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THE LAND OF SUNSHINE 
 
 A Handbook of the Resources, Products, 
 Industries and Climate of New Mexico. 
 
 .l«>; 
 
 m> 
 
 '^ 
 
 Published under and by Authority of the 
 NEW MEXICO BOARD OF MANAGERS OF 
 THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 
 
 Compiled and Edited by 
 MAX. FROST and PAUL A. F. WALTER. 
 
 SANTA FE, N. M. 
 
 New Mexican Printing Company 
 
 1 904. 
 
MIGUEL A. OTERO, GOVERNOR OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. VH 
 
 Pursuant to the authority contained in the act, Governor 
 Miguel A. Otero, on May 12, 1903, named the following as 
 members of said board : Charles A. Spiess and Eusebio 
 Chacon, of Las Vegas; Fayette A. Jones, of Albuquerque; 
 Arthur Seligman, of Santa Fe: Carl A. Dalies, of Belen, 
 Herbert J. Hagerman, of Roswell, and W. B. Walton, of Silver 
 City. The organization of the board was perfected by the 
 selection of these officers : Charles A. Spiess, president; 
 W. B. Walton, secretary; Arthur Seligman, treasurer. 
 
 The board succeeded in collecting an exhibit and making a 
 display in which the members take much pride, feeling that 
 they can safely rest the verdict as to whether or not they have 
 succeeded in their efforts to the judgment of the people whom 
 they represent. Credit is due to M. W. Porterfield, manager 
 for the board, who has had personal supervision of the worK of 
 collecting, preparing and installing the exhibits and who is 
 also in charge of the same. 
 
 NEW MEXICO'S BUILDING. 
 
 New Mexico's building at the World's Fair is one of the 
 most attractive on the Plateau of States, and yet its cost was 
 necessarily moderate, all the expenses in connection there- 
 with being considerably less than $10,000. The Mission style 
 of architecture, characteristic of the country, was adopted, 
 and the effect, as seen in the completed building, is most 
 pleasing. The building is of white staff, one- story and a half 
 in height, surrounded by large, roomy verandas, in which are 
 hung, amid palms and ferns, inviting swinging seats, made 
 after the Mission pattern. It presents a front of seventy feet 
 on the main boulevard and has a depth of fifty feet. In the 
 building are many valuable and interesting historical objects, 
 owned by residents of the Territory, and kindly loaned by 
 them for exhibition. Among these is the coat worn by Agui- 
 naldo when he was captured : the filigree silver and jewel table 
 belonging to the Woman's Board of Trade and Library Asso. 
 ciation of Santa Fe, and several other articles, rare and 
 ancient, such as the "Maria Josefa," the oldest bell in 
 America. The bell w^as cast in 1355, presumably in Spain, and 
 in the 16th century, according to tradition, was brought to 
 the present site of Algodones by a Catholic priest. 
 
MRS. MIGUEL A. OTERO. 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. IX 
 
 The pictorial display which adorns the walls and is con- 
 tained in albums for the information of visitors is very- 
 complete and handsome. The display was prepared under 
 the supervision of Mrs. William Curtis Bailey, of Las Vegas, 
 manager of the Woman's Auxihary Board, and illustrates 
 every industry of the Territory, the scenery, the people, the 
 homes, the conditions and every phase of New Mexico's life. 
 
 EDUCATIONAL EXHIBIT. 
 
 The educational exhibit may truly be said to be an "eye- 
 opener" to people of the east, whose hazy ideas about the 
 west," as one writer has aptly put it, receive a strong and 
 wholesome readjustment when they see the actual results of 
 the splendid school work and the photographs of the grand 
 and stately school buildings, which demonstrate that New 
 Mexico in proportion to its population is in no way behind the 
 older states in its public school system and far ahead of many 
 in other educational institutions. The Cohege of Agriculture 
 and Mechanic Arts, the New Mexico Normal School, the New 
 Mexico Normal University, the University of New Mexico, 
 the New Mexico Military Institute, the New Mexico School 
 of Mines, and a number of denominational schools of a high 
 order all have exhibits which excite the wonder and admira- 
 tion of eastern educators. 
 
 The public schools of Las Vegas, Albuquerque, Santa Pe, 
 Raton, Roswell, Carlsbad, Silver City, Gallup, Deming, Las 
 Cruces, White Oaks, Alamogordo and other towns and cities 
 are all represented by excellent displays in cutting and fold- 
 ing, rafia, mathematical and English work, geographical work, 
 etc., which show the facilities for instruction in the New 
 Mexico public schools to be of the best. 
 
 MINERAL EXHIBIT. 
 
 New Mexico is justly proud of its mineral exhibit. It is 
 undoubtedly the most comprehensive collection that has ever 
 been gathered in the Territory, showing, as it does, the 
 products of a vastly greater number of mines than it was 
 possible to display eleven years ago when an exhibit was 
 made at Chicago, and it also includes a far greater variety of 
 minerals. A competent authority has characterized the 
 exhibit as containing "parhaps the greatest variety of min- 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. XI 
 
 erals and mineral products shown by any state or country at 
 the Exposition." Certainly a significant statement and one 
 that calls for the consideration of mining investors the world 
 over. Here are exhibited, side by side, ores containing 
 precious metals, and coal, both anthracite and bituminous, 
 for furnishing power to treat the ores, a combination which 
 must appeal to every one interested. A four ton block of 
 coal, the property of the New Mexico Fuel & Iron Company, 
 and obtained from the Hagan coal fields, is on exhibition and 
 is the largest specimen of its kind on the ground, with the 
 single exception of one from Pennsylvania. Iron, zinc, lead, 
 copper, silver and gold in ah the various combinations and 
 mineralogical forms, besides sulphur, mineral paints, mica, 
 asbestos, gypsum, salt, marble, onyx, building stone and 
 precious stones, aU come in for their share of attention. Huge 
 cubes of sulphur from the Jemez Sulphur Hot Springs, 
 beautifully tinted specimens of copper ore, a sheet of native 
 copper, the largest in the world, from the Santa Rita copper 
 mines, mineral paints of all kinds, gypsum from the great 
 natural curiosity, the "White Sands," in eastern New Mexico, 
 salt from the extensive salt lakes near the central part of the 
 Territory, marble from the Gila river, and so on in endless 
 variety, could be recounted the various unique and interest- 
 ing specimens that old Mother Earth has yielded to the 
 indefatigable prospector and miner. Magnificent specimens 
 of gold ore from Pinos Altos, Cooney and White Oaks excite 
 the admiration or cupidity of many, while silver ores obtained 
 from various parts of the Territory, interest and attract 
 others. There are three fine private collections in this exhibit 
 embracing almost every known mineral. They are the 
 Laidlaw economic-scientific collection, the Abraham collection 
 and the Hihsboro collection. A considerable portion of the 
 exhibit was prepared and contributed by the New Mexico 
 school of Mines located at Socorro. Last but not least is the 
 turquoise exhibit, the only one at the Exposition. There are 
 three displays of turquoise, one in the Palace of Mining and 
 Metallurgy, another in the Varied Industries building, and 
 still another in the gulch or outside mines exhibit, where a 
 turquoise mine has been reproduced. 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. XIH 
 
 HORTICULTURAL AND AGRICULTURAL. 
 
 The products here shown are for the purpose of proving to 
 the world, what, under adverse conditions and without 
 government aid, has been accomphshed by irrigation within 
 the last decade. The superior products of farm, orchard and 
 field are a revelation to visitors from all lands, and have 
 demonstrated that the very best results and most perfect 
 development in fruit and farm products are obtained by 
 irrigation and sunny skies. The fruits, grain and vegetables 
 in New Mexico's exiiibit have few equals and no superiors. 
 The agricultural products are varied and extensive, Indian 
 corn, Kaffir corn, broom corn, Milo maize, wheat, oats, rye, 
 barley, sugar cane and alfalfa. In the vegetable line, potatoes, 
 beans, turnips, pumpkins, squash, onions, peas, melons, and 
 in fact every variety and of fine quality are shown. These 
 products have reached the highest perfection, being grown 
 by irrigation in constant sunshine and receiving the moisture 
 at exactly the time needed. 
 
 ETHNOLOGICAL EXHIBIT. 
 
 The Terrrtory's ethnological exhibit fills an entire room in 
 the Anthropological building, thirty-two by forty-five feet. 
 From an artistic point of view it cannot fail to interest all who 
 delight in the beautiful, and that it is superior from a 
 scientific standpoint is proved by the great attention it has 
 attracted among scientists from all parts of the world who 
 are qualified to judge, and who pronounce it by far the best 
 collection of its kind at the Exposition and one of the best ever 
 gathered. The Harvey collection is included in the display 
 and is easily a "blue-ribboner."" 
 
 Other collections in the exhibit are the Spiegelberg and 
 Seligman displays, the former consisting of blankets, baskets, 
 plaques and pottery, and the latter of blankets alone, and said 
 to be one if not the finest collection of this character in the 
 world. 
 
 I. H. & W. M. Rapp, of Las Vegas, New Mexico, were the 
 architects of the New Mexico building for the Louisiana 
 Purchase Exposition. 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. XV 
 
 WOMAN'S AUXILIARY COMMITTEE. 
 
 Valuable aid was given the board in its work by the 
 Woman's Auxiliary Committee, of which Mrs. Otero, wife of 
 Governor Miguel A. Otero, is the president. Mrs. Otero 
 labored assiduously with the other members to make the New 
 Mexico display typical, creditable and beautiful. The mem- 
 bers of the Auxihary Committee are: 
 
 Mrs. Miguel A. Otero, President, Santa Fe; Bernalillo 
 county, Mrs. Louis Ilfeld, Albuquerque; Chaves county, Mi's. 
 G. T. Veal, Roswell; Colfax county, Mrs. J. Van Houten, 
 Raton; Doiia Ana county, Mrs. A. M. Brannigan, Las Cruces; 
 Eddy count}", Mrs. J.O.Cameron, Carlsbad; Grant county, 
 Miss Isabel Lancaster Eckles, Silver City; Leonard Wood 
 county, Mrs. Florence Morse, Santa Rosa; Lincoln county, 
 Mrs. G. W. Prichard, White Oaks; Luna county, Mrs. Walter 
 H. Guiney, Deming; McKinley county, Mrs. Gregory Page, 
 Grallup; Mora county, Miss Louise A. Walton, Mora; Otero 
 county, Mrs. L. D. Koger, Alamogordo; Quay county, Mrs. 
 Alexander Goldenberg, Tucumcari; Rio Arriba county. Miss 
 Margaret Burns, Park View; Roosevelt county, Mrs. W. O. 
 Oldham, Portales; Santa Fe county. Miss Clara H. Olsen, 
 Santa Fe; Sandoval county, Mrs. E. L. Mealer, Albuquerque; 
 San Juan county, Mrs. M. M. Page, Aztec; San Miguel 
 county, Mrs. Wilham Curtis Bailey, Las Vegas; Sierra 
 county, Mrs. Lizzie Hall, Hillsboro; Socorro county, Mrs. H. 
 M. Dougherty, Socorro; Taos county, Mrs. Antonio Joseph, 
 Ojo Caliente; Union county, Mrs. J. C. Martinez, Folsom; 
 Valencia county, Mrs. Solomon Luna, Los Lunas. 
 
 SUPERINTENDENTS OF EXHIBITS. 
 
 The superintendents of the New Mexico exhibits at St. 
 Louis are: M. W. Porterfield, of Silver City, general super- 
 intendent. 
 
 Professor A. R. Riddell, superintendent of the mining ex- 
 hibit. 
 
 J. A. Graham, superintendent of the agricultural and hor- 
 ticultural exhibit. 
 
 Professor Hugh A. Owen, superintendent of the educa- 
 tional exhibit. 
 
The Board of Managers is under obligations to Colonel 
 Max. Frost, Secretary of the Territorial Bureau of Immi- 
 gration, and Paul A. F. Walter, both of Santa Fe, who com- 
 piled and wrote the accompanying hand-book, as well as 
 collected the photographs for its illustrations. 
 
CHAPTER I. 
 
 A LAND OF OPPORTUNITIES. 
 
 nEW MEXICO is a land of opportunities. The major part 
 of its resources is still latent, the bulk of its natural 
 wealth is as yet undeveloped. There are hardly two 
 inhabitants to each square mile: only one acre out of 
 every 300 is under cultivation; few of its mining districts have 
 been carefully prospected and as to actual development work, 
 comparatively little has been done; manufacturing industries 
 are in their infancy and scarcely a beginning has been made 
 in utilizing the natural water power or the immense stores of 
 fuel that destine the Territory for a manufacturing common- 
 wealth. 
 
 For the Capitalist. 
 
 The capitalist is wanted, for capital is needed to develop its 
 resources. Good returns upon carefully invested capital are 
 certain in a greater measure than in any other part of the 
 Cnion. 
 
 For the Manufacturer, 
 
 Manufacturers are wanted to make use of the raw material 
 that New Mexico contains in such large quantities or is capable 
 of producing. New Mexico has 6,000,000 sheep of improved 
 grades, therefore it can furnish the raw material for many 
 woolen mills; it has 1,000,000 cattle and 250,000 goats; canaigre 
 is a native plant; therefore it produces the raw material for 
 scores of tanneries, shoe and glove factories and allied indus- 
 tries; it raises the best sugar beets in the world and hence 
 offers special inducements to beet sugar mills; in other lines, 
 it not only can furnish the raw material, but also the power, 
 the fuel, the markets, the laborers, many special inducements 
 such as exemption from taxation for a period of years in cer- 
 tain industries, good and cheap or free building sites, railroad 
 facihties, freedom from oppressive competition and many 
 other incidentals of a growing commonwealth of unlimited 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 3 
 
 1 esources and proximity to the markets of Mexico and the 
 Orient. 
 
 For the Husbandman. 
 
 Farmers are wanted to till the soil under the most favorable 
 conditions and with home markets that pay better prices than 
 any eastern market. Only a quarter of a million of acres are 
 under cultivation; four times that area is immediately avail- 
 able for agricultural purposes. Not one-half of the flowing- 
 waters are utilized and not one fiftieth of the flood waters are 
 stored. New Mexico raises the finest fruit in the world and 
 every other crop that can be produced anjnvhere in the tem- 
 perate zone. Yet, it imjjorts annually millions of dollars worth 
 of flour, alfalfa, hay, potatoes, garden produce, poultry, eggs, 
 butter and other products that it can and should raise at home. 
 Free lands, an ideal climate, irrigation, churches, schools, rail- 
 road facilities, home markets, good prices and extensive range, 
 are all factors which help to make the life of the farmer and 
 stock grower in New Mexico pleasant and prosperous. 
 
 For the Miner. 
 
 Miners are needed. New Mexico lies in the same mineral 
 zone as Colorado with the difference that Colorado has been 
 well prospected and the opportunities and chances for discov. 
 ering bonanzas are very limited, while in New Mexico, there 
 has been very little systematic prospecting and the mining 
 field is open to ever}" newcomer. 
 
 For the Health Seeker. 
 
 Health seekers are invited. New Mexico does not intend to 
 shut the door upon them. Eastern phj'sicians recognize that 
 its climate offers the best conditions under which those suffer- 
 ing from lung, throat and nervous troubles can effect a cure. 
 Colorado climate is good, California climate is good, Arizona 
 climate is better, but New Mexico climate is best of all. This 
 is no longer a theory, but an acknowledged fact. The United 
 States government has recognized the superiority of New 
 Mexico in this respect b}" establishing in the Territory a 
 Marine Hospital for consumptives at Fort Stanton and an 
 Army and Navy HosjMtal for consumptives at Fort Bayard, and 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 5 
 
 the story of the cures that have been achieved, is now a part 
 of official records. Ample accommodations are offered by tent 
 cities, hotels, sanitaria and homes in the larger towns as well 
 as the smaller settlements and at the various hot springs, 
 which latter are gaining renown for their potent medicinal 
 virtues. 
 
 For the Tourist. 
 
 Tourists are welcomed. New Mexico has superb mountain 
 scenery, quiet and ^picturesque valleys, unparalleled historic 
 and prehistoric attractions. It is the land of the Cliff Dwellers ; 
 of the Pueblo Indians; of the Indian dances; of the Conquista- 
 dores; of towns and buildings older than the oldest historic 
 monuments of any other part of the United States; of scenery 
 grand and unique; and to the sportsman it offers good hunting 
 and excellent fishing. 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 STATISTICS. 
 
 wwwm mHAT has been accomplished hereby the comparative 
 # M I few, with the employment of limited capital and 
 ^j^^l by a mere touch of development, is demonstrated 
 ^F^^^ by the following figures which have been carefully 
 compiled from official statistics: 
 Area: 122,469 square miles. 
 
 Population. 
 
 Estimated population, 284,000, in 1904; by the census of 1900, 
 195,310; 1890, 153,503; 1880, 119,565; 1870, 91,874: 1860, 87,034; 
 including Arizona and southern Colorado, 1850, 61,547, Of 
 the present population, 144,000 came from the states or are 
 children of parents from the states; 127,000 are of native Span- 
 ish or Mexican descent; 13,000 are Indians. Of the 66,396 
 wage-earners in the census year of 1900, 40 per cent or 27,215 
 were engaged in agricultural pursuits; 19,478 in domestic 
 service; 10,378 in manufacturing, mining and as mechanics; 
 7,208 in trade, and 2,118 in the professions or in government 
 service. 
 
 An estimate of the population of New Mexico from registra- 
 tion and school census returns: Males of voting age, 69,000; 
 females of the same age, 68,030; persons of school age, 68,000; 
 foreigners not citizens, 5,000; Indians, 13,000; children under 
 the age of five, 61,000; total, 284,000. 
 
 Farms and Farm Products. 
 
 Number of farms, 1890, 4,458; in 1900, 11,834. Acres in 
 farms in 1890, 787,882; in 1900, 5,130,878. Value of farms in 
 1890, $33,543,141, in 1900, $53,737,824. Value of farm lands, 
 1890, $8,140,800; 1900, $20,888,824. Value of farm implements, 
 1890, $291,140; 1900, $1,151,610. Value of live stock, 1890, 
 $25,111,201; 1900, $31,727,400. Value of farm products, 1890, 
 $2,000,000; 1900, $10,000,000. Acres in alfalfa, 1890, 12,139; 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 9 
 
 1900, 55,467. Acres under cultivation, 1890, 91,745; 1900, 
 203,083. Butter, 1890, 105,000 pounds; 1900, 381,000 pounds. 
 Eggs, 1890, 280,000 dozen; 1900, 840,000 dozen. Hay, 1900, 
 $1,427,317. Cereals,\1900, $978,903. Vegetables, 1900, $278,- 
 413. Orchards, 190c\ $197,331. Other products, 1900, $374,537. 
 Acres under irrigation, 1900, 326,873. Improved farms, 1900, 
 12,411. Farms under irrigation, 1900, 9,128. Value of irrigated 
 farms, 1900, $13,551,582. Value of non-irrigated farms, 1900, 
 $3,773,177. 
 
 The above statistics do not take into consideration the lands 
 cultivated by the Indians, the Pueblos being farmers and 
 great producers of crops; nor of crops raised on farms of less 
 than three acres, of which there are many. 
 
 Climate. 
 
 The United States weather bureau at Santa Fe, which covers 
 the entire Territory, reports for 1903, 29 cloudy days out of 
 365; 80 per cent of sunshine; a maximum velocity of the wind 
 of 46 miles an hour, and an average velocity of 6.8 miles an 
 hour; an annual mean temperature of 48.7 per cent; a maxi- 
 mum temperature of 89 degrees; a minimum temperature of 
 4 degrees; a precipitation of 9.79 inches, a maximum monthly 
 precipitation of 2.49 inches, a minimum monthly precipitation 
 of 0.02 of an inch. 
 
 Lands. 
 
 Subject to entry under the federal land laws June 30, 1903, 
 52,000,000 acres. Included in the three forest reserves, 5,125,- 
 000 acres; in land grants approved by congress or the courts 
 9,963,200 acres; by the court of private land claims, 1,934,986 
 acres. The land grants approved by congress include 549,065 
 acres belonging to the Indians. Public lands entered from 
 June 30, 1900, to June 30, 1903, 2,179,738 acres. By years: 
 From June 30, 1900, to June 30, 1901, 655,739 acres; June 30, 
 
 1901, to June 30, 1902, 441,871 acres; June 30, 1902, to June 30, 
 1908, 1,082,128 acres. Of the above areas the following were 
 entered under the homestead laws from June 30, 1900, to June 
 30, 1903, 1,120,477 acres. By years: From June 30, 1900, to 
 June 30, 1901, 265,524 acres; from June 30, 1901, to June 30 
 
^4te 
 
 BERNALILLO COUNTY COURT HOUSE 
 AT ALBUQUERQUE. 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. H 
 
 1902, 396,757 acres; from June 30, 1902, to June 30, 1903, 
 468,196 acres. 
 
 Desert land entries, June 30, 1900, to June 30, 1903, 129,395 
 acres. By years: From June 30, 1900, to June 30, 1901, 8,472 
 acres; from June 30, 1901, to June 30, 1902, 46,596, acres, 
 from June 30, 1902, to June 30, 1903, 74,565 acres. 
 
 Mineral Production. 
 
 From 1860 to 1900 there were produced §17,600,000 worth 
 of gold. In 1903, New Mexico produced: Gold, $384,685; sil- 
 ver, 1148,659; copper, $860,737; lead, $94,936; a total of 
 $1,489,016. This does not include the production by individual 
 placer miners or by prospectors not mining in a systematic 
 manner. In addition there were produced large quantities of 
 coal, iron, turquoise, gypsum, building material, and a num- 
 ber of useful minerals and precious stones. 
 
 The Colorado Fuel and Iron Company during the fiscal year 
 hauled 138,151 long tons of iron ore out of Grant county. The 
 director of the mint gives the gold production of New Mexico 
 for 1903 at $531,000, and of silver at $586,000. 
 
 Coal. 
 
 Area of prospected coal lands, 1,493,480 acres; amount of 
 coal in sight, 8,813,840,000 tons valued at $10,000,000,000. Coal 
 produced from June 30, 1900, to June 30, 1903, 3,710,000 tons, 
 valued at $5,011,281. Coke produced during the same period, 
 94,697 tons, valued at $252,642. There were twenty-eight coal 
 mines worked during the past year; three new mines were 
 opened, one resumed, and two were abandoned. Coal produced 
 from June 30, 1900, to June 30, 1901, 1,217,230 tons, valued at 
 $1,605,174; from June 30, 1901, to June 30, 1902, 1,322,944 tons, 
 $1,609,848; from June 30, 1902, to June 30, 1903, 1,359,530 tons, 
 valued at $1,795,208. Coke as follows: From June 30, 1900, 
 to June 30, 1901, 42,732 tons, valued at $117,516; from June 30, 
 1901 to June 30, 1902, 25,012 tons, valued at $58,207; from June 
 30, 1902, to June 30, 1903, 26,353 tons, valued at $76,919. Men 
 employed in the coal mines June 30, 1901, 1,870; June 30, 1902, 
 1,682; June 30, 1903, 2,341. 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 13 
 
 Railroads. 
 
 There were 1,679 miles of railroad on June 30, 1900; 1,9<'^1 
 miles on June 30, 1901; 2,263 miles on June 30, 1902; 2,520 
 miles on June 30, 1903, a total increase in three years of 841 
 miles. 
 
 Stock. 
 
 According to the best estimates, there are here 1,123,000 
 head of cattle; 5,674,000 sheep, 250,000 goats, 97,500 horses. 
 The wool crop in 1903 was 22,000,000 pounds. During the last 
 fiscal year there were shipped out of the territory 184,602 cat- 
 tle, 5,562 horses and 422,252 sheep. 
 
 Internal Revenue. 
 
 From June 30, 1900, to June 30, 1903, New Mexico paid 
 $130,375 in internal revenue. For the year ending June 30, 
 1903, §33,918; for the year ending June 30, 1902, §37,847; for 
 the year ending June 30, 1901, $58,607. 
 
 Incorporations. 
 
 In the past three fiscal years 553 companies filed incorpora- 
 tion papers, with a capitalization of $309,711,966 with the Ter- 
 ritorial Secretary. In the fiscal year ending June 30, 1901, 
 149 companies incorporated with a capital stock of $89,735,925; 
 in the fiscal year ending June 30, 1902, 204 companies incor- 
 porated, with a capitalization of $119,446,500; in the year end- 
 ing June 30, 1903, 200 companies incorporated, with a capitali- 
 zation of $100,529,541. Incorporation fees paid to the Territo- 
 rial Treasurer were as follows: Fiscal year 1900, $5,772.25; 
 1901, $7,640.75; 1902, $10,706: 1903, $13,628.50, a total of 
 $37,747.50. 
 
 Assessment. 
 
 In 1900, property real and personal, subject to taxation, was 
 $36,364,761; in 1901 the assessment was $36,977,047; in 1902, 
 $38,633,993; in 1903 it had risen to $41,832,566, including ex- 
 emptions amounting to $2,235,615, leaving an assessment sub- 
 ject to taxation of $39,596,951. Property in New Mexico is 
 assessed at an average of only 30 per cent of its real value. 
 
**«* i.* '^t 
 
 :JJ 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 15 
 
 Indebtedness. 
 
 On June oO, 1901, the indebtedness of the Territory was 
 $1,180,800; on June 30, 1902, it was $1,123,300 and the sinking 
 fund $89,246; on June 30, 1903, the indebtedness was $1,098,- 
 000 and the sinking fund $234,590. This shows a reduction of 
 $270,090 in three years. On June 30, 1904, the bonded indebt- 
 edness was $1,062,900, and the sinking funds amounted to 
 $208-, 165. 
 
 Taxes Collected. 
 
 Revenue of the Territory the past three years was $1,545,- 
 241; of which $1,127,689 came from direct taxation; $419,622 
 collected during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1903; $332,328 
 collected during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1902, and 
 $375,738 for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1901. From other 
 sources Territorial revenue was derived to the amount of 
 $407,542, $142,758 being received during the fiscal year ending 
 June 30, 1901 ; $118,005 during the year ending June 30, 1902, 
 and $156,788 during the year ending June 30, 1903. 
 
 Federal appropriations for disbursement in New Mexico 
 during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1903, $423,070. 
 
 Territorial tax rate, 1900, 14.05 mills; 1901, 14.28 mills; 1902, 
 13.09 mills; 1903, 15.51 mills; 1904, 14 mihs. 
 
 Insurance Companies. 
 
 During the past three fiscal years insurance companies 
 authorized to do business in New Mexico collected in pre- 
 miums $1,998,444 and paid out for losses, $672,415. Life in- 
 surance companies wrote in the three years, policies amount- 
 ing to $6,552,669; fire insurance companies $39,233,614; and 
 miscellaneous insurance companies, $5,246,885; a total of 
 $51,033,168. During the fiscal year ending June 30, 1903, 
 there were written in New Mexico life insurance policies 
 amounting to $3,095,854, fire insurance policies to the amount 
 of $15,549,968, miscellaneous policies to the amount of $2,916,- 
 414, and premiums collected to the amount of $766,389; while 
 in the year previous $655,015 were collected in premiums, and 
 the year previous to that $577,039; losses paid during the past 
 fiscal year, $251,342; the year previous, $234,236, and the year 
 previous to that $186,836. 
 
THE LAND OP SUNSHINE. 17 
 
 Public Buildings and Grounds. 
 
 The Territory maintains fifteen Territorial institutions, the 
 value of their buildings and grounds is §2,000,000, without the 
 grants of public lands made to them by congress. In addi- 
 tion, the Territory grants subsidies to seven hospitals and an 
 orphan asylum maintained by religious and charitable organi- 
 zations. The value of the public school property of the Terri- 
 tory is $690,697, not counting the school sections in each 
 township. The value of the public property of counties and 
 towns, not counting grants to towns like Santa Fe, Las Vegas, 
 Albuquerque, Socorro, etc., is $495,000, making a total value 
 of public property, not including lands, of $3,185,697. 
 
 Educational. 
 
 School population: 1903, 68,152; 1902, 62,864; 1901, 53,008. 
 The school population includes all persons between the ages 
 of five and twenty-one years, and the census is taken an- 
 nually. 
 
 EnroHment in the public schools: 1903, 37,646; 1902, 35,327. 
 1901, 31,510; 1900, 21,761. 
 
 Average daily attendance: 1903, 24,856; 1902, 22,573; 1901, 
 19,451. 
 
 Pubhc schools: 1903, 665; 1902, 603; 1901, 599. 
 
 Teachers: 1903, 757; 1902, 712; 1901, 671. 
 
 Expenditures: 1903, $287,545; 1902, $324,784; 1901, $202,882. 
 
 Receipts from all sources: 1903, $454,342; 1902, $424,365. 
 
 Average school term four months; average salary paid 
 teachers, 156 a month; total value of all school property, $2,- 
 071,702; enrollment of pupils in all of the schools, 42,925; an- 
 nual expenditures for all of the schools, $722,048; total expen- 
 ditures for the public schools the past three years, $815,212. 
 
 Churches. 
 
 The Roman Catholic Church in New Mexico has one arch, 
 bishop, one bishop, one vicar general, forty-six priests, and 
 forty-three secular priests. It has forty-two churches with 
 resident priests, 325 mission churches, six academies for 
 young girls, one college, eight parochical schools, two board- 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 19 
 
 ing schools for Indians, with 300 pupils, two day schools for 
 Indians, with "200 pupils; two academies for boys. 
 
 Presbyterian, forty-seven congregations, thirt}" preaching 
 stations, 2,225 members; 1,936 Sunday school members; value 
 of school property, $86,500; twenty-four mission schools 
 taught by forty-five teachers, and an enrollment of 1,750 
 pupils. 
 
 The Protestant Episcopal Church has i^arishes in all of the 
 larger towns and is doing energetic missionary work. New 
 Mexico and Arizona form a missionary diocese, with episco- 
 pal headquarters at Phoenix, Arizona. 
 
 Methodist Episcopal, seventeen English speaking congrega- 
 tions, a number of Spanish speaking congregations and sev- 
 eral mission schools. 
 
 Baptist Churches thirty-six, of which four became self sup- 
 porting during the past j^ear, one college, and a number of 
 mission schools. 
 
 Lutheran Churches three. 
 
 Mormons, two churches, with 277 souls. A few scattered 
 members in addition at Bloomfield. 
 
 The Congregational, five churches, 302 members, six mis- 
 sion schools, 500 pupils. 
 
 The Christian and other Protestant denominations have 
 about twenty congregations in the Territory. 
 
 The Hebrew^s have synagogues at Las Vegas and Albuquer- 
 que, and have church organizations in three or four of the 
 larger cities. The number of Hebrews in the Territory is 695. 
 
 Newspapers. 
 
 There are seventy-five newspapers published in New Mex- 
 ico, six of them daily, sixty-four weekly, and five monthly. 
 Five of the daily papers have a complete Associated Press 
 service. 
 
 New Towns. 
 
 The many new^ towns that have been founded, since the 
 coming of railroads to New Mexico and their steady growth, 
 are proof that the Territory is not standing still. Within the 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINK. 21 
 
 last five years, cities and towns like Alamogordo, Portales, 
 Tucumcari, Capitan, Estancia, Artesia and Roy have been 
 founded, wliile Roswell, Carlsbad, Gallup, Aztec and many 
 others are settlements of recent birth, and it is only in the past 
 tv^o decades that Albuquerque, Las Vegas and Raton have de- 
 veloped from small villages into hustling, ^progressive cities. 
 
 Banks. 
 
 The following twentj'-one national banks, fifteen of them es- 
 tablished since 1900, are today doing business in New Mexico. 
 The date of their establishment and their paid-up capital are 
 given, not including surplus or undivided profits: First Na- 
 tional Bank of Alamogordo, Otero county, established 1900, 
 capital $36,800; First National Bank, Albuquerque, Bernalillo 
 county, 1878, $200,000: State National Bank, Albuquerque, 
 1904, $100,000; First National Bank, Artesia, 1904, $25,000; 
 First National Bank, Belen, 1903, $25,000; First National Bank, 
 Carlsbad, 1900, $50,000; National Bank of Carlsbad, 1903, $30,- 
 000; First National Bank, Clayton, 1900, $50,000; Deming Na- 
 tional Bank, Deming, 1903, $10,000; First National Bank, Farm- 
 ington, 1902, $25,000; First National Bank, Las Vegas, 1879, 
 $100,000; San Miguel National Bank, Las Vegas, 1880, $100,000; 
 First National Bank, Portales, 1902, $25,000; First National 
 Bank, Raton, 1902, $75,000; First National Bank, Roswell, 1892, 
 $50,000; Citizens' National Bank, Roswell, 1902, $50,000: Ros- 
 well National Bank, 1903, $50,000; First National Bank, Santa 
 Fe, 1870, $150,000; First National Bank, Santa Rosa, 1902, $25,- 
 000; Silver City National Bank, Silver City, 1886, $50,000; First 
 National Bank, Tucumcari, 1902, $25,000. 
 
 The following w^ere the state banks doing business in the 
 Territory on July 1, 1904, and their capital stock: Andrew Mor- 
 ton & Company, Springer, $5,000; Bank of Deming, Deming, 
 $30,000; Bank of Commerce, Albuquerque, $82,400; Exchange 
 Bank, White Oaks, $30,000; Bank of Portales, Portales, $30,- 
 000; Plaza Trust & Savings Bank, Las Vegas, $15,000: Sierra 
 County Bank, Hillsboro, $30,000; J. N. Broyles, San Marcial, 
 $20,000; Las Vegas Savings Bank, Las Vegas, $30,000; Silver 
 City Savings Bank, Silver City, $15,000. 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 THE LAND OF HEALTH AND SUNSHINE. 
 
 nEW MEXICO invites metaphors, it compels superla- 
 tives. Bathed in sunshine, sv^^ept by the cool winds 
 of the mountains, endowed with untold mineral 
 wealth, colored with the hues of the sunset and hal- 
 lowed by the romance of the Conquistadores and the Francis- 
 cans, it stands unique among the commonwealths of the 
 Union. The Land of Sunshine, one talented author calls it; 
 the Land of Poco Tiempo, the Land of Sunshine, Silence and 
 Adobe; the Land of the Turquoise Sky; the Land of the Con- 
 quistadores; the Land of the Pueblos; the Land of the Sun 
 King, and many more have been the attempts to coin a dis- 
 tinctive phrase that would characterize the vivid impression 
 that New Mexico's climatological, physical and ethnological 
 characteristics make upon the visitor. "The Land of Health 
 and Sunshine,"' comes, perhaps, closest in summarizing what 
 gives the Territory its distinctive atmosphere. But there are 
 volumes of romance, of history, of scenic beauties, of climate, 
 of natural wealth, of progress, that can be written and have 
 been written with New Mexico as their subject. But after 
 all has been said, the fact remains, that it is climate and sun- 
 shine, that set the Territory apart from the other common- 
 wealths; that directly or indirectly influence all its indus- 
 tries, all its activities, its very nature. Nowhere else in the 
 world is there found a more perfect climate and but few sec- 
 tions can boast of a climate as good. It is not only a lovely day 
 now and then, not only a tine summer or a pleasant winter, 
 but a perfect all-the-year around climate that is making New 
 Mexico the sanitarium of the world, the refuge of those 
 stricken by one or the other of the many forms of lung, throat 
 and nervous troubles and of invalids from other causes. It is 
 this fact which must be borne constantly in mind when read- 
 ing of New Mexico's resources, developed and undeveloped 
 wealth, and its manifold industries, as they are briefly out- 
 lined in this volume. 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINB:. 25 
 
 Physical Features. 
 
 New Mexico is part of the roof of the American continent. 
 From one side of this roof the waters flow into the Atlantic 
 and from the other side into the Pacific. The roof not only 
 slopes to the east and to the west but also from the north to 
 the south, there being a difference of 8,000 feet in the average 
 altitude of its northern and of its southern boundaries. The 
 ridge of the roof which traverses the western part of New 
 Mexico varies in altitude from 4,000 to over 13,000 feet. From 
 this ridge branch off at right angles or run almost parallel to 
 it, many majestic mountain ranges and extensive foothills and 
 table lands cut by canons, arroyos and vallej^s. 
 
 The mountains, though varying in name, are all a part of 
 the Rocky Mountain system whose backborie in the northern 
 part is the Sangre de Cristo range, lofty and massive, over a 
 score of its j^eaks rising to an altitude of 13,000 or more feet. 
 It extends from the Colorado line through Taos, Colfax, 
 Mora and San Miguel, into Santa Fe county and from it flow 
 the streams that water the fertile Santa Fe, Espanola, Taos, 
 Mora, Cimarron and lesser valleys. The Taos, the Pecos, the 
 Santa Fe and the Cimarron ranges are parts of the Sangre de 
 Cristo range, and the Cochiti, the Jemez, the Valles, the San 
 Mateo and the Zuni mountains, a little northwest of the center 
 of the Territory, may be considered as a continuation of it. 
 As the center of the Territory, going southward, is reached, 
 the mountain ranges are more disconnected and less lofty 
 although still massive. Here the Sandia, the Ortiz, the San 
 Pedro, the San Isidro, the Manzanos, the Gallinas, are names 
 for mountains, some of them rich in mineral wealth and 
 others well timbered to their very summits. 
 
 Further south, four distinct ranges, broken of course, can 
 be traced, their axes all converging, apparently towards the 
 center. The eastern branch is the loftiest and is known as the 
 White Mountains, rising to an altitude of almost 14,000 feet. 
 Continuing toward the south it is called the Sacramento range, 
 while the Guadalupes in the far soutiieast are an apparent 
 extension The second branch is also east of the Rio Grande, 
 commencing to the north as the Oscuro range and continuing 
 southward as the San Andreas and Orir'an mountains and ter- 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 27 
 
 minating in the Franklin range. The third branch consists 
 of the Magdalenas, the San Mateo mountains, the San Cristo- 
 bal, the Caballos and the Black Range; while the most west- 
 ern fork consists of the Datils and the San Francisco, Tula, 
 rosa and Mogollon ranges, extending into the Burro moun- 
 tains in Grant county. Besides these there are many appar- 
 ently independent mountain groups and ranges, such as the 
 Floridas, the Cooks range, the Ladrones, the Peloncillo, the 
 Pedernal hills, the Las Animas hills and others, whose geo- 
 graphical appellations are hardly of interest to the general 
 reader. 
 
 Geology. 
 
 Geologically, these mountains, while part of one system, are 
 not alike. The importance of being able to recognize the dis- 
 tinctions in their geological formations, is of great economic 
 value. 
 
 From both a mining and a purely scientific viewpoint, the 
 rocks of New Mexico are of exceptional interest. The wide 
 range of geological formations represented, the large and di- 
 versified deposits of ores and other mineral values which 
 these formations are known to contain, and the fact that the 
 mineral wealth of the region has been exploited upon a small 
 scale only, all go to make New Mexico a very interesting field 
 to the mining engineer, the expert, the capitahst, the pros- 
 pector and the miner. 
 
 The geological formations comprise five very marked 
 classes of rock material. At the base is a great mass of crys- 
 taUines, chiefly granites, gneisses and schists with some met- 
 amorphic elastics which cannot always be distinguished 
 from the members of the fundamental complex. The latest 
 Paleozoics are widely distributed and are chiefly known by 
 the thick blue limestones which form the crests and back 
 slopes of many of the principal mountain ranges; these are 
 carboniferous. A third class of rocks is found in the thick 
 and extensive beds of massive yellow sandstones, the geolog- 
 ical age of which is Cretaceous. Over all these indurated 
 rocks is a mantle of soft clays and sands, largely deposited 
 during the Tertiary period. Later than all of these are vast 
 outflows of igneous rocks, which cover many thousands of 
 
^ 
 
 ^ 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 
 
 29 
 
 square miles within the limits of New Mexico. The period 
 during which these volcanic rocks were erupted extended 
 from the late Tertiary down probably to within the time of 
 the settlement of America by Europeans. 
 
 Only in the southern extremity of the Sangre de Cristo 
 range is it thought that true Archaean rocks are exposed. 
 Possibly, also some of the basement crystalhnes of the Mogo- 
 llon and Burro mountains in western New Mexico, and in the 
 Sierra de los Caballos, in south central New Mexico, may 
 prove to be of Archaean age. Even in these locahties, the 
 areas, which may be properly referred to the Archaean, are 
 quite limited in extent. 
 
