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THE 
 
 HISTORY 
 
 Wapello County, 
 
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 CONTAINING 
 
 % Ifislor^ ctf i\$ §mn\ti, it$ §tlm, Wtmm, &t., 
 
 A Biographical Directory of Citizens, War Record of its Vol 
 unteers in the late Rebellion, General and Local Statistics, 
 Portraits of Early Settlers and Prominent Men, His- 
 tory of the Northwest, History of Iowa, Map 
 of Wapello County, Constitution of the 
 United States, Miscellaneous 
 Matters, &e. 
 
 iXjr.Tjsa?K,^^TEiD 
 
 CHICAGO : 
 WESTEEN HISTORICAL COMPANY, 
 
 1878. 
 
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 Entered, according to Act ot Congress, in the year 1878, by 
 
 THE WESTERN HISTORICAL C O W! P A N Y, 
 
 In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. 
 
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PREFACE. 
 
 rriHE history of Wapello County is one which contains many features iden- 
 tical with the history of Iowa, the preservation of which is essential to 
 the truthful record of the State's life. The publishers of this volume have 
 fully appreciated that fact, and have so arranged the order of compilation as to 
 give each prominent characteristic due place. 
 
 There is no effort herein to reach literary excellence, but rather a decided 
 attempt to capture vagrant items of interest, and weave them together upon 
 the simplest thread of system. Many men will say that their own acts are not 
 sufficiently expatiated upon, or commensurate credit given certain friends of 
 theirs ; but the publishers have not aimed merely to please individuals. The 
 work engaged in by them was of a higher nature. They have concentrated 
 records for the benefit of posterity, rather than for the selfish gratification of 
 the vanity of special patrons. 
 
 In their labors, they have been aided by Mr. Samuel B. Evans, whose skill 
 and information have given character to the paper on the Mounds of the Des 
 Moines Valley, and whose files of the Ottumwa Democrat have been frequently 
 referred to. They have been helped in many ways by the ready memory of 
 Messrs. R. H. and C. C. Warden, and by the files of the Ottumwa Courier, 
 the pioneer journal of the West, which made its appearance under the manage- 
 ment of Mr. R. H. Warden. These valuable papers were placed at the 
 writer's disposal through the courtesy of Mr. A. H. Hamilton, the present pro- 
 prietor. Mr. W. D. HoRTON, of Agency City, had, fortunately, preserved those 
 copies of the Independent containing the contributions of Major John Beach, 
 and, by that act of forethought, future generations will be permitted to read of 
 the Agency and the life therein. Of Judge Hendershott's able address, 
 nothing further need be said than that we have appropriated it bodily, without 
 even asking the Judge if we might do so. The people will approve of the act. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 whether the Judge Joes or not. The county oflBcers have given the publishers 
 great aid, and done it, too, in such a cordial manner as to leave with us the 
 most hearty feelings of friendliness. So it has been throughout the county. 
 We can name but a moiety of those who have been kindly disposed, and so we 
 say to one and all, We thank you. 
 
 If any one feels disposed to be hypercritical of the work, let that individual 
 first realize that we have tried to do our work honestly and well. We leave 
 the permanent verdict confidently to the future. 
 
 THE PUBLISHERS. 
 
 December, 1878. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 mSTORT NORTHWEST AX» STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 Page. 
 
 History Northwest Territory 19 
 
 Geographical Position 19 
 
 Early Explorations 20 
 
 Discovery of the Ohio 33 
 
 English Explorations and Set- 
 tlements 35 
 
 American Settlements 60 
 
 Division of the Northwest Ter- 
 ritory 66 
 
 Tecumseh and the War of 1812 70 
 Black Hawk and the Black 
 
 Hawk War 74 
 
 Other Indian Troubles 79 
 
 Present Condition of the Noi-th- 
 
 west 86 
 
 Chicago 95 
 
 Hlinois 257 
 
 Indiana 259 
 
 Iowa 260 
 
 Michigan 263 
 
 Wisconsin 264 
 
 Minnesota 266 
 
 Nebraska 267 
 
 History of Iowa : 
 
 Geographical Situation 109 
 
 Topography 109 
 
 Drainage System 110 
 
 Pa SB. 
 History ol Iowa : 
 
 Rivers Ill 
 
 Lakes 118 
 
 Springs 119 
 
 Prairies 120 
 
 Geology 120 
 
 Climatology 137 
 
 Discovery and Occupation 139 
 
 Territory 147 
 
 Indians 147 
 
 Pike's Expedition 151 
 
 Indian Wars 152 
 
 Black Hawk War 157 
 
 Indian Purchase, Reserves and 
 
 Treaties 159 
 
 Spanish Grants 163 
 
 Half-Breed Tract.. 164 
 
 Early Settlements 166 
 
 Territorial History 173 
 
 Boundary Question 177 
 
 State Organization 181 
 
 Growth and Progress 185 
 
 Agricultural College and Farm.186 
 
 State University 187 
 
 State Historical Society 193 
 
 Penitentiaries 194 
 
 Pase. 
 History of Iowa: 
 
 Insane Hospitals 195 
 
 College for the Blind 197 
 
 Deaf and Dumb Institution 199 
 
 Soldiers' Orphans' Homes 199 
 
 State Normal School 201 
 
 Asylum for Feeble Minded 
 
 Children 201 
 
 Reform School 202 
 
 Fish Hatching Establishment..203 
 
 Public Lands 204 
 
 Public Schools 218 
 
 Political Record 223 
 
 War Record 229 
 
 Infantry 233 
 
 Cavalry 244 
 
 Artillery 247 
 
 Miscellaneous 248 
 
 Promotions from Iowa Reg- 
 iments 249 
 
 Number Casualties — Officers.250 
 Number Casualties — Enlist- 
 ed Men 252 
 
 Number Volunteers 254 
 
 Population 255 
 
 Agricultural Statistics 328 
 
 HISTORY WAPEL.L.O COUNTY. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Geology 323 
 
 Formation of Limebeds 324 
 
 Great Coal-Basin 325 
 
 Cretaceous 327 
 
 Glacial Period 327 
 
 Drift Period 329 
 
 Bowlders 331 
 
 Origin of the Prairies 331 
 
 Descriptive Geography 332 
 
 Kesorces 334 
 
 Approach of Civilization 334 
 
 Unknown Race 336 
 
 History of the Aborigines 342 
 
 Black Hawk 343 
 
 Wapello and other Chiefs .345 
 
 Pashepaho 350 
 
 Maj. Beach's History of the 
 
 Agency 351 
 
 Wapello's Death 369 
 
 First White Child born in County..369 
 
 First Death 370 
 
 First Marriage 370 
 
 First Grist-Mill .370 
 
 First Post Office 370 
 
 Iowa as it was 370 
 
 First Settlers 373 
 
 Judge Hendershott's Address 377 
 
 How Pioneers Lived 391 
 
 Organization of the County 396 
 
 Legislative Enactments 398 
 
 First Probate Business 398 
 
 Marriage Record 401 
 
 District Court 402 
 
 List of First Grand Jury 402 
 
 Circuit Court 403 
 
 Official Roster of the County 403 
 
 Material Growth and Prosperity ...407 
 
 Abstract Assessment, 1878 409 
 
 Social Statistics 409 
 
 Population, 1875 410 
 
 Dairy Business 410 
 
 Swine Culture 415 
 
 Sheep Culture 415 
 
 Page. 
 
 Fruit Culture 410 
 
 Eclipse, 1869 417 
 
 Educational 419 
 
 Early Newspaper Items 421 
 
 Coal Interests 427 
 
 Dahlonega War 429 
 
 The Miller-Thompson Contested 
 
 Election 429 
 
 Des Moines River Improvement 
 
 Schemes 435 
 
 Origin of the Name Des Moines 445 
 
 Criminal Record 446 
 
 Laura Harvey Murder and Ex- 
 ecution of McComb 446 
 
 Willis Murder^Lynching of 
 
 Kephart 452 
 
 Shooting of Albert M. Logan 
 and Lynching of his Mur- 
 derer, John Smith 453 
 
 Agricultural Society 456 
 
 Speculative and Prophetic 456 
 
 Ottumwa 461 
 
 Appanoose Rapids Company ...462 
 
 First Mill 465 
 
 County Seat 465 
 
 First Court House 466 
 
 Name 466 
 
 Location of Post Office 467 
 
 Original Plat 467 
 
 Indian Camp Grounds 468 
 
 Ottumwa in 1844 468 
 
 Independence-Day Celebration .408 
 
 First Public Buildings 468 
 
 Primitive Justice 469 
 
 Ottumwa House 470 
 
 First Ferry 470 
 
 First Jail 471 
 
 Samantha Shaffer 471 
 
 A Glance in 1845 471 
 
 First Court House 471 
 
 First Mill Built 472 
 
 First Settlers in Ottumwa 472 
 
 Land Sales 472 
 
 Page. 
 Ottumwa : 
 
 Mail Contracts 473 
 
 Ottumwa in 1849 473 
 
 Marine 473 
 
 Lyceum 474. 
 
 Plankroad Fever 474 
 
 Staging in 1850 474 
 
 Ottumwa in 1853 475 
 
 Fall of a Landmark 475 
 
 Postmasters 475 
 
 Governmental Organization ...475 
 
 Police Department 479 
 
 Fire Department 480 
 
 Large Fires 480 
 
 County Buildings 482 
 
 City Hall 482 
 
 City Finances 483 
 
 Bridge Company 483 
 
 Press 483 
 
 Seci'et Societies 485 
 
 Public Schools 487 
 
 Business College 494 
 
 Public Library 494 
 
 Churches 495 
 
 Railroads 506 
 
 Water-Power Company 507 
 
 Water Works 511 
 
 Manufacturing 513 
 
 Gas-Light Company 516 
 
 Post Offices in Wapello County .516 
 
 County Poor Farm 516 
 
 Commercial Interests 51 
 
 Loan & Building Association ..516 
 
 Missing Book Found 517 
 
 Eddyville 519 
 
 Eldon 529 
 
 Agency City 533 
 
 Chillicothe 537 
 
 Kirkville 538 
 
 Blakesburg 538 
 
 Dahlonega 5.39 
 
 Vote, 1876-78 540 
 
 War Record 541 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 ILiLiUSTRATIOPTS. 
 
 Page, i 
 
 Mouth of the Mississippi 21 1 
 
 Source of the Mississippi 21 i 
 
 Wild Prairie 23 | 
 
 La Salle Landing on the Shore of j 
 
 Green Bay 25 
 
 Bufifalo Hunt 27 
 
 Trapping 29 
 
 Hunting 32 [ 
 
 Iroquois Chief 34 
 
 Pontlac, the Ottawa Chieftain 43 I 
 
 Indians Attacking Frontiersmen.. 56 1 
 A Prairie Storm 59 | 
 
 Page. 
 
 A Pioneer Dwelling 61 
 
 Breaking Prairie 63 
 
 Tecuraseh, the Shawanoe Chieftain 69 
 
 Indians Attaclcing a Stockade 72 
 
 Black Hawk, the Sac Chieftain 75 
 
 Big Eagle 80 
 
 Captain Jack, the Modoc Chieftain 83 
 
 Kinzie House 85 
 
 A Representative Pioneer 86 
 
 Lincoln Monument 87 
 
 A Pioneer School House 88 
 
 Page. 
 
 Pioneers' First Winter 94 
 
 Great Iron Bridge of C, R. I. & P. 
 E. R., Crossing the Mississippi at 
 
 Davenport, Iowa 91 
 
 Chicago in 1833 95 
 
 Old Fort Dearborn, 1830 98 
 
 Present Site Lake Street Bridge, 
 
 Chicago, 1833 98 
 
 Ruins of Chicago 104 
 
 View of the City of Chicago 106 
 
 Hunting Prairie Wolves 268 
 
 WAPEIiLiO COUXTT VOL.1TMTEERS. 
 
 Infantry: Page. 
 
 Second 541 
 
 Seventh 542 
 
 Fifteenth 544 
 
 Seventeenth 545 
 
 Eighteenth 546 
 
 Twenty-second 546 
 
 Infantry : Page. 
 
 Thirty-sixth 547 
 
 Thirty-seventh 550 
 
 Forty-seventh 551 
 
 Cavalry: 
 
 First 551 
 
 Third 552 
 
 Cavalry : Page 
 
 Fourth 552 
 
 Seventh 553 
 
 Eighth 554 
 
 Ninth 555 
 
 Miscellaneous 556 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL TOWNSHIP DIRECTORY. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Agency 609 
 
 Adams 652 
 
 Cass 643 
 
 Center 603 
 
 Columbia . 
 
 Page. 
 
 Competine 660 
 
 Dahlonega 631 
 
 Green 662 
 
 Highland 640 
 
 .633 I Keokuk 655 
 
 , Page. 
 
 Ottumwa City .'.;.. ..457 
 
 Pleasant 657 
 
 Polk 647 
 
 Richland 622 
 
 Washington 616 
 
 L.ITHOORAPHI€ PORTRAITS. 
 
 Page. I Page. 
 
 Blake, Charles F 457 Fisher, John C 491 
 
 Burton, E. L 355 1 Hendershott, H. B 321 
 
 t, William 423 ' Hedrick, J. M 227 
 
 Hutchison, J. G 525 
 
 Stiles, Edward H 279 
 
 Wilson, Harvey.. 389 
 
 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE liAWS. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Adoption of Children 303 
 
 Bills of Exchange and Promissory 
 
 Notes 293 
 
 Commercial Terms 305 
 
 Capital Punishment 298 
 
 Charitable, Scientific and Religious 
 
 Associations 316 
 
 Descent 293 
 
 Damages from Trespass 300 
 
 Exemptions from Execution 298 
 
 Estrays 299 
 
 Forms : 
 
 Articles of Agreement 3('7 
 
 Bills of Sale 3u8 
 
 Bond for Deed 315 
 
 Bills of Purchase 306 
 
 Page. 
 Forms : 
 
 Chattel Mortgage 314 
 
 Confession of Judgment 306 
 
 Lease 312 
 
 Mortgages 310 
 
 Notice to Quit 309 
 
 Notes 306,313 
 
 Orders .306 
 
 Quit Claim Deed 315 
 
 Receipts 306 
 
 Wills and Codicils 3U9 
 
 Warranty Deed 314 
 
 Fences 300 
 
 Interest 293 
 
 Intoxicating Liquors 317 
 
 Jurisdiction of Courts 297 
 
 Page. 
 
 Jurors 297 
 
 Limitation of Actions 297 
 
 Landlord and Tenant 304 
 
 Married Women 298 
 
 Marks and Brands 300 
 
 Mechanics' Liens. 301 
 
 Koads and Bridges 302 
 
 Surveyors and Surveys 303 
 
 Suggestions to Persons Purchasing 
 
 Books by Subscription 319 
 
 Support of Poor 303 
 
 Taxes 295 
 
 Wills and Estates 293 
 
 Weights and Measures 305 
 
 Wolf Scalps 300 
 
 MIS€£I<I.ANEOr»$. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Map of Wapello County Front. 
 
 Constitution of United States 269 
 
 Vote for President, Governor and 
 
 Congressmen 283 
 
 Practical Rules for Every-Day Use..284 
 United States Government Land 
 
 Measure 287 
 
 Page. 
 
 Surveyor's Measure 288 
 
 How to Keep Accounts 288 
 
 Interest Table 289 
 
 Miscellaneous Ta'.le 289 
 
 Names of the States of the Union 
 
 and their Signiiications 290 
 
 Population of the United States 291 
 
 Page. 
 
 Population of Fifty Principal Cities 
 of the United States 291 
 
 Population and Area of the United 
 States 292 
 
 Population of the Principal Coun- 
 tries in the World 292 
 
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The Northwest Territory. 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION. 
 
 When the Northwestern Territory was ceded to the United States 
 by Virginia in 1784, it embraced only the territory lying between the 
 Ohioand the Mississippi Rivers, and north to the northern limits of the 
 United States. It coincided with the area now embraced in the States 
 of Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin, and that portion of 
 Minnesota lying on the east side of the Mississippi River. The United 
 States itself at that period extended no farther west than the Mississippi 
 River ; but by the purchase of Louisiana in 1803, the western boundary 
 of the United States was extended to the Rocky Mountains and the 
 Northern Pacific Ocean. The new territory thus added to the National 
 domain, and subsequently opened to settlement, has been called the 
 '' New Northwest,'" in contradistinction from the old " Northwestern 
 Territory. " 
 
 In comparison with the old Northwest this is a territory of vast 
 magnitude. It includes an area of 1,887,850 square miles ; being greater 
 in extent than the united areas of all the Middle and Southern States, 
 including Texas. Out of this magnificent territory have been erected 
 eleven sovereign States and eight Territories, with an aggregate popula- 
 tion, at the present time, of 13,000,000 inhabitants, or nearly one third of 
 the entire population of the United States. 
 
 Its lakes are fresh-water seas, and the larger rivers of the continent 
 flow for a thousand miles through its rich alluvial valleys and far- 
 stretching prairies, more acres of which are arable and productive of the 
 highest percentage of the cereals than of any other area of like extent 
 on the globe. 
 
 For the last twenty years the increase of population in the North- 
 west has been about as thi'ee to one in any other portion of the United 
 States. 
 
 (19) 
 
20 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 
 
 EARLY EXPLORATIONS. 
 
 In the year 1541, DeSoto first saw the Great West in the New 
 World. He, however, •penetrated no farther north than the 35th parallel 
 of latitude. The expedition resulted in his death and that of more than 
 half his army, the remainder of whom found their way to Cuba, thence 
 to Spain, in a famished and demoralized condition. DeSoto founded no 
 settlements, produced no results, and left no traces, unless it were that 
 he awakened the hostility of the red man against the white man, and 
 disheartened such as might desire to follow up the career of discovery 
 for better purposes. The French nation were eager and ready to seize 
 upon any news from this extensive domain, and were the first to profit by 
 DeSoto's defeat. Yet it was more than a century before any adventurer 
 took advantage of these discoveries. 
 
 In 1616, four years before the pilgrims " moored their bark on the 
 wild New England shore," Le Caron, a French Franciscan, had pene- 
 trated through the Iroquois and Wyandots (Hurons) to the streams which 
 run into Lake Huron ; and in 1634, two Jesuit missionaries founded the 
 first mission among the lake tribes. It was just one hundred years from 
 the discovery of the Mississippi by DeSoto (1541) until the Canadian 
 envoys met the savage nations of the Northwest at the Falls of St. Mary, 
 below the outlet of Lake Superior. This visit led to no permanent 
 result ; yet it was not until 1659 that any of the adventurous fur traders 
 attempted to spend a Winter in the frozen wilds about the great lakes, 
 nor was it until 1660 that a station was established upon their borders by 
 Mesnard, who perished in the woods a few months after. In 1665, Claude 
 Allouez built the earliest lasting habitation of the white man among the 
 Indians of the Northwest. In 1668, Claude Dablon and James Marquette 
 founded the mission of Sault Ste. Marie at the Falls of St. Mary, and two 
 years afterward, Nicholas Perrot, as agent for M. Talon, Governor Gen- 
 eral of Canada, explored Lake Illinois (Michigan) as far south as the 
 present City of Chicago, and invited the Indian nations to meet him at a 
 grand council at Sault Ste. Marie the following Spring, where they were 
 taken under the protection of the king, and formal possession was taken 
 of the Northwest. This same year Marquette established a mission at 
 Point St. Ignatius, where was founded the old town of Michillimackinac. 
 
 During M. Talon's explorations and Marquette's residence at St. 
 Ignatius, they learned of a great river away to the west, and fancied 
 — as all others did then — that upon its fertile banks whole tribes of God's 
 children resided, to whom the sound of the Gospel had never come. 
 Filled with a wish to go and preach to them, and in compliance with a 
 
THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 
 
 21 
 
22 THE NORTHWEST TERRITO^tY. 
 
 request of M. Talon, who earnestly desired to extend the domain of his 
 king, and to ascertain whether the river flowed into the Gulf of Mexico 
 or the Pacific Ocean, Marquette with Joliet, as commander of the expe- 
 dition, prepared for the undertaking. 
 
 On the 13th of May, 1673, the explorers, accompanied by five assist- 
 ant French Canadians, set out from Mackinaw on their daring voyage of 
 discovery. The Indians, who gathered to witness their departure, were 
 astonished at the boldness of the undertaking, and endeavored to dissuade 
 them from their purpose by representing the tribes on the Mississippi as 
 exceedingly savage and cruel, and the river itself as full of all sorts of 
 frightful monsters ready to swallow them and their canoes together. But, 
 nothing daunted by these terrific descriptions, Marquette told them he 
 was willing not only to encounter all the perils of the unknown region 
 they were about to explore, but to lay down his life in a cause in which 
 the salvation of souls was involved ; and having prayed together they 
 separated. Coasting along the northern shore of Lake Michigan, the 
 adventurers entered Green Bay, and passed thence up the Fox River and 
 Lake Winnebago to a village of the Miamis and Kickapoos. Here Mar- 
 quette was delighted to find a beautiful cross planted in the middle of the 
 town ornamented with white skins, red girdles and bows and arrows, 
 which these good people had offered to the Great Manitou, or God, to 
 thank him for the pity he had bestowed on them during the Winter in 
 giving them an abundant " chase." This was the farthest outpost to 
 which Dablon and Allouez had extended their missionary labors the 
 year previous. Here Marquette drank mineral waters and was instructed 
 in the secret of a root which cures the bite of the venomous rattlesnake. 
 He assembled the chiefs and old men of the village, and, pointing to 
 Joliet, said : " My friend is an envoy of France, to discover new coun- 
 tries, and I am an ambassador from God to enlighten them with the truths 
 of the Gospel." Two Miami guides were here furnished to conduct 
 them to the Wisconsin River, and they set out from the Indian village on 
 the 10th of June, amidst a great crowd of natives who had assembled to 
 witness their departure into a region where no white man had ever yet 
 ventured. The guides, having conducted them across the portage, 
 returned. The explorers launched their canoes itpon the Wisconsin, 
 which they descended to the Mississippi and proceeded down its unknown 
 waters. What emotions must have swelled their breasts as they struck 
 out into the broadening current and became conscious that they were 
 now upon the bosom of ths Father of Waters. The mystery was about 
 to be lifted from the long-sought river. The scenery in that locality is 
 beautiful, and on that delightful seventeenth of June must have been 
 clad in all its primeval loveliness as it had been adorned by the hand of 
 
THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 
 
 23 
 
 Nature. Drifting rapidly, it is said that the bold bluffs on either hand 
 " reminded them of the castled shores of their own beautiful rivers of 
 France." By-and-by, as they drifted along, great herds of buffalo appeared 
 on the banks. On going to the heads of the valley they could see a 
 country of the greatest beauty and fertility, apparently destitute of inhab- 
 itants yet presenting the appearance of extensive manors, under the fas- 
 tidious cultivation of lordly proprietors. 
 
 THE WILD PRAIRIE. 
 
 On June 25, they went ashore and found some fresh traces of men upon 
 the sand, and a path which led to the prairie. The men remained in the 
 boat, and Marquette and Joliet followed the path till they discovered a 
 village on the banks of a river, and two other villages on a hill, within a 
 half league of the first, inhabited by Indians. They were received most 
 hospitably by these natives, who had never before seen a white person. 
 After remaining a few days they re-embarked and descended the river to 
 about latitude 33°, where they found a village of the Arkansas, and being 
 satisfied that the river flowed into the Gulf of Mexico, turned their course 
 
24 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 
 
 up the river, and ascending the stream to the mouth of the Illinois, 
 rowed up that stream to its source, and procured guides from that point 
 to the lakes. " Nowhere on this journey," says Marquette, "did we see 
 such grounds, meadows, woods, stags, buffaloes, deer, wildcats, bustards, 
 swans, ducks, parroquets, and even beavers, as on the Illinois River." 
 The party, without loss or injury, reached Green Bay in September, and 
 reported their discovery — one of the most important of the age, but of 
 which no record was preserved save Marquette's, Joliet losing his by 
 the upsetting of his canoe on his way to Quebec. Afterward .Marquette 
 returned to the Illinois Indians by their request, and ministered to them 
 until 1675. On the 18th of May, in that year, as he was j^assing the 
 mouth of a stream — going with his boatmen up Lake Michigan — he asked 
 to land at its mouth and celebrate Mass. Leaving his men with the canoe, 
 he retired a short distance and began his devotions. As much time 
 passed and he did not return, his men went in search of him, and found 
 him upon his knees, dead. He had peacefull}^ passed away while at 
 prayer. He was buried at this spot. Charlevoix, who visited the place 
 fifty years after, found the waters had retreated from the grave, leaving 
 the beloved missionary to repose in peace. The river has since been 
 called Marquette. 
 
 While Marquette and his companions were pursuing their labors in 
 the West, two men, differing widely from him and each other, were pre- 
 paring to follow in his footsteps and perfect the discoveries so well begun 
 by him. These were Robert de La Salle and Louis Hennepin. 
 
 After La Salle's return from the discovery of the Ohio River (see 
 the narrative- elsewhere), he established himself again among the French 
 trading posts in Canada. Here he mused long upon the pet project of 
 those ages — a short way to China and the East, and was busily planning an 
 expedition up the great lakes, and so across the continent to the Pacific, 
 when Marquette returned from the Mississippi. At once the vigorous mind 
 of LaSalle received from his and his companions' stories the idea that by fol- 
 lowing the Great River northward, or by turning up some of the numerous 
 western tributaries, the object could easily be gained. He applied to 
 Frontenac, Governor General cf Canada, and laid before him the plan, 
 dim but gigantic. Frontenac entered warmly into his plans, and saw that 
 LaSalle's idea to connect the great lakes by a chain of forts with the Gulf 
 of Mexico would bind tne country so wonderfully together, give un- 
 measured power to France, and glory to himself, under whose adminis- 
 tration he earnestly hoped all would be realized. 
 
 LaSalle now repaired to France, laid his plans before the King, who 
 warmly approved of them, and made him a Chevalier. He also received 
 from all the noblemen the warmest wishes for his success. The Chev- 
 
THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 
 
 25 
 
 alier returned to Canada, and busily entered upon his work. He at 
 once rebuilt Fort Frontenac and constructed the first ship to sail on 
 these fresh-water seas. On the 7th of August, 1679, having been joined 
 by Hennepin, he began his voyage in the Griffin up Lake Erie. He 
 passed over this lake, through the straits beyond, up Lake St. Clair and 
 into Huron. In this lake they encountered heavy storms. They were 
 some time at Michillimackinac, where LaSalle founded e fort, and passed 
 on to Green Bay, the " Baie des Puans" of the French, where he found 
 a large quantity of furs collected for him. He loaded the Griffin with 
 these, and placing her under the care of a, pilot and fourteen sailors. 
 
 LA SALLE LANDING ON THE SHORE OF GREEN BAY. 
 
 started her on her return voyage. The vessel was never afterward heard 
 of. He remained about these parts until early in the Winter, when, hear- 
 ing nothing from the Griffin, he collected all the men — thirty working 
 men and three monks — and started again upon his great undertaking. 
 
 By a short portage they passed to the Illinois or Kankakee, called by 
 the Indians, "Theakeke," wolf^ because of the tribes of Indians called 
 by that name, commonly known as the Mahingans, dwelling there. The 
 French pronounced it Kiakihi, which became corrupted to Kankakee. 
 "Falling down the said river by easy journeys, the better to observe the 
 country," about the last of December they reached a village of the Illi- 
 nois Indians, containing some five hundred cabins, but at that moment 
 
26 THE NORTHWEST TERRITOEY. 
 
 no inhabitants. The Seur de LaSalle being in want of some breadstuffs, 
 took advantage of the absence of the Indians to help himself to a suffi- 
 ciency of maize, large quantities of which he found concealed in holes 
 under the wigwams. This village was situated near the present village 
 of Utica in LaSalle County, Illinois. The corn being securely stored, 
 the voyagers again betook themselves to the stream, and toward evening, 
 on the 4th day of January, 1680, they came into a lake which must have 
 been the lake of Peoria. This was called by the Indians Pim-i-te-zvi, that 
 is, a place where there are many fat beasts. Here the natives were met 
 with in large numbers, but they were gentle and kind, and having spent 
 some time with them, LaSalle determined to erect another fort in that 
 place, for he had heard rumors that some of the adjoining tribes were 
 trying to disturb the good feeling which existed, and some of his men 
 were disposed to complain, owing to the hardships and perils of the travel. 
 He called this fort " Orevecaeur'"' (broken-heart), a name expressive of the 
 very natural sorrow and anxiety which the pretty certain loss of his ship, 
 Griffin, and his consequent impoverishment, the danger of hostility on the 
 part of the Indians, and of mutiny among his own men, might well cause 
 him. His fears were not entirely groundless. At one time poison was 
 placed in his food, but fortunately was discovered. 
 
 While building this fort, the Winter wore away, the prairies began to 
 look green, and LaSalle, despairing of any reinforcements, concluded to 
 return to Canada, raise new means and new men, and embark anew in 
 the enterprise. For this purpose he made Hennepin the leader of a party 
 to explore the head waters of the Mississippi, and he set out on his jour- 
 ney. This journey was accomplished with the aid of a few persons, and 
 was successfully made, though over an almost u )known route, and in a 
 bad season of the year. He safely reached Cana ia, and set out again for 
 the object of his search. 
 
 Hennepin and his party left Fort Crevecoeur on the last of February, 
 1680. When LaSalle reached this place on his return expedition, he 
 found the fort entirely deserted, and he was obliged to return again to 
 Canada. He embarked the third time, and succeeded. Seven days after 
 leaving the fort, Hennepin reached the Mississippi, and paddling up the 
 icy stream as best he could, reached no higher than the Wisconsin River 
 by the 11th of April. Here he and his followers were taken prisoners by a 
 band of Northern Indians, who treated them with great kindness. Hen- 
 nepin's comrades were Anthony Auguel and Michael Ako. On this voy- 
 age they found several beautiful lakes, and " saw soma,charming prairies." 
 Their captors were the Isaute or Sauteurs, Chippewas, a tribe of the Sioux 
 nation, who took them up the river until about the first of May, when 
 they reached some falls, which Hennepin christened Falls of St. Anthony 
 
THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 
 
 27 
 
 in honor of his patron yaint. Here they took the land, and traveling 
 nearly two hundred miles to the northwest, brought them to their villages. 
 Here they were kept about three months, were treated kindly by their 
 captors, and at the end of that time, were met by a band of Frenchmen,, 
 
 BUFFALO HUNT. 
 
 headed by one Seur de Luth, who, in pursuit of trade and game, had pene- 
 trated thus far by the route of Lake Superior ; and with these fellow- 
 countrymen Hennepin and his companions were allowed to return to the 
 borders of civilized life in November, 1680, just after LaSalle had 
 returned to the wilderness on his second trip. Hennepin soon after went 
 to France, where he published an account of his adventures. 
 
28 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 
 
 The Mississippi was first discovered by De Soto in April, 1541, in his 
 vain endeavor to find gold and precious gems. In the following Spring, 
 De Soto, weary with hope long deferred, and worn out with his wander- 
 ings, he fell a victim to disease, and on the 21st of May died. His followers, 
 reduced by fatigue and disease to less than three hundred men, wandered 
 about the country nearly a year, in the vain endeavor to rescue them- 
 selves by land, and finally constructed seven small vessels, called brigan- 
 tines, in which they embarked, and descending the river, supposing it 
 would lead them to the sea, in July they came to the sea (Gulf of 
 Mexico), and by September reached the Island of Cuba. 
 
 They were the first to see the great outlet of the Mississippi ; but, 
 being so weary and discouraged, made no attempt to claim the country, 
 and hardly had an intelligent idea of what they had passed through. 
 
 To La Salle, the intrepid explorer, belongs the honor of giving the 
 first account of the mouths of the river. His great desire was to possess 
 this entire country for ^lis king, and in January, 1682, he and his band of 
 explorers left the shores of Lake Michigan on their third attempt, crossed 
 the portage, passed down the Illinois River, and on the 6th of February, 
 reached the banks of the Mississippi. 
 
 On the loth they commenced their downward course, which they 
 pursued with but one interruption, until upon the 6th of March they dis- 
 covered the three great passages by which the river discharges its waters 
 into the gulf. La Salle thus narrates the event : 
 
 " We landed on the bank of the most western channel, about three 
 leagues (nine miles) from its mouth. On the seventh, M. de LaSalle 
 went to reconnoiter the shores of the neighboring sea, and M. de Tonti 
 meanwhile examined the great middle channel. They found the main 
 outlets beautiful, large and deep. On the 8th we reascended the river, a 
 little above its confluence with the sea, to find a dry place beyond the 
 reach of inundations. The elevation of the North Pole was here about 
 twenty-seven degrees. Here we prepared a column and a cross, and to 
 the column were affixed the arms of France with this inscription : 
 
 Louis Le Grand, Roi De France et de Navarre, regne ; Le neuviiine Avril, 16S2. 
 
 The whole party, under arms, chanted the Te Beum, and then, after 
 a salute and cries of '■^Vive le Roi," the column Avas erected by M. de 
 La Salle, who, standing near it, proclaimed in a loud voice the authority of 
 the King of France. LaSalle returned and laid the foundations of the Mis- 
 sissippi settlements in Illinois, thence he proceeded to France, where 
 another expedition was fitted out, of which he was commander, and in two 
 succeeding voyages failed to find tlie outlet of the river by sailing along 
 the shore of the gulf. On his third voyage he was killed, through the 
 
THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 
 
 29 
 
 treachery of his followers, and the object of his expeditions was not 
 accomplished until 1699, when D'Iberville, under the authority of the 
 crown, discovered, on the second of March, by way of the sea, the mouth 
 of the " Hidden River." This majestic stream was called by the natives 
 '''- Malhouchia,'' and by the Spaniards, " Za Palissade," from the great 
 
 M-^^/^y 
 
 ■'?<t^ 
 
 TRAPPING. 
 
 number of trees about its mouth. After traversing the several outlets, 
 and satisfying himself as to its certainty, he erected a fort near its Avestern 
 outlet, and returned to France. 
 
 An avenue of trade Avas now opened out which Avas fully improved. 
 In 1718, New Orleans was laid out and settled by some European colo- 
 nists. In 1762, the colony was made over to Spain, to be regained by 
 France under the consulate of Napoleon. In 1803, it Avas purchased by 
 
30 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 
 
 the United States for the sum of fifteen million dollars, and the territory 
 of Louisiana and commerce of the Mississippi River came under the 
 charge of the United States. Although LaSalle's labors ended in defeac 
 and death, he had not worked and suffered in vain. He had thrown 
 open to France and the world an immense and most valuable country ; 
 had established several ports, and laid the foundations of more than one 
 settlement there. " Peoria, Kaskaskia and Cahokia, are to this day monu- 
 ments of LaSalle's labors ; for, though he had founded neither of them 
 (unless Peoria, which was built nearly upon the site of Fort Crevecoeur,) 
 it was by those whom he led into the West that these places were 
 peopled and civilized. He was, if not the discoverer, the first settler of 
 the Mississippi Valley, and as such deserves to be known and honored." 
 
 Tlie French early improved the opening made for them. Before the 
 year 1698, the Rev. Father Gravier began a mission among the Illinois, 
 and founded Kaskaskia. For some time this was merely a missionary 
 station, where none but natives resided, it being one of three such vil- 
 lages, the other two being Cahokia and Peoria. What is known of 
 these missions is learned from a letter written by Father Gabriel Marest, 
 dated " Aux Cascaskias, autrement dit de rinimaculate Conception de 
 la Sainte Vierge, le 9 Novembre, 1712." Soon after the founding of 
 Kaskaskia, the missionary, Pinet, gathered a flock at Cahokia, while 
 Peoria arose near the ruins of Fort Crevecoeur. This must have been 
 about the year 1700. The post at Vincennes on the Oubache river, 
 (pronounced Wa-ba, meaning summer doud moving swiftly^ was estab- 
 lished in 1702, according to the best authorities.* It is altogether prob- 
 able that on LaSalle's last trip he established the stations at Kaskaskia 
 and Cahokia. In July, 1701, the foundations of Fort Ponchartrain 
 were laid by De la Motte- Cadillac on the Detroit River. These sta- 
 tions, with those established further north, were the earliest attempts to 
 occupy the Northwest Territory. At the same time efforts were being 
 made to occupy the Southwest, which finally culminated in the settle- 
 ment and founding of the City of New Orleans by a colony from England 
 in 1718. This was mainly accomplished through the efforts of the 
 famous Mississippi Company, established by the notorious John Law, 
 who so quickly arose into prominence in France, and who with his 
 scheme so quickly and so ignominiously passed away. 
 
