities, allowed by himself and the 
 Princess Charlotte, and after deducting the expense of keeping up Claremont, 
 that the remainder of his pension should be paid by his trustees into the Trea- 
 sury. Leopold arrived at his palace of Lacken, July 19, 1831 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 479 
 
 LEOPOLD, PRINCE, (continued.) 
 
 On the 8th of August, an engagement took place between the Dutch and 
 Belgian troops, near Hasselt, which ended in favour of the Dutch. The 
 Belgians having been taken by surprise, made a rapid and confused retreat. On 
 the 9th of August, the French troops entered Belgium in three divisions. 
 On the 1 1th, intelligence was received by Government that the king of Hol- 
 land intended to withdraw his troops into Holland on the French army enter- 
 ing Belgium, considering it an intimation that the Great Powers had adopted 
 the principles of the Conference. 
 
 LEIGH, JOHN, Dramatic writer, died 1726 
 
 LELY, SIR PETER, painter, born 1617; died 1680 
 
 LESTOCK, ADMIRAL, tried and acquitted, June 1746 
 
 Admiral Lestock and Matthews were tried for suffering the French and Spanish 
 Squadrons from Toulon, to escape. 
 
 LESTRANGE, SIR ROGER, English writer, born 1617; 
 
 died 1704 
 
 LETTSOME, J. C. died 1815 
 
 LETSOM, DR. died January 29 1800 
 
 LEVER, SIR ASHTON, celebrated collector, died 1788 
 
 LEWIS, CHARLES STEPHEN, French geometrician, died 
 
 May 4, 1768 
 
 LEWIS, MATTHEW GREGORY, died . 1818 
 
 LEWIS, CHARLES, bookbinder, born 1786; died Jan. 8 . 1836 
 
 LILLO, GEORGE, Author of < George Barnwell,' died... 1739 
 
 LILLY, W T ILLIAM, Astrologer, born 1602; died 1681 
 
 LILLY, WILLIAM, grammarian, born 1468; died 1523 
 
 LINACRE, THOMAS, English physician, and gramma- 
 rian, born 1460; died 1524 
 
 LINDSAY, THEOPHILUS, Unitarian preacher, born in 
 
 1713; died 1808 
 
 LINNAEUS, CHARLES, botanist, born 1707; died 1778 
 
 LIVERPOOL, CHARLES EARL OF, Statesman, died... 1808 
 
 LLEWELLYN, PRINCE OF WALES, died 1282 
 
 Llewellyn enjoyed peace till 1257, when Henry III. sent a large army, which 
 however was defeated. In 1281, Llewellyn and his brother David took up arms 
 against the English, but were defeated by Edmund Mortimer, in the battle of 
 Bueth. In 1282, Llewellyn was killed, and his head carried in triumph 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 LLEWELLYN, (continued.) ' 
 
 through London. Soon after, his brother being delivered up by the Welch, he 
 was sent to London, and beheaded. The principality of Wales has ever since 
 been subject to the crown of England, and forms the title of the king's eldest 
 son. 
 
 LLOYD, NICHOLAS, English writer, died in 1680 
 
 LLOYD, , poet, died in 1764 
 
 LLWYD, EDWARD, Antiquarian, died 1709 
 
 LOBO, GERONIMO, traveller, bom 1593; died in... 1678 
 
 LOCKE, JOHN, philosopher, born August 29, 1632 ; died in 1704 
 
 LODGE, MR. (Clarencieux King at Arms,) died in 1839 
 
 LOGAN, JOHN, poet and divine, died ; 1789 . 
 
 LOLLARD, WALTER, propagated his opinions, 1315 ; 
 
 burnt 1351 
 
 LOMBE, SIR THOMAS, inventor of the Silk throwing • 
 
 Machine, died, (see account of, page 166 ante,) 1739 
 
 LONDONDERRY, MARQUIS OF, born 1768; com- 
 
 mitted s suicide, August 12 1822 
 
 LONG, ROGER, born 1680; died 1771 
 
 LONGBEARD, WILLIAM FITZ OSBERT, a notorious 
 
 ruffian, hanged at Tyburn, 1197 
 
 LONG, ST. JOHN, MR. tried for murder, February 1831 
 
 He surrendered himself February 16, 1831. Put upon his trial, at the Old 
 Bailey, which lasted some hours. He was acquitted, February 19. 
 
 LOPE DE VEGA, died 1635 
 
 LORRAIN, CLAUDE LE, celebrated painter, born 1600; 
 
 died 1678 
 
 LORRAIN, ROBERT LE, sculptor, born 1666; died in... 1743 
 
 LOUIS XIV. KING OF FRANCE, died 1715 
 
 Succeeded by his grand-son, Louis XV. 
 
 LOUIS XVI. ditto beheaded January 21 1793 
 
 Is prevented by the people from going to St. Cloud, April 18, 1791 ; makes his 
 escape (with his family), May 21 ; Arrested at Varennes, May 22 ; brought 
 back to Paris, May 25; first sitting of the Legislative Assembly in France, 
 October 1 ; Louis XVI. and his family conducted to the tower of the Temple, 
 August 13, 1792; last sitting of the Legislative Assembly, September 19; he 
 is interrogated at the bar of the Convention, December 11 ; he appears again 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 481 
 
 LOUIS XVI. (continued.) 
 
 at the bar of the Convention; M. de Seze pleads for him, December 26; termi- 
 nation of the deliberations concerning the process of, January 7, 1793; he is 
 condemned to death by the Convention ; appeals to the nation ; the Convention 
 rejects the appeal, January 16; executed January 21. Maria Antoinette, 
 Queen of France, executed, October 16, 1793. M. Malesherbes, and M. La- 
 moignon de, the defender of Louis XVI. guilloitined, April 25, 1794. Madame 
 Elizabeth, sister of Louis XVI. guilloitined, May, 12, 1794. 
 
 LOUIS XVII. died in prison, June 8 1795 
 
 LOUIS XVIII. born November 17,1755; died.... 1814 
 
 Restored to the throne of Fiance, 1814; grants the Charter to the French nation, 
 June 4, 1814; struck the name of Chateaubriand out of the list of Ministers 
 of State for having wrote a Pamphlet against the diminution of the Chamber of 
 Deputies, September 21, 1816. (See a further account of Louis XVIII. at 
 page 105, ante.) 
 
 LOVAT, SIMON LORD, beheaded on Tower Hill 1746 
 
 At the execution of this nobleman, the scaffold built for the spectators to witness 
 his decapitation fell down, when several persons were killed, and a great number 
 maimed. 
 
 LOVITT, -, dreadful murder by. of his wife, in Praed- 
 
 street, Paddington, in a fit of jealousy, February 13 . 1839 
 
 LOWTH, BISHOP, died 1787 
 
 LUDLOW, EDMUND, English writer, died 1693 
 
 LUDOLPH, JOB, Antiquarian, born 1624 ; died 1704 
 
 LULLI, JEAN BAPTISTE, musician, born 1633; died in 1687 
 
 LUTHER, MARTIN, Reformer, born 1483; died in 1546 
 
 LUTTRELL, COLONEL HENRY, shot by an assassin 
 
 in his chair, in the streets of Dublin, October 22 1717 
 
 LYNDHURST, LORD, born 1770 
 
 Called to the bar, 1800; practised on the Midland Circuit, and made Serjeant in 
 1815 ; was counsel, with Sir C. Wetherell, for two individuals engaged in riots 
 at Spa-fields, in 1817; disguised his opinions so well, as to get appointed Soli- 
 citor, and after that Attorney-General. 
 
 LYSONS, DR. DANIEL, Antiquarian, died 1800 
 
 LYTTLETON, CHARLES, Bishop of Carlisle, Anti- 
 quarian, died 1768 
 
 LYTTLETON, THOMAS, lawyer, born 1403 ; died 1482 
 
 MABILLON, JEAN, Antiquarian, born 1632; died in 1707 
 
 No- 62. 3 R 
 
482 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 MACARTHY, SIR CHARLES, died 1824 
 
 The Asliantees, a ferocious tribe of Africans, having made incursions upon the 
 territory of Sierra Leone, in one of a series of actions, the Governor, Sir Charles 
 Macarthy, and several British officers were killed by the barbarians. 
 
 MACARTNEY, LORD, statesman, died 1806 
 
 M AC ARDELL, JAMES, engraver, died . . .". 1765 
 
 MACFARLANE, ROBERT, killed at Brentfbrd 1804 
 
 MACKENZIE, GEORGE, English writer and lawyer, died 1691 
 
 MACKINTOSH, SIR JAMES, died May 30 1832 
 
 MACLIN, CHARLES, the Comedian, died July 11 1797 
 
 MACMAHON, LORD, hanged for Treason, November 1 . 1644?" 
 
 MACPHERSON, JAMES, historian, and translator of the 
 
 Poems of Ossian, born 1 738 ; died 1 796 
 
 MACQUIRE, LORD, hanged at Tyburn, February 20 ... 1645 
 
 MADISON, JAMES, born 1750; died June 28 1836 
 
 He framed the Constitution of the United States of America, and was afterwards 
 elected President of these States. 
 
 MADDOX, ISAAC, English writer, died 1759 
 
 M'ADAM, the Macadamizer, died November 26 1 836 
 
 M'CULLOCH, LIEUT. JOHN, died December 27 1793 
 
 Lieutenant M'Culloch rendered great services to the British government during 
 the American war. In 1756, he was appointed Commissary Assistant of Stores 
 to the garrison of Oswego; but that garrison being taken prisoners by the 
 French in the same year, he was carried to Quebec. During his stay there, 
 he made a survey of the rocks and fortifications above~ the town, arid reported 
 the same to General Shirley, under the idea of reducing Quebec to the British 
 arms. On his return to England in 1757, there being an exchange of prisoners, 
 he was introduced to General Wolfe as a fit person to assist in the reduction of 
 the above place; and the General made a memorandum of his plan. Wolfe, 
 however, acted differently at Montmorency, and was repulsed; but making a 
 second attempt agreeblyto Mr. M'Culloch's suggestions, he was completely 
 successful. He afterwards experienced great difficulties, and was compelled to 
 seek a refuge in the workhouse of St. Mary-le-bone. 
 
 MAGLIABECCHI, ANTONIO, celebrated librarian, died in 1711 
 
 MAINTENON, MADAME, died 1719 
 
 MAITLAND, WILLIAM, historian, died in 1757 
 
 MALHERBE, FRANCOIS DE, poet, born 1555 ; died . 1628 
 MALIBRAN, MADAME DE BERIOT, died Sept. 23 ... 1836 
 
 Maria Felicita Garcia was born at Paris in 1808 ; her parents were Spaniards, 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 483 
 
 MALIBRAN, (continued.) 
 
 and they initiated her in the Spanish language. She made her first appearance 
 at the King's Theatre, as Mademoiselle Garcia, when only 16 years old. It was 
 about 1824 that her great talents began to be known to the English public. In 
 that year, having distinguished herself at some of the Conceits of that season, 
 she made a successful debut at the Opera House, and received the engagement 
 as one of the principal singers at the York Festival of the following year. At 
 the end of the season, her father went to America, where he got up an Opera, 
 in which Garcia appeared and electrified the Americans by her wonderful talent 
 and genius. 
 
 She afterwards married an elderly French merchant of the name of Malibran, 
 who almost immediately afterwards failed, and was cast into prison; and being 
 freed from the dominion of her father, and driven by necessity to exertion, she 
 came over to Europe. Malibran then came to England, and was engaged at 
 the King's Theatre. In Italy, Duke Visconti, proprietor of La Scala, at Milan, 
 offered her £6000. per annum, a carriage, a table, lodging of the most sump- 
 tuous kind, at his expense, independent of a benefit, if she would perform at 
 his Theatre for three years, duriDg the season. This she accepted. Her next 
 performance was at Drury-lane, in Operas, of which she was the sole attraction 
 and support. 
 
 Her second marriage, (with De Beriot), took place in the Spring of 1S36, at 
 Paris, her previous union having been rendered null and void. 
 
 Her death took place September 23, 1836; and the funeral, October 1, fol- 
 lowing; the body, enclosed in an oak shell, was placed in a leaden coffin, aad 
 afterwards in another of solid oak, covered with black cloth: on the lid, 
 
 Maria Felicita 
 
 De Beriot, 
 
 Died September 23, 1836, 
 
 aged 28 years. 
 
 Six mourning coaches, with four horses each, were drawn up ; 
 
 In the first were Mr. Macvicar, the Boroughreve of Manchester, supported by 
 the Earl of Wilton, and Sir George Smart. In the second, Mr. Beale, Mr. 
 Willert, Mr. Bunn, (of Drury-lane Theatre), and Mr. Brandt, the barrister, &c. 
 followed by a long train of private carriages. 
 
 ' JMALLET, DAVID, Dramatic writer and poet, died in 1765 
 
 MALMESBURY, WILLIAM OF, wrote in 1140 
 
 MALONE, EDMUND, died 1812 
 
 MALTHUS, REV. T. R. died December 29 1834 
 
 MANDEVILLE, SIR JOHN, traveller, died 1372 
 
 MANDRIN, LOUIS, famous robber, executed 1755 
 
 MANSFIELD, WILLIAM EARL OF, lawyer, died ...... 1793 
 
 MANUTIUS, ALDUS PIUS, celebrated printer, died ... 1515 
 MANUTIUS, PAUL, printer, born 1512 ; died ........ ...J. 1572 
 
 MANUTIUS, ALDUS, printer and author, born 1547; died 1592 
 MARCH, EARL OF, hung 1330 
 

 484 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 MARCHANT, WILLIAM, executed for the murder of 
 
 Elizabeth Paynter, at Pimlico, July 8 1839 
 
 MARKHAM, ELIZABETH, murder of, March 9 1831 
 
 Elizabeth Markham was found murdered in her own house, Elizabeth-street, 
 Bethnal-green. On the discovery of the murder, a man of the name of Charles 
 Clarke, and Dexter, the latter, the son of the deceased, were examined at Union 
 Hall, on suspicion of being concerned in the.murder, and were remanded, but 
 afterwards discharged. A Coroner's inquest sat on the body, which was ad- 
 journed; and on the 11th of March, the Coroner again resumed the inquest on 
 the body, when, after a long and tedious investigation, a verdict of — " Wilful 
 murder against some person or persons unknown," was returned. Dexter was 
 afterwards tried at the Old Bailey Sessions, on a charge of having murdered 
 his mother, and acquitted. 
 
 MARLBOROUGH, DUKE OF, died January 1 6 1722 
 
 MARLOW, CHRISTOPHER, born about 1562; killed ... 1593 
 
 MARMION, SHAKERLY, dramatic writer, died in 1639 
 
 M ARMONTEL, , French writer, died in 1799 
 
 MARR'S, dreadful Murder of the 1811 
 
 The body of the supposed murderer, (Williams) who committed suicide, was 
 afterwards drawn through the principal streets of Ratcliffe Highway. 
 
 MARRIOT, MR. the Magistrate, died March 1 1833 
 
 Mr. Marriot had been recently appointed Chairman of the Middlesex Sessions, in 
 the room of F. Const, Esq. and died at Sydenham, where he had a short time 
 before taken up his residence. 
 
 MARTIN, JONATHAN, the lunatic ; see page 336, ante. 
 
 MARTIN, RICHARD, ESQ. died at Boulogne, January 6 1834 
 
 MARVEL, ANDREW, born 1620; died ".. 1678 
 
 MARY. I. QUEEN, born February 11, 1516; diedNov.17 1558 
 
 Proclaimed July 19, 1553, and crowned October 1, following; married Philip of 
 Spain, July 25, 1554; died November 17, 1558, and buried at Westminster. 
 Reigned 5 years, 4 months, and 11 days. Succeeded by her half-sister, Eliza- 
 beth. 
 
 MARY II. born April 30, 1662; died December 28 1694 
 
 Proclaimed Queen Regent of England, (with her husband) February 13, 1689. 
 Reigned 5 years, 10 months, 15 days, and buried at Westminster. 
 
 MASON, WILLIAM, poet, died 1797 
 
 MASSENA, ANDREW, Marshal of France, died April 4 . 1817 
 MASSINGER, PHILIP, dramatic writer, born 1585 ; died 1640 
 MASKELYNE, NEVILLE, Astronomer, died in . 1772 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 485 
 
 MAYERSBACH, , the celebrated Water Doctor died 1798 
 
 MAZARINE, CARDINAL, died (aged 59) 1661 
 
 MEAD, DR. RICHARD, physician, born 1673; died in . 1754 
 MELMOTH, miscellaneous writer, born 1710; died in ... 1799 
 MELVILLE, HENRY VISCOUNT, died 1811 
 
 Lord Melville was impeached in 1805, for a breach of trust, in appropriating a 
 vast sum of the public money, in conceit with his secretary Trotter. Acquitted 
 by his Peers, in 1806. 
 
 MEUSNIER, , tried for High Treason, December 27 . 1836 
 
 Meusnier shot at Louis Phillippe, and was tried and convicted of high treason; 
 but his punishment was commuted to banishment, by the clemency of the 
 monarch. 
 
 MIDDLETON, SIR H. projector of the New River, died . 1631 
 
 MIDDLETON, CON YERS, D. D. died in 1750 
 
 MIGUEL, DON, arrival of, in England, January 6 1828 
 
 He arrived at Greenwich Hospital, and was received with due honours. The Lord 
 High Admiral, Earl Mount-Charles, Sir W. H. Freemantle, (two of the prin- 
 cipal officers of the King's household) the Portuguese Ambassador, &c. &c. 
 welcomed him on his arrival. He was afterwards conveyed in one of the king's 
 carriages to the residence of the Earl of Dudley, in Arlington-street, escorted 
 by a detachment of Life Guards. Fenton's hotel, St. James's-street, had been 
 prepared for the reception of His Royal Highness' suite. A grand dinner was 
 given in Arlington-street, and served upon the king's service of plate. He is of 
 light figure, apparently under 26 years of age 3 his countenance mild, his eyes 
 and hair black; colour very sallow; nose aquiline, and he is of the middle 
 height. On Monday, His Royal Highness held three Levees, and received a 
 deputation of thirty Portuguese merchants. On Tuesday, a royal Stag Hunt 
 was given in honour of His Royal Highness. 
 
 MILTON, JOHN, poet, born 1608; died in 1674 
 
 MILLAR JOHN, professor of law, died 1801 
 
 MIRABEAU, JEAN BAPTISTE, French writer, died in . 1760 
 
 MIST, , the printer of a Journal imprisoned, June 1721 
 
 MISTER, -, hung for the attempted murder of Mr. 
 
 Mackreth, a traveller, at an inn at Ludlow, April 1841 
 
 MITFORD, JOHN, died 1832 
 
 This most eccentric character of his day, died in St. Giles's workhouse. He was 
 a respectable classic, and a man of varied attainments ; but such was his fond- 
 ness for liquor, that he has been known to take off his coat in the depth of 
 winter, and sell it for gin. " For fourteen years he had no where to lay his 
 head;" and he has been heard to say, " if his soul was placed on one table, 
 and a bottle of gin on the other, he would sell the former to taste the latter." 
 He was the author of the song, " The King is a true British Sailor ;" the copy of 
 which he sold to seven different publishers. 
 
486 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 MOLESWORTH, LADY, and her 3 children, burnt to 
 
 death by accident 1764 
 
 MOLIERE, JEAN, actor and dramatic writer, died 1672 
 
 MONCRIEF, F. A. French poet, died '.. 1770 
 
 MONK, GENERAL, born 1608; died 1671 
 
 On the 25th of May, 1660, Charles II. was received by General Monk at Dover; 
 and on the following day the latter was honoured with the Order of the Gaiter. 
 Soon after he was created Duke of Albemarle. Appointed in 1666, in concert 
 with Prince Rupert, to the command of the English fleet; and on the 24th of 
 July they encountered the two Dntch Admirals, De Ruyter and the younger 
 Van Tromp in the Downs, and in a fight which lasted two days he sunk and 
 burned 20 of the enemy's ships, and killed 4000 of their men, and wounded 
 3000 more. 
 
 MONMOUTH, JEFFREY OF, historian, wrote in 1152 
 
 MONMOUTH, JAMES DUKE OF, beheaded 1685 
 
 MONROE, JAMES, ESQ. died July 4 1831 
 
 MONTAGUE, LADY MARY WORTLEY, died 1762 
 
 MONRO, ALEXANDER, physician, died. 1767 
 
 MONRO, DR. JOHN, physician, died 1791 
 
 MONSTRELET, ENGUERRAND, historian, died 1453 
 
 MONTESQUIEU, BARON, French writer, died in 1755 
 
 MONTFAUCON, BERNARD, Antiquarian, died in 1741 
 
 MONTGOLFIER, ETIEENE, air balloon inventor, died . 1799 
 
 MOORE, JAMES, dramatic writer, died in 1 734 
 
 MOORE, SIR JOHN, killed in the retreat from Corunna, 
 
 January 16 1809 
 
 MOORE, ANN, of Tutbury, remarkable abstinence of, Nov. 1808 
 
 This remarkable woman lived twenty months without food, at Tutbury, Staf- 
 fordshire. 
 
 MOORE, MRS. HANNAH, died September 7 1833 
 
 She was the authoress of — Sacred Dramas ; Calebs, &c. &c. 
 
 MORE, SIR THOMAS, (Lord Chancellor,) beheaded ... 1535 
 
 Most readers are aware that Sir Thomas More was beheaded at the above period, 
 but they are not perhaps aware that, after the execution, though the body was 
 buried in the church of St. Peter, in the Tower, and afterwards in Chelsea 
 church, where it now lies, yet his head was set upon a pole, on London bridge, 
 and was afterwards privately bought by his daughter Margaret, which she pre- 
 served in a box, and placed it in a vault in St. Dunstan's church at Canterbury. 
 
 MORE, SIR JOHN, (Father,) died 1533 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 487 
 
 MOREAU, GENERAL, died 1813 
 
 General Moreau was wounded by a cannon ball, whilst talking to the Emperor of 
 Russia, before Dresden, August 28, and died September 4, 1813. 
 
 MOREL AND, THOMAS, painter, died in 1804 
 
 MORLEY, LORD, tried for murder, in 1666 
 
 MORI, MR. musician, died 1839 
 
 The will of the late Mr. Mori, of Bond-street, was proved in the Prerogative Court 
 of the Archbishop of Canterbury, Doctors' Commons, by George Frederick 
 Anderson, and Edward Willson Duffin, the executors. The personal property 
 of the deceased has been sworn under the value of £16,000. which the testator 
 has bequeathed to his three daughters. The will is dated August, 1838. 
 
 MORTON, JAMES DOUGLAS, EARL OF, beheaded . 1581 
 
 He ruled Scotland with success, as Regent of the kingdom, but being at length 
 caught in the toils of his enemies, he was convicted of being privy to the 
 murder of Lord Darnley, for some years before, and was accordingly beheaded 
 at Edinburgh. 
 
 MOZART, , musical composer, born 1756; died Dec. 1792 
 
 MUDGE, MAJOR, died ... 1820 
 
 MULEY SOLIMAN, Emperor of Morocco, died Nov. 28 . 1822 
 
 MULGRAVE, EARL, died at Mulgrave Castle, April 6 . 1831 
 
 MUMFORD, MR. murder of, near Quendon, in Essex, 
 
 by Pallett, one of his labourers, December 4 1823 
 
 He was tried shortly after, found guilty, and executed at Chelmsford. 
 
 MUNDEN, MR. JOSEPH, died February 6 1832 
 
 MURRAY, EARL, REGENT OF SCOTLAND, died... 1570 
 
 The Earl of Murray fell by the hand of an assassin, whilst riding through the 
 town of Linlithgow. 
 
 MURRAY, LADY AUGUSTA, (LADY D'ESTE), died 1830 
 MURPHY, ARTHUR, died June 18 1805 
 
 MYLN, ROBERT, who built Blackfriars bridge, died 1811 
 
 NARES, ARCHDEACON, died March 23 „. 1829 
 
 NASH, RICHARD, Master of Ceremonies, died Feb. 12 . 1761 
 NASH, JOHN, celebrated architect, died May 13 1835 
 
 His principal works were: — The Restoration of St. David's Cathedral; — Highgate 
 Archway; — Regent-street; — the Pavilion at Brighton; — Buckingham Palace. 
 The estimated cost of Regent-street, was £384,754.; the actual cost £1,535,688. 
 The excess is said to have been caused, in a great measure, by alterations of 
 the original plan and line of the intended street, and by an undervaluing of the 
 various " good wills." 
 
488 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 NAYLER, SIR GEORGE, died October 27 1831 
 
 NELSON, ADMIRAL LORD, born 1758; killed Oct. 21 1805 
 
 The exploits of Nelson need no comment; his heroic deeds being engraven on the 
 heart of every Englishman, and will remain there as long as the recollection of 
 
 those glorious achievements of — THE NILE, COPENHAGEN, AND TRAFALGAR, 
 
 shall remain. 
 
 NELSON, THE REV. , brother of Lord Nelson, who 
 
 fell at Trafalgar, died February 28 1835 
 
 NEWAL, JOHN, (Nephew to old Parr,) bom 1634 ; died 1761 
 
 Being born in the life-time of his uncle, they lived 278 years, viz. from 1483, to 
 1761. 
 
 NEWMAN, THOMAS, born 1390 ; died , 1542 
 
 This man, together with Parr and Newal, lived 371 years. 
 
 NEWTON, THOMAS, Bishop of Bristol, died 1782 
 
 NEWTON, SIR ISAAC, born 1642; died 1727 
 
 NEY, MARSHAL, shot August 16 1815 
 
 NICHOL, SIR JOHN, died August 1838 
 
 Sir John Nichol presided over the Arches, the Prerogative, and subsequently, 
 over the Admiralty Court of England. 
 
 NICHOLSON, MR. the celebrated flute player, died March 1837 
 
 NICHOLSON, MARGARET, (who attempted to assas- 
 sinate George III.) died May 14, (aged 99) 1828 
 
 NORBURY, LORD, assassination of 1839 
 
 Upon this extraordinary murder been made known, the Government offered a 
 reward of £1000. for the apprehension of the murderer; and the noblemen and 
 gentlemen of King's County, and surrounding districts, entered their names 
 for various sums, the whole amount being above £3,360; to which Lord Nor- 
 bury adds an annuity of £100. 
 
 OATES, TITUS, born about 1619; died 1705 
 
 O'BRIAN, (the Irish Giant) died September 8 1806 
 
 The coffin of this wonderful man, which was of lead, measured 9 feet 2 inches, 
 and the wooden case, 4 inches more. It was three feet across the shoulders ; 
 and no hearse could be obtained sufficiently long enough to contain it; the end 
 being covered by black cloth. 
 
 OCCLAVE, THOMAS, English poet, flourished 1420 
 
 O'CONNELL, DANIEL, ESQ. arrest of, in Dublin, Jan. 
 
 18 1831 
 
 Mr. O'Connell was arrested on a charge of conspiring to evade the Marquis of 
 
 Anglesea's proclamation, and held to bail. Mr. Lawless, Mr. Steele, and Mr. 
 
 Barrett, were also arrested, January 18. On the 19th, Mr. Redmond was also 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY - . 489 
 
 O'CONNELL, DANIEL, ESQ. (continued.) 
 
 arrested, and held to bail. On the 25th of the same month true bills of in- 
 dictment were found by the Grand Jury against Messrs. O'Connell, Thomas 
 Steele, John Lawless, Thomas Clooney, John Redmond, John Reynolds, Ed- 
 ward Dwyer, and Richard Barret. Mr. O'Connell, Steele, &c. appeared in the 
 Court of Kind's Bench, and were told they were to plead in 4 days to the 
 indictment. 6a the 12th of February, in the Court of King's Bench, Dublin, 
 Mr. O'Connell, and the other agitators, withdrew their plea of Not Guilty on 
 14 counts, in consequence of which the Attorney-General considered himself 
 bound to enter a noli -prosequi upon the 17 remaining counts. This submission 
 of the Defendants it was hoped would restore peace and tranquility to Ireland. 
 On the 3rd of May, in the Court of King's Bench, Dublin, the case of the 
 King v. O'Connell, and Others, was called on, when Mr. Holmes, who made 
 an application for delay, expressed a wish that the Court would name Tuesday 
 next, or any distant day they pleased. The prosecution was considered virtu- 
 ally at an end. 
 
 ODEL, THOMAS, Dramatic writer, died 1749 
 
 O'HARA, KEENE, Dramatic writer, died 1784 
 
 O'KEEFE, J. ESQ. died February 4 1833 
 
 This celebrated Dramatic author expired at his residence, Bedford Cottage, South- 
 ampton. His health had heen long declining, and, as a last resource, he 
 removed to Southampton in the hope of bettering his health by change of air. 
 The following is a correct copy from the plate of his coffin; — " Within this 
 coffin are deposited the mortal remains of John O'Keefe, a pious member of the 
 Holy Catholic Church, who departed this life in the 86th year of his age. He 
 was born in Dublin, Ireland, 24th of June, 1747, and died in Southampton, 
 Hampshire, England, 4th of February, 1833." 
 
 OLDCASTLE, SIR JOHN, hanged and burnt without 
 
 Temple Bar, 1417 
 
 He is said to have been the first Protestant martyr burnt. 
 
 OLDENBURG, DUCHESS OF, visited England, Mar. 31 1814 
 
 She left England with the Emperor of Russia, and king of Prussia, July 27, 1814. 
 Married the Duke of Wirtemburg, January 24, 1810. She died January 9, 
 1819. 
 
 OLDFIELD, ANNE, celebrated Actress, died 1730 
 
 OLDHAM, JOHN, poet, born 1653; died 1683 
 
 OLDYS, WM. Antiquarian, died 1761 
 
 ORFORD, HORACE EARL OF, died 1797 
 
 ORLEANS, DUKE OF, assassinated at Paris, by order of 
 
 the Duke of Burgundy, November 23 1407 
 
 ORLEANS, PHILIPPE DUC DE, Regent of France, died 
 
 November 22 1723 
 
 ORLEANS, the infamous Duke of, (or Egalite), guilloitined, 
 
 November 5 1793 
 
 No. 63 3 s 
 
490 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 ORMOND, DUKE OF, impeached, June 21 „ 1715 
 
 OSBORNE, (and his wife), murdered for supposed witch- 
 craft 1751 
 
 OSSIAN, the Caledonian bard, flourished in 300 
 
 OTWAY, THOMAS, English poet, born 1652; died 1685 
 
 OVERBURY, SIR THOMAS, born 1581 ; poisoned in the 
 
 Tower, September 17 1613 
 
 OWEN, ROBERT, born May 14, 1771 
 
 OXFORD, EDWARD, tried for attempting to shoot Her 
 
 Majesty, Queen Victoria, July 9 1840 
 
 The applications to the Sheriffs for tickets of admission to hear this trial were 
 most numerous ; and they having acted in the same manner as on the trial of 
 Courvoisier, no persons were admitted, (even to the avenues leading to the 
 Court,) who had not obtained the required passport. By this well-timed ar- 
 rangement, the Court was filled, without confusion, to a dense, but not an in- 
 convenient extent. Soon after nine, the Court was opened ; and the attendance 
 of barristers was unusually numerous. The Counsel for the prosecution were, 
 the Attorney and Solicitor-General, Sir F. Pollock, and Mr. Wightman; for the 
 defence, Mr. Taylor, and Mr. Bodkin. The prisoner's solicitor, Mr. Pelham. 
 
 The prisoner was now ordered to be brought into Court ; when the indict- 
 ment was read, and the trial proceeded with. On being called upon to plead, 
 he in a distinct, and firm tone answered, — " Not guilty." The trial not being 
 completed at eight o'clock in the evening of that day, the Court was adjourned 
 until 9 o'clock of the following morning, the Jury being conducted to the 
 London Coffee-house for the night. 
 
 The whole of the evidence having been gone through on the following day, 
 the Jury retired at a quarter past 5 o'clock, and returned into Court at a quarter 
 past six, when they pronounced the following verdict: — " We find the prisoner, 
 " Edward Oxford, guilty of discharging two pistols at Her Majesty ; but whether 
 " they were loaded with ball is not satisfactorily or sufficiently proved, he being at the 
 " time in an unsound state of mind." The verdict appeared to create a good deal 
 of suspense in the Court. 
 
 The Attorney-General here contended, that the Court ought to ask the Jury 
 whether they intended by the verdict to say, that they acquitted the prisoner on 
 the ground of his being insane? After great discussion, Lord Denman said it 
 would be better that the Jury should retire, and re-consider their verdict; 
 they did so, and in about an hour after, returned, when the foreman gave 
 a verdict — " that the prisoner was guilty, being at the time insane." Baron Alder- 
 son- — That is, you say that he is not guilty, on account of his being insane at 
 the time the offence was committed. Foreman — That is what we mean, my 
 Lord. The Attorney-General then moved the Court to order that Oxford be 
 put in some place of safe custody till Her Majesty's pleasure respecting him 
 should be known. (For a further account of Oxford, see page 140, ante. 
 
 PAAS, MR. murder of, May 30 1832 
 
 Mr. Pass waa most inhumanly murdered by a person of the name of Cook, who 
 resided at Leicester. After he had accomplished the murder, he proceeded to 
 saw the body in two in order to dispose of it more effectually. On the 5th of 
 June, a Coroner's Inquest sat on the body, and returned a verdict, — " That the 
 remains which had been the subject of their enquiry, were those of Mr. Paas, 
 and that he had been murdered by James Cook." A warrant was issued for 
 Cook's apprehension, and confided to the care of Cummins, an officer of 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 491 
 
 PAAS, MR. Murder of, (continued.) 
 
 Leicester, who arrested him at Black Rock, Liverpool, at the time he was pro- 
 ceeding in a boat to embark on board a vessel bound for America. He was ac- 
 cordingly brought from Liverpool to Leicester, and lodged, heavily ironed, in 
 the town gaol. On the 8th of August, he was tried at the Leicester Assizes, 
 and pleaded guilty ; when he was sentenced to be executed on the 10th (which 
 was carried into, effect) and his body to be hung in chains; the latter part of 
 the sentence was remitted, the body being interred within the precincts of the 
 prison. 
 
 PAINE, THOMAS, born at Thetford, Norfolk, 1737; died 
 
 at New York, North America, June 8 1809 
 
 PAISLEY, JOSEPH, born 1732; died 1811 
 
 This individual w&s the celebrated Gretna Green parson, and is supposed, during 
 the last forty years of his life, to have drank nearly 24 tons of ardent spirits. 
 
 PALEY, DR. WILLIAM, born 1743; died 1805 
 
 PAMPLIN, ADMIRAL, died February 14 .. 1834 
 
 He died at Florence. He had the command of the fleet on the Cape, and at St. 
 Helena stations for three years, as one of the guardians of Bonaparte. 
 
 PARK, THOMAS, F.S. A. died November 26 1834 
 
 Mr. Park was a celebrated Collector of rare books. 
 
 PARK, SIR J. A. Judge of the Court of Common Pleas, 
 
 died December 8 1838 
 
 PARK, MUNGO, celebrated traveller, died 1806 
 
 PARKER, , the chief leader of the Mutiny, atSpithead, 
 
 executed, June 30 1797 
 
 Richard Parker was a supernumerary seaman on board His Majesty's ship The 
 Sandwich, and was tried for mutiny, disobedience of orders, and contempt of his 
 officers, on the 22nd of June, 1797, on board The Neptune, Admiral Buckner, 
 commander of the fleet at the Nore ; offences which took place on board The 
 Sandwich, on the 12th of May previous, when Parker presided as Chairman to 
 the Delegates from the different ships composing that fleet. Parker's plea is 
 best described in his letter to Admiral Buckner: — " Sir, I am commanded by 
 " the Committee of the Sandwich to inform you, that they have this day taken 
 ** possession of, and appointed Delegates to the whole fleet ; we are universally 
 " of opinion that the conduct of the Admiralty has been highly improper in 
 " stopping the provisions allowed by Government to seamen; and that the 
 " foolish Proclamation which we received, is only calculated to exasperate the 
 " minds of a set of men, who would never be more happy than in serving their 
 " country." For being a principal in this meeting, Parker was brought to trial, 
 on Thursday, June 22, found guilty on the 26th, and executed on the following 
 Friday, on board his own ship, at Sheerness. 
 
 PARR, ROBERT, died at Kinver, Salop, aged 124, Sep. 21 1757 
 PARR, THOMAS, lived in ten reigns, and died, aged 152 1635 
 
 PAR, QUEEN CATHERINE, died 1543 
 
 PARNELL, THOMAS, poet, died ... 1718 
 
492 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 PARRY, DR. executed for a Plot against Queen Eliza- 
 beth 1585 
 
 PARRY, CAPTAIN, return of from the Arctic Seas, Oct. 23 1823 
 
 PARROCEL, JOSEPH, painter, died 1704 
 
 PARROCEL, PIERRE, ditto, died 1739 
 
 PARROCEL, CHARLES, ditto, died 1752 
 
 PARSONS, SIR WILLIAM, died 1817 
 
 PARTRIDGE, JOHN, Astrologer, died ! 1735 
 
 PASCAL, BLOISE, French writer, died 1662 
 
 PASQUIER, ETIENNE, French writer, 1615' 
 
 PATTEN, MARGARET, died near Paisley, in Scotland, 
 
 (aged 138)..... 1739 
 
 PATTISON, WM. poet, born 1706; died 1727 
 
 PEARCE, ZACHARY, English writer, died 1774 
 
 PEARCE, MARY ANNE, (alias Lady Barrymore), died 
 
 Octobers 1832 
 
 This unfortunate woman died in absolute want in a miserable lodging, 8, Charles 
 Street, Drury-Iane. She had been at least 100 times at different Offices. 
 
 PEASE, MR. the first Quaker admitted as M.P. to the 
 
 House of Commons . 1833 
 
 PEDRO, DON, died 1834 
 
 PECK, FRANCIS, Antiquarian, died 1743 
 
 PEEL, SIR ROBERT, born 1788 
 
 Entered Parliament for Cashel, 1809 5 made Under Secretary for the Colonial 
 department, 1810; Irish Secretary, 1812; Home Secretary, 1822; carried the 
 Alien Bill; commenced his amelioration of the Penal Code, 1826; and, after 
 opposing the claims of the Catholics all his life, carried the Emancipation Act, 
 1829; married Julia, daughter of the late John Floyd, Esq. 1820; installed 
 Lord Rector of the Glasgow University, January 11, 1837. 
 
 PELHAM, HENRY, statesman, died 1754 
 
 PELLERIN, JOSEPH, Antiquarian, died 1782 
 
 PEMBERTON, HENRY, physician, died......... 1711 
 
 PENN, ADMIRAL SIR WILLIAM, born 1621; died... 1670 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 493 
 
 PENN, WILLIAM, settler of Pennsylvania, born 1644: died 1718 
 
 Having petitioned the Government for a grant of land, in North America, after 
 some delay, he obtained a large tract of country lying to the west of New 
 Jersey, by a Charter dated March 1, 1681, and left England to take possession 
 of it in the same year, accompanied by several families of his own persuasion, to 
 colonize the new territory. Having entered into a treaty with the Indian 
 chiefs of the neighbourhood, they assembled under an old ash tree, where the 
 several Articles which he proposed to them weer explained, by means of an 
 interpreter. 
 
 PENNANT, THOMAS, the Tourist, died Dec. 16, 1798 
 
 PENNY, MR. of Clements Inn, murdered by his servant, 
 
 May 18 „ 1741 
 
 PEPYS, SAMUEL, Naval Historian, died -1703 
 
 PERCEVAL, SPENCER, assassinated, May 11 1812 
 
 The Right Hon. Spencer Perceval, Prime Minister of England, was assassinated 
 by a person of the name of Bellingham, a disappointed Russia merchant. He 
 was tried, and found guilty; and executed May 18, 1812. 
 
 PERCY, DR. THOMAS, Bishop of Dromore, English 
 
 writer, died 1811 
 
 PERIGORD, C. M. Cardinal and Archbishop of Paris, 
 
 died 1820 
 
 PERIER, M. CASIMER, President of the Council of 
 
 Ministers in Paris, death of by Cholera, April 7 1832 
 
 PEROUSE, J. F. DE LA, born 1741; supposed to have 
 
 been shipwrecked „ 1788 
 
 PERREAU, ROBERT and DANIEL, executed for for- 
 gery, January 17 1775 
 
 PERROT, MR. a bankrupt, executed in Smithfield, for con- 
 cealing his effects, October 6 1761 
 
 PETER, CZAR OF MUSCOVY, visited England 1698 
 
 Peter the Great, Czar of Muscovy, came to England incognito, improved himself in 
 the art of ship building, and was attended back to his states by many British 
 artificers. 
 
 PETER THE WILD BOY, discovery of 1725 
 
 This extraordinary boy was found in a field, at Hanelm, entirely naked; his skin 
 covered by a brownish coloured hair, and was, apparently, about twelve years 
 of age, and unable to speak. He was enticed into the town, by showing him 
 two apples; and was then placed in an hospital there, by order of the Burgo- 
 master. The name of Peter was given him by the children of the town on his 
 being brought there; at first, he was very troublesome, endeavouring to make 
 his escape, either by the doors or windows. When offered any thing to eat, he 
 first smelt it, and then put it in his mouth, or laid it aside, shaking his head. 
 
 In October, 1725, this prodigy was sent for by George I. to Hanover, from 
 whence he was brought to London, and committed to the care of Dr. Arbuthnct. 
 
494 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 PETER THE WILD BOY, (continued.) 
 
 After remaining some time under the'care of this eminent physician, it was 
 found that he was an idiot; upon which he was placed with a farmer in Hert- 
 fordshire, with whom he resided till his death, which took place in 1785. 
 
 Though he could not speak, yet he had a taste for music, and would hum over 
 several airs that he had often heard ; and whenever an instrumental performance 
 look place, he would jump about with great delight. Peter was harmless, and 
 docile. 
 
 PHILLIPS, SIR RICHARD, died March 24 1840 
 
 His passion for books and science, in which he was thwarted, led him at seven- 
 teen to seek his own fortune, and in 1785, left his family, and embarked at 
 Liverpool for Spanish America; but being deceived by a Captain, he settled as a 
 schoolmaster, first at Chester, and afterwards at Leicester. At the latter place 
 he opened abookseller's shop; and in 179 1 > commenced a newspaper, which be- 
 came celebrated for its political independence. He was convicted of selling a 
 copy of Paine's Rights of Man, for which he was sentenced to an imprisonment 
 of 18 months. In 1795 his printing office was destroyed by a fire which broke 
 out on the next premises, which was entirely consumed; his paper being inter- 
 rupted in consequence, he removed to London, and commenced Tlw Monthly 
 Magazine, which he conducted for thirty years. At this time he became an 
 extensive publisher, being the originator of at least 1000 works, many of them 
 by the first authors. In 1807-8, he served the office of Sheriff of London and 
 Middlesex, and in the course of the year received the honour of knighthood, 
 during which period he reformed the prisons, established the Sheriff's Fund, 
 and wrote his " Letter to the Livery of London, which has not only been the 
 guide of successive Sheriffs, but of the Legislature in numerous reforms of our 
 criminal jurisprudence. After which appeared his Treatise on the Powers and 
 Duties of Juries, which has been translated into various languages. This was 
 followed by his Morning's Walk from London to Kew. In 1820, appeared his 
 Twelve Essays on the Proximate Causes of the Universe; in 1830, his Protest ; and 
 in 1835, his Century of Aphorisms. His other works were, his ' Social Philo- 
 sop/ii/, or Practical Ethics ; — Tour through England; — Dictionary of the Arts of 
 Life; — and Million of Facts. Sir Richard had a great abhorrence to the killing 
 of animals for food from a very early period of his life, and from thence he 
 lived entirely upon vegetable products. By the panic of 1825, he lost upwards 
 of £40,000. which he bore with great fortitude. 
 