 Most of the mountain ranges are great tilted blocks, having 
 one long sloping side, and one steep face, originally a fault 
 scarp. In the abruptly rising faces, considerable portion of 
 the basal part is often found to be made up of quartz plates, 
 micaceous and hornblendic schists, gneisses and granites. 
 The foliation of these highly metamorphosed rocks is usually 
 nearly vertical. When they meet the basal quartzites and 
 limestones above, they are sharply beveled off and the stratifi- 
 cation of the last named beds is nearly at right angles to the 
 planes of lamination beneath. 
 
 These highly metamorphosed masses are here referred to 
 the Algonkian age. They are more or less minerahzed in the 
 various mountain systems. They contain many of the exten- 
 sive deposits of copper, iron, silver, gold and some of the 
 rarer metals. These rocks are well displayed in the Sandia, 
 Manzano, San Andreas, Magdalena, Caballos, Black Range, 
 Sangre de Cristo, Sacramento and other ranges. 
 
 In central New Mexico, in the Sandia, Caballos, and San 
 Andreas ranges, there is a massive quartzite, fifty to one 
 hundred feet in thickness, the lower part of which is a con- 
 glomerate, lying between the carboniferous limestone and 
 the metamorphics. It is conformable with the limestones 
 immediately above it. This quartzite member reposes upon 
 the upturned ages of the Algonkian formations, indicating 
 clearly that an enormous erosion interval separates the two. 
 In some mountain ranges this quartzite carries important 
 copper deposits. 
 
 On the whole the carboniferous rocks of New Mexico are 
 
FALLS OF THE NAMBE, NORTH OF SANTA FE. 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 31 
 
 very important formations. They are found in the majority 
 of the principal mountain ranges. In most locahties they are 
 important ore carriers. As guide horizons they deserve the 
 fullest consideration in the location of mines. Four import- 
 ant series of formations belonging to the carboniferous sys- 
 tem have been clearly made out in New Mexico. They re- 
 present the lower carboniferous, the middle carboniferous, 
 the upper carboniferous and Oklahoman series. The nether 
 series of the carboniferous has been clearly differentiated in 
 a number of localities. Principal of these places is Lake 
 Valley, in Sierra county. In the Sacramento mountains the 
 faunal equivalent of the Burlington limestone of the Missis- 
 sippi Valley is well exposed. 
 
 The great limestone plates which cap the principal moun- 
 tain ranges in central New Mexico, and which form their back 
 slojjes, are carboniferous in age. Immediately beneath the 
 great limestone formations is found, usually a white quartzite, 
 which often passes downward into a coarse conglomerate. 
 The quartzite, with its coarse phase, rests unconformably on 
 the upturned edges of the metamorphic series. 
 
 The great limestones are easily distinguishable by their 
 black and blue to gray color, their peculiar compact texture, 
 and the fossils which they contain. The thickness of the lime- 
 stone is from 300 to probably 1,000 feet. It is massively 
 bedded, and in some localities contains some very thick beds 
 of pure wiiitish lime rock. 
 
 This great limestone formation forms a remarkable cornice 
 on the Sandia mountains, clearly seen from the railroad sta- 
 tion at Albuquerque. It is also an important part of the Man- 
 zano, Magdalena, Socorro, Caballos, Lad rones, San Andreas 
 and Sacramento ranges. 
 
 In most of the districts the carboniferous limestone carries 
 important lead and silver deposits. The quartzite also carries 
 copper. 
 
 Above the blue limestones of the carboniferous comes in an 
 important sandstone, and then a sequence of shales and sand- 
 stones conspicuous for their remarkable red coloration. "Red 
 beds'" they are generally called. 
 
 These Permo-carboniferous red beds are found ever3^where 
 at the foot of the back slope of the central New Mexico moun- 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 33 
 
 tain ranges. They are 200 to 1,000 feet thick and often form 
 a conspicuous feature in the landscape. 
 
 In the Sandia mountains the lower sandstone is called the 
 Coyote sandstone from Coyote Springs, and the upper mem- 
 ber of the Bernalillo shales. 
 
 These red sandstones and shales are notable for the copper 
 ores everywhere distributed through them. 
 
 There appears to be small doubt that the upper part of the 
 great formation, long called the "red beds," belongs to a later 
 geological age than the carboniferous. American geologists 
 prefer to denominate the lower part of the Threefold Mesc- 
 zoic the Jura-Trias. 
 
 In New Mexico these beds are largely developed in the 
 northeastern part in the Cimarron, Canadian and Pecos Val- 
 leys, and in the central part in the Rio Grande Valley, In 
 thickness the measurement is probably greatly in excess of 
 500 feet. 
 
 The important ore deposits are chiefly those of copper and 
 iron. Gypsum, fire clays and cement materials abound. 
 
 The cretaceous formations are the most extensive surface 
 rocks in New Mexico. They probably cover more than one- 
 half of the whole area. Both the upper and low^er cretaceous 
 sediments are well represented. 
 
 In the Canadian and Pecos Valleys, particularly around the 
 western and northern borders of the Llano Estacado, there 
 lies above the "red beds" a remarkable sequence of sands, 
 chalky rocks and clays. These have been called the Trinity 
 sands at the base, the Fredericksburg hmestone, and the 
 Washita sands. 
 
 At the base of the upper cretaceous is a thick sandstone at 
 least 300 feet in thickness. This is one of the chief artesian 
 well reservoirs. 
 
 In northeastern New Mexico particularly, the Colorado 
 formation is well defined. It there attains a thickness of 
 fully 800 feet. It comprises chiefly shales with numerous 
 bands of hmestone and several thick sandstones. 
 
 Attaining a development of 1,500 feet in northeastern New 
 Mexico, the Montana is well represented by at least two im- 
 portant terranes, known further north as the Pierre shales 
 and the Fox Hills sandstones. The shales are prevailingly 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 35 
 
 gray and drab, becoming j^ellowish above and blackish below. 
 
 Here the beds generally referred to the Laramie are upward 
 of 2,000 feet in thickness. The rocks are chietl}^ gray sand- 
 stones and shales, with numerous beds of coal. Most of the 
 coal of the region is believed to belong to the Laramie age. 
 The coals of the Raton, Dawson, Cerrillos, Carthage and the 
 Bear mountains are all regarded as Laramie coals. 
 
 In northeastern New Mexico and in the Rio Grande Valley 
 there are two large areas of gray shales which reach a maxi- 
 mum thickness of over 800 feet. They have been referred to 
 the early Tertiary, and are called the Puerco series. 
 
 The later Tertiary beds are widely distributed. The Llano 
 Estacado formation of eastern New Mexico, over 800 feet in 
 thickness, appears to belong to this age. On Galisteo creek, 
 south of Santa Fe, certain sands are referred to the Neocene, 
 as are the Santa Fe marls so extensively developed north of 
 the City of Santa Fe. The marls extend down the valley of 
 the Rio Grande at least as far as Socorro. 
 
 New Mexico is pre-eminently a mountain country. Geolo- 
 gically its mountains are interesting on account of their valu- 
 able mineral deposits; topographically, on account of being 
 the sources of the life giving rivers, without which the Ter- 
 ritory would be a desert. 
 
 River Systems. 
 
 The Rio Grande, which bisects the Territory, with its tribu- 
 taries, comprises the most important river system. It rises 
 in Colorado and empties into the Gulf of Mexico, about 500 
 miles of its course being in New Mexico. In its valley and 
 tributary valleys lives one-half of the population of the Terri- 
 tory, and with its tributaries it furnishes the irrigation water 
 for one-half of the land under cultivation in New Mexico. 
 During flood seasons, it carries an immense amount of water 
 that spreads over the lowlands, but during the dry season, it 
 dwindles into insignificance in many places, although a large 
 volume of water flows under the sandy bed at all times. In 
 the northern part of its course the river flows through precip- 
 itous canons, opening into the Espanola Valley, and then be- 
 comes contracted again in the White Rock canon. South of 
 this, the valley grows wider and the streaqa more sluggish, 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 37 
 
 the banks being low or consisting of sand bluffs, excepting in 
 lower Socorro county and in Sierra county, where the Ele- 
 phant Buttes close in upon the stream, which for a short dis- 
 tance flows more rapidly again, but below the Buttes spreads 
 out into the Mesilla Valley, one of the garden spots of the 
 Territory. This river has been called the "Nile of New Mex- 
 ico" and this name is truthful within certain limitations. 
 Egypt without the Nile would be a desert. New Mexico with- 
 out the Rio Grande would still be a rich and prosperous com- 
 monwealth, although its population would be onlj^ half of what 
 it is today and instead of being, first of all an agricultural, it 
 would be more a stock and mining country. 
 
 The Rio Grande has many tributaries, along which are 
 situated some of the loveliest and most fertile valleys of the 
 Territory. Commencing in the north, the most important are 
 the Costilla, Cabresto, Taos, Embudo, Petaca, Chama, Santa 
 Cruz, Pojoaque, Santa Fe, Jemez, Galisteo, Puerco and Salado 
 rivers. South of the last named the Rio Grande is practically 
 tributaryless for over a hundred miles, except during the 
 spring months or after heavy rains. 
 
 Next to the Rio Grande, the largest river in the Territory 
 is the Pecos. It rises in Mora county, on the Pecos River 
 Forest Reserve, and flows southeasterly for over 400 miles 
 through the Territory and finally enters the Rio Grande in 
 Texas. Along its upper course it is a mountain stream but 
 in Leonard Wood county it assumes the characteristics of the 
 lower Rio Grande, a wide, shifting sandy bed, cutting through 
 bluffs or spreading over lowlands, carrying an immense 
 volume of water during floods, seeping into the ground along 
 certain stretches during drouth, but always having a strong 
 underflow. In Chaves and Eddy counties, the flow of the river 
 is more permanent and of greater volume, but here, too, it 
 fluctuates according to the season. The waters of the Pecos 
 are more alkaline than those of the Rio Grande, especially 
 from Santa Rosa south. The Pecos has a number of long 
 tributaries but none of them carrying a great volume of water 
 except after heavy rains or during the flood season. 
 
 The third great river system of the Territory is that of the 
 Canadian, which drains the eastern slope of the main Rocky 
 Mountain range as far south as the headwaters of the Pecos 
 
i 1 
 
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 W 
 
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 w 
 
 
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THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 39 
 
 river. Its principal tributaries, the Cimarron, the Verinejo, 
 the Ocate and the Mora, carry a considerable amount of water, 
 while there are a number of lesser tributaries, perennial in 
 their flow in their upper courses. These streams have more 
 or less the characteristics of mountain streams, with rock 
 bottoms. Still, they have considerable underflow, and as the 
 Canadian approaches the eastern boundary, its waters seep 
 into the sandy bed and its tributaries are mere arroyos. 
 
 Next in importance to the Canadian, and exceeding it in 
 volume of w^ater, is the San Juan system in the northwestern 
 part. The principal tributaries of this river in New Mexico 
 are the Las Animas and the La Plata. The waters of the San 
 Juan eventually find their way into the Colorado river and the 
 Pacific ocean. 
 
 To the Pacific slope also belongs the Gila system in south- 
 western New Mexico. In addition there are a number of in- 
 dependent river courses, which do not make their way to the 
 ocean, either directly or indirectly. The most important of 
 these is the Mimbres, in the southern part of the Territory^ 
 which in its lower source has a strong underflow that is to be 
 tapped in the near future to furnish the City of El Paso, in 
 Texas, with w^ater. 
 
 These rivers and streams are the arteries upon whose flow 
 the very existence of the Territory depends. They differ in 
 many respects from rivers in the east, owing to peculiarities 
 of climate, of soil and the uses to which their waters are put. 
 So called arroyos or dry water courses, furrow New Mexico 
 in every direction, in addition to the rivers and streams. 
 These arroyos carry water only after rains or when the snow 
 is melting in the mountains. Most of them have an underflow 
 but ordinarily they appear to the eye, as rivers that have been 
 dried up by the sun and the winds. 
 
 Irrigation. 
 
 Excepting in a few mountain valleys and upon high mesas, 
 irrigation is necessary to the successful jDursuitof agricul- 
 ture. Irrigation permits the application of water to crops 
 when they need it. 
 
 That this is the ideal condition under which to raise crops 
 goes without saying, and is proven by 5.000 years of history 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 41 
 
 in Egypt, Italy, the East Indies and China. No excessive 
 moisture, no drouth, worries the husbandman who possesses 
 an irrigation right in a perennial stream or who has fortified 
 himself with a reservoir. Irrigation means intensive farming, 
 it means that the land will be fertilized at the same time that 
 it is watered, it means certain crops and a maximum produc- 
 tion per acre. In its perfection, agriculture by irrigation, is 
 as distinct an advance upon the methods of agriculture in the 
 more humid states, as manufacturing with machinery is over 
 manual labor. 
 
 When it is remembered that out of a total area of over 
 78,000,000 acres only about a quarter million are in actual 
 cultivation under irrigation ditches, then it will be seen that 
 there is a vast opening for enterprise in reclaiming broad 
 areas of as fertile lands as God ever created, lying under a 
 perfect sky, and in a well nigh perfect climate. Nor is there 
 a lack of water for reclaiming at least a portion of the vast arid 
 domain. The flood waters which flow to waste annually, the 
 ordinary flow of rivers and streams that is wasted or not util- 
 ized, the tremendous underflow in most of the broad valleys 
 of the Territory, the feasibility and cheapness of pumping 
 water from unfailing wells in many sections, and the un- 
 doubted existence of large artesian belts, all promise that 
 sooner or later a large part of New Mexico will be under suc- 
 cessful irrigation. 
 
 Sufficient data have been gathered and published in the 
 report of the Territorial commission of irrigation in 1898 and 
 by the United States geological survey to make it quite prac- 
 tical to pick out the most available reservoir sites and to de- 
 termine upon projects, which at a minimum cost would benefit 
 the greatest number of people. 
 
 The Territory may properly be divided into three distinct 
 regions, the eastern plains, the Rio Grande Valley and the 
 western plateaus. The eastern portion is an extension of the 
 high plains of Texas, broken by the waters of the Canadian 
 and Pecos rivers. This broad stretch of open grazing land 
 continues to the uplands which form the southern extension 
 of the Rocky Mountains of Colorado. 
 
 This portion is a favored section for the cattle growers and 
 sheep raisers. Beyond this broken country is the Rio Grande 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 43 
 
 valley, and still further west are elevated arid table lands. 
 These extend to the mountains, which lie about the headwaters 
 of the Gila and Salt rivers. In the extreme northwestern part 
 of the Territory, where are the fertile valleys of the San Juan 
 river and its tributaries, there has been recently a consider- 
 able development of irrigation. 
 
 In the Rio Grande section there a few very large irrigation 
 canals and many small community ditches held by the Indians 
 and small settlers. The origin of these ditches is lost, even 
 in local tradition, and it is probable that many more of them 
 were in use before the advent of the Spaniards. Under the 
 community system each ditch is held and controlled by the 
 owners of the land it irrigates, these living usually together 
 in a village or pueblo. In the fall of each year a mayordomo 
 is elected, who has full control of the ditch for the following 
 season. He assesses the land for the labor necessary to clean 
 the ditch and to keep it in repair during the irrigation season, 
 apportions the water to each consumer according to the local 
 conditions, and in general supervises all matters pertaining to 
 irrigation. While the apportionment of labor varies, it is gen- 
 erally such that a farmer holding a tract of six acres is requir- 
 ed to furnish the labor of one man in cleaning and repairing 
 the entire ditch in the spring, while he who holds twelve acres 
 furnishes a man's labor when necessary during the whole 
 season. The ditches have no regular gates or sluices, and 
 flooding is the only means of irrigation. Consequently, the 
 use of water is extremely w^asteful. 
 
 The development of the agricultural resources depends 
 largely upon the control of the Rio Grande. The seepage and 
 inflow from streams maintain the river at a good volume in 
 northern New Mexico. Sites suitable for reservoirs along the 
 Rio Grande and its principal tributaries are frequent, and 
 several of them excellent. Large dams constructed at these 
 points would render it possible to hold large quantities of 
 water for the irrigation of a number of open valleys along the 
 course of the river. Some of these reservoir sites have been 
 surveyed. 
 
 Irrigation on the eastern plain is of comparatively recent 
 introduction. The water supply is drawn from the Canadian 
 and Pecos rivers. The Canadian river flows through a valley 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 45 
 
 200 miles in length within the Territory. Irrigation ditches 
 in this drainage basin are confined almost wholly to the tribu- 
 taries, the course of the main stream being for the most 
 part through a canon, from which it does not emerge until it 
 nears the boundary. Important irrigation systems are sup- 
 plied by the Cimarron, Vermejo, Mora and Conchas rivers, 
 those of the two first mentioned streams being among the 
 most extensive in the Territory. Two large canals, con- 
 structed by a corporation, are located on the Maxwell grant, 
 a tract containing 1,491,755 acres of grazing, agricultural, tim- 
 ber and mineral lands, including v^ithin its boundaries the 
 headwaters of the Canadian, Vermejo and Cimarron rivers. 
 Along the line of these canals is a series of natural basins or 
 ancient lake-beds, favorably situated, in which large quanti- 
 ties of water are stored. Many smaller natural reservoir sites, 
 located at elevations where evaporation is comparatively 
 slight, are found near the headwaters of nearly all the streams 
 which originate in this basin. Eleven reservoirs, with a com- 
 bined capacity of 5,000 acre feet, have been constructed on 
 the Vermejo. On the Cimarron there are thirteen individual 
 ditches and one corporation ditch. Connected with these are 
 four storage reservoirs, with an aggregate capacity of 6,000 
 acre feet. The area irrigated by the ditches of this stream is 
 7,628 acres. The Mora river and its tributaries supply water 
 for practically all the irrigation systems in Mora county. Two 
 ditches have been constructed, by which, during the periods 
 of greater scarcity, water is taken from the Rio del Pueblo in 
 Taos county and diverted through passes in the mountains. 
 All the ditches along the Mora and its tributaries are either 
 private or community ditches. 
 
 The Pecos river becomes a considerable stream at its con- 
 fluence with the Gallinas. As the river has mountain sources, 
 the flow in the upper portion of its basin is perennial; but 
 shortly after it emerges from the highlands much of its 
 water is lost by seepage and for several months in the year 
 this part of the river bed carries very little water. 
 
 In the lower part of its course in New Mexico the Pecos 
 receives large quantities of water from numerous springs, 
 which are a notable feature, many of them emerging from the 
 earth with such volume and force as to prove beyond question 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 47 
 
 that they come from the drainage waters of the high precipi- 
 tous mountain ranges on the west. 
 
 The following are the principal tributaries of the Pecos, 
 several of them furnishing a constant supply: Mora, Agua 
 Negra, Agua Negra Chiquita, Rio Hondo, Berendo rivers 
 (north, middle and south), the Spring rivers (north and south), 
 Penasco, Seven rivers, Rockj' Arroyo and Black river. The 
 drainage area of the catchment basin of the Pecos river lying 
 within the Territor}^ and available for irrigation purposes is 
 estimated at '20,000 square miles. It extends along four de- 
 grees of latitude, with varying altitudes of from 3,000 to 11,- 
 000 feet. In the valley between Roswell and the territorial 
 line, many of the lands subject to irrigation are of excellent 
 quality. 
 
 In the western plateau region the total number of acres 
 irrigated is small compared with the other two main divisions 
 of the Territory. The waters affording supply for this region 
 are the San Juan, the Gila, the Zuni and the Mimbres rivers. 
 The lands irrigated by the San Juan river are in the northern 
 part of San Juan county. The sources of this river are in the 
 San Juan and La Plata mountains in Colorado, and the afflu- 
 ents which it receives from the south are unimportant. Near 
 the Colorado line the San Juan has a mean flow of 960 cubic feet 
 per second. This is augmented by the waters of the Rio de 
 los Pinos, which has an estimated flow of eighty cubic feet per 
 second. The most important tributary is the Las Animas, 
 which has a normal flow at a point below Aztec of 855 cubic 
 feet per second. 
 
 While the flow of all these streams is perennial, it fluctuates 
 with the seasons, being increased by the melting snows in the 
 spring, and later b}' the rains which usually occur in the 
 latter part of July and in August. 
 
 In the drainage basin of the San Juan there are fifty-two 
 ditches, located as follows: On the Las Animas twenty ditches 
 irrigating 7,13'2 acres; on the San Juan nineteen, irrigating 
 8,999 acres; and on the La Plata fifteen, irrigating 3,063. The 
 total area irrigated b}" the San Juan and its tributaries is 
 14,734 acres. 
 
 The Gila river rises in the Black and Mimbres ranges and 
 in Grant county flows for the most part through narrow 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 49 
 
 mountain valleys. The total acreage irrigated by it is 5,933 
 acres. The How is permanent and only a small portion is used. 
 In Grant county a considerable acreage is irrigated by the 
 Rio Mimbres. This stream flows southward through the 
 county to within a few miles of Deming, then turns abruptly 
 to the east and discharges its waters upon the Florida plains, 
 where they are lost in the sands. 
 
 Between the basins of the Gila and the San Juan rivers, 
 there is a small area drained by the Zuni river. Portions of 
 this area are irrigated by the Zuni Indians. The government 
 is constructing a reservoir for the Pueblo Indians on the Zuni 
 reservation which will impound sufficient water to irrigate 
 6,000 acres. 
 
 Of the 78,374,000 acres of land surface in New Mexico, only 
 6,000,000 or 6.5 per cent, are included in farms and only 400,- 
 000 are improved. Of the improved land 385,000 acres are 
 located outside of the Indian reservations. The importance 
 of irrigation is demonstrated by the fact that the irrigated 
 area outside of the Indian reservations is only a little more 
 than 250,000 acres. In 1889 the corresponding irrigated area 
 was but 91,755 acres. 
 
 Of the farms of the Territory 72.2 per cent, are wholly or 
 partially irrigated, while of the improved acreage 57.2 per 
 cent, are irrigated. The average area of improved land in such 
 irrigated farms is thirty-three acres, of which twenty-six are 
 irrigated. 
 
 The average number of acres of irrigated land for each mile 
 of ditch reported is eighty-six. The area under ditch for each 
 mile is 272 acres, or over three times the average irrigated 
 area. In many states where there is a larger percentage of 
 new irrigation enterprises than in this Territory the area irri- 
 gated bears a much smaller ratio to the area under ditch. In 
 the sections of New Mexico where irrigation has been prac- 
 ticed for centuries the effect on the old canals of the diversion 
 of water at points farther up the stream is shown by the dif- 
 ference between acreage under ditch and acreage actually 
 irrigated. This is especially evident along the Kio Grande. 
 On the other hand, in the valleys of the Pecos and San Juan 
 rivers and their tributaries, the difference is due to the pres- 
 ence of new enterprises. 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 51 
 
 The average cost of constructing the ditches is $1,738 per 
 mile and $6.40 per acre of land under ditch. 
 
 Of the 12,311 farms, excluding those in the Indian reserva- 
 tions, 9,128 are irrigated and 3, 183 are unirrigated. The acres 
 in the irrigated farms number 2,892,855; in the unirrigated, 
 238,023. Live stock on the irrigated farms has a value of 
 $15,785,760, and on the unirrigated, $15,941,640. Irrigated 
 farms are, in number 74 per cent, of the total in the Territory; 
 in acreage 56.4; in value of land and improvements, exclusive 
 of buildings, 77.8; in implements and machinery, 75.9; in live 
 stock 49.7; and in total farm wealth, 64.5 per cent. 
 
 The average size of all farms, exclusive of those held by In- 
 dians, is 464 acres, and that of irrigated farms, 380 acres. 
 The irrigated farms make greater use of the public domain 
 for grazing purposes than do those which are unirrigated, 
 and an income is thus secured in addition to that obtained 
 directly from the land owned and leased. 
 
 Sufficient has been done in irrigation to demonstrate what 
 might be and eventually will be accomplished. The irrigation 
 works in the lower Pecos Valley are the greatest and best in 
 the United States. They have placed under ditch an area 
 equal to the entire number of acres now under cultivation in 
 the Territory; thej^ have built cities and villages, turned a 
 desert into a garden and created millions of dollars of wealth 
 where formerly there was but an unproductive waste. And 
 yet, this is only the beginning, even for this section of the 
 Territory. Here, on the Rio Hondo, the United States govern- 
 ment is about to build a $350,000 reservoir and irrigation 
 works. 
 
 On the Maxwell land grant in Colfax county, equal progress 
 has been made in building irrigation works on scientific prin-- 
 ciples"'and the results are similar to those achieved in the 
 Pecos Valley. In San Juan county there are miles upon miles 
 of irrigation canals while many more miles are being added 
 without exhausting the available water supply. For the 
 Pueblo, as well as the Navajo Indians, the national government 
 is-constructing such reservoirs and irrigation canals; and it 
 will undertake the same work in the near future for the white 
 settlers. In the Rio Grande Valley and the ralleys of its tri- 
 butaries and along every brook and river are irrigation sys- 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 53 
 
 terns, some of them primitive and wasteful, it is true, and 
 sooner or later to be supplanted by scientific irrigation, yet, 
 sufficient to demonstrate that New Mexico is first of all an 
 agricultural commonwealth. It was the first to practice irri- 
 gation and will be the greatest beneficiary eventually under 
 the reclamation policy so recently inaugurated by the national 
 government. 
 
 But New Mexico does not depend altogether upon water 
 from flowing streams or stored flood waters for the 
 moisture to raise its crops. Besides a number of valleys 
 and mesas where the rainfall is sufficient to raise crops, 
 there are extensive artesian areas, developed to their greatest 
 extent in Chaves and. Edd}^ counties where there are scores 
 of flowing wells, but existing also in Colfax county and about 
 to be developed in other sections. Besides flowing wells, 
 there are inexhaustible wells in which the water does not rise 
 quite to the surface, such as have given Deming the name of 
 the Windmill City. Then there is a great underground flow 
 in nearly every river valley, Avhich is available by pumping. 
 Experiments successfull}" conducted at the Agricultural Ex- 
 periment Station at Mesilla Park, have demonstrated that 
 water sufficient for irrigation purposes can be raised with a 
 gasoline pump at a maximum cost of from fifty-one to fifty-four 
 cents an acre, the well being forty-eight feet deep. When it 
 is considered that in India 6,000,000 acres are irrigated from 
 wells by pumping, it can be seen what a future there is for 
 New Mexico in agricultural development alone. 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 INDUSTRIES. 
 Agriculture. 
 
 CHE up-to-date New Mexico farmer is the aristocrat of 
 his craft. With twenty or thirty acres of fertile land 
 and ample irrigation rights he is independent. He 
 fears neither excessive moisture nor drouth, neither 
 hard times nor panics. There is always a good market in 
 w^iich his products command top prices and as to crop failure, 
 it is out of the question, if he knows his business. 
 
 NeW' Mexico is attracting more attention today than at any 
 former time on account of its agricultural possibilities. Home- 
 seekers are coming to the Territory in great numbers, taking 
 up and purchasing large areas of land in valleys, and building- 
 new agricultural communities of considerable importance. 
 
 Forty-one per cent of the people in the Territory pursuing 
 gainful occupations are engaged in agricultural pursuits — 
 quite a creditable showing. In the great agricultural state 
 of Illinois, having a population of 2,804,040 engaged in gainful 
 occupations, there are 862,781 persons, or only thirty-one per 
 cent., as against forty-one per cent, in New Mexico, who are 
 engaged in agricultural pursuits. 
 
 The area and valuation of farm lands and the value of farm 
 property" in New Mexico has materially increased since 1890, 
 as is shown in the following table: 
 
 1890 1900 
 
 a b 
 
 Total number of farms 4,458 11,834 
 
 Acres in farms 782,882 5,130,878 
 
 Total value of farm property $33,543,141 $53,737,824 
 
 Lands, fences and buildings 8,140,800 20,888,814 
 
 Implements and machinery 291,140 1,151,610 
 
 Live stock on hand June 1 . . . .- 25,111,202 31,727,400 
 
 a. Not less than three acres, reponing- not less than $500 gross 
 income. 
 
 b. Not less than three acres, and reporting- the sale of not less than 
 $500 in produce. 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 57 
 
 This shows that from 1890 to I'JOO the number of farms in- 
 creased 165 per cent., the area of farm lands 550 per cent., the 
 total value of farm property 60 per cent., the value of lands 
 with their improvements 156 per cent., the value of implements 
 and machinery 295 percent., and the value of live stock 26 
 per cent. These figures give an idea of the rapid develop- 
 ment, and they are also indicative of what may be ex- 
 pected in the future. Another matter that is well worthy of 
 record here is the fact that the producing capabilities per 
 capita of those engaged in agricultural pursuits have increased 
 amazingly. The annual value of farm products increased in 
 the ten years, 1890 to 1900, from nearly §2,000,000 to a little 
 over $10,000,000, or an increaseof 400 per cent in the ten years, 
 while the agricultural population has not increased 100 per 
 cent. 
 
 The following table taken from the twelfth United States 
 census will give some idea of the importance of several of 
 the leading New Mexico crops during the census year of 
 1900 : 
 
 Value Acres Bushels 
 
 Total cereals |1,077,377 96,210 
 
 Corn 519,936 41,345 677,305 
 
 Wheat 390,616 37,907 603,303 
 
 Oats 154,347 15,848 342,777 
 
 Barley 12,475 1,110 23,107 
 
 Hay and forage 1,427,317 87,458 
 
 Beans 73,001 3,349 
 
 Peas 20,365 2,220 
 
 Sugar beets 16,859 1,298 
 
 Irish potatoes 49,552 4,122 72,613 
 
 Sweet potatoes 4,588 47 6,180 
 
 Orchard products 197,331 
 
 Flowers and plants 5,300 11 
 
 Nurseries 4,343 22 
 
 Vegetables 278,413 6,501 
 
 Not classified 33,717 
 
 Alfalfa. 
 
 Much has been written about alfalfa. It is known more or 
 less in every state in the Union. Alfalfa is grown in all the irri- 
 
MONUMENT ROCh 
 
 l-iVL. 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 59 
 
 gated sections of New Mexico up to an altitude of 8,000 feet. 
 It is grown considerably in di*y[f arming sections where there 
 is no irrigation. In New Mexico alfalfa does well in almost 
 every class of soil. The chemical constituents of the soil seem 
 to have little to do with the growth of the crop, provided the 
 surface is level and the proper amount of water is given. It 
 grows well on light, sandy loam, as well as on the heaviest 
 adobe. It is said by an able writer that alfalfa will not stand 
 "wet feet." That is true if he means that it would not grow in 
 a water-logged soil. Where the soil is well drained it will ex- 
 tend its roots to the water table and growluxuriantly where the 
 water table is only a few feet below the surface of the ground. 
 The area of alfalfa in New Mexico increased from 12,139 acres 
 in 1890 to 55,467 in 1900. The average annual yield in the Ter- 
 ritory is about three tons per acre. The cost of production, 
 including taxes, water rent, growing, harvesting, baling and 
 placing on board the car, does not exceed $1 per ton. There 
 are some large alfalfa farmers who are able to place alfalfa on 
 the car at a much less figure because they have perfected 
 their system of irrigation and handle the hay with improved 
 machinery. 
 
 The net profit in growing alfalfa under irrigation is consid- 
 erably larger than the average net profits realized on wheat 
 and corn in the older agricultural sections. It is a crop that 
 requires little labor, if the field has been made level and the 
 soil well prepared before seeding, after which the operations 
 are simple, resolving themselves into irrigation and harvest- 
 ing. On many soils, one irrigation will produce one crop, 
 which may vary from one-half to two and one-half tons per 
 acre. The price of alfalfa varies in different parts of the Ter- 
 ritory, depending upon the production, amount consumed by 
 stock being fattened, and the shipping facilities. The demand 
 for alfalfa, aside from that of local consumption, comes from 
 cities and towns, mining and railroad camps, and the thousands 
 of isolated stock ranches scattered over the arid and semi-arid 
 sections, as well as a considerable demand from portions of 
 Texas and the Republic of Mexico. At harvest time the price 
 of alfalfa is comparatively low, usually not exceeding $8 per 
 ton, but the forehanded farmer who holds his product until 
 winter, usually gets from $10 to $13 per ton. Alfalfa farming 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 61 
 
 has proven very attractive and proli table, and it is not sur- 
 prising that the area increased from 12,000 to 55,000 acres 
 in ten years. 
 
 As to the feeding value of alfalfa it is conceded throughout 
 the country that it leads all other forage crops in its total 
 digestible food constituents and nitrogen contents. 
 
 Corn. 
 
 Corn stands next to alfalfa in acreage and value of total pro- 
 duct. Where water for irrigation is plentiful the yield of corn 
 in New Mexico compares favorably with the yield of this crop 
 in the corn belt. 
 
 Kaffir corn grows as well if not better than ordinary corn. 
 In some sections of the Territory it is grown almost exclu- 
 sively for feeding stock. In the Pecos valley, Kaffir corn is one 
 of the leading crops. It yields from twenty-five to fifty 
 bushels per acre, besides producing a large quantity of ex- 
 cellent stover. Both the grain and stover are fed to cattle and 
 sheep in the fattening pens. Kaffir corn is an excellent 
 drouth resister. 
 
 Sorghum also yields good crops and in many localities is 
 grown for its sugar contents. 
 
 Wheat. 
 
 Wheat is a sure crop in New Mexico if sown early. The 
 yield of wheat per acre is equal to the yield in the leading 
 wheat growing states. New Mexico wheat received first pre- 
 mium at the World's Fair at Chicago and at other expositions. 
 Before the building of the railroads the Taos and other val- 
 leys were considered the granaries of the southwest. All of 
 the cereal crops will grow here. 
 
 Potatoes. 
 
 By many the potato has been considered an impossible crop, 
 and yet the value of the potato crop in 1903 was nearly $50,- 
 000. The difficulties in growing potatoes seem to be those of 
 varieties and management under irrigation. Colorado failed in 
 its first attempt to grow potatoes, but now this crop forms an 
 important source of wealth in the Centennial State. Sweet 
 potatoes are grown without difficulty. 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 63 
 
 Vegetables. 
 
 New Mexico produces vegetables as well as the staple 
 crops, and wherever water for irrigation can be had, most 
 vegetables do well. While truck gardening is not carried on 
 very extensively, it is nevertheless increasing every year. 
 
 Celery can be grown to perfection in those parts of the Ter- 
 ritory where the soil and climatic conditions are favorable and 
 where some care in growing it is exercised. Among the best 
 known celery growing sections are Santa Fe, the Rio Grande 
 Valley and Roswell. The latter place is probably the most 
 noted for its celer3^ It produces a large quantity, but not 
 enough to supply the demand. It is claimed that the Roswell 
 celery is superior to the i^roduct from California and Louis- 
 iana, and will sell equally as well in the markets outside of the 
 Territory, 
 
 Fine Rock}^ Ford cantaloupes are raised here. Cantaloupe 
 growing is getting to be quite a business in the southern por- 
 tion of the Territory. Some are grown at Las Cruces for the 
 early market, which are shipped mostly to the local markets 
 in the Territory, but the large areas are found at Carlsbad 
 and Roswell. From these points carloads of cantaloupes are 
 sent to the eastern markets. It seems that there is no ma- 
 terial difference between the New Mexico and the Colorado 
 Rocky Ford cantaloupes. New Mexico, however, has the ad- 
 vantage of Rocky Ford in as much as the cantaloupes can be 
 placed on the markets earlier. 
 
 The tomato grows well and is quite an important crop. 
 While it is grown more or less in all sections the largest 
 fields are in the Mesilla Valley. A canning factory is estab- 
 lished at Las Cruces which cans a large quantity of excellent 
 tomatoes. The canned tomatoes are sold in New Mexico, 
 Texas, Arizona, Colorado and other states. The demand for 
 these tomatoes is greater than the supply. The canned pro- 
 duct has also added to the reputation of the Territory. 
 
 New Mexico is also known for the superior onions which it 
 produces. While at present the area planted to onions is very 
 limited, and the production insufficient to supply even one- 
 tenth part of the home consumption, there is a bright future 
 for it, and the chances are that it will become a crop of great 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 65 
 
 commercial value. Probably the Rio Grande Valley is the 
 largest onion-growing district, and here is where the old "El 
 Paso"' onion which has given New Mexico a reputation as an 
 onion-raising section, grows so well. It is not infrequent to 
 see specimens weighing one and one half pounds. The yield 
 per acre is large. The results of the Agricultural Exj^eriment 
 Station show that such varieties as the Red Victoria will pro- 
 duce 32,000 pounds per acre. 
 
 In floriculture marked and rapid strides are being made, 
 particularly in home adornment. Many of the flowering- 
 plants, like the rose, violet, chrysanthemum and sweet peas 
 do well. 
 
 Dairying. 
 
 Dairying has kept pace with the demand in the vicinity of 
 cities and towns where the products are sold in the form of 
 milk and cream. There is not enough butter and cheese manu- 
 factured, however, to suppl}^ the demand, although there has 
 been a considerable increase in their production. In 1889 
 there were manufactured 105,000 pounds of butter and cheese; 
 this number swelled to 380,000 pounds in 1899. 
 
 Poultry and Poultry Products. 
 
 Annually thousands of dollars are poured into the pockets 
 of Kansas and Nebraska farmers in payment for poultry and 
 eggs consumed here, yet the Territory is well adapted to the 
 raising of poultry. It has most of the advantages with but few 
 of the disadvantages of other sections. Insect pests are no 
 worse, while disease is rare. Prices are high, being governed 
 by the price of the foreign product plus the transportation 
 charges, therefore the home product has the best of it. It is 
 evident that the New Mexico farmer is taking advantage of 
 these favorable conditions, for the number of dozens of eggs 
 produced increased from 1890 to 1900 from 280,000 to 840,000, 
 yet there is need of a greatly increased production to supply 
 the demand. 
 
 Apiarian Products. 
 
 With mild winters and abundant bee pasture, in the form of 
 alfalfa, tornillo, etc., the apiarian products have increased over 
 sixfold in ten years and are of considerable importance all 
 
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 iz; 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 67 
 
 over the cultivated areas. Bee culture and the production of 
 honey is very profitable and a pursuit especially adapted to 
 those w^ho are able to do only light out door work. 
 
 Horticulture. 
 
 Fruit growing in the horticultural sections is assuming 
 large proportions, with practically no serious obstacle in the 
 way of its becoming still greater, provided proper precautions 
 t ) keep down insect and fungus pests are taken, as is done 
 in other fruit growing states. New Mexico's orchards 
 are equal to, if not superior, to those anywhere in the United 
 States. 
 
 Of all the fruits, the apple is the most extensive and the 
 most profitable crop. Notwithstanding the topography of the 
 Territory, this fruit is well adapted to the different horticul- 
 tural sections. The counties of San Juan and Santa Fe in the 
 north, Bernalillo and Socorro in the central. Grant, Dona Ana 
 and Otero to the south, and Lincoln and Chaves in the south- 
 east, are favorably known for their apples. New Mexico is 
 becoming famous not only in the United States, but abroad, 
 for its superior apples. Its fruit is placed in competition with 
 the world at the great expositions. In 1901 at Buffalo the ap- 
 ples from New Mexico were conspicuous, and the fruit from 
 Roswell, in Chaves county, received a first prize, while in 1900 
 the New Mexico apples were carried across the continent and 
 the Atlantic Ocean to the Paris exposition. There New Mex. 
 ico was counted in with the best apple growing sections in the 
 Union, as specimen apples from Dona Ana received second 
 premium. This may give an idea as to the kind of fruit that 
 can be grown in New Mexico. Not only is the fruit of supe- 
 rior qualitj", but the crops produced are enormous; as a rule 
 the trees tend to overbear. 
 
 The apple orchards vary from small family places to very 
 large commercial orchards. The larger commercial planta. 
 tions are located in the Mimbres Valley, the Mesilla Valley, 
 San Juan county and at Roswell. The Roswell district, which 
 seems destined to become the largest apple growing section 
 in the southwest, is particularly noted for its large orchards. 
 The largest bearing orchard is that of J. J. Hagerman, and 
 comprises something over 740 acres. The most profitable va- 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 69 
 
 rieties grown are the winter apples such as the Ben Davis, 
 Gano, Missouri Pij^pin, Winesap and Mammoth Black Twig. 
 In a lesser degree the early varieties are also prolific: among 
 the leading kinds may be mentioned the Early Harvest, Red 
 June, Yellow Transparent and the Maiden's Blush. The ap- 
 ples seem to be free from insect pests. 
 
