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 ;'6i ?p>-rt?) o\ 
 
 ^'^^isi '¥'^^^^^^- 
 
 ■r^ 
 
 ^' 
 
LAST LEAVES 
 
 OF 
 
 AMERICAN HISTORY 
 
 COMPRISING 
 
 A SEPARATE HISTORY 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 
 
 BY EMMA "WILL ARD, 
 
 AUTHOR OF "history OF THE TJXITED STATES, OR REPUBLIC OF AMERICA, 
 
 "universal HISTORY," " TEMPLE OF TIME," CHRONOGRAPHIES 
 
 OF ANCIENT AND ENGLISH HISTORY, "HISTORIC 
 
 GUIDE," ETC., ETC. 
 
 NEW YOEK: 
 PUBLISHED BY A. S. BARNES & CO., 
 
 51 JOHN-STREET. 
 
 CINCINNATI:— H. W. DEEBY & CO. 
 1853. 
 
Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1853, by 
 A. S. BAENES & CO., 
 In the Clerk's Office of the District Conrt for the Southern District of New- York. 
 
 
 \ 
 
 "W 
 
 ^' ^^ ■> ^ 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 This is an age in which men live in the present, and even in the 
 conjectural future, more than in the past. From the electric ra- 
 pidity of communication, the news of the world comes every day 
 fresh to our firesides ; and we have little leisure for reading more. 
 But since every American, whether for the uses of business or poli- 
 tics, needs the current history of the United States, briefly arranged 
 to his hand, — this volume of its " Last Leaves" has been prepared. 
 
 The account of the Mexican war, herein contained, is taken from 
 the author's history of " The Republic of America ;" but that of Cali- 
 fornia is not in any other work. Of the part which follows, a por- 
 tion is taken from " The Republic," and the remainder is prepared 
 expressly for this book. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 PART I. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 Inauguration and Death of Harrison — Tyler's Administration — Mobs- 
 Disturbance in Rhode Island — Anti-Rentism — Mormonism, &,c. 9 
 
 CHAPTER IT. 
 Texas — Mexico — Causes of Annexation and the Mexican War. . . 21 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 Mexican War — Army of Occupation — Battles of the Rio Grande — Monterey. 35 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 Army of the Centre— Gen. Wool's March — Battle of Buena Vista. . 47 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 Army of the West — Conquest of New Mexico and Caliibrnia. . 61 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 Doniphan's Expedition to Chihuahua — Revolt in New Mexico. . 71 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 Scott's Invasion — Vera Cruz — Cerro Gordo 77 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER Vm. 
 
 State of the Army — Its March — Contreras — Cherubusco. , . .83 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 Armistice — Molinos del Rey — Chapultepec — Mexico taken. . . .90 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 Pueblo — Huamantla— Treaty of Peace— Conclusion 97 
 
 PART II. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Introductory Remarks — Discovery and Settlement of Old and New Cali- 
 fornia — Establishment of Missions by the Jesuits in Old California, 
 and the Franciscans in New 109 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 The Spanish System of Treatment to the Indians, compared with that 
 of the American Government — Account of Upper California — its 
 Presidios, Missions, &.C., in 1822 123 
 
 CHAPTER in. 
 
 Lewis and Clarke's Expedition in the years 1803-4-5 — Fremont's Explo- 
 ration to the South Pass, 1842 133 
 
6 CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 CHAPTER IV, 
 Fremont's Discoveries on his second P^xpedition in 1843. . . . 140 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Fremont in California— At Suter's Fort, and in the Valley of the San 
 
 Joaquin ^^'* 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Visit to Upper California of Capt. Wilkes, Commander of the Ex- 
 ploring Expedition, 1841— The Californian Revolution of 1836, 
 &c 160 
 
 CHAPTER Vn. 
 Emigration to California begins in 1846 — Mr. Edwin Bryant finds many 
 parties on the road — The horrible sufferings of the belated party — 
 The Mormons. 171 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 Fremont's third Expedition — Movements tending to place California 
 
 under British Protection — Bear Revolution — American Possession. . 179 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 Events of the War from the raising of the American Flag at Monterey 
 — The Californian Battalion — Fremont's March — Capitulation of 
 Cowenga. 192 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 Commodore Stockton's Movements — Gen. Kearny's March — The battle 
 of San Pasqual — Stockton sends relief to Kearny — Their March upon 
 Los Angeles, and the Battle of San Gabriel 202 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 Col. Fremont made Governor, by Com. Stockton — Gen. Kearny's success- 
 ful measures to obtain the ascendency — Fremont's Trial . . .211 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 The Gold Mines— Conclusion of the History of California . . . .221 
 
 PART III. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 Oregon — Minnesota — Taylor's Inauguration — Close of the XXXth Congress 
 — California — Unexampled "Wealth and Increase — Establishment of Civil 
 Government — Exemplary Political Demeanor — Difficulty with Texas . 281 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 Meeting of Southern Delegates — Critical Position of the Country — XXXIst 
 Congress — Congressional Eloquence — Speeches of Messrs. Dickinson, 
 Phelps, Clay, and Webster , 23'7 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 Beaeficial Effects of the Collision of Opinions in Congress — The Committee 
 of Thirteen — The " Omnibus Bill" — Death of President Taylor — Separate 
 
 je of the Compromise Measures 243 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 First Cuban Expedition in 1850 — Second in 1851 — Crittenden with 60 men 
 shot at Havana — Death of Lopez 24*7 
 
II 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 Eemains of the Slavery Agitation — Treaties — Sand-wieh Islands — Chevalier 
 Hulseman — Kossuth 253 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 Liberia — Death of Henry Clay — Of Daniel Webster — Their Obsequies — 
 Presidential Election — Sound condition of Public Feeling — Remarkable 
 state of the Political Relations between Mr. Fillmore and Mr Webster . 2 GO 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 Historical Account Current — Changes in the immediate Past of Europe and 
 America, bearing upon the Future of the American RepubUc — Late Im- 
 provements, and their Tendencies to promote Peace .... 
 
LAST LEAVES 
 
 AME R ICAN HISTORY. 
 
 PART I 
 
 CHAPTER I . 
 
 Inauguration and Death of Harrison — Tyler's Administration — 
 Mobs — Disturbance in Rhode Island — Anti-Rentism — Mor- 
 monism, &c. 
 
 In the presidential election of 1840, a large majority ^Q**^* 
 was given to William Henry Harrison of Ohio, 
 whose social and public virtues had been rendered con- 
 spicuous by the various official stations of a long and 
 useful life. The good man loved his country, and was 
 pleased that his country loved him in return. On the 
 4th of March he was inausrurated as president of the ^ ^^arch 4. 
 
 "^ '■ Inauguration 
 
 United States. John Tyler, of Virginia, was made °indTyie7 
 vice-president at the same time. Gen. Harrison's inau- 
 gural speech was characteristic of the uprightness of his 
 
10 THE PROPOSED FISCAL BANK. 
 
 184:1. mind, and the reverential trust with which he reposed 
 himself and his country upon the Great Supreme. From 
 the capitol he went to the presidential mansion. Thou- 
 sands flocked around him with congratulations and prof- 
 fers of service, whose sincerity he was not prone to 
 doubt, for he was himself sincere. The sunshine of 
 public favor thus fell too brightly upon a head, white 
 
 Death tif ^^^^^^ ^^^^ frosts of age. His health failed, and he expired 
 just a month from the day of his inauguration. 
 
 The census of 1840, gave as the number of inhab- 
 itants in the United States, 17,068,666. 
 
 Mr. Tyler Mr. Tyler, by the constitution, became president on 
 
 succeeds. 
 
 the decease of the incumbent. He repaired to Washing- 
 ton, took the oath of office, and issued an address, as 
 agreeable to the patriotic sentiments of the people, as the 
 May 14. appointment of a day of public fasting, subsequently 
 
 National 
 
 fast. made, was to their religious feelings. 
 
 Monetary affairs were at this period the all exciting 
 topic. The Whig party were opposed to Mr. Van Hu- 
 ron's Independent Treasury, and in favor of a National 
 
 National 
 
 Bank. Opin- Bank, — modified, however, to suit the purposes of the 
 
 ions of the . '■ 
 
 Whigs. . public revenue. They believed that such a bank would 
 be more convenient and more economical to the govern- 
 ment, — and that it would, at the same time, facilitate 
 the business, and promote the prosperity of the country, 
 over which it was the government's duty, as they main- 
 tained, to exercise a parental care ; and they asserted 
 that the attempt to bring back a specie circulation was a 
 dangerous experiment upon the currency. 
 
THE PROPOSED FISCAL BANK. 11 
 
 The Democratic party^ on the other hand, maintained 1 8*1. 
 that any connection of government with banks, or with ^^^11'''^^^^^! 
 the monetary affairs of individuals, was foreign to its pSty. 
 purposes, and embarrassing to its operations; and that 
 experience had shown it to be a fruitful source of bribery 
 and corruption. To avoid these evils, they believed that 
 the government should keep its own money, maintain- faurftom" 
 
 New- York, 
 
 ing its value, by operating with specie itself, not with its tiie^ steamer 
 representative. ^^l p^^^.^; 
 
 The majority of the voters at that time adopted the more.) 
 views of the Whigs ; and at the presidential election 
 chose Messrs. Harrison and Tyler, with an understand- 
 ing that they would favor a National Bank. General 
 Harrison, aware of the point on which his election had 
 turned, issued, March 17th, his proclamation, calling an 
 extra session of Congress to convene on the 31st of May, Maysi. 
 
 Congress 
 
 to consider " sundry weighty and important matters, confene. 
 chiefly growing out of the revenue and finances of the 
 country." When this Congress met, Mr. Tyler was (jui^g, 
 president. He had formerly been opposed to a National to disufbrne 
 
 proceeds of 
 
 Bank, but he had professed himself a Whig, and accepted public lands 
 
 ' ^ ^' ^ to the several 
 
 his nomination, knowing the views and expectations of States.) 
 the voters. 
 
 Congress repealed the Sub-Treasury law on the 6th 
 of August. Three days earlier, the House of Represen- 
 tatives had passed an act, establishing a National Bank 
 for fiscal operations, the scheme of which was under- 
 stood to emanate from Henry Clay, the leader of the 
 Whig party. Mr. Tyler, to the deep chagrin of that 
 
12 THE TARIFF BILL. 
 
 184:1. party, defeated the measure by the presidential veto. 
 
 T'lfr^f first Endeavoring to make a compromise with the president, 
 
 tSnafBank^" the mortified Whigs got up another scheme for a bank, 
 
 and passed it through Congress under the name of a 
 
 Se t 9 "Fiscal Corporation of the United States." A second 
 
 '^eto!"* time Mr. Tyler defeated them by his veto. From this 
 
 period to the close of his administration, he stood in the 
 
 anomalous position of having the two great political 
 
 Mr Tier P^^'^ies both agaiust him. By a third veto, he hindered 
 
 raake^a third ^^^ passage of a Tariff bill. A law to modify the existing 
 
 August 30. Tariff was, however, passed on the 30th of Aufrust. 
 
 A Tariff bill ^ " 
 
 passed. '£\^q q]^Iq cabinet selected by Harrison had all remained 
 in office up to the period of the second veto, when all 
 resigned except Mr. Webster, the secretary of state. 
 His country needed him in the office, and remaining, he 
 found occasion to render her essential service. 
 
 In consequence of the pecuniary distresses of former 
 
 years, many merchants had been obliged to fail in busi- 
 
 August 18. ness. Congress now passed a Bankrupt Law, uniform 
 
 Bankrupt 
 
 Law. in its action throughout the states, by which, on the 
 surrender of their property to their creditors, bankrupts 
 could be free from the legal disabilities of past debt. 
 This act having served its temporary purpo.se, and no 
 doubt given rise to many frauds, was afterwards re- 
 pealed. 
 
 In the unwarrantable stretch of credit which had 
 existed, states over-zealous for internal improvement had 
 participated ; and when the revulsion came, some of 
 these found themselves unable, without direct taxation, 
 
NORTH-EASTERN BOUNDARY. 13 
 
 (to which the rulers dared not promptly resort,) to meet 1Q^1» 
 their engagements ; and the holders of their bonds, many 
 of whom were foreigners, could not obtain the interest 
 when due. These states were said to have repudiated 
 their bonds, and this repudiation for a time cast great Repudiation, 
 obloquy upon the whole nation. With returning pros- 
 perity, however, these states resume payment ; and it is 
 believed, that no such thing as an actual repudiation of a 
 just debt will be permanently made by any state. 
 
 The old United States Bank, after having been re- 
 fused a charter by the general government, received one 
 from the state of Pennsylvania. The president, Nicholas ^^^ ^^ 
 Biddle, the Napoleon of finance, did much to sustain the the^iid' u°s. 
 struggling merchants of the cities, by great foreign 
 operations ; but at length going beyond his depth, he and 
 his bank failed. Many banks and commercial houses 
 were involved in the ruin ; and many widows, orphans, 
 and others, lost their whole fortunes. 
 
 A disagreement between the United States and Eng- 
 land had long existed in regard to the North-Eastern ^ 
 ^ ^ 1842. 
 
 boundary. Much excitement prevailed between the in- 4^'^^"/'°" 
 habitants of Maine and New Brunswick — regions ad- thf 'united 
 
 States Sen- 
 joining the disputed line, — and measures were taken on ate, Aug. 20.) 
 
 each side, which threatened war. Lord Ashburton was 
 
 sent from Eni^land as a special envoy to settle this dis- (in England, 
 
 Oct. 14.) 
 
 pute ; and Mr. Webster, with great diplomatic ability, 
 arranged with him the terms of a treaty, by which the 
 important question of a North-Eastern boundary is finally 
 and amicably settled. 
 
14 ALARMING DISORDERS. 
 
 184-4. Serious riots occurred in the spring of 1844 in Phila- 
 
 delphia. They grew out of a jealousy on the part of 
 native American Protestants, that the foreign Roman 
 Catholic population intended to gain the control of the 
 common schools, and change the established order of 
 instruction, especially in regard to the use of the Scrip- 
 tures. The Native American party attempted to hold a 
 meeting for debate in Kensington, a suburb of Philadel- 
 
 May6. phia, inhabited by Irish Catholics. These assaulted the 
 
 Riot in Phil- ^ 
 
 adeiphia. Natives with brickbats and other missiles, thus beginning 
 that violation of law, by which eventually they suffered 
 so severely. 
 
 Law once violated, confusion and anarchy prevailed. 
 Fire-arms were used on both sides. The governor re- 
 paired to the scene of action, and bodies of the military, 
 with field-pieces, were stationed in the streets. It was 
 34 buildings not Until the third day that order was restored. Thirty 
 
 burned. 
 
 dwelling-houses, a convent, and three churches were 
 
 Killed, 14, burned. Fourteen persons had been killed and forty 
 
 wounded. These disgraceful scenes were renewed on 
 
 June 7. the 7th of Juuc. The jrovernor called out 5,000 of the 
 
 Second not. == 
 
 wounded'^50. military, and at this time fifty persons were either killed 
 or wounded. 
 
 Rhode Island now became the theatre of an attempt 
 to set aside existing authorities. The " suffrage party," 
 by whom it was made, did not, however, regard the 
 matter in this light. They formed, though by illegal 
 assemblies, what they considered a constitution for the 
 state ; and then proceeded to elect under it a governor 
 
THE DORR REBELLION. 15 
 
 (Mr. Dorr) and members for a legislature. Their op- 1843. 
 porients, called the " law and order " party, acting under ^^fj^' 
 existing authorities, elected state officers, Mr. King being ''^^^'"p^- 
 made governor. 
 
 It was the intention of Mr. Dorr, and his more violent 
 adherents, to get forcible possession of the state build- 
 ings; and on the 18th of May, he went with an armed 
 force, and took the state arsenal. No lives were lost, as 
 his directions to fire on those who opposed his progress 
 were not obeyed. Governor King meantime put himself 
 at the head of the military. Several persons were ar- 
 rested, and Dorr fled. He afterwards appeared at 
 Chepachet with some two or three hundred men ; but a Dorr at' 
 
 Chepachet. 
 
 superior government force being sent, they dispersed. 
 
 Dorr afterwards returned, was tried, convicted of trea- Dorr sent to 
 
 son, and sentenced to the state's prison. Meantime a prison. 
 
 new constitution was by legal measures adopted. In 
 
 1845, Dorr was released from prison, but he was not re- 1945. 
 
 stored to his civil rights, on account of his refusal to 
 
 take the oath of allegiance to the new constitution. 
 
 The war steamer Princeton, lying, Feb. 28, 1844, in 
 the Potomac — Capt. Stockton, the commander, having \f^^^' 
 on board, as invited guests, the president of the United ^on^thT 
 
 „ , IT 11 Princeton. 
 
 States, heads of departments, ladies, and others — a 
 wrought-iron gun, whose great size made it a curiosity, 
 on being fired the third time, burst ; — and the horrible 
 explosion instantly killed Messrs. Upshur and Gilmer, Pf'^ates. 
 secretaries of state and the navy, — three distinguished wounded, 12 
 
16 THE ANTI-RENTERS. 
 
 lSi:4:. gentlemen — Com. Kennon, David Gardiner, Esq., and 
 the Hon. Virgil Maxcy, — besides several of the crew. 
 
 An alarming tendency to anarqhy has been expe- 
 rienced in the anti-rent disturbances in the state of New 
 York. In the early history of this state we have seen, 
 that under the Dutch government, certain settlers received 
 patents of considerable portions of land, — of which that 
 (Rensselaer- ^^ ^^^ Reussclaer was the most extensive, — compre- 
 ^'^lon's, 28"*" bending the greater part of Albany and Rensselaer 
 
 broad.) 
 
 counties. These lands were divided into farms contain- 
 ing from 160 to 100 acres, and leased in perpetuity, on 
 the following conditions. The tenant must each year 
 pay to the landlord a quantity of wheat, from 22^ 
 bushels to 10, with four fat fowls and a day's service 
 with horses and wagon. If the tenant sold his lease, the 
 landlord was entitled to one-quarter of the purchase- 
 money. The " patroon " was also entitled to certain 
 privileges on all water-power, and a right to all mines. 
 
 In process of time, the tenants began to consider 
 these legal conditions as anti-republican, — a relic of 
 feudal tyranny. The excellent Stephen Van Rensselaer, 
 who came mto possession of the patent in 1785, had, in 
 the kindness of his nature, omitted to exact his legal 
 rights ; and 8200,000 back rent had accrued, — which 
 Stephen Van he, dying in 1840, appropriated by will. The tenants 
 
 Rensselaer 
 
 dies murmured when called on to pay it, and sheriffs, in 
 
 June 2G. 1 .7 ' ' 
 
 attempting to execute legal precepts, were forcibly 
 resisted. An ineffectual attempt to put down these 
 
THE ANTI-RENTERS. 17 
 
 Tlie Ilel- 
 deberjj 
 War." 
 
 disorders was made on the part of the state authorities, 1841 
 by a military movement, called in derision " the 
 Heldeberg war." 
 
 In the summer of 1844, the anti-rent disturbances 
 broke out with great violence in the eastern towns of 
 Rensselaer, and on the Livingston manor, in Columbia 
 county. Extensive associations were formed by the Amirenters 
 
 disguised as 
 
 anti-renters to resist the laws. They kept armed and lu^'ans. 
 mounted bands, disguised as Indians, scouring the 
 country ; and the traveller as he met them issuing from 
 some dark wood, with their hideous masks and gaudy 
 calicoes, was required, on penalty of insult, to exclaim, 
 " Down with the rent." These lawless rangers forcibly 
 entered houses, took men from their homes, and tarred 
 and feathered, or otherwise maltreated them. In Rens- 
 selaer county, at noonday, a man was killed where about ^"^'^^ ^j""'' 
 50 " Indians" were present, — some of whom were after- 
 wards arraigned, when they swore that they knew 
 nothing of the murder. Sometimes 1,000 of these 
 disguised anarchists were assembled in one body. Simi- 
 lar disturbances . occurred in Delaware county. At 
 length Steele, a deputy-sheriff, was murdered in the g(ge,gT^i„e^ 
 execution of his official duty, and his murderers were '" J^^'^^^^^^- 
 apprehended. 
 
 Meanwhile Silas Wright was chosen governor of 
 the state. Much does his country owe him for the Governor 
 
 1 1 • 1 IT Wri-lit's 
 
 wisdom and firmness oi tne measures by which public measures. 
 order was restored. On the 27th of August he pro- 
 claimed the county of Delaware in a state of insurrection. 
 
18 THE MORMONS. 
 
 184:1. Resolute men were made sheriffs, and competent military 
 
 SiksWrS't ^^^ afforded them. Leading anti-renters were taken, 
 
 (Aug. brought to trial, and imprisoned. The murderers of Steele 
 
 Anti-rent 
 
 outrage ou vvore Condemned to death, — but their punishment was 
 
 the person of * 
 
 ^^donO*'^^ commuted to that of perpetual confinement. 
 
 On the 27th of Jan. 1847, Gov. Young, the successor 
 of Mr. Wright, by his proclamation, released from the 
 state's prison the whole number, eighteen, who had 
 been committed for anti-rent offences. There has 
 been a fresh outbreak of these troubles in Columbia 
 county. 
 1845. In congress, March 3d, 1845, an act was passed 
 
 March 3. 
 
 Iowa and admittiusf two states into the Union, — Iowa, its western 
 
 Florida. & . ? J 
 
 boundary the river Des Moines, and Florida, comprising 
 the east and west parts, as defined by the treaty of 
 cession. 
 (1805. O^^ °^ ^^^® ^^^^ extraordinary impostures of the age 
 
 Dec 23 
 
 Jo. Smith is that called " Mormonism." The leader, Joseph Smith, 
 
 born in Sha- 
 
 ron.vt., 1815 was au obscuro, uneducated man, of New England 
 
 —removed to ' o 
 
 ^!!"^827— origin. Under pretence of special revelation, he, some- 
 
 piates. and what after the fashion of Mahomet, produced the stereo- 
 pretends to 
 inspiration, ^ypg piates of the " Book of Mormon," by which he 
 
 persuaded numbers, that he was the inspired founder of 
 a new religion, which was to give to his followers the 
 same pre-eminence over all other people, as the Jews had 
 over the Gentiles. His peculiar code is as yet ill under- 
 stood, but there is little room to doubt, that it gives his 
 followers liberty to commit every crime. Like the 
 systems of socialism which prevail in France, and have 
 
THE 3I0RM0NS. 19 
 
 been attempted in this country, Mormonism degrades 1838. 
 and demoralizes women. 
 
 Yet such numbers of both sexes were found to join 
 and aid this delusion — throwing their property into 
 common stock — that on their arrival at the Far West in Tij2^-J: ,. 
 Missouri, the Mormons numbered 5,000, of whom 700 
 were armed men. Charged with various crimes, among 
 others an attempt to assassinate Gov. Boggs, they were 
 expelled the state by a military force commanded by 
 Gen. Atkinson. They then purchased a large tract of 
 land in Illinois, on the eastern bank of the Mississippi. 
 There, on a beautiful slope, they built " Nauvoo," where, Nauvoo. 
 amidst their dwellings, arose a pompous temple, deco- 
 rated and furnished according to directions found in the 
 "Book of Mormon." — Robberies and assassinations 
 became frequent in their vicinity ; and although secrecy 
 and mystery accompanied them, the neighboring people 
 were convinced that the Mormons were the perpetrators. 
 Yet so had they spread, — using bribery and intimidation, 
 that, in the county courts, no cause could be obtained 
 against a Mormon. Popular fury was aroused, nor 
 could the state authorities restrain its current. The .•^"'/'^•, 
 
 Jo. binith 
 
 chief of the Mormons, v/ith his brother, had been arrested £ kiiLf'at 
 by Gov. Ford, of Illinois, and lodged in jail at Carthage. 
 A hundred men in disguise broke into their prison and 
 murdered them. — In 1845, so formidable a combination 
 existed against them, that the Mormons sold their pos- 
 sessions in Illinois. Ttheir city, which had contained 
 not less than 10,000 inhabitants, was deserted, and they 
 
20 THE MORMONS. 
 
 1845-6. were wending their way to a region beyond the Rocky 
 i^SaTvoo' Mountains. Yet their numbers were still such, that they 
 furnished, in the spring of 1846, 500 volunteers, — who 
 were conducted by Col. Allen and Lieut. Smith to Santa 
 1846-8. ^^' ^^^ afterwards joined Gen. Kearney. The Mormons 
 ^Se'sait'' are now settled in the great valley of Upper California, 
 near the Salt Lake ; and it is to be hoped that the evils 
 which they have suffered, will lead them to abandon 
 their errors. Theirs is the Anglo-Saxon blood. They 
 claim that their religion has its foundation in Christian- 
 ity ; and they may hereafter be led to examine, and 
 conform to its precepts. 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 Texas — Mexico — Causes of Annexation and the Mexican War. 
 We have already seen that the French adventurer i685. 
 
 La Salle discovered Texas. On account of his discovery, La saiie dis- 
 covered Tes- 
 
 the French claimed the country to the Rio Grande, as ^^• 
 forming a part of Louisiana. The Spaniards of Mexico 
 remonstrated, and sent thither an armed force, but the 
 French had already dispersed. The first effectual settle- 
 ment in Texas was that of San Antonio de Bexar, made 
 by the Spaniards in 1692. A few missionary stations 1692. 
 were subsequently established. ^'''''"^^'^ 
 
 But the Mexican authorities seemed not so desirous 
 to occupy this country, as to keep it a desolate waste, 
 that thus an impassable barrier might be maintained 
 between them and their Anglo-American neighbors. 
 This desire to avoid contact by means of an intervening 
 desert, was so strongly felt by the Mexicans, even in 
 1847, as to break off negotiations for peace, when Gen. 
 Scott was at the gates of their capital with a victorious 
 army. The aversion thus manifested, the Mexicans at 
 first derived from their mother country. At the time 
 when Mexico was colonized, Spain stood at the head of ^^^^ centary. 
 
22 MEXICAN HOSTILITY. 
 
 Roman Catholic countries, — regarding all heretics in 
 exterminating abhorrence, and cutting them off by the 
 
 17th century, inquisition and the sword. As the Reformation pro- 
 ceeded, England, the land of our forefathers, took the 
 lead of Protestant nations. But while we, mingling with 
 the world, changed, — Mexico, shut up, retained her na- 
 tive aversions ; and these, coupled with the national 
 pride and jealousy of the Spanish character, may be 
 marked as the first and predisposing cause of the late 
 Mexican war. 
 
 Tyranny of Mcxico as a colony belonged not so much to the 
 
 the Spanish ct • i • i o • i i • 
 
 in Mexico, fepanish natiou, as to the opanish kmgs ; and they go- 
 verned and managed it by their viceroys, regardless of 
 the well-being of the people, — but merely as an estate 
 to bring them money ; yet, not by any methods by 
 which the mother country might be rivalled. Hence, 
 while the mines were industriously wrought, no com- 
 merce was permitted to the Mexicans ; nor might they 
 rear the silkworm, or plant the olive or the vine. But 
 ^omrford^r ^^^®^' Spain saw that the English colonies, less oppressed 
 ^^"^ ^ico. ^^ than her own, had revolted, and were likely to establish 
 their independence, she moderated her rigor, so as to 
 allow some trade with foreign nations, but under severe 
 duties and restrictions. Thus, kept from the means of 
 improvement, Mexico remained unchanged. After Ferdi- 
 181 0. nand VII had, in 1810, fallen with the Spanish nation 
 
 Mexico re- 
 volts, under the power of Napoleon, the Mexicans revolted. 
 
 1818. -^^^ ^^^® people were not united ; — and after the bloody war 
 oyau,t»pre- Qf gigj^f y^ars, Called the first revolution, the royalists pre- 
 
SANTA ANNA STEPHEN F. AUSTIN. 23 
 
 vailed. The second revolution was begun in 1821, by 1821-4. 
 the Mexican general Iturbide. Under him the Mexi- /i/e"j'',hot at 
 cans threw off the Spanish yoke. But he made himself 
 a monarch. The people wished for a republic ; and 
 they deposed Iturbide, banished, and on his return con- 
 demned and executed him. 
 
 Another leader arose, — Santa Anna, — who has 
 
 ' ' 1824. 
 
 proved himself one of the most remarkable men of the 1^'edera.i con. 
 
 ^ stitution of 
 
 present day. In 1824, ^federal constitution was formed ^^^^-'^o. 
 under his auspices, by which Mexico, like our republic, 
 was divided into states, with each a legislature, and over 
 the whole a general government. 
 
 In 1803, the United States, in purchasing Louisiana 
 of France, obtained with it the disputed claim to Texas ; 
 but in 1819, they ceded it by treaty to Spain as a part i8i9. 
 of Mexico, Florida being then granted by that power to to Spain. 
 the United States. Two years thereafter, Stephen F. 1821. 
 
 Anglo-Amer- 
 
 Austin led a colony from the United States to Texas, '^olilded^ 
 and made a settlement between the rivers Brazos and 
 Colorado. The Spanish authorities in Mexico, desirous 
 of defence against the destructive incursions of the 
 fierce and hostile Comanches, had, contrary to their or- 
 dinary policy, made laws favoring American immigra- 
 tion, yet only under the condition that the immigrants 
 merged their religion and their language into those of 
 Mexico. 
 
 Moses Austin, a native of Durham, Connecticut, 
 applied for, and received, in 1819, a grant of land with 
 permission from the Mexican authorities to plant a 
 
24 STEPHEN F. AUSTIN. 
 
 1821. colony. He dying, Stephen F. Austin^ his son, accord- 
 ing to his parting request, carried out his plans, and 
 thus became the leader of American colonization in 
 Texas. Austin's enterprise being joined by others, who 
 like himself sought to better their fortunes, his colony 
 soon flourished to such an extent, that it attracted the 
 attention of the Mexican clergy. They found that the 
 
 Mexican 
 
 JaS ^^^^' which required the settlers to make oath that they 
 were Catholics, and to establish Spanish schools, had 
 been regarded by them, but as an unmeaning formality ; 
 and they felt the utmost alarm that a colony of foi eign 
 heretics was planted among them, — and of course a de- 
 sire that they should either submit to their national la^ ^s 
 or be rooted out. Here were sown the seeds of future 
 war ; for these heretics were the brothers of American 
 citizens, and, though expatriated, they were children- 
 
 182T. ^°^^ °^ ^^® republic. — Farther jealousies arose from 
 futile attempts at independence, which were made by a 
 few of the settlers in the neighborhood of Nacogdoches, 
 and from propositions made on the part of the United 
 States government to purchase Texas. In whatever was 
 done the Mexicans fancied some plot against them, in 
 which the American nation at large was concerned. 
 They even surmised that the settlers in Texas were sent 
 but as a cover to a concealed purpose of the American 
 authorities to take their territory, and destroy their na- 
 tionality. 
 
 Texas, under the constitution of 1824, was united in 
 one state with the neighboring province of Coahuila. 
 
 The " Fredo 
 nian war." 
 
TEXAN REVOLUTION. 25 
 
 The Spanish Mexicans of this province outvoted and (1833, 
 pursued an oppressive policy against the Texans. Ste- .[ Jo*'u t ® j^ooo 
 phen F. Austin was sent by them to the city of Mexico ia TexSTt 
 
 the beginning 
 
 to petition against these grievances, and for the privilege "f the Revo- 
 of forming Texas into a separate state. The Mexican 
 congress treated him. with neglect. He wrote a letter to 
 the Texans advising them at all events to proceed in 
 forming a separate state government. The party in 
 Texas opposed to Austin, sent back his letter to the 
 Mexican authorities, — who made him prisoner as he was 
 returning, sent him back to Mexico, and threw him ^Jonel'^c'S" 
 
 Saltillo.) 
 
 into a dungeon. 
 
 Meanwhile Santa Anna, ambitious and crafty, though 
 with seeming simplicity, subverted the constitution of 
 1824, ajid in the name of liberty, made himself the 
 military tyrant of the Mexicans. They would better 
 bear this, if he employed their force against the Anglo- 
 Americans ; and he sent General Cos into Texas, to 
 place the civil rulers there in subjection to the military. 
 Meantime Austin returned, and was placed at the head 
 
 of a central committee of safety. Appeals were made Texan Revo- 
 lution begins, 
 through the press to the Texan people, and arrange- 
 ments set on foot to raise men and money. Adventurers 
 from the American states came to their aid. The object 
 of the Texans at this time in preparing for war, was, to 
 join a Mexican party now in arms against the military 
 usurpation of Santa Anna, and thus to maintain the con- 
 stitution of 1824. 
 
 The Lexington of the Texan revolution, was Gon- 
 2 
 
26 TEXAN REVOLUTION. ^ 
 
 1835. zalez. Mexican forces had been sent to that place to 
 B?«ie^of demand a field-piece. The Texans attacked and drove 
 SSdcan' them from the ground with loss. Santa Anna now 
 
 force 1000, ^ ^ , . , -, , » , 
 
 Texan 500. causod the fortresses of Goliad, and the Alamo, or cita- 
 del of Bexar, to be strongly fortified ; the latter being 
 Mexican loss the headquarters of General Gos. The Texans on the 
 
 100, Texan 1 
 
 killed. 18th of October, took Goliad with valuable munitions. 
 On the 28th, they obtained a victory near Bexar. 
 
 Texan delegates, November 22d, met in convention 
 at San Felipe, and established a provisional government. 
 
 On the 11th of December, their forces, under General 
 Burleson took, after a bloody siege and a violent struggle, 
 the strong fortress of the Alamo, and the city of Bexar ; 
 General Cos and his army were made prisoners, and not 
 a Mexican in arms remained. But Santa Ar>na, ever 
 active and alert, was gathering his forces ; and in Feb- 
 ruary, 1836, was approaching with 8,000 men. 
 
 Unhappily, divisions now prevailed in the Texan 
 
 counsels, while the small and insufiicient garrison of the 
 
 ISk^g. Alamo was attacked by this powerful army, headed by 
 
 thnyamo. a man who added to the smoothness of the tiger his 
 
 Killed 150. 11,, 
 
 fierceness and cruelty. Travis, who commanded, had 
 only 150 men. They fought all one bloody night, until 
 he fell and all his garrison but seven ; — and they were 
 
 (David Croc- 
 ket was killed slain, while crying for quarter ! 
 
 Meantime a Texan convention had assembled at 
 
 Wash4i2fton, on the Brazos, which, on the 2d of March, 
 
 March 2. ^ • j -j , 
 
 Texans de- pECLARED INDEPENDENCE. Thcv had desirod, said the 
 
 Clare inde- 
 pendence, (jeiggj^tes^ to unite with their Mexican brethren in sup- 
 
TEXAN INDEPENDENCE. 2t 
 
 port of the constitution of 1824, but in vain. Now 1836. 
 appealing to the world for the necessities of their condi- 
 tion, they declared themselves an Independent Repub- 
 lic, and committed their cause to the Supreme Arbiter 
 of nations. 
 
 Colonel Fanning commanded at Goliad. He had 
 besought the Texan authorities to reinforce him ; and 
 he had been directed by them to abandon his post, and 
 save his garrison by retreat.* The Mexicans, by their 
 superior force, overpowered him. He surrendered on 
 condition that he and his men should be treated as pris- 
 oners of war. Santa Anna ordered their execution ; March 27. 
 
 Massacre at 
 
 and four hundred unarmed and unresisting men, unsus- coiiad. 
 
 ^ ' Killed 400. 
 
 picious of harm, were drawn out. One of the fated sol- 
 diers exclamed, " They are going to shoot us ; let us 
 turn, and not be shot in the back." In another instant 
 the fire was given, and the prisoners fell dead. Fanning 
 was shot the next day ; — and his body denied a burial. 
 These men were American-born. Fanning had been an 
 officer in the army of the United States. American sym- 
 pathy and hate kindled as the shocking massacre was 
 told. Annexation followed in time, and the Mexican 
 war. 
 
 On the 21st of April, the main Texan army, under 
 General Houston, met the Mexicans, who were double 
 
 * Of this fact, the writer was recently informed by General, now 
 Senator Houston. Fanning had marched cut of the fortress, met, 
 and contended with the Mexicans, was taken and carried back, so 
 that the massdcre was at Goliad. 
 
28 TEXAN INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 1836. their number, near the San Jacinto. Furiously the 
 
 Baiti'e'of Texans rushed to battle with the cry, " Remember the 
 Mex'^tb^rce" Alamo." They fought at less than half- rifle distance, 
 
 1600, 
 
 Tex. -83. an(] in less than half an hour, wholly routed the Mexi- 
 
 Mex./ss, '' 
 
 ^"^Te^x.'fS^^' cans, killing and wounding a number greater than the 
 ' " whole Texan force. Among the prisoners taken after 
 the battle, was Santa Anna himself. He, the perfect 
 master of dissimulation, now makes the Texans believe 
 that he is so satisfied of their valor and goodness, that he 
 will use his power and influence in their favor. As su- 
 preme ruler of Mexico, he by a treaty, acknowledged 
 their independence, and allowed their western boundary 
 to be the Rio Grande. This treaty was subsequently 
 disavowed by Mexico, it being made while Santa Anna 
 
 1 83 T 
 
 March 2. was a prisoner. Although the United States, England, 
 
 United States 
 
 recognize and Other powers acknowledged the independence of 
 
 Texan inde- ^ or 
 
 E^'ngiSln Texas, yet Mexico, through all her changes of rulers 
 ever claimed the country, and occasionally sent troops 
 to renew the war by predatory excursions. The Tex- 
 ans in 1841, sent under McLeod a party of 300, who 
 were partly Americans, to take possession of Santa Fe, 
 the capital of New Mexico, that city lying on the eastern 
 side of the Rio Grande. These were made prisoners by 
 the Mexicans, and treated with great cruelty. 
 
 Santa Anna meantime procured himself to be sent by 
 the Texans to the U. States, where he so far gained 
 President Jackson's favor, as to be sent by him to 
 Mexico. Then turning his back upon those he had been 
 deceiving, he paid his court to the Mexicans, by dis- 
 
PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION OF 1844. 29 
 
 avowing all his treaties and promises, and entering upon 1S'12» 
 a course of hostility to Anglo-Americans. 
 
 Gen. Woll, sent by him to invade Texas, took Bexar: 
 A Texan army having driven him back, were eager to 
 carry the war into Mexico. After various disappoint- 
 ments, and the return of most of their volunteers, a party 
 of 300 crossed the Rio Grande, and proceedino^ to Mier, „ Sept. n. 
 
 ' ^ * The attack on 
 
 they attacked it ; and although opposed by five times ^^^"' 
 their force, they fought their way into the heart of the 
 place. They killed and wounded double their whole 
 number, when, although they had lost only 35 men, 
 they capitulated.* Although these prisoners were 
 treated badly, yet their romantic history shows that the 
 Mexican character and feelings had somewhat improved 
 since the massacres of the Alamo and Goliad. 
 
 Texas early made application to be received into the 
 American Union. Gen. Jackson objected, — and after- 
 wards Mr. Van Buren, — on the ground of existing 
 peaceful relations with Mexico, and the unsettled 
 boundary of Texas. Mr. Tyler brought forward the 
 proposition. It was lost in congress. But the mass of 
 the American people were in favor of Annexation, as had been 
 
 given that 
 
 was made manifest when it became the test question at Texas would 
 
 otherwise 
 
 the presidential election in 1844.t The Whig candidates Senf'pli. 
 for president and vice-president were Henry Clay and England.) 
 
 * They were, says Gen. Green, in his Journal of the Expedition, 
 betrayed into the surrender by Fisher, their leader, who had lost his 
 mind by a gunshot wound. Green says this party of 300 killed and 
 wounded 800 of the Mexicans at Mier. 
 
30 ■ ANNEXATION OF TEXAS. 
 
 I844r. Theodore Frelinghuysen, who were opposed to immediate 
 
 pSentJ annexation ; and the Democratic were James K. Polk 
 
 Tenn., vice- and Georgc M.. Dallas, who were pledged it its favor. 
 
 S resident, G. 
 I. Dallas, of The latter wcro elected : and on the 4th March, 1844, 
 
 Pa. ' ' ' 
 
 they were duly inaugurated. After the election, and 
 March 4* before the inauguration, Texas was annexed ; — Mr. 
 
 Inaugurated. 
 
 Calhoun, the secretary of state, and Messrs. Van Zandt 
 
 and Henderson, on the part of Texas, having previously 
 
 negotiated the treaty at Washington. Mr. Calhoun was 
 
 especially moved by fears that England was about to 
 
 gain control of Texas for the purpose of excluding 
 
 slavery. 
 
 .^ei^~Q- On the 28th of Februaiy, congress passed the joint 
 
 ^'''VexTs!'"" resolution to annex Texas, — ^her authorities and people 
 
 consenting, and the following conditions observed : 1st. 
 
 All questions of boundary to be settled by the United 
 
 States ', 2d. Texas to give up her harbors, magazines, 
 
 (March 1. &c., but to retain her funds and her debts, and, until 
 
 It receives the 
 
 Kat^ure^ their discharge, her Unappropriated lands ; 3d. Additional 
 new states, not exceeding four, may be formed, with 
 slavery, if south of lat. 36-^, but if north, loiihout. — The 
 Mexican minister at Washington, Seilor Almonte, who 
 had before announced that Mexico would declare war if 
 Texas were annexed, now gave notice, that since America 
 had consummated " the most unjust act recorded in 
 history," negotiations were at an end. 
 
 The Americans had, on their part, cause of complaint 
 against Mexico. She had been an unjust and injurious 
 neighbor. Such had been the unredressed wrongs of 
 
ANNEXATION OF TEXAS. 81 
 
 person and property to which American citizens had 1839. 
 been subjected in Mexico, that had she not been a weaker 
 nation and a sister republic, war would have resulted 
 during Jackson's administration. Mr. Van Buren re- 
 commended measures leading to war ; — when the 
 Mexicans resorted to negotiation. In 1839 a treaty was 
 
 Mexican 
 
 made, by which they agreed to pay large indemnities to treaty. 
 American sufferers. This treaty was modified in 1843, ^ J^f^"^*^ 
 but its stipulations the Mexican government had mostly 
 failed to observe. 
 
 The assent of Texas, by which she became a part of 
 the American Union, was expressed in the ordinance of 
 July 5, 1845. Two days thereafter, a request was 184:5. 
 
 Annexation 
 
 dispatched to President Polk to send an armed force to completed. 
 
 protect Texas against the threatened invasion of Mexico. 
 
 The administration judiciously chose, as commander of 
 
 the forces to be sent. Col. Zachary Taylor. On the ^p?^'"^"'!.®' 
 
 ' at Okee Cho- 
 
 30th of July he was ordered by the war department to made a Brig- 
 adier.) 
 proceed to the western frontier, as near the Rio Grande 
 
 as prudence would dictate. Thereupon he marched, 
 
 and took post at Corpus Christi, west of the Nueces. 
 
 He soon received a further order informing him that his 
 
 forces wei'e to be increased to 4,000, and that he was, in 
 
 case of emergency, to call immediately on the governors of 
 
 the adjoining states for volunteers, they being instructed 
 
 to furnish him. A Mexican force in the meantime had 
 
 collected on the western bank of the Rio Grande. 
 
 Although regular pacific negotiations were closed, 
 
 yet the American executve made overtures for peace 
 
32 MR. SLIDELL's mission to MEXICO. 
 
 ^Q^^» through Mr. Black, the American consul at Mexico. 
 
 Gen. Herrera, one of the wisest patriots of Mexico, was 
 now at the head of affairs. He was disposed to peace, 
 and through his secretary, Senor Peiia y Peiia, he gave 
 private assurances that he would receive a special com- 
 missioner to treat respecting Texas ; but the American 
 government, he said, must first withdraw a fleet with 
 which they menaced Vera Cruz. This was done. 
 
 The ancient aversion of the Mexicans had been, bj 
 the annexation, wrought into jealousy and fierce revenge; 
 and he who most vilified the Americans, and the loudest 
 blustered for war, was most the popular favorite. Such 
 was Paredes, by whose party Herrera was denounced 
 as a traitor for suspected intercourse with the foes of the 
 nation. He was still struggling for his place, when Mr. 
 Slidell, sent by Mr. Polk, arrived in Mexico, and de- 
 ^rejected!' manded to be received. Herrera rejected his mission on 
 the ground that the American government had sent him 
 as an envoy to settle the whole differences between the 
 two nations, and not as a commissioner to consider 
 merely the Texan question. He had brought the Amer- 
 inMeS? ^^^^ account-book, when it had been proposed by the 
 Mexicans to settle such differences only as appeare(^ 
 upon their own. Herrera, even with this rejection, wat 
 not found violent enough to please the Mexicans, .and ihey 
 (Jan. 2.' displaced him and elevated Paredes. Mr. Slidell re- 
 president.) mained at Jalapa until March, when he made, as 
 directed, overtures of peace to Paredes, which were, of 
 course, rejected. The nature of his then unopened in- 
 
 Dec. 20i 
 
OREGON. 33 
 
 structions, since made public, show how little aware ^Q^^« 
 was the government of the bitter hostility of the Mexican on\ia\th1vi!. 
 mind. Mr. Slidell was to offer money for a peaceable ceiveshis 
 
 passports.) 
 
 boundary on the Rio Grande, and the cession of Cali- 
 fornia. 
 
 On the 16th of January, 1845, the United States 
 Senate ratified a treaty with China, which had been i&^s 
 there negotiated between Mr. Cushing, the American Snei 
 Envoy Extraordinary, and the Commissioner of the 
 Chinese Emperor. 
 
 Oregon. — While such was the aspect of Mexican 
 affairs, a difficulty arose between the United States and 
 England respecting the northern boundary of Oregon ; 
 both nations claiming the extensive portion of that coun- 
 try north of the Columbia river to the Russian settle- 
 ments. The full statement of the claims on either side, 
 is long and intricate ; but there is no contradiction made 
 to the facts, that the Columbia river and its vicinity, 
 belong to the Americans by right of the discovery \^q2» 
 made in 17C2, by Captain Grey of Boston, and by the saiimg hrth'e 
 
 Columbia, 
 
 exploration of Lewis and Clark, in the employ of the gi^f-s »» ti'e 
 American government, made in the years 1804-5. John "^"^hipO^" 
 Jacob Astor of New- York, founded Astoria, at the mouth 
 of the Columbia, in 1811. The first house on its 
 waters was, however, established on Lewis river, by the 
 Missouri Fur Company, in 1808. The Rocky moun- 
 tains which divide Oregon from the valley of the Mis- 
 sissippi, although generally continuous and sometimes 
 rising to to the height of 16,000 feet, have yet remark. 
 
 2« 
 
84 OREGON. 
 
 l^^^» abb openings ; the most singular of which is the South 
 Pass, in lat. 42° 30', which Colonel Fremont, who ex- 
 plored it in 1842, describes as being in ascent no steeper 
 than the Capitol Hill at Washington. 
 
 In consequence of complaints made by American 
 settlers. Congress passed an act, April 16, 1846, that a 
 joint occupation with England of the disputed territory, 
 
 (tin the formerly agreed to,"|* must after a year cease. 
 
 conventions 
 
 "^is^n"*^ This difficulty with England became so serious as to 
 
 threaten war. It was, however, compromised by a 
 
 treaty negotiated at Washington between Mr. Packen- 
 
 june is! ham, the British Minister, and Mr. Buchanan, the 
 
 Treaty of 
 
 Washington. American Secretary, — which makes the northern bound- 
 ary of Oregon, the line of lat, 49 deg. ; but gives to the 
 British the whole of Vancouver's Island, and a right to 
 the joint navigation of the Columbia river. 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 Mexican War — Army of Occupation, 
 
 Gen. Taylor received an order, January 13th, 1816. 
 1846, to take post at the mouth of the Rio Grande. 
 Perhaps the Executive, insivine: this order, agreed in 
 
 (t See Mr. 
 
 opinion with Mr. SlidelLf that "the desire of the sovern- siuieii's letter 
 
 ' *^ irom Mexico 
 
 ment (for peace) will be taken for timidity. The most '"Sid"''' 
 
 • 1, 1 1 ./ 1 TIT • Dec.27, 1845.) 
 
 extravagant pretences will be made, until the Mexican 
 people shall be convinced by hostile demonstrations, that 
 there must be settlement, either by negotiation or the 
 sword." The effect of the order was, however, to preci- 
 pitate tlie collision of arms, and to give to the Mexicans 
 the advantao-e of the cry of invasion. Many patriotic E^ectof 
 
 o J J r sending Gen. 
 
 Americans believed that the Executive, intent on a war rio Grande.'' 
 of conquest, directed this movement for the express pur- 
 pose of bringing it on ; his overtures for peace not being 
 made in good faith ; and that in so doing, he violated the 
 constitution, by which congress is the war-making 
 
 , ~ ,11 . 1 -1 (t Members of 
 
 power.j Congress had, however, given to the president, congress con- 
 the difficult task of defending Texas, without advising Jt"fon th^e 
 him of what Texas was, — having received it into the ^"^^ '"°^" 
 Union with a disputed boundary to be afterwards settled. 
 
86 WAR IN PROSPECT. 
 
 1846. But as Mexico at. once scornfully refused to negotiate, 
 claiming the whole, — the question then occurred, ought 
 the Executive to take the Mexican account of limits, or 
 that of Texas, now an American state. Besides, if 
 Mexico was resolved not to negotiate, but to take the 
 chances of war, she could not expect other, than that her 
 opponent would make whatever fair advantage she could, 
 from the coming contest. 
 
 Gen. Taylor moved from Corpus Christi on the 8th 
 
 of March ; and after toiling ten days through an arid 
 
 waste, he reached the Arroya Colorado. Here he was 
 
 met by a party of mounted Mexican marauders called 
 
 (March 12. ranchcros. They warned him that he had reached the 
 
 Senor Lanzas 
 
 "siideiuh^at'' lifi^its of Texas, and that to advance further would be 
 bdi/\vS regarded by the Mexicans as invasion. On the 25th, 
 
 •jiven, — noth- 
 ing remained the army reached Point Isabel, a small Mexican seaport, 
 
 but war.; "^ ^ 
 
 sometimes called, from the bay on which it stands, 
 Brazos St. lago. The Mexican authorities in leaving 
 this place had set it on fire ; but Taylor with exertion 
 saved most of the buildings. The place was important 
 to him, as, from the nature of the coast, this must be the 
 depot for his stores. Leaving them here, with 450 men 
 under Major Munroe, he advanced, and took post at the 
 mouth of the Rio Grande, opposite to Matamoras. Here 
 
 March 28. ' ^ ^ 
 
 ^nTani^is'ov batteries were soon erected by the Mexicans, pointing at 
 
 " m*j;.s. ^' his camp. This he intrenched, and immediately com- 
 
 menced a fort, whose guns threatened the heart of the 
 
 city. Yet Gen. Taylor was strictly courteous to all. 
 
 He had come, in peace, he said, to protect Texas, not to 
 
(April 10. 
 
 Col. Cross 
 
 rode out from 
 
 ACTUAL WAR. 3 
 
 invade Mexico ; but if attacked, he should know how to ^^^6* 
 defend himself. 
 
 This attack he had hourly reason to expect. Pare- 
 des had put in requisition the best troops of Mexico, 
 headed by her ablest generals, and they were gathering aionrfuTd 
 towards the Rio Grande. On both sides of the river, Mexican ran 
 
 cheros.) 
 
 all was warlike action; here, mounting or relieving 
 guards, and there, planting artillery. Gen. Arista now 
 arrived, and took the command at Matamoras. The 
 Mexican government made a formal declaration of war 
 on the 23d of May. Gen. Arista informed Gen. Taylor 
 by a polite note, dated the 24th, that he regarded hos- 
 tilities as havinor already commenced : and on that day r^^'!\^^- 
 
 » - ' •' Hostilities 
 
 the flow of blood really began. Capt. Thornton with 63 '^Tho.n'ton's^ 
 
 capture. Am. 
 
 dragoons was sent by Gen. Taylor a few miles up the loss, k. and 
 
 river to reconnoitre. They fell into an ambuscade, 
 
 and finding themselves surrounded by a far superior 
 
 force, they attempted to retreat, cutting their way. But ^ 
 
 they were obliged to surrender, with the loss of 16 killed 
 
 and wounded. 
 
 The American congress and people were astonished 
 and agitated, when Gen. Taylor's dispatch was received. Astonish- 
 Their army was surrounded, and in danger, from the anxiety, 
 soldiers who had committed the massacres of Goliad and 
 the Alamo ! A kind of monomania pervaded the nation. 
 The President announced to congress that the Mexicans 
 
 ° May 11. 
 
 had " invaded our territory, and shed the blood of our Presifient's 
 
 •^ ' extra mes- 
 
 citizens upon our own soil." Congress responded, that ^^^^' 
 " war existed by the act of Mexico," and in two days 
 
38 DECLARED WAR. 
 
 a 
 
 1846^ passed a law authorizing 50,000 volunteers to be raised 
 A?tofSn- ^01' twelve months; and appropriating towards the 
 ^^men^and^^ Carrying on of the war, ten millions of dollars. Thus 
 
 money. 
 
 were the means at once provided. Did the administration 
 calculate on this, and therefore forbear to agitate in con- 
 gress the subject of the war, which, whh an army of less 
 than 10,000, it had daily reason to expect ? — or was it 
 one of those providential occurrences, of which this war 
 has been so fruitful, and by which we learn, that Mexico 
 was to be chastised, and that the Almighty made this 
 nation his instrument ? 
 
 Declared war being upon the hands of the Executive, 
 the plan for its prosecution and results appears to have 
 
 Plan of the , ^ , . i 
 
 Executive, been, — to take for mdemmty and as a permanent acqui- 
 sition, that part of the Mexican territory lying between 
 the old United States and the Pacific ; and so to carry the 
 war into the more vital and richer parts of the enemy's 
 country, that he would be willing to receive peace, and 
 some needful funds, though at the sacrifice of this territory 
 and the relinquishment of Texas to the Rio Grande. 
 
 The American executive, aided by the head of the 
 
 war department, and by General Scott, now sketched 
 
 May 15 & 16. Qut, in two days' time, a plan of a campaio-n, exceeding, 
 
 (See Mans- ' J ' 1 i o ' &' 
 
 *icali^Wai^'^' ^^ ^he vastucss of the spaces, over which it swept by sea 
 
 p. 48.) 
 
 and land, any thing of the kind known in history. This 
 passed at once into the orders given by Mr. Marcy, secre- 
 tary of war, and Mr. Bancroft, secretary of the navy. 
 Under these orders vessels were to pass round Cape 
 Horn to the coast of California, to aid those already 
 
OPERATIONS ON THE RIO GRANDE. 89 
 
 there in conquering that country. An "Army of the 1846. 
 
 West," was to be assembled at Fort Leavenworth on the Y^^L'^ll'^^!?*' 
 
 Missouri, and under command of Gen. Kearney, to take 
 
 New Mexico, and then proceed westward to the Pacific, 
 
 to co-operate with the fleet. An " Army of the Centre," 
 
 to be collected by Gen. Wool, from different and distant 
 
 parts of the Union, was to rendezvous at San Antonio de 
 
 Bexar, and thence to invade Coahuila and Chihuahua. 
 
 These armies were not merely to be ordered forth. 
 
 They were mostly to be created from the raw material. 
 
 The existing regular force of the United States, officers 
 
 and men, did not much exceed nine thousand. 
 
 Gen. Taylor, whose force was called the " Army of 
 Occupation," on finding that about 8,000 Mexican troops 
 were already collected to oppose him, not only sent dis- 
 patches to the war department for aid, but, as in this case 
 directed, to the governors of the nearest states. The ^ Am^dcan'^^ 
 generals on both sides published proclamations ; — Arista ™^°'^®^^°^^- 
 calling on the Mexicans to defend their invaded homes 
 and altars, and on the American soldiers to desert, and 
 accept ample rewards ; Taylor exhorting the Mexicans 
 to embrace the opportunity of freeing themselves from 
 tyrants who had subverted their constitution, and left 
 them a prey to the mingled evils of despotism and 
 anarchy ; and who were now seeking to make them 
 believe the Americans to be their foes, — thousands of 
 whom had shed their blood in the defence of Mexico 
 against Spain. 
 
 Gen. Taylor now received intelligence by Capt. 
 
40 VICTORIES ON THE KIO GRANDE. 
 
 1846. Walker that a large Mexican force in his rear, was in- 
 terposed between him and his stores at Point Isabel. 
 Walker had there been stationed by Major Munroe to 
 
 April 28. keep open the communication ; and he had fought fifteen 
 battle. minutes with his one company of Texan rangers, (armed 
 with revolving pistols,) with 1500 Mexican cavalry, — 
 killed thirty and escaped ; and subsequently he had 
 found his way with six men through the Mexican army 
 to bring this information. 
 
 May 1. Taylor did not hesitate. Leavincr his camp at Mata- 
 
 Taylor sets -^ or 
 
 "^sabeL°'"* moras with a garrison in command of that trusty veteran 
 Major Brown, he marched with the main army, and 
 reached Point Isabel unmolested. The Mexicans affected 
 to believe that he had abandoned his works and fled. 
 They attacked the camp with their batteries soon after 
 he left it; and Major Brown opened his guns upon the 
 
 May 3 to 9. ^ity. The firing was anxiously heard by Taylor, and a 
 of Fort messenger for aid reached him from Major Brown. The 
 
 Brown. 
 