 PHILPOTS, DR. made his public entry into Exeter, as 
 
 Bishop, January 11 1831 
 
 PHIPPEN, MR. died '. 1832 
 
 Mr. Phippen was Secretary to the Licensed Victuallers' School upwaids of thirty- 
 three years, and was in his 59th year. 
 
 PICHEGRU, GENERAL, found dead in his prison; sup- 
 posed to be privately murdered by order of Bonaparte, 
 April 5 1804 
 
 PICKET, WILLIAM, painter on glass, died H95 
 
 PICTON, LIEUT.-GEN. SIR THOMAS, died June 18. 18J5 
 
 In the year 1797, he was selected to discharge the duty of Governor of Trinidad, 
 in which situation a charge was made against him of wanton cruelty towards a 
 female slave, (Eliza Caldion) by forcing her for some offence to stand upon a 
 wooden peg on her bare heel, for which he was brought to trial, and acquitted. 
 He fell at the battle cf Waterloo; and on the 25th of the same month, his re- 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 495 
 
 PICTON, LIEUT.-GEN. SIR THOMAS, (continued.) 
 
 mains were landed at Deal, minute-guns being fired from all the ships in the 
 Downs, during the time of the body being conveyed to the beach, where all the 
 military were drawn up to receive it; after which the body proceeded to Can- 
 terbury, where it arrived the same evening, and was placed in the custody 
 of a guard of honour. On the 3rd of July, his remains were deposited in the 
 family vault, in the burial ground of St. George's, Hanover-square, attended by 
 many officers of distinction. 
 
 TILATRE, DU ROSIER FRANCOIS, aeronaut, killed . 1785 
 
 PINNEY, CHARLES, Mayor of Bristol, trial of upon a 
 charge of neglect of duty during the riot there, of 
 which charge he was acquitted, November 25 1832 
 
 PIOZZI, MRS. celebrated writer, died 1821 
 
 PITT, MR. THOMAS, died 1726 
 
 Mr. Pitt brought from Madras the celebrated large diamond. 
 
 PITT, WILLIAM, EARL OF CHATHAM, (son of the 
 
 preceding), died in May, 1788 
 
 For a further account of the Earl of Chatham, see page 430, ante. 
 
 PITT, RIGHT HON. WM. (son), born May 28, 1759; 
 
 died 1806 
 
 PLANTIN, CHRISTOPHER, printer, died 1589 
 
 POLE, CARDINAL, died 1557 
 
 He was the greatest obstacle to Henry VIII. th's disgraceful persecution of Queen 
 Catherine; and when arguing with the King on the subject, he so powerfully 
 exhorted the monarch to desist, that Henry frequently laid his hand upon his 
 dagger, at the same time betraying inward feelings of revenge. Pole however 
 escaped without any punishment but the loss of Henry's future favour. He 
 left the kingdom soon after ; was proscribed by Henry as a traitor, and a re- 
 ward offered to any one who should kill him. He was Archbishop of Canter- 
 bury in thr reign of Queen Mary. 
 
 POLE, WM. WELLESLEY LONG, committed to the 
 
 Fleet prison, July 16, I 1831 
 
 Mr. Pole having removed his daughter from the protection of the Guardians 
 appointed by the Court of Chancery, by stratagem, and by so doing, committing 
 an act of Contempt of Court, the Lord Chancellor immediately ordered Mr. 
 Pole to be confined to his own house. A communication was made from the 
 Lord Chancellor to the House of Commons, (Mr. Pole being a Member) that he 
 had issued his warrant for the committal of Mr. Pole, for a contempt of the 
 Order of the Court of Chancery; it was resolved that a Committee of Privileges 
 should be appointed to inquire into the matter. On the 29th he was removed 
 from his residence in Dover-street, to the Fleet prison, pursuant to an Order of 
 the Lord Chancellor for Contempt of the Court of Chancery. On the 20th of 
 August, Miss Wellesley was brought from France, and restored to her guardi- 
 ans ; and, on the 22nd of the same month, Mr. Pole was discharged from the 
 Fleet prison by an Order of the Lord Chancellor. 
 
 POLIGNAC, CARDINAL, born 1661; died 1741 
 
496 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 POMPADOUR, MARCHIONESS, mistress of Louis XV. 
 
 died 1764 
 
 POND, MR JOHN, died April 27 1832 
 
 Mr. Pond deliberately dropped from the railing of the steps at the Surrey side of 
 the Waterloo Bridge, into a timber-yard beneath, (30 feet), and was killed on 
 the spot. 
 
 PONIATOWSKI, PRINCE, drowned in theElber, Oct. 19 1813 
 
 Prince Poniatowski was unfortunately drowned in the Elber, in consequence of 
 his horse leaping into that river in his flight from the battle of Leipsic. 
 
 PONSONBY, RIGHT. HON. GEORGE, died June 8 ... 1817 
 PONSONBY, MAJOR-GEN. SIR WM. died 1815 
 
 He was killed at the memorable battle of Waterloo. 
 
 POPE, ALEXANDER, the poet, born 1688; died 1744 
 
 POPHAM, SIR HOME, born 1762; died 1820 
 
 PORSON, RICHARD, Greek scholar, born 1759 ; died... 1808 
 
 PORTEOUS, BEILBY, Bishop of London, bom 1731 ; died 1808 
 
 PORTEOUS, CAPTAIN, put to death by a mob, Sept. 7, 1736 
 
 Captain Porteous attending an execution at Edinburgh, apprehending a rescue, 
 ordered the soldiers to fire, April 14, 1736 ; accused of murder, and convicted, 
 but respited by Queen Caroline, June 22, 1736 ; this so exasperated the mob, 
 that they broke into the place where he was confined, seized him, and hurrying 
 him into the street, hung him on a dyer's pole. 
 
 PORTER, MISS ANNA MARIA, died June 28 1832 
 
 PORTLAND, WM. EARL OF, statesman, died 1710 
 
 PORTLAND, WM. DUKE OF, ditto, died 1810 
 
 POTTER, ARCHBISHOP, died 1747 
 
 POTTER, ROBERT, poet, born 1721 ; died 1804 
 
 POUSSIN, GASPER, painter, died 1663 
 
 POUSSIN, NICOLAS, painter, died 1665 
 
 POWEL, GEORGE, English actor, &c. died ..... 1714 
 
 POWEL, SIR JOHN, (Judge,) died 1713 
 
 POWELL, , pedestrian, wonderful performance of, 
 
 November 27 1773 
 
 This celebrated Pedestrian walked from London to York and back again, a dis- 
 tance of above 402 miles; he performed the same again, June 20, 1788, when 
 aged 57. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 497 
 
 PRATT, SIR J. writer in prose and verse, born 1749; died 1814 
 PRETENDER, (the Old), born June 10, 1688; died 1776 
 
 PRETENDER, (the Young), his son, born Nov. 31, 1720; 
 
 died January 31, without issue „. 1788 
 
 His natural daughter assumed the title of Duchess of Albany, was born in 1763, 
 and died in 1789; his brother, the Cardinal, the last male descendant of the 
 royal family of Steuart, was born March 6, 1725, and died in poverty in 1807. 
 
 PRICE, DR. RICHARD, died 1791 
 
 He planned the present Sinking Fund for extinguishing the National Debt; he 
 was also otherwise very serviceable to the public as well as to individuals, but 
 his great services were never rewarded. 
 
 PRICHARD, MRS. actress, died 1769 
 
 PRIESTLY, DR. JOSEPH, born 1733; died February 6, 1804 
 PRIDEAUX, HUMPHREY, historian, born 1648; died . 1724 
 
 PRINGLE, SIR JOHN, physician, born 1707; died 1782 
 
 PRIOR, MATTHEW, poet, born 1665; died September 18 1721 
 PROBERT, WM. executed for horse stealing, June 20 1825 
 
 William Serjeant, and James Harper, were executed at the same time, for a simi- 
 lar offence. 
 
 PRYNNE, WM. revolutionary lawyer, bom 1600; died ... 1669 
 
 Tried by the Star-Chamber, 1633; stood in the pillory, May, 1634; again, 1637; 
 took his seat in the Long Parliament, November 28, 1640; died October 24. 
 
 PUFFENDORF, SAMUEL, historian, born 1631 ; died . 1694 
 
 PULCI, LUDOVICO, poet, born 1432; died in 1487 
 
 PULTNEY, WM. EARL OF BATH, statesman, died ... 1764 
 
 PULTNEY, SIR WM. BART, born 1729; died 1805 
 
 PULTNEY, SIR J. M. BART, died 1811 
 
 PURCELL, HENRY, musician, died 1695 
 
 PYE, HENRY JAMES, poet, born 1745 ; died August 11 1813 
 
 He was succeeded by Mr. Southey ; (see Southey.) 
 
 PYM, JOHN, lawyer, born 1584 ; died in 1644 
 
 PYNSON, RICHARD, printer, died about 1529 
 
 QUEEN ELIZABETH, born Sep. 7, 1533; died March 24 1603 
 
 Elizabeth, the daughter of Henry VIII. by Queen Ann Boleyn, ascended the 
 throne November 17, 1558, at the age of 25. Crowned at Westminster, Jan. 
 No- 64- s t 
 
498 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 QUEEN ELIZABETH, (continued.) 
 
 15, 1559 ; soon after which, an offer of- marriage was made to her by Philip of 
 Spain, (the husband of her sister, Mary, by Catherine of Arragon), and reject- 
 ed. Mary Queen of Scots having been dethroned by her nobles, fled to Eng- 
 land for safety. Elizabeth, who owed her a grudge for her pretensions to the 
 crown, availed herself of this opportunity of placing her in confinement, and 
 after keeping her for a period of nineteen years, caused her to be beheaded at the 
 Castle of Fotheringay, February 8, 1587. The Earl of Essex, the favourite of 
 Elizabeth, beheaded, February 25, 1602. The Queen died at Richmond, March 
 24, 1603; buried at Westminster, and succeeded by the son of Mary Queen of 
 Scots, then James VI. of Scotland. She reigned 44 years, 4 months, and 7 
 days. 
 
 QUEENSBERRY, DUKE OF, died 1810 
 
 QUEENSBERRY, MARQUIS OF, died February 11 ... 1817 
 
 QUESNE, ABRAHAM DU, French Admiral, born 1610; 
 
 died 1688 
 
 QUICK, , Comedian, born 1748; died April 4, 1831 
 
 QUIN, JAMES, ditto, born 1693; died 1766 
 
 QUINCY, JOHN, physician, died 1723 
 
 RADCLIFFE, DR. JOHN, born 1650; died November 1, 1714 
 
 RAIKES, R. ESQ. the individual who planned the Sunday 
 
 Schools, born 1735; died 1811 
 
 RABELAIS, FRANCOIS, French writer, died 1553 
 
 RAINE, MATTHEW, D. D. Master of the Charter House 
 
 School, born 1760; died in October 1810 
 
 RALEIGH, SIR WALTER, beheaded Oct 29 (aged 65) . 1618 
 
 The beheading of this venerable individual, will for ever stain the page of history, 
 and the character of James I. His life was taken, not on a charge of treason 
 some years before imputed to him, but because he was feared by the then king 
 of Spain. Sir Francis Gawdy, one of the Judges at the trial in 1603, and when 
 upon his death-bed, is said to have declared to his physician, (Dr. Turner,) — 
 that never was justice before so degraded and injured as by the death of Sir 
 Walter Raleigh. For near fourteen years after his conviction, (1603) he was 
 confined a close prisoner in the Tower; and, during his confinement, devoted 
 the greater part of his time to hard study : so that, he more resembled a student 
 than a prisoner. His principal work, The History of the World, was written 
 during his imprisonment: — 
 
 Explored the vast extent of ages past, 
 
 And with his prison hours enrich'd the world ; 
 
 Yet found no times in all the long research 
 
 So glorious or so base as those he proved, 
 
 In which he conqu&r'd and in which he bled." — Thomson. 
 
 Raleigh was certainly one of the most eminent men of the age in which he 
 lived ; an age enlightened by his talents, and improved by his example. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 499 
 
 RALPH, JAMES, historian and poet, died 1762 
 
 RAMSAY, ALLEN, Scotch poet, born 1685 ; died 1754 
 
 RAMSAY, WILLIAM, born 1732; died 1807 
 
 Mr. Ramsay, by his industry and attention to business, was admitted a partner 
 in an eminent Banker's, became in time principal of that house, and died worth 
 £800,000. 
 
 RAMUS, PIERRE, French writer, born 1515; died... 1753 
 
 He reformed the pronunciation of the Latin tongue, there being in his time no 
 difference in pronouncing the u and v — i and j ; q was sounded like k, — as 
 kiskis in place of quisquis. 
 
 RAPHAEL, a Roman Catholic, sworn into office as Sheriff 
 
 of London 1 834 
 
 RAPIN, RENE, died 1687 
 
 RAPIN DE THOYRAS, PAUL, historian, 1661; died . 1725 
 
 RAVAILLAC, FRANCOIS, who assassinated HENRY 
 
 IV. of France, executed 1610 
 
 RAWLINSON, DR. RICHARD, Antiquary, died 1755 
 
 RAYNAL, ABB^l, historian, died March 1796 
 
 READ, ALDERMAN, sent as a common soldier, for re- 
 fusing the King an arbitrary benevolence 1544 
 
 RE AY, MISS, shot by Hackman, April 7 1779 
 
 Miss Reay, a young lady of great accomplishments, was under the protection of 
 the Earl of Sandwich. Hackman having seen Miss Reay, he was so struck by 
 her appearance that he formed an immediate attachment for hor. He commu- 
 nicated to the Earl his regard for the young lady, and requested permission to 
 ■wait upon her; but his attentions were rejected by that nobleman. In conse- 
 quence of this, Hackman formed the dreadful resolution of destroying the 
 unfortunate young lady. Having obtained information of the Earl's intention of 
 visiting Covent Garden Theatre, in which he was to be accompanied by Miss 
 Reay, he waited till the close of the performance. Observing the Earl and 
 Miss Reay in their progress to his Lordship's carriage, Hackman discharged a 
 pistol at her, and shot her dead. 
 
 REES, DR. Editor of the' Cyclopaedia Britannica^ died . 1825 
 
 REICHSTADT, son of Napoleon Bonaparte, died 1832 
 
 REMBRANDT, VAN RYN, celebrated engraver, died ... 1668 
 
 RENAUD, MRS. (formerly MRS. POWELL), died in 
 
 Janu ary 1 832 
 
 She made her first appearance in London at the Haymarket Theatre, as Alicia, in 
 Jane Shore, in 1787, and was then about twenty-four years of age. Not being 
 engaged at the winter theatres, she went to Liverpool, where she married Mr. 
 Powell (the prompter), and was shortly after engaged at Drury-laue. In 1814, 
 she married a provincial actor of the name of Renaud, from whom she shortly 
 
500 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 RENAUD, MRS. (continued.) 
 
 afterwards parted. She then went to the Edinburgh theatre. On the occasi°n 
 of the visit of George IV. to that house, (in 1822) she performed Helen Mac- 
 gregor. On her entrance, His Majesty rose and bowed to her, the lady having 
 in early years been an especial favourite of the Sbvereign. Although her 
 powers were fast declining, and her circumstances approaching to indigence, 
 she did not experience the Royal bounty, 
 
 RENNIE, JAMES, engineer, died 1821 
 
 REPTON, HENRY, died 1818 
 
 RETZ, CARDINAL, born 1613; died ! 1679 
 
 REYNOLDS, SIR JOSHUA, died February 1792 
 
 RICARDO, DAVID, died 1823 
 
 RICCOBONI, MADAME, novellist, died 1792 
 
 RICE, MR. appearance of in London 1837 
 
 Re-appeared at the Adelphi Theatre, on Monday, December 10, in the cele- 
 brated character of ' Jim Crow, ' 1838. 
 
 RICHARD OF CIRENCESTER, historian, died 1401 
 
 RICHARD I. born 1157; died April 6 1199 
 
 Crowned at London, September 3, 1189. Released the king and people of Scot- 
 land from the oaths of homage they had taken to his father for 10,000 marks, 
 December 5, 1189. Embarked at Dover, December 11. Set out on the crusade, 
 and joined Philip of France on the plains of Vezelay, June 29, 1190. Took 
 Messina the latter end of the year. Married Berengera, daughter of the king 
 of Navarre, May 12, 1 191. Defeated the Cyprians, and took their king prisoner, 
 1191. Taken prisoner near Vienna, on his return home, by Leopold, Duke of 
 Austria, December 20, 1192. Ransomed for £40,000. and set at liberty at 
 Mentz, February 4, 1194. Returned to England, March 20, following. 
 Wounded by an arrow at Chaluz, near Limoges, in Normandy, and died April 
 6, 1199. Buried at Fonteverard, and succeeded by his brother John. Reigned 
 9 years, 7 months, and 3 days. 
 
 RICHARD II. born at Bourdeaux, January 6, 1367; said 
 
 to have been murdered in Pomfret Castle, Feb. 13... 1400 
 
 Made guardian of the kingdom, August 30, 1372. Created Prince of Wales, 
 1376. Succeeded his grandfather, Edward III. June 21, 1377, when not seven 
 years old, and was crowned at Westminster, July 16 following. The rebellion 
 of Wat Tyler and Jack Straw, 1378. Married Ann, sister to the Emperor of 
 Germany and king of Bohemia, January, 1382, who died without issue at 
 Shene, and was buried at Westminster Abbey, August 3, 1395. Married Isa- 
 bella, daughter of the king of France, November 1, 1396. He was taken 
 prisoner by Henry Duke of Lancaster, his cousin, and sent to the Tower, Sep- 
 tember 1, 1399. Resigned his crown, September 29 following, and was suc- 
 ceeded by Henry IV. Richard II. reigned 22 years, 3 months, and 7 days. 
 Buried at Langley, but removed to Westminster. 
 
 The writers of the early annals of England have most of them been in one story 
 respecting the death of this monarch ; and many of our later historians have 
 continued in the same train, without the least examination as to the probability 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 501 
 
 RICHARD II. (continued.) 
 
 of the narrative of — " his having been murdered in Pomfret Castle by Sir Piers 
 of Exton, and his assistants; but not until he had made a noble resistance, and 
 laying four of his assailants dead at his feet." 
 
 This story has been continued to be narrated in most of our school books to 
 the present time; but within these few years, the ingenious Mr. Tytler, in his 
 History of Scotland, has inserted a very different version of this affair, and 
 maintains — " That Richard contrived to effect his escape from Pomfret Castle; 
 " that he travelled in disguise to the Scottish Isles; and that he was there dis- 
 " covered in the kitchen of Donald, the Lord of the Isles, by a Jester who had 
 " been bred up at his court; that Donald, Lord of the Isles, sent him under the 
 " charge of the Lord Montgomery to Robert III. king of Scotland, by whom 
 " he was supported as became his rank, so long as that monarch lived ; that he 
 " was, after the death of the king, delivered to the Duke cf Albany, the 
 " governor of the kingdom, by whom he was honourably treated; and that he 
 " died in the castle of Stirling, in the year 1419, and was buried on the north 
 " side of the altar, in the church of the preaching friars, in the town of that 
 " name." 
 
 All contemporary historians of the death of Richard II. give a totally different 
 account from the preceding. Of these, Thomas of Walsingham, Thomas Otter- 
 bourne, the Monk of Evesham, who wrote the life of Richard, and the conti- 
 nuator of the Chronicle of Croyland, all relate " that Richard voluntarily starved 
 himself to death, in a fit of dispair, in his prison at Pomfret." And to these may 
 be added, the testimony of Gower the poet to the same effect, who was not only 
 a contemporary, but had been himself patronized by Richard. 
 
 The last sentence is extracted from an interesting' paper read by Lord Dover 
 before the Royal Society of Literature. By comparing the different authorities, 
 Lord Dover has clearly proved the incorrectness of the story; and though evi- 
 dence is wanting to substantiate the fact, that Richard was not " for -hungered," 
 or starved to death by his keepers, " the probabilities of the case would appear 
 to be very strongly in favour of his voluntary starvation." 
 
 RICHARD III. born 1453 ; killed at the battle of Bosworth, 
 
 August 22 1485 
 
 Took Prince Edward, son of Henry VI. prisoner at Tewkesbury, and helped to 
 murder him in cold blood (whose widow he afterwards married), 1471 ; made 
 Protector of England, May 27, 1473; ordered the two young princes, the sons 
 of his brother, (Edward IV.) to be smothered in the Tower, 1483; elected 
 king, June 20, and crowned on the 26th following, 1483; lost his Queen, 
 March 6, 1485; slain at the battle of Bosworth, August 22, 1485. 
 
 King Richard III. reigned two years, one month, and twenty-six days ; was 
 buried at Leicester, and succeeded by Henry VII. This battle put an end to 
 the Civil Wars between the houses of York and Lancaster, after a contest of 
 thirty years, and the loss of 100,000 men. 
 
 RICHARDSON, MR. the showman, died November 14 ... 1836 
 
 Mr. Richardson amassed the great sum of £20,000. 
 
 RICHARDSON, SAMUEL, English writer, died 1761 
 
 RICHARDSON, , Steward to Mr. Perkins, of Bleck- 
 
 ingley, murdered on Epsom Downs, February 26 1834 
 
 A reward of £300. was offered for the apprehension of the murderer. 
 
 RICHELIEU, CARDINAL, born 1585; died 1642 
 
 RICHELIEU, DUC DE, French General, died 1788 
 
502 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMOUY. 
 
 RICHMOND, CHARLES, THIRD DUKE OF, died ... 1806 
 
 RICHMOND, FRANCES THERESA, DUCHESS OF, 
 
 died 1702 
 
 This lady was idolized by king Charles II. who caused her portrait to be painted, 
 representing her in the character of Minerva; it was afterwards copied upon a 
 gold medal which he had struck, and is the origin of the figure of Britannia on 
 the copper coin of this realm. 
 
 RICKMAN, PROFESSOR, killed August 6 1753 
 
 Professor Hickman, of St. Petersburgh, was killed by a stroke from an electrical 
 apparatus. Being present at a meeting of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, he 
 heard the sound of distant thunder, and hastened home, accompanied by M. 
 Sokolow. On examining the electrometer, which was attached to his apparatus, 
 Rickman remarked that the thread pointed to four degrees on the quadrant, 
 and described to M. Sokolow the dangerous consequences that might ensue if 
 the electricity should increase to 45° or more. At this moment, Mr. Rickman 
 (who was in a stooping posture) received the stroke which terminated his life. 
 
 RIDLEY, NICHOLAS, Bishop of London, burnt at Ox- 
 ford, October 16 1555 
 
 Ridley fell a victim to the malice of Queen Mary, from her Popish opinions, and 
 was sacrificed with his friend Latimer. They both suffered at the same stake, 
 at Oxford. 
 
 RIEGO, , Spanish patriot, executed 1823 
 
 RIOU, STEPHEN, died March 1780 
 
 This gentleman, who was a captain of horse, and had served in Flanders in 1741, 
 distinguished himself by the publication of a splendid work, on the Grecian 
 Orders of Architecture, explained by delineations of Antiquities of Athens, 
 made during his travels into Greece. 
 
 RIOU, CAPT. E. killed April 2 1801 
 
 Captain Edward Riou, of H. M.S. Amazon, who so nobly distinguished himself at 
 Copenhagen, April 2, 1801, under Lord Nelson, was killed by a cannon shot, 
 in the 3Sth year of his age. In commemoration of his services, the British Par- 
 liament voted a monument to be erected to his memory in St. Paul's Cathedral. 
 
 RITSON, JOSEPH, Antiquary, born 1752; killed Mar. 9 1566 
 RIZZIO, DAVID, murdered, March 9 1566 
 
 The assassination of Rizzio, took place in the presence of Mary Queen of Scots, at 
 Holyrood House. Rizzio, (or more properly Riccio), was secretary to Mary, 
 and in consequence had frequent opportunities of seeing her. Lord Ruthven, 
 in conjunction with other conspirators, and instigated by her husband, suddenly 
 forced their way into the room, and, deaf to the intreaties of the Queen to spare 
 him, murdered him on the spot. 
 
 ROBERTSON, WILLIAM, Historian, born 1721; died . 1793 
 ROBIN HOOD, died 1247 
 
 ROBERTSON, , of Hopetown Hall, near Edinburgh, 
 
 died, aged 137 1793 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 503 
 
 ROBINSON, MARY, poetess, bovn 1758; died 1800 
 
 ROBISPIERRE, MAXIMILIAN, Revolutionist, bom in 
 
 1759; guillotined 1796 
 
 ROCHEFOUCAULT, DUKE OF, died 1C80 
 
 ROCHESTER, WM. EARL OF, born 1647; died 1680 
 
 ROCKINGHAM, CHARLES MARQUIS OF : died July 1 1782 
 
 RODNEY, ADMIRAL LORD, died 1792 
 
 Defeated the Spanish fleet, off St. Vincent, January, 8, 17S0; again defeated the 
 Spanish fleet, off Cadiz, under the command of Don Juan de Langara, and took 
 5 ships of the line, one being driven on shore, and another blown up, January 
 16, 1780. Obtained a complete victorv over the Count de Grasse, near Domi- 
 nica, in the West Indies, April 12, 1782. 
 
 ROE, MR. appointment of to tlie Magistracv of Bow-street, 
 
 May 30 ". 1832 
 
 Resigned it* in 1839. 
 
 ROGERS, CAPTAIN, navigator, died 1732 
 
 ROGERS, MR. Magistrate at Hatton Garden, sudden death 
 
 of, November 20 1838 
 
 ROLLIN, CHARLES, French writer and historian, died... 1741 
 
 ROMANA, MARQUIS DE LA, Spanish General and 
 
 Patriot, died January 23 1811 
 
 ROMILLY, SIR SAMUEL, born 1757; commmitted sui- 
 cide whilst labouring under brain fever, November 2 . 1818 
 
 ROMNEY, GEORGE, died 1802 
 
 RONSARD, PIERRE DE, French poet, died 1585 
 
 ROOKE, SIR GEORGE, died 1708 
 
 ROSAMOND, FAIR, mistress of Henry II. died about ... 1177 
 
 ROSCOMMON, EARL OF, poet, died 1684 
 
 ROSE, RT. HON. GEORGE, statesman, born 1744; died 1818 
 
 ROSS, CAPTAIN, return of from an expedition to the 
 
 North Pole, after an absence of four years 1833 
 
 Captain Ross, with the aid of a munificent friend, equipped the steam-vessel 
 Victory, at a very great expense, and left England in the summer of 1829, ac- 
 companied by his nephew, Commander Ross with a crew of eighteen able seamen, 
 with an intent to complete the discovery of the North-West Passage. In cross- 
 ing the Atlantic the Victory was dismasted by a storm ; but the damage being 
 repaired from the wreck of a whaler, she wintered on the west coast of Green- 
 land. 
 
504 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 ROSS, GENERAL, killed September 12 1814 
 
 General Ross was unfortunately killed in an unsuccessful attack on Baltimore, by 
 the British. 
 
 ROTHSCHILD, M. N. died 1S36 
 
 ROUBILIAC, , sculptor, died January 11 1762 
 
 ROUSSEAU, JOHN JAMES, French poet, died July 2 . 1778 
 
 ROUSSEAU, JOHN BAPTIST, born 1659; died 1741 
 
 ROWAN, ARCHIBALD HAMILTON, died November 1 1834 
 
 He was well known, for the part he took in the Irish Rebellion. He was 84 
 years of age. 
 
 ROWE, NICHOLAS, died December 6, 1718 
 
 Made Poet Laureat, August 11, 1715. 
 
 ROWE, ELIZABETH, died February 20, 1737 
 
 ROXBURGHE, JOHN DUKE OF, statesman, died ...... 1804 
 
 RUBENS, SIR PETER PAUL, born June 28, 1577 ; died 
 
 May 30 1640 
 
 This celebrated painter was born at Cologne. A chemist having made him an 
 offer of a share in his laboratory, to be derived from a proposed scheme, the 
 painter took him into his study, at the same time telling him that his offer came 
 20 years too late; — " for it is just so long," said he, " since I found the art of 
 making gold with my palette and pencil." 
 
 RUMFORD, COUNT, born 1753; died August 19 1814 
 
 RUNNINGTON, CHARLES, lawyer, died 1821 
 
 RUPERT, PRINCE, died November 29 1682 
 
 He was nephew of Charles I. : and at the early age of 21, had the command of the 
 royal army. He fought, with varied success, during the Civil War. After the 
 restoration, he commanded the fleet, with great skill, and to the benefit of his 
 country. 
 
 RUSH WORTH, JOHN, historian, born 1607; died 1690 
 
 RUSSELL, LORD WILLIAM, beheaded July 21 1683 
 
 Historians and biogiaphers have written variously on the life of this celebrated 
 nobleman ; some by extoling him, whilst others have given vent to their bitterest 
 enmity by defaming his character. 
 
 RUSSELL, LADY RACHAEL, died 1723 
 
 She displayed great heroism in her attendance upon the trial of her Lord. 
 
 RUSSELL, WILLIAM, FIRST DUKE OF BEDFORD, 
 
 died 1700 
 
 Father of William Lord Russell, beheaded in the reign of Charles II. King 
 James IL. who had been Lord William's chief enemy, and who, previous to his 
 abdicating the throne, when soliciting the assistance of this peer, then Earl of 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 505 
 
 RUSSELL, WILLIAM, (continued.) 
 
 Bedford, received the following catting reproof, — " Alas, Sire, lam old and 
 useless, but I once had a son who might have served your Majesty on this 
 occasion." 
 
 RUSSELL, JOHN, FIRST EARL OF BEDFORD, died 1555 
 
 He rendered great service to his country in the French wars, and was the first 
 ■who was advanced to the honour of the Peerage. 
 
 RUSSELL, FRANCIS, FOURTH EARL OF BED- 
 FORD, died in 1641 
 
 The projector of that stupendous undertaking, named the ' Bedford Level.' 
 
 RUSSIA, PETER III. EMPEROR OF, raised to the 
 
 throne, January 5 1762 
 
 Deposed July, 1762; died in July, 1762 
 
 , CATHERINE II. EMPRESS OF, raised to 
 
 the throne, July 9 1762 
 
 Armed neutrality of the Northern Powers against England, commenced under the 
 Empress Catherine, 1780. She died November 17, 1796. 
 
 , PAUL EMPEROR OF, died suddenly, Mar. 23 1801 
 
 5 ALEXANDER, EMPEROR OF, March 23... 1801 
 
 Raised to the throne on the death of his father, Paul. Visited England, accom- 
 panied by the king of Prussia, Prince Blucher, &c. &c. June 6, 1814. Alex- 
 ander died at Takanzog, December 1825. 
 
 ~ — ■, NICHOLAS, EMPEROR OF, raised to the 
 
 throne, 1825 
 
 Born July 7, 1796. Succeeded his brother Alexander, 1825. Married July 13, 
 1817, Louisa Charlotte, Princess of Prussia. 
 
 RUST, GEORGE, BISHOP OF DROMORE, died 1670 
 
 RUYTER, MICHAEL ADRIAN DE, Dutch Admiral, 
 
 died :-. 1676 
 
 RYDER, RT. HON. RICHARD, died 1832 
 
 R YL AND, WILLI AM, executed for forgery 1783 
 
 Tyburn has been the place of execution of a vast number of individuals: it was at 
 this spot that Felton.who stabbed the Duke of Buckingham, (for an account of 
 which see page 422, ante); the Perreaus, for forgery; the Rev. Dr. Dodd, for a 
 similar offence on the Earl of Chesterfield ; the Rev. James Hackman, for 
 shooting Miss Reay ; and the infamous Catherine Hayes, for the murder of her 
 husband, paid the last forfeit of their offences. The latter criminal suffered the 
 utmost severity of her sentence; being literally burnt alive, in consequence of 
 the indignation of the populace, who would not suffer the executioner to 
 strangle her, (as was usual), before the fire was kindled. 
 
 The gallows was of a triangular form, and stood on a small eminence at the 
 corner of the Edgeware road, near the Turnpike. When Tyburn ceased to be 
 the place of execution, the gallows was purchased by a carpenter, 'who con- 
 verted it into stands for beer-butts, in the cellars of a public house in the 
 neighbourhood, viz. The Carpenter's Arms, in Adam-street. 
 
 No. 65- s u 
 
506 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 RYLAND, WILLIAM, (continued.) 
 
 After the execution of Ryland, (who was the last individual that suffered 
 here), Newgate was appointed to be the place in future for the punishment 
 of malefactors. The first criminal executed here, was by a machine, (then 
 newly invented), and called the New Drop, on December 9, 1783. To show the 
 prevailing extent of crime at this period, it is only necessary to observe, that 
 fifteen persons were executed June 23, 1784; and from February to December, 
 in 1785, no less than ninety-six individuals suffered at Newgate by this new 
 machine. 
 
 SACHEVERAL, REV. DR. silenced, March 23 1710 
 
 Preached his seditious sermon at St. Paul's, November 5, 1709. He died in 
 1724. An alarming riot took place in consequence of Dr. Sacheveral's trial ; 
 several Dissenting Meeting Houses were broke open ; the pulpit of one pulled 
 down; and, with the pews, burnt in Lincoln's Inn-fields. 
 
 SACKVILLE, THOMAS, EARL OF DORSET, Sates- 
 
 man and poet, born 1527 ; died 1608 
 
 SACKVILLE, EDW. FOURTH EARL OF DORSET, 
 
 died 1652 
 
 The Earl cf Dorset attended Charles I. to the field, and at the battle of Edge Hill, 
 behaved with the greatest bravery, leading on the troops that retook the royal 
 standard, which the enemy had taken when Sir Edward Verney was killed. 
 
 , His duel with Lord Bruce of Kinloss, by whom he was challenged, is perhaps 
 the most harrowing recital of a personal quarrel on record. He took so much to 
 heart the murder of Charles I. that he never after went out of his house. 
 
 SADLER, MR. Jun. thrown from his balloon, and killed, 
 
 October 5 1824 
 
 SALISBURY, ROBERT CECIL, EARL OF, died 1612 
 
 SALMON, NATHANIEL, historian, died 1740 
 
 SALMON, DAVID, who sailed round the World with Lord 
 
 Anson, born 1703; died 1809 
 
 SANCROFT, WILLIAM, ARCHBISHOP OF CAN- 
 TERBURY, bora 1616 
 
 Committed tu the Tower, tried and acquitted, 1688; deprived, 1689; died No- 
 vember 26, 1693. 
 
 SANDERSON, ROBERT, born 1587; died 1662 
 
 SANDERSON, ROBERT, Antiquary, born 1660; died . 1741 
 SANDWICH, ADMIRAL THE EARL OF, died May 21 1672 
 
 Admiral Sandwich's ship was blown up in an engagement with the French, in 
 Southwold Bay. 
 
 SANDYS, SIR EDWIN, born 1561; died 1629 
 
 SANDYS, GEORGE, traveller, died in 1643 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 507 
 
 SANQUIR, LORD, hanged for killing a fencing master ... 1612 
 
 SANTRY, LORD, condemned for murder in Ireland, 1739 
 
 SARMAN, MR. R. died August 30, 1837 
 
 Mr. Sarman was aged 1G0 years, and 3 months, and was blind the last 26 years of 
 his life. 
 
 SAUNDERS, SIR EDMUND, (judge), died 1682 
 
 SAUNDERS, WM. physician, born 1743; died 1817 
 
 SAVAGE, RICHARD, poet, born 1698; died.. 1743 
 
 He was deprived of his birthright, and afterwards of his fortune, by his own 
 mother; condemned for a murder, on false evidence, occasioned by a coffee- 
 house quarrel, 1727; pardoned, 1728; and died in jail, 1743. 
 
 SAVILLE, SIR HENRY, born 1540; died...., 1622 
 
 SAVILLE, GEORGE, born 1630; died 1695 
 
 SAWTREE, SIR WM. the first person burnt in England, 
 
 on account of religion 1401 
 
 SAXE, MAURICE COUNT, celebrated general, died ... 1750 
 
 SCALES, LORD, murdered by a ferryman, August 19 1460 
 
 SCALCKEN, GODFREY, painter, born 1643; died 1706 
 
 SCALIGER, JULIUS CESAR, Italian physician and 
 
 writer, born 1484 ; died 1558 
 
 SCALIGER, JOSEPH, (son), French writer, died in 1609 
 
 SCANDERBERG, , (alias GEORGE CASTRIOT), 
 
 warrior, born 1404 ; died in 1467 
 
 SCHILLER, FREDERICK, German poet, born No- 
 vember 10, 1789 ; died May 9 .„ 1805 
 
 SCHOEFFER, PETER ; see Printing. 
 
 SCHOMBERG, DUKE OF, warrior, born 1608; killed in 1690 
 
 Landed in Ireland, August 13, 1689; killed at the battle of the Boyne, 1690. 
 
 SCHOMBERG, ISAAC, physician, died in 1780 
 
 SCHRIMSHAW, MRS. JANE, died, December 6 1711 
 
 She died in Rosemary-lane Workhouse, Tower-hill, aged 127. 
 
 SCHWARTZ, BERTH, the discoverer of gunpowder, died 1340 
 SCOTT, REGINALD, English writer, died 1599 
 
508 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 SCOTT, SIR WALTER, poet, born August 15, 1771 ; 
 
 died September 21 1832 
 
 He entered the University of Edinburgh in October, 1783; and on the 10th of 
 July, 1792, and previous to his completing his 21st year, he passed Advocate 
 at the Scottish bar, after the usual examinations. In 1792, he obtained from 
 the Crown, through the friendship of the Duke of Buccleugh, the appointment 
 of Sheriff of Selkirkshire, to which was attached a salary of £200. per year. 
 
 In 1805 appeared his Lay of the last Minstrel; in 1810, The Lady of the Lake ; 
 in 1811, Don Roderick; in 1813, Rokehy ; and in 1814, The Lord of the Isles; 
 The Waverley Novels. The Bridal of Triermain, and Harold the Dauntless, ap- 
 peared anonymously, the former in 1813, and the latter in 1817. 
 
 From 1826 to 1831, Sir Walter continued his literary labours; and during 
 this period, (besides several other works), produced his Life of Napoleon, in 9 
 vols. A History of Scotland, in 2. Tales of a Grandfather, in 9 small ditto. 
 Letters on Demonology. Malagrowther's Letters, and several smaller productions. 
 
 In 1820, his health had greatly declined; and during the summer of 183J, 
 he continued to grow considerably worse; so much so, that his medical atten- 
 dants forbade all mental exertion. In the autumn of this year, a visit to Italy 
 was recommended, to which he was with great difficulty prevailed on to accede; 
 but after much intreaty, gave his assent, and accordingly set sail in October, 
 accompanied by his eldest son, and an unmarried daughter. His health 
 in consequence seemed improved by the voyage ; but being desirous of return- 
 ing to Scotland, he hurried homeward with such rapidity that, on his reaching 
 London, he was in a most pitiable condition. On the 11th of July, 1832, he 
 arrived at his house at Abbctsford ; but mortification, which, had been pro- 
 gressing for some time previous, now took place, and he expired without a 
 struggle. 
 
 SCOTT, RT. HON. SIR WILLIAM, created BARON 
 
 STOWELL, July 1821 
 
 SCOTT, SAMUEL, the American Diver, died January 11 . 1841 
 
 Great sensation and interest was excited by the melancholy fate of this individual. 
 Scott was a native of Philadelphia, in the United States : and at an early age, 
 entered the American navy, during which period he distinguished himself by 
 exhibiting various daring feats as a diver, by leaping- from the yard-arms, or 
 top-masts of the vessels there into the sea. He possessed a wonderful power of 
 holding his breath ; and his courage as a diver having rendered him very 
 popular, he quitted the naval service, and travelled into different parts of the 
 Union, in which he exhibited his wonderful performances. He also visited 
 Canada, and there excited the wonder of its inhabitants, by leaping from the 
 banks of the river St. Lawrence, and several other places there. 
 
 Pie came to this country about twelve months ago, during- which he visited 
 some of our principal sea-ports. Two of his most surprising leaps have been 
 taken in the Isle of Wight, and at Pembroke Dock-Yard. But the greatest of 
 all his feats was his wonderful flying leap from a precipice below the Falls of 
 Niagara, where, according to his own statement, and description of the spot, he 
 leaped 495 feet into the river beneath, without injury or inconvenience! Some 
 persons, most likely, will doubt the truth of this ; but they should remember, 
 (however strange the circumstance may appear), that the same feat was pel- 
 formed some years since, by Samuel Patch, who at length lost his life by an 
 accident in the attempt. Scott solemnly averred that he had done it, and was 
 willing to do it again in this country, provided a proper spot and contrivance 
 could be pointed out, with sufficient height for the leap. 
 
 On his first appearance in London, he made several leaps from the main-top 
 gallant-mast of a Collier brig moored off the Town Pier at Gravesend. He 
 afterwards exhibited at Deptford, when he jumped from the mast-head of a 
 large American ship; and here a similar accident nearly befel him, to the fatal 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 509 
 
 SCOTT, SAMUEL, (continued.) 
 
 one which lately closed his dangerous career. In going through Bis usual 
 tricks, with which he amused the spectators previous to his leap, the rope 
 slipped from its position, and he was in danger of his life. The spectators, 
 who saw it afar off, imagining it to be one of his feats, began to applaud; but a 
 brother tar, who fortunately had taken his station in the rigging, and who per- 
 ceived Sam to grow .black in' the face, immediately made his way to the spot, 
 where he was suspended, in order to render him assistance; at this moment 
 Scott making a desperate effort to release himself, he was caught hold of by 
 the sailor, who instantly loosened the rope, and drew out his head. 
 
 He was accidentally strangled, during the repetition of his extraordinary per- 
 formances, on Waterloo Bridge, Monday, January 11, 1841. 
 