 From the time of the founding of these stations for fifty years the 
 French nation were engrossed with the settlement of the lower Missis- 
 sippi, and the war with the Chicasaws, who had, in revenge for repeated 
 
 * There is considerable dispute about tliis date, some asserting it was founded as late as 1742. Wbeii 
 the new court house at Vincennes was erected, all authorities on the subject were carefully examined, and 
 i V02 fixed upon as the correct date. It was accordingly engraved on the corner-stone of the court house. 
 
THE NOKTHWEST TEKRITORY. 31 
 
 injuries, cut off the entire colony at Natchez. Although the company 
 did little for Louisiana, as the entire West was then called, yet it opened 
 the trade through the Mississippi River, and started the raising of grains 
 indigenous to that climate. Until the year 1T50, but little is known of 
 the settlements in the Northwest, as it was not until this time that the 
 attention of the English was called to the occupation of this portion of the 
 New World, which they then supposed they owned. Vivier, a missionary 
 among the Illinois, writing from " Aux Illinois," six leagues from Fort 
 Chartres, June 8, 1750, says: "We have here whites, negroes and 
 Indians, to say nothing of cross-breeds. There are five French villages, 
 and three villages of the natives, within a space of twenty-one leagues 
 situated between the Mississippi and another river called the Karkadaid 
 (Kaskaskias). In the five French villages are, perhaps, eleven hundred 
 whites, three hundred blacks and some sixty red slaves or savages. The 
 three Illinois towns do not contain more than eight hundred souls all 
 told. Most of the French till the soil; they raise wheat, cattle, pigs and 
 horses, and live like princes. Three times as much is produced as can 
 be consumed ; and great quantities of grain and flour are sent to New 
 Orleans." This city was now the seaport town of the Northwest, and 
 save in the extreme northern part, where only furs and copper ore were 
 found, almost all the products of the country found their way to France 
 by the mouth of the Father of Waters. In another letter, dated Novem- 
 ber 7, 1750, this same priest says : " For fifteen leagues above the 
 mouth of the Mississippi one sees no dwellings, the ground being too low 
 to be habitable. Thence to New Orleans, the lands are only partially 
 occupied. New Orleans contains black, white and red, not more, I 
 think, than twelve hundred persons. To this point come all lumber, 
 bricks, salt-beef, tallow, tar, skins and bear's grease ; and above all, pork 
 and flour from the Illinois. These things create some commerce, as forty 
 vessels and more have come hither this year. Above New Orleans, 
 plantations are again met with ; the most considerable is a colony of 
 Germans, some ten leagues up the river. At Point Coupee, thirty-five 
 leagues above the German settlement, is a fort. Along here, within five 
 or six leagues, are not less than sixty habitations. Fifty leagues farther 
 up is the Natchez post, where we have a garrison, who are kept prisoners 
 through fear of the Chickasaws. Here and at Point Coupee, they raise 
 excellent tobacco. Another hundred leagues brings us to the Arkansas, 
 where we have also a fort and a garrison for the benefit of the river 
 traders. * * * From the Arkansas to the Illinois, nearly five hundred 
 leagues, there is not a settlement. There should be, however, a fort at 
 the Oubache (Ohio), the only path by which the English can reach the 
 Mississippi. In the Illinois country are numberless mines, but no one to 
 
32 
 
 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 
 
 work them as they deserve." Father Marest, writing from the post at 
 Vincennesin 1812, makes the same observation. Vivier also says : " Some 
 individuals dig lead near the surface and supply the Indians and Canada. 
 Two Spaniards now here, who claim to be adepts, say that our mines are 
 like those of Mexico, and that if we would dig deeper, we should find 
 silver under the lead ; and at any rate the lead is excellent. Thei'e is also 
 in this country, beyond doubt, copper ore, as from time to time large 
 pieces are found in the streams." 
 
 1^ iBc *^f^ > 
 
 ji'/CKCK^^' 
 
 HUNTING. 
 
 At the close of the year 1750, the French occupied, in addition to the 
 lower Mississippi posts and those in Illinois, one at Du Quesne, one at 
 the Maumee in the country of the Miamis, and one at Sandusky in what 
 may be termed the Ohio Valley. In the northern part of the Northwest 
 they had stations at St. Joseph's on the St. Joseph's of Lake Micliigan, 
 at Fort Ponchartrain (Detroit), at Michillimackanac or Massillimacanac, 
 Fox River of Green Bay, and at Sault Ste. Marie. The fondest dreams of 
 LaSalle were now fully realized. The French alone were possessors of 
 this vast realm, basing their claim on discovery and settlement. Another 
 nation, however, was now turning its attention to this extensive country, 
 
THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 33 
 
 and hearing of its wealth, began to lay plans for occupying it and for 
 securing the great profits arising therefrom. 
 
 The French, however, had another claim to this country, namely, the 
 
 DISCOVERY OF THE OHIO. 
 
 This " Beautiful " river was discovered by Robert Cavalier de La- 
 Salle in 1669, four years before the discovery of the Mississippi by Joliet 
 and Marquette. 
 
 While LaSalle was at his trading post on the St. Lawrence, he found 
 leisure to study nine Indian dialects, the chief of which was the Iroquois. 
 He not only desired to facilitate his intercourse in trade, but he longed 
 to travel and explore the unknown regions of the West. An incident 
 soon occurred which decided him to fit out an exploring expedition. 
 
 While conversing with some Senecas, he learned of a river called the 
 Ohio, which rose in their country and flowed to the sea, but at such a 
 distance that it required eight months to reach its mouth. In this state- 
 ment the Mississippi and its tributaries were considered as one stream. 
 LaSalle believing, as most of the French at that period did, that the great 
 rivers flowing west emptied into the Sea of California, was anxious to 
 embark in the enterprise of discovering a route across the continelit to 
 the commerce of China and Japan. 
 
 He repaired at once to Quebec to obtain the approval of the Gov- 
 ernor. His eloquent appeal prevailed. The Governor and the Intendant^ 
 Talon, issued letters patent authorizing the enterprise, but made no pro- 
 vision to defray the expenses. At this juncture the seminary of St. Sul- 
 pice decided to send out missionaries in connection with the expedition^ 
 and LaSalle offering to sell his improvements at LaChine to raise money». 
 the offer was accepted by the Superior, and two thousand eight hundred 
 dollars were raised, with which LaSalle purchased four canoes and the 
 necessary supplies for the outfit. 
 
 On the 6th of July, 1669, the party, numbering twenty-four persons, 
 embarked in seven canoes on the St. Lawrence ; two additional canoes 
 carried the Indian guides. In three days they were gliding over the 
 bosom of Lake Ontario. Their guides conducted them directly to the 
 Seneca village on the bank of the Genesee, in the vicinity of the present 
 City of Rochester, New York. Here they expected to procure guides to 
 conduct them to the Ohio, but in this they were disappointed. 
 
 The Indians seemed unfriendly to the enterprise. LaSalle suspected 
 that the Jesuits had prejudiced their minds against his plans. After 
 waiting a month in. the hope of gaining their object, they met an Indian 
 
34 
 
 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 
 
 from the Iroquois colony at the head of Lake Ontario, who assured them 
 that they could there find guides, and offered to conduct them thence. 
 
 On their way they passed the mouth of the Niagara River, when they 
 heard for the first time the distant thunder of the cataract. Arriving 
 
 ^•Q^H.^e 
 
 IKOyUOlS VUiKb\ 
 
 among the Iroquois, they met with a friendly reception, and learned 
 from a Shawanee prisoner that they could reach the Ohio in six weeks. 
 Delighted with the unexpected good fortune, they made ready to resume 
 their journey ; but just as they were about to start they heard of the 
 arrival of two Frenchmen in a neighboring village. One of them proved 
 to be Louis Joliet, afterwards famous as an exploiter in the West. He 
 
THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 35 
 
 had been sent by the Canadian Government to explore the copper mines 
 on Lake Superior, but had failed, and was on his way back to Quebec. 
 He gave the missionaries a map of the country he had explored in the 
 lake region, together with an account of the condition of the Indians in 
 that quarter. This induced the priests to determine on leaving the 
 expedition and going to Lake Superior. LaSalle warned them that the 
 Jesuits were probably occupying that field, and that they would meet 
 with a cold reception. Nevertheless they persisted in their purpose, and 
 after worship on the lake shore, parted from LaSalle. On arriving at 
 Lake Superior, they found, as LaSalle had predicted, the Jesuit Fathers, 
 Marquette and Dablon, occupying the field. 
 
 These zealous disciples of Loyola informed them that they wanted 
 no assistance from St. Sulpice, nor from those who made him their patron 
 saint ; and thus repulsed, they returned to Montreal the following June 
 without having made a single discovery or converted a single Indian. 
 
 After parting with the priests, LaSalle went to the chief Iroquois 
 village at Onondaga, where he obtained guides, and passing thence to a 
 tributary of the Ohio south of Lake Erie, he descended the latter as far 
 as the falls at Louisville. Thus was the Ohio discovered by LaSalle, the 
 persevering and successful French explorer of the West, in 1669. 
 
 The account of the latter part of his journey is found in an anony- 
 mous paper, which purports to have been taken from the lips of LaSalle 
 himself during a subsequent visit to Paris. In a letter written to Count 
 Frontenac in 1667, shortly after the discovery, he himself says that he 
 discovered the Ohio and descended it to the falls. This was regarded as 
 an indisputable fact by the French authorities, who claimed the Ohio 
 Valley upon another ground. When Washington was sent by the colony 
 of Virginia in 1753, to demand of Gordeur de St. Pierre why the French 
 had built a fort on the Monongahela, the haughty commandant at Quebec 
 replied : " We claim the country on the Ohio by virtue of the discoveries 
 of LaSalle, and will not give it up to the English. Our orders are to 
 make prisoners of every Englishman found trading in the Ohio Valley." 
 
 ENGLISH EXPLORATIONS AND SETTLEMENTS. 
 
 When the new year of 1750 broke in upon the Father of Waters 
 and the Great Northwest, all was still wild save at the French posts 
 already described. In 1749, when the English first began to think seri- 
 ously about sending men into the West, the greater portion of the States 
 of Indiana, Ohio, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota were yet 
 under the dominion of the red men. The English knew, however, pretty 
 
36 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 
 
 conclusively of the nature of the wealth of these wilds. As early as 
 1710, Governor Spotswoocl, of Virginia, had commenced movements to 
 secure the country west of the Alleghenies to the English crown. In 
 Pennsylvania, Governor Keith and James Logan, secretary of the prov- 
 ince, from 1719 to 1731, represented to the powers of England the neces- 
 sity of securing the Western lands. Nothing was done, however, b}^ that 
 power save to take some diplomatic steps to secure the claims of Britain 
 to this unexplored wilderness. 
 
 England had from the outset claimed from the Atlantic to the Pacific, 
 on the ground that the discovery of the seacoast and its possession was a 
 discovery and possession of the country, and, as is well known, her grants 
 to the colonies extended " from sea to sea." This was not all her claim. 
 She had purchased from the Indian tribes large tracts of land. This lat- 
 ter was also a strong argument. As early as 1681, Lord H oward, Gov- 
 ernor of Virginia, held a treaty with the six nations. These were the 
 great Northern Confederacy, and comprised at first the Mohawks, Onei- 
 das, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas. Afterward the Tuscaroras were 
 taken into the confederacy, and it became known as the Six Nations. 
 They came under the protection of the mother country, and again in 
 1701, they repeated the agreement, and in September, 1726, a formal deed 
 was drawn up and signed by the chiefs. The validity of this claim has 
 often been disputed, but never successfully. In 1744, a purchase was 
 made at Lancaster,. Pennsylvania, of certain lands within the " Colony of 
 Virginia," for which the Indians received £200 in gold and a like sum in 
 goods, with a promise that, as settlements increased, more should be paid. 
 The Commissioners from Virginia were Colonel Thomas Lee and Colonel 
 William Beverly. As settlements extended, the promise of more pay was 
 called to mind, and Mr. Conrad Weiser was sent across the mountains with 
 presents to appease the savages. Col. Lee, and some Virginians accompa- 
 nied him with the intention of sounding the Indians upon their feelings 
 regarding the English. They were not satisfied with their treatment, 
 and plainly told the Commissioners why. The English did not desire the 
 cultivation of the country, but the monopoly of the Indian trade. In 
 1748, the Ohio Company was formed, and petitioned the king for a grant 
 of- land beyond the Alleghenies. This was granted, and the government 
 of Virginia was ordered to grant to them a half million acres, two hun- 
 dred thousand of which were to be located at once. Upon the 12th of 
 June, 1749, 800,000 acres from the line of Canada north and west was 
 made to the Loyal Company, and on the 29th of October, 1751, 100,000 
 acres were given to the Greenbriar Company. All this time the French 
 were not idle. They saw that, should the British gain a foothold in the 
 West, especially upon the Ohio, they might not only prevent the French 
 
THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 37 
 
 settling upon it, but in time would come to the lower posts and so gain 
 possession of tlie whole country. Upon the 10th of May, 1774, Vaud- 
 reuil. Governor of Canada and the French possessions, well knowing the 
 consequences that must arise from allowing the English to build trading 
 posts in the Northwest, seized some of their frontier posts, and to further 
 secure the claim of the French to the West, he, in 1749, sent Louis Cel- 
 eron with a party of soldiers to plant along the Ohio River, in the mounds 
 and at the mouths of its principal tributaries, plates of lead, on which 
 were inscribed the claims of France. These Avere heard of in 1752, and 
 within the memory of residents now living along the "• Oyo," as the 
 beautiful river was called by the French. One of these plates was found 
 with the inscription partly defaced. It bears date August 16, 1749, and 
 a copy of the inscription with .particular account of the discovery of the 
 plate, was sent by DeWitt Clinton to the American Antiquarian Society, 
 among whose journals it may now be found.* These measures did not,, 
 however, deter the English from going on with their explorations, and 
 though neither party resorted to arms, yet the conflict was gathering, and 
 it was only a question of time when the storm would burst upon the 
 frontier settlements. In 1750, Christopher Gist was sent by the Ohio 
 Company to examine its lands. He went to a village of the Twigtwees, 
 on the Miami, about one hundred and fifty miles above its mouth. He 
 afterward spoke of it as very populous. From there he went down 
 the Ohio River nearly to the falls at the present City of Louisville, 
 and in- November he commenced a survey of the Company's lands. Dur- 
 ing the Winter, General Andrew Lewis performed a similar work for the 
 Greenbriar Company. Meanwhile the French were bus}^ in preparing 
 their forts for defense, and in opening roads, and also sent a small party 
 of soldiers to keep the Ohio clear. This party, having heard of the Eng- 
 lish post on the Miami River, early in 1652, assisted by the Ottawas and 
 Chippewas, attacked it, and, after a severe battle, in which fourteen of 
 the natives were killed and others wounded, captured the garrison. 
 (They were probably garrisoned in a block house). The traders were 
 carried away to Canada, and one account says several were burned. This 
 fort or post was called by the English Pickawillany. A memorial of the 
 king's ministers refers to it as " Fickawillanes, in the center of the terri- 
 tory between the Ohio and the Wabash. The name is probably some 
 variation of Pickaway or Picqua in 1773, written by Rev. David Jones 
 Pickaweke." 
 
 ■* The following Is a translation of the inscription on the plate: "In the year 1749. reign of Louis XV., 
 King of France, we, Celeron, commandant of a detachment by Monsieur the Marquis of Gallisoniere, com- 
 mander-in-chief of New France, to establish tranquility in certain Indian villages of these cantons, have 
 buried this plate at the confluence of the Toradakoin, this twenty- ninth of July, near the river Ohio, otherwise 
 Beautiful River, as a monument of renewal of possession which we have taken of the said river, and all its 
 tributaries; inasmucli as the preceding Kings of France have enjoyed it, and maintained it by their arms anci 
 treaties; especially by those of Ryswick, Utrecht, and Aix La Chapelle." 
 
88 THE NORTHWEST TERRITOEY. 
 
 This was the first blood shed between the French and English, and 
 occurred near the present City of Piqua?, Ohio, or at least at a point about 
 forty-seven miles north of Dayton. Each nation became now more inter- 
 ested in the progress of events in the Northwest. The English deter- 
 mined to purchase from the Indians a title to the lands they wished to 
 occupy, and Messrs. Fry (afterward Commander-in-chief over Washing- 
 ton at the commencement of the French War of 1775-1763), Lomax and 
 Patton were sent in the Spring of 1752 to hold a conference with the 
 natives at Logstown to learn what they objected to in the treaty of Lan- 
 caster already noticed, and to settle all difficulties. On the 9th of June, 
 these Commissioners met the red men at Logstown, a little village on the 
 north bank of the Ohio, about seventeen miles below the site of Pitts- 
 burgh. Here had been a trading point for many years, but it was aban- 
 doned by the Indians in 1750. At first the Indians declined to recognize 
 the treaty of Lancaster, but, the Commissioners taking aside Montour, 
 the interpreter, who was a son of the famous Catharine Montour, and a 
 chief among the six nations, induced him to use his influence in their 
 favor. This he did, and upon the 13th of June they all united in signing 
 a deed, confirming the Lancaster treaty in its full extent, consenting to a 
 settlement of the southeast of the Ohio, and guaranteeing that it should 
 not be disturbed by them. These were the means used to obtain the first 
 treaty with the Indians in the Ohio Valley. 
 
 Meanwhile the powers beyond the sea were trying to out-manoeuvre 
 each other, and were professing to be at peace. The English generally 
 outwitted the Indians, and failed in many instances to fulfill their con- 
 tracts. They thereby gained the ill-will of the red men, and further 
 increased the feeling by failing to provide them with arms and ammuni- 
 tion. Said an old chief, at Easton, in 1758 : " The Indians on the Ohio 
 left you because of your own fault. When we heard the French were 
 coming, we asked you for help and arms, but we did not get them. The 
 French came, they treated us kindly, and gained our affections. The 
 Governor of Virginia settled on our lands for his own benefit, and, when 
 we wanted help, forsook us." 
 
 At the beginning of 1653, the English thought they had secured by 
 title tlie lands in the West, but the French had quietly gathered cannon 
 and military stores to be in readiness for the expected blow. The Eng- 
 lish made other attempts to ratify these existing treaties, but not until 
 the Summer could the Indians be gathered together to discuss the plans 
 of the French. They had sent messages to the French, warning them 
 away.; but they replied that they intended to complete the chain of forts 
 already begun, and would not abandon the field. 
 
 Soon after this, no satisfaction being obtained from the Ohio regard- 
 
THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 39 
 
 ing the positions and purposes of the French, Governor Dinwiddie of 
 Virginia determined to send to them another messenger and learn from 
 them, if possible, their intentions. For this purpose he selected a young 
 man, a surveyor, who, at the early age of nineteen, had received the rank 
 of Inajor, and who was thoroughly posted regarding frontier life. This 
 personage was no other than the illustrious George Washington, who then 
 held considerable interest in Western lands. He was at this time just 
 twenty-two years of age. Taking Gist as his guide, the two, accompanied 
 by four servitors, set out on their perilous march. They left Will's 
 Creek on the 10th of November, 1753, and on the 22d reached the Monon- 
 gahela, about ten miles above the fork. From there they went to 
 Logstown, where Washington had a long conference with the chiefs of 
 the Six Nations. From them he learned the condition of the French, and 
 also heard of their determination not to come down the river till the fol- 
 lowing Spring. The Indians were non-committal, as they were afraid to 
 turn either way, and, as far as they could, desired to remain neutral. 
 Washington, finding nothing could be done with them, went on to 
 Venango, an old Indian town at the mouth of French Creek. Here the 
 French had a fort, called Fort Machault. Through the rum and flattery 
 of the French, he nearly lost all his Indian followers. Finding nothing 
 of importance here, he pursued his way amid great privations, and on the 
 11th of December reached the fort at the head of French Creek. Here 
 he delivered Governor Dinwiddle's letter, received his answer, took his 
 observations, and on the 16th set out upon his return journey with no one 
 but Gist, his guide, and a few Indians who still remained true to him, 
 notwithstanding the endeavors of the French to retain them. Their 
 homeward journey was one of great peril and suffering from the cold, yet 
 they reached home in safety on the 6th of January, 1754. 
 
 From the letter of St. Pierre, commander of the French fort, sent by 
 Washington to Governor Dinwiddie, it was learned that the French would 
 not give up without a struggle. Active preparations were at once made 
 in all the English colonies for the coming conflict, while the French 
 finished the fort at Venango and strengthened their lines of fortifications, 
 and gathered their forces to be in readiness. 
 
 The Old Dominion was all alive. Virginia was the center of great 
 activities ; volunteers were called for, and from all the neighboring 
 colonies men rallied to the conflict, and everywhere along the Potomac 
 men were enlisting under the Governor's proclamation — which promised 
 two hundred thousand acres on the Ohio. Along this river they were 
 gathering as far as Will's Creek, and far beyond this point, whither Trent 
 had come for assistance for his little band of forty-one men, who were 
 
40 ' THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 
 
 working away in hunger and ^yant, to fortify that point at the fork of 
 the Ohio, to which both parties were looking with deep interest. 
 
 " The first birds of Spring filled the air with their song ; the swift 
 river rolled by the Allegheny hillsides, swollen by the melting snows of 
 Spring and the April showers. The leaves were appearing ; a few Indian 
 scouts were seen, but no enemy seemed near at hand ; and all was so quiet, 
 that Frazier, an old Indian scout and trader, who had been left by Trent 
 in command, ventured to his home at the mouth of Turtle Creek, ten 
 miles up the Monongahela. But, though all was so quiet in that wilder- 
 ness, keen eyes had seen the low intrenchment rising at the fork, and 
 swift feet had borne the news of it up the river ; and upon the morning 
 of the 17th of April, Ensign Ward, who then had charge of it, saw 
 upon the Allegheny a sight that made his heart sink — sixty batteaux and 
 three hundred canoes filled with men, and laden deep Avith cannon and 
 stores. * * * That evening he supped with his captor, Contrecoeur, 
 and the next day he was bowed off by the Frenchman, and with his men 
 and tools, marched up the Monongahela." 
 
 The French and Indian war had begun. Tlie treaty of Aix la 
 Chapelle, in 1748, had left the boundaries between the French and 
 English possessions unsettled, and the events already narrated show the 
 French were determined to hold the country watered by the Mississippi 
 and its tributaries ; while the English laid claims to the country by virtue 
 of the discoveries of the Cabots, and claimed all the country from. New- 
 foundland to Florida, extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The 
 first decisive blow had now been struck, and the first attempt of the 
 English, through the Ohio Company, to occupy these lands, had resulted 
 disastrously to them. The French and Indians immediately completed 
 the fortifications begun at the Fork, which they had so easily captured, 
 and when completed gave to the fort the name of DuQuesne. Washing- 
 ton was at Will's Creek when the news of the capture of the fort arrived. 
 He at once departed to recapture it. On his way he entrenched him- 
 self at a place called the " Meadows," where he erected a fort called 
 by him Fort Necessity. From there he surprised and captured a force of 
 French and Indians marching against him, but was soon after attacked 
 in his fort by a much superior force, and was obliged to yield on the 
 morning of Jalv 4th. He was allowed to return to Virginia. 
 
 The English Government immediately planned four campaigns ; one 
 against Fort DuQuesne ; one against Nova Scotia ; one against Fort 
 Niagara, and one against Crown Point. These occurred during 1755-6, 
 and were not successful in driving the French from their possessions. 
 The expedition against Fort DuQuesne was led by the famous General 
 Braddock, who, refusing to listen to the advice of Washington and those 
 
THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 41 
 
 acquainted with Indian warfare, suffered such an inglorious defeat. This 
 occurred on the morning of July 9th, and is generally known as the battle 
 of Monongahela, or " Braddock's Defeat." The war continued with 
 various vicissitudes through the years 1756-7 ; when, at the commence- 
 ment of 1758, in accordance with the plans of William Pitt, then Secre- 
 tary of State, afterwards Lord Chatham, active preparations were made to 
 carry on the war. Three expeditions were planned for this year : one, 
 under General Amherst, against Louisburg ; another, under Abercrombie, 
 against Fort Ticonderoga ; and a third, under General Forbes, against 
 Fort DuQuesne. On the 26th of July, Louisburg surrendered after a 
 desperate resistance of more than forty days, and the eastern part of the 
 Canadian possessions fell into the hands of the British. Abercrombie 
 captured Fort Frontenac, and when the expedition against Fort DuQuesne, 
 of which Washington had the active command, arrived there, it was 
 found in flames and deserted. The English at once took possession, 
 rebuilt the fort, and in honor of their illustrious statesman, changed the 
 name to Fort Pitt. 
 
 The great object of the campaign of 1759, was the reduction of 
 Canada. General Wolfe was to lay siege to Quebec ; Amherst was to 
 reduce Ticonderoga and Crown Point, and General Prideaux was to 
 capture Niagara. This latter place was taken in July, but the gallant 
 Prideaux lost his life in the attempt. Amherst captured Ticonderoga 
 and Crown Point without a blow ; and Wolfe, after making the memor- 
 able ascent to the Plains of Abraham, on September 13th, defeated 
 Montcalm, and on the 18th, the city capitulated. In this engagement 
 Montcolm and Wolfe both lost their lives. De Levi, Montcalm's successor, 
 marched to Sillery, three miles above the city, with the purpose of 
 defeating the English, and there, on the 28th of the following April, was 
 fought one of the bloodiest battles of the French and Indian War. It 
 resulted in the defeat of the French, and the fall of the City of Montreal. 
 The Governor signed a capitulation by which the whole of Canada was 
 surrendered to the English. This practically concluded the war, but it 
 was not until 1763 that the treaties of peace between France and England 
 were signed. This was done on the 10th of February of that year, and 
 under its provisions all the country east of the Mississippi and north of 
 the Iberville River, in Louisiana, were ceded to England. At the same 
 time Spain ceded Florida to Great Britain. 
 
 On the 13th of September, 1760, Major Robert Rogers was sent 
 from Montreal to take charge of Detroit, the only remaining French post 
 in the territory. He arrived there on the 19th of November, and sum- 
 moned the place to surrender. At first the commander of the post, 
 Beletre^ refused, but on the 29th, hearing of the continued defeat of the 
 
42 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 
 
 French arms, surrendered. Rogers remained there until December 23d 
 under the personal protection of the celebrated chief, Pontiac, to whom, 
 no doubt, he owed his safety. Pontiac had come here to inquire the 
 purposes of the English in taking possession of the country. He was 
 assured that they came simply to trade with the natives, and did not 
 desire their country. This answer conciliated the savages, and did much 
 to insure the safety of Rogers and his party during their stay, and while 
 on their journey home. 
 
 Rogers set out for Fort Pitt on December 23, and was just one 
 month on the way. His route was from Detroit to Maumee, thence 
 across the present State of Ohio directly to the fort. This was the com- 
 mon trail of the Indians in their journeys from Sandusky to the fork of 
 the Ohio. It went from Fort Sandusky, where Sandusky City now is, 
 crossed the Huron river, then called Bald Eagle Creek, to " Mohickon 
 John's Town " on Mohickon Creek, the northern branch of White 
 Woman's River, and thence crossed to Beaver's Town, a Delaware town 
 on what is now Sandy Creek. At Beaver's Town were probably one 
 hundred and fifty warriors, and not less than three thousand acres of 
 cleared land. From there the track went up Sandy Creek to and across 
 Big Beaver, and up the Ohio to Logstown, thence on to the fork. 
 
 The Northwest Territory was now entirely under the English rule. 
 New settlements began to be rapidly made, and the promise of a large 
 trade was speedily manifested. Had the British carried out their promises 
 with the natives none of those savage butcheries would have been perpe- 
 trated, and the country would have been spared their recital. 
 
 The renowned chief, Pontiac, was one of the leading spirits in these 
 atrocities. We will now pause in our narrative, and notice the leading 
 events in his life. The earliest authentic information regarding this 
 noted Indian chief is learned from an account of an Indian trader named 
 Alexander Henry, who, in the Spring of 1761, penetrated his domains as 
 far as Missillimacnac. Pontiac was then a great friend of the French, 
 but a bitter foe of the English, whom he considered as encroaching on his 
 hunting grounds. Henry was obliged to disguise himself as a Canadian 
 to insure safety, but was discovered by Pontiac, who bitterly reproached 
 him and the English for their attempted subjugation of the West. He 
 declared that no treaty had been made with them; no presents sent 
 them, and that he would resent any possession of the West by that nation. 
 He was at the time about fifty years of age, tall and dignified, and was 
 civil and military ruler of the Ottawas, Ojibwas and Pottawatamies. 
 
 The Indians, from Lake Michigan to the borders of North Carolina, 
 were united in this feeling, and at the time of the treaty of Paris, ratified 
 February 10, 1763, a general conspiracy was formed to fall suddenly 
 
THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 
 
 m 
 
 PONTIAC, THE OTTAWA CHIEFTAIN. 
 
44 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 
 
 upon the frontier British posts, and with one blow strike every man dead. 
 Pontiac was the marked leader in all this, and was the commander 
 of the Chippewas, Ottawas, Wyandots, Miamis, Shawanese, Delawares 
 and Mingoes, who had, for the time, laid aside their local quarrels to unit© 
 in this enterprise. 
 
 The blow came, as near as can now be ascertained, on May 7, 176-^, 
 Nine British posts fell, and the Indians drank, " scooped up in the hollow 
 of joined hands," the blood of many a Briton. 
 
 Pontiac's immediate field of action was the garrison at Detroit. 
 Here, however, the plans were frustrated by an Indian woman disclosing 
 the plot the evening previous to his arrival. Everything was carried out, 
 however, according to Pontiac's plans until the moment of action, when 
 Major Gladwyn, the commander of the post, stepping to one of the Indian 
 chiefs, suddenly drew aside his blanket and disclosed the concealed 
 musket. Pontiac, though a brave man, turned j^ale and trembled. He 
 saw his plan was known, and that the garrison were prepared. He 
 endeavored to exculpate himself from any such intentions ; but the guilt 
 was evident, and he and his followers were dismissed with a severe 
 reprimand, and warned never to again enter the walls of the post. 
 
 Pontiac at once laid siege to the fort, and until the treaty of peace 
 between the British and the Western Indians, concluded in August, 1764, 
 continued to harass and besiege the fortress. He organized a regular 
 commissariat department, issued bills of credit written out on bark, 
 which, to his credit, it may be stated, were punctually redeemed. At 
 the conclusion of the treaty, in which it seems he took no part, he went 
 further south, living many years among the Illinois. 
 
 He had given up all hope of saving his country and race. After a 
 time he endeavored to unite the Illinois tribe and those about St. Louis 
 in a war with the whites. His efforts were fruitless, and only ended in a 
 quarrel between himself and some Kaskaskia Indians, one of whom soon 
 afterwards killed him. His death was, however, avenged by the northern 
 Indians, who nearly exterminated the Illinois in the wars which followed. 
 
 Had it not been for the treachery of a few of his followers, his plan 
 for the extermination of the whites, a masterly one, would undoubtedly 
 have been carried out. 
 
 It was in the Spring of the year following Rogers' visit that Alex- 
 ander Henry went to Missillimacnac, and everywhere found the strongest 
 feelings against the English, who had not carried out their promises, and 
 were doing nothing to conciliate the natives. Here he met the chief, 
 Pontiac, who, after conveying to him in a speech the idea that their 
 French father would awake soon and utterly destroy his enemies, said : 
 *' Englishman, although you have conquered the French, you have not 
 
THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 45 
 
 yet conquered us ! We are not your slaves! These lakes, these woods, 
 these mountains, were left us by our ancestors. They are our inheritance, 
 and we will part with them to none. Your nation supposes that we, like 
 the white people, can not live without bread and pork and beef. But you 
 ought to know that He, the Great Spirit and Master of Life, has provided 
 food for us upon these broad lakes and in these mountains." 
 
 He then spoke of the fact that no treaty had been made with them, 
 no presents sent them, and that he and his people were yet for war. 
 Such were the feelings of the Northwestern Indians immediately after 
 the English took possession of their country. These feelings were no 
 doubt encouraged by the Canadians and French, who hoped that yet the 
 French arms might prevail. The treaty of Paris, however, gave to the 
 English the right to this vast domain, and active preparations were going 
 on to occupy it and enjoy its trade and emoluments. 
 
 In 1762, France, by a secret treaty, ceded Louisiana to Spain, to pre- 
 vent it falling into the hands of the English, who were becoming masters 
 of the entire West. The next year the treaty of Paris, signed at Fon- 
 tainbleau, gave to the English the domain of the country in question. 
 Twenty years after, by the treaty of peace between the United States 
 and England, that part of Canada lying south and west of the Great 
 Lakes, comprehending a large territory which is the subject of these 
 sketches, Avas acknowledged to be a portion of the United States ; and 
 twenty years still later, in 1803, Louisiana was ceded by Spain back to 
 France, and by France sold to the United States. 
 
 In the half century, from the building of the Fort of Crevecoeur by 
 LaSalle, in 1680, up to the erection of Fort Chartres, many French set- 
 tlements had been made in that quarter. These have already been 
 noticed, being those at St. Vincent (Vincennes), Kohokia or Cahokia, 
 Kaskaskia and Prairie du Rocher, on the American Bottom, a large tract 
 of rich alluvial soil m Illinois, on the Mississippi, opposite the site of St. 
 Louis. 
 
 By the treaty of Paris, the regions east of the Mississippi, including 
 all these and other towns of the Northwest, were given over to England; 
 but they do not appear to have btsn taken possession of until 1765, when 
 Captain Stirling, in the name of the Majesty of England, established him- 
 self at Fort Chartres bearing with him the proclamation of General Gage, 
 dated December 30, 1764, which promised religious freedom to all Cath- 
 olics who worshiped here, and a right to leave the country with their 
 effects if they wished, or to remain with the privileges of Englishmen. 
 It was shortly after the occupancy of the West by the British that the 
 war with Pontiac opened. It is already noticed in the sketch of that 
 chieftain- By it many a Briton lost his life, and many a frontier settle- 
 
46 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 
 
 ment in its infancy ceased to exist. This was not ended until the year 
 1764, when, failing to capture Detroit, Niagara and Fort Pitt, his confed- 
 eracy became disheartened, and, receiving no aid from the French, Pon- 
 tiac abandoned the enterprise and departed to the Illinois, among whom 
 he afterward lost his life. 
 
 As soon as these difficulties were definitely settled, settlers began 
 rapidly to survey the country and prepare for occupation. During the 
 year 1770, a number of persons from Virginia and other British provinces 
 explored and marked out nearly all the valuable lands on the Mononga- 
 hela and along the banks of the Ohio as far as the Little Kanawha. This 
 was followed by another exploring expedition, in which George Washing- 
 ton was a party. The latter, accompanied by Dr. Craik, Capt. Crawford 
 and others, on the 20th of October, 1770, descended the Ohio from Pitts- 
 burgh to the mouth of the Kanawha ; ascended that stream about fourteen 
 miles, marked out several large tracts of land, shot several buffalo, which 
 were then abundant in the Ohio Valley, and returned to the fort. 
 