 7th, Taylor garrisou at Point Isabel beinff reinforced by 500 men, 
 
 leaves Point c? o » 7 
 
 *^^^ ■ which had been supplied by Commodore Conner from 
 the navy. Gen. Taylor announced to the war department, 
 " I shall march this day with the main body of the army, 
 to open a communication with Major Brown, and throw 
 forward supplies of ordnance and provision. If the 
 enemy opposes my march, in whatever force, I shall 
 fight him." The same evening he marched. The next 
 day at noon he came in full sight of the Mexican army, 
 drawn up in order of battle, and extending a mile across 
 his way. Taylor halted his men, — bade them refresh 
 
VICTORIES ON THE RIO GRANDE. 41 
 
 themselves at the pools — then formed his line. Col. 18-1:6. 
 Twiggs commanded the right, and Col. Belknap the left, p^lo^'aIVo. 
 On either wing were batteries with companies of light- ^ olood!'"^ 
 
 Am! 2,300, 
 
 artillery. At two o'clock the Mexicans opened their — 
 
 ^ Mex. loss, 
 
 fire. The light-artillery, commanded by Ringgold and )^^ iT^.'^w.' 
 Duncan, did great execution. Ringgold, much lamented, 
 fell mortally wounded. The Mexicans, although with 
 •choice of the ground, and more than double numbers, 
 were forced, after five hours, to yield to the Americans 
 the victory of Palo Alto. 
 
 At two o'clock the next day the army resumed its 
 march. Having advanced about three miles, the Mexi- 
 cans were discovered, skilfully posted, with artillery, at 
 Resaca de la Palma. A shallow ravine crossing the jyj^ g 
 road, — its margins closely wooded by matted shrubs of a ^Paima^ 
 
 Mex. force, 
 
 prickly evergreen, called chaparral, afforded them shel- ^f""*„^-^^^. 
 ter. At four o'clock the Americans came up. The mJ^oss 
 field was fiercely contested. On account of the irregu- Am. k. & w. 
 
 raortallv, 44. 
 
 larity of the ground, the history of this battle is full of 
 thrilling incident. It was here that Capt. May, with his 
 dragoons, rode up to a Mexican battery, cut down the 
 men, and took Gen. La Vega as he was applying a 
 match to one of the guns. Young Randolph Ridgely 
 and many others here won fame for themselves and their 
 country. The Mexicans were wholly routed. Their 
 camp — its stores, equipage, and Gen. Arista's private 
 papers, fell into the hands of the Americans. Two 
 hundred Mexicans lay dead upon the field. The flying 
 
42 THE WAR SPIRIT. 
 
 1846. were pursued; and numbers were drowned in attempt- 
 ing to cross the Rio Grande. 
 
 On arriving at the camp, Taylor and his victorious 
 army carried joy to the wearied combatants. But the 
 valued commander of the fort had been killed. Gen. 
 Taylor named the place where he fought and fell, Fort 
 Brown. 
 
 Great were the rejoicings and illuminations in the 
 United States for these victories. Taylor was forthwith 
 made a major-general, and several of his officers pro- 
 moted. 
 
 Gen. Arista now proposed an armistice, which Gen. 
 
 Taylor rejected, — not choosing longer to keep his bad 
 
 position. He intended on the arrival of heavy mortars 
 
 to attack Matamoras. But the military deserted it ; and 
 
 ^^ jg the civil authorities, receiving assurances that private 
 
 pies MataraS- Hghts would bc rospectcd, suffered the Americans to 
 
 ras. 
 
 take quiet possession. 
 
 These successes having been obtained, the president 
 of the United States made another attempt to treat for 
 peace. His overtures were not promptly met by Seiior 
 Lanzas, the secretary of Paredes, but referred to a Mex- 
 ican congress to be held in December. 
 
 While the news of the imminent danger of the army 
 of the Rio Grande thrilled through the heart of the 
 American nation. Gen. Gaines, the commander of the 
 southern division, full of patriotic feeling, called out a 
 large number of volunteers, additional to those asked for 
 by Gen. Taylor. Every where the young men of the 
 
THE WAR SPIRIT. 43 
 
 nation were ready, nay. in haste, to go forth to defend 1 846« 
 their brethren, light the Mexicans, and push for the 
 " Halls of the Montezumas."* Gen. Taylor was soon 
 embarrassed by the numbers who came. They were ill 
 provided with munitions ; and he not being ready to 
 move, they were but consuming his stores. The war 
 department decided that those of the volunteers^ not 
 regularly enlisted, must be dismissed. This caused 
 heart-burnings and delay ; and although great energy 
 pervaded the quartermaster's department, under Gen. 
 Jesup, yet so much was to be provided in this sudden 
 extension of the army, that it was three months -before 
 Gen. Taylor could move upon the interior. Meantime, 
 the towns on the lower Rio Grande, were taken and 
 occupied by the Americans. Camargo, made the depot 
 of provisions and stores, was garrisoned with 2,000 men 
 under Gen. Patterson. 
 
 The army now being 6,000 strong, its first division, 
 under Gen. Worth, began its march on the 20th of 
 August. Gen. Taylor with the rear column soon fol- 
 lowed. On the 5th of September, the several divisions The army at 
 
 "" Marin. 
 
 were concentrated at Marin. Movinar on, they en- ^^^' ^^ ^^^' 
 
 ° ' •' nut Springs. 
 
 camped, on the 9th, at Walnut Springs, three miles from 
 Monterey. Here, on the south and west towered the 
 high peaks of the Sierra Madre, — while before them 
 stood the walls of Monterey bristling with cannon, and 
 
 * Mr. Prescott's very popular " History of the Conquest of Mex- 
 ico," no doubt increased the war spirit so rife at this time. 
 
44 SIEGE OF MONTEREY. 
 
 1846. surrounded by fortresses; — and around them an un- 
 known region — an invaded country, with thousands of 
 embittered foes. Most of their troops were untried 
 volunteers. But they had officers, educated either 
 directly or indirectly ,at West Point, who, in all the 
 complicated acquirements belonging to military science, 
 had no superiors. Especially had they a commander, 
 cool and deliberate, — judicious to plan, and energetic to 
 act. He looked upon the mountains, and perceived 
 towards the southwest, that they were cleft by the small 
 stream of the San Juan, along which, was the road from 
 Saltillo to Monterey. He thought if a new way could be 
 made by which the Saltillo road should be reached, the 
 enemy's line of supplies would be cut, and probably less 
 formidable defences intervene. The skill of the Ameri- 
 can engineers, under Capt. Mansfield, found out such a 
 way ; and Gen. Worth being selected for the important 
 
 Sept. 20. service, led a column of 650 men on the 20th and 21st, 
 
 Worth's 
 
 party leave ^y a difficult dctour rouud to the Saltillo road. But they 
 
 camp at .' -' 
 
 ^°"°" did not gain this advantage without loss. On the morn- 
 21st, Battle ing of the 21st they successfully fought a battle, in which 
 
 near Monte- 
 
 T^s 100^' ^°^* H^y^ ^^^ ^^^ Texan rangers were distinguished. 
 
 The Saltillo road being gained, the first obstacles to 
 
 Forts FeJera- . , . , . 
 
 tion and Sol- be overcomc m approachmg the city, were two batteries 
 
 dado carried. ° 
 
 on a hill. Up to these, in face of their fire, the soldiers 
 marched. They were taken, and their guns turned on 
 the third and principal battery, — a fortified, unfinished 
 stone building, called the Bishop's Palace, situated on the 
 steep hill Independence. Night came on, and the weary 
 
45 
 
 THE TAKING OF MONTEREY. 
 
 and hungry soldiers had to endure a pelting storm. ^ '_ 
 
 At three, a party headed by Col. Childs, and conducted so^^oS", 
 
 AM 
 
 by engineers Saunders and Meade, mounted the hill. Bishop's bai- 
 
 ace stormed. 
 
 A vigorous sortie from the fort was repelled. The 
 Americans entered it with the flying Mexicans, and it 
 was theirs. After having taken this battery, and turned 
 it against the city, the war-worn troops, now three days 
 from the camp^ their numbers thinned by death, stood 
 close upon the rear of Monterey. 
 
 Meantime, Taylor had sought to direct the attention 
 of the enemy from this, his real point of attack, by 
 making a feigned one in front. But so fiercely was this 
 movement conducted by Gen. Butler, Capt. Backus, and 
 others, that the city was entered, though with great 
 sacrifice of life ; for every street was barricadoed, and 
 guns pointed from every wall. The second day, a part 
 of the defences were abandoned by the garrison, the 
 Americans getting within the houses, and breaking 
 through the walls. Gen. Quitman, who headed this AtSck'on 
 
 Monterey in 
 
 party, advanced to the Plaza. On the morning of the front. 
 23d, the defences of the opposite side were assaulted and 
 carried by the division of Gen. Worth. Gen. Taylor 
 now passed over to Worth's quarters, where he received 
 the Mexican commander. Gen. Ampudia. He came 
 
 t " Santa 
 
 with a flag to propose capitulation and an armistice, on p^^f ""^'^^g^ 
 the ground that peace might shortly be expected, — {convConner 
 
 •n 1 /"I r^ 4 • permits the 
 
 Paredes beino- displaced, and Gen. Santa Anna now m Arab, in 
 
 ^ ^ ' which he 
 
 power. Gen Taylor knewl that in consequence of ^^'J'jtJjoPf** 
 President Polk's hooe of that wily Mexican's favorable ^P^^'"°e^®''-' 
 
46 THE TAKING OF MONTEREY. 
 
 1816. disposition, he had given an order to the fleet, which 
 
 Com. Conner obeying, Santa Anna had passed unmolested 
 
 on his return from Cuba. Taylor had not men sufficient 
 
 to guard the Mexican soldiers if he kept them as 
 
 prisoners ; and his own unsupplied army needed all the 
 
 provisions to be found in Monterey. Without the parade 
 
 of compassion, he had its reality, and he wished to spare 
 
 Sept. 53. especially " non-combatants." With the advice of his 
 
 'lice. officers, he therefore agreed to an armistice of eight 
 
 weeks, on condition of the approval of the American 
 
 Its -ejection government. This, on correspondence, was withheld; 
 
 by Mr. Polk. , , ., , 
 
 and the war was renewed ; — not, however, until nearly 
 six weeks had elapsed ; and not sooner would Taylor 
 have oeen prepared to act, had he been at liberty. 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Army of the centre.— Gen. Wool's march. — Battle of Buena Vista. 
 
 To Gen. Wool, who had been twenty-five years an 1 846. 
 inspector-general in the army, the administration wisely 
 confided the principal share in mustering and preparing 
 for the service, the volunteers, — on whom, for want of 
 regular troops, the military honor and interest of the 
 republic, must in this emergency depend. 
 
 His orders, dated May 29th, he received at Washing- May 29. 
 
 ' -^ ' ° Gen. Wool's 
 
 ton. From thence he immediately moved through the ^^^^^^ 
 states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, and 
 Mississippi ; — meeting the enlisted volunteers at desig- 
 nated places of rendezvous, and inspecting and admitting 
 them, if suitable men, into the army. These distances 
 were accomplished, and twelve and a half regiments, ^ 
 (two of cavalry,) making about 12,000 men, were ^"ooo^mfies 
 
 . . ^ . traversed, 
 
 inspected, mustered into service, and sent towards their and 12,000 
 
 men mus- 
 
 destined places, by the 16th of July. About 9,000 of 
 these recruits, went to the Rio Grande to reinforce the 
 army of Gen. Taylor. Those to form the " Army of 
 the Centre " were by different routes to rendezvous at 
 Bexar ; — some going the far circuit of Little Rock, in 
 
 lered. 
 
48 GEN. wool's march. 
 
 1816. Arkansas, and some by sea and through La Vaea. Gen. 
 
 Wool, after making necessary arrangements in New 
 
 Orleans for the comfort and efficiency of his troops, 
 
 August 1. moved to La Vaea on the 1st of Aucrust. From thence, 
 
 Gen. VV. at ° 
 
 ^Mrt^orda" ^^^®^' sending his wagon-trains, he accompanied volun- 
 
 *^" teers to Bexar, whose march for 40 miles lay through a 
 
 country submerged four inches by recent rains. At 
 
 Bexar began that drill and strict discipline of the volun- 
 
 teers which made Gen. Wool's corps, whether resting or 
 
 moving, a camp of instruction ; and which, together with 
 
 Gen VV 's ^^^ great care that every article necessary to health and 
 
 (unpopufar efficiency should always be prepared and ready, gave to 
 
 with his men 
 
 at the time.) jt the praise of being "a model army." 
 
 Gen. Wool's destination was Chihuahua, the heart 
 
 of one of the richest provinces of Mexico. He began 
 
 Sept. 20. his march from Bexar on the 20th of September, his 
 
 Gen. \Vooi ^ 
 
 'fo^Pres^dk)^' force amounting to 500 regulars and 2,440 volunteers. 
 
 At Presidio the troops crossed the Rio Grande on a flying 
 
 bridge prepared for the purpose. From this fertile spot 
 
 iSbUaJtf- they marched westward 26 miles, to Nava, over a 
 
 adobe, or un- dead Icvcl, — without finding a drop of water or a human 
 
 burnt brick — 
 
 such are near- habitation. The troops, in crossing the Sierras of San 
 
 ly all Mexi- ^ ' ^ 
 
 ean edi ces.) j^^^ ^^^ Santa Rosa, eucountcred steep rocky ascents 
 and deep mountain gorges ; and often, before their 300 
 heavy laden wagons could pass, roads must be repaired 
 or made. In the valley between, they found the 
 unbridged torrent-rivers of Alamos and Sabino ; and at 
 every turn their flesh was wounded by the prickly-pear, 
 or the thorn-leaved agave. Sometimes, as the army 
 
GEN. wool's march. 49 
 
 appeared, the ignorant people of the country, taken by 1846. 
 surprise, believed that the robber-bands of Mexico were 
 upon them. The shrieking women would run from their 
 houses, and embrace the crosses by the wayside, — pro- 
 bably where some friend had been killed, whose fate 
 they expected to share. 
 
 But by the better informed. Gen. Wool's approach 
 was hailed with joy. He protected the quiet and 
 the weak against the strong and the lawless. Before 
 crossing the Rio Grande, he had rescued the children of 
 a Mexican family from the Lepan Indians, and restored 
 them to their parents. "His army," says Mr. Mans- 
 field, "were the armed watchmen of Coahuila;" and as 
 he passed on through San Fernando and Santa Rosa, to 
 Monclova, his advance was heralded as that of a friend; Gen. Wo'oi 
 
 at Monclova. 
 
 and he there peacefully unfurled the American flag over 
 
 the government-house of the province. 
 
 At Monclova, Gen. Taylor communicated to him the 
 
 capture and armistice of Monterey. Here also he 
 
 learned that the projected route to Chihuahua, continuing 
 
 along the base of the Sierra Madre, was impracticable (Troops un- 
 der drill dur- 
 
 for his train ; and he could only reach that place with ingthearmis- 
 
 ^ ./ r tice ; they are 
 
 artillery by a circuitous road leading through Parras. caliTp^ed'vvitii- 
 Both he and Gen. Taylor believed that it would be un- and villages.) 
 wise thus to withdraw his force from the seat of war ; — 
 since the conquest of New Leon and Coahuila, already 
 achieved, gave to the Americans the command of Chi- 
 huahua. 
 
 On the 25th of November, Gen. Wool marched upon 
 3 
 
50 GEN. WOOL AT PARRAS. 
 
 ^Q^^* Parras, — Gen. Taylor advising him to establish a post in 
 
 ^iJec^5.*° that fertile region, and collect provisions, of which his 
 
 Monciova to army were in need, and which the comitry about Mon- 
 
 Parras. 
 
 terey could not supply. On this march the army en- 
 countered a region of calcareous marl, which, for many 
 miles, was like dry ashes, filling their eyes and covering 
 their garments. 
 
 At Parras, General Wool was received with all the 
 courtesy due to a distinguished guest. The strictness 
 of his discipline was not only improving his army, but, 
 by giving the new feeling of security to a people, so long 
 the victims of anarchy, he was winning their affections, 
 and giving them desires for a better government.* Stores 
 came in abundantly, and the necessities of the two armies 
 were fully supplied. 
 
 In the meantime Gen. Taylor had proceeded to Vic- 
 toria, the capital of Tamaulipas, expecting to co-operate 
 Nov 14, ^^^^^^ Gen. Patterson and a naval force in the reduction 
 surrendered, of Tampico. But that placc had surrendered to Com- 
 
 * Already are rumors abroad that this part of Mexico has in- 
 vited an American general to lead them in an attempt to establish 
 an independent government. But as much the same effect has been 
 produced by the American army in other parts of Mexico, we hope 
 no such movement will be made ; but that all Mexico, united by 
 language and religion, will have learned how much better is security 
 than anarchy ; — and also, we hope, that republican America will 
 learn, on her part, from Mexico, how wretched a condition is that 
 of anarchy ; — so that she may avoid it by repressing, '^'hile yet in 
 her power, all lawless outrages. 
 
THE WOMEN OF PARR AS. 51 
 
 modore Conner on the 14th of November. Gen. Butler 18*6. 
 was left in command at Monterey. Saltillo, the capital ^aUiiilJ" 
 of Coahuila, of which the Americans had taken peacea- in possSion 
 
 of the states 
 
 ble possession on the 17th, was garrisoned, and com- of coahuiia, 
 
 '■ "^ New Leon, 
 
 manded by Gen. Worth. ^'"^lipIsT^'' 
 
 The changeful Mexicans having now displaced Pare- 
 des, and given full power to Santa Anna, he had concen- 
 trated a force of 22,000 at San Luis Potosi. Gen. 
 Worth, 60 miles in advance of Monterey, and 200 from 
 Taylor at Victoria, now received the startling intelli- 
 gence, that this army was immediately to be brought 
 down upon him ; — he having but 900 men. He sent a ^^n^e;pJess 
 rapid express, entreating Wool to hasten to his aid with worth!— 
 
 Gen. Wool 
 
 his whole force. In two hours Gen. Wool was in mo- leaves Parras. 
 tion with his whole column, and his long train of wagons ; movement 
 and such was the condition of his soldiers, that only four- 
 teen were unable, on account of ill health, to move. And 
 now the gratitude of the protected people was singularly 
 manifested. The ladies of Parras came forward, and 
 vied with each other in offers to take the charge of these 
 fourteen sick soldiers ! The best mansions of the place 
 received them, the first women were their nurses, and in 
 due time they were all restored.* 
 
 * The Americans manifested afterwards their gratitude to these 
 kind Mexicans. They applying to Gen. Wool for aid on an incur- 
 sion of savages, he sent to Donaphan, then in the region and under 
 his command, a request, which the troops of that gallant chieftain 
 fulfilled by doing battle with the Camanches at El Poso, where Capt. 
 Reid and Lieut. Gordon, with about 30 men, killed and wounded 
 
52 SCOTT SUPERSEDES TAYLOR. 
 
 1846. In four days the army marched 120 miles; — when 
 
 resting at Agua Nueva, it was twenty-one miles in ad- 
 vance of Saltillo, — interposed between Gen. Worth and 
 Santa Anna. It had now completed a march of 900 
 miles through an enemy's country, without a gun fired, 
 or a man lost. 
 
 Gen. Taylor, while at Victoria, learned that the city 
 of Mexico was to be approached by Vera Cruz ; and 
 that Gen. Scott, appointed to conduct this invasion, 
 
 Scott super- 
 sedes Taylor, would, as his scuior, supersede him in the Mexican com- 
 mand. Nor was this all. It was from Taylor's army, 
 that Scott's force was to be drawn. Gen. Scott, there- 
 fore, ordered from Gen. Taylor most of his efficient 
 troops, — leaving him, till more could be sent by govern- 
 (Gen Scott's mcut, " to Stand on the defensive." Taylor, whatever 
 
 letter to '' 
 
 ^l&xeA^oT' i^Jght have been his feelings, promptly obeyed the order ; 
 
 and dispatched to Vera Cruz the greater part of his 
 
 (Dec. regular troops, and volunteers, — with Generals Worth, 
 
 Lt. Ritchie, n 1 ' ' ' 
 
 paS'^to Patterson, Quitman, Twiggs, and others, who had fought 
 is massacred' SO bravcly by his side. This order reached the forces 
 
 by the Span- 
 
 San^'^^'Alf °^ Gen. Wool also; and to his great grief deprived him 
 '^ h"teiKied" ^ of ^T^ost of his efficient staff-officers and regular infantry, 
 
 movements.) i . i 
 
 those whom he had as soldiers " brought up, and with 
 whom he had thought to win glory, the soldier's meed. 
 But this deprivation proved to the two generals the source 
 of their highest fame. For with the remains of their 
 
 40 Indians, — liberated 19 boys and girls, and restored them to their 
 parents at Parras. 
 
force. 
 
 PERILOUS POSITION. 53 
 
 force, they met and bore back the shock of the most 1841, 
 formidable army which Mexico had ever sent to the 
 field. 
 
 Gen. Taylor on the way from Victoria to Monterey 
 learned that Santa Anna, by decided demonstrations, 
 was threatening him. Leaving a small garrison at 
 Monterey, he advanced south with about 300 men to the 
 camp of Wool at Agua Nueva. Their whole force, 
 officers and men, was 4,690, and Santa Anna was santa Anna 
 
 approaches. 
 
 approaching with more than four times that number, — Great ine- 
 
 ^^ =• ' quality of 
 
 besides 3,000 regular cavalry under Gen. Miilon, and 
 1,000 under Gen. Urrea, sent in advance, to turn the 
 American position, destroy their stores, and cut off their 
 retreat. This perilous situation became known to their 
 distant country — to the friends and families of these 
 Spartan officers and soldiers. We knew that they 
 would have fought — but could they have conquered ? 
 Were they victors, — or had they died for their country's 
 honor ? — And were the garrisons of the Rio Grande to 
 be slaughtered, and Scott to be intercepted by a victo- 
 rious foe ? 
 
 Gen. Wool had remarked that the road from San 
 Luis Potosi, seven miles south of Saltillo, and thirteen 
 north of Agua Nueva, passed through a mountain gorge 
 called Angustura, south of the small village of Buena 
 Vista. On the west, a net- work of deep, impassable ra- 
 vines came close to the road, while on the east, the 
 mountain sent off a succession of spurs, some of which 
 came at this point close to the road. " Here," he said, 
 
54 Washington's birth-day. 
 
 is^rt. "is the place which I would select, if obliged to fight a 
 
 se^exuTfieid. ^^rgo force with a small one." Gen. Taylor approved. 
 
 appiovei it."^ The army remained encamped at Agua Nueva until the 
 
 afternoon of the 21st of February. Santa Anna was 
 
 approaching. Gen. Miiion had already captured Majors 
 
 (t Cassius M. Borland and Gaines with a reconnoitering party. f The 
 
 Clay is of the 
 
 ^^art'^? ^^"^P ^t Agua Nueva was broken up, and Santa Anna, 
 believing that his foes were flying in dismay, eagerly 
 
 Santa Anna, mi i 
 
 deceived, is pui'sucd, till he was drawu to their chosen position. 
 
 drawn to a 
 
 bad position, ^en. Wool was left by Taylor the active commander at 
 Buena Vista ; while he, anxious foV his stores menaced 
 by Minon, went to Saltillo. 
 
 On the morning of the 22d, Gen. Wool drew up the 
 army for battle. The gorge was the key of the position. 
 
 Buena Vis- Here was placed Capt. Washington's battery. This was 
 THE birthday OF THE GREAT WASHINGTON, and the battlc- 
 cry was to be, " The memory of Washington !" On 
 a height opposite the deep ravines, and contiguous to the 
 gorge, were placed the volunteers of Illinois and Ken- 
 tucky, under Colonels Hardin, Bissell, and M'Kee. 
 Bragg's battery was beyond the ravines on the right ; 
 while on the left, O'Brien's battery, with most of the 
 remaining regiments, were on plateau-elevations betjveen 
 the mountain and the road. From their positions the 
 troops looked out through the gorge to the south, and 
 
 Mexican ar- beheld, issuiug from clouds of dust, the long array of the 
 
 my appears. 
 
 Mexican host, — glittering with burnished arms, and gor- 
 geous with many-colored draperies. As they come 
 nearer, their delicious music charms for a moment even 
 
BUENA VISTA. 55 
 
 the stern ear of war ! But the shouts of the Americans 184:T« 
 rise louder, — as Gen. Taylor, whom they regard as in- 
 vincible, appears upon the field. 
 
 At eleven o'clock, Santa Anna sent to Taylor a use- 
 less summons of surrender. About noon the Mexicans ^p.^^"^ 
 pushed forward a party to the heights on the east, or (See Capt. " 
 
 Carleton's 
 
 American left. At three o'clock bej^an the battle. ^^"'^''611- 
 
 O ena Vista.") 
 
 Volunteer riflemen, under Col. Marshall, met the ad- k.^& w.'more 
 vanced Mexicans. They made no impression upon the Am. w. 4, 
 American lines, while they suffered loss. 
 
 Night came. The Americans remained under arms. 
 Santa Anna's arrangements were those of an able com- 
 mander. A strong column, headed by Gen. Mora y 
 Villamil, he directed to attack the gorge defended by 
 Washington's battery. This charge was in the morning 
 made, met, and repulsed. Generals Pacheco and Lom- 
 bardini, with their thousands, were early in the night 
 climbing the heights on the east. Two hours after mid- 
 night they drove in the American pickets. Major Mans- 
 field discovers their approach, and the watchful Col. 
 Churchill is near to give information to Gen. Lane, then 
 in command of the American left. Gen. Taylor was 20'ciS 
 
 A M 
 
 not upon the field, for his night had again been spent in Mexicans at- 
 
 ^ ' o & r tack the Am. 
 
 providing for the safety of his stores at Saltillo : — and ^^^S ^^"^ f" 
 
 ir o J J multaneonsly 
 
 Gen. Wool had just left the plateau, and gone to the ton's^^p'o"! at 
 
 . p . the gorge, 
 
 gorge to see if all was right there. Gen. Lane ordered where they 
 
 "" ^ ' are repulsed.) 
 
 forward the battery of O'Brien, with a supporting regi- 
 ment of Indiana volunteers under Col. Bowles. The 
 Mexicans advanced, — their arms and standards glittering 
 
56 BUENA VISTA. 
 
 ^Q^*^* gorgeously to the sun. They gain the heights and plant 
 their heavy batteries. Impetuously they now attack the 
 Americans, and with a tenfold force. The volunteers 
 return the fire, and check the enemy, when Col. 
 Bowles orders a retreat. It became a rout which could 
 not be stopped, though Capt. Lincoln, the aid of Wool, 
 lost his precious life in attempting the rally. O'Brien 
 stood, with Bryan his associate, and checked their pro- 
 gress, until men and horses were killed ; and when he 
 retreated, one gun could not be removed. 
 
 The Mexicans were gaining ground. Their right 
 was turning the American left. Gen. Taylor arrives. 
 Col. Jefferson Davis, with his Mississippians, comes for- 
 ward, calling to the retreating, to form in the shelter of" 
 his column. Col. Bowles, unable to rally his men, 
 seizes the rifle of a private, and enters the ranks. For- 
 ward press the few against the many ; nor pause for 
 a^^Ui^^Mis- ^^"g®^ or death, until, close to the foe, their rifles give 
 wTtTXagg's the unerring fatal fire. A yell and a rush, and the 
 
 battery, re- 
 cover the volunteers have crossed a ravine, and stand close to the 
 
 ground on the 
 
 left. Mexicans, forcing them to retreat. Thousands of the foe 
 are ready to fill the places of the slain. But the bat- 
 teries of Bragg and Sherman have now arrived. They 
 pour a fire too rapid and deadly to be resisted, and the 
 ground is regained. 
 
 Meantime, bodies of the Mexican cavalry had passed 
 
 between the combatants and the mountains, and gone 
 
 The camp at- towards the rear, where they menaced the camp at 
 
 tacked and 
 
 defended. Bucua Vista. Gen. Taylor ordered Col. May, with his 
 
BUENA VISTA. * 57 
 
 dragoons and other cavalry, to follow and attack them. IS^T. 
 Col. Yell of the Arkansas volunteers here fell bravely- 
 fighting. Major Dix, a paymaster, seized the standard 
 of the flying Indianians — called on them to follow, — and 
 never suffer the flag of their state to leave the battle- 
 field but in triumph. Many turned and fought. The thundCT°sto°m 
 Mexicans, thus resolutely met, veered about, and beinor period of the 
 
 ^ battle.) 
 
 joined by a fresh brigade, they now attempted to gain 
 
 the road, from whence they might attack from the rear. 
 
 The Mississippians were drawn up. The Mexican 
 
 cavalry came gallantly on. The Mississippians stood 
 
 and fired not. Surprised, the horsemen check their 
 
 career — and, for one suicidal moment, they halt. The 
 
 next — each unerring rifle had brought down its man. 
 
 Sherman's battery had arrived, and the foe were unable 
 
 to rally. Other American troops with artillery pressed 
 
 closer and closer ; and some thousands of Mexicans are Dishonorable 
 
 in danger of being cut off from the main body. Santa SantaAnna 
 
 in using a flag 
 
 Anna dispatches a flag of truce to Taylor, desiring to ^o deceive. 
 know what he wants. Gen. Wool, attempting to go with 
 a reply, perceives the treachery of Santa Anna, and 
 declares the truce at an end. 
 
 The American firing having been suspended by 
 order, the endangered Mexicans escaped ; while, not only 
 did two of the Mexican batteries continue their fire, but 
 Santa Anna used the time to change the position of 
 another, in preparation for his final desperate struggle. 
 This was made against the centre, where Gen. Taylor 
 
58 BUENA VISTA. 
 
 IQ'*'^* commanded in person ; — and by Santa Anna himself, 
 with his entire reserve. 
 
 O'Brien with his battery again stood foremost, and 
 Colonels Hardin, Bissell, Clay, and M'Kee were in the 
 hottest of the battle. But the odds against them is over- 
 
 Final struggle , ■, • k • r\irt • -it- mi 
 
 of the whole whelmnig. Agam (J Brien, now with Lieut, i homas, 
 
 armies, under 
 
 the two com- stands and checks the foe, till men and horses are slain, 
 
 manders. ' 
 
 and now, as he retreats, he leaves two of his guns. 
 Mexican lancers drive the infantry into a ravine. 
 M'Kee, Hardin, Clay, and many others fall. Bragg and 
 Sherman, straining every nerve, advance with their 
 batteries, and in the face of death, maintain their ground, 
 and save the battle. Washington's battery too,7— often 
 attacked through the day, — now by turning on the 
 Mexican lancers, and protecting the American infantry, 
 saved a field, in which, with such disparity of force, 
 there were many chances to lose where there was one 
 to win. 
 
 Santa Anna was obliged to draw back his much 
 diminished forces. The second night came on. Officers 
 and men were on the alert, and horses in harness. The 
 field was strewed with the lifeless victims of war. The 
 BuENA Vis°^ American surgeons and their assistants administered to 
 the wounded, whether friend or foe. Mexican women 
 were there, to soothe the dying, or wail the dead. 
 
 The Americans were prepared to renew the contest. 
 Outposts had made astonishing marches, and had reached 
 the camp. Gen. Marshall, with his mounted Kentuck- 
 
VICTORY. 59 
 
 ians, and Capt. Prentiss with his artillery, had travelled 184:T. 
 from the Pass of Rinconada, — 35 miles of bad road, — 
 in one day. 
 
 With the earliest dawn of the morning Gen. Wool, 
 abroad to reconnoitre, discovered that the enemy were ^eh 23-4 
 in full retreat. Hastening with the news to the tent of Tetreats"* 
 
 Am. loss, 
 
 Taylor, they embraced and wept, — while the shouts of k.'-i64,w.4r,o. 
 
 •^ ^ Mex. loss, 
 
 victory rang over the battle-field. ^£ij ^j'£; 
 
 Presuming that he should conquer, Santa Anna had 
 detached regular forces under Mifion and Urrea, to cut 
 off the retreat of the Americans ; while hordes of 
 rancheros were sent to the mountain passes to kill every SantaAnna's 
 
 preparations 
 
 Straggler. General Urrea, with 1,000 cavalry, went t« ^f f ^^'® 
 
 °» ' ' "^ ' whole Amer- 
 
 into the vicinity of Monterey, where at Ramas a wagon- ^^^^ ^'"^^' 
 
 train was captured, and forty-five wagoners barbarously 
 
 murdered. Both these generals from the 22d to the 26th 
 
 menaced the weakened outposts of Taylor's army ; and 
 
 both were attacked and defeated. Gen. Minon, on the 
 
 23d, interposed a body of 1,800 cavalry between Buena 
 
 Vista and Saltillo, threatening the rear of the army. 
 
 He was gallantly driven away, with the loss of 60 of his Agua f 
 
 men, by Capt. Webster, aided by Lieut Shover. Gen. 
 
 Urrea was defeated by Colonels Morgan and Irvin on the 
 
 26th, at Agua Frio, near Monterey. On the 7th of March 7. 
 
 Ceralvo. 
 
 March, Major Giddings with 260 men, having a train of ^^®fgQQ'^'^°' 
 wagons in convoy, was attacked near Ceralvo by 1,600 ^"^^^• 
 Mexicans; — the party of Urrea combined with that of k. &'w/45. 
 
 ' ^ -^ Am. 17. 
 
 Gen. Romera. The Americans bravely defended them- 
 selves, and compelled the enemy to retreat. 
 
 Mex. loss, 
 
 k. & w. 60. 
 
 Am. 6. 
 
60 RETURN OF GEN. TAYLOR. 
 
 184T. ■ The victory of Buena Vista, without which the 
 guerilla warfare would have borne a different aspect, left 
 the Americans after these affairs in quiet possession of 
 the northern provinces of Mexico proper. Active 
 operations being here at an end. Gen. Taylor, after a few 
 months, returned to receive high honors from his 
 country ; — and Gen, Wool, " without fear and without 
 reproach," was left at Monterey to govern and protect 
 the conquered region. 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 Army of the West — Conquest of New Mexico and California. 
 A FLEET consisting of one frigate and nine smaller 1846. 
 
 vessels, was already on the coast of California, when the 
 war commenced. Commodore Sloat, the commander, 
 was advised by the navy department, that war with 
 Mexico might occur ; + that he must be careful to ob- (t See Mr. 
 
 o ' ' Bancroft's or- 
 
 serve the relations of peace, unless they were violated f^l^^^ j°^- 
 
 by the opposing party ; but if this should take place, he 
 
 was, without further notice, to employ his fleet for hostile 
 
 purposes. Being led to suppose that war existed. 
 
 Com. Sloat took Monterey on the 7th of July, 1846 ; and juiy7. 
 
 Monterey in 
 
 raised the American flag without opposition. On the ^^Jg°"{j'^' 
 9th, Francisco, north of Monterey, was taken by a part ^°'"- ^'°^*- 
 of the squadron, acting under the orders of Com. Mont- 
 gomery. On the 15th, arrived a second frigate under isth^^A™' 
 Com. Stockton. On the 17th, Com. Sloat dispatched a ^SonSy!' 
 party to the mission of St. John, to recover cannon and 
 other munitions which the enemy had there deposited. 
 At this place the American flag had already teen planted 
 by Col. Fremont, — who, with sixty- three men, had been 
 sent out in 1845 by the government with the ostensible 
 
Col. Fre- 
 mont's ex 
 rations 
 
 62 
 
 1842-3. object of making peaceful explorations. He had, as an 
 j^, ofRcer of the corps of topographical engineers, been 
 employed in the years 1842-3, in exploring the great 
 rivers, valleys, prairies, lakes, and mountain-passes on 
 the grand route to Oregon ; and he had manifested, by 
 his keen observation, his hardy endurance, untiring ac- 
 tivity, courage and conduct among the Indian tribes — the 
 incipient germ of the great military commander. He 
 was opportunely on the ground at the breaking out of 
 the war. The Mexicans menaced him, although he had 
 obtained leave of Gen. Castro, the military commandant, 
 
 ^Lhe7tir to winter near the San Joaquin.f 
 
 Am. flas, but ^ in.. i i tt 
 
 Castro did not feuDsequcntly all Americans were threatened, r re- 
 attack. He 
 went for a mout Went and aroused the settlers in the valley of the 
 
 time, to the •' 
 
 *° Oregon.)" Sacramcnto. They added to his force, and he swept out 
 
 the Mexican authorities from the northern interior. The 
 
 (TSf- of American Californians, July 6th, declared their independ- 
 
 ans was 'Mhe enco, and placed Fremont at the head of their government. 
 
 Bear and the 
 
 Star;" hence A few days after, news came that war existed between 
 
 they were 
 
 Be^ii-Men.*^^) ^^^ United States and Mexico ; when the Californian colors 
 
 were joyfully pulled down, and the American hoisted. 
 (Com. Stock- Com. Stockton constituted the 160 men under Fremont, 
 
 ton, m full ' 
 
 coml^sioat " ^ navy battalion." This force sailed to San Diego, where, 
 
 sailed for the . . , . , , , , ■, 
 
 u. s., July milted to the marines, their leaders marched upon, and oc- 
 
 29.) ^ 
 
 cupied Los Angeles. Here Com. Stockton proclaimed him- 
 (Com. s. self governor, and established civil government. Leaving 
 
 was at Diego , 
 
 and Fremont a Small gari'ison, the commanders went north. In Sep- 
 
 on his march, 
 
 Kear"nj^ar- tembcr, a Mcxicau force, under Gen. Flores and Don Pico, 
 led in a revolt — retook Angeles, and other places. Stock- 
 
VOLUNTEERS OF THE WEST. 63 
 
 ton sailed with his marines to San Diego. Fremont in- 1846. 
 creased his battalion to 428 ; and marched from Monterey 
 south, to co-operate with Stockton in quelling the revolt. 
 
 (Army of the 
 
 Immediately after the opening of the war, orders West— ist 
 
 ^ "-" reg. under 
 
 were issued by the Executive for organizing an " Army ^"hsbI"^"' 
 of the West," to be commanded by Gen. Kearny ; — for Lt. artii. 25b| 
 
 Dragoons 
 
 the object of taking, and placing under American laws, ^g fg'Iisof 
 New Mexico and California. This army was to be com- ^^^^^^^^•'^ 
 posed of mounted volunteers from the state of Missouri, 
 with one battalion of infantry, one of light-artillery, and 
 one of dragoons, r. 
 
 They began, June 5th, to appear at the rendezvous, 
 which was Fort Leavenworth. The choice of field-offi- 
 cers for the first Missouri regiment was regarded by the 
 volunteers as peculiarly important ; because, in the 
 event of the death of Gen. Kearny, on the colonel of 
 this regiment would devolve the command of the army. 
 The men elected by the volunteers had entered their 
 ranks as privates. Doniphan was chosen colonel ; Ruff) Donfphan 
 lieutenant-colonel ; and Gilpin, major.* All were for 
 twenty days instructed by such of their officers as had 
 been West Point students ; and thus, the military science 
 
 * There was some difficulty about officering the volunteers — 
 the government preferring to select the high officers. Subsequently 
 the Executive of the United States appointed Col. Sterling Price to 
 the command of a regiment of volunteers, which were to follow and 
 reinforce Kearny. The volunteer regiment, however, held an elec- 
 tion, in which they very wisely elected Col. Sterling Price, to the 
 place previously assigned him by government. 
 
 chosen. 
 
64 Kearny's march. 
 
 1846. infused into this celebrated school, by Col. Sylvanus 
 (^be_i^adiesof 'pjj^yER and his associates and successors, now became 
 voiu'nt^roffi- as rapidly transfused into the quick minds of the volun- 
 
 cers with 
 
 flags- teers of the West, as were the military arts into the 
 
 See "Doni- 
 
 ^ditro'n ^"by' well-formed, active frames of this remarkable body of 
 
 Hughes.) . ^ 
 
 recruits. ' 
 
 General Kearny, having sent forward his baggage, 
 
 Jane 26-29. ^nd taken in convoy the annual train of merchants' 
 
 iu march."^ wagons, now numbering 414, (going to trade at Santa 
 
 Riaches^the ^^ ^^^ Chihuahua,) set out with his army on the last 
 
 Kansas. ^^ June. They moved southwesterly across the river 
 
 Reaches the Platte, — the branches of the Kansas, — along the Arkan- 
 
 Arkansas. 
 
 sas to Bent's Fort ; — thence south and southwesterly to 
 Santa Fe. 
 
 A great portion of the region moved over was prairie ; 
 — one wide, wild, unmeasured level, or gently undulating 
 field ; — sometimes green, as far as the eye could reach, 
 with tall, rank grass, — and sometimes gay with unnum- 
 bered flowers, — perhaps blushing, far round, with the 
 varieties of the prairie rose, — or tinged orange with the 
 wild lily ; and sometimes showing the pale green and 
 From June to dcHcate whitc and red of the moccason flower, the " belle 
 Prairie scenes, of the prairie." Along the Arkansas the troops found 
 
 * Willard P. Hall was chosen from their ranks, as a member to 
 congress, and received at Santa F^ news of his election. But he 
 proceeded as a private to California, from whence he returned with 
 Kearny by the South Pass, — then went to Washington, and took his 
 seat in congress. Another from the ranks of these volunteers was 
 chosen into the state legislature of Missouri. 
 
Kearny's march. 65 
 
 great herds of buffalo ; and cheerily joined the hunt, and 1846. 
 enjoyed 'the feast. But they had many hardships. The 
 ground was often so soft and spongy, that the wagons 
 sunk ; and the strength of the men must be added to that 
 of the horses to drag them forth. Again chasms must 
 be filled, and torrents bridged ; and sometimes the volun- 
 teers must lie down at night in places infested with 
 serpents, horned- frogs, lizards, and musquitoes. Often 
 they made long marches without water, and sometimes 
 with scarcely any food.f Twice occurred among their 8— rations 
 
 were cut 
 
 horses that singular outbreak, called " estampeda." The J°J[-''an''d''"f! 
 first was a few miles below Bent's Fort. Here the ani- 'one-third.)° 
 mals were turned loose ; and while feeding in the prairie, 
 a few of them took fright at an Indian. The panic was 
 communicated. The keepers tried to stop the flight, 
 
 July 29. 
 
 but "a thousand horses were dashing over the plain, Estampeiia 
 enraged and driven to madness by the iron pickets and 
 the lariats which goaded and lashed them at every step." 
 About sixty-five of the best were irrecoverably lost.j- 
 
 As Gen. Kearny approached the capital of New 
 Mexico, he heard rumors of a formidable military force 
 which the governor, Don Manual Armijo, had collected 
 to oppose his progress ; and he put his army in battle 
 array to meet them at the caiion or pass of Galisteo, 
 fifteen miles from Santa Fe. But the governor's own 
 heart, or that of his troops, had failed. Kearny peace- 
 fully entered the city, containing 6,000 inhabitants, and, 
 
 •' -^ ° August 18. 
 
 occupying the governor's palace, he planted above it, e^°grs^s^a''nu 
 Ausjust the 18th, the standard eagle of Republican 
 
 near Bent's 
 fort. 
 
 (t See 
 
 Hughes' 
 
 Doniphan.) 
 
66 keaeny's march. 
 
 1846. America. Thus had the army in fifty days accomplished 
 this desert march of nearly 900 miles. 
 
 Neither Santa Fe nor the surromiding country, offered 
 
 any cogent objections to receiving the government, which 
 
 Gen. Kearny next proceeded to establish ; — according 
 
 to his understanding of directions, which he had received 
 
 Reestablishes from the War department. On the day after his entrance, 
 
 civil govern- 
 
 ^^^^- he proclaimed himself governor of New Mexico. "You 
 are now," said he, " American citizens ; — you no longer 
 owe allegiance to the Mexican government." The 
 principal men then took the oath required ; swearing in 
 the name of the Trinity to bear true allegiance to the 
 laws and government of the United States. Whoever 
 was false to this allegiance, the people were told, would 
 be regarded and punished as a traitor. 
 
 These measures gave rise to much discussion in the 
 American capitol when they became known ; the 
 question being, whether the administration had or had not 
 congress, transccnded its constitutional powers, in thus annexing, 
 without any action of congress, a territory to the 
 American Union. 
 
 Gen. Kearny having now taken possession of New 
 Mexico, and organized a government, — of which he 
 made Charles Bent the chief executive. — it next 
 
 Sept. 25. became his duty to proceed to California. He appointed 
 
 Kearnvleaves ^ ^-v 
 
 Santa Fe. CoL. DoNiPHAN to succeed him in the province ; with 
 orders, however, that on the arrival of volunteers under 
 Col. Price, Doniphan should leave him in command, 
 
SAN PASCAL. 67 
 
 proceed with his regiment and some additional forces to 1846. 
 Chihuahua, and there report to Gen. Wool. 
 
 Proceeding down the Rio Grande, Kearny was met (t This was 
 
 Kit Carson. 
 
 by an expressf from Col. Fremont, — by which he learned ^oyiVej^h^^^ 
 that California was already conquered. Selecting 100 ^nie^to Mr!' 
 
 Fitzpatrick, 
 
 men as his escort, he ordered the return of his main and return as 
 
 guide ) 
 
 force to Santa Fe. Crossing the Rio Grande in latitude 
 
 33°, he reached the river Gila, at the copper mines, on 
 
 the 20th of October ; and following its course, he arrived 
 
 at its mouth on the 22d of November, in lat. 32°. From 
 
 this point he kept along, or near the Colorado, forty 
 
 miles ; thence westerly sixty miles, through an arid 
 
 desert. On the 2d of December, Gen. Kearny reached 
 
 Wamas' village, the frontier settlement of California. 
 
 Pursuing his way, he was met on the 5th, near San 
 
 Diego, by Capt. Gillespie, sent to him with 36 men, by 
 
 Com. Stockton,-]- now acting governor of California. A k^'s^ reqSt* 
 
 corps of the enemy were near. The next morning the dal messen- 
 ger.) 
 general, expecting an encounter, mounted his little party 
 
 on the jaded beasts they had ridden from Santa Fe, 1050 g^ttie^of 
 
 miles, and at day-dawn went forth to San Pascal, — 
 
 where he engaged 160 mounted Californians. The 
 
 Americans were victorious ; — but those more northern 
 
 11. 1 111 (t7th.— Aras. 
 
 troops sold victory at a dearer rate, than the southern again drive 
 
 ^ •' tlie foe. 
 
 Mexicans. Kearny was twice wounded. Captains ^^^7^,^^^ T 
 Johnson and Moore and Lieut. Hammond were killed ; ^b^reged^iri 
 
 camp. C'ar- 
 
 — indeed more than half the officers were either killed sonandBeaie 
 
 go to Stock- 
 
 or wounded, with 19 of the men.-f When the surgeon loth-Soo ma- 
 appeared, the commander directed, "first dress the relieve them.) 
 
68 SAN GABRIEL. 
 
 1846. wounds of the soldiers ;" and then fell, — fainting with 
 exhaustion. Happily his wounds were not dangerous. 
 He reached San Diego on the 12th of December. 
 
 On the 29th of that month, by Com. Stockton's re- 
 quest, Gen, Kearny took the command of 500 marines 
 with the land forces ; and marched to the vicinity of 
 Ciudad los Angeles, to quell a rising of the inhabitants, 
 backed by a Mexican army of 600, under Generals 
 Flores and Pico. These forces were met and defeated 
 Jan. ^^j^^^j.^- at San Gabriel, on the 8th of January ; and on the 9th, 
 and th^Mefa^ Were again fought and routed at the Mesa. They then 
 about 20.' marched 12 miles past Angeles to Cowenga, where they 
 
 Mex.Ioss, o ./ 
 
 70 or 80. capitulated to Col. Fremont, who, with his battalion had 
 now arrived at that place. Com. Stockton, January 16, 
 commissioned Col. Fremont as Governor.* He dis- 
 charged the functions, until the 1st of March ; when 
 Gen. Kearny, according to his orders, assumed the office 
 and style of Governor of California. f 
 
 Col. Cooke with the Mormon battalion, had, from 
 
 * It was not until these pages were stereotyped, that docu- 
 ments existed, by which a correct account could be given of the 
 unhappy disagreement between Kearny, Stockton, and Fremont. 
 The reader will now find a circumstantial account, in the accom- 
 panying History of California. 
 
 t At Fort Leavenworth Gen. Kearny arrested Col. Fremont, 
 who was tried and condemned to lose his commission. The Pre- 
 sident, however, pronounced his pardon ; but Fremont (June, 
 1848) resigned ; maintaining that he had done no wrong, and 
 desired no clemency. 
 
Kearny's return. 69 
 
 Santa Fe, proceeded down the Del Norte ; then sending ^Q^^* 
 back his sick to the Arkansas, where were 900 Mormon oct. is. 
 
 The Mormon 
 
 families on their way to California, he here took a route, battaUon 
 
 •^ leaves Santa 
 
 which deviated to the south from that of Kearny, and led ^^• 
 him through a better road and a more interesting region. 
 By direction of the war department. Gen. Kearny 
 placed Col. Mason in the ofRce of chief magistrate of 
 California ; and, on the 16th day of June, 1847, he took juneie* 
 
 Kearny leaves 
 
 his way homeward across the Rocky Mountains, by the Caiitomia. 
 
 South Pass ; being accompanied by Colonels Fremont 
 
 and Cooke, — Hon. Willard P. Hal], (who had been 
 
 elected to congress,) with other officers and privates, to 
 
 the number of forty. On the 22d of August, the party . Aug. 22. 
 
 ^ ° ' ^ -^ At Fort Lea- 
 
 were at Fort Leavenworth ; when Gen. Kearny imme- ^^"worth. 
 
 diately repaired to Washington, — having twice crossed 
 
 the continent in little more than a year. 
 
CHAPTER VI . 
 
 Doniphan's Expedition to Chihuahua — Revolt in New Mexico. 
 
 1846. Three days after Gen. Kearny's departure from 
 
 Sept. 28. Santa Fe, Col. Price arrived with his recruits. Col. 
 
 Col. Price ar- 
 rives at Santa Doniphan was awaitinir this event to commence his 
 
 Fe. ^ ^ 
 
 Oct. 11. march upon Chihuahua. But on the 11th of October he 
 dered against reccived an order from Gen. Kearny, dated '• near La 
 
 the Navajo 
 
 Indians. Joya," to mai'ch with his regiment against the Navajo 
 Indians, — their chiefs not having come to Santa Fe to 
 hold a peace-council with those of other Indian nations, 
 as they had been invited, and as they had promised to 
 do ; — but instead of this, they had made war on " the 
 inhabitants of New Mexico, now forming a part and 
 under the protection of the United States." 
 
 Winter was approaching, and the abodes of the 
 powerful Navajoes, the " mountain-lords " of unknown 
 
 (TheNavajos ^ •' 
 
 sevelL Mexi- J'^^gio'^s, extended far to the west. The more thoroughly 
 ion,^?nd\ak- to scour their country, Col. Doniphan divided his 
 
 en captive - ^ 
 
 many women regiment iuto three parties, — one under Maior Gilpin, to 
 
 and children.) =" r ' ." r ' 
 
 take a northern route ; one under Col. Jackson, a 
 southern, while Doniphan himself was to take a 
 central range. All were to meet at Ojo Oso, or the Bear 
 
THE NAVAJOES. 71 
 
 Springs, — bringing in the chiefs, there to hold a council. ^Q^Q* 
 
 At the same time a detachment under Capt. Walton, 
 
 went down the Del Norte to Valverde, to convey the 
 
 train of merchant wagons for the Chihuahua trade. . . 
 
 o (Major Gilpin 
 
 Here they were menaced by a Mexican force ; but about'750 
 
 /~i T-i ' ^ r^ miles among 
 
 fortunately 200 men, under Capt. Burgum, whom Gen. the Indians ) 
 Kearny had sent back, now came up, and joining the 
 escort, they were too strong to be attacked. The three 
 parties then set forward ; and, after incredible hard- 
 ships, thrilling adventures among strange savages, — in 
 crossing the heights and chasms of unexplored moun- 
 
 Nov. 2. 
 
 tains, where one false step would precipitate man and (Coi d. left 
 
 ' r r r the Del Norte 
 
 horse into unfathomed abysses — after losing several p^urnedto 
 lives of their men by frost, poorly clad as they were, 
 among snows and mountain-storms, — they finally ac- 
 complished their object. 
 
 Capt. Reid, of Jackson's division, with thirty young 
 men, had volunteered to accompany Sandoval, a Navajo 
 chief, five days through mountain-heights, — to a grand 
 gathering of the men and women of the tribe. They 
 were completely in the power of the Indians ; but they 
 won their hearts by gayety and confidence. Most of the 
 five hundred whom they met at the feast, had never seen 
 a white man. Reid and his companions joined the 
 dance, sung their country's songs — and what pleased the 
 Navajoes most, interchanged with them their costume. 
 The head chief, Narbona, though sick and aged, came 
 lo the camp of the strangers, — lodged with them, and 
 favored their mission. Thus were the savages persuaded 
 
72 BATTLE OF BRACITO. 
 
 1846. to agree to what would please those whom they liked ; 
 (Pr^ent^at ^Ithough, as spoken by Sarcilla Largo, a Navajo chief, 
 18*9 Ameri?' it struck them as very singular, that the Americans, 
 
 cans, 500 Na- 
 
 vajoes.j coming to fight the New Mexicans, who had never 
 injured them, should make a point of preventing the 
 Navajoes from doing the same thing, though the New 
 Mexicans had long been their enemies. Nevertheless, 
 if their new friends really did possess New Mexico, 
 they would, they said, cease their depredations. Ac- 
 Nov. 22 cordingly at Bear Springs, on the 22d of November, a 
 treaty was made in form ; and the three parties, 
 Americans, New Mexicans, and Navajoes. were, by its 
 conditions, to live in perpetual peace. 
 
 Col. Doniphan made the camp at Valverde the place 
 
 of rendezvous for the troops who were to accompany 
 
 him. Some regulars of the light-artillery, with ten 
 
 pieces of cannon, were by his direction to be sent from 
 
 Dec. 14-19. Santa Fe. In the middle of December he moved 
 
 Doniphan's 
 
 afmy move his army in three divisions south, with his bacrgaore- 
 
 from Val- •' "° *=" 
 
 ^'^^^^' wagons, and merchant-trains in convoy. He now 
 crossed a dreary desert of ninety miles, called the 
 At^Donanna " Joumcy of the Dead," where there was little of water, 
 ^'pasa'" foo(3, or fuel. At Donanna the army found refreshment. 
 Proceeding in the direction of El Paso — at Bracito, on 
 the Del Norte, they encountered a Mexican force, com- 
 manded by Gen. Ponce de Leon. He dispatched an 
 officer with a hlackjlag, demanding of the American 
 commander to appear before him. On refusal, he said 
 in haughty defiance, " We neither ask quarter nor give 
 
EL PASO DEL NORTE. 73 
 
 it." The Mexicans advanced, firing three rounds. 1846. 
 The Missourians, falling on their faces, were supposed BrtUe^of 
 to be dead, but suddenly rising, they delivered a fire so Mex^ force 
 
 1,200, 
 
 fatal that the foe fled in confusion, leaving: about 200 , ^^x. loss 
 
 ° k. about 50, 
 
 killed and wounded. The Americans had but seven Am.Se 
 
 11 1 1 •!! 1 engased 500, 
 
 wounded, and none killed. w."7. k. o. 
 
 In the delightful valley of El Paso del Norte, the 
 troops were fully recruited ; and they were joined here 
 by the artillery companies from Santa Fe, under Clarke (ei Paso 
 
 noted for deli- 
 
 and Weightman. Their march from El Paso was forth cious wines.) 
 
 into unknown hostile regions. And now they had learned 
 
 that Gen. Wool was not at Chihuahua. No army was 
 
 there for their defence. Missouri became anxious for 
 
 the fate of her sons. But fearlessly they pressed on. 
 
 They encountered as they went from the Del Norte a 
 
 desert sixty-five miles in extent, in which their sufferings 
 
 became so intense from thirst, that the whole army were 
 
 in danger of perishing. Many animals, and some men Army leaves 
 
 El Paso. 
 
 gave out, and lay down to die. Many officers and sol- 
 dier's threw all aside, and were running with their last Great distress 
 
 1 -IT ■•-. 1 from thirst. 
 
 Strength to reach a lake ten miles distant. But that 
 
 Providence which so often saved our armies during 
 
 this war, relieved their sufferings by a shower so copious, 
 
 that the torrent-streams came dashing from the rocks, 
 
 to refresh and save them. Having at length reached 
 
 the lake, (Laguna de los Patos,) they remained to recruit, 
 
 one day only, and on the 18th resumed their march. 
 
 Col. Doniphan, as he approached Chihuahua, learned 
 
 that an army of 4,000 men had been raised to oppose 
 
 4 
 
74 THE PASS OF SACRAMENTO. 
 
 ^Q^*^* him by Don Angel Trias, governor of the province ; and 
 
 Battie'of he met this formidable force strongly posted, and fortified 
 
 TO. with heavy ordnance, at the Pass of Sacramento, eighteen 
 
 Mex. force 
 
 Am^force ^^^^^ ^^'oii^ the Capital. No more daring deeds were 
 ^i— done during the war, than those which now distinguished 
 
 Mex. loss, 
 
 !i. 300, w. 300. this little army of about a thousand brave men. Uapt. 
 
 Am. loss, 
 
 k. 1, w. 18. j^gi(^'g charge, when at the head of the cavalry he out- 
 rode all his fellows in the storming of the enemy's 
 battery, is a specimen of the manner in which the 
 Americans here defeated quadruple numbers of their 
 enemies, — fighting on ground of their own selection, — 
 under the eye of Trias their governor, of Gen. Heredia 
 their military commander, and of Gen. Conde, former 
 minister of war, — a scientific man, who, says Col. Doni- 
 phan, "planned their whole field of defence." 
 
 Having completely routed the army, the city and pro- 
 vince of Chihuahua were at the mercy of the conqueror. 
 Captains Reid and Weightman, both distinguished in the 
 battle, were sent the following day to take military 
 possession of the capital. Col. Doniphan having col- 
 lected the trophies of his victory, entered the succeeding 
 
 DShan^en- day, March 2d, with the main army ; and planted the 
 
 tersChihua- . . . „ , 
 
 hoa. colors of his country, over a city containing lorty thou- 
 sand inhabitants, and having in its vicinity some of the 
 richest mines in Mexico. In this salubrious climate, his 
 soldiers enjoyed six weeks of the opening spring ; then 
 May 22. marched by Parras to Saltillo, where at length they met 
 Gen. Wool. But Buena Vista was past, and their term 
 of service expired on the last of May. By Comargo and 
 
 At SaltiUc. 
 