 Other pomaceous fruits, like the pear and quince, thrive as 
 well as the apple, but these are not so important nor are they 
 planted in such large areas. The pear has a marked adapt- 
 ability, the trees usually bear early, are among the best 
 drouth resisters, and are long lived and hardy. The fruit, 
 especially of the large varieties, like the Bartlett, Idaho, 
 Beurre, Easter, grows very large and is of fine quality. At 
 present the pear is as free from disease and insect pests as 
 the apple. The dreaded pear blight, which is so destructive 
 in the east, has not yet made its appearance here. There is a 
 bright future for the more extensive planting of this fruit. 
 
 While peaches are groAvn in all the fruit growing sections, 
 the larger commercial orchards are found in the Mesilla Val- 
 ley, the upper Rio Grande Valley and at Carlsbad. These dis- 
 tricts are especially adapted to certain varieties of peaches 
 which find their way into the Colorado and Kansas City mark- 
 ets. The early-ripening varieties such as the Alexander, 
 Sneed, Waterloo, Arkansas Traveler and Hyne's Surprise, are 
 among the successful and sure bearers. This is due to the 
 fact that as a rule the early varieties are the late bloomers, 
 blooming late enough to escape the late spring frosts. The 
 late ripening peaches ordinarily bloom from eight to ten days 
 earlier than the early kinds. The peach trees usually begin 
 t3 bear at three years from the time of planting. The tend- 
 ency of the trees is to overbear and it becomes necessary to 
 t'lin them in order that the fruit may not be too crowded. In 
 size and quality. New Mexico peaches are not excelled by 
 peaches from the best peach growing states. It is the com- 
 mon opinion of those who have tasted both the Cahfornia and 
 New Mexico peaches that the latter are the better in quality. 
 The fruit is as a rale highly colored, due perhaps to the more 
 continuous sunshine during the ripening period. The peach 
 is free from the serious diseases and insect pests. Probably 
 the profitable period of the peach tree in New Mexico, is from 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE, 71 
 
 ten to twelve years. By replanting an orchard at intervals of 
 five to eight years, a profitable orchard can be kept up 
 almost indefinitely. 
 
 In New Mexico as in other places, where the apricot grows, 
 it has given evidence of a longevity greater than that of any 
 orchard tree, with the possible exception of the pear tree. It 
 is not uncommon to see very old seedling apricot trees grow- 
 ing in the native home places m the Mesilla Valley, and at 
 Santa Fe seedling apricot trees are known to be about 200 
 years old. The fruit from the improved kinds is as large and 
 as good in quality as the California apricots. The Blenheim, 
 Moorpark, Royal, St. Ambroise and Luizet are desirable for 
 home planting. 
 
 Cherries are only raised on a small scale. The trees of both 
 the sour and sweet groups grow well. Varieties of the sour 
 cherries are the best bearers, but the fruit is not as large as 
 that from the sweet varieties. The sour varieties predomi- 
 nate as they have proven to be more regular and surer bearers. 
 The Early Richmond, Enghsh Morello, Ostheim and the Mont- 
 gomery are among the leaders. 
 
 The plum is making a place for itself. There is a growing 
 demand for it. The tree is perfectly hardy, although there is 
 some variation as to the fruitfulness among the trees of the 
 different types. The three types are, first, the European plum, 
 which is the plum that gives rise to the old varieties, such as 
 the Green Gage, Yellow Egg, Damson and the various prunes; 
 second, the Japanese plums, which are entirely different from 
 the former type; and third, the native type, such as the Wild 
 Goose. As already stated, it is a well established fact that 
 the selection of varieties is an important consideration, and 
 this is particularly true in regard to plums. The European 
 plums do admirably. The trees are thrift}^, heavy and sure 
 bearers. These plums are well adapted in every respect to 
 the New Mexico conditions, and large and excellent quality 
 fruit can be produced. A few of the leading kinds of this 
 group which have been tested are the Clayman, Jefferson, 
 Imperial and Transparent Gage, Yellow Egg, Pond's Seed- 
 ling, Washington and the French and German prunes. 
 
 The native plums such as the Wild Goose, Golden Beauty 
 and Poors Pride, are sure bearers. 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. <8 
 
 The Territory is celebrated for its grapes. The European, 
 or the so-called California, grapes succeed well, and these are 
 the kinds grown for the market. The native or American 
 grapes are not so satisfactory for commercial j^urposes, and 
 are grown only for family use, although at Santa Fe excellent 
 results have been obtained with the Diamond and other native 
 varieties. The European grape has been cultivated for over 
 a century, but its culture generally speaking, has been con- 
 fined to the southern and hotter valleys, and particularly to 
 the Rio Grande Valley from the Texas line to Santa Fe. The 
 varieties that constitute the commercial vineyards are the 
 Missouri, Muscat of Alexandria, and more or less the Gros 
 Colman and Flame Tokay. These grapes are shipped to the 
 Texas, Louisiana and Colorado markets, where they have 
 given New Mexico a reputation for fine grapes. The Mis- 
 sion grape, while quite late in ripening, is the most popular 
 and possesses some excellent qualities as a table and wine 
 grape, and is the grape of New Mexico at present. The Rio 
 Grande Valley, and particularly^ the Mesilla Valley, is espe- 
 cially suited to the grape, and when its possibilities in this 
 direction are more fully understood by the people, New 
 Mexico will become a vast grape producing section. The 
 grape-shipping season extends from about the 20th of Aug- 
 ust till the last of September. This short season is due to the 
 commercial grapes being all midseason varieties. Early and 
 late ripening varieties need to be added to the large vineyards 
 in order to extend the shipping period. There were 1,180 acres 
 in bearing vines in 1900 and 9,000 acres of young vines. 
 
 Small fruit does well and jdelds big profits, especially cur- 
 rants, raspberries and gooseberries, which obtain a size and 
 llavor that are excelled nowhere, nearly all varieties flourish 
 and yield good crops year in and j^ear out. 
 
 Orchard Crops. 
 
 There were 719,057 bearing fruit trees in 1900, which pro- 
 duced 263,870 bushels of fruit. The value of all orchard pro- 
 ducts in 1899 was estimated at §197,335. There is a noticeable 
 increase in the amount of dried and evaporated fruits, which 
 indicates that culls and marketable products are being more 
 generally utilized. In the near future New Mexico will prob- 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. <5 
 
 ably be able to supply its own markets with jams, jellies, 
 marmalades, etc., manufactured from such fruits as generally 
 go to waste, thus effecting a great saving. 
 
 Where Agriculture Can be Pursued Successfully. 
 
 There are many thousands of acres in New Mexico, aside 
 from those already in use, which can be utilized for horticul- 
 tural purposes. The portions of the Territory which are 
 suited to horticulture are the river bottoms or valleys and the 
 smaller valleys along the mountain streams. There are also 
 large areas, commonly known as the mesas or uplands, which 
 have the finest soil, and which would produce good crops. 
 The largest horticultural districts are the Rio Grande Valley, 
 extending from Embudo to the Texas line, taking in portions 
 of the counties of Rio Arriba, Santa Fe, Sandoval, Bernalillo, 
 Valencia, Socorro, Sierra and Dona Ana; the Pecos Valley, 
 mostly in the counties of Chaves and Eddy, the Animas and 
 the San Juan Valleys in San Juan county and the Mimbres 
 Valley in Grant county. Other notable but smaller sections 
 are found in the counties of Colfax, Otero, Lincoln, Rio 
 Arriba, Taos, Mora and San Miguel. The altitude of these 
 different parts ranges from 3,000 to 7,500 feet. 
 
 The soil varies from a sandy loam to a heavy clay, and is 
 ordinarily fertile enough to produce good crops if water is 
 obtainable for irrigation. Its fertility is demonstrated by the 
 rank and rapid growth of the trees and plants. 
 
 Since New Mexico lies in the arid zone the rainfall being 
 insufficient cannot be depended upon for the growing of fruits 
 and vegetables. Occasionally, in the mountain districts, 
 where the rainfall is more abundant and the humidity greater, 
 some crops of fruits and vegetables are grown without irriga- 
 tion, but one should not depend altogether on this. Irrigation 
 is the only sure means of growing crops in New Mexico. By 
 this means, other things being equal, the largest crops of ex- 
 cellent quality can be grown, and then, the danger of floods 
 and drouths is in a great measure mitigated. It is true, that 
 the irrigation of fruits and vegetables costs money, energy 
 and some skill, but the rewards are great and sure. With 
 irrigation, the crops need not suffer from either too much nor 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. " 
 
 too little water and the land can be made to produce abun- 
 
 "inlrZUhving Into play the favorable soil, ™ter andcli. 
 matic conditions to the best advantage, the adaptab.hty o 
 varieties of trees and plants should be considered It i. not 
 infrequently found that some varieties, although they may be 
 
 among the leading ones in other ^'-^'^^.^ ^''^ ^'^'^ifl^'Z 
 tirely worthless in New Mexico, particularly of the s one 
 fruits On the other hand, some less valuable kinds m o hei 
 sections succeed admirably in "^^^^ V^'''' ^"''''- J'l °'^'' 
 words, the proper selection of varieties is an important facto^ 
 in the Access of the horticultural operations, and this is being 
 
 reahzed more and more. »,o„,i,,p„ 
 
 While horticulture is one of the leading interests and peo- 
 ple of all classes are more or less interested in some branch 
 of it the possibihties in this direction are not fully reahzec^ 
 On y a sill part of the land that is adapted to horticulture 
 has been used. In recent years there seems to have been 
 moreTnterest taken in horticulture, and no doubt marked im- 
 provement will soon take place in this line. 
 
 Sugar Beets. 
 New Mexico ranks first among countries best suited to fl e 
 .rowth of high grade sugar beets. In nearly all localities 
 ^here good beets can be grown there may also be found fuc , 
 hmestone, and water of good quality, as well as cheap labo 
 In the face of these facts, it seems that New Mexico should 
 soon have sugar factories. . „, ,,,„ t„ t„nt 
 
 Conditions are very similar to those in Colorado. In fact, 
 in some respects superior, for both labor and land are cheapei . 
 No doubt when it becomes known that New Mexico is even 
 better suited than Colorado for both the growing of beets and 
 the manufacture of sugar, capital will develop this industiy 
 a it has others of this Territory. New Mexico laws exempt 
 all sugar factories from taxation for a period of six years 
 
 The United States Department of Agriculture, through a 
 
 series of experiments for a number of years, has proven con- 
 
 clustvely that a mean temperature for the months of June, 
 
 July and August, of about 70 degrees is the ideal t«»perature 
 
 or the growing of beets of high saccharine contents. The 
 
COURT HOUSE OF MORA COUNTY AT MORA. 
 
THE LAND OP SUNSHINE. 79 
 
 isothermal sugar zone, or that belt of the United States best 
 adapted to the growth of sugar beets, has been carefully 
 mapped by Dr. H. W. Wiley, chemist of the United States 
 Department of Agriculture. It extends east and west across 
 the United States, and embraces that portion having a mean 
 summer temperature between 69 degrees and 71 degrees 
 Fahrenheit. Entering the northern boundary of Colorado, it 
 passes through the entire state and into New Mexico where 
 it forms a loop in the extreme southern part of the Territory 
 somewhere north of and near Las Cruces, and passes upward 
 again and out in the extreme northwestern part. With the 
 exception of the lower Pecos and Mesilla Valleys, the entire 
 agricultural part of New Mexico has the proper chmatic con- 
 ditions for the cultivation of sugar beets. Beets grown in New 
 Mexico when fully matured, have shown a high sugar content. 
 Doctor Wiley, who is undoubtedly the principal authority on 
 sugar beets today, has the following to say concerning New 
 Mexico : 
 
 "It is evident that there are many locahties in New Mexico 
 where conditions of temperature are most favorable to the 
 growth of beets. There are also large areas of comparatively 
 level lands which are capable of irrigation. Wherever the 
 temperature of these regions is sufficiently low to permit the 
 proper development of the beet, and where sufficient water 
 for irrigation can be secured, there is good reason to believe 
 that the industry may be estabUshed and prove to be profit- 
 able. While the summer days of New Mexico are not so long 
 by an hour or more as in the regions farther north, the amount 
 of sunshine which the growing beets wiU receive, is practi- 
 cally as great as in more northern locahties, because of the 
 comparative absence of cloudy and rainy days." 
 
 The same scientist tabulates analyses of sugar beets grown 
 in the different states and territories. It will be seen that 
 New Mexico grown sugar beets have a higher percentage of 
 sugar than those of any state which at that time had sugar 
 factories in operation. It will also be observed that the per- 
 centage of purity of juice from New Mexico is very high. 
 
 The following table gives the sugar contents and purity of 
 juice in New Mexico beets and beets from other states in 
 which beet sugar factories have been located : 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 81 
 
 o^ ^ Sugar in beet. Purity in juice. 
 
 ^^^^®- Per cent. Per cent. 
 
 Michigan 14.7 81.1 
 
 California 16.8 
 
 Colorado 13.6 76.6 
 
 Utah 14.3 81.1 
 
 Nebraska 12.9 76.9 
 
 New York 15. 82.4 
 
 Oregon (a) (a) 
 
 Washington 13.7 80.7 
 
 Wisconsin 15.8 83.3 
 
 Ohio 13.8 ' 79.1 
 
 Minnesota 11. 79.2 
 
 New Mexico 17.2 82 . 
 
 (a) Results not given in table. 
 
 It is estimated that the people of New Mexico consumed 
 15,750,000 pounds of sugar last year. Not one pound of this 
 sugar was manufactured in the Territory, notwithstanding 
 the fact that natural conditions are better suited to sugar 
 beet growth and beet sugar manufacture than almost any 
 other place in the United States, and possibly in the world. 
 
 Tobacco. 
 
 Tobacco has been cultivated in New Mexico for hundreds 
 of years. It is more than likely that tobacco originated here 
 and found its way into other countries. Wild tobacco, called 
 "puncha," grows all along the foothills of the mountains. 
 Many farmers continue to grow tobacco of seeds from the 
 original plant, preferring it to Havana or any other variety. 
 The cultivated plant is very similar to the native. The native 
 farmers do not sow the seed in beds and transplant, but drill 
 in rows. The plants are from live to five and a half feet high 
 and have about forty leaves. They are small and resemble 
 Turkish more than any other variety in growth and shape of 
 leaf. 
 
 Eleven small beds were prepared in gardens in Bernalillo 
 county last year. Sumatra, Turkish, Havana, Connecticut, 
 Virginia and Kentucky burley seed were sown and covered 
 with glass. This was necessary, as it was late in the season 
 and the plants had to be forced. If the beds had been sown 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 83 
 
 late in February or the early part of March, a covering of can- 
 vass or cheese-cloth would have been sufficient. Suitable 
 lands were selected for the experiment. The first transplant- 
 ing work was done on May 26 and finished July 10. The crop 
 grew nicely and gave a fine yield of superior quality, with 
 points in favor of Kentucky hurley and Turkish. 
 
 Tobacco of all varieties will grow well and has an unusually 
 fine flavor and aroma. Several acres of Sumatra have been 
 planted between rows of Kafiir corn six feet apart. It was 
 shown by this experiment that the corn gave sufficient shade 
 to the plants to ipake a very fine leaf, and that the great ex- 
 pense of covering the field with canvass is not necessary. 
 
 Cotton. 
 
 Cotton is raised successfully in Eddy county. A cotton gin 
 has been erected at Carlsbad. Cotton is also grown on a small 
 scale in Chaves, Roosevelt and Quay counties. Two thousand 
 acres were under cultivation in Eddy county during the 1904 
 season. 
 
 The Soil. 
 
 The soil of the valleys of New Mexico is superior in pro- 
 ductive capabilities to the alluvial soil of the prairie states. 
 The secret of its producing power probably lies in the large 
 amount of sediment contained in the irrigation w^aters. The 
 Nile Valley, with its irrigation waters loaded with sediment, 
 is considered one of the most fertile in the world, and yet in 
 New Mexico there are a number of Nile Valleys in miniature. 
 
 The crops are not seriously troubled by either insect pests 
 or fungus diseases. Much sunshine and dry climate prevent 
 the growth of fungi and, therefore, these are not likely to 
 become troublesome. The insect pests that have found their 
 way here seem to be quite easily controlled by proper treat- 
 ment. 
 
 It is quite a common custom, especially among the native 
 population, to grow two crops on the same land in one season, 
 that is, a crop of wheat and a crop of corn. This system 
 w^ould be inadvisable in the rain belt, but in sections where 
 irrigation is employed and the water applied, is loaded with 
 rich sediment, it is a question if any serious criticism of this 
 practice can be made. 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. B5 
 
 New Mexico's climate is a source of wealth to its people. 
 Agricultural operations, especially in the southern half, are 
 ca'rriec] on throughout the year. Ground may be plowed any 
 time during the winter, and cereals and alfalfa are sown dur- 
 ing this season of the year, thus leaving the summer months 
 free in which to harvest the cereal crops and the four or five 
 cuttings ©f alfalfa. 
 
 The principal agricultural and horticultural counties are 
 Colfax, San Juan, Rio Arriba, Taos, Chaves, Eddy, Santa Fe, 
 Dona Ana, Socorro, Valencia, Mora, Sandoval, Roosevelt and 
 Bernalillo, although good agricultural land is found in every 
 county. 
 
 Results. 
 
 At the Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo, an agricultural 
 and horticultural exhibit from New Mexico received two gold 
 medals, three bronze medals, and five certificates of honorable 
 mention in competition with the rest of the North American as 
 well as the South American continent. At the Louisiana Pur- 
 chase Exposition at St. Louis, peaches from Roswell and Carls- 
 bad received first premium in competition with peaches from 
 California. The following figures are culled at random from 
 reports in local newspapers made to them by farmers and hor- 
 ticulturists or by reports made to the Bureau of Immigration: 
 Capt. J. P. Casey from a ranch of 112^ acres, 100 acres of which 
 are in alfalfa, one-half mile north of Las Cruces, while he w^as 
 its owner, had an average income per year since 1896 of §6,000. 
 J. L. Wilson of Rosweh sold $800 worth of tomatoes from a two 
 acre lot on which the net profit was §550. Samuel Johnson on 
 a three acre lot at Roswell raised $2,500 worth of truck, one- 
 half of which was profit. George Davis from thirteen acres of 
 fruit in Chaves county in one year sold §1,807 worth. J. C. Lea 
 of Roswell in an off year for apples, sold §90 worth of this fruit 
 from eight trees. A. J. Gilmour of Flora Vista, San Juan coun- 
 ty, sold §600 worth of onions from one acre. W. H. Williams of 
 San Juan county harvested 350 tons of alfalfa from sixty acres. 
 W. H. Knight of Farmington sold 500,000 pounds of fruit from 
 an eighty acre orchard , receiving on the tree, one cent a pound 
 for apples, two cents a pound for grapes and three cents for 
 prunes. He had one peach tree that yielded 700 pounds at 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 87 
 
 one bearing. Andrew Stevenson of the San Juan Valley, re- 
 ceived $3,200 from the alfalfa crop of 100 acres. W. M. 
 Farmer of Roswell made §6,000 from twenty acres of celery. 
 At the United States Industrial Indian School in Santa Fe on 
 three-fourths of an acre 11,800 pounds of the best onions were 
 raised in 1902, giving the school its entire winter supply of this 
 important food vegetable and which if bought in the market 
 would have cost four cents per pound or $472. The Territo- 
 rial penitentiary at Santa Fe on a plat of five acres raised suf- 
 ficient vegetables of all varieties to supply the officials and in- 
 mates, about 300 in number, all the year around, with the 
 exception of potatoes and tomatoes. The following were 
 among some of the exhibits at recent agricultural fairs in the 
 Territory: Barley seven feet high: oat heads thirty inches 
 long; apples weighing each twenty-eight ounces and sixteen 
 inches in circumference; pears nineteen ounces; peaches 
 twelve ounces; Muscat grapes weighing twenty-five ounces 
 per bunch; nectarines weighing six ounces; water melons 
 forty pounds: heads of cabbages forty-two pounds; a bunch 
 of nine sweet potatoes weighing eighteen pounds. One apple 
 tree in Otero county in 1900 yielded 6,000 pounds and a peach 
 orchard of 3,000 trees yielded 200,000 pounds. The following 
 are average yields per acre: Oats seventy to one hundred 
 bushels; corn forty to sixty bushels; barley sixty to eighty- 
 five bushels; w^heat thirty to forty-five bushels; alfalfa three 
 to five tons; potatoes 300 to 500 bushels; sweet potatoes 600 to 
 1,000 bushels; cotton one bale: tobacco 1,000 pounds; canaigre 
 root two to three tons; onions 500 bushels; sugar beets six- 
 teen to twenty-two tons, yielding from sixteen to twenty-two 
 per cent, saccharine matter; Mission grapes 12,744 pounds, 
 making 910 gallons of wine. One acre of asparagus from the 
 third year yields 200 pounds a day for sixty days each year. 
 In Eddy county the average return for each acre of sugar 
 beets was $67 and the average cost to the farmer $22. Bees 
 average sixty-five pounds each year per hive, although as high 
 as 196 pounds per hive have been realized at Artesia, Eddy 
 county. The average profit per colony per year is $10. In 
 years of ample rainfall an immense amount of gramma grass 
 is harvested on the public range, an acre yielding from two to 
 three tons of hay. 
 
mmmmismMm'^ 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 89 
 
 How to Secure a Homestead. 
 
 There are 52,000,000 acres of unappropriated public land 
 in New Mexico. Agricultural public land is subject to entry 
 only under the homestead and desert land laws. The 
 homestead laws of the United States secure to qualified per- 
 sons the right to settle upon, enter, and acquire title to 160 
 acres of public land by establishing and maintaining resi- 
 dence thereon and improving and cultivating the same for a 
 continuous period of five years. A homestead entryman must 
 be the head of a family or over twenty-one years of age and a 
 citizen of the United States or one who has declared his or her 
 intention of becoming such, and he or she must not be the 
 owner of more than 160 acres of land in any state or territory. 
 A wife who has been divorced from her husband or deserted 
 by him can make homestead entry. Payment of $16 fees and 
 commissions must be made at the time of entry, and final 
 proof can be made at any time when five years residence 
 thereon and a cultivation of a portion of the land can be shown. 
 The cost of making final proof, including publication of notice, 
 taking testimony, and commissions is from $14.26 to $15. A 
 person can, at the time of making homestead entrj^ of 160 
 acres, enter 160 acres under the desert land act. He will be 
 required to pay twenty-five cents per acre at the time of mak- 
 ing the entry, after which he is required to expend $3 per acre 
 ($1 per acre each year for three years) in labor or money in 
 improving the land and constructing reservoirs, canals and 
 ditches for irrigation and reclaiming the tracts entered; and 
 the person can make final entry at any time prior to the expi- 
 ration of four years on making the required proof of reclama- 
 tion, of expenditure to an aggregate amount of $3 per acre, 
 and of the cultivation of one-eighth of the land and making a 
 final payment of one dollar per acre. 
 
 In taking up a homestead, first possession may be obtained 
 for ninety days by cutting four logs twelve feet long for a 
 foundation of a house, putting up a notice and making im- 
 provements from time to time. At the end of that time the 
 ■entry must be completed. 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 91 
 
 The Stock Industry. 
 
 Next to agriculture, the stock industry is the greatest 
 source of wealtii, in fact, as far as the area devoted to it, it 
 leads all other industries. This is easily explained, for be- 
 sides an extensive private range, there are 50,000,000 acres of 
 public range, and the climate is all that can be wished for by 
 stock raisers. Many fortunes have been made in stock rais- 
 ing and with each year the grade of stock is being improved 
 and thus becomes more valuable. Over 1,000,000 cattle are 
 on the ranges of the Territory and in Chaves county are to be 
 found some of the highest grade cattle in the United States, 
 Herefords predominating. Chaves, Grant, Sierra, Luna, 
 Otero, Dona Ana, Union, Leonard Wood, Roosevelt, Colfax, 
 Eddy, Lincoln and Quay are the principal cattle counties. 
 
 Sheep. 
 
 There are between Hve and six million sheep upon the 
 ranges. The mild winters, the grassy mesas and watered val- 
 leys, the sheltered canons, help to make sheep raising very 
 profitable. The wool produced annually is between 20,000,000 
 and 25,000,000 pounds and as railroad facilities are ample 
 there is no difficulty in getting the wool crop to market. A 
 moderate capital invested in sheep, a home ranch and ample 
 range will bring success to the sheep raiser if he possesses 
 good business tact and experience. 
 
 Goats. 
 
 Equally as profitable and as free from difficulties is the 
 raising of goats. Especially on the foothills and on the moun- 
 tain mesas, goats do better than sheep. There are many thou- 
 sand square miles of such pasture in the Territory. In Sierra, 
 Lincoln, Otero and Santa Fe and other mountain counties, 
 there are many large goat farms, much attention being given 
 to high grade Angoras. Incidental to the profit from the hair 
 of the Angoras, their skin and their meat, they will clear land 
 from brush and thus make it available for irrigation. The 
 goat is very hardy, can subsist upon a range that would starve 
 any other animal and is free from diseases which often play 
 havoc with other stock. There are, it is estimated, 225,000 
 goats in the Territory. 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 93 
 
 Timber. 
 
 New Mexico is rich in timber, about 5,000,000 acres being 
 covered with merchantable timber. Extensive lumbering 
 operations are at present being carried on in the Sacramento 
 mountains in Otero county, there being extensive saw mills, 
 tie preserving and planing mihs at Alamogordo; in Rio 
 Arriba county where a railroad is being built into the timber 
 district; in Valencia and McKinley counties, whQj:-e the Ameri- 
 can Lumber Company is carrying on operations upon a large 
 scale, the lumber being sent to a large mill at Albuquerque; 
 and upon a lesser scale in Taos, Santa Fe, Lincoln, Colfax, San 
 Miguel, Mora and other counties. New Mexico timber, which 
 is mostly pine, is used in building operations and for bridges 
 and railroad purposes. Hundreds of thousands of pine and 
 spruce railroad ties are also made annually. 
 
 Mining. 
 
 Mining will be treated in detail in a companion volume to 
 this. It is one of the oldest and most important industries in 
 the Territory and has produced many milhons of dollars. It 
 is destined to a great expansion and great production in the 
 future. Prospecting has never been thorough nor develop- 
 ment very extensive except in a few instances. Still, there 
 have been many bonanzas in the Territory and from its gold 
 and silver mines many fortunes have been made. Copper is 
 found in almost every one of the mining counties, and the cop- 
 per mines in Grant and Santa Fe counties are well developed. 
 Considerable iron ore is mined in Grant county, but the Ter- 
 ritory's iron deposits have scarcely been touched, although 
 about 150,000 tons of iron ore are sent to Pueblo, Colorado, 
 annually, from Fierro, Grant county, alone. The production 
 of lead is, in importance next to gold, silver, copper and iron, 
 and after that zinc ore figures in the mineral returns. New 
 Mexico produces an extra fine quality of turquoise and sup- 
 phes the market almost entirely in the United States. Other 
 precious stones are found although not in large deposits. 
 
 Salt lakes, alum deposits, vast areas of gypsum, sulphur, 
 kaohn, fire clay, corrundrum, bloedite, ochre, graphite and 
 mineral paints, are features of the mineral wealth of the Ter- 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 95 
 
 ritory. Marble, granite, sandstone, lime, brick clay and other 
 building materials exist in many counties. 
 
 It is in its coal fields, however, that New Mexico possesses 
 its greatest promise for the future. Last year a million and 
 a half of tons of coal w^ere produced by the coal mines at 
 Dawson, Van Houten, Madrid, Gallup, Monero, Carthage, 
 Capitan and elsewhere. Coal exists in more than one-half of 
 the counties and undevelojDed coal veins from four to forty 
 feet in thickness await merely the coming of the capitalist 
 and the railroad. Good coal miners can always find employ- 
 ment and make very good wages. There are also oil prospects 
 in McKinley, Leonard Wood, Eddy, San Juan, Colfax and 
 Sandoval counties. 
 
 The leading mining counties are: Grant, Santa Fe, Colfax, 
 Taos, Rio Arriba, Sierra, Otero, Socorro, Lincoln, Dona Ana, 
 Luna and Sandoval, although there are mines and mineral in- 
 dications in every county. 
 
 Manufacturing Industries. 
 
 New Mexico has made but a beginning in manufacturing 
 although it presents every possible advantage for large indus- 
 trial enterprises. There are lumbering mills and a box fac- 
 tory at Albuquerque and at Alamogordo, and saw^ mills on 
 various timber tracts; a woolen mill at Albuquerque; wool 
 scouring plants at Albuquerque, Las Vegas, Roswell and 
 Tucumcari; a foundry at Albuquerque; railroad shops at Al- 
 buquerque, Las Vegas, Raton. Alamogordo and Estancia; ore 
 treatment plants in many of the mining camps; a tie preserv- 
 ing plant at Alamogordo and at Las Vegas, ice factories, steam 
 laundries, and electric light plants in the larger towns, can- 
 neries at Las Cruces and Parmington, a distillery at Farming- 
 ton, a cotton gin at Carlsbad, a brew^ery at Albuquerque and at 
 Socorro, flour mills in the larger towns; coke ovens in the coal 
 mining camps, a cement plant at Ancho; and other small manu- 
 facturing plants are gradually being established. At Estancia 
 a salt treatment plant is about to be built. 
 
 But there is room for vast expansion. New Mexico produc- 
 ing wool, hides, canaigre, cement, lime, sugar beets, gypsum 
 and many other raw materials that many factories must ship 
 from a distance. It offers in addition abundant and cheap fuel. 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 97 
 
 low priced land, natural power, a perfect climate, good home 
 markets and proximity to Mexico markets, railroad facilities, 
 moderate priced labor, all of which are factors in conducting 
 a successful industrial establishment. By legislation, various 
 branches of manufacture are exempted from taxes for the 
 first few years after establishment, and the larger towns are 
 always ready to tender every inducement to manufacturers 
 who desire to locate. The opening is especially promising for 
 woolen mills, tanneries, shoe, glove, furniture, paper and beet 
 sugar factories, cement mills, glass works, canneries, distil- 
 leries, furnaces, iron and steel works and brick yards. 
 
 Railroads. 
 
 New Mexico is well gridironed by railroads and new lines 
 are under consideration. During the past three years, 850 
 miles have been added and now every county except one, has 
 railroad facilities. The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe, the 
 Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific, the El Paso and Southwest- 
 ern, the El Paso and Northeastern, the Santa Pe Central, the 
 Denver and Rio Grande, the Colorado and Southern, the Pecos 
 Valley and Northeastern, the Southern Pacific and their 
 branches and extensions, are the principal railway lines. 
 These railroads employ a large number of men, and afford 
 superior facilities for communication and traffic within the 
 commonwealth as well as connection with the outside world. 
 Three of the most important lines of transcontinental travel 
 pass through the Territory. Santa Fe and Deming have three 
 independent railroad systems, while other places have a com- 
 petition of two railroad lines or are the junction points of 
 branches or a main and branch line. 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 CLIMATE. 
 
 IT is its climate that is New Mexico's principal and partic- 
 ular boast, and well may its people be proud of it. As 
 the altitude gradually declines from 8,000 feet in the 
 north to 3,000 feet in the south, the climate is modified 
 as far as the mean annual temperature is concerned, but other- 
 wise it is the same in the north as in the south, the sharp win- 
 ter winds of the north being tempered by the warm sunshine 
 and dry air; and the higher temperature of the south being mo- 
 derated by the latitude, the dry air and the invariabl}^ cool 
 nights. There is no other commonwealth, not even Colorado 
 with its high winds and greater annual precipitation, nor Ari- 
 zona with its hot dust storms and great variations in daily tem- 
 perature, although both possess a fine climate that is a specific 
 for lung trouble, that can compare its climatic advantages with 
 those of New Mexico. The Territory knows of no cases of na- 
 tive consumption, and in the higher altitudes and in certain lo- 
 calities, of no enteric diseases, no malaria no diphtheria, no 
 croup, no mosquitoes, no blizzards, no oppressive summer days 
 or nights. At Santa Fe in winter, on sunny days, the tempera- 
 ture in the sun runs up from fifty to eighty degrees, and in 
 summer the shade temperature never exceeds ninety degrees 
 except once or twice in a decade, ninety-seven degrees being 
 the highest temperature on record in thirty years. Even a 
 temperature of ninety-seven degrees, on account of the great 
 dryness of the atmosphere and the invariably cool summer 
 nights, is not as oppressive as a maximum temperature of 
 seventy-two degrees at Chicago or New York. At Carlsbad 
 and Las Cruces the mean temperature for January is forty- 
 two degrees and in July a little less than eighty degrees, giv- 
 ing the extremes of the mean temperatures for the year in 
 southern New Mexico. The days of sunshine in every year 
 average from 300 to 320, partly cloudy days from twenty-five 
 to forty-five and cloudy days from twenty to thirty, there be- 
 ing more cloudy days in summer than in winter, and no other 
 commonwealth in the United States has an average sunshine 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 101 
 
 record equal to that of New Mexico, which, for that reason is 
 known as the "Sunshine Territory."' During the six months 
 ending March 1, 1904, the weather bureau at Santa Fe re- 
 corded not a single cloudy day. 
 
 But it is not only to healthseekers that New Mexico is a 
 haven of refuge. It has been stated by some writers that 
 tuberculosis can be treated successfully in any climate. All 
 experience is against such a conclusion. It has been demon- 
 strated beyond question that certain sections of the United 
 States possess climatic characteristics which are peculiarly 
 adapted to the successful management of the disease. The 
 so-called arid regions of the great southwest, which comprise 
 portions of southern Colorado, all of New Mexico and Arizona, 
 together with that part of western Texas known as the "Llano 
 Estacado," may be included in this favored section. The vast 
 and salubrious stretch of country, which is so many times 
 alluded to as a "land of sand, sagebrush and cacti," possesses 
 in an almost unlimited degree those very elements which ob- 
 servation has proved to be of the utmost value in the treat- 
 ment of tuberculosis. 
 
 Where medicines have failed the elements are succeeding. 
 A pure atmosphere, containing an abundance of oxygen and 
 electricity, in conjunction with a large amount of sunshine, is 
 today fulfilling in an eminently satisfactorj^ manner the mis- 
 sion heretofore mapped out for such agents as cod-liver-oil, 
 creosote and the various poisonous concoctions known as 
 serums. 
 
 The importance of climate as a factor in the treatment of 
 pulmonary tuberculosis is daily manifesting more and more 
 its value, whether taken separately, or coupled with the va- 
 rious specific plans of therapy now advocated and employed 
 in this important branch of practice. Physicians are inform- 
 ing themselves more widely upon this vital question, and the 
 experiences gained by the practitioner living amidst such 
 ideal climatic conditions as exist in New Mexico are being- 
 looked upon with more interest and kindly consideration 
 than has heretofore been accorded them. 
 
 The consensus of oj)inion as expressed by the leading au- 
 thorities on tuberculosis at the International Congress held 
 at Moscow, Russia, two years ago, and later at London. Eng- 
 
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THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 103 
 
 land, and Madrid, Spain, was unanimously in favor of the cli- 
 matic treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis over all other 
 methods considered. 
 
 The southwestern section of the United States has thou- 
 sands of residents who came as tuberculosis patients, some 
 of them as long as twenty-live years ago. They are today, and 
 have been for many years, in good health, have married and 
 reared children who are to all appearances absolutely free 
 from tubercular disease. 
 
 Animals, as well as the human race, are likewise remarkably 
 free from tuberculosis in this region, as has been shown by 
 the researches of Herrera and Lopez in Mexico, where the cli- 
 matic conditions are practically similar to those existing in 
 New Mexico. These investigators report that they have found 
 but forty-five cases of tuberculosis in cattle out of 73,000 killed 
 and examined at the government abattoir in the City of 
 Mexico. 
 
 It may be stated in a general way that all specific plans of 
 therapeutic treatment thus far suggested for the cure of tu- 
 berculosis, and especially of the pulmonary form, have failed, 
 so that one must look to nature rather than to the laboratory 
 for the weapons to combat this enemy of the race. 
 
 The early diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis is of the ut- 
 most importance for it is in the beginning of the disease that 
 the greatest benefit is derived in the largest proportion of 
 cases from the climate or the out-of-door plan of treatment. 
 
 New Mexico is essentially a "land of sunshine and blue 
 skies." 
 
 Here there is a dry and bracing climate, with no extreme 
 heat or cold, a climate, which for the most part, admits of an 
 existence out of doors almost all the year round. It is these 
 qualities of air and sky that have caused this favored region 
 to be known today over the entire civilized world as the "Land 
 of Sunshine." The peculiar adaptability of such a climate to 
 the successful management of consumption and other diseases 
 of the lungs and respiratory tracts is causing invalids to flock 
 here in great numbers, experience and observation having de- 
 monstrated beyond further question the fact that the sea 
 coast resorts have proved dismal failures in exercising either 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 
 
 105 
 
 a corrective or retarding influence upon the diseases men- 
 tioned above. 
 
 The past few years the medical profession, as well as the 
 laity, have been made aware, through various channels, of the 
 vastly superior chmatic conditions existing throughout the 
 Territory of New Mexico, and patients are seeking relief here 
 by the hundreds where formerly they came only by the score. 
 
 Osier says : "The requirements of a suitable chmate are a 
 pure atmosphere, an equable temperature not subject to rapid 
 variations and a maximum amount of sunshine." Given these 
 factors, and it makes httle diffei-ence where a patient goes, as 
 long as he lives an outdoor life. The purity of the atmosphere 
 is the first consideration, and it is this requirement that is 
 met so well in the mountains and the forests of New Mexico. 
 
 The problem of the prevention of the further spread of tu- 
 berculosis and its ultimate and complete eradication from the 
 human race will be solved when physicians realize the import- 
 ance of at once placing the patient suffering from, or threat- 
 ened with, this disease in a suitable climate. Children inher- 
 iting this peculiar condition of the cellular structures and cell 
 elements known as a tubercular tendency will develop, in a 
 favorable chmate, a cell antagonism to the disease which can 
 never be acquired in a climate where tubercular diseases are 
 more common and one which favors the causes that lead to 
 tubercular disease. 
 
 It is generally conceded by writers upon bacteriology that 
 climatic conditions play a most conspicuous part in both de- 
 velopment and retardation of microbic life. Epidemic diseases 
 which have for their vehicles certain conditions of the atmos- 
 phere, such as heat and moisture, constantly demonstrate 
 their powe^- of spreading contagion, the moisture contained in 
 the air being the chief factor of preserving the vitality of the 
 
 germ. 
 
 To any one familiar with the extreme climatic difference 
 between the Atlantic coast states and the Southwest, the great 
 role played by the climate in each locality named, will at once 
 become strikingly apparent to the most indifferent observer. 
 Epidemics, such as la grippe, so fatal and destructive in their 
 train of sequelae, are unknown in New Mexico. This is rather 
 remarkable, in view of the fact that the bulk of the population, 
 
ESPIRITU SANTO LAKE, IN THE SANTA FE RANGE. 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE, 107 
 
 about three fourths, are native people, who hve in a humble 
 and primitive state scarcely ever employing any modern sani- 
 tary precautions to guard against epidemic invasions. The 
 climatic conditions existing throughout the Territory and in 
 the mountain regions more especially, the rarity and purity 
 of the atmosphere, together with the almost constant direct 
 rays of the sun, are the most powerful bactericides known to 
 science today. A climate where discarded animal and vege- 
 table substances undergo prompt and rapid desiccation after 
 brief exposure to the atmosphere, without the least manifes- 
 tation of decomposition, argues most strongly against bacte- 
 rial development. The tuberculus bacilli lose their infective 
 power in a very short tima after exposure to the sun's rays 
 in the arid atmosphere. This clearly explains the curative 
 effect of climate upon pulmonary tuberculosis. Constant in- 
 halation of what may properly be termed an aseptic atmos- 
 phere, in time, brings about in the pulmonary tissues, inflamed 
 by tuberculous deposits, that very desiccation effected upon 
 animal and vegetable substance exposed directly to the air. 
 
 Although there are many invalids, principally persons with 
 tuberculosis, there is not a case of tuberculosis on record in 
 New Mexico that was communicated from the diseased to the 
 healthy through the medium of the atmosi^here. That the 
 native people of this section experience such wonderful im- 
 munity from tuberculosis, especially of the respiratory tract, 
 must have its explanation in the very favorable climatic condi- 
 tions surrounding. 
 