 Pittsburgh was at this time a trading post, about which was clus- 
 tered a village of some twenty houses, inhabited by Indian traders. This 
 same year, Capt. Pittman visited Kaskaskia and its neighboring villages. 
 He found there about sixty-five resident families, and at Cahokia only 
 forty-five dwellings. At Fort Chartres was another small settlement, and 
 at Detroit the garrison were quite prosperous and strong. For a year 
 or two settlers continued to locate near some of these posts, generally 
 Fort Pitt or Detroit, owing to the fears of the Indians, who still main- 
 tained some feelings of hatred to the English. The trade from the posts 
 was quite good, and from those in Illinois large quantities of pork and 
 flour found their way to the New Orleans market. At this time the 
 policy of the British Government was strongly opposed to the extension 
 of the colonies west. In 1763, the King of England forbade, by royal 
 proclamation, his colonial subjects from making a settlement beyond the 
 sources of the rivers which fall into the Atlantic Ocean. At the instance 
 of the Board of Trade, measures were taken to prevent the settlement 
 without the limits prescribed, and to retain the commerce within easy 
 reach of Great Britain. 
 
 The commander-in-chief of the king's forces wrote in 1769 : " In the 
 course of a few years necessity will compel the colonists, should they 
 extend their settlements west, to provide manufactures of some kind for 
 themselves, and when all connection upheld by commerce with the mother 
 country ceases, an independency in their government will soon follow.'' 
 
 In accordance with this policy, Gov. Gage issued a proclamation 
 in 1772, commanding the inhabitants of Vincennes to abandon their set- 
 Uements and join some of the Eastern English colonies. To this they 
 
THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 47 
 
 strenuously objected, giving good reasons therefor, and were allowed to 
 remain. The strong opposition to this policy of Great Britain led to its 
 change, and to such a course as to gain the attachment of the French 
 population. In December, 1773, influential citizens of Quebec petitioned 
 the king for an extension of the boundary lines of that province, which 
 was granted, and Parliament passed an act on June 2, 1774, extend- 
 ing the boundary so as to include the territory lying within the present 
 States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and Michigan. 
 
 In consequence of the liberal policy pursued by the British Govern- 
 ment toward the French settlers in the West, they were disposed to favor 
 that nation in the war which soon followed with the colonies ; but the 
 early alliance between France and America soon brought them to the side 
 of the war for independence. 
 
 In 1774, Gov. Dunmore, of Virginia, began to encourage emigration 
 to the Western lands. He appointed magistrates at Fort Pitt under the 
 pretense that the fort was under the government of that commonwealth. 
 One of these justices, John Connelly, who possessed a tract of land in the 
 Ohio Valley, gathered a force of men and garrisoned the fort, calling it 
 Fort Dunmore. This and other parties were formed to select sites for 
 settlements, and often came in conflict with the Indians, who yet claimed 
 portions of the valley, and several battles followed. These ended in the 
 famous battle of Kanawha in July, where the Indians were defeated and 
 driven across the Ohio. 
 
 During the years 1775 and 1776, by the operations of land companies 
 and the perseverance of individuals, several settlements were firmly estab- 
 lished between the Alleghanies and the Ohio River, and western land 
 speculators were busy in Illinois and on the Wabash. At a council held 
 in Kaskaskia on July 5, 1773, an association of English traders, calling 
 themselves the " Illinois Land Company," obtained from ten chiefs of the 
 Kaskaskia, Cahokia and Peoria tribes two large tracts of land lying on 
 the east side of the Mississippi River south of the Illinois. In 1775, a mer- 
 chant from the Illinois Country, named Viviat, came to Post Vincennes 
 as the agent of the association called the " Wabash Land Company." On 
 the 8th of October he obtained from eleven Piankeshaw chiefs, a deed for 
 37,497,600 acres of land. This deed was signed by the grantors, attested 
 by a number of the inhabitants of Vincennes, and afterward recorded in 
 the office of a notary public at Kaskaskia. This and other land com- 
 panies had extensive schemes for the colonization of the West ; but all 
 were frustrated by the breaking out of the Revolution. On the 20tli of 
 April, 1780, the two companies named consolidated under the name of the 
 "• United Illinois and Wabash Land Company." They afterward made 
 
48 THE NORTHWEST TEERITORY. 
 
 strenuous efforts to have these grants sanctioned by Congress, but all 
 signally failed. 
 
 When the War of the Revolution commenced, Kentucky was an unor- 
 ganized country, though there were several settlements within her borders. 
 
 In Hutchins' Topography of Virginia, it is stated thac at that time 
 " Kaskaskia contained 80 houses, and nearly 1,000 white and black in- 
 habitants — the whites being a little the more numerous. Cahokia con- 
 tains 50 houses and 300 white inhabitants, and 80 negroes. There were 
 east of the Mississippi River, about the year 1771 " — when these observa- 
 tions were made — " 300 white men capable of bearing arms, and 230 
 negroes." 
 
 From 1775 until the expedition of Clark, nothing is recorded and 
 nothing known of these settlements, save what is contained in a leport 
 made by a committee to Congress in June, 1778. From it the following 
 extract is made : 
 
 "Near the mouth of the River Kaskaskia, there is a village which 
 appears to have contained nearly eighty families from the beginning of 
 the late revolution. There are twelve families in a small village at la 
 Prairie du Rochers, and near fifty families at the Kahokia Village. There 
 are also four or five families at Fort Chartres and St. Philips, which is five 
 miles further up the river." 
 
 St. Louis had been settled in February, 1764, and at this time con- 
 tained, including its neighboring towns, over six hundred whites and one 
 hundred and fifty negroes. It must be remembered that all the country 
 west of the Mississippi was now under French rule, and remained so until 
 ceded again to Spain, its original owner, who afterwards sold it and the 
 country including New Orleans to the United States. At Detroit there 
 were, according to Capt. Carver, who was in the Northwest from 1766 to 
 1768, more than one hundred houses, and the river was settled for more 
 than twenty miles, although poorly cultivated — the people being engaged 
 in the Indian trade. This old town has a history, which we will here 
 relate. 
 
 It is the oldest town in the Northwest, having been founded by 
 Antoine de Lamotte Cadillac, in 1701. It was laid out in the form of an 
 oblong square, of two acres in length, and an acre and a half in width. 
 As described by A. D. Frazer, who first visited it and became a permanent 
 resident of the place, in 1778, it comprised within its limits that space 
 between Mr. Palmer's store (Conant Block) and Capt. Perkins' house 
 (near the Arsenal building), and extended back as far as the public barn, 
 and was bordered in front by the Detroit River. It was surrounded by 
 oak and cedar pickets, about fifteen feet long, set in the ground, and had 
 four gates — east, west, .north and south. Over the first three of these 
 
THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 49 
 
 gates were block houses provided with four guns apiece, each a six- 
 pounder. Two six-gun batteries were planted fronting the river and in a 
 parallel direction with the block houses. There were four streets running, 
 east and west, the main street being twenty feet wide and the rest fifteen 
 feet, while the four streets crossing these at right angles were from ten 
 to fifteen feet in width. 
 
 At the date spoken of by Mr. Frazer, there was no fort within the 
 enclosure, but a citadel on the ground corresponding to the present 
 northwest corner of Jefferson Avenue and Wayne Street. The citadel was 
 inclosed by pickets, and within it were erected barracks of wood, two 
 stories high, sufficient to contain ten officers, and also barracks sufficient 
 to contain four hundred men, and a provision store built of brick. The 
 citadel also contained a hospital and guard-house. The old town of 
 Detroit, in 1778, contained about sixty houses, most of them one story, 
 with a few a story and a half in height. They were all of logs, some 
 hewn and some round. There was one building of splendid appearance, 
 called the " King's Palace," two stories high, which stood near the east 
 gate. It was built for Governor Hamilton, the first governor commissioned 
 by the British. There were two guard-houses, one near the west gate and 
 the other near the Government House. Each of the guards consisted of 
 twenty-four men and a subaltern, who mounted regularly every morning 
 between nine and ten o'clock. Each furnished four sentinels, who weie 
 relieved every two hours. There was also an officer of the day, who pjr- 
 formed strict duty. Each of the gates was shut regularly at sunset ; 
 even wicket gates were shut at nine o'clock, and all the keys were 
 delivered into the hands of the commanding officer. They were opened 
 in the morning at sunrise. No Indian or squaw was permitted to enter 
 town with any weapon, such as a tomahawk or a knife. It was a stand- 
 ing order that the Indians should deliver their arms and instruments of 
 every kind before they were permitted to pass the sentinel, and they were 
 restored to them on their return. No more than twenty-five Indians were 
 allowed to enter the town at any one time, and they were admitted only 
 at the east and west gates. At sundown the drums beat, and all the 
 Indians were required to leave town instantly. There was a council house 
 near the water side for the x^urpose of holding council with the Indians. 
 The population of the town was about sixty families, in all about two 
 hundred males and one hundred females. This town was destroyed by 
 fire, all except one dwelling, in 1805. After which the present *' new " 
 town was laid out. 
 
 On the breaking out of the Revolution, the British held every post of 
 importance in the West. Kentucky was formed as a component part of 
 Virginia, and the sturdy pioneers of the West, alive to their interests, 
 
50 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 
 
 and recognizing the great benefits of obtaining the control of the trade in 
 this part of tlie New World, held steadily to their purposes, and those 
 within the commonwealth of Kentucky proceeded to exercise their 
 civil privileges, by electing John Todd and Richard Gallaway, 
 burgesses to represent them in the Assembly of the parent state. 
 Early in September of that year (1777) the first court was held 
 in Harrodsburg, and Col. Bowman, afterwards major, who had arrived 
 in August, was made the commander of a militia organization which 
 had been commenced the March previous. Thus the tree of loyalty 
 was growing. The chief spirit in this far-out colony, who had represented 
 her the year previous east of the mountains, was now meditating a move 
 unequaled in its boldness. He had been watching the movements of the 
 British throughout the Northwest, and understood their whole plan. Ht 
 saw it was through their possession of the posts at Detroit, Vincennes, 
 Kaskaskia, and other places, which would give them constant and easy 
 access to the various Indian tribes in the Northwest, that the British 
 intended to penetrate the country from the north and soutn, ana annihi- 
 late the frontier fortresses. This moving, energetic man was Colonel, 
 afterwards General, George Rogers Clark. He knew the Indians were not 
 unanimously in accord with the English, and he was convinced that, could 
 the British be defeated and expelled from the Northwest, the natives 
 might be easily awed into neutrality ; and by spies sent for the purpose, 
 he satisfied himself that the enterprise against the Illinois settlements 
 might easily succeed. Having convinced himself of the certainty of the 
 project, he repaired to the Capital of Virginia, which place he reached on 
 November 5th. While he was on his way, fortunately, on October 17th, 
 Burgoyne had been defeated, and the spirits of the colonists greatly 
 encouraged thereby. Patrick Henry was Governor of Virginia, and at 
 once entered heartily into Clark's plans. The same plan had before been 
 agitated in the Colonial Assemblies, but there was no one until Clark 
 came who was sufficiently acquainted with the condition of affairs at the 
 scene of action to be- able to guide them. 
 
 Clark, having satisfied the Virginia leaders of the feasibility of his 
 plan, received, on the 2d of January, two sets of instructions — one secret, 
 the other open — the latter authorized him to proceed to enlist seven 
 companies to go to Kentucky, subject to his orders, and to serve three 
 months from their arrival in the West. The secret order authorized him 
 to arm these troops, to procure his powder and lead of General Hand 
 at Pittsburgh, and to proceed at once to subjugate the country. 
 
 With these instructions Clark repaired to Pittsburgh, choosing rather 
 to raise his men west of the mountains, as he well knew all were needed 
 in the colonies in the conflict there. He sent Col. W. B. Smith to Hoi- 
 
THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 61 
 
 ston for the same purpose, but neither succeeded in raising the required 
 number of men. The settlers in these parts were afraid to leave their 
 own firesides exposed to a vigilant foe, and but few could be induced to 
 join the proposed expedition. With three companies and several private 
 volunteers, Clark at length commenced his descent of the Ohio, which he 
 navigated as far as the Falls, where he took possession of and fortified 
 Corn Island, a small island between the present Cities of Louisville, 
 Kentucky, and New Albany, Indiana. Remains of this fortification may 
 yet be found. At this place he appointed Col. Bowman to meet him 
 with such recruits as had reached Kentucky by the southern route, and 
 as many as could be spared from the station. Here he announced to 
 the men their real destination. Having completed his arrangements, 
 and chosen his party, he left a small garrison upon the island, and on the 
 24th of June, during a total eclipse of the sun, which to them augured 
 no good, and which fixes beyond dispute the date of starting, he with 
 his chosen band, fell down the river. His plan was to go by water as 
 far as Fort Massac or Massacre, and thence march direct to Kaskaskia. 
 Here he intended to surprise the garrison, and after its capture go to 
 Cahokia, then to Vincennes, and lastly to Detroit. Should he fail, he 
 intended to march directly to the Mississippi River and cross it into the 
 Spanish country. Before his start he received two good items of infor- 
 mation : one that the alliance had been formed between France and the 
 United States ; and the other that the Indians throughout the Illinois 
 country and the inhabitants, at the various frontier posts, had been led to 
 believe by the British that the " Long Knives" or Virginians, were the 
 most fierce, bloodthirsty and cruel savages that ever scalped a foe. With 
 this impression on their minds, Clark saw that proj^er management would 
 cause them to submit at once from fear, if surprised, and then from grati- 
 tude would become friendly if treated with unexpected leniency. 
 
 The march to Kaskaskia was accomplished through a hot July sun, 
 and the town reached on the evening of July 4. He captured the fort 
 near the village, and soon after the village itself by surprise, and without 
 the loss of a single man or b}^ killing any of the enemy. After sufficiently 
 Avorking upon the fears of the natives, Clark told them they were at per- 
 fect liberty to worship as they pleased, and to take whichever side of the 
 great conflict they would, also he would protect them from any barbarity 
 from British or Indian foe. This had the desired effect, and the inhab- 
 itants, so unexpectedly and so gratefully surprised by the unlooked 
 for turn of affairs, at once swore allegiance to the American arms, and 
 when Clark desired to go to Cahokia on the 6th of July, they accom- 
 panied him, and through their influence the inhabitants of the place 
 surrendered, and gladly placed themselves under his protection. Thus 
 
52 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 
 
 the two important posts in Illinois passed from the hands of the English 
 into the possession of Virginia. 
 
 In the person of the priest at Kaskaskia, M. Gibault, Clark found a 
 powerful ally and generous friend, Clark saw that, to retain possession 
 of the Northwest and treat successfully with the Indians within its boun- 
 daries, he must establish a government for the colonies he had taken. 
 St. Vincent, the next important post to Detroit, remained yet to be taken 
 before the Mississippi Valley was conquered. M. Gibault told him that 
 he would alone, by persuasion, lead Vincennes to throw off its connection 
 with England. Clark gladly accepted his offer, and on the 14th of July, 
 in company with a fellow-townsman, M. Gibault started on his mission of 
 peace, and on the 1st of August returned with the cheerful intelligence 
 that the post on the " Oubache " had taken the oath of allegiance to 
 the Old Dominion. During this interval, Clark established his courts, 
 placed garrisons at Kaskaskia and Cahokia, successfully re-enlisted his 
 men, sent word to have a fort, which proved the germ of Louisville, 
 erected at the Falls of the Ohio, and dispatched Mr. Rocheblave, who 
 had been commander at Kaskaskia, as a prisoner of war to Richmond. 
 In October the County of Illinois was established by the Legislature 
 of Virginia, John Todd appointed Lieutenant Colonel and Civil Governor, 
 and in November General Clark and his men received the thanks of 
 the Old Dominion through their Legislature. 
 
 In a speech a few days afterward, Clark made known fully to the 
 natives his plans, and at its close all came forward and swore alle- 
 giance to the Long Knives. While he was doing this Governor Hamilton, 
 having made his various arrangements, had left Detroit and moved down 
 the Wabash to Vincennes intending to operate from that point in reducing 
 the Illinois posts, and then proceed on down to Kentucky and drive the 
 rebels from the West. Gen. Clark had, on the return of M. Gibault, 
 dispatched Captain Helm, of Fauquier County, Virginia, with an attend- 
 ant named Henry, across the Illinois prairies to command the fort. 
 Hamilton knew nothing of the capitulation of the post, and was greatly 
 surprised on his arrival to be confronted by Capt. Helm, who, standing at 
 the entrance of the fort by a loaded cannon ready to fire upon his assail- 
 ants, demanded upon what terms Hamilton demanded possession of the 
 fort. Being granted the rights of a prisoner of war, he surrendered to 
 the British General, who could scarcely believe his eyes when he saw the 
 force in the garrison. 
 
 Hamilton, not realizing the character of the men with whom he was 
 contending, gave up his intended campaign for the Winter, sent his four 
 hundred Indian warriors to prevent troops from coming down the Ohio, 
 
THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 53 
 
 and to annoy the Americans in all ways, and sat quietly down to pass the 
 Winter. Information of all these proceedings having reached Clark, he 
 saw that immediate and decisive action was necessary, and that unless 
 he captured Hamilton, Hamilton would capture him. Clark received the 
 news on the 29th of January, 1779, and on February 4th, having suffi- 
 ciently garrisoned Kaskaskia and Cahokia,'he sent down the Mississippi 
 a " battoe," as Major Bowman writes it, in order to ascend the Ohio and 
 Wabash, and operate with the land forces gathering for the fray. 
 
 On the next day, Clark, with his little force of one hundred and 
 twenty men, set out for the post, and after incredible hard marching 
 through much mud, the ground being thawed by the incessant spring 
 rains, on the 22d reached the fort, and being joined by his " battoe," at 
 once commenced the attack on the post. The aim of the American back- 
 woodsman was unerring, and on the 24th the garrison surrendered to the 
 intrepid boldness of Clark. The French were treated with great kind- 
 ness, and gladly renewed their allegiance to Virginia. Hamilton was 
 sent as a prisoner to Virginia, where he was kept in close confinement. 
 During his command of the British frontier posts, he had offered prizes 
 to the Indians for all the scalps of Americans they would bring to him, 
 and had earned in consequence thereof the title "• Hair-buyer General," 
 by which he was ever afterward known. 
 
 Detroit was now without doubt within easy reach of the enterprising 
 Virginian, could he but raise the necessary force. Governor Henry being 
 apprised of this, promised him the needed reinforcement, and Clark con- 
 cluded to wait until he could capture and sufficiently garrison the posts. 
 Had Clark failed in this bold undertaking, and Hamilton succeeded in 
 uniting the western Indians for the next Spring's campaign, the West 
 would indeed have been swept from the Mississippi to the Allegheny 
 Mountains, and the great blow struck, which had been contemplated from 
 the commencement, by the British. 
 
 " But for this small army of dripping, but fearless Virginians, the 
 union of all the tribes from Georgia to Maine against the colonies might 
 have been effected, and the whole current of our history changed." 
 
 At this time some fears were entertained by the Colonial Govern- 
 ments that the Indians in the North and Northwest were inclining to the 
 British, and under the instructions of Washington, now Commander-in- 
 Chief of the Colonial army, and so bravely fighting for American inde- 
 pendence, armed forces were sent against the Six Nations, and upon the 
 Ohio frontier, Col. Bowman, acting under the same general's orders, 
 marched against Indians within the present limits of that State. These 
 expeditions were in the main successful, and the Indians were compelled 
 to sue for peace. 
 
54 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 
 
 During this same year (1779) the famous " Land Laws" of Virginia 
 were passed. The passage of these laws was of more consequence to the 
 pioneers of Kentucky and the Northwest than the gaining of a few Indian 
 conflicts. These laws confirmed in main all grants made, and guaranteed 
 to all actual settlers their rights and privileges. After providing for the 
 settlers, the laws provided for selling the balance of the public lands at 
 forty cents per acre. To carry the Land Laws into effect, the Legislature 
 sent four Virginians westward to attend to the various claims, over many 
 of which great confusion prevailed concerning their validity. These 
 gentlemen opened their court on October 13, 1779, at St. Asaphs, and 
 continued until April 26, 1780, when they adjourned, having decided 
 three thousand claims. They were succeeded by the surveyor, who 
 came in the person of Mr. George May, and assumed his duties on the 
 10th day of the month whose name he bore. With the opening of the 
 next year (1780) the troubles concerning the navigation of the Missis- 
 sippi commenced. The Spanish Government exacted such measures in 
 relation to its trade as to cause the overtures made to the United States 
 to be rejected. The American Government considered they had a right 
 to navigate its channel. To enforce their claims, a fort was erected below 
 the mouth of the Ohio on the Kentucky side of the river. The settle- 
 ments in Kentucky were being rapidly filled by emigrants. It was dur- 
 ing this year that the first seminary of learning was established in the 
 West in this young and enterprising Commonwealth. 
 
 The settlers here did not look upon the building of this fort in a 
 friendly manner, as it aroused the hostility of the Indians. Spain had 
 been friendly to the Colonies during their struggle for independence, 
 and though for a while this friendship appeared in danger from the 
 refusal of the free navigation of the river, yet it was finally settled to the 
 satisfaction of both nations. 
 
 The Winter of 1779-80 was one of the most unusually severe ones 
 ever experienced in the West. The Indians always referred to it as the 
 "Great Cold." Numbers of wild animals perished, and not a few 
 pioneers lost their lives. The following Summer a party of Canadians 
 and Indians attacked St. Louis, and attempted to take possession of it 
 in consequence of the friendly disposition of Spain to the revolting 
 colonies. They met with such a determined resistance on the part of the 
 inhabitants, even the women taking part in the battle, that they were 
 compelled to abandon the contest. They also made an attack on the 
 settlements in Kentucky, but, becoming alarmed in some unaccountable 
 manner, they fled the country in great haste. 
 
 About this time arose the question in the Colonial Congress con- 
 cerning the western lands claimed by Virginia, New York, Massachusetts 
 
THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 55 
 
 and Connecticut. The agitation concerning this subject finally led New 
 York, on the 19th of February, 1780, to pass a law giving to the dele- 
 gates of that State in Congress the power to cede her western lands for 
 the benefit of the United States. This law was laid before Congress 
 during the next month, but no steps were taken concerning it until Sep- 
 tember 6th, when a resolution passed that body calling upon the States 
 claiming western lands to release their claims in favor of the whole body. 
 This basis formed the union, and was the first after all of those legislative 
 measures which resulted in the creation of the States of Ohio, Indiana, 
 Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota. In December of the same 
 year, the plan of conquering Detroit again arose. The conquest might 
 have easily been effected by Clark had the necessary aid been furnished 
 him. Nothing decisive was done, yet the heads of the Government knew 
 that the safety of the Northwest from British invasion lay in the capture 
 and retention of that important post, the only unconquered one in the 
 territory. 
 
 Before the close of the year, Kentucky was divided into the Coun- 
 ties of Lincoln, Fayette and Jefferson, and the act establishing the Town 
 of Louisville was passed. This same year is also noted in the annals of 
 American history as the 3'ear in which occurred Arnold's treason to the 
 United States. 
 
 Virginia, in accordance with the resolution of Congress, on the 2d 
 day of January, 1781, agreed to yield her western lands to the United 
 States upon certain conditions, which Congress would not accede to, and 
 the Act of Cession, on the part of the Old Dominion, failed, nor was 
 anything farther done until 1783. During all that time the Colonies 
 were busily engaged in the struggle with the mother country, and in 
 consequence thereof but little heed was given to the western settlements. 
 Upon the 16th of April, 1781, the first birth north of the Ohio River of 
 American parentage occurred, being that of Mary Heckewelder, daughter 
 of the widely known Moravian missionary, whose band of Christian 
 Indians suffered in after years a horrible massacre by the hands of the 
 frontier settlers, who had been exasperated by the murder of several of 
 their neighbors, and in their rage committed, without regard to humanity, 
 a deed which forever afterwards cast a shade of shame upon their lives. 
 For this and kindred outrages on the part of the whites, the Indians 
 committed many deeds of cruelty which darken the years of 1771 and 
 1772 in the history of the Northwest. 
 
 During the year 1782 a number of battles among the Indians and 
 frontiersmen occurred, and between the Moravian Indians and the Wyan- 
 dots. In these, horrible acts of cruelty were practised on the captives, 
 many of such dark deeds transpiring under the leadership of the notorious 
 
56 
 
 THE NORTHWEST TERKITOBY. 
 
 frontier outlaw, Simon Girty, whose name, as well as those of his brothers, 
 was a terror to women and children. These occurred chiefly in the Ohio 
 valleys. Cotemporary with them were several engagements in Kentucky, 
 in which the famous Daniel Boone engaged, and who, often by his skill 
 and knowledge of Indian warfare, saved the outposts from cruel destruc- 
 
 INDIANS ATTACKING FKONTIEKSMEN, 
 
 tion. By the close of the year victory had perched upon the American 
 banner, and on the 30th of November, provisional articles of peace had 
 been arranged between the Commissioners of England and her uncon- 
 querable colonies. Cornwallis had been defeated on the 19th of October 
 preceding, and the liberty of America was assured. On the 19th of 
 April following, the anniversary of the battle of Lexington, peace was 
 
THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 57 
 
 proclaimed to the army of the United States, and on the 2d of the next 
 September, the definite treaty which ended our revolutionary struggle 
 was concluded. By the terms of that treaty, the boundaries of the West 
 were as follows : On the north the line was to extend along the center of 
 the Great Lakes ; from the western point of Lake Superior to Long Lake ; 
 thence to the Lake of the Woods ; thence to the head of the Mississippi 
 River; down its center to the 31st parallel of latitude, then on that line 
 east to the head of the Appalachicola River; down its center to its junc- 
 tion with the Flint ; thence straight to the head of St. Mary's River, and 
 thence down along its center to the Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 Following the cessation of hostilities with England, several posts 
 were still occupied by the British in the North and West. Among these 
 was Detroit, still in the hands of the enemy. Numerous engagements 
 with the Indians throughout Ohio and Indiana occurred, upon whose 
 lands adventurous whites would settle ere the title had been acquired by 
 the proper treaty. 
 
 To re^iedy this latter evil, Congress appointed commissioners to 
 treat with the natives and purchase their lands, and jDrohibited the set- 
 tlement of the territory until this could be done. Before the close of the 
 year another attempt was made to capture Detroit, which was, however, 
 not pushed, and Virginia, no longer feeling the interest in the Northwest 
 she had formerly done, withdrew her troops, having on the 20th of 
 December preceding authorized the whole of her possessions to be deeded 
 to the United. States. This was done on the 1st of March following, and 
 the Northwest Territory passed from the control of the Old Dominion. 
 To Gen. Clark and his soldiers, however, she gave a tract of one hundred 
 and fifty thousand acres of land, to be situated any where north of the 
 Ohio wherever they chose to locate them. They selected the region 
 opposite the falls of the Ohio, where is now the dilapidated village of 
 Clarksville, about midway between the Cities of New Albany and Jeffer- 
 son ville, Indiana. 
 
 While the frontier remained thus, and Gen. Haldimand at Detroit 
 refused to evacuate alleging that he had no orders from his King to do 
 so, settlers were rapidly gathering about the inland forts. In the Spring 
 of 1784, Pittsburgh was regularly laid out, and from the journal of Arthur 
 Lee, who passed through the town soon after on his way to the Indian 
 council at Fort Mcintosh, we suppose it was not very prepossessing in 
 appearance. He says : 
 
 " Pittsburgh is inhabited almost entirely by Scots and Irish, who 
 live in paltry log houses, and are as dirty as if in the north of Ireland or 
 even Scotland. There is a great deal of trade carried on, the goods being 
 bought at the vast expense of forty-five shillings per pound from Phila- 
 
58 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 
 
 delphia and Baltimore. They take in the shops flour, wheat, skins and 
 money. There are in the town four attorneys, two doctors, and not a 
 priest of any persuasion, nor church nor chapel." 
 
 Kentucky at this time contained thirty thousand inhabitants, and 
 was beginning to discuss measures for a separation from Virginia. A 
 land office was ojDened at Louisville, and measures were adopted to take 
 defensive precaution against the Indians who were yet, in some instances, 
 incited to deeds of violence by the British. Before the close of this year, 
 1784, the military claimants of land began to occupy them, although no 
 entries were recorded until 1787. 
 
 The Indian title to the Northwest was not yet extinguished. They 
 held large tracts of lands, and in order to prevent bloodshed Congress 
 adopted means for treaties with the original owners and provided for the 
 surveys of the lands gained thereby, as well as for those north of the 
 Ohio, now in its possession. On January 31, 1786, a treaty was made 
 with the Wabash Indians. The treaty of Fort Stanwix had been made 
 in 1784. That at Fort Mcintosh in 1785, and through these much land 
 was gained. The Wabash Indians, however, afterward refused to comply 
 with the provisions of the treaty made with them, and in order to compel 
 their adherence to its provisions, force was used. During the year 1786, 
 the free navigation of the Mississippi came up in Congress, and caused 
 various discussions, which resulted in no definite action, only serving to 
 excite speculation in regard to the western lands. Congress had promised 
 bounties of land to the soldiers of the Revolution, but owing to the 
 unsettled condition of aff'airs along the Mississippi respecting its naviga- 
 tion, and the trade of the Northwest, that body had, in 1783, declared 
 its inability to fulfill these promises until a treaty could be concluded 
 between the two Governments. Before the close of the year 1786, how- 
 ever, it was able, through the treaties with the Indians, to allow some 
 grants and the settlement thereon, and on the 14th of September Con- 
 necticut ceded to the General Government the tract of land known as 
 the " Connecticut Reserve," and before the close of the following year a 
 large tract of land north of the Ohio was sold to a company, who at once 
 took measures to settle it. By the provisions of this grant, the company 
 were to pay the United States one dollar per acre, subject to a deduction 
 of one-third for bad lands and other contingencies. They received 
 750,000 acres, bounded on the south by the Ohio, on the east by the 
 seventh range of townships, on the west by the sixteenth range, and on 
 the north by a line so drawn as to make the grant complete without 
 the reservations. In addition to this. Congress afterward granted 100,000 
 acres to actual settlers, and 214,285 acres as army bounties under the 
 resolutions of 1789 and 1790. 
 
THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 
 
 69 
 
 While Dr. Cutler, one of the agents of the company, was pressing- 
 its claims before Congress, that body was bringing into form an ordinance 
 for the political and social organization of this Territory. When the 
 cession was made by Virginia, in 1784, a plan was offered, but rejected. 
 A motion had been made to strike from the proposed plan the prohibition 
 of slavery, which prevailed. The plan was then discussed and altered, 
 and finally passed unanimously, with the exception of South Carolina. 
 By this proposition, the Territory was to have been divided into states 
 
 -c^At!^!.:^- "■ 
 
 A PRAIRIE STORM. 
 
 by parallels and meridian lines. This, it was thought, would make ten 
 states, which were to have been named as follows — beginning at the 
 northwest corner and going southwardly : Sylvania, Michigania, Cher- 
 sonesus, Assenisipia, Metropotamia, Illenoia, Saratoga, Washington, Poly- 
 potamia and Pelisipia. 
 
 There was a more serious objection to this plan than its category of 
 names, — the boundaries. The root of the difficulty was in the resolu- 
 tion of Congress passed in October, 1780, which fixed the boundaries- 
 of the ceded lands to be from one hundred to one hundred and fifty miles 
 
60 THE NORTHWEST TEREITOEY. 
 
 square. These resolutions being presented to the Legislatures of Vir- 
 ginia and Massachusetts, they desired a change, and in July, 1786, the 
 subject was taken up in Congress, and changed to favor a division into 
 not more than five states, and not less than three. This was approved by 
 the State Legislature of Virginia. The subject of the Government was 
 again taken up by Congress in 1786, and discussed throughout that 5''ear 
 and until July, 1787, when the famous "Compact of 1787" was passed, 
 and the foundation of the government of the Northwest laid. This com- 
 pact is fully discussed and explained in the history of Illinois in this book, 
 and to it the reader is referred. 
 
 The passage of this act and the grant to the New England Company 
 was soon followed b}'" an application to the Government by John Cleves 
 Symmes, of New Jersey, for a grant of the land between the Miamis. 
 This gentleman had visited these lands soon after the treaty of 1786, and, 
 being greatly pleased with them, offered similar terms to those given to the 
 New England Company. The petition was referred to the Treasury 
 Board with power to act, and a contract was concluded the following 
 year. During the Autumn the directors of the New England Company 
 were preparing to occupy their grant the following Spring, and upon the 
 23d of November made arrangements for a party of forty-seven men, 
 under tlie superintendency of Gen. Rufus Putnam, to set forward. Six 
 boat-builders were to leave at once, and on the first of January the sur- 
 veyors and their assistants, twenty-six in number, were to meet at Hart- 
 ford and proceed on their journey westward ; the remainder to follow as 
 soon as possible. Congress, in the meantime, upon the 8d of October, 
 had ordered seven hundred troops for defense of the western settlers, and 
 to prevent unauthorized intrusions ; and two days later appointed Arthur 
 St. Clair Governor of the Territory of the Northwest. 
 
 AMERICAN SETTLEMENTS. 
 
 The civil organization of the Northwest Territory was now com- 
 plete, and notwithstanding the uncertainty of Indian affairs, settlers from 
 the East began to come into the country rapidly. The New England 
 Company sent their men during the Winter of 1787-8 pressing on over 
 the AUeghenies by the old Indian path which had been opened into 
 Braddock's road, and which has since been made a national turnpike 
 from Cumberland westward. Through the weary winter days they toiled 
 on, and by April were all gathered on the Yohiogany, where boats had 
 been built, and at once started for the Muskingum. Here they arrived 
 on the 7th of that month, and unless the Moravian missionaries be regarded 
 as the pioneers of Ohio, this little band can justly claim that honor. 
 
THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 
 
 61 
 
 Gen. St. Clair, the appointed Governor of the Northwest, not having 
 yet arrived, a set of laws were passed, written out, and published by- 
 being nailed to a tree in the embryo town, and Jonathan Meigs appointed 
 to administer them. 
 
 Washington in writing of this, the first American settlement in the 
 Northwest, said : " No colony in America was ever settled under 
 such favorable auspices as that which has just commenced at Muskingum. 
 Information, property and strength will be its characteristics. I know 
 many of its settlers personally, and there never were men better calcu- 
 lated to promote the welfare of such a community.'* 
 
 
 
 A PIONEKR DAVELI.ING. 
 
 On the 2d of July a meeting of the directors and agents was held 
 on the banks of the Muskingum, " for the purpose of naming the new- 
 born city and its squares." As yet the settlement was known as the 
 "Muskingum," but that was now changed to the name Marietta, in honor 
 of Marie Antoinette. The square upon which the block -houses stood 
 was called '■''Campus Martitis ;'' square number 19, ''''Capitolium ;"" square 
 number 61, ^'•Cecilia T and the great road through the covert way, " Sacra 
 Via." Two days after, an oration was delivered by James M. Varnum, 
 who with S. H. Parsons and John Armstrong had been appointed to the 
 judicial bench of the territory on the 16th of October, 1787. On July 9, 
 Gov. St. Clair arrived, and the colony began to assume form. The act 
 of 1787 provided two district grades of government for the Northwest, 
 
62 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 
 
 under the first of which the whole power was invested in the hands of a 
 governor and three district judges. This was immediately formed upon 
 the Governor's arrival, and the first laws of the colony passed on the 2oth 
 of July. These provided for the organization of the militia, and on the 
 next day appeared the Governor's proclamation, erecting all that country 
 that had been ceded by the Indians east of the Scioto River into the 
 County of Washington. From that time forward, notwithstanding the 
 doubts yet existing as to the Indians, all Marietta prospered, and on the 
 2d of September the first court of the territory was held with imposing 
 ceremonies. 
 