REVOLT IN NEW MEXICO. 75 
 
 the Rio Grande, they arrived at New Orleans, on the ^Q^'^'* 
 15th of June ; having marched 5,000 miles since they 
 left the Mississippi. 
 
 In the meantime the New Mexicans had secretly 
 conspired to throw off the American yoke. Simultane- 
 
 Jan 19 
 
 ously, on the 19th of January, massacres occurred at Massacre of 
 
 Gov. Bent 
 
 Fernando de Taos, where were cruelly murdered Gov. and J8 others 
 Charles Bent, Sheriff Lee, and four others, — at Arroya 
 Honda, where seven Americans were killed, — at Rio 
 Colorado two, — and at Mora four. Col. Price, the 
 military commander of Santa Fe, received the startling 
 intelligence on the 20th ; when he learned that a force, 
 hourly increasing, approached him. He sent expresses 
 to call in his outposts, and on the 23d marched with 350 
 men, — met the foe on the 24th5 near the small town of victories of 
 
 Col. Price. 
 
 Canada, attacked and defeated him. On the 29th, Col. J,^"- 2*. 
 
 Canada. 
 
 Price, now reinforced by Capt. Burguin from Albuquer- 
 que, again encountered the enemy, — and defeated him 
 at the mountain-goro;e called the Pass of Embudo. The J^"- ^b. 
 Americans next had a march over the Taos mountain, ab^ut /"'(jj. 
 through snows two feet in depth, with a degree of cold 
 so intense, that many had their limbs frozen. They 
 passed unmolested through Fernando de Taos ; but at 
 Puehla, they met the enemy, stormed his fortifications, Feb. 5. 
 
 PUEBLA DB 
 
 and drove him from his position. The valuable lives of '^^°^- 
 Capt. Burguin and other officers, were here lost. Capt. 
 Hendley was killed on the 22d of January, in an attack 
 on Mora. That village was destroyed on the 3d of moiS' 
 February, by a detachment under Capt. Morin. The 
 
76 RETURN OF GEN. PRICE. 
 
 184T. loss of the Mexicans in all these engagements is supposed 
 to have been about three hundred killed ; the number 
 of wounded unknown. The Americans lost in killed 
 and wounded about sixty. Fifteen Mexicans were exe- 
 cuted as conspirators. 
 
 But although the Americans had conquered, they 
 now lived in fear of secret conspiracy. The Indians 
 also, especially the Camanches, showed themselves hos- 
 tile. Along the far line of communication — from the 
 settlements on the Missouri to Santa Fe, California, and 
 Oregon, robberies and murders were committed by 
 savages, on travelling parties. The government there- 
 fore increased the number of troops to be stationed in 
 these regions. One extra battalion has been sent to 
 
 (Col. Gilpin is 
 
 on IhT sanfa "^^^^ Mcxico. Ouc is employed on the Santa Fe — and 
 CorPoweii'^ one on the Oregon road. Colonel, now General Price, 
 
 on the Ore- ... i z-^. t 
 
 gon.) leavmg m command Col. Walker, reached Missouri, 
 Returner ^^P^' ^^^^^ ' having lost in battle and otherwise, more 
 than four hundred of his men. 
 
CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Scott's Invasion — Vera Cruz — Cerro Gordo. 
 
 Since Mexico refused to treat for peace, the Ameri- ^Q^^* 
 can Executive determined to strike at her capital through 
 Vera Cruz. Gen. Scott, the first officer in the American 
 army, was properly selected to conduct this perilous 
 enterprise. He was notified by Secretary Marcy of his 
 appointment, on the 18th of November: and he was No%'. i8. 
 
 ^ (See Marcy'a 
 
 directed to draw his force chiefly from Taylor; that ^g"^^^*? 
 general having received notice, that troops would, for 
 this invasion, be withdrawn from his army by the war 
 department. On the 25th of November, Gen. Scott 
 gave, with reluctance, the order already noticed, by 
 which the Generals Taylor and Wool were deprived of 
 the greater portion of their armies. With a smaller 
 force than that with which Gen. Scott was furnished, 
 it would have been madness to undertake such an in- 
 vasion ; f nor would the nature of the service brook the ^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^ 
 delay of raising and disciplining new troops. The idn Varf'O 
 deadly summer climate of Vera Cruz required immediate 
 action. 
 
 Santa Anna was lying with 22,000 men at San 
 
78 SIEGE OF VERA CRUZ. 
 
 184T. Luis Potosi. It would have seemed probable that he 
 would have turned towards Vera Cruz, and uniting with 
 forces in that vicinity, oppose, as he might have done, 
 with an army of 30,000, the landing of Gen. Scott ; — 
 Feb. 22 & 23. rather than to march against Gen. Taylor. But (as 
 Buena Vista. Scott learned after landing) Santa Anna chose the latter, 
 and was defeated at Buena Vista. 
 
 To make the preparations necessary for a foreign 
 siege. Gen. Jesup, the quartermaster- general, proceeded 
 to New Orleans, to arrange with Gen. Scott the details 
 of this important service ; the magnitude of whose 
 operations, appears from the fact that 163 vessels were 
 employed as transports. The general rendezvous of the 
 several corps, which were to compose the invading army, 
 was the island of Lobos, 125 miles from Vera Cruz. 
 Necessary delays, however, occurred ; and it was not 
 Scott em- until the 7th of March, that Gen. Scott embarked with 
 
 barks his ar- 
 
 ■"y- his troops on board the transporting squadron, which was 
 
 commanded by Com. Conner. Reaching Vera Cruz on 
 
 9th, lands at the 9th, he, with admirable order, debarked his whole 
 
 Sacrificios. 
 
 army on the west side of the island of Sacrificios. Hav- 
 ing vainly summoned the garrison to surrender, Gen. 
 Scott, with the aid of his able engineers, of whom Col. 
 Totten was chief, planted his batteries ; and comm.enced, 
 theca/non- on the night of the 18th, a tremendous bombardment of 
 
 ade. 
 
 the city. The fleet lent its aid, although exposed to the 
 fire of the castle. On the morning of the 26th, Gen. 
 Landera, then in command of Vera Cruz, made over- 
 tures for capitulation. Generals Worth, Pillow, and Col. 
 
SCOTT S MARCH. ' 79 
 
 Totten, arranged with him the articles; — and on the IS'I'T. 
 
 night of the 27th, Vera Cruz, with the strong castle of ^^^^^;^/- 
 San Juan d'UUoa, — the principal commercial port, and 
 the strongest fortress in Mex'ico, were surrendered, with 
 5,000 prisoners, (dismissed on parole,) and 500 pieces of 
 artillery. Two meritorious American officers. Captains 
 Alburtis and Vinton, with ten privates, were killed. 
 Capt. Swift, one of the brightest ornaments of the service, 
 who had organized a company of sappers and miners, — 
 too eager in duty for his impaired health, fainted at the 
 head of his corps, from over-exertion ; and died in the 
 hospital. The discipline of Gen. Scott's army was strict, 
 and no invasion of private rights was permitted. 
 
 Com. Perry, who succeeded Conner in command of 
 the Gulf squadron, extended his operations after the fall ^ ^^^ 
 of Vera Cruz. Alvarado on the south, was captured, ^r? b^'t^dS- 
 
 . spect to his 
 
 and iuspan on the north. The American government superior, took 
 
 '^ ^ Alvarado.) 
 
 about this time adopted the policy of drawing a revenue 
 from the conquered ; — lest by too much lenity, in paying 
 for all needed supplies, the war should become a pecu- 
 niary advantage to certain classes of the Mexicans, and 
 thus peace be deferred. Having now the best harbors 
 of Mexico in possession, American revenue officers were 
 appointed, and impost duties collected. 
 
 On the 8th of April, Gen. Scott, leaving a garrison 
 in Vera Cruz, sent forward the advance of his army un- April 8. 
 
 *' Army leaves 
 
 der Gen. Twiggs, on the road to Jalapa. At the base v®'*^^°^- 
 of the grand eastern chain of the Cordilleras, the other 
 divisions of the army came up, and the commander 
 
80 CERRO GORDO. 
 
 ^Q^'^' established a camp at Plan del Rio. Then lay before 
 him an arduous and difficult ascent through a mountain- 
 gorge. Across this way, and on the heights which com- 
 manded it, bristled the artillery of the invaded foe, 
 12,000 strong, commanded by Santa Anna. He had 
 made great efforts to keep up his army ; and here de- 
 clared that he would die fightinor rather than "the 
 American hosts should proudly tread the imperial capital 
 of Azteca." Scott found by reconnoissance, that the 
 Mexican position v/as so strongly fortified, and so com- 
 manded by the batteries of the lofty height of Cerro 
 Gordo, that approach in front was impracticable. But, 
 aided by the skill of the engineers, Lee and Beauregard, 
 he turned to the left, causing to be made a new road, by 
 which, ascending along difficult slopes and over deep 
 chasms, his army might reach the rear of the enemy's 
 camp. After three days of secret labor, the road was 
 made. On the 17th of April, the commander published 
 in a general order the detailed plan of a battle for the 
 next day, — showing how the victory was to be obtained, 
 — how the flying were to be pursued, — and how the 
 
 Ce^rr?Gor- greatest advantage was to be reaped. All was done as 
 
 Mex. force hc Commanded. 
 
 12,000. 
 
 Am^oo. About noon the steep ascent was gained. The 
 
 k.&^w. about heights of Cerro Gordo were stormed by Twiggs' bri- 
 
 pris! 3.000. gade, — and the enemy's camp, by a party led by Col. 
 
 430. Harney, Gen. Shields, — (severely wounded,) and by 
 
 Col. Riley. At two o'clock, P. M., the enemy were put 
 
 to flight, — more than a thousand had fallen, either killed 
 
VICTORY OF CERRO GORDO. 81 
 
 or wounded. Santa Anna and a part of his army had ^Q^^^* 
 fled, and the eager pursuit had commenced. Scott in 
 his orders, given before the battle, had directed that the 
 pursuers should each take two days' subsistence, and 
 that wagons with stores should immediately follow, so 
 that they need not return. On the 19th, the pursuing 
 squadrons entered and took possession of Jalapa. On 
 the 20th, they found the strong post of La Hoya aban- 
 doned. On the 22d, having now attained the summit of April 22. 
 
 Worth takes 
 
 the eastern Cordilleras, General Worth displayed the ^^^J°";,f p"^ 
 
 American banner from the unresisting castle of Perote, 
 
 the strongest fortress in Mexico, next to San Juan d'Ulloa. 
 
 Thus by vigorously following up this remarkable victory, 
 
 the enemy were unable to recover in time to make a 
 
 stand in this, their strongest inland post ; and thus, other 
 
 battles were saved. 
 
 Three thousand prisoners were taken at Cerro Gordo, 
 among whom were four generals. Gen. Scott dismissed 
 them all upon parole, having neither food to sustain, nor 
 men to guard them. Santa Anna's equipage and papers 
 were secured. Both here and at Perote were captured 
 
 (54 pieces of 
 
 many large pieces of bronze artillery. From Perote cannon and 
 onwards, through that great table valley between the ^' p^'°^-) 
 grand chains of the Cordilleras, called the Terras Frias, 
 or the " cold country," the American army had now no 
 cause to apprehend serious resistance. On the morning 
 of the 25th of May, the advance under Worth entered 
 Puebia, the second city of Mexico, containing 80,000 
 inhabitants. Eagerly did the Mexican men and women 
 
82 GEN. WORTH ENTERS PUEBLA. 
 
 184 y. look out from their balconies, and from the roofs of their 
 houses, to see these mighty conquerors. War-worn, and 
 habited in the sober gray of the American army, the 
 Mexicans, accustomed to a gaudy uniform, looked upon 
 them with disappointment ; and could find no reason but 
 one for their success. " Their leaders," said they, " are 
 gray. headed men." 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 State of the Army — Its March — Contreras — Churubusco. 
 The American army having now overrun the northern 181T. 
 
 portion of the country, and made a successful inroad 
 which threatened the capital, the Executive sent 
 Nicholas P. Trist, as an agent to make the experiment, 
 whether Mexico would now treat for peace. But the 
 olive-branch was again rejected. 
 
 The interruption of the army's activity caused by 
 these unavailing efforts for peace, was opportune. Its 
 numbers were lessened by sickness ; for the climate 
 though pleasant proved so unhealthly, that hundreds 
 were in hospitals, and many died. The time for which 
 large numbers of the volunteers were enlisted, expired ; 
 and many had deserted. Congress had, however, passed 
 a law, February 11th, 1847, authorizing ten new 
 regiments ; and these being raised, reinforcements were ,„„„ ^. ^ 
 
 => ' & ' (709 died at 
 
 sent by the way of Vera Cruz; and although not in ^^"gre^to^fe^ 
 
 m • 1 • p 1 • • ^''"^ '" hospi- 
 
 sumcient numbers to admit oi leavmg such garrisons tai at Puebia, 
 
 ^ * and 1700 de- 
 
 behind as would keep open his line of supplies, Gen. Scott ^^J^^^*^ jilan a^ 
 determined to move forward. ^ 
 
84 VALLEY OF MEXICO. 
 
 ^^^'^* On the 7th of August he marched from Puebla with 
 
 10,728 men, leaving more than 3,000 in hospitals, — and 
 as a garrison under Col. Childs. Keeping the several 
 columns into which he had divided the army, within 
 supporting distance, and himself accompanying the van, 
 Gen. Scott moved forth with his little army ; — like a 
 second Cortez, to encounter the unknown numbers, which 
 would be brought against him, at the coming death- 
 struggle of an infuriated nation. The march of the 
 Americans was now through a beautiful and cultivated 
 region, whose abundant waters flowed pure and cool. 
 Soon they began to ascend the gradual slope of the great 
 Cordilleras of Anahuac, central between the east and 
 - western oceans. On the third day, their toilsome march 
 wound up through steep acclivities. At length they 
 reached the summit ; and three miles beyond Rio Frio, 
 burst upon their gaze, all the glories of the grand valley 
 of Mexico. Spreading far round and beneath, were its 
 mingled lakes, plains, cities, and cloud-capped mountains. 
 The giant peak of Popocatapetl was far to their left ; 
 before them lay lake Tezcuco ; and beyond it, the domes 
 and towers of the city of the Montezumas, — which many 
 a brave American, who that day rejoiced to behold, never 
 reached. 
 
 The mountain-passes were here unguarded ; and the 
 August II. army marched on, until, on the 11th, the advance com- 
 Ayotia. manded by Gen. Twiggs, rested at Ayotla, north of lake 
 Chalco, and fifteen miles from the capital. The remain- 
 ing corps were soon concentrated at small distances; 
 
y ENERGY AND COURAGE. 85 
 
 some on the lake's eastern border. The first step was ^Q^'^' 
 to learn and consider well the position of the city, and 
 every thing respecting its defences. Its ground plot had 
 formerly been an island. What was once the lake on 
 which it stood, was now an oozy marsh. Long straight 
 causeways, easily raked by artillery, led through this 
 marsh to the several gates, from the great roads by which 
 the city was approached ; and much the longest was 
 that connected with the road from Vera Cruz. But 
 before reaching the causeways was an exterior system of 
 strong defences. 
 
 A bold reconnoissance was made. By the Vera 
 Cruz road, on which the army were, the city could not 
 be approached, without first encountering the strongest 
 of the exterior fortifications, that of El Peiion. " No 
 doubt," says Gen. Scott, " it might have been carried, 
 but at a great and disproportionate loss, and I was 
 anxious to spare the lives of this gallant army for a 
 general battle, which I knew we had to win before 
 capturing the city, or obtaining the great object of the 
 campaign — a just and honorable peace." 
 
 The commander then moved his troops 27 miles ; 
 they making a new road, directed by the engineers, over 
 such sharp volcanic rocks and deep chasms, as the foe 
 had not dreamed could be passed ; when, — having 
 turned the lakes Chalco and Jochamilcho, they en- ^Irmy 
 
 marches from 
 
 camped at St. Augustine, on the Acapulco road, eight -^j^J^j^^^^g^* 
 miles south of Mexico. From the camp, looking towards 
 the city, the first defences on this road were the fortress 
 
bo ENERGY AND COURAGE. ^ 
 
 184rT. of Antonia; and — a mile and a half farther north — the 
 
 strongly fortified hill of Churubusco. These could be 
 
 approached in front only by a dangerous causeway. 
 
 Aug. 18-19, By making a detour to the west, where lay vet other 
 
 The Army J ts ' J v 
 
 S^Comreri'! dangers, they might be reached from the left. Two 
 movements, ordered by the commander, were simulta- 
 neously made. Worth with Harney's cavalry went to 
 menace Antonia in front; while to the left, Gen. Pil- 
 low's division, consisting of the brigades of Pierce and 
 Cadwallader, conducted by the engineers, Lee, Beaure- 
 gard, and others, made a road through craggy rocks of 
 ancient lava, — whose crevices shot up the thorn-armed 
 maguey, and whose deep chasms were filled with water. 
 To cover and support the working party, was sent Gen. 
 Twiggs' division, made up of the brigades of Riley und 
 Persifer Smith. 
 
 In the afternoon of the second day, after accomplish- 
 ing nearly three miles of this difficult road, the troops 
 found themselves within cannon-range of the enemy's 
 
 Battle begins, fortified Camp at Contreras, commanded by Gen. Valen- 
 cia, with 6,000 men, surmounted by 22 heavy guns, and 
 communicating by a good road with Mexico, and also 
 with the main camp of Santa Anna, which was lying 
 two miles nearer. Upon this road they saw the 
 Mexicans hurrying on to the scene of action. Fighting 
 now begins, in which the divisions of generals Twiggs 
 and Pillow, especially Riley's brigade, are engaged. 
 They advance, though suffering from the enemy's fire ; 
 — aided by the small batteries of Magruder and Callen- 
 
CONTEERAS. 87 
 
 der, which are with difficulty brought into action. About ^Q'^'^- 
 
 sunset, the commander, now on the field with fresh troops, 
 
 gives to Col. Morgan of the regular infantry, an order, 
 
 which, aided by Gen. Shields of the volunteers, he 
 
 executes: taking the village of Contreras, or Ansalda,t (t This vil- 
 lage is some- 
 
 which lay on the road from the fortified camp, to that of jnac^coynts^of 
 Santa Anna. The enemy's line of reinforcements was contreias^,' 
 
 and some- 
 no W cut. times Ansal- 
 
 da. See 
 
 Night, — cold, dark, and rainy — closed in. Comfort- port°"Ai5ust 
 less was the condition of the troops, remaining without 
 food or sleep, upon the ground. The officers at Ansalda, 
 in their perilous position, — separated as they were from 
 their commander by the almost impassablef lava-field, officers sent 
 
 by Scott after 
 
 whose craffs, on account of the rain-flood, were inter- sundown to 
 
 " ' ' carry orders, 
 
 spersed by torrents, — now found resources in their own "cLTed^n^ 
 
 /^ -nt • n r^ ' ^ reaching An- 
 
 genius, courage, and union. Gen. Persifer Smith saida.) 
 proposed to set out at midnight, surprise and storm the 
 camp at Contreras. From that moment, dark forebodings 
 passed from the army, and each officer and man, as by 
 spontaneous movement, fell into his proper place. Gen. Mornmg of 
 Shields extending his 600 men into a long line, and 
 keeping up fires, was interposed between the storming 
 party and the camp of Santa Anna, with his 12,000 
 reserve. One messenger alone — Lee, the engineer, — 
 found his dark and watery way over the lava-rocks, and 
 carried to the gratified commander the tidings of the 
 gallant attitude of his troops, — and also, a request of 
 Gen. Smith, for co-operation. Gen. Scott complied, by 
 sending with the messenger the force under Twiggs, to 
 
88 CONTRERAS. 
 
 184T. Contreras at five in the morning, to aid the storming 
 ^MelMrce^' P^^'ty approaching the enemy's rear, by making a 
 gaged, Soo diversion in their front. A little past midnight, Gen. 
 
 more in sight, 
 
 Am.forceen- Smith scts forward, conducted by engineer Smith, Col. 
 
 gaged, 4,500. ' J i:> 
 
 Me^ss, Riley leading the van. The rain continues to fall in 
 oners 813, 88 torreuts, and their progress is slow. So profound is the 
 
 officers, 4 gen- 
 
 erais darkucss, that the men must touch each other as they 
 
 Am. k. & w. ' '' 
 
 Capt^Han- "love, Icst they divide, and some be lost. At sunrise, 
 brave— was they storm the intrenchments, and precipitate themselves 
 
 here killed. 
 
 upon the surprised Mexicans. Dismay and carnage 
 prevail for seventeen minutes ; when the camp is 
 carried. Eighty-eight officers and 3,000 men are made 
 prisoners. Thirty-three pieces of artillery are captured ; 
 among which are found two of those so honorably lost 
 by O'Brien at Buena Vista ; — and they are taken by 
 Capt. Drum with a part of the regiment to which they 
 had in that battle belonged. They are received with 
 shouts of joy by the victors of Contreras ; in which the 
 commander, now present, and proud of his " gallant 
 army," heartily participates. 
 
 Gen. Scott next directed a grand movement upon 
 Churubusco, to which the victory already achieved, 
 opened the way. Moving northeasterly by the road 
 through St. Angel, he keeps the centre of the extended 
 field, while Gen. Worth on his extreme right, is driving 
 the now terrified garrison from Antonia. Gen. Shields, 
 who at Contreras, had kept for hours the whole army of 
 Santa Anna in check, was in command of the extreme 
 left ; still charged with the dangerous duty of keeping 
 
CHURUBUSCO. 89 
 
 off the grand Mexican army from the immediate object 18^'^^» 
 of attack. In the centre, Gen. Twiggs presses forward ^^^^^^ go. 
 to Churubusco, and entering it from the west, attacks co. 
 one of its two strong defences, the fortified church of 
 San Pablo. In the mean time. Worth, joined by Pillow 
 and Cadwallader, comes in from Antonia, and furiously 
 carrying the stronger fortress, called Font du Tite or 
 Bridge's Head, he turns its guns upon the citadel-church, 
 which now surrenders. Shields, Pierce, and others, are 
 meantime fighting a bloody battle with Santa Anna, with 
 fearful odds against them. Scott sent successive (fKeamy 
 
 here lost his 
 
 regiments to their aid. Churubusco was now taken, the arm, andoth- 
 
 er officers 
 
 brave old Gen. Rincon, its commander, having surren- their lives.) 
 dered. Santa Anna abandoned the field. Worth and 
 Shields pursued. Col. Harney with his dragoons dashed 
 by them, and one of his officers, Capt. Kearney, not 
 hearing the call to return, followed the flying Mexicans 
 to the very gate of the capital.f 
 
CHAPTER IX 
 
 Armistice — Molinos del Rey — Chapultepec — Mexico. 
 
 1841. The commander, following up his victory, might 
 
 now have entered Mexico. But he was not sent to con- 
 quer the country, but to " conquer a peace," and he 
 believed that the reduction of the capital would delay, 
 rather than accelerate this result. He did not wish to 
 ceed^ingso"?' drivc the government away from the city dishonored. 
 
 Scott. 
 
 *' The army," says Scott in his dispatches, " are willing 
 to leave to this republic something on which to rest her 
 pride, — and they cheerfully sacrifice to patiiotism the 
 eclat that would have followed an entrance, sword in 
 hand, into a great capital." 
 
 Tacubaya now became the head-quarters of the 
 American army. The general-in-chief occupied the 
 archbishop's palace, with its beautiful gardens. Here 
 he negotiated with Mexican commissioners an armistice, 
 as a step preparatory to a final peace. On Mr. Trist, 
 the agent of the American executive, it devolved, to 
 settle with the Mexican authorities the terms. They 
 wanted, among other conditions, that regions should be 
 left as desolate wastes between the two republics ; and, 
 
 August 21. 
 
 24th. 
 Armistice 
 concluded. 
 
MOLmOS DEL REY. 91 
 
 humbled as they were, they could not yet brook the re- ^^IS^T. 
 linquishment of the territory demanded. Negotiations 
 were broken off, and the spirit of the Mexican govern- 
 ment rose once more to meet a final struggle. They 
 violated the armistice by strengthening their defences. 
 Taking down the bells of their churches, they made a 
 
 * *^ Violated by 
 
 foundry at the "King's Mills," where they converted the Mexicans, 
 them into cannon. They called on the provinces to come 
 to their aid in mass ; and by fire, or poison, — by any wea- 
 pon, in any manner, to injure and destroy the invader. 
 
 From Tacubaya, Mexico was in full view — north- 
 east, and distant three miles. North — bearing a little 
 east — distant a mile — rose, in beautiful prospect, the 
 fortified hill of Chapultepec ; its porphyritic rocks ab- 
 ruptly descending on its southern and eastern sides, — 
 while to the west, the hill fell gradually, with a gentle, 
 wooded slope, till it met the fortified building of stone, 
 called El Molinos del Rey, or the King's Mills. A 
 
 •^ ^ Scott's posi- 
 
 quarter of a mile west of the fortified mills stood another *'^o Mexico' 
 
 stone fortress called Casa Mata. These were the ob- ^"fences. 
 
 stacles which now barred the way of the Americans to 
 
 the capital ; and they constituted the supporting points ^ ^ 
 
 of the Mexican army ranged behind them, headed by ^l™y^. 
 
 Santa Anna, and amounting to fourteen thousand. 14,000. 
 
 Am. 3,200. 
 The generals, Scott and Worth, went forth in person ., — - 
 
 & ' ' ^ Mex. loss se- 
 
 to reconnoitre, and they sent out their skilful engineers, ^^'known.'^" 
 Scott then gave the order for an assault on Molmos del 52ofBcers. 
 
 Am. loss, 
 
 Rey, committing its execution to Worth. A terrible ^„ciSd]lli'S 
 battle was fought, — the fortresses of Molinos del Rey 
 
92 CHAPULTEPEC. 
 
 184T. 
 
 and Casa Mata were taken, and an important victory- 
 was won. But the very tone was melancholy, in which 
 the commanding-officer praised the victors, " the gallant 
 dead, the wounded, and the few unscathed.'^ The com- 
 manders in their reconnoissance before the battle had 
 been somewhat deceived as to the enemy's strength ; 
 they masking their batteries, and concealing their men, 
 which were perhaps fivefold the numbers of their assail- 
 ants. In the heat of the action. Major Wright, assisted 
 by Mason of the engineers, fell upon the enemy's centre, 
 and took his main field-battery ; when so furiously did 
 he charge to regain it, that of fourteen American officers, 
 eleven fell. Among the number were Wright and Ma- 
 son. One brigade lost its three senior officers, — Col. 
 M'Intosh and Major Waite wounded, and Col. Martin 
 Scott killed. Casa Mata was blown up, and El Molinos 
 dismantled. 
 
 It was at the beautiful hill of Chapultepec, where 
 once arose the veritable " Halls of the Montezumas." 
 Here was now the military school of Mexico, and the 
 last exterior defence of the successors of Cortez, to that 
 capital which he had so iniquitously taken, shedding seas 
 of blood, because " the Spaniards had a disease of the 
 cott's Con- heart, which nothing could assuage but gold."f The 
 ^°°-) God of battles, who had so signally made the American 
 armies the means of chastising the Spanish Mexicans, 
 for national cruelties early begun and long continued, 
 again led them to victory. 
 
 On the night of the 11th of September, Gen. Scott 
 
• BATTLES OF MEXICO. 93 
 
 caused to be erected, from the cannon taken in former 184:T. 
 
 victories, four heavy batteries, bearing on Chapultepec. /batteJiL. 
 
 Before night, on the 12th, the outworks of that fortress, 
 
 skilfully assailed by a cannonade directed by the Ameri- 
 
 can engineers, began to give way. On the 13th was chSulte- 
 
 the battle. The officers and men, by whom such an 
 
 unbroken series of victories had been achieved, were all 
 
 promptly in the places assigned them, by eight o'clock 
 
 in the morning. The fortification which they were to 
 
 storm was a nation's last hope. The roar of the American 
 
 cannon ceases for a moment. It is the preconcerted signal 
 
 for the assault. In an instant the assailants are in rapid 
 
 motion. Gen. Quitman hastens from the south. Gen. The fortreess 
 
 stormed. 
 
 Persifer Smith from the southeast, and Gen. Pillow, with 
 Col. Clark, from the wooded slope on the west. The 
 batteries throw shells into the fort over the heads of their 
 friends, as they begin the furious attack. The garrison, 
 though they fought with desperation, were overpowered. 
 Some yield, and others attempt to retire. At the mo- 
 ment of their retreat, the supporting force under Santa 
 Anna, in the rear of Chapultepec, is attacked and de- g^p^ 13 
 feated by Gen. Worth, who for this purpose had passed Mexico. 
 the batteries. Directed by the commander, he pursues '"2ToS^° 
 the enemy as he flies to the city, pressing forward to "llll 
 
 Mex. loss, the 
 
 enter, by a circuitous road, the San Cosme eate on the whole army. 
 
 " except about 
 
 northwest. Gen Quitman, in the meantime, follows the ^oHeserted.' 
 
 flying foe to the city, by a route direct from Chapulte- SepT.' 12-14, 
 ' ° ^ k. 130— 10 
 
 pec ; he being instructed to make a feint of storming the ^^^^""^ '• 
 
 southwestern or Belen gate, near to the formidable °^'^^- 
 
94 - THE CAPITAL TAKEN. 
 
 *^ ' *'^* citadel within, — in order to make a diversion from the 
 real point of attack at San Cosme. 
 
 Gen. Scott meantime advanced with Worth into the 
 suburb of San Cosme, where opposing batteries were 
 taken ; but he returned at night to Chapultepec, to look 
 with a father's care to the condition of all, — the living, 
 the wounded, and the dead. Worth, as instructed, 
 remained in the suburb until morning. But Gen. 
 Quitman, accompanied by Shields and Smith, rested that 
 night within the city ; having changed the feint which 
 the commander ordered, into a real attack, by which 
 they entered (though with considerable loss) the Belen 
 gate. They had not yet passed the formidable citadel. 
 
 At four o'clock on the morning of the 14th, Gen. 
 Scott having returned to San Cosme, the Mexican 
 
 Sept. 14. 
 
 Mexico ta- authorities sent him a deputation, desiring of him 
 
 terms of capitulation ; their army having fled a little 
 
 (The Am. after midnight. Gen. Scott replied, that the American 
 
 colors were 
 
 ^^o'f'^ii at 7 army would come under no terms, but such as were self- 
 imposed, and demanded by honor, — by the spirit of the 
 age, and the dignity of the American character. Worth 
 and Quitman, as directed, moved cautiously forward, — 
 Worth to the Alameda and Quitman to the Grand Plaza, 
 where the victorious army reared above the National 
 Palace of Mexico, the stars and stripes of the Republic 
 of America. 
 
 Three hours before noon. Gen. Scott made his 
 entrance, with escort of cavalry and flourish of 
 trumpets, into the conquered city of the Aztecs ; and 
 
GRN. SCOTT S ORDERS. ^5 
 
 as he approached the grand plaza — his towering figure IS'lt. 
 conspicuous as his fame, — loudly and warmly was he 
 cheered, by shouts, which arose from the hearts of his 
 companions in arms. 
 
 The troops for twenty-four hours now suffered from 
 the anarchy of Mexico, more than her prowess had been 
 able to inflict. Two thousand convicts, let loose from 
 the prisons, attacked them from the house-tops ; at the 
 same time, entering houses and committing robberies. 
 The Mexicans assisting, these felons were quelled by the 
 morning of the 15th. 
 
 Gen. Scott gave to his army, on the day of their 
 entrance into Mexico, memorable orders concerning their 
 discipline and behavior. After directing that companies 
 and regiments be kept together, he says, " let there be no 
 disorders, no straggling, no drunkenness. Marauders 
 shall be punished by courts martial. All the rules so 
 honorably observed by this glorious army in Puebla, must 
 be observed here. The honor of the army, the honor of 
 our country, call for the best behavior from all. The 
 valiant must, to win the approbation of God and their 
 country, be sober, orderly and merciful. — His noble bre- 
 thren in arms, will not be deaf to this hasty appeal from 
 their commander and friend." On the 16th, he called on 
 the army to return public and private thanks to God for 
 victory. On the 19th, for the better preservation of order, 
 and suppression of crime, he proclaimed martial law. 
 Thus protected by the American army, the citizens of 
 Mexico were more secure from violence, and from fear of 
 
96 MURDERS IN MEXICO. 
 
 1841. robbery and murder, than they had ever been under 
 their own flag.* 
 
 * M'Culloch quotes from the French traveller, Chevalier, the 
 fact, that in the city of Mexico 900 bodies were annually carried to 
 the House for the Dead j the presumption being that they came to 
 their death by violence. 
 
CHAPTER X. 
 
 Puebla — Huamantla — Atlixco — Treaty of Peace — Conclusion. 
 
 The crisis of the war was past. Mexico throughout 184T. 
 her broad domains, was virtually conquered ; and what 
 followed was but as the dashing of the waves, after the 
 storm is over. 
 
 We have seen, that when Scott left Puebla, he cut 
 his own line of supplies ; not being in force sufficient to 
 garrison any place between that city and Mexico. At 
 the final entrance of his troops into that capital, he had 
 only 6,000 men.f If the army had failed to conquer, ^ ^ee Scotfa 
 
 , dispatches. 
 
 they had, m sober earnest, good reason, from past 
 practices, to consider it probable that their infuriated 
 enemy would kill them all.f Bitterly did the Mexicans (jsee also 
 
 Santa An- 
 
 reap the fruit of their former cruelties, by the almost 
 vsuperhuman energies put forth in fight by the Americans, 
 and the unvarying success which it pleased the Almighty 
 to give to their arms. The Mexican capital was not 
 conquered by the American republic, as Carthage and 
 other cities were by the Roman, — to be destroyed, or to 
 become the sport of petty tyrants and a lawless soldiery, 
 who in time would turn and become the destroyers of 
 
 na s arrange- 
 ments for cut- 
 ting off all the 
 Americans at 
 Buena Vista.) 
 
98 COL. CHILDS' DEFENCE AT PUEBLA. 
 
 184 !• their own country. Nothing was now asked of Mexico, 
 conquered as she was, but to negotiate a treaty of peace, 
 in which America stood ready to be generous. To 
 bring forward a Mexican government, with which peace 
 could be made, became, at this period, the difficult task 
 of the well-meaning of both belligerent parties. 
 
 Santa Anna after leaving Mexico on the night of the 
 13th of September, was not heard of for some days. In the 
 meantime, Colonel Childs, commander at Puebla, whose 
 effective force amounted to only 247 men, and having 
 1,800 sick in the hospitals, had been closely besieged by 
 the enemy, since the same date, the day of the battle of 
 
 Sept. 22 
 
 Santa Anna Chapultepcc. -On the 22d, the besieo;ers were encour- 
 
 at Puebla. r r ' & 
 
 aged by the appearance of Santa Anna, with some 
 thousands of the remnant of his army. Col. Childs and 
 his gallant band, though w^orn with watching, and wasted 
 by fatigue, still refused the summons to surrender, and 
 bravely continued their defence. But Santa Anna had 
 heard of the approach of 3,000 recruits under General 
 ^v^ra^CrVz^^ Lane,f on their march from Vera Cruz, to reinforce 
 under' Ma^or Gen. Scott ; and he left Puebla on the 30th, to 20 to 
 
 Lally left 
 
 earlier.) Pinal, whcrc they were daily expected. Gen. Lane, on 
 
 his part heard of the Mexican army, and turning from 
 
 Huamantia. his direct coursc, he encountered it at Huamanila, with 
 
 iVIex. loss 
 
 . 1,^0 Santa Anna at its head ; fouorht and defeated it, — losino 
 
 Am. k. 13, w. ' o ' c> 
 
 eleven men, among whom was the well-known Capt. 
 Walker of the Texan rangers. Gen. Lane arrived, 
 October 12th, at Puebla, and relieved Col. Childs from a 
 distressing siege of forty days. Lane again turned from 
 
TREATY OF PEACE. 99 
 
 his course to seek the enemy; and at Atlixco, ten leagues _1H4:T. 
 from Perote, he defeated a strong guerilla force under 5uixio. 
 the well-known chief, Gen. Rea. By these guerilla k.2J9,w.3do. 
 
 ° Am. k. 1, 
 
 parties, of which Atlixco had been the head-quarters, ^.i. 
 
 many Americans, found as stragglers, or in small 
 
 parties, had been killed. Major Lally, in marching his 
 
 command of 1,000 men from Vera Cruz to Jalapa, had 
 
 lost 100 men, having been waylaid by them, with Rea 
 
 at their head, four times. f In every instance, however, AtP^s5'o?e- 
 
 he defeated them with loss. i2th,"^at ' Pru- 
 
 ente del Rey. 
 
 Santa Anna, now abandoned by his troops, resigned i^th. at Cerro 
 
 ' -^ r ' & Gordo. 
 
 his offices on the 18th of October, and soon became a ^Anima^r 
 fugitive. The supreme power passed into the hands of 
 Seiior Peria y Pena, by virtue of his office as president 
 of the Supreme Court. He forthwith sent his circulars, 
 calling on the several states, in pathetic language, to 
 send deputies to Queretaro, to treat for peace. A con- 
 gress there assembled on the 12th of November, which ,,^°^'- "• 
 
 & ' Mex. congress 
 
 appointed four commissioners, one of whom was Gen. ^ommisson-' 
 
 ers. 
 
 Rincon, to arrange with Mr. Trist the plan of a treaty. 
 In the meantime, Mr. Trist had lost the confidence of 
 the American Executive, and his powers had been re- 
 voked. Nevertheless, with Gen. Scott's approbation, he 
 presumed in ihis emergency, to act. On the 2d of Feb. 2. 
 
 ^ .^ . ' The Treaty of 
 
 February, the treaty was signed by Mr. Trist and the ^"^s^^nT '* 
 Mexican commissioners, at the city of Guadalupe Hidal- Feb. 22. 
 
 Laid before 
 
 go, and twenty days afterwards it was submitted by the ^ti^/^j^^lfg^^ 
 President of the United States to the Senate. That body ^^''^^ 
 adopted it with alterations. President Polk then ap- 
 
100 PEACE DECLARED. 
 
 1848. pointed two gentlemen, Mr. Sevier of the Senate, and 
 Mr. Clifford, attorney-general, to proceed with the modi- 
 fied treaty to Queretaro. There, on laying it before the 
 Mexican congress, the president eloquently urged its 
 acceptance, and it was ratified by a large majority. 
 
 On the 21st of February, the beloved and venerated pa- 
 triot, John Quincy Adams, who, since his presidency had 
 served his country in the national legislature, fell from his 
 seat during the debates of the House of Representatives, 
 struck by a fatal paralysis. Congress in both its branches 
 suspended public action ; and its members were waiting 
 as around the couch of a dying father. He expired, in 
 
 Feb 23^ Christian hope and resignation, on the 22d ; saying, 
 
 S' ASa'ml: " This is the last of earth." 
 
 In March, Gen. Sterling Price moved with a force 
 from New Mexico to Chihuahua ; and from that city, 
 
 March 16. sixty miles on the road to Durango; where he conquered, 
 
 Force un at Sauta Cruz de Rozales, a Mexican army, making 
 
 known. 
 
 k^&'V"'^*}8 pi'isoners the commanding general. Angel Frias, and 
 about 20.^^' forty-two other officers. 
 
 Peace was declared to the American army in Mexico, 
 pS '»o- °" ^'^® ^^^^ ^^ ^Jay, by Gen. Butler, who was, by order 
 Gen."ButjJr of the government, left in command of the army by Gen. 
 
 in Mexico. , « 
 
 Scott, he being about to return to the United States. 
 
 The treaty stipulated that all Mexico should be 
 evacuated by the American armies within three months. 
 Prisoners on each side were to be released ; and Mexi- 
 can captives, made by Indians within the limits of the 
 United States, were to be restored. These limits, as 
 
ACCESSION OF TERRITORY. 101 
 
 they affect iMexico, are to begin at the mouth of the Rio 1848. 
 Grande,- — thence to proceed along the deepest channel 
 of that river to the southern boundary of New Mexico. 
 From thence to the Pacific, they are to follow the river 
 Gila, and the southern boundary of Upper California. 
 The United States may, however, use the Colorado, for 
 purposes of navigation, below the entrance of its affluent, 
 the Gila. If it should be found practicable, and judged substance of 
 expedient, to construct a canal, road or railway, along Guadafuje" 
 the Gila, then both nations are to unite in its construction 
 and use. The navigation of that river is to be free to both 
 nations ; and interrupted by neither. Mexican citizens 
 within the limits of the relinquished territories of New 
 Mexico and Upper California, are allowed a year to 
 make their election — whether they will continue Mexi- 
 can citizens, and remove their property, (in which case 
 they are to receive every facility,) or whether they will 
 remain and become citizens of the United States. This 
 nation agrees to restrain the incursions of all the Indian 
 tribes within its limits, against the Mexicans ; and to 
 return all Mexican captives hereafter made by these 
 savages. In consideration of territory gained, the Amer- 
 ican government is to pay to Mexico fifteen millions of 
 dollars ; and also to assume her debts to American citi- 
 zens, to the amount of three millions and a half more. 
 
 Three millions were paid to Mexico in hand ; con- 
 gress having the preceding winter placed that sum with 
 the president, in anticipation of such an event ; the re- 
 maining twelve millions to be paid in instalments. 
 
claimed. 
 
 102 CONSEQUENCES OF WAR. 
 
 1848. -phe territory of Wisconsin was admitted into the 
 
 American Union as a state, on the 29th of May 1848. 
 
 The Mexican treaty was brought home by Mr. 
 Sevier ; Mr. Clifford remaining in Mexico as American 
 envoy. President Polk made his proclamation of peace 
 tJ^JI\- between the two republics, on the 4th of July ^^848, the 
 first day of our seventy-third national year. 
 
 The American armies have evacuted Mexico. Dis- 
 tinguished generals, and other officers, have been re- 
 ceived by their country with the honors due to those who 
 have so well sustained the national character, — not only 
 for courage, activity, endurance, discipline, and military 
 science, — but for the nobler virtues of humanity. The 
 remains of other officers, who died in the service of their 
 country, have been brought home to be honored, in 
 death ; and to find their last repose among their friends. 
 
 And the soldiers too, — they who fought so bravely 
 for their native land, — they have returned. Regiments 
 that went forth full and fresh, have returned, — smitten 
 and scathed. Many is the desolate hearth, to which the 
 son, the husband, the father, shall return no more. No 
 kindred eye shall weep at his grave. He is buried with 
 the undistinguishable dead, who fell on the foreign battle- 
 field, or died in the hospital. Twenty-five thousand 
 American lives, it is calculated, have been sacrificed in 
 this war; and about seventy-five millions of money 
 expended. And we know that the sacrifice of Mexican 
 life and property has been still greater. The number 
 of Mexican soldiers, who fell in battle, greatly exceeded 
 
CONSEQUENCES OF WAR. 103 
 
 that of the American ; — and who can tell how many of 184^8. 
 their women and children were killed in the bombard- 
 ment of their cities. 
 
 Let tne value of money be estimated by the good it 
 may be made to do, and we shall then see the magnitude 
 of the evils which, in a pecuniary way, war inflicts. Ire- 
 land was visited with famine in the winter of 1846-7, 
 from the failure of crops, especially that of the potato. 
 The benevolent among us were moved with compassion, 
 and contributed money and food to her relief. The 
 government in one instance sent a public ship to carry (^ jvTa.ch 28. 
 provisions thus contributed.! The very heart of afTec- Boston, Ui^ 
 
 sloop-of-war 
 
 tionate Ireland overflowed with sjratitude ; and England Jamestown, 
 
 *=''"=' Capt. Forbes. 
 
 and Scotland, themselves sufferers in a less degree from ^''at'cv.rr^'^ 
 the same cause, felt and praised our liberality. Thus, ^" 
 we blessed others, and were ourselves blessed in return ; 
 — and the money which it cost us was about half a 
 million of dollars; whereas, we paid seventy-five mil- 
 lions, to kill and distress the Mexicans. 
 
 The time to act for the prevention of war, as of in- 
 cendiarism, is when none is raging ; and those to move 
 first in the cause of peace, should be nations and men, ^. 
 
 ^ ' Time, and 
 
 of undoubted courage and ability in war. The Mexican fo'/unlvLT/ 
 (Contest has placed our Republic, for the present time, 
 eminently in that position. No country has at any 
 period, shown braver soldiers, or better officers. Our 
 government, from respect to the moral feeling of the 
 nation, which wishes no territory gained by force, pays 
 
104 COrNCIL OF PEACE. 
 
 _\?.1?1_ ^^ conquered Mexico the full price of the lands acquired 
 from her ; yet is it none the less true, that these terri- 
 tories were won by the valor of our armies, and without 
 conquest would not have been ours. They extend from 
 ocean to ocean, the full breadth of the grand platform on 
 which stands the American nation ; and the 300,000 
 emigrants, which come yearly to her shores, will soon 
 people her waste places. 
 
 Some among the very first of our veteran officers are 
 avowedly in favor of universal peace, as soon as means 
 can be devised by which it may ensue, consistently with 
 the existence of national law ; which, in its violation, 
 has at present no other penalty than that of war. Why 
 then should not our government — while yet the bereaved 
 among us are sorrowing for the miseries which even a 
 successful war has inflicted upon ourselves, — and the 
 benevolent are grieving for those which our armies have 
 been obliged to inflict upon others, — send some one of 
 those veteran generals, while his laurels are yet fresh 
 upon his brow, as a special envoy, to negotiate with 
 Great Britain and other Christian powers, the immediate 
 ^ PeTce °^ formation of a Council of Peace ? Such a Council, 
 having its constitution founded in the law of nations, 
 sitting alternately in the different countries, whose govern- 
 ments shall have sent delegates and sanctioned its special 
 arrangements, has nothing visionary or impracticable in 
 its scheme, now, when men move by steam, and send 
 their thoughts by electricity. Could this great errand 
 
PEACE AND PROGRESS. 105 
 
 of "peace on earth" be accomplished, and that by the 1848. 
 instrumentality of this nation, then, with peculiar em- 
 phasis, might progress be made the watchword of the 
 nineteenth century, and of the Republic of America. 
 
HISTOEY OE CALIFORNIA. 
 
[Note. — It was not until the author had completed the following pages, 
 that she thought of writing a sketch of California. The plan of tliis sketch, 
 going back as it does to the first discovery and settlement of that country, 
 is different from the preceding " Last Leaves of American History," and on 
 that account it is placed before tlie reader as a separate article. J 
 
CALIFORNIA. 
 
 LAST LEAVES 
 
 OF 
 
 AMERICAN HISTORY 
 
 PART IL 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Introductory Remarks — Discovery and Settlement of Old and New 
 California — Establishment of Missions by the Jesuits in Old 
 Camomia, and the Franciscans in New. 
 
 California is the one theme which at present excites i849. 
 the whole American community, and each in his sphere 
 
 Great excite- 
 
 feels the strong impulse which leads to action. The "^^°*- 
 pursuit of wealth — the natural desire which every man 
 feels to better his condition, has set in motion an almost 
 incredible number of our most vigorous, enterprising, 
 
 , /, , - 1 1 xi Ij. ' Character of 
 
 and useful men, particularly among the young, it is the emigrants. 
 not the refuse of our society who are going to California, 
 for the journey is expensive, and they cannot command 
 the means. From all our cities and villages organized 
 
110 PROSPECTIVE IMPORTANCE. 
 
 ^Q'*^* companies are in motion, and there is scarce a hamlet 
 preint, S ^^^ scnds an individual to go in search of gold to Cali- 
 fuTe.^ ^ " fornia. Europe has caught the excitement, and South 
 America, and the Islands of both oceans ; and California, 
 so lately a poor anarchical territory of an ill-governed 
 state, is now attached as an integral part of the American 
 Republic, and at the moment of her becoming so, discov- 
 ered to possess immense mineral riches ; and a flood of 
 emigration is hastening by sea and land, such as the 
 earth has never seen before, to go to the same place, vol- 
 untarily and separately, without a leader. 
 
 In a Report just laid before Congress, of the com- 
 mittee to whom was referred the memorial from William 
 H. Aspinwall and others, praying for aid in constructing 
 a railroad across the Isthmus of Panama, the following 
 estimate is made, which sets in a strong but not exag- 
 gerated light, the probable future importance of Califor- 
 nia : " It is believed by many who have had thl best 
 (Jan., 1853. Opportunities of forming an opinion, that one hundred 
 
 Not half the 
 
 estimated thousand emigrants will eo to that territory within a year 
 
 population, & o j j 
 
 ery'^in A^r ^^o"^ this time. — At the expiration of three years, the 
 turned the time proposcd for the completion of the railroad, if the 
 
 current.) 
 
 reports of the mineral wealth of California shall be 
 found to be true, it would perhaps not be regarded as 
 visionary to suppose that at least half a million of peo- 
 ple will have found their way to it, who will be em- 
 ployed in collecting gold, mining operations, and com- 
 merce." 
 
 Not only is the desire of wealth, developed in action, 
 
FIRST DISeOVEREES OF THE PENINSULA. lH 
 
 but the benevolent and religious feelings of the com- ^Q^^* 
 munity are engaged in planning and executing, what 
 may give to our Californian emigrants our best institu- 
 tions.* 
 
 History is said to be the school of politics. It is 
 certain that the statesman of California will have 
 before him no ordinary task, in bringing her government p**"^* ^^^^^^ 
 to harmonize with the most enlightened views now pre- nian^ sutes- 
 
 man. 
 
 valent concerning human polity. He should begin with 
 as correct an understanding as may be attained, of what 
 has been already done ; as therein will be found the causes 
 of things existing. Truth> and that alone, leads to wis- 
 dom. 
 
 The histories of Old and New California are so 
 blended in their discovery and early settlement, that they 
 cannot be separated ; and as the same method of settle- 
 ment by missions prevailed in both, in this respect to 
 understand the one, is to understand the other. 
 
 California owes its discovery to Fernando Cortez, cortez. 
 the Spanish conqueror of Mexico. In 1534, Fernando 1534. 
 de Grijalva was sent by him to explore the coast of the Sends Gn- 
 
 •' ^ jalva. 
 
 Pacific ; and he discovered the peninsula. In the mean 
 time, Cortez, ill-treated by the court of Spain, after his 
 
 * In New- York, on Sunday, February 18, 1849, all the Episcopal 
 churches in the city took up collections for the purpose of construct- 
 ing and sending out a church to St. Francisco, and of supporting a 
 minister to officiate. Sermons suited to the occasion were preached 
 in the churches. Other denominations are also active ; and the 
 Tract, Bible, and other societies are awake. 
 
112 VALUABLE PEARL-FISHERY. 
 
 1536. great services, and seeking occupation for his restless and 
 Si^^the' energetic mind, had determined to pursue the discovery 
 son. '° ^^' in person ; and in 1536, after Charles V had superseded 
 his authority in Mexico by sending out a viceroy, Cortez 
 sailed ; and amidst incredible difficulties and dangers, he 
 coasted both sides of the Californian Gulf. Finding that 
 his affairs demanded his return, he went to Mexico, 
 leaving Francisco de Ulloa to complete the survey of 
 what was then called the Gulf of Cortez.* This expe- 
 dition was accompanied by a pilot named Domingo Cas- 
 1538. tillo, who made a map of the coast, including the mouth 
 (See Robert- of the Colorado, layinpr down Old California as a penin- 
 
 son s Amen- ' ./ o i 
 
 ca, note 162. g^j^^ Nevertheless, it was afterwards, for more than a 
 hundred years, generally supposed to be an island. 
 
 No settlement was attempted on this peninsula until 
 Philip III. 1596, when Philip II of Spain, in part attracted by the 
 159G. valuable pearl-fishery found on the coast, sent Sebas- 
 Sends out tian Viscaino, who established a small colony of Mexi- 
 
 Viscaino. 
 
 cans at the bay Se la Paz ; but the natives, whom his 
 people abused, refused to provide them food ; and he re- 
 turned with his company to Mexico. Again he was sent 
 out to explore the coast in search of harbors, where the 
 1602. Spanish galleons employed in the East India trade, might 
 Discoveries of find an asylum. Viscaino thus became the first Spanish 
 
 Viscaino. •' 
 
 discoverer of Upper California. He discovered and named 
 St. Diego and Monterey, giving on his return a glowing 
 description of the beauty and fertility of the country. 
 
 * This Gulf is also on very old maps laid down as the Vermillion 
 Sea. 
 
THE JESUIT FATHERS. 113 
 
 But the first discovery of Upper California ivas made 15T9. 
 hy Sir Francis Drake, an Englishman, who, in 1579, gj^ Francis 
 visited the northern part of New California, and named ers Xonhem 
 
 California. 
 
 it New Albion.* 
 
 After the voyage of Viscaino, the Spanish sovereigns 
 made many attempts to colonize Old California ; but 
 such had been the conduct of the pearl-fishers and other 
 Europeans who had visited the country, that the natives 
 hated, and so annoyed them, that no permanent settle- 
 ment could be formed. Thus wearied with fruitless 
 attempts and expenses, Charles II, the Spanish sove- 
 reign, acceded, 1697, to propositions from the Jesuits, to 1697. 
 take California under their superintendence, for the object Spanish 
 
 grants. 
 
 of converting the natives to Christianity. 
 
 The Presidio, or Presidency, was a kind of fort 
 guarded by the military, the protectors of the neighbor- 
 ino^ missions. The missions were quadrangular inclo- Jesuit Mis- 
 sures of adobe, with gardens, to which the natives California, 
 resorted to be fed, and taught religion, and the useful 
 arts. But their labor was exacted in return, and by 
 degrees their dependence and obedience were made ser- 
 vitude and slavery. 
 
 The first of the presidios and missions were establish- 
 ed by the Jesuits in Old California. It was not until 
 
 .* With regard to the name, California, we are informed that it 
 was received as belonging to the peninsula,. from the tirse of its first 
 discovery by Grijalva ; but whether it was given in reference to the 
 heat of the country, or whether it was supposed to have been so called 
 by the natives, is not known. 
 
114 MISSIONS OF NEW CALIFORNIA. 
 
 i'?^^' the king of Spain, Charles III, began to fear, from the 
 
 ThekiiK' pi"ogi"ess of English colonization in America, that he 
 
 nrove^'wa^e might bc anticipated in New California, that he gave 
 
 lands. 
 
 orders to the Chevalier St. Croix, Viceroy of Mexico, to 
 found missions and presidios in the ports of San Diego 
 and Monterey. Expeditions by sea and land were set on 
 foot. The Franciscan priests received the royal per- 
 mission, to superintend the conversion of the Indians in 
 New California, as the Jesuits had in the old province. 
 Franciscan fhc first missiou iu Ncw California was established by 
 
 Missions in '' 
 
 New caiifor- Pranciscans, in 1769, at St. Diego ; and the second, in 
 1770, at Monterey. 
 
 The following list of the missions of New California, 
 with the date of the first settlement and the number of 
 inhabitants of each in 1802, is copied from the Edinburgh 
 Encyclopedia, whose authority is Humboldt. 
 
 Names. Founded. Population in 1802, 
 
 Names, &c. 
 of the Mis 
 sions in New 
 California. 
 
 1. San Diego, 
 
 1769 
 
 1560 
 
 2. San Carlos de Monterey, 
 
 1770 
 
 700 
 
 3. San Antonio de Padua, 
 
 1771 
 
 1050 
 
 4. San Gabriel, 
 
 1771 
 
 1050 
 
 5. San Luis Obispo, 
 
 1772 
 
 700 
 
 6. San Francisco, 
 
 1776 
 
 820 
 
 7. San Juan Capistrano, 
 
 1776 
 
 1000 
 
 8. Santa Clara, 
 
 1777 
 
 1300 
 
 9. San Buenaventura, 
 
 1782 
 
 950 
 
 10. Santa Barbara, 
 
 1786 
 
 1100 
 
 11, La Purissima Concepcion, 
 
 1787 
 
 1000 
 
 12. Soledad, 
 
 1791 
 
 570 
 
 13. Santa Cruz, 
 
 1794 
 
 440 
 
 14. San Jose, 
 
 1797 
 
 630 
 
 15. San Miguel, 
 
 1797 
 
 600 
 
 16. San Fernando, 
 
 1797 
 
 600 
 
ABSURD REGULATIONS. 115 
 
 1802. 
 
 Names. 
 
 Founded. 
 
 Population in 1802. 
 
 17. San Juan Bautista, 
 
 1797 
 
 960 
 
 18. San Luis Rey de Francia, 
 
 1798 
 
 600 
 
 According to Humboldt, the population of New Cali- 
 fornia, including the Indians attached to the soil, and 
 who had begun to cultivate their fields, was doubled in population 
 twelve years. In 1790, there were 7,748 souls, and in 
 1802 they had increased to 15,630. 
 
 We further quote, from the same authority, the Edin- 
 burgh Encyclopedia, the following description of the 
 manner in which the foundations of society were laid in 
 that beautiful region, which Providence has now placed 
 under a new, and we hope it may prove, a regenerating 
 influence. 
 