 In order to derive all possible benefit from such a cli- 
 mate as that of New Mexico the health seeker should live out 
 of doors. If he has the strength to get about at all, the best 
 he can do is to go into the pine forests and camp out. The 
 nomadic life of the tent dweller is the best treatment for inci- 
 pient pulmonary tuberculosis. It is often a grave mistake for 
 an invalid to seek a change of climate in a place where he has 
 no friends, no occupation, nothing to distract his mind from 
 himself and his malady. In a few months he exhausts the pos- 
 sibilities of mere curious interest in unfamiliar surroundings, 
 and then he strolls about alone or with chance acquaintances 
 until he becomes weary of the town and the monotony of his 
 existence. Home sickness ensues, the mental disease some- 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINP:. 109 
 
 times counterbalancing the climatic benefit, and the health- 
 seeker in desperation returns to his home, preferring the 
 certainty of death among friends, to the possibility of a pro- 
 longed existence under unsupportable conditions. If such a 
 health seeker would procure a saddle horse, pack animals, and 
 a camp outfit and go into the mountains with a good guide and 
 agreeable companions he would find no monotony, and no 
 homesickness, but would gain strength and buoyancy of 
 spirit and never know a dull hour. A year of out-of-door life 
 in the dry, bracing air of New Mexico, will arrest many a case 
 of incipient pulmonary tuberculosis, if the sufferer has the 
 necessary strength and vitality to begin such a course of 
 treatment and takes ordinary precautions against undue ex- 
 posure and overexertion. 
 
 Recognizing the superior climatic advantages of New Mex- 
 ico for the treatment of diseases of the respiratory system, 
 the United States government has established, and now has 
 in successful operation, two large sanitariums, one operated 
 under the auspices of the War Department and the other un- 
 der the United States Marine Hospital Service. 
 
 The action of the government in establishing its great sani- 
 tariums for the treatment of consumption in New Mexico is a 
 far greater and stronger eulogy on the climatic advantages of 
 this Territory than anything that can be said or written upon 
 the subject. 
 
 Since the establishment six years ago of the two govern- 
 ment sanitariums, one at Fort Bayard, and the other at Fort 
 Stanton, several hundred soldiers and sailors, afflicted with 
 tuberculosis, have been cured by the climatic treatment, which 
 is the chief feature at both of these establishments. Liberal 
 appropriations have been made by the national government 
 for enlarging and improving both of these institutions, and 
 they are destined to make a record in the future by the large 
 and increasing per cent of cures they are effecting. Fresh air 
 in abundance, both night and day, is the first and most im- 
 portant factor in the treatment. Coupled with this are sun- 
 shine, healthful and abundant diet, moderate exercise, amuse- 
 ments and recreations of a suitable character. This con- 
 stitutes the plan followed at both places, and they are proving 
 
COURT HOUSE OF EDDY COUNTY, AT CARLSBAD. 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. Ill 
 
 each day the immense advantages they possess over the old 
 methods of treatment. 
 
 Private sanitariums are rapidly springing up and this is a 
 sure indication that at last capitalists as well as scientific men 
 are beginning to admit in a practical way that the future of 
 New JVLexico has great possibilities in this respect. 
 
 At Santa Fe, Albuquerque, Las Vegas, Silver City, Las 
 Cruces and other points, are now^ in successful operation ex- 
 cellent sanitariums conducted by private individuals. Add to 
 these the various mountain resorts and springs where camp 
 life is a feature, it will be readily seen that at the present time 
 much excellent provision is already made for health seekers, 
 whereas only a few years ago, everything of this kind was ex- 
 tremely crude. Special attention is given at all these places 
 to making the dietary varied and wholesome. This with abun- 
 dant sunshine and pure mountain spring water, constitutes a 
 trinity hard to surpass in the treatment of consumption. 
 
 "Sunmount,'" beautifully situated in the foothills east and 
 south of Santa Fe, is the pioneer tent city of this region and 
 the most important. Great care in the selection of the site 
 has repaid the managers, as the demand for accommodations 
 increases daily. The "Holmes Sanitary Tent" is in use there 
 and its construction is so ideal for the purpose that it permits 
 of a comfortable life in the open air during the entire year. 
 Grand scenery, constant sunshine, pure water from moun- 
 tain springs, a generous cuisine, competent medical super- 
 vision, trees with health-giving properties, like the spruce, 
 cedar, pine and the Austrahan red gum oreucal3'ptus, togeth- 
 er with the altitude of 7,000 feet, and the pure mountain air 
 form an ideal combination of health and life giving-elements 
 not to be found elsewhere, perhaps, on the continent. "Sun- 
 mount" is surely destined to become the most noted health 
 and pleasure resort in the entire southwestern country, A 
 common mistake about this country is that it is a very expen- 
 sive place to live in. At "Sunmounf excellent tents comfort- 
 ably furnished are to be had at $10 and $15 per month. 
 
 Charles E. Linney, director of the United States Weather 
 Bureau at Santa Fe, speaks as follows of the New Mexico 
 climate : 
 
 "It is easy to say that the climate of this or that place is the 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 113 
 
 finest in the world; it is less easy to show rehable facts and 
 figures to bear out the statement, and it is least easy to con- 
 vince the self satisfied public that some other spot can be, or 
 is the more favored; facts, however, if they are facts, should 
 be given credence. 
 
 "It is with these barriers in view that a few facts (and sim- 
 ple figures) regarding the climate of central and northern New 
 Mexico are presented, this vast empire being in many respects 
 nicely typified by Santa Fe, local contour, latitude and altitude 
 being considered. 
 
 "Discarding fractional finesse, the annual mean tempera- 
 ture of Santa Fe (obtained from 31 years of carefully compiled 
 records by the United States Weather Bureau) is 40^, a de- 
 gree higher than that of Chicago, the same as that of Boston, 
 a degree lower than Denver, six degrees cooler than Asheville, 
 North Carolina, (which has the same latitude), seven degrees 
 cooler than St. Louis and 20 - cooler than Jacksonville. This 
 comfortable average too is the result of balancing 29 -", the 
 coldest month (January), with 69-, the warmest month (July). 
 In 31 years the temperature has never risen to 100^, the high- 
 est record being 97 in the month of August, 1878, and since 
 the following year it has not touched 95" ; the average num- 
 ber of days each year with 90" or higher is but two. The 
 average daily maximum temperature (afternoon reading) of 
 the w^armest month (July) is but 81^, while the average night 
 temperature of this month is but 57-, a summer temperature 
 far morecomfortable thanthatof St. Louis, Washington, New 
 York, Boston, Chicago, Denver or St. Paul, and only ap- 
 proached by the cities that nestle beside the frigid waters of 
 Lake Superior. 
 
 "On the other hand, winter is not bleak and cold; the average 
 winter temperature is 31-, just below the freezing point. The 
 temperature of the night falls to or below freezing a little over 
 one hundred times each year, while zero temperatures are 
 rarely recorded. The low^est actual record is 13^ below zero 
 in December, 1879, and in January, 1883; many winters pass 
 without a record of zero temperature. 
 
 "The annual precipitation (including rain, snow, sleet and 
 hail) is 14.3 inches; Denver the same; Chicago, 34.8; St. Louis, 
 41.1; Asheville, 42.5; Washington, 44.8; Boston, 45.0, and Jack- 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 115 
 
 sonville, 54.1 inches. While the rainfall is low it should be 
 borne in mind that 62 per cent of the amount occurs in the 
 spring and summer months, leaving the fall and winter 
 months dry and invigorating. July is the wettest m.onth, 
 averaging 2.8 inches, while but 0.7 inch (or less) are measured 
 in November, December, January, February and March. The 
 average number of days with 0.01 of an inch or more of pre- 
 cipitation is 81, against 111 at St. Louis, 120 at Chicago, 121 
 at Boston, 122 at Washington, and 127 at Jacksonville. These 
 figures for Santa Fe, however, do not represent days with con- 
 tinuous rain, but rather days with showers of short duration, 
 for a day with continuous rain is practically unknown. 
 
 "The sunshine of Santa Fe is proverbial; there is annually 
 recorded 76 per cent of the possible amount, against 69 per 
 cent at Denver, 65 per cent at St. Louis, 59 per cent at Wash- 
 ington, 54 per cent at Boston and 53 per cent at Chicago. With 
 all of these cities, excepting only Denver, the greatest amount 
 of sunshine occurs in summer, while here the highest per- 
 centage is in the fall, spring and winter in the order named — 
 expressed differently this means that there is a partial veiling 
 of the sun's rays during the heat of the summer, but a full and 
 free bestowal of its glorious rays during the remaining nine 
 months of the year. Occasionally, the amount of sunshine 
 reaches the marvelous total of 93 per cent of the possible 
 (June, 1902), and it has never fallen below 55 per cent (Jan- 
 uary, 1898). In actual hours of sunshine the record averages 
 3,352 hours in a year, 9.2 hours for each day. 
 
 "The average relative humidity is slightly below 46 per cent, 
 it is highest, shghtly below 55 per cent, in January, and low- 
 est 33 per cent in June. The annual relative humidity at 
 Denver is 50 per cent; at St. Louis 70 per cent; at Boston 
 72 per cent; at Washington 73 per cent; at Chicago 77 per cent, 
 and at Jacksonville 80 per cent. For the warmest months of 
 the year — June, July, August and September— the average at 
 St.;" Louis is 66 per cent; Chicago and Boston 74 per cent; 
 Washington 75 per cent and Jacksonville 82 per cent; in other 
 words the humidity during the heat of the summer in the 
 eastern cities is considerably greater than the annual average, 
 while just the opposite condition prevails in Santa Fe, where 
 it is a dry heat, thus always free from enervating effects. 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 117 
 
 "The average hourly wind movement is low ((3.9 miles per 
 hour) and it is rare indeed that a storm velocity (40 miles an 
 hour or higher) is attained, there being but 37 such records 
 in 21 years. There is no record of the wind ever having at- 
 tained a velocity of 60 miles an hour at Santa Fe. 
 
 "Summarized, the climate may be described as one that is 
 mild and equable, much given to sunshine, free from great 
 heat, high winds, humidity, and debilitating effects so notice- 
 able in the central and eastern cities, free also from the cold 
 and snow and storm of other northern cities, a climate of clear 
 skies, small rainfall, few storms and those of short duration, 
 one which is usually warm in the sun in winter and cool in the 
 shade in summer." 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 
 MINERAL AND HOT SPRINGS. 
 
 nEW MEXICO is not only blessed with a climate that is a 
 boon to health seekers, but it also possesses mineral 
 and hot springs whose waters have curative powers 
 that are wonderful. One of the most remarkable 
 groups of thermal springs in the United States is located at 
 Ojo Caliente, Taos county, 6,290 feet above sea level. There 
 are three large hot springs, whose curative powers were 
 recognized before the white man entered New Mexico. The 
 temperature of the water ranges from 90 to 122 degrees 
 Fahrenheit and their gases are carbonic. The waters contain 
 l,687.3i grains of alkaline salts to the gallon, and the springs 
 are therefore considered the richest alkaline hot springs in 
 the world. Associated with the hot springs is a lithia spring- 
 especially effective in the cure of kidney troubles. Ojo Caliente 
 is reached by a short stage ride from Barranca on the Santa 
 Fe-Antonito branch of the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad. 
 At Las Vegas Hot Springs, 6,767 feet above the level of the 
 sea, six miles from the City of Las Vegas, is a group of hot 
 springs, whose w^aters resemble those at the famous hot 
 springs at Teplitz, Austria, although its two chief active con- 
 stituents, carbonate and sulphate of sodium, recall the waters 
 of Carlsbad. The hottest of the springs is 144 degrees Fahren- 
 heit. The mineral elements vary from the saline to the lithia 
 and sulphur. The w^aters are conveyed by pipes into the bath 
 houses and natatorium, and stimulate the digestive organs 
 into activity, being especially potent in stomach disorders, 
 intestinal troubles, liver complaints, kidney trouble, gout, 
 diabetes and kindred ailments. The magnificent Montezuma 
 Hotel at the springs is to be reopened in 1905. The hot springs 
 are reached from Las Vegas by electric railw^ay. 
 
 Two groups of hot mineral springs are located in the Valles 
 mountains, fifty miles -west of Santa Fe, and accessible from 
 Santa Fe, Albuquerque and Espanola by good wagon roads. 
 The altitude of the lower springs is 6,620 feet and of the higher 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 121 
 
 group 0,740 feet. The waters of tlie largest of the lower 
 springs have a temperature of IBM degrees, running about fifty 
 gallons per minute, with escaping carbonic acid gas and depo- 
 sits of white carbonate of lime. There is also a spring of V'A) 
 degrees with free carbonic acid and red brown deposits; a 
 spring of 110 degrees with sulphuretted hydrogen and iron. 
 The waters of the other springs in the group range from 102 
 to lOH degrees and carry sodium, lime and magnesia. These 
 springs are very efficacious in rheumatic complaints. The 
 upper group consists of forty-two springs, whose waters 
 range in temperature from 70 to 106 degrees. They flow from 
 caves of carbonate of lime. The springs contain 27.20 parts 
 of sohds in 100 parts of water, mostly chloride of sodium and 
 sulphate and carbonate of soda, lime and magnesia and i-esem- 
 ble the famous springs of Marienbad, Europe. Besides the 
 hot springs north of the upper group, are numerous cold 
 springs. Hotel accommodations are provided at these springs. 
 The mineral springs at Carlsbad, Eddy county, have the 
 largest flow of any mineral springs in the southwest. They 
 pour forth 5,000 gallons of mineralized water a minute, whose 
 constituents are almost identical with those of the Friedrichs- 
 hall spring at Carlsbad, Austria, the waters being invaluable 
 as an aperient and alterative. Plans have been perfected for 
 the erection of a sanitarium and hotel at the springs. The 
 beautiful town of Carlsbad, nearby, however, furnishes good 
 and convenient accommodations for all visitors. 
 
 At Faywood, Grant county, three miles from Faywood sta- 
 tion on the Santa Fe railway, are springs of 142 degrees Fah- 
 renheit and which are eftlcacious in cases of rheumatism, 
 stomach and kidney troubles, and blood and skin diseases, 
 the waters resembling those of Carlsbad, Austria. The 
 altitude of the springs is 5,782 feet. A commodious hotel has 
 been erected at Fayw^ood. Three miles north of tlie Ijotel, is 
 another group of mineral springs. 
 
 The Coyote mineral springs, twelve miles from Albuquer- 
 que, are highly esteemed for their curative powers. They are 
 mildly laxative and diuretic and are specific in gout, rheuma- 
 tism, dyspepsia and kidney and liver troubles. On the other 
 side of the Sandias, on the Tej(m grant, are also tine mineral 
 springs but not yet exploited. 
 
IN THE GALLINAS CANON NEAR LAS VEGAS. 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 123 
 
 Near Folsoin, at an altitude of 6,500 feet, on the Colorado 
 Southern Railroad, are hot springs of great medicinal value. 
 Nearby is the extinct volcano Capulin, with one of the most 
 perfectly formed craters in the southwest. 
 
 Ten miles southwest of the quaint old Pueblo of Zuni, and 
 further south on the San Francisco river, are hot and mineral 
 springs, known and used by the natives for the past three cen- 
 turies and longer. 
 
 At an altitude of 6,540 feet, in Socorro county, at Cherry villej 
 accessible by stage from Engle, there are hot mineral springs, 
 with a temperature of 120 degrees. At Palomas in Sierra 
 county, on the Gila river in southwestern Socorro county, on 
 the upper Mimbres in Grant county, and in other parts of New 
 Mexico are found hot and cold springs, whose curative powers 
 are equal to those of the springs described above, and situated 
 in canons or valleys of wild but idyllic beauty. Near Estancia, 
 in Valencia county, are very strong alkaline si3rings; a mile 
 southeast of Santa Fe are the Aztec mineral springs; eight 
 miles west of Santa Fe is a mineral spring reported to be the 
 equal to the famous soda spring at Manitou, Colorado. At 
 Wamsleys, Taos county, are fine hot mineral springs whose 
 waters have effected cures that border on the miraculous, and 
 the waters of the artesian well at Springer are mineralized 
 and are bottled for trade. 
 
 This is only a list of the better known and most accessible 
 of the hot and mineral springs in New Mexico, whose heal- 
 ing waters have stood the test of time, and it is not uncommon 
 to have people come a thousand miles or more to take advant- 
 age of their curative powers. 
 
ON THE SCENIC ROUTE ROAD NEAR SANTA FE. 
 
CHAPTER VII. 
 
 ATTRACTIONS FOR TOURISTS. 
 
 no other commonwealth is as rich as New Mexico in pre. 
 historic remains and historic landmarks. In the Paja- 
 rito Cliff Dweller's Park, twenty miles west of Santa 
 Fe. are twenty thousand cliff dwellings and ruins of 
 communal buildings, some of which had as. high as 1,200 and 
 more rooms. They are of two kinds : 
 
 1. Cliff dwellings proper. These are houses built on high 
 ledges under overhanging cliffs. They are closely allied to 
 the ancient style of pueblo ruins. In these the back walls 
 are formed by the natural cliffs, while the front and partition 
 walls are of masonry, consisting of rudely dressed stone laid 
 in adobe mortar and chinked with smaller stones in a manner 
 almost identical with that of the Pueblo ruins. 
 
 2. Cavite lodges. These dwellings are usually high and in 
 many cases are in almost inaccessible cliffs. In the earliest 
 stages they consisted of natural caves, but with the develop- 
 ment of the people occupying them, these dwellings were im- 
 proved. In their highest stages of perfection, they consisted 
 of wholly artificial caves in jjerpendicular cliffs. A doorway 
 is hewn into the face of the cliffs to a depth of from three to 
 five feet. Then the excavation of the dwelling began. A front 
 room, circular, oval or rectangular was dug out. It may be 
 from six to twenty feet in diameter according to the use for 
 which it was designed. If for a sleeping room only, it is liable 
 to be from six to eight feet in diameter, with low ceiling often 
 not over four feet. If designed for a kiva, it may attain to a 
 dimension of fifteen to twenty feet in diameter, with higher 
 ceilings. Those designed for general living rooms are usually 
 from eight to twelve feet in diameter, with ceilings not over 
 six to seven feet above the floor. There are usually one or 
 more smaller rooms connected with the main living rooms by 
 very small doorways. These were probably used for storage. 
 The interiors are generally plastered to a height of about four 
 feet above the floor with adobe mortar. In some places there 
 
COURT HOUSE OF GRANT COUNY AT SILVER CITY 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 127 
 
 has been considerable attempt at wall decorations. The outer 
 doorways are small, often cot to exceed one and one-half by 
 four feet. 
 
 Pueblo ruins. These are spoken of as Pueblo ruins not be- 
 cause they have been occupied by the Pueblo Indians in his- 
 toric times, but because of their resemblance to the large ter- 
 raced structures occupied by the living Pueblo people. The 
 finest specimens of this class of ruins in existence are to be 
 found in New Mexico, being very numerous in several parts 
 of the Territory. They are built of sandstone, volcanic tufa, 
 lava and cobble stones, the material used in their construc- 
 tion depending upon the natural formations found in the 
 vicinity where located. 
 
 The Pajarito Park is a tract embraced between the Rio 
 Grande on the east, the Jemez mountains on the west, the Rito 
 de los Frijoles on the south, and the Chama river on the north. 
 It is a park of great natural beauty, being for the most i^art a 
 plateau of from 6,000 to 9,000 feet altitude, and cut by deep 
 canons. The western portion attains an altitude of over 10,000 
 feet in places, and is covered by a heavy growth of pine and 
 spruce. A considerable part of the tract is underlaid with 
 volcanic tufa varying in thickness from fifty to one thousand 
 feet. In the northeastern part this is entirely eroded away. 
 Throughout the north central section the tufa remains in long 
 tongue-like mesas or potreros, which rise abruptly — in 
 many places perpendicularl}^ — to a height of from 100 to 150 
 feet, In the southern part, the tufa extends to the Rio 
 Grande in a sheet of varying thickness, and here innu- 
 merable canons are cut out by the mountain torrents. The 
 face of the country thus presents many miles of almost per 
 pendicular cliffs of yellowish and orange colored tufa, and in 
 these are found the cliff dwellings. 
 
 This is one of the richest archseological fields on this conti- 
 nent. Many thousands of cave dwellings have been explored, 
 the largest of the communal houses have been examined and 
 mapped. Hundreds of smaller stone ruins have been located 
 and sufficiently investigated, and a small beginning has been 
 made in burial mound exploration. Another interesting line 
 which promises good results is that of jDhotographing and 
 sketching the pictographs or rock writings of the prehistoric 
 
ARTESIAN WELL AT ROSWELL. 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 129 
 
 inhabitants. These inscriptions are evidently the work of 
 tribes far more remote than tlie immediate progenitors of 
 the Pueblos, who occupied these dwellings in comparatively 
 recent t^imes, that is, about 350 years ago. Almost all of these 
 inscriptions have been copied and are being worked up. 
 
 A fine group of Pueblo ruins is situated in the Pajarito 
 Park. These are the largest that have been found, some of 
 them having contained as high as 1,200 rooms. The largest 
 and most interesting are Puye, Otowi, Tsankawi, Navakw^i and 
 Tshrega. These have been carefully mapped and measured, 
 but very little excavation has been done. In the same region 
 are several hundred smaller Pueblo ruins, containing origin- 
 ally from one room to 500 each. This class in the Pajarito 
 Park is built of volcanic tufa. Similar ruins exist in Chaco 
 Canon, in San Juan county. Here the prehistoric village 
 Indians seemed to have attained their highest culture and de- 
 velopment. There are fourteen large stone buildings in the 
 region, several of which are in the best state of preservation 
 of any such ruins that are known. They are vastly superior 
 in construction to any of the present occupied pueblos. In 
 some the walls still stand to a height of thirty feet and include 
 remnants of the fifth story. They were originally from three 
 to five stories high. They contain from 100 to 1,200 rooms 
 each and were built of sandstone. 
 
 The most remarkable are Kin Kale, Wejegi, Una Vida, 
 HungoPavis, Chetiro Kettle, Bonito, Tuba Kin, Penasco, Blan- 
 cOj Pueblo Alto, Kin Klizhin and Kimineola. Nowhere else in 
 this country are there such splendid groups of prehistoric 
 buildings m a fair state of preservation. They are also the 
 richest known relics of prehistoric culture. The Pueblo ruins 
 at Gran Quivira, at Abo, at Pueblo Viejo, in the San Mateo 
 mountains, and near Santa Fe, as well as the clift" dwellings 
 on the Gila, are equal ia historic and archceologic interest to 
 those mentioned above. 
 
 In these localities is found practically every phase of the 
 prehistoric culture of the southwest. The Pajarito Park lies 
 near the City of Santa Fe, and is easy of access in the north- 
 ern part from Espanola, on the Denver and Rio Grande Rail- 
 road, in the central part from Buckman, on the same road, 
 and in the southern part from Thornton, on the Santa Fe Rail- 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 13] 
 
 way via Cochiti. The Chaco Canon is about seventy miles from 
 Thoreau, on the Santa Fe Pacific Railway, and about 120 miles 
 from Durango, on the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad. It 
 may also be reached in about four days drive from Bernalillo 
 or Santa Fe. 
 
 The Old Mission churches. Foremost in interest and value in 
 historicarchaeology are the old mission churches of the Fran- 
 ciscans. In every occupied Indian pueblo and at the site of 
 almost every abandoned pueblo, there is one of the monuments 
 of those pioneers of Christianity and civilization, the Francis- 
 can Fathers. Many of these are in a good state of preservation, 
 while others are in ruins, but everj^ one is an object of historic 
 interest. 
 
 The old mission church of San Diego, which is the oldest of 
 the California missions, was founded in 1769. It is almost a 
 total ruin; only the front remains in a good state of preserva- 
 tion. The side walls are still standing, but no portions of the 
 roof or interior remain. This is the most venerable and vene- 
 rated historic monument in the State of California, and is an- 
 nually visited by thousands of tourists. It has stood for 164 
 years. It marks the beginning of civilization and Christianity 
 in California. 
 
 In New Mexico, on the upper Pecos, thirty-five miles west of 
 Las Vegas, at the site of the abandoned Pueblo of Cicuye, are 
 the ruins of the old Pecos church. They are as well preserved 
 as those of San Diego. The church is 300 years old. It was 
 nearly 150 years old when the San Diego mission was founded. 
 It was projected before the Spanish Armada was destroyed 
 and antedates the coming of the Mayflower and the settlement 
 of Jamestown. All that is said of the old Pecos church, may be 
 said of that of Jemez. They were built at the same time. The 
 one at Quivira was founded in 1630, and is a fairly well pre- 
 served ruin. The churches at San Ildefonso and Santa Clara 
 are ia a complete state of preservation. They are nine years 
 older than the oldest of the California ruins. The old San 
 Miguel mission in Santa Fe has been rebuilt. Its walls date 
 from 1650, the roof from 1694, or possibly a few years later. 
 These are only a few examples selected at random from the 
 large number of ancient churches of equally great interest 
 scattered over New Mexico. Inscription Rock near Zuni and 
 
SAN MIGUEL S CHURCH AT SANTA FE. 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 133 
 
 every one of the pueblos from Taos on the north to Isleta on 
 the south, and from the Rio Grande pueblos in the central 
 part, to Zuni in the west, are all worth}^ of a visit both for his- 
 toric and present day interest. 
 
 There is no other building to compare in historic interest 
 with the Old Palace at Santa Fe, and there is no city or town 
 in the United States which offers so much of interest to the 
 tourist as that city. 
 
 Scenic W^onders. 
 
 New Mexico possesses many scenic attractions. Its moun- 
 tains equal the Alps in ruggedness and height; its valleys and 
 waterfalls have a picturesqueness of their own; its forests 
 such as are included in the Pecos and other forest re- 
 serves offer sylvan retreats of rare beauty; its mesas and 
 plains are not without their attractions, and a visit to its old 
 settlements as well as to the Indian pueblos and the Indian 
 reservations is well worth many miles of travel. The Scenic 
 Route road that is being built between Santa Fe and Las Ve- 
 gas, through the Pecos forest reserve, and over the highest 
 aad steepest divides of the Sangre de Cristo range, oj)en to the 
 traveling public as beautiful scenery as any in the world. 
 The Sacramento Mountain Railwa}" in Otero county is a won- 
 der that brings travelers from all parts of the United States. 
 The Gran Quivira ruins, the Salt Lakes, the White Sands, 
 Inscription Rock, the Mai Pais, the Jornada del Muerto, the 
 Guadalupe Caves, possess a weirdness and an interest that 
 have made them world-famous. New Mexico's hot springs, 
 mountain retreats and summer resorts combine many advant- 
 ages and attractions difficult to find anywhere else. New 
 Mexico has an atmosphere of its own, just as Spain, Italy or 
 Gi'eece. Here the civilization of centuries ago and of today 
 meet; here are found prehistoric ruins and historic monu- 
 ments, the history of yesterday and of today have left their im- 
 pression side by side; the civilization of the Indian, the Span- 
 iard, the Mexican and the Yankee commingle. Still, New 
 Mexico is strictly up-to-date in its government, in its hotels, 
 railroad accommodations, in the j)rotection the law affords, in 
 its universities, its colleges, its public schools, its sanitariums, 
 its charitable institutions, in its progress and in its prosper- 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 135 
 
 ity. Churches are found in every settlement, newspapers in 
 every town, together with fine stores, banking institutions 
 and every safety, comfort and luxury that the centers of civi- 
 lization of the east afford. 
 
 A General Invitation. 
 
 New Mexico wants more people, it needs them, it has room 
 and resources for them. It oifers to immigrants a fine cli- 
 mate, homesteads, great natural resources; to the health 
 seeker health; to the tourist scenic and historic attractions; 
 to the sportsman good fishing and hunting; to the summer 
 and winter guests, the best summer and winter climate in the 
 world, hot and cold mineral springs, mountain retreats, ranch 
 resorts, good hotel accommodations and the comforts and 
 luxuries of modern communities; to the farmer good crops, 
 not threatened by climatic vicissitudes; to the coal miner per- 
 manent work and good pay; to the prospector extensive min- 
 eral deposits; to the mechanic and professional man the same 
 and better chances than any other country that is settling up, 
 room on the top if he deserves it; to the stockman a free range 
 and an ideal climate for stock raismg; to the manufacturer 
 openings to establish factories and mills that should yield 
 good profits; to the real estate man cheap land and a chance 
 to make money by putting up modern residences, and to the 
 capitalist opportunities to make more money and to buy any- 
 thing that his heart may desire, from a land grant as big as a 
 European kingdom, to a gold or copper mine worth a million 
 dollars. 
 
 Health seekers should come to New Mexico by all means. 
 They should come before disease has made inroads upon 
 the system if they want to be sure of recovery, they should 
 come if the disease has advance'd noticeably, for possible cure 
 or a certain prolongation of life; but they should not come 
 without means or provision to pay their way, the first year at 
 least. The jobs for health seekers are few and far between 
 and a health seeker should not work for a living for a time after 
 coming to New Mexico, if he desires to regain his health 
 speedily. Living is about as reasonable in cost in New Mexico 
 as anywhere else in the United States. The health seeker 
 can live in a tent, on a vacant lot or out on the mesa, and if he 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 137 
 
 cooks his own meals, living need not cost him $4.00 a week; at 
 a tent city, a hotel or a sanitarium he can have lodging and 
 board from $6.00 to $15.00 a week, and at private houses at 
 from $5.00 to $10.00 a week. 
 
 The laws of competition and trade are the same here as else- 
 where. Fortunes are very seldom made in one day. The poor 
 man who comes to New Mexico must expect to work and to 
 work hard for a living; the capitalist must invest and invest 
 judiciously to make money. After this is said, however, it 
 can also be truthfully said that New Mexico offers great op- 
 . portunities to the honest and intelligent worker to become 
 independent and to gain affluence and civil and political pro- 
 minence; and to the shrewd and careful capitalist, greater 
 and surer returns on his investment than any other section on 
 the face of the Globe. 
 
 It is to the homeseeker, to the farmer, to the stock raiser, 
 to the miner, to the merchant, to the manufacturer, to the 
 capitalist that New Mexico is an undeveloped empire of mag- 
 nificent resources which throws a peerless climate into the 
 bargain with the rich returns that are offered to the man with 
 capital to invest or w'ith brain and brawn to apply. 
 
CHAPTER VIII, 
 
 COUNTIES, CITIES AND TOWNS. 
 
 nEW MEXICO has an area of 122,409 square miles; which 
 is more than the area of the kingdom of Italy with 
 its 35,000,000 of people. The population is estimated 
 to be 284,000. The Territory is divided into twenty- 
 four counties. The northern are Union, Colfax, Taos, Rio 
 Arriba and San Juan, all bordering on Colorado. The north 
 central are San Miguel, Mora, Santa Fe, Sandoval, Quay and 
 McKinley; the south central are Roosevelt, Chaves, Leonard 
 Wood, Bernalillo, Valencia, Lincoln and Socorro; the southern 
 tier consists of Eddy, Otero, Doiia Ana, Luna, Sierra and 
 Grant. A twenty-fifth county, Torrance, with county seat at 
 Progreso, near the geographical center of the Territory, will 
 come into existence on .January 1, 190.J. 
 
 Bernalillo County. 
 
 This is the smallest and most populous of the counties. Area 
 1,567 square miles, which is several hundred more than 
 the area of the State of Rhode Island. Population 25,500. 
 Assessed valuation in 1903, $3,103,500. Post offices, Albuquer- 
 que, Old Albuquerque, Alameda, Carpenter, Chilili, Griegos, 
 Martinez, Milagros, Padillas, Pajarito, Palma and Isleta. Of 
 its 1,002,962 acres, 563,123 acres have been appropriated, be- 
 ing located mostly in land grants, while 425,000 acres are still 
 subject to entry under the United States land laws. 
 
 The principal industries are manufacturing, farming, fruit 
 growing, stock raising and railroading. Its central location, 
 great diversity of topography and fine climate, railroad facili- 
 ties and the fact that the Rio Grande flanked by a fertile val- 
 ley on each side, cuts through the county from north to south, 
 place its prosperity on a permanent basis. There are 250,000 
 acres which eventually can be placed under irrigation and 
 300,000 acres are considered good pasture. In seasons of 
 average rainfall, the grass grows abundantly and owing to its 
 peculiar character cures on the ground during the fall, and 
 instead of washing out and becoming valueless like the ordi- 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 141 
 
 dinary grass, it is like hay and makes almost as good feed in 
 the winter as in the summer. The county has quite an irri- 
 gation system. The total area under ditch at present is 20,- 
 000 acres of which about 5,000 are cultivated. There are many 
 available reservoir sites and room for modern irrigation sys- 
 tems. The soil of the valley is strong, especially in the min- 
 eral elements, being composed almost entirely from detritus 
 from the mountains and foothills and lacking only the addi- 
 tion of a very little animal or vegetable matter now and then 
 to keep it rich indefinitely. The true farming policy is to 
 have small farms, closely cultivated and yielding as land can 
 only be made to yield under irrigation. In addition to the 
 ordinary grain and vegetable crops, tobacco does especially 
 well. Some of the soil being alkaline, asparagus proves very 
 profitable. Besides the Rio Grande, the Rio Puerco flows 
 through the county from north to south, but as it has cut its 
 bed deep into the soil, there is not much irrigation along the 
 upper portion of the stream. The Santa h^e Railway traverses 
 the county. The Santa Fe Central cuts through the eastern 
 part and the Santa Fe Pacific forms a junction with the 
 Santa Fe at Isleta, in the southern part. The Albuquerque 
 Eastern will soon be constructed from Moriarty, Santa Fe 
 county, to Albaquerque, over theTijerasiDass in the Sandias, 
 a distance of forty-three miles. It has forty miles of railroad, 
 to which the Albuquerque Eastern when completed will add 
 twenty-five miles. Its principal mountain ranges are the San- 
 dias and the San Ysidros. There are good mineral indications 
 but no large mining camps as yet, although at Milagros in 
 Hell Canon, and in the Sandias, considerable prospecting and 
 some development work has been done. Coal veins crop out on 
 the surface near Tijeras canon in the Sandias and in the north- 
 western part of the county. Isleta, one of the largest Pueblo 
 Indian villages, is situated in the southern part, and as it is at 
 the junction of the Santa Fe Railway and the Santa Fe Pacific 
 Railroad, it is much visited by tourists. The county seat and 
 the largest city of New Mexico, is 
 
 Albuquerque. 
 
 In every sense, modern and progressive, it is the acknowl- 
 edged commercial center of New Mexico. Its merchants cover 
 
iilS''^^-'' ' 'T' 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 143 
 
 a trade territory of about 100,000 square miles, or a district 
 larger than the six New England States and the State of New 
 York combined, which gives the place a wholesale trade much 
 larger than is done by any eastern city of three times its popu- 
 lation. The population of the place, according to the census, 
 was 6,326. Old Albuquerque, which is practically a portion 
 of the city proper, has 1,191 people, and more distant suburban 
 precincts have 4,613 inhabitants, giving the city and suburbs 
 a population of 12,042 at the time of the census of 1900, and a 
 very conservative estimate places the increase since that time 
 at 3,000, making the present total a little more than 15,000. 
 It has a fine system of public schools, with a large and mo- 
 dern school house in each ward and a handsome high school 
 building centrally located. There are in addition, a number 
 of good private schools, while denominational institutions are 
 maintained by the Methodists, Presbyterians and Catholics. 
 It is also the seat of the University of New Mexico, estab- 
 lished and maintained by the Territory and endowed by the 
 United States with a liberal donation of public land. The 
 University buildings are located upon an eminence about 200 
 feet above the general level of the town, with an unobstructed 
 view for many miles in every direction. With the Sandia 
 Mountains twelve miles east for a background, the view takes 
 in the Jemez mountains, sixty miles north, the San Mateos, 
 seventy miles west, and the Socorro and Magdalenas seventy- 
 five miles south, while with the glass may be seen the Mogo- 
 llons, more than 225 miles to the southwest. The institution 
 has a first class faculty and ranks among the best western 
 colleges. "Hadley Hall," a handsome $20,000 structure, gives 
 the University a department devoted exclusively to the study 
 of climatology, with a special reference to the effect of cli- 
 mate on the cure and prevention of tuberculosis and kindred 
 diseases, the only institution of the kind in the United States. 
 Albuquerque is also the location of a large government In- 
 dian Industrial School with more than 300 pupils. In the 
 matter of religious advantages, the town is very thoroughly 
 equipped. All the leading Christian denominations have con- 
 gregations there, with good commodious houses of worship. 
 There are places for public entertainment and amusement, 
 including the Opera House just completed, in which are 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 145 
 
 given lectures, operas, theatrical entertainments, etc., and 
 during the entertainment season the people of the city are 
 never at a loss for "some place to go." One of the institutions 
 of Albuquerque worthy of special notice is the "Commercial 
 Club." This represents a successful combination of business 
 and social interests, and possesses within the one organiza- 
 tion all the principal features of a chamber of commerce and 
 a social club. 
 
 Shops of the Santa Fe Pacific Railroad are located here and 
 furnish employment to over 700 men. 
 
 There is a system of water works. There are also elec- 
 tric light and gas plants. The streets are lighted by electri- 
 city. The city has an electric street railway and free delivery 
 of mail. 
 
 Water for irrigation purposes can be secured from driven 
 wells from ten to thirty feet deep anywhere in the Valley of 
 the Rio Grande, but for city purposes it is procured from 
 wells 100 to 600 feet deep. 
 
 The streets are graded and most of them paved with natu- 
 ral cement from the neighboring hills, and laid upon a foun- 
 dation of cobble stones and gravel, making a thoroughfare 
 very firm, smooth and durable. Good sidewalks line the prin- 
 cipal streets, the popular material for this purpose being ar- 
 tificial stone made of sand and Portland cement upon a foun- 
 dation of gravel. 
 
 One of the largest sanitariums in the west is located here 
 and is conducted by the Sisters of Charity. The Santa Fe 
 Railway Company has built at this point the finest and most 
 commodious station building and hotel on the line of its road 
 between Chicago and San Francisco. 
 
 The manufacturing interests in addition to the railroad 
 shops, are represented by a foundry, and machine shops; a 
 brewery and two ice factories, two flouring mills, two min- 
 eral water establishments, a planing mill, four brick yards, 
 two cigar factories, a broom factory, a wool scouring plant, 
 two steam laundries, a box factory and many smaller estab- 
 lishments. Of the 22,000,000 pounds of wool produced annu- 
 ally in New Mexico, Albuquerque merchants handle fully one- 
 fifth, a large portion of which is now^ manufactured at home 
 by a woolen mill of fair capacity. This enterprise is very com- 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 147 
 
 prehensive in its scope and includes all the processes of pull- 
 ing, scouring, dyeing, tanning and manufacturing wool and 
 leather. 
 
 The American Lumber Company has erected a large saw 
 mill just northwest of the city with a capacity of 100,000 feet 
 of lumber per day. 
 
 There are openings here for a canning factory and a beet 
 sugar factory, not to speak of a tannery, shoe factory, furni- 
 ture factory and other establishments. The census of 1900 
 credited the county with $864,604 capital invested in manu- 
 factures, $793,644 of that being invested in Albuquerque. 
 This gives employment to 1,140 men, and the value of their 
 products is $2,007,772 a year. 
 
 Nearly all lines of business, commercial, mechanical, and 
 professional, are represented. The town has several prosper- 
 ous banking institutions. 
 
 There are two daily papers: The Albuquerque Journal, 
 issued every morning, and the Albuquerque Daily Citizen, 
 every evening except on Sunday; six weekly papers, two 
 Enghsh and four Spanish, and several monthly publications. 
 The town also possesses the largest and best free public h- 
 brary in the southwest, which is maintained by a special tax 
 levied by the city and for which a fine building was recently 
 donated by a public spirited citizen. 
 
 Albuquerque has good railway facilities. The Atchison, 
 Topeka and Santa Pe gives it access to all points north and 
 south, while the Santa Fe Pacific gives it a direct commu- 
 nication with all the country between the Rio Grande and the 
 Pacific coast. That portion of New Mexico directly east of 
 Albuquerque has never been in close touch with the city by 
 rail, but the want of first class facilities in that direction will 
 be supplied by the Santa Pe Central and the Albuquerque 
 Eastern. The former road is completed, while the latter will 
 be in course of construction soon. 
 