 The emigration westward at this time was very great. Tlie com- 
 mander at Fort Harmer, at the mouth of the Muskingum, reported four 
 thousand five hundred persons as having passed that post between Feb- 
 ruary and June, 1788 — many of whom would have purchased of the 
 "Associates," as the New England Company was called, had the}' been 
 ready to receive them. 
 
 On the 26th of November, 1787, Symmes issued a pamphlet stating 
 the terms of his contract and the plan of sale he intended to adopt. In 
 January, 1788, Matthias Denman, of New Jersey, took an active interest 
 in Symmes' purchase, and located among other tracts the sections upon 
 which Cincinnati has been built. Retaining one-third of this locality, he 
 sold the other two-thirds to Robert Patterson and John Filson, and the 
 three, about August, commenced to lay out a town on the spot, which 
 was designated as being opposite Licking River, to the mouth of which 
 they proposed to have a road cut from Lexington. The naming of the 
 town is thus narrated in the "Western Annals "' : — '■' Mr. Filson, who had 
 been a schoolmaster, was appointed to name the town, and, in respect to 
 its situation, and as if with a prophetic perception of the mixed race that 
 were to inhabit it in after days, he named it Losantiville, which, being 
 interpreted, means : ville, the town ; anti, against or opposite to ; os, the 
 mouth ; L. of Licking." 
 
 Meanwhile, in July, Symmes got thirty persons and eight four-horse 
 teams under way for the West. These reached Limestone (^now Mays- 
 ville) in September, where were several persons from Redstone. Here 
 Mr. Symmes tried to found a settlement, but the great freshet of 1789 
 caused the " Point," as it was and is yet called, to be fifteen feet under 
 water, and the settlement to be abandoned. The little band of settlers 
 removed to the mouth of the Miami. Before Symmes and his colony left 
 the " Point," two settlements had been made on his purchase. The first 
 was by Mr. Stiltes, the original projector of the whole plan, who, with a 
 colony of Redstone people, had located at the mouth of the Miami^ 
 whither Symmes went with his Maysville colony. Here a clearing had 
 
THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 
 
 63 
 
 been made by the Indians owing to the great fertility of the soil. Mr. 
 Stiltes with his colony came to this place on the 18th of November, 1788, 
 with twenty-six persons, and, building a block-house, prepared to remain 
 through the Winter. They named the settlement Columbia. Here they 
 were kindly treated by the Indians, but suffered greatly from the flood 
 of 1789. 
 
 On the 4th of March, 1789, the Constitution of the United States 
 went into operation, and on April 30, George Washington was inaug- 
 urated President of the American people, and during the next Summer, 
 an Indian war was commenced by the tribes nortli of the Ohio. The 
 President at first used pacific means ; but these failing, he sent General 
 Harmer against the hostile tribes. He destroyed several villages, but 
 
 
 BREAKING PEAIEIE. 
 
 was defeated in two battles, near the present City of Fort Wayne, 
 Indiana. From this time till the close of 1795, the principal events were 
 the wars with the various Indian tribes. In 1796, General St. Clair 
 was appointed in command, and marched against the Indians; but while 
 he was encamped on a stream, the St. Mary, a branch of the Maumee, 
 he was attacked and defeated with the loss of six hundred men. 
 
 General Wayne was now sent against the savages. In August, 1794, 
 he met them near the rapids of the Maumee, and gained a complete 
 victory. This success, followed by vigorous measures, compelled the 
 Indians to sue for peace, and on the 30th of July, the following year, the 
 treaty of Greenville was signed by the principal chiefs, by which a large 
 tract of country was ceded to the United States. 
 
 Before proceeding in our narrative, we will pause to notice Fort 
 Washington, erected in the early part of this war on the site of Cincinnati. 
 Nearly all of the great cities of the Northwest, and indeed of the 
 
64 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 
 
 whole country, have had their nuclei in those rude pioneer structures, 
 known as forts or stockades. Thus Forts Dearborn, Washington, Pon- 
 chartrain, mark the original sites of the now proud Cities of Chicago, 
 Cincinnati and Detroit. So of most of the flourishing cities east and west 
 of the Mississippi. Fort Washington, erected by Doughty in 1790, wiis a 
 rude but highly interesting structure. It was composed of a number of 
 strongly-built hewed log cabins. Those designed for soldiers' barracks 
 were a story and a half high, while those composing the officers quarters 
 were more imposing and more conveniently arranged and furnished. 
 The whole were so placed as to form a hollow square, enclosing about an 
 acre of ground, with a block house at each of the four angles. 
 
 The logs for the construction of this fort were cut from the ground 
 upon which it was erected. It stood between Third and Fourth Streets 
 of the present city (Cincinnati) extending east of Eastern Row, now 
 Broadway, which was then a narrow alley, and the eastern boundary of 
 of the town as it was originally laid out. On the bank of the river, 
 immediately in front of the fort, was an appendage of the fort, called the 
 Artificer's Yard. It contained about two acres of ground, enclosed by 
 small contiguous buildings, occupied by workshops and quarters of 
 laborers. Within this enclosure there was a. large two-story frame house, 
 familiarly called the "• Yellow House," built for the accommodation of 
 the Quartermaster General. For many j-ears this was the best finished 
 and most commodious edifice in the Queen City. Fort Washington was 
 for some time the headquarters of both the civil and military governments 
 of the Northwestern Territory. 
 
 Following the consummation of the treaty various gigantic land spec- 
 ulations Avere entered into by different persons, who hoped to obtain 
 from the Indians in Michigan and northern Indiana, large tracts of lands. 
 These were generally discovered in time to prevent the outrageous 
 schemes from being carried out, and from involving the settlers in war. 
 On October 27, 1795, the treaty between the United States and Spain 
 was signed, whereby the free navigation of the Mississippi was secured. 
 
 No sooner had the treaty of 1795 been ratified than settlements began 
 to pour rapidly into the West. The great event of the year 1796 was the 
 occupation of that part of the Northwest including Michigan, which was 
 this year, under the provisions of the treaty, evacuated by the British 
 forces. The United States, owing to certain conditions, did not feel 
 justified in addressing the authorities in Canada in relation to Detroit 
 and other frontier posts. When at last the British authorities were 
 called to give them up, they at once complied, and General Wayne, who 
 had done so much to preserve the frontier settlements, and who, before 
 the year's close, sickened and died near Erie, transferred his head- 
 
THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 65 
 
 quarters to the neighborhood of the lakes, where a county named after 
 him was formed, which included the northwest of Ohio, all of Michigan, 
 and the northeast of Indiana. During this same year settlements were 
 formed at the present City of Chillicothe, along the Miami from Middle- 
 town to Piqua, while in the more distant West, settlers and speculators 
 began to appear in great numbers. In September, the City of Cleveland 
 was laid out, and during the Summer and Autumn, Samuel Jackson and 
 Jonathan Sharpless erected the first manufactory of paper — the " Red- 
 stone Paper Mill" — in the West. St. Louis contained some seventy 
 houses, and Detroit over three hundred, and along the river, contiguous 
 to it, were more than three thousand inhabitants, mostly French Canadians, 
 Indians and half-breeds, scarcely any Americans venturing yet into that 
 part of the Northwest. 
 
 The election of representatives for the territory had taken place, 
 and on the 4th of February, 1799, they convened at Losantiville — now 
 known as Cincinnati, having been named so by Gov. St. Clair, and 
 considered the capital of the Territory — to nominate persons from Avhom 
 the members of the Legislature were to be chosen in accordance with 
 a previous ordinance. This nomination being made, the Assembly 
 adjourned until the 16th of the following September. From those named 
 the President selected as members of the council, Henry Vandenburg, 
 of Vincennes, Robert Oliver, of Marietta, James Findlay and Jacob 
 Burnett, of Cincinnati, and David Vance, of Vanceville. On the 16th 
 of September the Territorial Legislature met, and on the 24tli the two 
 houses were duly organized, Henry Vandenburg being elected President 
 of the Council. 
 
 The message of Gov. St. Clair was addressed to the Legislature 
 September 20th, and on October 13th that body elected as a delegate to 
 Congress Gen. Wm. Henry Harrison, who received eleven of the votes 
 cast, being a majority of one over his opponent, Arthur St. Clair, son of 
 Gen. St. Clair. 
 
 The whole number of acts passed at this session, and approved by 
 the Governor, were thirty-seven — eleven others were passed, but received 
 ills veto. The most important of those passed related to the militia, to 
 the administration, and to taxation. On the 19th of December this pro- 
 tracted session of the first Legislature in the West was closed, and on the 
 30th of December the President nominated Charles Willing Bryd to the 
 office of Secretary of the Territory vice Wm. Henry Harrison, elected to 
 Congress. The Senate confirmed his nomination the next day. 
 
66 / THE NOKTHWEST TERRITORY. 
 
 DIVISION OF THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 
 
 The increased emigration to the Northwest, the extent of the domain, 
 and the inconvenient moties of travel, made it very difficult to conduct 
 the ordinary operations of government, and rendered the efficient action 
 of courts almost impossible. To remedy this, it was deemed advisable to 
 divide the territory for civil purposes. Congress, in 1800, appointed a 
 committee to examine the question and report some means for its solution. 
 This committee, on the 3d of March, reported thai : 
 
 "In the three western countries there has been but one court having 
 cognizance of crimes, in five years, and the immunity which offenders 
 experience attracts, as to an asylum, the most vile and abandoned crim- 
 inals, and at the same time deters useful citizens from making settlements 
 ia such society. The extreme necessity of judiciary attention and assist- 
 ance is experienced in civil as well as in criminal cases. * * * * To 
 minister a remedy to these and other evils, it occurs to this committee 
 that it is expedient that a division of said territory into two distinct and 
 separate governments should be made : and that such division be made 
 by a line beginning at the mouth of the Great Miami River, running 
 directly north until it intersects the boundary between the United States 
 and Canada.'' 
 
 The report was accepted by Congress, and, in accordance with its 
 suggestions, that body passed an Act extinguishing the Northwest Terri- 
 tory, which Act was approved May 7. Among its provisions were these : 
 
 " That from and after July 4 next, all that part of the Territory of 
 the United States northwest of the Ohio River, which lies to the westward 
 of a line beginning at a point on the Ohio, opposite to the mouth of the 
 Kentucky River, and running thence to Fort Recovery, and thence north 
 until it shall intersect the territorial line between the United States and 
 Canada, shall, for the purpose of temporary government, constitute a 
 separate territory, and be called the Indiana Territory." 
 
 After providing for the exercise of the civil and criminal powers of 
 the territories, and other provisions, the Act further provides : 
 
 •' That until it shall otherwise be ordered by the Legislatures of the 
 said Territories, respectively, Chillicothe on the Scioto River shall be the 
 seat of government of the Territory of the United States northwest of the 
 Ohio River ; and that St. Vincennes on the Wabash River shall be the 
 seat of government for the Indiana Territor}-." 
 
 Gen. Wm. Henry Harrison was appointed Governor of the Indiana 
 Territory, and entered upon his duties about a year later. Connecticut 
 also about this time released her claims to the reserve, and in March a law 
 
THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 67 
 
 "Was passed accepting this cession. Settlements had been made upon 
 thirty -five of the townships in the reserve, mills had been built, and seven 
 hundred miles of road cut in various directions. On the 3d of November 
 the General Assembly met at Chillicothe. Near the close of the year, 
 the first missionary of the Connecticut Reserve came, who found no 
 township containing more than eleven families. It was upon the first of 
 October that the secret treaty had been made between Napoleon and the 
 King of Spain, whereby the latter agreed to cede to France the province 
 of Louisiana. 
 
 In January, 1802, the Assembly of the Northwestern Territory char- 
 tered the college at Athens. From the earliest dawn of the western 
 colonies, education was promptly provided for, and as early as 1787, 
 newspapers were issued from Pittsburgh and Kentucky, and largely read 
 throughout the frontier settlements. Before the close of this year, the 
 Congress of the United States granted to the citizens of the Northwestern 
 territory the formation of a State government. One of the provisions of 
 the "compact of 1787" provided that whenever the number of inhabit- 
 ants within prescribed limits exceeded 45,000, they should be entitled to 
 a separate government. The prescribed limits of Ohio contained, from a 
 census taken to ascertain the legality of the act, more than that number, 
 and on the 30th of April, 1802, Congress passed the act defining its limits, 
 and on the 29th of November the Constitution of the new State of Ohio, 
 so named from the beautiful river forming its southern boundary, came 
 into existence. The exact limits of Lake Michigan were not then known, 
 but the territory now included within the State of Michigan was wholly 
 within the territory of Indiana. 
 
 Gen. Harrison, while residing at Vincennes, made several treaties 
 with the Indians, thereby gaining large tracts of lands. The next year is 
 memorable in the history of the West for the purchase of Louisiana from 
 France by the United States for $15,000,000. Thus by a peaceful mode, 
 the domain of the United States was extended over a large tract of 
 country west of the Mississippi, and was for a time under the jurisdiction 
 of the Northwest government, and, as has been mentioned in the early 
 part of this narrative, was called the "New Northwest." The limits 
 of this history will not allow a description of its territory. The same year 
 large grants of land were obtained from the Indians, and the House of 
 Representatives of the new State of Ohio signed a bill respecting the 
 College Township in the district of Cincinnati. 
 
 Before the close of the year. Gen. Harrison obtained additional 
 grants of lands from the various Indian nations in Indiana and the present 
 limits of Illinois, and on the 18th of August, 1804, completed a treaty at 
 St. Louis, whereby over 51,000,000 acres of lands were obtained from the 
 
68 THE NOETHWEST TERRITORY. 
 
 aborigines. Measures were also taken to learn the condition of affairs in 
 and about Detroit. 
 
 C. Jouett, the Indian agent in Michigan, still a part of Indiana Terri- 
 tory, reported as follows upon the condition of matters at that post : 
 
 " The Town of Detroit. — The charter, which is for fifteen miles 
 square, was granted in the time of Louis XIV. of France, and is now, 
 from the best information I have been able to get, at Quebec. Of those 
 two hundred and twenty-five acres, only four are occupied by the town 
 and Fort Lenault. The remainder is a common, except twenty-four 
 acres, which were added twenty years ago to a farm belonging to Wm. 
 Macomb. * * * a. stockade incloses the town, fort and citadel. The 
 pickets, as well as the public houses, are in a state of gradual decay. The 
 streets are narrow, straight and regular, and intersect each other at right 
 angles. The houses are, for the most part, low and inelegant." 
 
 During this year, Congress granted a township of land for the sup- 
 port of a college, and began to offer inducements for settlers in these 
 wilds, and the country now comprising the State of Michigan began to 
 fill rapidly with settlers along its southern borders. This same year, also, 
 a law was passed organizing the Southwest Territory, dividing it into two 
 portions, the Territory of New Orleans, which city was made the seat of 
 government, and the District of Louisiana, which was annexed to the 
 domain of Gen. Harrison. 
 
 On the 11th of January, 1805, the Territory of Michigan was formed, 
 Wm. Hull was appointed governor, with headquarters at Detroit, the 
 change to take effect on June 30. On the 11th of that month, a fire 
 occurred at Detroit, which destroyed almost every building in the place. 
 When the officers of the new territory reached the post, they found it in 
 ruins, and the inhabitants scattered throughout the country. Rebuild- 
 ing, however, soon commenced, and ere long the town contained more 
 houses than before the fire, and many of them much better built. 
 
 While this was being done, Indiana had passed to the second grade 
 of government, and through her General Assembly had obtained large 
 tracts of land from the Indian tribes. To all this the celebrated Indian, 
 Tecumthe or Tecumseh, vigorously protested, and it was the main cause 
 of his attempts to unite the various Indian tribes in a conflict with the 
 settlers. To obtain a full account of these attempts, the workings of the 
 British, and the signal failure, culminating in the death of Tecumseh at 
 the battle of the Thames, and the close of the war of 1812 in the Northwest, 
 we will step aside in our story, and relate the principal events of his life, 
 and his connection with this conflict. 
 
THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 
 
 6y 
 
 TECUMSEH, THE SHAWANOE CHIEFTAIN. 
 
10 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 
 
 TECUMSEH, AND THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 This famous Indian chief was born about the year 1768, not far from 
 the site of the present City of Piqua, Ohio. His father, Puckeshinwa, 
 was a member of the Kisopok tribe of the Swanoese nation, and his 
 mother, Metliontaske, was a member of the Turtle tribe of the same 
 people. They removed from Florida about the middle of the last century 
 to the birthplace of Tecumseh. In 1774, his father, who had risen to be 
 chief, was slain at the battle of Point Pleasant, and not long after Tecum- 
 seh, by his bravery, became the leader of his tribe. In 1795 he was 
 declared chief, and then lived at Deer Creek, near the site of the 
 present City of Urbana. He remained here about one year, when he 
 returned to Piqua, and in 1798, he went to White River, Indiana. In 
 1805, he and his brother, Laulewasikan (Open Door), who had announced 
 himself as a prophet, went to a tract of land on the Wabash River, given 
 them by the Pottawatomies and Kickapoos. From this date the chiei 
 comes into prominence. He was now about thirty-seven years of age, 
 was five feet and ten inches in height, was stoutly built, and possessed of 
 enormous powers of endurance. His countenance was naturally pleas- 
 ing, and he was, in general, devoid of those savage attributes possessed 
 by most Indians. It is stated he could read and write, and had a confi- 
 dential secretary and adviser, named Billy Caldwell, a half-breed, who 
 afterward became chief of the Pottawatomies. He occupied the first 
 house built on the site of Chicago. At this time, Tecumseh entered 
 upon the great work of his life. He had long objected to the grants of 
 land made by the Indians to the whites, and determined to unite all the 
 Indian tribes into a league, in order that no treaties or grants of land 
 could be made save by the consent of this confederation. 
 
 He traveled constantly, going from north to south ; from the south 
 to the north, everywhere urging the Indians to this step. He was a 
 matchless orator, and his burning words had their effect. 
 
 Gen. Harrison, then Governor of Indiana, by watching the move- 
 ments of the Indians, became convinced that a grand conspiracy was 
 forming, and made preparations to defend the settlements. Tecumseh's 
 plan was similar to Pontiac's, elsewhere described, and to the cunning 
 artifice of that chieftain was added his own sagacity. 
 
 During the year 1809, Tecumseh and the prophet were actively pre- 
 paring for the work. In that year. Gen. Harrison entered into a treaty 
 with the Dela wares, Kickapoos, Pottawatomies, Miamis, Eel River Indians 
 and Weas, in which these tribes ceded to the whites certain lands upon 
 the Wabash, to all of which Tecumseh entered a bitter protest, averring 
 
THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 71 
 
 as one principal reason that he did not want the Indians to give up any 
 lands north and west of the Ohio River. 
 
 Tecumseh, in August, 1810, visited the General at Vincennes and 
 held a council relating to the grievances of the Indians. Becoming unduly 
 angry at this conference he was dismissed from the village, and soon after 
 departed to incite the southern Indian tribes to the conflict. 
 
 Gen. Harrison determined to move upon the chief's headquarters at 
 Tippecanoe, and for this purpose went about sixty-five miles up the 
 Wabash, where he built Fort Harrison. From this place he went to the 
 prophet's town, where he informed the Indians he had no hostile inten- 
 tions, provided they were true to the existing treaties. He encamped 
 near the village early in October, and on the morning of November 7, he 
 was attacked by a large force of the Indians, and the famous battle of 
 Tippecanoe occurred. The Indians were routed and their town broken 
 up. Tecumseh returning not long after, was greatly exasperated at his 
 brother, the prophet, even threatening to kill him for rashly precipitating 
 the war, and foiling his (Tecumseh's) plans. 
 
 Tecumseh sent word to Gen. Harrison that he was now returned 
 from the South, and was ready to visit the President as had at one time 
 previously been proposed. Gen. Harrison informed him he could not go 
 as a chief, which method Tecumseh desired, and the visit was never 
 made. 
 
 In June of the following year, he visited the Indian agent at 
 Fort Wayne. Here he disavowed any intention to make a war against 
 the United States, and reproached Gen. Harrison for marching against his 
 people. The agent replied to this ; Tecumseh listened with a cold indif- 
 ference, and after making a few general remarks, with a haughty air drew 
 his blanket about him, left the council house, and departed for Fort Mai- 
 den, in Upper Canada, where he joined the British standard. 
 
 He remained under this Government, doing effective work for the 
 Crown while engaged in the war of 1812 which now opened. He was, 
 however, always humane in his treatment of the prisoners, never allow- 
 ing his warriors to ruthlessly mutilate the bodies of those slain, or wan- 
 tonly murder the captive. 
 
 In the Summer of 1813, Perry's victory on Lake Erie occurred, and 
 shortly after active preparations were made to capture Maiden. On the 
 27th of September, the American army, under Gen. Harrison, set sail for 
 the shores of Canada, and in a few hours stood around the ruins of Mai- 
 den, from which the British army, under Proctor, had retreated to Sand- 
 wich, intending to make its way to the heart of Canada by the Valley of 
 the Thames. On the 29th Gen. Harrison was at Sandwich, and Gen. 
 McArthur took possession of Detroit and the territory of Michigan. 
 
T2 
 
 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 
 
 On the 2d of October, the Americans began their pursuit of Proctor, 
 whom they overtook on the 5th, and the battle of the Thames followed. 
 Earl}' in the engagement, Tecumseh who was at the head of the column 
 of Indians was slain, and they, no longer hearing the voice of their chief- 
 tain, fled. The victory was decisive, and practically closed the war in 
 the Northwest. 
 
 INDIANS ATTACKING A STOCKADE. 
 
 Just who killed the great chief has been a matter of much dispute ; 
 but the weight of opinion awards the act to Col. Richard M. Johnson, 
 who fired at him Avith a pistol, the shot proving fatal. 
 
 In 1805 occurred Burr's Insurrection. He took possession of a 
 beautiful island in the Ohio, after the killing of Hamilton, and is charged 
 by many with attempting to set up an independent government. His 
 plans were frustrated by the general government, his property confiscated 
 and he was compelled to flee the country for safety. 
 
■ THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 73 
 
 In January, 1807, Governor Hull, of Michigan Territory, made a 
 treaty with the Indians, whereby all that peninsula was ceded to the 
 United States. Before the close of the year, a stockade was- built about 
 Detroit. It was also during this year that Indiana and Illinois endeavored 
 to obtain the repeal of that section of the compact of 1787, whereby 
 slavery was excluded from the Northwest Territory. These attempts, 
 however, all signally failed. 
 
 In 1809 it was deemed advisable to divide the Indiana Territory. 
 This was done, and the Territory of Illinois was formed from the western 
 part, the seat of government being fixed at Kaskaskia. The next year, 
 the intentions of Tecumseh manifested themselves in open hostilities, and 
 then began the events already narrated. 
 
 While this war was in progress, emigration to the West went on with 
 surprising rapidity. In 1811, under Mr. Roosevelt of New York, the 
 first steamboat trip was made on the Ohio, much to the astonishment of 
 the natives, many of whom fled in terror at .the appearance of the 
 *' monster." It arrived at Louisville on the 10th day of October. At the 
 close of the first week of January, 1812, it arrived at Natchez, after being 
 nearly overwhelmed in the great earthquake which occurred while on its 
 downward trip. 
 
 The battle of the Thames was fought on October 6, 1813. It 
 effectually closed hostilities in the Northwest, although peace was not 
 fully restored until July 22, 1814, when a treaty was formed at Green- 
 ville, under the direction of General Harrison, between the United States 
 and the Indian tribes, in which it was stipulated that the Indians should 
 cease hostilities against the Americans if the war were continued. Such, 
 happily, was not the case, and on the 24th of December the treaty 
 of Ghent was signed by the representatives of England and the United 
 States. This treaty was followed the next year by treaties with various 
 Indian tribes throughout the West and Northwest, and quiet was again 
 restored in this part of the new world. 
 
 On the 18th of March, 1816, Pittsburgh was incorporated as a city. 
 It then had a population of 8,000 people, and was already noted for its 
 manufacturing interests. On April 19, Indiana Territory was allowed 
 to form a state government. At that time there were thirteen counties 
 organized, containing about sixty-three thousand inhabitants. The first 
 election of state officers was held in August, when Jonathan Jennings 
 was chosen Governor. The officers were sworn in on November 7, and 
 on December 11, the State was formally admitted into the Union. For 
 some time the seat of government was at Corydon, but a more central 
 location being desirable, the present capital, Indianapolis (City of Indiana), 
 vras laid out January 1, 1825. 
 
74 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 
 
 On the 28th of December the Bank of Illinois, at Shawneetown, was 
 chartered, with a capital of 1300,000. At this period all banks were 
 under the control of the States, and were allowed to establish branches 
 at different convenient points. 
 
 Until this time Chillicothe and Cincinnati had in turn enjoyed the 
 privileges of being the capital of Ohio. But the rapid settlement of the 
 northern and eastern portions of the State demanded, as in Indiana, a 
 more central location, and before the close of the year, the site of Col- 
 umbus was selected and surveyed as the future capital of the State. 
 Banking had begun in Ohio as early as 1808, when the first bank was 
 chartered at Marietta, but here as elsewhere it did not bring to the state 
 the hoped-for assistance. It and other banks were subsequently unable 
 to redeem their currency, and were obliged to suspend. 
 
 In 1818, Illinois was made a state, and all the territory north of her 
 northern limits was erected into a separate territory and joined to Mich- 
 igan for judicial purposes. By the following year, navigation of the lakes 
 was increasing with great rapidity and affording an immense source of 
 revenue to the dwellers in the Northwest, but it was not until 1826 that 
 the trade was extended to Lake Michigan, or that steamships began to 
 navigate the bosom of that inland sea. 
 
 Until the year 1832, the commencement of the Black Hawk War, 
 but few hostilities were experienced with the Indians. Roads were 
 opened, canals were dug, cities were built, common schools were estab- 
 lished, universities were founded, many of which, especially the Michigan 
 University, have achieved a world wide-reputation. The people were 
 becoming wealthy. The domains of the United States had been extended, 
 and had the sons of the forest been treated with honesty and justice, the 
 record of many years would have been that of peace and continuous pros- 
 perity. 
 
 BLACK HAWK AND THE BLACK HAWK WAR. 
 
 This conflict, though confined to Illinois, is an important epoch in 
 the Northwestern history, being the last war with the Indians in this part 
 of the United States. 
 
 Ma-ka-tai-me-she-kia-kiah, or Black Hawk, was born in the principal 
 Sac village, about three miles from the junction of Rock River with the 
 Mississippi, in the year 1767. His father's name was Py-e-sa or Pahaes ; 
 his grandfather's, Na-na-ma-kee, or the Thunderer. Black Hawk early 
 distinguished himself as a warrior, and at the age of fifteen was permitted 
 to paint and was ranked among the braves. About the year 1783, he 
 Went on an expedition against the enemies of his nation, the Osages, one 
 
THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 
 
 76 
 
 BLACK HAWK, THE SAC CHIEFTAIN. 
 
76 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 
 
 of whom he killed and scalped, and for this deed of Indian bravery he was 
 permitted to join in the scalp dance. Three or four years after he, at the 
 head of two hundred braves, went on another expedition against the 
 Osages, to avenge the murder of some women and children belonging to 
 his own tribe. Meeting an equal number of Osage warriors, a fierce 
 battle ensued, in which the latter tribe lost one-half their number. The 
 Sacs lost only about nineteen warriors. He next attacked the Cherokees 
 for a similar cause. In a severe battle with them, near the present City 
 of St. Louis, his father was slain, and Black Hawk, taking possession of 
 the " Medicine Bag," at once announced himself chief of the Sac nation. 
 He had now conquered the Cherokees, and about the year 1800, at the 
 head of five hundred Sacs and Foxes, and a hundred lowas, he waged 
 war against the Osage nation and subdued it. For two years he battled 
 successfully with other Indian tribes, all of whom he conquered. 
 
 Black Hawk does not at any time seem to have been friendly to 
 the Americans. When on a visit to St. Louis to see his " Spanish 
 Father," he declined to see any of the Americans, alleging, as a reason, 
 he did not -wsnit^two fathers. 
 
 The treaty at St. Louis was consummated in 1804. The next year the 
 United States Government erected a fort near the head of the Des Moines 
 Rapids, called Fort Edwards. This seemed to enrage Black Hawk, who 
 at once determined to capture Fort Madison, standing on the west side of 
 the Mississippi above the mouth of the Des Moines River. The fort was 
 garrisoned by about fifty men. Here he was defeated. The difficulties 
 with the British Government arose about this time, and the War of 1812 
 followed. That government, extending aid to the Western Indians, by 
 giving them arms and ammunition, induced them to remain hostile to the 
 Americans, In August, 1812, Black Hawk, at the head of about five 
 hundred braves, started to join the British forces at Detroit, passing on 
 his way the site of Chicago, where the famous Fort Dearborn Massacre 
 ^ ^ a few days before occurred. Of his connection with the British 
 
 ernment but little is known. In 1813 he with his little band descended 
 the Mississippi, and attacking some United States troops at Fort Howard 
 was defeated. 
 
 In the early part of 1815, the Indian tribes west of the Mississippi 
 were notified that peace had been declared between the United States 
 and England, and nearly all hostilities had ceased. Black Hawk did not 
 sign any treaty, however, until May of the following year. He then recog- 
 nized the validity of the treaty at St. Louis in 1804. From the time of 
 signing this treaty in 1816, until the breaking out of the war in 1832, he 
 and his band passed their time in the common pursuits of Indian life. 
 
 Ten years before the commencement of this war, the Sac and Fox 
 
THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 77 
 
 Indians were urged to join the lowas on the west bank of the Father of 
 Waters. All were agreed, save the band known as the British Band, of 
 which Black Hawk was leader. He strenuously objected to the removal, 
 and was induced to comply only after being threatened with the power of 
 the Government. This and various actions on the part of the white set- 
 tlers provoked Black Hawk and his band to attempt the capture of his 
 native village n»\v occupied by the whites. The war followed. He and 
 his actions were undoubtedly misunderstood, and had his wishes been 
 acquiesced in at the beginning of the struggle, much bloodshed would 
 have been prevented. 
 
 Black Hawk was chief now of the Sac and Fox nations, and a noted 
 warrior. He and his tribe inhabited a village on Rock River, nearly three 
 miles above its confluence with the Mississippi, where the tribe had lived 
 many generations. When that portion of Illinois was reserved to them, 
 they remained in peaceable possession of their reservation, spending their 
 time in the enjoyment of Indian life. The fine situation of their village 
 and the quality of their lands incited the more lawless white settlers, who 
 from time to time began to encroach upon the red men's domain. From 
 one pretext to another, and from one step to another, the crafty white 
 men gained a foothold, until through whisky and artifice they obtained 
 deeds from many of the Indians for their possessions. The Indians were 
 finally induced to cross over the Father of Waters and locate among the 
 lowas. Black Hawk was strenuously opposed to all this, but as the 
 authorities of Illinois and the United States thought this the best move, he 
 was forced to comply. Moreover other tribes joined the whites and urged 
 the removal. Black Hawk would not agree to the terms of the treaty 
 made with his nation for their lands, and as soon as the military, called to 
 enforce his removal, had retired, he returned to the Illinois side of the 
 river. A large force was at once raised and marched against him. On 
 the evening of May 14, 1832, the first engagement occurred between a 
 band from this army and Black Hawk's band, in which the former were 
 defeated. 
 
 This attack and its result aroused the whites. A large force of men 
 was raised, and Gen. Scott hastened from the seaboard, by way of the 
 lakes, with United States troops and artillery to aid in the subjugation of 
 the Indians. On the 24th of June, Black Hawk, with 200 warriors, was 
 repulsed by Major Demont between Rock River and Galena. The Ameri- 
 can army continued to move up Rock River toward the main body of 
 the Indians, and on the 21st of July came upon Black Hawk and his band, 
 and defeated them near the Blue Mounds. 
 
 Before this action. Gen. Henry, in command, sent word to the main 
 army by whom he was immediately rejoined, and the whole crossed the 
 
 Note.— The above is the generally accepted version of the cause of the Black Hawk War, but in our History of 
 Jo Daviess County. III., we had cccasicn to po tu the bottona of this matter, and have, we think, found the actual 
 cause of the war, which will be found on page 157. 
 
78 THE NORTHWEST TERETTORy. 
 
 Wisconsin in pursuit of Black Hawk and his band who were fleeing to the 
 Mississippi. They were overtaken on the 2d of August, and in the battle 
 which followed the power of the Indian chief was completely broken. He 
 fled, but was seized by the Winnebagoes and delivered to the whites. 
 
 On the 21st of fSeptember, 1832, Gen. Scott and Gov. Reynolds con- 
 cluded a treaty with the Winnebagoes, Sacs and Foxes by which they 
 ceded to the United States a vast tract of country, and agreed to remain 
 peaceable with the whites. For the faithful performance of the provi- 
 sions of this treaty on the part of the Indians, it was stipulated that 
 Black Hawk, his two sons, the prophet Wabokieshiek, and six other chiefs 
 of the hostile bands should be retained as hostages during the pleasure 
 of the President. They were confined at Fort Barracks and put in irons. 
 
 The next Spring, by order of the Secretary of War, they were taken 
 to Washington. From there they were removed to Fortress Monroe, 
 "there to remain until the conduct of their nation was such as to justify 
 their being set at liberty." They were retained here until the 4th of 
 June, when the authorities directed them to be taken to the principal 
 cities so that they might see the folly of contending against the white 
 people. Everywhere they were observed by thousands, the name of the 
 old chief being extensively known. By the middle of August they 
 reached Fort Armstrong on Rock Island, where Black Hawk was soon 
 after released to go to his countrymen. As he passed the site of his birth- 
 place, now the home of the white man, he was deeply moved. His village 
 where he was born, where he had so happily lived, and where he had 
 hoped to die, was now another's dwelling place, and he was a wanderer. 
 
 On the next day after his release, he went at once to his tribe and 
 his lodge. His wife was yet living, and with her he passed the remainder 
 of his days. To his credit it may be said that Black Hawk always re- 
 mained true to his wife, and served her Avith a devotion uncommon among 
 the Indians, living with her upward of forty years. 
 
 Black Hawk now passed his time hunting and fishing. A deep mel- 
 ancholy had settled over him from which he could not be freed. At all 
 times when he visited the whites he was received with marked atten- 
 tion. He was an honored guest at the old settlers' reunion in Lee County, 
 Illinois, at some of their meetings, and received many tokens of esteem. 
 In September, 1838, while on his way to Rock Island to receive hi& 
 annuity from the Government, he contracted a severe cold which resulted 
 in a fatal attack of bilious fever which terminated his life on October 3. 
 His faithful wife, who was devotedly attached to him, mourned deeply 
 during his sickness. After his death he was dressed in the uniform pre- 
 sented to him by the President while in Washington. He was buried in 
 a grave six feet in depth, situated upon a beautiful eminence. " The 
 
THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 79 
 
 body was placed in the middle of the grave, in a sitting posture, upon a 
 seat constructed for the purpose. On his left side, the cane, given him 
 by Henry Clay, was placed upright, with his right hand resting upon it. 
 Many of the old warrior's trophies were placed in the grave, and some 
 Indian garments, together with his favorite weapons." 
 
 No sooner was the Black Hawk war concluded than settlers began 
 rapidly to pour into the northern parts of Illinois, and into Wisconsin, 
 now free from Indian depredations. Chicago, from a trading post, had 
 grown to a commercial center, and was rapidly coming into prominence. 
 In 1835, the formation of a State Government in Michigan was discussed, 
 but did not take active form until two years later, when the State became 
 a part of the Federal Union. 
 
 The main attraction to that portion of the Northwest lying west of 
 Lake Michigan, now included in the State of Wisconsin, was its alluvial 
 wealth. Copper ore was found about Lake Superior. For some time this 
 region was attached to Michigan for judiciary purposes, but in 183(1 was 
 made a territory, then including Minnesota and Iowa. The latter State 
 was detached two years later. In 1848, W^isconsin was admitted as a 
 State, Madison being made the capital. We have now traced the various 
 divisions of the Northwest Territory (save a little in Minnesota) from 
 the time it was a unit comprising this vast territory, until circumstances 
 compelled its present division. 
 