 SEATON, THOMAS, who instituted the Prize Poems at 
 
 Cambridge, born 1 684 ; died in 1 750 
 
 SECKER, DR. THOMAS, ARCHBISHOP OF CAN- 
 TERBURY, born 1693; died 1768 
 
 SEDLEY, SIR CHARLES, poet, born 1636; died in 1720 
 
 SEES, JOHN DOMINICK, died in January 1793 
 
 SEFTON, LORD, died November 20 1838 
 
 The noble Earl was in the 67th year of his age, having been born on September 
 18, 1772. He was a warm, enlightened, and consistent friend of the cause of 
 the people, and that in " the worst of times, when," as has been truly ob- 
 served, " mens' souls are tried." During the terrific proceedings of 1817 and 
 1819, when there was a reign of terror, with the infamous King Castlereagh and 
 Co. for sovereign power; and when the forty -parson force of persecution was ap- 
 plied to crush Hone and his parodies, the truly noble Molyneux defied outcry, 
 and did his duty by countenancing principle, and all those who defended prin- 
 ciple. During Mr. Hone's memorable three days' trial, Lord Sefton was no 
 inactive spectator. After the acquittal, he wrote with his own hand, although 
 on a sick bed, a letter to Mr. Hone, congratulating him on the escape from the 
 monstrous persecutions against him, and inclosing a cheque for £100. at the 
 same time expressing the very high satisfaction he felt at having lived long 
 enough to make such acknowledgment, and to forward such cheque. 
 
 SELDEN, JOHN, born 1584; died October 30 165^ 
 
 SELLON, MR. SERJEANT, a Magistrate of Hatton 
 
 Garden, died August 19 1835 
 
 SENNEFELDER, , the inventor of lithography, died 
 
 at Munich 1834 
 
 SERVETUS, MIGUEL, born 1509; burnt 1553 
 
 Burnt by Calvin twenty two years after the publication of his book on the Trinity, 
 which was the ostensible cause of it. 
 
 SEVIGNE, MARCHIONESS DE, born 1626; died 1696 
 
 SEWARD, ANNA, poetess, born 1747; died 1809 
 
 SEWELL, DR. GEORGE, died February 8 ... f 1727 
 
510 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 SEYMOUR, QUEEN JANE, died 1537 
 
 SHAD WELL, THOMAS, ESQ. Poet Laureat, died 1692 
 
 SHAFTESBURY, EARL OF, statesman, born 1671 ; died 1713 
 SHAKSPEARE, WM. poet, born 1564 ;" died hi 1616 
 
 He was born at Stratford-upon-Avon, in Warwickshire; and is supposed to have 
 produced his first dramatic composition (the First Part of Henry VI.) so early 
 as 1589, when he was only 25 years of age. It is certain, however, that some of 
 his productions, viz. his Romeo and Juliet, his Richard II. and his Richard III. 
 were printed in 1597. He continued to write for the Stage for a number of 
 years, and occasionally appeared as a performer. At length having secured by 
 his exertions a handsome competence, and achieved vast fame, Shakspeare, at 
 the very early age of 49, resolved to give up all personal attendance on the 
 Theatre, and retired to his estate at New Place. Here he busied himself with 
 the management of his lands; and it was probably now that he planted with 
 his own hand the mulberry tree which was so long an object of reverent admi- 
 ration. 
 
 It had been hoped that he would have lived to old age; but he had hardly 
 retired from public life three years, ere he was called away from the world he 
 had so adorned, on his 52nd birth-day. A monument was erected to his 
 memory in Westminster Abbey, 1741. The Stratford Jubilee, given in honour 
 of Shakspeare, took place in 1769. 
 
 SHARP, ARCHBISHOP, born 1618; murdered in his 
 
 coach, May 3 1679 
 
 SHARP, GRANVILLE, died 1813 
 
 SHAW, DR. THOMAS, traveller and antiquarian, died .1751 
 
 SHELDON, GILBERT, Archbishop of Canterbury, died . 1677 
 
 SHELLIE, JAMES, Irishman, died aged 136, June 1759 
 
 SHELLEY, PERCY BYSSHE, drowned August 8 1822 
 
 SHENSTONE, WM. poet, born 1714; died 1763 
 
 SHEEN, WM. trial of, July 14 1827 
 
 William Sheen was arraigned for the murder of his infant child, by cutting off its 
 head. He was acquitted at the previous Sessions, on the ground that the child's 
 name was not correctly set forth in the indictment, the infant being born before 
 the father's marriage; the father ought to have been indicted for murdering a 
 child named Bedale, the mother's surname, and not Sheen, the father's. Ac- 
 quitted. He was afterwards imprisoned, for want of bail, for threatening the 
 life of an old woman, who was a neighbour of his. 
 
 SHEPERY, JOHN, poet, born 1509; died 1542 
 
 SHEPHERD, MR. H. C. murder of, December 1832 
 
 SHERRARD, WM. founder of the Professorship of Botany, 
 
 at Oxford, died s . ...".. 1728 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 511 
 
 SHERBURNE, SIR E. killed in a meeting at Oxford, 
 
 June 12 1646 
 
 SHERIDAN, R. B. born October 1751 ; died July 7, and 
 
 funeral of, July 18, 1816 
 
 SHERLOCK, THOMAS, Bishop of Bangor, died 1749 
 
 SHERLOCK, THOMAS, Bishop of London, died 1761 
 
 SHIPLEY, WM. projector of the Society of Arts, &c. died. 1804 
 
 SHIRLEY, JAMES, born 1594; died 1666 
 
 SHORE, JANE, mistress of Edward IV. did penance in ... 1483 
 
 Her husband was executed for coining, 1496. 
 
 SHOVEL, SIR. C. lost on the rocks of Scilly, October 22, 1707 
 
 His ship, The Association, struck on the rocks of Scilly, called, The Bishop and His 
 Clerks, and perished with every person on board. This was likewise the fate 
 of The Eagle and The Romney : Tlie Firebrand was dashed in pieces on the 
 rocks ; but the captain and four and twenty men saved themselves in the 
 boat : The Phoenix was driven on shore, and all the crew preserved : The Royal 
 Anne was saved by the presence of mind and uncommon dexterity of Sir 
 George Byng and his men; The St. George, commanded by Lord Dursley, was 
 driven on the same rock which had proved so fatal to the Admiral; and the 
 same wave which beat out The Association's lights, set TIte St. George afloat. 
 
 His body being cast ashore, was stripped by the country people, and buried 
 in the sand ; but was afterwards discovered and brought into Plymouth, from 
 whence itwas conveyed to London, and interred in Westminster Abbey, where 
 a noble monument was erected to the memory of this gallant officer, as a mark 
 of gratitude for the signal services which he performed to his country. 
 
 SHUTER, EDWARD, the Comedian, died November 17 . 1776 
 
 SIDDONS, MR. died 1802 
 
 SIDDONS, MRS. retirement of from the Stage 1812 
 
 Mrs. Siddons' last appearance was in Lady Macbeth. In 1813 she performed the 
 same character for the benefit of her brother Charles. In 1816, Queen Catherine, 
 for the same object. On the 8th of June, in the same year, she performed 
 Lady Macbeth to gratify Charlotte and Cobourg. She died at her house, June 8, 
 1831, aged 76; and was interred in Mary-le-bone church, on the 13th of the 
 same month. 
 
 SIDNEY, SIR P. warrior, born 1554; killed 1586 
 
 Killed at the battle of Zutphen. 
 
 SIDNEY, ALGERNON, born 1620; beheaded Dec. 7 ... 1683 
 
 Beheaded for his participation in the Rye House Plot, of which, although there 
 was no reasonable doubt of his guilt, yet he suffered under an unjust sentence, 
 and an imperfect administration of the law. 
 
 SIGISMUND, THE EMPEROR, visited England, 1419; 
 
 and died in 1438 
 
512 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 SILVESTRE, ISRAEL, celebrated engraver, died 1691 
 
 SIMARY, ANNE, French woman, born 1640; died 1767 
 
 SIMON, RICHARD, French writer, born 1638; died ... 1712 
 
 SIMONNEA, CHARLES, engraver, died 1728 
 
 SIMMONS, DR. S. Physician to St, Luke's Hospital, born 
 
 March 17, 1750; died in June 1813 
 
 SIMNEL, LAMBERT, crowned king in Ireland 14S7 
 
 SIMSON, THOMAS, mathematician, died 1765 
 
 SKELTON, JOHN, poet, died in 1589 
 
 SKINNER, STEPHEN, physician and antiquarian, died... 1667 
 
 SLIGO, MARQUIS OF, trial of 1812 
 
 He was sentenced to a fine of £5000. and 4 months imprisonment, for enticing a 
 seaman to desert. 
 
 SLINGSBY, SIR HENRY, Governor of Hull, and Dr. 
 
 Hewett, beheaded on Tower-hill, June 8 1 G58 
 
 SLOANE, SIR HANS, physician, died January 11 1752 
 
 SMALLBRIDGE, GEORGE, BISHOP OF BRISTOL, 
 
 poet and writer, died 1719 
 
 SMART, CHRISTOPHER, poet, died in 1770 
 
 SMEATON, JOHN, engineer, died 1792 
 
 SMELLIE, WILLIAM, anatomist died in 1763 
 
 SMELLIE, WILLIAM, printer and writer, died in 1795 
 
 SMITH, ADAM, celebrated writer, died 1790 
 
 SMITH, EDMUND, poet, born 1669; died in 1710 
 
 SMITH, SIR THOMAS, historian, born 1514; died 1577 
 
 SMITH, RENATUS, mezzotinto scraper, died 1715 
 
 SMITH, JOHN, engraver, died at the end of the 17th cen- 
 tury. 
 
 SMITH, THOMAS, biographer, born 1638; died 1710 
 
 SMITH, ROBERT, born 1666, died 1768 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 513 
 
 SMITH, SIR SIDNEY, born 1764; died May 1840 
 
 Took the island of St. Mavcou, on the coast of France, July, 1795. Defeated 
 Bonaparte at the siege of Acre, 1799. Re-took the island of Joppa from Bona- 
 parte, June 22, 1799. Sword voted to by the Corporation of London, Decem- 
 ber 17, 1801. Attacked the French flotilla at Boulogne, August 31, 1805. 
 Portuguese fleet escorted to the Brazils by, 1807. 
 
 This gallant officer expired at his residence, No. 9, Rue d'Augessau, the 
 latter end of May, 1840. On the 30th the body was taken from his late resi- 
 dence, and interred in the Cemetery of Pere la Chaise, in Paris, and attended 
 by many of the principal English residents in Paris. The introductory part of 
 the service was performed in the church by the Right Reverend Bishop, Lus- 
 comb, and the body was then borne to the cemetery, attended by a long train of 
 mourning and private carriages. At the conclusion of the burial service, which 
 was impressively read by Bishop Luscomb, three Orations were delivered, the 
 first by M. Raoul, Avocat of the Court of Cessation, who, after pronouncing a 
 general panegyric on the character of the deceased as a warrior, proceeded to 
 eulogise him for his active and generous exertion for promoting' the objects of 
 several Philanthropic Societies, of which he was a Member, and to which his 
 advice, his poetical and scientific acquirements, and his invention, were so inva- 
 luable. 
 
 M. Julien gave a short but comprehensive recapitulation of the services of 
 Sir Sidney, from his first entering the British navy at the age of 13, and also 
 expatiated largely on his amiable qualities. 
 
 The third gentleman, whose name is not mentioned, proceeded in a similar 
 strain of eulogium of the character of Sir Sidney, as a citizen of the world, ever 
 ready to aid the cause of humanity. No stronger testimony to his worth could 
 be shown than to hear his eulogium pronounced solely by members of a nation, 
 against which, in his career of arms, he had so gloriously fought. 
 
 SMITHERS', MR. dreadful fire at, May 28 1832 
 
 By this unfortunate circumstance, Miss Eliza Twamley, of the Opera House, was 
 burnt to death, and a little boy so dreadfully injured by falling from the window 
 of Smithers' house, that he died in two or three days afterwards. On the 1st 
 of June a Coroner's jury sat on the bodies of Miss Twamley, and the little boy 
 Charles Napoleon Flang-o, when they returned a verdict of — " Wilful murder 
 against Smithers, by setting his house on fire. On the 7th of June, Smithers was, 
 (at 3 o'clock in the morning, after a trial of fifteen hours), found guilty of the 
 murder of Eliza Twamley, and Charles Napoleon Flango. He was sentenced 
 to he executed on the 9th of June, and his body delivered to the surgeons. 
 
 SMOLLETT, DR. TOBIAS, poet and historian, died 1771 
 
 SNELL, HANNAH, female soldier, had a pension granted 1730 
 
 SOIBESKI, JOHN, KING OF POLAND, died 1696 
 
 SOLANDER, DR. DANIEL, naturalist, born 1736; died 1782 
 
 SOLOMONS, IKEY, (the notorious,) sentenced to 14 years 
 
 transportation, May 13 1831 
 
 SOMERS, JOHN LORD, statesman, born 1660; died ... 1716 
 
 This eminent individual successively filled the important stations of Solicitor and 
 Attorney-General, Keeper of the Great Seal, and Lord High Chancellor. But 
 the great feature of his life was his plan for the uniting of the kingdoms of 
 England and Scotland, which was eventually completed by the Council, of 
 which he was President. 
 
 No. 66- 3 x 
 
514 
 
 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY 
 
 SOMERSET, BLANCH, BARONESS ARUNDEL, died 1649 
 
 Lady Arundel, in the Great Rebellion, and during the absence of her Lord, in his 
 attendance upon the king at Oxford, when his castle at Wardour was surrounded 
 by the Parliament's forces, amounting to 1300 men, commanded by Colonel 
 Strode ; and although her means of defence consisted of no more than fifty 
 servants, out of whom there were but 25 fighting men, she replied, on being 
 summonsed to surrender, — " that she had a command from her lord, to keep it, 
 " and would obey that command." After sustaining a severe bombardment, 
 and worn by continual watching, she capitulated, but not until the enemy had 
 applied petards to the castle gate. 
 
 SOMERVILLE, WM. English poet, born 1692; died 1743 
 
 SOMNER, WILLIAM, the antiquary, born 1598; died in 1669 
 
 SOUTHCOTT, JOANNA, pretended prophetess, died 
 
 December 27, (aged 65) 1814 
 
 This notorious impostor was a native of Exeter, and, in conjunction with others, 
 had long practised on the credulity of the lower class by her pretended prophe- 
 cies. It was lamentable that so many persons, some of them of the greatest 
 respectability, should have been deluded by her impious predictions. Her 
 corpse, after having been examined by the surgeons, was deposited at an 
 undertakers in Oxford-street, where it remained up to the time of the funeral, 
 which took place on the 3rd of January following, in the New Cemetery, at St. 
 John's Wood chapel, on the west side, where is the following inscription : — 
 
 In Memory of 
 
 Joanna Southcott, 
 
 Who departed this life December 27, 1814, 
 
 aged 65. 
 
 " While through all thy wondrous days 
 Heaven and Earth enraptui'd gaz'd. 
 While vain Sages think they know, 
 Secrets, thou alone canst show, 
 Time alone will tell what hour, 
 Thou'lt appear in " Greater" power." — Sabineus. 
 
 On a black marble tablet, let into the wall, opposite to the above spot, is the 
 following inscription, in gilt letters, in addition to the above. 
 
 " Behold the time shall come, that these tokens which I have told thee, shall come 
 to pass, and the Bride shall appear, and She coming forth, shall be seen, that now is 
 within from the earth." — 2d of EsdrAS, Chap. 7th ver 26. 
 
 " For the Vision is yet for an appointed time, but at the end it shall speak, and 
 Not Lie, though it tarry, Wait far it; Because it will Surely Come, it will not 
 tarry." — Habakkuk, Chap. 2, ver. 3rd. 
 
 " And whosoever is delivered from the Foresaid evils, shall see My Wonders" 
 
 2d Esdbas, Chap. 7, ver. 27th. 
 
 This Tablet was erected 
 
 By the sincere Friends of the above, 
 
 Anno Domini, 182S. 
 
 The burial of the deceased was conducted with such secrecy, that the 
 Minister who read the service, nor any of the attendants connected with the 
 chapel knew the real name of the person who was about to be consigned to its 
 last place till the funeral arrived, the name of Goddard having been registered. 
 
 SOUTHERN, THOMAS, dramatist, died May 26 1746 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 515 
 
 SOUTHEY, MR. appointed Poet Laureat, in the room of 
 
 Sir James Henry Pye, deceased, November 11 1813 
 
 SPAIN, FERDINAND VII. KING OF, born Oct. 14 ... 1784 
 
 Succeeded his father, Charles IV. (who was born November 11, 1748,) on his 
 resignation of the crown at Bayonne, March 19, 1808. Ferdinand married first 
 the Infanta Maria Isabella of Portugal, September 19, 1816, who died Decem- 
 ber 26, 1818; and secondly, the Princess Josephine Maria of Saxony, in Sep- 
 tember, 1819. 
 
 SPEED, JOHN, historian, bom 1553; died 1629 
 
 SPELMAN, SIR HENRY, antiquarian, born 1561; died 1641 
 SPENCE, THOMAS, political enthusiast, died in October 1814 
 
 He devised and published a plan by which human kind could be provided with 
 sustenance, without pauperism. 
 
 SPENCER, , execution of. 1320 
 
 The preceding individual was hanged at Bristol, aged 90; the son underwent the 
 like punishment at Hereford, November 24 following; and the grandson was 
 beheaded at Bristol, in 1400. 
 
 SPENCER, HENRY, E. OF SUNDERLAND, killed . 1643 
 
 He fell at the battle of Newbury, a volunteer in king Charles' army, 
 
 SPENCER, EARL, died November 10 1834 
 
 Earl Spencer was First Lord of the Admiralty under Mr. Pitt's Administration, 
 from 1794, to 1801, and retired when Mr. Addington became Prime Minister. 
 
 SPENSER, EDWARD, the poet, born 1510; died in 1598 
 
 SPOONER, MR. of Tamworth, died April 30, (aged 57)... 1775 
 
 Mr. Spooner weighed 40 st. 9 lb. ; and measured 4 ft. 3 in. across the shoulders. 
 
 SPOTTISWOODE, MR. R. died at Carlisle, August 30 . 1832 
 
 SPOTSWOOD, ARCHBISHOP OF ST. ANDREWS, 
 
 born 1565; died 1639 
 
 SPRAT, DR. THOMAS, BISHOP OF ROCHESTER, 
 
 historian, born 1635; died 1713 
 
 STACKHOUSE, THOMAS, English Divine, &c. died in . 1752 
 
 STAEL, MADAME DE, died in June 1817 
 
 STANHOPE, CHARLES EARL, died December 15 ... 1816 
 
 STANHOPE, PHILIP, EARL OF CHESTERFIELD, 
 
 born 1694; died 1773 
 
 STANHOPE, DR. GEORGE, born 1660; died 1728 
 
 STANHOPE, JAMES EARL OF, Gen. born 1673; died 1721 
 
516 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 STANISLAUS, KING OF POLAND, died February 6 . 1768 
 
 Stanislaus, the abdicated King of Poland, was unfortunately burnt to death, in 
 the 89th year of his age. 
 
 STANISLAUS, PONIATOWSKY, died February 11 ... 1798 
 
 He was the last King of Poland; was deprived of his kingdom in 1795, and died 
 at St. Petersburgh, aged 65. 
 
 STANLEY, GEORGE, born 1568; died aged 150 years . 1719 
 
 STANLEY, MR. JOHN, musician, born 1713; died 1786 
 
 STANLEY, JAMES, SEVENTH EARL OF DERBY, 
 
 beheaded in 165 1 
 
 He possessed the most heroic courage, fully evinced in a sanguinary conflict with 
 the Parliament troops at Wigan, consisting of 3000 men, to oppose whom, he 
 had but 200 horse, mostly officers and gentlemen. In this unequal conflict he 
 received five wounds on his arms and shoulders, seven shot in his breast-plate, 
 thirteen cuts on his beaver, and had two horses killed under him. He had the 
 good fortune to escape from this dreadful encounter; but soon after was taken 
 by the enemy, who beheaded him. 
 
 STAPLETON, WALTER, Bishop of Exeter, murdered . 1326 
 STAPLETON, SIR ROBERT, dramatic writer died in ... 1669 
 STAUNTON, SIR GEORGE, died 1801 
 
 This gentleman was Secretary to Lord Macartney in his Embassy to China, and 
 was a Member of the Royal Institution. He published an account of the Em- 
 bassy. He died at his house, in Devonshire street, Portland-place, January 31. 
 
 STEBBING, HENRY, Divine died 1763 
 
 STEDMAN, CAPT. JOHN, historian, born 1745; died . 1797 
 STEELE, SIR RICHARD, born 1676 ; died September 1 1729 
 STEELE, MR. murder of, November 6 1802 
 
 Mr. Steele was a lavender distiller, in a very extensive way of business. The 
 perpetrators of this horrid deed were two labourers, Holloway and Haggerty, 
 who having obtained information of Mr. Steele's frequently passing to and from 
 Hounslow, they formed the plan of way-laying the unfortunate gentleman. 
 One of the murderers, had, at the time of his apprehension, Mr. Steele's gold 
 ■watch concealed about his person. They were accordingly tried, found guilty, 
 and sentenced to be executed. On the morning of the execution, a dreadful 
 loss of life took place, occasioned by the dense crowd collected to witness 
 their exit; many were pushed down, and "being unable to rise, they were una- 
 voidably trod to death. Thirty bodies were taken to St. Bartholomew's Hospital 
 to be owned. 
 
 STEEVENS, GEORGE, commentator, born 1736; died in 1800 
 
 STEPHENS, HENRY, printer, born 1470; died 1520 
 
 STEPHENS, ROBERT, printer, born 1503; died ]559 
 
 STEPHENS, HENRY, printer and lexicographer, born 
 
 1528; died 1598 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 517 
 
 STEPHEN, KING OF ENGLAND, born 1105; died ... 1154 
 
 Crowned December 2, 1135; taken prisoner at Lincoln by the Earl of Glouces- 
 ter, Maude's half brother, February, 1141, and put in irons at Bristol, but re- 
 leased in exchange for the Earl of Gloucester, taken at Winchester. Matilda, 
 Stephen's Queen, was crowned on Easter-Day, 1136; died May 3, 1151, at 
 Henningham castle, Essex, and was buried in a monastery at Feversham. 
 
 Stephen reigned 18 years, 10 months; was buried at Feversham, and suc- 
 ceeded by Henry, son of Maude. 
 
 STEPHENSON, SIR BENJ. one of the Commissioners 
 
 of Woods and Forests, died June 10 1839 
 
 STEPNEY, GEORGE, Dramatist and Statesman, born 
 
 1683; died in 1707 
 
 STERNE, LAWRENCE, English writer, died 1768 
 
 In 1759, appeared the first and second volume of his Tristam Shandy, which com- 
 pletely established his fame as an author; and the suceeding volumes were 
 anxiously looked for, but which, however, did not appear till 1761, when the 
 third and 4th came before the public. These were followed by the fifth and 
 sixth, in 1762; the seventh and eighth, in 1764; and in 1766, by the 9th, and 
 last. Soon after the conclusion of this work, his health being- on the decline, he 
 was advised to travel ; and he accordingly proceeded with his family to Fiance. 
 From France, he proceeded to Italy ; and during his sojourn there, he wrote his 
 Sentimental Journey, which appeared in 1768; but, a few weeks after, (about 
 the middle of March), the author expired at his lodgings in Bond-street, 
 London, aged 54. In 1760, he also published, under the name of Yorick, two 
 volumes of Sermons; and two more in 1766. After his death, the whole of his 
 works appeared in 10 vols, containing his Essays, Letters, and other miscella- 
 neous productions. 
 
 STERNHOLD, THOMAS, poet, died 1549 
 
 STEWART, , (the celebrated walking), died 1822 
 
 John Stewart, better known as Walking Stewart, had seen much of the world, 
 having performed a tour through some of the principal countries known. On 
 his return to London, he paraded the streets in an Armenian dress, and thereby 
 attracted great attention. He recovered a sum of money, on the settling of 
 the debts of the Nabob of Arcot, due for his services in India, upon which he 
 commenced a series of entertainments, which were held at his house every 
 evening. On Sundays, he had select dinner parties ; and in the evening, a 
 performance of Sacred Music, chiefly from the compositions of Handel, to which 
 he was particularly partial, and concluding with the Dead March in Saul, which 
 was always considered by the company as a signal for their departure. Towards 
 the latter part of his life he was to be seen sitting on a bench in St. James's 
 Park, or in one of the recesses of Westminster bridge: and, in the evenings, 
 between Somerset House and St. James', buttoned up to the throat, and shuf- 
 fling along at a pace of about a mile an hour. 
 
 STILLINGFLEET, EDWARD, BISHOP OF WOR- 
 CESTER, born 1635; died 1699 
 
 STILLINGFLEET, BENJAMIN, Naturalist, born 1702; 
 
 died 1771 
 
 STIRLING, THOMAS, ESQ. Coroner for Middlesex, died 1839 
 
518 THE NELW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 STORACE, STEPHEN, died in March 1796 
 
 An eminent composer, and author of the music of The Haunted Tower, and Siege 
 of Belgrade. His last work was the music of the Doctor and Apothecary, for 
 Drury-lane. 
 
 STOTHARD, THOMAS, R.A. the celebrated historical 
 
 painter, died April 27 1834 
 
 STOWE, JOHN, the historian, died April 5, (aged 80), ... 1605 
 
 STRACHAN, ANDREW, King's Printer, died, Aug. 25. 1831 
 
 Mr. Strachan is said to have left property to the amount of £1,000,000. amongst 
 his relatives and friends. 
 
 STRAFFORD, WM. WENTWORTH, EARL OF, be- 
 headed, May 12 1641 
 
 History cannot furnish another instance of so many adverse circumstances con- 
 curring to effect the ruin of one man as those which surrounded Strafford. Pur- 
 sued by the hatred of the whole nation of Scotland for his loyalty to his master; 
 by that of the Irish nobility, whose power he had curbed ; and most of all by 
 the party at home, which he had justly abandoned. Misrepresented to the 
 people of England; disliked by the Queen, whose influence he had wisely 
 opposed; and scarcely'considered by his ministerial colleagues, whose envy and 
 jealousy of his favour with the King, subsided into indifference. Charles was 
 compelled to sign the order for sending his faithful servant, to the block, and 
 he was beheaded on Tower Hill in 1641. 
 
 STRAIGHT, JOHN, English divine and poet, died 1740 
 
 STRANGE, SIR ROBERT, engraver, died 1792 
 
 STRYPE, JOHN, historian, born 1643; died in December 1737 
 
 STUART, DR. GILBERT, historian, born 1742; died 
 
 August 13 1786 
 
 STUART, SIR JOHN; see page 387. 
 
 STUART, MARY; see " Queen Elizabeth," page 498. 
 
 STUART, JAMES, architect, (called Athenian Stuart,) 
 
 died 1783 
 
 STUKELEY, DR. Antiquary, born 1687; died 1765 
 
 STULZ, MR. (the tailor), died November 17 1832 
 
 Mr. Stulz was an eminent tailor in Clifford-street, Bond-street; retired to France 
 a few years before his death, and was created Baron Stulz. He died at his 
 estate, called Aaires, in the south of Fiance after an illness of nine days. 
 This estate cost him upwards of £100,000. He had another large estate near 
 Baden, on the Rhine. A year previous to his death, he sent the Emperor of 
 Austria a present of £40,000. to do as he pleased with, for which he received, 
 in return, the Order of Maria Theresa, and the patent as Count Gothenburg. 
 The Baron had also great wealth in the Bank of Vienna, (Rothschild's.) His 
 property, besides these estates, exceeded £40,000. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY, 519 
 
 SUCKLING, SIR JOHN, Dramatic writer, born 1609; 
 
 died 1641 
 
 SUGG, LE, the celebrated ventriloquist, died October 18 . 1831 
 
 SULLY, DUC DE, born 1559; died 1641 
 
 SURRY, EARL OF, beheaded 1547 
 
 SUTTON, THOMAS, Founder of the Charter House, died 1611 
 
 SUTTON, RT. HON. MANNERS, re-elected Speaker of 
 
 the House of Commons, June 14 1831 
 
 SUWARROW, MARSHAL, born 1730; died in 1800 
 
 Defeated the French under Moreau, near Alexandria, May 17, 1799- Under 
 Macdonald, June 19, when the French lost 18,268 men, 7 pieces of cannon, and 
 8 standards, 1799. Defeated the French, in forcing the passage of the Adda, 
 May 23, 1799. Defeated Macdonald near Parma, with the loss of 10,000 men, 
 and 4 Generals, July 12, 1799. Defeated General Moreau, July 13, 1799. De- 
 feated Marshal Joubert, August 15, 1799, at Novi, when Joubert was killed, 
 and his army defeated with the loss of 10,000 killed, 4000 prisoner, and all his 
 artillery. 
 
 SUSSEX, HIS R. H. THE DUKE OF, appointed by His 
 Majesty (George IV.) Chief Ranger of St. James's, 
 and Hyde Parks, January 26 1831 
 
 SWEDENBORG, EMANUEL, born Jan. 29, 1689 ; died 
 
 in London, March 29 1772 
 
 SWEDEN, KING OF, shot March 16 1792 
 
 John James Ankarstroem, the assassin of Gustavus III., was originally in the 
 king's guards as an ensign, but had left the service, having obtained a captaincy 
 in the army. It would appear that Ankarstroem had been for a length of time 
 dissatisfied with Gustavus, on account of the change effected by that monarch 
 in the constitution of the country. At the Diet of 1772, the king curtailed the 
 power of the nobility, who were till then possessed of an unlimited authority, 
 in which he was supported by the citizens and peasants, and Ankarstroem was 
 accused of having spoken against the king. Although the charge could not be 
 proved against him, he was confined in the castle of Wisby, in the island of 
 Gothland, from which he was removed to other fortresses, and, finally, set at 
 liberty. In 1789, the king having suppressed the Senate, and arrested the 
 most refractory members of the nobility, Ankarstroem spoke with the most bitter 
 invective, and during the presence of the king, of the violation practised by him 
 against the constitution, which made a great impression on the Assembly. It 
 was soon after this, that Ankarstroem formed the resolution of taking away the 
 life of Gustavus, and also without being connected with any other individual ; 
 but falling in with several of the discontented nobles, amongst whom were the 
 Counts, Horn and Ribbing, he made a communication to them of his intentions; 
 and they, in return, encouraged him in his determination. The first act of this 
 conspiracy was, to seize the king at Gefla, where he had convoked the Diet of 
 1792; but being disappointed in their attempt, they determined to effect their 
 purpose at a masked ball, at which they knew the king was to be present on 
 the 16th of March, 1792. It was further agreed, that Count Horn should 
 point out the King to Ankarstroem. 
 
520 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 SWEDEN, THE KING OF, (continued.) 
 
 Gustavus had in the mean time received an anonymous note, informing him 
 of the intended plot, and warning him not to be present ; but he disregarded the 
 advice, and appeared there in a domino dress. On passing down the hall, lean- 
 ing on the arm of Count Ersen, Horn, followed by Ankarstroem, accosted the 
 king, saying, " Good day, fair mask." These words being the appointed signal, 
 Ankarstroem fired his pistol, loaded with two balls, and dangerously wounded 
 the king in the thigh. He retired from the hall unmolested. After the 
 assembly had dispersed, a pistol and a dagger were found on the floor. The 
 armourer, whose name was on them, deposed that he had lately sold them to 
 Ankarstroem, upon which he was arrested. On his first examination he was 
 subjected to the torture: but afterwards tried by the ordinary tribunal. He ac- 
 knowledged his crime, but denied that he had any accomplices; although he 
 confessed that several persons knew of it. He was condemned to be publicly 
 whipped with rods for three successive days, and then to be beheaded, after 
 having his right hand cut off. The king expired a few days after receiving his 
 wound. Ankarstroem went to the scaffold with resignation, aged only thirty- 
 three years. Several persons were arrested, and tried ; two destroyed them- 
 selves, but none were executed. Counts Horn and Ribbing, and Colonel 
 Lilientholm, were banished for life. 
 
 SWIFT, , DEAN OF ST. PATRICK, died Oct. ... 1745 
 
 Took orders in 1694; obtained the Deanery of St. Patrick, 1713; published his 
 Drapier's Letters, in exposure of a scandalous job of a Patent granted by the 
 Government to a person named Wood for the coinage of Irish halfpence and 
 farthings from debased metal, for which he obtained great popularity. In 
 1726, he published his celebrated Gulliver's Travels. 
 
 SYLVA, JOA DA, Portuguese, born 1623; died 1744 
 
 SYNGE, EDWARD, Archbishop of Tuam, born 1659; 
 
 died , 1741 
 
 SYDNEY, VISCOUNT, Ranger of St. James's and Hyde 
 
 Parks, died 1831 
 
 TALBOT, JOHN LORD, warrior and statesman born 
 
 1373; died 1453 
 
 TALLARD, MARSHAL, born 1652; taken prisoner by 
 
 the English, 1704; and died in 1728 
 
 TALLEYRAND, ELIE, CARDINAL PERIGORD, 
 
 born 1301; died 1364 
 
 TALLEYRAND, PRINCE, born 1754; died 1840 
 
 Excommunicated by the Pope for his immorality, whilst Bishop of Autun; became 
 the accredited agent in England of the French Republic in 1793; fled to Ame- 
 rica to escape the vengeance of Robispierre; returned to France, and was 
 made Foreign Secretary; re-joined Bonaparte, andseeingthe imperial fortunes 
 on the wrong side, plotted for the restoration of the Bourbons; was created a 
 Prince under Louis XVIII. for whom he went to Vienna as plenipotentiary; 
 and made Ambassador to England, by Louis Philippe. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 521 
 
 TANNER, THOMAS, Antiquarian, died 1735 
 
 TASSIE, JAMES, gem and wax modeller, died 1799 
 
 TASSO, ANDREA, painter, born 1215; died 1281 
 
 TASSO, BERNARDO, poet, died 1575 
 
 TASSO, TORQUATO, born 1544 > died 1595 
 
 TASSONI, ALEXANDRO, poet, born 1565; died 1635 
 
 TATE, NAHUM, Poet Laureat, died 1716 
 
 TAVERNIER, JEAN BAPTISTE, traveller, born 1605 ; 
 
 died 1689 
 
 TAYLOR, JEREMY, BISHOP OF DOWNE, born 1613; 
 
 died August 13 1667 
 
 TAYLOR, SIR HERBERT, died 1839 
 
 TAYLOR, REV. R. trial of for blasphemy, July 4 1831 
 
 The Rev. R. Taylor was convicted at the Surrey Assizes of blasphemy, and was 
 sentenced to two years imprisonment in the County jail, and to find security 
 for his good behaviour for the next five years. 
 
 Action against for breach of promise of marriage, and a verdict given for Plaintiff, 
 £250. damages, November 27, 1834. 
 
 TAYLOR, , the Water Poet, died 1654 
 
 TAYLOR, , Divine and Civilian, born 1704; died ... 1766 
 
 TAYLOR, , the Journalist, died 1832 
 
 TAYLOR, M. A. ESQ. died July 17, (aged 77) .. 1834 
 
 TEIGNMOUTH, LORD, died February 14, (aged 83) ... 1834 
 
 Lord Teignmouth was formerly Governor-General of India, and the author of 
 The Life of Sir William Jones. 
 
 TELL, WM. shot Grisler, the Austrian Governor, 1307 
 
 TELFORD, MR. born 1757; died 1835 
 
 He died at his house in Abingdon-street. He had intended that the parish church, 
 of St. Margaret, Westminster, should be his final resting place; but the Insti- 
 tution of Civil Engineers urged upon his executors the propriety of depositing 
 his remains in Westminster Abbey, to which place they were in a few days 
 after consigned. (For a further account of this celebiated artist, see page 183.) 
 
 TEMPLE, SIR WM. born 1628; died 1700 
 
 TEMPLE, RICHARD EARL, died 1779 
 
 TEMPLEMAN, MR. (see Gould, page 458.) 
 
 No. 67. 3 Y 
 
522 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 TENIERS, DAVID, Sen. painter, died 1649 
 
 TENIERS, DAVID, Jun. painter, died 1694 
 
 TENISON, DR. THOMAS, ARCHBISHOP OF CAN- 
 TERBURY, born 1636; died 1715 
 
 TENTERDEN, LORD, died November 4 1832 
 
 Lord Tenterden was elevated to the Peerage in 1816 ; and succeeded Sir Simon 
 Le Blanc, who died in that year. In 1818, Lord Ellenborough resigned the 
 office of Chief Justice of the Court of King's Bench, where he had presided 
 from April, 1802. He was succeeded by Lord Tenterden, then Sir Charles 
 Abbot; was sworn into office on the 4th of November, and took his seat as 
 Lord Chief Justice on the first day of Michaelmas Term. The remains of Lord 
 Tenterden were interred in the vault of the Foundling Hospital, November 10, 
 1832. The funeral was entirely private. His Lordship was in the 71st year of 
 his age. His Lady died at her house in Russell-square, December 20, 1832, 
 accelerated by the recent loss of her husband. 
 
 THELWELL, MR. JOHN, died February 16 1834 
 
 Mr. Thelwell was one of those indicted with Hardy, and others, (see page 462,) 
 in 1794, on a charge of High Treason. He died at Bath; and was the last of 
 the individuals accused on that memorable event. 
 
 THEOBALD, LEWIS, English Dramatic writer, died 1744 
 
 THEODORE, KING OF CORSICA, abdicated his king- 
 dom in 1737 
 
 He died in an obscure lodging, Soho, London, 1756. 
 
 THEVENOT, MELCHISIDEC, the French traveller, 
 
 born 1621 ; died 1692 
 
 THEVENOT, JOHN, traveller, died 1667 
 
 THISTLEWOOD, WATSON, PRESTON, & HOOPER, 
 
 tried on a charge of High Treason, June 9 1817 
 
 On Monday, June 9, 1817, the prisoners were escorted from the Tower by a 
 strong guard; and about twenty minutes before nine, Watson, whose trial was 
 arranged to come on first, was ushered into Court. At nine, the Attorney- 
 General entered the Court; and, at a quarter past nine, Lord Ellenborough, 
 Mr. Justice Bayley, Mr. Justice Abbott, and Mr. Justice Holroyd, upon which, 
 after Mr. Serjeant Copley had addressed the Judges, the indictment, in which 
 there were five Counts, charging them with compassing and imagining the death 
 of the king, and to subvert and alter the legislature, rule and government, &c. 
 was read. It charged James Watson the elder, late of Bloomsbury, surgeon; 
 James Watson the younger, Arthur Thistlewood mariner, Thomas Preston, 
 cordwainer, and John Hooper, labourer, with having in the month of November 
 last traitorously conspired, &c. 
 
 The Attorney-General said, he understood that the prisoners intended to 
 challenge several of the panel; he should, on the part of the Crown, claim that 
 the prisoners be tried separately; and he should now state, that he should first 
 put Mr. James Watson the elder on his trial. 
 
 On the closing of the examination of the witnesses, Mr. Wetherell addressed 
 the Judges, and also the Jury. The prisoners were all acquitted. 
 
 After the attack on Mr. Beckwith's shop, the younger Watson contrived to 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 523 
 
 THISTLEWOOD, &c. &c. (continued.) 
 
 make his escape, although a large reward was offered for his apprehension. He 
 was ultimately secreted in the house of a respectable shoemaker in the neigh- 
 bourhood of Newgate-street, where he underwent a deliberate preparation for 
 his re-appearance among those most anxious to seize him. His hair was cut 
 and dressed in a particular way, and his forehead and face were burnt with 
 caustic to give him a scrofulous appearance. Clothes in the Quaker fashion 
 were prepared for him, and they were so made and stuffed as to make him, when 
 dressed in them look very corpulent, and shoes of an ingenious make were 
 contrived to deceive all observers as to his real height; when on his feet, the 
 shoes seemed to be made with double soles and heels, as if for the purpose of 
 elevating a person of very short stature, whereas they had in reality scarcely 
 any sole or heel at all, and by this clever contrivance those who knew him 
 well, would suppose the person who stood before them to be much shorter than 
 he really was. 
 
 All these precautionary steps being taken, a passage to America was engaged 
 for him on board the Venus, and it was considered prudent for him to apply 
 personally, in his new character of the Quaker Pearson (the name assumed by 
 him) for his passport. He accordingly repaired to Gravesend where the vessel 
 lay, accompanied by a friend ; and left town at seven in the morning. In his 
 departure from thence he experienced extraordinary good fortune, the police 
 having received a hint of the place of his concealment, and who had actually 
 visited and searched it within an hour or two after he had left it, but they ob- 
 tained no clue whatever of the road taken. 
 
 At Gravesend he applied at the Alien Office for, and received, personally, his 
 passport; he then went on board the ship, which remained in the Thames from 
 Tuesday to Saturday, during which time it was searched by three different 
 parties of Magistrates and Police Officers, accompanied by persons who knew 
 him well, yet he never once lost his self-possession, always made himself con- 
 spicuous to the visitors, and had the good fortune to be passed over without 
 exciting the least suspicion. He repeatedly entered into conversation with the 
 passengers about himself and his escape, in which he affected so blunt a style, 
 as to obtain the name of the 'Proud Farmer, by which he was known during the 
 remainder of the voyage. 
 
 On his arrival in America, he wrote a letter to his mother, which was received 
 by her in July, 1817. In the following October, a Mr. Fearon, who visited 
 America at that period, " found him sunk to the lowest depth of wretchedness 
 and contempt, a loathsome sot, murdering his time in miserable drinking houses, 
 alike shunned by, and shunning all respectable society and social intercourse." 
 This gentleman's is the last account we have of this intemperate, misguided, 
 and guilty young man. 
 
 Thus ended these extraordinary State Trials, and it may truly be said, that 
 the accused parties owed their lives to the infamous character of their accuser, 
 the wretch Castles; and, but for this, they never could have heard the verdict 
 of — Not Guilty, pronounced from so enlightened and intelligent a Jury as that 
 by which the elder Watson was tried. 
 
 THOMAS, JOHN, executed at Lancaster for the murder of 
 
 Mary Bancroft, at Everton, near Liverpool, Mar. 12 . 1832 
 
 THOMASSIN, , engraver, born 1688; died 1741 
 
 THOMSON, JAMES, poet and dramatic writer, born Sep- 
 tember 11, 1700; died August 24 ■ 1748 
 
 Sold his poem of Winter to Millar, the bookspller, which appeared in March, 
 1726. In the following year he published his Summer, and also his Britannia, 
 and his verses to the Memory of Sir Isaac Newton. The year following, his 
 Spring, and finally, in 1730, The Seasons, completed by the addition of Autumn 3 
 
524 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY - . 
 
 THOMSON, JAMES, (continued.) 
 
 and tlie eloquent and noble Hymn which closes the work. In 1729 appeared 
 his Sophonisba; and in 1746, his admirable Castle of Indolence, a clever produc- 
 tion. His remains lie in Richmond churchward ; but a monument was erected 
 to his memory some years after his death, in Westminster Abbey. 
 
 THORNHILL, MR. of Stilton, celebrated match of, Ap. 29 1745 
 
 Mr. Thornhill accomplished the task of riding two hundred and fifteen miles in 
 twelve hours and seventeen minutes. 
 
 THORNHILL, SIR JAMES, painter, died 1732 
 
 THORNTON, ABRAHAM, trial of, August 8 1817 
 
 Abraham Thornton was tried at the Warwick Assizes, for rape and murder com- 
 mitted on Mary Ashford, the particulars of which reached the remotest parts of 
 the kingdom with almost electric force, and excited feelings of deep regret for 
 the poor girl, and indignation and disgust at the crime of her fiendish destroyer. 
 