 Latter part 
 
 " The number of whites, mestizoes and mulattoes, of the isth 
 
 and begin- 
 
 may be estimated at 1,300, upon whom alone the govern- S ceitury. 
 ment can depend for the defence of the coast, in case of 
 
 The Missions 
 
 any military attack by an European power. The small- g""'^^' ^^^ 
 ness of this number, so disproportionate to the fertility ^'^'' 
 and extent of the country, is owing entirely to the absurd 
 regulations by which the Spanish presidios are governed, 
 and the principles of colonization followed by Spain, 
 which are in general directly opposite to the true into- 
 
 Unenlighten- 
 
 rests, both of the mother country and colonies. ' It is «d^poi.'cy of 
 truly distressing,' says the Spanish navigator, Galiano, 
 * that the military, who pass a painful and laborious life, 
 cannot in their old age settle in the country, and employ 
 themselves in agriculture. The prohibition of building 
 houses in the neighborhood of the presidios is contrary 
 
116 INDIANS ENSLAVED. 
 
 ^QQ^« to all the dictates of sound policy. If the whites were 
 permitted to employ themselves in the cultivation of the 
 soil, and the rearing of cattle, and if the military, by 
 establishing their wives and children in cottages, could 
 
 The country prepare an asylum against the indiojence to which they 
 
 not prosper- i ^ •' c ^ -^ 
 
 °"^' are too frequently exposed in their old age, New Califor- 
 
 nia would soon become a flourishing colony and resting- 
 place of the greatest utility for the Spanish navigators 
 who trade between Peru, Mexico, and the Philippine 
 islands.' 
 1833. " '^'^^ Governor of the Californias resides at Monterey, 
 
 with a salary of 4,000 piastres. His authority is con- 
 fined entirely to the garrisons, and the independent In- 
 dians : for he is not allowed to interfere with the affairs 
 
 Litie power ' 
 
 nor!^^ ^°^^'^' of the different missions, but is only obliged to grant as- 
 sistance when they claim it. His real subjects consist 
 only of four hundred military, distributed in the different 
 presidios, which are all the means that are required for 
 keeping in subjection about 50,000 wandering Indians. 
 Every parish is governed by two missionaries, whose 
 authority over the converted Indians is absolute ; and 
 Indian sia- ^^^ domestlc ecouomy of each mission differs scarcely i^ 
 any respects from the regulations of a West India planta- 
 tion. ' The men and women,' says La Perouse, ' are as- 
 sembled by the sound of a bell ; one of the priests con- 
 
 Reli^onen- n i • i 
 
 forced, ducts them to their work, to church, and to all their other 
 exercises. We mention it with pain, the resemblance is 
 so perfect, that we saw men and women loaded with 
 irons, others in the stocks, and at length the noise of the 
 
-. MIND AND CONSIENCE DEBASED. 117 
 
 strokes of a whip struck our ears, this punishment being ^1802, 
 also admitted, but not exercised with much severity.' 
 " The utmost regularity and order pervades these reli- 
 
 Religious ex- 
 
 gious communities. Seven hours a day are allotted to erctses and 
 
 ^ •' meals. 
 
 labor, and two to prayers ; they have each a certain al- 
 lowance of food, which consists of boiled corn and maize, 
 and which is prepared and served out in the morning, at 
 noon, and in the evening. On festivals, the ration is 
 beef, which many of them eat raw. Corporal punish- Punishments 
 ments are inflicted on both sexes, for the neglect of pious 
 exercises, or for the smallest dishonesty ; that of the wo- 
 men, however, is private, while the men are exposed to 
 the view of aH their fellow converts, that their punish- 
 ment may serve as an example. As soon as an Indian 
 is baptized, he immediately becomes a member of the 
 
 community, and subject to its laws. On no pretence The baptis- 
 ed Indian se- 
 
 whatever is he allowed to return to his rancheria* or parated from 
 
 his family. 
 
 family ; his fate is as decided as if he had pronounced 
 eternal vows, and should he escape, he is brought back 
 by force, and under pain of the lash is compelled to join 
 in the solemn devotions of the altar, and to offer up his compulsory 
 
 ^ religion. 
 
 unwilling prayers to that Being, who desires not the 
 homage of the lips, but the {vqq and unreserved worship 
 of the heart. 
 
 " This system of government has been attempted to be 
 justified from the character and disposition of its subjects. 
 They are represented as a nation of children that never 
 
 * The hamlet near the mission, where are collected the resi- 
 dences of the converted Indians. 
 
118 SPANISH POLICY. 
 
 1802. arrive at manhood ; they are small and weak, entirely 
 (tNodoubt destitute of that love of liberty and independence which 
 
 there is much , . , , . i n • 
 
 truth in this, characterizes the northern nations, and equally ignorant 
 
 The U. S. by ' H J & 
 
 tem^"r'%*'h ^^ their industry and arts. They have very few ideas, 
 ^"irrf^r" are almost incapable of reasoning, and have so little sta- 
 bility, that unless continually treated as children,f they 
 would escape from those who have been at the trouble of 
 instructing them, and again return to their original bar- 
 barism. But if the Californian Indian be thus destitute 
 of the ideas and qualities of men, he will, by such means, 
 be continually kept so. He has no property that he can 
 (t The slaves call his own.f His labor and actions are entirely under 
 
 of our South- ' -^ 
 
 ^Tiaveo^ the direction of his masters, whom he has' been taught to 
 regard as superior beings. 
 
 ** ****** 
 
 " The great number of both sexes who are in a state 
 
 of celibacy, and have taken vows to continue so, and the 
 
 Policy of de- invariable policy of the Spanish government to admit 
 
 pression. 
 
 only one religion, and to employ the most violent means 
 in support of it, will incessantly oppose a new impedi- 
 
 ment to Its increase. 
 
 35* 
 
 California has heretofore attracted so little notice, that 
 of'the eaTy" mere sketches concerning it are all which can be found 
 
 history of C. 
 
 in standard English authorities. Of these, perhaps, Dr. 
 Robertson, on early American history, occupies the first 
 place. Although he had carefully studied for his His- 
 tory of America, a host of Spanish writers, yet the follow- 
 
 * Edinburgh Encyclopedia. First Am. Ed. 1832. 
 
ROBERTSON'S HISTORY. 119 
 
 ing extract comprises all that his text contains of Cali- 1836. 
 fornia. 
 
 " The peninsula of California, on the other side of the 
 Vermillion Sea, (the Gulf of California,) seems to have 
 been less' known to the ancient Mexicans than the pro- 
 vinces which I have mentioned.* It was discovered by Dr. Robert- 
 son's account 
 
 Cortez in the year 1536. Durinor a lonff period it con- of the first 
 
 •' & & r discovery of 
 
 tinued to be so little frequented, that even its form was ^^''^omia. 
 unknown, and in most charts it was represented as an 
 island, not as a peninsula. Though the climate of this 
 country, if we may judge from its situation, must be 
 very desirable, the Spaniards have made small progress 
 in peopling it. Towards the close of the last century, 
 
 * These are Sonora and Cinaloa, in which valuable gold mines 
 had been discovered. " At Cineguilla, in the province of Sonora," 
 says Dr. Robertson, " they entered a plain of fourteen leagues in ex- 
 tent, in which, at the depth of only sixteen inches, they found gold in ^ , , . 
 
 * ' V 3 > J 6 Gold mines in 
 
 grains of such a size, that some of them weighed nine marks, and in Sonora. 
 such quantities, that in a short time, with a few laborers, they col- 
 lected a thousand marks of gold in grains, even without taking time 
 to wash the earth that had been dug, which appeared to be so rich, 
 that persons of skill computed that it might yield what would be 
 equal in value to a million of pesos. Before the end of the year 1771, 
 above two thousand persons were settled in Cineguilla, under the 
 government of proper magistrates, and the inspection of several ec- 
 clesiastics. As several other mines, not inferior in richness to that 
 of Cineguilla, have been discovered, both in Sonora and Cinaloa, it 
 is probable that these neglected and thinly inhabited provinces may 
 soon become as populous and valuable as any part of the Spanish 
 empire of America." 
 
The Jesuits in 
 Old Califor- 
 
 120 Robertson's account of the Jesuits. 
 
 ITOO. the Jesuits, who had great merit in exploring this ne- 
 glected province, and in civilizing its rude inhabitants, 
 imperceptibly acquired a dominion over it as complete as 
 that which they possessed in their missions in Paraguay, 
 and they labored to introduce into it the same policy, and 
 to govern the natives by the same maxims. In order to 
 prevent the court of Spain from conceiving any jealousy 
 of their designs and operations, they seem studiously to 
 
 About 1752 • 1 T 
 
 the Jesuits are have depreciated the country, by representing the cli- 
 
 accused of de- ^ j ^ i •-> 
 
 couSy"^ ^^^ mate as so disagreeable and unwholesome, and the soil 
 as so barren, that nothing but a zealous desire of convert- 
 ing the natives could have induced them to settle there. 
 Several public-spirited citizens endeavored to undeceive 
 their sovereigns, and to give a better view of California ; 
 The Jesuits but in vain. At length, on the expulsion of the Jesuits 
 
 were expelled 
 
 from Spain in fj.Q^ thc Spanish dominions, the court of Madrid, as 
 
 177(j, the year ^ 
 
 iLe^.S''^'' prone at that juncture to suspect the purity of the order's 
 intentions, as formerly to confide in them with implicit 
 trust, appointed Don Joseph Galvez, whose abilities have 
 since raised him to the high rank of minister for the In- 
 dies, to visit that peninsula. His account of the country 
 ^vSabt^ was favorable ; he found the pearl fishery on its coast to 
 be valuable, and he discovered mines of gold of a very 
 promising appearance. From its vicinity to Cinaloa and 
 Sonora, it is probable, that, if the population of these 
 reekonJd'a provinccs shall iucrcase in the manner which I have sup- 
 
 desolate and 
 
 worthless dis- posed, California may, by degrees, receive from them such 
 a recruit of inhabitants, as to be no longer reckoned among 
 the desolate and useless districts of the Spanish empire." 
 
JESUITS DEFENDED BY M. RICHER. 121 
 
 Whether the Jesuits did slander the country, as Dr. I'^SO. 
 Rohertson and others suppose, is somewhat problematical. tin^'^i^Avhich 
 
 the Jesuits are 
 
 A French authority which we here quote, gives a dmerent accused. 
 account of their report. This writer confirms the his- 
 tory which we have given of the first discovery of Cali- 
 fornia, omitting however the survey of Grijalva, made 
 under the direction of Cortez, two years before he went in 
 person to the peninsula. 
 
 "Apresque Fernand Cortez eut fait la conquete de auotation 
 
 ^ ^ ^ from M. Ri- 
 
 I'ancien Mexique, il tenta de nouvelles decouvertes dans '^^'^''^^^Sr"*^^ 
 les pays voisins, decouvrit en 15.34, le bout de la Presque 
 Isle de la Californie. En 1539 il envoya Francois 
 d'Ulloa avec deux batimens, pour continuer la decou- 
 verte. II visita la cote orientale de la Californie, entra 
 dans le golfe et avanca jusqu au fond. Depuis ce terns les 
 Espagnols y ont fait des expeditions, ont doune des noms 
 aux Caps et aux Ports. En 1683, le Vice-Roi du Mexi- 
 que fit construire un Fort et une Englise dans ce pays. Jesuits de- 
 fended from 
 Les Jesuites penetrerent dans la Californie, y construisi- Jhe^ of^'Ssh 
 
 rent une habitation. Selon eux c'est un des heaux pays ^i^'^'^®^- 
 du monde : le ierrein y produit ahondamment sans culture. 
 On en tireroit un grand parti, si on y apportoit tout 
 V attention quHl inerite."* 
 
 *•' After Fernando Cortez had made the conquest of ancient 
 Mexico, he attempted new discoveries in the neighboring countries.- 
 and discovered in 1534 the extremity of the peninsula of California. 
 In 1539 he sent Francisco d'Ulloa with two vessels to continue the 
 discovery. He visited the eastern coast of California, entered, and 
 advanced to the bottom of the gulf. Since this time the Spaniards 
 
 6 
 
122 TRANSLATION. 
 
 1683. have made expeditions there, and have given names to capes 
 and ports. In 1683 the Viceroy of Mexico built a fort and a xhurch 
 in this country. The Jesuits have penetrated into CaUfbrnia, and 
 built a habitation (for a mission). According to them, it is one of 
 the most beautiful countries in the world : the earth there pro- 
 duces abundantly without culture. Great advantages might he 
 drawn from it, if it attracted all the attention which it merits." — 
 Histoire Moderne. Pour servir de suite a I'Histoire Ancienne de M. 
 RoUin. Continuee par " M. Richer." Vol. xx. p. 10. 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 The Spanish System of Treatment to the Indians, compared with 
 that of the American Government — Account of Upper Cali- 
 fornia — its Presidio, Missions, &c., in 18'22. 
 
 Ordinarily the river keeps the course which was 184T. 
 begun by the rivulet. The little city of Rome was 
 commenced in the military spirit ; when her borders 
 were spreading over Italy it was by offensive war ; and 
 wh©n her empire was grasping the civilized world, the 
 identical character of military aggression remained. Nations like 
 
 rivers, apt to 
 
 In California there will be tendencies cominsf from keep their first 
 
 ~ course. 
 
 the order of things already established. Are those ten- 
 dencies good? encourage them. Are they bad ? suffer 
 them not to remain, but root them out with an unsparing 
 hand. In the sudden tide of a great immigration, the 
 power now exists. The affluent wellino- up from a 
 
 ^ => r California 
 
 fountain just burst from the earth, is so much larger ^^^^1^1 H^^ 
 and stronger in its current, than the original long and ^•'^'^''p^'*^"- 
 little stream, that now its force may be stemmed. 
 But once fall into its course, and the power to change is 
 lost. 
 
 We believe that the system of the priests respecting 
 
124 RULE OF THE PRIESTS NOT PATERNAL. 
 
 184T. the Indians was radically bad, and should at once be 
 
 changed for that of the United States, in which the 
 
 Indians are regarded as wards of the government. But 
 
 we perceive that there is a fashion of speaking on this 
 
 The treat- subject in California, which Americans who go there 
 
 Indians ^ imbibe, which throws a veil over the truth of history, 
 
 should be 
 
 changed. and is Calculated to mislead the understanding and the 
 conscience of those who ought to be the founders of a new 
 order of things. Col. Fremont, in his late able " Geogra- 
 phical Memoir," thus speaks of the rule of the priests 
 and the character of the Indians : " Under the mild and 
 
 Oifference of paternal administration of the 'Fathers^ the docile cha- 
 
 opinion res- 
 pecting the racter of the Indians was made available for labor : and 
 
 'lathers." ^ 
 
 thousands were employed in the fields, the orchards, and 
 the vineyards." We could quote other authors who have 
 used similar language. 
 
 This is not, we think, a true picture of the Califor- 
 nian Indian. By nature, he is indolent. But by force 
 or necessity, or by an appeal, not to his reason, but to the 
 strong superstition of the Indian nature, he may be, as 
 
 The Indian 
 
 should be he was by the " Fathers," brouo-ht to submit, and to 
 
 treated not as •' ° 
 
 't™Zl wT labor ; and thus minister to the accommodation of the 
 bre'aTiHsen- whitcs. And WO object, in the second place, to an admin- 
 
 sitive being. 
 
 istration being called mild and paternal, which brings 
 
 men by force to the baptismal font, and then, by military 
 government and superstitious fear, obliges them to cut 
 the ties of family and kindred, and settle into a state of 
 slavery ; because the Indian race can thus " be made 
 available for labor." The remains of this system, as we 
 
THE AMERICAN SYSTEM PATERNAL. 125 
 
 shall see, are still in California, though in a modified 184T. 
 form — the tyranny begun by ecclesiastics, being carried 
 on by seculars. We hope Americans will, as we have 
 already remarked, pursue the more noble policy adopted 
 by our general government, which regards the well-being 
 and the improvement of the Indian himself, and which is 
 therefore truly paternal. 
 
 We have, in the foregoing pages, given accounts of 
 Protestant writers respecting the arrangements of the 
 ecclesiastical Fathers of New California, and the misera- 
 ble condition of society in which those arrangements had 
 resulted. We naturally desire to know, to what extent ^tjh catholic 
 Catholic writers would accredit their statements. Truth, dit Protestant 
 
 accounts, 
 
 concerning this interesting region, to which so many in 
 whose fate we are interested are now hastening, we most 
 anxiously desire to learn and to teach. Heretofore Call- 
 fornia can scarcely be said to have had either a geography 
 or a history. But such is now its actual increase, and 
 such its splendid prospects, that throughout the land it is 
 becoming the one luminous point to which attention is 
 attracted. We hope, that, among other good objects, 
 
 t Itie writer 
 
 those who so thither, will seek to aid the historian in wiU thank 
 
 any one to 
 
 correctly settling the foundations of its history.f or affor/nevv 
 
 Mr. Edwin Bryant, who, in 1846, travelled overland rrcts!'^'""^" 
 to New California, has, with praiseworthy zeal, talent, ,^ . ^ ,, 
 
 ' ' ^ .7 ' ' Merits of Mr. 
 
 and industry, given us an interesting volume,* in which ^' Sk"* ^ 
 
 * " What I saw in California." By Edwin Bryant. We have, 
 for brevity, made occasional omissions and alterations in phraseology 
 
126 SPANISH ARRANGEMENTS. 
 
 1822. he has done no little service to history. He has inserted 
 " an extract and a translation from a Spanish Catholic 
 writer " of 1822, which not only affords us the means of 
 making the desired comparison between Catholic and 
 Protestant authorities, but gives us the history of the set- 
 tlements at a later date. From this article we copy the 
 following facts. 
 uferc"a?b^ GOVERNMENT. — Upper California, on account of its 
 Sioiiclnisi^' small population, takes the character of a territory, the 
 government of which is under the charge of a comman- 
 dant general, whose powers depend upon the president 
 and congress of tlie Republic of Mexico. The inhabit- 
 ants of the territory are divided amongst the Presidios^ 
 Missions, and Toinis. 
 The Presidio, Pkesidios. — The ueccssity of protecting the apostolic 
 
 or Presidency. 
 
 predication, was the cause of the formation of the pre- 
 sidios. That of San Diego was the first ; Santa Barbara, 
 Monterey, and San Francisco, were built afterwards. 
 The form of all of them is nearly the same, a square 
 inclosure of adobe, 200 yards in each front, and about 
 twelve feet in height. Within are a chapel, storehouses, 
 houses for the commandant, officers and troops. At the 
 entrance of the presidio, there are quarters for the sol- 
 diers composing the corps de garde. 
 "^conSed""^ The buildings in the presidios were placed there for 
 defence against surprise from the wild Indians. But 
 
 and arrangement — but to Mr. Bryant's translation we are indebted 
 the same as if the quotation were entirely verbatim. 
 
PRESIDIOS AND MISSIONS. 127 
 
 this cause having ceased they ought to be demolished, as 1822. 
 they are daily threatening to become complete ruins; 
 and from the limited spaces contained in the inclosures, 
 they must be very incommodious. Several private indi- 
 viduals have built comfortable houses without the pre- 
 sidios. Great emulation in building is evinced ; and no 
 doubt but in a short time there will be considerable 
 towns in California. 
 
 At the distance of one, or, at the most, two miles Military de- 
 fences, 
 from the presidio, and near to the anchoring-ground,* is 
 
 a fort, which has a few pieces of artillery of small 
 calibre. The battalion of each presidio is made up of 
 eighty or more mounted men, a number of auxiliary 
 troops, and a detachment of artillery. The commandant 
 of each presidio is the captain of its respective company, 
 and he has charge of all things relating to the marine 
 department. 
 
 Missions. — The missions contained in the territory 
 are twenty-one. They were built at different epochs ; that 
 of San Diego, the most southerly, in 1769 ; its distance fi^t^Sion 
 from the presidio of the same name, is two leagues, founded. 
 The rest were built successively, according to circum- 
 stances and necessity. The edifices in" some of these 
 missions are more extensive than in others, but in form 
 they are all nearly alike. They are all made of mud- 
 bricks (adobe). In all of them may be found commo- 
 
 * The four presidios previously named, are all sea-ports ; not so 
 the missions. 
 
128 THE INDIAN RANCHERIA. 
 
 ^^^^* dious habitations for the ministers, storehouses in which 
 Accommoda- ^^ ^^^P ^^^ir goods, propoi'tional granaries, offices for soap- 
 makers, weavers, and blacksmiths, — and large gardens, 
 Buildings of horse and cattle pens, and independent apartments for 
 
 the Missions. * ^ ^ 
 
 Indian youths of each sex. A well-built and much or- 
 namented church forms a part of each mission. 
 
 Rancherias. — The Indians reside about two hundred 
 
 yards from the mission building, in a place called the 
 
 ,c rancheria. In most of the missions the rancheria is a 
 
 (borne ne- 
 
 fn%e"south- coufined Structure of adobe, while in others the Indians 
 
 ern States, 
 
 are of brick, are allowcd, accordinor to their primitive custom, to build 
 
 two stories, a o i 
 
 attachid'?^'^ their village of wigwams ; which being made of sticks, 
 and covered with bulrushes, can easily be destroyed and 
 renewed, which their uncleanly habits make desirable. 
 Opposite the rancherias, and near to the mission, is 
 placed a small garrison, with proportionate rooms, for a 
 , corporal and five soldiers, with their families. This 
 
 Means by '^ 
 
 diansare^ejt Small gari'ison is sufficient to overawe the gentile In- 
 dians,* there having leen some examples made, tohich 
 causes theyn to respect this small force. Besides keeping 
 the Indians in subjection, they run post with a monthly 
 correspondence, or with any extraordinary message that 
 may be necessary for government. 
 
 The Padres. — All the missions in Upper California 
 are under the charge of religious men of the order of 
 
 The unconverted Indians in California are called gentiles ; an 
 odd application of a term used in Scripture, not for those who are 
 not Christians, but for those who are not Jews. 
 
THE FRANCISCAN PADRES. 129 
 
 San Francisco. At the present time their number is ^^ ^^' 
 twenty-seven, most of them of an advanced age. Each 
 mission has one of these fathers for its administrator, and 
 he holds absolute authority. The tilling of the ground, 
 the gathering of the harvest, the slaughtering of the 
 cattle, the weaving, and every thing that concerns the 
 
 , Absolute 
 
 mission, is under the direction of the fathers, without any power of the 
 
 Tadres. 
 
 other person interfering in any way whatever, so that if 
 a mission has the good fortune to be superintended by 
 an industrious and discreet padre, the Indians have in 
 abundance all the real necessaries of life ; at the same 
 time the nakedness and misery of any one mission are a 
 •palpalle proof of the inactivity of its director. 
 
 Extent of the Missions, numbers, &c. — The mis- 
 sions extend their possessions from one extremity of the 
 territory to the other, and have made the limits of one 
 mission from those of another. Though they do not re- 
 quire all this land for their agriculture and the mainte- 
 nance of their stock, yet they have appropriated the The Priests 
 
 seek to mono- 
 
 whole — always strongly opposing any individual who poWze all the 
 may wish to settle himself or his family on any piece of 
 land between them. But it is to be hoped that the neces- 
 sity of increasing the people of reason^ and augmenting 
 
 * It is thus that the white inhabitants are distinguished in Cah- 
 fornia, and it betokens an entire acquiescence in the fact of the 
 innate superiority of the white race — a superiority, which in the po- 
 litical family should be, like that of the father in the domestic circle, 
 to seek the means of providing for, making happy, and improving 
 the whole. 
 
130 THE SOURCES OF THEIR WEALTH. 
 
 182S. private property, will cause the government to take ade- 
 quate measures for the interests of all. Amongst all the 
 missions there are about 21,500 Catholic Indians. Of 
 these, some missions have 3000 or perhaps 4000, whilst 
 
 The wealth others havo scarcely 400 ; and the riches of the missions 
 
 of the Padre 
 
 according to ^^g jj-j proportion. Besides the Indians already spoken 
 
 the number i r J r 
 
 a\es. ^^^ q^qYi missiou has a considerable number who live 
 chiefly on farms annexed. 
 
 Character and Condition of the Indians. — The 
 Indians are naturally careless, uncleanly, and of very 
 limited mental capacity. In the small arts they are not 
 JndianSn'riT- deficient in ideas of imitation, but they never will be in- 
 ventors. Their true character is that of being revenge- 
 ful and timid. The education they receive in their 
 infancy is not the proper one to develope their reason, 
 and if it were, they seem not to be capable of any 
 good impression. All these Indians, are unhealthy 
 and physically feeble ; and the records of births and 
 deaths show ten deaths to one hirth ! — Such is the 
 assertion of a Spanish authority in 1822, which is 
 a period within the vaunted reign of the old Spanish 
 padres. 
 
 Productions and Commerce — Agriculture, &c. — 
 
 The general productions of the country are, the breed 
 
 of the larger class of cattle and sheep, horses, wheat, 
 
 maize or Indian corn, beans, peas, and other articles. 
 
 The grape The vefTCtables and ajarden fruits which are produced in 
 
 and olive. ° ^ ] 
 
 the missions more to the south are in great variety. There 
 the grape and the olive grow in abundance. Of all the 
 
TRAFFIC WITHOUT MONEY. 131 
 
 articles of production, the most lucrative is the large cat- i^^^» 
 .tie, their hides and tallow affording an active commerce. 
 The only articles which foreign vessels seek on 
 
 Hides and 
 
 this coast, are hides and tallow ; for which they taiiowthesta- 
 
 '' pie commodi- 
 
 barter in the territory. It is well known that at any "^'• 
 of these ports there is no possibility of realizing any 
 money, for here it does not circulate. The goods im- 
 ported by foreign vessels are intended to facilitate the 
 purchase of hides and tallow, it being well known that 
 the missions have no interest in money, but desire 
 such goods as are necessary for the Indians. Several 
 persons who have brought goods to sell for nothing but 
 money, have not been able to sell them. 1816. 
 
 It is now about six years since hides and tallow About the 
 
 time when the 
 
 were first gathered for commerce. The annual number trade in hides 
 
 began. 
 
 of hides sold to foreign vessels is about 35,000, and the 
 amount of tallow about twenty-five pounds for each hide. 
 Flax, linen, wine, olive oil, grain, and other agricultural 
 productions might exist in profusion if there were stimu- 
 lants to excite industry ; but this not being the case, 
 there is just grain enough sown and reaped for home con- 
 sumption. Were it not for the want of sufficient land, 
 of which the inhabitants cannot obtain a rightful owner- 
 ship, farming operations would be much more extensive. 
 All the presidial companies are composed of the natives 
 of the country ; but most of them are entirely indo- 
 lent, it being very rare for any individual to strive to 
 augment his fortune. Dancing, horse-riding, and gam- 
 bling occupy all their time. The arts are entirely un- 
 
132 CLIMATE SALUBRIOUS. 
 
 181^* known, and I am doubtful if there is one individual who 
 exersises any trade ; very few understand the first rudi- 
 ments of letters, and the other sciences are unknown 
 among them. 
 
 Tow^Ns — The White Race. — The towns contained 
 1822, few and in this distHct are three, the most populous being that of 
 
 small. 
 
 Angeles, containing 1200 inhabitants ; St Joseph's, 600 ; 
 and the village of Branciforte, 200. They are all formed 
 imperfectly and without order, each person having built 
 his own house on the spot he thought most convenient for 
 himself. 
 
 The whites are in general robust, healthy, and well 
 made. The age of eighty and one hundred has always 
 been common in this country ; most infirmities are un- 
 of the whites, known here, and the freshness and robustness of the 
 people show the beneficial influence of the climate ; the 
 women, in particular, have always the roses blooming on 
 their cheeKs. 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 Lewis and Clarke's Expedition in the years 1803-4-5. — FremonVs 
 Exploration to the South Pass, 1842. 
 
 Having now shown the condition of California while 
 under the Spanish and Mexican governments, we next 
 proceed with some account of the steps by which, among 
 us, attention was called to this country, information ob- 
 tained, and interest excited. This will lead to the con- jjj^^ ^^^, 
 
 sideration of the various overland routes by which it is tS of Ore- 
 gon, 
 approached, and in this point of view its history is con- 
 nected with that of Oregon. 
 
 Oregon, as has been stated, became a territory of the it93. 
 
 United States by means of the discovery of Capt. Grey, Grey's disco- 
 very. 
 
 which was made in the year 1 792, 2 1 3 years after that of 
 Upper California by Sir Francis Drake. 
 
 At the beginning of the present century, the vast 
 region containing the head waters of the Missouri and j^^ ^j^^ ^^^_ 
 other western affluents of the Mississippi, were as little foth^clntury! 
 
 the region of 
 
 known as the interior of Africa. The first exploration the Rocky 
 
 ^ Mountains 
 
 made by the government of the United States was set on '^^•^'lown' 
 foot by President Jefferson, shortly after the acquisition 
 of Louisiana ; and conducted by Meriwether Lewis, a 
 
134 OREGON. ^ 
 
 *^Q^' native of Virginia, a man eminently fitted for the bold 
 
 Lewis and ^^^ arduous Undertaking. Lewis was accompanied and 
 
 byJeffer'on, aided by Clarke. In the year 1803, they travelled up 
 
 make surveys 
 
 '"iQAQ ?'T'^ the Missouri to the Great Falls, when leaving that stream, 
 they pursued a westerly course, crossed the Rocky 
 Mountains in about lat. 47°, and soon after struck upon 
 the waters of the Columbia. They examined its main 
 branches, and followed its course to the Pacific Ocean. 
 Thus they became the first explorers of that great river, 
 and by this means, the title of the United States to the 
 region which was watered by the Columbia and its afflu- 
 ents, was confirmed. From the favorable accounts which 
 they gave of the country on their return, a few Ameri- 
 can settlers were led thither. The first permanent 
 1 SOS 
 
 establishment made in Oregon was a trading-house of the 
 
 Firbt settle- 
 ment. Missouri Fur Company established in 1808, on Lewis 
 
 1811. piver. In 1811 the Pacific Fur Company, under John 
 
 founded. Jacob Astor, of New. York, founded Astoria at the mouth 
 
 of the Columbia. 
 
 In the meantime Great Britain laid claim to Oregon, 
 
 especially the northern portion ; and the Hudson Bay Fur 
 
 Company occupied, with their trading-houses, some of 
 
 the best locations in the country. This joint occupancy 
 
 of American and British subjects was sanctioned by the 
 
 Joint occu- treaty of 1818 with great Britain, and continued until 
 
 pancyofOre- '' " ^ 
 
 ^°to'i846.^^^ the treaty of 1846, when Oregon, with the boundary of 
 49°, the former extreme northern limit of the Republic, 
 was relinquished to the United States. 
 
 After the surveys of Lewis and Clarke, little geo- 
 
^emont's first expedition. 135 
 
 graphical light was thrown upon the regions beyond the ^^^2. 
 Rocky Mountains, and the routes by which they were 
 approached, till 1842. Early in the spring of that year, Fremontsent 
 
 to explore the 
 
 Capt. Fremont, an officer of the U. S. Topographical ^ou^e through 
 Engineers, received orders from the American Execu- 
 tive, through Col. Abert, the chief of that bureau, to 
 explore, and report upon the country, between the fron- 
 tiers of Missouri and the South Pass, in the Rocky Moun- 
 tains, and on the line of the Kansas and Great Platte 
 rivers. 
 
 In the early part of June, Capt. Fremont left the June lo, Fre- 
 mont leaves 
 mouth of the Kansas — travelled alonaj its fertile valley — t^e mouth of 
 
 ^ -' the Kansas. 
 
 then struck off upon the sterile bank of the Platte — fol- 
 lowed its South Fork to St. Vrain's Fort — thence north- 
 erly to Fort Laramie, on the North Fork of the same July i5, at 
 
 Ft. Laramie. 
 
 river. Following up from this point, the North Fork, 
 and then its affluent, the Sweet-Water river, he was 
 conducted, by a gentle ascent, to that wonderful gap in 
 the Rocky Mountains, called the South Pass ; which he August i7, 
 
 the South 
 
 reached on the 7th of August. Pass. 
 
 As this natural gateway between the portions of 
 our Republic, divided by these formidable mountains, 
 has become a point of great importance, we insert 
 Capt. Fremont's description in his own words. " About 
 six miles from our encampment brought us to the sum- 
 mit. The ascent had been so gradual, that with all the 
 intimate knowledge possessed by Carson, who had made des^di"inn'oi 
 
 the South 
 
 this country his home lor seventeen years, we were Pass, 
 obliged to watch very closely to find the place at which 
 
136 THE SOUTH PASS. % 
 
 1842. we had reached the culminating point. This was be- 
 tween two low hills, rising on either hand fifty or sixty- 
 feet. When I looked back at them, from the foot of the 
 immediate slope on the western plain, their summits ap- 
 peared to be about one hundred and twenty feet above. 
 From the impression on my mind at this time, and sub- 
 sequently on our return, I should compare the elevation 
 which we surmounted immediately at the Pass, to the as- 
 cent of the Capitol hill from the avenue, at Washington. It 
 is difficult for me to fix positively the breadth of this Pass. 
 ***** It will be seen that it in no manner re- 
 Notamoun- sembles the places to which the term is commonly ap- 
 
 tam gorge. '■ ^ i 
 
 plied — nothing of the gorge-like character and winding 
 ascents of the Alleghany passes in America; nothing of 
 the Great St. Bernard and Simplon passes in Europe. 
 Approaching it from the mouth of the Sweet Water, a 
 sandy plain, 120 miles long, conducts, by a gradual and 
 7,000 feet regular ascent, to the summit, about 7,000 feet above the 
 
 the height of " ^ 
 
 ^^ Pai!*^ sea ; and the traveller, without being reminded of any 
 change by toilsome ascents, suddenly finds himself on 
 Wonderful ^^® Waters which flow to the Pacific ocean. By the 
 °^ "way^'^^^ route we had travelled, the distance from Fort Laramie is 
 320 miles, or 950 from the mouth of the Kansas. Con- 
 tinning our march, we reached, in eight miles from the 
 Pass, the Little Sandy, one of the tributaries of the Colo- 
 rado, or Green River, of the Gulf of California." 
 
 Mr. Edwin Biyant confirms this extraordinary ac- 
 count, and gives further interesting particulars. In his 
 Journal, under date of July 12, 1846, he says, " The gap 
 
• OREGON EMIGRANTS. 137 
 
 in the mountain is many miles in breadth. The ascent ^Q^^* 
 of the Platte and Sweet Water has been so gradual, that 
 although the elevation of the Pass above the sea is, ac- Bryant's 
 
 Journal, July 
 
 cording to some observations, between seven and eight, ^2. ^846. 
 and others, nine and ten thousand feet, yet from the sur- 
 face we have travelled over, we have been scarcely 
 conscious of rising to the summit of a high ridge of moun- 
 tains. The temperature has given us the strongest 
 admonitions of our position. The Pass, where the emi- 
 grant trail crosses it, is in latitude about 42^° north, and 
 longitude 31^° degrees west from Washington city. 
 The wagon trail, after we reach the summit, passes two 
 or three miles over a level surface, between low sloping 
 elevations composed of sand and clay, and covered with 
 a vegetation now brown and dead, when it descends, by 
 a gentle declivity, to a spring known to emigrants as the 
 " Pacific Spring," the water from which, flows into the 
 Colorado river of the West, and is emptied into the Gulf 
 of California." 
 
 In examining the accounts of travellers, we notice 
 
 Emigrants for 
 
 every thing material concerning emigration. While m Oregon. 
 the valley of the Kansas, (June 17) Capt. Fremont 18*2. 
 learned that a party of emigrants of sixteen families, "^""^ ^ ' 
 sixty-four persons, had preceded his party, who were 
 going to the Columbia river, conducted by Dr. White, an 
 agent of the United States government of Oregon Terri- 
 tory. July 2d, Fremont passed near where a party of 
 Oregon emigrants had encamped, and at Fort Laramie 
 met one Oregon party returning. They had proceeded 
 
138 NO LAND EMIGRANTS TO CALIFORNIA. 
 
 1842. beyond Fort Hall, when they became, with reason, 
 alarmed at the hostile attitude of the savages. They 
 were, however, led safely, in retracing their perilous 
 route, by Mr. Fitzpatrick (a person often honorably men- 
 tioned by Fremont and others) and were returning under 
 the conduct of Mr. Bridger; the same, doubtless, whose 
 name is now given to a Fort beyond the South Pass. 
 Although Capt. Fremont saw many parties of Indians, 
 yet this is the amount of what he saw and heard of civ- 
 in 1842 no ilizcd emigrants, in his solitary route in the summer of 
 th^'tand route 1842. AH of the few, that he saw or heard of, were for 
 
 tor California. 
 
 Oregon — not one for California. 
 
 With the survey of the South Pass was accomplished 
 the duty assigned him for that year, and he returned 
 after completing it. Of the road which he had passed 
 over he says, " From the mouth of the Kansas to the 
 Green River valley, west of the Rocky Mountains, there 
 is no such thing as a mountain road on the line of commU' 
 nication.'^ 
 
 Among the party who accompanied Fremont was one 
 
 man too remarkable to be passed over without notice. 
 
 This was his guide, the hunter, Christopher, or Kit 
 
 Excellent Carsou, a name which will be remembered for public 
 
 character of 
 
 Kit Carson, services, in connection with great acquisitions to geo- 
 graphical knowledge, and also as the impersonation of 
 many of the best traits of humanity. We ever find Kit 
 Carson, unselfish, faithful, efficient, untiring, quick in 
 action, and full of resources ; — free and fearless as the 
 north wind, yet kind and gentle as the south. Those to 
 
KIT CARSON. 139 
 
 whom he renders his voluntary service, he inspires with IS'12» 
 a loving confidence, which makes the tongue or the pen 
 linger, while they write or speak of him, as though the 
 subject were pleasant. How little, in his innate meek- 
 ness, did Kit Carson suppose, that he was to be a famous 
 man, and have his name in books, and even on maps, — a 
 lake and a river bearing his name. He has probably ^it Carson 
 
 ^ I •' one ot the 
 
 been the greatest traveller over the regions extending from ^^"^^tfme. "^ 
 the Mississippi to the Pacific, and is the best guide 
 through them, of any man living ; and he has also per- 
 formed acts of genuine heroism, some of which we shall 
 hereafter relate. 
 
 Fremont's book is open before me, where a little in- 
 cident is so graphically related as to be almost equal to 
 a portrait. This incident also shows the perils of tra- 
 vellers through desolate prairies, and that the American 
 Indian still inspires terror. 
 
 " The next morning (June 22) we had a specimen of 
 the false alarms to which all parties in these wild regions 
 are subject. A man, who was a short distance in the 
 rear, came spurring up in great haste, shouting, Indians ! 
 Indians ! He had made out twenty-seven. I imme- 
 diately halted ; arms were examined and put in order ; Kit's eques- 
 trian portrait. 
 
 the usual preparations made ; and Kit Carson, springing 
 upon one of the hunting horses, crossed the river, and 
 galloped off into the opposite prairies, to obtain some cer- 
 tain intelligence of their movements. Mounted on a fine 
 horse, without a saddle, and scouring bareheaded over 
 ^the prairies, Carson was one of the finest pictures of a 
 
140 *'MUCH ADO ABOUT NOTHING." 
 
 1®'*^* horseman I have ever seen. A short time enabled him 
 to discover that the Indian war-party of twenty-seven 
 consisted of six elk, who had been gazing curiously at 
 our caravan as it passed by, and were now scampering 
 offat full speed." 
 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Fremont's Discoveries on his second Expedition in 1843. 
 
 So ably had Captain Fremont fulfilled his mission, 1843. 
 that he was sent by the government the following year, JjreTo^nT 
 on a second expedition, whose objects were to make ex- ^^^Tition!'^^ 
 plorations which should form a connection with his pre- 
 ceding reconnoissance, and with the surveys of Com- 
 mander Wilkes of the Expedition on the Pacific coast, 
 so as to give a connected survey of the interior of our 
 continent. Of the information concerning California 
 elicited by Capt. Wilkes, we shall speak hereafter. 
 Capt. Fremont set out earlier than the preceding year ^^^^^ 7 
 and took with him thirty-nine persons, a larger party ^ of t^ 
 
 Kansas. 
 
 than that of 1842, by nearly one half. He also took for Party, 39. 
 protection against hostile savages a brass twelve-pound 
 howitzer and three soldiers to manage it. Capt. Fremont 
 had again an interesting companion in Mr. Preuss, whose 
 drawings illustrate the history of all his expeditions. 
 Mr. Fitzpatrick was guide. 
 
 Fremont set out on his former track ; but instead of 
 striking from the Kansas to the Platte, he followed the 
 
142 RIDGE OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS. 
 
 ^Q^^* Kansas to the junction of the Republican and Smoky- 
 Hill Forks, which two streams together form that river. 
 Pursuing for some days the course of the Republican, 
 he then crossed to the South Fork of the Platte, and was 
 at St. Vraine's Fort on the 4th of July. Here he turned, 
 
 July 4, "^ 
 
 ^^^F^rt!''^'' and following up for a time the South Fork of the Platte, 
 came upon an affluent of the Arkansas, and pursued it 
 to the parent stream, near the location of the Boiling (or 
 
 *"^sd'^^''' effervescing) Springs, whose waters Mr. Preuss (a Ger- 
 man) found to much resemble those of Seltzer. 
 
 Here Capt. Fremont was likely to meet a great disap- 
 pointment in regard to an expected and much needed 
 recruit of mules, but he had the good fortune to meet 
 and again secure the services of his " reliable friend, 
 Mr. Christopher Carson," whom he immediatlely dis- 
 patched to Bent's Fort to procure the needed supply. 
 St. Vraine's Returning to St. Vraine's, he found the animals collected, 
 
 Fort. 
 
 and already at the Fort awaiting his arrival. 
 
 Capt. Fremont here divided the party. Taking with 
 himself thirteen men, he sent the remainder under Mr. 
 Fitzpatrick, the guide, by the ordinary route to Oregon, 
 through the South Pass, to Fort Hall on Snake River, 
 where he was to meet them ; he then took a north- 
 westerly course and ascended the mountain, following 
 the Cache a la Pondre, one of the head streams of the 
 Platte. The party then travelled at an elevation of seven 
 or eight thousand feet on a high plateau, which forms 
 the dividing ridge, between the two oceans bounding the 
 continent. 
 
FREBIONT ENTERS CALIFORNIA. ] 43 
 
 On the 21st of August, now exploring the eastern 1813. 
 part of Upper California, Fremont was in the fertile and ^^afSlait 
 picturesque valley of Bear River, and approaching by its upper Ca?. 
 course the Great Salt Lake. "We were now," said he, 
 " entering a region which for us possessed a strange and 
 extraordinary interest. We were upon the waters of 
 the famous lake which forms a salient point among the 
 remarkable geographical features of the country, and 
 around which, the vague and superstitious accounts of the 
 trappers had thrown a delightful obscurity, which we 
 anticipated pleasure in dispelling, but which in the mean 
 time, left a crowded field for the exercise of our imagina- 
 tion. 
 
 " In our occasional conversations with the few old 
 hunters who had visited this region, it had been a sub- 
 ject of frequent speculation, and the wonders which they 
 related were not the less agreeable because they were 
 highly exaggerated and impossible. 
 
 " Hitherto this lake had been seen only by trappers, 
 who were wandering through the country in search of 
 new beaver streams, caring very little for geography ; 
 its islands had never been visited ; and none were to be 
 
 Neither 
 
 found who had entirelv made the circuit of its shores ; geographical 
 
 '' nor historical 
 
 and no instrumental observations or geographical survey, ^"e°7stedf 
 of any description, had ever been made any where in 
 the neighboring region. It was generally supposed that 
 it had no visible outlet ; but among the trappers, includ- 
 ing those in my own camp, were many who believed that 
 somewhere on its surface was a terrible whirlpool, 
 
144 A TRAVELLING HOME. 
 
 1843. through which its waters found their way 1o the ocean by 
 some subterranean communication. All these things 
 had made a frequent subject of discussion in our desul- 
 tory conversations around the fires at night ; and my 
 own mind had become tolerably well filled with their in- 
 definite picture, and insensibly colored with their ro- 
 mantic descriptions, which, in the pleasure of excitement, 
 I was well disposed to believe, and half expected to 
 realize. 
 
 " We continued our road down the river, and at night 
 encamped with a family of emigrants — two men, women, 
 
 A family and Several children — who appeared to be bringing up 
 
 of emigrants 
 
 for Oregon, the rear of the great caravan. I was struck with the 
 fine appearance of their cattle, some six or eight yoke 
 of oxen, which really looked as well as if they had been 
 all summer at work on some good farm. It was strange 
 to see one small family travelling along through such a 
 country, so remote from civilization. Some nine years 
 since, such a security might have been a fatal one ; but 
 since their disastrous defeats in the country a little north, 
 the Blackfeet have ceased to visit these waters. Indians, 
 however, are very uncertain in their localities ; and the 
 friendly feelings also of those now inhabiting it may be 
 changed. This is the route all the emigrants now travel 
 to Oregon. 
 
 " Crossing, in the aflernoon (of the next day), the 
 point of a narrow spur, we descended into a beautiful 
 bottom, formed by a lateral valley, which presented a 
 picture of home-beauty that went directly to our hearts. 
 
A CALIFORNIAN EMIGRANT. 145 
 
 The edge of the wood, for several miles along the river, 1^'^^» 
 was dotted with the white covers of emigrant wagons, oregon'^em?-^ 
 collected in groups at different camps, where the smokes 
 were rising lazily from the fires, around which the 
 women were occupied in preparing the evening meal, 
 and the children playing in the grass ; and herds of cat- 
 tle, grazing about in the bottom, had an air of quiet se- 
 curity, and civilized comfort, that made a rare sight for 
 the traveller in such a remote wilderness. 
 
 •' In common with all the emigration, they had been 
 reposing for several days in this delightful valley, in 
 order to recruit their animals on its luxuriant pasturage 
 after their long journey, and prepare them for the hard 
 trail along the comparatively sterile banks of the Upper 
 Columbia." 
 
 We make the last quotation to show that American 
 emigrants were in considerable numbers now, 1843, tra- 
 velling over land to Oregon. Fremont has, as yet, found 
 none bound for California, except a Mr. Chiles, his fa- 
 Oiily and his laborers, who are going from Missouri to 
 settle in the valley of the Sacramento. He is carrying 
 the parts of a mill which he means to set up on that 
 stream. We wish partcularly to call attention to the 
 fact of the rapid improvement in the geographical know- 
 ledge of these regions, by showing how little they were 
 known in 1843. 
 
 On the 25th Capt. Fremont was at Bear Springs, August 25, 
 whose character is not unlike those of the Boiling 
 Springs at the Arkansas. Wandering among the moun- 
 
 7 
 
146 THE SALT LAKE. 
 
 l®^3. tains in search of the Salt Lake, Fremont and his party 
 suffered for want of food. Kit Carson shot off the track, 
 went to Fort Hall, and returned with such^a scanty 
 supply, as the Oregon emigrants had left behind 
 them. 
 
 Sept. 6, On the 6th of September the party had reached a 
 
 at the 
 
 Salt Lake, point, where, says Capt. Fremont, " we beheld at our 
 feet the object of our anxious search — the waters of the 
 Inland Sea, stretching in still and solitary grandeur far 
 beyond the limit of our vision. It was one of the great 
 points of the exploration ; and as we looked eagerly over 
 the lake in the first emotion of excited pleasure, I am 
 Enthusiasm ^o^btful if the followers of Balboa felt more enthusiasm 
 °at \he £^ when, from the heights of the Andes, they saw for the 
 
 view. 
 
 first time the great western ocean. It was certainly a 
 magnificent object, and a noble terminus to this part of 
 our expedition ; and to travellers so long shut up among 
 mountain ranges, a sudden view over the expanse of silent 
 waters had in it something sublime." 
 
 The lake Capt. Fremont and his party explored in a^ 
 small boat and found all superstitious fears to be ground- 
 less. The waters of the lake a mile from the shore were 
 saturated with common salt.* On the islands were in- 
 
 * Fourteen pints of fine grained salt were obtained by the party 
 from five gallons of the water. Fremont heard of immense beds of 
 rock salt in the vicinity. Truly, Mr. Jefferson's " Salt Mountain " 
 for which in 1803 he was so much ridiculed, has come to Hght at 
 last. 
 
FORT HALL. 147 
 
 crustations of salt to a considerable thickness. But we ^Q^^« 
 must leave minute descriptions to the geographer, and 
 trace the progress of discovery and emigration. 
 
 Sept. 19, 
 
 On the 19th Capt. Fremont was at Fort Hall, where at Fort Haii 
 
 ^ •' from Sept. 19 
 
 his whole party were reunited. *° 
 
 Here he met Mr. Chiles and his company of whom 
 he had before heard, as American emigrants going 
 to California. Mr. Chiles divided his party at this 
 point ; the largest division, taking the wagons, with mill- 
 saws, &c., were to travel under the conduct of Mr. 
 Joseph Walker, of Missouri ; and a long route lay before 
 them, along the eastern base of the Sierra Nevada, to its Mr. Chiies 
 
 and his com- 
 
 southern extremity, and thence through "Walker's panyemi- 
 
 •^ ^ grants for 
 
 pass," (that intrepid traveller having discovered it,) into ^^'"°'°'^- 
 the valley of the San Joaquin. Thence they were to go 
 north to the place of their destination on the Sacramento. 
 This tedious journey they performed ; but we afterwards 
 learn, that before they finally reached the valley of the 
 Sacramento, they suffered much, and lost their wagons 
 and mill-irons. Mr. Chiles himself followed the stream 
 called Lewis's Fork, or Snake River, to the mouth of its 
 affluent, Matthew River ; then following that stream to its 
 source, he found his way over the Sierra into the valley 
 of the Sacramento. His people were among those few 
 American settlers of the Sacramento, who under Fremont 
 made in July, 1846, the "Bear revolution." 
 
 From Fort Hall Capt. Fremont followed the course 
 of Snake River to Fort Boise : then crossing the Blue ^J^^ ^^°® 
 
 c^ Mountains. 
 
 Mountains, (their height 5000 feet,) he came upon the 
 
148 THE DALLES. 
 
 1843. waters of the Walahwalah. Here he found Dr. Whit- 
 man, the first American whom he had met, who had a 
 house, a farm, and a family. From the mouth of the 
 Walah\yilah, the party proceeded to the Dalles or walls 
 at thrbt'iies °^ t^® Columbia, where, as the river cleaves those basal- 
 Coiumbia. tic rocks, its wholc breadth is compressed into fifty 
 yards. At this point Capt. Fremont found a Methodist 
 mission, whose buildings consisted of two adobe dwelling- 
 houses and a large scJiool -house. From the Dalles, Fre- 
 mont with a few of his men embarked and had a pleasant 
 sail to Vancouver, then a mud-built British trading-house. 
 
 Nov. 10, His orders to connect his surveys with those of the Ex- 
 leaves Van 
 couver. pjoring Expedition under Capt. Wilkes being now exe- 
 cuted, he returned to his main camp at the Dalles ; and 
 immediately began his long homeward route by Cali- 
 fornia. 
 
 On the 10th of December he explored the Hamath 
 
 Dec. 10, 
 
 the Hamath Lake, Called also, as is its river, Klamet. The lake was, 
 
 Lake. 
 
 at this season, when no melting snows sent waters from the 
 mountains, only " an extensive meadow or lake of grass," 
 with a river running through it, and occasional pools. 
 The Indians in this vicinity were said to be uncommonly 
 treacherous and cruel. The state of geographical know- 
 ledge respecting California will appear from the following 
 extract of Fremont's journal. 
 
 " From this lake our course was intended to be about 
 southeast, to a reported lake called Mary's, at some days' 
 journej^ in the Great Basin ; and thence, still on south- 
 east, to the reputed Buenaventura River, which has had a 
 
.THE IMAGINARY BUENAVENTURA. 149 
 
 place in so many maps, and countenanced the belief of 1843. 
 the existence of a great river flowing from the Rocky efpectrt'o 
 Mountains to the Bay of San Francisco. From the BuenlTven-^ 
 
 tura. 
 
 Buenaventura the next point was intended to be in that 
 section of the Rocky Mountains which includes the heads 
 of Arkansas River, and of the opposite waters of the 
 Californian Gulf; and thence down the Arkansas to 
 Bent's Fort and home. This was our projected line of 
 return — a great part of it absolutely new to geographical, 
 
 Fremont's 
 
 botanical, and ffeolosjical science — and the subject of re- in^aginary 
 
 ' & o J route. 
 
 ports in relation to lakes, rivers, deserts, and savages 
 hardly above the condition of mere wild animals, which 
 inflamed desire to knmv what this terra incognita valley 
 contained. It was a serious enterprise, at the com- 
 mencement of winter, to undertake the traverse of such 
 a region." 
 
 We thus see what was at this time the state of geo- 
 graphy in relation to California, and how much that 
 science is indebted to Fremont's surveys. From the vi- 
 cinity of Lake Hamath, where rise three rivers running 
 diversely — the Sacramento, the Klamet, and the Fall- 
 River branch of the Columbia — Capt. Fremont took, as 
 he proposed, a southeast course. But misled by the ima- 
 ginary maps of the country, he was constantly expecting 
 to fall upon the waters of a great river, flowing from the ^^ j^ ^^^^^^ 
 Rocky Mountains to the Gulf of San Francisco; and andcrLes^^o 
 
 the eastern 
 
 keeping what he conceived the proper course for this side of the 
 object, he was led a long and dreary way across the 
 Sierra Nevada. On his descending upon the eastern 
 
150 DISCOVERIES. 
 
 *^^^« side, he discovered lakes, to which he gave the names of 
 
 the'^Prylmid Sum?ner and Ahert. He was now on the wintry side of 
 
 the Sierra ; and the commencement of the year 1844 
 
 found him and his men in a forlorn condition, but still 
 
 seeking the imaginary great river. On the 10th of 
 
 January they discover the Pyramid Lake. Finding here 
 
 the inlet of a considerable stream, which they named 
 
 Salmon Trout River, and which rose in the mountains on 
 
 their right, they became satisfied that the direction of 
 
 the water-courses was incompatible with the existence 
 
 of the supposed Buenaventura. Their provisions were 
 
 The conse- Gxhaustcd, their garments tattered, their animals jaded, 
 
 *^deiusfon° and they must recross the Sierra Nevada, or perish in 
 
 the inhospitable desert. 
 
 They found a tribe of the natives of apparently more 
 than ordinary sagacity. " We explained to the Indians," 
 says Fremont, " that we were endeavoring to find a pas- 
 sage across the mountains into the country of the whites, 
 whom we were going to see ; and told them that we 
 wished them to bring us a guide, to whom we would give 
 presents of scarlet cloth, and other articles, which were 
 shown to them. They looked at the reward we offered, 
 and conferred with each other, but pointed to the snow 
 on the mountains, and drew their hands across their 
 
 Indian ac- 
 count of the necks, and raised them above their heads to show the 
 
 crossing or the ' 
 
 ^^^"^' depth ; and signified that it was impossible to get 
 through. They made signs that we must go to the 
 southward, over a pass through a lower range, which 
 they pointed out ; there, they said, at the end of one 
 
FIRST EXPLORERS. 
 
 151 
 1841. 
 
 day's travel, we would find people who lived near a pass 
 in the great mountain ; and to that point they agreed to 
 furnish us a guide. They appeared to have a confused 
 idea, from report, of whites who lived on the other side 
 of the mountain ; and once, they told us, about two years 
 ago, a party of twelve men like ourselves had ascended 
 their river, and crossed to the other waters. They 
 pointed out to us where they had crossed ; but then, they 
 said, it was summer time ; but now it was impossible. 
 
 .fin some 
 
 I believe that this was a party led by Mr. Chiles,t one of former year. 
 the only two men whom I know to have passed through ^^.^^^ ^^^ 
 
 WflllcGT the 
 
 the California mountains from the interior of the Basin — only pioneers 
 
 before Fre- 
 
 Walker being the other; and both were engaged up- mont. 
 wards of twenty days, in the summer time, in getting 
 over. Chiles' destination was the Bay of San Francisco, 
 to which he descended by the Stanislaus River ; and 
 Walker subsequently informed me that, like myself, de- 
 scending to the southward on a more eastern line, day 
 after day he was searching for the Buenaventura, think- 
 ing that he had found it with every new stream, until like 
 me, he abandoned all idea of its existence, and turning 
 abruptly to the right, crossed the great chain. These 
 were both western men, animated with the spirit of 
 exploratory enterprise which characterizes that peo- 
 ple." 
 
 We introduce this extract, not only to manifest how 
 entirely in the dark the best informed, such as Fremont 
 himself, were at that period respecting California, but 
 also to show that overland emigration had then made no 
 
152 
 
 ALPINE REGIONS. 
 
 ^^'*^^' progress. The great breadth and formidable nature of 
 
 the chain of the Sierra Nevada* is made apparent from 
 
 the ignorance of the Indians of what was beyond, and from 
 
 the length of time employed in crossing it. It was the 
 
 ieaves"'pyra- 16th of January when Fremont left the Pyramid Lake, 
 
 raid Lake. 
 
 to follow up into the mountains its affluent, the Salmon 
 Trout River ; and it was not until the 6th of March that he 
 struck the waters of the Sacramento. The hardships 
 endured during the many days, which occupied these 
 resolute, uncomplaining men, to cross these Alpine re- 
 gions, were all that they could endure. Indeed, one 
 died and two became insane. Had there been women 
 
 Extreme 
 
 ing^ncrosdng ^"^ children of their number, a great proportion must 
 
 the Sierra. , • i i 
 
 have perished. 
 
 Capt. Fremont, in descending the mountains, fortu- 
 nately came upon a stream which he was told was the 
 River of Americans, and never did the name sound more 
 grateful to an American ear. Its waters led his famished 
 approach compauy to Suter's Fort, the spot of all others in the valley 
 
 Suter's Fort. n -i ^ ^• o r 
 
 where they might expect to find the hospitable relief of 
 good and wholesome food ; which they who had been sub- 
 .sisting on the flesh of dogs, and of lean and starved mules, 
 would well know how to appreciate. They came up to 
 the Fort, weak and emaciated, each man leading a horse 
 or mule as weak and emaciated as himself, unable to 
 
 * On the new map of Fremont's explorations, made by Mr. 
 Preuss, these mountains are laid down opposite the Pyramid Lake, 
 as not less than seventy or eighty miles in breadth. 
 
GOLD AND HUNGER. 153 
 
 bear the weight of a rider. They had been obliged to _^^®**' 
 leave their howitzer ; half their animals had perished in 
 the mountains ; their mules falling with their loads, down 
 
 Fremont loses 
 
 frightful precipices, into nulfs below. Thus were lost J^»s botanical 
 
 ° ^ ^ ° specimens. 
 
 their botanical specimens, and other articles, which 
 could not be replaced. 
 