 OTHER INDIAN TROUBLES. 
 
 Before leaving this part of the narrative, we will narrate briefly the 
 Indian troubles in Minnesota and elsewhere by the Sioux Indians. 
 
 In August, 1862, the Sioux Indians living on the western borders of 
 Minnesota fell upon the unsuspecting settlers, and in a few hours mas- 
 sacred ten or twelve hundred persons. A distressful panic was the 
 immediate result, fully thirty thousand persons fleeing from their homes 
 to districts supposed to be better protected. The military authorities 
 at once took active measures to punish the savages, and a large number 
 were killed and captured. About a year after. Little Crow, the chief, 
 was killed by a Mr. Lampson near Scattered Lake. Of those captured, 
 thirty were hung at Mankato, and the remainder, through fears of mob 
 violence, were removed to Camp McClellan, on the outskirts of the City 
 of Davenport. It was here that Big Eagle came into prominence and 
 secured his release by the following order : 
 
80 
 
 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 
 
 % 
 
 
 BIG EAGLE. 
 
THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 81 
 
 "Special Order, No. 430. "War Department, 
 
 " Adjutant General's Office, Washington, Dec. 3, 1864. 
 
 " Big Eagle, an Indian now in confinement at Davenport, Iowa, 
 will, upon the receipt of this order, be immediately released from confine- 
 ment and set at liberty. 
 
 " By order of the President of the United States. 
 " Official : " E. D. Townsend, AssH Adft Gen, 
 
 " Capt. James Vanderventer, Com y Sub. Vols. 
 
 "Through Com'g Gen'l, Washington, D. C." 
 
 Another Indian who figures more prominently than Big Eagle, and 
 who was more cowardly in his nature, with his band of Modoc Indians, 
 is noted in the annals of the New Northwest: we refer to Captain Jack. 
 This distinguished Indian, noted for his cowardly murder of Gen. Canby^ 
 was a chief of a Modoc tribe of Indians inhabiting the border landa 
 between California and Oregon. This region of country comprises what 
 is known as the " Lava Beds," a tract of land described as utterly impene- 
 trable, save by those savages who had made it their home. 
 
 The Modocs are known as an exceedingly fierce and treacherous 
 race. They had, according to their own traditions, resided here for many 
 generations, and at one time were exceedingly numerous and powerful. 
 A famine carried off nearly half their numbers, and disease, indolence 
 and the vices of the white man have reduced them to a poor, weak and 
 insignificant tribe. 
 
 Soon after the settlement of California and Oregon, complaints began 
 to be heard of massacres of emigrant trains passing through the Modoc 
 country. In 1847, an emigrant train, comprising eighteen souls, was en- 
 tirely destroyed at a place since known as " Bloody Point." These occur- 
 rences caused the United States Government to appoint a peace commission^ 
 who, after repeated attempts, in 1864. made a treaty with the Modocs, 
 Snakes and Klamaths, in which it was agreed on their part to remove to 
 a reservation set apart for them in the southern part of Oregon. 
 
 With the exception of Captain Jack and a band of his followers, who 
 remained at Clear Lake, about six miles from Klamath, all the Indians 
 complied. The Modocs who went to the reservation were under chief 
 Schonchin. Captain Jack remained at the lake without disturbance 
 until 1869, when he was also induced to remove to the reservation. The 
 Modocs and the Klamaths soon became involved in a quarrel, and Captain 
 Jack and his band returned to the Lava Beds. 
 
 Several attempts were made by the Indian Commissioners to induce 
 them to return to the reservation, and finally becoming involved in a 
 
82 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 
 
 difficulty with the commissioner and his military escort, a fight ensued, 
 in which the chief and his band were routed. They were greatly enraged, 
 and on their retreat, before the day closed, killed eleven inoffensive whites. 
 
 The nation was aroused and immediate action demanded. A com- 
 mission was at once appointed by the Government to see what could be 
 done. It comprised the following persons : Gen. E. R. S. Canby^ Rev. 
 Dr. E. Thomas, a leading Methodist divine of California ; Mr. A. B. 
 Meacham, Judge Rosborough, of California, and a Mr. Dyer, of Oregon. 
 After several interviews, in which the savages were always aggressive, 
 often appearing with scalps in their belts. Bogus Charley came to the 
 commission on the evening of April 10, 1873, and informed them that 
 Capt. Jack and his band would have a " talk " to-morrow at a place near 
 Clear Lake, about three miles distant. Here the Commissioners, accom- 
 panied by Charley, Riddle, the interpreter, and Boston Charley repaired. 
 After the usual greeting the council proceedings commenced. On behalf 
 of the Indians there were present : Capt. Jack, Black Jim, Schnac Nasty 
 Jim, Ellen's Man, and Hooker Jim. They had no guns, but carried pis- 
 tols. After short speeches by Mr. Meacham, Gen. Canby and Dr. Thomas, 
 Chief Schonchin arose to speak. He had scarcely proceeded when, 
 as if by a preconcerted arrangement, Capt. Jack drew his pistol and shot 
 Gen. Canby dead. In less than a minute a dozen shots were fired b}^ the 
 savages, and the massacre completed. Mr. Meacham was shot by Schon- 
 chin, and Dr. Thomas by Boston Charley. Mr. Dyer barely escaped, being- 
 fired at twice. Riddle, the interpreter, and his squaw escaped. The 
 troops rushed to the spot where they found Gen. Canby and Dr. Thomas 
 dead, and Mr. Meacham badly wounded. The savages had escaped to 
 their impenetrable fastnesses and could not be pursued. 
 
 The whole country was aroused by this brutal massacre ; but it was 
 not until the following May that the murderers were brought to justice. 
 At that time Boston Charley gave himself up, and offered to guide the 
 troops to Capt. Jack's stronghold. This led to the capture of his entire 
 gang, a number of whom were murdered by Oregon volunteers while on 
 their way to trial. The remaining Indians were held as prisoners until 
 July when their trial occurred, which led to the conviction of Capt. 
 Jack, Schonchin, Boston Charley, Hooker Jim, Broncho, alias One-Eyed 
 Jim, and Slotuck, who were sentenced to be hanged. These sentences 
 were approved by the President, save in the case of Slotuck and Broncho 
 whose sentences were commuted to imprisonment for life. The others 
 were executed at Fort Klamath, October 3, 1873. 
 
 These closed the Indian troubles for a time in the Northwest, and for 
 several years the borders of civilization remained in peace. They were 
 again involved in a conflict with the savages about the country of the 
 
THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 
 
 83 
 
 CAPTAIN JACK, THE MODOC CHIEFTAIN. 
 
(J4 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 
 
 Black Hills, in which war the gallant Gen. Custer lost his life. Just 
 now the borders of Oregon and California are again in fear of hostilities ; 
 but as the Government has learned how to deal with the Indians, they 
 will be of short duration. The red man is fast passing away before the 
 march of the white man, and a few more generations will read of the 
 Indians as one of the nations of the past. 
 
 The Northwest abounds in memorable places. We have generally 
 noticed them in the narrative, but our space forbids their description in 
 detail, save of the most important places. Detroit, Cincinnati, Vincennes, 
 Kaskaskia and their kindred towns have all been described. But ere we 
 leave the narrative we will present our readers with an account of the 
 Kinzie house, the old landmark of Chicago, and the discovery of the 
 source of the Mississippi River, each of which may well find a place in 
 the annals of the Northwest. 
 
 Mr. John Kinzie, of the Kinzie house, represented in the illustra- 
 tion, established a trading house at Fort Dearborn in 1804. The stockade 
 had been erected the year previous, and named Fort Dearborn in honor 
 of the Secretary of War. It had a block house at each of the two angles, 
 on the southern side a sallyport, a covered way on the north side, that led 
 down to the river, for the double purpose of providing means of escape, 
 and of procuring water in the event of a siege. 
 
 Fort Dearborn stood on the south bank of the Chicago River, about 
 half a mile from its mouth. When Major Whistler built it, his soldiers 
 hauled all the timber, for he had no oxen, and so economically did he 
 work that the fort cost the Government only fifty dollars. For a while 
 the garrison could get no grain, and Whistler and his men subsisted on 
 acorns. Now Chicago is the greatest grain center in the world. 
 
 Mr. Kinzie bought the hut of the first settler, Jean Baptiste Point au 
 Sable, on the site of which he erected his mansion. Within an inclosure 
 in front he planted some Lombardy poplars, seen in the engraving, and in 
 the rear he soon had a fine garden and growing orchard. 
 
 In 1812 the Kinzie house and its surroundings became the theater 
 of stirring events. The garrison of Fort Dearborn consisted of fifty-four 
 men, under the charge of Capt. Nathan Heald, assisted by Lieutenant 
 Lenai T. Helm (son-in-law to Mrs. Kinzie), and Ensign Ronan. The 
 surgeon was Dr. Voorhees. The only residents at the post at that time 
 were the wives of Capt. Heald and Lieutenant Helm and a few of the 
 soldiers, Mr. Kinzie and his family, and a few Canadian voyagers with their 
 wives and children. The soldiers and Mr. Kinzie were on the most 
 friendly terms with the Pottawatomies and the Winnebagoes, the prin- 
 cipal tribes around them, but they could not win them from their attach- 
 ment to the British. 
 
THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 
 
 85 
 
 After the battle of Tippecanoe it was observed that some of the lead- 
 ing chiefs became sullen, for some of their people had perished in that 
 conflict with American troops. 
 
 One evening in April, 1812, Mr. Kinzie sat playing his violin and his 
 children were dancing to the music, when Mrs. Kinzie came rushing into 
 the house pale with terror, and exclaiming, " The Indians ! the Indians ! " 
 " What? Where? " eagerly inquired Mr. Kinzie. " Up at Lee's, killing 
 and scalping," answered the frightened mother, who, when the alarm was 
 given, was attending Mrs. Burns, a newly-made mother, living not far off. 
 
 KINZIE HOUSE. 
 
 Mr. Kinzie and his family crossed the river in boats, and took refuge in 
 the fort, to which place Mrs. Burns and her infant, not a day old, were 
 conveyed in safety to the shelter of the guns of Fort Dearborn, and the 
 rest of the white inhabitants fled. The Indians were a scalping party of 
 Winnebagoes, who hovered around the fort some days, when they dis- 
 appeared, and for several weeks the inhabitants were not disturbed by 
 alarms. 
 
 Chicago was then so deep in the wilderness, that the news of the 
 declaration of war against Great Britain, made on the 19th of June, 1812, 
 did not reach the commander of the garrison at Fort Dearborn till the 7th 
 of August. Now the fast mail train will carry a man from New York to 
 Chicago in twenty-seven hours, and such a declaration might be sent, 
 every word, by the telegraph in less than the same number of minutes. 
 
36 THE KOETHWEST TERRITORY. 
 
 PRESENT CONDITION OF THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 Preceding chapters have brought us to the close of the Black Hawk 
 war, and we now turn to the contemplation of the growth and prosperity 
 of the Northwest under the smile of peace and the blessings of our civili- 
 zation. The pioneers of this region date events back to the deep snow 
 
 ■•^iSK 
 
 ^ ii^^^:^:?^^j ^^N'- 
 
 A KEPBESENTATIVE PIONEER. 
 
 of 1831, no one arriving here since that date taking first honors. The 
 inciting cause of the immigration which overflowed the prairies early in 
 the '30s was the reports of the marvelous beauty and fertility of the 
 region distributed through the East by those who had participated in the 
 Bllck Hawk campaign with Gen. Scott. Chicago and Milwaukee then 
 had a few hundred inhabitants, and Gurdon S. Hubbard's trail from the 
 former citv to Kaskaskia led almost through a wilderness. Vegetables 
 and clothing were largely distributed through the regions adjoining the 
 
THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 
 
 87 
 
 lakes by steamers from the Ohio towns. There are men now living in 
 Illinois who came to the state when barely an acre was in cultivation, 
 and a man now prominent in the business circles of Chicago looked over 
 the swampy, cheerless site of that metropolis in 1818 and went south 
 ward into civilization. Emigrants from Pennsylvania in 1830 left behind 
 
 1/ ..-o- 
 
 LINCOLN IMONUMENT, SPKINGFIELD, ILLINOIS. 
 
 them but one small railway in the coal regions, thirty miles in length, 
 and made their way to the Northwest mostly with ox teams, finding in 
 Northern Illinois petty settlements scores of miles apart, although the 
 southern portion of the state was fairly dotted with farms. The 
 water courses of the lakes and rivers furnished transportation to the 
 second great army of immigrants, and about 1850 railroads were 
 pushed to that extent that the crisis of 1837 was precipitated upon us. 
 
88 
 
 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 
 
 from the effects of which the Western country had not fully recovered 
 at the outbreak of the war. Hostilities found the colonists of the prairies 
 fully alive to the demands of the occasion, and the honor of recruiting 
 
 3m \ 
 
 ■ ,jiiJi!^Hiliiyilii!iiiiiiHiiJiii^ ^ ,^ .^ ^" * 
 
 the vast armies of the Union fell largely to the Governors of the Western 
 States. The stru2;";le, on the "vvhole, had a marked effect for the better on the 
 new Northwest, giving it an impetus which twenty years of peace would not have 
 produced. In a large degree, this prosperity was an inflated one ; and, with 
 the rest of the Union, we have since been compelled to atone therefor by four 
 
THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 89 
 
 years of depression of values, of scarcity of employment, and loss of 
 fortune. To a less degree, however, than the manufacturing or mining 
 regions has the West suffered during the prolonged panic now so near its 
 end. Agriculture, still the leading feature in our industries, has been 
 quite prosperous through all these dark years, and the farmers have 
 cleared away many incumbrances resting over them from the period of 
 fictitious values. The population has steadily increased, the arts and 
 sciences are gaining a stronger foothold, the trade area of the region is 
 becoming daily more extended, and we have been largely exempt from 
 the financial calamities which have nearly wrecked communities on the 
 seaboard dependent wholly on foreign commerce or domestic manufacture. 
 
 At the present period there are no great schemes broached for the 
 Northwest, no propositions for government subsidies or national works 
 of improvement, but the capital of the world is attracted hither for the 
 purchase of our products or the expansion of our capacity for serving the 
 nation at large. A new era is dawning as to transportation, and we bid 
 fair to deal almost exclusively with the increasing and expanding lines 
 of steel rail running through every few miles of territory on the prairies. 
 The lake marine will no doubt continue to be useful in the warmer 
 season, and to serve as a regulator of freight rates ; but experienced 
 navigators forecast the decay of the system in moving to the seaboard 
 the enormous crops of the West. Within the past five years it has 
 become quite common to see direct shipments to Europe and the West 
 Indies going through from the second-class towns along the Mississippi 
 and Missouri. 
 
 As to popular education, the standard has of late risen very greatly, 
 and our schools would be creditable to any section of the Union. 
 
 More and more as the events of the war pass into obscurity will the 
 fate of the Northwest be linked with that of the Southwest, and the 
 next Congressional apportionment will give the valley of the Mississippi 
 absolute control of the legislation of the nation, and do much toward 
 securing the removal of the Federal capitol to some more central location. 
 
 Our public men continue to wield the full share of influence pertain- 
 ing to their rank in the national autonomy, and seem not to forget that 
 for the past sixteen years they and their constituents have dictated the 
 principles which should govern the country. 
 
 In a work like this, destined to lie on the shelves of the library for 
 generations, and not doomed to daily destruction like a newspaper, one 
 can not indulge in the same glowing predictions, the sanguine statements 
 of actualities that fill the columns of ephemeral publications. Time may 
 bring grief to the pet projects of a writer, and explode castles erected on 
 a pedestal of facts. Yet there are unmistakable indications before us of 
 
90 THE NOKTETWEST TERKITOEy. 
 
 the same radical change in our great Northwest which characterizes its 
 history for the past thirty years. Our domain has a sort of natural 
 geographical border, save where it melts away to the southward in the 
 cattle raising districts of the southwest. 
 
 Our prime interest will for some years doubtless be the growth of 
 the food of the world, in which branch it has already outstripped all 
 competitors, and our great rival in this duty will naturally be the fertile 
 plains of Kansas, Nebraska and Colorado, to say nothing of the new 
 empire so rapidly growing up in Texas. Over these regions there is a 
 continued progress in agriculture and in railway building, 'and we must 
 look to our laurels. Intelligent observers of events are fully aware of 
 the strides made in the way of shipments of fresh meats to Europe, 
 many of these ocean cargoes being actually slaughtered in the West and 
 transported on ice to the wharves of the seaboard cities. That this new 
 enterprise will continue there is no reason to doubt. There are in 
 Chicago several factories for the canning of prepared meats for European 
 consumption, and the orders for this class of goods are already immense. 
 English capital is becoming daily more and more dissatisfied with railway 
 loans and investments, and is gradually seeking mammoth outlays in 
 lands and live stock. The stock yards in Chicago, Indianapolis and East 
 St. Louis are yearly increasing their facilities, and their plant steadily 
 grows more valuable. Importations of blooded animals from the pro- 
 gressive countries of Europe are destined to greatly improve the quality 
 of our beef and mutton. Nowhere is there to be seen a more enticing 
 display in this line than at our state and county fairs, and the interest 
 in the matter is on the increase. 
 
 To attempt to give statistics of our grain production for 1877 would 
 be useless, so far have we surpassed ourselves in the quantity and 
 quality of our product. We are too liable to forget that we are giving 
 the world its first article of necessity — its food supply. An opportunity 
 to learn this fact so it never can be forgotten was afforded at Chicago at 
 the outbreak of the great panic of 1873, when Canadian purchasers, 
 fearing the prostration ofbusiness might bring about an anarchical condition 
 of affairs, went to that city with coin in bulk and foreign drafts to secure 
 their supplies in their own currency at first hands. It may be justly 
 claimed by the agricultural community that their combined efforts gave 
 the nation its first impetus toward a restoration of its crippled industries, 
 and their labor brought the gold premium to a lower depth than the 
 government was able to reach by its most intense efforts of legislation 
 and compulsion. The hundreds of millions about to be disbursed for 
 farm products have already, by the anticipation common to all commercial 
 
THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 
 
 91 
 
 nations, set the wheels in motion, and will relieve us from the perils so 
 long shadowing our efforts to return to a healthy tone. 
 
 Manufacturing has attained in the chief cities a foothold which bids 
 fair to render the Northwest independent of the outside world. Nearly 
 
 our whole region has a distribution of coal measures which will in time 
 support the manufactures necessary to our comfort and prosperity. As 
 to transportation, the chief factor in the production of all articles except 
 food, no section is so magnificently endowed, and our facilities are yearly 
 increasing beyond those of any other region. 
 
92 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 
 
 The period from a central point of the war to the outbreak of the 
 panic was marked by a tremendous growth in our railway lines, but the 
 depression of the times caused almost a total suspension of operations. 
 Now that prosperity is returning to our stricken country we witness its 
 anticipation by the railroad interest in a series of projects, extensions, 
 and leases which bid fair to largely increase our transportation facilities. 
 The process of foreclosure and sale of incumbered lines is another matter 
 to be considered. In the case of the Illinois Central road, which formerly 
 transferred to other lines at Cairo the vast burden of freight destined for 
 the Gulf region, we now see the incorporation of the tracks connecting 
 through to New Orleans, every mile co-operating -in turning toward the 
 northwestern metropolis the weight of the inter-state commerce of a 
 thousand miles or more of fertile plantations. Three competing routes 
 to Texas have established in Chicago their general freight and passenger 
 agencies. Four or five lines compete for all Pacific freights to a point as 
 as far as the interior of Nebraska. Half a dozen or more splendid bridge 
 structures have been thrown across the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers by 
 the railways. The Chicago and Northwestern line has become an aggre- 
 gation of over two thousand miles of rail, and the Chicago, Milwaukee 
 and St. Paul is its close rival in extent and importance. The three lines 
 running to Cairo via Vincennes form a through route for all traffic with 
 the states to the southward. The chief projects now under discussion 
 are the Chicago and Atlantic, which is to unite with lines now built to 
 Charleston, and the Chicago and Canada Southern, which hue will con- 
 nect with all tlie various branches of that Canadian enterprise. Our 
 latest new road is the Chicago and Lake Huron, formed of three lines, 
 and entering the city from Valparaiso on the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne 
 and Chicago track. The trunk lines being mainly in operation, the 
 progress made in the way of shortening tracks, making air-line branches, 
 and running extensions does not show to the advantage it deserves, as 
 this process is constantly adding new facilities to the established order 
 of things. The panic reduced the price of steel to a point where the 
 railways could hardly afford to use iron rails, and all our northwestern 
 lines report large relays of Bessemer track. The immense crops now 
 being moved have given a great rise to the value of railway stocks, and 
 their transportation must result in heavy pecuniary advantages. 
 
 Few are aware of the importance of the wholesale and jobbing trade 
 of Chicago. One leading firm has since the panic sold $24,000,000 of 
 dry goods in one year, and they now expect most confidently to add 
 seventy per cent, to the figures of their last year's business. In boots 
 and shoes and in clothing, twenty or more great firms from the east have 
 placed here their distributing agents or their factories ; and in groceries 
 
THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 
 
 93 
 
 Chicago supplies the entire Northwest at rates presenting advantages 
 over New York. 
 
 Chicago has stepped in between New York and the rural banks as a 
 financial center, and scarcely a banking institution in the grain or cattle 
 regions but keeps its reserve funds in the vaults of our commercial insti- 
 tutions. Accumulating here throughout the spring and summer months, 
 they are summoned home at pleasure to move the products of the 
 prairies. This process greatly strengthens the northwest in its financial 
 operations, leaving home capital to supplement local operations on 
 behalf of home interests. 
 
 It is impossible to forecast the destiny of this grand and growing 
 section of the Union. Figures and predictions made at this date might 
 seem ten years hence so ludicrously small as to excite only derision. 
 
HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 95 
 
 CHICAGO. 
 
 It is impossible in our brief space to give more than a meager sketch 
 of such a city as Chicago, which is in itself the greatest marvel of the 
 Prairie State. This mysterious, majestic, mighty city, born first of water, 
 and next of fire ; sown in weakness, and raised in power ; planted among 
 the willows of the marsh, and crowned with the glory of the mountains ; 
 sleeping on the bosom of the prairie, and rocked on the bosom of the sea , 
 
 CHICAGO IJV 16o'6. 
 
 the youngest city of the world, and still the eye of the prairie, as Damas- 
 cus, the oldest city of the world, is the eye of the desert. With a com-' 
 merce far exceeding that of Corinth on her isthmus, in the highway to 
 the East ;. with the defenses of a continent piled around her by the thou- 
 sand miles, making her far safer than Rome on the banks of the Tiber ; 
 
96 HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 with schools eclipsing Alexandria and Athens : with liberties more con- 
 spicuous than those of the old republics ; with a heroism equal to the firgt 
 Carthage, and with a sanctity scarcely second to that of Jerusalem — set 
 your thoughts on all this, lifted hito the eyes of all men by the miracle of 
 its growth, illuminated by the flame of its fall, and transfigured by the 
 divinity of its resurrection, and you will feel, as I do, the utter impossi- 
 bility of compassing this subject as it deserves. Some impression of her 
 importance is received from the shock her burning gave to the civilized 
 world. 
 
 When the doubt of her calamity was removed, and the horrid fact 
 was accepted, there went a shudder over all cities, and a quiver over all 
 lands. There was scarcely a town in the civilized world that did not 
 shake on the brink of this opening chasm. The flames of our homes red- 
 dened all skies. The city was set upon a hill, and could not be hid. All 
 eyes were turned upon it. To have struggled and suffered amid the 
 scenes of its fall is as distinguishing as to have fought at Thermopyloe, or 
 Salamis, or Hastings, or Waterloo, or Bunker Hill. 
 
 Its calamity amazed the world, because it was felt to be the common 
 property of mankind. 
 
 The early history of the city is full of interest, just as the early his- 
 tory of such a man as Washington or Lincoln becomes public property, 
 and is cherished by every patriot. 
 
 Starting with 560 acres in 1833, it embraced and occupied 23,000 
 acres in 1869, and, having now a population of more than 500,000, it com- 
 mands general attention. 
 
 The first settler — Jean Baptiste Pointe au Sable, a mulatto from the 
 West Indies — came and began trade with the Indians in 1796. John 
 Kinzie became his successor in 1804, in which year Fort Dearborn was 
 erected. 
 
 A mere trading-post was kept here from that time till about the time 
 of the Blackhawk war, in 1832. It was not the city. It was merely a 
 cock crowing at midnight. The morning was not yet. In 1833 the set- 
 tlement about the fort was incorporated as a town. The voters were 
 divided on the propriety of such corporation, twelve voting for it and one 
 against it. Four years later it was incorporated as a city, and embraced 
 660 acres. 
 
 The produce handled in this city is an indication of its power. Grain 
 and flour were imported from the East till as late as 1837. The first 
 exportation by way of experiment was in 1839. Exports exceeded imports 
 first in 1842. The Board of Trade was organized in 1848, but it was so 
 weak that it needed nursing till 1855. Grain was purchased by the 
 wagon-load in the street. 
 
 I remember sitting with my father on a load of wheat, in the long 
 
HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. 97 
 
 line of wagons along Lake street, while the buyers came and untied the 
 bags, and examined the grain, and made their bids. That manner of 
 business had to cease with the day of small things. Now our elevators 
 will hold 15,000,000 bushels of grain. The cash value of the produce 
 handled in a year is 1215,000,000, and the produce weighs 7,000,000 
 tons or 700,000 car loads. This handles thirteen and a half ton each 
 minute, all the year round. One tenth of all the wheat in the United 
 States is handled in Chicago. Even as long ago as 1853 the receipts of 
 grain in Chicago exceeded those of the goodly city of St. Louis, and in 
 1854 the exports of grain from Chicago exceeded those of New York and 
 doubled those of St. Petersburg, Archangel, or Odessa, the largest grain 
 markets in Europe. 
 
 The manufacturing interests of the city are not contemptible. In 
 1873 manufactories employed 45,000 operatives ; in 1876, 60,000. The 
 manufactured product in 1875 was worth 8177,000,000. 
 
 No estimate of the size and power of Chicago would be adequate 
 that did not put large emphasis on the railroads. Before they came 
 thundering along our streets canals were the hope of our country. But 
 who ever thinks now of traveling by canal packets ? In June, 1852, 
 there were only forty miles of railroad connected with the city. The 
 old Galena division of the Northwestern ran out to Elgin. But now, 
 who can count the trains and measure the roads that seek a terminus or 
 connection in this city ? The lake stretches away to the north, gathering 
 in to this center all the harvests that might otherwise pass to the north 
 of us. If you will take a map and look at the adjustment of railroads, 
 you will see, first, that Chicago is the great railroad center of the world, 
 as New York is the commercial city of this continent ; and, second, that 
 the railroad lines form the iron spokes of a great wheel whose hub is 
 this city. The lake furnishes the only break in the spokes, and this 
 seems simply to have pushed a few spokes together on each shore. See 
 the eighteen trunk lines, exclusive of eastern connections. 
 
 Pass round the circle, and view their numbers and extent. There 
 is the great Northwestern, with all its branches, one branch creeping 
 along the lake shore, and so reaching to the north, into the Lake Superior 
 regions, away to the right, and on to the Northern Pacific on the left, 
 swinging around Green Bay for iron and copper and silver, twelve months 
 in the year, and reaching out for the wealth of the great agricultural 
 belt and isothermal line traversed by the Northern Pacific. Another 
 branch, not so far north, feeling for the heart of the Badger State. 
 Another pushing lower down the Mississippi — all these make many con- 
 nections, and tapping all the vast wheat regions of Minnesota, Wisconsin, 
 Iowa, and all the regions this side of sunset. There is that elegant road, 
 the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, running out a goodly number of 
 
98 
 
 HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 OLD FORT DEARBORN, 1830. 
 
 PRESENT SITE OF LAKE STREET BRIDGE, CHICAGO, IN 1833. 
 
HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. 99 
 
 branches, and reaping the great fields this side of the Missouri River. 
 I can only mention the Chicago, Alton & St. Louis, our Illinois Central, 
 described elsewhere, and the Chicago & Rock Island. Further around 
 we come to the lines connecting us with all the eastern cities. The 
 Chicago, Indianapolis & St. Louis, the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne & 
 Chicago, the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern, and the Michigan Cen. 
 tral and Great Western, give us many highways to the seaboard. Thus we 
 reach the Mississippi at five points, from St. Paul to Cairo and the Gulf 
 itself by two routes. We also reach Cincinnati and Baltimore, and Pitts- 
 burgh and Philadelphia, and New York. North and south run the water 
 courses of the lakes and the rivers, broken just enough at this point to 
 make a pass. Through this, from east to west, run the long lines that 
 stretch from ocean to ocean. 
 
 This is the neck of the glass, and the golden sands of commerce 
 must pass into our hands. Altogether we have more than 10,000 miles 
 of railroad, directly tributary to this city, seeking to unload their wealth 
 in our coffers. All these roads have come themselves by the infallible 
 instinct of capital. Not a dollar was ever given by the city to secure 
 one of them, and only a small per cent, of stock taken originally by her 
 3itizens, and that taken simply as an investment. Coming in the natural 
 order of events, they will not be easily diverted. 
 
 There is still another showing to all this. The connection between 
 New York and San Francisco is by the middle route. This passes inevit- 
 ably through Chicago. St. Louis wants the Southern Pacific or Kansas 
 Pacific, and pushes it out through Denver, and so on up to Cheyenne. 
 But before the road is fairly under way, the Chicago roads shove out to 
 Kansas City, making even the Kansas Pacific a feeder, and actually leav- 
 ing St. Louis out in the cold. It is not too much to expect that Dakota, 
 Montana, and Washington Territory will find their great market in Chi- 
 cago. 
 
 But these are not all. Perhaps I had better notice here the ten or 
 fifteen new roads that have just entered, or are just entering, our city. 
 Their names are all that is necessary to give. Chicago & St. Paul, look- 
 ing up the Red River country to the Britivsh possessions ; the Chicago, 
 Atlantic & Pacific ; the Chicago, Decatur & State Line ; the Baltimore & 
 Ohio; the Chicago, Danville & Vincennes; the Chicago & LaSalle Rail- 
 road ; the Chicago, Pittsburgh & Cincinnati ; the Chicago and Canada 
 Southern ; the Chicago and Illinois River Railroad. These, with their 
 connections, and with the new connections of the old roads, already in 
 process of erection, give to Chicago not less than 10,000 miles of new 
 tributaries from the richest land on the continent. Thus there will be 
 added to the reserve power, to the capital within reach of this city, not 
 less than 81,000,000,000. 
 
100 HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 Add to all this transporting power the ships that sail one every nine 
 minutes of the business hours of the season of navigation ; add, also, the 
 canal boats that leave one every five minutes during the same time — and 
 you will see something of the business of the city. 
 
 THE COMMERCE OF THIS CITY 
 
 has been leaping along to keep pace with the growth of the country 
 around us. In 1852, our commerce reached the hopeful sum of 
 $20,000,000. In 1870 it reached $400,000,000. In 1871 it was pushed 
 up above $450,000,000. And in 1875 it touched nearly double that. 
 
 One-half of our imported goods come directly to Chicago. Grain 
 enough is exported directly from our docks to the old world to employ a 
 semi-weekly line of steamers of 3,000 tons capacity. This branch is 
 not likely to be greatly developed. Even after the great Welland Canal 
 is completed we shall have only fourteen feet of water. The great ocean 
 vessels will continue to control the trade. 
 
 The banking capital of Chicago is $24,431,000. Total exchange in 
 1875, $659,000,000. Her wholesale business in 1875 was $294,000,000. 
 The rate of taxes is less than in anj other great city. 
 
 The schools of Chicago are unsurpassed in America. Out of a popu- 
 lation of 300,000 there were only 186 persons between the ages of six 
 and twenty-one unable to read. This is the best known record. 
 
 In 1831 the mail system was condensed into a half-breed, who went 
 on foot to Niles, Mich., once in two weeks, and brought back what papers 
 and news he could find. As late as 1846 there was often only one mail 
 a week. A post-office was established in Chicago in 1833, and the post- 
 master nailed, up old boot-legs on one side of his shop to serve as boxes 
 for the nabobs and literary men. 
 
 It is an interesting fact in the growth of the young' city that in the 
 active life of the business men of that day the mail matter has grown to 
 a daily average of over 6,500 pounds. It speaks equally well for the 
 intelligence of the people and the commercial importance of the place, 
 that the mail matter distributed to the territory immediately tributary to 
 Chicago is seven times greater than that distributed to the territory 
 immediately tributary to St. Louis. 
 
 The improvements that have characterized the city are as startling 
 as the city itself. In 1831, Mark Beaubien established a ferry over the 
 river, and put himself under bonds to carry all the citizens free for the 
 privilege of charging strangers. Now there are twenty-four large bridoes 
 and two tunnels. 
 
 In 1833 the government expended $30,000 on the harbor. Then 
 commenced that series of manoeuvers with the river that has made it one 
 
HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. 101 
 
 of the world's curiosities. It used to wind around in the lower end of 
 the town, and make its way rippling over the sand into the lake at the 
 foot of Madison street. They took it up and put it down where it now 
 is. It was a narrow stream, so narrow that even moderately small crafts 
 had to go up through the willows and cat's tails to the point near Lake 
 street bridge, and back up one of the branches to get room enough in 
 which to turn around. 
 
 In 1844 the quagmires in the streets were first pontooned by plank 
 roads, which acted in wet weather as public squirt-guns. Keeping you 
 out of the mud, they compromised by squirting the mud over you. The 
 wooden-block pavements came to Chicago in 1857. In 1840 water was 
 delivered by peddlers in carts or by hand. Then a twenty-five horse- 
 power engine pushed it through hollow or bored logs along the streets 
 till 1854, when it was introduced into the houses by new works. The 
 first fire-engine was used in 1835, and the first steam fire-engine in 1859. 
 Gas was utilized for lighting the city in 1850. The Young Men's Chris- 
 tian Association was organized in 1858, aud horse railroads carried them 
 to their work in 1859. The museum was opened in 1863. The alarm 
 telegraph adopted in 1864. The opera-house built in 1865. The city 
 grew from 560 acres in 1833 to 23,000 in 1869. In 1834, the taxes 
 amounted to $48.90, and the trustees of the town borrowed $60 more for 
 opening and improving streets. In 1835, the legislature authorized a loan 
 of $2,000, and the treasurer and street commissioners resigned rather than 
 plunge the town into such a gulf. 
 
 Now the city embraces 36 square miles of territory, and has 30 miles 
 of water front, besides the outside harbor of refuge, of 400 acres, inclosed 
 by a crib sea-wall. One-third pf the city has been raised up an average 
 of eight feet, giving good pitch to the 263 miles of sewerage. The water 
 of the city is above all competition. It is received through two tunnels 
 extending to a crib in the lake two miles from shore. The closest analy- 
 sis fails to detect any impurities, and, received 35 feet below the surface, 
 it is always clear and cold. The first tunnel is five feet two inches in 
 diameter and two miles long, and can deliver 50,000,000 of gallons per 
 day. The second tunnel is seven feet in diameter and six miles long, 
 running four miles under the city, and can deliver 100,000,000 of gal- 
 lons per day. This water is distributed through 410 miles of water- 
 mains. 
 
 The three grand engineering exploits of the city are : First, lifting 
 the city up on jack-screws, whole squares at a time, without interrupting 
 the business, thus giving us good drainage ; second, running the tunnels 
 under the lake, giving us the best water in the world ; and third, the 
 turning the current of the river in its own channel, delivering us from the 
 old abominations, and making decency possible. They redound about 
 
102 HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 equally to the credit of the engineering, to the energy of the people, and 
 to the health of the city. 
 