 The deceased was a young woman of the most fascinating manners, of lovely 
 person, and in the bloom of life, being but 20 years of age at the time of the 
 perpetration of the crime, and had borne an irreproachable character. 
 
 On the 25th of May, 1817, she went to the market at Birmingham, and on 
 her way called on an intimate friend, when it was arranged that she should be 
 back soon from thence in order to be piesent at a dance at Tyburn, which took 
 place thereat the conclusion of an annual feast, of a Friendly Society. 
 
 Thornton, the prisoner, was there, and was so captivated with her figure, that 
 he enquired after her friends, and being informed who they were, he was heard 
 to say, " 1 have been intimate with her sister, and will with her, or die by it I " and 
 this speech was proved on the trial to have been privately uttered by him to 
 two of his acquaintances. He however danced with the ill-fated girl, paying 
 her the greatest attention, accompanying her from the dance homewards, and 
 was seen with her at a stile, on the side of the high road, at three quarters past 
 two in the morning. Before four she called on her friend, and was perfectly 
 calm, in good health and spirits, and composure of mind; she left her friend 
 about four o'clock. 
 
 On her leaving her friend at Erdington, at this time, between four and five 
 in the morning of the 27th of May, 1817, in her way across the fields to Lang- 
 ley, about a mile distant from Erdington, the acts were perpetrated; for, a short 
 time afterwards, her body was found in a pit near Peen's mill, in the parish of 
 Ashton, in such a situation as proved that she must have been thrown in whilst 
 in a state of insensibility, her clothes being covered with dirt and blood, which 
 led to an examination, from which resulted the dreadful fact, that she had been 
 violated by brutal force, before being thrown into the pit. 
 
 Upon examining the ground around the pit, traces of a man's footsteps, and 
 also those of a woman were discovered ; and, on a careful inspection, traces were 
 to be seen, where the parties had run, walked, and dodged. The footsteps of 
 the woman were ascertained to be those of Mary Ashford, from a comparison 
 with her shoes, which, with a small bundle she had with her, were found lying 
 on the brink of the pit ; and the footsteps of the man were remarkable from 
 the peculiar manner in which the soles of the shoes were nailed, and the loss of 
 certain nails from each shoe. In addition to this, a track of blood marked 
 the immediate circuit of the pit ; but gradually increasing in quantity, led the 
 observers to the foot of a tree, at some distance, where the ground was marked 
 with the impression of a human figure, the arms and legs extended, and marks 
 corresponding with the knees and toes of a man in contact therewith. Near the 
 centre of this mark was a very considerable mass of coagulated blood, and from 
 other impressions on the ground, it was clearly perceived that the ravisher, 
 having accomplished his purpose, had taken his victim in his arms, and that 
 from her body had dropped those streams of blood which were traced to the 
 brink of the pit — for on the path parallel to the line of blood, were discovered 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 525 
 
 THORNTON, ABRAHAM, (continued.) 
 
 traces of the man's footsteps, while there was a total absence of those of the 
 woman; 2nd so evident was it that but one person had gone this way, and by 
 the path only, that the dew was not brushed from the grass over which the 
 blood had dripped, which, to use the words of one of the witnesses, must have 
 been the case, had only a frog or a mouse passed over it. 
 
 These discoveries made, the most active steps were taken to detect and bring 
 to justice the perpetrator of this dreadful ci'ime ; and from the well-known 
 looseness of his character — his having been seen with her in the fields within 
 a short time of her death — and. above all, from the scandalous declaration of 
 a determination to be intimate with her, he was unequivocally pointed out as 
 the ravisher and murderer of Mary Ashford. 
 
 The prisoner was the son of a bricklayer at Castle Bromwich, in the county 
 of Warwick, and had from his infancy up to the time of the dreadful occur- 
 rence, worked with his father as an assistant in his business. He was about 
 25 years of age, of ferocious and forbidding aspect, uncommon bulk, and rather 
 approaching to deformity; swollen face, and shining; neck very short ; and ac- 
 counted one of the strongest men in the county. He was a great adept in the 
 Gymnastic games; and so athletic was his form, that his arm-pits did not pos- 
 sess the usual cavities, but were fortified with powerful ligaments. 
 
 Thornton having been taken into custody, on examining his clothes, marks 
 of blood were found upon them ; his shoes were compared with the traces of 
 footsteps in the fields, and found to correspond exactly therewith, beyond a 
 shadow of doubt; he artfully confessed, that he had been connected with her, 
 and by her own consent ; this declaration was discredited ; it could not be 
 believed that 
 
 ***** Such as ] ie 
 
 Could feel one glimpse of love's divinity; 
 
 But mark'd her for his victim : there lay all 
 
 The charms for him ; charms that could never pall, 
 
 As long as lust within his heart could stir 
 
 (Or one faint trace, of chastity in her) 
 
 To work an angel's ruin ! — to behold 
 
 As white a page as e'er deck'd virtue's roll 
 
 Blacken — beneath his touch — ; into a scroll 
 
 Of damning sin ! — This was his triumph ! 
 
 The prisoner having been examined on the 27th of May, before Wm. Bedford, 
 Esq. the foregoing facts were fully proved, and the prisoner was committed to 
 take his trial. 
 
 On the 8th of August, 1817. a true bill was found against him; and scarcely 
 any trial upon record ever excited so great an interest as this. By six o'clock 
 in the morning, a vast number of persons had assembled before the gates of the 
 County Hall, using every endeavour to gain admittance; and by eight o'clock, 
 the time fixed for the trial to begin, the press at the doors was alarmingly great, 
 it being with the utmost difficulty that a way could be made by the javelin 
 men, for the entrance of the witnesses and others subpoened, for the prose- 
 cution or defence. Soon after nine the doors were thrown open for admit- 
 tance into the hall indiscriminately, and the Court became crowded in every part 
 to excess. The Judge having arrived, the names were called over for the pur- 
 pose of forming the Jury; and the jurors having- answered to their names, and 
 entered the box, the prisoner, who had been previously brought into Court, 
 was informed, that they were the persons who were to try him, at the same 
 time, that that was the proper time to object to any one of them before being 
 sworn; but one only was challenged by the prisoner, and the trial proceeded. 
 
 The indictment, which consisted of two counts, was now read. The first was, 
 that the prisoner, having on the 27th of May, 1817, in the royal town, manor, 
 and lordship of Sutton Coldfield, in the County of Warwick, not having the 
 fear of God before his eyes, but being moved by the instigation of the devil, 
 v/ilfully mur-dered Mary Ashford, by throwing her into a pit of water. 
 
526 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 THORNTON, ABRAHAM, (continued.) 
 
 He was then asked by the Officer, Abraham Thornton, are you guilty of tnis 
 murder, or not? — To which he replied, — ' Not guilty.' — Officer: God send you 
 a good deliverance. 
 
 The Officer then read over the second Count, which charged the prisoner 
 with having, on the morning aforesaid, committed a rape upon the body of the 
 said Mary Ashford, when he was again addressed by the Officer, as before. 
 
 Counsel for the Crown — Mr. Clarke, Mr. Serjeant Copley, and Mr. Perkins ; 
 for the Prioner, Mr. Reader, and Mr. Reynolds. — The leading Counsel for the 
 prosecution, Mr. Clarke, who addressed the Jury as follows : — 
 
 Gentlemen of the Jury — " The deceased was a young woman of engaging 
 manners, — handsome in her person, — and of unblemished character. She was 
 the daughter of poor parents, but had been residing at her uncle's, a farmer at 
 Langley, where she was still living, when she met her death. 
 
 " Gentlemen, — It will also be proved to you, that the deceased, on the 
 evening of the 26th of May, the night preceding the murder, went in company 
 with her friend, to a dance at a public house, in the neighbourhood of Castle 
 Bromwich, called Tyburn House. The prisoner was one of the company — and 
 it was at this house, and at this tifti.3, I believe, that the deceased first saw, or 
 at least knew, the prisoner at the bar. The prisoner, it seems, when the de- 
 ceased first entered the house, enquired her name, and who she was. On 
 being told by one of the company, that it was old Ashford's daughter, he replied 
 — " I have been connected with her sister, and I will with her, or I'll die by 
 it." The prisoner after this, went into the dancing room — introduced himself 
 into her company, and, as I am informed, went down a dance or two with her. 
 About twelve o'clock, the deceased and the prisoner left the house together. 
 The deceased, it appeared, left for the purpose of returning home. Her friend, 
 who accompanied her to Tyburn-house, saw them together after they had left 
 the house, and went part of the wav home with them. Another witness that 
 will be called, will tell you that he also saw them together at the same time. 
 From this time, till three o'clock, we have no account of them. At three o'clock, 
 another of our witnesses, saw them sitting on a stile, in the road between Ty- 
 burn-house, and a friend's of the deceased, where deceased had changed her 
 clothes, previous to her going to the dance on the evening before. This was 
 about three o'clock in the morning of the 27th. After this we hear no more of 
 the deceased till about four o'clock, when she called at her friend's house to 
 change her dress, and put on the clothes she had worn on the preceding day. 
 The deceased called up her friend, who let her in, when she appeared in good 
 spirits, and as cheerful as usual, 
 
 " Now, gentlemen, it will be shown, that deceased left this house between 
 four and five in the morning of the 27th ; and between that time and the time 
 when the body was found in the pit, or rather, the clothes were seen, which 
 led one of the witnesses to suppose, that some person had been drowned in the 
 pit, which was about half-past six in the morning, the horrid crime must have 
 been perpetrated. Other witnesses will describe to you the appearance of a 
 fallow field, which had been recently harrowed. In this field wer plainly traced 
 the footsteps of a man and a woman. The footsteps led from a path in this field, 
 towards Langley, which I before observed to you, was the place where the 
 uncle of the deceased resided, and to where she was going when she left her 
 friend's house. It will likewise be shewn to you, that the deceased was seen, 
 by several persons, on her way towards this place. It will be stated, too, that 
 these foot-marks had been made by two persons who had been both walking and 
 running; and as if two persons had been struggling together. In following 
 the traces of these footsteps, they led to a spot where there was an impression 
 of a human figure extended on the ground. In the middle of this impression 
 there was a quantity of blood, — at the bottom of the figure there was a still 
 larger quantity, and in the same place, were seen the marks of a man's knees 
 and toes. From that spot the blood was distinctly traced for a considerable 
 space on the grass, by the side of the pathway, towards the pit, where the body 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 527 
 
 THORNTON, ABRAHAM, (continued.) 
 
 was found; but along with this blood no footstep was traced. There was dew 
 upon the grass, consequently, had any foot gone along there, the dew would have 
 been brushed away. It appeared plainly as if a man had walked along the foot- 
 way carrying a body, from the extremity of which the blood dropped upon the 
 grass. At the edge of the pit, her shoes, bonnet, and bundle, were found, but 
 only one footstep could be seen there, and that was a man's. It was deeply 
 impressed, and seemed to be that of a man who had thrust one foot forward to 
 heave the body he had in his arms into the pit. 
 
 " When her body was examined, there were marks of laceration upon it, 
 and both her arms had the visible marks of hands, as if they had been pressed 
 with violence to the ground; in her stomach some duck-weed was found, 
 which proved she breathed after she had been thrown into the water, but the 
 small quantity there shows that she had not previously been quite dead. The 
 evidence of a skilful surgeon will show that, down to this violence, she had 
 been a virgin. It is therefore natural to suppose, that the violent agitation 
 and outrageous injury of such an assault, stunned and deprived her of anima- 
 tion for a moment: — that, in this state she was thrown into the water; and 
 that the animation restored to her for a moment, was instantly cut off by 
 drowning. 
 
 " You will not only find him with her at three o'clock, but you will also find, 
 by his own admission, that he was with her at four. You will find marks of the 
 man's shoes in the running and struggling coriespond exactly with his. You 
 will find by his own admission, that he was intimate with her, and this admis- 
 sion made, not before the magistrate, nor until the evident proofs were disco- 
 vered on his clothes; her clothes too, afford most powerful evidence as to that 
 fact. 
 
 " At her friend's, at four o'clock in the morning, she put off her dancing 
 dress, and put on the dress in which she had gone to Birmingham the day be- 
 fore. The clothes she put on there, and which she had on at the time of her 
 death, were all over blood and covered with dirt. The surgeon will tell you 
 that the coagulated blood could not have proceeded except from violence. 
 Therefore, the case appears to have been, that the prisoner had paid her the 
 greatest attention during the night — shown, perhaps those attentions which she 
 might naturally have been pleased with, and particularly one her superior in 
 life; but that, afterwards, he waited for her on her return, and first forcibly 
 violated her, and then threw her apparently lifeless body into the pit. 
 
 " It will be attempted to show you, that he returned home, and that some 
 other person must have met her, and brought her to the dismal end she met 
 with — but, gentlemen, as footsteps were traced through the harrowed field to a 
 stile leading to his father's by the very course he took, and he admits an inti- 
 macy with her, that is a circumstance of the utmost importance, and you will 
 bear in your mind that he did not admit this until proofs were adduced against 
 him. 
 
 " Gentlemen, the evidence will be laid before you. From it you will form 
 your judgment, and I desire you to lay out of view every thing that I may have 
 said, unless it shall be confirmed by the learned Judge who presides at this 
 trial." 
 
 The learned Counsel sat down, when the Counsel for the prosecution pro- 
 ceeded to examine evidence to substantiate the charge against the prisoner. 
 
 The several witnesses having given their evidence against the prisoner, the 
 last of whom was the surgeon, which closed the case for the prosecution, the 
 learned Judge addressed the prisoner, informing him that the period had now 
 arrived for him to make his defence, and that the Court and Jury would listen 
 with attention to any thing he had to say. His Counsel had done all they 
 could for him in the cross-examination of the witnesses for the prosecution: 
 they could not address the Jury in his behalf. The prisoner declined saying 
 any thing in his defence, stating that he would leave every thing to his Counsel} 
 who accordingly proceeded to call witnesses for the Defence. 
 
528 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 THORNTON, ABRAHAM, (continued.) 
 
 The Defence being concluded, a pause ensued, and an awful silence pervaded 
 the Court : — 
 
 Then, Mr. Justice Holroyd, talcing a Plan of the fields and neighbourhood, 
 in his hand, proceeded in the most solemn manner, to deliver his Charge to the 
 Jury, commenting on the evidence of the respective witnesses, in the most per- 
 spicuous manner, and continually referring the Jury in his comments on the 
 evidence, to the Plan ; pointing out to them different roads and situations as 
 they were incidentally alluded to by the witnesses. His Lordship concluded an 
 elaborate address, with the following impressive sentence : — " This is one of 
 those mysterious transactions, in which justice cannot be done, but by compa- 
 ring, most carefully, all the facts and circumstances for, as well as those 
 against the accused. 
 
 " Before they could convict the prisoner, they must be fully satisfied that he 
 was guilty of the murder. If any fair and reasonable doubt arose in their minds, 
 as to his guilt, the prisoner was entitled to the benefit of those doubts. But, 
 if they were convinced that the evidence was satisfactory, and that the crime 
 ■was fully proved against the prisoner, they were, in justice, bound to pronounce 
 him guilty. Yet, in coming to this conclusion, it was' their duty well to consi- 
 der, whether it was possible for the pursuit to have taken place, and all the 
 circumstances connected with it, and for the prisoner to have reached Holden's 
 house, a distance of neaily three miles and a half, in the very short space of 
 time, which, if the statements of all the witnesses were correct, would have 
 been allowed him. 
 
 " Finally, that the whole of the evidence lay before them — and by that evi- 
 dence only they were to be guided in their decision. It were better that the 
 murderer, with all the weight of his crime upon his head, should escape punishment 
 than that another person should suffer death, without being guilty." 
 
 The learned Judge having concluded his Charge, the Jury consulted for a 
 few minutes, and then, to the utter astonishment of all who had taken an 
 interest in this awful case, pronounced a verdict of — NOT GUILTY! ! ! — 
 which the prisoner received with a smile of silent approbation, and an unsuc- 
 cessful attempt at concealment of the violent apprehensions as to his fate, by 
 which he had been inwardly agitated. 
 
 He was then arraigned pro forma, for the rape, but the Counsel for the pro- 
 secution stated, that they should decline offering evidence on this indictment, 
 and the prisoner was discharged. The trial occupied upwards of twelve hours 
 and a half; the examination of witnesses on the part of the Crown, nearly 
 eight and a half; the Defence two hours ; and the Charge two hours. 
 
 Thus ended, for the present, the proceedings cf this trial; but the public at 
 large, and most particularly the inhabitants of the neighbourhood in which it 
 had been committed, were far from concurring in the verdict of acquittal; and 
 reverential as is the natural feeling entertained by every Englishman for the 
 solemn verdict of a Jury of his countrymen, the present decision was canvassed 
 with a freedom hitherto unknown, and the press, in every part of the kingdom, 
 teemed with strictures on the whole proceeding, which failed not to excite the 
 most active inquiries as to every particular connected with the mysterious event. 
 
 The following fact was discovered after the trial: — That Dale, the police 
 officer, had withheld from the examination of the Court, the breeches, &c. of 
 Thornton, which were in his possession, and which bore marks of his guilt. 
 
 So strong was the moral conviction of his guilt upon the public mind, that 
 measurements of the ground were taken afresh, subscriptions to defray the ex- 
 pense of a new prosecution were entered into, and the evidence laid before the 
 Secretary of State, who, upon an investigation of the whole affair, granted his 
 Warrant to the Sheriff of Warwick, to take Thornton into custody on an Appeal 
 of Murder, to be prosecuted by William Ashford, the brother and heir-at-law 
 of the deceased. 
 
 An Appeal of Murder is a very ancient, and now obsolete law, by which the 
 nearest relative and heir-at-law of a person murdered, may demand a second 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORV. 529 
 
 THORNTON, ABRAHAM, (continued.) 
 
 trial of the party accused of the murder, in cases where, from a deficiency of 
 evidence, or other cause, the prisoner may have been acquitted on the first trial, 
 provided strong and reasonable ground of suspicion against the party accused 
 still remains. The person so appealed of murder, may, however, on his part, if 
 so advised, claim the right of Trial by Wager of Battle, which the Appellant is 
 bound by law' to grant him in his own person. 
 
 Accordingly, Thornton was again arrested, and lodged in Warwick gaol, from 
 whence he was removed by a Writ of Habeus Corpus, as the proceedings on the 
 Writ of Appeal were to be held in the Court of King's Bench, in Westminster 
 Hall, London. 
 
 On Thursday, November 6, William Ashford appeared in the Court of King's 
 Bench as Plaintiff Appellant, and Messrs. Clarke, Gurney, Chitty, and Richard-' 
 son, as his Counsel. Mr. Clarke moved that the Sheriff for the County of 
 Warwick be called in to make a return to the Writ of Habeas Corpus, and he 
 accordingly appeared with his prisoner. 
 
 The Counsel for Thornton, having stated that they had not had time suffi- 
 cient to prepare for going into the case, begged allowance of the same. The 
 time was accordingly fixed for November 17, when the prisoner was committed 
 to the custody of the Marshal of the Marshalsea. 
 
 On the 17th the Court having met, the proceeding's were resumed. The 
 prisoner, as before mentioned, was possessed of great muscular power, and had 
 determined on availing himself of a barbarous privilege extended to him, and 
 demanded the Trial by Wager of Battle, conscious of the decided advantage 
 in point of strength, over the delicate frame of the Appellant Ashford. Where- 
 fore, upon being asked by the Court, " are you guilty, or not guilty of the said 
 felony and murder whereof you stand so appealed ? 
 
 Mr. Reader, one of his Counsel, then put into the prisoner's hand a slip of 
 paper, from which he read, — " Not guilty, and I am ready to defend the same 
 with my body. 
 
 When the privilege of Triad by Battle is claimed by the Appellee, the Judges 
 have to consider whether, under all the circumstances, he is entitled to the 
 exercise of such privilege; and his claim thereto being admitted, they fix a day 
 and place for the combat. 
 
 A piece of ground is set out, of sixty feet square, enclosed with lists, and on 
 one side a court erected for the Judges of the Court of Common Pleas, who attend 
 there in their scarlet robes; also a bar is prepared for the learned Serjeants at 
 Law. The Court being assembled, proclamation is made for the parties, who 
 are introduced in the area by the proper officers, armed with a baton, of an ell 
 long, tipped with horn, and bearing a four-cornered leather target for defence. 
 The combatants are bare-headed and bare-footed, the Appellee with his head 
 shaved, and both dressed alike. The Appellee pleads not guilty, and throws 
 down his glove, declaring he will defend the same by his body; the Appellant 
 takes up his glove, and replies that he is ready to make good the appeal, body 
 for body. Thereupon the Appellee, taking the Bible in his right hand, and 
 in his left the rig-ht hand of his antagonist, swears to this effect: — " Hear 
 this, O man, whom I hold by the hand, who callest thyself ["John], by the 
 name of baptism, that I, who call myself [Thomas] by the name of baptism, did 
 not feloniously murder thy father, [William] by name, nor am any way guilty 
 of the said felony. So help me God, and the Saints; and this I will defend 
 against thee by my body, as this Court shall award." The Appellant replies, 
 holding the Bible and his antagonist's hand, in the like manner, adding the 
 following — " That thou art perjured, because that thou feloniously didst 
 " murder my father, [William] by name. So help me God, and the Saints; 
 " and this 1 will prove against thee by my body, as this Court shall award." 
 After which, an oath against sorcery and enchantment, is taken by both the 
 combatants, in this or a similar form, " Hear this, ye Justices, that I have this 
 day neither eat, drank, nor have upon me, neither bone, stone, nor grass; nor 
 
 Ho- 68- 3 Z 
 
530 TI1K NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 THORNTON, ABRAHAM, {continued.) 
 
 any enchantment, sorcery, or witchcraft, whereby the law of God maybe abased, 
 or the law of the devil exalted. So help me God, and his Saints." 
 
 The battle is then begun, and the combatants bound to fight till the stars 
 appear in the evening. 
 
 If the Appellee be so far vanquished that he cannot or will not fight any 
 longer, he shall be adjudged to be hanged immediately : and then, as well as if 
 he be killed in battle, Providence is deemed to have determined in favour of 
 the truth, and his blood shall be attainted. But if he kills the Appellant, or 
 can maintain the fight from sun-rising till the stars appear in the evening, he 
 shall be acquitted. So also, if the Appellant becomes recreant, and pronounces 
 the word craven, he shall lose his liberam legem, and become infamous ; and the 
 Appellee shall recover his damages, and shall be for ever quit, not only of the 
 appeal, but of all indictments likewise of the same offence. There are cases 
 where the Appellant may counterplead, and oust the Appellee from his trial by 
 battle ; these are vehement presumption or sufficient proof that the appeal is 
 true; or where the Appellant is under fourteen, or above sixty years of age, or 
 is a woman, or a priest, or a peer, or, lastly, a citizen of London, because the 
 peaceful habits of the citizens of London were supposed to unfit them for 
 battle. 
 
 The folly which on the face of this proceeding must be obvious to every 
 reader, viz : — that " right should follow might," are absurdities which must 
 tend to make it unpalatable to an enlightened age. 
 
 Mr. Reader having handed Thornton a pair of large gauntlets, or gloves, one 
 of which he put on, and the other, in pursuance of the old form, he threw down 
 for the Appellant to take up : but not being taken up, Mr. Reader moved that 
 it should be kept in the custody of the officer of the Court. 
 
 Clerk of the Crown Office. — Prisoner, your plea is, that you are not guilty, and 
 that you are ready to defend the said plea with your body ? 
 Prisoner — It is. 
 
 Lord Ellenborough — Is the Appellant in Court. 
 Mr. Clarice — He is, my Lord, 
 
 The Usher then called — " William Ashford, come into Court." (The Ap- 
 pellant stood up in front of Mr. Clarke.) 
 
 Lord Ellenborough — What have you got to say, Mr. Clarke ? 
 Mr. Clarke — My Lord, I did not expect at this time of day, that this sort of 
 demand would have been made. I must confess I am surprised that the charge 
 against the prisoner should be put to issue in this way. The Trial by Battle is 
 an obsolete practice, which has long since been out of use; and it would appear 
 to me extraordinary indeed, if the person who has murdered the sister should, 
 as the law exists in these enlightened times, be allowed to prove his innocence 
 by murdering the brother also, or at least, by an attempt to do so. 
 
 Lord Ellenborough — It is the law of England, Mr. Clarke, we mnst not call 
 it murder. 
 
 Mr. Clarke — I may have used too strong an expression, in saying murdering 
 the brother; but at all events, it is no less than killing. The Court, will no 
 doubt look to the person of the Appellant, and seeing that he is weak of body, 
 and by no means capable of combating in battle with the Appellee, they will, 
 perhaps, not put it to the issue. 
 
 A discussion arising as to the authority for refusing the right of the Appel- 
 lee to the Trial by Wager of Battle, the further hearing of the case was put off 
 till the 22nd of of November, in order to enable the Appellant to put in a 
 counter-plea. 
 
 On the 22nd of November it was again brought on in the Court of King's 
 Bench, before the Lord Chief Justice, to enable the Counsel for the Appellant 
 to put in a counter-plea, to the Appellee's demand of Trial by Battle, which was 
 accordingly done ; it recited the circumstances of the violation and murder of 
 the deceased ; and concluded by stating, that the marks on the prisoner's linen, 
 &e. were corroborative of his having been the violator, and sufficient to deprive 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 THORNTON, ABRAHAM, (continued.) 
 
 him of the privilege of Trial by Battle, and the Appellant prayed the judgment 
 of the Court against him. 
 
 To this counter-plea the Appellee's Counsel acknowledged themselves then 
 unprepared to reply ; but it was finally agreed, by consent of all parties, that 
 the further proceedings, on account of the lateness of the Term, be postponed 
 till the second- day of the following Term. The prisoner was then conveyed to 
 the King's Bench prison, instead of the Marshalsea, as on the former days. 
 
 January 23, Term commenced; and on the 24th, the case was again brought 
 before the Judges. The day was principally occupied by a consideration of 
 the Appellee's reply to the Appellant's counter-plea; the Appellant replied as ' 
 well as he could, to the charges furnished in evidence on the trial, and recapi- 
 tulated in the Appellant's counter-plea; and concluded by quoting the former 
 trial and acquittal as a proof of his innocence, and demanding his right to Trial 
 by Battle. 
 
 To enable the Appellant's Counsel to reply, the proceedings were put off till 
 the following Thursday, January 29, on which day the Appellant's answer was 
 put in; this answer was a general demurrer, upon the point of law to be deter- 
 mined by the Judges, denying that the Appellee's replication was sufficient in 
 point of law to compel him to answer, and praying that the Appellee might not 
 be permitted to wage battle in the appeal. Upon this the prisoner put in a 
 written paper, insisting that his replication was good in matter of law, and re- 
 peating his prayer to be allowed to wager battle with Appellant. 
 
 The case was again adjourned to the 6th of February, on which day Mr. 
 Chitty, for the Appellant, contended in a learned, ingenious, and admirable 
 speech, which occupied more than four hours in the delivery, that the replica- 
 tion to the counter-plea was insufficient, and that the Defendant ought not to 
 be admitted to wage battle, but submit to the constitutional trial of the charge 
 by a Jury of his countrymen. 
 
 On the following day, Mr. Tyndal, as Counsel for the Appellee, was heard 
 in reply in an elaborate and masterly speech, in which he combatted the argu- 
 ments of Mr. Chitty, and finally submitted that, barbarous as was the practice 
 of Wager of Battle, the Defendant was fully entitled to the privilege, or that 
 the appeal should be altogether discontinued, and the Defendant set at liberty. 
 The lateness of the hour at which Mr. Tyndal concluded, not allowing suffi- 
 cient time for Mr. Chitty to reply, the case was again adjourned to the following 
 Term, and on the 16th of April, was re-commenced, when Mr. Chitty again 
 contended that the proofs against the Defendant were sufficiently violent to 
 deprive him of his Wager of Battle, and ultimately left the casein the hands of 
 the Court to decide upon the point of law. 
 
 The learned Judges, Lord Chief Justice Ellenborough, Mr. Justice Bayley, 
 Mr. Justice Abbott, and Mr. Justice Holroyd, accordingly entered ir>to a con- 
 sultation, which lasted about a quarter of an hour, and then delivered their 
 opinions seriatim; the substance of which was, that sitting there, in their judi- 
 cial capacities, to administer the law, as they found it, and not as they wished 
 it to be, they considered that nothing had been brought forward by the learned 
 Counsel for the Appellant, which they could consider calculated to oust the 
 Defendant from his right to claim Trial by Wager of Battle, and Lord Ellen- 
 borough accordingly proceeded to pronounce the decision of the Court — " That 
 there be Trial by Battle, unless the Appellant shew reason why the Defendant should 
 not depart without day" 
 
 Mr. Gurney then, on the Part of the Appellant, craved time to consider the 
 propriety of applying for the judgment of the Court upon this point, and at his 
 request, time was given till the Wowing Monday, April 20, 1818; on which 
 day he informed their Lordships that as the Court had decreed the Appellee's 
 right to Wager of Battle, he had nothing further to pray. 
 
 Mr. Reader, for the Defendant, then said, my Lord, I submit the Appellant 
 must be called; and that he must accept the Wager of Battle, or consent that 
 the Defendant be permitted to go free without day. 
 
 531 
 
532 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 THORNTON, ABRAHAM, (continued.) 
 
 "Lord, Ellenborough — Very well, let him be called. 
 
 Mr. Gurney said, the Appellant did appear in Court, though he did not pray 
 any thing, but left his case with their Lordships, who he (Mr. Gurney) under- 
 stood had to consider whether any and what effect would attach to him for not 
 praying judgment in consequence of any future proceeding on the part of the 
 Defendant. 
 
 Mr. Richardson — My Lord, it cannot be considered that we abandon the 
 appeal; the Appellant is in Court, though he does not pray any thing. 
 
 Mr. Reader — Mr. Gurney, do you consent, on the part of the Appellant, 
 that the Defendant be discharged, and allowed to go free without day ? 
 
 Mr. Gurney — I do, on the part of the Appellant, give such consent. 
 
 Mr. Reader — Then I have only to pray the Court that he be so discharged. 
 
 Mr. Justice Bayley — I conceive the course now to be pursued is this. The 
 Appellant, piays nothing. The Defendant, therefore, as far as the Appellant 
 is concerned, goes free; but he must now be arraigned at the suit of the Crown ; 
 so that you will plead the trial and acquittal which has already taken place, but 
 of which, upon the present proceedings, the Crown must be supposed ignorant, 
 although it is a fact well known to the parties. 
 
 Lord Ellenborough — This is a proceeding between individuals of which the 
 Court knows nothing. He must be arraigned at the suit of the Crown, to which 
 he may plead the record of his former acquittal. The Attorney-General will, 
 perhaps, give his assent to this plea. 
 
 The prisoner was then arraigned — " Prisoner at the bar, Abraham Thornton, 
 hold up your hand. You the prisoner at the bar, stand appealed by the name 
 and description of Abraham Thornton, late of Castle Bromwich, in the. county 
 of Warwick, labourer, for that you, not having the fear of God before your eyes, 
 but being moved and instigated by the devil, did on the 27th of May, in the 
 57th year of the reign of his Majesty, in the parish of Sutton-Cofield, in the 
 county of Warwick, in and upon the body of Mary Ashford, make an assault, 
 and her, the said Mary Ashford, throw into a certain pit of water, wherein she 
 was suffocated and drowned," — how say you, are you guilty of the felony and 
 murder charged on you by the said appeal, or not guilty? — Appellee — not guilty. 
 
 Mr. Reader put in a copy of the record of the trial and acquittal of his client 
 on this charge, before Mr. Justice Holroyd, at Warwick, on the 8th of August ; 
 and upon that record the learned Counsel prayed their Lordships' judgment, 
 that the Defendant might be discharged. 
 
 Lord Ellenborough — Then the judgment of the Court is — That the Defendant 
 be discharged from this Appeal, and that he be allowed, to go forth without bail. 
 
 Thus did the rigid application of the letter of the law, a second time snatch 
 this wretch from the punishment, which, even on his own admission of guilt, 
 he had so fully incurred; but nothing could remove from the public mind, the 
 conviction of his atrocity, so deeply impressed by the very first narration of 
 the dreadful tale, and which even his own conduct, and gloomy broodings, after 
 he was set at liberty, served to strengthen and confirm. A wretched outcast, 
 shunned and dreaded by all who knew him, and even his very name become an 
 object of dread and terror in the neighbourhood of his family, he, a few months 
 after his liberation, attempted to proceed to America, but the sailors of the 
 vessel in which he was about to take his passage, refused to proceed to sea with 
 such a character on board; disguising himself, he succeeded in a subsequent 
 attempt in procuring a passage, and thus relieved this country from as great a 
 load of moral crime as ever disgraced and oppressed it in the form of a human 
 being. 
 
 Epitaph on a tombstone in the church-yard of Sutton- Cofield, over the remains of 
 
 the unfortunate Mary Ashford. By the Rev. Luke Booker. 
 
 Inscription, 
 
 As a warning to female virtue, and a humble monument to female chastity 
 
 This stone marks the grave of 
 
 MARY ASHFORD 
 
THE NEW TABLET OP MEMORY. 533 
 
 THORNTON, ABRAHAM, &c. (concluded.) 
 
 Who in the 20th year of her age, 
 
 Having incautiously repairer! to a 
 
 Scene of amusement, without proper protection, 
 
 Was brutally violated and murdered 
 
 On the 27 of May, 1817. 
 
 Lovely and chaste, as is the primrose pale 
 Killed of virgin sweetness by the gale, 
 Mary ! — the wretch who thee remorseless slew, 
 Avenging wrath, which sleeps not, will pursue: 
 For tho' the deed of blood be veil'd in night, 
 " Will not the Judge of all the earth do right?" 
 Fair blighted flower, the Muse, that weeps thy doom 
 Bears o'er thy murdered form — this warning tomb. 
 
 THORPE, JOHN, Antiquarian, born 1714; died 1793 
 
 THOU, JACQUES, historian, bom 1553; died 1617 
 
 THURLOE, JOHN, statesman, born 1616; died 1668 
 
 THURLOW, LORD, died September 12, (aged 74) 1806 
 
 THURTELL, JOHN, murdered Mr. Weare, October 24 . 1822 
 
 He was executed on the 9th of January, 1823. 
 
 THYNNE, THOMAS, shot in Pall-Mali, February 12 ... 1682 
 
 TICKELL, THOMAS, English poet, born 1686; died 1740 
 
 TICKELL, RICHARD, wit and poet, committed suicide . 1793 
 
 TIERNEY, RT. HON. GEORGE, died January 25 1830 
 
 TILLOTSON, JOHN, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTER- 
 BURY, born October 3, 1630 ; died November 24... 1694 
 
 He obtained great distinction as a pulpit orator, and was chosen to the honour- 
 able office of preacher to the Society of Lincoln's Inn, from which so many 
 eminent men have rose to the highest preferments in the church. On the 
 deposition of Archbishop Sancroft, in 1691, for refusing to take the oaths of 
 allegiance to the new Sovereign, Tillotson was reluctantly prevailed upon to 
 accept the See of Canterbury. This elevation exposed him to a great deal of 
 bitter acrimony from the high-church party. He died as above, after an illness 
 of five days, having held the primacy but three years, during which short period 
 he experienced great care and trouble. His Sermons are still very popular. 
 
 TILLY, COUNT, warrior, killed 1632 
 
 TINDAL, MATTHEW, English writer, born 1657; died. 1733 
 
 TINTORET, GIACOMO, painter, bom 1512; died 1594 
 
 TINTORET, MARIA, (daughter), painter, born 1560; died 1590 
 TIPPOO SULTAUN, killed at Seringapatam, 1799 
 
534 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 TOBIN, JOHN, dramatist, bom 1770; died 1804 
 
 TOFTS, MARY, the rabbit woman, imposture of on the 
 
 Public 1729 
 
 This singular woman pretended that she bred rabbits within her, and so far im- 
 posed upon Mr. John Howard, surgeon, at Guildford, and Mr. Andre, surgeon 
 to the King, as to prevail on them to espouse her cause. She even drew the 
 attention of His Majesty himself, who sent down Sir Richard Manningham, 
 one of his physicians, to enquire into it, when he soon discovered it to be an 
 imposture. 
 
 TOLAND, JOHN, English writer, born 1670; died 1722 
 
 TOOKE, ANDREW, English divine and writer, born 1673; 
 
 died 1731 
 
 TOOKE, JOHN HORNE, born 1736; died March 18 ... 1812 
 
 TOOKE, WILLIAM, historian, born 1744; died 1820 
 
 TOPHAM, EDWARD, eccentric character, died 1820 
 
 TOURLOIRE, CARDINAL, murdered . 1786 
 
 Cardinal Tourloire, High Inquisitor of Rome, was dragged from his carriage by a 
 mob, and hanged on a gibbet fifty feet high. 
 
 TOURNEFORT, JOSEPH PITTON DE, botanist, bora 
 
 1656; died 1708 
 
 TOWNLEY, JOHN, the translator of ' Hudibras' into 
 
 French, born 1697; died 1782 
 
 TOWNLEY, JAMES, divine and dramatist, born 1715; 
 
 died 1778 
 
 TOWNSEND, JOSEPH, divine and writer, died 1816 
 
 TOWNSEND, JOHN, the celebrated officer, died after a 
 
 few hours illness, July 9 1832 
 
 TOWNSEND, LORD JOHN, died February 25, (aged 76) 1832 
 
 TRAPP, JOSEPH, poet, born 1679; died 1747 
 
 TREMOUILLE, CHARLOTTE DE LA, COUNTESS 
 
 OF DERBY, died in 1663 
 
 She was the wife of James Stanley, Eai I of Derby, in whose absence upon a 
 command in the royal army, she defended Latham House, the ancient seat of 
 the Stanleys, with distinguished gallantry against the Parliament's army under 
 Fairfax, sustaining a siege of more than three months, and ultimately defeat- 
 ing them. To Fairfax's summons for capitulation, the Countess answered, — 
 " She had not forgotten what she owed to the Church of England, to her 
 Prince, and to her Lord; and that till she had lost her honour or her life, she 
 would defend that place." 
 
 TRENCK, BARON DE, executed 1796 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 535 
 
 TREVOR, SIR JOHN, who was employed by KING 
 
 WM. to bribe Members of Parliament, flourished ... 1690 
 
 TRIGAULT, NICOLAS, Jesuit and traveller, died......... 1623 
 
 TRIMMER, MRS. born 1740; died February 1810 
 
 TRISSINO, GIOVANNI GIORGIO, poet, born 1478; 
 
 died 1550 
 
 TROxMP, VAN, the celebrated Dutch Admiral, born 1597; 
 
 killed July 29 1653 
 
 TROTTER, ALEXANDER, burnt his books . 1805 
 
 Alexander Trolter was secretary to Lord Melville, who was tried in 1806. (See 
 " Melville, Lord," page 485.) 
 
 TRUCHET, JEAN, a Carmelite, and great mechanic, born 
 
 1657; died 1729 
 
 TRURO, L. born 1615; died 1780 
 
 This individual, Mr. T. Edwards, and Mr. T. Newman, lived from 1390 to 1780, 
 being 390 years, or 130 each, exclusive of the time they lived together, which 
 is not taken into account. 
 
 TRUSLER, DR. JOHN, compiler, born 1735; died 1820 
 
 TSCHIRNAUS, ERNFROY WALTER DE, mathema- 
 tician, traveller, and Author of many useful establish- 
 ments in Germany, born 1651; died 1708 
 
 TUBERO, LEWIS, historian, flourished 1520 
 
 TUBERVILLE, GEORGE, born about 1530; died 1600 
 
 TUCKER, JOSEPH, English writer, died 1797 
 
 TULL, JETHRO, celebrated writer on husbandry, died ... 1741 
 
 TURGOT, MICHEL ETIENNE, a friend of humanity, 
 
 born 1699; died 1751 
 
 TURENNE, MARSHAL, born 1611; killed 1675 
 
 TURNER, DR. WM. the first English botanist, died about 1568. 
 
 TURNER, MR. THOMAS, died May 19, 182X 
 
 " Mr. Turner was a reader in the office of William Bulmer, Esq. of Cleveland- 
 row, St. James's, which situation he filled for thirty-four years with credit to 
 himself, and to the satisfaction of his employer. He was intimately acquainted 
 with the Oriental languages, which were acquired by intense assiduity and 
 study, and many Authors have acknowledged the assistance they have derived 
 from his great learning; and though last, not least, the late Mr. Gifford, the 
 Editor of The Quarterly Review, has acknowledged himself indebted to Mr. 
 Turner." 
 
536 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 TURNER, EDWARD, the Pugilist, trial of 1815 
 
 Tried for murder, but found guilty of manslaughter; from the favourable testi- 
 timony given as to his general character, he was earnestly recommended to 
 mercy by the Jury. Sentenced to — two months imprisonment in Newgate. 
 
 TYLER, WAT, the rebel, killed 1381 
 
 TYNDALS, WM. Reformer, born 1500; put to death 1536 
 
 TYRWHITT, THOMAS, English writer, born 1730; died 1786 
 
 TYRWHITT, SIR THOMAS, Usher of the Black Rod to 
 
 the House of Commons, died at Paris, February 26 . 1833 
 
 TYSON, EDWARD, physician, died 1708 
 
 TYTLER, WM. historical writer, born 1711 ; died 1792 
 
 ULLOA, ANTONIO, Spanish traveller and writer, who 
 
 flourished in 1 747 
 
 ULLUG BEG, a Persian Prince and astronomer, killed by 
 
 his son 1449 
 
 URSATUS, SERTORIUS, Italian writer, born 1617; died 1678 
 
 USHER, JAMES, born 1720; died 1772 
 
 USHER, JAMES, ARCHBISHOP OF ARMAGH, 
 
 learned writer, born 1580 ; died 1656 
 
 VADE, JEAN JOSEPH, French poet, born 1720; died . 1757 
 
 VALETTE-PARISOT, JEAN DE LA, grand master of 
 
 Malta, born 1557 
 
 VALLA, LORENZO, Italian poet, born 1415; died 1465 
 
 VALOIS, ADRIEN DE, French writer, born 1612; died . 1692 
 
 VALOIS, HENRI DE, French writer, born 1694 
 
 VALLIANT, JEAN FOI, French writer and antiquarian, 
 
 born 1632; died 1706 
 
 VALLIERE, LOUISE DE LA BAUME LE BLANC, 
 DUCHESSE DE LA, mistress of Louis XIV. born 
 1644; died 1710 
 
 VALLISNIERI, ANTONIO, natural historian, born 1661 ; 
 
 died 1730 
 
 VANBURGH, SIR JOHN, architect and writer, died ... 1726 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 537 
 
 VANDEN VELDE, ISAIAH, painter, flourished 1630 
 
 VANDEN VELDE, WILLEM, marine painter, died 1693 
 
 VANDERMEER, JAN, painter, born 1628; died 1690 
 
 VANDERMEEREN, JAN, ditto, born 1627; died 1690 
 
 VANDERMEULEN, ANTONI FRANTS^ painter, died . 1690 
 
 VANDERNEER, EGLON, painter, died..." 1697 
 
 VANDYK, SIR ANTHONY, ditto, died 1641 
 
 VAN FIUYSUM, JAN, painter, born 1682; died 1749 
 
 VANINI, LUCILIA, a freethinker, born 1585; burnt 1619 
 
 VANLOO, JEAN BAPTISTE, painter, born 1684; died 1745 
 
 VANLOO, CHARLES ANDRE, ditto, born 1705 ; died . 1765 
 
 VANNIO FRANCESCO, ditto, born 1563 ; died 1609 
 
 VAN OBSTAL, GERARD, sculptor, born 1595; died ... 1668 
 
 VAN OSTADE, A DRLAN, painter and engraver, born 
 
 1610; died 1685 
 
 VAN OSTADE, ISAAC, ditto, his brother, flourished in 
 the 17th century. 
 