 The Fork of the American where they passed, was 
 the same, along which the gold placers were first discov- 
 ered. How little did these sufferers, as they passed, 
 wayworn and hungry, over the desolate wilderness, 
 know that they were treading on gold ; and how little 
 would it have availed to their necessities, if they had 
 at that time, not only known its existence, but possessed The hungry 
 
 tread on gold. 
 
 it ; — and how little did their leader suppose that ere five 
 years should pass, a thronging multitude, not only of his 
 countrymen, but from every part of the earth, would be 
 there ; and he mark the wonderful spot upon his map, as 
 El Dorado, or the Region of Gold ! 
 
1844. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Fremont in California — At Suter's Fort and in the valley of the 
 San Joaquin. 
 
 Capt. SuTERf received the famished party with his 
 wonted generous hospitality, gratuitously supplying their 
 
 (t Within the 
 
 last two years, immediate necessities. He is by birth a Swiss, and was 
 
 this name is 
 
 mZriXd ^ lieutenant of the Swiss guards of Charles X, the last 
 " ^^''^ of the Bourbons. He continued so during the Revolu- 
 tion of the " three days '.' in 1830. While the aged 
 exiled monarch fled, and went to reside in old Holyrood, 
 in Edinburgh, John A. Slter emigrated to America, 
 and settled in Missouri. From that State in 1838-9 he 
 removed ; and settled in his present location, near the 
 confluence of the Rio de los Americanos \Yith the Sacra- 
 mento. 
 
 He owned the Fort and a princely estate adjoining, 
 the title to which he had obtained from the Mexican 
 
 His eminent 
 
 posiUon. government.* Himself and his position are now full in 
 
 * We find it stated by McCuUoch and others, that the Califor- 
 nians had cast off the Mexican authority, and made themselves 
 independent. But we see from this, and similar cases, that land- 
 
suter's fort. 155 
 
 the eye of public observation. It was by his agent and ^Q^^« 
 on his property that the gold, which is attracting such 
 vast numbers to California, was first found ; and the 
 governor of California was by the latest advices, making 
 Suter's Fort his head-quarters. The fort is built upon a 
 pond-like stream communicating with the American River 
 about two miles above an entrance into the Sacramento ; 
 and is a quadrangular adobe structure about five hundred 
 feet in length and a hundred and fifty in breadth. At 
 this time it was garrisoned by forty Indians, whom Capt. 
 Suter at first, according to Fremont, found troublesome 
 and dangerous, but by prudent management and well- 
 timed discipline,* he had reduced them to order and 
 obedience. 
 
 title from Mexico was alone considered good. If California did not 
 belong to Mexico, why should our republic take it as a Mexican 
 province ? and why should it be universally conceded, that a cession 
 from the Mexican Republic is valid title to the American ? 
 
 * Capt. Wilkes gives us further information concerning this dis- 
 cipline. It was severe to an extent that negro slavery in the United 
 States by no means admits. But we know too little of what that 
 necessity consisted in, to offer any condemnation. The inherent dif- 
 ference in different races of human beings, is one of those truths difference in 
 which men look away from in theory, but act on in practice. When '^°®^- 
 philosophy shall have done her part in settling what is truth con- 
 cerning the kind and degree of these differences, the world will be 
 less agitated on some subjects than it is at present. We have not a 
 doubt that the Creator's arrangements are all in perfect wisdom, and 
 it is for man to find out what they are, and conform to them. In 
 order to this, the superior race (that is the race superior in force 
 
156 
 
 *Q^^* In the Journal of Fremont's first visit at the Fort, he 
 
 says that Capt. Suter, " on application to the chief of a 
 village, readily obtained as many (Indian) boys and girls 
 as he has any use for. There were at this time a num- 
 ber of girls at the Fort in training for a future woollen 
 factory, but they were now all busily engaged in water- 
 ing the gardens." 
 
 Capt. Suter's agricultural operations are on a great 
 1843-4. scale. He sowed, according to Fremont (in 1843), three 
 Farming ope- hundred fancsas* of wheat, expecting the ordinary yield 
 
 rations on a "- ^ r a j j 
 
 great scale, ^f ^^^ couutry, thirty-fivc fold. The price of wheat at 
 this time, was two dollars and a half per bushel. In 
 1846. 1846, the wheat crop of Capt. Suter, according to Mr. 
 Increased. Bryant, was about 8000 bushels ; his number of Indian 
 laborers, from two to three hundred. In August, 1848, 
 when Gov. Mason visited the Fort on his return from the 
 gold placers, where many had gone and left their crops 
 unharvested, Capt. Suter on the contrary, was carefully 
 gathering his wheat. It was estimated at 40,000 bushels, 
 
 and power) must hold the superior place in government. In the 
 matter of sex men do it, and sternly maintain their prerogative ; — 
 and sometimes v^^hile they quarrel with nature, for differences 
 of race. But while the men of the white race, ought perhaps to 
 maintain the first rank, so far as power is regarded ; they should 
 remember that they are exercising it over the children of God, and 
 are responsible to him, that they exercise for the good of those who 
 are its subjects. 
 
 * The fanega is 140 pounds. Mr. Bryant says that a fanega of 
 wheat is rather more than two bushels. 
 
 1848. 
 
 Still 
 increasing. 
 
Fremont's departure. 157 
 
 and bore already the enormous price of nearly thirty-six ^Q^^* 
 dollars per barrel, and was expected soon to fetch 
 twenty more. 
 
 The site of New Helvetia laid down upon the maps 
 at the junction of the American River with the Sacra- ^.O^^^, 
 
 *' This site IS 
 
 mento, was selected and named by Capt. Suter, from the ^^°^y sS-^*^ 
 
 11 • ft- • 1 1 -n 1 mento City.) 
 
 ancient appellation or his native land. But he came an 
 emigrant from the United States, being a naturalized 
 citizen.* 
 
 We should iafer from the following expression in 
 Fremont's Journal that he was the first emigrant, as he IS*** 
 is certainly up to this period the most eminent. " Since pr^Si^^hf 
 
 ... first emigrant 
 
 his arrival, several other persons, principally Americans, from the u.s. 
 
 in that region. 
 
 have established themselves in the valley." We hear 
 of none who were there before him, except a few hunters. 
 Mr. Sinclair, a highly respectable emigrant, was in 1844 
 settled about two miles from the Fort on the American 
 River, and Mr. Chiles was again met by Fremont at the Mr. chiies 
 
 near Suter's 
 
 Fort, being temporarily located on a farm near the Sacra- Fort, 
 mento, until he could select land for a permanent resi- 
 dence, for which he had secured a grant from the Mexi- 
 can government. 
 
 On the 22d of March, Capt. Fremont took his de- March 22, 
 
 1 r» ^ • Fremont 
 
 parture with an, ample outfit of provisions, animals, &c., leaves Suter's 
 furnished him at the Fort. To avoid crossing the Sierra, 
 
 * We hope, as a farther element of Californian history, that we 
 may ere long receive from some source, a complete list of the first 
 American emigrants in the valley of the Sacramento. 
 
158 SPRING IN THE VALLEY. 
 
 ^Q^^* he ranged southeasterly along its base through the beau- 
 tiful and balmy valley of the San Joaquin, where life 
 itself was enjoyment. Here the party travelled five 
 ^ . . ,, hundred miles, luxuriating in the loveliness of nature, 
 
 Spnngmthe ' =• ' 
 
 SaSoaqahu ^^d the dolights of spring. Fresh streams were welling 
 from the dissolving snows of the mountains ; green carpets 
 of tender grass were beneath ; bright and harmonious 
 birds nestled in the branches of the trees, or amidst the 
 splendid array of wild flowers, which sometimes seemed 
 as if arranged in grand natural bouquets, rising to the 
 height of the horseman's head, and stretching to the ex- 
 tent of a New England garden. 
 
 But on that whole way, not one civilized human being 
 was found, who had as yet made his dwelling in the 
 charming valley. The nearest approach to this was 
 when, on the 13th of April, the day before they began 
 crossing the mountains, a single Christian Indian, habited 
 in the Spanish costume, much to their satisfaction, rode 
 
 into their camp and accosted them in the Spanish Ian- 
 Fremont's 
 
 party in the gUagC. 
 Great Basin. 
 
 This Indian, Fremont took for a guide, as he travelled 
 through Walker's Pass into the Great Basin. The com- 
 pany then moved south westwardly, leaving the Sierra on 
 their right, until they reached the Spanish trail from Los 
 Angeles to Santa Fe. This was followed until it turned to 
 the southeast. Their course was northeast, and led them 
 along the base of the Wahsatch Mountains to the Utah 
 Lake ; and thence, across the Rocky Mountains, to the 
 head-waters of the Arkansas. 
 
QUALITIES OF A COMMANDER. 159 
 
 These explorations form a constituent part of the his- ^Q"*^^* 
 lory of Upper California ; and the great ability mani- 
 fested by the leader, in bold and daring action, fertility 
 of resource, and capacity of endurance, amidst fatigue 
 and long-continued privation, — power of attaching to his 
 person by watchful care and kindness those whom he 
 
 *■ Fremont 
 
 led ; — these qualities and others, marked him as a man in ^^'^^n°J^|^''^ 
 whom the American administration might well place 
 great confidence. In the spirit of such a confidence, he 
 was sent again, the succeeding year, to California ; and 
 history can do no other, than to make him the hero of 
 the American possession of that important country. 
 
1841. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Visit to Upper California of Capt. Wilkes, Commander of the Ex- 
 ploring Expedition, 1841 — The Califomian Revolution of 
 1836, &c. 
 
 The United States Exploring Expedition under Capt. 
 Wilkes, made, from the middle of August to the last of 
 
 Wilkes and <-, , ^ „ , . . ^ 
 
 Fremont sur- September, 1841, a survey of the maritime parts of 
 
 veyed difter- 
 
 u°' Tcli*^ Upper California ; especially the Bay of San Francisco 
 and its vicinity, — parts of the country which Capt. Fre- 
 mont did not visit in his first explorations. The publica- 
 tion of Capt. Wilkes' researches did not, however, occur 
 until after Capt. Fremont's first and second expeditions, 
 and he was not availed of any geographical knowledge 
 thus elicited. From the short time employed by Capt. 
 Wilkes in his personal survey of California, hearsay 
 necessarily mingled with observation in his accounts : 
 and we find in them some errors, with much that is 
 correct and valuable.* It is, however, in most cases, 
 
 * Take for example the following passage : " The best route to 
 the United States is to follow the San Joaquin for sixty miles, thence 
 easterly, through a gap in the Snowy Mountains, by a good beaten 
 
BAY OF SAN FRANCISCO. 161 
 
 easy to distinguish what is drawn from others, from IS'^^I* 
 that which is reliable information, drawn from actual 
 survey. 
 
 When the Commander of the Exploring Squadron 
 entered, August 14th, the Bay of San Francisco, the j^.^„^^i ,4, 
 
 ,. • , 1 1 • 1 • ... Cant. Wilkes 
 
 country disappomted him; navmg an unmvitmg aspect enters the 
 
 Bay of San 
 
 on account of the uncommon drought, which, in 1841, Francisco. 
 prevailed in Upper California. There had been no rain 
 during a year. But the vineyards had produced abun- 
 dantly ; and wherever irrigation had been practised, the 
 earth had yielded a large increase. Capt. Wilkes bears 
 his testimony to the superior excellence of this great 
 harbor. " Upper California," he says, " may boast of 
 
 road ; thence the course is northeasterly to Mary's River, which 
 flows southeast and has no outlet, but loses itself in a lake ; thence 
 continuing in the same direction, the Portneuf River, in the Upper 
 Shoshone, is reached ; and thence to Fort Hall. According to Dr. 
 
 Marsh, (an American of much intelligence, resident at the mouth Incorrect 
 
 ^ ° reports made 
 
 of the San Joaquin, to whom we are indebted for much information ly^^P^" 
 of the country,) there is plenty of fresh water and pasturage all the 
 way, and no proper desert between the California Range and the 
 Colorado." Vol. v. p. 181. 
 
 From this may be seen the incorrect notions which then pre- 
 vailed of the Great Basin, with its deserts, and of the formidable 
 Sierra Nevada. The course of Humboldt's, or Mary's River, is 
 made southeast instead of southwest — it is incorrecdy stated that 
 there is no desert ; and as to Portneuf River in the Upper Shoshone, 
 according to Fremont's map, the Upper Shoshone is far from the 
 river, and off the route to Fort Hall, and the river itself is but a 
 small stream to be crossed just before arriving at that place. 
 
162 VERBA BUENA. 
 
 1841. one of the finest, if not the very best harbor in the 
 orui'rSo^ world — that of San Francisco. Few are more exten- 
 cisco." "^"^^ sive, or could be as readily defended ; while the com- 
 bined fleets of all the naval powers of Europe might 
 moor in it." He says, however, that "this is the only 
 really good harbor which the country possesses ; for the 
 others so called, may be frequented only during the fine 
 season, being nothing more than roadsteads, affording 
 little safety and but few supplies to vessels." 
 
 The progress of immigration, especially the Ameri- 
 can, may be traced by the growth of San Francisco. 
 The most frequented anchorage of the bay called Yerba 
 San Fran- ^ueua is thus described by Capt. Wilkes : " The town 
 CISCO in . ^^ ^^^j^ calculated to produce a favorable impression on a 
 stranger. Its buildings may be counted, and consist of 
 a large frame building, occupied by the agent of the 
 Hudson Bay Company ; a store, kept by Mr. Spears, an 
 American ; a billiard-room and bar ; a cabin of a ship, 
 occupied as a dwelling by Capt. Hinckley ; a black- 
 smith's shop, and some outbuildings. These, though 
 few in number, are also far between. With these, I 
 must not forget to enumerate an old dilapidated adobe 
 building, which has a conspicuous position on the top of 
 the hill overlooking the anchorage." 
 
 This was in 1841. When Mr. Edwin Bryant first 
 visited this place in September, 1846, he found it con- 
 taining 200 inhabitants. But when he left it the suc- 
 c,. PQ ceedins; sprins; the number had increased to 1500. 
 
 Size 01 San ^ r o' 
 
 rancisco. rj^j^.^ ^^^^ before the gold mania had commenced. Re- 
 
RAPID GROWTH. 163 
 
 cent advices state that at the close of the year 1848, IQ^^' 
 there were already 15,000 inhabitants. San Francisco Franc1s*^o1n" 
 
 •n 1 ^ , , , . „ , . p 181(iaiul in 
 
 Will therefore probably increase faster than any city oi i848. 
 our fast-growing republic has ever done.* 
 
 Of all the men found by Capt. Wilkes' party in Cali- 
 fornia, Capt. Suter is made, in his report, the most pro- 
 minent. His grant from Mexico, Capt. Wilkes states, 
 to be conditional, and for thirty leagues square. Besides capt. Suter's 
 
 eminence and 
 
 this, which is of itself a principality, he had bought out weaiui. 
 the Russians, whose principal stations were Fort Ross 
 and Bodega, on the coast of the Pacific, northwest of the 
 Bay of San Francisco. It was with the guns from Fort 
 Ross, that Capt. Suter garnished his own fort. 
 
 In the vicinity of the Bay, the next most prominent TheVaiiejo 
 
 /. , . 1 , . . •, family. 
 
 persons for business and political consequence were the 
 two brothers Vallejo, of Sonoma. 
 
 Capt. Wilkes says of Capt. Suter, that he holds, by 
 appointment of the government, the ofRce of adminis- 
 trator, " and has, according to his own belief, supreme ^p^o^vvefolS^ 
 
 .. T,', 1 • .• 1 the Indians. 
 
 power in his own district ; condemning, acquitting, and 
 punishing, as well as marrying and burying those who 
 are under him." 
 
 * Yet will it not be a heahhy growth, unless the immigrants take . ^^,. , 
 sober, earnest thought, and resolute action ; to suppress vice and dis- I'^rn'S'^nts. 
 order, and to uphold law, morals, and religion. They must in these 
 things be intrepid and resolute. But we hope they will also be true 
 to the Union. Great disasters would follow in the long run, if they 
 were not. Foreign influences are, in this respect, to be guarded 
 asainst. 
 
164 SONOMA, 
 
 ^^^^* " Although Capt. Suter is, in general, in the habit of 
 
 treating the Indians with kindness, yet he related to one 
 
 caused to be gentleman, instances in which he had been obliged to 
 
 shot. 
 
 fusilade nine of them ; indeed, he does not seem to stand 
 upon much ceremony with those who oppose him in any 
 way."* 
 
 Capt. Wilkes shows us what was, at this time, the 
 meagre condition of Sonoma, a place which will here- 
 after be of much consequence, and which has already 
 become celebrated, in the annals of American California, 
 as the spot where the Bear flag was first raised. " On 
 the opposite side," says Capt. Wilkes, " of the Bay of 
 San Pablo, (the northern portion of the Bay of San Fran- 
 cisco,) or to the west, are some of the finest tracts of 
 country in California. One of these is that of Sonoma. 
 In Sonoma is situated, in the town of the same name, the 
 condition olf residence of General Vallejo, and the mission of San 
 
 Sonoma. 
 
 Rafael. Upon paper, Sonoma is a large city, and laid 
 
 * Of Capt. Suter's fanning, Capt. Wilkes says, he " has com- 
 menced extensive operations in farming ; but in the year of our 
 visit, the drought had affected him, as well as others, and ruined all 
 his crops. About forty Indians were at work for him, whom he had 
 taught to make adobes. The agreement for their service is usually 
 made with their chiefs, and in this way, as many as are wanted are 
 readily obtained. These chiefs have far more authority over their 
 tribes than those we had seen to the north ; and in the opinion of 
 an inteUigent American, they have more power over, and are more 
 respected by their tribes, than those of any other North American 
 Indians." 
 
GENERAL VALLEJO. 165 
 
 out according to the most approved plan. In reality, ^Q'^^* 
 
 however, it consists of only the following buildings : 
 
 General Vallejo's house, built of adobes, of two stories, 
 
 which fronts on the public square, and is said to be one 
 
 of the best houses in California. On the right of this is 
 
 the residence of the general's brother, Salvadore, and to 
 
 the left, the barracks for the accommodation of the guard 
 
 for the general, consisting of about twenty fusileers. Mission 
 
 house dilapi 
 
 Not far removed is the old dilapidated mission-house of dated. 
 San -Francisco Solano, scarcely tenantable, though a 
 small part of it is inhabited still by the Padre Kihas, 
 who continues, notwithstanding the poverty of his mis- 
 sion, to entertain the stranger, and show him all the hos- 
 pitality he can." 
 
 Besides the buildings just enumerated, there were 
 in the course of construction, in 1841, a neat little 
 chapel, and a small building for a billiard- room. There 
 are also three or four more houses and huts which are 
 tenanted. 
 
 " General Vallejo," the Captain further says, " was 
 one of those who figured in the revolution of 1836, Gen. Vaiiejo 
 
 com!! andant. 
 
 and was then appointed Commandant-General of Alta 
 California. He is now the owner of a large estate, and 
 having chosen this part of the country for his residence, 
 he is free from the opposition and broils that are contin- 
 ually growing out of the petty concerns of the custom- 
 house and its duties. He is not over-scrupulous in de- 
 manding duties of the vessels entering the port of San 
 Francisco, and until he has been seen and consulted, a 
 
166 A TERRITORY. 
 
 ^Q"*^* vessel trading here is liable to an indefinite amount of 
 duties. 
 
 " I have already spoken of the unceremonious man- 
 ner in which Capt. Suter officiated as administrator of 
 the district to the east of the Sacramento. The anec- 
 dotes related to me of Vallejo, in like manner, show a 
 striking disregard for the lives, as well as for the pro- 
 perty and liberty of the Indians by the gente de razon. 
 He is supreme, and acts with the same impunity as all his 
 predecessors, with one or two exceptions, have done 
 before him. As an instance of the lawless acts of the 
 governors, it is said that one of them entertained the idea 
 of training the Indians as soldiers, and a company of 
 them had been brought together, drilled, and made such 
 proficiency in the use of their arms, that his excellencv 
 
 Great disre- ^ '' 
 
 ^iffrrhl^lr, became alarmed, and forthwith ordered them all to be 
 
 man rights in 
 case of the 
 
 Indians, shot ! I Jiave little doubt that this story may be essentially 
 true, for the value of an Indian's life, in the eye of the 
 rulers, scarcely exceeds that of one of the loild cattle. 
 The Commandant-General {Vallejo) is frequently said to 
 hunt them, and by his prowess in these expeditiojis he has 
 gained some reputation J' 
 
 Concerning the affair of 1836, which has been dig- 
 nified with the name of a revolution, it had its origin 
 from the condition into which the country fell after the 
 second Mexican revolution, which produced the federal 
 
 1824. 
 
 aMexican republic, and the constitution of 1824. California not 
 "'°'^^' being found at that time sufficiently populous to con- 
 stitute a state, was erected into a territory ; and territorial 
 
THE MISSIONS ABANDONED. 167 
 
 officers were sent from Mexico. The aged spiritual 1834 
 fathers who, as heads of the missions, had, with the mili- _^®^^ 
 tary under their control, governed the country and kept 
 the Indians in order, were either driven from the mis- 
 sions by the course pursued by Mexican officers placed Father "Ifriv- 
 over them ; or they voluntarily abandoned their charge, ^"mS'/ous.^'' 
 rather than take the oath of allegiance to the new gov- 
 ernment. The property which had belonged to them, 
 was taken into possession by the Mexican " adminis- 
 tradores,''^ and often dissipated. The buildings and 
 gardens went to decay ; and often the Indians — no longer 
 allowed to feel that there was a hand to feed them, though 
 poorly, from the common store which their labor had 
 helped to accumulate — grew wild and ferocious. The indians*^row 
 lives and property of the whites became insecure from 
 this cause, as well as from the universal prostration of 
 all law and order. The Mexican authorities wished to 
 renew the reign of the padres, and sent other priests ; but 
 they were, in so many cases, rapacious and dissolute, 
 that their coming only made worse, what was bad 
 before. 
 
 The best of the Mexican governors was Gen. Figuera. 
 By his influence Mexico sent 200 laborers and agricul- 
 turists, who landed at Monterey. They proved bad 
 inhabitants, and jealousies sprung up between Mexicans 
 and Californians. The governor died in 1835, and his 
 death was the signal for revolutionary movements ; in 
 which foreigners, who, from different countries, had 
 settled there, took a part. " Among them," says Capt. 
 
 1835. 
 
 Revolution- 
 ary move- 
 
168 TWENTY-FIVE AMERICAN HUNTERS. 
 
 1835-6. Wilkes, " were to be found Americans, who had led the 
 Jives of hunters and trappers, some of lohom had heen living 
 in the Rocky Mountains, some on the Columlia River, 
 
 t No emi- t m 
 
 grants direct wMU othcrs Came from Mexico.j These restless spirits 
 
 from the U. J \ r 
 
 ^'^^*- declared that California ought to be a free state, and they 
 
 encouraged rebellion against the governor, Gutierez. 
 This party took advantage of a dispute between him and 
 Alvarado, inspector of customs, and a popular man. 
 Alvarado thus became the nominal head of the party, 
 
 CaMfornians 
 
 threaten to which declared the intention of mTikinc^ California inde- 
 
 make them- " 
 
 Jindeilt.''^" pendent, banishing all Mexicans, and adopting as citi- 
 zens all foreigners then under arms. This armed party 
 drew on their unwilling leader to attack Gutierez at 
 Monterey. "Who they were," says Capt. Wilkes, " is 
 not well known, but the presumption is that various citi- 
 1836. 2ens of the United States as well as of England, advised 
 
 Thf°evoiters ^^^ gavR him (Alvarado) promises of aid. On the 2d 
 ' of November, he arrived with his force at Monterey ; it 
 consisted of perhaps two hundred, (some say half that 
 number,) of whom twenty-five were American hunters, the 
 only fart of his force which was ejicient. Gutierez 
 shut himself up with sixty soldiers in the Presidio of 
 Monterey, fearing, it is supposed, the far-dreaded rifles 
 of the Americans. The insurgents obtained ammunition 
 in the harbor from American vessels, which seemed to 
 
 AtThe'presi- ^^'^^^ ^^^^^ enterprise. On the 4th, they sent Gutierez 
 
 ^°' a summons to surrender. AVhile he was long consulting 
 
 with his officers concerning the ceremonial, not doubting 
 
 it seems, that the thing itself was to be done, an eighteen- 
 
EEVOLUTION OF '36. 169 
 
 pound ball — the only shot fired in the revolution — struck ^Q ^^' 
 the roof of the Presidio. The noise was astounding. This might. 
 though no one was injured ; and it was immediately loi- mory, be 
 
 called the 
 
 lowed by a flag of truce, and an unconditional surrender. r^''4'i^"jo^ 
 
 The Mexican flag was then hauled down ; but when it 
 
 came to the point of hoisting an independent one, the 
 
 heart of Alvarado and his Californian brethren failed 
 
 them ; nor could their foreign allies persuade them to 
 
 the measure ; so they cried " Long live free California !" 
 
 and hoisted the Mexican flag again. But they turned 
 
 out the Spanish officers, made Alvarado governor, Gen. "^iS^f^J^o 
 
 Vallejo commandant-general, and Jose Castro, lieu- Revolution. 
 
 tenant-colonel of the militia. The new government 
 
 satisfied the foreigners by diminishing the duties one-half, 
 
 and made their peace with Mexico by acknowledging 
 
 their allegiance, with the condition that they should 
 
 choose their own rulers. 
 
 But the customs were unproductive, and the duties 
 were soon renewed, and other means oppressive to for- 
 eigners, were used to obtain money. They thus became 
 disaffected, and put the authorities in such fear that caiifomians 
 
 to cut off 
 
 they secretly determined to cut them off* — first con- foreigners. 
 
 triving a story of their having secretly conspired, and 
 
 next sending Castro with an armed party of eighteen to 
 
 assassinate Graham, a resolute trapper of Kentucky. 
 
 They barbarously wounded him, cast him into prison, 
 
 and took from him all his goods and estate. Sixty other 
 
 foreigners were taken and cast into prison, but they 
 
 were afterwards released. 
 
 8 
 
i7d 
 
 ^Q3^» Capt. Wilkes thus speaks concerning the future pros- 
 
 pects of California : " The situation of Upper California 
 will cause its separation from Mexico before many years. 
 The country between it and Mexico can never be any 
 thing but a barren waste, which precludes all inter- 
 Capt. Wilkes' coursc cxcept that by sea, always more or less inter- 
 
 prophesies 
 
 tionof'^Si- ^'^Pted by the course of the winds, and the unhealthful- 
 ^Mexico.'" ness of the lower or seaport towns of Mexico. It is very 
 probable that this country will become united with Ore- 
 184:1 S*^^' ^^^^^ which it will perhaps form a state that is des- 
 tined to control the destinies of the Pacific. This future 
 state is admirably situated to become a powerful mari- 
 time nation, with two of the finest ports in the world — 
 that within the straits of Juan de Fuca, and San Fran- 
 cisco. These two regions have, in fact, within themselves 
 every thing to make them increase, and keep up an in- 
 tercourse with the whole of Polynesia, as well as the 
 countries of South America on the one side, and China, 
 the Philippines, New Holland, and New Zealand, on the 
 other. Among the latter, before many years, may be 
 Advantages included Japan. Such various climates will furnish the 
 
 oi" the Ameri- 
 can posses- materials for a beneficial interchanire of products, and an 
 
 sions on the *-■ ^ 
 
 Pacific, intercourse that must, in time, become immense ; while 
 this western coast, enjoying a climate in many respects 
 superior to any in the Pacific, possessed as it must be by 
 the Anglo-Norman race, and having none to enter into 
 rivalry with it but the indolent inhabitants of warm 
 climates, is evidently destined to fill a large space in the 
 world's future history." 
 
1846. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Emigration to California begins in 1846. — Mr. Edwin Bryant finda 
 many parties on the road. — •The horrible sufferings of the belated 
 party. — The Mormons. 
 
 The travels of Mr. Edwin Bryant, in the summer of 
 1846, throw additional light on the progress of the settle- Mayi. 
 ment of Upper California, particularly as regards Ameri- ifavesFt. in- 
 
 ^ * ' ^ '' o dependence. 
 
 can emigration. june23. 
 
 The first part of Mr. Bryant's route was that of the mie, 672 m. 
 ordinary wagon trail — from the mouth of the Kansas, /"'l^^jh 
 along that river— along the Platte — by Fort Laramie — further. "* 
 to the South Pass ; — and thence to Fort Bridger. Mr. Jaiy i7. 
 
 ' ^ At Fort 
 
 Bryant was bound for California, and here his route ^"'^ser. 
 diverged from that of the emigrants to Oregon. 
 
 It was this year, 1846, that emigration from the 
 United States to Upper California commenced in earnest ; 
 and that to Oregon, greatly increased. This emigration 
 as it respects California, was irrespective of the Ameri- 
 can possession of the country ; for the war with Mexico 
 was not thought of, when the emigrants began their pre- 
 paration j and it was not known — until the rumor of Tay- 
 
172 MR. BRYANT. 
 
 1^^^* lor's battles on the Rio Grande, reached them on their 
 journey. The beauty, salubrity, and advantages of the 
 country, now beginning to be known, must have attracted 
 them to seek it as a home. 
 
 Mr. Bryant finds, this year, large parties of emigrants, 
 about equally divided, in regard to their destination, be- 
 tween Oregon and California. Most of them travelled 
 OnthePiatte. with wagons drawn by oxen, containing their furniture, 
 
 430 wagons 
 
 of emigrants, their wives and children ; — and so had party after party 
 fallen into the train, that on the 16th of June, on the 
 South Fork of the Platte, the wagons amounted to no less 
 than four hundred and thirty. Indeed so lively, social, 
 and hospitable were these emigrants, though having 
 many hardships to encounter, that it does not seem pos- 
 sible, that this is the solitary desert route, so lately 
 passed over by Capt. Fremont'. 
 
 At Fort Bridger, (a name given to two or three 
 
 trading-huts of logs,) " we determined," says Mr. Bry- 
 
 LJavi ant, (i. e. himself and a small party of mounted men,) 
 
 Fort Bridier, 
 
 133 m. from " to lake the new route via the south end of the great 
 
 South Pass. ° 
 
 Salt Lake. Mr. Hudspeth, (well known as a guide and ex- 
 plorer,) who with a small party, on Monday, will start in 
 advance of the emigrant companies which intend travel- 
 ling by this route, for the purpose of making some further 
 explorations, has volunteered to guide us as far as the 
 m foHowed.^^ Salt Plain — a day's journey west of the Lake. Although 
 such was my own determination, I wrote several letters 
 to my friends among the emigrant parties in the rear, 
 advising them not to take this route, but to keep on the 
 
A CHEERFUL SCENE. 173 
 
 old trail, via Fort Hall. Our situation v/as different from 1S4-6. 
 theirs. We were mounted on mules, had no families, 
 and could afford to hazard experiments, and make explo- 
 rations. They could not. During the day, I visited . . j. 
 several of the emigrant coj-rals.-f h« * * * ^ontrJan^eT 
 
 Messrs. Curry and Holden left us to-day, having deter- shetter or de- 
 fence. 
 
 mined to go to Oregon instead of California. Circles of 
 white-tented wagons may now be seen in every direc- 
 tion, and the smoke from the camp-fires is curling 
 upwards, morning, noon, and evening. An immense 
 number of oxen and horses are scattered over the entire 
 valley, grazing upon the green grass. Parties of In- 
 dians, hunters, and emigrants are galloping to and fro, Irant hL.^'"^' 
 and the scene is one of almost holiday liveliness. It is 
 difficult to realize that we are in a wilderness, a thousand 
 miles from civilization." 
 
 On the 28th, Lieut. Bryant was at the Great Salt A/tSs^alt 
 Lake. His party then passed southerly and crossed the from Fort' 
 
 Bridger. 
 
 Strait which connects the Salt with the Utah Lake. 
 They were then, after a day's journey with Mr. Hudspeth, 
 to cross without a guide the Great Salt Desert, where for 
 seventy-five miles they were to find neither water nor 
 food. Such an enterprise it is painful even to con- 
 template. " About eleven o'clock," says Bryant, " we a great day's 
 
 travel ; 75 
 
 struck a vast white plain, uniformly level, and utterly ™i|ff^,°y^^;^j, * 
 destitute of vegetation, or any sign that shrub or plant 
 had ever existed above its snow-like surface. Pausing 
 a few moments to rest our mules, and moisten our mouths 
 and throats from the scant supply of beverage in our 
 
 desert with- 
 out water. 
 
174 THE DESERT. 
 
 _1£^* powder-keg, we entered upon this appalling field of sullen 
 and hoary desolation. It was a scene so entirely new 
 to us, so frightfully forbidding, and unearthly in its 
 aspects, that all of us, I believe, though impressed with 
 its sublimity, felt a slight shudder of apprehension. Our 
 mules seemed to sympathize with us in the pervading 
 sentiment, and moved forward with reluctance, several 
 of them stubbornly setting their faces for a counter- 
 march." The party, however, succeeded in making the 
 dreaded distance in one day. 
 Aug. 9 to 18. Mr. Bryant continued his route along Mary's or 
 els 'on Mary's Humboldt's Rivcr, and came to the dreary pool called the 
 
 River 275 m. -^ ' 
 
 g^ jQ Sink of the River, where the stream entirely disappears in 
 ter'^Fort^as the dry calcareous earth. He then crossed the Sierra 
 
 m. from the 
 
 Sink of Ma- Nevada by the Bear River Pass, and reached Suter's 
 
 ry's River. 
 
 Fort by the first of September. 
 
 A history of the first emigrations from the more 
 eastern states, would show many instances of great hard- 
 ship ; but there is one, which in regard to intensity of 
 sufTering, stands pre-eminent. 
 
 Emigrants at 
 
 ^F^. Bridger ^6 havc introduced from Mr. Bryant's Journal, an 
 
 divide to Ore- ■^ ' 
 
 gon an a . ^^3(.Qyjj|. q^ ^j-jq pjeasant and cheerful camp at Fort 
 Bridger, 133 miles from the South Pass, and where the 
 route to California by the south end of the Salt Lake, leaves 
 the wagon trail, to Oregon. A party of these emigrants, 
 having sixty or more wagons, were bound to Oregon. 
 Most of these finally arrived at their destination, although 
 Sn^TuffTr ^^®y suffered greatly ; having lost their wagons and 
 baggage in the Umqua mountains ; but, men having 
 
THREE PARTIES. ' 175 
 
 been sent to their relief from the valley of the Willa- 1^^^* 
 math, their lives were preserved. 
 
 Of this party Mr. Newton of Virginia, whom, with his 
 wife, Mr. Bryant met in the beginning of his route, was 
 murdered by Indians for the spoils of his tent. Mrs. 
 Newton escaped. Of the emigrants for California, there 
 were eighty wagons, which were to take the new and 
 yet untrodden route by the south end of the Salt Lake 
 and Humboldt's or Mary's River. This company 
 divided. The advance party, known as Mr. Harlan's, Caiifomir: 
 
 company di- 
 
 were fortunate in raaiving their way speedily through /ide. Har- 
 
 ^ ./ I ./ o lan's compi\ 
 
 the mountain passes near the Salt Lake ; and they reached "safely." 
 California, in season to insure a safe crossing of the 
 Sierra Nevada. But the rear party, known as that of 
 Messrs. Read and Donner, taking a different and more 
 difficult route, were detained a month longer, in the Rgedand 
 vicinity of the Salt Lake ; and did not reach the Sierra tyTrebeiated. 
 until the last day of October, when they should have 
 been there on the first. The snow fell early, and 
 fell deep. Their dangerous plight became known at 
 San Francisco ; and the sum of fifteen hundred dollars 
 was meritoriously subscribed, to hire men to go to their 
 relief. This showed how well the wintry terrors of the 
 Sierra were there understood. Capt. Suter, prompt at 
 the call of humanity, sent men and mules at his own cost. 
 A little more than half their number, which was eighty- 
 one, were thus saved ; but thirty-six perished. One of 
 those who escaped, related their sufferings to Mr. Sinclair, 
 who gave the narrative to the press. It is one of the 
 
 Generous ef- 
 forts to aid 
 them. 
 
176 WINTRY TERRORS OF THE SIERRA. 
 
 ^Q"*®' darkest pages in the book of human misery. They 
 Intensity of ^^^^^""6 lost in the mountains ; and not only men and 
 
 their suffer- . 
 
 in^s, women ot mature strength, but aged persons, children, 
 and delicate girls, were wandering through snows of eight 
 feet deep, without a track to follow, or a guide to lead ; 
 and amidst mountain precipices of unknown depth. 
 Their wagons can no longer be moved. They press for- 
 ward for their lives ; but new mountains rise before them, 
 and ihey are involved, in yet deeper snows. Unsheltered 
 by night, and unfed by day — the last morsel gone — 
 pinching cold without, and gnawing hunger within, some 
 sink and die ; more happy than those who remain : for 
 who, in the full possession of his faculties, would not 
 choose to die, rather than to eat the frozen body of a dead 
 friend ; perhaps a parent, a bosom companion, or a child ! 
 What physical agonies must first be endured — what 
 mental aberration — what moral oblivion I Those who 
 36 out of 81 were met and saved, were in body and mind but the 
 wrecks of humanity. Nourishing food and kind care, 
 however, in most cases proved restoratives. 
 
 Among the distinguished emigrants to California from 
 the United States in 1846, were Ex-Governor Boggs and 
 Col. Russell. The latter had been a member of the 
 G V B c-T ^^^ritucky and the Missouri legislatures ; and subsequently 
 ''"^?ei.^^"'' United States Marshal for Missouri. When the travel- 
 ling emigrants, in June, organized for the preservation of 
 order, they chose Col. Russell as their leader. He ar- 
 rived at Suter's Fort in September. 
 
 This was also the year of the Mormon emigration. 
 
THE MORMONS. 
 
 177 
 
 Several thousandsf of this sect of Socialists, left Nauvoo _^*5l 
 in Illinois in the spring and summer of 1846.* A bat- saysio^oooo 
 lalion of 500 of the men enlisted into the army, as has Emi-ration of 
 
 ' ' the Mormons. 
 
 been related, and followed Gen. Kearny to California 
 under command of Col. Cooke ; while the wagons with 
 the furniture, women, and children, took the ordinary 
 track to the South Pass. The Mormons have now made 
 their abode in the pleasant region, south of the Salt Lake. 
 We understand that the discoverer of the gold placers, Mr. 
 Marshal, is one of their number ; and that they are suc- 
 cessful seekers of the precious metal. But they can- 
 
 * The writer was at Nauvoo, in June 1846, when the Mormons 
 were just leaving their pleasant abodes, and their pompous temple 
 
 which had been their pride — their leader slain, and themselves held June 9. 
 
 Mormons 
 in abhorrence. Some of their wagons with clean white tops were moving from 
 
 Nauvoo. 
 moving off toward the west, and some were halting on the western 
 
 shore of the Mississippi. Bad as their principles are, and as their 
 lives, conformably to them, have doubtless been — from my soul, I pit- 
 ied them. The week before, at St. Louis, I had inquired concerning 
 them, and heard much. Among other things, the commandant of 
 Jefferson barracks told me, that he once called on Jo. Smith at his 
 own home. He was at first denied ; but Smith learning by the 
 movements of this officer that his purpose was not hostile, came 
 forth from his concealment, and himself attended him, and did the 
 honors of the place ; showing the Temple and his troops, and boast- 
 ing of the military force he could command. In company of this 
 gentleman, whose high, discerning character, the deceiver well knew, 
 he made no pretence of any thing else, than that he played a game 
 for his own aggrandizement ; and was proud that he had played it 
 so shrewdly. 
 
 Visit of an of- 
 
 licer to Jo. 
 
 Smith. 
 
178 NO ESCAPING A BAD NAME. 
 
 18 46. j^ot; permanently prosper, until they change their princi- 
 ples. Polygamy is avowed, and will prove their bane. 
 The bad name of the Mormons went before them to 
 The bad California. The arrival of the Mormon battalion was 
 
 name of the 
 
 Mormons pre- dreaded, and had the whole company attempted to settle 
 in the valley of the Franciscan Bay and waters, there is 
 good reason to believe, that it would have caused a fresh 
 revolt of the Californians.* 
 
 * On the late trial of Col. Fremont, Lieut. Minor of the U. S. 
 
 Navy being on the stand as a witness, this question was put by the 
 
 Court : " You say that the approach of the Mormons caused a great 
 
 alarm of the Californians in your district ; what was apprehended 
 
 by the Californians ? and why 1 " To which Lieut. Minor (of 
 
 course under oath) replied : " Report had preceded them to Califor- 
 Lt. Minor's 
 testimony nia, that they were a lawless and abandoned set. ***** 
 
 concerning 
 
 them. I allude to the whole tribe of Mormons, not to Col. Cooke's com- 
 mand. A family that had seceded from that religion, threw them- 
 selves on my protection, and I assigned them their quarters near San 
 Diego. When they heard of the approach of the Mormon battalion 
 they hecame alarmed, and wished me io put them in greater secu- 
 rity ; they wished me to put them on board a ship, which I declin- 
 ed doing." — See also Col. IxusseU's testimony, pp. 259 — 60, 61. 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 Fremont's third Expedition — Movements tending to place California 
 under British Protection — Bear Revolution — American Posses- 
 sion. 
 
 We have now brought these elements of the history i845« 
 of California, up to the time of the events, which led to 
 its occupancy by the American government. 
 
 Jn the winter of 1845-6, Capt. Fremont with sixty. 
 
 Summer of 
 
 two men, ostensibly sent by the Executive of the United 1845, Fre- 
 mont and his 
 
 States, with the sole object of peaceful explorations, ^'cSntrTto*"^ 
 
 Cal 
 
 approached the Pacific valley, by the south end of the 
 Sierra Nevada. At this time the Californians, under the 
 Mexican flac^, had as their civil governor Don Pio ' 
 
 °' ^ A. Pico, civil 
 
 Pico. He was of the most wealthy and influential fromuitar/ 
 family in the southern part of Upper California ; and 
 others of the family were eminent men. Gov. Pico re- 
 sided in the government house at Los Angeles. Gen. 
 Jose Castro, was military commandant, and resided at 
 Monterey. 
 
 There was a person of much influence still residing 
 in the valley, who appears to have been the agent for 
 placing California under the protection of the British. 
 
180 SCHEME FOR BRITISH SUPREMACY. 
 
 1846. This was Mr. Forbes, who was there at the time of 
 
 the'Sh' C^P^- Wilkes' visit, as the factor of a British trading 
 company ; but at this period he was vice-consul of the 
 British government ; and had become, by means of the 
 quicksilver mines, south of the Bay of Francisco, 
 possessed of an estate of great value. His political and 
 business operations, have manifested him to be an able 
 and politic man. 
 
 Proof, direct and circumstantial, exists, that a plan was 
 
 A politic ^^ ^^^^ ^^"^^ °^ ^°°^' ^^'liich, had it succeeded, would have 
 
 ^ caiifornia^^ placed California beyond the reach of the United States — 
 
 under British 
 
 protection, of which Mr. Forbes was the main agent.* It contem- 
 plated getting — first, a declaration from the Californians 
 of Independence from Mexico — and second, a petition from 
 a convention of Californians to Great Britain, to be taken 
 by her under protection. At the same time, ten thousand 
 of Great Britain's Irish subjects, were to have been trans- 
 ferred to the valley of the San Joaquin, to own and occupy, 
 that most fertile portion of the country. Could Mr. Forbes 
 have succeeded in getting up a convention of leading per- 
 sons, who would first declare California independent, and 
 then vote to place themselves under British protection, 
 Great Britain might have controlled the country — and 
 that, without nominal offence to Mexico, or any other 
 power. The scheme of Irish emigration, was to be 
 
 the San joa- * " We have had recent evidence," said Mr. Dix in his speech in 
 
 lean with con- the U. S. Senate, March 29, 1848, " of a deliberate design (on the 
 
 sent of Mex- 
 
 ico, part of Great Britain,) to obtain possession of the country (California), 
 
 for the purpose of excluding us." 
 
RELIGION MADE A TOOL. 181 
 
 wrought with the sanction of Mexico, by appealing to 1845, 
 two of her strongest passions — her love to the Roman 
 Catholic faith, and her jealousy and hatred of America. 
 
 The agent in this service was a Catholic priest of 
 Ireland, by the name of Macnamara. He went to 
 Mexico as early as the year 1845, and, about the close 
 of that year or the beginning of the next, he made an Macnamara 
 
 . . /» TIT • • 1 • 1 reviles the . 
 
 application to the supreme power of Mexico, in which Americans to 
 
 ^^ r r ^j^g Mexican 
 
 he stated, that the subject of California was then at- government, 
 tracting much public attention, that prompt and efficient 
 measures must be adopted, or Mexico would soon lose 
 that province, by means of the " usurpations of an anti- 
 Catholic and irreligious nation," meaning the United 
 States. That for the hinderance of this, and the advan- 
 tage of his countrymen, and especially the advancement 
 of Catholicism, he asked to be enabled to carry forward 
 a project of planting a colony of his countrymen in M^Jnamara' 
 
 , , obtains a pa- 
 
 Upper California. The Mexicans, he said, should lose tent— not per- 
 
 ^^ fected. 
 
 no time, or otherwise " within a year, California would 
 become a part of the American nation ; be inundated by 
 cruel invaders, and their Catholic institutions the prey of 
 Methodist wolves!" The Mexican government was 
 moved, and made a grant to the Irish priest of 3,000 
 square leagues, in the rich vnlley of the San Joaquin.* 
 Yet the patent was not to be perfected, until the Governor 
 of California should have given it his sanction. 
 
 * His petition also embraced the Bay of San PVancisco and the 
 important stations of Monterey and Santa Barbara. 
 
182 A BRITISH FLEET NEAR. 
 
 1846. Mr. Forbes, in the meantime, had a meeting in April, 
 
 ^ ^ij 1846, with Gov. Pico, Gen. Castro, Gen. Vallejo, and 
 
 gets'^up Tcon- others, where the project was entertained of declaring 
 
 vention. 
 
 Upper California in-dependent of Mexico, and putting the 
 
 country under British protection ; and assurances were 
 
 it is slid, ad- here given, that a British naval force would soon appear 
 
 vocated Brit- 
 ish protection, upon the coast. A junta was to meet on the 15th of 
 
 Gen. Vallejo, ^ -^ 
 
 the°u. States! Juuc, to cousult, Concerning the perfecting of the Mac- 
 namara grants, and concert final measures. 
 
 Macnamara, who had resided in the house of a British 
 public functionary at Mexico, was taken from that 
 country in the Juno, a British sloop of war ; and in 
 June, he was landed at Santa Barbara. There was at 
 this time lying at San Bias, a larger British squadron 
 than had ever before been sent to the Pacific, commanded 
 
 The British 
 
 oTIhl cSL^t ^y ^^^' ^d'^i^'^^ Sii* George Seymour, his flag-ship being 
 
 HiJwJod, 80 the Collingwood of 80 guns.f The Juno, which trans- 
 guns ; a Ra- 
 zee, (io ; 4 ported Macnamara, was of course a part of this squadron. 
 
 sloops of war, 
 
 ^stea?ners' Commodoro Sloat at this time commanded the Ameri- 
 
 superior"to cau uaval forcB in the Pacific, his flag being on board 
 
 theAmerican. 
 
 the Savannah. Early in the season he was lying at 
 Mazatlan, with orders to attack California, if he should 
 hear of actual war with Mexico, whether officially 
 notified or not. 
 
 While Mr. Forbes, the planner of these schemes, 
 was thus, with politic shrewdness, operating for the ad- 
 vantage of his government, the United States had also a 
 faithful agent in California — Mr. Thomas O. Larkin, 
 American consul at Monterey — formerly a resident of 
 
THE GUERDON. .183 
 
 Boston. All these plans could not be brewing without his ^Q'*^* 
 having some knowledge concerning them.* The pre- 
 sumption is that he communicated what he knew to the American ' 
 
 consul at 
 
 American government — that it was too little to authorize Monterey, 
 
 ^ probably un- 
 
 any public action on the part of the Executive, but "communl" 
 
 cates. 
 
 enough to lead to measures, which precipitated the war 
 with Mexico. For if the American Executive was to 
 have the war to conduct, which Mexico had declared she tive probably 
 
 acts on his or 
 
 would make, if Texas was annexed, he might naturally other inform- 
 prefer to have it, while there yet remained a guerdon, for 
 which to fight ; and, take away California, there was 
 nothing else desirable. Capt. Fremont was sent out in 
 the spring of 1845. Lieut. Gillespie was sent early in 
 November, (his letter of credence being dated November Coincidence* 
 
 in time. 
 
 3,) as a special messenger from Washington, with verbal 
 instructions to Fremont, to watch for American interests, 
 and counteract foreign intrigues.-f 
 
 Gillespie had come through Vera Cruz and Mexico, 
 
 * Mr. Larkin had accumulated, we understand, a handsome 
 fortune in California — both that, and his life might have been the 
 sacrifice, had he been known as communicating on these subjects to 
 the American government. Yet from the excellent character of 
 Mr. Larkin, we cannot doubt that he performed thoroughly his offi- 
 cial duties. But his position might have constituted one reason why 
 the American Executive should act, where he could not safely com- 
 municate. 
 
 t This we learn from Fremont's defence before the court-martial, 
 and from Col. Benton's speech in the Senate ; but how he was di- 
 rected to watch, is not known, except by Fremont's course of 
 action. 
 
184 Fremont's corps. 
 
 18*^« via Mazatlan and Monterey, with orders to find Fremont 
 
 wherever he might be. About the time when he would 
 
 given ?o naval have Completed his passage through Mexico, Gen. 
 
 officers in ref- 
 erence to war Taylor received orders to march to the mouth of the Rio 
 
 in the hpring. *' 
 
 Mr. Rancrort /~i„„„j^ 
 blames Com. <Jiande. 
 Sloat, for a . , , . , 
 
 too conscien- We now rctum to Capt. rremont, with his resolute 
 
 tious inactivi- 
 
 ^y- corps — not of enlisted soldiers, but made up of " Kit Car- 
 Character of SOU," and such as he ; men who with hardihood and 
 
 Fremont's 
 
 corps. electric activity, were ready at their leader's word to 
 dare or to do.* — He had in his equipment 200 horses. 
 Having crossed the Sierra, Capt. Fremont, in order to 
 avoid any suspicion of hostility, left his camp at 200 
 miles' distance from Monterey. He then proceeded 
 
 * Capt, Fremont's force appears to have been as large as could 
 be ventured under the cognomen of an exploring expedition ; and 
 particular pains were taken on the one hand not to give it a military 
 name or aspect, and on the other, to give it real efficient streijglh. 
 Sixty such men, with a leader like Fremont — a number of the 
 inhabitants being known to be favorable —might well be supposed 
 capable of action ; when according to recent reports of Capi. Wilkes, 
 twenty-Jive American hunters, without a leader, constituted the effi- 
 ciency of the insurgent force in the one -gun revolution, in 1836. 
 
 Gen. Kearny, at his camp near New Helvetia, June 14, 1847, 
 wrote the following in reply to a note from Col. Fremont : 
 
 184T. 
 
 June 14 
 
 Gen. Kearny " SiR — The request contained in your communication to me of 
 
 speaks of the 
 
 topographical this date, to be relieved from all connection with the topographical 
 
 party as con- 
 taining nine- party {nineteen men), and be permitted to return to the United States 
 teen n>en. 
 
 with a email party made up by your private means, cannot be 
 
 granted." If nineteen men constituted the topographical party, why 
 
 were forty others sent? 
 
THE hawk's peak. 185 
 
 almost alone to Suter's Fort, which was the nearest mili- ^Q^^* 
 tary station. Here he obtained from Capt. Suter a pass- 
 port to Monterey, at which place he arrived, Jan. 27, Fremont at 
 
 Monterey. 
 
 1846, and immediately repaired to Mr. Larkin at the 
 American consular-house. The worthy consul accom- 
 panying him, he called on Gen. Castro, the military 
 commandant ; informed him that he had come to the 
 country for peaceful explorations, and desired his permis- 
 sion to winter in the valley of the San Joaquin. This ^^.'[^"o^ fo'"' 
 permission he received from Gen. Castro; and from vaiiey of san 
 
 Joaquin. 
 
 the consul, he obtained supplies for his men. Resting 
 only two days in Monterey, he returned to his camp. 
 
 On the 3d of March, a sudden change occurred. March 30 
 
 He is ordered 
 
 Orders were sent from Mexico, directing Castro to drive away, 
 the Americans out of the country ; and Fremont now 
 received a notice from that general to quit California, 
 accompanied with such blustering threats, in case of non- 
 obedience, as gave to the captain, an expectation of 
 immediate attack. This officer then resolved, as Gen. 
 Taylor did, when about to move from Point Isabel to his 
 camp at the Rio Grande, that if the enemy opposed, in 
 whatever force, he should fight him ; and he accordingly 
 raised the American flag. His camp, which he now March 5. 
 
 Fremont 
 
 fortified with a breastwork of logs, was pitched on the ^^H^^^^^ 
 top of the Sierra, at the " Hawk's Peak," near the head ^waifs' antt- 
 
 tack. 
 
 waters of an affluent of the San Joaquin, which crossed 
 the road to Monterey — distant sixty miles. With his 
 spy-glass he could look from his eagle height, down upon 
 the camp of his foe, at the mission of San Juan. Castro 
 
186 MR. LARKIN S LETTER. 
 
 ^^'*^' approached within four miles, with about 200 men, and 
 was seen preparing cannon as if for an assault. But he 
 did not attack. If he had, the Mexican war might per- 
 
 Castro ap- 
 proaches ]-,aps have commenced, not on the Rio Grande, but on the 
 
 within 4 miles ^ ' ' 
 
 "Vtiael-.''"^ Sierra Nevada ; and California have belonged to the 
 American Republic, some months earlier than it did. 
 But said Mr. Larkin, afterwards writing on this subject, 
 '' Castro of himself had no wish to go after Col. Fre- 
 mont," although with all the Californians to aid him ; 
 
 (M^LaHlin ^^^ Fremout " had verbal applications from the English 
 
 sent two mes- , . .... , , , , , 
 
 sengeK bear- and Americans to jom his party, and he could have mus- 
 ing duplicates 
 
 httel'^olTor ^^^^^ ^s many men (in addition to his own party) as the 
 
 these readies ,• jj 
 
 Fremont.) UatlVeS. 
 
 A Californian messenger on the 9th carried a letter 
 from the judicious consul to Capt. Fremont, at his forti- 
 fied camp. Travelling sixty miles in ten hours, the 
 messenger carried back a letter from Fremont, in which 
 he thus wrote to Mr. Larkin,* (saying that he did so 
 before reading his letter,) " We have in no wise done 
 wrong to the people, or the authority of the country, and 
 if we are hemmed in and assaulted here, we will die, 
 every man of us, under the flag of our country." Con- 
 cerning the appearance of Fremont, his camp and his 
 men, the Californian messenger on his return to Mon- 
 a Cairfi?rnian ^^^'^Y ^^^^J ^^^^ '' ^^^^ thousaud of his countrymcu would 
 Fremont and uot bc sufficieut to compcl him to Icavc the country, 
 
 his men. 
 
 though his party was so small." * 
 
 * See Mr. Larkin's letter to the Secretary of State, April 3, 1846. 
 
A SPECIAL MESSENGER. 187 
 
 It. was on the 9th that Fremont received Mr. Larkin's 1846. 
 letter, of which we know not the contents.' But we (fSeeMr. 
 know that within a few hoursf notwithstandincr his wil- tertotheSec. 
 
 of State.) 
 
 lingness to die under his country's flag, Capt. Fremont 
 broke up his encampment, and went north ; declaring it thfsoiuh"part 
 to be his object to explore the southern part of Oregon, 
 and survey a new route to the Walahmath by the way 
 of the Hamath Lakes. He was then within Oregon, 
 but on the confines of California ; and the hostility of 
 the savages in that vicinity made it a dangerous loca- 
 tion. 
 
 On the evening of the 9th of May, two messengers 
 found Capt. Fremont at the north end of the Hamath 
 Lake, who informed him that an officer of the United 
 States army was in search of him with dispatches, and Fremont 
 
 •^ ^ hears of Gil- 
 
 that his danger from hostile Indians was imminent. At ^^*p'®- 
 dawn of day, Fremont took with him nine men, of whom 
 Kit Carson was one ; four were of the fine old race of 
 Delaware Indians, and one was Basil Lajeunesse, a 
 young Frenchman, of whom Fremont speaks, in his 
 descriptions, with affectionate reliance. Coasting the 
 western shore of Hamath Lake — at night they providen- 
 tially met the party whom they were seeking. 
 
 The officer was Lieut. Gillespie, who, as before re- 
 marked, was sent from Washington in November, via 
 Vera Cruz, Mexico, Mazatlan, and Monterey, with strict 
 orders to find Capt. Fremont, and who had now travelled Gillespie im 
 
 travelled over 
 
 from Monterey 600 miles for that purpose. He bore a ^oo miles to 
 
 ^ ^ find Fremont. 
 
 letter from the Secretary of State, indirectly accrediting 
 
188 CONFIDENTIAL SERVICE. 
 
 l^'*^* him, leaving the main points of his mission to oral commu- 
 nication. Exactly what this mission was, we know not, 
 but we know the action which, on the part of Fremont, 
 it produced. The administration, not without reason, 
 placed confidence in him. In their service, he fearlessly 
 took responsibility, and faithfully kept counsel. 
 
 Fremont was excited with hearing from his country 
 and from his family, — one of his letters being from Sena- 
 tor Benton of Missouri, the father of his wife, — and at 
 
 May 9. 
 
 Fremont's night, forgetting for an hour his ordinary watch, hostile 
 ders^cotrl^^it- Indians stole within the still camp, when all were asleep. 
 
 ed by In- »/»<-« i -n 
 
 dians. A ciy irom Carson, and Fremont awoke to hear the 
 
 death-groan of his favorite Basil Lajeunesse ; and three 
 Indians of his party were killed, before the murderers 
 were subdued. 
 