 The climate of Albuquerque, while it possesses the char- 
 acteristics of that of New Mexico in general, is milder in 
 winter than that of the more northern towns, and owing to its 
 lower altitude the city is a sanitarium for those health seekers 
 who cannot bear the more severe winters and the greater al- 
 titude of the northern counties. During the summer months 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 149 
 
 the near-by City of Santa Fe and the many convenient moun- 
 tain resorts offer a refuge from the heat, which, is at no time 
 as oppressive as it is in the more humid east. It is only during 
 the afternoon liours in July and August that tlie maximum 
 temperature at times reaches 100 degrees, which seems ten 
 degrees to twenty degrees lower than it would be in a more 
 humid climate. 
 
 Chaves County. 
 
 Area 5,599 square miles and a population of 10,000. It is 
 the most rapidly growing of the counties and while formerly 
 the open range live stock interests were the mainstay, it is 
 today a great producer of alfalfa and fruit. Its system of 
 artesian wells and abundance of irrigation water from the 
 Pecos and tributaries have brought to it a new glory. The 
 splendidly stocked Hereford and Shorthorn breeding ranches 
 and the sheep and wool growing industries, however, are ex- 
 panding for the greater part of this little empire always 
 will be grazing land, pure and simple. The irrigation systems 
 at present obtain their supply of water from four sources: 
 The immense springs in the vicinity of Roswell fed by sub- 
 terranean streams of artesian nature. From these five limpid 
 streams How, the North Berrendo, Middle Berrendo, South 
 Berrendo, North Spring and the South Spring rivers. These 
 are stocked with black bass offering sport to the disciples of 
 Isaac Walton. From artesian wells which are making this re- 
 gion famous. From flood waters from the great watershed of 
 the White Mountain region. At Roswell begins the canal sys- 
 tem of the Pecos valley in which millions of dollars have been 
 invested, and which, taken as a whole, is the finest in the 
 United States. The Pecos river carries a large volume of 
 water and divides the county into halves, crossing it from 
 north to south. In the artesian well district are 75,000 acres 
 of cultivable fertile soil and this area will eventually be in- 
 creased to 150,000 acres. The first flow is reached at a dejoth 
 of from 150 to 200 feet and it costs from $200 to |250 to drill a 
 well to reach it. The second flow is tapped at 250 feet and a 
 well to it costs from $300 to $350. A fair average of the flow 
 is 600 gallons a minute although a maximum of 3,500 gallons 
 is reached by one well, and there are others flowing from 
 
ARTESIAN WELL AT ARTESIA. 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 151 
 
 1 ,000 to 1,500 gallons a minute. With a storage reservoir, one 
 well furnishes enough water to irrigate 160 acres of land. 
 The United States government has decided to build a reser- 
 voir on the Hondo at a cost of $300,000, which will reclaim 
 12,000 acres. The county has 12,000 acres in apple orchards, 
 producing good fruit. Plumbs, pears and peaches, the last on 
 high ground, do just as well. Cantaloupes and melons attain 
 their greatest development in flavor and general character 
 right here, and celery has become a staple crop. Oats, rye, 
 barley, alfalfa, sorghum, millet, Kaffir corn, wheat, potatoes, 
 onions and garden vegetables flourish. A specialty is being 
 made of high grade cattle, one ranch having 1,200 head of su- 
 perb Herefords, including the famous Ancient Briton, that 
 cost $4,000. The assessment in 1903, was $2,939,012. There 
 are 300,000 sheep and 100,000 cattle in the county. Fattening 
 hogs on alfalfa is also proving a profitable industry. The 
 county has 5,351,106 acres of public lands subject to entry, an 
 area equal to that of the State of Maryland. The post offices 
 are: Alellen, Dexter, Elk, Felix, Glen, Hagerman, Kenna, 
 Lower Penasco and Roswell. The county seat is 
 
 Roswell, 
 
 a city of 6,000 inhabitants, the fourth largest town in New- 
 Mexico and growing at a rapid rate. It is a pretty and pro- 
 gressive town, being situated in the commercial, lineal and 
 geographical center of the Pecos Valley Railroad system. It 
 is located near the confluence of the abundant waters of the 
 Pecos and Hondo rivers, and is the supply and shipping point 
 of a large area for both cattle and sheep, surrounded by fer- 
 tile lands and exhaustless irrigation resources, including both 
 the canal and the artesian wells. The town is daily adding to 
 its importance as one of the most active and prosperous busi- 
 ness centers of New^ Mexico. 
 
 The city is replete with brick business blocks and resi- 
 dences; is the site of the New Mexico Military Institute, has 
 two large modern public school buildings, two newspaper 
 plants, the Daily and Weekly Record, and the Roswell Reg- 
 ister, three naticmal banks, an elegant and commodious club, 
 an ice factory, a wool scouring plant, many churches, nu- 
 merous and ever being added to wholesale and retail housej-% 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 153 
 
 and tributary and extensive stock yards. The climate is noted 
 for its healing effect in pulmonary affections, and every year 
 sees an added influx of health seekers. 
 
 Hagerman 
 
 is the second largest settlement and was laid out in 
 1893 by the Pecos Valley Tov^n Company, in Chaves county, 
 and was fittingly named in honor of J. J. Hagerman of Colo- 
 rado Springs, whose enterprise, sagacity and capital were the 
 origin of the present great development. It is situated twen- 
 ty-four miles southeast of Roswell, and is surrounded by thou- 
 sands of acres of the choicest agricultural, fruit and grazing 
 land in the country. It has a population, with its immediate 
 surroundings, of about 800, and the intelligence, thrift and 
 morals of its people are plentifully attested by fine brick busi- 
 ness houses, attractive and commodious homes, schools and 
 churches, careful observance of approved sanitary principles 
 and a general air of neatness and good order. The town and 
 country adjacent have been settled by progressive and ener- 
 getic people, chiefly from Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska and Kan- 
 sas, and their wisely directed efforts have already transformed 
 the barren waste of ten years ago into a veritable garden spot 
 that blooms like a rose. With the magic touch of water the 
 careful cultivation has achieved wonders here. The magni- 
 ficent irrigation system constructed by the Pecos Irrigation 
 Company extends from a point four and one-half miles due 
 east of Roswell thirty miles south and irrigates the fine 
 body of land tributary to the town of Hagerman and is now 
 controlled by the Felix Irrigation Company. The water sup- 
 ply thus afforded has been increased by the development of 
 artesian water in many places. Many small farms are plen- 
 tifully watered from these never falling w^ells, and much of 
 the supply in the canals is conserved for use on large tracts 
 further down the valley. The value of these wells will be un- 
 derstood by readers unfamiliar with the facts when it is ex- 
 plained that a well flowing 100 gallons a minute, if none were 
 lost by seepage or evaporation, would cover seventy-eight and 
 one-half acres to a depth of twenty-four inches in a year. 
 Allowing one-half for loss by evaporation in reservoirs and 
 •ditches, a 400 gallon well will then furnish twenty-four inches 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 155 
 
 for a quarter section during the year. Considering that 
 twenty inches of rainfall is sufficient for a crop, when much 
 of it comes out of season and often in injurious excess, it will 
 readily be understood that twenty-four inches stored in reser- 
 voirs and applied only when needed is ample. This is not 
 theory. It has been clearly demonstrated in actual practice 
 at both Roswell and Hagerman. 
 
 Colfax County. 
 
 Nature has abundantly blessed Colfax county and man is 
 doing his best to make it the richest section of the southwest. 
 The area is 3,897 square miles, it being one of the smaller coun- 
 ties of the Territory. Still, it is twice as large as the State 
 of Delaware. The population is 12,000, assessed valuation in 
 1903, $2,881,411. The post offices are: Aurora, Baldy, Bell, 
 Black Lake, Blossburg, Catskill, Chico, Cimarron, Colmor, 
 Dawson, Dorsey, Elizabethtown, Gardiner, Hebron, Lynn, 
 Maxwell City, Osha, Ponil, Raton, Rayado, Springer, Van 
 Houten, Vermejo and Willow. The county is rich in mineral, 
 agricultural and stock resources. Coal, gold, iron, graphite, 
 cement and gypsum are among its mineral products, 
 not to speak of oil indications. About 600,000 acres are still 
 subject to entry under the land laws. The Maxwell Land 
 Grant Company, which at one time owned more than one-half 
 the area comprised in the county and has done much for its 
 development, still has on the market thousands of acres 
 which it sells to home seekers upon very liberal terms. The 
 western part is mountainous and here are located the Eliza- 
 bethtown, Moreno, Cimarron and Baldy mining districts, 
 which have produced gold to the value of several million dol- 
 lars. Here also rise the Vermejo, Cimarron, Sweetwater, 
 Ponil, Rayado, Chico, Moreno and Ocate rivers, which furnish 
 irrigation waters for a large agricultural area. There are 
 many fine reservoirs sites, and the Maxwell Land Grant Com- 
 pany has constructed several irrigation systems excelled only 
 by those of the lower Pecos valley. The principal of these are 
 the Cimarron or Springer system, which takes up the drain- 
 age of thirty miles of the majestic Taos range, and the Ver- 
 mejo system, along which there are twenty reservoirs. The 
 climate is fine and the altitude which ranges from 5,000 to 
 
CIMARRON CANON, COLFAX COUNTY. 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 157 
 
 12,000 feet, offers invariably cool nights and cool summers, a 
 dry, rarefied atmosphere and protection from the north and 
 west winds. The principal agricultural sections are the val- 
 ley of the Sweetwater, the Rayado, the Cimarroncito, the Ci- 
 marron, the Ponil, the Vermejo, the Red River, the Una de 
 Gato, the Chico, the Moreno and the Piedra, the Vermejo 
 Park, tfie Black Lake section and Johnson and Barela mesas, 
 on which last two named, crops are raised without irrigation. 
 Wheat, potatoes, beets, cabbages, carrots, parsnips, turnips, 
 artichokes, celery and other staple crops are produced. The 
 region around Springer is especially adapted to the cultiva- 
 tion of the sugar beet. The Springer, Mills, Dawson, Chase 
 and other large ranches are famous for their fruit and alfalfa 
 crops. Apples, peaches, pears and plums are the leading orch- 
 ard products. The county is very favorably located for stock 
 raising. The mild winters, the cheap range and the cheap- 
 ness of the grazing privileges on the Maxwell grant, as well 
 as a good deal of water and of shelter, make it a tine stock 
 section. Timber is also a source of wealth, but only in the 
 western part. On the slopes of the Raton and the Taos ranges 
 there are 500,000 acres of merchantable timber, principally 
 yellow pine and cedar. Near Ehzabethtown are the Moreno 
 placers which produce more gold annually than any mine or 
 other placer in New Mexico. There are also a large number 
 of well developed lode mines carrying gold, copper, silver and 
 other minerals, their distance from the railroad, however, 
 restricting their production. It is in its coal fields that the 
 county has its greatest source of wealth. Over half a million 
 tons are produced annually by the coal mines at Dawson and 
 Van Houten, while there are developed coal mines at Bloss- 
 burg, Gardiner, Raton and Johnson's mesas. The' Santa Fe 
 Railway cuts through the country from north to south and the 
 Dawson Railway enters its southeastern corner and runs 
 northwest to its present terminus at Dawson. The county has 
 good wagon roads. It is a leader in education and every settle- 
 ment has its school house and church. The county seat and 
 fourth largest city in New Mexico is 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 159 
 
 Raton. 
 
 It is one of the most prosperous and progressive cities in 
 the southwest. The last census gave it a population of 3,450, 
 but with its suburbs it now has 8,000 people, and is adding to 
 its population at the ratio of ten per cent per year. It is called 
 the Gate City of New Mexico. In ten years from 1890 to 1900 
 it increased its population 200 per cent. It is situated in the 
 shadow of the Raton mountains and is in the center of the 
 iinest coal belt in the southwest, surrounded by prosperous 
 stock ranges, and has tributary to it a wide agricultural sec- 
 tion. It IS also in a promising oil field, and an important divi- 
 sion point on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway, the 
 company maintaining extensive shojDs there. Over $50,000 a 
 month are distributed by the railroad company at this point. 
 The trade of the surrounding coal camps is transacted at the 
 Gate City, which means a monthly pay roll of §40,000 in and 
 about the city. The commercial lines are well represented, 
 and a considerable wholesale business is done. The town has 
 an excellent gravity water system, the water being taken from 
 the Chico Rico, a pure, purling mountain stream. The water 
 is piped from a reservoir of 52,500,000 gallons capacity, 500 
 feet above and six miles from the city. Raton has a good fire 
 department and two of the finest school buildings in the 
 southwest. The streets are well graded and lighted by elec- 
 tricity, and the recently constructed court house is very hand- 
 some. The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway has re- 
 cently completed a |50,000 depot. The city has two national 
 banks, long distance telephone with Colorado points, cheap 
 coal, lumber and building material and a Building and Loan 
 Association. It has a number of beautiful church buildings, 
 representing several Protestant denominations and the Ro- 
 man Catholic faith. The Territory is building a hospital for 
 miners in the city. 
 
 Four weekly papers are published, The Range, The Re- 
 porter, The Gazette and El Relampago. The elevation is 6,668 
 feet. The city attracts many healthseekers who find here a 
 superior climate and comfortable accommodations. 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 161 
 
 Springer, 
 
 the county seat of Colfax county, before the honor was be- 
 stowed upon Raton, is second in importance, although only 
 fifth in population in the county, the census crediting it with 
 558 people. But Springer is growing since the recent com- 
 pletion of the Dawson Railway which passes near the town. 
 It is the center of a fine stock and agricultural section and 
 there are oil and coal indications in its vicinity. Cement rock 
 and gypsum beds are located a few miles from that town. Its 
 elevation is 5,769 feet. It is an important shipping point on the 
 Santa Fe Railway and controls the trade of a large extent of 
 country. Near Springer is an artesian well pouring out min- 
 eral water. The town is the trade center for the Elizabeth- 
 town, Ute Creek and Cimarron mining districts, and maintains 
 a daily stage line to these points. It is near the irrigation sys- 
 tems of the Maxwell Land Grant Company. The Weekly Col- 
 fax County Stockman is published here. The town has a good 
 school system and several churches. The Colorado Telephone 
 Company has extended its long distance telephone line from 
 Raton to Las Vegas via Springer and other towns along the 
 Santa Fe Railway, thus bettering communication. 
 
 Dona Ana County. 
 
 The garden of New Mexico, whose climate in winter ap- 
 proaches that of Egypt in its mildness, has an area of 8,818 
 square miles, or twice that of the State of Delaware, As- 
 sessed valuation in 1903, |2,189,899. Population 13,000. Of 
 its area about one-half is still subject to entry under the pub- 
 lic land laws. Dona Ana county lies almost wholly in the basin 
 of the Rio Grande which flows through it in a southeasterly 
 direction for 100 miles, carrying enough water if properly 
 stored and distributed, to make it a renowned granary and 
 vineyard. At its northwest boundary are the Goodnight, 
 Magdalena and Caballo ranges, protecting it on the west and 
 on the north, while the San Andreas and Organ mountains 
 pass through its eastern portion in a grand and majestic series 
 of peaks, abounding in mineral riches. The best known re- 
 gion is the Mesilla Valley, lying at an altitude of 3,800 feet. 
 The widest scope of cultivation surrounds the towns of Las 
 Cruces, Mesilla Park, Dona Ana, Chamberino and La Mesa, 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 163 
 
 This part of the valley is from seven to ten miles in width, and 
 its soil is very fertile. Orchards come into bearing the second 
 year after planting and saplings develop into trees with rapid- 
 ity. Its peaches and grapes have carried its fame far and wide. 
 Pears, plums, apples, apricots, nectarines, almonds, pecans, 
 English walnuts and semi-tropical fruits and vegetables are 
 groW'U. There is a canner}^ at Las Cruces and wine and 
 brandies are manufactured. There are six flour mills in the 
 county. About 60,000 acres are under ditch although only 
 two-thirds of this area is under cultivation. In the valley 
 there is a tremendous underflow from the Rio Grande which 
 makes water available by pumping. The national government 
 is also planning to construct an irrigation system by damming 
 the Rio Grande at the Elephant Buttes which would furnish 
 abundant water to reclaim the entire valley, and will build a 
 diverting dam in the Rio Grande at Penasco Rock, eighteen 
 miles north of Las Cruces. Cultivated land in the vicinity of 
 Las Cruces may be purchased at from $20 to $50 per acre. 
 There are satisfactory railroad facilities, the mileage being 
 160. The Santa Fe Railway crosses it from the northwest to 
 the southeast, the Southern Pacific in the southern part from 
 east to northwest and the El Paso and Southwestern along the 
 southern boundary from east to west. The county has 3,000,- 
 000 acres of range which furnish pasture the year around for 
 cattle, sheep, goats and horses. In the Organ and San An- 
 dreas mountains there are successful goat ranches. There 
 are several mining camps, that at Organ having produced con- 
 siderable gold, silver and copper. In the San Andreas and 
 Black mountains, the mineral indications are very promising 
 and considerable prospecting and development work has been 
 done. The post offices are : Anthony, Berino, Chamberino, 
 Dona Ana, Earlham, Garfield, Hatch, Las Cruces, Mesilla, Me- 
 silla Park, Modoc, Organ, Rincon, Rodey and Victorio. The 
 county seat and largest town is 
 
 Las Cruces, 
 
 the City of the Crosses, beautifully situated on the eastern 
 edge of the far-famed Mesilla Valley and in the midst of the 
 largest body of cultivated land within the Territory. This 
 valley has an verage width of about five miles and is seventy 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 165 
 
 miles in length, embracing 100,000 acres of the rich alluvial 
 soil of the Rio Grande. However, only a comparatively 
 small-portion of the valley is under cultivation, perhaps 30,000 
 acres in all. Of course, all cultivation is by irrigation. For 
 this purpose the Rio Grande furnishes an abundance of water 
 usually, but in late years there have been occasional drouths 
 for brief periods; but the farmers and orchardists have with- 
 in the last few years learned that there is an inexhaustible 
 flow of water under the surface of the ground at a depth of 
 about twenty-five feet and that it is perfectly feasible and pro- 
 fitable to utilize this underground flow to supplement the 
 river in times of scarcity. Consequently a number of pump- 
 ing plants have been erected in different parts of the valley 
 and are now in use w^henever required. When it is considered 
 what has been accomplished in California by the use of water 
 raised by means of pumps for irrigation, the advantages of 
 the valley in this respect may be partially realized. The town 
 of Las Cruces was laid out in the year 1848, at the close of the 
 Mexican war, by American officers from the post then exist- 
 ing at Fort Selden, eighteen miles above the town. Before 
 that time the valley had been the habitat of the Apache In- 
 dians, who were so numerous and fierce that no one dared to 
 settle at points in the valley outside of the little hamlet, six 
 miles above the town, and the lands of the valley were totally 
 unutilized. But with the protection which came with the 
 American occupation, settlers rapidly came, and the valley now 
 has a population of approximately 10,000 people. Las Cruces is 
 the largest town in the valley. The census of 1900 gave the two 
 precincts in which the town is located a population of 2,906. 
 The town proper has at present a population of 3,000. The 
 other settlements in the valley, almost contiguous to the town 
 are Mesilla Park, Mesilla, Colorado, Rincon, La Mesa, San 
 Miguel, Chamberino, Garfield and Anthony. The town is 
 regularly and symmetrically laid out, and in parts well 
 shaded. It has an altitude of about 3,800 feet. The altitude, 
 combined with the latitude, renders the winter months the 
 most delightful in the world, while the heat of the summer is 
 tempered and cooled with the rains which come about the 
 first of June and extend into the fall. The town has a solid 
 and substantial basis for its prosperity. It is essentially an 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 167 
 
 agricultural town, dependent in the main upon the prosperity 
 of the neighboring farms and orchards for its welfare. There 
 are about twenty general merchandise stores and the usual 
 assortment of drug stores, banks, hotels, restaurants, saloons 
 and offices of professional men. A few miles to the east are 
 the beautiful Organ mountains where gold, silver, copper and 
 lead ores have been and are being mined profitably, contribut- 
 ing to the prosperity of all classes in the town. There are also 
 on the neighboring ranges many cattle, sheep and goat 
 ranches, which are in a healthy condition. Within two miles 
 of the town is the College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts 
 and the Agricultural Experiment Station. These are institu- 
 tions endowed liberally by the national government and the 
 Territory, and under their supervision. They are largely 
 patronized by students from all parts of the Territory, from 
 the neighboring sections of Texas and Mexico, and receive 
 some students from almost every state in the Union, who 
 come for the sake of the opportunity afforded to acquire a 
 knowledge of the Spanish language and Spanish stenography. 
 The town, too, has in late years become the Mecca of an ever- 
 increasing class of persons afflicted with lung and throat 
 troubles. These unfortunates have found in the mild winters 
 and dry atmosphere the exact conditions necessary to restore 
 them to health. Some of them make it a practice to come 
 every fall and winter, while others purchase ranches, 
 farms and orchards, and settle down into permanent res- 
 idents.. The "Alameda" is a resort built and managed ex- 
 clusively for the benefit of this class of sufferers. Las Cruces 
 is the seat of the United States district court and of a 
 United States land office. Besides the College, the town has 
 two graded and well managed public schools and two private 
 schools. The Sisters of Loretto, a Catholic order, maintain 
 an educational institute. The Roman Catholics and several 
 of the leading Protestant denominations have church or- 
 ganizations. Two English weekly papers, the Citizen and 
 the Rio Grande Republican, are published at Las Cruces, 
 and two Spanish weeklies. El Labrador and El Tiempo. At the 
 College a monthly is published. The fraternal orders are well 
 represented, the Masons, Woodmen, Odd Fellows and others 
 having lodges. The town also has a thriving Chamber of Com- 
 
VIEWS IN THE MESILLA VALLEY. 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 169 
 
 merce, which is doing much in making the advantages of the 
 town and valley known to the outside world. A canning factory 
 enjoys an extensive patronage, and the demand for its pro- 
 ducts is greater than can be supplied, and there is an opening 
 for other industries. 
 
 Eddy County. 
 
 Area 6,505 square miles; population 6,500; assessed valua- 
 tion in 1903, $1,937,914. The county is the Riviera of New 
 Mexico. It is the garden spot of the Lower Pecos Valley 
 which extends north and south 120 miles and east and west 
 between the foothills from five to thirty miles. It is the most 
 southeastern and the lowest in altitude of New Mexico coun- 
 ties. It is almost as large as the State of New Jersey and of 
 its area 3,600,000 acres are subject to entry under the land 
 laws of the United States. The Pecos river flows through the 
 eastern half from north to south and from the west receives 
 a number of tributaries, several of which carry a considerable 
 volume of water, as they drain the entire eastern slope of the 
 Guadalupe mountains. With the exception of Westwater, on 
 the western boundary, and Monument, near the eastern boun- 
 dary, all the settlements are located in the Pecos Valley, the 
 post offices being Artesia, Carlsbad, Dayton, Florence, Hope, 
 Knowles, McMillan, Malaga, Monument, Stegman and West- 
 water. 
 
 The average summer temperature is eighty degrees above 
 zero and the average winter temperature is fifty-five degrees 
 above zero. The county has the finest irrigation system in 
 the United States, formed by the damming of the Pecos river. 
 Sufficient water is always available to irrigate 200,000 acres 
 of land but only a comparatively small portion of this is thus 
 far under cultivation, something like 10,000 acres. On this 
 are raised large crops of alfalfa and peaches, although corn, 
 sorghum, cotton, fruits and vegetables are also staple crops. 
 In the northern part, especially at Artesia, artesian water has 
 been developed. Outside of the Pecos Valley, stock raising 
 is the principal, in fact, it is the leading industry. For every 
 acre under cultivation there are more than 300 acres of graz- 
 ing land. An abundance of water is being developed on the 
 range and is lifted from wells by wind mills. The Pecos Val- 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 171 
 
 ley and its vicinity present today more inducements for the 
 breeding of fine cattle than any other district in the south- 
 west. Owing to the abundance of water for irrigation pur- 
 poses, it is able to furnish feed for thousands of thoroughbred 
 cattle for the building up of the surrounding stock ranches. 
 Not only cattle but sheep and goats do exceptionally well. 
 In the Guadalupe mountains, the Angora goat finds superior 
 range and home, while 200,000 head of sheep of well graded 
 Merino and Shropshire strains occupy the range. Bee cul- 
 ture can be made a profitable industry here. Around Carls- 
 bad and south and west of that town, are oil indications while 
 prospecting for mineral in the Guadalupe mountains has re- 
 vealed large ore deposits, principally copper. Railroad faci- 
 lities are furnished by the Pecos Valley and Northeastern 
 Railway, which follows the Pecos Valley and is a part of the 
 Santa Fe system. There are excellent oil indications south 
 and north of Carlsbad and copper prospects have been devel- 
 oped in the Guadalupe mountains. The county seat is 
 
 Carlsbad. 
 
 It is often declared to be one of the most beautiful towns in 
 New Mexico and it is certainly entrancingly situated amidst 
 orchards and broad cultivated fields. Ever running waters 
 in its irrigation ditches, its thirty-five miles of cottonwood 
 and other shade trees, its wide streets and beautiful homes, 
 all help to make it an attractive residence city. The suburbs 
 of La Huerta and Hagerman Heights are far famed. The Ber- 
 muda and the blue grass furnish pretty emerald lawn set- 
 tings. The ornamental shade trees include the Catalpa, the 
 Chinese umbrella. North Carolina and Lombardy poplar, 
 w^eeping willows, Russian mulberry, while encircling hedges 
 of gray cedar bush and the green bamboo cane are ever and 
 anon broken by the shining spike of the giant cactus palm or 
 Spanish dagger. Here and there can be seen roses of all hues 
 and sizes, blooming almost every month in the year, gera- 
 niums of fifteen and twenty varieties blooming in all the soft 
 gradations of color from pure white to the deepest crimson 
 and royal purple, and many other flowers in profusion. The 
 arboriculture of Eddy county includes the walnut, the almond 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 173 
 
 and the pecan, a flourishing grove of the latter in La Huerta 
 growing more valuable every year. 
 
 The altitude is 3,000 feet. It is 1,326 miles from Chicago, 
 868 miles from Kansas City and 1,083 miles from Denver. 
 With immediate surroundings it has a population of 2,000. Its 
 public schools are up to date and housed in modern buildings. 
 There are 500 chidren of school age in the city, and nearly all 
 are enrolled in the pablic schools. There are churches of 
 many denominations, a fine opera house, commodious business 
 blocks, a $35,000 courthouse, electric light, telephone, water 
 and sewerage systems, graded and well kept streets and 
 three weekly newspapers, the Carlsbad Argus, the Current 
 and the Pecos Valley Stockman. The town is a modern and 
 model American community with healthy business conditions, 
 and a promise of a great prosperity in the future. 
 
 Carlsbad is considered one of the leading towns of New 
 Mexico. It is the headquarters of the Pecos Irrigation Com- 
 pany, whose irrigation system is one of the wonders of the 
 whole country. Near the town are mineral springs whose 
 waters resemble those of Carlsbad, Europe, and near which 
 a sanitarium is to be built next year. The town is on tha 
 Pecos Valley and Northeastern Railway which built a pretty 
 brick depot recenty at Carlsbad, 
 
 Artesia. 
 
 The discovery of artesian water in northern Eddy County 
 has resulted in the founding of the flourishing town of Ar- 
 tesia, on the P. V. & N. E. Ry., which already boasts of a bank, 
 a weekly newspaper, the Artesia Advocate, and a number of 
 business houses. Its population is nearing the one thousand 
 mark and the town is growing rapidly, every quarter section 
 for miles around having been taken up by settlers. 
 
 Grant County. 
 
 This county is not only by far the heaviest mineral producer 
 but it is also one of the leading stock counties of New Mexico. 
 Its area is 7,432 square miles; its population 12,500; its as- 
 sessed valuation in 190B was $2,912,977; its annual mineral pro- 
 duction $1,500,000; assessed valuation of its cattle $1,000,000, 
 the actual value being fully three times as much. The post 
 offices are : Bayard, Central, Cliff, Dwyer, Fay wood, Fierro, 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 175 
 
 Fort Bayard, Georgetown, Goldhill, Hachita, Hanover, Lords- 
 burg, Mimbres, Pinos Altos, Red Rock, Rodeo, Santa Rita, 
 Separ, Sherman, Silver Gity, Steeple Rock, Stein's Pass, 
 Swartz, Teel and Whitewater. 
 
 The county has good railroad facilities. It is crossed in the 
 southern part by the Southern Pacific Railroad and the El 
 Paso and Southwestern Railway. In addition the Santa Fe 
 Railway enters it and has two branches, one from White- 
 water to Santa Rita and the other from Hanover Junction to 
 Fierro. The Lordsburg Hachita Railway is entirely within 
 the county and the Arizona and New Mexico Railroad has its 
 terminus at Lordsburg. 
 
 The count3^'s area is equal to that of the State of New Jer- 
 sey and 4,000,000 acres are still subject to entry under 
 the land laws. The diversity of its industries has made this 
 county one of the best and most prosperous. In its north- 
 western part the Gila, and in its eastern portion the Mimbres, 
 furnish water for irrigation and there are about 150,000 acres 
 adapted to agriculture that can be reclaimed but less than 
 10,000 acres are under cultivation. All the orchard products, 
 grains and vegetables do well in the county. The Mimbres 
 Valley produces especially fine apples. In addition to cattle, 
 sheep, goats and hogs are raised and yield good profits. The 
 county is very mountainous although none of the peaks attain 
 a great altitude. In these mountain ranges are valuable depo- 
 sits of copper, iron, gold, silver, zinc and turquoise. Many of 
 the mines are extensively developed and a few have been 
 worked for over a century. Last year almost a million dollars 
 worth of copper was produced and about 150,000 tons of iron 
 ore were shipped from its mining districts. Several reduc- 
 tion works and mills are in operation. The principal mining 
 camps are Hanover, Santa Rita, Fierro, Central, Gold Gulch, 
 Pinos Altos, Burros, Red Rock, Steeple Rock, Stein's Pass, 
 Lordsburg and Shakespeare. There are located in this county 
 several hot and mineral springs, the best known being at Fay- 
 wood, where a commodious hotel has been built. The south- 
 ern part of the Gila forest reserve covers the northwestern 
 part and from Silver City starts the principal road into the 
 reserve and to the Mogollon and Cooney mining districts. The 
 county has a fine public school system. The county seat is 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 177 
 
 Silver City. 
 
 Its location, protected on all sides by high hills, its dry 
 atmosphere, and its almost constant sunshine, render this 
 town a pretty and healthy residence place. Nine miles east 
 of Silver City is Fort Bayard, where the United States 
 government has located the Army general hospital for the 
 treatment of tuberculosis. The government having put its 
 stamp of approval, after careful investigation, upon this cli- 
 mate for the cure of its soldiers and sailors, many other health 
 seekers of late have been attracted to Silver City and sur- 
 roundings. The census of 1900 gave Silver City a population 
 of 2,735 and Silver City precinct a population of 2,971 persons. 
 The present population is 3,000. It is a well built town of brick 
 business blocks and many nice brick residences. It has a 
 good supply of water, both for domestic use and for fire pro- 
 tection. Its merchants are modern and progressive and heavy 
 stocks of goods are carried because the city supplies a large 
 area of prosperous country. Two weekly newspapers are 
 pubhshed. The Enterprise and The Independent. The public 
 school system is very good, and there is also located here one 
 of the Territorial normal schools, with a competent corps of 
 teachers. Another educational institution that does very good 
 work is the Academy of Our Lady of Lourdes for girls. The 
 city has an electric light plant and a telephone system that 
 reaches out to all the important towns and mining camps sur- 
 rounding it. There are several substantial church buildings 
 of various denominations. There is one national bank and one 
 savings bank here. There are also good hotels. The city had 
 two smelters built during the present year. The industries 
 of the surrounding country are stock raising and mining. 
 Twelve miles to the south is the Burro mountain mining dis- 
 trict containing principally copper ores and having a smelter, 
 and also producing much of the turquoise sold in the United 
 States. Nine miles north is located Pinos Altos, one of the 
 oldest gold mining camps of the Territory. Nine miles east 
 are Fort Bayard and the town of Central, while sixteen miles 
 east are located the mining camps of Santa Rita, Hanover and 
 Fierro, in the center of big copper and iron ore deposits. 
 The climate of this section makes it practicable to carry on 
 mining every day in the year, both on top and underground. 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 179 
 
 St. Joseph's sanitarium undej' the care and direction of the 
 Sisters of Mercy, is situated on a high elevation in the west- 
 ern part of tlie town, and consists of two large brick build- 
 ings, containing about thirty rooms. There is also located 
 here a county hospital. 
 
 Lordsburg 
 
 it situated at the junction of the Southern Pacific, the Arizona 
 and New Mexico, and the Lordsburg and Hachita Railroads. 
 With surroundings it now has a population of about 1,200. The 
 town was founded when the Southern Pacific Railroad was 
 built through southern New Mexico, and was made a division 
 point by the railroad. It has a large round house, machine 
 shops, an extensive yard of side tracks, coal bunkers, and two 
 large oil tanks with a capacity of more than 3,000,000 gallons, 
 as the Southern Pacific is using oil in most of its engines. 
 There are several business houses, two of which do a jobbing 
 trade. The town has an electric light and ice plant. There 
 are three churches and a good public school building, and one 
 weekly newspaper, the Western Liberal. 
 
 Leonard Wood County. 
 
 Area 3,952 square miles; population 10,000; assessed valua- 
 tion in 1903,1923,017. Post offices : Anton Chico, Casaus, 
 Colonias, Conant, Cuervo, Fort Sumner, Guadalupe, Pastura, 
 Pintada, Puerto de Luna, Salado and Santa Rosa. 
 
 The county is rapidly developing. Four years ago it did not 
 contain a mile of railroad, telegraph or telephone line. It was 
 practically isolated from the world and even from its neigh- 
 boring counties. But since then the Rock Island and El Paso 
 and the El Paso and Northeastern Railways have built into 
 the county forming a junction at Santa Rosa and are part 
 of the Rock Island line of the California system. With the 
 railroads have come the telegraph, new towns, new settlers 
 and new hfe. It is first of ah a stock country. This year it 
 produced 3,000,000 pounds of wool and the sheep on its ranges 
 are estimated at 600,000. Some of the higher grade wools pro- 
 duced in New Mexico come from this county, the bulk being 
 of Delaine-Merino mixture. Cattle raising is also an import- 
 ant business. About 10,000 Shetland ponies and about 10,000 
 goats are included in the wealth of the county. In the eastern 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 181 
 
 part are found many springs. Fully 2,000,000 acres are still 
 subject to entry under the public land laws and the pubhc 
 range therefore is extensive. The Pecos river cuts through 
 from northwest to southeast and in its valley are fertile agri- 
 cultural lands. The northwestern portion is in the drainage 
 of the Canadian. There are no modern or extensive irrigation 
 systems. 
 
 The crops raised are alfalfa, fruit, vegetables and cereals. 
 There are no developed mines but indications of gold and cop- 
 per ores exist and oil rock is quite prevalent, covering a large 
 area around Santa Rosa. Large deposits of good building 
 stone and some pine and cedar timber are found. The county 
 will always be a tine stock country, for it possesses vast 
 stretches of grazing lands that are not hkely to be invaded by 
 the farmer, miner or factory hand. But it also has some 
 good farming possibilities. The soil is very fertile and the 
 building of storage reservoirs or the development of water 
 by means of wind mills, gasoline engines or other power, will 
 ultimately place large tracts under cultivation. The county 
 seat is 
 
 Santa Rosa, 
 
 which consists of an old and a new town, the latter having 
 been laid out by the Alamogordo Improvement Company 
 since the advent of the Rock Island. Five hundred acres are 
 embraced in the townsite, which is picturesquely situated on 
 the Pecos river, and platted around a plaza, one side of the 
 plaza being reserved for a modern hotel. The handsome Rock 
 Island passenger depot faces the plaza, while the commodious 
 freight depot is close at hand. It is a prosperous and growing 
 railroad, trade and stock center, with a population of 1,200. 
 It has two weekly newspapers. The Santa Rosa Star and the 
 La Voz Pubhca, a bank, several churches, a good public school, 
 railroad shops and round houses. The new town is situated 
 at an elevation of 4,600 feet. The surrounding country, with 
 the exception of the valleys along the river, is prairie and de- 
 voted to cattle and sheep raising. Along the valley splendid 
 fruit, grain and vegetables can be grown with the aid of irri- 
 gation. The water in the Pecos river from the Santa Rosa 
 crossing south is alkah, while 100 yards above the crossing it 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 183 
 
 is fairly good. The alkaline character of the water below is 
 caused by gypsum and alkali springs flowing into the river. 
 A remarkable example of the well and wind mill method of 
 irrigation now exists in the county. . It is the Sumner ranch, 
 eight miles north of Santa Rosa. When one rounds the point 
 of a barren range of rocky hills and gets a glimpse of this fer- 
 tile farm, one is tempted to believe that a portion of the rich 
 agricultural section of Iowa has been transported to this 
 sandy plain. The owners of the Sumner ranch are pioneers, 
 and their success is likely to be followed up by many new 
 comers. With a tributary territory, such as seems likely to 
 spring up within the next few years, Santa Rosa would be 
 prosperous if all other resources were removed. It is the 
 division headquarters of the Rock Island and the El Paso 
 Railroad. It is here also that the El Paso and Rock Island 
 division of the El Paso and Northeastern Railway starts. 
 Santa Rosa is sheltered by hills on both sides. It is subject 
 to but few of the wind storms so likely to spring up at any 
 time in the less protected uplands which make up the greater 
 part of the county. The country surrounding is not without its 
 scenic attractions and the climate is good. Santa Rosa sand- 
 stone quarries are already well known. In addition to its 
 profuse local use, the superb sandstone, including solid red, 
 white and gray colors and variegated hues, will develop a ship- 
 ping industry of wide radius and profitable returns. 
 
 Lincoln County. 
 
 Area 4,594 square miles; population 10,000; assessed valua- 
 tion in 1903, $1,275,347. It is one of the oldest counties and 
 out of its original area have been cut all the other southeast- 
 ern counties. It is in late years, however, that it is seeing its 
 greatest development through the extension of the El Paso 
 and Northeastern Railway through its western part and the 
 development of the coal fields at Capitan. Its post ottices are : 
 Alto, Analla, Ancho, Angus, Arabela, Bonito, Capitan, Cari- 
 zozo, Coalora, Corona, Port Stanton, Glencoe, Hondo, Jicarilla, 
 Lincoln, Meek, Nogal, Oscuro, Parsons, Picacho, Richardson, 
 Ruidoso, San Patricio, Torrance and White Oaks. 
 