 VAN SWIETEN, GERARD, physician, born 1700; 
 
 died 1772 
 
 VARENIUS, BERNARD, geographer, flourished in the 
 
 17th century. 
 VARGAS, FRANCISCO, Spanish writer, died 1560 
 
 VARILLAS, ANTONIO, French historian, born 1624; 
 
 died 1696 
 
 VASARI, GIORGIO, painter, born 1514; died 1578 
 
 VASCONCELLOS, MIGUEL, statesman, killed 1640 
 
 VAUBAN, SEBASTIAN LE PRESTRE, celebrated en- 
 gineer, born 1633 ; died 1707 
 
 VAUC ANSON, French mechanist, born 1709; died 1782 
 
 VAUGELAUS, CLAUDE, French writer, born 1584; died 1650 
 VAUGHAN, , (Judge), died .'. 1839 
 
 The late Mr. Justice Vaughah, was brother to Sir Henry Halford, and known in 
 his younger days as Dr. Vaughan; married December 20, 1803, the Honour- 
 able Augusta St. John, second daughter of Henry, 12th Lord St. John, of 
 No. 69- ^ B 
 
538 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 VAUGHAN, , (continued.) 
 
 Bletsoe, by whom he had issue 5 and after whose death, he re-married, August 
 4, 1823, the Dowager Lady St. John. The late Judge was made one of the 
 Barons of the Exchequer, and subsequently one of the Judges of the Court of 
 Common Pleas. 
 
 VEGA, GARCILASSO DE LA, Spanish poet and histo- 
 rian, born 1500 ; died 1536 
 
 VEGA CARPIO, LOPE FELIX DE, Spanish writer, 
 
 born 1562; died 1635 
 
 He wrote three hundred Plays. 
 
 VELASQUEZ, DON DIEGO DE SYLVA, painter, born 
 
 1594; died 1660 
 
 VENABLES, ALDERMAN, died 1840 
 
 VENDOME, DUC DE, warrior, born 1654 ; died 1712 
 
 VENETIANO, DOMENICO, painter, introduced the use 
 
 of oil colours into Venice^ born 1720; died 1746 
 
 VENETTE, NICOLAS, French physician and writer, born 
 
 1633; died 1698 
 
 VENIERO, DOMENICO, Italian poet, died 1501 
 
 VERGENNES, CHARLES GRAVIER, COMTE DE, 
 
 statesman, born 1719 ; died 1787 
 
 VERGERIO, PIETRO PAULO, Italian bishop and writer, 
 
 died 1565 
 
 VERMANDER, CARL, poet and painter, born 1548; died 1607 
 
 VERNET, , celebrated landscape painter, born 1699 ; 
 
 died 1790 
 
 VERNEY, GUICHARD JOSEPH DU, anatomist, born 
 
 1647; died .-. 1730 
 
 VERNON, ADMIRAL, born 1684; died 1757 
 
 VERONESE, PAULO CAGLIARI, painter, bom 1532; 
 
 died 15S3 
 
 VEROCHIO, ANDREA, painter, born 1432; died 1488 
 
 VIC, DOMINIQUE DE, governor of Amiens, died 1610 
 
 VICTORIA QUEEN, born May 24 1819 
 
 Born May 24, 1819; ascended the throne June 20, 1837; took possession of the 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. .539 
 
 VICTORIA, QUEEN, (continued.) 
 
 New Palace in St. James's Park, July 13, 1837 ; closed the last Parliament of 
 William IV. July 17, 1837; took possession of Windsor Castle, August 22, 
 1837 ; invited (with her Royal Mother), to the Civic Eanquet at Guildhall, Nov. 
 9, 1837 ; crowned June 28, IS38, which was attended by Extraordinary and dis- 
 tinguished Ambassadors not only from the European, but Asiatic and Ame- 
 rican powers; the ceremony was attended by the greatest crowds ever known 
 in London, and Hyde Park was erected into a fair for the extra entertainment 
 of the vast concourse. 
 
 Expenses of Queen Victoria's Coronation, viz: — £. s - ^« 
 
 Lord Chamberlain's Department 1 4,024 12 
 
 Master of the Horse 2,800 
 
 Mistress of the Robes .• 3,163 12 6 
 
 Earl Marshal's Department 1,685 9 
 
 Heralds' Fees 507 
 
 Master of the Mint for Gold and Silver Medals 5,000 
 
 Commissioners of Woods, &c. for fitting up Westmin-'J 
 
 .ter Abbey &c. ......... 30,213 2 6 f - 31 tfj 19 
 
 Expenses of Illuminating Public Bull- * 
 
 dings S04 16 6) 
 
 Opening Theatres, and other Amusements 3,110 6 
 
 Fireworks 1,492 8 3 
 
 £. 62.801 6 9 
 
 Arrival of Prince Albert of Saxe Gotha in England, February 8, 1840 ; married 
 Prince Albeit, February 10, 1840; attempted assassination of, and her royal 
 Consort, by Edward Oxford ; (for a further account of, see page 490,) June 10, 
 1840; the Queen gave birth to a Princess, November, 1840, who was chris- 
 tened February 10, 1841. 
 
 VIGNOLES, ALPHONSE DE, French writer, died 1744 
 
 VILLARS, MARSHAL, French General, born 1653 ; died 1734 
 VILLIERS, HON. GEORGE, defalcation of 1809 
 
 He embezzled nearly £300,000. of public money as paymaster of marines ; was 
 never punished, but dismissed from his office. 
 
 VILLIERS, GEORGE, DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM ■ 
 see account of at page 422, ante. 
 
 VINCENT, ST. EARL OF ; see Rodney. 
 
 VINCENT, ST. FERRIER, bom 1357; died ..' 1419 
 
 VINCENT, ST. DE PAULA, bom 1576; died 1660 
 
 VINCENT, WM. D. D. Head Master of Westminster 
 
 School, born 1739; died December 21 1811 
 
 VINCI, LEONARDO DA, painter, poet, musician, archi- 
 tect, and general scholar, died 1520 
 
 VIRGIL, POLYDORO, historian, bom 1473; died 1553 
 
540 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 VISDELOU, CLAUDE DE, missionary, born 1656; died 1737 
 
 VOITURE, VINCENT, French writer, born 1598; died . 1648 
 
 VOLNEY, COUNT DE, born 1757; died 1820 
 
 VOLTAIRE, MARIE FRANCOIS A. DE, French 
 
 writer, born 1694; died 1778 
 
 VONDEL, JUST, Dutch poet, born 1587; died 1679 
 
 VOSSIUS, GERARD JAN, German writer, born 1577 ; 
 
 died 1649 
 
 VOS, MARTIN, painter, born 1520; died 1604 
 
 VOSTERMAN, LUCAS, engraver, nourished 1626 
 
 VOUET, SIMON, painter, born 1582; died 1641 
 
 VOYER DE PAULMY, MARC PIERRE, COMTE 
 
 D'ARGENSON, Lieut-Gen, of Police, ;. 1664 
 
 WADE, MARSHAL, born 1673; died 1748 
 
 WAGER, SIR CHARLES, ADMIRAL, born 1666; died 1743 
 
 WAGSTAFFE, THOMAS, English writer, died 1712 
 
 WAITHMAN, R. ESQ. died February 6 1833 
 
 Mr. Waithman died at his house, Woburn-place, aged 70. He was interred at 
 St. Bride's church. The funeral was a most splendid one; upwards of 60 
 Members of the Court of Common Council following' in the procession, which 
 was closed by twenty-seven private carriages. 
 
 WAKEFIELD, GILBERT, critic, born 1756; died 1801 
 
 WAKEFIELDS, (The) committal of, 1827 
 
 E. G. Wakefield, and William Wakefield, his brother, weie tried for the abduc- 
 tion of Miss Turner. E. G. Wakefield was sentenced to three years imprison- 
 ment in Newgate ; and the like term of imprisonment was awarded to W. Wake- 
 field, in Lancaster castle. After the trial of the Wakefields, Miss Turner was 
 married to T. F. Legh, Esq. M. P. of Lyme Hall, Cheshire; and died in Berke- 
 ley-square, January 17, 1831. 
 
 WAKELEY, WILLIAM, born 1590; died 1714 
 
 WAKLEY, Mr. opposition of, to Mr. Baker, at the Election 
 
 of Coroner for Middlesex 1830 
 
 The following is the State of the Poll on the 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, (and last) 
 Day of that Severe contest: — viz,: 
 
 Sixth Day. For Mr. Baker, 251 2 
 
 Wakley, . . 2232 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORV, 541 
 
 WAKLEY, MR. (continued.) 
 
 Seventh Day. For Mr. Baiter, 2763 
 
 Wakley 2529 
 
 Eighth Day. For Mr. Baker 2978 
 
 Wakley 2732 
 
 Ninth Day. For Mr. Baker 3249 
 
 Wakley 2990 
 
 Tenth Day. For Mr. Baker, (at 12 o'clock), 3404 
 
 Wakley, 3145 
 
 The number of Votes at the close of the Poll on the 10th, (and last) Day, of the 
 Election, stood thus : — 
 
 For Mr. Baker 3<i70 
 
 Wakley, .-. 3534 
 
 making <he total number of persons who polled in that arduous and expensive 
 contest — 7,204. 
 
 On the death of Mr. Stirling, the late Coroner, Mr. Wakley again stood forward 
 for the purpose of contesting the office of Coroner of Middlesex, in opposition 
 to Mr. Adey, which commenced February 14, 1839, (Nomination Day). On 
 the following day, the polling commenced at eight o'clock, and proceeded stea- 
 dily until three in the afternoon, when an effort was made in favour of the 
 opposing Candidate by his friends. The poll closed at Four, when the numbers 
 were announced as follows : — 
 
 First Day. For Mr. Wakley 1413 
 
 Adey, 310 
 
 Second Day. For Mr. Wakley 1392 
 
 Adey,' 308 
 
 Third Day. For Mr. Wakley, 10 
 
 Adey 3 
 
 Fourth Day. For Mr. Wakley, 2 
 
 Adey 2 
 
 Fifth Day. For Mr. Wakley 2 
 
 Adey, ' 2 
 
 Sixth Day, For Mr. Wakley, 1 
 
 Adey 1 
 
 WALE, SAMUEL, painter, died 1785 
 
 WALKER, JAMES, tried January 1, 1831 
 
 James Walker was found guilty at the Kingston Assizes of setting fire to the 
 flour mill of Mr. John Bestell, at East Moulsey, and received sentence of death. 
 
 WALL, GOVERNOR, tried, and executed for murder, Jan. 1812 
 
 Joseph Wall, Esq. formerly Governor of the island of Goree, was executed at the 
 Old Bailey, for having murdered a Serjeant of marines, named Armstrong, 
 twenty years before, by excessive flogging. But the most remarkable circum- 
 stance attached to this case is, that upon the trial, a part of the rope with which, 
 the punishment was inflicted should be produced on the trial. 
 
 WALLACE, SIR WILLIAM, eminent Scotch general, 
 
 born 1276; killed 1305 
 
 WALLER, EDMUND, poet, died 1687 
 
 The books and paintings originally belonging to the poet Waller, were sold on 
 
542 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 WALLER, EDMUND, (continued.) 
 
 the 17th and 18th of August, 18S2, by Mr. Squibb and Mr. Everett, at Hall 
 Barn, near Beaconsfield. 
 
 WALLER, SIR WM. general, bom 1597; died 1668 
 
 WALLIS, JOHN, mathematician, born 1616; died 1703 
 
 WALPOLE, SIR ROBERT, EARL OF ORFORD,bom 
 
 1676; died 1745 
 
 It has been justly remarked that the history of Sir Robert Walpole is the history 
 of England for half a century, and must be read there ; his private life was 
 amiable and benevolent; and his good temper was admired even by his political 
 enemies. Pope, who was no friend to Walpole, says 
 
 Seen him I have, but in his happier hour 
 Of social pleasure, ill exchanged with pow'r. 
 Seen him, uncumber'd with the venal tribe, 
 Smile without art, and win without a bribe. 
 
 Committed to the Tower, 1712; took his seat in the House of Peers, February 
 11, 1741-2. 
 
 WALPOLE, HORATIO LORD, born 1718; died 1757 
 
 Younger brother of the Minister, during the whole of whose long administration 
 he was not only assiduous in fulfilling the duties of his own official appoint- 
 ments, but had a share in directing every negotiation, and superintended the 
 whole system of foreign police. He was always consulted by his brother, and 
 often by the King, on the current of affairs; and took an active share in those 
 debates which related to foreign transactions. 
 
 WALSH, WILLIAM, poet, born 1659; died 1708 
 
 WALSINGHAM, THOMAS, historian, flourished 1454 
 
 WALSINGHAM, FRANCIS, statesman, died 1590 
 
 WALSINGHAM, LORD, died April 27 1831 
 
 At the above period, about two o'clock in the morning, the house of Lord 
 Walsingham was discovered to be on fire. His Lordship was unfortunately 
 burnt to death in his bed-chamber; and Lady Walsingham, in her fright, pre- 
 cipitated herself out of the window of her room, in the two pair; but although 
 every attention was paid her, she expired in consequence of the injuries she had 
 received. 
 
 WALSTEIN, ALBERT, a great warrior, born 1584; died 1634 
 WALTERS, JOHN NICHOLLS, trial of, January 6 1832 
 
 Walters was tried at the Middlesex Sessions for attempting to persuade and ex- 
 cite one Richard James Pye Steele to set fire to a certain building in Totten- 
 ham-couit-road, with intent to defraud Charles Pole, Esq. the Treasurer of the 
 Sun Fire Office. The prisoner was, after a trial of five hours, found guilty, and 
 sentenced to eighteen calendar months confinement in the House of Cor- 
 rection. 
 
 WALTHER, , mathematician, flourished in the 16th 
 
 century. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 543 
 
 WALTON, ISAAC, born 1593; died 1683 
 
 WALTON, BRIAN, BISHOP OF CHESTER, born in 
 
 1600; died 1661 
 
 WALWORTH, SIR WILLIAM, Lord Mavor of London, 
 
 flourished ' ." 1381 
 
 WANLEY, HUMPHREY, F.R.S. died July 6 1726 
 
 He was an eminent antiquary, and librarian to Robert and Edward, Earls of 
 Oxford. Several of his letters are in the British Museum, as also a portrait of 
 him; there is another in the Bodleian Library, Oxford. 
 
 WARBECK, PERKIN, executed 1499 
 
 WARBURTON, WM. Bishop of Gloucester, died 1779 
 
 WARD, JOHN, of Hackney, expelled the House of 
 
 Commons for Forgery, May 16 1726 
 
 WARD, SETH, born 1616; died in 1689 
 
 WARDLE, MR. Member for Okehampton, charges pre- 
 ferred by against the Duke of York, January 28 1809 
 
 This examination took place before a Committee of the whole House of Commons, 
 February 1, 1809, and successive days. In 1804, the late Duke of York, pro- 
 vided Mrs. Clark with a very expensive establishment in Gloucester place, 
 with house, carriages, &c. She had also another at Weybridge. From this 
 time she regularly got into the way of procuring Commissions, and situations 
 for bribe, within the influence of the Commander-in-Chief. 
 
 On the 28th of January, 1809, Colonel Wardle rose to bring his charges 
 against the Commander-in-Chief. The sale of Commissions was for the sole 
 purpose of defraying the charges of the half-pay list, for the support of veteran 
 officers, and increasing the Compassionate Fund, for the aid of the widows of 
 officers, or orphans, and therefore, any Commissions that fell by deaths or pro- 
 motions, the Commander-in-Chief had no right to sell for his own private 
 emolument, nor any difference arising from change. The motion was seconded 
 by Sir Francis Burdett. 
 Original charge of Commissions. £. s. d. Mrs. Clarke's charge, £■ 
 
 A majority 2,900 I A Majority 900 
 
 A Captaincy 1,700 | A Captaincy ■...„.. 700 
 
 A Lieutenancy 550 I A Lieutenancy .... 400 
 
 An Ensigncy 400 | An Eusigncy 200 
 
 Brought an action against Mrs. Clarke and the Wrights, for a conspiracy, which 
 he lost, December 11, 1810. He died at Florence, November 30, 1834, in the 
 72nd year of his age. 
 
 WARE, SIR JAMES, historian, born 1666 
 
 WARREN, SIR J. B. Admiral died 1822 
 
 WARREN, SIR PETER, English Admiral died 1752 
 
 WARHAM, WILLIAM, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTER- 
 BURY, died 1532 
 
 The antagonist and rival of Wolsey, and the friend and patron of Erasmus. 
 
 s- 
 
 d: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
544 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 WARHAM, WILLIAM, (continued.) 
 
 Though in his habits singularly abstemious, he was in his public character so 
 liberal and disinterested, that he found on his death-bed that he possessed but 
 thirty pounds in the world — " Enough, however," he said, " for the journey 
 I am going." 
 
 WARNER, JAMES, execution of, January 10 1831 
 
 James Warner was convicted at the Kingston Assizes on a charge of arson, and 
 executed at Horsemonger-lane. 
 
 WARTON, JOSEPH, poet, died 1803 
 
 WARTON, THOMAS, poet and critic, bom 1728; died . 1790 
 
 WARWICK, EARL OF, the king maker, died 1441 
 
 WARRINGTON CAPTAIN, Court Martial on, Jan. 17 . 1832 
 
 Captain Warring-ton was charged with not having done his duty in endeavouring 
 to suppress the riots at Bristol. 
 
 WASHINGTON, GENERAL, died March 19 1799 
 
 The following is an account of the last moments of this great man, extracted from 
 his Life, latelv published by Mr. Colburn: — 
 
 " About half-past four o'clock he desired Mr. Lear to call Mrs. Washington, 
 which he having done, the General requested her to take from his desk two 
 wills; having- looked at them, he gave her one, and desired her to burn the 
 other. This done, Dr. Craik came into the room, and upon g-oing to the bed- 
 side, the General said to him, Doctor, I die hard, but I am not afraid to go. I 
 believed, from my first attack, that I should not survive. My breath cannot last 
 long.' The D ictor pressed his hand, but could not utter a word. He retired 
 from the bed-side, and sat by the fire absorbed in grief. Between five and six 
 o'clock, Dr. Dick and Dr Brown came into the room, and with Dr. Craik went 
 to the bed, when Dr. Craik asked him if he could sit up in bed. He held out 
 his hand, and I raised him up. He then said to the physicians, ' I feel myself 
 going ; I thank you for your attentions ; but I pray you to take no more trouble 
 about me. Let me go off quietly. I cannot last long.' They found that all 
 which had been done was without effect. He lay down again, and all retired 
 except Dr. Craik. He continued in the same situation, uneasy and restless, 
 but without complaining ; frequently asking what hour it was. When I helped 
 him to move at this time, he did net speak, but looked at me with strong expres- 
 sions of gratitude. 
 
 " About ten o' clock he made several attempts to speak to me before he could 
 effect it. At length he said, ' I am just going. Have me decently buried; 
 and do not let my body be put into the vault in less than three days after I am 
 dead.' I bowed assent, for I could not speak. He then looked at me again 
 and said, — ' Do you understand me?' I replied, ' Yes.' ' 'Tis well,' said he. 
 About ten minutes before he expired, (which was between ten and eleven 
 o'clock) his breathing became easier. He lay quietly; he withdrew his hand 
 from mine, and felt his own pulse. I saw his countenance change. I spoke to 
 Dr. Craik. The General's hand fell from his wrist. I took it in mine, and 
 pressed it to my bosom. Dr. Craik put his hands over his eyes, and he expired 
 without a struggle or a sigh. 
 
 WATT, JAMES, born 1736; died 1819 
 
 A public meeting took place in London, on the 18th of June, 1824, at which the 
 the late Lord Liverpool, then Prime Minister presided, to determine on the 
 erection of a statue to the memory of this eminent artist, which was one of the 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 545 
 
 WATT, JAMES, (continued.) 
 
 most interesting ever held in the Metropolis. A Resolution was proposed by 
 Mr. Brougham, and seconded by Mr. Peel, — " That a monument should be 
 erected in Westminster Abbey to the memory of the late Mr. Watt. 
 
 WATTEAU, ANTONI, engraver and painter, born 1684; 
 
 died 1721 
 
 WATERLO, ANTHONI, engraver and painter, flourished . 1600 
 WATTS, DR. ISAAC, born July 17, 1674; died 1748 
 
 The first edition of his Hymns printed in 17*07-; Psalms, 1719; published the 
 first volume of his Sermons, 1721 ; second volume of ditto, 1723; and the third 
 ditto, 1734. 
 
 WATSON, JAMES, trial of, for assaulting a Patrol with 
 a sword, on the night preceding the Spa-fields riot, upon 
 
 which charge he was acquitted, January 21 1817 
 
 WATSON, CHARLES, Admiral, died 1757 
 
 WA YNFLETE, WM. Prelate, &c. died 1486 
 
 WEBER, , the celebrated musical composer, died 
 
 June 5, 1826 
 
 WEBSTER, DR. ALEXANDER, born 1707; died 1784 
 
 This individual was the Author of the calculations for the Establishment of the 
 Minister's Widows' Fund: he had also a principal hand in projecting the ex- 
 tended royalty of Edinburgh. 
 
 WEDDERBURN, ALEXANDER, EARL OF ROSS- 
 
 LYN, lawyer, died 1805 
 
 WEDGETT, GEORGE, executed in the Old Bailey, 
 
 May 25 1831 
 
 George Wedgett, who was convicted at the Old Bailey Sessions of sheep stealing, 
 was executed with John Broach, aged 30, of stealing in a dwelling-house. 
 
 WEDGWOOD, JOSIAH, the celebrated potter, born 1730 ; 
 
 died January 3 1795 
 
 WEIL, LEVI, WEIL, ASHER, JACOB LAZARUS, 
 
 and SOLOMON PORTER, executed 1771 
 
 These men formed part of a desperate Jewish gang, and were executed at 
 Tyburn, for a daring burglary and cruel murder, in the house of the widow 
 Hutchings, at Chelsea. 
 
 The robbery was no sooner known, than a reward was offered from the 
 Secretary of State's Office, for the apprehension of the offenders ; to which was 
 added a considerable reward from the City of London. Isaacs, one of the gang, 
 being greatly reduced by poverty, was tempted, by the great reward, to inform 
 against his accomplices, six of whom were soon apprehened; the other made his 
 escape, and was never after heard of. 
 
 Wo- 70 4 c 
 
546 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 WEIL, LEVI, &c. (continued.) 
 
 The prisoners, in order to disguise their appearance as much as possible, 
 had, previous to being apprehended, shaved themselves, and altered their dress ; 
 but notwithstanding, the prosecutrix was enabled to identify them. 
 
 They were in consequence committed to take their trial, at the Old Bailey, 
 ■when Levi Weil, Asher Weil, Marcus Harlagh, Jacob Lazarus, Solomon Porter, 
 Lazarus Harry, and Abraham Linevill, (the individual who made his escape), 
 were indicted for the felony and murder; when the Weills, Lazarus, and 
 Porter were capitally convicted; and Hartagh and Lazarus Harry acquitted. 
 
 Previous to their execution, one of the Rabbies went to them in the press- 
 yard of Newgate, and gave to each of them a Hebrew book ; but declined to at- 
 \ tend them to the place of execution, and also to pray with them at the time of 
 visiting them. After being- suspended the usual period, their bodies were con- 
 veyed to Surgeons' Hall, where the skeletons of the Weills are hung up, near 
 to that of the notorious Mrs. Brovvnrigg, and over the jaws of each is cemented 
 a black bushy beard. 
 
 WELLINGTON, DUKE OF, born 1769 
 
 Defeated the Mahrattas, September 23, 1803; the French, at Roleia, August 17, 
 1808; the French at Vimeira, under Junot, August 21, 1808; the French at 
 Oporto, May 11, 1809; Again at Talavera, July 27, 1809; Olivenza surren- 
 dered to the allied army,. April 15, 1811 ; defeated the French at Almeida, 
 May 11, 1811; stormed Ciudad Rodrigo, September 25, 1811 ; again in Janu- 
 ary, 1812; defeated the French at Salamanca, with great slaughter, July 22, 
 1812; stormed the fortress of Badajoz, April 6, 1812; abandoned the siege of 
 Burgos, October 20, 1812; Defeated the French at Vittoria, June 21, 1813; 
 Defeated the French in the Pyrenees, under Marshal Soult, with immense 
 slaughter, July 28, 1813; crossed the river Bidasoa, and entered France, Oc- 
 tober 7, 1813 ; Defeated the French, under Marshal Soult, at St. Jean de Luz, 
 November 10, 1813; Defeated the French at Orthes, February 25, 1814; de- 
 feated the French at Tarbes, under Marshal Soult, March 20, 1814; defeated 
 the French at Toulouse, under Marshal Soult, April 10, 1814; entered Bour- 
 deaux, March 12, 1815; defeated the French at Quatre Bras, June 16, 1815; 
 defeated the French at the battle of Waterloo, under Bonaparte, June 18, 1815; 
 appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Army, on the death of the Duke of York, 
 January 22, 1827; resigned it, April 11, ditto; re-accepted it, August 17, 
 ditto; appointed First Lord of the Treasury, and formed a new Administration, 
 January 25, 1828; again resigned the office of Commander-in-Chief, February 
 15, 1828; fought a duel with the Earl of Winchelsea, 1829; the Duke fired 
 first, and the Earl of Winchelsea discharged his pistol in the air. The quarrel 
 arose from some pointed remarks of the bigoted Earl relative to the motives of 
 the Duke in granting Catholic Emancipation. Again appointed First Lord of 
 the Treasury on the resignation of Earl Grey. Appointed Chancellor of the 
 University of Oxford, 1834. 
 
 WESLEY, REV. JOHN, born June, 1703; died Mar. 2, 1791 
 
 This celebrated preacher was the founder of that extensive religious sect, the 
 Methodists. He was the second son of the Rev. Samuel Wesley, Rector of 
 Epworth, in Lincolnshire. 
 
 WEST, GILBERT, poet, died ; 1755 
 
 WEST, BENJAMIN, artist, bom 1738; died March 10 ... 1820 
 
 His g-enius exhibited itself at the early age of six, when he made a pen and ink 
 sketch of his sister's infant, while it was sleeping in its cradle. Though en- 
 tirely destitute of the requisite materials, yet he triumphed over every obstacle 
 that fortune had placed in the way of the indulgence of his favourite pursuit. 
 Having obtained some red and yellow colours from the Indians, and some 
 indigo from his mother, he supplied himself with a pencil, by plucking the 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 547 
 
 WEST, BENJAMIN, (continued.) 
 
 hairs from a cat's back. After struggling with innumerable difficulties, he was 
 at last permitted by his friends to yield himself to the impulse of his genius. 
 At the age of fifteen he painted portraits. He visited Rome when in his 22nd 
 year, for the purpose of studying the works of Raphael and Michael Angelo. 
 He was here patronised by Lord Grantham, whose portrait he painted, which 
 was submitted to many artists and connoissieurs, and had the honour to be 
 taken for one of the best coloured pieces of Mengs. He now visited Bologna, 
 Mantua, Parma, Venice, and Verona, and made himself acquainted with the 
 style of the best masters of the Italian School. In 1763, he came to England, 
 arrived in London, June 20, and shortly after took lodgings in Bedford-street, 
 Covent Garden, where he set up his easel. The first pictures he exhibited, 
 were Angelica and Meclora ; Cimon and Iphigenia ; and a portrait of General 
 MoncJcton. These productions were well received, and he obtained the patro- 
 nage of many dignitaries of the church, and especially of Dr, Drummond, Arch- 
 bishop of York. Mr. West was married in September, 1765, at the church of 
 St. Martin-in-ihe-Fields to Miss Shewell, daughter of a respectable merchant at 
 Philadelphia, to whom he had formed an attachment previous to his visit to 
 Rome, who came over accompanied by a relation, that the ceremony might be 
 performed, without impeding his studies. The Archbishop of York now intro- 
 duced Mr. West to the King, who commanded him to paint the subject of the 
 Departure of Regnlus ; the production of this picture gained him the personal 
 confidence of His Majesty, which was rendered eminently serviceable in the 
 establishment of the Royal Academy, founded in 1768. He now devoted him- 
 self entirely to historical compositions, which are exceedingly numerous; his 
 later productions were — Christ Rejected, and Death on the Pale Horse ; the 
 latter was painted when the artist was nearly eighty years of age. Mr. West 
 succeeded Sir Joshua Reynolds, as President of the Royal Academy in 1792, 
 and held it till his death, with the exception of the year 1806, when Mr. 
 Wyatt filled that office. He died at his house, Newman-street. 
 
 WERNER, , born 1750 
 
 WESTWOOD, MR. the Chronometer-maker, mysterious 
 
 murder of 1839 
 
 WESTMINSTER, MATTHEW OF, historian, died 1380 
 
 WESTALL, , (the painter,) died December 4 1836 
 
 WHARTON, PHILIP DUKE OF, born about 1699; de- 
 clared a traitor, April 3, 1729 ; died March 31 1731 
 
 WHARTON, JOHN, historian and writer, died 1694 
 
 WHEATLEY, FRANCIS, ESQ. R. A. died June 1801 
 
 Mr. Wheatley was an artist of eminence, and gained considerable reputation by 
 his picture of the Irish House of Commons, taken at the time of Mr. Grattan's 
 motion for the repeal of Poijning's Act. 
 
 WHISTON, WILLIAM, astronomer, born 1667 ; died ... 1752 
 
 WHITBREAD, MR. died in June 1796 
 
 WHITBREAD, SAMUEL, statesman, died July 7 1815 
 
548 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 WHITE, HENRY, Jun. trial of, for a libel on H. R. II. 
 
 the Duke of Cumberland, March 5 1813 
 
 The information filed by the Attorney-General, arose from the publication of a 
 letter in the Independent Whig, of which the Defendant was the Editor, and 
 which imputed to His Royal Highness a guilty knowledge of the murderer of 
 Sellis his valet, by various questions, the first of which was respecting the diffi- 
 culty of procuring a Jury to say that Sellis was his own executioner? Secondly, 
 was not the razor, with which it was supposed to have been completed, found 
 at a great distance from the body? Thirdly, was not the coat of the deceased, 
 and drenched with blood, found on a chair at a considerable distance from the 
 body? Fourthly, whether the bason was not placed deliberately at the side of 
 the bed, evidently for the purpose of catching the blood? Fifthly, whether the 
 body was not nearly cold when found? Sixthly, whether Sellis was not trou- 
 bled with such an asthmatic cough that it would have been impossible for him 
 to conceal himself for more than half an hour without betraying himself? 
 Seventhly, as to the situation of the slippers in the closet in which it was 
 supposed that he concealed himself? Eighthly, was not the neckcloth cut in 
 pieces in such a way, as militated strongly against the idea of his having cut 
 . his throat. 
 
 Mr. Scarlett having addressed the Court in behalf of the Defendant, Lord 
 Ellenborough summed up, and the Jury almost immediately returned a verdict 
 of — guilty. 
 
 On the 24th of May the Defendant was again brought before the Court, to 
 receive sentence, which was, that the Defendant should be imprisoned in His 
 Majesty's jail of Newgate fifteen calendar months, pay a fine to the king of 
 £200. and be imprisoned till such fine be paid. 
 
 WHITE, HUFFEY, executed for robbing the Leeds mail, 1813 
 
 Huffey White and Richard Kendall, in concert with another accomplice, were tried 
 for the above offence, when, after a trial of upwards of fourteen hours, their 
 guilt was fully established by the evidence of forty witnesses. 
 
 WHITE, SIR THOMAS, born 1492; died 1566 
 
 He was the founder of St. John's College, Cambridge. 
 
 WHITE, THOMAS, Founder of Sion College, died 1623 
 
 WHITE, HENRY KIRKE, died October 19 (aged 21) ... 1806 
 
 He died at Cambridge in 1806, and not in 1816 as has lately appeared, in conse- 
 quence of too much exertion in the pursuit of studies, that " would have 
 matured a mind which disease and poverty could not impair, and which death 
 itself destroyed rather than subdued. His Poems abound with such beauties, 
 as must impress the reader with the liveliest regret that so short a period was 
 allotted to talents which would have dignified even the sacred functions he was 
 destined to assume. 
 
 No marble marks thy couch of lowly sleep, 
 But living statues there are seen to weep: 
 Affliction's semblance bends not o'er thy tomb, 
 Affliction's self deplore's thy youthful doom. — BYRON. 
 
 WHITEHEAD, MISS, (called the Bank Nun,) died No- 
 vember 9 1837 
 
 This singular individual was to be frequently seen in the neighbourhood of the 
 Bank of England 5 and the gentlemen of that Institution, were well acquainted 
 with her person, many of whom have been frequently known to contribute to 
 the wants of the unfortunate lunatic. 
 
 The circumstance that gave rise to her repeated visits to this Establishment 
 is said to have been occasioned by the following melancholy occurrence. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 549 
 
 WHITEHEAD, MISS, (continued.) 
 
 Her brother held a situation in the Bank of England, which he filled for some 
 years, much to the satisfaction of his employers ; but being too high-minded for 
 his income, he commenced d.abbling in the Stocks, hopiug thereby to increase 
 his means, if not make a splendid foitune. 
 
 This proceeding having reached the ears of the Directors, they, instead of 
 enforcing the penalty of the infringement of their rules, only rebuked him, 
 though at the same time assuring him, that if further persisted in, his dis- 
 charge would be certain. This threat was 'too much for his lofty spirit to 
 bear ; and a few weeks after, he tendered his resignation. This act of impru- 
 dence gave great offence to his friends. He still continued to carry on the 
 Stock-jobbing mania, in which he was, for a time, very fortunate ; but though 
 success had hitherto followed success, it eventually proved his ruin. 
 
 He now associated himself with a person named 1 Roberts, who raised heavy 
 sums of money among the Jews in the Metropolis, by representing himself as 
 the heir of Northumberland, and by which romantic representation, he actu- 
 ally effected a mortgage on the Duke's estate; and to this might be added many 
 other frauds, which were never brought against him. He at length committed 
 a forgery, to a large amount, in the Old Navy Fives. The discovery was made 
 through the house of Robarts and Co. He was accordingly prosecuted at the 
 Old Bailey, and found guilty. 
 
 His former spirit, now broken by his degraded situation, he sought by 
 prayer and repentance that solace no longer to be found in the pleasures of the 
 world. Alderman Birch, who was Sheriff at that period, was unremitting in 
 his attentions to him; and supported him to the fatal drop, through the 
 Debtors' door of Newgate. 
 
 The whole affair was carefully concealed from his unfortunate sister, she 
 being removed to the house of a friend in Wine Office-court, Fleet-street, 
 during the painful proceedings. 
 
 Unable to account for his continued absence, and fancying he had formed a 
 matrimonial alliance, she one day proceeded to the Bank to satisfy her suspi- 
 cions, when a fellow-clerk informed her of the crime he had committed, and its 
 dreadful result. The intelligence was too much for his unfortunate sister ; — 
 she spoke not a word — shed not a tear, but stood motionless. The shock com- 
 pletely overthrew her mind. 
 
 From that time, in a dress of sable, painted lips and face, and head encircled 
 by a sort of coronet, decorated with black crape, and a reticule on her arm, she 
 daily loitered about the Bank for hours, believing that her brother was still 
 employed there. The Governors of the Bank frequently gave her money, out 
 of compassion to her misfortunes; and the clerks there, were equally as feeling 
 towards her. Having imbibed a notion, that the Directors of the bank kept her 
 out of her right, she frequently demanded the same in an abusive manner, and 
 during the hours of business, which eventually obliged them to forbid her ad- 
 mission to any part of the building; but this prohibition did not continue long. 
 She on one occasion attacked Baron Rothschild upon the Stock Exchange ; and 
 after applying the names of villain, robber, &c. at the same time telling him he 
 had defrauded her of her fortune, demanded the £2000. still owing her. After 
 surveying her for a few moments with a look of compassion, he took from his 
 waistcoat pocket a half crown, and. presenting it to her, said, — " There, then s 
 take that, and dont bother me now, I'll give you the other half to-morrow " — 
 upon which she thanked him, and went away. 
 
 Her bodily powers now began to give way ; and she still continued to paint 
 her face with the rouge. On the day of Her Majesty's (Queen Victoria), visit 
 to the Civic Banquet, on Thursday, November 9, 1837, this poor maniac had 
 persuaded herself that she was to be one of the Lord Mayor's guests — but on 
 the close of that memorable day — she breathed her last! 
 
 As no satisfactory account could be obtained by the parochial authorities re- 
 lative to her place of abode, Mr. Payne, the city Coroner, was informed of the 
 same, when a highly respectable Jury was, on the following Saturday, empa- 
 
550 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 WHITEHEAD, MISS, (continued.) 
 
 nelled, at the King's Arms Tavern, Old Kent Road, when the following evidence 
 was given : — the summonsing Officer, said he had applied at the Bank of Eng- 
 land, in order to find out the relatives of the deceased, but that he had not 
 succeeded. He saw there a porter, who had been employed at the Establish- 
 ment for the last forty years, but he was unacquainted with her christian name. 
 
 A Mrs. Butler, landlady of the Eagle Coffee-house, said she had known the 
 deceased for the last forty years, taking her meals daily at her house, for which 
 she regularly paid. On the Thursday she was in the Coffee-room some hours, 
 when she complained of not being well, and appeared ill. Witness assisted 
 her along the passage, on her wishing to return home. 
 
 The Coroner said, he had known the deceased from his youth. 
 
 George Nicholls, in the employ of Mr. Wheatley, a Greenwich coach propri- 
 etor, said, the deceased was sixty-one, as she informed him. After her brother's 
 death, (who was buried in Greenwich church-yard), she walked down every 
 Sunday to pray over his tomb. Latterlv, from her infirmities, she rode to 
 Greenwich in his coach every Sunday. Upon this evidence the Jury returned 
 a verdict of — " Hied by the visitation of God." 
 
 WHITEHEAD, WILLIAM, Poet Laureat, born 1715; 
 
 died April 17 1735 
 
 WHITFIELD, REV. GEORGE, died 1770 
 
 Preached in the fields, 1735; excluded the church, May 10, 1739. 
 
 WHITTINGTON, SIR RICHARD, made Lord Mayor 
 
 of London 1377 
 
 Much has been recorded respecting this great man ; but little can be depended on 
 till the reign of Edward III. when the Lords and Commons granted to the King 
 a Poll-Tax, of fourpence a head, for every man and woman passing the age of 
 fourteen years, beggars excepted. The King demanding of the city of London 
 to advance him £4000. upon this Poll, and the Mayor, (Alderman Staple), 
 being backward in complying, he was by the king turned out of that office, and 
 Sir Richard Whittington appointed in his room, to finish the year ; and this is 
 the first mention of his being knighted, and of his great importance in the city 
 at that time. His second Mayoralty took place in 1406; his third, and last, in 
 1419, in the reign of Henry V. 
 
 The library of the famous church of the Grey Friars, near the spot where 
 Christ Church, in Newgate-street, now stands, was founded by him in 1429. 
 In three years it was filled with books to the value of £556. of which Sir 
 Richard contributed £400. the rest being supplied by Dr. Thomas Winchelsey, 
 a friar. This was about thirty years before the invention of printing. He also 
 re-built Newgate, contributed generously to the repairs of Guildhall, and 
 endowed Christ's Hospital with a considerable sum. 
 
 How long he lived is uncertain, as his epitaph in the church of St. Michael 
 Paternoster, in the Vintry, where he was buried, does not even give the date of 
 his birth. His will is dated, December 21, 1423. In the before-mentioned 
 church, Sir Richard Whittington was buried three times; the first, in the 
 regular way, by his executors, under a handsome monument ; secondly, in the 
 reign of Edward VI. owing to the Parson of the church, who, thinking to find great 
 riches in his tomb, broke it open, and despoiled the body of its leaden sheet. In the 
 reign of Queen Mary, she obliged the parishioners to take up the body, and 
 restore the lead as before, when it was again buried, and remained so until the 
 Great Fire of London disturbed its resting place. This church, of which he 
 was the founder, and also of a College and Aims-Houses, near the spot, became 
 a prey to the flames in in 1666. 
 
 The house called Whittington College, with the garden, was sold to Armagill 
 Wade, in the second year of Edward IV. The Alms-houses which he founded 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 551 
 
 WHITTINGTON, SIR RICHARD, (continued.) 
 
 for 13 poor men, are still supported by the Mercer's Company, of which he was 
 a Member, and in whose custody aje still extant the original ordinances of 
 Sir Richard Whittington's Charity, made by his executors, Coventre, Carpenter, 
 and Grove, the first page, curiously illuminated, represents Whittington lying 
 on his death-bed, his body very lean and meagre, with his three executors, a 
 priest, and some other persons, standing by his bedside. 
 
 WHITWORTH, EARL, died 1825 
 
 The title, in consequence, became extinct. 
 
 WHYTT, ROBERT, physician and writer, died 1766 
 
 W1CKHAM, WILLIAM OF, ARCHBISHOP OF CAN- 
 TERBURY, born 1324; died 1404 
 
 WICKLIFFE, JOHN, who denied the Pope's supremacy, 
 
 died 1385 
 
 WICQUEFOTT, ABRx<\HAM, Dutch writer, flourished in 
 the 17th century. 
 
 WILBERFORCE, WILLIAM, ESQ. died July 29 1833 
 
 WILD, JONATHAN, executed, May 24 1725 
 
 WILKES, JOHN, the Patriot, born 1727; died December 
 
 20, (aged 70) 1797 
 
 Expelled the House of Commons in 1769. 
 
 WILKIE, WILLIAM, poet, born 1721 ; died 1772 
 
 WILKIE, SIR DAVID, born 1785; died June 1 1841 
 
 The deceased was son of the Rev. Mr. Wilkie, of Cults, Fifeshire. When at the 
 age of twenty, he came to London from Scotland, and commenced his brilliant 
 career. In 1806 he exhibited, for the first time at the Royal Academy, and 
 such was the success of his early efforts, that in 1810 he was elected an Asso- 
 ciate, and two years afterwards, a Royal Academician. Sir David was principal 
 painter in ordinary to Queen Victoria. 
 