 Capt. Fremont forthwith removed his whole party 
 Fremont re- south Into the Unsettled parts of the Valley of the Sac-, 
 
 turnino; with i t-» 
 
 Gillespie, is in rameuto. He encamped for a time at the Buttes, near 
 
 the valley of 
 
 the Sacra- ^j^g conflueuce of that stream with the Rio del Plumas. 
 
 mento. 
 
 Here he learned that the friends of British protection 
 had, as was supposed, excited the Indians against the 
 American settlers. At any rate this dangerous race had 
 assumed a hostile attitude. Gen. Castro had also pub- 
 (tw^eknow lishcd a proclamation requiring foreigners to leave the 
 
 not how ma- 
 ny, nor who country : and he was, it was believed, collectino^ an ar- 
 
 were all •' ^ ' • ' ° 
 
 and'^^mafe Hiy to cuforce liis ordci's. Women as well as men were 
 
 settlers, but , ^ , i n i i i t-\ 
 
 fancy the task in a State of excitcmeut, and all looked to Fremont to 
 
 of taking 
 
 nlme" wotid ^"^^^ ^^^^^ \\\QV[\ vsx their defence.f " There was a good 
 "iduousT deal of correspondence," says Capt. Owens, one of Fre- 
 
189 
 
 mont's officers, " between the settlers and our camp ; and 1^^^* 
 as tlie danger seemed near at hand, and there was no Letter of 
 
 - . . /• n 1 • • Capt. Owens, 
 
 other way to get out of it, it was finally agreed to join showing the 
 
 way the revo- 
 
 the settlers and fight the Californians. This is the way lotion began, 
 the revolution began. I do not think the settlers could 
 have been united, without the aid and protection of Capt. 
 Fremont. They had not confidence enough in their 
 strength to undertake the war without support. Capt. 
 Fremont's party was strong and well armed, and went 
 together like one man." Fremont's name too, and his 
 position as an American officer, had great influence. 
 
 Fremont now becoming openly the leader of the re- 
 volted Americans, he soon moved his camp farther south. 
 The first overt act of hostility was on the part of the 
 Americans, in seizing a number of horses, which Gen. june lo. 
 Castro had ordered to be taken from Sonoma to his camp Gen. Caltro's 
 
 horses the first 
 
 at Santa Clara. They were taken round by Suter's Fort, ^^jj^f/ °^ 
 when a party of twelve American Californians, mostly 
 hunters,(Mr. Merritt being their leader,)captured them ; 
 and sent word to Gen Castro, that if he wanted his prop- 
 erty he must come and take it. Mr. Merritt's party in- ca"fu?e^of 
 creasing, at length amounted to more than thirty. They 
 then took Sonoma, making prisoners, the Vallejos, and 
 other principal persons. But they violated no private (jwetake 
 property. f Don Salvadore Vallejo,once having had Mer- from Mr."Bry- 
 
 ant, who 
 
 ritt in his power, struck him. Merritt now looked fierce- gives, as his 
 
 ^ authority, R 
 
 ly upon Vallejo, but restraining himself, he said, " You ^Soh^e" 
 
 , T Ml •! ■,-, Cahfornian.) 
 
 are now my prisoner, but 1 will not strike you. 
 
 A small garrison was left at Sonoma, commanded by 
 
190 "the bear revolution." 
 
 IQ^^* Mr. Ide, who issued a proclamation, inviting all to come 
 to his camp, and aid in forming a Republican government. 
 About this time, two American young menf were brutally 
 
 (t Cowie and 
 
 Fowler.) murdercd in the neighborhood of Sonoma, and others 
 were taken prisoners, by a party of Californians under 
 one Padilla. Capt. Ford, with a part of the garrison of 
 
 Mexican ' Souoma, pursued Padilla to San Rafael, where he had 
 
 force, fcO ; ^ 
 
 MaY^"ioss''io' ^^^^ joined by Capt. Torre. An engagement took place 
 in which the Americans were victorious, killing eight of 
 their opponents. Cap. Fremont having heard that Cas- 
 tro was approaching with 200 men, joined the camp at So- 
 Fremont*at "^ma on the 25th of June. Torre had now gone to the 
 south, and no enemy remained on the north side of the 
 Bay of Francisco. The Californians at Sonoma and the 
 vicinity, seemed well pleased with the American ascen- 
 dency, and offered their property to aid in carrying on 
 the war. Fremont took a number of horses of the Val- 
 lejos and others ; but anxious to fulfil the wishes of the 
 government and conciliate the people, he promised that 
 payment should be made, for whatever was taken. 
 
 The fourth of July was duly celebrated. On the 5th, 
 the Californian Americans declared their independence, 
 
 in(ip"«uience and Organized the Californian battalion; placing Capt. 
 
 (kclarcd, and 
 
 t),e"Bear- Frcmout at its head; and for its standard emblem, they 
 
 flag" raised. ' "^ 
 
 raised the figure of that unmanageable native of their 
 woods, the grizzly bear. 
 
 Fremont, now at the head of the 160 men who composed 
 
 July 6. 
 
 Goes to Su- i\^Q Californian battalion, moved his camp to New Helve- 
 
 ler's Fort, or ' ^ 
 
 ^""tia^ ^^ tia. From this place he sent to San Francisco a detach- 
 
THE FIRST NEWSPAPER. 
 
 191 
 
 1841. 
 
 July 8. 
 Semple at 
 New Hel- 
 vetia. 
 
 ment of ten men, commanded by Robert Semple, Esq., 
 who, in the course of the same summer, became the Edi- 
 tor of the Californian, the first newspaper of the Territo- 
 ry. The party performed the service, making prisoner 
 Ridley, the captain of the port, and conveying him for 
 safe keeping to Suter's Fort ; of which Capt. Fremont 
 had taken possession, placing in command Mr. Kern, one 
 of his topographical party.* 
 
 The day after Capt. Fremont's arrival at Suter's Fort, 
 as he was preparing to follow Gen. Castro to Santa Cla- 
 ra, he received the joyful news that Commodore Sloat had 
 raised the American flag on the 7th, at Monterey, and jv/o°nfe?eV 
 that a state of war existed between the United States and 
 Mexico. Instantly all united in pulling down the Cali- 
 fornian bear, and raising the American eagle. The ac- 
 tion of Sloat was, however, merely predicated upon that 
 of Fremont. 
 
 * Whether with or without Capt. Suter's consent, we do not 
 learn. He apologized in September to Mr. Bryant that he could 
 not invite him to his fort, as he had not the control of his own prop- 
 erty. A man with so much at stake might naturally seek to avoid 
 collisions with all, and finally be found on the strongest side. We 
 should suppose, however, that his preferences were on the side of 
 the Americans ; and also, that his shrewd, sagacious mind, would 
 not be long in determining, which side would be the strongest. 
 
CHAPTER IX. 
 
 Events of the War from the raising of the American Flag at Mon- 
 terey. — The Califomian Battalion. — Fremont's March. — Capitula- 
 tion of Cowenga. 
 
 ^^ ^^* At San Francisco, Commander Montgomery, having 
 
 been thus directed by Commodore Sloat, raised the Amer- 
 
 July 8. 
 
 Montgomery ican fla^ on the 8th : and soon after took possession of 
 
 takes 
 Ban Francis- gonoma. 
 
 CO. 
 
 Summoned by Commodore Sloat, Fremont repaired to 
 Monterey with the Californian battalion of 160 mounted 
 rifles. He, with Lieut. Gillespie, now his second in com- 
 mand, went on board the Commodore's ship. He was 
 somewhat disple9.sed, that they had not reported to him ; 
 
 July. 
 
 •^th" ^p°^- ^^^ supposed that Fremont had been acting under the or- 
 SaJannSr, ^^^s of the government, knowing that Gillespie had been 
 
 Congress, ,, . , 
 
 Portsmouth, scnt out> a special messenger to him. " 1 want, said 
 
 and Cyane. 
 
 a?^MaSiTn° ^^' " ^^ know by what authority you are acting. Mr. 
 ship Erfe!"^at Gillespic has told me nothing. He came to Mazatlan, 
 
 the Sandwich 
 
 Islands.) and I sent him to Monterey, but 1 know nothing. I want 
 to know by what authority you are acting ? " When 
 Capt. Fremont told him he was acting on his own re- 
 sponsibility, the Commodore seemed much disturbed. 
 
A LITTLE BEFOREHAND. 193 
 
 " I have acted," said he, " upon the faith of your opera- ^^^^* 
 
 tions in the north. I would rather suffer from doing too 
 
 much than too little. "f Commodore Sloat's orders from (t Yet Com. 
 
 Sloat was 
 
 Mr. Bancroft, Secretary of the Navy, had been peremp- fjfj^'^^^f'','^'^^^ 
 tory, that in case he learned that a state of war existed, ]^" oT'acc^ft 
 
 of his inacti- 
 
 he should act at once. He had heard, while lying at vity in not 
 
 sooner attack- 
 
 Mazatlan, of warlike movements on the Rio Grande, but 'J^-^.g^e'r S 
 
 , ^ , . . ^ ^. the station.) 
 
 was not possessed oi certani miormation. 
 
 The proceedings respecting British protection and 
 Irish emigration, had been, by these prompt measures of 
 Fremont and his party, with the subsequent naval action, 
 entirely disconcerted. The expected meeting on the 15th 
 of June failed ; the Macnamara grants were not perfect- 
 ed ; and when, on the 16th of July, Admiral Sir George July 16. 
 
 Admiral Sir 
 
 Seymour arrived in the Collinswood at the harbor of George Sey- 
 
 .' C3 mour comes 
 
 Monterey, the American flag was flying from every prom- ffomirin pos- 
 session of the 
 inent point in the northern part of California. Besides Americans. 
 
 this, the American naval force, which the day previous 
 had been augmented by the arrival of the noble frigate 
 Congress, now far exceeded his own. He took Mac- 
 namara on board his ship, and shortly after left the port. Fremont says 
 
 Macnamara 
 
 His visit proved the crisis, — and his departure put an end ^f^^ '^ojfj^^t-'^ 
 to the hopes of the British party ; and for this reason op- ^^'^'^-^ 
 erated favorably to the American cause. 
 
 Commodore Stockton, on board the Congress, at Nor- IS**, 
 folk, Oct. 1845, was sent to sea with sealed orders ; not to com!^*'s^ock- 
 be opened until he had passed the capes of Virginia. These u. s. for th© 
 
 Pacific. 
 
 orders directed him to proceed to the Sandwich Isl- 
 ands, then to Monterey, where he was first to deliver dis- 
 
 9 
 
194 COM. sloat's dilemma. 
 
 18416. patches to Mr. Larkin, and then report himself to his su- 
 perior officer, Commodore Sloat. He arrived at Monte- 
 rey on the 15th of July; doubtless prepared by his 
 
 July 15. orders to enter into the spirit of the war. — Commodore 
 
 Com. Stock- 11 1 • • 1 • 
 
 ton arrives at Sloat was uot Well, and not, It appears, at ease in his 
 
 Monterey. 
 
 mind. There seemed to him a mystery which he could 
 not fathom. That a special messenger should be sent 
 past him, — nay — he to forward him, to a young officer 
 like Fremont, and he himself an older, and equally faith- 
 ful servant of his country, left in the dark ; — this appears 
 to have preyed upon his spirits, and he told Stockton he 
 intended to return. 
 
 When Fremont and Gillespie brought before Commo- 
 dore Sloat the subject of the California battalion, he said 
 it was not his intention to move from Monterey. He had 
 no service for the troops, and would have nothing to do 
 (+ See Com. ^ith them.f On the arrival of the Congress, Fre- 
 testimonyat luout and Gillcspie called on Commodore Stockton, 
 tiiai.) who thought differently, respecting the battalion. Being 
 shortly to be left with the responsibility of holding 
 and governing a country where many were disaffected, 
 he persuaded Commodore Sloat to give him immedi- 
 ate command on land ; and he invited those officers to 
 take service under him. They consented ; and he re- 
 organized the battalion, and issued his commission to 
 Fremont as Major, and to Gillespie as Captain — of this 
 somewhat anomalous description of force ; of which Fre- 
 mont's original party was the nucleus, and the independ- 
 ent Californians of the " Bear Revolution" made up the 
 
COMMODORE STOCKTON. 195 
 
 remaining part, which, now amounting to 160 gallant 18*1. 
 men, ranked as an American "navy battalion." 
 
 Commodore Sloat sailed in the Levant for the United ^ay 29. 
 
 . n ^ • n -It Com, Sloat 
 
 States on the 29th 01 July, leavmg btockton m lull com- leaves Cai. 
 mand. 
 
 Neither Fremont nor Gillespie could have been thus 
 commanded by Com. Stockton, but by their own con- 
 sent. " The common voice of the people," says Fremont, 
 " called me to the head of affairs, and I obeyed with 
 alacrity. Lieut. Gillespie was of the marines, and was 
 
 See Fre- 
 
 besides on special duty by orders of the President. We mont's de- 
 
 ^ ■' -^ fence, p. 375 
 
 might have continued our independent position, and ot documents, 
 carried on the war by land." But they judged it best for 
 their country, to take service under Stockton, and rank 
 as a part of the forces of the naval commander. 
 
 Commodore Stockton now ordered a movement on 
 Ciudad de Los Angeles, it being understood that Gen. 
 Castro, in conjunction with Don Pico, the civil Governor, Stockton and 
 
 Fremont em- 
 
 had there 600 men in arms. The Commodore and ^pejS aifd^° 
 
 Fremont both embarked with their forces at Monterey, ^" ^^°°' 
 
 the former for San Pedro, the port of Los Angeles, and 
 
 the latter for San Diego further south. Stockton with 
 
 his marines first approached the enemy, who decamped 
 
 at his approach. Fremont soon joined him, and togethei 
 
 they took quiet possession of Los Angeles, with the co"ni"stock- 
 
 public buildings, the archives, and all the public property. Fremont take 
 
 possession of 
 
 On the 17th of August, Commodore Stockton issued his ^os Angeles, 
 proclamation, in which he informed the people of Cali- 
 fornia, that, at his approach, Jose Castro, Commandant 
 
196 CARSON 'S MAIL. 
 
 l®*6» General, buried his artillery, abandoned his fortified 
 camp, and fled, as was believed, towards Mexico — that 
 with the sailors, marines, and Californian battalion, they 
 entered the city of Angeles on the 13th of August, and 
 hoisted the North American flag, which was now flying 
 August 17. from every commanding position in the territory — that 
 
 Com Stock- 
 ton institutes California was now in the possession of the United States, 
 
 government, ^ ■' 
 
 tionramrre- ^ud would soon bc providcd with a civil government ; but 
 
 quire? an oath .,, , . , .,. , , i . . i 
 
 ofaiiegiacce till then, it was uuder military law, to be administered 
 
 from the mili- 
 tary, by himself, the commander-in-chief. In the meantime, 
 
 the people were requested to assemble in their several 
 
 towns, and choose their officers. Military men who 
 
 chose to remain, would be required to take an oath to 
 
 sup])ort the existing government. 
 
 Com. s. ap- Having made this proclamation, Commodore Stock- 
 
 jioints Frem't 
 
 military com- tou, on the 24th, intending to go to sea, appointed Major 
 
 mandant, and 
 
 Gillespie sec- Frcmont, military commandant of California, and Lieut. 
 
 retary. j j ^ 
 
 Gillespie secretary. On the 2Sth of August, these pro- 
 ceedings were reported to the Navy Department, and 
 Carson dispatched, via Santa Fe, to carry the reports 
 public and private to Washington. Carson had pro- 
 ceeded to the valley of the Del Norte, when he was met 
 ^oni^To"^ by Gen. Kearny, with 300 men, coming to conquer 
 Tmerby Kit California. Carson informed him that the work was 
 
 Carson with 
 
 news that the already done by Frem.ont and Stockton. Gen. Kearny 
 
 conquest is -^ -^ '' 
 
 "''^^®* then sent back 200 of his soldiers, and proceeded with 
 an escort of 100 dragoons; obliging the reluctant Car- 
 son to relinquish his mail, and return to California as a 
 guide. 
 
A REVOLT. 197 
 
 Carson's mail was sent forward to Washington, by ISIG, 
 Mr. Fitzpatrick. It reached its destination just in time 
 for the President of the United States to use it in his 
 annual message to Congress, and the Secretaries of War 
 and the Navy in their reports to the President. In these 
 three reports, ihe "gallant officer," Fremont, was most Stockton 
 
 compliment'd 
 
 cordially commended, and the bloodless conquest of ^y the Presi- 
 
 •^ ' . ^ dent and Sec- 
 
 California by him and the naval officers related with '"^t^"®^- 
 much satisfaction. Some months before this, the Presi- 
 dent had sent forward to Fremont a Colonel's commis- 
 sion, which he received on the 27th of October. 
 
 But ere this was known to him, changes were to take 
 place. Early in September, Fremont left Los Angeles, 
 to aid Com. Stockton, in collecting recruits for an ex- 
 peditioUj which the valiant Commodore wished to under- 
 take against Mazatlan. Thus occupied — the Commo- 
 dore at San Francisco, and Fremont near Suter's Fort — 
 news reached them from Gillespie, who was left in com- 
 
 September. 
 
 mand at Angeles, that Castro had returned with a large ^.?t*if°a^5ar°Q 
 Mexican force, headed by General Flores, or as he signed 
 himself, Gov. Flores, and that Los Angeles and the 
 adjacent region was in a state of open revolt ; that the 
 American garrison had been expelled, and the marines 
 defeated. The Commodore had now other occupation 
 on his hands, than the conquest of Mazatlan, and Fremont, 
 other than that of playing governor-in-chief of California ; 
 it being the plan of Stockton, (forwarded by him to Wash- 
 ington,) to leave Fremont in this office, while he himself 
 went to make conquests in Mexico. By great activity 
 
198 AMERICAN REVERSES. 
 
 *^^^* and energy, Fremont succeeded in increasing his bat- 
 t^ioTincreas- talion to 428 men. The recruits were mostly from the 
 
 ed bv the vol- , i i n i i /~» t 
 
 nntary action emigrants who, as we have before seen, approached Cali- 
 
 of the emi- 
 
 granu. fomia this year in considerable numbers. 
 
 Mr. Bryant informs us, that being at Suter's Fort, 
 when news arrived from the south, of the disasters which 
 had there occurred to the Americans, he immediately 
 drew up a paper which was signed by himself and 
 four other newly arrived Americans,! by which, with 
 
 (t Messrs. 
 
 Reed, Jacob, couscnt of Mr. Kcm, commaudcr of Fort Suter, they 
 
 Lippincott, 
 
 andGrayson.) offepgd their serviccs as volunteers, and agreed to 
 make exertions to raise and equip a force of emigrants 
 and Indians. 
 
 The disastrous news alluded to was the defeat of 400 
 marines, who landed at San Pedro, under Capt. Mervine, 
 of the Savannah, — by a large force of Californians and 
 Mexicans ; the capitulation of Capt. Gillespie, who was 
 left in command at Los Angeles, and the escape of the 
 garrison of Santa Barbara, under Lieut. Talbot, — from 
 a force too powerful to be resisted. 
 
 In the new organization of the battalion, Col. Russell 
 became one of the officers, and Mr. Bryant another. 
 Capt. Suter personally interested himself on this occasion, 
 in procuring horses and provisions for the volunteers, 
 which, with the condition of the country as it then existed, 
 was a matter of great difficulty, and caused indispensable 
 delays. Fremont once embarked to go by sea, but he 
 learned after he had proceeded to Santa Barbara, that 
 such was the hostility of the Californians at the south, that 
 
MR. LARKIN A PRISONER. 199 
 
 it would be absolutely impossible to procure horses. He 1846. 
 turned, and procured them in the vicinity of the Bay and j^iScuSes 
 at Suter's Fort ; and with the resolute battalion, in the ^" ^ ^^^ 
 inclement season of December, he was to make a tedious 
 march of 400 miles from Monterey to Los Angeles. 
 
 While the volunteers were collecting at their two 
 places of rendezvous, San Jose, and the Mission of San 
 Juan, the worthy Mr. Larkin was made prisoner — as he 
 was journeying, in the dangerous region of the marau- 
 ders of the river Stanislaus — by an armed party of sev- 
 enty Californians. They required of him to write an or- 
 der to San Juan, requesting twenty of his countrymen to 
 come to his relief, whom they meant to surprise and kill, '^f'^and™.'" 
 Every threat was used to make him write the order. *^emigrLtsr 
 " Write '' — said the consul. " I shall not — shoot as soon 
 as you please ! " When news of his captivity reached 
 Suter's, a band of fifty, most of them the newly arrived 
 emigrants, hasted to his relief, and effected it, though 
 with the loss of two valuable men, Capt. Foster and 
 Capt. Burroughs of St. Louis. Two of the Californi- 
 ans were killed and two wounded. 
 
 The march of the battalion to San Luis Obispo, be- 
 
 Dec. 14. 
 
 tween the mountain ransre and the ocean, was so secret, ^San Louis 
 
 == ' ' Obispo taken 
 
 that the commandant of that military post was captured ^^ ^"'■p"**- 
 by surprise. This was Don Jesus Pico, cousin to the 
 governor, and a man much beloved by his fellow citizens. 
 But he had broken his parole ; and he was, in that quar- 
 ter, head of the insurrection. A court martial of Fre- 
 mont's officers tried, and sentenced him to be shot. Fre- 
 
200 A COLD CHRISTMAS. 
 
 1S46. mont, in the spirit of obedience to repeated instructions 
 
 (tThis in- °^ ^^^® government, given indeed to all American officers 
 
 ed by Mr. in Califomiaj wished to conciliate the inhabitants. A pro- 
 Bryant, who 
 witnessed the cession of womcn came to be^ for the life of their belov- 
 
 procession.) '-' 
 
 Dec, 17. ed townsman. f Fremont freely pardoned him, and from 
 
 Don J. Pico 
 
 pardoned by that moment he and his friends were won. 
 
 Fremont. 
 
 He accompanied Fremont in his onward march. 
 
 From the papers taken here, the action at San Pasqual 
 
 was learned ; by which it became known, that a small 
 
 Dec. 25. American force approached, but who was the command- 
 
 The battalion 
 encounter a gp ^y^g yg|. undisCOVCred. 
 storm on the .' 
 
 "Sta'^Ba?- On Christmas-day, amidst chilling winds and driving 
 
 bara. 
 
 rain, the patient and hardy battalion struggled over the 
 mountain of Santa Barbara ; although so severe was the 
 storm, that 100 horses and mules perished. At the long 
 maritime Pass of the Rincon or Punta Gorda, where their 
 march was flanked by one of the vessels of the navy, 
 the little army was threatened by mounted horsemen; 
 Jan. 13. but as they did not attack, Fremont would not allow them 
 
 Fremont at i i . 
 
 the plain of to be molestcd. In the same manner he restrained his 
 
 Cowenga, 
 
 CaiifoTnians troops, at the defile of San Fernando. Thus he entered 
 ''^^hi'rn.^ ° the plain of Cowenga, where the enemy, as he was in- 
 formed, had a force equal to his own. He sent a sum- 
 mons to surrender. The chiefs desired to hold a parley 
 with the American commander; and Fremont went to 
 them, accompanied only by Don Jesus Pico. The Cal- 
 ifornian officers were, they said, moved by his clemen- 
 cy, and they would capitulate to him, and to none other. 
 By the capitulation, the Californians agreed that their 
 
THE CAPITULATION OF COWENGA. 201 
 
 entire force should deliver their artillery and public arms 184T. 
 
 to Col. Fremont — that they would return peaceably to 
 
 their homes, and conform to the laws of the United capituTaUon. 
 
 States; but that no Californians, until after a treaty 
 
 should have been made between Mexico and the United 
 
 States, should be bound to take an oath of allegiance. ThisM.pituia- 
 
 , tion th^ final 
 
 All prisoners on both sides were released. This agree- pacification. 
 ment proved the final pacification of California. 
 
184G. 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 Commodore Stockton's Movements. — Gen. Kearny's March. — The 
 Battle of San Pasqual. — Stockton sends Relief to Kearny. — 
 Their IMarch upon Los Angeles, and the Battle of San Gabriel. 
 
 We now go back in the order of time, following the 
 Southern movements of Commodore Stockton and Gen. Kearny. 
 
 Californians 
 
 revolt, and After Frcmont had left Commodore Stockton, and durinsr the 
 
 Angeles re- '-' 
 
 taken, period in which he was collecting and procuring supplies 
 for his battalion, the Commodore was endeavoring to give 
 aid to the exposed American garrisons at Monterey, and 
 other places on or near the coast. Gillespie was besieg- 
 ed at Los Angeles, capitulated, and went on board the Sa- 
 vannah, then commanded by Capt. Mervine and lying at 
 San Pedro. The Captain had debarked with his sailors 
 and marines, and an affair occurring between him arid 
 the Californians, he met with some loss, and returned to 
 the ship. 
 
 Dec. 3. While Commodore Stockton was at San Diego, await- 
 
 Com. Stock- " 
 
 ^^'k Tetter' ^^S ^h® co-operation of Fremont to attack Los Angeles, 
 Kearny. ' he rcceivcd on the 3d of Dec. a letter from Gen. Kear- 
 ny, dated " Warner's Ranche," informing him that he 
 
GEN. KEARNY APPROACHES. 203 
 
 had taken New Mexico, "annexed it to the United 1846. 
 States," established a civil government there, and was 
 now, by order of the President, on his way to California ; 
 and he requested of Commodore Stockton to send back 
 with Mr. Stokes, the messenger, who lived near Warner's 
 Ranche, a party to open a communication with him, the 
 General having learned the revolted and unsettled state 
 
 ° Kearny 
 
 of the country. Commodore Stockton immediately sent ^o?uSe'^ 
 forward Capt. Gillespie with thirty-six men and a field- Stockton 
 
 sends an in- 
 
 piece. He sent by him, information to Gen. Kearny, sufficient 
 that the enemy, 150 strong, and commanded by Don An- '^"^ ^'™' 
 dreas Pico, were in the neighborhood. 
 
 The march of Gen. Kearny, from Santa Fe by the 
 river Gila — across the Colorado — to the neighborhood of ny's^onte!^"^ 
 San Diego, had occupied the months of October and No- 
 vember. Above the mouth of the Gila, Lieut. Emory, 
 the well-known topographical engineer of the party, had 
 captured a horseman with the Californian mail for Sono- 
 ra. It was by this means that Gen. Kearny learned, 
 that the southern part of California was no longer in the Lj^^^'^^or 
 power of the Americans. The letters related with great maKnd 'gets 
 exultation the affair at San Pedro, where Capt. Mervine 
 was, with his marines, prevented from marching to Los 
 Angeles, and turned back to his ship with loss. This, 
 though true, was, by Gen. Kearny and his party, taken 
 for an exaggeration. But they were a small and travel- 
 worn company, and when they arrived at Warner's Ran- 
 che, about thirty-three miles from San Diego, Gen. Kear- 
 ny sent to Com. Stockton, by the neutral Englishman, 
 
 unpleasant 
 news. 
 
 Warner's 
 Ranche. 33 
 
 miles fiom 
 San Diego. 
 
204 SAN PASQUAL. 
 
 184:6. Mr. Stokes, whose ranche was the former Mission of 
 
 Santa Isabella, with the letter already mentioned. On 
 
 Capr'Gi'iies- the 5th of December, Capt. Gillespie joined Gen. Kear- 
 
 pie joins 
 
 Kearny, ny. They learned that a hostile force of mounted Cal- 
 BaSe°of San ifomians. Under Andreas Pico, barred their way. On 
 the morning of the 6th, the combined parties moved for- 
 ward before light, intending to surprise their foe. But 
 they, freshly mounted, were awaiting the Americans; 
 and they fought with great bravery. The Americans 
 stood their ground ; but it was at the expense of the lives 
 
 American 
 
 loss— killed ^f eio;hteen killed on the field, and thirteen wounded, 
 
 18; wounded, ^ ' ' 
 
 among whom were Gen. Kearny, Captains Gillespie and 
 Gibson, Lieut. Warner, and Mr. Robideau, the interpreter. 
 Among the killed, were Captains Johnson and Moore, 
 and Lieut. Hammond. 
 
 The camp of the Americans, the night after the bat- 
 ^'^^6th^ ^^^ ^^^' presented a scene of which private life affords little 
 camp°sceue^ I'oom for Comparison. Their wounded — where should 
 they procure them comforts ? Their dead — where find 
 them graves, so secret and so profound, that their bodies 
 would not be exhumed and rifled ? Mournfully, by the 
 darkness of the night, the survivors made their resting 
 place, deep beneath a solitary willow ; while wolves howl- 
 ed a discordant requiem. 
 Dec. 7. On the 7th, the Americans were intercepted by the 
 
 (t One of 
 
 the most he- encmv. A part of their little force was occupied with the 
 
 role deeds of 
 
 ihewar.) ambulauces of their wounded, as they attempted to move. 
 
 , But they charged,! and drove the Californian horsemen, 
 
 wounding several. But they had only retired, to return 
 
THE HILL OF SAN FERNANDO. 205 
 
 in greater numbers. The next day, the 8th, the Ameri- ^Q^^' 
 cans were besieged in their camp, on the hill of San Fer- 
 nando. For the party to move, would be a deed of des- The Ameri- 
 cans in dan- 
 
 peration, as it would take half their force to transport the ^^^^'^^^^^^'^^ 
 wounded; and the enemy, fresh and well-mounted, and ^""^ ^^^^- 
 in superior numbers, were watching them in every di- 
 rection. Fortunately, they found, by digging at the foot of 
 a rock, a little water ; but they were distressed for want 
 of food. Then it was that Carson,* with Lieut. Beale 
 
 * One of the most eloquent portions of Col. Fremont's defence, 
 is where he speaks of Kit Carson. Wishing to invalidate the testi- 
 mony of Gen. Kearny, Fremont thus alludes to the evidence given 
 by him, that he did not recollect, indeed did not know, the person 
 (who was Kit Carson) that brought him a certain letter, hereafter to 
 
 be mentioned. 
 
 Gen. Kearny 
 " For Gen. Kearny," said Fremont, addressing the court, " not to forgetting Kit 
 
 Carson, Fre- 
 know Kit Carson, not to remember him when he brought the letter mont shows 
 
 Kit's claims 
 
 on which this prosecution is based ; to swear that he had never seen to be remem- 
 bered. 
 
 the man, before or since, who brought that letter, when that man 
 was the same express from Commodore Stockton and myself from 
 whom he got the dispatches ; whom he turned back from the con- 
 fines of New Mexico, and made his guide to California ; the man 
 who showed him the way, step by step, in that long and dreary 
 march ; who was with him in the fight of San Pasqual ; with him 
 on the besieged and desolate hill of San Fernando ; who volunteer- 
 ed with Lieut. Beale and the Indians to go to San Diego for relief, 
 and whose application to go was at first refused ' because he could 
 not spare him ; ' who was afterwards the commander of the scouts 
 on the march from San Diego to Los Angeles ; not to know this 
 man who had been his guide for so many months, and whom few 
 see once without remembering, and not only not to know him, but to 
 
Dec. 10. 
 A deliver- 
 ance. 
 
 Dec. 9. 
 
 206 HEROISM AND SUCCESS. 
 
 1846. and an Indian, (his name should be told,) heroically vol- 
 unteered to go to Com. Stockton at San Diego, and pro- 
 cure assistance. Most dangerous was the service, and 
 forlorn the hope, that the messenger's could escape the 
 keen-eyed foe — but they did. — On the night of the 10th, 
 the tramp of horses was heard in the melancholy camp, 
 and soon the hearts of the soldiers were gladdened, and 
 their hunger relieved, by their brethren from the Ameri- 
 can ships at San Diego. 
 
 Not a moment had been lost after Carson and Lieut. 
 Beale had made the condition of the party known to 
 tonTprompt Com. Stocktou, before measures were taken for their re- 
 lief. Lieut. Grey, with a party of 180 sailors and ma- 
 rines, left San Diego on the night of the 9th. They hid 
 themselves during the day of the 10th, and at night gave 
 to their scarcely expecting countrymen, a joyful surprise. 
 In the surprise, though not in the joy, their enemies par- 
 ticipated ; and forthwith decamped, not even removing 
 their animals. 
 
 In two days, the party were at San Diego.* Com. 
 
 swear that he had never seen him before or since ; — this was indeed 
 exhibiting an infirmity of memory, almost amounting to no memo- 
 ry at all." 
 
 * Capt. Emory relates, that as they came upon a hill where they 
 had their first view of the Pacific, one of the men from the interior, 
 who had never seen an ocean, exclaimed, " Lord ! there is a great 
 prairie without a tree !" — The town of San Diego, says Capt. Em- 
 ory, consists of a few houses of adobe, two or three of which only, 
 have plank floors. The Mission is a fine large building, now deser- 
 ted. (1846. 
 
WHO IS GOVERNOR? 207 
 
 Stockton, having sent all his horses to Gen. Kearny's 184T. 
 relief, walked out to meet him, took him to his quarters ; 
 and all possible attentions were shown by the officers of 
 the navy, to him and his wayworn companions. 
 
 Fremont, now toiling on his long march, did not yet 
 appear, nor was any thing heard of him or his battalion, wishes to 
 
 go and meet 
 
 They were anxious at San Diego for his fate, and Gen. ^ Fremont. 
 
 •' ° ' Stockton de- 
 
 Kearny, not probably relishing his subordinate position, ""'^^qiI^ 
 and perhaps desirous to see Fremont before he should see 
 Stockton, offered to go with a party to his relief. Com. 
 Stockton, however, decided himself to move north 
 immediately, with all the force which could be mus- 
 tered. 
 
 Gen. Kearny was now in a position, anomalous and 
 unpleasant. He was sent to conquer and to govern. 
 But he had by no means entered California as a con- 
 queror ; and how was he to become governor, without an 
 efficient force at his command,' when Com. Stockton be- 
 lieved that he was, by right, governor of the country ? 
 Yet he courteously offered to relinquish the command to 
 Gen. Kearny^ and go to Los Angeles as his aid. Gen. 
 Kearny was, in truth, the superior officer, being a 
 brigadier-general ; and — holding the order of the Sec- 
 retary of War to that effect, he was really governor-in- 
 chief. But Com. Stockton havino- been in the chief ^^.^ , . 
 
 * Difficulties 
 
 command, and having at risk to his own corps, saved ^fetweln'' 
 
 Kearnv and 
 
 that of Kearny — this far-off order of the War Depart- Stockton re- 
 specting the 
 ment, made for one state of things, and now fallen upon chief authori- 
 
 another, seemed to him a nullity. There is nothing 
 
208 TWO COMMANDERS. 
 
 l84rT. more precarious than the peace which exists between 
 two persons thus situated — no matter how polite each 
 may be. Who wants his right by courtesy ? and besides, 
 he who accepts it thus from the stronger party, may at 
 any moment be displaced. Kearny knew, that, at 
 the moment, Stockton commanded more men than he. 
 Fremont was an important man to him, and he 
 
 (t Fremont 
 
 received four, wrotc him short affectionatc notes it while he declined 
 
 before writing ' ' 
 
 ^\e?M>om'''" the courteous offer of Gov. Stockton, to take the 
 chief command of the expedition ; and on his part, 
 proposed to accompany Stockton to Los Angeles as 
 his aid. This service the commodore accepted, and 
 himself took the chief command, notwithstanding the 
 little knowledge of land tactics, which he and his officers 
 possessed. Before setting out, however, Kearny told 
 Stockton that he must command the troops. Stockton 
 agreed that he might, and introduced him to the ma- 
 rines as their commander — yet under him, as governor- 
 in-chief. 
 Dec. 29. They began their march on the 29th of December, 
 
 begins. with fifty-seveu dragoons, officers and men, the remains 
 of Gen. Kearny's escort — four hundred marines, and 
 sixty volunteers. They had six heavy pieces of artillery 
 and eleven heavy wagons. They had provided well 
 against surprise, by organizing a scouting party, with 
 
 Carson for its leader. Their march was along the coast 
 18-4T* 
 
 — across the Solid ad — by the de serte d mission of San 
 
 At sgn Luis Luig Rey, and the small town c^^Pre's'r^thence by a 
 
 narrow pass between the ocean and a neighboring moun- 
 
SAN GABRIEL. 209 
 
 tain to another deserted mission — that of San Juan isiT. 
 de Capistrano, now owned by the Pico family. Here ^^ j^"- j^j^j^ 
 had oncei been a fine cathedral, but a part of it was ^ ''^'" !^""' 
 thrown down in 1822 by an earthquake, killing fifty per- 
 sons within, who had fled to it for refuge. On the 6th 
 of January, the troops passed the pleasant stream of the 
 Santa Anna. On the 7th, when near the River San 
 Gabriel, and nine miles distant from Los Angeles, they 
 found the enemy in force, and prepared to dispute their 
 passage ; and they joined battle. 
 
 The enemy under Gen. Flores were superior in num- 
 
 San Gabriel. 
 
 bers. Ihey were all mounted, and the best horsemen in Americans 
 
 victorious. 
 
 the world. The great body of the American troops were k^i" wTi" 
 sailors, little skilled in land operations ; and they had 
 two commanders. In two instances, at least, in the course 
 of the battle, what was done by Gen. Kearny's com- 
 mand, was undone by Com. Stockton's.* Yet officers 
 and men bore gallantly on, and won the field. 
 
 But the enemy were still in force, and while the 
 Americans, now within three miles of Los Angeles, were ^^Mei ^^^ 
 marching across the Mesa, a plain between the rivers k. (j"*w?5r 
 San Gabriel and San Fernando, Flores appeared before 
 them, opened his artillery, and deployed in crescent, his 
 line of battle. After some fighting, and a small loss on 
 both sides, the foe drew off. This was the force which 
 
 . 1 1 -n ^ . (t Except 
 
 capitulated to rremont at Cowenga.t FJores.who 
 
 escaped to 
 Mexico.) 
 * One was the forming of a square, and the other, the unlim- 
 
 bering of the guns, as they were about to cross the San Gabriel. 
 
 (See Fremont's trial.) 
 
210 COL. Russell's mission. 
 
 1846. The commanders judiciously forbore to enter the city 
 
 at evening, lest during the night, excesses should be 
 
 Jan. 10. committed. The next morning they entered Los Ange- 
 
 Stockton and 
 
 Kearny enter les without material iujury ; but with unpleasant expres- 
 sions of dislike from the inhabitants. 
 
 Immediately after the capitulation of Cowenga, Col. 
 Fremont, who had now learned that Gen. Kearny was 
 at Los Angeles, although he knew not in what capacity 
 he had come, sent forward Col. Russell with directions 
 carefully to inquire whether he or Stockton was in chief 
 
 Col. Russell command, and to make his report of military operations 
 
 sent Dv I* re- ' i J sr 
 
 Thoirgov™ accordingly. He bore a letter from Fremont to Gen. 
 
 ernor. 
 
 Kearny, in answer to his affectionate notes. Col. Rus- 
 sell, personally acquainted with the General, called first 
 on him, and asked him whether he or Stockton was in 
 chief command. Gen. Kearny informed him, that it 
 was the Commodore who was in exercise of that func- 
 tion ; but he claimed that, by his orders, the right to exer- 
 cise it belonged to him. 
 
CHAPTER XI. 
 
 Col. Fremont made Governor, by Com. Stockton. — Gen. Kearny's 
 successful measures to obtain the ascendency. 
 
 Col. Fremont the next day after the capitulation of 18 ^6. 
 Cowenga marched at the head of his battalion ; and j^^^ j^ 
 when within five miles of Los Angeles, met his mes- (t The plain 
 
 of Cowenga is 
 
 Sanger Col. Russell ; from whom he learned for the first 12 miles from 
 
 ° ' Angeles.) 
 
 time, that Gen. Kearny had been sent from Washington 
 to conquer and to establish a government in California. 
 He had previously been informed — while at the camp of 
 the Willows, near San Barbara, by Capt. Hamlyn, a 
 special messenger sent to hira by sea from Stockton, Fremont had 
 
 , information 
 
 while he with Kearny were lying at San Luis Key, on of Keamy's 
 
 entrance into 
 
 their way to Angeles — that Kearny had, after a defeat California. 
 at San Pasqual, been assisted to reach San Diego, by the 
 naval forces sent by 'Stockton to his rescue. That 
 coming thus, Stockton and himself, who had conquered 
 California, were at once to defer to Kearny, he probably, 
 
 His choice 
 
 in the flush of success, thought too unreasonable to merit between 
 
 ^ Stockton and 
 
 much attention. Gen. Kearny, the elegant officer, and, ^^^'^^^^H) 
 when not moved by anger, the prepossessing man, he ^^'^°°"ng. ^^ 
 
212 NEARLY BALANCED. 
 
 l^'t'7' appears to have regarded with personal cordiality, as 
 a former acquaintance, and as the friend of those he 
 loved. 
 
 But every thing had been laid in a train between 
 himself and Com. Stockton ; the latter to go to Mexico, 
 and he to be left Governor-in-chief of California. The 
 25th of October had been the day appointed ; and the con- 
 summation was only prevented by the insurrection which 
 both had been engaged in quelling. And not only this, 
 
 Tusiy iSd!' ^^^ ^^^"' whole plan had been transmitted to Washing- 
 ton, in the mail sent by Carson, and by Gen. Kearny 
 transferred to Mr. Fitzpatrick ; so that it was without 
 doubt there believed, that he was at the moment actually 
 filling the post of Governor of California. From Col. 
 Russell he further learned, that although the General and 
 
 Stockton and the Commodorc had met as friends, they were now each 
 
 Kearny 
 
 e^acKhe? chafcd in mind, — each feeling that the other claimed what 
 belonged to him. In this juncture Fremont, at the head 
 
 Fremont dn 
 
 important of 400 efficient troops, was an important man. Which- 
 
 man to each. '■ 
 
 ever side he joined, would be the superior in military 
 strength. Gen. Kearny, in case Fremont acknowledged 
 his authority, would have the , whole land force at liis 
 command ; but if he united with Stockton, then Kearny's 
 position would, for the time, be mortifying to his pride ; 
 and calculated to awaken his anger. Both he and 
 Stockton, Russell said, offered Fremont the governorship ; 
 though the offer from Kearny was not to take immediate 
 effect. Col. Russell thought, that Kearny was the better 
 friend of the two, to Fremont. Stockton had at first dis- 
 
COGITATIONS. 213 
 
 approved the capitulation of Cowenga. Kearny had put l^4:T. 
 words into his mouth, wherewith to defend it. But 
 Stockton was, as matter of fact, in chief command. This 
 Kearny acknowledged ; and allowed that he had served 
 under him in the march from San Diego ; but he 
 showed orders from the government, by which he judged 
 himself entitled to the chief command ; and a military 
 tribunal has since decided that he was rio-ht. Fremont, 
 
 " Fremont re- 
 
 however, regarded those orders as obsolete — intended n|wd?rfaa 
 for a state of things no longer existing. He regarded 
 Kearny's orders to govern as predicated upon a previous 
 conquest, which himself, rather than Kearny, had made. 
 He thought that his country owed it to his prompt and 
 independent action, that California had not been lost to 
 her, by the scheme of British protection. The fact that 
 to him the American Executive had sent by sea and 
 shore, a special messenger five thousand miles,* doubt- 
 
 * To continue, not to commence secret confidential inter- 
 course and instructions. The message, was verbal, not writ- 
 ten. Capt. Gillespie was a worthy officer of marines, but not a 
 Metternich, to explain, for the first time, a course of policy and the 
 reasons for it. Fremont in his defence, uses this expression: 
 " Knowing well the views of the Cabinet, and satisfied that it was 
 a great national measure to unite CaUfornia to us as a sister state, 
 by a voluntary expression of the popular will." We cannot but 
 think he was willing, that the crisis should have been met, at the 
 Hawks' Peak. 
 
 Lieut. Revere, in his "Tour of Duty," an interesting book just 
 issued from the press, speaks thus of the reasons for Fremont's not 
 accepting the offered services of Californian Americans while at 
 
214 HONESTY MAY MISTAKE. 
 
 184:T. less had its weight ; and if he had successfully ex- 
 ecuted these confidential orders, without betraying the 
 adnninistration to the blame of their opponents, then this 
 might naturally make him presume, that his course, if 
 sanctioned by his own sense of duty, would be sus- 
 tained by the government. But the Executive could not 
 afford to offend the whole army ; and discipline is the 
 ricrht arm of its efficiency, and the sensitive nerve of 
 
 Jan. 14. » •" 
 
 t^^Tn'SiS' every officer. — Fremont went forward to Angeles ; and 
 was met both by Stockton and Kearny with cordiality. 
 This was vsoon, in the latter, to be changed to stern un- 
 yielding resentment ; for Gen. Kearny soon found, that it 
 Jan. 16. was to Stocktou, uot to himself, that Fremont would ad- 
 
 Stockton 
 commissions her 6. 
 Fremont as 
 
 governor. rjy^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^, ^l^^j^ arrival at Los Ange- 
 
 les, Com. Stockton, then residing at the house of the 
 governors of California, sent to Fremont and Russell, 
 who came a little past noon, and received from him 
 commissions, to act as governor and secretary of the 
 province. 
 
 At the dusk of the evening, Capt. Emory, the ac- 
 
 Capt. Emory ^ 
 
 brings Fre- complishcd adjutant of Gen. Kearny, came to Fremont's 
 wrUtTiI OTder. quarters, bearing a copy of the orders of the Secretary 
 
 that mountain camp. " Knowing, I imagine, that his own party was 
 quite sufficient to compete with any force that Castro could bring 
 against him, fearing perhaps to compromise his countrymen, in 
 person and property, had Castro by any unexpected circumstance 
 proved successful." Mr. Larkin is rich. Bryant says he will proba- 
 bly be the first American milhonaire of CaUfornia. 
 
AN ACT WITH CONSEQUENCES. 215 
 
 of War, giving to the General, the chief command in iS^rT. 
 California ; — and a written order, directing Fremont to 
 make no changes in the Californian battalion without 
 Gen. Kearny's sanction. 
 
 The next morning the General sent him a line of 
 request to come to him on business. Fremont was 
 making his written answer, but he hastened at the sum. 
 mons, leaving his acting secretary, Lieut. Talbot, to 
 copy the letter, and send it after him by Carson, to Gen. 
 Kearny's quarters. 
 
 Carson soon brought it in, and Fremont signed and 
 
 handed it to the General. It was the avowal of his de- Fremont re- 
 fuses to obey 
 
 termination, with his reasons, not, at that time, to change ^^^S'^ 
 his military position. " Until you adjust between your- 
 selves," he wrote, " the question of rank, I shall have 
 to report and receive orders, as heretofore, from the Com- 
 modore." 
 
 Gen. Kearny, on reading the letter, requested Fre- 
 mont to take it back, and destroy it ; and with kindness 
 remonstrated against his course. Fremont persisted ; 
 and the same kindness, he never met again. From that 
 time, Kearny determined to arrest, and bring him to pun- 
 ishment. 
 
 The next morning, the embittered General took his jan. is to 23. 
 
 Kearny 
 
 way from Angeles, with his small and diminished escort marches from 
 
 •^ ° ' Angeles to 
 
 of now unmounted dragoons. He retraced his march to ^^^ ^'®^°- 
 
 San Diego, to meet the expected Mormon battalion under j^^^ go 
 
 Col. Cooke. That officer had already reached San Diego, Arrives" ^ 
 leaving the Mormons in the vicinity. Subsequently they 
 
216 GOVERNOR FREBIONT. 
 
 ^^^'^' were removed to the mission of San Luis Rey, 100 miles 
 from Angeles. — Lieut. Emory was on the 25th sent to 
 Washington with dispatches. Kearny had now a land 
 
 Jan 20. force at his command. He next went by sea to com- 
 
 Stockton •' 
 
 '^^'7es!^"°^ mune with the naval authorities at Monterey, leaving 
 
 He goes to 
 
 sea. Cooke in command of all the troops in that vicinity. 
 
 Com. Stockton meantime left Los Angeles two days 
 Kearny sails after Koamy's departure. At San Pedro, he embarked 
 
 from San 
 
 Diego for his marines, and sailed, as he had predetermined, to 
 
 Monterey. ' ^ i ' 
 
 make conquests on the coast of Mexico. 
 
 Fremont now occupied the gubernatorial mansion in 
 Los Angeles, vacated for him by Com. Stockton. He 
 appears to have administered the government with mild- 
 ness, discretion, and dignity. His state papers are few, 
 Jan. and Feb. but such as no American need be ashamed of — in his 
 
 Fremont as 
 
 governor. Qwn, or a foreign country. He mingled, as one among 
 lovedTiihout ^^^® people, having the intimate friendship of influential 
 
 ^^ard."^ Californians. He sent his battalion for quarters to the 
 deserted mission of San Gabriel, nine miles from Angeles, 
 and kept with him, and in his family, but Col. Russell, 
 the secretary, Capt. Owens, and another officer of the 
 Californian battalion. But these fair and pleasant days 
 were, to Gov. Fremont, soon to be succeeded, by months 
 of darkness. 
 Feb. 8. ^^^^- jf^earny, on arriving at Monterey, found Com. 
 
 ^reaches'^"^ Shubrick, who had arrived in the Independence on the 
 
 Monterey. 
 
 27th of January. Shubrick had orders, originally di- 
 rected to Com. Sloat, but now transferred to him, by 
 which the government of the country seemed vested in 
 
GOVERNOR KEARNY. 217 
 
 the commanding naval officer ; and although as he wrote ^S^'i, 
 in answer to a letter from Fremont (stating his course p^^ j^ 
 
 Fremont 
 
 and his reasons) he was instructed by the government writes to shu- 
 
 '' ^ ^ brick. 
 
 that Kearny was governor, yet he intimated that he '^J^g,^';"^']^; 
 
 , , , . n 1 1 i i dated the 23d. 
 
 should not mterfere to break up present arrangements, 
 until further orders from Washington. 
 
 A few days after receiving this letter, Fremont was 
 astounded by public proclamations issued from Monterey. 
 The first of these was signed by Com. Shubrick and joint^'^pmcia- 
 
 mation of 
 
 Gen. Kearny, jointly ; and declared, that the President Shubrick and 
 
 of the United States had assigned to the naval com- • 
 
 mander the regulation of the import trade, and all the 
 
 conditions by which vessels were to enter and leave the 
 
 harbors ; and to the commanding military officer, the di- 
 
 rection of the operations on land, and the administrative 
 
 functions of the government. The second proclamation ccn. Kear- 
 ny's procla- 
 
 — both of the same date, March 1, — was signed alone mation, and 
 by Gen. Kearny. It set forth, that he, (the under- 
 signed,) having been instructed to take charge of the 
 civil government of California, he entered upon its duties, 
 with every good desire and intention to promote the wel- 
 fare of the people. He guaranteed freedom of con- 
 science and protection of life and property. '' It is," he 
 said, " the wish and design of the United States to pro- 
 vide for California, with the least possible delay, a free 
 government, similar to those in her other territories, and 
 the people will soon be called upon to exercise their rights 
 as freemen, in electing their own representatives." But 
 
 in the meantime, the Mexican laws, when not conflicting 
 
 10 
 
 annexation. 
 
218 A DANGEROUS EXPERIMENT. 
 
 15*Z*_ ^^ith those of the United States, would be contmued, and 
 
 those persons who held office, continue ; " provided 
 (fThe ca- they sweav^ to support that constitution, and faithfully per- 
 
 pitulation of 
 
 Cowengahad fQYxn their dutv. — The undersio;ned hereby absolves all 
 
 provided that -^ o J 
 
 oaihr should i^^s inhaMtants of California from any further allegiance 
 
 be deferred t-i /> -n 7- 
 
 tiii the close to the RepuhUc of Mexico, and will consider them as citi- 
 
 of the war.) '' ^ 
 
 zens of the United States." Entire annexation was de- 
 clared. The Americans and Californians were now but 
 one people. All difficulties were at an end. " The star- 
 spangled banner floats over California, and as long as 
 the sun continues to shine, so long will it float there." 
 Fremont By this pubHc proclamation, unknown and unex- 
 
 placed by 
 
 Kearny's pro- pectod to Fremont, until the blow was struck, that younc^ 
 
 clamationina 
 
 preluclmSft ^"^ high-spirited officer was held up to the people, after 
 having been their leader and their hero, in a light the 
 most intensely mortifying. And had he no power to 
 sting back again ? Holding the governorship at the old 
 metropolis where the people were Mexican in feeling 
 — having the friendship of the Pico family, the most 
 powerful and influential among them — having the com- 
 mand of 400 men of the Californian battalion, a portion 
 of which were his original party, and another part, 
 those who had made him their independent leader, 
 and who were as hostages from the valley of the Sac- 
 ramento — he might, had he chosen to pursue the dic- 
 tates of natural pride and resentment, iiave at least 
 
 manifests true made a civil War, which would have wet the soil of 
 
 heroism in de- 
 
 ^%uS^° California with kindred blood, and perhaps eventually 
 lost that country to the United States. But Fremont 
 
FRESH INJUNCTIONS. 219 
 
 resolved rather to submit to personal humiliation ; nor t-S'ii;, 
 had he intended to resist the orders of the government. 
 
 The change in the course of Com. Shubrick was 
 brought about by orders, dated Nov. 5, 1847, received 
 from Washington, and brought out by Col. Mason, 
 who had been appointed to relieve Gen. Kearny — he 
 having permission to return to the United States. Di- 
 rections were also given, to allow Lieut. Col. Fremont, 
 if he wished — to join his regiment, or pursue his explo- 
 rations. 
 
 Capt. Turner, sent from Gen. Kearny to Los Angeles, ^^J^gJives 
 arrived on the 11th of March, bearing orders to Fre- order b'yCapt. 
 mont, dated March 1. He brought him also late or- 
 ders of the government, by which he was convinced, 
 for the first time, that Kearny, not himself, would be 
 sustained at Washington. Gen. Kearny also advised 
 Fremont that he had intrusted Col. St. George Cooke mSeb^of^® 
 with the supervision of the southern military district ; tTr3"com-''" 
 
 mandant. 
 
 for the protection and defence of which, his Mormon bat- 
 talion would be placed wherever he should deem most 
 eligible. To Fremont, an order was given, as com- 
 mander of the Californian battalion, to muster the men, 
 if not already done, with a view to their regular pay- 
 ment and according to acts of Congress, into the regular The Mormons 
 
 p 1 TT • 1 f^ / approach Los 
 
 service of the United States ; (to remain doubtless with Angeles. 
 the Mormons, finder the command of Col. Cooke,) while 
 if there were any, who were unwilling thus to remain, 
 Fremont was ordered to conduct them to San Francisco, 
 via Monterey, to be there discharged. 
 
220 » A TRAVELLER S RECEPTION. 
 
 IS'IT. It was at first Fremont's intention to obey these 
 
 orders, and thus he told Capt. Turner. But difficulties 
 arose. The entire battalion, officers and men, refused 
 to be mustered. Fremont regarded himself as responsi- 
 ble that they should be righted, as to payment for past 
 services ; and he had, in the course of his public acts, 
 become personally responsible in large amounts. He 
 further thought, that the American interest required that 
 ,, ^ _, , the Californian battalion should not be disbanded. Leav- 
 
 March 21 to 
 
 Fremont rides i^g ordcrs to the officcrs, that the ordnance and stores 
 
 horseback 400 , , , . , ., , . , , . , 
 
 miles in 3 d. should remam as they were until his return, he took with 
 10 h. ^ 
 
 him, his friend, Don Jesus Pico, and one servant ; and 
 on horseback, they rode four hundred miles in three days 
 and ten hours, and arrived on the 25th of February at 
 Monterey. The particular object of Fremont was to 
 discuss with Gen. Kearny the pecuniary liabilities in- 
 curred by himself individually, and as governor; and to 
 devise some means by which they should be so met as to 
 save his honor and that of his country.* 
 
 He went to the house of the kind Mr. Larkin, and 
 from thence sent a note to Gen. Kearny, desiring to see 
 him on business ; and an hour that evening was ap- 
 pointed. Mr. Larkin accompanied him, but soon with- 
 drew. Col. Mason was present, and when Fremont 
 A cold recep- gucrgested that he wished to be alone with Gen. Kearny, 
 
 tion. &o ./ ' 
 
 he was told by him that he had nothing^ to hear or to 
 
 * These pecuniary claims were not provided for, until by a 
 law of Congress, passed in the winter of 1848. 
 
UNQUIET TIMES. 221 
 
 communicate, to which Col. Mason, who was to succeed i^'l'T^* 
 him, should not be a party. Thus repelled, Fremont 
 wholly failed in the object of his journey. But when the 
 question was peremptorily put, whether he would obey 
 Kearny, he answered in the affirmative. He then re- 
 ceived an order to send those of the battalion who re- 
 fused to take service, by water to Monterey ; and him- 
 self speedily to repair to that place by land.f Fremont mistiln^c'en' 
 and his little party then remounted, and rode back in the Fremont on 
 
 his telling him 
 
 same rapid manner as they came, makin<T their whole ^'^^"^ f-^'"'''''^'; 
 
 ' y ^ & ages disagreed 
 
 absence from Angeles but eight days. leaithT 
 
 New vexations awaited Fremont. Col. Cooke had 
 arrived in his absence, and requiring, by virtue of his 
 appointment, that the ordnance of the battalion at the mis- 
 sion of San Gabriel, should be turned over to him, the offi- 
 cers, acting under the directions of Fremont, had refused. 
 Shortly after. Col. Mason came with orders from Kearny, j^^^^j^ ^^ 
 
 dated three days after the interview at Monterey, by AiaTon's Ai- 
 ders. 
 which, he was to be received as governor, and obeyed 
 
 by Fremont ; who was directed to appear in Monterey 
 
 within twelve days after he should have embarked the 
 
 volunteers. 
 
 The country in the meantime became convulsed. 
 