 Comprising an area larger than that of the State of Connec- 
 ticut, Lincoln county still has 2,200,000 acres subject to entry 
 
I il m i^ fcw»!v 
 
 WHITE OAKS, LINCOLN COUNTY, HOMES. 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 
 
 185 
 
 under the United States land laws. It lies within the drain- 
 age area of the Pecos river, although only the headwaters of 
 several of its tributaries are within its hnes. The Rio 
 Hondo, one of these tributaries, is the largest stream and has 
 as its tributaries, streams of clear, cool water known as the 
 Bonito, the Eagle, the Little Eagle and Ruidoso creeks. The 
 headwaters of the Rio Felix and the Rio Salado are also in the 
 county. Nogal creek and a number of independent water 
 courses on the west side of the White mountains, often dry 
 during several months in the year, flow toward the Rio Grande. 
 Storage reservoirs, to supplement the present primitive 
 irrigation systems, would increase the cultivated area to 
 100,000 acres, but until new sources of water supply are dis- 
 covered the greater part of the county will be given up to 
 stocK ranges and mining operations. The principal mountain 
 ranges are the Sierra Blanca, rising to an elevation of 12,500 
 feet, the Capitan, the Gallinas, Carizo, the Jicarillas, the 
 Tecolotes and the Tres Cerros mountains. Climate and soil 
 are very suitable for the raising of fruit and grain. The or- 
 chards on the Bonito, the Ruidoso and other streams produce 
 as fine fruit as can be raised in the United States. Good crops 
 of oats, wheat and barley are raised without irrigation on 
 some of the mesas south of Nogal. Even alfalfa is thus grown. 
 Wheat yields thirty bushels to the acre, cabbage 30,000 
 pounds, beans 4,000 pounds, apples and pears 25,000 pounds 
 and grapes 9,000 pounds to the acre. There are in the county 
 200,000 sheep, 85,000 cattle, 10,000 goats and 3,000 horses. 
 Naturally it is a fine stock country. It is rich in coal as well as 
 in the precious and base metals. The coal production of the 
 Capitan mines is 100,000 tons a year. There are extensive un- 
 developed coal fields and iron ore deposits which presage fut- 
 ure industrial prominence. It has produced several million 
 dollars w^orth of gold, its principal mining camps being at 
 White Oaks, Nogal and Jicarilla. Fine timber covers the moun- 
 tain sides and the Lincoln ForestReserve is situated in Lincoln 
 County. There are two saw mills, one flour mill and a number 
 of reduction and cement works. At Fort Stanton, the United 
 States Revenue Marine Hospital Service maintains a sanita- 
 rium for consumptives, thus giving convincing official testi- 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 187 
 
 mony to the superiority of the chmate of that part of New 
 Mexico. The largest town in the county is 
 
 Capitan, 
 
 which nestles in a spot surrounded on every side by rugged 
 hills which rise on one side into the majestic Capitans and ter- 
 minate on the other in the snow capped Sierra Blanca, the 
 Pike's Peak of New Mexico. These rugged hills rismg m 
 broken hne to meet the blue arch of heaven furnish ever chang- 
 ing scenery for the eye, as every glance reveals some new 
 beluty to them. The ethereal blueness of the sky and the ver- 
 dant hills in summer, or the brown and sombre of winter, 
 form a contrast of colors more beautiful than ever portrayed 
 on canvass. Where a little over live years ago stood one house 
 and a small store, today there is a town of nearly a thousand 
 people, with business houses, comfortable residences and 
 everything that goes to make up a busy city. Since its set- 
 tlement on the 3d day of March, 1899, Capitan has had a rapid 
 growth when it is considered that it has grown to its present 
 size entirely upon its own merit. The census of 1900 gave the 
 precinct in which Capitan is located a population of 670; today 
 Capitan and North Capitan, or Coalora, the latter being the 
 coal mining town, have a population of 1,200. It is the location 
 of the New Mexico Fuel Company's coal mines, where several 
 hundred men are employed, and which has a pay roll of nearly 
 $10,000 a month. The fertile surrounding valleys produce 
 crops of fruit, grain and vegetables, the range keeps thou- 
 sands of head of cattle sleek and fat the year round, while the 
 mountains contain riches of gold, silver, lead, copper and 
 iron. Capitan is situated practically in the geographical cen- 
 ter of Lincoln county and can be reached by a direct route 
 from all parts of the county. Being thus favorably located, 
 it. is the supply point for the surrounding country, the head- 
 quarters for mining companies operating in that section and 
 the trading point for farmers and stockmen. It is also a rail- 
 road point, being the terminus of the Capitan branch of the El 
 Paso and Northeastern Railway, and freighting point for a 
 large territory. Wagon after wagon loaded with hay, grain, 
 wool, hides, etc., may be seen coming into the town daily, 
 which return loaded with supphes for Fort Stanton, Lincoln, 
 
MINING AND OTHER SCENES IN LINCOLN COUNTY. 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 189 
 
 Bonito, Ruidoso, Picacho, Hondo and other points. Capitan, 
 while progressing rapidly along commercial lines, has not 
 neglected to keep fully abreast of the times in educational 
 matters. No sooner had the town been established than a 
 school district was platted and bonds to the extent of $12,000 
 were voted to erect a suitable school building, and as a result 
 Capitan today has a fine public school building. It has sev- 
 eral churches and a weekly newspaper, the Capitan News. It 
 is but a few miles from the sanitarium for consumptives at 
 Fort Stanton. 
 
 White Oaks 
 
 is the best known town of Lincoln county, with a population, 
 according to the census, of 804. It was located in 1880, and 
 its fame rests upon its gold mines, principally the Old Abe 
 and North and South Homestake. It is six miles from the El 
 Paso and Rock Island Railway and twelve miles from Cari- 
 zozo on the El Paso and Northeastern Railway, from where, 
 once a day, a stage coach runs to the town. It has three 
 churches and a $3,000 school house, with good public schools. 
 The elevation is 6,400 feet above the sea level. There are two 
 hotels and a planing mill. Good water is secured from nearby 
 springs. It is located in a beautiful valley or natural amphi- 
 theater in the White Oaks range of mountains, surrounded on 
 all sides by high peaks covered with evergreen pine, cedar 
 and juniper. While several large cattle, sheep and goat 
 ranches are located in its immediate vicinity, from which it 
 derives an extensive and profitable trade, the principal 
 sources of the town's business, those which induced its estab- 
 lishment at this point, are mining operations. Something 
 more than twenty-two years ago quartz veins, carrying visi- 
 ble gold in large quantities, were discovered in what are now 
 known as the North and South Homestake mines, and out of 
 these discoveries and the "boom" created thereby, grew the 
 necessity for a trade center and White Oaks was the result. 
 It is inhabited by an enterprising class of citizens, who be- 
 lieve in good schools, churches and respectable society. One 
 weekly newspaper, the Outlook, is published here. The busi- 
 ness houses would be creditable anywhere to a town of 1,000 
 or 2,000 people. No place can boast of a better climate. 
 
HOUSES AND DEPOT AT DEMING. 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 191 
 
 Luna County. 
 
 This is one of the new counties of the Territory having been 
 organized in 1901. Its area is 2,946 square miles, population 
 4,000, assessed valuation in 1903, $1,502,092. The post offices 
 are: Cambray, Columbus, Cooks, Deming, Gage, Hermanas 
 and Nutt. 
 
 Four-fifths of the area is still public land. The Mimbres 
 river traverses it partly from north to south. There is run- 
 ning water along its upper course, but at and south of 
 Deming it is an underground river. The county is primarily 
 a cattle and mining section, although it has a tine rich soil, 
 which can be made to produce abundant crops of all sorts as 
 well as fruits of the finest quality through the medium of irri- 
 gation. About 5,000 acres are under cultivation, mostly 
 along the Mimbres river, although around Deming there are 
 small truck gardens irrigated from wells. It has good rail- 
 road facilities, the Santa Fe, the Southern Pacific and the El 
 Paso and Southwestern passing through, the last named hav- 
 ing also a branch line from Carizilillo to Deming where it forms 
 a junction with the Southern Pacific and the Santa Fe. The 
 total railroad mileage is 257 miles. The mean altitude is 5,000 
 feet and excepting Dona Ana and Eddy, no county in New 
 Mexico has a milder climate. The winters are warm and snow 
 is rare. The summers are pleasant and the nights are always 
 cool. There is no malaria lurking in the dry air and Deming 
 and surroundings are favorites with health seekers. There are 
 300 or more days in the year in which there is not a cloud in 
 the sky, while about forty-five days are recorded as partly 
 cloudy and only twenty days as cloudy. As a cattle country 
 Luna county offers superior facilities. The whole county is 
 dotted with wind mills as good water is obtained from forty 
 to fifty feet beneath the surface. Owing to the mild and 
 equable climate and the abundance of water and grass, stock- 
 men find it well adapted for breeding purposes. There are 
 100,000 head of cattle, all stock that will average up well. 
 Poultry and bees should prove very profitable as good markets 
 exist. There are four mining districts, Cooks, Florida, Victorio 
 and Tres Hermanas, in which are located a number of well de- 
 veloped mines, several of which have yielded considerable rev- 
 
BUSINESS HOUSES AT DEMINU. 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 
 
 193 
 
 enue. In the northwestern part, along the upper Mimbres, 
 fine farms are located and good crops of alfalfa, wheat, corn, 
 and orchard products are raised. Vegetables are produced 
 in great abundance and of the best quahty, including potatoes, 
 sweet potatoes, beans, peas, beets, celerj^ onions, pumpkins, 
 squashes, water melons and cantaloupes. The soil in the val- 
 ley is a deep rich alluvium and needs only to be irrigated to 
 produce heavily. The county seat and largest town is 
 
 Deming. 
 
 It was founded in November, 1881. The Southern Pacific 
 Railway, which was then building towards the Pacific coast, 
 had just reached this point and was making preparations for 
 the erection of shops, furnishing an incentive for the building 
 of a city of tents and shanties on the plains. Six months later 
 the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe completed its line to that 
 point and formed a junction with the Southern Pacific and as- 
 sured to Deming a position of prominence in that part of New 
 Mexico. During the year 1882 settlers flocked in and several 
 substantial buildings were erected. The plains round about 
 also began to settle up, especially in spots where w^ater was 
 found. These new settlers were engaged in the cattle indus- 
 try, and that industry has since then furnished a substantial 
 support to the town. Prospectors located claims in the moun- 
 tains round about and as a consequence the mining industry, 
 too, is contributing to the prosperity of Deming and has 
 iielped to make it an important business center. About a 
 year after the completion of the railroads above mentioned, a 
 branch was built into the mining district surrounding Silver 
 City, which was then enjoying a boom. In 1901, work was 
 started on the construction of the El Paso and Southwestern 
 Railway, the road being completed the year following, giving 
 Deming direct railway connection with the great mining re- 
 gions of southern Arizona and of Sonora, Mexico, and the 
 distinction of being one of the two towns in New Mexico, 
 namely Santa Fe and Deming, having three independent rail- 
 roads. The town's location is well chosen, standing as it does 
 on a broad, level plain at an altitude of about 4,300 feet, and 
 surrounded with picturesque mountains. It always enjoys a 
 cool, refreshing breeze in summer, tempering the heat of July 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 195 
 
 and August and rendering the nights pleasant, while its 
 southern latitude prevents severe cold in winter and assures 
 mild, even temperature the year around. From a commercial 
 standpoint it is the natural supply point of an extensive region 
 furnishing supplies for the cattle ranches for miles to the 
 east, west and south, and for the farmers of the Mimbres Val- 
 ley to the north, while the people of the mining camps in the 
 various parts of Luna and Grant counties to the west and to 
 the north come to Deming for their supplies and to ship their 
 ores. The water of Deming is noted for its purity and the 
 abundance of the supply, the Mimbres river sinking into the 
 gravel about twenty miles north of Deming and running be- 
 neath the surface in an inexhaustible stream directly under 
 the town. The water is as pure and soft as rain water, thus 
 making the town with its excellent railway facilities, a pecu- 
 liarly favored spot for manufacturing enterprises. It has a 
 population of about 2,000 and is incorporated under the village 
 incorporation act. Merchandising is an important industry, 
 there being a number of large, well equipped general stores 
 in the town. Next in importance is the shipping of stock, 
 about 100,000 head of cattle being shipped annually during 
 the early summer months. Another industry bringing large 
 returns is traffic in hay. The plains surrounding the town 
 furnish thousands of tons of hay, and teams may be seen 
 every day during the winter months hauling and loading it 
 on the cars for shipment to the mining camps and to the towns 
 east and west. A brickyard does a good business, as a 
 greater part of the business houses built during the past few 
 years are substantial brick structures, which add materially 
 to its appearance. There is an ice plant and electric light 
 works. The town has two banks. The Adelphi Club is an 
 organization of about one hundred business men, which has 
 fitted up elegant club rooms and which is doing good work 
 for the growth of the town. The Deming Hospital is a 
 territorial institution, established in 1897. There are two 
 weekly newspapers, the Graphic and the Headlight. The 
 public school system is very satisfactory. The present 
 public school building is a handsome modern structure. The 
 last school enumeration gave 902 persons of school age in the 
 town, while the enrollment was 730, and the average daily 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 
 
 197 
 
 attendance 500. Deming has a number of thriving church 
 organizations. It is a health resort, and the many cures affect- 
 ed by its climate in lung and throat troubles are bringing 
 annually more and more health seekers. The average winter 
 days consist of crisp, cool mornings and evenings, but balmy 
 at noon. Glorious weather to walk in, to drive in, to work in, 
 to play in, to sleep in. There are very few days when child- 
 ren and invahds may not be out in comfort. The spring and 
 fall days are pleasant, an unbroken combination of cool 
 breezes and warm sun. Deming is blessed with sunshine, 
 pure air and pure water; a combination that gives life, routs 
 disease, nourishes hope, warms the soul and lifts up the 
 heart, and making the city and surroundings an ideal refuge 
 for health seekers. 
 
 McKinley County. 
 
 McKinley county was created in 1899. Its area is 6,377 
 square miles; population 6,500; assessed valuation in 1903, 
 $968,107. Of its area 900,000 acres are still subject to entry. 
 Its main wealth is in coal mines, although a small area is under 
 cultivation along the headwaters of the Zuni river and Pescado 
 creek. There are about 100,000 sheep and 5,000 head of cattle. 
 Over half a milhon tons of coal are produced annually, the 
 mines being grouped around the county seat of Gallup. The 
 Santa Fe Pacific Railroad cuts from east to west for about 
 seventy -five miles and a branch road has been built from 
 Thoreau into the Zuni mountains timber districts which are 
 being exploited and add considerably to its business. A north 
 and south railroad has been surveyed to be known as the Colo- 
 rado and Gulf Railway and is to be built from Durango, Colo- 
 rado, to Clifton, Arizona. In the eastern part are good copper 
 indications, while around Manuelito considerable prospecting 
 for oil has been done as the indications are very promising. 
 South of Gallup are salt lakes which will ultimately be of com- 
 mercial value. A portion of the northern part of the county 
 is covered with lava. In the southeastern part are chff dwel- 
 hngs and other prehistoric ruins. Excavations which have 
 been made north of Thoreau have brought forth many relics 
 which are finding their way to eastern museums. The Chaco 
 Canon and the Pueblo Bonito, which are on the San Juan coun- 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 
 
 199 
 
 ty boundary line, are visited by many tourists and contain 
 some of the best preserved cliff dwellings in New Mexico. 
 Part of the large Navajo Indian reservation is in northwestern 
 McKinley county. The Navajoes are wealthy in sheep and 
 horses and are good workmen who are given employment on 
 the railroads and in the sugar beet fields of Colorado. They 
 are the finest blanket weavers among Indian tribes and their 
 fame as silversmiths has spread far and wide. Part of the res- 
 ervation is excellent range country, especially for sheep. Rich 
 mineral indications, especially copper, also exist. In the south- 
 ern part is the Zuni Indian reservation, the principal pueblo, 
 Zuni, being one of the Seven Cities of Cibola and one of the 
 most ancient and interesting pueblos in the southwest, whose 
 annual dances attract more and more tourists every year. The 
 government is building a $250,000 reservoir and irrigation sys- 
 tem for the Zunis who are husbandmen, their principal crops 
 being Indian corn, beans, onions, melons and squashes. This 
 system when completed will irrigate 6,000 acres of land. 
 Many of the Zunis have small orchards of peach, apricot, 
 apple, cherry and plum trees and grape vines. The majority 
 of them have from ten to twenty acres under cultivation, while 
 some as high as thirty to forty acres. The area of the reserve 
 is 427 square miles and its population is 1,525. Just east of 
 the Zuni Indian reserve is the Mormon agricultural settle- 
 ment of Ramah on Pescado creek. Fort Wingate and its 
 mihtary reservation are fifteen miles southeast of Gallup. It 
 is the only military post in New Mexico occupied at present- 
 The following are the post offices: Blackrock, Clarkville, 
 Fort Wingate, Gallup, Gibson, Guam, Manuelito, Ramah, 
 Thoreau, Tohatchi and Zuni. The county seat is 
 
 Gallup, 
 
 on the Santa Fe Pacific Railroad. Gallup has at present a 
 population of 2,500 people, including the famihes in the coal 
 camps of the various companies at short distances from the 
 city limits. As many other western towns, Gallup possesses a 
 notable contingent of thrifty, brainy Scotch, English and 
 Irish folk, who have added very materially to the rapid 
 growth and sohd development of the community. The chmate 
 is dry, fairly equable, and with few disagreeable features. The 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 
 
 201 
 
 high altitude prevents excessive heat. The town has ample 
 religious and educational facihties. The public school system 
 is very creditable. Thirty Indian trading stores on the reser- 
 vation get their supplies from Gallup merchants or by the 
 way of Gallup. The McKinley County Republican is the only 
 newspaper, being pubhshed weekly. 
 
 Gallup is above all, a coal mining town and its coal industry 
 is practically thus far only partly developed. Underneath the 
 large region of which Gallup is the center, immense deposits 
 of coal have been treasured by nature, awaiting the thrifty 
 hand of capital to bring them up to the surface and make of 
 Gallup one of the richest coal mining towns of the southwest. 
 One mine alone, property of the Colorado Fuel and Iron 
 Company, produced in one day (June 22, 1903), 1,550 tons of 
 coal. The coal can be dug easily and there is practicaUy no 
 danger for the miner in the mines unless he should be exceed- 
 ingly careless. No gas is to be feared. The coal is soft and of 
 the best quality. The coal trade would naturally give the town 
 a steady growth, but it is only one of the resources. Lying 
 north is a field rich in oil bearing sand and shale, samples of 
 which experts in Pennsylvania oil fields have pronounced to 
 be very rich in crude oil (kerosene). A vein of fire clay, very 
 free from iron and nodules, and of excellent quahty, underlies 
 the whole region, small and steady orders therefore being 
 supplied to Arizona smelters. Pottery clay, brick clay, 
 valuable sands, copper ore and other natural resources 
 are found in the neighborhood. The greatest of all 
 resources, however, he above ground. The town is situated 
 on the Puerco river. The whole valley is filled for miles with 
 rich soil, needing only water to make it one great, rich farm. 
 Nature has kindly made a reservoir site four miles above the 
 town, which drains an immense watershed that would supply 
 sufficient water for the irrigation of the whole valley. Only a 
 moderate amount of capital is needed to dam safely this site 
 and to set going agricultural hfe that would make Gallup a 
 much larger city and also give handsome returns for the 
 money invested. The city is lighted by electricity, has water- 
 works, a telephone system and commands a good trade. It 
 has broad, clean streets and many of its buildings are of brick 
 and stone. It has telephone connection with Fort Wingate. 
 
IN THE MORA VALLEY. 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 203 
 
 It has a large round house and is a division point on the Santa 
 Fe Pacific Railroad. 
 
 Mora County. 
 
 Area 2,542 square miles; population 13,000; assessed valua- 
 tion in 1903 $1,175,823. Post offices: Chacon, Cleveland, 
 Guadalupita, Hahs Peak, Holman, La Cueva, Ledoux, Lucero, 
 Mora, Ocate, Roy, Shoemaker, Wagon Mound, Sauz, Watrous, 
 Weber. 
 
 Mora county's agricultural products are its mainstay and 
 are not exceeded in value by those of any other New Mexico 
 county. It can rightfully claim the honor of being one of the 
 leading agricultural counties of the Territory. However, its 
 stock interests exceed in value even its agricultural wealth. 
 It is one of the four smaU counties, yet its area is greater 
 than that of the State of Delaware, and 760,000 acres, or an 
 area greater than that of the State of Rhode Island are still 
 subject to entry. The county is mountainous, some of the 
 peaks rising to an altitude of 13,500 feet. The hills are 
 generally timbered and a portion of the Pecos River Forest 
 Reserve is within its hmits. From the main Sangre deCristo 
 range, broken by foothills and picturesque canons, the mesa 
 extends gently sloping toward the southeast. It is almost 
 entirely in the drainage area of the Canadian river, although 
 the Pecos and the Santa Cruz rivers also rise within its 
 boundaries. The Mora, a tributary of the Canadian, furnishes 
 the principal supply for irrigation, although the Ocate and the 
 headwaters of the Vermejo have a good flow. The irrigation 
 systems are primitive excepting three reservoirs and canals 
 built at La Cueva. There are many fine reservoir sites, 
 however, and instead of 20,000 acres, the present area under 
 cultivation, there could easily be three times that extent of 
 country under ditch. The county has 35,000 head of cattle, 
 150,000 head of sheep and 5,000 goats. The raising and fatten- 
 ing of beeves is a growing industry around Wagon Mound, 
 Watrous and other settlements. The principal crops are 
 wheat, oats, alfalfa, corn, barley, rye, tomatoes and vegetables. 
 Horticulture is a very successful pursuit. From the Mora 
 Valley 2,000,000 pounds of corn and 300,000 pounds of oats are 
 shipped annually. On the La Cueva ranch alone, 2,000 acres 
 
STREET SCENES IN MORA. 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 205 
 
 are under cultivation, all in cereals, alfalfa or fruit trees. The 
 following are the principal agricultural valleys : The Mora 
 and its extension, the Agua Negra Valley, is twenty-two miles 
 long. In its narrowest place it is 400 yards wide for the 
 length of about twelve miles, the other ten miles are from two 
 to three miles wide. The Guadalupita Valley is five miles 
 long and three miles wide along the Guadalupita and then 
 runs ten miles to Lucero, averaging about a quarter of a mile 
 in width. The Llano del Coyote Valley is about three miles 
 long and one mile broad. The La Cueva Valley, not including 
 the 10,000 acres of the La Cueva Ranch Company, has an area 
 of about 5,000 acres. The Cherry and Watrous Valleys 
 produce alfalfa principally, although a large quantity of grain 
 is raised annually, being used mostly in fattening cattle, 
 there being about 20,000 head of cattle in these two valleys. 
 Besides these valleys, which all have irrigation systems, 
 there are the Lower Cebolla, Buena Vista, Carmen, Gascon 
 and other small valleys that are very productive. Mora has a 
 great resource in the timber on the nearby mountains and 
 seven million feet are annually shipped. Mineral indications 
 of great promise exist in the mountains and the foothills. 
 Development work is being done in the Rociada and Coyote 
 districts. Mora will also some day figure as a coal producer. 
 Clay for brick making, red and white sandstone and limestone 
 exist in large quantities and of commercial quality. The 
 county is crossed from north to south by the Santa Fe 
 Railway for about forty miles. A railway has been surveyed 
 from Las Vegas to Mora. The Dawson Railway cuts across 
 the eastern part. The county seat is 
 
 Mora. 
 
 It was first settled in 1832 and is situated in a very pretty 
 valley. It is surrounded by mountains on all sides except 
 where the valley runs southward to Rociada and to San Miguel 
 county. The Mora river supplies it with an abundance of 
 water and furnishes power for several grist mills. The town 
 has good roads, connecting it with outside poin;}s and is 
 connected by telephone with Las Vegas. There are four 
 general stores carrying large stocks. 
 
 Mora also has a nice court house, a Roman Catholic church, 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 207 
 
 a Presbyterian church, a Catholic convent conducted by the 
 Sisters of Loretto, who also maintain a school for girls, and 
 quite a number of pretty homes. The population of the 
 settlement is about 700. It is a pleasant summer resort, and 
 many fishing parties from Las Vegas and other points go 
 there to fish for trout. The Rio de la Casa which comes tumb- 
 hng from the mountains, contains the speckled beauties. 
 Promising mineral prospects are in the foothills nearby 
 and health seekers often go to Mora for rest and health. All 
 that Mora needs, to become a large and prosperous town is 
 railroad connection with the outside world. 
 
 Wagon Mound 
 
 is the largest settlement, the census of 1900 giving Wagon 
 Mound precinct a population of 895, while the population of 
 the town itself is 500. Its elevation is 6,250 feet above the sea 
 level, and it has a good climate. Mountain peaks make its sur- 
 roundings especially picturesque. The principal occupation 
 of its inhabitants is stock raising and merchandising. Wagon 
 Mound is a prosperous community, with a good public school, 
 which is housed in a modern $5,000 building. The enrollment 
 of pupils is 250, many children from outside attending the 
 schools. There are two large mercantile houses doing an 
 extensive business. A weekly newspaper, ElCombate, Span- 
 ish and EngUsh, is printed in the town, which also has two 
 churches. Wagon Mound is situated on the main line of the 
 Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway, and owing to its 
 climatic advantages and beauty of surroundings is attractive 
 to health seekers. It is a great wool and stock shipping point 
 and the trading center for the Ocate and Mora Valleys. The 
 railroad company has a large sheep dipping plant here. 
 Several fine farms are in the vicinity and offer accommodations 
 to health seekers. 
 
 Roy 
 
 is a town but a Httle over a year old and a station on the 
 Dawson Railroad which runs from Tucumcari in Quay county, 
 to the great coal fields at Dawson in Colfax county. The town 
 has at this time about 300 inhabitants and is growing. There 
 is a large wholesale mercantile establishment there and 
 several smaller stores. A monthly paper, the Roy Observer, 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 209 
 
 is published. The town is surrounded by prosperous stock 
 ranches. 
 
 Otero County. 
 
 Area 6,870 square miles; population 7,500; assessed valua- 
 tion in 1903, $1,570,864; post offices: Alamogordo, Avis, 
 Cloudcroft, Hereford, High rolls, Brice, La Luz, Mayhill, 
 Mescalero, Opal, Oran, Orange, Pine Springs, Russia, Three 
 Rivers, Tularosa, Weed and Wright. 
 
 Excepting agricultural settlements at Tularosa, La Luz, 
 Weed and a few other points, several scattered ranches and a 
 few prospectors in the Jarillas and the Indians on the 
 Mescalero reservation, Otero county, in 1898, was practically 
 uninhabited. It was only live years ago that it was created a 
 separate county, but since then it has grown rapidly in 
 population and wealth. About 4,000,000 acres of its area arej 
 however, still subject to entry. Over 2,500,000 acres are open 
 range and 138,000 acres are included in the "White Sands""a 
 deposit of gypsum. The White, the Sacramento, the Hueco, 
 the Jarilla and the Guadalupe ranges are the principal 
 mountain groups. The rivers are but small streams, 
 periodical in their flow, and many, having no outlet, lose 
 themselves in the sands. Tularosa, La Luz, Sacramento 
 creeks and the headwaters of the Penasco, of Eagle creek and 
 other brooks flow from the foothills down picturesque canons 
 into the open valleys and tablelands. A considerable acreage 
 is under cultivation, it being practical to raise crops in parts 
 of the Sacramento and White mountains without irrigation. 
 A dam across Rinconada canon near Tularosa which will 
 impound sufficient water to irrigate 20,000 acres, is projected. 
 The leading industries are stock raising, cattle, sheep and 
 goats doing equally well; mining, especially in the Jarillas 
 where gold, silver, copper, lead and turquoise deposits exist; 
 lumbering, there being thousands of acres of virgin timber 
 lands in the Sacramento mountains and manufacturing, there 
 being lumber mills, tie preserving plants and railroad shops 
 at Alamogordo. The Mescalero Apache Indian reservation 
 and part of the Lincoln Forest Reserve are in the county. 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 211 
 
 Alamogordo, 
 
 the county seat of Otero county, 4,r)00 feet above the sea level, 
 has experienced the most remarkable growth of any tov^n in 
 New Mexico. Five years ago the town was established and it 
 has today over 4,000 inhabitants, broad streets, brick 
 business blocks well stocked with merchandise, five churches, 
 two large saw mills costing over $200,000, an electric light 
 plant and ice factory, steam laundry, planing mill, a water 
 works system which cost $50,000, a railway hospital, a 
 woman's club, a park a mile long, a daily newspaper, the Alamo- 
 gordo Journal, three weekly newspajDers, the Alamogordo 
 News, the Otero County Advertiser and the Alamogordo 
 Journal, a fine railroad depot, a modern and commodious 
 hotel, a fine public school building and a public library. It is 
 the headquarters of the sixth judicial district. The general 
 offices of the El Paso & Northeastern Railway are located here. 
 Also the Southwestern Baptist College, whose promoters are 
 improving a suburban tract and establishing a great educa- 
 tional institution. The streets are lined with young shade 
 trees and here and there about the city are dotted beautiful 
 parks. The Territory has appropriated $25,000 for the erec- 
 tion at Alamogordo of an asylum for the blind on which 
 construction work has begun. When five years ago, the 
 Alamogordo Improvement Company was organized, the bare 
 acres of the townsite were all that was visible. With a capital 
 of $500,000 and an unlimited fund of foresight and energy the 
 company began work. The original townsite purchase was 
 1,200 acres, and from the signing of the title deeds to the 
 present time the company has expended in cash $400,000, of 
 which $175,000 were for a city water system, $115,000 for city 
 and suburban irrigation, and the remaining $110,000 for 
 buildings, street and alley construction, and improvements 
 for parks and other city purposes. The city water supply is 
 brought twelve miles from springs in Alamo Canon, the last 
 eight miles of the distance being piped. The system has a 
 gravity pressure of 100 pounds to the square inch. The 
 company platted its land into city lots and one acre suburban 
 tracts, and has brought the waters to its irrigation system 
 from La'Luz canon, seven miles away. 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 213 
 
 A $25,000 court house has been constructed, a $30,000 
 railway hospital is to be built and a $75,000 tie preserving 
 plant has been erected. The town is the geographical and 
 commercial center of a fine fruit growing section; has 
 thousands of tributary fertile acres open to government entry; 
 is on the main line of the shortest route between Kansas City, 
 Denver and El Paso to California and Mexico and is within 
 several hours" jaunt of the famous Cloud City, the areal sum- 
 mer and scenic southwestern resort, with which it is 
 connected by the Sacramento Mountain Railway, one of the 
 engineering wonders of the United States. 
 
 Tularosa 
 
 is situated on the El Paso and Northeastern Railway. Its 
 latitude is about thirty-three degrees north and is at the base 
 of the White Mountains, whose highest peak about tAventy-five 
 miles distant, rises 12,500 feet. It is supplied with water by 
 the Tularosa creek, which is a mountain stream whose sources 
 consist of several mountain springs, containing iron, magnesia 
 and sulphur, on the reservation of the Mescalero Indians, 
 flowing for about twenty miles through the canon dividing the 
 White Mountains and the Sacramento range. These mountains 
 are covered with pine, fir, juniper, pinon and balsam fir, all 
 of which endow the atmosphere with healing balm beneficial 
 to the lungs. To the westward are the San Andreas moun- 
 tains, some forty miles away, showing several high peaks and 
 an elevation of about 9,000 feet. Northwest are the Oscura 
 mountains, about seventy-five miles distant. No finer scenery 
 for the painter's brush can be found than is afl'orded from this 
 dreamy town, in the Tularosa Valley, part of a vast level plain 
 running northerly some sixty miles, and southerly to the 
 Texas line and beyond for 100 miles and some fifty miles in 
 width, a veritable paradise, if properly supplied with water, 
 and this can be provided through storage reservoirs and 
 pumping plants. 
 
 The temperature of Tularosa and vicinity ranges from the 
 freezing point to ninety degrees Fahrenheit. This is the 
 record for eighteen years. The thermometer reaches its 
 highest point about the middle of August, when for about two 
 weeks it reaches ninety -four degrees at noon, and remains 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 215 
 
 there until 3 p. m., when it begins to dechne, and at night the 
 breeze sets in from the mountains which renders a blanket 
 necessary before morning. The large number of cottonwood 
 trees which line the streets of Tularosa furnish a dense shade, 
 which makes the warmest days pleasant and agreeable. The 
 real winter usually lasts from about the 20th of December 
 until the 10th of January, and then ice can be seen on the 
 irrigation ditches from one-eighth to one-fourth inch thick. 
 Tularosa being completely landlocked against the winds on 
 the north and east by mountain ranges and spurs from the 
 main ranges, never experiences those sudden changes of 
 temperature which are so severe upon those suffering from 
 throat and lung trouble. Fruits of the temperate zone grow 
 to perfection in Tularosa. There is no record of the failure 
 of the fruit crop since the settlement of the town in 1862. 
 Grapes do well, bees do well, making honey of good quality. 
 Alfalfa grows to perfection producing one to two tons per acre 
 at each cutting and from three to five tons each year. Garden 
 products are unexcelled. Tomatoes grown here are large and 
 of good flavor. Watermelons and cantaloupes do well, the flavor 
 of the cantaloupes being fine and the vines very prolific. 
 The population in and near the town is about 1,200, the census 
 of 1900 giving Tularosa precinct a population of 752. The town 
 has a public school building. The Catholic is the oldest 
 church in the town. The tourist and hunter will find many 
 attractions in the vicinity of Tularosa. Six hours' ride will 
 take the hunter among the wild turkey, blacktail deer and the 
 cinnamon bear, and a day's drive in a buggy will carry the 
 disciple of Walton to where the speckled trout are waiting, 
 greedy for the angler's bait. The mountain ranges show 
 indications of gold, silver, copper, iron and coal. 
 
 Quay County. 
 
 Area 2,805 square miles; population 4,000; assessed valua- 
 tion in 1903, $750,000, County seat Tucumcari. Post offices : 
 Tucumcari, Dodson, Endee, Montoya, Moore, Quay, Puerto, 
 Revuelto. The county was created by the 35th Legislative 
 Assembly in 1903, and was named in honor of the late United 
 States Senator Matthew Stanley Quay, of Pennsylvania. 
 Guadalupe and Union counties gave up the area to create the 
 
THE LAND OP SUNSHINE. 217 
 
 county, the greater part coming from Guadalupe, now Leon- 
 ard Wood county. The county seat was fixed at Tucumcari, 
 a busy railroad center at the junction of the Chicago, Rock 
 Island and Pacific Railway and the Dawson Railway. These 
 two railroads traverse it and give ample railway facilities and 
 have resulted in the coming of scores of new settlers. Its 
 area is 1,795,270 acres, making it one of the small counties 
 of New Mexico, although it is one and a half times as large 
 as the State of Delaware. 
 
 Quay is classed as a plains county, but it is by no means 
 entirely level, the surface being broken by hills and 
 peaks, which in spots rise to the dignity of mountains, all 
 being foothills of the great Rocky mountain system. The 
 county is in the drainage area of the Canadian river in its 
 northern part. Besides the Canadian the Pajarito is the 
 principal water course. The Plaza Largo and the Trujillo are 
 other streams, but are dry part of the year. Basins or water 
 holes dot the plains, which are filled with water at times, 
 forming lakes in the rainy season. 
 
 Being a grazing country, the stock industry flourishes. On 
 its ranges are 150,000 sheep and 30,000 cattle. Tucumcari has 
 become a great wool shipping center, the grade of wool 
 produced being above the average. The mild winters, a good 
 supply of water, and the railroad facilities make the county 
 especially favorable to the stock industry. 
 
 Agriculture is also carried on upon a small scale, water for 
 irrigation being supplied chiefly from shallow wells. The 
 water can be raised by wind mills or with gasoline engines. 
 On the Pajarito and around Tucumcari there are good 
 farms. A beginning has been made in raising fruit, the 
 climate being especially adapted to horticulture, apiarj/, 
 chicken farming, and other branches of husbandry. Excellent 
 building stone is found as well as clay for the making of brick. 
 The climate, like that of the rest of the Territory, is a specific 
 for lung and throat trouble. The winters are mild and the 
 summers are cool, especially the summer nights. The altitude 
 varies between 4,000 and 6,000 feet. The greater part of the 
 land is subject to entry under the federal land laws, although 
 around Tucumcari the land has been pretty well taken up by 
 homesteaders. 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE, 219 
 
 Tucumcari 
 
 is the principal and only town. There are small settlements 
 at Dodson, Endee, Montoya, Puerco and Revuelto, where 
 post offices and stores are maintained. Tacumcari is a pros- 
 perous town situated at the foot of the Tucumcari mountain, 
 at the junction of the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific 
 Railway, the Dawson Railway and the Choctaw- Amarillo 
 extension to be completed in the near future. The surround- 
 ing country is a rolling prairie, broken and intercepted by 
 small streams and the Canadian river, which flows through 
 the eastern portion. Tucumcari has a population of 1,000. 
 The town is but little over two years old and is making satis- 
 factory growth. Several large new buildings have just been 
 completed. Work is in progress upon a $15,000 court house 
 and jail upon which construction work has commenced and a 
 $10,000 school building was recently completed. The three 
 railroads which form a junction here have drawn plans for a 
 $15,000 union depot as well as shops and a large round house. 
 Many other smaller buildings including cozy homes, are in 
 course of construction. Tucumcari has two newspapers. The 
 Times and The Democrat. The town commands an extensive 
 trade territory and is the center of a large sheep and wool 
 industry, a wool scouring plant having been recently built. 
 
 Rio Arriba County. 
 
 Area 5,810 square miles; population 1900 census, 13,177; 
 since then Espanola precinct of Santa Fe county has been 
 added to it. Present population of the county, 16,500. 
 Assessed valuation in 1903, $981,685. County seat Tierra 
 Amarilla. Post offices : Tierra Amarilla, Park View, Tusas, 
 Espanola, Chamita, Cordova, El Rito, Canjilon, Vallecitos, 
 Petaca, Hopewell, Chama, Monero, Lumberton, Dulce, Abi- 
 quiu, Alcalde, Coyote, Dixon, Embudo, Gallina, Lyden, 
 Mariana, Rinconada, Truchas, Velarde and Rosa. It is the 
 eighth largest county of the Territory. It has more than five 
 times the area of the State of Rhode Island, thrice that of 
 Delaware, a greater area than Connecticut, and is almost as 
 large as Hawaii. Although a large part is covered by private 
 land grants yet almost 2,000,000 acres are still subject to 
 entry under the federal land laws. 
 
CANON ON THE BRAZOS, EIO ARRIBA COUNTY. 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 221 
 
 Rio Arriba is one of the richest of New Mexico's subdivis- 
 ions, the census of 1902 showing that its agricultural wealth 
 alone amounted to $2,566,000. The surface is very much 
 broken. The principal mountain ranges are the Cumbres, 
 the Gallinas, the Jemez and the Cejita Blanca, a number of 
 the peaks rising to an altitude of 12,000 feet. The mountains 
 give a large drainage area and the streams, in consequence, 
 at certain times of the year carry a large volume of water. 
 As there are many good reservoir sites, a considerable portion 
 of the water supply will at some future day be available for 
 irrigation purposes, but at present most of it flows to waste, 
 only about 50,000 acres being under ditch and 30,000 acres 
 under cultivation. The county is in the drainage area of the 
 Rio Grande, except that small portion west of the Continental 
 Divide. The principal rivers are the Chama with about 
 fifteen tributaries and the Rio Grande. Rio Arriba county has 
 the dry, sunny mountain climate so much sought for by 
 health seekers. About 140 miles of the Denver and Rio 
 Grande Railroad traverse the county, in addition to about 
 thirty-five miles of branch timber railroads. Stock raising, 
 especially sheep, is the main industry. Next in importance is 
 agriculture. Then comes mining, the camp at Monero produc- 
 ing 50,000 tons of coal a year. The Bromide, Hopewell and 
 Tusas mining districts near Tres Piedras are very promising, 
 copper, gold, silver, lead, platinum and mica being among the 
 mineral products. Lumbering is also an important industry, 
 about 50,000 feet of lumber being cut daily. The Jicarilla 
 Apache reservation is in the county, covering 415,000 acres 
 upon which are 830 Indians making rapid advance. There are 
 many attractions for tourists, among them being the cliff 
 dwellings of the Pajarito Park. Some of the settlements are 
 among the oldest in the United States. 
 
 Tierra Amarilla 
 
 is the county seat and is situated in the beautiful Chama 
 Valley, with pretty agricultural settlements around it, the 
 principal of which is Park View. The population of Tierra 
 Amarilla and contiguous settlements, including the charming 
 settlement of Park View% is about 2,200. A weekly newspaper, 
 El Republicano, is published here. Tierra Amarilla and Park 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 223 
 
 View boast of several fine business houses and are also the 
 center of a wealthy stock country. At El Rito, the Territory 
 will build a reform school. At Espanola, La Luz, a weekly 
 newspaper is published. The town is a busy trade center. 
 San Juan is a large Indian Pueblo. Chamita, near San Juan, 
 is considered by some historians the oldest white settlement 
 in New Mexico. 
 
 Chama 
 
 is a modern railroad town on the Denver and Rio Grande 
 Railroad on which it is a division point, and is a shipping 
 point for the wool, lumber and other products of the northern 
 part. It has public schools and churches. Near the town are 
 stone quarries, from which the stone for the Colorado capitol 
 at Denver was taken. Ranches and stock ranges surround 
 the town and nearby are several fine trout streams and good 
 hunting grounds. The Denver and Rio Grande Railroad 
 maintains here big dipping vats for sheep. The population 
 is 500. 
 
 Abiquiu 
 
 is one of the oldest settlements in the Territory and is 
 centrally located in the valley of the Rio Chama. For many 
 years it was an outpost against hostile Indians and many 
 expeditions against the Apaches and Utes were organized 
 there. It has an interesting history and was, up to within 
 thirty years ago quite important in the county. It is today a 
 good trading center. There are numerous other settlements 
 which are supported by agriculture, horticulture and stock 
 raising; they are found in the Espanola Valley on the Rio 
 Grande, in the valleys of the Chama and tributary streams, 
 and are increasing in population and prosperity steadily. 
 