 WILLIAM I. (surnamed THE CONQUERORJ born 
 
 1027; died 1087 
 
 Paid a visit to Edward the Confessor, in England, 1051; betrothed his daughter 
 to Harold II. 1058; made a claim of the Crown of England, 1066; invaded 
 England, and landed at Pevensey, in Sussex, the same year ; defeated the Eng- 
 lish troops at Hastings, October 14, 1066, when Harold was slain, and William 
 assumed the title of Conqueror. He was crowned at Westminster, December 
 29, 1066- invaded Scotland, 1072; subverted the English constitution, 1074; 
 refused to swear fealty to the Pope for the Crown of England; wounded by his 
 son Robert, at Gerberot, in Normandy, 1079; invaded Fiance, 1086; soon after 
 fell from his horse, and contracted a rupture; he died at Hermentrude, near 
 Rouen, in Normandy, 1087; reigned 20 years, 10 months, and 26 days. He 
 was buried at Caen, and succeeded in Normandy by his eldest son Robert, and 
 in England by his second son, 
 
552 
 
 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 WILLIAM II. bom 1057; accidentally killed, August 1100 
 
 Crowned at Westminster, September 27, 1087; invaded Normandy with success, 
 1090; accidentally killed whilst hunting in the New Forest, by Sir Walter 
 Tyrrel, aged 43. Reigned 12 years, 10 months, and 24 days ; buried at Win- 
 Chester, and succeeded by his brother, Henry I. 
 
 WILLIAM III, PRINCE OF ORANGE, born Novem- 
 ber 4, 1650; died March 8, (aged 51) „ 1702 
 
 Created Stadtholder, July 3, 1672 ; married the Princess Mary, of England, No- 
 vember 4, 1677; landed at Torbay, in England, with an army, 1688; declared 
 Kiog of England, February 13, 1689; crowned, with his Queen, April 11, 
 1689; landed at Carrickfergus, June 14, 1690, and defeated James II. at the 
 Battle of the Boyne, July 1, following; a plot laid for assassinating him, Fe- 
 bruary, 1696 ; fell from his horse, and broke his collar-bone, February 21, 
 1702; died March 8, 1702; buried April 12, following, leaving his sister-in- 
 law, Anne, successor to the crown. He reigned 13 years, and 23 days. 
 
 WILLIAM IV. born August 21, 1765; died 1837 
 
 Constituted Lord High Admiral* of England, 1828 ; ascended the throne June 26, 
 1830; went in state to the House of Peers, (accompanied by Her Majesty,) to 
 give the Royal Assent to the Queen's Dowry Bill. Her Majesty sat near the 
 King, and having made her obeisance three times to the Lords and Commons, 
 the Bill received the Royal Assent, August 2, 1831 ; coronation of, with Queen 
 Adelaide, September 8, 1831. William IV. reigned 6 years, 11 months, and 
 19 days. 
 
 The following is the account of the expenses of that day, as laid before 
 the House of Commons, viz.: — £. s. d. 
 
 In the several Departments of their Majestie's Household 22,234 10 3 
 By the Office of Arms for the King's Heralds, and Pur- } . ^„ „ 
 
 suivants ) ' 
 
 In the Office of Works, for fitting up the Abbey 12,085 14 5 
 
 In the Mint, for Coronation Medals 4,326 4 6 
 
 The amount expended for Fireworks, and for keeping"} 
 
 open the Public Theatres on the night of the Coro- > 3,034 18 7 
 nation j 
 
 £.43,159 11 6 
 
 The original vote for the Coronation of George IV: was £100,000. ; but exceeded 
 £250,000. That of William IV. was voted at £50,000. and cost the country 
 less by £7000. 
 
 * The power of Lord High Admiral hath, since the reign of Queen Anne, been 
 executed by Commissioners. The Statute of Charles II. ascertains his autho- 
 rity in these words — " That the Lord High Admiral for the time being shall 
 " have full power and authority to grant Commissions to inferior Vice-Admi- 
 " rals or Commanders-in-Chief o( any squadron of ships; to call and assemble 
 "Courts Martial, consisting of Commanders and Captains; and no Court 
 " Martial, where pain of death shall be inflicted, shall consist of less than five 
 " Captains at least — the Admiral's Lieutenant to be as to this purpose esti- 
 " mated as a Captain. And in no case wherein sentence of death shall pass 
 " by the Articles for regulating the government of His Majesty's ships of war, 
 " or any of them, (except mutiny) there shall be examination of such sentence 
 " without leave of the Lord High Admiral, if the offence be committed in 
 " narrow seas; but, in case any of the offences aforesaid be committed in any 
 " voyage beyond the narrow seas, then execution shall be done by order 
 " of the Commander-in-Chief." He appoints Coroners, to view dead bodies 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 WILLIAM IV. &c. (continued) 
 
 found on the coasts, and Judges in the High Court of Admiralty. To him be- 
 long all fines and forfeitures, of all transactions at sea, and at the sea-shore; 
 and in ports from the first bridge on livers to the sea, goods of pirates, waifs, 
 wrecks, &c. Since the Revolution, the maritime laws have undergone alter- 
 ations and revisions, and the Office of Lord High Admiral has been consider- 
 ably abridged of its perquisites. Of late years this high office has always been 
 in Commission, and still remains an office of great honour, power, and emolu- 
 ment. The First Commissioner of the Admiralty has a salary of £3000. per 
 annum; and the six Commissioners £1000. a-year ; and all of them (the 
 youngest Commissioner excepted) has a house in the Admiralty. 
 
 First Lords of the Admiralty. Year. 
 
 Earl of Halifax 1762 
 
 George Grenville ' 
 
 Earl of Sandwich 1763 
 
 Viscount Howe ■ 
 
 Earl of Eg-mont 1765 
 
 Sir Charles Saunders, K. B 1766 
 
 Sir Edward (Lord) Hawke , 
 
 Earl of Sandwich 1771 
 
 Viscount Keppel - 1/82 
 
 Viscount (Earl) Howe . ,. 1783 
 
 Viscount Keppel 
 
 Viscount (Earl) Howe 1784 
 
 Earl of Chatham 1788 
 
 Earl Spencer . \ 1794 
 
 Earl St. Vincent , 1801 
 
 Lord Melville 1804 
 
 Lord Barham 1805 
 
 Honourable Charles Grey, (now Earl Grey) 1 806 
 
 Right Honourable Thomas Grenville . . . „ 
 
 Lord Mulgrave 1 808 
 
 Right Honourable Charles P. Yorke 1810 
 
 Viscount Melville, K.T 1812 
 
 Lord Melville 1827 
 
 Lord Auckland 1835 
 
 LordMinto 1836 
 
 Ditto 1838 
 
 Ditto 1839 
 
 Ditto • 1840 
 
 Ditto 1841 
 
 Lords of the Admiralty. 
 Admiral Boscawen, Dr. Hay, Thomas Orby Hunter, Gilbert, 
 (Sir Gilbert) Elliott, Admiral Forbes, Hans Stanley. 
 
 Lord Villiers, vice Admiral Boscawen 1761 
 
 Thomas Pelham, vice Gilbert Elliott 
 
 Lord Carysfort, vice Lord Villiers 1763 
 
 James Harris, vice Thomas Pelham 
 
 Lord Howe, vice Thomas Orby Hunter 1763 
 
 Lord Digby, vice James Harris, Hon. Thomas Pitt, vice Ad- 
 miral Forbes 
 
 Sir Charles Saunders, vice Lord Carysfort . 1765 
 
 Admiral Keppel, (Viscount Keppel, April, 1781), mce Dr. Hay 
 
 C. Townsend, vice Lord Howe • 
 
 Sir William Meredith, vice Lord Digby 
 
 John Buller, viee Right Honourable Hans Stanley 
 
 Honourable John Yorke, vice Thomas Pitt , - 
 
 No. 71- * c 
 
554 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY, 
 
 WILLIAM IV. &c. (continued.) Year. 
 
 Sir George Yonge, vice Sir C. Saunders 1766 
 
 Lord Palmerston, vice Honourable John Yorke 
 
 Sir Piercy Brett, vice Admiral Keppel 
 
 Charles Jenkinson, (Earl of Liverpool), vice Sir W. Meredith. . =■ 
 
 Lord Charles Spencer, vice Charles Jenkinson, «. 1768 
 
 Admiral Holbourne, vice Sir George Yonge 1770 
 
 Lord Lisburne, vice Charles Townshend — — 
 
 August. — J. Harvey, (Earl of Bristol, March 20, 1775), vice Ad- 
 miral Holbourne 1771 
 
 Thomas Bradshaw, vice Charles James Eox 1772 
 
 Henry Panton, vice Thomas Bradshaw 
 
 Sir Hugh Palliser, Bart, vice Aug. John Harvey . . « 1775 
 
 Lord Mulgrave, vice Lord Palmerston 1777 
 
 Admiral Mann, vice Sir Hugh Palliser 1779 
 
 C. P. Grenville, and G. Darby, vice J. Buller and R. Mann . . 1780 
 Sir R. Harland, H. Pigot, Viscount Duncannon, H. J. Towns- 
 hend, C. Brett, and R. Hopkins, vice Lord Lisburne, Lord 
 Mulgrave, H. Peeton, B. Gascoyne, C. F. Greville, and G. 
 
 Darby 1782 
 
 J. Pratt and J. Aubrey, (now Sir J. Aubrey, Bart.) vice Lord 
 
 Duncannon, and J. Townshend 17S2 
 
 Hon John Levison Gower, vice Sir R. Harland 1783 
 
 H. Pigot, Viscount Duncannon, Hon. J. Townshend, Sir J. 
 
 Lindsay, W. Jolliffe, and W. Keene 
 
 C. Brett, J. J. Pratt, J. L. Gower, Lord Apsley, (E. Bathurst), 
 
 C. G. Percivul, and J. M. Heywood ■ 
 
 R. Hopkins, vice J. M. Heywood 1784 
 
 Lord (Viscount) Hood, vice Mr. Brett 1788 
 
 Sir Francis Drake, Viscount Belgrave, Hon. John Townsend, 
 vice Viscount Bayham (E. Camden), J. L. Gower, and Lord 
 
 Apsley 1789 
 
 R. Hopkins, Lord Arden, Lord Hood, Viscount Belgrave, Hon. 
 
 J. T. Townshend, & Sir Alan Gardner (Baron, Dec. 9, 1809) 1790 
 John Smyth and Charles Small Pybus, vice R. Hopkins and 
 
 Viscount Belgrave 1791 
 
 Lord Arden, Charles Small Pybus, Lord Hugh Seymour, Sir 
 Philip Stevens, and James Gambier, (Lord Gambier, 1807) 1795 
 
 William Young 1796 
 
 Thomas Wallace, vice Charles Small Pybus 1797 
 
 R. Mann, vice Lord Hugh Seymour 1798 
 
 Hon. W. Elliott, vice Mr. Wallace 1799 
 
 Sir Philip Stevens, Hon. W. Elliott, Sir Thomas Trowbridge, 
 
 J. Adams, J. Markham, and W. Garthshore 1801 
 
 Sir Philip Stevens, Bart. Sir Thomas Trowbridge, Bart. James 
 Adams, John Markham, John Lemon, Sir Harry Burrard 
 Neale, Bart. — May. — Sir Philip Stevens, Bart. Jas. Gambier, 
 Sir John Colpoys, K.B., Sir H. B. Neale, Bt., Philip Patton, 
 W T illiam Dickenson, Jun. — July. — Sir Philip Stevens, Bart. 
 James Gambier, Sir John Colpoys, K. B., Philip Patton, 
 
 William Dickenson, Jun., Sir Evan Nepean, Bart o 1804 
 
 April. — Sir Philip Stevens, Bart., James Gambier, Sir John 
 Colpoys, K. B. Philip Patton, William Dickenson, Jun., Sir 
 Evan Nepean, Bart. — July. — Sir Philip Stevens, Bart,, James 
 Gambier, Philip Patton, William Dickenson, Jun., Sir Evan 
 Nepean, Bart., Sir Philip Stevens, Bart., James Gambier, 
 Philip Patton, Jun., Sir E. Nepean, Bart., (Lord Garlies, 
 
 now Earl of Galloway, K.T.) ..." 1805 
 
 Sir Philip Stevens, Bart., John Markham, Sir Charles Maurice 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 555 
 
 WILLIAM IV. (continued.) Year. 
 
 Pole, Bart., Sir H. B. Neale, Bart., Lord W. Russell, Thomas 
 Freemantle, (now Sir T. Freemantle, G. C. B.), Sir Philip 
 Stephens, Bart., William Frankland, vice Sir Charles M. Pole, 
 Bart „ 1 806 
 
 April. — Lord Gambier, Sir Richard Bickerton, Bart., William 
 Johnstone Hope, Robert Ward, Viscount Palmerston, James 
 Buller 1807 
 
 William Domett, vice Lord Gambier . .' 1808 
 
 R. Moorsom, vice William Johnstone Hope, and Viscount 
 
 Lowther, vice Viscount Palmerston 1809 
 
 May. — Sir Richard Bickerton, Bart,, Robert Ward, James 
 Buller, William Domett, Robert Moorsom, Viscount Lowther. 
 June. — Sir G. Cockburn, Bart., Honourable Sir William 
 Hotham, and Sir George Clerk, Bart 1810 
 
 Sir W. J. Hope, K. C. B., Sir George Warrender, Bart., Sir John 
 Osborn, Bart., Sir G. Cockburn, Bart., G. C. B., Honourable 
 Sir Henry Hotham, K. C. B. Sir George Clerk, Bart 1820 
 
 Sir William Johnstone Hope, Sir John Osborne, Bart., Sir 
 George Cockburn, Sir George Clerk, Bart., 1824, Honour- 
 able W. R. Douglas, vice Osborn ' 1 822 
 
 WILLIAM OF MALMSBUJRY, historian, flourished 1140 
 
 WILLIAMS, BISHOP, and MAY, trial of, on a Charge 
 
 of murdering the Italian Boy, December 2 1831 
 
 Such was the anxiety of the public to witness the trial of the above offenders, for 
 the murder of Carlo Ferrari, that long before day-light, great numbers crowded 
 the Old Bailey, and the avenues leading into the Court were completely 
 thronged. The demands for admission into the Court were exorbitant, one 
 guinea up to two guineas being asked for a seat in the galleries. Carlo Ferrari 
 was inveigled to the premises of Bishop, where he was treated with rum, in 
 which laudnum was mixed : and when he was entirely overcome by draughts of 
 this kind, the wretches plunged the body into a well, where they left it till 
 they supposed every spark of life was extinguished: this was called hocussing. 
 He was then drawn out, for dissection. 
 
 A few minutes after ten o'clock, on the 2nd of December, 1S31, the Lord 
 Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, who was specially commissioned to try this 
 case entered the Court, with Mr. Baron Vaughan, and Mr. Justice Littledale. 
 
 The prisoners, who were immediately put to the bar, seemed but little moved 
 by the awful situation in which they were at that moment placed ; they 
 encountered the inquisitive glance of the assembled crowd with a careless and 
 indifferent air. 
 
 The Clerk of tlie Arraigns, after reading the indictment charging them with 
 the murder of the Italian bey, then asked — " John Bishop, are you guilty or 
 not guilty ? " Bishop answered, without any emotion — ' Not guilty,' as did also 
 the prisoners Williams and May. 
 
 Mr. Adolphus stated the case to the Jury, in doing which, the learned gen- 
 eleman took occasion to observe, — " that the indictment charged the prisoners 
 with the wilful murder of Carlo Ferrari, otherwise Charles Ferrier, a poor Italian 
 boy: and the appearance of the Court, and the extraordinary assemblage of 
 persons in the vicinity, must convince everyone of the deep interest the inves- 
 tigation excited in every class of the community; and you, Gentlemen of the 
 Jurv, cannot be entirely free from a feeling on the question. It is, therefore, 
 my duty to implore you not to let the slightest influence or impression remain 
 on your minds from the communications that may have been made to you, or 
 from sentiments or opinions imparted or expressed in your hearing; you will 
 judge by the evidence alone, and decide on that evidence, on your oaths and 
 consciences. If, after hearing the evidence I have to lay before you, you are of 
 opinion that the prisoners are not guilty, you will of course feel pleasure in 
 
556 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 WILLIAMS, &c. (continued.) 
 
 acquitting them ; but if, on the contrary, you are convinced of their guilt, you 
 ■will firmly, although with regret, return such a verdict as will consign them to 
 an ignominious and certain death." The learned gentleman then proceeded to 
 detail the facts of the case, as he had been instructed the witnesses would be 
 able to establish them. He, (Mr. Adolphus) said, he should prove that the 
 prisoners at the bar had possession of the body of the deceased within less than 
 twenty hours after the boy was seen alive near Bishop's house, and that Bishop 
 and May treated the body as their joint property. He should show that a body 
 had been taken away in a coach from Bishop's house on Friday morning, the 
 4th of November, the murder having taken place during the previous night. A 
 suit of clothes was found in Bishop's garden, bearing all the marks of iden- 
 tity about them, which the witness could speak to who knew the boy when 
 living; and, in fact, a witness would prove that they were the actual clothes the 
 poor sufferer must have had on when he was murdered. The body of the de- 
 ceased was offered for sale on Friday by May and Bishop ; and on Saturday it 
 was in the possession of the prisoners, and sold at the King's College. The 
 medical gentlemen would establish the fact beyond doubt, that the boy died 
 from violence, and, in their opinion, from blows inflicted by some weapon on the 
 back of the neck, which, injuring the spine and brain, produced sudden death. 
 This was. confirmed by the unusual circumstance that the stomach contained a 
 full meal, half digested, and the heart was entirely empty. It could be proved 
 that some of the prisoners purchased a quantity of rum at twelve o'clock on 
 Thursday night, about the period when the murder was supposed to have been 
 committed ; and the surgeons could prove that, on examining the contents of 
 the stomach, they discovered a smell of rum. There was another circumstance 
 of very considerable importance, to show that the poor Italian boy had been in 
 the house of the prisoner Bishop, in which Williams had also resided up to 
 the time of the murder. The Italian boy was seen near Bishop's house on 
 Thursday afternoon, with a revolving 1 cage before him, in which were two 
 white mice, which the poor boy usually carried to exhibit in the street; and it 
 would be proved, he understood, that one of Bishop's children had offered to 
 sell two white mice to a neighbour's child, who would be produced. These 
 were circumstances tending to show the guilt of the accused, and far more to 
 be relied on than the positive testimony of eye witnesses in some cases, as they 
 formed a rope, or chain, or band of circumstances leading to the irresistible 
 conclusion of the guilt of the prisoners. There was one fact as regarded May, 
 ■which was important : he had sold the teeth of the boy to a dentist, and de- 
 clared that he had taken them out of a boy whose body had not been buried. 
 If the Jury should, after weighing all the evidence, have a doubt of the guilty 
 participation of May in the murder, they would distinguish his case from the 
 other two, and acquit him of the charge. The learned gentleman concluded his 
 address, by repeating his confident expectation, that they would give to this 
 important case the deep and serious attention which it deserved, and by expres- 
 sing his complete reliance on the integrity and good sense of a British Jury, 
 which a long life of practice had left him no room to doubt. 
 
 The learned gentlemen who conducted the prosecution now proceeded to call 
 their witnesses. 
 
 Hill, the porter at the King's College, proved that the prisoners brought a 
 body to the College on the afternoon of Saturday, November 5, 1831, and, after 
 having seen the subject, his suspicions were aroused that the body was not 
 fairly obtained, and he accordingly mentioned his suspicions to Mr. Partridge, 
 the demonstrator of anatomy, who, after having inspected it, went for several 
 ' of the gentlemen who were connected with the College; and after a very atten- 
 tive examination of the subject, their suspicions were also excited. Under a 
 pretence of purchasing the body, Mr. Partridge contrived to detain the priso- 
 ners while he sent for the Police, and the prisoners were all taken into custody. 
 The body was then delivered by the witness to the Police, together with the 
 hamper and the sack, which were finally placed in the hands of Mr. Thomas, 
 the superintendent. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 557 
 
 WILLIAMS, &c. (continued.) 
 
 Richard Partridge, demonstrator of anatomy at the King's College, deposed 
 nearly to the same effect as the preceding witness. 
 
 The evidence for the prosecution being closed, the Lord Chief Justice called 
 upon each of the prisoners for their defence, when each of them put in a written 
 one, at the same time declaring their innocence. 
 
 The learned Judge now summed up the evidence at great length, and com- 
 mented most particularly on the testimony of the medical men which, he said, 
 was of the highest importance, as it all tended to show that the Italian boy had 
 died by a violent death, and that it was produced suddenly. His Lordship also 
 passed a warm eulogium on the conduct of Mr Partridge, the demonstrator of 
 anatomy at the King's College, for the prompt manner in which he had acted 
 towards procuring the apprehension of the men the instant that any suspicions 
 against them had arisen ; and he (the learned Judge) the rather spoke in this 
 manner, because it was very generally known that many unfounded calumnies 
 had gone abroad against the medical profession — a profession of the greatest 
 service, and of the highest importance to the well-being of society. 
 
 The learned Judge employed nearly three hours in summing up. 
 
 At eight o'clock the Jury retired to consider their verdict, and the prisoners 
 were removed from the bar, and taken out of Court. The interval between 
 that and the return of the Jury, was a period of intense anxiety to every 
 one in the Court; and, as is usual on such occasions, there were various con- 
 jectures hazarded as to what would be the verdict on all the prisoners. That 
 a verdict of guilty would be returned against two of the prisoners — namely, 
 Bishop and Williams — none who heard the evidence and summing up could 
 entertain a rational doubt ; but the same confident opinion by no means existed 
 with respect to the fate of the prisoner May. At half-past eight, these specu- 
 lations were put an end to, by the Jury returning into Court with a verdict of 
 — ' guilty' against all the prisoners. 
 
 The prisoners were then severally called upon to say why sentence of death 
 and execution should not be pronounced against them ; but not one availed 
 himself of the opportunity of making any defence. 
 
 The Recorder, in a very feeling address, proceeded to pass the sentence of 
 death upon the prisoners, ordering them for execution on the following 
 Monday, and their bodies to be given to the surgeons for dissection. (For a 
 further account of which, see page 268, ante.) On their being ordered to be 
 removed from the bar, the prisoner May raised his voice, and in a firm tone 
 said, — ' I am a murdered man, gentlemen; and that man (pointing to Bishop), 
 knows it.' 
 
 The prisoner Williams said, — ' we are all murdered men.' 
 
 Bishop made no observation, but retired from the bar even more absorbed by 
 his awful situation than he had appeared to have been before. 
 
 On Friday evening, at the close of the trial, the Be v. Mr. Williams, Rector 
 of Hendon, accompanied the three convicts back to prison. Bishop manifested 
 a disposition to make a confession to the Reverend Gentleman ; but the latter, 
 feeling that it would be better to allow the unhappy man time to compose his 
 mind, after the great fatigue endured on his trial, advised him to reserve what 
 he had to communicate till the following morning, when he would again visit 
 him at ten o'clock, which he accordingly did, and remained in the cell two or 
 three hours, when Williams and Bishop made a confession of their guilt. 
 
 During the Saturday, the Sheriffs and under-sheriffs, together with several 
 other official persons, were decidedly opposed to any mitigation of the punish- 
 ment of May, and indeed to any delay of his execution ; and it was expected 
 that the applications that were being made in his behalf, would be frustrated 
 by the positive opinions and predilections of some influential individuals. But 
 on Sunday morning the Sheriffs visited all the cells of the prisoners in succes- 
 sion, and the under-sheriffs were engaged between three and four hours in 
 taking down the statements of the convicts. The consequence was, that the 
 opinions of both Sheriffs and under-sheriffs underwent a decided change, as to 
 
558 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 WILLIAMS, &c. (continued.) 
 
 May being implicated in the crime of murder; they were, therefore, now de- 
 sirous that his punishment should be mitigated; and in the afternoon, at half- 
 past four o'clock, a respite during his Majesty's pleasure arrived at Newgate 
 for May, whose sentence was commuted to transportation for life. 
 
 During the whole of Sunday crowds of persons assembled in the Old Bailey, 
 commenting upon the crimes of the convicts and the likelihood of May being 
 respited : the variety of opinions expressed on the various shades of guilt of 
 the parties, and the warmth of argument between some of the spectators, ren- 
 dered the scene of a most interesting description. Towards the evening - the 
 crowds increased, and many persons actually remained all night on the spot, in 
 order to secure places near the scaffold on the following morning. The occu- 
 piers of the houses, from the windows of which a view could be obtained of the 
 execution, exhibited placards announcing various prices for seats, according to 
 their proximity to the spot, and the owners generally, stipulated that they 
 could not undertake to preserve seats after six o'clock on the morning of the 
 execution. 
 
 In the course of the day barriers were erected in the Old Bailey, at the ends 
 of Newgate-street, Giltspur-street, and Skinner-street, in order to break the 
 pressure of the crowd, at the place of execution. In the Old Bailey, eight of 
 these barriers were placed at convenient distances from Ludgate-hill to 
 Skinner-street. Soon after midnight the workmen commenced erecting the 
 scaffold in presence of a great concourse of persons. Long before the morning's 
 dawn of Monday, all the streets leading to the Old Bailey were thronged with 
 people, chiefly of the working classes, hastening towards the fatal spot. Con- 
 stant crowds of people were pouring into the Old Bailey till they formed around 
 the scaffold, and at the corner of every street from whence a distant or faint 
 view could be obtained, was seen a vast ocean of life. Long before the hour 
 arrived at which the culprits are usually turned off, the Old Bailey was com- 
 pletely filled from end to end; and crowds of persons who had been disap- 
 pointed in their hopes of getting near enough to witness the execution, were 
 congregated in all the neighbouring streets. Among all these crowds, a vast 
 number of females were to be seen, whom curiosity had drawn to a scene that 
 better feelings should have taught them to avoid. Up to the moment of exe- 
 cution, young men and boys were seen running at the top of their, speed, hoping 
 to obtain a last look of these savage Burlcers, the name they had obtained from 
 the notorious character of that name at Edinburgh; (for the account of whom, 
 see page 423, ante). The pressure in the immediate neighbourhood of the 
 scaffold was tremendous, in spite of the barriers; and many persons, exhausted 
 with fatigue, as early as seven o'clock, having rescued themselves with difficulty 
 from the throng 1 , were heard to exclaim as they passed the outskirts of the 
 mob, thank ' God! I have got away.' 
 
 At length all the preparations having been completed, Bishop was conducted 
 to the scaffold, and the moment he made his appearance, the most dreadful 
 yells and hootings were heard among the crowd. The executioner proceeded 
 at once to the performance of his duty, and having put the rope round his neck, 
 and affixed it to the chain, placed him under the fatal beam. Williams was 
 then taken out, and the groans and hisses were renewed. In less than five 
 minutes after the wretched men appeared on the scaffold, the signal was given, 
 the drop fell, and they were launched into eternity. The moment the drop fell, 
 the mob, who had continued yelling and shouting, gave several tremendous 
 cheers: on no occasion, excepting the execution of Governor Wall, was recol- 
 lected so much exultation at the death of any person whose crimes had brought 
 them to a fatal end. 
 
 WILLIAMS, JOHN, an attorney, transported for forgery, 1829 
 
 WILLIAMS. SIR CHARLES HANBURY, poet, died... 1759 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 559 
 
 WILLIS, , executed for the murder of Serjeant- Major 
 
 Shepherd, July 1 1839 
 
 WILLIS, THOMAS, physician, died 1675 
 
 WILLOUGHBY, FRANCIS, natural historian, died 1672 
 
 WILSON, , the ornithologist, died 1813 
 
 WILSON, SAMUEL, died 1771 
 
 This gentleman bequeathed the sum of £20,000. to be-lent out in small sums to 
 industrious tradesmen. 
 
 WINCHESTER, WILLIAM POWLETT, FIRST MAR T 
 
 QUIS OF, died 1572 
 
 It is related of this eminent person, that being questioned by an intimate friend 
 " how he stood up for thirty years together amidst the changes and reigns of so 
 many Chancellors and great personages," replied, " I. was made of the pliable 
 willow not of the stubborn oak." This noble Peer flourished throughout the 
 reigns of Henry VIII. Edward VI., Mary, and Elizabeth, and died at the great 
 age of ninety-seven. 
 
 WINCHESTER, JOHN POWLETT, FIFTH MAR- 
 QUIS OF, died 1674 
 
 The narrative of this nobleman, whose sufferings in the cause of Charles, and his 
 heroic defence of Basing House, obtained him the distinguished title of " The 
 Great Loyalist, " will be found at large in Lord Clarendon's History of those 
 times : — of all the sufferings in the royal cause, perhaps the Marquis of Win- 
 chester's were the most severe. 
 
 WINCKLEMANN, JOHN, antiquarian, murdered 1768 
 
 WINDHAM, WILLIAM, Statesman, born May 14, 1750; 
 
 died June 4 1810 
 
 WINSLOW, JAMES BENIGNUS, physician, born 1669; 
 
 died 1760 
 
 WINSLOW, COL. THOMAS, born 1620; died... 1766 
 
 Colonel Winslow, Newman, and Mrs Clum, lived 436 years, whereof they were in 
 existence for 382 years, without any interruption. 
 
 WITT, JOHN DE; see " De Witt." 
 
 WODE HOUSE, LORD, died May 29, (aged 94) 1834 
 
 WOFFINGTON, MARGARET, actress, died 1761 
 
 WOLASTON, WILLIAM, mathematician, born 1652 ; died 1724 
 
 WOLFE, GENERAL JAMES, killed before Quebec, Sep- 
 tember 18 1759 
 
 General Wolfe having stationed himself where the attack was most warm; and as 
 he stood conspicuous in the front of the line, he was aimed at by the enemy's 
 marksmen, and received a shot in the wrist, which however did not oblige him 
 
560 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 WOLFE, GENERAL JAMES, (continued.) 
 
 to quit the field. Having wrapped a handkerchief round his hand, he conti- 
 nued giving orders without the least emotion ; and advanced at the head of the 
 grenadiers, with their bayonets fixed, when another ball unfortunately pierced 
 the breast of this young hero, who fell in the arms of victory, just as the enemy 
 gave way: for, at this very instant, every separate regiment of the British army 
 seemed to exert itself for the honour of its own peculiar character. 
 
 While the right pressed on with their bayonets, brigadier Murray briskly 
 advanced with the troops under his command, and soon broke the centre of the 
 enemy ; then the Highlanders drawing their broadswords, fell in among them 
 with irresistible impetuosity, and drove them with great slaughter into the 
 town, and the works they had raised at the bridge of the river St. Charles. On 
 the left and rear of the English, the action was not so violent. The French 
 general (Montcalm) was mortally wounded in the battle, as was his second in 
 command, who died on the following day. About one thousand of the enemy 
 were made prisoners, including a great number of officers; and about five 
 hundred were slain. The killed on the part of the English was fifty-six, in- 
 cluding nine officers; and of five hundred and six r»en wounded. On General 
 Wolfe receiving his mortal wound, he was carried to a small distance, in the 
 rear, where, rouzed from fainting in the last agonies by the sound of they run, . 
 he eagerly asked, " Who run?" and being told, the French, and that they 
 were defeated, he said, — Then I thank God, I die contented;" and almost in- 
 stantly expired. 
 
 Immediately after the battle of Quebec, Admiral Saunders sent up all the 
 boats of the fleet, with artillery and ammunition; and on the seventeenth day 
 of the month, sailed up, with all the ships of war, in a disposition to attack the 
 lower town ; while the upper part should be assaulted by General Townsend, 
 who had employed the time from the day of action, in fortifying- the camp with 
 redoubts: in forming a military road for the cannon: in drawing up the artil- 
 lery: preparing batteries : and cutting off the enemy's communication with the 
 country. But on the seventeenth, before any battery could be erected, a flag 
 of truce was sent from the town, with proposals of capitulation : which, being 
 maturely considered, by the general and admiral, were accepted and signed at 
 eight nevt morning. The capitulation being signed, the British took possession 
 of Quebec. 
 
 WOLFF, J. CHRISTIERN DE, German writer, born 
 
 1679; died 1754 
 
 WOLKOT, FEDOR, Russian player, flourished in 1755 
 
 WOLSEY, CARDINAL, born 1471; died 1580 
 
 In the early part of the reign of Henry VIII. Cardinal Wolsey proved a most 
 munificent patron of the University of Oxford. He founded Seven Lectures 
 for Theology, Civil Law, Physic, Philosophy, Mathematics, Greek, and Rhetoric, 
 to each department of which he appointed men of high learning, as Lecturers. 
 The College of Christ Church, was at first called Cardinal College, and upon the 
 wane of the favourite's power with Henry, it became altered to King's, after- 
 wards Christ Church*, which it retains at this time. 
 
 • Amougst the Colleges at Cambridge, King's has a hall of exquisite beauty, 
 copied from Crosby Hall. The following account of the dimensions of the halls 
 here enumerated, may not be unacceptable: — FEET. feet. 
 
 The hall of King's College, Cambridge is 102 by 36, and 46 high. 
 
 The hall of Trinity College, ditto ,. 102 by 40, and 56 high. 
 
 The hall of the Middle Temple, London 109 by 40. 
 
 The hall of Christ Church, Cambridge 115 by 40, and 50 high. 
 
 The Guildhall, London 153 by 48, and 55 high. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 561 
 
 WOLLASTON, W. H. died 1828 
 
 WOLSTONCROFT, MARY, English writer, born April, 
 
 1753 ; died September 10 1797 
 
 WOOD, SIR ANDREW, Scots Admiral, flourished 1490 
 
 WOOD, ANTHONY, antiquarian, born 1632 ; died in ... 1695 
 
 WOOD, WILLIAM ; see Swift," page 520. 
 
 WOOD, ALEXANDER, surgeon, died 1807 
 
 WOODD, REV. BASIL, born 1760; died April 12 1831 
 
 Ordained Deacon at the Temple church, London, March 10, 1783, by Dr. Thur- 
 low, Bishop of Lincoln, and September 19, 1784, was ordained priest, at West- 
 minster Abbey, by Dr. Thomas Bishop of Rochester; at which time he 
 frequently officiated at St. Paul's Deptford ; but was shortly afterwards chosen 
 Lecturer of St. Peter's, Cornhill, which situation he filled twenty-four years; 
 received the appointment of Morning Preacher at Bentinck Chapel, February, 
 1785; of which he purchased the lease in 1793, where he continued his labours 
 with diligence and success up to the time of his death ; presented to the Rec- 
 tory of Drayton Beauchamp, by Lady Robert Manners, 1808; introduced public 
 worship on Sunday evenings, at Bentinck Chapel, 1785, in which he met with 
 great opposition; but persevering, that opposition was succeeded by imitation; 
 Evening Lectures having been successively established at the Parish Church, 
 and other Chapels. Mr. Woodd was interred in Paddington church-yard, 
 where a splendid monument by Rossi, has been erected to his memory. 
 
 WOODS, ALEXANDER, who introduced the linen manu- 
 facture into the West of Ireland died 1766 
 
 WOODFALL, WILLIAM, died August 1 1803 
 
 WOODFORD, PRISCILLA, tried for arson, March 10 ... 1832 
 
 Priscilla Woodford, (aged 16) was tried at the Lincoln Assizes for setting fire to 
 her master's hay-stack, was found guilty, and received sentence of death. 
 
 WOODWARD, DR. JOHN, English writer and physician, 
 
 born 1665 ; died 1728 
 
 WOODWARD, HENRY, English Comedian, died 1777 
 
 WOOLLASTON, WILLIAM, deist, born 1659; died 1720 
 
 WOOLLETT, WILLIAM, celebrated engraver, born 1735 ; 
 
 died 1785 
 
 FEET. FEET. 
 
 The hall of Lambeth Palace 93 by 38, and 50 high. 
 
 Westminster Hall, (according to Stowe) 270 by 74. 
 
 St. Andrew's Hall, Norwich 124 by 70. 
 
 Crosby Hall 54 by 27, and 40 high. 
 
 Greenwich Hospital 106 by 56, and 50 high. 
 
 Haddon 42 by 29. 
 
 The Great Hall at Hampton Court 104 by 40. 
 
 No. 72 4 D 
 
582 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 WOOLSTON, THOMAS, English writer, born 1660 ; died 1733 
 WOOTTON, JOHN, died 1765 
 
 Wootton was an excellent master of that branch of his profession to which he 
 principally devoted himself — viz. the painting of horses and dogs, which he 
 hoth drew and coloured with great skill and truth. He was first distinguished 
 by frequenting Newmarket, and drawing race horses. The prints from his 
 hunting pieces are well known. He afterwards applied himself to landscape, 
 approached towards Gaspar Poussin, and sometimes imitated Claude Lorrain. 
 He died as above, at his house in Cavendish-square, which he built, and had 
 painted with much taste and judgment. 
 
 WORCESTER, HENRY SOMERSET, FIRST MAR- 
 QUIS OF, died 1646 
 
 The Marquis of Worcester forms a splendid example of steady devotion to his un- 
 fortunate master, (Charles I.) and his sufferings and privations in the service 
 of his sovereign, were exceeded only by his loyalty. After a gallant defence 
 of his castle of Ragland, he was compelled to submit to the superior force of 
 Fairfax: his estates were confiscated, and his losses during the Rebellion ex- 
 ceeded the enormous sum of a million sterling, which he expended in the 
 maintenance of troops, and in presents of money and jewels to the king. 
 
 WORCESTER, EDWARD SOMERSET, SECOND 
 
 . MARQUIS OF, died 1667 
 
 This nobleman is memorable for having possessed the most inventive and mecha- 
 nical genius of any man, either of his own, or of a later period. He was the 
 Author of — " A Century of the names and Scantlings of Inventions," which 
 has led to many discoveries in later times; among others to that most impor- 
 tant one of the application of steam to the purposes of mechanical power. 
 
 WORDE, WYNKYN DE, second Printer in England, 
 
 died 1534 
 
 WORLIDGE, THOMAS, engraver, died 1783 
 
 WORONZOW, SIMON COUNT, born 1744 ; died June 
 
 21 1832 
 
 Retired to Italy, after an active service during- the war between Russia and the 
 Ottoman Porte in 1770-1-2-3, where he remained till 1781 ; appointed Russian 
 Minister at Venice in 1782, and was sent on a special mission to the Court of 
 London, in 1789, where he soon after became resident Minister and Ambas- 
 sador; but retired from the service of the Emperor Paul,, when that monarch 
 formed an alliance with the First Consul (Buonaparte.) Re-appointed Ambas- 
 sador to the Court of St. James', on the accession of Alexander; visited Russia 
 in 1802, but soon returned to England, and after the marriage of his daughter to 
 the Eavl of Pembroke in 1808, he never quitted this country, except for short 
 excursions to France in 1815, and 1819, which he undertook to visit his son 
 Count Michael, who was Commander in Chief of the Russian corps forming 
 pirt of the European army of Observation. 
 
 His Excellency was highly esteemed in the elevated circle in which he moved. 
 He died at his house in Mansfield-street, in the 88th year of his age, and his 
 remains were deposited in a vault underneath the parish church of St. Mary-le- 
 bone. By his death numerous charitable Institutions of this country, have lost 
 a liberal benefactor. He distributed in charity more than £4,700, a-year. 
 
 WOTTON, SIR HENRY, born 156S; died........ 1639 
 
 WOUVERMANS, PHILIP, painter, born 1620; died ... 1668 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 563 
 
 WREN", SIR CHRISTOPHER, architect, born 1632; died 1723 
 
 He was born at East Knoule, in Wiltshire, of which place his father was rector. 
 He gave proofs of great ingenuity, by having, as early as his thirteenth year, 
 invented a new astronomical instrument; and soon after, various other mathe- 
 matical contrivances. When at the age of fourteen, he was sent to Wadham 
 College. Oxford, and here his great proficiency was displayed, which soon ren- 
 dered him known to several individuals of great influence. Although so 
 young in years, he was one of the original Members of the Club which was 
 formed at that place in 164S for the purpose of Philosophical discussion, &c. 
 which, in the end, gave rise to the Royal Society. In 1657 he was chosen Pro- 
 fessor of Astronomy at Gresham College; and, at the Restoration, appointed to 
 the Savilian Professorship of Astronomy at Oxford. Not long after this he was 
 called upon to exercise his genius in Architecture, (a science which had pre- 
 viously occupied a great portion of his time and attention) by being appointed 
 assistant to Sir J. Denham, at that time Surveyor-General, but who knew little 
 of the duties of the office he held. This led to the employment of Sir C. Wren 
 in that celebrated work on which his fame to this day rests, the re-building of 
 St. Paul's Cathedral, after the Great Fire of London. The erection of this vast 
 structure occupied him thirty-five years ; but it did not prevent him, during 
 that long period, from applying his study to the erection of various other 
 splendid edifices. In 1661, he was created L.L.D. by the University of Oxford; 
 and in 1674, he was knighted; elected to the Presidency of the Royal Society 
 in 1680; entered Parliament as the representative for the Borough of Plymp- 
 tom, in 168.*); dismissed from his place of Surveyor of Public Works, in 1718, 
 then in the 86th year of his age. He died at Hampton Court, February 25, 
 1723, in the 9lst year of his age; and his remains were interred under that 
 monument which his genius had raised. Over his grave was fixed a tablet, 
 with the following inscription, in Latin, (which has since been placed in front 
 of the organ) : — " Beneath is laid the builder of this Church and City, CHRIS- 
 " TOPHER Wren, who lived above ninety years, not for himself, but for the publie 
 "good. Reader, if thou seekest for his monument, look around." Another of this 
 great architect's designs, is the interior of St. Stephen's, Walbrook. 
 
 WRIGHT, JOSEPH, painter, born 1734; died 1797 
 
 WRIOTHESLEY, THOMAS, EARL OF SOUTH- 
 AMPTON, died 1667 
 
 This great man was the firm friend and constant counsellor of his unfortunate 
 sovereign, Charles I. throughout the whole of his reign, and was one of the 
 four Peers whom the Parliament permitted to pay the last duties to their royal 
 master's remains, at their interment at Windsor. 
 
 WRIOTHESLEY, HENRY, EARL OF SOUTHAMP- 
 TON, died 1624 
 
 The friend and patron of Shakspeare. 
 
 WYAT, SIR THOMAS, poet, born 1504; died 1541 
 
 WYATT, JAMES, architect, born about 1743 ; died Oct. . 1813 
 
 WYATT, SIR THOMAS, beheaded 1555 
 
 WYATT, MR. tho brewer of Gray's Inn-lane, died 1826 
 
 Mr, Wyatt left property to the amount of £100,000. 
 