 Parties of armed men were passing to and fro, and every ^j^^ ^,.^.^.^ 
 
 thing wore the appearance of a fresh outbreak. Kear- appeirTtJTL 
 
 , on the eve of 
 
 ny s proclamation and annexation of California, had an outbreak. 
 grated harshly upon the ears of those who loved their 
 country, the Mexican Republic — and whose first wish 
 it was, to return to her bosom ; and not be held under 
 
222 THE MORMONS DREADED. 
 
 ^^^"^^ the dominion of those, who in language, religion, and 
 manners, were foreigners to them. The proclama- 
 tion, abrogating the conditions of the capitulation of 
 Cowenga, set them free from all honorary engagements. 
 They were horror-stricken by the fear of being sub- 
 jected to the Mormons ; hnd of having, as they under- 
 The approach stood was to be the casc, their whole society to come 
 
 of the Mor- 
 mons agitates and Settle among; them — having heard of them, as a sect, 
 
 the people. . ^ ^ 
 
 blackened with foul and bloody crimes. " The Ameri- 
 can people make war upon them," said they, " and why 
 should not we ?" and to encourage them, rumor was rife 
 with the report', that Gen. Bustamente was shortly to 
 appear in California with a large Mexican force. 
 
 In this disturbed state of the country, travelling be- 
 came unsafe. Murders were committed, and the two 
 ^ officers whom Fremont had retained as travelling com- 
 panions, after sending by sea the battalion to Monterey, 
 remonstrated against attempting the journey. Fremont 
 had prepared horses at San Gabriel to mount his original 
 party, and proceed to Mexico, to join his regiment, or 
 May 9. Otherwise to pursue his explorations. 
 
 Gen. Kearny 
 
 arrives at The mouth of April thus passed, and Fremont not 
 
 Angeles. '■ ^ 
 
 coming to Monterey, according to his orders, Gen. 
 Kearny, early in May, appeared in person at Angeles. 
 Having predetermined to arrest Fremont and bring him 
 to trial for disobedience, he now refused to permit him to 
 join his regiment ; and the iiorses which he had prepared, 
 were afterwards sold, some for three dollars apiece, as 
 public property. 
 
THE NEW-YORK REGIMENT. 223 
 
 An important accession to the land force — which ^^'^'^« 
 doubtless, by putting the Californians in fear, served to 
 
 , . . , . , ^ Mar. and Ap. 
 
 quiet the country — was now accruing, in the arrival oi Coi. Steven- 
 son's reg't 
 the New- York remment of volunteers, under Col. Ste- amvesatsan 
 
 => ' Francisco. 
 
 venson. They had been enlisted as those, who had no 
 objection to settle in California, provided they found an 
 agreeable country. They came, different companies in 
 different vessels, by Cape Horn ; and arrived succes- 
 sively at San Francisco, in the months of March and (c^i gteven- 
 
 n. 1 . .1 son himself 
 
 April. They brought mill-irons and various articles arrived Mar. 
 
 ^ -^ ^ _ 5, 1847.) 
 
 useful to settlers, as well as munitions of war. They . 
 were separated to different commands, and stationed at 
 San Francisco, Sonoma, Monterey, Santa Barbara, and 
 
 Los Angeles.* Fremont^s 
 
 Towards the last of May, Gen. Kearny and Col. Fre- stmnfenS ta- 
 ken out of his 
 
 mont being then at Monterey, the latter was required to hands. 
 
 * A letter from Col. Stevenson, of Oct. 23, 1848, just pub- 
 lished in the Albany Argus, gives a deplorable picture of Cali- 
 fornia, at that date. He says it is without law, either civil or 
 military ; that there is not in Monterey, from whence he writes, 
 either governor, or alcalde, or any military officer, except Capt. 
 Burton, commanding the port, and some twenty soldiers. All the 
 recruits sent out have deserted ; and he believes, that in a short 
 time, there will be no military force, except officers ; and they 
 have strong inducements to desert — if not to dig for gold, at 
 least to find some place, where a common round jacket will not 
 cost fifty dollars, and indifferent board, four dollars a day. " In 
 short," the letter concludes, " there is neither law, order, nor any 
 kind of government in the country." 
 
224 Fremont's trial. 
 
 ^^^ll_ transmit to another's care, his exploring instruments. 
 Com. Biddle, having arrived in the Columbus, was now 
 in the chief naval command. In his presence, Fre- 
 mont, with his reduced corps of about nineteen, was 
 paraded, with circumstances, as he felt, of indignity. 
 
 Gen. Kearny had been preparing to return to the 
 United States, by way of the South Pass. He still re- 
 jected every proposition of Fremont, to be permitted to 
 
 Fremont travel by himself, thoui^di at his own expense : direct- 
 obliged to ac- 
 
 KeShome ^^S ^^^"^ ^'^ accompauy his route. At night he would 
 theMormons! not permit him to choose his own encampment, but 
 obliged him to encamp in the rear of a guard of Mor- 
 mons. Thus was marched from the foot of the Sierra 
 Nevada, to Fort Leavenworth on the Missouri, the man 
 whose discoveries had opened to view the geography of 
 August 22 ^^^^^ ^^^^ country — and whose fearless action, had perhaps 
 re'steTured prcscrvcd it to the American Republic. At Fort Leaven- 
 
 Nov. 3. 
 
 worth, August 22, he was arrested ; and at Fort Monroe, 
 
 November 3, he appeared before a highly respectable 
 
 1848. court-martial, charged with mutiny, disobedience, and 
 
 Jan. -M. disorderly conduct. After a lonsj trial, the court pro- 
 Found suiity, -^ o ' r 
 
 demted'"to "0^^^^^ ^^^^ g^i^ty, and Sentenced him to the loss of 
 ""mission?™" his commissiou ; but the majority of his judges, in con- 
 sequence of his professional services, and the peculiarity 
 of his position, arising from the disagreement of his 
 two superiors, recommended him to the clemency of the 
 President. 
 ThePresident '^^ ^^^^^ petitions, Mr. Polk replied, that he was not 
 par ons im. gj^^jgf^g^j^ ^|j^^ j.|^g f^^^^ charge had been proved against 
 
CLEBIENCY REJECTED. 225 
 
 the accused ; but he was of opinion that the second and I8^l« 
 third were sustained by proof, and that the conviction on 
 these charges warranted the sentence of the court. The 
 President therefore approved the decision, but on account 
 of the peculiarities of the case, and of his previous 
 meritorious and valuable services, the penalty was re- 
 mitted ; he discharged from arrest, and directed to report 
 for duty. 
 
 Fremont, in his defence, had manifested an embit- 
 
 ' ' Feb. 19. 
 
 tered feeling against the administration ; chiefly that the a^cepfof^iS 
 charges against him had been sustained, and the prose- ^^^'^ ' 
 cution ordered. He now refused to accept of clemency, 
 on the ground, that this would be admitting the justice of 
 the sentence. His connection with the army was there- 
 fore at an end. 
 
 There is no passage in American history which, in Theforego- 
 
 . 1 ,, ,. rni 1 injr a singular 
 
 some respects, compares with the preceding. 1 he three passage of 
 
 Am. history. 
 
 principal actors were high in station ; and each possessing 
 peculiar characters, and peculiar claims to our admi- 
 ration. They were thrown together, under circum- 
 stances to operate powerfully on human passions ; and 
 the wonder is, that no more tragic consequences ensued. 
 Gen. Kearny doubtless felt, that the dignity and discipline 
 of the army was outraged in his person. His fellow The military 
 
 ■^ -^ will sympa- 
 
 ofRcers sympathized in his feelings, and will honor him Kearny!the 
 for the efficiency of the measures by which he established mind with 
 
 Fremont. 
 
 his authority, and brought to trial the second in the 
 offence, since he could not reach the principal. But the 
 common mind will sympathize with Fremont j and his 
 
226 SYMPATHY. 
 
 ^S4:l» services will be the better remembered, and the more 
 highly appreciated, because they were followed, with 
 humiliation.* 
 
 (t Not by 
 
 * On one occasion Fremont was, it seems, threatened with 
 being put in irons.t If, instead of challenging for this threat, he 
 
 but bv'cov^' could have actually received irons upon his limbs, and worn 
 lewed'inso- them home, escorted by a Mormon guard — then there would 
 
 lence.) 
 
 have been a cry of a second Columbus, brought in chains from 
 a new world, which he had discovered and secured, for his 
 country ; and (he meantime guilty of no vice or folly) it might, in 
 coming years, have made him President of the Union. Such is 
 the spirit of the times, and of the people. It is well to take 
 note of it ; for thus, patience may be taught to the vexed, and 
 forbearance to the angry. 
 
CHAPTER XII. 
 
 1846. 
 
 Col. Mason, whom Gen. Kearny left as governor 
 
 of California, appears, from the result of his admin- 
 istration, to have managed its affairs with great discre- 
 tion. 
 
 After the incidents, which we have detailed, had 
 passed by, the public mind was, in 1848, occupied with 
 Scott's invasion, and capture of Mexico ; and with the 
 consequent treaty of peace with that Republic. 
 
 Teb. 
 
 In the month of February, 1848, while the treaty Discovery of 
 
 the gold pla- 
 
 was yet pending, a private discovery of gold was made <'®'^- 
 on the grounds of Capt. Suter. Mr. Marshall, his agent, 
 was sent by him twenty-five miles up the South Fork of 
 the American, to build a saw-mill. He observed gold 
 existing in scales, washed down with dirt, in the mill- 
 race. The discovery became known. The precious 
 metal was found in other localities. The Mormons — 
 other American settlers — and all of every race and na- 
 tion, who heard and could labor, hastened to dig for it, 
 in the upper " placers," or to wash it, from the sands of 
 the river-beds. Rumors of Californian gold reached the 
 Atlantic shores. These were converted to certainty 
 by the message of President Polk to Congress, at the message. 
 
228 GOLDEN REALITIES. 
 
 1848. opening of the session, December, 1848. Among the 
 documents accompanying the message, was a letter 
 from the governor of California, to the American Execu- 
 tive, from which we draw these remarkable fects. 
 
 Gov. Mason went in person to the gold " diggings " 
 and " washings," called placers. They are also called 
 mines ; but since no gold seemed yet to have been 
 found in its original position, this term is not properly 
 applied. 
 
 On the 4th of July — while, at Washington, the Presi- 
 g ^ dent was proclaiming peace under the new treaty, by 
 
 ^'^^region^"^'^ which California passed from Mexico to the American 
 Republic — the governor of the province was at Suter's 
 Fort on his way to the gold region. As he passed along 
 he found houses deserted, and fields of wheat going to 
 ruin ; their owners having left them to dig for gold. 
 Such had been the quantities already found, that labor, 
 and all the comforts and necessaries of life bore an enor- 
 mous price. Capt. Suter paid his wagon-maker and 
 blacksmith ten dollars per day ; and received 500 dollars 
 per month for the rent of a two-story house within his 
 fort. 
 
 Gov. Mason next followed the South Fork of the 
 American, to the mill where the discovery was first 
 made, and where two hundred persons were employed 
 in gathering gold. He then pursued the course of the 
 stream further into the mountains, where other parties 
 were similarly engaged. He next crossed over to 
 Weber's Creek, an affluent of the South Fork. Through 
 
EXTENSIVE MOVEMENT. 229 
 
 all the way, gold was found by the hundreds who were ^Q^Q» 
 seeking it; especially in the beds of the streams, and in goM found in 
 the dry ravines, where water-courses had once existed. 
 In a little gutter two men had found 17,000 dollars 
 worth. Two ounces were an ordinary yield for a day's 
 work. 
 
 Other public functionaries of California, and private 
 individuals, have given similar, or still more glowing ac- 
 counts. The mint at Philadelphia assayed some of the 
 specimens, and found them rich. The region over which an extensive 
 this mineral wealth exists, is said to pass over some 
 hundreds of miles. California has therefore become the 
 central point of attraction, both to our own citizens, and 
 to those of other nations. 
 
 Between the 7th of December, 1848, and the 20th of 
 January, 1849, ninety-nine vessels are said to have left 
 the ports of the United States for California. Of these, 
 eighty went by the way of Cape Horn, fourteen by 
 Chagres and Panama, and the remainder stopped at 
 more northern ports ; the emigrants to pass through 
 Mexico and Texas. Fifty-two of the vessels sailed 
 from New- York, and twenty-nine from the ports of New 
 England. From the newspapers of the day we learn 
 that a number of vessels are now ready to sail. A great 
 many emigrants from the older states, will go the land 
 
 . (t It is esti- 
 
 routet — taking families, provisions, tools, and furniture, mated that 
 
 ' ^ ' ^ ' ' 10,000 will 
 
 in large wagons, drawn by oxen. Most of these will ^"'^^J^e^' 
 go by the South Pass of the Rocky Mountains — the 
 Mormon settlement at the south end of the Salt Lake 
 
230 SACRED RESPONSIBILITIES. 
 
 1849.- — by Humboldt's River, and thence through the Bear 
 ^romer* Pass of the Sierra Nevada. For this journey, ninety 
 days are calculated. Other emigrants will take the 
 southern route by Santa Fe, the Rio del Norte, and 
 the Gila, around the southern extremity of the Sierra 
 Nevada. It is supposed that the emigrants from the 
 western states, will exceed in number those from the 
 eastern. 
 
 Whether this is true or not, it is certain that many 
 
 of our ablest and most enterprising citizens are now 
 
 on the wing, of whom numbers are intending to settle 
 
 in that salubrious cjime. God grant that nobler views 
 
 The founders ^^^^ ^^® mere lovc of gold, accompany them thither. 
 
 a state, i^/^^^ ^^^^ ^^^j^ ^^.^j^ ^ ^^^p seuse of responsibility, that 
 
 they are going to lay the foundations of a new and 
 an important state. Let them look back for an ex- 
 ample to their forefathers. Like them, may they be 
 temperate, virtuous, and public-spirited. They will 
 find that trials await them, which will call forth all their 
 fortitude. Let their faces be sternly set against anarchy, 
 the scourgCj and too often the destroyer of free govern- 
 ments. To this end, let them uphold law, found 
 
 SCHOOLS, OBSERVE THE SABBATH, AND MAINTAIN PURE 
 
 Christianity. 
 
LAST LEAVES 
 
 OF 
 
 AMERICAN HISTORY. 
 
 PART III. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Oregon — Minnesota — Taylor's Inauguration — Close of the 30tJi 
 Congress — California — Unexampled Wealtli and Increase — 
 Establishment of Civil Goyernment — Exemplary Political De- 
 meanor — Difficulty with Texas. 
 
 184:T. 
 
 Oregon. — In the valley of the Wallah-wallah, the — :; 
 
 •' iNov. 2. 
 
 worthy Presbyterian missionary, Dr. Whitman, with his pj'^^y'jfij^a'i 
 wife and twelve others, were barbarously murdered by ^^^ fi^nwiy. 
 the Cayuse Indians. The people petitioned Congress 
 for protection and a territorial government. The north- , 
 em members desired that slavery should be prohibited ; 
 the southern, that it should be recognized. The day 
 before the session closed, the territorial bill was passed, ^^gust 13. 
 with a clause forbidding slavery ; this having been con- ^^Sry.^*''^ 
 sented to by some southern members, and sanctioned 
 by the president, on the ground that Oregon lies wholly 
 north of latitude 36° 30' ; that being the line of the 
 Missouri compromise. 
 
232 A NEW DEPARTMENT. 
 
 1849. Minnesota, adjacent to the head waters of the Mis- 
 j^iarch 3. sissippi, was erected into a territory on the 3d of March, 
 
 Minnesota a i q i q 
 territory. lo4y. 
 
 At the election in 1848, Gen. Zachary Taylor, the 
 
 hero of the Rio Grande, was chosen president ; and 
 
 Millard Fillmore of New York, vice-president. Their 
 
 inaSguJltton inauguration occurred on the 4th of March, 1849, when, 
 
 amiFiUmSre. by the constitution, the 30th Congress was dissolved. 
 
 The increase of labor devolving on the executive de- 
 partments, particularly that of state, in consequence of 
 the growth of the nation, caused Congress to authorize 
 New depart- ^ Separate bureau, called " The Department of the Inte- 
 '"^"^' Hor.^' One of the duties assigned to this department 
 was the taking of the census.* Thomas Ewing, of 
 Ohio, was appointed by the president its first secretary, 
 and John M. Clayton, of Delaware, was made secretary 
 of state. 
 1848 With such exactness, were the different parties bal- 
 J^^ anced, in regard to the slavery question, that in the 
 Congress of 1848-9, all that could be obtained for Cali- 
 fornia was a law, by which her revenue was to be col- 
 lected and placed in the coffers of the republic. Hap- 
 pily, the exemplary political conduct of California, un- 
 der these trying circumstances, relieved the anxious 
 forebodings of American patriots, that she might take 
 
 ^ December 28, 1852.— When, in 1850, an attempt was made to 
 take the census of California, its unsettled state -was such as to 
 render it impossible. On an estimate, made upon the best data 
 to be found, the census bureau judged the population to be 200,000. 
 Lately it has been said that this estimate was too high, and that 
 the population does not exceed 160,000. It is since much in- 
 creased ; some say doubled. 
 
CRITICAL CONDITION OF CALIFORNIA. 233 
 
 Oregon for an ally, and then set up for herself. To i®*^* 
 prevent any such disaster, Gen. Taylor gave the Cali- Aprils. 
 
 (See Sec'y 
 
 fornians the timely assurance, that " whatever can be ^-''layton's let- 
 
 -' ter to 'i'. B. 
 
 done to afford the people of the Territories the benefits ^'"^' ''y''° 
 
 ^ ^ was sent to 
 
 of civil government, and the protection that is due them, ^S'resi-''^ 
 will be anxiously considered and attempted by the execu- '^^"^'-^ 
 tive." He suggested to them the expediency of forming 
 a state government for themselves, thereafter to be sub- 
 mitted to Congress. 
 
 These counsels tended to keep the leading politicians 
 of California true to the Union. Indeed, they loved 
 their native land, and confided in her ultimate justice. 
 But while waiting for future protection, the exciting 
 present was upon them. There, were the gathered and 
 gathering thousands, attracted from every land by the 
 sovereign power of gold ; and government, in addition 
 to that exercised by Gen. Mason, the military command- 1848. 
 ant, the citizens found it necessary to exercise among Mason^' 
 
 now 
 
 themselves. At first it was informal ; and he who was atHerV'n-" 
 found guilty of high crimes, was put to death, with little 
 ceremony or delay. Gen. Riley, the hero of Contreras, ^^Jfa* 
 who succeeded Gen. Mason as military governor, issued ceSi^'Eon. 
 his proclamation August 1st, 1849, establishing a species Aug, i. 
 of judiciary, at the head of which was placed Peter H. didary estiit- 
 
 lished, 
 
 Burnet. Subsequently, he issued another proclamation, 
 inviting the citizens to choose delegates to form a consti- 
 tution for a state government. Delegates were conse- sept. i. 
 quently chosen ; who met at Monterey, September 1st, delegates 
 
 meet to form 
 
 1849, and there formed a constitution, which was ac- a state gov- 
 ernment. 
 cepted by the people. Slavery had, in the mean time, 
 
 been decided against, by a special convention holden at 
 
234 A STATE SELF-FORMED. 
 
 l'8l9. San Francisco, and it was accordingly excluded by the 
 
 constitution. 
 Dec. 20. xhe first legislature convened at San Jose, December 
 
 At San Jose, ° 
 
 fii-st legisia- 20th, 1849. Peter H. Burnet, who was elected chief 
 
 ture meet. ' ' 
 
 magistrate, addressed to the senate and assembly a mes- 
 net'riioque'nt sage of extraordinary interest. " How rapid," he ex- 
 claims — " how astonishing have been the changes in 
 California ! Twenty months ago, inhabited by a sparse 
 population — a pastoral people, deriving a mere subsist- 
 ence from their flocks and herds, and a scanty cultivation 
 of the soil ; — now, — the inexhaustible gold mines dis- 
 covered, — our ports are filled with shipping from every 
 clime ; our beautiful bays and placid rivers are navigated 
 An example by steam ; and commercial cities have sprung up as if 
 states, by enchantment. . . . Now we are here assembled 
 for the sublime task of organizing a new state. But 
 should our constitution conflict with the constitution of 
 our common country, that must prevail. That great in- 
 strument, which now governs more than twenty millions 
 of people, and links in one common destiny thirty states, 
 demands our purest affections, and our first and highest 
 duty. . . . We would leave our people to suffer on, 
 rather than violate one single principle of that great fun- 
 damental law of the land." Gov. Burnet believed, how- 
 ever, that there would be no such violation, and the mem- 
 bers accordingly proceeded to legislative action. He 
 had the wisdom and the courage to recommend direct 
 taxation, rather than indebtedness. 
 
 The choice of senators to Congress fell upon John C. 
 Fremont and William M. Gwin. The constitution of 
 California, and her petition for admittance into the Union, 
 
INTERFERENCE. 235 
 
 were carried by them to Washington, and by the presi- 1850. 
 dent transmitted to Congress, with a commendatory mes- Feb. 13. 
 
 mi 1 • • • 1 • President 
 
 sage. The clause prohibiting slavery was, m Congress, Taylor sends 
 
 *' to Congress 
 
 as a torch applied to explosives ; some southern members the constitu- 
 
 ^ , tionofCaii- 
 
 declaring that its adoption by Congress would be the ^°'"'"^- 
 cause of the immediate secession from the Union by the 
 slaveholding states. 
 
 Other subjects of appalling difficulty pressed upon 
 Congress ; — all, however, implicated in the one absorbing 
 topic of slavery. Texas claimed that her territory ex- 
 tended to the Rio Grande ; but the New Mexicans in 
 and around Santa Fe, east of that river, had never sub- 
 mitted, and were utterly averse to her rule. In January, jan. 
 1849, her legislature passed laws, dividing the disputed laws to assert 
 
 her powei 
 
 region into counties. To organize in these counties a over New 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 Texan government. Gov. Bell, the executive, sent an 
 
 agent. Major Neighbours, to Santa Fe, who warned Col. 1850, 
 
 -^ ' ■• ^ ' ' _ April 18. 
 
 Monroe, the United States military commandant, against Major Neigh- 
 
 ' "^ ' ° hours at San- 
 
 all "interference." Colonel Monroe, findinor the New ^-Ff- /^f^s 
 
 ' o and LnJted 
 
 Mexicans enraged, and being instructed from Washing- emmenf^in- 
 ton, called a convention, which framed a state constitu- *^'*e'®- 
 tion ; and, while Texas was making preparations to seize 
 this territory by force, the petition of New Mexico to be 
 admitted into the union was introduced into Congress. 
 President Taylor, aware of the high-handed movements 
 on the part of Texas, had prepared a military force to 
 send thither.* The south maintained the claim of Texas, 
 
 * The coui'se of the Texans was, as some suppose, a ruse to bring 
 Congress to give them money for the relinquishment of then- claim. 
 But the well-grounded fear was, that the disunionists of the south 
 would unite with Texas, and thus begin a civil war in earnest. 
 
236 THE MORMONS AT SALT LAKE. 
 
 1850. since, if it prevailed, the disputed territory would go to 
 Jan. 16. increase the area of slavery ; and, for the same reason. 
 
 Senator Foote 
 
 introduces a the nOIth ODDOScd it. 
 bill for the ^^ 
 
 government While Ncw Mcxico was petitioning Congress for a 
 
 ot Deseret — ^ o o 
 
 I. e., Utah, government, another remarkable people were at their 
 doors with the same request. These were the enter- 
 prising Mormons, who had found a resting-place on the 
 borders of the Salt Lake, — where, collecting their scat- 
 tered bands, and sending out their leaders to return with 
 proselytes, they had now a flourishing settlement, num- 
 bering some thousands. 
 
 Another exciting subject was a bill introduced by Sen- 
 ator Butler, of South Carolina, for a new law, to enable 
 the masters of fugitive slaves to recover them from other 
 states. 
 
 Gea Taylor, -we are informed, previous to his death, ordered 800 
 men to proceed to Santa Fe, to defend the N"ew Mexicans from 
 the Texans. The "New Mexican judge, Hughson, had told Major 
 K'eighbours that he would imprison any one who attempted, in 
 Santa Fe, to execute certain laws of Texas. In a speech made at 
 Albany, May 30, 1851, Mr. Webster said that this was the most im- 
 mediately dangerous of any part of the slavery agitation. The 
 ultra disunionists of the south had a desire that the north should 
 begin to shed the blood of the south, believing this would unite the 
 south in unappeasable hostility, and thus secure the dissolution of 
 the Union. 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 Meeting of eouthern delegates Critical position of the country 
 
 — XXXI. Congress — Congressional eloquence — Speeches of 
 Messrs. Dickinson, Phelps, Clay, and "Webster. 
 
 The first session of the Thirty-first Congress was the 184:9- 
 longest, the most stormy, and the most important in its 
 
 (One Con- 
 
 results, of any since the organization of the government ; ^^ess each 
 and in it, by the strife and power of words, were settled xriere have 
 more important issues, than those of any battle-field since the adoption 
 
 of the federal 
 the Revolution. constitution.) 
 
 The southern delegation in Congress from the fifteen is^S. 
 
 Dec 2"'' 
 
 slaveholding states met, on the 22d of December, in the Meeting'of 
 
 , . the southern 
 
 Senate-chamber, to concert measures for the preservation delegates. 
 of their common rights; which they regarded as men- 
 aced by the Wilmot proviso, a resolution which had 
 passed the House of Representatives declaring against 
 extending the area of slavery, and also by a proposition 
 introduced into the House, by Mr. Giddings, of Ohio, to 
 abolish slavery in the District of Columbia. In an ad- Mr.caihoun's 
 
 address to the 
 
 dress prepared for the occasion by Mr. Calhoun, he southern dele- 
 gation. 
 stated to the meeting his view of the grievances of the 
 
 south, and the aggressions of the north, — complaining of 
 the action of states as well as that of individuals, espe- 
 cially in regard to fugitive slaves ; and he maintained 
 that these aggressions, if suffered to remain unchecked, 
 
238 THREATENED DANGER. 
 
 184:9. would soon end in informal emancipation ; or otherwise, 
 the same object would, if the north acquired the power, 
 be attained by an amendment of the constitution. He 
 finally exhorted the southern members to union among 
 themselves — perhaps the north might pause — otherwise 
 the south should be prepared to defend her rights, with- 
 out looking to the consequences. 
 
 Mr. Calhoun and his friends were disappointed, that 
 this anti-national address was not at once and unani- 
 
 A?oumed Hiously adopted. The meeting was adjourned to the 22d 
 wrBe'rrfen's of January, when Mr. Berrien, a senator from Georgia, 
 
 ^cehSs?" offered, as a substitute, an address, which, while it was 
 Calhoun's 34. soiithern, was yet national in its tone. Although Mr. 
 Calhoun's was adopted by a majority, yet the failure of 
 absolute unanimity was grievous to those, who had 
 wrought themselves into a determination to push on their 
 project of disunion to its final consummation. 
 
 The hostile feeling between the north and the south 
 was now at its culminating point, and Washington the 
 focus of its baleful rays. Members of Congress from 
 Florida and other slaveholding states were sending ad- 
 dresses to their constituents, enjoining them to^send dele- 
 gates to a convention, which had been appointed to be 
 holden in Nashville, on the 2d day of the following June. 
 This was the fruit of Mr. Calhoun's address.* The pro- 
 ject was first moved by Judge Sharkie of Mississippi ; 
 then matured at a convention of that state, held at its 
 capital. The ultraists gloried in believing that arrange- 
 
 * Mo.y, 1851. — We have it oii the authority of Senator Foote, 
 that a constitution was prepared by Mr. Calhoun, for " The United 
 States South." 
 
DANGER MET. 239 
 
 ments would be made at Nashville for dividing the Union, IS^IO. 
 and forming a somhern confederacy. 
 
 In the discussions of Congress, the Senate took the 
 lead ; and never had that body presented more able 
 statesmen, or more powerful orators. The two first 
 northern senators who broke in upon the sullen gloom of 
 uncharitableness and discontent, with which the southern 
 members met the northern, were Dickinson of New 
 York, and Phelps of Vermont. The former, in the 
 course of his speech, solemnly assured his southern 
 brethren that the north, as a body, regarded- the guaran- 
 ties of the constitution as sacred. " Sir," said he, " take J^n. 17. 
 
 ' ' Mr. DicKin- 
 
 a small number out of the northern and also out of the ^^"^'^ speech. 
 
 southern sections of the Union, or silence their clamor, 
 
 and this accursed agitation would be settled in less than 
 
 a week. . . . The constitution throws its broad 
 
 Begis over the whole of this mighty republic. Its people 
 
 bow before it, with more than eastern devotion. They 
 
 will adhere to this Union; and although the northern 
 
 people are opposed to the institution of slavery, the great 
 
 mass of them have no intention or disposition to trench 
 
 upon constitutional rights. And this they will prove to 
 
 the south, should the occasion arise, even though they 
 
 should sell their lives in her defence." 
 
 In the speech of Senator Phelps, logical argument was 
 complacently mingled with an original vein of wit. j^^_ 03 
 Without taking serious ground against the southern threat ^ pLips.^ '^' 
 of secession, he showed that the time had not yet come. 
 The supreme judiciary of the United States were the 
 proper court to try constitutional questions ; and unless 
 the south, before proceeding to action, appealed to that 
 
240 SELF-CONCEIT REBUKED. 
 
 1850. tribunal, she would put herself in the wrong. In so im- 
 portant a matter, she should not be in too much haste, 
 but take the proper steps, and bide her time. As to what 
 had been offensively said at the north, this was a land 
 of free speech ; and what was to be done with people 
 " who believed themselves charged with a mission, not 
 only to amend the constitution framed by the wisdom of 
 our fathers, but also to assist the Almighty in the correc- 
 tion of sundry mistakes which they had discovered in 
 his works ?" The brows of the southern members un- 
 bent, and they cordially greeted the orator when the 
 speech was ended ; and an observer remarked, " He has 
 thrown the first bucket of water, which has reached the 
 fire." 
 Jan. 25. ^^^ ^^® -^^^^ ^^ January, Mr. Clay offered his memo- 
 eight compro- rable plan of compromise. On the 5th of February, 
 tions. amidst such a crowd of both sexes as the Senate-chamber 
 had never before witnessed, he came forward to speak 
 in their defence. He was now venerable in years, but 
 his intellect retained its soundness, and his heart its 
 deep well-spring of patriotic feeling. His voice, his eye, 
 his grace of action and gift of words, which made him 
 regarded as the first orator who speaks the English 
 tongue, were yet preserved, that he might succor, and 
 perhaps save his country, in this her hour of peril. In 
 the preamble to his eight resolutions, he stated the reason 
 of their introduction to be, that it was " for the peace, 
 harmony, and concord of the Union to settle, and adjust 
 amicably, all exciting questions of controversy between 
 them, arising out of the institution of slavery, upon a fair, 
 equitable, and just basis." The compromise proposed 
 
MR. clay's great SPEECH. 241 
 
 was substantially the same, as that which passed after 1850. 
 months of debate, and is hereafter to be explained. 
 
 Mr. Clay opened his speech by the affecting declara- 
 tion, that never, on any former occasion, had he risen 
 with feelings of such deep solicitude. He had witnessed 
 many periods of great anxiety, of peril, and of danger to 
 the country ; but never before had he risen " to address 
 an assembly, so oppressed, so appalled, so anxious." 
 He looked to God to give him the strength and the ability Mr. day's 
 
 ^ ° great speech, 
 
 to perform the work before him. He attributed the dan- 
 ger of the country to the unprincipled selfishness of 
 party men. "They caught at every passing and float- 
 ing plank, and thus brought into consequence pernicious 
 agitators. At the moment when the White House was 
 on fire, instead of uniting to extinguish the flames, they 
 were contending about who should be its next occupant ! 
 While a dreadful crevasse menaced inundation, they 
 were contesting the profits of the estate, which was 
 threatened with total submersion ! . . All now is up- 
 roar, confusion, and menace to this Union." . . The 
 speaker, after imploring senators to listen to reason, ex- 
 plained, with clearness, his plan of settling the several 
 difficulties, which arose from slavery. He denounced 
 secession. None had a right to secede. He belonged 
 to the Union. Within the Union he took his stand, and 
 there he meant to stand and die, — fighting, if necessary ; 
 but no power on earth should force him out of the Union. Mr. clay's 
 
 view of the 
 
 At the close, he dwelt on the ruin which would sprmg dangerous 
 
 position of 
 
 from the dissolution of the Union. " War would be in- the country. 
 evitable ; and such a war, — so furious, so bloody, so im- 
 placable, so exterminating, — could not be found upon the 
 U 
 
242 BiR. Webster's eloquence. 
 
 1850. pages of history. He entreated members to pause on 
 
 the brink of the precipice, before they took the fearful 
 
 Of theconse- leap iuto the yawning abyss. But if that direful event, 
 
 quences of ' i • i t 
 
 disunion, the dissolution of the Union, were to happen, he implored 
 of heaven that he might not survive to behold it.* 
 
 The words of this beloved patriot thrilled, not only 
 through the halls of the capital, but to the farthest limits 
 of the republic. 
 
 To similar effect was the eloquence of Daniel Web- 
 ster, the great '• expounder of the constitution." " Mr. 
 j^.^web- President," he said, " I hear with pain, and anguish, and 
 ^^speech.^'^ distress, the word secession falling from the lips of the 
 eminent and patriotic. Secession ! Peaceable seces- 
 sion ! The dismemberment of this vast country without 
 convulsion ! The breaking up of the fountains of the 
 great deep, without ruffling the surface ! . . . Peace- 
 Mr Webster ^^^^ SGCcssiou ! what would be the result ? What would 
 on secession, j^g^^^j^g ^f ^^g army, the navy, and the public lands? 
 Where is the line to be drawn ? What states are to be 
 associated 1 What is to remain American ? Where am 
 I to be ? . . . Where is the flag to remain ? Is the 
 eagle still to tower ? or is he to cower, to shrink, and 
 fall to the ground ?" 
 
 * January 1, 1853. — The writer of this history heard Mr. Clay de- 
 hver this great speech — the crowning action of his useful life. 
 After making this synopsis, in exactly the words here used, she 
 sent it to Mr. Clay, before adding it to her history, begging to know 
 if he was satisfied with it. His written answer to this question is 
 a sentence in a word — " Perfectly." 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 Beneficial efifects of the collision of opinions in Congress — The 
 Committee of Thirteen — The " Omnibus bill" — Death of Presi- 
 dent Taylor — Separate passage of the compromise measm-es. 
 
 Not only was there in Congress eloquence in favor of 1850. 
 the Union, but against it ; — and there was violent clamor 
 and degrading personality. Every phase of popular 
 opinion had its stormy advocate, and wrathful opponent. 
 Yet, in the tempest, it is the lightning, not the thunder, 
 which kills ; but as, peal by peal, the dangerous element 
 explodes, the atmosphere becomes cleared. Thus the 
 impassioned eloquence and fiery declamation of the capi- 
 tol, gave wholesome vent to dangerous feeling, and in- 
 spired a healthier tone of public sentiment ; which, be 
 ginning at Washington, spread throughout the Union. 
 And it produced a refluent wave, which threw back upon 
 the members of Congress, instead of a seditious, a con- 
 servative public opinion ; — which required of them to 
 cease from mere words, — to compromise their difficul- 
 ties, and perform the indispensable business of the nation. 
 
 Mr. Clay had ably defended his plan of compromise. 
 Senator Bell, of Kentucky, introduced and advocated ano- 
 ther. Senator Foote, of Mississippi, made a motion, which 
 was finally carried, for the appointment of a committee of Committee of 
 
 1 c< T r Thirteen 
 
 the Senate, to be composed of six members from the north, appointed. 
 
244 THE " OMNIBUS BILL." 
 
 1850. six from the south, and a thirteenth to be chosen by the 
 first twelve ; to whom should be referred the different 
 plans for compromise ; — with directions, however, that 
 the committee report, according to their own judgment, 
 a plan of settlement for the different branches of the 
 slavery question. Of this honored committee, Mr. Clay 
 was chairman, by choice of the Senate ; and he made 
 their report to that body, on the 8th of May. 
 
 Four months of jarring debate ensued ; much of which 
 May 8. referred to the point, whether the several proposed laws 
 ^commkJee'!^ should be votcd for separately, or in one " Omnibus 
 Bill," as reported from the committee by Mr. Clay. Mr. 
 Benton urged the former course, on account of its fair- 
 ness, and especially in behalf of suffering yet dutiful 
 "^bus Bifi"^"'' California ; while Mr. Clay maintained the latter ; 
 urging that if the different parts of the bill were pre- 
 sented together, both parties would concede some things, 
 for the sake of gaining others. 
 Jap^.r; In the mean time the Nashville convention, which, 
 
 Nashville 
 
 Convention, j^^^^ -j. assembled in January, might have led to civil war 
 and national destruction,* met harmlessly on the 2d of 
 June ; partaking of the country's calmer mood and re- 
 newed devotion to the Union. Judge Sharkie, its pro- 
 jector, was made president of the convention. In his 
 
 * January 4, 1853. — In the last addition, made in 1851, to my 
 larger history of the Republic of America, I have stated, with as 
 many of my reasons as my limits would allow, the opinions above 
 expressed. Since that period my views have only been confirmed. 
 A letter from Mr, Stevenson, our former minister in England, pub- 
 lished more than a year ago, is, on the subject of foreign interfer- 
 ence to sow disunion, a document of great weight. 
 
THE COMPROMISE. 245 
 
 initiatory address, he said, that its members had met, I850. 
 "because the constitution, which gave equal rights to June3. 
 
 Judge Shar- 
 
 the south, had been violated ; and that was a shock k»e's address, 
 which the government could not stand." They had as- 
 sembled to devise a remedy, and thus to preserve the 
 Union. It was a slander of enemies, that they had met 
 to dissolve the Union. For his part, he hoped that " the 
 Union would be the last thing to perish amidst the wreck 
 of matter." 
 
 Pending the debates on the compromise measures, the 
 nation was called to deep and sincere mourning for the 
 loss of her beloved chief magistrate. Gen. Taylor ex- Death of the 
 
 ° •' President. 
 
 pired at the presidential mansion on the 9th of July, and _ 
 
 r r J ^ Inauguratioa 
 
 Millard Fillmore, of Nev/ York, immediately sue- Fjnnjori^he 
 ceeded him in the presidency ; happily well fitted, by vice-president. 
 moral, intellectual, and physical soundness, for the 
 exalted and difficult place. Mr. King, of Alabama, was 
 chosen president of the senate. The cabinet of Gen. 
 Taylor resigned. Mr. Fillmore appointed able succes- 
 sors, Mr. Webster filling the department of state. 
 
 In the early part of September, the measures reported sept. 7. 
 
 11 • r ^ ■ 1 11 '^^^ compro- 
 
 by the committee oi thirteen passed — separately — but 
 
 they had been considered together, and were agreed to, 
 
 as mutual concessions and compromises for the sake of 
 
 union. By them, 1st, California, with her constitution 
 
 excluding slavery, and her boundaries extending from 
 
 Oregon to the Mexican possessions, was admitted into 
 
 the Union as a state. — 2d, The Great Basin east of 
 
 California, containing the Mormon settlement near the utah erected 
 
 Salt Lake, was erected, without mention of slavery, into tory (esti- 
 mated popu- 
 a territory, by the Indian appellation of Utah. — 3d, New tion, 25,000). 
 
 mise mea- 
 sures. 
 
246 A CRISIS PASSED. 
 
 1850. Mexico, with a boundary which satisfied her inhabit- 
 New Mexico ants, was also erected, without mention of slavery, into 
 tory (esti- a territory ; Congress giving Texas, for the relinquish- 
 
 mated popu- 
 
 tion, 61,504). ment of her claims, ten millions of dollars ; Texas to 
 pay with the money, former debts, for which the United 
 States were bound, — not legally, but in honor. — 4th, A 
 law was passed, abolishing, not slavery, but the slave- 
 trade,* in the District of Columbia ; — and 5th, the fugitive- 
 slave law was passed ; whose object is, the more effec- 
 tually to secure the prompt delivery of persons bound to 
 service or labor in one stale, and escaping into another.! 
 The passage of the compromise measures proved the 
 quieting of the fearful storm. In their success, patriot- 
 ism rejoiced in " the re-union of the Union ;" and in a 
 triumph over that foreign influence, which probably was 
 the generating cause of the dangerous commotion ; and, 
 certainly, was ever at work, to foment, and bring it to 
 the one issue of national destruction by disunion. 
 
 * By the slave-trade is here meant the transferring of Ameri- 
 can slaves, in the way of trade. 
 
 f A fugitive law was passed in 1V93 ; but being found or made 
 diflScult of execution, it had become obsolete. 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 First Cuban expedition in 1850— Second in 1851 — Crittenden with 
 50 men shot at Havana — Death of Lopez. 
 
 The American people, highly appreciating their own 
 free institutions, ardently sympathize with those of other 
 nations, whom they believe to be oppressed. Flattered 
 by demagogues, who want their votes, they have been 1850. 
 
 too much made to believe, that their own wishes and Circum- 
 stances which 
 opinions are the measure of rio^ht and expediency, led to the 
 
 , , piratical ex- 
 
 Their general character, as drawn by enemies, has in it pedition 
 
 *=> 7 J 1 against Cuba. 
 
 an active and feverish desire of making new acquisi- 
 tions, not only as individuals, but as a nation.* If this 
 accusation has ever been in any measure true, v/e trust 
 that the mortifying lessons received from the history of 
 recent events may prove an efficient corrective. 
 
 The fertile and beautiful island of Cuba lies contigu- 
 ous to our southern shores. Americans in Cuba writing 
 to friends at home, and native Cubans in America, some 
 banished for political offences, complained of the rigors 
 of the Spanish government, and made stirring appeals 
 for sympathy and aid. With these were joined heartless 
 
 •^ t' J J The"filli- 
 
 speculators. It was asserted that the inhabitants of busters." 
 Cuba, groaning under oppression, were prepared to rise 
 in arms, and co-operate with a liberating force ; and 
 such it was the unlawful object of the " filibusters" — 
 those engaged in the movement — to raise in America. 
 
 * As to the past territorial acquisitions of America, they have 
 been honestly made ; as is ably shown in a late letter by Mr. 
 Everett, successor to Mr. Webster. 
 
248 FIRST CUBAN EXPEDITION. 
 
 1850. In order to procure the necessary funds, they assumed 
 A base cur- to make a paper currency, — to be redeemed by a sale of 
 
 rency. 
 
 the estates of royalists in Cuba, which was to be made 
 under the anticipated new government. The deceivers 
 thus prevailed over the enthusiasm of the sanguine, and 
 the cupidity of the avaricious, and persuaded many to 
 enlist. A military organization was thus effected at 
 New Orleans, whose leader was the Cuban general, 
 Narciso Lopez. 
 
 Although warned by the proclamation of President 
 Taylor, they cleared about the middle of May, from New 
 Orleans ; — pretended emigrants in vessels bound for 
 Chagres. They made their rendezvous in the island of 
 Contoy, on the coast of Yucatan. On the night of the 
 18th of May, Lopez, with 609 men, approached the 
 coast of Cuba in the steamship Creole. He landed at 
 Ma 18 19 ^^^ ^i^^^a town of Cardenas ; expecting that the inhabit- 
 iand at^ca" ^^^ts would joiu Mm. He intended to possess himself 
 of the railroad, and then proceed fifteen miles west to 
 Matanzas. But the people seemed only moved to rage 
 by the inflated proclamation of the leader, which invited 
 them " to uphold the banner of liberty ;" and pointed to 
 " the sublime North American government as the arbiter 
 of their fate." The alarm spread rapidly, and the coun- 
 try rose against the invaders. These made themselves 
 masters of Cardenas ; — carrying off bags of specie, — 
 burning the governor's house, and making him and four 
 of his officers prisoners. To prevent their enemies 
 using the railroad, the Cubans tore up the rails. Lopez 
 learned that hostile bands were approaching ; and on the 
 evening of the 19thj he re-embarked;. — a bloody skir- 
 
 deuas. 
 
A WARNING NOT RECEIVED. 249 
 
 mish occurring on his way to the ship. Sending his 1850. 
 prisoners ashore in a boat, he put out to sea, intending May 19. 
 
 Cardenas. 
 
 to attack in another place. The Creole ran aground ; American loss 
 
 ^ ° about 30. 
 
 and to get her off, he was obliged to throw overboard his c^^'^.^" '°*^ 
 
 o ' C5 not known. 
 
 ammunition. The men then compelled the officers to ^jnvalie'il a'^ 
 carry them to Key West, the nearest port on the Ameri- p""" ^ '^ ^ • 
 
 Mav "2 
 
 can coast. Just as they entered, the Spanish war- AnivaTat 
 
 Key West. 
 
 Steamer, Pizarro, overtook them. The high honor of the 
 old Spanish character appeared in the conduct of its 
 
 Spanish 
 
 honor. 
 
 (The Creole 
 
 commander. The enemy he sought was within his was seized 
 
 grasp ; yet being within a neutral port, he forbore to take 
 even the bags of stolen specie, which were unloaded 
 before his eyes. He asked of the American authorities 
 its restoration, and the persons of the invaders ; which 
 not obtaining, he on his return to Havana, represented 
 the facts to his government. Gen. Taylor had sent a 
 strong naval force to Cuba, which unfortunately arrived 
 too late to prevent the invasion. Lopez not having em- 
 barked all his troops at Contoy, the Pizarro took from 
 thence 100 prisoners, and carried them to Cuba. The 
 Spanish governor-general. Count de Alcoy, being much 
 exasperated, these men were in great danger of suffer- 
 ing death as pirates ; the pitiable fate of a few, who 
 were left at Cardenas by Lopez. When Mr. Webster 
 became secretary of state he negotiated their release. 
 
 Notwithstanding the ill success of this wrong enter- 
 prise, still the hopes of its friends were not extinguished. 
 Lopez, though arrested at Savannah, was soon liberated 
 amidst the shouts of the populace. With a zeal for his 
 native land, not seconded by a proper moral balance of 
 
 mind, or by those intellectual talents which command 
 11* 
 
 nd arrests 
 
 were made, 
 
 but nothing 
 
 proved oa 
 
 trial.) , 
 
250 UNLAWFUL PROCEEDINGS. 
 
 1850. success, he immediately commenced plotting another ex- 
 pedition ; and he found honorable names to second his 
 projects. Gen. Quitman who on his return from Mexico, 
 had been chosen governor of Mississippi, was on the 
 
 ^man^nd' ^^coud of July iudictcd at New Orleans, with several 
 "deleted"" other persons, by the grand jury of the U. S. District 
 
 1851. court, and on the 3d of February, 1851, he was arrested 
 
 rested r^New hy the United States marshal, on the charge of unlaw- 
 
 werrnever fully Setting on foot an expedition against Cuba ; — where- 
 convicted.) ■ 1 ^ n^ r -nil 
 
 upon he resigned the office of governor. But though 
 generally regarded as guilty, he was never convicted. 
 (John o «!ui- ^" ^^® "^^^^ ^^ April, President Fillmore issued his proc- 
 ilsersM^tbe lamatioo, warning all persons within the jurisdiction of 
 &lJ%re'ar- the United States not to engage in, or aid any expedition 
 against Cuba. On the 26th of April several arrests of 
 suspected persons were made in New York, and a ves- 
 sel which they had procured was seized. 
 
 Eluding the watchfulness of the government, Lopez 
 sailed from New Orleans, on the 3d of August, in the 
 steamer Pampero, with about 400 men. On the eleventh 
 - they were off the coast of Cuba, and in sight of the 
 Moro, the castle of Havana. Turning at this time in a 
 western direction, Lopez advanced a few miles beyond 
 Bahia Honda, when the steamer ran aground upon a 
 August 12. coral reef. Meeting but slight resistance, he debarked 
 
 Lopez de- 
 barks, upon the island at Playtas with all his troops. Taking 
 
 300 of his men, he marched inland 10 miles to Las 
 
 Posas ; leaving 100, with Col. Crittenden, his principal 
 
 ^ officer. He was an amiable member of one of the first 
 
 families in Kentucky ; and had been deluded with the 
 
 idea that the oppressed Cubans were everywhere ready 
 
MELANCHOLY SCENES. 251 
 
 lo cO'Operate with their deliverers. Having procured 1851. 
 
 two carts to convey the stores and ammunition which he August i3. 
 had been left to guard, he vvas hastening to join Lopez, den"attemp^ts 
 when within four miles of Las Posas, he was met by 
 500 men, — not friends — but foes in arms. His little 
 band was routed and in part destroyed. A few fled to 
 Lopez. Crittenden with 50 retreated to the coast. 
 Lopez at Las Posas was in the mean time attacked by 
 800 Spanish troops under Gen. Enna. He fought them 
 valiantly, and killed, it is said, 200 of their number. He 
 then retreated, leaving upon the battle-field 30 of his 
 men killed, and 13 wounded, who were put to death by 
 the Spaniards. 
 
 Col. Crittenden found his way to the coast, and put 
 out to sea in boats. He and his party were taken on the August 15. 
 15th, — carried into Havana, and condemned to die. He den taken"' 
 
 , . , . . . 1 ■ r • 1 prisoner. 
 
 was permitted ni the mterim to write to his friends. 
 Bitterly did he deplore the deception by which he had 
 been himself misled, and had become the misleader of 
 others. On the 16th he and his party were shot. Heisshot. 
 
 On the same day Lopez retreating toward the moun- 
 tains was attacked by 900 Spanish troops, whom it is 
 said he repulsed, with the loss of one-third of their 
 number. In the mean time his own were wasting, and 
 he was retreating from the shore to the mountains. His 
 ammunition was destroyed by a rain-storm, and his pro- 
 visions failed. His men in seeking to escape, were 
 taken prisoners in detail, and he was left with only 
 seven. The unhappy man, hunted by bloodhounds, was 
 discovered and taken by a party of those native Cubans, 
 of whom he had proudly thought to be the liberator. He 
 
252 DIPLOMACY DISCLOSED. 
 
 1851. was carried by them to Havana, and on the 26th of 
 
 "August 26. August suffered the death of a malefactor by the garrote. 
 
 "rotll^^ The Spanish authorities no longer in fear of the in- 
 
 i^aders, and appealed to for mercy by American and 
 
 English residents, spared the lives of those remaining 
 1 855&» 
 (Mnrch 13. In their power. They took care of the wounded, and soon 
 
 'Ji) released 
 
 prisoners ar- sent about 100 of them to Spain. Mr. Webster, still secre- 
 
 rive from ^ 
 
 New York ^^^V ^^ State, appealed to the Queen of Spain for mercy 
 in their behalf, and they were pardoned and sent home. 
 Since these events, a secret diplomatic correspond- 
 ence has, by request of Congress, been laid before that 
 body by the president ; by which it appears that during 
 Mr. Polk's administration, the executive offered to Spain 
 a hundred millions of dollars for Cuba ; but the Spanish 
 
 Spain refuses 
 
 to sell Cuba, government utterly refused to treat upon the subject.. 
 
 England and France both sent ships of war to aid 
 Spain in defending Cuba against the American " fillibus- 
 ters ;" believing, or aff'ecting to believe, that their own 
 government could not control them. Thus did these 
 rash enthusiasts, and wicked speculators, by acts which 
 the law of nations condemns as piratical, not only bring 
 destruction upon themselves, but unmerited disgrace upon 
 their country, and injury lo the cause of human liberty. 
 From the message of President Fillmore, Dec. 6, 1852, 
 
 Dec. 6. "^ ? > , 
 
 Commences ^ye Icam that he had been invited to unite in a conven- 
 
 tlie 2(1 session 
 
 xxxif Con- ^^^^ ^^^^ England and France, to guarantee to Spain 
 ^'^^^' the possession of Cuba ; but he declined : he does not 
 say, whether on the ground of its being, in the language 
 of Europe, a "holy alliance" of rulers against the peo- 
 ple, or an " entangling alliance," such as our political 
 fathers have warned us against. 
 
CHAPTEE V. 
 
 Remains of the slavery agitation — Treaties — Sandwich Islands — 
 Chevalier Hulseman — Kossuth. 
 
 The remains of the great agitation appeared at the 
 north by opposition to the fugitive-slave law, (which, 1851. 
 however, was upheld by the national and state judici- 
 aries) and at the south by a convention of delegates, 
 from the anti-union party, held April, 1851, in Charles- Remains of 
 ton, S. C. ; where, notwithstanding the counsels of tatiSn at the 
 
 south. 
 
 Senator Butler and others, the majority recommended 
 separate secession. But the mingled tide of national 
 prosperity and returning confidence sets against sectional 
 discontent and animosity. The network of railroads, 
 which more and more intersects the country, promotes 
 the intercourse of trade and civility, and this and other 
 influences tend to harmonize its different parts. Charles- 
 ton will soon be connected by railroad with the interior 
 of Tennessee, and thus a competitor for the trade of the 
 great valley of the Mississippi. 
 
 The whole length of railroad in the United States, 
 Jan. 1, 1853, is 13,000 miles ; and this amount is in- is53. 
 creasing at the rate of 10 miles a day. The great pro- 13,000 miles 
 ject of the country, which all desire to see speedily ac- 
 complished, is the building of a railway across the 
 Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada, to California 
 and Oregon. 
 
 The restoration of confidence between good and 
 
 of railroad. 
 
254 AMELIORATION. 
 
 1850. patriotic citizens of the north and the south, will be full 
 of prosperity and happiness to both. The colored race, 
 as they were the first to sufler by the loss of such con- 
 fidence, so they will be the first to benefit by its return. 
 Already we hear more and more of efforts at the south 
 to improve them, as intellectual, moral, and religious 
 
 the slaves bcings. They are, by the generality of planters, al- 
 
 contrasted. 
 
 lowed a degree of independence in the disposal of time 
 and the holding of property, and so many personal com- 
 forts, that their condition, except in name, is preferable 
 to that of a large proportion of the peasantry of Europe, 
 much more, to that of the wild tribes of Africa.* 
 
 The southern planters furnish the article of cotton, to 
 the manufacturers of Europe, as well as to those of 
 America, which gives great value to slave labor. 
 
 Treaties. — In 1849, a treaty was negotiated at 
 Jan. 27 Rio Janeiro by Mr. Tod, the American minister, with 
 
 Treaty with -^ 
 
 Brazil, (j^q Viscount OUnda, on the part of the Brazilian em- 
 peror ; the latter agreeing to pay a specified sum to the 
 Americans for spoliations. ... A temporary treaty 
 
 * The contrast between the condition of the negroes in Africa 
 and their kindred in the southern states of America, formed the 
 main feature of the able speech delivered by Mr. "Webster at the 
 anniversary of the Colonization Society, Jan. 20, 1852. To point 
 out that Providence overrules even the bad passions of men to 
 * purposes of good — he showed how almost infinitely, the blacks 
 had improved by a contact with the whites ; which there seemed 
 no other method of accomplishing, but that of theii- being held in 
 bondage for a time. He hoped that the improvement already 
 made might be made available, by means of the Colonization So- 
 ciety, to the breaking up of the slave-trade, and the ultimate 
 civilization of the colored race in Africa. 
 
THE FISHERIES. 255 
 
 was negotiated at Washington, by the Austrian minister, 1849. 
 Mr. Hulseman, and Secretary Buchanan, by which cer- August 29. 
 
 . ., Ill- c ^ Treaty with 
 
 tarn privileges were granted to the subjects 01 eacii con- Austria. 
 trading power, residing in the other's country. 
 
 On the 16th of December, the National Assembly of 
 the Republic of Switzerland, in open session at Berne, 
 ratified, with extraordinary tokens of high satisfaction, ^ Decie. 
 
 ' •/ <^ ' America hon- 
 
 a treaty of amity and commerce, which had been previ- "'^^eri^^d^'^' 
 
 ously negotiated between the two republics of America 
 
 and Switzerland. « 
 
 Of all the triumphs of Christianity in our day, there 
 is none more signal, than the conversion and civilization 
 
 Sandwich 
 
 of the Sandwich Islands. They are a feeble power, islands. 
 but England and America have with policy and justice j,^^^^''^ ^J- g 
 made treaties with their king ; acknowledging his inde- "rbTtrary de- 
 pendence, which has been threatened by serious aggres- ™^°'^^* 
 sions on the part of France. 
 
 During the summer of 1852, by an order of the Brit- 
 ish foreign secretary, Lord Malmesbury, Americans en- 
 gaged in the fisheries off the coast of British America, 
 were restricted, on the alleged ground of treaty viola- 
 tion, from privileges heretofore enjoyed. President Fill- 
 more sent the frigate Mississippi — Commodore Perry — 
 to the fishing banks, not only to protect the fishermen (July 6. 
 against injury, but to restrain them from lawlessness ; ster's first let- 
 
 o '' •' ter respecting 
 
 while Mr. Webster's statesmanship was called into ac- the fisheries.) 
 tion in diplomatic correspondence. The difficulty, on 
 investigation, resolved itself into the understanding to be 
 given to certain expressions in the existing treaty, con- 
 cerning what is to be regarded as three miles from the 
 British possessions. Is this line, up to which the Amer- 
 
256 
 
 WEBSTER'S NEGOTIATIONS. 
 
 1SS2, icans have a right to fish, to follow the indentations of 
 the coast ? or are straight and exclusive lines to be 
 drawn, as the British now contend, from headland to 
 headland ? This is not yet settled ; but we hope and 
 believe that it will be discussed, as heretofore, in an ami- 
 cable s"pirit. 
 
 On the uninhabited islands of Lobos, near Peru, has 
 been discovered a concentrated manure, the deposit of 
 birds, called guano ; and vessels from the United States 
 had freely taken it. The Peruvians now came forward 
 with a claim to the islands, and their valuable produc- 
 
 Mr. Webster's i[q^ . g^^^[ though, at first, Mr. Webster expressed a writ- 
 letter ou the ' d ' J I 
 
 ^°'uJn.'^^^" ^^^ opinion that it was an unfounded assumption, yet, on 
 investigation, he was led to change his views, and con- 
 cur in their right. The government of Peru were grati- 
 fied with this candor, and immediately made special ar- 
 rangemeiUs for the accommodation of the American 
 traders in guano. 
 