 Roosevelt County. 
 
 Area 3,110 square miles; population 4,500. The census of 
 1900 gave this area a population of 383. Assessed valuation 
 in 1903, $600,000. County seat Portales. Post offices : Arch, 
 Bethel, Elida, Floyd, Langston, Portales, Stockton and Texico. 
 Roosevelt county, named after the president, was created by 
 the 35th Legislative Assembly in the year 1903. It is distinct- 
 ively a plains county, and, excepting a fraction of the northwest 
 
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 ROOSEVELT COUNTY SCENES. 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. . 225 
 
 corner, is rectangular in form. It measures sixty-four miles 
 from east to west and fifty -four miles from north to south. 
 It is the seventeenth in size in New Mexico and. yet it covers 
 an area three times that of the State of Rhode Island. Its 
 w^estern boundgffy is approximately along the divide or 
 watershed between the Pecos river on the west and the Brazos 
 river on the east. The principal valley crosses the county 
 from a point on the west boundary line north of the center to 
 a point a little south of the center of the eastern boundary 
 line, so that the entire county is traversed in northwesterly 
 southeasterly direction by a broad valley, which has come to 
 be known as the "Inland Valley." It is for the greater part 
 of its length skirted on either side by low hills, and bears all 
 the indications of having been at one time the course of a 
 broad flowing stream of water. There are at intervals along 
 the course of this valley springs, from which flows a constant 
 stream of pure non-alkaline water. Particularly is this true 
 near the head of the valley, where there is a considerable 
 number of such springs. The course of the drainage for the 
 flow of waters divides at a point a little north and west of the 
 center. The one part forms the head of what is known as the 
 Black Watei' branch of the Brazos river, and the other forms 
 the headwaters of the Yellow Horse branch of that stream. 
 Numerous draws grade into the inland valley at various points 
 along the entire length, coming from different directions and 
 distances, covering the entire county with a net work of 
 drainage. These draws and valleys are for the most part 
 broad and the grade from the higher land is so slight that in 
 passing over the surface, the descent or the ascent is scarcely 
 noticeable. To either side of the principal valley and beyond 
 the narrow range of sand bluffs the surface broadens out into 
 the wide plains, upon which the native grasses grow in 
 abundance, providing pasture for cattle, sheep and horses, 
 upon which they feed the year around. From those pastures 
 great numbers of these animals are shipped and driven 
 annually both to the market and to the northern states for 
 feeding. Because of the mildness of the climate and the 
 abundant growth of grasses, the region embraced within the 
 limits of Roosevelt county is rightly considered a part of 
 nature's breeding ground. 
 
ROOSEVELT COUNTY SCENES. 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 227 
 
 It is crossed from the northeast to the southwest by the 
 Pecos Valley and Northeastern Railway, a part of the Santa 
 Fe system, operating seventy miles in the county. Not to 
 exceed 250,000 acres have been appropriated or reserved, the 
 area subject to entry under the land laws being 1,035,934 
 acres, while the remainder is included in public school sections 
 16 and 36 and other territorial lands. As late as the year 
 1900, with the exception of a few cattle, horse or sheep 
 ranches, long distances apart, the whole region was unoccu- 
 pied and unappropriated government land. Since the year 
 1900, there has been a steady inflow of settlers, so that by 
 this time 1,560 quarter sections are occupied by actual settlers 
 who are mostly engaged in farming without irrigation as a 
 means of earning a livelihood. There is throughout the Inland 
 Valley, an inexhaustible supply of water, from surface springs 
 to an underground flow, at a depth of 100 feet. This makes a 
 convenient supply of good water, that has been pronounced 
 by experts to be more cheaply available for irrigation on 
 small farms than could be otherwise obtained. The water can 
 be raised to the surface by means of pumping engines at a 
 comparatively low cost. This also makes possible the intense 
 cultivation of the land. A test is now being made for artesian 
 water in Portales and it is believed that a flow can be secured 
 at a moderate depth. The people who have settled in the 
 county are for the most part from the plains of Texas and 
 Oklahoma. 
 
 The western range of townships lie in such proximity to the 
 Pecos River Valley that a considerable body of land in that 
 vicinity has been temporarily reserved under the provisions 
 of the national irrigation law, pending a survey to determine 
 the feasibility of building an irrigation system. From a 
 view of the situation it seems evident that nature especially 
 intended that section for a natural reservoir into which the 
 flood waters of the Pecos can be led at a minimum cost, and 
 from this storage reservoir by a system of canals and ditches 
 a large tract of level, fertile land can be brought under irriga- 
 tion and cultivation. 
 
 There is every indication that horticulture will become a 
 profitable industry. Such fruit bearing trees as have reached 
 a bearing age at the older ranches have produced fruit of an 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 
 
 229 
 
 unsurpassed quality. The elevation retards too early blooming 
 in the spring, while the sunshine and soil conduce to the 
 highest development of flavor, form and color. Almost every 
 homesteader has planted an orchard, while many thousands 
 of forest, ornamental and shade trees have been planted. 
 These all make a satisfactory growth, and when the soil is 
 properly prepared before setting and afterwards kept in good 
 state of cultivation, the growth of these is surprisingly rapid. 
 A peach orchard at the headquarters of the "H'' ranch, two 
 miles west of Portales, bore a heavy crop of peaches in the 
 years 1900, 1901 and 1902. All kinds of small fruit do well; 
 also all varieties of plum and cherry trees make a gratifying 
 growth. The climatic conditions which exist in Roosevelt 
 county are favorable to those afflicted with pulmonary, 
 catarrhal or asthmatic troubles, and the elevation is suffi- 
 ciently great to make epidemics of enteric diseases and 
 malaria out of the question. 
 
 Portales. 
 
 The building of the Pecos Valley and Northeastern Railway 
 
 extension, connecting Roswell with Amarillo during the fall 
 
 of 1898, marked the beginning of the building of the town of 
 
 Portales. While the railroad was being constructed there was 
 
 a tent city on the townsite, which, for the most part, vanished 
 
 after the tracks were laid and the depot built. Little was 
 
 done in the hne of settlement and the permanent building of 
 
 the town until the fall of the year 1900. The altitude of 
 
 Portales is 4,004 feet above sea level. It is ninety miles 
 
 from Roswell, 116 miles from Amarillo, and eighteen miles 
 
 from the New Mexico-Texas boundary. It lies in a valley in 
 
 which rise the headwaters of the Yellow Horse branch of the 
 
 Brazos river. The general contour of the surrounding country 
 
 is level prairie, and throughout the entire vicinity water may 
 
 be had from springs that flow out at several points along the 
 
 draw and from a depth of 100 feet or more. The growth of 
 
 the town has been steady, and has not exceeded the settlement 
 
 and development of the surrounding country. Its population 
 
 at present is 1,300, while the precinct has a population of over 
 
 2,000. There are two banks, one national, and the other 
 
 territorial. There are five hotels and a number of boarding 
 
SCENES NEAR AND AT PORTALES. 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 231 
 
 houses, three dry goods stores, two saddlery stores and 
 shops, four grocery stores, three drug stores, two grain and 
 feed stores, two livery barns, four lumber yards, two meat 
 markets, three blacksmith shops, one tin shop, two newspa- 
 pers. The Portales Herald and The Portales Times, three 
 doctors, three churches, a plant for the manufacture of 
 artificial stone for building purposes, a cold storage plant, 
 two mihinery stores and a telephone exchange. Farming and 
 stock raising are the industries that contribute mostly to the 
 town s prosperity. Pure water free from alkah is obtained 
 on the townsite from wells at a depth of eighteen feet. A 
 stone court house was built this year. 
 
 Elida 
 
 is situated near the southwestern boundary. It is twenty-five 
 miles from the county seat, and is a station on the Pecos 
 Valley and Northeastern Railway. The land in its neighbor- 
 hood is roUing prairie and covered with a luxuriant grow^th of 
 mesquite and gramma grass. A townsite has been laid out. 
 It covers eighty acres. A square is dedicated to the public. 
 A public well, pumping plant and reservoir and a block for a 
 post office building are included in this public square. Ehda 
 has a postoffice, a general merchandise store, a hardware 
 store, a large lumber yard, a grain and feed store, a restaur- 
 ant, a weekly newspaper. The Ehda News, a blacksmith shop 
 and a carpenter shop. In the town and immediate vicinity 
 there is a population of 600 people. Beyond the present 
 settlement and in every direction there are fine lands subject 
 to entry under the homestead act. 
 
 Texico 
 
 is at the point where the Pecos Valley and Northeastern 
 Railway crosses the New Mexico-Texas boundary hne. The 
 townsite was surveyed and platted in August, 1902; it is 
 twenty-two miles from Portales. The land upon which the 
 town is located is for the most part level. The growth of the 
 town has been quite rapid. More than 100 quarter sections 
 of land in the immediate vicinity have been occupied by 
 actual settlers. The soil in the vicinity is a deep sandy loam, 
 easy of cultivation and very productive. The survey of the 
 
i I ! 
 
 M i 
 
 I i 
 
 11* 
 
 BUILDINGS AT PORTALES. 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 233 
 
 Eastern Railway of New Mexico forms a junction at this point 
 with the Pecos Valley and Northeastern Railway, and surveys 
 have been made out of Texico for railroad purposes eastw^ard 
 to Floyada and Quanah, Texas. There are already at Texico 
 eighteen business houses and the population of the town and 
 immediate vicinity is not less than 500. A school house has 
 been built and a weekly newspaper, The Texico Trumpet, is 
 published. 
 
 Bethel, 
 
 which is nine miles from Portales has a post office. A school 
 is maintained here by the Christian church, which has erected 
 buildings at this point for the accommodation of students. 
 The land in the vicinity of Bethel for several miles in every 
 direction has been entered under the homestead act, and is 
 being occupied and cultivated by actual settlers. 
 
 Floyd. 
 
 Nine miles west of Bethel is the settlement and post office 
 of Floyd. Floyd has a general store and a neat school build- 
 ing only recently completed. Practically every quarter 
 section of land for several miles around this settlement has 
 been taken up, and is occupied and under cultivation by home- 
 stead entrymen. 
 
 Sandoval County, 
 
 Area 3,959 square miles. Population 12,500. Assessed 
 valuation in 1903, $792,565. County seat, Sandoval. Post 
 offices: Albemarle, Algodones, Bernalillo, Bland, Cabezon, 
 Casa Salazar, Cuba, Jemez, Miller, Pena Blanca, Perea, 
 Placitas, Sulphur, Sandoval, Senorito, Thornton, Woodbury. 
 
 The county was created by an act of the 35th Legislative 
 Assembly in 1903, Bernalillo county contributing the largest 
 area. Of its area, 1,230,000 acres or one-half, is still subject 
 to entry under the federal land laws, while a considerable 
 portion of the remainder is included in so-called private land 
 grants. The Rio Grande cuts through its southeastern corner. 
 The Puerco river rises in the county. Next to the Rio Grande 
 and the Puerco, the Jemez is the principal stream. The 
 Galisteo, the Frijole, the Una de Gato and the San Pedro are 
 the streams in the eastern part. 
 
SANDOVAL COUNTY FRUIT. 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 235 
 
 The main range of the Rocky mountains here called the 
 Valles, or Cochiti and Jemez range, and the Continental 
 Divide penetrate into the county, some of the peaks rising to 
 an elevation of 12,000 feet. These mountains are cut by deep 
 gulches and canons. In its southeastern part is the massive 
 and picturesque Sandia range. 
 
 It is the thirteenth in size among the twenty-four counties 
 of the Territoi'y, covering an area almost four times as great 
 as does the State of Rhode Island. The principal industries are 
 stock raising, farming, fruit growing and mining. Its central 
 location, great diversity of topography and fine climate, 
 together with the fact that the central Rio Grande Valley 
 starts in the county and extends through it for more than 
 twenty miles, giveit prominence and attractiveness. There 
 are nearly 600,000 acres that can be brought under irrigation 
 and about 1,500,000 acres are good pasture. The mesas or 
 tablelands are usually long stretches of plain, varying in 
 width from five to twenty miles and extending from the base 
 of the mountains in the direction of the valley, with an incli- 
 nation of only a few feet to the mile, and ending abruptly in a 
 range of bluffs or sand hills, which form a background of 
 brown to the verdure of the valley. The mesas are the 
 principal grazing districts. In seasons of average rainfall the 
 grass grows well. 
 
 About 10,000 acres are under ditch, only about 3,000 acres 
 being under actual cultivation. The irrigation systems are 
 primitive and there is abundant opportunity for profitable 
 investment in irrigation works. The Indian villages of Cochiti, 
 Santo Domingo, San Felipe, Sandia, Jemez, Santa Ana and 
 Zia are in the county. Fruit, especially the Mission grape, 
 vegetables and alfalfa, do well in the Rio Grande bottoms. 
 The range is very good especially for sheep. The mineral 
 resources are varied, Bland being the principal mining camp, 
 and Hagan the center of fine coal deposits. A number of 
 pleasant summer resorts and hot and mineral springs are 
 situated in the Valles range. The county is traversed for 
 about forty miles by the Santa Fe Railway. 
 
SCENES AT AND NEAR ALBUQUERQUE. 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 237 
 
 Bernalillo 
 
 is the largest town. It was at one time the county seat of the 
 county of Bernalillo, in which it was located formerly. It has 
 quite an interesting history and is one of the oldest European 
 settlements in the Rio Grande Valley. It is picturesquely 
 situated, surrounded by fields and orchards, which are irri- 
 gated from the Rio Grande. It has a modern flour mill, 
 several substantial business houses, an academy for girls, 
 good public schools and nice homes. Its climate makes it a 
 very agreeable place for healthseekers. Round about are 
 many prosperous agricultural settlements. Several Indian 
 pueblos lie a few miles north of it. The vineyards of the 
 immediate vicinity are famous, the Mission grapes here 
 attaining a size and flavor that is unexcelled. The town has 
 a Roman Catholic church. Bernalillo is situated on the main 
 line of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. The 
 census of 1900 gave it a population of 766, but many more 
 people live in its immediate vicinity. 
 
 Sandoval is the county seat for the present but has no court 
 house and jail. 
 
 Thornton is a railroad station where there are several 
 stores and is the terminus of the wagon road to the Cochiti 
 mining district. 
 
 At Algodones a townsite has been laid out, and after the 
 building of the Santa Pe Central Railway from Hagan to 
 Algodones, where it w^ill form a junction with the Atchison, 
 Topeka and Santa Pe Railway, it will become an important 
 railroad point. 
 
 Corrales and Huertas are settlements in the Rio Grande 
 Valley, and La Madera and San Antonito are rural settlements 
 picturesquely situated in the foothills of the Sandia moun- 
 tains. 
 
 Jemez 
 
 is in the western part of the county and is of importance as in 
 its vicinity are the celebrated Jemez, Sulphurs and San 
 Antonio hot springs, the waters of which are especially good 
 in blood diseases, kidney complaints, rheumatism, stomach 
 troubles and other disorders. The excellent curative prop- 
 erties of these waters are well known throughout New 
 
ALBUQUERQUE STREET SCENES. 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 239 
 
 Mexico, but as Jemez is fifty miles from the railroad, the 
 town and surrounding springs are not visited and used much 
 by people from outside of the territory. Whenever this 
 section shall have railroad connection the springs are sure to 
 become a great health resort. Cuba in the western part of the 
 county is a trading point doing a healthy business. 
 
 San Juan County. 
 
 From an agricultural and climatic standpoint, San Juan 
 county is one of the most favored counties in New Mexico. 
 Area 5,598 square miles. Population 6,500 (4,828 according 
 to census of 1900). Assessed valuation in 1903, $679,491. 
 Post offices : Aztec, Farmington, Putnam, La Boca, Blanco, 
 Bloomfield, Canon, Cedar Hill, Crozier, Crystal, Floravista, 
 Fruitland, Hood, Jewett, Kirtland, La Plata, Largo, Olio and 
 Pendleton. 
 
 San Juan county occupies the northwestern corner of the 
 Territory. The government monument, which marks its 
 northwestern corner, also marks the corners of New Mexico, 
 Arizona, Utah and Colorado. It is adjacent to one of the 
 richest mining fields in the United States and its present 
 distributing point is Durango, just over the Colorado hne. It 
 is an empire in itself. Of its area 1,958,400 acres are included 
 in the Navajo Indian reservation; 1,470,000 acres are still 
 subject to entry under the land laws; about 260,000 have been 
 appropriated, and about 300,000 acres are irrigable. It is five 
 and one-half times as large as the State of Rhode Island; 
 three times as large as Delaware and it contains 900 square 
 miles more than the State of Connecticut. 
 
 Topographically the county, or at least the irrigable portion 
 of it viewed from above, presents the appearance of a basin 
 surrounded on all sides with mountains and high ridges, with 
 a deep notch cut into one side, through which the San Juan 
 river flows. It is not mountainous, but is located in the foot- 
 hills, on the mesas, and in the valleys with gigantic mountain 
 masses to the north in Colorado. Some of the hills, however, 
 rise to a considerable altitude. Outside of the river valleys 
 and the upper mesas, which are broad and level, the county 
 consists of a series of double lands broken by arroyos and 
 generally composed of fertile soil, upon which the native 
 
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THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 241 
 
 grasses grow luxuriantly. The altitude ranges from 4,500 to 
 5,800 feet. The annual rainfall amounts to fourteen inches. 
 The water supply for irrigation is abundant and is distributed 
 by splendid systems of canals and ditches, several new 
 systems being under construction. The irrigable areas are 
 found on the table and bottom lands of the San Juan, Las 
 Animas and La Plata rivers. About 100,000 acres are under 
 ditch, of which 50,000 acres might be easily cultivated, but 
 thus far only 15,000 acres are under actual cultivation. 
 Alfalfa, the cereals and the best of fruits are the principal 
 crops. Its apples are famous in eastern markets. Climate 
 and conditions are especially favorable to dairying, poultry, 
 farming and bee culture. The live stock industry is important 
 as by far the greater part of the area of the county is free 
 public range. The largest coal deposits of New Mexico are 
 there, but owing to lack of railroad facilities, they are being 
 worked only on a small scale. There are also indications of oil. 
 
 Farmington 
 
 is the largest town, having a population of about 750. It is 
 situated on the San Juan river, between the mouths of the 
 Animas and the La Plata rivers. It was an Indian trading 
 post twenty-five years ago. Every branch of trade is repre- 
 sented. There are three large mercantile establishments, 
 two hotels, two restaurants, one drug store, two blacksmith 
 shops, one millinery store, one hardware store, one confec- 
 tionery store, a modern flouring mill run by water power, a 
 distillery, an evaporator, two meat markets and a meat packing 
 establishment, one lumber yard, one jewelry store, two barber 
 shops, three churches, one weekly newspaper. The Farming- 
 ton-Times Hustler, one bank, one livery stable and one brick 
 yard. It is an incorporated town, has a system | of public 
 water works and an electric light plant. It has a commodious 
 brick school building. A United States Indian school for the 
 Navajoes is being built ten miles west of Farmington. 
 
 Aztec, 
 on the Animas, is the county seat. It is twenty-three years 
 old. It has four general stores, one hotel, one restaurant, 
 one drug store, one hardware store, a modern water power 
 flour mill, one barber shop, one livery stable, one harness 
 
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THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 243 
 
 shop, one millinery store, one jewelry store, one confectionery 
 store, one nursery, three churches, a weekly paper, the Index, 
 a new $10,000 court house and jail, a high school building, 
 whose four rooms, however, have been outgrown by the town 
 and another school house will be built to increase the school 
 facilities. A banking institution has been established. The 
 population of Aztec is 600. 
 
 Largo 
 
 is quite a settlement on the San Juan river at the mouth of 
 the Canon Largo. It is the oldest in the county and its 
 inhabitants support themselves by agriculture and stock 
 raising. Blanco is a new town on the upper San Juan river 
 which bids fair to attain considerable prominence in the near 
 future as it is the headquarters of an irrigation company 
 which has the construction of a large canal and the bringing 
 of 30,000 acres of land under irrigation in view, and is now 
 preparing for this work. 
 
 The valleys of the San Juan river and its two principal 
 tributaries in the county, the Animas and the La Plata are 
 thickly settled by enterprising and hardworking farmers 
 who support themselves by agriculture, horticulture and 
 stock raising. The orchards of that section are many and 
 San Juan county fruit has already attained a very enviable 
 reputation. 
 
 San Miguel County. 
 
 Area 5,001 square miles. Population census of 1900, 22,053, 
 present population, 25,500. Assessed valuation in 1903, 
 14,450,000. County seat. Las Vegas. Post offices: Las Vegas, 
 Tecolote, Villanueva, Willis, Mineral Hill, Sibley, Onava, 
 Sanchez, Trementina, Bell Ranch, Beulah, Cabra, Chaves, 
 Chaperito, Corazon, Chapelle, Hadley, Gallinas Springs, Los 
 Alamos, Rociada, Sapello, Pulton, Pecos, Ribera, Rowe, San 
 Jose, San Miguel, Sena and Gonzales. 
 
 San Miguel, the "Empire County" of New Mexico, is not 
 only one of the most favored sections of the Territory in point 
 of early settlement and subsequent development, but it 
 presents such diversity of resources that homeseekers and 
 investors are alike attracted to the region. The leading 
 industry is stock raising, although the county is also a 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 245 
 
 producer of cereals. The small stock owners rather than the 
 large concerns, control the range. The mild winter climate, 
 a fair supply of water and good shipping facilities, are 
 advantages that the stock raiser appreciates. There are 
 about 70,000 head of cattle and 400,000 sheep owmed. Crop 
 raising without irrigation is feasible in a few of the mountain 
 valleys. Wherever water is available for irrigation prolific 
 crops of grain, vegetables and fruit are raised. San Miguel 
 produces excellent building stone and its mineral wealth 
 comprises deposits of gold, silver, lead, copper, mica, iron, 
 alum, gypsum, fire clays and esjDecially coal. The lumber 
 industry is important and the northwestern part is timbered, 
 part of the Pecos Forest Reserve being in the county. The 
 Santa Fe Railway cuts through the county and is one of 
 the principal factors in its prosperity. The Dawson Railway 
 traverses the eastern portion. The climate is very good and 
 a number of health and pleasure resorts are located near Las 
 Vegas. 
 
 Las Vegas 
 
 means "The Meadows." Itis acity of over 10,000 inhabitants, 
 situated on both sides of the Gallinas river and is the county 
 seat. It lies in a pretty and fertile valley at the western edge 
 of a wide plateau of tableland, stretching many miles eastward 
 and at the foot of the main range of the Rocky mountains, 
 occupying a commanding site in a commercial as well as 
 climatic respect. Its history commences definitely with the 
 year 1835 when a colony was established there by the 
 Republic of Mexico. A grant of land comprising nearly 
 500,000 acres in extent was given to the community of Las 
 Vegas for homestead and agricultural purposes, and through 
 colonization the population gradually increased and the town 
 or community of Las Vegas was permanently established. 
 Las Vegas of today which is a modern city, is composed, 
 strictly speaking, of the incorporated city of Las Vegas and 
 the town, also incorporated, lying west of the river. While 
 portions of the old town have a quaint and picturesque appear- 
 ance, adobe houses, narrow, crooked streets, old customs, 
 handicrafts and occupations, always of interest both to local 
 residents and tourists, yet it, as well as the new town east of 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 247 
 
 the river, constitute distinctive modern cities. The streets 
 are wide and well graded, while cement sidewalks line almost 
 every street and many are lined with growing trees. Three 
 parks, with lawns and trees, add to the beauty of the place, as 
 do handsome and well filled stores, elegant residences with 
 attractive environments and nice lawns. Its thermal waters 
 are of great healing quality, while its climate is very super- 
 ior, there being no malaria, no excessive heat nor cold and 
 there is freedom from mosquitoes. The air is pure, dry, 
 raritied and highly electrified, a certain cure for consumption, 
 if the cure be taken in time. The mineral waters of the hot 
 springs nearby are a specific for liver, skin, rheumatic and 
 blood disorders. For the year 1903 the mean annual tempera- 
 ture was 51.7 degrees. There were 2('^6 clear days, sixty-four 
 partly cloudy days, and only fifteen clouded days. On fifty- 
 three days more than 0.01 of an inch of precipitation fell with 
 a total rainfall of 9.78 inches, and 15.5 inches of snowfall, the 
 normal annual presipitation being 19.35 inches. 
 
 The water supply is good and is taken from the Gallinas 
 river, in the canon, about seven miles above the town. The 
 latitude of Las Vegas is about the same as that of central 
 Tennessee, while the altitude is nearly 6,500 feet. This 
 combination gives a peculiar and beneficial result. In the 
 winter the thermometer seldom falls below forty degrees in 
 the sun, while it often runs up to sixty-five degrees or even 
 more. On the other hand, in the summer, the heat is never 
 oppressive in the shade and no night is too warm for comfort- 
 able sleep under one or two blankets. This, with the extreme 
 dryness of the air, caused by the slight precipitation of 
 moisture, the resinous aroma coming from the pine clad 
 mountains, the large amount of electricity in the air, and the 
 ozone resulting from the altitude, as well as its location, land 
 locked by mountain and mesa, combine to produce an atmos- 
 phere which is a balm to the respiratory organs affected with 
 disease. 
 
 In the way of health and pleasure resorts, Las Vegas does 
 well. In a radius of twenty miles, in romantic mountain 
 glens, are located many picturesque health resorts. Among 
 them are Las Vegas Hot Springs, Harvey's Resort, the 
 highest mountain resort in the world; El Porvenir, Sandoval's, 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 249 
 
 Mineral Hill, Romero Ranch, Blakes, Sparks, Sapello and 
 Rociada. There one can enjoy all outdoor sports, such as trout 
 fishing, hunting, etc. The lover of nature has here the 
 opportunity of viewing some of the grandest mountain 
 scenery in all the Rocky mountain region, the "Scenic 
 Route"' road being under construction at present across the 
 Pecos Forest Reserve to Santa Fe. 
 
 Las Vegas affords satisfactory educational advantages, 
 having five public schools, one being a handsome stone 
 structure costing $25,000, and the Territorial Normal School, 
 which has an advanced course of study. These schools employ 
 upward of twenty-one teachers, with an enrollment of 2,200 
 children and students. Among other schools are the Academy 
 of the Immaculate Conception, conducted by the Sisters of 
 Loretto; a Presbyterian mission, a Methodist Training Manual 
 and a commercial school in connection with the Normal 
 University, as well as several music schools. There is now 
 being erected a Carnegie Library to cost not less than $10,000. 
 
 Las Vegas is the headquarters of the New Mexico division 
 of the Santa Fe Railway system, and has railroad machine 
 shops, tie preserving works and stock yards. It has two 
 national banks and one savings bank with deposits of nearly 
 a million, three local building and loan associations, a 
 trust comj)any, over a dozen new and commodious hotels, 
 restaurant* and boarding houses; commission and whole- 
 sale firms carrying large stocks of merchandise. It 
 is a noted wool center, and the annual sales of that 
 staple reach into the millions. Here is located the 
 largest sheep dipping plant in the country and five wool 
 scouring mills are operated. There are published at Las 
 Vegas the Optic, an eight page daily newspaper, having the 
 Associated Press service; several weekly publications, includ- 
 ing the Weekly Optic and Stock Grower, La Voz del Pueblo, 
 El Independiente and La Revista Catolica. There are twelve 
 churches of various denominations. Las Vegas has about eight 
 miles of electric railway, two electric light plants and a roller 
 flour mill, with a capacity of fifty barrels per day, as well as 
 ordinary flour mills; a manufactury of mineral and carbonated 
 waters; three or more carriage and wagon manufactories; 
 saddle and harness factories; two planing mills, as well as two 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 251 
 
 lumber yards; one foundry, one machine shop; two ice plants 
 and a cold storage plant. The town has two telephone 
 exchanges; one that connects this city with Denver and 
 other Colorado points. A large and well equipped sanitarium 
 known as St. Anthony's is conducted by the Sisters of Charity. 
 There are also quarries of building stone near the city. The 
 city has a driving park and the Montezuma hotel and sanita- 
 rium at the Hot Springs is about to be reopened. The 
 Territorial Insane Asylum having accommodations for 200 
 patients is located liere. It is an extensive institution and its 
 capacity and buildings are being increased. An addition to 
 cost $30,000 is now in course of construction. 
 
 Santa Fe County. 
 
 Area 2,160 square miles. Population, census of 1900, 
 14,658; present population is 18,000. Assessed valuation in 
 1903,12,458,790. County seat, Santa Fe. Post offices : Santa 
 Fe, Glorieta, Cerrillos, Golden, Kennedy, Madrid, Moriarty, 
 San Pedro, Chimayo, Hobart, Ildefonso, Nambe, Pojoaque, 
 Santa Cruz, Lamy, Cow Springs and Galisteo. 
 
 This county does not occupy as conspicuously large an area 
 as many other counties of New Mexico, but owing to the 
 history of its political capital, whence it derives its name, its 
 scenic and climatic attractions and its diversified resources, 
 it naturally takes first rank in interest among the political 
 subdivisions of the Territory. 
 
 It is the central county of the Territory; is rectangular in 
 form, extending south a distance of seventy-two miles from 
 the thirty-sixth degree of latitude, and measures thirty miles 
 from east to west; embraces a total area of 2,160 square miles, 
 being twice as large as Rhode Island and 200 square miles 
 larger than the State of Delaware. Of this area 950,000 acres 
 are oflicially pronounced available for cultivation and pastur- 
 age, while thousands of the roughest mountain acres are 
 clothed with timber and ribbed with valuable mineral bearing 
 veins. It is crossed from east to west by the great trans- 
 continental railroad of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe 
 system which operates over seventy miles of road within its 
 borders, and is tapped from the north by the New Mexico 
 division of the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad, which 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 253 
 
 extends within the county from Espanola to Santa Fe, a 
 distance of thirty miles. The Santa Fe Central Railway 
 has its terminal at Santa Fe, giving the capital direct connec- 
 tion with the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific system. The 
 length of its main line in the county is fifty-five miles. A 
 branch line of the Santa Fe system runs from Lamy to Santa 
 Fe, a distance of eighteen miles. A short branch of the main 
 line also extends to the Madrid coal fields. Wagon roads 
 reach all the towns of the county, and a telephone is in 
 operation from Santa Fe to Cerrillos. From the summit of 
 Mount Baldy the surface presents a magnificent panorama 
 of mountains, mesas and valleys, with many streams of water 
 running down high mountain slopes, over precipices and 
 boulders, into deep and narrow gorges and widening valleys, 
 flashing in the sunlight like ribbons of silver in their hurried 
 and heedless race to the Rio Grande on the west, and with 
 lofty mountain peaks of southern and northern New Mexico 
 swimming in the blue air of the dreamy distance. The main 
 range of the Rockies, or the Sangre de Cristo range on the 
 east and the Cochiti and Jemez mountains beyond the Rio 
 Grande on the west, shelter this favored locality from violent 
 winds and render the climate remarkably mild and equable, 
 considering that the altitude of the valley varies from 5,500 to 
 7,500 feet above sea level. Doubtless this circumstance 
 together with the fertility of the soil, excellence of the water, 
 plentitude of timber and the many marked manifestations of 
 deposits of gold and silver bearing mineral a few miles south, 
 prompted the intrepid Spanish explorers to locate a per- 
 manent colony and mission at Santa Fe, or the City of the Holy 
 Faith of St. Francis, as early as 1603. 
 
 The^ wisdom for the selection has been well demonstrated 
 during nearly four centuries that have since melted into the 
 past. With the exception of the twelve years following the 
 bloody and transiently successful revolt of the Pueblo Indians 
 in 1680, Santa Fe has ever since been recognized as one of the 
 most important outposts of civilization and commerce in the 
 southwestern country, being continuously the political, 
 ecclesiastical and military capital of this region under both 
 Spanish and Mexican rule, and though it has since seen the 
 frontier line of the United States carried thousands of miles 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 255 
 
 out into the Pacific Ocean, it still maintains its supremacy as 
 the Capital City of New Mexico, the county seat of Santa Fe 
 county, and the most delightful residence city in the Rocky 
 mountains. 
 
 There are about 500,000 acres of public land subject to 
 entry under the homestead and desert land laws and 557,000 
 acres more are included in Spanish and Mexican grants. It 
 may be added further that the county affords about 470,000 
 acres of good grazing land partly covered with timber and 
 about 500,000 acres are arable land, 200,000 acres of which 
 could be irrigated. In the absence of exact data, the land 
 actually under cultivation by means of irrigation is conser- 
 vatively estimated at 10,000 acres, while 5,000 acres more are 
 yearly planted to crops subject to chances of enough rain in 
 the growing'season to mature them. Wherever the valley and 
 mesa lands have been brought under the magic influence of 
 systematic irrigation the results have uniformly proved 
 most satisfactory and naturally this stimulates enterprise 
 annually to enlarge and extend existing irrigation systems 
 and thus gradually increase the number of acres that can be 
 depended upon to yield regular crops. In addition to the Rio 
 Grande, never dry within Santa Fe county and carrying a 
 large volume of water, the Santa Cruz, the Nambe, the 
 Pojoaque, the Santa Fe and the Santa Clara are the principal 
 perennial streams, only part of whose waters are utilized for 
 irrigation. There is a good range, not overstocked. The 
 agricultural valleys produce deciduous fruits that are pro- 
 nounced the finest that can be raised; alfalfa, cereals and 
 vegetables. The mineral resources which include gold, silver, 
 copper, lead, zinc and turquoise, made the county famous two 
 centuries ago. The coal deposits are among the best in the 
 southwest, the only anthracite coal bed in New Mexico being 
 located here. Clay, lime, marble and sandstone of excellent 
 quality are produced. The climate is the best all around 
 climate in the world. Owing to the historic interest, the cliff 
 dwellings, the beauty of the scenery, its easy accessibility, 
 its trout streams and its varied industries, Santa Fe county 
 attracts many tourists and healthseekers. 
 
 It contains a number of prosperous towns and settlements 
 in addition to the territorial capital. Cerrillos is a mining 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 257 
 
 camp which has a good pubhc school and has a smelter, being 
 the center of a rich mining country and near the extensive 
 coal beds owned by the Colorado Fuel and Iron Company at 
 Madrid. Superior building stone is quarried near Cerrillos. 
 In southern Santa Fe county is San Pedro, which when the 
 last census was taken, had 451 people. Here a fine copper 
 smelter has been erected to treat the ores of the extensive 
 workings of the Santa Fe Gold and Copper Company. Near 
 San Pedro is Golden, a prosperous mining camp of 323 per- 
 sons. Galisteo is an old agricultural settlement in the center 
 of a sheep and cattle district. Many nice ranches are in the 
 vicinity. The precinct is credited with 736 people. Glorieta 
 is the starting point for most of the travel and traffic for the 
 upper Pecos river and the Pecos Forest Reserve, and near it 
 are iron and copper ore deposits and coal veins and the 
 interesting ruins of the abandoned Pecos pueblo. Moriarty is 
 the most southern settlement of the county and is at the junc- 
 tion of the Santa Fe Central and the proposed Albuquerque 
 Eastern Railway. 
 
 Northern Santa Fe county has a number of prosperous 
 agricultural communities. These are Pojoaque, with 798 
 inhabitants; Santa Cruz, which has 674; Tesuque, 348 people, 
 the settlement being across the divide, six miles from Santa 
 Fe; San Idlefonso, 392 people, near which the government has 
 completed an irrigation canal for the San Ildefonso Pueblo 
 Indians. Chimayo, in the extreme northern part is credited 
 with 319 people and Canoncito or Lamy, seventeen miles 
 southeast of Santa Fe, with 323 people. Lamy is a railroad 
 junction point. A quarry of building and limestone is located 
 near the place. Extensive beds of plaster paris are found a 
 few miles north of this point. While those settlements are not 
 incorporated, yet they all have public schools and are the cen- 
 ters of fertile agricultural, stock or mining districts. There 
 are Indian pueblos all very interesting for their primitive and 
 quaint characteristics. The largest is Santa Clara, with 223 
 people; San Ildefonso, 137 inhabitants; Nambe, 81; Tesuque, 
 80, and Pojoaque 12. Along the Santa Fe Central Railway a 
 number of settlements have been located or townsites laid out. 
 They are Kennedy, at the crossing of the Santa Fe Railway; 
 Clark and Stanley near the O'Mara coal fields, Donaciano, on 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 259 
 
 the Arroyo Hondo, Vega Blanca and Moriarty. At each of 
 these points station buildings and store houses have been 
 erected. 
 
 Santa Fe, 
 
 The historic seat of the government of the Territory of 
 New Mexico, as well as the county seat of Santa Fe 
 county, and the see of an archbishop of the Roman 
 Catholic church, enjoys the distinction of being one of the 
 oldest towns and is the oldest capital in the United States. 
 Its permanent settlement by Europeans antedates the 
 founding of Jamestown and also the landing of the Pilgrim 
 Fathers at Plymouth more than twenty years. The thrilling 
 and romantic incidents composing its history; the protracted 
 and bloody struggles with hordes of savage Indians; the 
 capture and pillage by hostile Pueblos in 1680; the general 
 massacre of missionaries and explorers and flight of the 
 governor and a few followers in the night to El Paso; the 
 reserving of some of the handsomest Spanish maidens for 
 wives of favored warriors; the desecration and destruction of 
 some of the Roman Catholic churches and the restoration of 
 the worship of stone idols; the reconquest by Diego de 
 Vargas twelve years later; the terrible punishment visited 
 upon the rebeUious pueblos; the change from Spanish rule to 
 the rule of the triumphant Repubhc of Mexico; the capture 
 by the United States forces under General Kearny and the 
 building of Fort Marcy; the stirring scenes accompanying 
 the disU-ibution of the immense traffic of the Santa Fe Trail; 
 the wild deeds of desperados and the fabulous hazards at 
 cards in the days before the advent of the railroad, afford the 
 material for an epic poem of deep interest. 
 
 Here so carefully preserved that the marks of its 300 years 
 of age are not perceptible, is located the noted "Adobe 
 Palace," which was the official residence of the Spanish and 
 Mexican governors and since the Mexican war, has been the 
 headquarters of all the territorial governors or secretaries 
 appointed by the different presidents of the United States. 
 Here is situated the oldest house standing on American soil, 
 and near is the San Miguel church, first built in 1540 and still 
 used as a place of worship. Here are the beautiful and 
 
THE I^AND OF SUNSHINE. 261 
 
 imposing new capitol building, the massive modern Cathedral 
 of St. Francis, the large and enduring stone federal building, 
 the modern penitentiary of New Mexico, San Miguel college, 
 the Garita, the oldest cemetery in the southwest, old Fort 
 Marcy, Guadalupe church, Rosario chapel, Loretto convent, 
 St. Katherine's and the United States Indian Industrial 
 schools, the New Mexico Industrial school for the deaf and 
 dumb; Catholic, Presbyterian, Episcopal and Methodist 
 churches; the large Presbyterian Mission school, St. Vin- 
 cent's Orphan school, besides many fine business blocks and 
 pretty residences. Here, also side by side, are object lessons 
 whereby the civilization of the seventeenth and eighteenth 
 centuries can be studied in contrast with that of the present 
 day as nowhere else in America. 
 
 Environed by protecting hills and thus exempt from strong 
 winds and sand storms; surrounded by enchanting natural 
 scenery; beautified by orchards and gardens of flowers; 
 blessed with a climate that is free from extremes of heat and 
 cold, and air that is pure and tonic; supplied with an abun- 
 dance of pure water for domestic, manufacturing and 
 irrigation purposes from the extensive storage reservoirs in 
 the mouth of the Santa Fe canon; furnished with competing 
 rail, express and telegraph communication with all outside 
 points; the headquarters of the federal and territorial 
 officials, the meeting place of the legislature, the supreme 
 court, the United States and territorial district courts and 
 the various territorial boards; the see of the archbishop of 
 Santa Fe; the location of the headquarters of the New Mexico 
 Historical society; a city having started a modern sewerage 
 system; preparing to build a fine modern central school house 
 up to the highest standard of excellence and possessing a 
 public school system with a good high school and four ward 
 schools, and endowed by the national government for public 
 school purposes with the Fort Marcy reservation of almost 
 twenty acres in the heart of the city, Santa Fe is naturally 
 forging to the front as a popular residence town. 
 
 It has besides the Cathedral, three Roman Catholic 
 churches, a Protestant Episcopal church, an English and a 
 Spanish Presbyterian and Methodist church. 
 