 That which really constitutes the city, its indescribable spirit, its soul, 
 the way it lights up in every feature in the hour of action, has not been 
 touched. In meeting strangers, one is often surprised how some homely 
 women marry so well. Their forms are bad, their gait uneven and awk- 
 ward, their complexion is dull, their features are misshapen and mismatch- 
 ed, and when we see them there is no beauty that we should desire them. 
 But when once they are aroused on some subject, they put On new pro- 
 portions. They light up into great power. The real person comes out 
 from its unseemly ambush, and captures us at will. They have power. 
 They have ability to cause things to come to pass. We no longer wonder 
 why they are in such high demand. So it is with our city. 
 
 There is no grand scenery except the two seas, one of water, the 
 other of prairie. Nevertheless, there is a spirit about it, a push, a breadth, 
 a power, that soon makes it a place never to be forsaken. One soon 
 ceases to believe in impossibilities. Balaams are the only prophets that are 
 disappointed. The bottom that has been on the point of falling out has 
 been there so long that it has grown fast. It can not fall out. It has all 
 the capital of the world itching to get inside the corporation. 
 
 The two great laws that govern the growth and size of cities are, 
 first, the amount of territory for which they are the distributing and 
 receiving points ; second, the number of medium or moderate dealers that 
 do this distributing. Monopolists build up themselves, not the cities. 
 They neither eat, wear, nor live in proportion to their business. Both 
 these laws help Chicago. 
 
 The tide of trade is eastward — not up or down the map, but across 
 the maj). The lake runs up a wingdam for 500 miles to gather in the 
 business. Commerce can not ferry up there for seven months in the year, 
 and the facilities for seven months can do the work for twelve. Then the 
 great region west of us is nearly all good, productive land. Dropping 
 south into the trail of St. Louis, you fall into vast deserts and rocky dis- 
 tricts, useful in holding' the world together. St. Louis and Cincinnati, 
 instead of rivaling and hurting Chicago, are her greatest sureties of 
 dominion. They are far enough away to give sea-room, — farther off than 
 Paris is from London, — and yet they are near enough to prevent the 
 springing up of any other great city between them. 
 
 St. Louis will be helped by the opening of the Mississippi, but also 
 hurt. That will put New Orleans on her feet, and with a railroad running 
 over into Texas and so West, she will tap the streams that now crawl up 
 the Texas and Missouri road. The current is East, not North, and a sea- 
 port at New Orleans can not permanently help St. Louis. 
 
 Chicago is in the field almost alone, to handle the wealth of one- 
 
HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. 103 
 
 fourth of Kl© territory of this great republic. This strip of seacoast 
 divides its margins between Portland, Boston, New York, Philadelphia, 
 Baltimore and Savannah, or some other great port to be created for the 
 South in the next decade. But Chicago has a dozen empires casting their 
 treasures into her lap. On a bed of coal that can run all the machinery 
 of the world for 500 centuries ; in a garden that can feed the race by the 
 thousand years ; at the head of the lakes that give her a temperature as a 
 summer resort equaled by no great city in the land ; with a climate that 
 insures the health of her citizens ; surrounded by all the great deposits 
 of natural wealth in mines and forests and herds, Chicago is the wonder 
 of to-day, and will be the city of the future. 
 
 MASSACRE AT FORT DEARBORN". 
 
 During the war of 1812, Port Dearborn became the theater of stirring 
 events. The garrison consisted of fifty-four men under command of 
 Captain Nathan Heald, assisted by Lieutenant Helm (son-in-law of Mrs. 
 Kinzie) and Ensign Ronan. Dr. Voorhees was surgeon. The only resi- 
 dents at the post at that time were the wives of Captain Heald and Lieu- 
 tenant Helm, and a few of the soldiers, Mr. Kinzie and his family, and 
 a few Canadian voyageurs^ with their wives and children. The soldiers 
 and Mr. Kinzie were on most friendly terms with the Pottawattamies 
 and Winnebagos, the principal tribes around them, but they could not 
 win them from their attachment to the British. 
 
 One evening in April, 1812, Mr. Kinzie sat playing on his violin and 
 his children were dancing to the music, when Mrs. Kinzie came rushing 
 into the house, pale with terror, and exclaiming : " The Indians ! the 
 Indians!" "What? Where?" eagerly inquired Mr. Kinzie. "Up 
 at Lee's, killing and scalping," answered the frightened mother, who, 
 when the alarm was given, was attending Mrs. Barnes (just confined) 
 living not far off. Mr. Kinzie and his family crossed the river and took 
 refuge in the fort, to which place Mrs. Barnes and her infant not a day 
 old were safely conveyed. The rest of the inhabitants took shelter in the 
 fort. This alarm was caused by a scalping party of Winnebagos, who 
 hovered about the fort several days, when they disappeared, and for several 
 weeks the inhabitants were undisturbed. 
 
 On the 7th of August, 1812, General Hull, at Detroit, sent orders to 
 Captain Heald to evacuate Fort Dearborn, and to distribute all the United 
 States property to the Indians in the neighborhood — a most insane order. 
 The Pottawattamie chief, who brought the dispatch, had more wisdom 
 than the commanding general. He advised Captain Heald not to make 
 the distribution. Said he : " Leave the fort and stores as they are, and 
 let the Indians make distribution for themselves ; and while they are 
 engaged in the business, the white people may escape to Fort Wayne." 
 
HISTORY or THE NORTHWEST. 105 
 
 Captain Heald held a council with the Indians on the afternoon of 
 the 12th, in which his officers refused to join, for they had been informed 
 that treachery was designed — that the Indians intended to murder the 
 white people in the council, and then destroy those in the fort. Captain 
 Heald, however, took the precaution to open a port-hole displaying a 
 cannon pointuig directly upon the council, and by that means saved 
 his life. 
 
 Mr. Kinzie, who knew the Indians well, begged Captain Heald not 
 to confide in their promises, nor distribute the arms and munitions among 
 them, for it would only put power into their hands to destroy the whites. 
 Acting upon this advice, Heald resolved to withhold the munitions of 
 war ; and on the night of the 13th, after the distribution of the other 
 property had been made, the powder, ball and liquors were thrown into 
 the river, the muskets broken up and destroyed. 
 
 Black Partridge, a friendly chief, came to Captain Heald, and said : 
 " Linden birds have been singing in my ears to-day: be careful on the 
 march you are going to take." On that dark night vigilant Indians had 
 crept near the fort and discovered the destruction of their promised booty 
 going on within. The next morning the powder was seen floating on the 
 surface of the river. The savages were, exasperated and made loud com- 
 plaints and threats. 
 
 On the following day when preparations were making to leave the 
 fort, and all the inmates were deeply impressed with a sense of impend- 
 ing danger, Capt. Wells, an uncle of Mrs. Heald, was discovered upon 
 the Indian trail among the sand-hills on the borders of the lake, not far 
 distant, with a band of mounted Miamis, of whose tribe he was chief, 
 having been adopted by the famous Miami warrior, Little Turtle. When 
 news of Hull's surrender reached Fort Wayne, he had started with this 
 force to assist Heald in defending Fort Dearborn. He was too late. 
 Every means for its defense had been destroyed the night before, and 
 arrangements were made for leaving the fort on the morning of the 15th. 
 
 It was a warm bright morning in the middle of August. Indications 
 were positive that the savages intended to murder the white people ; and 
 when they moved out of the southern gate of the fort, the march was 
 like a funeral procession. The band, feeling the solemnity of the occa- 
 sion, struck up the Dead March in Saul. 
 
 Capt. Wells, who had blackened his face with gun-powder in token 
 of his fate, took the lead with his band of Miamis, followed by Capt. 
 Heald, with his wife by his side on horseback. Mr. Kinzie hoped by his ' 
 personal influence to avert the impending blow, and therefore accompanied 
 them, leaving his family in a boat in charge of a friendly Indian, to be 
 taken to his trading station at the site of Niles, Michigan, in the event of 
 his death. 
 
106 
 
 HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. 
 
HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. 107 
 
 The procession moved slowly along the lake shore till they reached 
 the sand-hills between the prairie and the beach, when the Pottawattamie 
 escort, under the leadership of Blackbird, filed to the right, placing those 
 hills between them and the white people. Wells, with his Miamis, had 
 kept in the advance. They suddenly came rushing back, Wells exclaim- 
 ing, " They are about to attack us ; form instantly." These words were 
 quickly followed by a storm of bullets, which came whistling over the 
 little hills which the treacherous savages had made the covert for their 
 murderous attack. The white troops charged upon the Indians, drove 
 them back to the prairie, and then the battle was waged between fifty- 
 four soldiers, twelve civilians and three or four women (the cowardly 
 Miamis having fled at the outset) against five hundred Indian warriors. 
 The white people, hopeless, resolved to sell their lives as dearly as possible. 
 Ensign Ronan wielded his weapon vigorously, even after falling upon his 
 knees weak from the loss of blood. Capt. Wells, who was by the side of 
 his niece, Mrs. Heald, when the conflict began, behaved with the greatest 
 coolness and courage. He said to her, " We have not the slightest chance 
 for life. We must part to meet no more in this world. God bless you." 
 And then he dashed forward. Seeing a young warrior, painted like a 
 demon, climb into a wagon in which were twelve children, and tomahawk 
 them all, he cried out, unmindful of his personal danger, " If that is your 
 game, butchering women and children, I will kill too." He spurred his 
 horse towards the Indian camp, where they had left their squaws and 
 papooses, hotly pursued by swift-footed young warriors, who sent bullets 
 whistling after him. One of these killed his horse and wounded him 
 severely in the leg. With a yell the young braves rushed to make him 
 their prisoner and reserve him for torture. He resolved not to be made 
 a captive, and by the use of the most provoking epithets tried to induce 
 them to kill him instantly. He called a fiery young chief a squaio, when 
 the enraged warrior killed Wells instantly with his tomahawk, jumped 
 upon his body, cut out his heart, and ate a portion of the warm morsel 
 with savage delio-ht ! 
 
 In this fearful combat women bore a conspicuous part. Mrs. Heald 
 was an excellent equestrian and an expert in the use of the rifle. She 
 fought the savages bravely, receiving several severe wounds. Though 
 faint from the loss of blood, she managed to keep her saddle. A savage 
 raised his tomahawk to kill her, when she looked him full in the face, 
 and with a sweet smile and in a gentle voice, said, in his own language, 
 " Surely you will not kill a squaw ! " The arm of the savage fell, and 
 the life of the heroic woman was saved. 
 
 Mrs. Helm, the step-daughter of Mr. Kinzie, had an encounter with. 
 a stout Indian, who attempted to tomahawk her. Springing to one side» 
 she received the glancing blow on her shoulder, and at the same instant. 
 
108 HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 seized the savage round the neck with her arms and endeavored to get 
 hold of his scalping knife, which hung in a sheath at his breast. While 
 she was thus struggling she was dragged from lier antagonist by anc';hei 
 powerful Indian, who bore her, in spite of her struggles, to the margin 
 of the lake and plunged her in. To her astonishment she was held by 
 him so that she would not drown, and she soon perceived that she was 
 in the hands of the friendly Black Partridge, who had saved her life. 
 
 The wife of Sergeant Holt, a large and powerful woman, behaved as 
 bravely as an Amazon. She rode a fine, high-spirited horse, which the 
 Indians coveted, and several of them attacked her with the butts of their 
 guns, for the purpose of dismounting her ; but she used the sword which 
 she had snatched from her disabled husband so skillfully that she foiled 
 them ; and, suddenly wheeling her horse, she dashed over the prairie, 
 followed by the savages shouting, " The brave woman ! the brave woman ! 
 Don't hurt her ! '' They finally overtook her, and while she was fighting 
 them in front, a powerful savage came up behind her, seized her by the 
 neck and dragged her to the ground. Horse and woman were made 
 captives. Mrs. Holt was a long time a captive among the Indians, but 
 was afterwards ransomed. 
 
 In this sharp conflict two-thirds of the white people were slain and 
 wounded, and all their horses, baggage and provision were lost. Only 
 twentj^-eight straggling men now remained to fight five hundred Indians 
 rendered furious by the sight of blood. They succeeded in breaking 
 through the ranks of the murderers and gaining a slight eminence on the 
 prairie near the Oak Woods. The Indians did not pursue, but gathered 
 on their flanks, while the chiefs held a consultation on the sand-hills, and 
 showed signs of willingness to parley. It would have been madness on 
 the part of the whites to renew the fight ; and so Capt. Heald went for- 
 ward and met Blackbird on the open prairie, where terms of surrender 
 Avere soon agreed upon. It was arranged that the white people should 
 give up their arms to Blackbird, and that the survivors should become 
 prisoners of war, to be exchanged for ransoms as soon as practicable. 
 With this understanding captives and captors started for the Indian 
 camp near the fort, to which Mrs. Helm had been taken bleeding and 
 suffering by Black Partridge, and had met her step-father and learned 
 that her husband was safe. 
 
 A new scene of horror was now opened at the Indian camp. The 
 wounded, not being included in the terms of surrender, as it was inter- 
 preted by the Indians, and the British general. Proctor, having offered a 
 liberal bounty for American scalps, delivered at Maiden, nearly all the 
 wounded men were killed and scalped, and the price of the trophies was 
 •afterwards paid by the British government. 
 
THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL SITUATION. 
 
 The State of Iowa has an outline figure nearly approaching that of a rec- 
 tangular parallelogram, the northern and southern boundaries being nearly due 
 east and west lines, and its eastern and western boundaries determined by 
 southerly flowing rivers — the Mississippi on the east, and the Missouri, together 
 with its tributary, the Big Sioux, on the west. The northern boundary is upon 
 the parallel of forty-three degrees thirty minutes, and the southern is approxi- 
 mately upon that of forty degrees and thirty -six minutes. The distance from 
 the northern to the southern boundary, excluding the small prominent angle at 
 the southeast corner, is a little more than two hundred miles. Owing to the 
 irregularity of the river boundaries, however, the number of square miles does 
 not reach that of the multiple of these numbers ; but according to a report of 
 the Secretary of the Treasury to the United States Senate, March 12, 1863, 
 the State of Iowa contains 35,228,200 acres, or 55,044 square miles. When it 
 is understood that all this vast extent of surface, except that which is occupied 
 by our rivers, lakes and peat beds of the northern counties, is susceptible of the 
 highest cultivation, some idea may be formed of the immense agricultural 
 resources of the State. Iowa is nearly as large as England, and twice as large 
 as Scotland ; but when we consider the relative area of surface which may be 
 made to yield to the wants of man, those countries of the Old World will bear 
 no comparison with Iowa. 
 
 TOPOGRAPHY. 
 
 No complete topographical survey of the State of Iowa has yet been made. 
 Therefore all the knowledge we have yet upon the subject has been obtained 
 from incidental observations of geological corps, from barometrical observations 
 by authority of the General Government, and levelings done by railroad en- 
 gineer corps within the State. 
 
 Taking into view the facts that the highest point in the State is but a little 
 more than twelve hundred feet above the lowest point, that these two points are 
 nearly three hundred miles apart, and that the whole State is traversed by 
 
 109 
 
110 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 gently flowing rivers, it will be seen that in reality the State of Iowa rests 
 wholly within, and comprises a part of, a vast plain, with no mountain or hill 
 ranges within its borders. 
 
 A clearer idea of the great uniformity of the surface of the State may be 
 obtained from a statement of the general slopes in feet per mile, from point to 
 point, in straight lines across it : 
 
 From the N. E. corner to the S. E. corner of the State 1 foot 1 inch per mile. 
 
 From the N. E. corner to Spirit Lake 5 feet 5 inches per mile. 
 
 From the N. W. corner to Spirit Lake 5 feetO inches per mile. 
 
 From the N. W. corner to the S. W. corner of the State 2 feet inches per mile. 
 
 From the S. W corner to the highest ridge between the two 
 
 great rivers (in Ringgold County)... 4 feet 1 inch per mile 
 
 From the dividing ridge in the S. E. corner of the State 5 feet 7 inches per mile. 
 
 From the highest point in the State (near Spirit Lake) to the 
 lowest point in the State (at the mouth of Des Moines 
 River) 4 feet inches per mile. 
 
 It will be seen, therefore, that there is a good degree of propriety in regard- 
 ing the whole State as a part of a great plain, the lowest point of which within 
 its borders, the southeast corner of the State, is only 444 feet above the level of 
 the sea. The average height of the whole State above the level of the sea is 
 not far from eight hundred feet, although it is more than a thousand miles 
 inland from the nearest sea coast. These remarks are, of course, to be under- 
 stood as applying to the surface of the State as a whole. When we come to 
 consider its surface feature in detail, we find a great diversity of surface by the 
 formation of valleys out of the general level, which have been evolved by the 
 action of streams during the unnumbered years of the terrace epoch. 
 
 It is in the northeastern part of the State that the river valleys are deepest ; 
 consequently the country there has the greatest diversity of surface, and its 
 physical features are most strongly marked. 
 
 DRAINAGE SYSTEM. 
 
 The Mississippi and Missouri Rivers form the eastern and western bounda- 
 ries of the State, and receive the eastern and western drainage of it. 
 
 The eastern drainage system comprises not far from two-thirds of the en- 
 tire surface of the State. The great watershed which divides these two systems 
 is formed by the highest land between those rivers along the whole length of a 
 line running southward from, a point on the northern boundary line of the State 
 near Spirit Lake, in Dickinson County, to a nearly central point in the northern 
 part of Adair County. 
 
 From the last named point, this highest ridge of land, between the two great 
 rivers, continues southward, without change of character, through Ringgold 
 County into the State of Missouri ; but southward from that point, in Adair 
 County, it is no longer the great watershed. From that point, another and 
 lower ridge bears off more nearly southeastward, through the counties of Madi- 
 son, Clarke, Lucas and Appanoose, and becomes itself the great watershed. 
 
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. Ill 
 
 RIVERS. 
 
 All streams that rise in Iowa rise upon the incoherent surface deposits, 
 occupying at first only slight depressions in the surface, and scarcely percept- 
 ible. These successively coalesce to form the streams. 
 
 The drift and bluff deposits are both so thick in Iowa that its streams not 
 only rise upon their surface, but they also reach considerable depth into these 
 deposits alone, in some cases to a depth of nearly two hundred feet from the 
 general prairie level. 
 
 The majority of streams that constitute the western system of Iowa drainage 
 run, either along the whole or a part of their course, upon that peculir deposit 
 known as bluff deposit. Their banks are often, even of the small streams, 
 from five to ten feet in height, quite perpendicular, so that they make the 
 streams almost everywhere unfordable, and a great impediment to travel across 
 the open country where tliere are no bridges. 
 
 The material of this deposit is of a slightly yellowish ash color, except 
 where darkened by decaying vegetation, very fine and silicious, but not sandy, 
 not very cohesive, and not at all plastic. It forms excellent soil, and does not 
 bake or crack in drying, except limy concretions, which are generally dis- 
 tributed throughout the mass, in shape and size resembling pebbles ; not a 
 stone or pebble can be found in the whole deposit. It was called " silicious 
 marl" by Dr. Owen, in his geological report to the General Government, and 
 its origin referred to an accumulation of sediment in an ancient lake, which 
 was afterward drained, when its sediment became dry land. Prof. Swallaw 
 gives it the name of "bluff," which is here adopted ; the term Lacustral would 
 have been better. The peculiar properties of this deposit are that it will stand 
 securely with a precipitous front two hundred feet high, and yet is easily 
 excavated with a spade. Wells dug in it require only to be walled to a point just 
 above the water line. Yet, compact as it is, it is very porous, so that water 
 which falls on its surface does not remain, but percolates through it ; neither 
 does it accumulate within its mass, as it does upon the surface of and within 
 the drift and the stratified formations. 
 
 The bluff deposit is known to occupy a region through which the Missouri 
 runs almost centrally, and measures, as far as is known, more than two hun- 
 dred miles in length and nearly one hundred miles in width. The thickest 
 part yet known in Iowa is in Fremont County, where it reaches two hundred 
 feet. The boundaries of this deposit in Iowa are nearly as follows : Com- 
 mencing at the southeast corner of Fremont County, follow up the watershed 
 between the East Nishnabotany and the West Tarkio Rivers to the southern 
 boundary of Cass County ; thence to the center of Audubon County ; thence 
 to Tip Top Station, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railway ; thence by a 
 broad curve westward to the northwest corner of Plymouth County. 
 
 This deposit is composed of fine sedimentary particles, similar to that 
 which the Missouri River now deposits from its waters, and is the same which 
 
112 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 that river did deposit in a broad depression in the surface of the drift that 
 formed a lake-like expansion of that river in the earliest period of the history 
 of its valley. That lake, as shown by its deposit, which now remains, was 
 about one hundred miles wide and more than twice as long. The water of the 
 river was muddy then, as now, and the broad lake became filled with the sedi- 
 ment which the river brought down, before its valley had enough in the lower 
 portion of its course to drain it. After the lake became filled with the sedi- 
 ment, the valley below became deepened by the constant erosive action of the 
 waters, to a depth of more than sufficient to have drained the lake of its first 
 waters ; but the only effect then was to cause it to cut its valley out of the de- 
 posits its own muddy waters had formed. Thus along the valley of that river, 
 so far as it forms the western boundary of Iowa, the bluffs which border it are 
 composed of that sediment known as bluff deposit, forming a distinct border 
 along the broad, level flood plain, the width of which varies from five to fifteen 
 miles, while the original sedimentary deposit stretches far inland. 
 
 All the rivers of the western system of drainage, except the Missouri itself, 
 are quite incomplete as rivers, in consequence of their being really only 
 branches of other larger tributaries of that great river , or, if they empty into 
 the Missouri direct, they have yet all the usual characteristics of Iowa rivers, 
 from their sources to their mouths. 
 
 Oliariton and G-rand Rivers both rise and run for the first twenty-five miles 
 of their courses upon the drift deposit alone. The first strata that are exposed 
 by the deepening valleys of both these streams belong to the upper coal meas- 
 ures, and they both continue upon the same formation until they make their 
 exit from the State (the former in Appanoose County, the latter in Ringgold 
 County), near the boundary of which they have passed nearly or quite through 
 the whole of that formation to the middle coal measures. Their valleys gradu- 
 ally deepen from their upper portions downward, so that within fifteen or twenty 
 miles they have reached a depth of near a hundred and fifty feet below the gen- 
 eral level of the adjacent high land. When the rivers have cut their valleys 
 down through the series of limestone strata, they reach those of a clayey com- 
 position. Upon these they widen their valleys and make broad flood plains 
 (commonly termed ''bottoms"), the soil of which is stiff and clayey, except 
 where modified by sandy washings. 
 
 A considerable breadth of woodland occupies the bottoms and valley sides 
 along a great part of their length ; but their upper branches and tributaries are 
 mostly prairie streams. 
 
 Platte River. — This river belongs mainly to Missouri. Its upper branches 
 pass through Ringgold County, and, with the west fork of the Grand River, 
 drain a large region of country. 
 
 Here the drift deposit reaches its maximum thickness on an east and west 
 line across the State, and the valleys are eroded in some instances to a depth of 
 two hundred feet, apparently, through this deposit alone. 
 
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 113 
 
 The term " drift deposit " applies to the soil and sub-soil of the greater part 
 of the State, and in it alone many of our wells are dug and our forests take 
 root. It rests upon the stratified rocks. It is composed of clay, sand, gravel 
 aud boulders, promiscuously intermixed, without stratification, varying in char- 
 acter in difierent parts of the State. 
 
 The proportion of lime in the drift of Iowa is so great that the water of all 
 our wells and springs is too "' hard " for washing purposes ; and the same sub- 
 stance is so prevalent in the drift clays that they are always found to have suflB- 
 cient flux when used for the manufacture of brick. 
 
 One Hundred and Two River is represented in Taylor County, the valleys 
 of which have the same general character of those j ust described. The country 
 around and between the east and west forks of this stream is almost entirely 
 prairie. 
 
 Nodaway River. — This stream is represented by east, middle and west 
 branches. The two former rise in Adair County, the latter in Cass County. 
 These rivers and valleys are fine examples of the small rivers and valleys of 
 Southern Iowa. They have the general character of drift valleys, and with 
 beautiful undulating and sloping sides. The Nodaways drain one of the finest 
 agricultural regions in the State, the soil of which is tillable almost to their very 
 banks. The banks and the adjacent narrow flood plains are almost everywhere 
 composed of a rich,' deep, dark loam. 
 
 Nishnahotany River. — This river is represented by east and west branches, 
 the former having its source in Anderson County, the latter in Shelby County. 
 Both these branches, from their source to their confluence — and also the main 
 stream, from thence to the point where it enters the great flood plain of the 
 Missouri — run through a region the surface of which is occupied by the bluff 
 deposit. The West Nishnahotany is probably without any valuable mill sites. 
 In the western part of Cass County, the East Nishnahotany loses its identity 
 by becoming abruptly divided up into five or six difierent creeks. A few 
 good mill sites occur here on this stream. None, however, that are thought 
 reliable exist on either of these rivers, or on the main stream below the 
 confluence, except, perhaps, one or two in Montgomery County. The 
 valleys of the two branches, and the intervening upland, possess remarkable 
 fertility. 
 
 Boyer River. — Until it enters the flood plain of the Missouri, the Boyer 
 runs almost, if not quite, its entire course through the region occupied by the 
 bluff" deposit, and has cut its valley entirely through it along most of its pas- 
 sage. The only rocks exposed are the upper coal measures, near Reed's mill, in 
 Harrison County. The exposures are slight, and are the most northerly now 
 known in Iowa. The valley of this river has usually gently sloping sides, and an 
 ndistinctly defined flood plain. Along the lower half of its course the adjacent 
 upland presents a surface of the billowy character, peculiar to the bluff" deposit. 
 The source of this river is in Sac County. 
 
114 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 Soldier River, — The east and middle branches of this stream have their 
 source in Crawford County, and the west branch in Ida County. The whole 
 course of this river is through the bluff deposit. It has no exposure of strata 
 along its course. 
 
 Little Sioux River. — Under this head are included both the main and west 
 branches of that stream, together with the Maple, which is one of its branches. 
 The west branch and the Maple are so similar to the Soldier River that they 
 need no separate description. The main stream has its boundary near the 
 northern boundary of the State, and runs most of its course upon drift deposit 
 alone, entering the region of the bluff deposit in the southern part of Cherokee 
 County. The two principal upper branches, near their source in Dickinson 
 and Osceola ,Counties, are small prairie creeks, with indistinct valleys. On 
 entering Clay County, the valley deepens, and at their confluence has a depth 
 of one hundred feet, which still further increases until along the boundary line 
 between Clay and Buena Vista Counties, it reaches a depth of two hundred 
 feet. Just as the valley enters Cherokee County, it turns to the southward and 
 becomes much widened, with its sides gently sloping to the uplands. When the 
 valley enters the region of the bluff deposit, it assumes the billowy appearance. 
 No exposures of strata of any kind have been found in the valley of the Little 
 Sioux or any of its branches. 
 
 Floyd River. — This river rises upon the drift in O'Brien County, and flow- 
 ing southward enters the region of the bluff deposit a little north of the center 
 of Plymouth County. Almost from its source to its mouth it is a prairie stream, 
 with slightly sloping valley sides, which blend gradually with the uplands. A 
 single slight exposure of sandstone of cretaceous age occurs in the valley near 
 Sioux City, and which is the only known exposure of rock of any kind along 
 its whole length. Near this exposure is a mill site, but farther up the stream 
 it is not valuable for such purposes. 
 
 Rock River. — This stream passes through Lyon and Sioux Counties. It 
 was evidently so named from the fact that considerable exposures of the red 
 Sioux quartzite occur along the main branches of the stream in Minnesota, a 
 few miles north of our State boundary. Within this State the main stream and 
 its branches are drift streams, and strata are exposed. The beds and banks of 
 the streams are usually sandy and gravelly, with occasional boulders intermixed. 
 
 Big Sioux River. — The valley of this river, from the nortliwest corner of 
 the State to its mouth, possesses much the same character as all the streams of 
 the surface deposits. At Sioux Falls, a few miles above the northwest corner 
 of the State, the stream meets with remarkable obstructions from the presence 
 of Sioux quartzite, which outcrops directly across the stream, and causes a fall 
 of about sixty feet within a distance of half a mile, producing a series of cas- 
 cades. For the first twenty-five miles above its mouth, the valley is very broad, 
 with a broad, flat flood plain, with gentle slopes occasionally showing indistinctly 
 defined terraces. These terraces and valley bottoms constitute some of the finest 
 
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 115 
 
 agricultural land of the region. On the Iowa side of the valley the upland 
 presents abrupt bluffs, steep as the materials of which they are composed will 
 stand, and from one hundred to nearly two hundred feet high above the stream. 
 At rare intervals, about fifteen miles from its mouth, the cretaceous strata are 
 found exposed in the face of the bluffs of the Iowa side. No other strata are 
 exposed along that part of the valley which borders our State, with the single 
 exception of Sioux quartzite at its extreme northwestern corner. Some good mill 
 sites may be secured along that portion of this river which borders Lyon County, 
 but below this the fall will probably be found insufficient and the location for 
 dams insecure. 
 
 3Iissouri River. — This is one of the muddiest streams on the globe, and its 
 waters are known to be very turbid far toward its source. The chief pecul- 
 iarity of this river is its broad flood plains, and its adjacent bluff deposits. 
 Much the greater part of the flood plain of this river is upon the Iowa side, and 
 continuous from the south boundary line of the State to Sioux City, a distance 
 of more than one hundred miles in length, varying from three to five miles in 
 width. This alluvial plain is estimated to contain more than half a million acres 
 of land within the State, upward of four hundred thousand of which are now 
 tillable. 
 
 The rivers of the eastern system of drainage have quite a difierent character 
 from those of the western system. They are larger, longer and have their val- 
 leys modified to a much greater extent by the underlying strata. For the lat- 
 ter reason, water-power is much more abundant upon them than upon the 
 streams of the western system. 
 
 Des Moines River. — This river has its source in Minnesota, but it enters 
 Iowa before it has attained any size, and flows almost centrally through it from 
 northwest to southeast, emptying into the Mississippi at the extreme southeast- 
 ern corner of the State. It drains a greater area than any river within the 
 State. The upper portion of it is divided into two branches known as the east 
 and west forks. These unite in Humboldt County. The valleys of these 
 branches above their confluence are drift-valleys, except a few small exposures 
 of subcarboniferous limestone about five miles above their confluence. These 
 exposures produce several small mill-sites. The valleys vary from a few hun- 
 dred yards to half a mile in width, and are the finest agricultural lands. In the 
 northern part of Webster County, the character of the main valley is modified 
 by the presence of ledges and low clifis of the subcarboniferous limestone and 
 gypsum. From a point a little below Fort Dodge to near Amsterdam, in Ma- 
 rion County, the river runs all the way through and upon the lower coal-meas 
 ure strata. Along this part of its course the flood-plain varies from an eighth 
 to half a mile or more in width. From Amsterdam to Ottumwa the subcarbon- 
 iferous limestone appears at intervals in the valley sides. Near Ottumwa, the sub- 
 carboniferous rocks pass beneath the river again, bringing down the coal-measure 
 strata into its bed ; but they rise again from it in the extreme northwestern part 
 
116 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 of Van Buren County, and subcarboniferous strata resume and keep their place 
 along the valley to the north of the river. From Fort Dodge to the northern 
 part of Lee County, the strata of the lower coal measures are present in the 
 valley. Its flood plain is frequently sandy, from the debris of the sandstone 
 and sandy shales of the coal measures produced by their removal in the process 
 of the formation of the valley. 
 
 The principal tributaries of the Des Moines are upon the western side. 
 These are the Raccoon and the three rivers, viz.: South, Middle and North Riv- 
 ers. The three latter have their source in the region occupied by the upper 
 coal-measure limestone formation, flow eastward over the middle coal measures, 
 and enter the valley of the Des Moines upon the lower coal measures. These 
 streams, especially South and Middle Rivers, are frequently bordered by high, 
 rocky cliffs. Raccoon River has its source upon the heavy surface deposits of 
 the middle region of Western Iowa, and along the greater part of its course it 
 has excavated its valley out those deposits and the middle coal measures alone. 
 The valley of the Des Moines and its branches are destined to become the seat 
 of extensive manufactures in consequence of the numerous mill sites of immense 
 power, and the fact that the main valley traverses the entire length of the Iowa 
 coal fields. 
 
 Skunk River. — This river has its source in Hamilton County, and runs 
 almost its entire course upon the border of the outcrop of the lower coal meas- 
 ures, or, more properly speaking, upon the subcarboniferous limestone, just where 
 it begins to pass beneath the coal measures by its southerly and westerly dip. 
 Its general course is southeast. From the western part of Henry County, up 
 as far as Story County, the broad, flat flood plain is covered with a rich deep 
 clay soil, which, in time of long-continued rains and overflows of the river, has 
 made the valley of Skunk River a terror to travelers from the earliest settle- 
 ment of the country. There are some excellent mill sites on the lower half of 
 this river, but they are not so numerous or valuable as on other rivers of the 
 eastern system. 
 
 Iowa River. — This river rises in Hancock County, in the midst of a broad, 
 slightly undulating drift region. The first rock exposure is that of subcarbon- 
 iferous limestone, in the southwestern corner of Franklin County. It enters 
 the region of the Devonian strata near the southwestern corner of Benton 
 County, and in this it continues to its confluence with the Cedar in Louisa 
 County.. Below the junction with the Cedar, and for some miles above that 
 point, its valley is broad, and especially on the northern side, with a well 
 marked flood plain. Its borders gradually blend with the uplands as they slope 
 away m the distance from the river. The Iowa furnishes numerous and valua- 
 ble mill sites. 
 
 Cedar River. — This stream is usually understood to be a branch of the 
 Iowa, but it ought, really, to be regarded as the main stream. It rises by 
 numerous branches in the northern part of the State, and flows the entire length 
 
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 117 
 
 of the State, through the region occupied by the Devonian strata and along the 
 trend occupied by that formation. 
 
 The valley of this river, in the upper part of its course, is narrow, and the 
 sides slope so gently as to scarcely show where the lowlands end and the up- 
 lands begin. Below the confluence with the Shell Rock, the flood plain is more 
 distinctly marked and the valley broad and shallow. The valley of the Cedar 
 is one of the finest regions in the State, and both the main stream and its 
 branches aflbrd abundant and reliable mill sites. 
 
 Wapsipinnicon River. — This river has its source near the source of the 
 Cedar, and runs parallel and near it almost its entire course, the upper half 
 upon the same formation — the Devonian. In the northeastern part of Linn 
 County, it enters the region of the Niagara limestone, upon which it continues 
 to the Mississippi. It is one hundred miles long, and yet the area of its drain- 
 age is only from twelve to twenty miles in width. Hence, its numerous mill 
 sites are unusually secure. 
 
 Turkey River. — This river and the Upper Iowa are, in many respects, un- 
 like other Iowa rivers. The difference is due to the great depth they have 
 eroded their valleys and the different character of the material through which 
 they have eroded. Turkey River rises in Howard County, and in Winnesheik 
 County, a few miles from its source, its valley has attained a depth of more than 
 two hundred feet, and in Fayette and Clayton Counties its depth is increased to 
 three and four hundred feet. The summit of the uplands, bordering nearly the 
 whole length of the valley, is capped by the Maquoketa shales. These shales 
 are underlaid by the Galena limestone, between two and three hundred feet 
 thick. The valley has been eroded through these, and runs upon the Trenton 
 limestone. Thus, all the formations along and within this valley are Lower 
 Silurian. The valley is usually narrow, and without a well-marked flood plain. 
 Water power is abundant, but in most places inaccessible. 
 