 During the revolt of Hungary, Gen. Taylor sent by 
 Mr. iMann a message of inquiry to Kossuth, the patriotic 
 leader of the revolted Hungarians. Of this, the Austrian 
 
 1850. government, by Mr. Hulseman, in a letter to Mr. Clay- 
 Austria takes 
 offence, tou, complaincd, with threats. After Gen. Taylor's 
 
 Mr. Webster ' r ' j 
 
 'liukem n^"^" ^®^^^' ^^^- Wcbstcr made an able and popular reply; 
 showing that the act of the president was not an inter- 
 ference in the affairs of Austria, but only a natural mani- 
 festation of the sympathy, which this nation must be 
 expected to feel, for those whose struggles for freedom 
 are similar to our own. 
 
 When, by the aid of Russia, Austria had overcome 
 the Hungarians, Kossuth, condemned to death, found 
 
Kossuth's eloquence. 257 
 
 a shelter at Katuyah, with the Sultan of Turkey. By i85i. 
 the solicitation of the English and Americans, he was 
 permitted to embark in a public American vessel, 
 provided for the purpose, by the President of the 
 United States — by whom, in the name of the na- 
 tion, the homeless exile had been invited to a resi- .^°°M^" 
 
 ' Kossuth ar- 
 
 dence in free America. He arrived at New York on "^'^Vork!'"''' 
 the 15th of October, 1851. Since the visit of La Fay- 
 ette, no reception had been so enthusiastic. Such were 
 the admiring crowds which surrounded him, that he was ^ 
 
 led, for a time, to hope, that the energies of the nation 
 were within his control ; and he w^ould have set to Amer- 
 ica, hoping for the aid of England, the difficult task, to 
 keep Russia in check, while Hungary fought and con- 
 quered the Austrians. He wanted, too, contributions in 
 money to aid his " suffering and down-trodden father- 
 land." There was a magical pathos in his poetic and 
 sometimes tearful eloquence, and in his earnest and ex- 
 pressive countenance, which, together with the prestige 
 of his great name, took captive the hearts of his hear- 
 ers. Everywhere on his journey through the northern 
 and western states, he was followed and listened to by 185 2. 
 
 Jan. 7. 
 
 throngs. But at Washington he experienced a disap- (Kossuth is in 
 pointment. Neither from the President, his cabinet, nor Congress ha%'- 
 
 *■ ' ' ing aojounied 
 
 congress, although they overwhelmed him with public ^""^ ^^qJ^^*^^" 
 and private attentions, did he receive any official encour- 
 agement. His cause was, however, eloquently plead by 
 Senators Cass and Seward, and, others. Mr. Clay, then 
 at Washington, and confined to his room with a fatal 
 pulmonary disease, received him with his wonted cour- 
 tesy ; but he told him with plainness, what it was which 
 
258 SPEECH OF SENATOR BELL. 
 
 1852. barred his way. Our country's policy was regarded by 
 the nation as settled, and it admitted not of interference 
 in the affairs of foreign nations. 
 
 Senator Bell, of Tennessee, in the last speech made 
 in Congress on the Kossuth " intervention," expressed 
 his opinion, that in conferring public honors upon him, 
 while, in his reported speeches, he was using towards the 
 sovereigns of Russia, Austria, and Prussia the scathing 
 language of hatred and contempt, we were making our- 
 selves a party to the insult ; and we ought, therefore, to 
 hold ourselves prepared, to meet whatever their united 
 hostility might inflict. 
 
 May 16. Kossuth, after collecting nearly $1 00,000 for the cause 
 
 Kossuth ' & .7 ' 
 
 leaves Amer- of Hungary, left the country. May 16, 1852, and pro- 
 ceeded to England, where he now resides. 
 1850. The Commissioners of European Emigration in New 
 
 frora'^uR^p^ York, report that from May 5, 1847, to December 15, 
 in 1852, there had arrived at that port no less than 
 1,336,960. Some are of the bone and sinew of Europe, 
 
 (See message 
 
 of Gov. Sey- attracted hither by our republican institutions ; while 
 
 mour, of N. j i. 
 
 ^1853")^' another portion is sent to our shores from jails and poor- 
 houses ; and as we have reason to believe, for the pur- 
 pose of hastening on that ruin by anarchy, which Euro- 
 pean foes to freedom predict and desire. Crime accord- 
 ingly increases ; but within the last few years, the de- 
 termination on the part of the Americans to resist 
 anarchy, by inflicting the penalties of crime, increases 
 1849. also. In New York, a riot at the Astor-place theatre, 
 Astor^piace was promptly put down by the legal action of the mili- 
 tary ; several of the rioters losing their lives upon the 
 spot. In Boston, John White Webster, a professor of 
 
BATTLE WITH CRIME. 259 
 
 Harvard College, expiated upon the gallows the crime of 1850. 
 
 murder. (March 23. 
 
 But in this battle with crime, much yet remains to be ster convicted 
 
 done; and while thus overwhelmed with an unsound of Dr. Park- 
 man.) 
 foreign population, it were ruin to pause — either from 
 
 cowardice, from false philanthropy, or from a mean spirit 
 of seeking office, or of fearing to lose it. Whatever makes 
 life and property insecure, tends both to individual and 
 to national destruction. In the years 1851-2, riot, mur- 
 der, and robbery have been too often the sad themes of 
 our public journals. 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Liberia — Death of Henry Clay — Of Daniel Webster — Their obse- 
 quies — Presidential election — Sound condition of pubhc feeling — 
 Remarkable state of the poKtical relations between Mr. Fill- 
 more and Mr. Webster. 
 
 185 2. Liberia, in Africa, now comprises 520 miles of Atlan- 
 tic coast. It has been colonized by American-born 
 Africans, of whom eight thousand have been carried 
 
 For these ovcr by the Colonization Society. These have extended 
 
 facts, see ad- 
 dress of Hon. their influence far inland and over 200,000 native in- 
 
 J. R. Inger- 
 
 Sa'coI*^ habitants. They have now established a republican 
 
 ^Pean.°^ government, their officers being all men of color, — of 
 
 (Forty Afri- whom the worthy President Roberts is chief. Different 
 
 havemade Protcstaut denominations in the United States have sup- 
 treaties with ..,, ., ^, , f, . . 
 
 Liberia, ab- plied them With somc of the most devoted of missionaries 
 
 juring the 
 
 slave-trade.) of botli scxcs ; scvcral of wliom have died martyrs to a 
 climate, which, though salubrious to the black, is often 
 fatal to the white. A regular Christian ministry, Sun- 
 day and week-day schools are established ; and the 
 slave-trade throughout the whole coast from Gallinas to 
 Cape Palmas is broken up. The enterprise is fast 
 growing in favor, not only as a safety-valve for drawing 
 off our surplus colored population, but as a means of 
 changing the present degradation of Africa into Christian 
 civilization. 
 
 Henry Clay was active in establishing the Coloniza- 
 tion Society, and at his death was its president. At its 
 
SOLEMNITY. DEATH. 261 
 
 annual meeting, held at Washington, Jan. 20, 1852, he 1852. 
 was wasting with hopeless consumption, and Daniel Web- Jan. 20. 
 
 ~ ■*• , Colonization 
 
 ster was chosen, for the occasion, to preside. Patheti- meeting at 
 
 ^ Wasningtou. 
 
 cally did he, on his introduction to the chair, refer to the 
 cause of his being called to fill the place of Mr. Clay,* 
 and nobly did he pronounce the panegyric of his great 
 rival. He enumerated the grand objects of the associa- 
 tion, and then with deep solemnity, addressing Dr. But- 
 ler, chaplain of the Senate, he desired that, in behalf of 
 the society and its beloved president, prayer might be 
 offered at the "throne of grace." Before Him who sit- 
 teth upon that throne, the disembodied spirits both of 
 Clay and Webster were soon called to appear. 
 
 Mr. Clay died at the seat of government on the 29th M/cia^ies. 
 of June, and Mr. Webster at his residence in Marshfield, ^^^'^ ^^- 
 
 Oct. 24 
 
 Mass., on the 24th of October.f Mr. Clay was at the Mr. Webster 
 
 dies, aged 70. 
 
 time a member of the U. S. Senate, and Mr. Webster 
 
 * The writer of this history was present at this meeting. She 
 was to have the melancholy pleasm'e of seeing Mr. Clay in his 
 room the next morning. From a previous conversation, she knew 
 that he neither di*eaded nor shunned the subject of his approach- 
 ing death. She treasured in her memory the language of Mr. 
 Webster, — and of Dr. Butler, as he fervently prayed for the man 
 he loved. Finding, on her visit to Mr. Clay, that he desired to be 
 informed concerning the meeting, she repeated their language con- 
 cerning him. Never will the deep expression of Mr. Clay's coun- 
 tenance be forgotten, as he listened, sitting in his chair, and raising 
 his wasted hand to hide the rising tears, which soon trickled from 
 between his fingers. 
 
 I Mr, "Webster, on ike 8th of May, received a serious injury, by 
 being thrown from liis carriage at Marshfield. Subsequently, it 
 was ascertained to be one of the leading causes of his deatL 
 
262 CLAY AXD WEBSTER. 
 
 185 2. Secretary of State. For forty years, their names and 
 acts have been prominently before the public. Both 
 died in the full faith of the Christian religion, and in the 
 same love for their country — its constitution, and its 
 union — in which they had so conspicuously lived. 
 
 The eloquence of these two great men belongs to his- 
 tweenciay tory, for it has had a powerful influence on the destinies 
 
 and Webster, . ^ ^ 
 
 as orators, of America. But their oratory was as dirierent as were 
 their noble and peculiar forms. Mr. Clay was tall, com- 
 manding, and graceful ; Mr. Webster, large, majestic, 
 firmly knit, and justly proportioned. Mr. Clay's mind 
 was original and comprehensive. He saw things to 
 come, as if they were already present ; and he threw 
 forward all his energies to meet and avert the evils which 
 he foresaw. When thus excited, the whole compass of 
 language seemed within his full and easy control ; and 
 every gesture, look, and tone had its own impassioned 
 and fascinating significance. Mr. Webster was ordi- 
 dinarily more argumentative ; drawing the supplies of 
 his greater knowledge, from more intense study, and more 
 various reading. Perfect in his choice of words and ar- 
 rangement of sentences, he, at the same time, so clothed 
 his vast and logical ideas with beautiful imagery, that it 
 was, as if Doric pillars were wreathed with flowers ; — 
 not artificial and dead, but instinct with the life of his 
 warm aff'ections, and sometimes watered by his tears. 
 If Mr. Clay, — more mastering the minds of the men 
 
 Claymore arouud him, — was more the orator of the present; Mr. 
 
 tlie orator of 
 
 Webster of ^ebstcr, — leaving behind him a greaj^r quantity of model 
 the future, compositions, will be more the orator of the future. 
 
 The remains of Mr. Clay, in their removal from 
 
THE TEST QUESTION. 263 
 
 Washington to his home in Lexington, Kentucky, passed i852. 
 through BaUimore, Philadelphia, and New York ; — from 
 thence through Albany, to Lake Erie, Cincinnati, and 
 Louisville. No conqueror's car, had ever a more trium_- 
 phal career, than that poor coffin. The nation pressed The love of 
 
 ^ ^ ^ the people 
 
 around it, not with a tongue to talk, but with a heart to manifested 
 
 ' o ' towards 
 
 weep. At New York, while the corpse lay for a few Henry ciay. 
 hours in the City Hall — the features not exposed — the 
 guard suffered the people to defile, one by one, past the 
 body. Fifty thousand thus moved by, in silence and in 
 tears. 
 
 Both Mr. Clay and Mr. Webster were, according to 
 custom, officially mourned at the seat of government. 
 The great name of Calhoun, so long their beloved fel- in NevJ^ot- 
 low-patriot, was united with theirs, in many of the pub- p^uWicmfurn- 
 lic demonstrations of sorrow, which, without distinction houn, ciay, 
 
 and Webster.) 
 
 of party, were made throughout the Republic, — from Bos- 
 ton on the east, to San Francisco on the west. In fine, 
 they received funeral honors, such as had never before 
 been paid in America, except to the memory of Wash- 
 ington. 
 
 The close of the year 1852 finds the Republic of 
 America, though not without some local disorders, yet 
 generally in a healthy condition. The past year has af- 
 forded full evidence of the attachment of our people to 
 that constitution and union of the states, by which we are 
 ONE NATION. Each of the two great political parties, 
 assembHng by their delegates at Baltimore to propose 
 candidates for the presidency, adopted a political creed 
 called " a platform," in which the leading article was the 
 profession of their belief in the justice of the late con- 
 
264 GEN. FRANKLIN PIERCE. 
 
 1852. gressional measures called "the compromise." The 
 (Whig vote democratic party was unanimous in the approval of the 
 
 ou the Balti- -.^ i ■^ ^ r -i ^ • • ^ 1 
 
 more plat- platform, whilc that of the vvhigs contained a resolute 
 
 form — ayes 
 
 272, noes 76.) minority who opposed it. Gen. Scott, with all the fame 
 of his great military services, was nominated by the 
 whig party ; while Gen. Franklin Pierce of New Hamp- 
 shire, favorably, though not so extensively known, was 
 brought forward by the democratic, — in connection with 
 William R. King of Alabama, for vice-president. These 
 gentlemen carried the election, by an overwhelming 
 majority. 
 Deo. 6. We hope that a new era of " good feeling" is once 
 
 Opening of .... 
 
 the last ses- morc dawniuff upon our country. The admission to his 
 
 sion of the ^ ^ ^ 
 
 XXXI. Con- seat in the Senate of the United States, of Mr. Dixon of 
 
 gress, 
 
 Kentucky, in opposition to Mr. Merriwether, a democrat, 
 and of the same party with a majority in both branches 
 of Congress, is, we hope, an indication, not only of an 
 era of " good feeling," but of a coming time, when that 
 righteousness which " exalteth a nation," shall take the 
 place of the one-sided views, and often unjust action, of 
 party spirit.* 
 ^ecember. The morc prominent of the whig journals, now that 
 ^'"whi^s^"'^ the election is passed, seem not to have taken the ungen- 
 
 * In this remark, we take uo note of the right or the -wrong of 
 Mr. Dixon's case. Highly honorable gentlemen maintained that 
 Mr. Merriwether, not Mr. Dixon, had the just claim. But whoever 
 has watched the strife of party, knows that in similar cases, not 
 merely in Congress, but in State Legislatures, scarce has there 
 been an honest inquiry — what is the right ; although men, prede- 
 termined to vote according to party, have spent the public's time 
 in talking about it. 
 
PATRIOTIC VIRTUE. 265 
 
 erous attitude of lying in wait to seek occasion against i85 2. 
 the incoming administration ; but they appear patrioti- 
 cally desirous, that the executive should so administer the 
 affairs of the nation, as to do honor to himself, in pro- 
 moting the public prosperity. 
 A remarkable demonstration of patriotic virtue is shown Remarkable 
 
 * instance ot 
 
 to the world by the relation, which, for more than two p'^^"*' ^''•^"®- 
 years, subsisted between the President of the United 
 States, Mr. Fillmore, and his first secretary, Mr. Webster 
 — they both being candidates for the whig vote in the com- 
 ing presidential election, though, from divisions in the 
 party, neither obtained the nom.ination. Yet did they in 
 the mean time labor on harmoniously together, for their 
 country's good. Credit is due to Mr. Fillmore ; for he 
 might at any time, either directly or indirectly, have dis- 
 placed Mr. Webster, when he found that his overwhelm- 
 ing popularity was such, that approved acts of the execu- 
 tive were attributed to the secretary. On the other 
 hand, credit is due to Mr. Webster, that, at the nation's 
 call, he brought, with his wonted unostentatious dignity, 
 his fame, his talents, and his statesmanship, to give suc- 
 cess and honor to the administration of his rival. 
 
CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Historical account current — Changes in the immediate Past of 
 Europe and America, bearing upon the future of the American 
 EepubHc — Late improvements, and their Tendencies to promote 
 Peace, 
 
 1848. Changes in Europe affect America. In 1848, repub- 
 Grand repub- licanlsiTi Seemed in the ascendant. France expelled 
 
 'menTsTu^ Louis Philippe, and declared a republic. Hungary threw 
 ^^' off the Austrian yoke, and Rome expelled the Pope. 
 But the gold of freedom had in it the base alloy of so- 
 cialism ; and good men preferred the family unbroken, 
 with despotism in the state, rather than liberty in the 
 state without the family union. This, with other causes 
 combining, has brought Europe back to utter subjugation. 
 By the aid of Russia, Hungary fell before Austria. By 
 the shrewd policy of Louis Napoleon, France has re- 
 stored the empire, and placed him at its head. He, 
 while President of the French republic, restored the 
 Pope ; and has since, by his troops, guarded him in 
 Rome. 
 
 That the success and popularity of our republican 
 institutions have been the primary cause of uprisings 
 against the divine right of kings, none will dispute. Our 
 institutions are therefore necessarily objects of the dread 
 and animosity of those sovereigns. 
 
 The fact that opinion now rules, where once it was 
 
 i.imonru f^^^^^ makes the task of the historian more difficult; 
 
EUROPEAN EXPECTATIONS. 267 
 
 while, to the casual observer, his labors become less in- 1852. 
 
 teresting. But important national changes must be re- 
 
 corded, although they afford no striking narratives of 
 
 war ; and the historian is bound not merely to give facts The histo- 
 rian's duty, 
 with their dates, but to use his best judgment to trace 
 
 out their causes and their consequences. " History," 
 
 says Noah Webster, in his definition of the word, " is a 
 
 narrative of events, in the order in which they happened, 
 
 with their causes and effects.^'' Having shown its cause, 
 
 we assume the fact, denied by none, of the hostility of 
 
 European absolutists to American free institutions. One of slanders to 
 
 . which Amer- 
 
 the consequences of this is, that they encourage, in slander ica is subject 
 
 in Europe. 
 
 against us, a subjugated press ; in hopes thus to counter- 
 act those republican tendencies of their people, by which 
 they are threatened with change ; and by which also 
 European monarchs now lose, every year, nearly half a 
 million of their subjects, who emigrate hither. 
 
 Prompt to believe what they desired, and probably, in 
 a measure, themselves deceived by slanders got up to 
 deceive others, the absolutists of Europe have been in 
 the constant expectation, that the American government 
 would, through its feebleness, fall into anarchy and sub- 
 sequent despotism;! and to aid the supposed natural torian Ainion 
 
 1 1 1 T t 1 ■ . ^^^ Others 
 
 tendency, they have disgorged upon us their convicts have asserted 
 
 that our gov- 
 
 and their paupers. The majority of the inmates of our emmenthad 
 states' prisons are foreigners. But there is room for p''^^'^'^ Y^'^' 
 more, and we trust there is still efficiency in law, to 
 punish offenders of every name, whenever they deserve 
 it. We hope, that not yet will the foes of freedom be 
 gratified, by seeing its boasted area, become the area of 
 crime, " unwhipped of justice." 
 
268 FLATTERERS DECEIVE. 
 
 185 2. Our enemies sometimes do us service by helping us 
 
 Tendency of ^^ Understand our true position. We are in danger of 
 '^me^ntrto' ANARCHY. It is thc rock OH wliich free governments 
 have heretofore been wrecked ; and it is that breaker for 
 which American statesmen should keep up a sleepless 
 watch. Riots, robberies, and assassinations are too fre- 
 quenf in New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and other 
 places ; and during the two last years, they have in- 
 creased. The unsound part of the emigration which we 
 receive from Europe accounts only in part for the fact. 
 There is reason to fear, that bribery of one kind or an- 
 other is creeping into our elections. Those, who thus buy 
 a seat in any legislative body, whether in city, state, or 
 nation, may not be too good to work for themselves and 
 sell their vote when there. The mass of the people, 
 however, especially the independent farmers of the 
 country, are wholly above being bribed with money. 
 But they are sovereigns ; and they share the common 
 fate of sovereigns, to be deceived by flatterers, who teach 
 that sovereign power and sovereign wisdom are ever 
 identical ; and the nearer to themselves they keep the 
 power, and the more they control their agents, the safer 
 will be the nation.* Hence arrangements have been 
 made in some of our states, which, by destroying or 
 weakening the independence of the judiciary, have in- 
 creased the tendency to anarchy. 
 
 An important feature of the present time is that of 
 
 ' * Does a man act on this principle in bis private affairs ? Be- 
 
 cause he has power over his mind, body, and estate, does he sup- 
 pose that the less he trusts his minister, doctor, and la-wyer, and 
 the oftener he chancres them, the better it wiU be for lum ? 
 
THE NATIONAL JUDICIARY. 269 
 
 voluntary associations for specified good objects. Many 1853. 
 
 of these societies, as their members collect to celebrate voluntary 
 
 , . . . , . ,, associations. 
 
 their anniversaries — and especially as the several re- 
 
 Some of the 
 
 ligious communions meet by their delegates in conven- most promi- 
 nent Oi' these 
 
 tion, synod, or convocation — present delightful spectacles are the mjs- 
 of legislative bodies, engaged in high debate. These ^i^Jf^' \'^g 
 are so many fountains of conservative influence, which "^nd Femafe' 
 operate to keep the under-current of American public "cLtS. '^ 
 sentiment, favorable to public virtue and obedience to 
 law. 
 
 The national judiciary remains permanent and inde- 
 pendent, — the stay, support, and regulator of the Ameri- 
 can government. Its decisions are paramount to those 
 of any other court. They are final, and they command 
 obedience ; and the persons of the judges are held in 
 high and deserved respect. So long as this remains, 
 anarchy, though it may visit, will not find a home in 
 America. 
 
 It was confidently expected in Europe that our great 
 republic would come to an end by division whenever the 
 slavery question had its crisis. It came in 1850, and 
 we stood the shock.* In the mean time, the splendid 
 
 * Some suppose the crisis not yet past. From the London 
 Times of Jan, 12, 1853, we quote the following : — " The federal union 
 of America is at this moment only preserved by the Fugitive Slave- 
 law — a desperate expedient. * * * £y this frail thread hangs 
 the American Union." Now if those British politicians who hold 
 such opinions concerning our Union mean to do the fair thing, 
 and in reality wish us well, let them inquire what have been, 
 and what ought to be, their measiires, direct and indirect, in regard 
 to this Fugitive Slave-law, upon which, as they profess to be- 
 
270 A HIGH POSITION. 
 
 1853. achievements of the war with Mexico vindicated our 
 military prowess. The peace quieted us in the pos- 
 session of Texas, and added to our territory the wilds of 
 New Mexico and California. Gold was discovered ; and 
 those wilds rose up before us, a great commercial em- 
 pire on the Pacific. While we were fearing, on ac- 
 count of the influx of British convicts, they were kept 
 (Gold discov- ^^ home, by the discovery of gold in Australia. The tran- 
 Traiia— 5T sit betwecu the new and old states has been facilitated 
 ready brought by a railroad over a part of the isthmus of Panama ; and 
 
 to Eugland. 
 
 Jan.i, 1853.) things are now in a train which promises to open, within 
 ten years, a direct communication by railroad and tele- 
 graph from the Atlantic to tlie Pacific ; a passage to the 
 East Indies such as Columbus never dreamed of! And 
 thus by a good Providence, and against all evil machi- 
 nations and prognostics, our eagle standard yet floats 
 unrent; and now, from ocean to ocean. 
 
 Whether or not the absolutists of Europe will change 
 their course with these changing circumstances, it be- 
 hooves American politicians well to consider ; and not to 
 rest in the expectation that the future will remain as the 
 past. 
 
 In regard to the southern and central powers of 
 
 1852. Europe, unless they succeed in utterly defaming us, any 
 
 Gl'rmanemi- aHTiies they might send to invade us, would, as the ships 
 
 graiion great- 
 er than the whoso irou spikcs wcro drawn out by the fabled mag- 
 
 Insh.) ... ' . 
 
 netic island, fall to pieces by the attraction of our free 
 and popular institutions. Their soldiers would desert, 
 
 lieve, our national existence depends. It depends rather on thia 
 — OUR PEOPLE LOVE THE Union, and will preserve it 
 
ENGLAND. 271 
 
 and join their friends already here by voluntary emigra- 1853. 
 tion. 
 
 It is not so with Russia, — whose dominions in Asia 
 approach those in America, and those our own. Her 
 citizens hold their Czar in religious veneration, and re- 
 gard the soil of their own country as too sacred to be 
 abandoned. 
 
 In the account current of America with England, there 
 is much on each side of the ledger. America credits 
 England with being her mother, but she charges her with 
 having given her too frequent cause to use to her the lan- 
 guage of her poet Savage, " Thou mother and no mother." 
 We derive our literature from her : and however she may ^roofa that 
 
 ' •' America 
 
 vilify, contemn, and irritate us,* still her very soil — her ia°j%j^'^,frh 
 battle-fields, whereon our forefathers fought — her streams ^lov^d'hl"!- 
 and mountains, made classic by her noble poets, whose 
 blood perchance we share — that soil is dear to us, as no 
 other land but our own can ever be. 
 
 In regard to commercial relations, America is Eng- 
 land's best customer ; and, as a statesman of her own 
 remarked,! " England could as little afford to destroy (t sir Joseph 
 New York as Liverpool." Again, in the condemnation Hovey sent 
 
 over, about 
 
 for liberalism, Ensfland shares with America : and she 1844, by the 
 
 ° ' aueen, to 
 
 has reason to believe, that if our republic could be over- "^f^ r*"'^^"-\ 
 
 ' -i schools, &c.) 
 
 borne, the free representative portion of her own govern- 
 ment must soon follow. But then Britain has monarchi- 
 
 * A friend who has just returned from England -writes thus, un- 
 der date Jan. 1, 1853 : — Having had constant access to all the 
 leading newspapers of that country, I find there is nearly as much 
 difference of opinion as with us, and their papers are full of mutual 
 recriminations ; all, however, agree in vilifying us. 
 
272 DOUBLE-MINDED. 
 
 1851. cal and aristocratical elements ; and the popularity of 
 our institutions among her own people is such, that 
 yearly a number equal to a great city's population leave 
 their land, and make this their country. Yet in hei 
 general tone of feeling, England, as America, sympa- 
 
 1850 ^liizes with the oppressed, and hates the oppressor. 
 
 (Haynau The treatment which the Hungarian Marshal Haynau 
 
 nearly killed ° -^ 
 
 by the work- received in a London brewery, September, 1850, and 
 
 men 
 
 and 
 
 others attha the ardent satisfaction of the whole populace, came near 
 
 brewery of r r ^ 
 
 d^r&Pe^ ^^ breeding a quarrel between Great Britain and Austria, 
 kins, London.) ^g gj^Qwn in the subsequent correspondence of Prince 
 Schwartzenburg and Lord Palmerston. Should England 
 be attacked in earnest, and the battle of freedom begin 
 there, she would doubtless be defended by her western 
 daughter. And should America be called to suffer for 
 the sake of human rights and human liberty, we believe 
 that she would stand by us. Yet, — would she not wil- 
 lingly check our rising strength, and, to prevent the pos- 
 sibility that it might, especially on the ocean, hereafter 
 overshadow her, — divide us among ourselves, regard- 
 less of the evils she would thus entail upon us ?* 
 
 * The editor of the London Times, commenting on the fact dis 
 closed by the Cuban papers (communicated to Congress by Pres 
 Fillmore), that American statesmen have all along been jealous ot 
 England, has a special exclamation that the name of Wellington 
 should have occurred in this connection. Perhaps his amazement 
 •would be less, if he should examine the John Henry papers made 
 public by Mr. Madison in 1812, and now in the archives at Wash- 
 ington. In the plot to divide this country, therein disclosed, is 
 the name of him who has since been called, from his iuilexibility, 
 " The Iron Duke." So a late article in the National Intelligencer 
 affirms. 
 
tendencies to peace- 273 
 
 Events have recently passed, and are now in 1853. 
 
 PROGRESS, WHICH TEND TO PeACE. 
 
 The earnest religious faith in Christ, to which this 
 country owes its first settlement, its free institutions, its 
 noble free schools open to all, and the strength of its 
 original stamina of character, has now in a great de- 
 gree emerged from the mist of Gallic infidelity, which, 
 about the time of the French revolution in 1790, began 
 to sweep over this land. For a time, the political jour- 
 nals of the United States, and the halls of legislation, 
 so far from exhibiting reverence to the Lord that bought 
 them, scarce made mention of God and his providence ; 
 — ever piously referred to by Washington and his com- 
 patriots. Thus it was with the rulers, and the mass of 
 the people were well pleased. But in the mean time, 
 our free system of religion was working well. A clergy. Excellent in- 
 generally of pure and holy men — poor, yet making many ^ American ^ 
 rich — furnished with nothing for the moral combat but " * 
 
 the sword of the spirit and the helmet of salvation, met 
 and fought this infidelity ; and now it cowers, and, com- 
 paratively speaking, hides its diminished head. 
 
 Within the range of this consecrated influence, there 
 is, a society especially devoted to iKctce^ who are united 
 in the great object with good men in Europe, and whose 
 doctrines have made no inconsiderable impression. 
 Elihu Burritt in this country, and Mr. Cobden in Eng- p^^^^ ^^^_ 
 land, are prominent members. The last Congress of the Fra^Srt-on- 
 Peace Society was held in Germany, at Frankfort-on- 
 the-Maine. 
 
 Amono- the conservative influences of America stands 
 
 o 
 
 that of the mass of her intelligent women ; and the pro- 
 
274 IMPROVEMENTS. 
 
 J 853, portion of such, is greater in this nation, than in any 
 Sound influ- Other, of ancient or modern times. Public opinion has 
 g^eliTraiityof hcrc sanctioucd improved seminaries for their learning, 
 
 women, wliere their intellect is developed ; while their moral, 
 physical, and feminine qualities are not neglected. 
 Women control much property. From these causes, 
 female influence here is great, though generally noise- 
 less ; and as the influence of the gentler sex increases, a 
 tendency to war, other things being equal, will diminish. 
 
 Improve- Improvements have been made in weapons of destruc- 
 
 ments in the ^ ^ 
 
 art of war tiou ; and men become less willing to fiakt, as death by 
 
 tend to peace, ' xj j j ' j 
 
 fighting becomes more 2^^'obable. Of these improve- 
 ments, the most prominent is the revolver, invented in 
 this country. There are others in abeyance, such as the 
 torpedo, which the pressure of an invasion would bring 
 forth, from " Yankee ingenuity ;" an arm which the 
 United States are well known to possess. 
 
 Steam, and electricity, and cheap postage have afforded 
 facilities for the collection and difl'usion of knowledge 
 which no former period has enjoyed. Newspapers have 
 grown in number, in size, in editorial labor and ability 
 (several editors being required for one great paper), 
 almost as fast as that known world whose news they daily 
 chronicle, — and they print their news with almost the 
 lightning rapidity with which they collect it. These pa- 
 Diffusion of pers are sold for little, and conveyed by the mails almost 
 
 knowledge I'V . 
 
 the increase of gratuitously ; aud they disseminate a vast amount of 
 
 newspapers. 
 
 knowledge. As man^s intellect expands, he will become 
 less and less willing to submit questions of right and jus- 
 iice, to the blind arbitration of brute force and indiscrimi' 
 nate carnage. 
 
SOCIAL INFLUENCES. 275 
 
 The natural selfishness of man, which leads to ani- 1853. 
 
 mosity and war, is best opposed by whatever promotes 
 its counter principle, — which is what our Saviour made 
 the essence of his religion, — Love to God and Love to 
 Man. 
 
 Of the influence of direct religious instruction we 
 have already spoken. All those improvements of^the 
 times, such as telegraphic communication, cheap post- 
 age, and railroad travelling, which tend to increase amity 
 and a quick sympathy among men, promote a temper of 
 mind which seeks peace, and not war. Close affinities, 
 
 whether of business or of friendship, between individuals the circum- 
 stances of t ha 
 of different states and nations, — not only by association, ^i™" to 
 
 make those states and nations dear, — but they elevate 
 the general tone of moral feeling, and thus raise man 
 above the savage thirst for blood. The rapid communi- 
 cation of the daily news of the world produces spiipa- 
 thy with the distresses of all ; — and whom we pity we 
 love. 
 
 Locomotion by steam and cheap postage tends to 
 keep in life the natural and friendly affections. Families 
 among us are divided by long distances throughout our 
 far-reaching states ; and when, in former times, a man 
 would write from the west, describing his hardships to 
 his brother in the east, " Every letter from you costs me 
 a bushel of corn," his relatives would naturally wait long 
 before they wrote. Then it took weeks to visit ; and 
 often those of the same family, once parted, saw each 
 other no more ; and their children grew up as entire 
 strangers. Thus the tender charities of blood and kin- 
 dred died out, and gave place to a more concentrated 
 
Jan. 26. 
 Postal con- 
 vention with 
 England rati 
 
 276 INTERNATIONAL AMITY. 
 
 1849. selfishness. Now, the depressing tax on written affec- 
 tion is taken off; and we go rapidly by steam, whereA^er 
 our affections may carry us. 
 
 And by means of modern improvements in navigation,* 
 and arrangements respecting transatlantic postage, the 
 same things happen in regard to our adopted citizens, and 
 the^relatives they leave behind them in Europe. Loco- 
 motion has come to be reckoned not b)'- miles, but 
 by time ; and that is not now the half of what it was 
 twenty years ago. A postal convention with England 
 was ratified in London, Jan. 26, 1849, by which written 
 fied. correspondence is greatly facilitated. There have been 
 among our Irish citizens distinguished professional men ; 
 but generally, they labor, and are often the kind domes- 
 tics on whom our family comforts depend. These have 
 not the means of visiting their friends, but they send their 
 earnings to Ireland to bring them here ; and they gladly 
 come when sent for. When our minister to England, 
 Mr. Abbott Lawrence, visited the Irish in their own 
 island, that warm-hearted people received and treated 
 him as a father. It is computed, that, of money earned 
 
 * On the lltli of January, 1853 (since these last pages have 
 been in the liands of the printer), occurred at New York the suc- 
 cessful trial of the caloric ship Ericsson ; by which the fact is 
 established, that atmospheric air, operated on by a machinery 
 wrought with great skill, by which it is suddenly condensed and 
 then suddenly expanded by heat, is a motive power ; and it is hoped 
 by all, and confidently believed by Capt. Ericsson, its inventor, a 
 native Swede, that it will possess all the efficiency of steam, with- 
 out its danger and expense. If this should, after the trial of 
 ocean voyages, prove to be the case, its introduction will, like that 
 of steam, become a memorable epoch. 
 
lives. 
 
 THE PROVIDENCE OF GOD. 277 
 
 by the laboring Irish in America, jive millions have al- 1853. 
 ready been sent to Ireland to bring over their relations. Five miiiiona 
 
 sent by Irish 
 
 Next to Ireland, Germany has furnished to this country servants to 
 
 bring over 
 
 the greatest number of emigrants. Many of them are their reia- 
 persons of education, who come not empty-handed. They 
 also communicate with their friends in Germany, and 
 what they say will be believed, and whom they love will 
 be beloved. 
 
 Thus we see thai by the good Providence of God, 
 arrangements made chiefly in reference to business, 
 operate to increase man's home-bred happiness, enlarge 
 his private affections, and promote political concord 
 among states and nations. 
 
A. S. BARNES & COMPANY'S PUBLICATIONS. 
 Will ard's History of the United States. 
 
 WILLARD'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, 
 
 OK. ISEPUmLIC OF AMEKICA. 
 
 With a Chronological Table and a Series of Progressive Maps, designed 
 for High Schools and Academies, and also for Public and Private Li- 
 braries. In 1 vol., 8vo. Price $1 50. 
 
 WILLARD'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, 
 
 AKS&IUGEB FOR. SCH001.S. 
 
 This work has attained a popularity unequalled by any other School 
 History now before the public. 1 vol., 12mo. Price 65 cents. 
 
 This history, now brought down to July, 1851, has been before the public twenty- 
 three years. During that period the record of current historical events has been 
 made as they occurred, or while they were fresh in the writer's mind ; and at differ- 
 ent times added to the work, which has thus been kept up to present time. That 
 this history has been written with an unprejudiced, a conscientious, and, in the main, 
 a successful research for truth, is evident from the fact, that it is now used, and 
 quoted as authority, by the pulpit, the press, and the bar, — in legislative halls, and 
 courts of j ustice. 
 
 When cotemporary history circulates unchallenged, amidst the actors of the scenea 
 It narrates,— that is evidence of its veracity. When we go a step further, and pro- 
 duce the positive endorsement of some among those actors, of the most eminent 
 and best qualified to judge, and that given while yet the events are fresh in their 
 memories, our history, thus endorsed, may fearlessly claim to be settled upon a foun- 
 dation which the future can never shake. Such evidence we now produce. Our 
 first authority is Daniel Webstkr, than whom no man living better understands 
 the whole history of his country ; and it is thus written in a letter to the author, 
 dated from that Senate Chamber, whence his words went forth to the confines of 
 civilization, " I cannot better express my sense of the value of your history of the 
 United States, than by saying I keep it near me, as a book of reference, accurate in 
 facts and dates." The next presented, is the unimpeachable testimony of an eminent 
 patriot of New York, Mr. Dickenson, late of the United States Senate. He says, in 
 a letter to the author, " I have given your sheets an attentive perusal, and can find 
 no suggestion of error to communicate. Having been an actor in the scenes so 
 vividly sketched, I am cheerful to declare, that I find them truthful and complete." 
 
 Lafayette himself read and criticised my history of the Revolution ; and Henry 
 Clay, a name worthy to be mentioned in the same connection, has read and given 
 Bome corrections on parts of the history in which he was an actor ; and the shghtest 
 suggestions by either have been carried out by the author. 
 
 John Willard, of the Supreme Court of the State of New York, whose upright 
 and fearless decisions are known far beyond its limits, thus writes to the author: 
 *' So far as my recollection serves me, these chapters are in conformity with the first 
 great law of historic composition, truth. John McLean, whose least merit is, thai 
 he occupies one of the first judicial positions of the nation, writes what is sufficient 
 to affix to this portion of our history the stamp of reliability: "I have looked over 
 your sketches, forwarded for my perusal and examination, and I find no errors to 
 
 CORRECT." 
 
Willard's Series of School Histories and Charts. 
 
 W I LL ARD'S 
 AMERICAN CHRONOGRAPHER, 
 
 DESIGNED TO ACCOMPANY ^V^LLARD's HISTORY OF 
 THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 To measure time by space is universal among ciyilizeJ nations, 
 and as the hours, and minutes, and seconds of a clock measure the 
 time of a day, so do the centuries, tens, and single years of this 
 Ohronographer, measure the time of American History. A 
 general knowledge of chronology is as indispensable to history, as 
 a general knowledge of latitude and longitude is to geography. 
 But to learn single dates, apart from a general plan of chronology 
 addressed to the eye, is as useless as to learn latitudes and longi- 
 tudes without reference to a map. The eye is the only medium 
 of permanent impression. The essential point in a date, is to 
 know the relative place of an event, or how it stands in time com- 
 pared with other important events. The scholar in the school- 
 room, or the gentleman in his study, wants such a visible plan of 
 time for the study of history, the same as he wants the visible 
 plan of space, viz., a map for the study of geography, or of books 
 of travels. Such is the object of Willard^s Chronographer of 
 American History. 
 
 Extract from a Report of the Ward School Teachers* Association 
 of the City of New York. 
 
 The Committee on Books of the Ward School Association respectfully report : 
 
 That they have examined Mrs. Willard's History of the United States with 
 peculiar interest, and are free to say, that it is in their opinion decidedly the best 
 treatise on this interesting subject that they have seen. * * 
 
 As a school-book, its proper place is among the first. The language is remark- 
 able for simplicity, perspicuity, and neatness ; youth could not be trained to a 
 better taste for language than this is calculated to impart. The history is so 
 written as to lead to geographical examinations, and impresses by practice the 
 habit to read history with maps. It places at once, in the hands of American 
 youth, the history of their country from the day of its discovery to tne present 
 time, and exhibits a clear arrangement of all the great and good deeds of their 
 ancestors, of which they now enjoy the benefits, and inherit the renown. The 
 sti.iggles, sufferings, firmness, and piety of the first settlers are delineated with a 
 masterly hand. 
 
 The gradual enlargement of our dominions, and the developmemT>f our na- 
 tional energies, are tracei*; with a minute accuracy, which the general plan of the 
 work indicates. 
 
 The events and achievements of the Revolution and of the last war, are 
 brought out in a clear light, and the subsequent history of our national policy 
 and adTaaccment strikingly portrayed, without being disfigured bv that tmije 
 
 a9) 
 
Willard^s Series of ScJiooI Histories and Charts* 
 
 of party bias which is so difficult to be guarded against by historians of their owa 
 times. 
 
 The uetdils of the discovery of this continent by Columbus, and of the early 
 eettlements by the Spaniards, Portuguese, and other European nations, are all ol 
 essential interest to the student of American history, and will be found sufficiently 
 minute to render the history of the continent full and complete. The different 
 periods of time, together with the particular dates, are distinctly set forth with 
 statistical notes on the margin of each page,— and these zSord much information 
 without perusing the pages. 
 
 The maps are beautifully executed, with the locality of places where particular 
 events occurred, and the surrounding country particularly delineated. These 
 are admirably calculated to make lasting impressions on the mind. 
 
 The day has now arrived when every child should be acquainted with the his- 
 tory of his country ; and your Committee rejoice that a work so full and clear can 
 be placed within the reach of every one. 
 
 The student will learn, by reading a few pages, how much reason he has to be 
 proud of his country— of its institutions— of its founders— of its heroes and states- 
 men : and by such lessons are we not to hope that those who come after us wS 
 be instructed in their duties as citizens, and their obligations as patriots 1 
 
 Your Committee are anxious to see this work extensively used in all the schools 
 in the Umted States. 
 
 (Signed,) 
 
 SENECA DURAND, 
 
 EDWARD Mcelroy, 
 
 JOHN WALSH. 
 The Committee would respectfully offer the following resolution : 
 Resolved, That Mrs. Emma Willard's History of the United States be adopted 
 by this Association, and its introduction into our schools earnestly recom- 
 mended. 
 
 At a meeting of the Board of the Ward School Teacners' Association, January 
 SOth, 1847, the above Resolution was adopted.— (Copied from the Minutes.) 
 
 From the Boston Traveller. 
 
 We consider the work a remarkable one, in that it forms the best book for 
 general reading and reference published, and at the same time has no equal, in 
 our opinion, as a text-book. On this latter point, the profession which its author 
 has so long followed with such signal success, rendered her peculiarly a fitting 
 person to prepare a text-book. None but a practical teacher is capable of pre- 
 paring a good school-book ; and as woman has so much to do in forming our 
 early character, why should her influence cease at the fireside— why not en 
 courage her to exert her talents still, in preparing school and other books for 
 after years ? No hand can do it better. 
 
 The typography of this work is altogether in good taste. 
 
 From the Cincinnati Gazette. 
 Mis. Willard's School History of the United States.— It is one of those 
 rare things, a good school-book ; infinitely better than any of the United States 
 Histories fitted for schools, which we have at present. It is quite full enough, 
 and yet condensed with great care and skill. The style is clear and simple- 
 Mrs. Willard having avoided those immense Johnsonian words which Grimsnaw 
 and other writers for children love to put into their works, while, at the same 
 time there is nothing of the pap style about it. The arrangement is excellent 
 
 (20) 
 
Willard^s iSeries of School Histories and Charts. 
 
 the chapters of a good length ; every page is dated, and a marginal index makes 
 reference easy. But the best feature in the work is its series of maps ; we have 
 the country as it was when filled with Indians ; as granted to Gilbert ; as di 
 vided at the time the Pilgrims came over; as apportioned in 1643; the West 
 while in possession of France ; the Atlantic coast in 1733 ; in 1763 ; as in the 
 Revolution, with the position of the army at various points ; at the close of the 
 Revolutionary War; during the war of 1812-15; and in 1840 -. making eleven 
 most excellent maps, such as every school history should have. When we 
 think of the unintelligible, incomplete, badly written, badly arranged, worthless 
 work of Grimshaw v/hich has been so long used in our schools, we feel that 
 every scholar and teacher owes a debt of gratitude to Mrs. Willard. Mi:53 
 Robins has done for English History, what l^Irs. Willard has now done for 
 American, and we trust these two works will be followed by others of as high oi 
 higher character. We recommend I\Irs. Willard's work as better than any we 
 know of on the same subject ; not excepting Bancroft's abridgment. This work, 
 folLowed by the careful reading of Mr. Bancroft's full work, is all that would be 
 needed up to the point where Bancroft stops ; from that point, Pitkin and Mar- 
 shall imperfectly supply the place, which Bancroft and Sparks will soon fill. 
 
 From the United States Gazette. 
 
 Mrs. Willard is well known throughout the country as a lady of high attain 
 ments, who has distinguished herself as the Principal of Female Academies, that 
 have sent abroad some of the most accomplished females of the land. 
 
 The plan of the authoress is to divide the time into periods, of which the be- 
 ginning and the end are marked by some important event, and then care has 
 been taken to make plain the events of intermediate periods. The st>-le is clear, 
 and there appears no confusion in the narrative. In looking through the work, 
 we do not discover that the author has any early prejudices to gratify. The 
 book, therefore, so far as we have been able to judge, may be safely recom- 
 mended as one of great merit, and the maps cind marginal notes, and series oJ 
 questions, give additional value to the work. 
 
 From the Newhuri/port Watchman. 
 
 An Abridqed History of the United States : By Emma Willard.— Wo 
 think we are warranted in saying, that it is better adapted to meet the wants of 
 our schools and academies in which history is pursued, than any other work of 
 the kind now before the public. 
 
 The style is perspicuous and flomng, and tli*e prominent points of our history are 
 presented in such a manner as to make a deep and lasting impression on the mind. 
 
 We could conscientiously say much more in praise of this book, but must content 
 ourselves by heartily commending it to the attention of those who are aiixioua 
 to find a good text-book of American history for the use of schools. 
 
 From the Albany Evening Journal. 
 Wii lard's United States.— This work is well printed on strong white paper, 
 and is bound in a plain substantial manner— all-important requisites in a school- 
 book. The text is prepared with equal skill and judgment. The memory of the 
 youthful student is aided by a number of spirited illustrations— '^y no means un- 
 important auxiliaries— while to lighten the labors of the teacher, a series of ques- 
 tions is adapted to each chapter. Nor is its usefulness limited to the school-room 
 As a book of reference for editors, lawyers, politicians, and others, where dates and 
 facts connected with every important event in American History may be readily 
 foond, this lltUe book is truly valuable. 
 
 21 
 
Willard's Series of School Histories and Charts. 
 
 WILLARD'S 
 UNIVERSAL HISTORY IN PERSPECTIVE. 
 
 ILLUSTRATED WITH MAPS AND ENGRAVINGS. 
 
 THIS WORK IS ARRANGED IN THREE PARTS, VIZ : 
 
 ANCIENT, MIDDLE, AND MODERN HISTORY. 
 
 1. Ancient History is divided into six periods — comprising 
 events from the Creation, to the Birth of our Saviour. 
 
 2. Middle History, into five periods, — from the Christian Era, 
 to the Discovery of America. 
 
 3. Modern History, into nine periods, — from the Discovery of 
 America, to the present time. Each period marked by some im 
 portant event and illustrated by maps or engravings. 
 
 The following resolution was offered and adopted at a meeting of the Waid 
 School Teachers' Association of the City of New York, January 20th, 1847. 
 
 Resolved, That the Ward School Teachers' Association of New York con- 
 siders Willard's Universal History as a book essentially adapted to the higliei 
 classes of schools on account of its vivacity, lucidness, and intelligent mode o 
 arrangement, of dates and questions, and that such a work has long been want«d 
 and as such wUl endeavor to introduce it iato their respective schools, au. 
 warmly reconmiend it to public patronage. 
 
 Extract of a Letter from Mr. Elbridge Smith, late Principal of the English 
 High School of Worcester, 3Iass. 
 I have recently introduced " Willard's Universal History in Perspective," into 
 the school under my care. I am much pleased with it, and think it superior to 
 any other work of the kind. 
 
 (Signed,) 
 
 ELBRIDGE SMITH 
 Worcester^ June 5, 1847. 
 
 From Professor Charles B. Haddock of Dartmouth College, and School Commtssiener 
 
 of the State of New Hampshire. 
 
 I am acquainted with Mrs. Willard's Histories, and entertain a high opinion (A 
 them. They are happily executed, and worthy of the long experience and eiiM 
 nent character of their author. 
 
 (Signed,) 
 
 CHARLES B. HAIXDOCK. 
 Ihrtmouth College, Hanover, Dec. II, 1846 
 
iVillard^s Series of School Histories and Charts. 
 WILLARD'S 
 
 TEMPLE OF TIME, 
 
 DESIGNED TO ACCOMPANV WILLARd's UNIVERSAL HISTORY 
 
 This Temple exhibits at one view the whole scheme of Uni 
 Tersal Chronology, from the Creation to the present time. Each 
 pillar represents the century corresponding to the number at its 
 base. The pillars are in groups of tens, four groups before 
 Christ, and two after, the last thousand years being deficient by a 
 part of the nineteenth and the whole of the twentieth century. 
 As pillars in building are begun at the bottom, so the time of the 
 century represented by each pillar, is reckoned upwards. (See 
 pillar for the eighteenth century.) 
 
 The names on the pillars are of those sovereigns by which the 
 age is chiefly distinguished. The floor-v/ork shows what have 
 been the principal nations of the world, through the several cen- 
 turies, which may be known by tracing to the bases of the pil- 
 lars on each side. Of the principal nations of Europe, the 
 names of all the sovereigns now reigning, and of those who have 
 reigned since the discovery of America, are inserted ; but ante- 
 cedent to that period, only the names of the principal sovereigns 
 are set down. 
 
 The roof of the Temple contains, in five compartments, the names 
 of the most celebrated persons of the age to which they be- 
 longed. The Temple, in so far as the pillars and the roof are 
 concerned, might be called the Temple of Time and of Fame. 
 All the names inserted on those parts are of persons not now living. 
 Along the right margin of the floor-work and next the base of 
 the pillars, are set down some of the most important battles. On 
 the left corresponding margin, are placed the epochs of Willard's 
 Universal History. They are selected with care, as the best by 
 which to divide this great subject. This brings the Temple of 
 Time into closer connection with Willard's History than with an^i 
 other ; but it may accompany any system of Universal History ; 
 or it may be used to advantage by itself, with the aid of a Dio* 
 t> tary of Universal Biography. 
 
 33 
 
 H 148 82 1 
 
■g: 'Oi : 0:-:'0).-hO; 
 
 A. 8. T3ARNES A COMTANy's rriJLICATIONS. ^ 
 
 OUTLINES OF CHEMISTRY, 
 
 JTot U}t VLSt of Stuttfiits. 
 BY WILLIAM GREGORY, M. D., 
 
 PROFK930R or CIllCMISTRY IN THE rNlVKRSITT OF KDINBCROH. 
 
 Firit Amfricnn frqp th« Second London Edition. 
 
 Revised, corrected, and enlarged hy J. Milton Sanders, J\T. D., IjL. D., Profes' ' "" 
 Mor of Chemistry iti the Eclectic jMedicnl Institute, Cincinnati. O 
 
 "This i3, beyond comparison, tho bo«t introduction to Chcrni'try which hn«i o 
 vrt appf'iirctl. The directions for prrpnrin!,' snljstnncfs arti tisniiily contlnp«l to 
 i\iit hrsf inclhodp, po that brevi'y mwl pclpclnt'ss nrc conibini'd. The size iind ^O 
 pricp: (>(' this little work,,n8 well ns its intrinsic nicrifs, command it to evcrj 
 Btiulont of Chotnisfry." — T^omlon Lancet. "O 
 
 " Few works, purely elementary nnd tfchnical in their dfiicn, have been pco ^ 
 pared with a greater decree of attention to perspicuity and KL'tieral attraclive- 
 nesB of style and language."— Ga2««e. 
 
 
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 "The work of Dr. Gregory is adrailtffl by European reviews trt be the ablest 
 cxpofilion of the doctrines of Chemistry which has erer appeared."— iTc. Med. 
 .hinrnnl. 
 
 " It would be a preat dereliction of dnt? not to recommend this treatise to 
 our young medical friends." — Boston Mrd. Journal, 
 
 "Thi" i' a new manual of the ("cienre of f"honii'»try, written by an nbl'^ and 
 cehbr;it"il rbcinist, omittinc,' many uiiimi'urlant (l<t;iils. Dr. (.'n'C'ory lia* be- 
 stowed much attention to the 8im|»Ie eU-menls which form the hnsrs (>f most 
 chemicnl processes, and thus grounds the btudeut upon the orJKiiial priricijdes 
 of the science."— Ctn. Times. 
 
 "We look upon Prof. Panders' edition of Dr. Gregory's work n^ decidedly the 
 first work upon the science of Chemistry ; aird we would advi'^*' any jiersc-u who 
 wi-<liep a lliorouu'h knowledge of the schiice as it at pressenl exists, to i)rocure a 
 copy." — Kc. Med. Journal. 
 
 " I have the honor to acknowledcje your polite cift of a copy of your edition 
 of firetjory's Chemistry. I am glad that this excellent book is pjacrl within the 
 reach of American students, and I shall, with pleasure, commend it to my class. 
 
 Yours, 
 
 Loi'iBviLLE University, October 20. U. SILLIMAN, .Tr. 
 
 "Dr. Grecrory's well-known eminence as a lecturer in a celebrated Pcolcli 
 university, will' render an American edition of his lectures. thouLdi tinder the 
 name of outlines, a very acccptal)le present If) students in this country. We 
 can n-^sure them on our own responsibility, that this is a very iinpurlanf work, 
 which it is impossible they should read wilhont improving,' their chomirnl 
 kiiowltM!i,'e. The new theory of acids, ns placed in oppovilioii to that whieh ha« 
 lontj been received, is beautiful. The iuipomlerables the author considers as 
 belou'^int!: to the science of physic, and has given them only bo lar as connected 
 with chemistry. But organic chemistry, the advances of which are the Kh>ry of 
 the acre wc; live; in, and which promi-'es to lead us on to still more brilliant re- 
 sults, is triven with a minutenen'j of interesting detail, superior to that of Mn> 
 other elemenUiry volume. We think this a flue opportunity for students and 
 young men.''^ —Christian Intelliffencer. 
 
 
 
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 A. 8. BARNES A COMPANY S PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 NATIONAL SERIES 
 
 STANDARD SCHOOL BOOKS. 
 
 -pk,-^< 
 
 R. G, PARKER'S SCHOOL READERS. 
 Parker's First— Second— Third— Fourth, and Rhetorical Render. 
 
 ORTHOGRAPHY AND GRAMMAR. 
 ^il^.r Wri'4ht'8 Spolline Bonk.— Wri(,'lit's Annlylicnl Orlhoernpliy.— Mnrtin's Orthoe- 
 
 pist.— N()rHi(>n<i"fl IJiclntiop I'.xcrci 
 (^raminar and ttymologicnl Chart 
 
 Clark'a Analysis.— Clark's English 
 
 ELOCUTIONARY WORKS. 
 1. Northend's Little Pprnk'T.— 2. American Spoakt-r.— 3. School Dialognea.- 
 4. Zuchos' New American Speaker. • 
 
 ^^i 
 
 WILLARDS HISTORIES AND CHARTS. 
 9'^ HiPtnry of tlio United States (Inrcn and pmall.)— Universal Uistnry.— Historic 
 ;li(Sj Guide. — Ancient, English, and American Chronographers. — Temple of Time. 
 
 DAVIES' SYSTEM OP MATHEMATICS. 
 C!([^> Tablp-Rook— FirHt Lc'sons in Ariliimr. tic— School Arithmetic— Unirerpity 
 ""''' Arithmetic. — Elementary Al[,'ebra.— Elnnu-ntary <;coinetrv.— Prnctlcnl Math- 
 ematics.— Bourdon's AlKel>rH.— I,ei:enilie'e • Jeoinetry.— Surveying. — Analyti- 
 cal Geometry.— Calculus.— Descriplire Geometry.- Shades, Shadows, etc. 
 
 PACKER'S SCHOOL PHILOSOPHIES. 
 1. Juvenile Pliiltr-wphy. — 2. First l-pssona. — 3. School Compendium. 
 
 ELEMENTARY SCIENCES. 
 
 Chambers' Tren'ury nf Knowledge.— Clark's Prawing.— Rrld h Bain's Chemis- 
 
 i^lry.— (Inniilton's Physiolosy.— Chain tiers' Zoology. — Paire's (.'cology — Mcln- 
 
 tire (»n the (Jlolms. — Bartlett's Mechanics, Optics, and Astronomy. — GUlespie 
 
 on Road-making.— Gregory's Chemistry. 
 
 
 PENMANSHIP AND BOOKKEEPING. 
 Fulton &. Eastman's .System, with the Chirographic Charts. 
 
 MUSIC FOR SCHOOLS. 
 Kinesley's Juvenile Choir.— Kintj^ley's Vonng Ladies' Harp. — Sherwood's 
 > School Soug and Hymn Book.— Sabbath School Gems. — The Oriole. 
 
 ; BROOKS' CLASSICS. 
 
 ' • Latin Lessons.- Greek Lessons.— Collectanea Erangellca.— Oy-Jd. 
 
 ■; ;',^, BOOKS OF REFERENCE FOR TEACHERS. 
 
 <oX;rO)^ Page's Theory and Practice of Tearliii)t,'.-Man«neld on American Education. — 
 
 ^l^i^23 De Tocqueville's American liistiiutinns.— llHrnard on School Architecture.— 
 
 ®ic?Jj>t Davies' Logic and Utility of Mathematics-- Walls on the Improvement of the 
 
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