564 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 WYCHERLY, WILLIAM, Dramatic writer and poet, born 
 
 1640; died 1716 
 
 WYNANTS, JAN, painter, born 1600; died 1670 
 
 WYNTONE, ANDREW, poet and historian, flourished in 1400 
 
 XIMENES, CARDINAL DE, died, (aged 80) 1517 
 
 This extraordinary man was selected hy Ferdinand, king of Spain, as regent 
 during the minority and absence of Charles V. He was a Franciscan monk of 
 the genuine primitive sort, and is the most notable instance of patriotism, dis- 
 interestedness, simplicity, energy, and political wisdom, which the pages of 
 history have transmitted for our admiration. 'Without approving of the monkish 
 austerity of his personal morals and manners, an expression of admiration of 
 the dignity and sincerity of his principles, against which the breath of scandal 
 cannot whisper a suspicion, is due. Robertson gives the following account of 
 him : — 
 
 " He was descended of an honourable, not of a wealthy, family, and the cir- 
 cumstances of his parents, as well as his own inclinations, having determined 
 him to enter into the church, he early obtained benefices of great value, and 
 which placed him in the way of the greatest preferment. All these, however, 
 he renounced at once, and after undergoing a very severe noviciate, assumed the 
 habit of St. Francis in a monastery of Observantine Friars, one of the most 
 rigid Orders in the Romish Church. There he soon became eminent for his 
 uncommon austerity of manners, and for those excesses of superstitious devo- 
 tion which are the proper characteristics of the monastic life. His reputation 
 for sanctity soon procured him the office of Father Confessor to Queen Isabella, 
 which he accepted with the utmost reluctance. He preserved in a court the 
 same austerity of manners which had distinguished him in the cloister. He 
 made all his journeys on foot; and subsisted only upon alms. Isabella, pleased 
 with her choice, soon after confened on him the Archbishopric of Toledo, 
 which, next to the Papacy, is the richest dignity in the Church of Rome. This 
 honour he declined with a firmness which nothing but the authorotative injunc- 
 tion of the Pope was able to overcome. This promotion did not change his 
 manners : for though obliged to display in public that magnificence which be- 
 came his station, he himself retained his monastic severity. Under his ponti- 
 fical robes he constantly wore the coarse frock of St. Francis, the rents in which 
 he used to patch himself. He at no time used linen, but was commonly clad in 
 hair-cloth. He slept in his habit, most frequently on the ground, or on boards, 
 rarely in a bed. He did not taste any of the delicacies which appeared at his 
 table, but satisfied himself with that simple diet which the rules of his Order 
 prescribed. Notwithstanding these peculiarities, he possessed a thorough 
 knowledge of the affairs of the world ; for no sooner was he called by his station, 
 and by the high opinion which Ferdinand and Isabella entertained of him, to 
 take a principal share in the administration, than he displayed talents which 
 rendered the fame of his wisdom equal to that of his sanctity. His political 
 conduct, remarkable for the boldness and originality of all his plans, flowed 
 from his real character, and partook both of its virtues and its defects. His 
 great genius suggested to him schemes vast and magnificent; conscious of the 
 integrity of his intentions, he pursued these with unremitting and undaunted 
 firmness. In early youth he mortified his passion, and showed little indul- 
 gence to those of other men. Though free from any suspicion of cruelty, he 
 discovered in all his commerce with the world a severe inflexibility of mind 
 and austerity of character, peculiar to the monastic profession, and which can 
 hardly be conceived in a country where that is unknown. During his regency, 
 and notwithstanding his extreme old age, he had abated in no degree the rigour 
 of his mortifications, and to which may be added his laborious assiduity in 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 565 
 
 XIMENES, CARDINAL DE, (continued.) 
 
 business, as would have worn out the most youthful and vigorous constitution: 
 every moment of his time was filled up with some serious employment. The 
 variety, the grandeur, and the success of his schemes during a regency of only 
 twenty months, leave it doubtful whether his sagacity in council, his prudence 
 in conduct, or his boldness in executing, deserve the greatest praise. His repu- 
 tation is still high in Spain, not only for wisdom, but for sanctity, and he is the 
 only Prime Minister mentioned in history whom his contemporaries reverence 
 as a saint, and to whom the people, under his government, asciibed the power 
 of working miracles." 
 
 YORK, ELIZABETH OF, wife to King HENRY VII. 
 
 died 1502 
 
 Elizabeth Plantagenet was the passive instrument in terminating the mighty con- 
 test between the Houses of York and Lancaster. Courted by the tyrant 
 Richard III. who is suspected to have poisoned his wife to make way for his 
 views upon Elizabeth, who fled to a sanctuary ; a negotiation was opened by her 
 friends to espouse her to the Earl of Richmond, then resident in Bretagne ; he 
 immediately asserted his claim at once to the crown of England, and to the 
 band of Elizabeth. The decisive battle of Bosworth, in which his enemy fell, 
 obtained him both, and restored peace to the country, which had been so long 
 devastated by the pretensions of the rival houses. 
 
 YORK, H. R. H. THE DUKE OF;' see page 455, ante. 
 YORK, ANN HYDE, DUCHESS OF, died 1671 
 
 Lady Ann Hyde was the daughter of the Chancellor Clarendon, and married to 
 King James II. when Duke of York. 
 
 YORKE, SIR JOSEPH, drowned, May 4 1831 
 
 Sir Joseph Yorke, Captain Bradby, R.N. and Captain Young, R.N. were unfor- 
 tunately drowned by the upsetting of a boat in Southampton river, on a party 
 of pleasure. 
 
 YOUNG, DR. EDWARD, poet and writer, born 1684; 
 
 died, (aged 81) 1765 
 
 YOUNG, ARTHUR, the agriculturist, died April 16 1820 
 
 YOUNG, TOM, died November 9 1837 
 
 This individual, whose fame had extended over all Scotland, died at his 
 house, within the precincts of the jail, at Glasgow, from his advanced age. At 
 the last execution which took place in Glasgow, (that of Campbell, for murder,) 
 he was unable, from weakness, to perform his unpleasant duty, and the autho- 
 rities were under the necessity of employing another, (from Edinburgh), in his 
 stead. He was appointed to the office, December 10, 1814; and it seems that 
 an indenture was regularly drawn up betwixt him and the Magistrates, and 
 signed. By the conditions of this indenture, he bound himself to perform the 
 office of public executioner, whenever called upon, during- the period of his 
 natural life; to inflict corporeal punishment, and work as a labourer about the 
 jail, and not to absent himself from duty; for this he was to receive a yearly 
 salary of £52. and one guinea for every capital execution ; a pair of new shoes 
 twice a year; a free house, coal and candle, and both parties to be held liable to 
 a penalty of £50. in case of any deviation from the foregoing agreement. He 
 held the situation for twenty-three years ; and during that period had deprived 
 above seventy unfortunate beings of their existence ; fifty-six of whom were 
 
566 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 YOUNG, TOM, (continued.) 
 
 executed in Glasgow; and the remainder in Greenock, Paisley, Ayr, Sterling, 
 &c In 1820, he performed his duty on Hardie and Band, (the Radicals), in 
 Stirling: also of Wilson, at Glasgow. When solicited to perform his unplea- 
 sant task in any of the surrounding districts, he is said to have been exorbitant 
 in his demand of remuneration for the same: and on these occasions not so 
 strict an economist in his charge, when travelling at another's expense, being 
 very extravagant in his diet. Yet, after all, he died poor, leaving his widow 
 and three children in very destitute circumstances. 
 
 ZAMET, SEBASTIAN, financier, born 1552; died 1614 
 
 ZARATE, AUGUSTIN, Spanish historian, flourished in ■ 1543 
 
 ZENO, APOSTOLO, Italian dramatic writer, born 1669; 
 
 died H50 
 
 ZIMMERMAN, , born 1728; died .. 1795 
 
 OMISSIONS OF REMARKABLE PERSONS. 
 
 ADAMS, , and OLDFIELD, executed with 
 
 Eliza Fenning, July 26 1815 
 
 ARDEN, LORD, died July 5 1840 
 
 Lord Arden was brother to the Right Honourable Spencer Percival, who was 
 assassinated by Bellingham. 
 
 ASHCROFTS, (The), WILLIAM HOLDEN, &c. tried for 
 
 murder, 1817 
 
 At the Lancaster Assizes, September 5, James Ashcroft, (the elder, aged 53), 
 David Ashcroft, (his brother, aged 48,) James Ashcroft, (the younger, aged 
 32) William Holder], (aged -47), and John Robinson, (aged 53,) were charged 
 with the murder of Margaret Marsden and Hannah Partington, in the dwelling 
 house of Thomas Littlen ood, at Pendleton, near Manchester, on the 26th clay 
 of April previous. They pleaded — Not Guilty. 
 
 This dreadful murder stands unparalelled even by that of the family of the 
 Maris, of Ratcliffe-highway, (see page 484), and was committed in the open 
 day (two o'clock in the afternoon.) The Court was crowded as early as seven 
 o'clock in the morning ; and within the bar, the Counsel could with the greatest 
 difficulty find room to sit or stand. Without the bar, all was one entire mass, 
 that stood and moved a.s if inseparable. At eight o'clock precisely, the trial 
 commenced. The challenges of the Jury were many ; but when at length 
 sworn, the elder Ashcroft, with a theatrical air, and flinging his hand upwards, 
 exclaimed — Not guilty; his brother followed his example, as did his son, and 
 likewise Holden. Robinson scarcely raised his hand to young Ashcroft's 
 shoulder. 
 
 From the evidence of the prosecutor, Mr. Littlewood, it appeared that his 
 family consisted of himself, his wife, a Mrs. Marsden, (in her 75th year,) and 
 Hannah Partington. That he went on the 25th day of April preceding, about 
 nine in the morning to market, and returned at eight in the evening. Had left 
 in the house, on his depaiture therefrom, £160.; £140. in notes, nineteen 
 guineas in gold, half a guinea, and a seven shilling piefte. The money was in a 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 567 
 
 ASHCROFTS, (THE) &c. (continued.) 
 
 drawer, which was never locked. Saw the money there at seven o'clock of the 
 morning of that clay. On his arrival at home in the evening, he tried the door, 
 and found it locked, as also the yard door, the key being in the the inside. At 
 length having obtained an entrance by an upper window, he proceeded to the 
 kitchen, when a most appaling spectacle was presented ; Mrs. Marsden was 
 sitting in the chair she always occupied, her forehead fractured, and driven 
 into the brain; Hannah Partington was lying- under the dresser, her knees bent 
 towards her head, which was in the same state as Mrs. Marsden's, and both 
 quite cold; the kitchen was covered with blood ; the poker was bent, and very 
 bloody; the cleaver, which was always hung in the kitchen, was found in their 
 bed-room, with a little blood on it, and the money was all gone. 
 
 Mr. Cross, in a speech of grpat force aud pathos, now detailed the particulars 
 of the case to the Jury. The witnesses for the prosecution, (twenty- six in 
 number) having given their evidence, 
 
 The Chief Baron summed up in a very luminous address, of more than an 
 hour and a half; when the Jury retired to consider of their verdict, and in two 
 minutes returned with a verdict of guilty against James Ashcroft, the elder, 
 David Ashcroft, James Ashcroft, the younger, and William Holden, John Robin- 
 son, — Not Gruilty. 
 
 On the 8th of September, 1817, they were led to the fatal scaffold, and exe- 
 cuted. They denied their guilt to the last. 
 
 AVERSHAW, JEREMIAH LEWIS, tried for murder . 1794 
 
 This daring and atrocious highwayman was one of the most ferocious culprits ever 
 known. Early in life he associated himself with gangs of notorious thieves, 
 over whom he soon obtained great command. A wan ant having been issued 
 for his arrest by the Magistrates of Southwark, D. Price and B. Turner, officers 
 belonging to Union Hall, were entrusted with the execution of the same. Being 
 informed that he was regaling himself at a public house in Southwark, called 
 The Three Brewers, a house famed as the resort for thieves, they repaired 
 thither, and found their information correct; and, at the same time, that the 
 object of their search was fully prepared to put in execution his dreadful 
 threats. On their approaching him, he placed himself at the entrance to the 
 parlour, with a loaded pistol in each hand, and swore he would shoot the first 
 person who should attempt to take him. The officers now rushed forward to 
 seize him 5 when the villain discharged both pistols at the same moment, by 
 one of which Turner was severely wounded in the head, whilst the fatal con- 
 tents of the other lodged in the body of Price. He lingered for a short time, 
 and died in great agony. 
 
 He took his trial for the murder at the following Surry Sessions, at Croydon, 
 when he was found guilty; but a flaw being discovered in the indictment, an 
 objection was taken by the prisoner's counsel : and although the learned Judge, 
 (Baron Perryn) who presided at the trial, intimated a wish to take the opinion 
 of the Twelve Judges, the Counsel for the prosecution waved the question, and 
 insisted upon Avershaw being tried on an indictment for one of his former 
 offences, (shooting at one Barnaby Windsor), he was on that charge found — 
 guilty, and received sentence of death. 
 
 The Judge having put on the black cap, the emblem assumed at the time of 
 passing sentence of death, Avershaw behaved with the most insolent effrontery 
 by placing his hat on his head, and staring the Judge full in the face, which he 
 accompanied with a most malicious sneer, and affected contempt, which conduct 
 he continued till he was taken, bound hand and foot from the dock, venting 
 curses and insults on the Judge and Jury for having consigned him to murder. 
 
 This brutal conduct continued to the last. In the interval between receiv- 
 ing sentence of death and the execution, having got some black cherries, he 
 amused himself with painting on the white walls of the cell in which he was 
 confined, sketches of various robberies whieh he had committed. He was exe- 
 cuted on Kennington Common, August 3, 1795, and died as he had lived, a 
 
56S THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 AVERSHAW, JEREMrAH, (continued.) 
 
 ruffian and a brute. He was afterwards hung in chains, and (painful as is the 
 record,) whilst the disgusting carcase of this malefactor, devoured by the birds 
 and withered by the elements gradually disappeared, the spot on which he had 
 been gibbeted was converted into a temple of infamy, to which the thieves of 
 London resorted in a kind of pilgrimage; and procuring from his decaying and 
 piece-meal carcase the bones of his fingers and toes to convert into stoppers for 
 their tobacco pipes. 
 
 BAKER, SIR ROBERT, the Magistrate, died in July ... 1840 
 
 BARTHOLOMAN, ALEXANDER, Editor of the < York 
 
 Herald,' died \ 1810 
 
 BATTEUX, CHARLES, French writer, born 1713; died 1780 
 
 BATHIEUX, M. painter, born 1701 ; died 1792 
 
 BAUHIN, GASPAR, botanist, died 1623 
 
 BAXTER, RICHARD, born 1615; died 1691 
 
 BAXTER, WILLIAM, born 1651; died 1723 
 
 BAYARD, LE CHEVALIER, French warrior, died 1524 
 
 BAYER, , astronomer, died 1637 
 
 BAYLE, PIERRE, French writer, born 1647; died 1706 
 
 BEAL, MARY, painter, born 1632; died 1697 
 
 BERNARD, SIR THOMAS, died July 1 1818 
 
 Sir Thomas was son of Sir Francis Bernard, Bart. Governor of New Jersey, who 
 was created a Baronet in 17S0, and was born at Lincoln, Apiil 27, 1750. Ap- 
 pointed to the official situation of Commissary of Musters; he also studied the 
 Law; and was called to the Bar in 1780, by the Honourable Society of the 
 Middle Temple; he however selected the more retired business of Convey- 
 ancing, in which he rapidly rose to a high degree of reputation and practice. 
 
 Mr. Bernard had taken an active part on the Committee of the Foundling 
 Hospital for some years before he retired from business, and he was elected 
 Treasurer to the Hospital in 1795, which opened a new field for his benevo- 
 lent exertions. In conjunction with Count Rumford, he introduced a system 
 of economy in cooking and fuel, on the Count's principle, which effected a 
 saving of twenty-five chaldrons of coals in the fiist year. 
 
 This success of the experiment led to the formation of a scheme in 1796, for 
 introducing the same system of economy into the Mary-le-bone Workhouse. 
 For this object a subscription of £100. each from Mr. Bernard, the Bishop of 
 Durham, Mr. Eliott, Mr. Wilberforce, and some others, was raised in order to 
 commence operations, but the proposal was not acceded to by the Vestry. 
 
 He was one of the founders of the School for the Indigent Blind, in the year 
 1800. He also fitted up at an expense of £1000. a large chapel in West-street, 
 Seven Dials, the whole body of the chapel being free for the Poor. This 
 chapel was opened May 25, the sermon being preached by Dr. Porteus, Bishop 
 of London. 
 
 He was one of the founders of the Royal Institution, in 1799, and in 1805, 
 furnished the outline of the Plan for forming The British Institution for Pro- 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 569 
 
 BERNARD, SIR THOMAS, (continued) 
 
 moting the Fine Arts in the United Kingdom, which was established June 4, in 
 that year; and on the 29th, Mr. Bernard agreed, on behalf of the Committee, 
 for the purchase of the Shakspeare Gallery ; which Gallery was opened for the 
 exhibition and sale of the productions of British Artists, in the following 
 spring. 
 
 In the year 1804, Mr. Bernard purchased a house in Wimpole-street, on 
 account of ill-health, and resigned his office of Treasurer to the Foundling Hos- 
 pital. 
 
 He founded the Alfred Club in Albemarle-street, which was opened January 
 I, 1809. In 1810, he succeeded to the Baronetage on the death of Sir John 
 Bernard, in the West Indies. In 1811, he raised a subscription of 3000 
 guineas for the purchase of Mr. West's picture of — Christ healing the Sick, 
 which the artist had intended to present to his native city Philadelphia. This 
 picture was exhibited in the Gallery of the British Institution, and has since 
 been presented by the Directors to the National Gallery. 
 
 In 1813, he arranged The Political Life of Lord Harrington, which was pub- 
 lished in 1814. 
 
 In 1816, and 1817, he exerted himself to obtain a repeal of the Salt Duties ; 
 and in December, 1817, published The Case of the Salt Duties, with proof s and 
 illustrations. In the next Session of Parliament a Committee was appointed to 
 enquire into the Salt Laws. The increased exertion be now used in procuring 
 evidence for the Committee brought on a severe illness, and he was induced to 
 leave London at the earliest possible time; and from medical advice, proceeded 
 to Leamington Spa, where he arrived in the middle of June; from this moment 
 he gradually grew weaker, until the morning of the 1st of July, when his valu- 
 able life terminated without a struggle. 
 
 Leaving no issue, he was succeeded in the Baronetage by his only surviving 
 brother, the late Sir Scrope Bernard Morland, of Nether Winchendon, Bucks, 
 and Pall-Mali, London, who died in April, 1830. 
 
 BONAPARTE, LUCIEN, died January 6 1840 
 
 BOTTING, JAMES, the Old Bailey Executioner, died Oc- 
 tober 1 1837 
 
 The above event was communicated to the Officials of Guildhall, by a letter from 
 his landlady. He retired from the situation about seventeeen years ago, on 
 which occasion he petitioned the Court of Aldermen for a pension, at the same 
 time representing the services he had performed to the country, and the disa- 
 greeable task connected therewith. The result was, the settlement of a pension 
 of 5s. per week for life. 
 
 It was with this individual that the first commencement of paying the execu- 
 tioner his guinea per week over the door of the prison, in conformity with the 
 feelings of the turnkeys. Some time since, a retiring executioner called upon 
 Botting to ask his advice as to the terms in which to address the Court of 
 Aldermen, in the matter of giving up or improving the business. " I dont 
 " know," said Botting, " that as you can say any thing better than that His Ma- 
 " jesty's got so gallows merciful, you've got ashamed to work for nothing, and beg 
 " the Court to give him a hint to begin to do a bit of justice again." 
 
 He was a good deal excited about Greenacre; and on the day appointed for 
 the execution of that individual, he called aloud from his bed, at the moment 
 of the clock striking the hour of eight, — " That's the time o'day — I'm blest if 
 he an't a coming out to nap it." 
 
 BYRON, LORD, tried for Murder 1765 
 
 Lord Byron, grandfather to Lord Byron the Poet, tried on a charge of murder, in 
 killing Mr. Chaworth in a duel. 
 
 No. 73- 4E 
 
570 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 CATALINI, MADAME, died 1841 
 
 COLLIER, SIR GEORGE, died in April 1795 
 
 Sir George was made a Post Captain in 1762, and was employed chiefly on the 
 coast of America during the American war. Brought out, (at Drury-lane 
 Theatre,) a Dramatic Romance, taken from the French, called, Selima and 
 Azor, in 1775. 
 
 DENMARK, KING OF, Decembers 1839 
 
 DRUMMOND, MR. died January 4 1832 
 
 Mr. Drummond was formerly a Lottery Office kepper in Holborn, but falling into 
 misfortune, he died in Lambeth Workhouse, aged 74. 
 
 HANOVER, THE QUEEN OF, died 1841 
 
 HARRIS, KIDDY, executed at the Old Bailey for a 
 
 robbery 1 824 
 
 HEIDEGGER, JOHN JAMES, bom 1659; died 1749 
 
 He was born at Zurich, and came to England in 1708, where, by his address, he 
 obtained the chief direction of the Opera House and Masquerades, in which situ- 
 ation he acquired a fortune of £5000. per annum. From his retentive memory, 
 heacquired great facility in the writing of Operas. Though tall, and well-made, 
 he was uncommonly disagreeable in his features, so much so, that he bet a 
 wager with the Earl of Chesterfield, that, within a certain time, he could not 
 produce so hideous a face as Heidegger's, in all London. The bet was accepted 
 by the Earl. After a strict search, a woman was found, whose features were, 
 at first sight, supposed to be stronger than those of the Count, as he was gene- 
 rally called; but upon putting her head-dress upon him, he was declared to be 
 the ugliest. 
 
 The following humourous circumstance is likewise related of him: — 
 That facetious individual, the Duke of Montague, (the author of the Bottle- 
 Conjuror at the Haymarket) gave an entertainment at the Devil Tavern, to 
 several of the nobility, (amongst whom were some hard drinkers,) who were 
 in the plot. Heidegger was also invited, and, in a few hours after dinner got 
 so drunk, as to be carried out of the room, and put to bed. During the period 
 of his insensibility, the daughter of Mrs. Salmon, the then celebrated maker of 
 wax figures, was introduced, who took a mould from his face in plaster of 
 Paris; and from this a mask was made. A few days previous to the ensuing 
 masquerade, the King had promised to be present, and also the Countess of 
 Yarmouth. The Duke had in the mean time applied to Heidegger's valet-de- 
 chambre, in order to ascertain in what sort of dress his master was likely to 
 appear ; and then procuring a similar one, and also a person of the same stature, 
 he gave him his instructions accordingly. On the evening of the masquerade, 
 His Majesty being seated, Heidegger, as usual, ordered the mnsic to play — 
 God save the King; but no sooner was his back turned, than the disguised 
 Heidegger ordered them to play — Over the Water to Charley. Upon this the 
 company was lost in amazement ; and those about the Court, who were not in 
 the plot, were in great consternation. Heidegger, in a rage, rushed to the 
 music gallery, swore and stamped, and accused the musicians of either being 
 drunk, or combined to ruin him. The king and the Countess laughed to such 
 an extent, as almost to hazard a discovery of the joke. During Heidegger's 
 presence in the gallery, — God save the King continued to be played; but on the 
 instant of his departure from thence to superintend the dancing-rooms, the 
 pretended Heidegger again plaeed himself before the music gallery, calling out, 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 571 
 
 HEIDEGGER, JOHN JAMES, (continued.) 
 
 in an audible voice, (at the same time imitating Heidegger) — ' blockheads, 
 have I not told you to play — Charley over the Water ? The musicians now 
 thought him either drunk, or mad; but continuing his vociferations, Charley 
 was played again. Some of the officers of the guards were now for going to the 
 gallery, to turn the musicians out ; the then Duke of Cumberland could con- 
 tain himself ho longer; the company were thrown into the greatest disorder, 
 and shame! — shame! resounded from all parts of the house. Heidegger once 
 more flew, burning with rage, to the musician's gallery. Here the Duke of 
 Montague artfully addressed himself to him, telling him the king was in a vio- 
 lent passion ; that his best way was to go instantly and make an apology — that 
 the musicians were mad — and lo afterwards discharge them; almost at the 
 same instant he ordered the false Heidegger to, do the same. The scene was 
 now truly ludicrous before the King. Heidegger had no sooner made an 
 apology for the conduct of his musicians, but the impostor advanced, crying 
 out — ' Indeed, Sire, it was not my fault, but that devil's, in my likeness.' 
 Heidegger having now turned round, stared, staggered, grew pale, and could 
 not utter a word. The Duke now communicated to Heidegger his plot, and 
 the counterfeit was ordered to take off his mask. Here ended this frolic; but 
 Heidegger swore he would never again attend any public amusement, if the 
 wax-work woman did not break the mould, and melt down the mask before his 
 face. He died at the advanced age of ninety. 
 
 HENRICH, ARABELLA, died in May 1829 
 
 This penurious and eccentric individual died in Blandford-street, Portman-squarc. 
 She occupied a small room in the house of a green-grocer, who was generally 
 induced by her to supply two pennyworth of meat from his family joint, upon 
 which she dined. When visited by her friends she always lamented her great 
 poverty, and the many privations she was forced to undergo in consequence, 
 which appeal was generally successful. At her death, however, money, 
 amounting to £5000. was discovered in a cellar and cupboard which was appro- 
 priated to her use, and of which she kept the key. A quantity of guineas and 
 sovereigns were found in tea-kettles ; and in the cupboard a large roll of Bank- 
 notes. Various articles of value were also discovered ; and between the bed 
 and sacking a will was found, by which the greatest part of her property was left 
 to individuals residing in the city; but, strange as it may appear, although ad- 
 vertised, they never claimed the property. 
 
 HOBHOUSE, SIR BENJAMIN, died 1831 
 
 HUNT, (JOHN and LEIGH), tried for a libel on HIS R. 
 
 H. THE PRINCE REGENT, 1813 
 
 On the 3rd of February they were brought up to receive Judgment, before Lord 
 Eilenborough, Mr. Justice Le Blanc, and Mr. Justice Bailey, when the Court 
 passed the following sentence, viz. : — to pay the King a fine of £500. each, and 
 to be severally imprisoned for the space of two years ; John Hunt, in the prison 
 of Coldbath-fields, and Leigh Hunt, in the New Jail for the county of Surrey, 
 in Horsemonger-lane; that at the expiration of that time, each to give secu- 
 rity in £500. and two sufficient sureties in £250. for their good behaviour 
 during five years, and to be severally imprisoned until such fine be paid, and 
 
 such security given. 
 
 » 
 
 JEFFERSON, THOMAS, American President, died July 4 1826 
 JOAN OF ARC, or (JEAN D'ARC,) burnt May 30 1431 
 
 She was the daughter of a peasant, in the village of Dompre, near the border of 
 Lorraine. Having eloped from her father, she hired herself to a female inn- 
 
572 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 JOAN OF ARC, (continued.) 
 
 keeper, where she acted in the capacity of a servant, in which situation she re- 
 mained five years. She had from her childhood been of an imaginative turn of 
 mind; and, previous to her leaving her native village, most of her leisure hours 
 were spent in the forest near the neighbourhood. Here, in imagination, she 
 conversed not only with her own spirit, but also with the saints and the angels, 
 until her fancy had assumed reality. She believed that she heard voices from 
 heaven — of the archangel Michael, the angel Gabriel, with the rest of the 
 saints, who seemed to address her audibly. 
 
 Some time after another sentiment was added to her religion — that of patri- 
 otism. The state of France, with which Lorraine, though not incorporated, 
 was intimately connected, was at this period in a deplorable state. England, 
 who claimed the sovereignty of the kingdom, was in actual possession of the 
 greater part of it, and had garrisons estahlished in nearly all the great towns. 
 The Duke of Bedford, uncle of Henry VI. the king of England, resided in 
 Paris, and there governed as regent in the name of his nephew. The Duke of 
 Burgundy, the most powerful vassal of the crown, had become the ally of this 
 foreign domination. Charles VII. the legitimate heir to the throne, to whom 
 the nation was attached, was a fugitive, and confined to a narrow corner of the 
 kingdom, and losing daily some portion of his remaining resources. These 
 events made a great impression upon Jeanne. In her eyes it was the cause of 
 heaven as well as of France. When residing at Neufchateau, martial feelings 
 hegan to mix with those of religion. Her sex, which had hitherto excluded her 
 from the profession of arms, she now disregarded, and applied herself to manly 
 exercises. These greatly invigorated her frame, and added a glow of anima- 
 tion to her beauty. She had at this time also acquired great skill in managing 
 her horse. 
 
 On the 24th of February, 1429, she presented herself before King Charles at 
 Chinon, a town lying at a great distance below Orleans on the south side of the 
 Loire, dressed in male attire, and armed from head to foot. In this disguise 
 she had travelled with a few individuals whom she had persuaded to accompany 
 her, though through a country then in the possession of the enemy. She told 
 the King that she was commissioned by heaven to restore him to a throne from 
 which he was so unjustly deprived. 
 
 At this period the town of Orleans, the place which still held out for Charles, 
 and the key to that portion of the kingdom where he was acknowledged, was 
 pressed by the forces of the besiegers, and reduced to a state the most hopeless. 
 Some weeks had been spent in proceedings intended to give the enterprise of 
 the Maid of Orleans some colour of Divine protection and also the requisite ef- 
 fect of her appearance. Accordingly, on the 29th of April, mounted on a white 
 steed, and with her standard carried before her, she dashed forward at the head 
 of a convoy with provisions, and in spite of all the opposition of the enemy 
 forced her way into the besieged city. The rapid succession of exploits which 
 followed bore very much the appearance of miracles. In a few sallies the be- 
 siegers were drove from every post. Nothing could withstand her gallant 
 band: and her followers really believed that the irresistible success which 
 attended her endeavours was by the sanction of heaven. On the Sth of May, 
 the enemy (who had possessed the place from the 12th of October preceding,) 
 raised the siege, and retired in the greatest disorder. From this period the 
 English were no longer feared; and in a few days after followed the battle of 
 Patay, when a great victory was obtained by the French under the command of 
 this celebrated leader, and the English, by the brave and able Lord Talbot. In 
 this encounter two thousand five hundred of the English were left dead on the 
 field of battle; and twelvehundred were taken prisoners, among whom was the 
 General. Town after town now opened its gates to the conqueror, the garrison 
 of the English retiring without a blow. On the 16th of July, the surrender of 
 Bheims took place; and on the following day Charles was solemnly crowned in 
 the cathedral there. Having, as she said, fulfilled her mission, Jeanne now 
 petitioned the king to allow her to return in quiet to that obscurity she had for 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 573 
 
 JOAN OF ARC, (continued.) 
 
 a time left. But the entreaties of her Royal Master prevented her from expe- 
 riencing the wished-for indulgence. Honours were now heaped upon her; a 
 medal was ordered to be struck in commemoration of her heroic deeds; and 
 letters of nobility were granted to herself and also to every member of her 
 family. 
 
 The record of her end is truly lamentable, — for ever disgraceful to England, 
 and scarcely less so to France. On the 24th of May, 1430, whilst heroically 
 combating against the army of the Duke of Burgundy under the walls of Com- 
 peigne, she was treacherously shut out from the city she was defending, through 
 the contrivance of the Governor: and being left almost alone, was, after per- 
 forming various acts of great valour, compelled to surrender to the enemy. 
 John of Luxembourg, into whose hands she fell, some time after sold her for 
 ten thousand livres to the Duke of Bedford. Soon after she was brought to 
 Rouen, and tried on a charge of sorcery. The contrivances resorted to for esta- 
 blishing 1 the charge, were at once cruel and degrading; and on the 30th of May, 
 1431, she was sentenced to be burned at the stake. No attempt was made on 
 the part of Charles in the mean time to rescue the innocent victim from the de- 
 struction that awaited her. She pleaded hard to live; but her intreaties were 
 in vain, for on the following day the inhuman sentence was carried into execution 
 in the market-place at Rouen, and she died as courageously as she had lived. 
 
 JONES, HENRY, (alias OWEN), FRANCIS PHOE- 
 NIX, (alias FINNIKIN), & CHARLES BURTON, 
 executed in December „ 1771 
 
 The above robbery was committed in the house of Sir R. Ladbroke, Alderman 
 and Banker, of London ; and it is not a little singular, that it was effected 
 without in the least disturbing the family, together with five servants, who 
 were in the house at the time. The articles stolen, were £. s. d. 
 
 Sir Robert's gold chain, the insignia of his office, worth .. 100 
 
 A gold chain 80 
 
 Several pieces of plate 100 
 
 A Coronation medal, a broad 25s. piece, a guinea of the 1 
 
 time of Oliver Cromwell, a ditto of George I., and va- > 40 
 
 rious other pieces j 
 
 Old Crown pieces 15 
 
 Two gold snuff boxes 20 
 
 Brilliant breast buckler 25 
 
 Diamond hoop-ring 20 
 
 A pair of valuable Moco studs 10 
 
 A Pair of cluster stone buttons 10 
 
 With other articles of small value , 30 
 
 £.450 
 
 This booty being in the first apartment they broke open, seems to have 
 satisfied them ; having searched no other part of the dwelling, although a silver- 
 hilted sword hung up in the apartment. 
 
 The robbers having melted the gold articles, a dispute arose on their trial, 
 between Sir R. Ladbroke, the loser of the gold, which had been cast into an 
 ingot, and Mr. Cox, the purchaser. The latter urged, that he had bought it in 
 open day, in an open shop, and at a fair price ; Sir Robert insisted, on the other 
 hand, of a prior claim, of which he had been violently deprived. 
 
 The Court was inclined in favour of Sir Robert ; and he on perceiving this, 
 offered it as a favour to Mr. Cox, who disclaimed all notion of favour, and still 
 demanding his right to the ingot, which he put into his pocket. 
 
574 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 KING CHARLES I. beheaded 1649 
 
 The Regicide Bradshaw, one of the Judges of this unfortunate monarch, was born 
 in 1586. His patrimony was very small, but he did not want for parts: which 
 supported by impudence, and ambition, acquired him a fortune in the practice 
 of the law, in which he was brought up in Gray's Inn, where he was much 
 visited by the factious, and more admired in his chambers than at Westminster 
 Hall. Two Terms before the perpetration of the King's murder, this Chamber 
 Council took the oath of allegiance, being called to the dignity of a Serjeant- at- 
 Law by the powers then in being, to prepare him for that detestable office, for 
 which he was thought to be so well qualified. When first nominated to be Pre- 
 sident of the pretended Court of Justice, for the trial of Charles, he appeared 
 much surprised, and resolutely refused it. But, when pressed with more im- 
 portunity, he required time to consider it, when he would give e final answer, 
 which he did on the following day, when he accepted the office, which he admi- 
 nistered with all the pride and impudence imaginable. He was quickly in- 
 vested in great state; a guard was assigned for the security of his person, being 
 now declared President of the Council of State; and for the maintaining of so 
 hiyh a dignity, his creators gave him Lord Cottington's estate, anrl the Duchy 
 of Lancaster, with £5000. in money, to supply the present exigencies: and 
 made him a present of the Dean's house at Westminster for ever, for his resi- 
 dence and habitation. The King was now brought before the pretended High 
 Court, on a charge of high treason, which, being read, Bradshaw behaved in a 
 most insolent manner to His Majesty, who although menaced, would not ac- 
 knowledge any authority in that Court to call him into judgment, and concluded 
 with " Sir, your sins are of so laige a dimension, that, if you do but seriously 
 think of them, they will drive you to a sad consideration, they may improve in 
 you a sad and serious repentance. And the Court doth heartily wish that you 
 may be so penitent for what you have done amiss, that God may have mercy at 
 least on your better part. Truly, Sir, for the other it is our parts and duties 
 to do that which the law prescribes. We cannot be unmindful of what the 
 Scripture tells us; for to ' acquit the guilty is of equal abomination as to con- 
 demn the innocent; we may not acquit the guilty.' What sentence the law 
 affirms to a traitor, tyrant, and murderer, and a public enemy to the country, 
 that sentence you are now to hear read to you, and that is the sentence of the 
 Court." Pursuant to which His Majesty was put to death, Bradshaw being the 
 first that signed the warrant for his beheading 1649. After this, Bradshaw 
 was employed in the trial of the Duke of Hamilton, the Earl of Holland, the 
 Earl of Norwich, Lord Capel, and Sir John Owen, against whom he likewise 
 pronounced sentence of death. And in all his actions he proved himself to be 
 the most flagitious of the long robe, and the most active in the destruction of 
 monarchy in this nation ; but had the good fortune to escape corporeal punish- 
 ment; for he died a natural death in 1659, as it is supposed with grief at the 
 prospect of an approaching restoration. However, his body, by order of Par- 
 liament, with some others, his accomplices, at Tyburn, were thrown under the 
 gallows. (See further, at page 137.) Thus ended the worldly career of this 
 despicable wretch. 
 
 KING, PETER, eccentric character, died 1806 
 
 LABLACHE, LOUIS, born in 1794 
 
 Made his debut on the Italian boards at Paris, in November, 1830, in the part of 
 Geronimo in the Matrimonii) Segreto. 
 
 LABOURERS, riot of the, on the Chester Railway, Octo- 
 ber 12 1839 
 
 LEE, , High Constable of Westminster, died 1838 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 575 
 
 LE BLANC, SIR SIMON, (Judge), died.. 1816 
 
 MACAULAY, GRAHAM CATHARINE, historian, died 1791 
 
 MACCLESFIELD, COUNTESS OF; see Savage. 
 
 MACDONALD, JAMES, an Irishman, died at the age 
 
 of 117 1760 
 
 He was seven feet six inches high, and eat four pounds of solid meat at a meal. 
 
 MACLAURIN, COLIN, mathematician, born 1698 ; died 1746 
 
 METCALF, JOHN, (otherwise Blind Jack, of Knares- 
 borough), born 1717; died 1810 
 
 He was born at Knaresborough, in Yorkshire ; and at the age of four years he was 
 seized with the small pox, which deprived him of his sight, in spite of all the 
 means tliat were employed for its preservation. 
 
 At the age of thirteen he was taught music, in which he made great profi- 
 ciency, though the cry of a hound or a harrier was more suited to his taste than 
 the sound of an instrument. He kept hounds of his own, frequently hunting 
 with Mr Woodburn, of Knaresborough, who kept a pack, and was always very 
 desirous of Metcalf's company in the chace. 
 
 In 1732, he was invited to Harrogate, to play at the Assembly, as successor 
 to a poor old man, who, borne down by the weight of a hundred years, became 
 too slow for country dances. Here he was well received by the visiting nobi- 
 lity and gentry. In this employment he passed his evenings, and the mornings 
 he spent in cocking, hunting, and coursing. About this period, also, he 
 bought a horse, and often ran him for small plates ; and his engagements in- 
 creasing, he took a partner, who was likewise a good performer. 
 
 Having once matched one of his horses to run three miles for a considerable 
 wager, and the parties agreeing each to ride his own horse, they set up posts at 
 certain distances on the Forest Moor, describing a circle of one mile: having, 
 consequently, to go three times round the course. Under the idea that Met- 
 calf would be unable to keep the course, great odds were laid against him. His 
 ingenuity furnished him with an expedient in this dilemma. He procured 
 some bells, and placing a man with one of them at each post, was enabled by 
 the ringing to judge when to turn. By this contrivance, and the superior 
 speed of his horse, he came in winner, amidst the applause of all present, ex- 
 cepting those who had betted against him. 
 
 During his leisure hours he had studied mensuration in a way peculiar to 
 himself; and when certain of the girth and length of any piece of timber, he 
 was able accurately to reduce its contents to feet and inches, and could bring 
 the dimensions of any building into yards and feet. 
 
 The first piece of road he made was about three miles of that between 
 Fearnsby and Minskip. The materials for the whole were to be procured from 
 one gravel-pit ; he therefore provided deal boards, and erected a temporary 
 house at the pit, took a dozen horses to the place, fixed racks and mangers, and 
 hired a house for his men at Minskip. He often walked from Knaresborough 
 in the morning with four or five stone of meat on his shoulders, and joined his 
 men by six o'clock. He completed the road much sooner than was expected, 
 to the entire satisfaction of the Surveyor and Trustees. 
 
 Soon after this he contracted for building a bridge at Boroughbridge, which 
 he completed with great credit to his abilities. The business of making roads, 
 and building and repairing bridges in Yorkshire, Lancashire, Derbyshire, and 
 Cheshire, he continued with great success till the year 1792, when he returned 
 to his native county. 
 These brief particulars cone erning this extraordinary man, and useful member 
 
576 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 METCALF, JOHN, (continued.) 
 
 of society, are taken from a narrative publisher] by himself, after his return to 
 his native county. He fixed his residence at Spofforth, near Wetherby, with a 
 daughter and son-in-law. He died in the year 1810, at the advanced age of 
 ninety-four. 
 
 MINSHULL, MR. (the Magistrate), died July 7 1840 
 
 MONTAGUE, MRS. ELIZABETH, died August 25 1800 
 
 This learned and ingenious lady was the daughter of Matthew Robinson, Esq. of 
 West Layton, in Yorkshire. She was born at York, October 2, 1720. In 
 1742, she was married to Edward Montague, Esq. of Denton Hall, in North- 
 umberland, and Sandleford priory, in Berkshire, who died without issue in 
 177-5, and left her in great opulence. She died in her 80th year, at her house 
 in Portman-square. She was the intimate friend of Pulteney and Lyttleton ; 
 and she survived to entertain Johnson, Goldsmith, Burke, and Reynolds, till 
 their respective deaths. 
 
 MOUNTAIN, MRS. the Actress, died July 1841 
 
 MOODY, TOM, celebrated huntsman, died in December 1796 
 
 NELSON, THE RT. HON. FRANCES, died May 4 ... 1831 
 
 The Bight Honourable Frances, Dowager Viscountess Nelson, Duchess of Bronte, 
 was the widow of Josiah Nisbet, M. D. 
 
 NORTHCOTE, , celebrated painter, died 1831 
 
 PAGININI, , violin player, appearance of at the 
 
 Opera House, June 3 1831 
 
 PLANC, , (the Officer,) died in May 1840 
 
 It was this officer, to whom Fauntleroy offered £20,000. to suffer him to escape. 
 Retired on a pension. (See Arrangements of Magistrates; page 107, ante.) 
 
 POPE, BENJAMIN, Miser, died in July 1794 
 
 This individual was nearly as remarkable as Old Elvves for his penurious habits. 
 He was originally a tanner in Southwark, and so extensive were his dealings, 
 that his stock in trade was, for several years, supposed to be worth sixtv or 
 seventy thousand pounds. He at length became a money-lender, and discount- 
 ed and bought annuities, mortgages, and such like transactions, In this he was 
 not so successful as in his former business ; for the name of Pope, the usurer, 
 frequently appears in the proceedings of our courts of law, where those on the 
 bench thought very differently from Mr. Pope, with respect to his practices in 
 this way of business The most remarkable, and last instance of this sort was, 
 his being cast in £10,000. damages for some illegal practices, in the course of 
 his money transactions with Sir Alexander Leith. This was continually com- 
 plained of by Pope, who, to be even with his adversary, retired to France. His 
 monev, in consequence, lying idle, he resolved to return, preferring aresidence 
 in prison, to the payment of the fine, and actually suffered confinement for 
 eleven years and a quarter, during the whole of which time he never had a 
 joint of meat on his table; his greatest luxury being a fourpenny plate of meat 
 from a cook-shop. 
 