 Upper loiva River. — This river rises in Minnesota, just beyond the north- 
 ern boundary line, and enters our State in Howard County before it has attained 
 any considerable size. Its course is nearly eastward until it reaches the Mis- 
 sissippi. It rises in the region of the Devonian rocks, and flows across the out- 
 crops, respectively, of the Niagara, Galena and Trenton limestone,, the lower 
 magnesian limestone and Potsdam sandstone, into and through all of which, 
 except the last, it has cut its valley, which is the deepest of any in Iowa. The 
 valley sides are, almost everywhere, high and steep, and cliffs of lower magne- 
 sian and Trenton limestone give them a wild and rugged aspect. In the lower 
 part of the valley, the flood plain reaches a width sufiicient for the location of 
 small farms, but usually it is too narrow for such purposes. On the higher 
 surface, however, as soon as you leave the valley you come immediately upon a 
 cultivated country. This stream has the greatest slope per mile of any in Iowa, 
 consequently it furnishes immense water power. In some places, where creeks 
 come into it, the valley widens and affords good locations for farms. The toAvn 
 
118 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 of Decorah, in Winnesheik County, is located in one of these spots, which 
 makes it a lovely location ; and the power of the river and the small spring 
 streams around it offer fine facilities for manufacturing. This river and its 
 tributaries are the only trout streams in Iowa. 
 
 Mississippi River. — This river may be described, in general terms, as a broad 
 canal cut out of the general level of the country through which the river flows. 
 It is bordered by abrupt hills or bluffs. The bottom of the valley ranges from 
 one to eight miles in width. The whole space between the blufts is occupied by 
 the river and its bottom, or flood plain only, if we except the occasional terraces 
 or remains of ancient flood plains, which are not now reached by the highest 
 floods of the river. The river itself is from half a mile to nearly a mile in 
 width. There are but four points along the whole length of the State where the 
 bluffs approach the stream on both sides. The Lower Silurian formations com- 
 pose the bluffs in the northern part of the State, but they gradually disappear 
 by a southerly dip, and the bluffs are continued successively by the Upper 
 Silurian, Devonian, and subcarboniferous rocks, which are reached near the 
 southeastern corner of the State. 
 
 Considered in their relation to the present general surflice of the state, the 
 relative ages of the river valley of Iowa date back only to the close of the 
 glacial epoch ; but that the Mississippi, and all the rivers of Northeastern Iowa, 
 if no others,, had at least a large part of the rocky portions of their valleys 
 eroded by pre-glacial, or perhaps even by palaeozoic rivers, can scarcely be 
 doubted. 
 
 LAKES. 
 
 The lakes of Iowa may be properly divided into two distinct classes. The 
 first may be called drift lakes, having had their origin in the depressions left 
 in the surface of the drift at the close of the glacial epoch, and have rested upon 
 the undisturbed surface of the drift deposit ever since the glaciers disappeared. 
 The others may be properly termed, fiuvatile or aUuviallakes, because they have 
 had their origin by the action of rivers while cutting their own valleys out from 
 the surface of the drift as it existed at the close of the glacial epoch, and are now 
 found resting upon the alluvium, as the others rest upon the drift. By the term 
 alluvium is meant the deposit which has accumulated in the valleys of rivers by 
 the action of their own currents. It is largely composed of sand and other 
 coarse material, and upon that deposit are some of the best and most productive 
 soils in the State. It is this deposit which form the flood plains and deltas of 
 our rivers, as well as the terraces of their valleys. 
 
 The regions to which the drift lakes are principally confined are near the 
 head waters of the principal streams of the State. We consequently find them 
 in those regions which lie between the Cedar and Des Moines Rivers, and the 
 Des ISIoines and Little Sioux. No drift lakes are found in Southern Iowa. 
 The largest of the lakes to be found in the State are Spirit and Okoboji, in 
 
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 119 
 
 Dickinson County ; Clear Lake, in Cerro Gordo County ; and Storm Lake, in 
 Bunea Vista County. 
 
 Spirit Lake. — The width and length of this lake are about equal , and it 
 contains about twelve square miles of surfac^ its northern border resting directly 
 on the boundary of the State. It lies almost directly upon the great watershed. 
 Its shores are mostly gravelly, and the country about it fertile. 
 
 Okohoji Lake. — This body of water lies directly south of Spirit Lake, and 
 has somewhat the shape of a horse-shoe, with its eastern projection within a few 
 rods of Spirit Lake, where it receives the outlet of the latter. Okoboji Lake 
 extends about five miles southward from Spirit Lake, thence about the same 
 distance westAvard, and then bends northward about as far as the eastern projec- 
 tion. The eastern portion is narrow, but the western is larger, and in some 
 places a hundred feet deep. The surroundings of this and Spirit Lake are very 
 pleasant. Fish are abundant in them, and they are the resort of myriads of 
 water fowl. 
 
 Clear Lake. — This lake is situated in Cerro Gordo County, upon the 
 watershed between the Iowa and Cedar Rivers. It is about five miles long, 
 and two or three miles wide, and has a maximum depth of only fifteen 
 feet. Its shores and the country around it are like that of Spirit Lake. 
 
 Storm Lake. — This body of water rests upon the great water shed in Buena 
 Vista County. It is a clear, beautiful sheet of water, containing a surface area 
 of between four and five square miles. 
 
 The outlets of all these drift-lakes are dry during a portion of the year, ex- 
 cept Okoboji. 
 
 Walled Lakes. — Along the water sheds of Northern Iowa great numbers of 
 small lakes exist, varying from half a mile to a mile in diameter. One of the lakes 
 in Wright County, and another in Sac, have each received the name of " Walled 
 Lake," on account of the existence of embankments on their borders, which are 
 supposed to be the Avork of ancient inhabitants. These embankments are from 
 two to ten feet in height, and from five to thirty feet across. They are the 
 result of natural causes alone, being referable to the periodic action of ice, aided, 
 to some extent, by the force of the waves. These lakes are very shallow, and 
 in winter freeze to the bottom, so that but little unfrozen water remains in the 
 middle. The ice freezes fast to everything upon the bottom, and the expansive 
 power of the water in freezing acts in all directions from the center to the cir- 
 cumference, and whatever was on the bottom of the lake has been thus carried 
 to the shore, and this has been going on from year to year, from century to 
 century, forming the embankments which have caused so much Avonder. 
 
 SPRINGS. 
 
 Springs issue from all formations, and from the sides of almost every valley, 
 but they are more numerous, and assume proportions which give rise to the 
 name of sink-holes, along the upland borders of the Upper Iowa River, owing 
 
120 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 to the peculiar fissured and laminated character and great thickness of the strata 
 of tlie age of the Trenton limestone which underlies the whole region of the 
 valley of that stream. 
 
 No mineral springs, properly so called, have yet been discovered in Iowa, 
 though the water of several artesian wells is frequently found charged with 
 soluble mineral substances. 
 
 ORIGIN OF THE PRAIRIES. 
 
 It is estimated that seven-eighths of the surface of the State was prairie 
 when first settled. They are not confined to level surfaces, nor to any partic- 
 ular variety of soil, for within the State they rest upon all formations, from 
 those of the Azoic to those of the Cretaceous age, inclusive. Whatever may 
 have been their origin, their present existence in Iowa is not due to the influ- 
 ence of climate, nor the soil, nor any of the underlying formations. The real 
 cause is the prevalence of the annual fires. If these had been prevented fifty 
 years ago, Iowa would now be a timbered country. The encroachment of forest 
 trees upon prairie farms as soon as the bordering woodland is protected from 
 tiie annual prairie fires, is well known to farmers throughout the State. 
 
 The soil of Iowa is justly famous for its fertility, and there is probably no 
 equal area of the earth's surface that contains so little untillable land, or whose 
 soil has so high an average of fertility. Ninety-five per cent, of its surface is 
 tillable land. 
 
 GEOLOGY. 
 
 The soil of Iowa may be separated into three general divisions, which not 
 only possess different physical characters, but also differ in the mode of their 
 origin. These are drift, bluff" and alluvial, and belong respectively to the 
 deposits bearing the same names. The drift occupies a much larger part of the 
 surface of the State than both the others. The bluff has the next greatest area 
 of surface, and the alluvial least. 
 
 All soil is disintegrated rock. The drift deposit of Iowa was derived, to a 
 considerable extent, from the rocks of Minnesota ; but the greater part of Iowa 
 drift was derived from its own rocks, much of which has been transported but a 
 short distance. In general terms the constant component element of the drift 
 soil is that portion which was transported from the north, while the inconstant 
 elements are those portions which were derived from the adjacent or underlying 
 strata. For example, in Western Iowa, wherever that cretaceous formation 
 known as the Nishnabotany sandstone exists, the soil contains more sand than 
 elsewhere. The same may be said of the soil of some parts of the State occu- 
 pied by the lower coal measures, the sandstones and sandy shales of that forma- 
 tion furnishing the sand. 
 
 In Northern and Northwestern Iowa, the drift contains more sand and 
 gravel than elsewhere. This sand and gravel was, doubtless, derived from the 
 
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA 
 
 121 
 
 cretaceous rocks that now do, or formerly did, exist there, and also in part 
 from the conglomerate and pudding-stone beds of the Sioux quartzite. 
 
 In Southern Iowa, the soil is frequently stiff and clayey. This preponder- 
 ating clay is doubtless derived from the clayey and shaly beds which alternate 
 with the limestones of that region. 
 
 The bluff soil is that which rests upon, and constitutes a part of, the bluff 
 deposit. It is found only in the western part of the State, and adjacent to the 
 Missouri River. Although it contains less than one per cent, of clay in its 
 composition, it is in no respect inferior to the best drift soil. 
 
 The alluvial soil is that of the flood plains of the river valleys, or bottom 
 lands. That which is periodically flooded by the rivers is of little value for 
 agricultural purposes ; but a large part of it is entirely above the reach of the 
 highest floods, and is very productive. 
 
 The stratified rocks of Iowa range from the Azoic to the Mesozoic, inclu- 
 sive ; but the greater portion of the surface of the State is occupied by those 
 of the Palaeozoic age. The table below will show each of these formations in 
 their order : 
 
 SYSTEMS. 
 
 Cretaceous 
 
 Carboniferous.. 
 
 Devonian 
 
 Upper Silurian 
 
 Lower Silurian 
 Azoic 
 
 GROUPS. 
 
 PERIODS. 
 
 {Post Tertiary , 
 Lower Cretaceous. 
 
 r 
 
 I Coal Measures. 
 
 \ 
 
 I 
 Subcarboniferous. 
 
 I 
 
 Hamilton 
 
 ara , 
 
 Cincinnati 
 
 Trenton. 
 
 Primordial. 
 Huronian 
 
 FORMATIONS. 
 
 EPOCHS. 
 
 Drift 
 
 Inoceramous bed 
 
 j Woodbury Sandstone and Shales.. 
 
 \Nishnabotany Sandstone 
 
 Upper Coal Measures 
 
 Middle Coal Measures 
 
 Lower Coal Measures 
 
 St. Louis Limestone 
 
 Keokuk Limestone 
 
 Burlington Limestone 
 
 Kinderhook beds 
 
 Hamilton Limestone and Shales. 
 
 Niagara Limestone 
 
 Maquoketa Shales 
 
 Galena Limestone 
 
 Trenton Limestone 
 
 St. Peter's Sandstone 
 
 Lower Magnesian Limestone 
 
 Potsdam Sandstone 
 
 Sioux Quartzite 
 
 THICKNESS. 
 
 IN FEET. 
 
 10 
 
 to 200 
 
 50 
 130 
 100 
 200 
 200 
 200 
 
 75 
 
 90 
 196 
 175 
 200 
 350 
 
 80 
 250 
 200 
 
 80 
 250 
 800 
 
 50 
 
 THE AZOIC SYSTEM. 
 
 The Sioux quartzite is found exposed in natural ledges only upon a few 
 acres in the extreme northwest corner of the State, upon the banks of the Big 
 Sioux River, for which reason the specific name of Sioux Quartzite has been 
 given them. It is an intensely hard rock, breaks in splintery fracture, and a 
 color varying, in different localitieSy from a light to deep red. The process of 
 metamorphism has been so complete throughout the whole formation that the 
 rock is almost everywhere of uniform texture. The dip is four or five degrees 
 to the northward, and the trend of the outcrop is eastward and westward. This 
 
122 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 rock may be quarried in a few rare cases, but usually it cannot be secured in 
 dry forms except that into which it naturally cracks, and the tendency is to 
 angular pieces. It is absolutely indestructible. 
 
 LOWER SILURIAN SYSTEM. 
 
 PRIMORDIAL GROUP. 
 
 Potsdam Sandstone. — This formation is exposed only in a small portion of 
 the northeastern portion of the State. It is only to be seen in the bases of the 
 bluffs and steep valley sides which border the river there. It may be seen 
 underlying the lower magnesian limestone, St. Peter s sandstone and Trenton 
 limestone, in their regular order, along the bluffs of the Mississippi from the 
 northern boundary of the State as far south as Guttenburg, along the Upper 
 Iowa for a distance of about twenty miles from its mouth, and along a few of 
 the streams which empty into the Mississippi in Allamakee County. 
 
 It is nearly valueless for economic purposes. 
 
 No fossils have been discovered in this formation in Iowa. 
 
 Lower Magnesium Limestone. — This formation has but little greater geo- 
 graphical extent in Iowa than the Potsdam sandstone. It lacks a uniformity 
 of texture and stratification, owing to which it is not generally valuable for 
 building purposes. 
 
 The only fossils found in this formation in Iowa are a few traces of crinoids, 
 near McGregor. 
 
 St. Peter s Sandstone. — This formation is remarkably uniform in thickness 
 throughout its known geographical extent ; and it is evident it occupies a large 
 portion of the northern half of Allamakee County, immediately beneath the 
 drift. 
 
 TRENTON GROUP. 
 
 Trenton Limestone. — With the exception of this, all the limestones of both 
 Upper and Lower Silurian age in Iowa are magnesian limestones — nearly pure 
 dolomites. This formation occupies large portions of Winnesheik and Alla- 
 makee Counties and a portion of Clayton. The greater part of it is useless for 
 economic purposes, yet there are in some plades compact and evenly bedded 
 layers, which afford fine material for window caps and sills. 
 
 In this formation, fossils are abundant, so much so that, in some places, the 
 rock is made up of a mass of shells, corals and fragments of tribolites, cemented 
 by calcareous material into a solid rock. Some of these fossils are new to 
 science and peculiar to Iowa. 
 
 The G-alena Limestone. — This is the upper formation of the Trenton group. 
 It seldom exceeds twelve miles in width, although it is fully one hundred and 
 fifty miles long. The outcrop traverses portions of the counties of Howard, 
 Winnesheik, Allamakee, Fayette, Clayton, Dubuque and Jackson. It exhibits 
 its greatest development in Dubuque County. It is nearly a pure dolomite, 
 with a slight admixture of silicious matter. It is usually unfit for dressing, 
 
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF lOAVA. 123 
 
 though sometimes near the top of the bed good blocks for dressing are found, 
 This formation is the source of the lead ore of the Dubuque lead mines. The 
 lead region proper is confined to an area of about fifteen miles square in the 
 vicinity of Dubuque. The ore occurs in vertical fissures, which traverse the 
 rock at regular intervals from east to west ; some is found in those which have 
 a north and south direction. The ore is mostly that known as Galena, or sul- 
 phuret of lead, very small quantities only of the carbonate being found with it. 
 
 CINCINNATI GROUP. 
 
 Maquoketa Shales. — The surface occupied by this formation is singularly 
 long and narrow, seldom reaching more than a mile or two in width, but more 
 than a hundred miles in length. Its most southerly exposure is in the bluffs of 
 the Mississippi near Bellevue, in Jackson County, and the most northerly yet 
 recognized is in the western part of Winnesheik County. The whole formation 
 is largely composed of bluish and brownish shales, sometimes slightly arena- 
 ceous, sometimes calcareous, which weather into a tenacious clay upon the sur- 
 face, and the soil derived from it is usually stiff and clayey. Its economic 
 value is very slight. 
 
 Several species of fossils which characterize the Cincinnati group are found 
 in the Maquoketa shales ; but they contain a larger number that have been 
 found anywhere else than in these shales in Iowa, and their distinct faunal char- 
 acteristics seem to warrant the separation of the Maquoketa shales as a distinct 
 formation from any others of the group. 
 
 UPPER SILURIAN SYSTEM. 
 
 NIAGARA GROUP. 
 
 Niagara Limestone. — The area occupied by the Niagara limestone is nearly 
 one hundred and sixty miles long from north to south, and forty and fifty miles 
 wide. 
 
 This formation is entirely a magnesian limestone, with in some places a con- 
 siderable proportion of silicious matter in the form of chert or coarse flint. A 
 large part of it is evenly bedded, and probably affords the best and greatest 
 amount of quarry rock in the State. The quarries at Anamosa, LeClaire and 
 Farley are all opened in this formation. 
 
 DEVONIAN SYSTEM. 
 
 ■^ HAMILTON GROUP. 
 
 Hamilton Limestone. — The area of surface occupied by the Hamilton lime- 
 stone and shales is fully as great as those by all the formations of both Upper 
 and Lower Silurian age in the State. It is nearly two hundred miles long and 
 from forty to fifty miles broad. The general trend is northwestward and south- 
 eastwj^^d. 
 
 Although a large part of the material of this formation is practically quite 
 worthless, yet other portions are valuable for economic purposes ; and having a 
 
124 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 large geographical extent in the State, is one of the most important formations, 
 in a practical point of view. At Waverly, Bremer County, its value for the 
 production of hydraulic lime has been practically demonstrated. The heavier 
 and more uniform magnesian beds furnish material for bridge piers and other 
 material requiring strength and durability. 
 
 All the Devonian strata of Iowa evidently belong to a single epoch, and re- 
 ferable to the Hamilton, as recognized by New York geologists. 
 
 The most conspicuous and characteristic fossils of this formation are bra- 
 chibpod, mollusks and corals. The coral Acervularia Davidsoni occurs near 
 Iowa City, and is known as " Iowa City Marble," and " bird's-eye marble." 
 
 CABBONIFEROUS SYSTEM. 
 
 Of the three groups of formations that constitute the carboniferous system, 
 viz., the subcarboniferous, coal measures and permian, only the first two are 
 found in Iowa. 
 
 SUBCARBONIFEROUS GROUP. 
 
 The area of the surface occupied by this group is very large. Its eastern 
 border passes from the northeastern part of Winnebago County, with consider- 
 able directness in a southeasterly direction to the northern part of Washington 
 County. Here it makes a broad and direct bend nearly eastward, striking 
 the Mississippi River at Muscatine. The southern and western boundary is to 
 a considerable extent the same as that which separates it from the coal field. 
 From the southern part of Pocahontas County it passes southeast to Fort Dodge, 
 thence to Webster City, thence to a point three or four miles northeast of El- 
 dora, in Hardin County, thence southward to the middle of the north line of 
 Jasper County, thence southeastward to Sigourney, in Keokuk County, thence 
 to the northeastern corner of Jefferson County, thence sweeping a few miles 
 eastward to the southeast corner of Van Buren County. Its area is nearly two 
 hundred and fifty miles long, and from twenty to fifty miles wide. 
 
 The Kinderliook Beds. — The most southerly exposure of these beds is near 
 the mouth of Skunk River, in Des Moines County. The most northerly now 
 known is in the eastern part of Pocahontas County, more than two hundred 
 miles distant. The principal exposures of this formation are along the bluffs 
 which border the Mississippi and Skunk Rivers, Avhere they form the eastern 
 and northern boundary of Des Moines County, along English River, in Wash- 
 ington County ; along the Iowa River, in Tama, Marshall, Hamlin and Frank- 
 lin Counties ; and along the Des Moines River, in Humboldt County. 
 
 The economic value of this formation is very considerable, particularly in 
 the northern portion of the region it occupies. In Pocahontas and Humboldt 
 Counties it is almost invaluable, as no other stone except a few boulders are 
 found here. At Iowa Falls the lower division is very good for building pur- 
 poses. In Marshall County all the limestone to be obtained comes from this 
 formation, and the quarries near LeGrand are very valuable. At this point 
 
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 125 
 
 some of the layers are finely veined with peroxide of iron, and are wrought into 
 ornamental and useful objects. 
 
 In Tama County, the oolitic member is well exposed, where it is manufac- 
 tured into lime. It is not valuable for building, as upon exposure to atmosphere 
 and frost, it crumbles to pieces. 
 
 The remains of fiishes are the only fossils yet discovered in this formation 
 that can be referred to the sub-kingdom vertebrata ; and so far as yet recog- 
 nized, they all belong to the order selachians. 
 
 Of ARTICULATES, only two species have been recognized, both of which 
 belong to the genus phiUipsia. 
 
 The sub-kingdom MOLLUSCA is largely represented. 
 
 The RADIATA are represented by a few crinoids, usually found in a very im- 
 perfect condition. The sub-kingdom is also represented by corals. 
 
 The prominent feature in the life of this epoch was molluscan ; so much so 
 in fiet as to overshadow all other branches of the animal kingdom. The pre- 
 vailing classes are: lamelUhrancliiates, in the more arenaceous portions; and 
 brachiopods, in the more calcareous portions. 
 
 No remains of vegetation have been detected in any of the strata of this 
 fDrmation. 
 
 The Burlington Limestone. — This formation consists of two distinct calca- 
 reous divisions, which are separated by a series of silicious beds. Both divi- 
 sions are eminently crinoidal. 
 
 The southerly dip of the Iowa rocks carries the Burlington limestone down, 
 so that it is seen for the last time in this State in the valley of Skunk River, 
 near the southern boundary of Des Moines County. The most northerly point 
 at which it has been recognized is in the northern part of Washington County. 
 It probably exists as far north as Marshall County. 
 
 This formation affords much valuable material for economic purposes. The 
 upper division furnishes excellent common quarry rock. 
 
 Tlie great abundance and variety of its fossils — crinoids — now known to be 
 more than three hundred, have justly attracted the attention of geologists in all 
 parts of the world. 
 
 The only remains of vertebrates discovered in this formation are those of 
 fishes, and consist of teeth and spines ; bone of bony fishes, like those most 
 common at the present day, are found in these rocks. On Bufiington Creek, in 
 Louisa County, is a stratum in an exposure so fully charged with these remains 
 that it might with propriety be called bone breccia. 
 
 Remains of articulates are rare in this formation. So far as yet discovered, 
 they are confined to two species of tribolites of the genus phillipsia. 
 
 Fossil shells are very common. 
 
 The two lowest classes of the sub-kingdom radiata are represented in the 
 genera zaphrentis, amplexus and syringapora, while the highest class — echino- 
 derms — are found in most extraordinary jirofusion. 
 
126 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 The Keokuk Limestone. — It is only in the four counties of Lee, A^an 
 Buren, Henry and Des Moines that this formation is to be seen. 
 
 In some localities the upper silicious portion of this formation is known as 
 the Geode bed. It is not recognizable in the northern portion of the formation,, 
 nor in connection with it where it is exposed, about eighty miles below Keokuk. 
 
 The geodes of the Geode bed are more or less spherical masses of silex, 
 usually hollow and lined with crystals of quartz. The outer crust is rough and 
 unsightly, but the crystals which stud the interior are often very beautiful. 
 They vary in size from the size of a walnut to a foot in diameter. 
 
 The economic value of this formation is very great. Large quantities of its 
 stone have been used in the finest structures in the State, among which are the 
 post offices at Dubuque and Des Moines. The principal quarries are along the 
 banks of the Mississippi, from Keokuk to Nauvoo. 
 
 The only vertebrate fossils found in the formation are fishes, all belonging 
 to the order selachians, some of which indicate that their owners reached a 
 length of twenty-five or thirty feet. 
 
 Of the articulates, only two species of the genus phillipsia have been found 
 in this formation. 
 
 Of the mollusks, no cephalopods have yet been recognized in this formation in 
 this State ; gasteropods are rare ; brachiopods and polyzoans are quite abundant. 
 
 Of radiates, corals of genera zaphrentes, amplexus and aulopera are found,, 
 but crinoids are most abundant. 
 
 Of the low forms of animal life, the protozoans, a small fossil related to the 
 sponges, is found in this formation in small numbers. 
 
 The St. Louis Limestone. — This is the uppermost of the subcarboniferous 
 group in Iowa. The superficial area it occupies is comparatively small, because 
 it consists of long, narrow strips, yet its exten^ is very great. It is first seen 
 resting on the geode division of the Keokuk limestone, near Keokuk. Pro- 
 ceeding northward, it forms a narrow border along the edge of the coal fields 
 in Lee, Des Moines, Henry, Jefferson, Washington, Keokuk and Mahaska 
 Counties. It is then lost sight of until it appears again in the banks of Boone 
 Biver, where it again passes out of view under the coal measures until it is 
 next seen in the banks of the Des Moines, near Fort Dodge. As it exists in 
 Iowa, it consists of three tolerably distinct subdivisions — the magnesian, arena- 
 ceous and calcareous. 
 
 The upper division furnishes excellent material for quicklime, and when 
 quarries are well opened, as in the northwestern part of Van Buren County, 
 large blocks are obtained. The sandstone, or middle division, is of little 
 economic value. The lower or magnesian division furnishes a valuable 
 and durable stone, exposures of which are found on Lick Creek, in Van Buren 
 County, and on Long Creek, seven miles west of Burlington. 
 
 Of the fossils of this formation, the vertebrates are represented only by the 
 remains of fish, belonging to the two orders, selachians and ganoids. The 
 
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 127 
 
 articulates are represented by one species of the trilobite, genus j?hilUpsia, and 
 two ostracoid, genera, cythre and beyricia. The raollusks distinguish this 
 formation more than any other branch of the animal kingdom. Radiates are 
 exceedingly rare, showing a marked contrast between this formation and the 
 two preceding it. 
 
 The rocks of the subcarboniferous period have in other countries, and in 
 other parts of our own country, furnished valuable minerals, and even coal, but 
 in Iowa the economic value is confined to its stone alone. 
 
 The Lower Silurian, Upper Silurian and Devonian rocks of Iowa are largely 
 composed of limestone. Magnesia also enters largely into the subcarbon- 
 iferous group. With the completion of the St. Louis limestone, the 
 production of the magnesian limestone seems to have ceased among the rocks of 
 Iowa. 
 
 Although the Devonian age has been called the age of fishes, yet so far as 
 Iowa is concerned, the rocks of no period can compare with the subcarbon- 
 iferous in the abundance and variety of the fish remains, and, for this reason, 
 the Burlington and Keokuk limestones will in the future become more 
 famous among geologists, perhaps, than any other formations in North 
 America. 
 
 It will be seen that the Chester limestone is omitted from the subcarbon- 
 iferous group, and which completes the full geological series. It is probable 
 the whole surface of Iowa was above the sea during the time of the 
 formation of the Chester limestone to the southward about one hundred 
 miles. 
 
 At the close of the epoch of the Chester limestone, the shallow seas in 
 which the lower coal measures were formed again occupied the land, extending 
 almost as far north as that sea had done in which the Kinderhook beds were 
 formed, and to the northeastward its deposits extended beyond the subcarbon- 
 iferous groups, outlines of which are found upon the next, or Devonian rock. 
 
 THE COAL-MEASURE GROUP. 
 
 The coal-measure group of Iowa is properly divided into three formations, 
 viz., the lower, middle and upper coal measures, each having a vertical thick- 
 ness of about two hundred feet. 
 
 A line drawn upon the map of Iowa as follows, will represent the eastern 
 and northern boundaries of the coal fields of the State: Commencing at the 
 southeast corner of Van Buren County, carry the line to the northeast corner 
 of Jeiferson County by a slight easterly curve through the western portions of 
 Lee and Henry Counties. Produce this line until it reaches a point six or 
 eight miles north-^ard from the one last named, and then carry it northwest- 
 ward, keeping it at about the same distance to the northward of Skunk River 
 and its north branch that it had at first, until it reaches the southern boundary 
 of Marshall County, a little west of its center. Then carry it to a point 
 
128 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 three or four miles northeast from Eldora, in Hardin County ; thence west- 
 ward to a point a little north of Webster City, in Hamilton County ; and 
 thence further westward to a point a little north of Fort Dodge, in Webster 
 County. 
 
 Lower Coal Measures. — In consequence of the recedence to the southward 
 of the borders of the middle and upper coal measures, the lower coal measures 
 alone exist to the eastward and northward of Des Moines River. They also 
 occupy a large area westward and southward of that river, but their southerly 
 dip passes them below the middle coal measures at no great distance from the 
 river. 
 
 No other formation in the whole State possesses the economic value of the 
 lower coal measures. The clay that underlies almost every bed of coal furnishes 
 a large amount of material for potters' use. The sandstone of these measures 
 is usually soft and unfit, but in some places, as near Red Rock, in Marion 
 County, blocks of large dimensions are obtained which make good building 
 material, samples of which can be seen in the State Arsenal, at Des Moines. 
 On the whole, that portion of the State occupied by the lower coal measures, 
 is not well supplied with stone. 
 
 But few fossils have been found in any of the strata of the lower coal meas- 
 ures, but such animal remains as have been found are without exception of 
 marine origin. 
 
 Of fossil plants found in these measures, all probably belong to the class 
 aerogens. Specimens of calamites, and several species of ferns, are found in 
 all of the coal measures, but the genus lepidodendron seems not to have existed 
 later than the epoch of the middle coal measures. 
 
 Middle Coal Measures. — This formation within the State of Iowa occupies 
 a narrow belt of territory in the southern central portion of the State, embrac- 
 ing a superficial area of about fourteen hundred square miles. The counties 
 more or less underlaid by this formation are Guthrie, Dallas, Polk, Madison, 
 Warren, Clarke, Lucas, Monroe, Wayne and Appanoose. 
 
 This formation is composed of alternating beds of clay, sandstone and lime- 
 stone, the clays or shales constituting the bulk of the formation, the limestone 
 occurring in their bands, the lithological peculiarities of which oifer many con- 
 trasts to the limestones of the upper and lower coal measures. The formation 
 is also characterized by regular wave-like undulations, with a parallelism which 
 indicates a widespread disturbance, though no dislocation of the strata have 
 been discovered. 
 
 Generally speaking, few species of foss^ils occur in these beds. Some of the 
 shales and sandstone have afforded a few imperfectly preserved land plants — 
 three or four species of ferns, belonging to the genera. Some of the carbonif- 
 erous shales afford beautiful specimens of what appear to have been sea-weeds. 
 Radiates ai-e represented by corals. The mollusks are most numerously repre- 
 sented. Trilohites and ostracoids are the only remains known of articulates. 
 
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 129 
 
 Vertebrates are only known by the remains of salachians, or sharks, and 
 ganoids. 
 
 Upper Coal Measures. — The area occupied by this formation in Iowa is 
 very great, comprising thirteen whole counties, in the southwestern part of the 
 State. It adjoins by its northern and eastern boundaries the area occupied by 
 the middle coal measures. 
 
 The prominent lithological features of this formation are its limestones, yet 
 it contains a considerable proportion of shales and sandstones. Although it is 
 known by the name of upper coal measures, it contains but a single bed of coal, 
 and that only about twenty inches in maximum thickness. 
 
 The limestone exposed in this formation furnishes good material for building 
 as in Madison and Fremont Counties. The sandstones are quite worthless. No 
 beds of clay for potter's use are found in the whole formation. 
 
 The fossils in this formation are much more numerous than in either the 
 middle or lower coal measures. The vertebrates are represented by the fishes 
 of the orders selachians and ganoids. The articulates are represented by the 
 trilobites and ostracoids. Mollusks are represented by the classes cephalapoda, 
 gasteropoda, lamelli, branchiata, brachiapoda and polyzoa. Radiates are more 
 numerous than in the lower and middle coal measures. Protogoans are repre- 
 sented in the greatest abundance, some layers of limestone being almost entirely 
 composed of their small fusiform shells. 
 
 CRETACEOUS SYSTEM. 
 
 There being no rocks, in Iowa, of permian, triassic or Jurassic age, the 
 next strata in the geological series are of the cretaceous age. They are found 
 in the western half of the State, and do not dip, as do all the other formations 
 upon which they rest, to the southward and westward, but have a general dip 
 of their own to the north of westward, which, however, is very slight. 
 Although the actual exposures of cretaceous rocks are few in Iowa, there is 
 reason to believe that nearly all the western half of the State was originally 
 occupied by them ; but being very friable, they have been removed by denuda- 
 tion, which has taken place at two separate periods. The first period was 
 during its elevation from the cretaceous sea, and during the long tertiary age 
 that passed between the time of that elevation and the commencement of the 
 glacial epoch. The second period was during the glacial epoch, when the ice 
 produced their entire removal over considerable areas. 
 
 It is difficult to indicate the exact boundaries of these rocks ; the following 
 will approximate the outlines of the area : 
 
 From the northeast corner to the southwest corner of Kossuth County ; 
 thence to the southeast corner of Guthrie County; thence to the southeast 
 corner of Cass County; thence to the middle of the south boundary of Mont- 
 gomery County ; thence to the middle of the north boundary of Pottawattamie 
 County ; thence to the middle of the south boundary of Woodbury County ;. 
 
130 . HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 thence to Sergeant's bluffs ; up the Missouri and Big Sioux Rivers to the 
 northwest corner of the State ; eastward along the State line to the place of 
 beginnina;. 
 
 All the cretaceous rocks in Iowa are a part of the same deposits farther up 
 the Missouri River, and in reality form their eastern boundary. 
 
 Nishnahotany Sandstone. — This rock has the most easterly and southerly 
 extent of the cretaceous deposits of Iowa, reaching the southeastern part of 
 Guthrie County and the southern part of Montgomery County. To the north- 
 ward, it passes beneath the Woodbury sandstones and shales, the latter passing 
 beneath the inoceramus, or chalky, beds. This sandstone is, with few excep- 
 tions, almost valueless for economic purposes. 
 
 The only fossils found in this formation are a few fragments of angiosper- 
 mous leaves. 
 
 Woodbury Sandstones and Shales. — These strata rest upon the Nishna- 
 botany sandstone, and have not been observed outside of Woodbury County, 
 hence their name. Their principal exposure is at Sergeant's Bluffs, seven 
 miles below Sioux City. 
 
 This rock has no value except for purposes of common masonry. 
 
 Fossil remains are rare. Detached scales of a lepidoginoid species have 
 been detected, but no other vertebrate remains. Of remains of vegetation, 
 leaves of salix meekii and sassafras cretaceum have been occasionally found. 
 
 Inoceramus Beds. — These beds rest upon the Woodbury sandstones and 
 shales. They have not been observed in Iowa, except in the bluffs which 
 border the Big Sioux River in Woodbury and Plymouth Counties. They are 
 composed almost entirely of calcareous material, the upper portion of which is 
 extensively used for lime. No building material is to be obtained from these 
 beds ; and the only value they possess, except lime, are the marls, which at 
 some time may be useful on the soil of the adjacent region. 
 
 The only vertebrate remains found in the cretaceous rocks are the fishes. 
 Those in the inoceramus beds of Iowa are two species of squoloid selachians, 
 or cestratront, and three genera of teliosts. Molluscan remains are rare. 
 
 PEAT. 
 
 Extensive beds of peat exist in Northern Middle Iowa, which, it is esti- 
 mated, contain the following areas : 
 
 Counties. Acres. 
 
 Cerro Gordo 1,500 
 
 Worth 2,(00 
 
 Winnebago 2,000 
 
 Hancock 1,500 
 
 Wright 500 
 
 Kossuth 700 
 
 Dickinson 80 
 
 Several other counties contain peat beds, but the character of the peat is 
 inferior to that in the northern part of the State. The character of the peat 
 
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 131 
 
 named is equal to that of Ireland. The beds are of an average depth of four 
 feet. It is estimated tliat each acre of these beds will furnish two hundred and 
 fifty tons of dry fuel for each foot in depth. At present, owing to the sparse- 
 ness of the population, this peat is not utilized ; but, owing to its great distance 
 from the coal fields and the absence of timber, the time is coming when their 
 value will be realized, and the fact demonstrated that Nature has abundantly 
 compensated the deficiency of other fuel. 
 