 The United States maintains a Weather Bureau here. The 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 
 
 263 
 
 two reservoirs of the Santa Fe Water and Light Company 
 located above the city on the Rio Santa Fe cost about $300,000, 
 and consist of a large reservoir or artificial lake secured by 
 means of a semi-circular dam across tlie canon 600 feet long, 
 350 feet wide, securely tied to the bed rock and 120 feet high, 
 with mains and service pipes extending to every part of the 
 city; and a smaller reservoir on the hillside which, with a 
 new' ditch hne from the canon, supplies the power required 
 to operate the city's electric light plant, which is supple- 
 mented by steam. There is here the oldest bank in New 
 Mexico. Its business houses command a large trade area 
 and it is a gateway through which passes a big share of the 
 wool and other products of Rio Arriba, Taos, San Juan and 
 Santa Fe counties, as well as of southern Colorado, bound for 
 the south or for the east. 
 
 The Woman's Board of Trade is a unique and characteristic 
 institution. The public plaza and hbrary are entirely under 
 its direction. There are fine hotel accommodations; besides 
 a sanitarium conducted by the good Sisters of Charity, 
 and a tent city which offers comfortable homes to health - 
 seekers and tourists. 
 
 Draw a circle of fifty miles radius with Santa Fe as the 
 center. It will take in the heart of New Mexico. Within it 
 win be found a score of producing mining districts. Not only 
 gold, but copper, silver, lead, zinc, iron, coal, turquoise, 
 quarries of marble, building stone, limestone, beds of clay, 
 deposits of gypsum and veins of mica. 
 
 In that circle are found some of the best agricultural lands 
 in the southwest. Here are raised some of the best fruits, 
 the best sugar beets, the best grains in the world, and it 
 includes the Espanola, the Tesuque, the Cliama, the Taos and 
 other valleys. Within that circle there is room and chance 
 for profitable irrigation enterprises. In that circle fiow the 
 waters of the Rio Grande, the Nambe, the Rio Pueblo, the 
 Truchas, the Pojoaque, the Pecos, the Santa Clara, the Santa 
 Cruz, the Cliama and other streams, all perennial rivers with 
 a never faihng water supply in their upper courses. In that 
 circle are found the water power, the fuel, the raw material 
 for a hundred great industries. The circle is the most densely 
 populated area in New Mexico or Arizona, and offers cheap 
 
SIERRA COUNTY MINING SCENES. 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 265 
 
 and plentiful labor for industrial enterprises and at the same 
 time a good market. In that circle are superior sheep, cattle 
 and goat ranges and forests. 
 
 New Mexico has the finest climate in the world and m that 
 circle is the best climate in New Mexico. Within it is the 
 great Pecos River Forest Reserve, which insures a supply of 
 water, a summer retreat for tourists, healthseekers, pleasure 
 seekers, sportsmen and to the tired person w^ho seeks quiet 
 and rest in communion with nature in its most sublime and 
 gentlest moods. Here are located the famous cliff dwellings, 
 the pyramids of America, ten Indian pueblos, the oldest 
 buildings in the United States, a hundred spots which awaken 
 memories of the romance of the great stretch of time between 
 the coming of the Conquistadores and the supplanting of the 
 Santa Fe Trail by railroads. 
 
 It is a circle invaded by three railroads and their important 
 branches and connections, a circle near whose circumference 
 are located the cities of Albuquerque and Las Vegas, which, 
 with Santa Fe, form the three largest and most important 
 towns in the future "Sunshine State." In the center of the 
 circle lies the city, whose name is one to conjure with, a name 
 given to one of the great transcontinental railway systems, a 
 town whose very name is an invitation to the healthseeker, to 
 the tourist, the capital of the coming Sunshine State, a 
 county seat, an archbishop's see, the location of many federal, 
 territorial, Catholic, Protestant church institutions, a town 
 most charmingly situated, with a peerless climate all the year 
 around, and a better summer climate than is possessed by 
 any summ.er resort in the world, free from native consump- 
 tion, malaria, enteric epidemics, mosquitoes, excessive summer 
 heat. These and many more are the advantages, resources 
 and attractions, the hub of which is the City of Santa Fe. 
 
 Sierra County. 
 
 Area 3,081 square miles. Population, census of 1900, 3,168. 
 Present population, 5,000. Assessed valuation in 1903, 
 $1,326,920. County seat, Hillsboro. Post offices : Hillsboro, 
 Lake Valley, Engle, Fairview, Chloride, Las Palomas, 
 Andrews, Kingston, Arrey, Hermosa, Monticello, Shandon. 
 Philipsburg and Tierra Blanca. 
 
SCENES NEAR HILLSBORO. 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 267 
 
 Sierra is one of the smallest of New Mexico counties, only 
 six having a less area, yet it covers 1,971,960 acres, or 3,081 
 square miles, three times the area of the State of Rhode 
 Island and more than one and a half times the area of the State 
 of Delaware. Of this, 1,775,000 acres are subject to entry under 
 the federal land laws, of which 274,379 acres are unsurveyed. 
 Only 112,600 acres have been appropriated, and 84,000 acres 
 are reserved. The census of 1900 gives the value of farms 
 and live stock as $1,829,000. 
 
 Sierra county is rough and unbroken and the water sup- 
 ply is scant, the precipitation ranging from four to six 
 inches during the summer, while the total per annum is 
 probably in the neighborhood of ten inches. Irrigation is 
 generally confined to the valleys of the few small streams 
 flowing eastward toward the Rio Grande. None of these, 
 however, discharge water into the river, excepting during 
 seasons of excessive snowfall or heavy summer rains. 
 Although the water supply is small, it is constant and 
 probably on this account a higher duty of water is reached in 
 this district than in any other portion of the Territory. 
 Altogether there are about 5,000 acres under cultivation, but 
 with the available water supply, probably 50,000 acres could 
 be cultivated. Dairy products are in demand and bring 
 high prices. Anything that will grow in southern Kansas 
 and Oklahoma will grow here. Crops are certain, for by 
 irrigation the farmer escapes the vicissitudes of floods and 
 drouth. Fruit does exceedingly well in the river valleys and 
 there are a number of fine bearing orchards. Natural reser- 
 voir sites are numerous. At comparatively small expense 
 these advantages can be utilized for the storage of flood 
 waters. The county has a fine range. It is one of the best 
 stock counties in the Territory. There is a good underground 
 water supply that can be developed by wells. Sheep men 
 and goat raisers are beginning to realize that on account of 
 the mild winters and the good range. Sierra county is a fine 
 sheep and goat raising country. The county takes the lead 
 in the New Mexico goat industry. In fact, its fame in that 
 direction, is becoming national. Some of the highest grade 
 prize Angora ewes and bucks are to be found on its famous 
 goat ranches and the names of the leading goat raisers 
 
SCENES AT HILLSBORO. 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 269 
 
 are known in every one of the most important goat markets 
 of the United States. The industry is proving very profitable. 
 The county is a treasure house of precious metals. It has 
 produced millions of dollars worth of gold, silver and lead. 
 The most important mining camps are Hillsboro, Lake Valley, 
 Kingston, Fairview, Philipsburg, Shandon and a number of 
 camps in the Black Range. The Santa Fe Railway passes 
 through Sierra county from north to south. At Palomas Hot 
 Springs are springs of remarkable medicinal virtue. 
 
 Hillsboro 
 
 is the largest settlement in the county and is the county seat, 
 the court house being a handsome brick and stone trimmed 
 structure. The town is reached by stage from Lake Valley in 
 two hour's ride, the distance being less than sixteen miles. 
 The town has a bank, a weekly newspaper, the Sierra County 
 Advocate, good stores and is surrounded by gold and silver 
 mines and placers reached by good roads. It is the oldest 
 mining camp in the county, its mineral resources having been 
 discovered in 1868. The predominating ore of the district is a 
 quartz impregnated with copper and copper pyrites and car- 
 rying gold in the proportion of one ounce to four or five of 
 silver. The surface ores to a depth varying from fifty to 150 
 feet, are much oxidized and constitute free milling ore. Copper 
 is an important product, varying in percentage to the ton from 
 one to twenty. There are four mills in and around Hillsboro. 
 East of the lode mines is an extensive area, comprising 
 several thousand acres and known as the placers. With crude 
 dry washers some |500,000 in gold have been taken from 
 these placers. In the valley between Hillsboro and the mines 
 are warm springs having medicinal and curative properties. 
 
 Socorro County. 
 
 Socorro county is the largest of New Mexico counties, 
 covering an area of 15,250 square miles, being as large as a 
 European kingdom. Its resources correspond to its area, in 
 variety and extent. It is first of all a stock grazing country, 
 the number of sheep on its ranges going into tl^e millions,, 
 and the number of cattle exceeding 100,000. Next to stock 
 raising, mining is a great wealth producer, the Mogollon 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 271 
 
 district alone has yielded $5,000,000 in gold and silver. The 
 Magdalena and Kelly districts have done almost as well in 
 silver and lead and are now big producers of zinc. Rosedale 
 produces gold, Estey copper and Water Canon, Socorro and 
 other districts, the precious as well as the baser metals. 
 There are extensive coal beds in the western part while the 
 coal veins at Carthage are being actively worked. Lime, 
 building stone, gypsum and salt are among the other mineral 
 products. Agriculture in the Rio Grande Valley and along 
 some of the minor streams is very successful. In the south- 
 western part, especially in the Gila Forest Reserve, there are 
 large areas in timber. The Rio Grande traverses the county. 
 Its principal tributary here is the Puerco. The Gila and the 
 San Francisco rivers are important water sources in the 
 western portion. The Santa Fe Railway, with a branch line 
 from Socorro to Magdalena, furnishes railroad facilities. The 
 population is 15,000. The post offices are : Alma, Burley, 
 Bernardo, Bursum, Cienega, Clyde, Cooney, Datil, Estey, 
 Frisco, Graham, Gran Quivira, Joseph, Jornado, Kelly, La 
 Joya, Lava, Lemitar, Luna, Magdalena, Mogollon, Patterson, 
 Puertocito, Polvadera, Paraje, Quemado, Rosedale, Reserve, 
 Salt Lake, San Acacia, San Antonio, San Marcialand Socorro. 
 In the county are greater areas of undeveloped natural 
 wealth than in any other part of the Territory. The pros- 
 pector, the farmer, the manufacturer, the reservoir and 
 railroad builder all can find inducements here, which are 
 worthy of careful investigation. 
 
 Socorro, 
 
 the county seat, is also the largest town. The census of 1900 
 gave it 1,515 inhabitants. The country round about is rich 
 in mineral and agricultural resources. The waters of the Rio 
 Grande, which flow near the city, are ample to irrigate a large 
 area, the waters of the Puerco and the Salado augmenting its 
 volume considerably twenty or thirty miles north. The 
 Carthage coal fields are so near to Socorro that they may be 
 called tributary to the city, and the mining camps of Kelly, 
 Magdalena and Water Canon, are also tributary, making it a 
 favorable smelter site. The town has large brick yards and 
 three flouring mills. The city is beautifully situated on a table- 
 
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THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 273 
 
 land at the foot of Socorro mountain. The Rio Grande is about 
 two miles from it. The city owns and controls its own water 
 works, the supply being derived from warm springs of excep- 
 tionally pure water flowing from the base of Socorro 
 mountain. The town has two banking institutions, two weekly 
 papers, the Socorro Chieftain and El Defensor del Pueblo, two 
 substantial school buildings, churches and good business 
 houses. The New Mexico School of Mines is located here. Its 
 elevation is 4,567 feet. 
 
 San Marcial, 
 
 the second largest town, is attractive for the reason that 
 twenty-one years ago the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe 
 Railway Company planted great avenues of cottonwood trees, 
 and these have constantly been added to by citizens, until 
 now the town is known far and wide for the beauty and 
 coolness of its groves. It is important commercially because 
 it is the supply point for a large area of country. Four 
 mercantile firms draw trade from a wide territory occupied 
 by people engaged in the cattle and sheep business, and the 
 neighboring towns of Clyde, Rosedale, Paraje, Engle and 
 Chloride. Its population is a little above the 1,000 mark. 
 
 The town has a beautiful park. It is a division headquarters 
 of the Santa Fe Railway Company and here are located a 
 round house and repair shops. A modern flouring mill is 
 conducted for the convenience of a large number of farmers 
 in the rich Rio Grande Valley. Fruitful orchards surround 
 it, and it is a rich agricultural, horticultural, live stock and 
 mining region. Alfalfa is extensively grown, and when there 
 is an ample supply of water, which is taken from the Rio 
 Grande through ditches, four crops in one season are of 
 common occurrence. This finds a ready market, the price 
 per ton ranging from $10 to §14. There is a good public 
 school building and there are several churches. The town 
 has a weekly newspaper, the San Marcial Bee. There is a 
 bank and there are a goodly number of business firms. 
 Located near the center of the Territory, at an elevation of a 
 little over 4,000 feet, the climate makes it a sanitarium for 
 consumptives. Here are to be found all the conditions for a 
 healthy and happy life, with the opportunities to realize the 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE, 275 
 
 maximura of profit in the lines of agriculture and horticulture. 
 San Marcial is not devoid of historical interest. One of the 
 features of the town is a large and extensive promontory 
 known as the mesa. Here occurred the battle of Valverde, 
 fought February 20, 1862, by General Sibley's Texans and 
 the Union forces under General Canby. The severest part of 
 the battle occurred about the present site of San Marcial. 
 Frequently cannon balls and other relics are plowed up on the 
 east side of the river. 
 
 Carthage 
 
 is a prosperous coal camp and is being connected by railroad 
 with San Antonio, a lively commercial center on the Santa Fe 
 Railway. At San Acacia, a weekly newspaper, El Comercio, 
 is pubUshed. Near the settlement are copper ore deposits. 
 Mogollon and Cooney are famous mining camps. 
 
 Taos County. 
 
 Area 2,265 square miles. Population 13,000; census of 
 1900, 10,889. Assessed valuation in 1903, $677,820. County 
 seat, Taos. Post offices : Taos, Ranchos de Taos, Llano, 
 Penasco, Arroyo Seco, Questa, Arroyo Hondo, Cerro, Red 
 River, Tres Piedras, Costiha, Ojo Caliente, Midnight, Agua 
 del Lobo, Trampas, Twining, Valdez, Pima, Talpa and 
 Chamisal. 
 
 The county is the most picturesque and in many respects 
 one of the richest in mineral resources in New Mexico. It is 
 also one of the oldest in point of settlement by white men 
 and one of the best watered. At one time it included Colorado 
 south of the Arkansas river, Colfax and Mora counties and 
 part of Rio Arriba county, but at present it is small in extent. 
 Yet, its area is 1,470,000 acres, or 2,265 square miles, being 
 more than twice the area of the State of Rhode Island and 305 
 square miles more than the State of Delaware. Of this almost 
 one-half, or 650,000 acres, are open to entry under the federal 
 land laws; 300,000 acres are still unsurveyed. About 120,000 
 acres are reserved and 700,000 acres are appropriated, 
 about 600,000 acres being included in private land grants. 
 The county is one of the most densely populated in the 
 Territory, but could support five times its present popula- 
 tion. The Rio Grande traverses it from north to south, 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 277 
 
 but through rocky gorges, hence the cultivated lands are 
 along its tributaries. The county is characterized by the 
 great number of small perennial streams which, rising in high 
 ranges on the east, debouch at about one-third the general 
 width of the district upon the high mesas forming the central 
 and western thirds and flow into the Rio Grande. 
 
 The Taos range, comprising the catchment area from which 
 these streams derive their waters, ranges in altitude from 
 7,000 to 13,000 feet above sea level, with slopes tree-clad 
 and with precipitation greater than in many sections of 
 the Territory. Only one-haif of the available water is used 
 and with the building of storage reservoirs, the area under 
 cultivation would be 200,000 acres instead of 20,000 acres. The 
 cereals yield prolifically and vegetables and fruit grow well. 
 The county is rich in gold, copper ores and other minerals, 
 the principal mining camps being Red River, Glenwoody and 
 Twining. There are a number of lesser camps. About 
 200,000 sheep, 10,000 goats and 5,000 cattle graze on the 
 ranges. At Ojo Caliente are famous medicinal hot springs. 
 At Wamsley and near Taos are also hot springs which attract 
 many healthseekers. The railroad facilities are meager. The 
 Denver and Rio Grande has not quite fifty miles of narrow 
 gauge tracks in the extreme western part, near the Rio Arriba 
 boundary line, but Tres Piedras is the only settlement of any 
 consequence it touches, although there is also a station at 
 Embudo, which is several miles from the town of that name. 
 The scenery along this railroad, especially from Embudo to 
 Barranca, is among the grandest in the southwest. From 
 Embudo and Tres Piedras stations to Taos there are roads 
 with daily stage lines, while the mining camps of Red River 
 and Amizett and the settlements of Cerro and Questa also 
 have road connection as have to a lesser extent all the post 
 oflices. Recently a new road was completed from Taos to 
 Servilleta, on the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad, making 
 the distance from the county seat to the railroad only 
 twenty-two miles. 
 
 Portions of the county are heavily timbered. On account 
 of the difficulty in bringing the merchantable timber from 
 the steep mountain sides to the railroad, saw mills are in 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHTNE. 
 
 279 
 
 operation in various parts, the principal being near Questa, 
 Truchas and Twining. 
 
 Fernandez de Taos 
 is the county seat and is romantically situated in a beautiful 
 valley surrounded by mountains which rise abruptly from the 
 plain. It is a very interesting town, quaintly built around a 
 large plaza. The Roman Catholic church is of great antiquity. 
 Before the advent of the railroads in New Mexico it was a com- 
 mercial center of great importance and even today enjoys a 
 good trade. Among the early American residents were Col. 
 Kit Carson, Governor Wilham Bent, who was assassinated 
 here during the Pueblo insurrection, Colonel Ceran St.Vrain, 
 Judge Beaubien, Lucien Stewart and others. Here the first 
 prin'ting press west of the Missouri river was set up in 1837 
 by Rev. Antonio J. Martinez and the first newspaper. El 
 Crepusculo, was published. A good public school, mission 
 schools and a Loretto academy are the educational facihties 
 of this town. A weekly newspaper, printed in Enghsh and 
 Spanish, called Revista de Taos, is pubhshed here. It has a 
 population of 1,500. Only three miles to the northwest, under 
 the shadows of the great mountains, and occupying both 
 sides of a clear bright river, is the Pueblo of Taos, undoubt- 
 edly the most interesting Indian settlement on all the Western 
 Continent. Scores of tourists come to visit it annually, 
 especially on its annual feast day, San Geronimo, September 
 30. The Jicarilla Apache Indians, the Navajoes, as well as the 
 pueblos from the south, send delegations to this festival, and 
 the settlers from scores of miles around gather at the pueblo 
 on that day. The population of the pueblo has decreased 
 in numbers the past few decades, and is but few over 400 at 
 present. The Indians chng tenaciously to their primitive 
 customs. Ranchos de Taos is four miles south of Fernandez 
 de Taos and is the largest settlement. It has two flouring 
 mills and is surrounded by orchards. It is the center of 
 60,000 acres of fertile land, of which one-sixth is under 
 cultivation. It has a pubhc school and is the headquarters of 
 the Presbyterian missions of this section. The population 
 is 1,800. 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 
 
 281 
 
 Red River 
 
 is a romantically situated mining camp with about 300 
 population, a good public school, and a weekly newspaper, the 
 Red River Prospector. 
 
 Tres Piedras 
 
 is a railroad, mining and lumber town on the Denver and Rio 
 Grande Railroad and a distributing point for the Bromide and 
 Good Hope mining districts in Rio Arriba county, and the 
 terminus of a daily stage line from Taos. A newspaper, the 
 Mining Reporter, is pubhshed here. 
 
 Embudo 
 
 is a prosperous agricultural settlement on the Rio Grande, 
 situated at the foot of high mountains. It has a railroad 
 station several miles south of it, from where a daily stage 
 hne for Taos, Twining and other points starts. It has a pubhc 
 school and a mission school. 
 
 Twining, 
 
 formerly Amizett, is a mining camp, with several hundred 
 inhabitants. It is the headquarters of the Fraser Mountain 
 Mining Company. The mill, smelter, electric power andhght 
 works, offices, etc., of, this company are situated here. 
 
 Questa and Cerro 
 
 are prosperous agricultural settlements. Costilla, Pima, 
 Agua del Lobo, Arroyo Seco, Llano, Trampas and Penasco, 
 are agricultural settlements surrounded by fertile lands 
 under cultivation. Picuris is a quiet Indian pueblo with a 
 population of 100 and several historic buildings. 
 
 Union County. 
 Area 6,037 square miles. Population, census of 1900, 4,528. 
 Since then the county has given 255 square miles to ^the 
 formation of Quay county. Its present population is 6,500. 
 Assessed valuation in 1903, $2,021,640. Post offices : Clayton, 
 Folsom, Albert, Barney, Beenham, Bryantine, Bueyeros, 
 Clapham, Genova, Leon, De Haven, Exter, Pasamonte, 
 Telesfora, Veda, Logan, Cuates, Gladstone, Nara Visa, 
 Garcia and Gallegos. 
 
SCENES AT CLAYTON, UNION COUNTY. 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 283 
 
 Union, the northeastern county of New Mexico, was formed 
 in 1893 out of portions of Colfax, Mora and San Miguel 
 counties. This county is the seventh in size in New Mexico, 
 and the seventeenth in population. It is more than five times 
 as large as Rhode Island, three times as large as Delaware and 
 as large as the Hawaiian Islands. Of its area only 727,000 acres 
 have been appropriated, while 3,140,000 acres are still subject 
 to entry under the United States land laws or to lease from the 
 territorial land board, which controls large tracts in the 
 county under the United States donations to the territorial 
 institutions and the public schools. 
 
 Stock raising is the principal industry and the source of its 
 wealth. It is one great range, well adapted to cattle growing 
 and sheep raising. The mild winters, the free range and the 
 flourishing grasses, make stock raising very profitable here. 
 Of the 60,000 cattle on the range many are a good grade of 
 Herefords, and a number of model stock farms are to be 
 found. The number of sheep exceeds 600,000, it leading all 
 others in the territory in the sheep industry. At Clayton, 
 the county seat, 3,000,000 pounds of wool are sold annually, 
 while buyers of lambs for feeding and breeding purposes, 
 make frequent visits to Clayton and Polsom. Each year 
 100,000 lambs are shipped to Colorado and Kansas City points, 
 where they are fed for market. Of late years quite a number 
 of cattlemen have been raising alfalfa on a small scale for 
 feeding purposes. Altogether about 2,000 acres have been 
 put under cultivation. The sheep growers will undoubtedly 
 soon follow this example. The cattle men are rapidly improv- 
 ing their stock by importing registered cattle from the states. 
 The raising of goats is a growing industry as well as the 
 breeding of horses for market, both proving profitable. Rail- 
 roads afford good facilities for the shipment of stock. 
 
 Whenever water is available for irrigation purposes, crops 
 of grain, vegetables and fruits can be raised with unvarying 
 annual success. There are a number of orchards in which 
 every variety of fruit of the temperate zone is raised. Wild 
 fruits and nuts grow in abundance along the streams and on 
 the mountain slopes. If the flood waters which run down the 
 river beds at certain seasons were stored, fully 100,000 acres 
 could be brought under cultivation. Many natural reservoir 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 285 
 
 sites exist. Ten miles west of Polsom, commences the John- 
 son mesa, 8,000 feet high, extending into Colfax county 
 almost to Raton, on which without irrigation fine potatoes are 
 raised, also large crops of oats. 
 
 Mining is in its infancy, but there are undoubted indications 
 of gold, silver, copper and lead ores in various precincts. 
 Coal deposits exist in the northern part, the veins being an 
 extension of the Trinidad fields in Colorado. A good grade of 
 bituminous coal is found near Clayton, and development work 
 is being done in a desultory way. The distance from the 
 railroad prevents these prospects from becoming producers. 
 Coal veins also underlie Johnson's mesa. 
 
 Indications of oil can be pointed out along many streams, 
 and often in drilling for water, oil sands and rock are 
 struck. Fine mineral springs are at Polsom, and there is but 
 little doubt that artesian water will be found at a moderate 
 depth. On Ute creek are deposits of pure aium, while 
 excellent lime quarries are found and worked near Folsom. 
 
 The Colorado and Southern Railroad crosses the northeast- 
 ern corner for a distance of eighty-four miles. The Chicago, 
 Rock Island and Pacific Railroad passes through its southern 
 part. 
 
 The climate is as good as is to be found in the United States. 
 The altitude ranging from 4,000 to 8,000 feet, giving the air a 
 lightness that is especially beneficial in pulmonary troubles. 
 The nights are always cool and the summer heat is moderated 
 by the altitude as well as the cool breezes from the mountains, 
 while the cold in winter is tempered by the constant sunshine 
 and protection which the mountains afford from high winds. 
 The county seat is 
 
 Clayton, 
 
 situated in the northeastern part on the Colorado and Southern 
 Railway. Here the federal land office for the northeastern 
 part of New Mexico is situated. The town has a population 
 of 800. It has electric lights and water works, a telephone 
 system, a very good public school system and a fine public 
 school building, Methodist, Baptist and Christian churches 
 many business establishments, a |20,000 court house, and 
 contains nice homes. From here 3,000,000 pounds of wool, 160^ 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 287 
 
 carloads of cattle, and 400 carloads of sheep and lambs are 
 shipped annually. Two weekly newspapers, one in Enghsh, 
 the Clayton Enterprise, and the other in Spanish, El Fenix, 
 are published here. There is a national bank here. Of late 
 years the town has attracted many healthseekers. Coal 
 deposits are being w^orked in a small way near Clayton. 
 
 Folsom 
 
 is the second largest town, having a population of 750. It is 
 situated on the Colorado and Southern Railway and is gaining 
 fame as a health resort. It is 6,400 feet above sea level and 
 is located in a beautiful valley. The Sierra Grande, twelve 
 miles distant, rises to an altitude of 11,500 feet. During the 
 summer months this mountain is one mass of flow^ers, and is 
 a magnificent sight. Sierra CapuUn, five miles from the town, 
 is 9,500 feet high and is an extinct volcano with a perfect 
 crater. The view from Capulin is grand. Nine miles from 
 Folsom, on the Colorado and Southern Railway, are the so- 
 called American Alps. Emery's Peak and Buffalo Head are 
 also visible. Twin Mountains, Robinson's Peak, Dale's Peak 
 and Red Mountain can be seen on clear days, and 330 days 
 each year are clear at Folsom. The Cimarron Falls near the 
 Hotel Capulin, a sanitarium built at a cost of $75,000 but not 
 completed, are grand. Numerous springs bubble forth from 
 the sides of the mountains inclosing the valley of the Cimarron 
 in which Folsom is situated. The w^aters of some of the springs 
 are almost absolutely pure, while others are charged with 
 mineral and cure persons suffering from gout, rheumatism, 
 neuralgia, stomach troubles and certain forms of kidney 
 disease. Several sulphur springs and sulphur wells near 
 Folsom are beneficial to persons suffering from skin diseases 
 and impure blood. The most celebrated spring is in Oak 
 canon, near the town, the w^aters of which are superior to 
 those of the famous springs at Manitou, Colorado. These 
 waters contain sulphur, magnesia and carbonic acid gas. 
 Folsom is an important trade center. Immense sheep dipping 
 tanks have been erected here by the Colorado and Southern 
 Railway and the shipments of wool, sheep, lambs and cattle 
 from this point annually are very large. It has an $8,000 public 
 school house. Water is found anj^where in the Cimarron 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 289 
 
 Valley at a depth of from fourteen to thirty feet and is free 
 from alkali. Indications of g'old, silver, copper and lead ores 
 and coal are found near the town. Lime quarries are located 
 near and the product is being utilized in the manufacture of 
 plaster. 
 
 Valencia County. 
 
 Area 7,944 square miles. Population, census of 1900, 13,895; 
 present population, 18,000. Assessed valuation in 1903, 
 $1,359,786. County seat, Los Lunas. Post offices: Belen, 
 Los Lunas, Jarales, Peralta, Tome, Publitos, Duran, Pinos 
 Wells, Mountainair, Amado, Bluewater, CoiDperton, Cubero, 
 Grant, Kettner, Laguna, Marquez, San Mateo, San Rafael, 
 SeboUeta, Eastview, Manzano, Tajique, Torreon, Willard, 
 Estancia, Punta and Encino. 
 
 It is the third largest of New Mexico counties, covering an 
 area of 7,944 square miles, which is more than seven times 
 the area of the State of Rhode Island; more than four times 
 the area of the State of Delaware; almost twice the area of the 
 State of Connecticut, and greater than that of Hawaii. Of this 
 vast stretch. 3,400,000 acres are still unappropriated and are 
 being taken up at the rate of 10,000 acres a year by home- 
 steaders. Quite a large portion is included in private Spanish 
 and Mexican grants, while about 401,000 acres are reserved. 
 
 The principal stream is the Rio Grande, which passes 
 through the county from north to south. There is a large area 
 of irrigated land on both sides of the river along its entire 
 course. The Puerco, which at times has a flood discharge of 
 about 32,000 second feet, is a tributary of the Rio Grande 
 and flows through the county. Along the Puerco and its 
 tributaries, something like 14,000 acres are under irrigation. 
 The character of the country through which the Puerco 
 passes is hilly and broken. Its altitude ranges from 4,000 
 to 7,000 feet and the annual precipitation is very light, 
 averaging only seven inches. For that reason there are but 
 few perennial streams in the whole drainage area. Naturally, 
 in so large an area as that covered by Valencia county, almost 
 every variety of topography is found. The Continental Divide 
 crosses from north to south. East of the Rio Grande the 
 Manzano is the principal mountain range, forming a water 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 291 
 
 shed between the Rio Grande drainage basin and the dry- 
 mesas of the eastern part. East of the Manzanos are the 
 Pedernal and the Animas Hills. In the western part the 
 Zuni mountains and the San Mateo range are the principal 
 mountain systems. A vast lava bed extends the entire breadth 
 of the county east of the Continental Divide. 
 
 East of the Manzano mountains lies a region of low plains, 
 bounded on the west by the timbered foothills of the Manza- 
 nos and on the east by a low and barren ridge, terminating at 
 the north in the hills of Pedernal and at the south in the 
 Animas Hills. The abrupt exposure of the Jumanes mesa 
 bounds this broad valley on the south, while on the north the 
 plains continue almost unbroken to the San Pedro and Ortiz 
 mountains and the rough country east of these groups. The 
 southern portion of this valley is known as the Estancia 
 plains, and is remarkable for the salt and alkali basins which 
 occupy the central portion. The county is rich in minerals, 
 but thus far but comparatively little has been done to make 
 the mineral wealth available. Gold, silver, copper and iron 
 ores, sulphur, lithographic stone, gypsum, brick clay, salt, 
 pumice stone, ochre, building stone, cement, potash and most 
 important of all, coal in almost limitless quantities, are found. 
 During the year 1903, 500 tons of salt were taken from the 
 salt lakes in this county. Gold, silver and copper ores exist in 
 the Zuni mountains, in Hell Canon, where a mining camp has 
 been established, and in the Manzanos. In the Zuni mountains, 
 especially in the Copperton district, considerable develop- 
 ment work has been done. Ochre is found in the foothills of 
 the Gallinas, which extend into eastern Valencia county. 
 More salt is exported from this county than from any other 
 in the territory, and is hauled to market by wagons and by 
 the Santa Fe Central Railway. 
 
 It has a greater railroad mileage than any other county in 
 the Territory. The Santa Fe Central crosses the eastern part 
 from north to south from Moriarty to Bianca station. The 
 Santa Fe Railway cuts the central portion from north to 
 south, entering south of Isleta and leaving north of Sabinal, a 
 distance of twenty-five miles. The Santa Fe Pacific Railroad 
 commences at Isleta and leaves it northwest of Bluewater, 
 the distance being eighty miles. 
 
fA\ 
 
 
 --♦3^ 
 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 293 
 
 The El Paso and Rock Island Railway also crosses the 
 eastern part of the county, but east of the Santa Fe Central, 
 entering near the junction with the Santa Fe Central at 
 Torrance, in Lincoln county, and leaving it near Pintada, in 
 Leonard Wood county, a distance of thirty miles. The 
 Eastern Railway of New Mexico, which the Atchison, Topeka 
 and Santa Fe Railway is building to Puerco, will traverse 
 the county from east to west for 160 miles, crossing the Rock 
 Island, the Santa Fe Central at Willard and the Santa Fe 
 line from Albuquerque to El Paso at Belen, forming a junction 
 with the Santa Fe Pacific at Rio Puerco. When these lines 
 are completed, and they will be in 1905, the county will have 
 about 400 miles of railroad. The county has about 200 miles 
 of telegraph and a telephone line extends from Albuquerque 
 to Belen and Los Lunas. 
 
 The lands under irrigation are very fertile and the climate 
 is good for the raising of grain, vegetables and fruit. Wheat 
 from Valencia county captured the first premium at the 
 World's Fair at Chicago and again a gold medal at the 
 Charleston Exposition, the wheat weighing fifty and one-half 
 pounds per bushel. Oats grown on a farm six miles from Los 
 Lunas took the second prize at the Columbian Exposition. 
 The principal crops are wheat, barley, oats, corn, alfalfa and 
 all vegetables and fruits of the south temperate zone. Some of 
 the finest orchards in the southwest are located here. Grapes 
 are grown in large quantities, the Mission grape predominat- 
 ing, but other varieties sach as the Tokay, Sultana, Concord 
 and Muscat do very well. Alfalfa is a staple crop in some of 
 the valleys in the Zuni mountains and in several other hill 
 districts, crops are grown without irrigation the rainfall being 
 sufficient to mature them. The mild winters, cool summers, 
 good water, nutritious grasses and sheltered valleys and 
 canons have attracted the cattle raiser and the sheep grower. 
 It is one of the leading sheep raising sections in New Mexico; 
 it is estimated that there are within its limits, 400,000 or more 
 sheep and thousands of cattle and horses. Lately, some 
 attention has been paid to the raising of goats, and the success 
 is such that the number of these animals will be very much 
 on the increase during the next few years. At Belen is one 
 of the largest flour mills in the Territory. At Laguna and 
 
BUSINESS HOUSES AT BELEN. 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 295 
 
 Peralta there are also fine modern flour mills. There are 
 extensive timber lands which of late have attracted the 
 attention of lumbermen and capitalists. The so-called Mitchell 
 tract in the northwestern part covers 300,000 acres, on which 
 it is estimated there are 2,000,000,000 feet of good white pine 
 lumber. The American Lumber Company, a syndicate 
 capitalized at |8,000,000, is cutting this timber. A logging 
 road has been built from Thoreau on the Santa Fe Pacific to 
 the tract. 
 
 Belen 
 
 is situated forty miles south of Albuquerque, in almost the 
 exact geographical center of Valencia county, on the west 
 bank of the Rio Grande. It has an altitude of 4,200 feet. Its 
 population is 1,200. The stretch of country in the center of 
 which the town is located cannot be excelled for fertility and 
 productiveness. 
 
 Belen stands above all other communities in New Mexico 
 in that it has the largest merchandise establishment; the 
 largest flour miU; is the largest railroad shipping point in 
 proportion to population; raises the best grapes and holds the 
 first prize for wheat at the World's Columbian Exposition at 
 Chicago. 
 
 Belen has several well established general merchandise 
 stores, two general wholesale estabhshments and one roller 
 mill. The First National Bank of Belen attends to the banking- 
 business of the place. The Catholics as well as the Protestants 
 have each a comfortable and commodious church edifice. In 
 front of the Catholic church stands one of the most artistic 
 architectural monuments in the southwest, the Fehpe Chaves 
 Mausoleum, built at a cost of $15,000. 
 
 The school facilities of Belen are good, there being three 
 schools, the Felipe Chavez Girl's Academy, the Becker school 
 and the public school. The Territory recently established an 
 orphan's school here. The railroad facilities consist of the 
 Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway connecting the city 
 with the extreme northern and southern portions of the 
 Territory and the country that lies between. The Eastern 
 Railway of New Mexico, now under construction, will give 
 
HOTEL AND DEPOT AT ALBUQUERQUE. 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 297 
 
 direct connection with the Santa Fe Central Railway and the 
 El Paso and Northeastern. 
 
 Los Lunas 
 
 is the county seat and is situated on the west bank of the Rio 
 Grande, twenty-four miles south of Albuquerque. The 
 population is 1,000. it has a two story court house and a large 
 Catholic church. There is a substantial bridge across the Rio 
 Grande opposite the town. There are two large general stores 
 here. It is a prosperous shipping point, especially for wool 
 and alfalfa. A rich agricultural and stock region surrounds 
 it. The town is connected by telephone with Albuquerque. 
 
 Estancia 
 
 is situated in the eastern part of the county on the Santa Fe 
 Central Railway. It is the center of the beautiful Estancia 
 plains. The Santa Fe Central has located here its railroad 
 shops. The nearby salt and alkali lakes are to furnish the 
 raw material for a salt mill. The town has a good school house. 
 
 San Rafael 
 
 claims to be the most populous settlement, having 1,500 
 inhabitants. It is the center of a rich agricultural and stock 
 section, and is located three miles from the Santa Fe Pacific 
 Railroad, in the San Jose River Valley. Forty years ago it 
 was known as old Fort Wingate. The lands around it are 
 irrigated by the waters of El Gallo spring, the largest in 
 New^ Mexico, filling a ditch of clear water six feet wide at the 
 bottom and forty feet wide at the top. Along this stream 
 there are rich agricultural lands covering 4,000 acres which 
 l^roduce all kinds of grain, vegetables and fruit. The fifth 
 town in population is 
 
 Peralta, 
 
 the scene of a bloody battle in the Civil War. It is situated in 
 the valley of the Rio Grande opposite Los Lunas and has 800 
 inhabitants. It is connected by long distance telephone with 
 Albuquerque, twenty miles north. The town has a fine flour 
 mill and five general merchandise stores. There is one 
 Roman Catholic church and one Methodist church building. 
 
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 
 
 299 
 
 Conclusion. 
 
 New Mexico is in the making. Though old in years, it is 
 new in development. Its beauties and attractions are not seen 
 from the railroad cars, nor can its resources be measured 
 with a cursory glance. It is only those who have spent some 
 time in traveling over its vast expanse, w^ho have studied 
 the possibilities of its latent wealth and who have stayed 
 sufficiently long to appreciate the charm of its blue sky and 
 its perfect climate, and who have fallen under the spell of the 
 romance and its unique beauty, who will declare that New 
 Mexico is not only the peer, but that in many respects it is 
 the superior of all other American commonwealths, be it in 
 resources, opportunities, beauty or climate. 
 
 THE SCENIC ROUTE ROAD NEAR SANTA. FE. 
 

 
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 INDUSTRIAL ESTABLISHMENTS AT ALBUQUERQUE. 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 SUB.IFA'T 
 
 A Land of Opportunities 
 
 Statistics 25 
 
 Physical Features 
 
 Geology 2^ 
 
 River Systems ^^ 
 
 Irrigation ^^ 
 
 Agriculture ,_ 
 
 Dairying, Poultry and Apiary ^^ 
 
 Horticulture 
 
 Sugar Beets _. 
 
 Tobacco gg 
 
 Cotton Q2 
 
 The Soil q„ 
 
 How to Secure a Homestead ^ 
 
 The Stock Industry ^^ 
 
 Timber g„ 
 
 Mining o^ 
 
 Manufacturing Industries 
 
 Railroads .^ 
 
 Climate ^^„ 
 
 Mineral and Hot Springs 
 
 Attractions for Tourists 
 
 Counties, Cities and Towns ||^ 
 
 Bernalillo County ^ 
 
 Chaves County ^^^ 
 
 Colfax County 
 
 Dona Ana County 
 
 Eddy County ^^^ 
 
 Grant County „ 
 
 Leonard Wood County 
 
 Lincoln County ^ 
 
 Luna County „ 
 
 McKinley County ^03 
 
 Mora County 209 
 
 Otero County ^^ 
 
 Quay County 
 
 Rio Arriba County ^23 
 
 Roosevelt County 
 
 Sandoval County ^39 
 
 San Juan County 
 
 San Miguel County 
 
 Santa Fe County 255 
 
 Sierra County ^59 
 
 Socorro County ^75 
 
 Taos County 
 
 Union County 
 
 Valencia County 
 

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