 He died in the Fleet prison, in July, 1794, aged 66 years. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 577 
 
 PRUSSIA, FREDERICK I. KING OF, died 1713 
 
 PRUSSIA, FREDERICK WILLIAM I. KING OF, died 1742 
 
 PRUSSIA, FREDERICK II. (surnamed the GREAT,) 
 
 died -. 1786 
 
 PRUSSIA, FREDERICK WILLIAM III. KING OF, 
 
 born August 3, 1770; died June 7 1840 
 
 Married December 24, 1793; succeeded his father 1797; Visited London, June 
 7, 1814; invested with the Order of the Garter, June 9, 1814; left England, 
 July 27, 1814. 
 
 PRUSSIA, FREDERICK WILLIAM, (son), born Oc- 
 tober 15, 1795 
 
 Ascended the throne on the death of his father, June, 1840. 
 
 RUMMING, ELEANOR, (the celebrated Ale-wife,) died 
 
 July 4 1563 
 
 She lived in the reign of Henry VIII. and resided near the bridge at Leatherhead, 
 in Surry; her house was lately standing; it was of timber, built with overhang- 
 ing chambers, the roof covered with Sussex slate, which was the covering for- 
 merly used in this country, when the builders had plenty of timber to support 
 it. Skelton, the Poet-Laureat to King Henry VIII. has rendered her cele- 
 brated, in his poem called, — " The Tunning of Elynor Humming" and others, 
 from, very probably, using her house when the King went to Nonsuch Palace. 
 Her descendants appear from the Parish books to have continued at Leatherhead 
 for more than a century: — " July 4, 1563, Goody Rumming buried." " Robert 
 Rumming buried, 4th April, 1669." 
 
 Public houses were formerly kept by women, who were called Ale-wives; 
 and amongst these celebrated characters were Mother Louse, of Louse Hall, 
 near Oxford, near the lane leading to Marston, and which is now called 
 Harpsichord Row, or Harpsichord Gardens. How the house came by the appel- 
 lation of house Hall, does not appear; but the ale-wife was christened Mother 
 Louse, after the above title , by the gentlemen of the University, who frequently 
 visited it. She is supposed to have been the last woman in England who wore 
 a ruff. 
 
 Mother George, of Oxford, who lived to the great age of one hundred and twenty 
 years, was contemporary with Mother Louse. This extraordinary woman, to 
 convince her visitants of the goodness of her eye-sight at so advanced an age, 
 used to thread a fine needle before them. 
 
 Jane Rouse was the hostess of the celebrated Boar's Head in Eastcheap, 
 where Fallstaff and Prince Henry cracked their jokes, and made the best of life 
 while it lasted. This worthy woman was accused of witchcraft, and was 
 taken from her own bar to the bar of the Old Bailey, condemned, and executed 
 accordingly. 
 
 Mother Damnable, the origin of the sign of the Mother Red Cap, Kentish Town, 
 (where she resided), was another ale-wife. There is a caricature portrait of 
 this woman, who was, doubtless, a most remarkable creature. She used to 
 attend the armies, and after a battle pillage the bodies. Most probably she was 
 the original of that similar character in Smollett's novel of Count Fathom. As 
 she grew old, she assumed an outward show of religious sanctity. Randolph, in 
 his Muses' 1 Looking Glass, says — 
 
 " I have seen in Mother Red-Cap's Hall, 
 In painted cloth, the story of the Prodigal. " 
 No. 74- * F 
 
578 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 SCALES, MR. rejection of for the Ward of Portsoken, 
 
 Januarys 1832 
 
 Hugh Hughes, Esq. M. P. sworn in Alderman of Portsoken Ward, the Court 
 having rejected Mr. Scales, who had nevertheless a majority of votes at the 
 Election. Sir J. Scarlett obtained a Rule in the Court of King's Bench, to show 
 cause why a Mandamus should not be issued to the Court of Aldermen, to 
 swear in Mr. Scales as Alderman for the Ward of Portsoken, he having polled 
 at the Election the greatest number of votes, January 14, 1832. 
 
 STEVENSON, WILLIAM, died July 17 1817 
 
 This extraordinary man was born at Dunlop, Ayrshire ; and during the latter 
 years of his life, he wandered about as a common beggar. In 1788, he sepa- 
 rated from his wife upon these strange conditions — that the first that proposed 
 an agreement should forfeit £100. They never met again, nor is it known what 
 became of the female. 
 
 Stevenson had been for some months very much afflicted with the stone ; and 
 feeling the disease increase, he became fully aware of his approaching dissolu- 
 tion, for which he made the following' extraordinary preparation ; having sent 
 for the baker, he ordered twelve dozen of burial cakes, together with a corres- 
 ponding quantity of wine and spirituous liquors. After tbis he sent for the 
 joiner, ordered a coffin decently mounted, that the wood should be quite dry, 
 and the join made so as to resist the water. The grave-digger was next sent 
 for, whom he enjoined to make his grave with plenty of room, at the same time 
 assuring him that he would be recompensed for his trouble. Having completed 
 his arrangements, he ordered the old woman who attended him to go to a certain 
 place, and bring out nine pounds, to defray his funeral expenses. In a few 
 hours afterwards he died, in the 87th year of his age. 
 
 A neighbour was sent for, to examine and seal up his effects. The first thing 
 found was a bag, containing large silver pieces, — crowns, half-crowns, and 
 dollars to a large amount; also, amongst some dirty rags, a, great number of 
 guineas and seven shilling pieces. In a trunk was found a bond for £300. to- 
 gether with other bonds and securities to a great amount ; in all to £900. His 
 will was found amongst some loose papers, which specified a bequest of £20. to 
 his housekeeper, and the rest of his property to be divided amongst his rela- 
 tions; and as a little time was necessary for so so doing, he lay in state four 
 days. The invitations to his funeral were truly singular, whole families being 
 asked, so that, his remains were followed by tradesmen in their working clothes, 
 bare-footed boys and girls, and an immense crowd of beggars, to the aged of 
 whom he left sixpence, and to the younger threepence. After his funeral, they 
 retired to a large barn fitted up for the purpose, where was exhibited a scene of 
 disgusting dissipation and riot. 
 
 TATTERS ALL, MR. sportsman, died 1810 
 
 TUSSER, THOMAS, died about 1533 
 
 He had the felicity to merit the notice of Mr. Warton, in his History of English 
 Poetry, from his having published his Poem of — A Hundredth good Pointes of 
 Husbandrie, imprinted at London, in Flete-strete, within Temple barre, at the 
 syne of the Hand and Starre, by Richard Totell, An. 1577- A copy of this 
 first edition is preserved in the British Museum. A re-print of this singular 
 literary rarity is given in Mr. Hazlewood's British Bibliographer. The subse- 
 quent editions of this curious book are interestingly enumerated by Mr. Mavor, 
 in his edition of Tusser. Tusser died at the age of sixty-five, and was buried 
 in St. Mildred's church, in the Poultry. His epitaph is preserved in Stowe's 
 Survey of London; and (as Mr. Mavor observes) it is perfectly in character with 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 579 
 
 TUSSER, THOMAS, (continued.) 
 
 the man and his writings ; and if conjecture may be allowed, was penned by 
 himself;-— 
 
 Here Thomas Tusser, clad in earth doth lie, 
 Who sometimes made the Points of Husbandry. 
 Byhim then learn thou may'st. Here learn we must, 
 When all is done, we sleep and turn to-dust. 
 And yet, through Christ, to heaven we hope to go: 
 Who reads his books, shall find his faith was so. 
 
 His book exhibits an authentic picture of the state of Horticulture during the 
 time of Mary and Elizabeth ; and, as Mr. Warton observes, his work is " valuable 
 " as a genuine picture of the agriculture, — the rural arts, — and the domestic 
 ceconomy and customs of our industrious ancestors." 
 
 WHITTY, REV. ARCHDEACON, murder of 1832 
 
 The Archdeacon had for some time been in treaty with his parishioners for a 
 commutation of his tithes. He had claimed £1,200. ; but the majority of the 
 tithe-payers, Protestant, as well as Catholic, had resisted the demand. He 
 was found savagely murdered in a field near Clounoulty. When first discover- 
 ed, he was insensible, but life was not extinct. He was conveyed to a neigh- 
 bouring house, where he lingered till death ended his sufferings. 
 
 WILLIAMS, RENWICK, tried on a charge of stabbing, 
 
 July 8 1790 
 
 This individual, commonly known as the ' Monster, ' had acquired an unnatural 
 and unaccountable propensity in maliciously cutting and stabbing females, 
 wherever he met them unprotected, and by his revolting conduct, had at this 
 period become a terror to the Metropolis. In consequence, it was proposed, 
 that public associations should be formed, for the more effectually bringing 
 him to punishment. For twelve months he carried on this villainous practice, 
 in spite of the extraordinary exertions made for his detection in the same. On 
 the 5th of May, 1789, he stabbed Elizabeth Davies in the hip; and assaulted a 
 Miss Foster in the same manner, as she was coming from the Theatre. On the 
 18th of January, 1790) he stabbed Miss Ann Porter, as she was coming- from 
 the Queen's Palace ; for which he was publicly advertised. He was described as 
 a dark-looking man, 5 feet 7 inches high, long nose and face; generally wear- 
 ing a cocked hat ; his hair dressed ; and his appearance altogether genteel. He 
 •was supposed to have accomplices, as from the many assaults that had been 
 committed, it was considered almost impossible they could have been inflicted 
 by a single individual. 
 
 At length, by the perseverance of a Mr. Coleman, (an acquaintance of Miss 
 Porter's), he was apprehended on the 30th of June, 1790; and the next day 
 brought up for examination; at which time many females appeared to identify 
 him, some of whom, who had been wounded, could not swear to his person; 
 but the two Miss Porters, the Miss Baughams, Miss Anne Frost, Miss Anne 
 West, and Elizabeth Davies, fully identified him as the individual who had 
 committed these savage attacks; upon which be was committed to Newgate to 
 take his trial. So great was the detestation in which he was held, that it was 
 with the greatest difficulty that the officers could prevent the mob from inflict- 
 ing instant punishment upon him. 
 
 He was soon after indicted under the Act of 6th George II. sec. 11. for 
 felony; and fortunate, indeed, was it for him that the late Lord Ellenborough's 
 Act did not then exist, for had it, the affair might have taken a different turn 
 from what it did. 
 
 On Thursday, July 8, 1790, he was arraigned at the Sessions House, in the 
 Old Bailey, upon seven indictments, for cutting and maiming. On the first, 
 Miss Porter deposed, that on her coming through St. James's Park, on the 18th 
 
580 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 WILLIAMS, RENWICK, (continued.) 
 
 of January, 1790, she met the prisoner, who followed her till she arrived at her 
 father's house in St. James's-street, when, as she was ascending the steps, she 
 received a violent cut on the right hip ; the blow was so great that she was 
 stunned. This was corroborated by her sister; and a Mr. Tompkins, surgeon, 
 deposed, that the cut Miss Porter received was nine or ten inches long, and 
 about three inches deep. 
 
 The prisoner being called upon for his defence, begged the indulgence of the 
 Court, in supplying the deficiency of his memory, upon what he wished to state, 
 from a written paper. He accordingly read as follows: — 
 
 " He stood an object equally demanding the attention and compassion of the 
 Court. That, conscious of his innocence, he was ready to admit the justice of 
 whatever sufferings he had hitherto undergone arising from suspicion. He had 
 the greatest confidence in the justice and liberality of an English Jury, and 
 hoped they would not suffer his fate to be decided by the popular prejudice 
 raised against him. The hope of proving his innocence had hitherto sustained 
 him. 
 
 " He professed himself the warm friend and admirer of that sex whose 
 cause was now asserted; and concluded with solemnly declaring that the whole 
 prosecution was founded on a dreadful mistake, which he had no doubt but that 
 the evidence he was about to call, would clear up, to the satisfaction of the 
 Court." 
 
 Several witnesses came, who stated, that Williams was at work the whole of 
 the evening of the 18th of January ; they also gave the prisoner the character 
 of a quiet, harmless man. 
 
 Judge Buller then charged the Jury, who immediately returned a verdict of 
 — Guiltij. 
 
 He was next tried on two indictments for assaulting Elizabeth Davies and 
 Elizabeth Baugham; and found guilty. He was then sentenced to two years' 
 imprisonment in Newgate for the assault on Miss Porter, two years for Eliza- 
 beth Davies, and two years for Miss Baugham; and to find sureties, himself in 
 £200. and two in £100. each. What time he paid the debt of Nature is 
 uncertain. 
 
 ADDITIONS TO THE GENERAL EVENTS, &c. 
 
 Section I. 
 
 ASTLEY'S AMPHITHEATRE, total destruction of by 
 
 Fire, June 8, 1841 
 
 This fire was discovered about half-past three in the morning ; and the timbers of 
 the Theatre, originally purchased by the late celebrated Philip Astley, being 
 composed of spars of ships, masts, &c. which he at various periods bought pre- 
 vious to forming a theatre, will readily account for the entire destruction of the 
 building in so short a time. 
 
 Elizabeth Briten, (the housemaid,) an old servant was, it appears, the first 
 who escaped. After gaining the street, she remembered that her ' Saving's 
 Bank ' book, containing the amount of her earnings, with some birds, that 
 were especial favourites of Madame Ducrow, were left behind, returned into 
 the house, heedless of the remonstrance of that lady, and consequently perished. 
 Four of the valuable stud, with two other horses, a pony, and a donkey, fell a 
 prey to the destructive element. 
 
 This is the third fire which has taken place since the erection of the Theatre 
 by the original proprietor, John Philip Astley, Esq. The first occurred on the 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 581 
 
 ASTLEY'S THEATRE, (continued.) 
 
 17th of August, 1795, when property to the value of nearly £30,000. was de- 
 stroyed, with nineteen dwelling' houses; at this fire also there was loss of life, 
 that of Mrs. Smith, the mother of Mrs. Astley. It is a singular fact, that she met 
 her death in a similar manner to the ill-fated female on the present occasion, 
 by returning t.o the house for the purpose of possessing herself of a large sum 
 of money kept in her bed-room. The second occurred on the 2nd of Sep- 
 tember, 1803, when forty houses were burnt. 
 
 BEER BILL, (THE NEW), came into operation, Au- 
 gust 7 ., 1840 
 
 BICKNELL, MR. leaped his horse over Hyde-Park wall, 
 
 7 feet High, in 1792 
 
 BLOOD SYSTEM, the discovery of, 1816 
 
 The active exertions of Alderman Wood, discovered in the first year of his Mayor- 
 alty a conspiracy of the most atrocious nature, an organized plan to the com- 
 mission of crime, and of traffic in human blood. The designs of the conspirators 
 were chiefly executed in the neighbourhood of Tower-hill, where several of 
 these victims were met at different times in great distress, by certain persons, 
 who, under the mask of pity, furnished them with base shillings, and Bank 
 tokens for 3s. and Is. 6cZ. The unfortunate creatures, nearly famishing, hastily 
 rushed into a baker's or chandler's shop, but being previously placed under the 
 eye of a lurking villain, who assumed the character of an officer, thus were 
 seized and searched, and the money just before given them being found upon 
 them, was considered full proof of their guilt. 
 
 The blood-money system originated in the mischievous principles of a law 
 which provided that, upon a conviction of a criminally-accused individual, a 
 certain bonus should be paid to the party or parties bringing such accused indi- 
 vidual to the bar of justice, which amounted generally to about £40. This had 
 the effect of producing- a number of false accusations or condemning compa- 
 ratively innocent men of some crime, into the commission of which they had 
 been purposely entrapped, for the sake of the prize held out: hence the appro- 
 priate name of blood-money. 
 
 Several cases of this kind were brought to light. One of which was that 
 of Thomas Brock, John Pelham, and Michael Power, charged with feloniously 
 counterfeiting and colouring base coin, so as to make it resemble the current 
 coin of the realm ; and also with having aided and abetted Dennis Riorton, 
 James Quin, and Thomas Connolly, 
 
 CANTON taken by storm, by the British 1841 
 
 CHUNEY, (the elephant) at Exeter Change shot, ] 826 
 
 DEVENPORT, dreadful incendiary Fire at the Dock-yard, 
 
 September 27 1840 
 
 DIORAMA, THE BRITISH, Oxford-street, burnt 1829 
 
 EXETER MAIL, furious attack on one of the horses of 
 
 the, by a Lioness, October 20 1816 
 
 This occurrence took place at Winterslow-hut, seven miles from Salisbury. At 
 
582 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 EXETER MAIL, attack on, (continued.) 
 
 the moment of the coachman's pulling up to deliver his bags, one of the leaders 
 was suddenly seized by a ferocious animal, which produced great confusion and 
 alarm: two passengers who were inside the mail got out, ran into the house, 
 and locked themselves up in a room above stairs : the horses kicked and plunged 
 violently, and it was with great difficulty the coachman could prevent the coach 
 from being overturned. It was soon perceived by the coachman and guard, by 
 the light of the lamps, that the animal which had seized the horse was a huge 
 lioness. A large mastive dog came up and attacked her fiercely, on which she 
 quitted the horse and turned upon him. The dog fled, but was pursued and 
 killed by the lioness. The beast had escaped from a caravan that was standing 
 on the road side, belonging to the proprietors of a menagerie, on their way to 
 Salisbury fair. An alarm being given, the keepers pursued and hunted the 
 lioness into a hovel under a granary, where they secured her, by barricading 
 the place. The horse, when attacked, fought with great spirit, and had it been 
 at liberty would probably have beaten down his antagonist with his fore-feet, 
 but in plunging he embarrassed himself in the harness. The lioness attacked 
 him in the front, and springing at his throat, fastened the talons of her fore- 
 feet on each side of the neck, close to the head, while the talons of her hind 
 feet were forced into the chest. In this situation she hung, whilst the blood 
 was streaming around. Although the lioness had missed the jugular vein, the 
 horse was so dreadfully torn, as to leave no hopes of life. A fresh horse was 
 procured, and the mail drove on after having been detained three quarters of an 
 hour by this extraordinary obstruction. 
 
 It was not ascertained when the mail-coach drove off from Winterslow, 
 whether the lioness had carried off with her the dead dog as her prey, as she 
 continued growling and howling in so loud a tone that they could hear her for 
 nearly a mile. Nothing could exceed the anxiety of all present to have the 
 animal killed, and calling out loudly to the guard to dispatch it with his blun- 
 derbuss, which he was disposed to do; but the owner cried out to him " not to 
 kill her, she having cost him £500. a short time before, and that she would be 
 as quiet as a lamb if not irritated. This arrested his hand, and he did not fire, 
 although strongly urged by the passengers. 
 
 The lioness was a very fine animal, then only five years old ; and the manner 
 in which she was secured after her attack upon the horse affords a proof of the 
 extreme state of tameness to which such creatures are brought by the manage- 
 ment of their keepers. When she had had retired under the granary, her 
 owner and assistant followed her upon their hands and knees with lighted 
 candles, and having placed a sack on the ground near her, they made her lie 
 down upon it, then tied her four legs, and passed a cord round her mouth, 
 which they secured : in this state they drew her out upon the sack, and she 
 was then carried by six men into her den in the caravan. To the astonishment 
 of every one who beheld this part of the transaction, which lasted about a 
 quarter of an hour, the lioness lay as quiet as a lamb during her removal to the 
 caravan; but when she became sensible of the restraint, her rage was excessive 
 till the cords were loosed. 
 
 GHIZNEE stormed by the British army, July 22 1839 
 
 The British troops, with their wonted spirit, carried Ghiznee and Khelat by 
 storm, and replaced the deposed sovereign on the throne of Afghanistan. 
 
 HULL and SELBY RAILWAY, dreadful loss of life on, 
 
 August? 1840 
 
 INSURRECTION at Lisbon, August 11 1840 
 
 KHELAT taken by storm, November 3 1839 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 583 
 
 LEA, (The River), 11 persons drowned iu, August 30 1840 
 
 LOUIS PHILIPPE, attacked by a mad woman, October 
 
 18 ! 1839 
 
 LUDDITES, Execution of the, -. 1813 
 
 A Special Commission was issued, and opened at York, by Mr. Baron Thompson, 
 January 4, 1813 ; and on the 5th, the following prisoners were tried, viz.: — 
 John Swallow, John Bathy, Joseph Fletcher, and John Lamb, for a burglary 
 and felony in the house of Mr. Samuel Moxton, at Witley Upper. They were 
 found guilty. 
 
 On the following day, were tried George Mellor, William Thorp, and Thos. 
 Smith, on a charge of murdering Mr. William Horsfall. They were found 
 guilty. 
 
 On Friday the prisoners were brought to the place of execution behind York 
 Castle. Every precaution had been taken to render a rescue impracticable. 
 Two troops of cavalry were drawn up near the front of the platform, and the 
 avenues to the Castle were guarded by infantry. 
 
 On the 8th, John Baines, (the Elder), John Baines, (the Younger), Zechary 
 Baines, of the same family, (the elder near 70, and the latter scarce 16,) John 
 Eadon, Charles Milnes, William Blakeborough, and George Duckworth, were 
 tried for administering an unlawful oath; when all were found guilty, except 
 the boy. 
 
 On the 9th, James Haigh, Jonathan Deane, John Ogden, James Brook, 
 Thomas Brook, John Walker, and John Hirst, were tried for an attack on the 
 mill of Mr. William Cartwrig-ht, at R.awfold's ; when Haigh, Dean, Ogden, 
 Brook, and Walker, were found — guilty ; and James Brook, John Brook, and 
 J . Hirst — not guilty. 
 
 On the 11th, the trial of J. Hay, John Hill, and William Hartley took place 
 for a burglary, and found — not guilty. 
 
 On the 12th, James Hay, Joseph Crowther, and N. Hayle, were found g-uilty 
 of stealing from J. Brook, a promissory note of £1. and some silver. 
 
 The Judge then passed sentence on the prisoners— fifteen were sentenced to 
 death: — six to be transported for seven years: — sixteen were discharged on 
 bail : — and sixteen without. 
 
 On Saturday the following malefactors were brought to the same place of 
 execution, at different times, viz.: — at eleven o'clock in the forenoon, John 
 Hill, Joseph Crowther, N. Hayle, Jonathan Dean, John Ogden, Thomas 
 Brook, and John Walker ; after hanging till twelve, they were cut down. 
 
 At half-past one on the same day, John Swallow, John Batley, Joseph 
 Fisher, William Hartley, James Haigh, James Hay, and Job Hay, were also 
 executed on the same drop. 
 
 NERO, (the lion), baited by six bull-dogs, 1825 
 
 NEW ORLEANS, tremendous conflagration at, Feb. 11... 1840 
 NEW ZEALAND, sovereignty of assumed, May 21 1840 
 
 PARIS, strike of the workmen of, September 1 1840 
 
 This strike was followed by the landing of Prince Louis Napoleon, at Boulogne, 
 with fifty men. He, as might have been anticipated, was routed and taken 
 prisoner, with his companions. He was tried for the same, on the 28th of Sep- 
 tember, 1840. 
 
584 THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 PORTUGUESE revolters surrendered, September 29 1837 
 
 PRESIDENT STEAMER, THE, mysterious absence of 
 
 in 1841 
 
 The President Steamer sailed for America in the month of January, 1841, and 
 had on board several persons of distinction; but up to the present moment, 
 (July 20, 1841), and after various reports as to her having been seen in 
 different places, the real fate of this unfortunate vessel is still veiled in ob- 
 scurity. 
 
 REBEL CHARTISTS, trial of the, commenced at Mon- 
 mouth, December 31 1 1839 
 
 ■ , disturbances of at Sheffield, Ja- 
 nuary 11 1840 
 
 , at Bethnal Green, January 16 1840 
 
 ROYALTY THEATRE, THE, fell down, February, 1828 
 
 A new building, near Wellclose-square, fell to the ground during a rehearsal, 
 when twelve persons were killed, and many wounded. 
 
 RUSSIA declared War against Khiva, December 18 1839 
 
 The Russian Expedition against Khiva, undertaken to liberate Russian slaves and 
 avenge insults, but meant in reality, as a first step towards India, was obliged 
 to fall back, with diminished numbers and great suffering. The Khivans had 
 no need to draw a sword; their work was done by the elements. 
 
 SHREENESS, attempt to Fire the Dock-Yard at, Octo- 
 ber 2 1840 
 
 SOUTHAMPTON RAILWAY, The, opened throughout, 
 
 May 11 1840 
 
 STEAM COACH, The, of Messrs. Ogle and Summers, 
 
 started from Oxford, September 4 1832 
 
 It had at the time of starting twenty-two passengers, and a quantity of luggage, 
 for Woodstock : travelling at times at the rate of thirteen miles an hour. 
 
 STORM, a terrible one, at Limoges, in France, October 7 . 1839 
 
 TRAFALGAR, launch of the, June 21 1841 
 
 TRIBUNE, THE, shipwrecked off Tarragona, November 
 
 28 1839 
 
 WALLACE, the celebrated lion, died 1838 
 
 WAPPING, dreadful fire at, June 16 1840 
 
 This dreadful fire broke out at five o'clock in the morning, and was attended with 
 loss of life, and a vast destruction of property. 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORV. .585 
 
 WILMINGTON, (in America), dreadful conflagration at, 
 
 December 16 1889 
 
 ZANTE, earthquake at, September 3 1837 
 
 ZORNDORF, battle of fought September, 1758 
 
 The battle of Zorndorf was fought between the Russians and Prussians, when 
 the Russians were defeated, after a most dreadful conflict, under the generals 
 Fermor and Brown. 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY OF THE KINGS 
 OF IRELAND. 
 
 Ireland was, without doubt, inhabited very early; most likely from the nearest 
 shores of Britain, as the first Britons came from the nearest coasts of Gaul ; for 
 so the world was at first planted by degrees after the Deluge. It is certain, the 
 ancient Britons and Irish were much alike in their language and customs, and 
 they might have had many petty King's, like the Britons, before the Christian, 
 sera: but Camden justly says, that if what the Irish writers relate of their anti- 
 quities be true, those of all other nations, compared with them, are but of yes- 
 terday: for they say, that Cain's three daughters, before the Flood, took posses- 
 sion of Ireland; if, however, before the general submersion of the globe by that 
 catastrophe, any country like Ireland existed. The poor ladies, or their pos- 
 terity, were of course drowned with the other inhabitants of the earth. But, to 
 repair that loss, the Irish writers have ready at hand a new genealogy, which 
 begins with no other than Noah himself, to whose grandson, Magog, was born 
 Baahlh, the ancestor of Milesius, who landed in Ireland, A. M. 2704, b. c. 1300; 
 and from his three sons, Heber, Ir, and Heremon, as well as from his uncle Ith, 
 proceeded all the kings that reigned in Ireland, down to the end of the monarchy, 
 A. D. 1172: so that the dynasty of the Kings of that country lasted no less than 
 2472 years. Such, however, is the obscurity and uncertainty which prevails 
 during so long a period, that without entering into any further observation, we 
 shall begin at the period when Christianity was planted in that island by St. 
 Patrick, about which epocha the history of Ireland begins to offer a kind of 
 certainty.. 
 
 Year. 
 
 1 . Laoghaire succeeded his cousin Dathy, after an interregnum of five or 
 
 six years. According to Sir James Ware, he was the first King of 
 Ireland. In his time, St. Patrick was sent to Ireland by the Pope, 
 in 430, and founded 355 churches, consecrated 355 bishops, and re- 
 mained in Ireland 61 years. He was killed by a thunderbolt 427 
 
 2. Oilioll-Molt was slain in the battle of Ocha 453 
 
 3. Lughaidh, despising the preaching of St. Patrick, was killed by a thun- 
 
 derbolt , .* 473 
 
 4. Mortough, fought five battles in one year 493 
 
 5. Tuathal-Maoldgarbh was slain by Maolmor, son of Niathair, at the insti- 
 
 gation of Diarmuidh „ 515 
 
 6. Diarmuidh saw his kingdom laid waste by a terrible Plague; and was 
 
 slain by Hugh Du'oh Mac Swyny 528 
 
 7. Feargus recovered the kingdom of his father, and reigned jointly with 
 
 his brother Daniel ; but they both died the next year 550 
 
 Wo. 75 * G 
 
586 THE NEWT TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 KINGS OF IRELAND, {continued.) Year. 
 
 8. Eochaidh reigned jointly with his uncle, Baodan; they were slain three 
 
 years after „ 551 
 
 9. Ainmereach was slain by Feargus Mac Nail 554 
 
 10. Baodan wss slain by the two Cuimins 557 
 
 11. Aodh, or Hugh Uairiodhanach, summoned the Parliament of Dromceal, 
 
 to expel the Poets out of the island; but their banishment was hin- 
 dered by St. Cullum Cill, his cousin. He was. at last slain in the 
 battle of Beallach Dunbolg, by Brandubh, King of Leinster 558 
 
 12. Hugh Slaine admitted Colman Rimidh, son of King Mortough, to a 
 
 share in the government. He was slain by Conull Guthbhin 587 
 
 13. Aodh Uaireodhnach was much disturbed byAongus, son of Colman. He 
 
 was slain at Dafearta 591 
 
 14. Maolchoba was slain by his successor, in the battle of Bealgadin 618 
 
 15. Suibhne Meain was slain bj Conal Claon, King of Ulster, son of 
 
 Sganlan Sgeath * 622 
 
 16. Daniel defeated Conal Claon, King of Ulster 635 
 
 17. Conal Claon and his brother Ceallach, succeeded their uncle Daniel. 
 
 Conal was slain by Diarmuid, son of King Hugh Slaine; and Ceal- 
 lach was drowned in the Boyne 648 
 
 18. Blaithmac reigned jointly with his brother Diarmuid, until they both 
 
 died of the Plague 661 
 
 19. Seachnusach was slain by Dubh Duin, of Cineol Cairbre 668 
 
 20. Cionfaola succeeded his brother, and brought a number of horned cattle 
 
 out of Scotland : he was slain by his successor 674 
 
 21. Fionnachta Feadhach succeeded Cionfaola. In his reign, the Welsh and 
 
 English invaded Ireland, and did considerable damage. He was 
 
 slain at Greallach, by Hugh, son of Dubhthaigh 678 
 
 22. Loingseach was slain in the battle of Cormin, by Ceallach, son of King 
 
 Hugh Slaine . .- 685 
 
 23. Congal Cionnmaghair was a cruel persecutor of the Irish church, and 
 
 burned the regular and secular Clergy at Kildare, without mercy or 
 distinction. He died suddenly, and unlamented 693 
 
 24. Feargall was routed and slain in the battle of Almbuine .„ 702 
 
 25. Forgartach was slain in the battle of Beilge, by his successor 719 
 
 26. Cionnaoth was defeated and slain in the battle of Drom Curvan 720 
 
 27. Flaithbheartagh did nothing 1 worthy of notice 724 
 
 28. Hugh Allan was wounded in the battle of Athseanuigh, and slain in 
 
 that of Seiridhmidh 731 
 
 29. Daniel died a natural death ; nothing recorded of him 740 
 
 30. Nial Freasach : in his reign the kingdom was afflicted with earth- 
 
 quakes, famine, and other calamities. He died in Scotland 782 
 
 31. Donchada died a natural death ; nothing recorded of him 786 
 
 32. Hugh, or Aodh Dorndighe, succeeded Donchada ; soon after which, the 
 
 Danes landed in the West of Munster, but were driven back to their 
 ships by Aitre, King of that province. Six years after, they made a 
 second attempt, but with as little success; though they greatly ha- 
 rassed and plundered the kingdom, burning cities wherever they 
 went: at the same time Ireland was rent by civil dissensions, and 
 Hugh was slain in the battle of Dafeaita, by Muolcanaigh 815 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 587 
 
 KINGS OF IRELAND, (continued.) Year. 
 
 33. Conchabhar, or Connor, was troubled, during his whole reign, by the 
 
 Danes, who began to settle in the island, committed great barbarities, 
 and destroyed four celebrated Universities. The King, unable to 
 resist them, died of grief 837 
 
 34. Kiulle Caillie had also to oppose the Danes; and while they persisted in 
 
 their depredations, the Normans also landed, and destroyed what 
 little the Danes had left; the latjer, however, soon expelled them, 
 and continued their devastations. King Niall Caillie was drowned 
 in the river Caillie „ 851 
 
 35. Turgesius (the Dane) usurped the throne, and forced the natives to 
 
 submit to him. He new-modelled the state, imposed exorbitant 
 taxes, on the Irish, burned all their books, and expelled their histo- 
 rians. He was at length seized by Maolceachlin, King of Meath, 
 and thrown into Loch Ainnin 866 
 
 36. Maolceachlin, King of Meath, having destroyed the tyrant Turgesius, 
 
 and expelled (he Danes, was elected King. The Danes, however, 
 landed again, under the conduct of three brothers, Arnelan, Cyrac, 
 and Imor; at first, they pretended merely to re-claim their settle- 
 ments in a peaceable manner, but when able to cope with the natives, 
 they forced them to pass under the yoke. Maolceachlin defeated 
 them in the battle of Dromda Moighe, and died soon after 879 
 
 37. Hugh Fionnliath defeated the Danes at Loch Feabhail ; but they after- 
 
 wards reduced the Irish to the last extiemities, and enlarged their 
 conquests among the Picts and Britons 897 
 
 38. Flann Sionna invaded the province of Munster, and oppressed the in- 
 
 habitants, though the Danes still carried on their hostilities 913 
 
 39. Nial Glandabh defeated the Danes in the battle of Loch da Chaocht; 
 
 but was afterwards slain by them in battle 951 
 
 40. Donnogh succeeded Nial Glandabh. In his reign, Sitiic, General of 
 
 the Danes, took Ceallachan, King of Munster, prisoner ; but he was 
 
 soon recovered by his own troops 954 
 
 41. Congal defeated the Danes in the battle of Maine Breogain ; and the 
 
 renowned Brien Borom, who took upon himself the government of 
 Munster in 978, began to signalise himself against the Danes. 
 Congal was slain by the Danes at Ardmach 974 
 
 42. Daniel was much disturbed by the Danes, who still continued their 
 
 hostilities, notwithstanding the heavy losses they now sustained 
 
 from the natives 984 
 
 43. Maolseachluin succeeded Daniel, and during his reign the Danes began 
 
 to decline, and they were expelled by him from Dublin. In 1027 
 
 he resigned his crown 1004 
 
 44. Brien Borom the great, reigned 30 years as King of Munster, and 12 
 
 as Monarch of all Ireland. He first introduced surnames and coats 
 of arms, as marks of distinction for his relations ; and displayed his 
 hospitality by entertaining 3000 persons every day at his house at 
 Cincora. He defeated and slew Mac Bruin, a petty King of Munster, 
 under King Mahoun, who, to please the Danes, had murdered his 
 master. With a small number of his relations he routed the Danes 
 in five battles. This success animated the Eugenians, from whom 
 the Mac Carthys descended, to join him against the common enemy, 
 and in the course of eleven years he conquered the Danes in twenty 
 battles, and drove them from Munster, except a few who were con- 
 tent to acknowledge him for their King, and paid him tribute. 
 Having thus established himself in Minister, he next deelared war 
 
58S THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 
 
 KINGS OF IRELAND, {continued.) Year. 
 
 against all the Danes throughout the island, routed them in twenty- 
 five battles, and banished all but such as agreed to pay him tribute. 
 Brien Borom had now become so considerable and popular, that, 
 upon the resignation of Maolseachluin, in 1027, the nobility elected 
 him Monarch of all Ireland. He then re-established the princes and 
 noblemen in their several territories, and enlarged their privileges. 
 He brought the kingdom to such a state of general tranquility, and 
 caused the laws to be so rigidly observed, that, to put the integrity 
 of his subjects to the test, he sent a young virgin from the north of 
 Ireland to the south, adorned with costly ornaments, and a large gold 
 .» ring on the top of a silver wand ; and she returned without any one 
 offering in the least to molest her. After Brien Borom hal thus 
 settled the kingdom, the Danes, who had submitted, were privately 
 ordered by Maolmordha Mac Murchadha, King of Leinster, who had 
 been affronted by Morough O'Brien, son of Brien Borom, to repair 
 to Dublin, where they were reinforced by a great body of their 
 countrymen, who had been invited over by the King of Leinster, 
 amounting altogether to about 30,000 men. Brien Borom gave them 
 battle with an army of 12,000 men, on Good Friday, 1039; and after 
 a terrible conflict, wherein the King of Leinster was slain, and the 
 Danes totally routed, Brien Borom was carried mortally wounded to 
 Kilmainham, where, he died the same night, aged 88 years 1027 
 
 45. Maolseachluin resumed his crown on the death of Brien Borom, sacked 
 
 the city of Dublin, and conquered the provinces of Ulster and Ossory. 
 
 In his latter days, he became a prince of exemplary piety 1039 
 
 46. Donough, or Denis O'Brien, succeeded Maolseachluin as King of Leath 
 
 Mogh, and ultimately of the greater part of Ireland. He was deposed 
 for the share he had taken in the murder of his brother Trig, in 
 1098, and went on a pilgrimage to Rome, where he died 1048 
 
 47. Turlogh O'Brien furnished William Rufus, King of England, with wood 
 
 to build the roof of Westminster Hall 1098 
 
 48. Moriough O'Brien, the last monarch in the line of Heber, held three 
 
 general councils ; in the second of which he partitioned the kingdom 
 into bishoprics, and obliged each bishop to take care of his own Dio- 
 cese. Some say, he voluntarily resigned, and turned monk; others, 
 that he died of a lingering disease 1110 
 
 49. Furlogh O'Connor reigned over the greatest part of the island, and 
 
 reduced the provinces of Connaught and Munster. 
 
 50. Murtough Mac Niel Mac Lachluin held a general convention of the 
 
 Clergy in 1157, who appointed the four Archbishoprics of Ireland .. 1150 
 
 51. Hoderic, or Roger. In his reign, Trighernan O'Rourke, King of Breifne, 
 
 had married Drachfhorguill, daughter of Murtough MacFloin, King 
 of Meath; but she, resolving to leave her husband, sent a private 
 message to Diarmuid, or Dermot Mac Morough, King of Leinster, 
 with whom she had carried on an intrigue, entreating him to rescue 
 her from a husband whom she hated. Diarmuid accordingly repair- 
 wkh a party of horse to the lady's palace, and carried her away, 
 while her feigned outcries deceived her attendants : when her hus- 
 band, the King of Breifne, returned from a pilgrimage, he requested 
 Roderic to assist him against Diarmuid, which was granted, and the 
 ravisber was routed and expelled the country. Diarmuid went to 
 France, to implore the aid of Henry II. King of England, who per- 
 mitted him to raise men in England, and transport them to Ireland. 
 Diarmuid then sailed for England, and at Bristol met with Richard 
 Strongbow, Earl of Pembroke, to whom he promised his daughter 
 Era in marriage, and by her a right to the crown of Leinster, if he 
 
THE NEW TABLET OF MEMORY. 589 
 
 KINGS OF IRELAND, (concluded.) Year. 
 
 would espouse his cause. Strongbow and Diarmuid then went into 
 Wales, where they obtained the assistance of Robert Fitz- Stephen, 
 governor of the castle of Cardigan, to whom, and his heirs, Diarmuid 
 confirmed the town of Wexford. Diarmuid then went privately to 
 Ireland, and lay concealed at Fearna, till Fitz-Stephen landed with 
 thirty knights, sixty esquires, and 30O footmen, whom he joined at 
 the head of 500 horse, and forced several towns to surrender, Soon 
 after, Strongbow also landed, with 200 valiant knights and 1000 
 bowmen ; and having joined this force to Diarmuid's, Strongbow took 
 Waterford, married Diarmuid's daughter, and ravaged the country 
 of the King of Breifne. This success exciting the jealousy of Henry 
 II. Strongbow, to elude its effects, assured him that all theconquests 
 had been made in his name, and that the strong places should be put 
 into his hands. In 1172, Henry went in person to Ii eland, and on 
 his arrival at Dublin, all the petty Kings, and even Roderic himself, 
 submitted, and swore allegiance to him : and from this period lie- 
 land has been subject to the crown of England. 1168 
 
 FINIS. 
 
ERRATA. 
 
 Page 4, Amphion Frigate, — for blown up at Portsmouth, read Plymouth. 
 ■ 7, Bands for Lawers first used, — for 1652, read 1615. 
 
 14, In Calendar, line 5, for 365 days, — read 355 days. 
 
 35, Duel,— Mr. Wilks and Mr. Martin, for 1673,— '-read 1763. 
 
 92, Killicrankie, the pass of, for 1789,— read 1689. 
 
 355, Paul's, St. Cathedral, for, cost £100,000,000— read £1,000,000. 
 
 340, Hall, Crosby, line 4, for, he died 1745,— read 1475. 
 
 341, Dele line, Henry VIII. th's chapel. 
 
 396, Section IV. Battle of Toulouse, for 1811,— read 1814. 
 
 410, Mary Ashford's Murder, for 1812,— read 1817. 
 
 437, For Dance, Mrs. read Donatti, Mrs. 
 
 i 455, Princess Sophia Augusta, for died 1841, read died September 22, 1840. 
 
 455, Princess Elizabeth, add, — she died January 10, 1840. 
 
 541, Wall, Governor, for executed 1812, read 1802. 
 
 i 549, line 14, for himself, read him. 
 
Just completed, and to be Published AUGUSTS, 1841, 
 
 In One Volume, Demy Octavo, Price 6s. 6d. ; 
 
 Monthly Parts at Fourpence; and Weekly Numbers at One 
 
 Penny each, 
 
 THE NEW 
 
 TABLET OF MEMOKY, 
 
 OR 
 
 COMPILED, AND ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED FROM THE 
 EARLIEST PERIOD TO THE PRESENT TIME. 
 
 BY 
 
 W. P. EEIBEK. 
 
 THE WORK IS DIVIDED INTO SECTIONS, 
 
 IN THE FOLLOWING ORDER: 
 
 SECTION I.— General Events.— II. Some of the Principal Fires in the 
 
 Metropolis, &c. — III. Public Edifices, and time of Erection. 
 
 IV. Battles, &c. — V. Remarkable Personages. 
 
 TO WHICH IS ADDED, 
 
 A CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY OF THE KINGS OF 
 IRELAND, FROM 427, TO THE YEAR 1168. 
 
 The following Notice lias been taken of this Work • 
 
 The New Tablet of Memory. [J. Clements, kittle Pulteney-street.] " This is a cheap 
 and, if carefully compiled, will prove a most valuable Work, as it professes to contain the 
 record of all Remarkable Events from the earliest r .-riod to the present time, under different in- 
 telligible classes, alphabetically arranged. Eight parts, at Fourpence each, have already 
 appeared, and from the cursory glance we have given them, they appear to be clear and accu- 
 rate in their details."— Bell's Life in London. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY JOHN CLEMENTS, 
 
 21 & 22, LITTLE PULTENEY STREET. 
 
 JOHN SMITH, PKINTKB, i 1 ), LOKO AL'KE. 
 
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