 GYPSUM. 
 
 The only deposits of the sulphates of the alkaline earths of any economic 
 value in Iowa are those of gypsum at and in the vicinity of Fort Dodge, in 
 Webster County. All others are small and unimportant. The deposit occupies 
 a nearly central position in Webster County, the Des Moines River running 
 nearly centrally through it, along the valley sides of which the gypsum is seen 
 in the form of ordinary rock cliff and ledges, and also occurring abundantly in 
 similar positions along both sides of the valleys of the smaller streams and of 
 the numerous ravines coming into the river valley. 
 
 The most northerly known limit of the deposit is at a point near the mouth 
 of Lizard Creek, a tributary of the Des Moines River, and almost adjoining 
 the town of Fort Dodge. The most southerly point at which it has been 
 found exposed is about six miles, by way of the river, from this northerly point 
 before mentioned. Our knowledge of the width of the area occupied by it is 
 limited by the exposures seen in the valleys of the small streams and in the 
 ravines which come into the valley within the distance mentioned. As one goes 
 up these ravines and minor valleys, the gypsum becomes lost beneath the over- 
 lying drift. There can be no doubt that the difierent parts of this deposit, now 
 disconnected by the valleys and ravines having been cut through it, were orig- 
 inally connected as a continuous deposit, and there seems to be as little reason 
 to doubt that the gypsum still extends to considerable distance on each side of 
 the valley of the river beneath the drift which covers the region to a depth of 
 from twenty to sixty feet. 
 
 The country round about this region has the prairie surface approximating 
 a general level which is so characteristic of the greater part of the State, and 
 which exists irrespective of the character or geological age of the strata beneath, 
 mainly because the drift is so deep and uniformly distributed that it frequently 
 .almost alone gives character to the surface. The valley sides of the Des Moines 
 River, in the vicinity of Fort Dodge, are somewhat abrupt, having a depth there 
 from the general level of the upland of about one hundred and seventy feet, 
 and consequently presents somewhat bold and interesting features in the land- 
 scape. 
 
 As one walks up and down the creeks and ravines which come into the 
 valley of the Des Moines River there, he sees the gypsum exposed on 
 either side of them, jutting out from beneath the drift in the form of 
 
132 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 ledges and bold quarry fronts, having almost the exact appearance of 
 ordinary limestone exposures, so horizontal and regular are its lines of 
 stratification, and so similar in color is it to some varieties of that rock. The 
 principal quarries now opened are on Two Mile Creek, a couple of miles below 
 Fort Dodge. 
 
 The reader will please bear in mind that the gypsum of this remarkable 
 deposit does not occur in "heaps " or " nests," as it does in most deposits of 
 gypsum in the States farther eastward, but that it exists here in the form of a 
 regularly stratified, continuous formation, as uniform in texture, color and 
 quality throughout the whole region, and from top to bottom of the deposit 
 as the granite of the Quincy quarries is. Its color is a uniform gray, result- 
 ing from alternating fine horizontal lines of nearly white, Avith similar lines 
 of darker shade. The gypsum of the white lines is almost entirely pure, the 
 darker lines containing the impurity. This is at intervals barely sufficient in 
 amount to cause the separation of the mass upon those lines into beds or layers, 
 thus facilitating the quarrying of it into desired shapes. These bedding sur- 
 faces have occasionally a clayey feeling to the touch, but there is nowhere any 
 intercalation of clay or other foreign substance in a separate form. The deposit 
 is known to reach a thickness of thirty feet at the quarries referred to, but 
 although it will probably be found to exceed this thickness at some other points, 
 at the natural exposures, it is seldom seen to be more than from ten to twenty 
 feet thick. 
 
 Since the drift is usually seen to rest directly upon the gypsum, with noth- 
 ing intervening, except at a few points where traces appear of an overlying bed 
 of clayey material without doubt of the same age as the gypsum, the latter 
 probably lost something of its thickness by mechanical erosion during the 
 glacial epoch; and it has, doubtless, also sufi'ered some diminution of thickness 
 since then by solution in the waters which constantly percolate through the 
 drift from the surface. The drift of this region being somewhat clayey, partic- 
 ulary in its lower part, it has doubtless served in some degree as a protection 
 against the diminution of the gypsum by solution in consequence of its partial 
 imperviousness to water. If the gypsum had been covered* by a deposit of sand 
 instead of the drift clays, it would have no doubt long since disappeared by 
 being dissolved in the water that Avould have constantly reached it from the sur- 
 face. Water merely resting upon it would not dissolve it away to any extent, 
 but it rapidly disappears under the action of running water. Where little rills 
 of water at the time of every rain run over the face of an unused quarry, from 
 the surface above it, deep grooves are thereby cut into it, giving it somewhat the 
 appearance of melting ice around a waterfall. The fact that gypsum is now 
 sufiering a constant, but, of course, very slight, diminution, is apparent in the 
 fact the springs of the region contain more or less of it in solution in their 
 waters. An analysis of water from one of these springs will be found in Prof. 
 Emery's report. 
 
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF lOH^A. 133 
 
 Besides the clayey beds that are sometimes seen to rest upon the gypsum, 
 there are occasionally others seen beneath them that are also of the same 
 age, and not of the age of the coal-measure strata upon which they rest. 
 
 Age of the Gypsum Deposit. — In neither the gypsum nor the associated 
 clays has any trace of any fossil remains been found, nor has any other indica- 
 tion of its geological age been observed, except that which is aiforded by its 
 stratigraphical relations ; and the most that can be said with certainty is tliat it 
 is newer than the coal measures, and older than the drift. The indications 
 afforded by the stratigraphical relations of the gypsum deposit of Fort Dodge 
 are, however, of considerable value. 
 
 As already shown, it rests in that region directly and unconformably upon 
 the lower coal measures ; but going southward from there, the whole series of 
 coal-measure strata from the top of the subcarboniferous group to the upper 
 coal measures, inclusive, can be traced without break or unconformability. 
 The strata of the latter also may be traced in the same manner up into the 
 Permian rocks of Kansas; and through this long series, there is no place or 
 horizon Avhich suggests that the gypsum deposit might belong there. 
 
 Again, no Tertiary deposits are known to exist within or near the borders 
 of Iowa to suggest that the gypsum might be of that age ; nor are any of the 
 palaeozoic strata newer than the subcarboniferous unconformable upon each 
 other as the other gypsum is unconformable upon the strata beneath it. It 
 therefore seems, in a measure, conclusive, that the gypsum is of Mesozoic age, 
 perhaps older than the Cretaceous. 
 
 Lithological Origin. — As little can be said with certainty concerning the 
 lithological origin of this deposit as can be said concerning its geological age, 
 for it seems to present itself in this relation, as in the former one, as an isolated 
 fact. None of the associated strata show any traces of a double decomposition 
 of pre-existing materials, such as some have supposed all deposits of gypsum to 
 have resulted from. No considerable quantities of oxide of iron nor any trace 
 of native sulphur have been found in connection with it; nor has any salt been 
 found in the waters of the region. These substances are common in association 
 with other gypsum deposits, and are regarded by some persons as indicative of 
 the method of or resulting from their origin as such. Throughout the whole 
 region, the Fort Dodge gypsum has the exact appearance of a sedimentary 
 deposit. It is arranged in layers like the regular layers of limestone, and the 
 whole mass, from top to bottom, is traced with fine horizontal laminae of alter- 
 nating white and gray gypsum, parallel with the bedding surfaces of the layers, 
 but the whole so intimately blended as to form a solid mass. The darker lines 
 contain almost all the impurity there is in the gypsum, and that impurity is 
 evidently sedimentary in its character. Frc^ these facts, and also from the 
 further one that no trace of fossil remains has been detected in the gypsum, it 
 seems not unreasonable to entertain the opinion that the gypsum of Fort Dodge 
 originated as a chemical precipitation in comparatively still waters which were 
 
134 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 saturated with sulphate of lime and destitute of life ; its stratification and 
 impurities being deposited at the same time as clayey impurities which had been 
 held suspended in the same waters. 
 
 Physical Properties. — Much has already been said of the physical proper- 
 ties or character of this gypsum, but as it is so different in some respects from 
 that of other deposits, there are yet other matters worthy of mention in connec- 
 tion Avith those. According to the results of a complete and exhaustive anal- 
 ysis by Prof. Emery, the ordinary gray gypsum contains only about eight per 
 cent, of impurity ; and it is possible that the average impurity for the whole 
 deposit will not exceed that proportion, so uniform in quality is it from to top 
 to bottom and from one end of the region to the other. 
 
 When it is remembered that plaster for agricultural purposes is sometimes 
 prepared from gypsum that contains as much as thirty per cent, of impurity, it 
 will be seen tliat ours is a very superior article for such purposes. The impu- 
 rities are also of such a character that they do not in any way interfere with its 
 value for use in the arts. Although the gypsum rock has a gray color, it 
 becomes quite white by grinding, and still whiter by the calcining process nec- 
 essary in the preparation of plaster of Paris. These tests have all been practi- 
 call}^ made in the rooms of the Geological Survey, and the quality of the plaster 
 of Paris still further tested by actual use and experiment. No hesitation, 
 therefore, is felt in stating that the Fort Dodge gypsum is of as good a quality 
 as any in the country, even for the finest uses. 
 
 In view of the bounteousness of the primitive fertility of our Iowa soils, 
 many persons forget that a time may come when Nature will refuse to respond 
 so generously to our demand as she does now, without an adequate return. 
 Such are apt to say that this vast deposit of gypsum is valueless to our com- 
 monwealth, except to the small extent that it may be used in the arts. This 
 is undoubtedly a short-sighted view of the subject, for the time is even now 
 rapidly passing away when a man may purchase a new farm for less money 
 than he can re-fertilize and restore the partially wasted primitive fertility of the 
 one he now occupies. There are farms even now in a large part of the older 
 settled portions of the State that would be greatly benefited by the proper 
 application of plaster, and such areas will continue to increase until it will be 
 difficult to estimate the value of the deposit of gypsum at Fort Dodge. It 
 should be remembered, also, that the inhabitants of an extent of country 
 adjoining our State more than three times as great as its own area will find it 
 more convenient to obtain their supplies from Fort Dodge than from any other 
 source. 
 
 For want of direct railroad communication between this region and other 
 parts of the State, the only use yet made of the gypsum by the inhabitants is 
 for the purposes of ordinary building stone. It is so compact that it is found 
 to be comparatively unaffected by the frost, and its ordinary situation in walls 
 of houses is such that it is protected from the dissolving action of water, which 
 
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 13o 
 
 can at most reach it only from occasional rains, and the effect of these is too 
 slight to be perceived after the lapse of several years. 
 
 One of the citizens of Fort Dodge, Hon. John F. Duncombe, built a large, 
 fine residence of it, in 1861, the walls of which appear as unaffected by 
 exposure and as beautiful as they were when first erected. It has been so long 
 and successfully used for building stone by the inhabitants that they now prefer 
 it to the limestone of good quality, which also exists in the immediate vicinity. 
 This preference is due to the cheapness of the gypsum, as compared with the 
 stone. The cheapness of the former is largely due to the facility with which it 
 is quarried and wrought. Several other houses have been constructed of it in 
 Fort Dodge, including the depot building of the Dubuque & Sioux City Rail- 
 road. The company have also constructed a large culvert of the same material 
 to span a creek near the town, limestone only being used for the lower courses, 
 which come in contact with the water. It is a fine arch, each stone of gypsum 
 being nicely hewn, and it will doubtless prove a very durable one. Many of 
 the sidewalks in the town are made of the slabs or flags of gypsum which occur 
 in some of the quarries in the form of thin layers. They are more durable 
 than their softness would lead one to suppose. They also possess an advantage 
 over stone in not becoming slippery when worn. 
 
 The method adopted in quarrying and dressing the blocks of gypsum is 
 peculiar, and quite unlike that adopted in similar treatment of ordinary stone. 
 Taking a stout auger-bit of an ordinary brace, such as is used by carpenters, 
 and filing the cutting parts of it into a peculiar form, the quarryman bores his 
 holes into the gypsum quarry for blasting, in the same manner and with as 
 great facility as a carpenter would bore hard wood. The pieces being loosened 
 by blasting, they are broken up with sledges into convenient sizes, or hewn 
 into the desired shapes by means of hatchets or ordinary chopping axes, or cut 
 by means of ordinary wood-saws. So little grit does the gypsum contain that 
 these tools, made for working wood, are found to be better adapted for working 
 the former substance than those tools are which are universally used for work- 
 ing stone. 
 
 MINOR DEPOSITS OF SULPHATE OF LIME. 
 
 Besides the great gypsum deposit of Fort Dodge, sulphate of lime in the 
 various forms of fibrous gypsum, selenite, and small, amorphous masses, has 
 also been discovered in various formations in different parts of the State, includ- 
 ing the coal measure shales near Fort Dodge, where it exists in small quanti- 
 ties, quite independently of the great gypsum deposit there. The quantity of 
 gypsum in these minor deposits is always too small to be of any practical value, 
 and frequently minute. They usually occur in shales and shaly clays, asso- 
 ciated with strata that contain more or less sulphuret of iron (iron pyrites). 
 Gypsum has thus been detected in the coal measures, the St. Louis limestone, 
 the cretaceous strata, and also in the lead caves of Dubuque. In most of these 
 cases it is evidently the result of double decomposition of iron pyrites and car- 
 
13G HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 bonate of lime, previously existing there ; in which cases the gypsum is of course 
 not an original deposit as the great one at Fort Dodge is supposed to be. 
 
 The existence of these comparatively minute quantities of gypsum in the 
 shales of the coal measures and the subcarboniferous limestone which are exposed 
 within the region of and occupy a stratigraphical position beneath the great 
 gypsum deposits, suggests the possibility that the former may have originated as 
 a precipitate from percolating waters, holding gypsum in solution which they 
 had derived from that deposit in passing over or through it. Since, however, 
 the same substance is found in similar sm-ill quantities and under similar con- 
 ditions in regions where they could have had no possible connection with that 
 deposit, it is believed that none of those mentioned have necessarily originated 
 from it, not even those that are found in close proximity to it. 
 
 The gypsum found in the lead caves is usually in the form of efflorescent 
 fibers, and is always in small quantity. In the lower coal-measure shale near 
 Fort Dodge, a small mass was found in the form of an intercalated layer, which 
 had a distinct fibrous structure, the fibers being perpendicular to the plane of 
 the layer. The same mass had also distinct, horizontal planes of cleavage at 
 right angles with the perpendicular fibers. Thus, being more or less transpa- 
 rent, tlie mass combined the characters of both fibrous gypsum and selenite. 
 No anhydrous sulphate of lime {anliydrite) has been found in connection with 
 the great gypsum deposit, nor elsewhere in Iowa, so far as yet known. 
 
 SULPHATE OF STRONTIA. 
 [Celesiine.) 
 
 The only locality at which this interesting mineral has yet been found in 
 Iowa, or, so fiir as is known, in the great valley of the Mississippi, is at Fort 
 Dodge. It occurs there in very small quantity in both the shales of the lower 
 coal measures and in the cla\'s that overlie the gypsum deposit, and which are 
 regarded as of the same age with it. The first is just below the city, near Rees' 
 coal bank, and occurs as a layer intercalated among the coal measure shales, 
 amounting in quantity to only a few hundred pounds' weight. The mineral is 
 fibrous and crystalline, the fibers being perpendicular to the plane of the layer. 
 Breaking also with more or less distinct horizontal planes of cleavage, it resem- 
 bles, in physical character, the layer of fibro-crystalline gypsum before men- 
 tioned. Its color is light blue, is transpjarent and shows crystaline facets upon 
 both the upper and under surfaces of the layer ; those of the upper surface 
 being smallest and most numerous. It breaks up readily into small masses 
 along the lines of the perpendicular fibers or columns. The layer is probably 
 not more than a rod in extent in any direction and about three inches in maxi- 
 mum thickness. Apparent lines of stratification occur in it, corresponding with 
 those of the shales which imbed it. 
 
 The other deposit was still smaller in amount, and occurred as a mass of 
 crystals imbedded in the clays that overlie the gypsum at Cummins' quarry in 
 
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 137 
 
 the valley of Soldier Creek, upon the north side of the town. The mineral is 
 in this case nearly colorless, and but for the form of the separate crystals would 
 closely resemble masses of impure salt. The crystals are so closely aggregated 
 that they enclose but little impurity in the mass, but in almost all cases their 
 fundamental forms are obscured. This mineral has almost no real practical 
 value, and its occurrence, as described, is interesting only as a mineralogical 
 
 fact, 
 
 SULPHATE OF BARYTA. 
 [Baryt(s, Heavy Spar.) 
 
 This mineral has been found only in minute quantities in Iowa. It has 
 been detected in the coal-measure shales of Decatur, Madison and Marion 
 Counties, the Devonian limestone of Johnson and Bremer Counties and in the 
 lead caves of Dubuque. In all these cases, it is in the form of crystals or small 
 crystalline masses. 
 
 SULPHATE OF MAGNESIA. 
 
 [Epsomite.) 
 
 Epsomite, or native epsom salts, having been discovered near Burlington, 
 we have thus recognized in Iowa all the sulphates of the alkaline earths of 
 natural origin ; all of them, except the sulphate of lime, being in very small 
 quantity. Even if the sulphate of magnesia were produced in nature, in large 
 quantities, it is so very soluble that it can accumulate only in such positions as 
 afford it complete shelter from the rains or running water The epsomite 
 mentioned was found beneath the overhanging cliff of Burlington limestone, 
 near Starr's mill, which are represented in the sketch upon another page, illus- 
 trating the subcarboniferous rocks. It occurs in the form of efflorescent encrus- 
 tations upon the surface of stones and in similar small fragile masses among the 
 fine debris that has fallen down beneath the overhanging cliff. The projection 
 of the cliff over the perpendicular face of the strata beneath amounts to near 
 twenty feet at the point where epsomite was found. Consequently the rains 
 never reach far beneath it from any quarter. The rock upon which the epsom- 
 ite accumulates is an impure limestone, containing also some carbonate of mag- 
 nesia, together with a small proportion of iron pyrites in a finely divided con- 
 dition. It is doubtless by double decomposition of these that the epsomite re- 
 sults. By experiments with this native salt in the office of the Survey, a fine 
 article of epsom salts was produced, but the quantity that might be annually 
 obtained there would amount to only a few pounds, and of course is of no prac- 
 tical value whatever, on account of its cheapness in the market. 
 
 CLIMATOLOGY. 
 
 No extended record of the climatology of Iowa has been made, yet much of 
 great value may be learned from observations made at a single point. Prof. T. 
 S. Parvin, of the State University, has recorded observations made from 1839 
 to the present time. Previous to 1860, these observations were made at Mus- 
 
138 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 catine. Since that date, they were made in Iowa City. The result is that the 
 atmospheric conditions of the climate of Iowa are in the highest degree favor- 
 able to health. 
 
 The highest temperature here occurs in August, while July is the hottest 
 month in the year by two degrees, and January the coldest by three degrees. 
 
 The mean temperature of April and October most nearly corresponds to the 
 mean temperature of the year, as well as their seasons of Spring and Fall, 
 while that of Summer and Winter is best represented in that of August and 
 December. 
 
 The period of greatest heat ranges from June 22d to August 31st ; the next 
 mean time being July 27th. The lowest temperature extends from December 
 16th to February 15th, the average being January 20th — the range in each 
 case being two full months. 
 
 The climate of Iowa embraces the range of that of New York, Pennsyl- 
 vania, Ohio, Indiana and Illinois. The seasons are not characterized by the 
 frequent and sudden changes so common in the latitudes further south. The 
 temperature of the Winters is somewhat lower than States eastward, but of other 
 seasons it is higher. The atmosphere is dry and invigorating. The surface of 
 the State being free at all seasons of the year from stagnant water, with good 
 breezes at nearly all seasons, the miasmatic and pulmonary diseases are 
 unknown. Mortuary statistics show this to be one of the most healthful States 
 in the Union, being one death to every ninety-four persons. The Spring, 
 Summer and Fall months are delightful ; indeed, the glory of Iowa is her 
 Autumn, and nothiiji^ can transcend the splendor of her Indian Summer, which 
 lasts for weeks, and finally blends, almost imperceptibly, into Winter. 
 
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 DISCOVERY AND OCCUPATION. 
 
 Iowa, in the symbolical and expressive language of the aboriginal inhab- 
 itants, is said to signify " The Beautiful Land," and was applied to this 
 magnificent and fruitful region by its ancient owners, to express their apprecia- 
 tion of its superiority of climate, soil and location. Prior to 1803, the Mississi] pi 
 River was the extreme western boundary of the United States. x\ll the great 
 empire lying west of the " Father of Waters," from the Gulf of Mexico on the 
 south to BriCish America on the north, and westward to the Pacific Ocean, was 
 a Spanish province. A brief historical sketch of the discovery and occupation 
 of this grand empire by the Spanish and French governments will be a fitting 
 •introduction to the history of the young and thriving State of Iowa, Avhich, 
 until the commencement of the present century, was a part of the Spanish 
 possessions in America. 
 
 Early in the Spring of 1542, fifty years after Columbus discovered the New 
 World, and one hundred and thirty years before the French missionaries discov- 
 ered its upper waters, Ferdinand De Soto discovered the mouth of the Mississippi 
 River at the mouth of the Washita. After the sudden death of De Soto, in 
 May of the same year, his followers built a small vessel, and in July, 1543, 
 descended the great river to the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 In accordance with the usage of nations, under which title to the soil was 
 claimed by right of discovery, Spain, having conquered Florida and discovered 
 the Mississippi, claimed all the territory bordering on that river and the Gulf of 
 Mexico. But it was also held by the European nations that, while discovery 
 gave title, that title must be perfected by actual possession and occupation. 
 Although Spain claimed the territory by right of first discovery, she made no 
 effort to occupy it ; by no permanent settlement had she perfected and held her 
 title, and therefore had forfeited it when, at a later period, the Lower Mississippi 
 Valley was re-discovered and occupied by France. 
 
 The unparalleled labors of the zealous Frc ncli Jesuits of Canada in penetrating 
 the unknown region of the West, commencing in 1611, form a history of no ordi- 
 nary interest, but have no particular connection with the scope of the present 
 work, until in the Fall of 1665. Pierre Claude Allouez, who had entered Lake 
 Superior in September, and sailed along the southern coast in search of copper, 
 had arrived at the great village of tlie Chippewas at Chegoincegon. Here a 
 grand council of some ten or twelve of the principal Indian nations was held. 
 The PottaAvatomies of Lake Michigan, the Sacs and Foxes of the West, the 
 Hurons from the North, the Illinois from the South, and the Sioux from the 
 land of the prairie and wild rice, were all assembled there. The Illinois told 
 
140 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 the story of their ancient glory and about the noble river on the banks of which 
 they dwelt. The Sioux also told their white brother of the same great river, 
 and Allouez promised to the assembled tribes the protection of the French 
 nation against all their enemies, native or foreign. 
 
 The purpose of discovering the great river about Avhich the Indian na- 
 tions had given such glowing accounts appears to have originated with Mar- 
 quette, in 1669. In the year previous, he and Claude Dablon had established 
 the Mission of St. Mary's, the oldest white settlement within the present limits 
 of the State of Michigan. Marquette was delayed in the execution of his great 
 undertaking, and spent the interval in studying the language and habits of the 
 Illinois Indians, among whom he expected to travel. 
 
 About this time, the French Government had determined to extend the do- 
 minion of France to the extreme western borders of Canada. Nicholas Perrot 
 was sent as the agent of the government, to propose a grand council of the 
 Indian nations, at St. Mary's. 
 
 When Perrot reached Green Bay, he extended the invitation far sflid near ; 
 and, escorted by Pottawatomies, repaired on a mission of peace and friend- 
 ship to the Miamis, who occupied the region about the present location of 
 Chicago. 
 
 In May, 1671, a great council of Indians gathered at the Falls of St. 
 Mary, from all parts of the Northwest, from the head waters of the St. Law- 
 rence, from the valley of the Mississippi and from the Red River of the North. 
 Perrot met with them, and after grave consultation, formally announced to the 
 assembled nations that their good French Father felt an abiding interest in their 
 welfare, and had placed them all under the powerful protection of the French 
 Government. 
 
 Marquette, during that same year, had gathered at Point St. Ignace the 
 vemn ants of one branch of the Hurons. This station, for a long series of 
 years, was considered the key to the unknown West. 
 
 The time was now auspicious for the consummation of Marquette's grand 
 project. The successful termination of Perrot's mission, and the general friend- 
 liness of the native tribes, rendered the contemplated expedition much less per- 
 ilous. But it was not until 1673 that the intrepid and enthusiastic priest was 
 finally ready to depart on his daring and perilous journey to lands never trod by 
 white men. 
 
 The Indians, who had gathered in large numbers to witness his departure, 
 were astounded at the boldness of the proposed undertaking, and tried to dis- 
 courage him, representing that the Indians of the Mississippi Valley Avere cruel 
 and bloodthirsty, and would resent the intrusion of strangers upon their domain. 
 The great river itself, they said, was the abode of terrible monsters, who could 
 swallow both canoes and men. 
 
 But Marquette was not to be diverted from his purpose by these fearful re- 
 ports. He assured his dusky friends that he was ready to make any sacrifice, 
 even to lay down his life for the sacred cause in which he was engaged. He 
 prayed with them ; and having implored the blessing of God upon his undertak- 
 ing, on the 13th day of May, 1673, with Joliet and five Canadian-French voy- 
 ageurs, or boatmen, he left the mission on his daring journey. Ascending 
 Green Bay and Fox River, these bold and enthusiastic pioneers of religion and 
 discovery "proceeded until they reached a Miami and Kickapoo village, where 
 Marquette was delighted to find "a beautiful cross planted in the middle of the 
 town, ornamented Avith white skins, red girdles and bows and arrows, which 
 these good people had offered to the Great Manitou, or God, to thank Him for 
 
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 141 
 
 the pity He had bestowed on them during the Winter, in having given them 
 abundant chase." 
 
 This was the extreme point beyond which the explorations of the French 
 missionaries had not then extended. Here Marquette was instructed by his 
 Indian hosts in the secret of a root that cures the bite of the venomous rattle- 
 snake, drank mineral water with them and was entertained with generous hos- 
 pitality. He called together the principal men of the village, and informed 
 them that his companion, Joliet, had been sent by the French Governor of Can- 
 ada to discover new countries, to be added to the dominion of France ; but that 
 he, himself, had been sent by the Most High God, to carry the glorious religion 
 of the Cross ; and assured his wondering hearers that on this mission he had 
 no fear of death, to which he knew he would be exposed on his perilous journeys. 
 
 Obtaining the services of two Miami guides, to conduct his little band to the 
 Wisconsin River, he left the hospitable Indians on the 10th of June. Conduct- 
 ing them across the portage, their Indian guides returned to their village, and 
 the little party descended the Wisconsin, to the great river which had so long 
 been so anxiously looked for, and boldly floated down its unknown waters. 
 
 On the 25th of June, the explorers discovered indications of Indians on the 
 west bank of the river and land d a little above the mouth of the river now 
 known as Des Moines, and for the first time Europeans trod the soil of Iowa. 
 Leaving the Canadians to guard the canoes, Marquette and Joliet boldly fol- 
 lowed the trail into the interior for fourteen miles (some authorities say six), to 
 an Indian village situate on the banks of a river, and discovered two other vil- 
 lages, on the rising ground about half a league distant. Their visit, while it 
 created much astonishment, did not seem to be entirely unexpected, for there 
 was a tradition or prophecy among the Indians that white visitors were to come 
 to them. They were, therefore, received with great respect and hospitality, and 
 were cordially tendered the calumet or pipe of peace. They were informed that 
 this band was a part of the Illini nation and that their village was called Mon- 
 in-gou-ma or Moingona, which was the name of the river on which it stood. 
 This, from its similarity of sound, Marquette corrupted into Des Moines 
 (Monk's River), its present name. 
 
 Here the voyagers remained six days, learning much of the manners and 
 customs of their new friends. The new religion they boldly preached and the 
 authority of the King of France they proclaimed were received without hos- 
 tility or remonstrance by their savage entertainers. On their departure, they 
 were accompanied to their canoes by the chiefs and hundreds of warriors. 
 Marquette received from them the sacred calumet, the emblem of peace and 
 safeguard among the nations, and re-embarked for the rest of his journey. 
 
 It is needless to follow him further, as his explorations beyond his discovery 
 of Iowa more properh' belong to the history of another State. 
 
 In 1682, La Salle descended the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico, and in 
 the name of the King of France, took formal possession of all the immense 
 region watered by tlie great river and its tributaries from its source to its mouth, 
 and named it Louisiana, in honor of his master, Louis XIV. The river he 
 called "• Colbert," after the French Minister, and at its mouth erected a column 
 and a cross bearing the inscription, in the French language, 
 
 " Louis the Great, King of France and Navarre, 
 Reigning April 9th, 1682." 
 
 At the close of the seventeenth century, France claimed, by right of dis- 
 covery and occupancy, the whole valley of the Mississippi and its tributaries, 
 including Texas, as far as the Rio del Norte. 
 
142 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA 
 
 The province of Louisiana stretched from the Gulf of Mexico to the sources 
 of the Tennessee, the Kanawha, the Allegheny and the Monongahela on the 
 east, and the Missouri and the other great tributaries of the Father of Waters 
 on the west. Says Bancroft, " France had obtained, under Providence, the 
 guardianship of this immense district of country, not, as it proved, for her own 
 benefit, but rather as a trustee for the infant nation by which it was one day to 
 be inherited." 
 
 By the treaty of Utrecht, France ceded to England her possessions 
 in Hudson's Bay, Newfoundland and Nova Scotia. France still retained 
 Louisiana ; but the province had so far failed to meet the expectations of the 
 crown and the people that a change in the government and policy of the country 
 was deemed indispensable. Accordingly, in 1711, the province was placed in 
 the hands of a Governor General, with headquarters at Mobile. This govern- 
 ment was of brief duration, and in 1712 a charter was granted to Anthony 
 Crozat, a wealthy merchant of Paris, giving him the entire control and mo- 
 nopoly of all the trade and resources of Louisiana. But this scheme also failed. 
 Crozat met with no success in his commercial operations ; every Spanish harbor 
 on the Gulf was closed against his vessels; the occupation of Louisiana was 
 deemed an encroachment on Spanish territory ; Spain was jealous of the am- 
 bition of France. 
 
 Failing in his efforts to open the ports of the district, Crozat -'sought to 
 develop the internal resources of Louisiana, by causing trading posts to be 
 opened, and explorations to be made to its remotest borders. But he 
 actually accomplished nothing for the advancement of the colony. The only- 
 prosperity which it ever possessed grew out of the enterprise of humble indi- 
 viduals, who had succeeded in instituting a little barter between themselves 
 and the natives, and a petty trade with neighboring European settlements. 
 After a persevering effort of nearly five years, he surrendered his charter in 
 August, 1717." 
 
 Immediately following the surrender of his charter by Crozat, another and 
 more magnificent scheme was inaugurated. The national government of France 
 was deeply involved in debt; the colonies were nearly bankrupt, and John Law 
 appeared on the scene with his famous Mississippi Company, as the Louisiana 
 branch of the Bank of France. The charter granted to this company gave it a 
 legal existence of twenty -five years, and conferred upon it more extensive powers 
 and privileges than had been granted to Crozat. It invested the new company 
 with the exclusive privilege of the entire commerce of Louisiana, and of New 
 France, and with authority to enforce their rights. The Company was author- 
 ized to monopolize all the trade in the country ; to make treaties with the 
 Indians ; to declare and prosecute war ; to grant lands, erect forts, open mines 
 of precious metals, levy taxes, nominate civil officers, commission those of the 
 army, and to appoint and remove judges, to cast cannon, and build and equip 
 ships of war. All this was to be done with the paper currency of John Law's 
 Bank of France. He had succeeded in getting His Majesty the French King 
 to adopt and sanction his scheme of financial operations both in France and in 
 the colonies, and probably there never was such a huge financial bubble ever 
 blown by a visionary theorist. Still, such was the condition of France that it 
 was accepted as a national deliverance, and Law became the most powerful man 
 in France. He became a Catholic, and was appointed Comptroller General of 
 Finance. 
 
 Amono- the first operations of the Company was to send eight hundred 
 emigrants to Louisiana, who arrived at Dauphine Island in 1718. 
 
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 143 
 
 In 1719, Philipe Francis Renault arrived in Illinois with two hundred 
 miners and artisans. The war between France and Spain at this time rendered 
 it extremely probable that the Mississippi Valley might become the theater of 
 Spanish hostilities against the French settlements ; to prevent this, as well as to 
 extend French claims, a chain of forts was begun, to keep open the connection 
 between the mouth and the sources of the Mississippi. Fort Orleans, high up 
 the Mississippi River, waa erected as an outpost in 1720. 
 
 The Mississippi scheme was at the zenith of its power and glory in January, 
 1720, but the gigantic bubble collapsed more suddenly than it had been inflated, 
 and the Company was declared hopelessly bankrupt in May following. France 
 was impoverished by it, both private and public credit Avere overthrown, capi- 
 talists suddenly found themselves paupers, and labor was left without employ- 
 ment. The effect on the colony of Louisiana was disastrous. 
 
 While this was going on in Lower Louisiana, the region about the lakes was 
 the theater of Indian hostilities, rendering the passage from Canada to Louisiana 
 extremely dangerous for many years. The English had not only extended their 
 Indian trade into the vicinity of the French settlements, but through their 
 friends, the Iroquois, had gained a marked ascendancy over the Foxes, a fierce 
 and powerful tribe, of Iroquois descent, whom they incited to hostilities against 
 the French. Tlie Foxes began their hostilities with the siege of Detroit in 
 1712, a siege which they continued for nineteen consecutive days, and although 
 the expedition resulted in diminishing their numbers and humbling their pride, 
 yet it was not until after several successive campaigns, embodying the best 
 military resources of New France, had been directed against them, that were 
 finally defeated at the great battles of Butte des Morts, and on the Wisconsin 
 River, and driven west in 1746. 
 
 The Company, having found that the cost of defending Louisiana exceeded 
 the returns from its commerce, solicited leave to surrender the Mississippi 
 wilderness to the home government. Accordingly, on the 10th of April, 1732, 
 the jurisdiction and control over the commerce reverted to the crown of France. 
 The Company had held possession of Louisiana fourteen years. In 1735, Bien- 
 ville returned to assume command for the King. 
 
 A glance at a few of the old French settlements will show the progress made 
 in portions of Louisiana during the early part of the eighteenth century. As 
 early as 1705, traders and hunters had penetrated the fertile regions of the 
 Wabash, and from this region, at that early date, fifteen thousand hides and 
 skins had been collected and sent to Mobile for the European market. 
 
 In the year 1716, the French population on the Wabash kept up a lucrative 
 connnerce with Mobile by means of traders and voyageurs. The Ohio River 
 was comparatively unknown. 
 
 In 1746, agriculture on the Wabash had attained to greater prosperity than 
 in any of the French settlements besides, and in that year six hundred barrels 
 of flour were manufactured and shipped to New Orleans, together with consider- 
 able quantities of hides, peltry, tallow and beeswax. 
 
 In the Illinois country, also, considerable settlements had been made, so that, 
 in 1730, they embraced one hundred and forty French families, about six 
 hundred " converted Indians," and many traders and voyageurs. 
 
 In 1753, the first actual conflict arose between Louisiana and the Atlantic 
 colonies. From the earliest advent of the Jesuit fathers, up to the period of 
 which we speak, the great ambition of the French had been, not alone to preserve 
 their possessions in the West, but by every possible means to prevent the 
 slightest attempt of the English, east of the mountains, to extend their settle- 
 
144 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 merits toward the Mississippi. France was resolved on retaining possession of 
 the great territory which her missionaries had discovered and revealed to the 
 world. French commandants had avowed their purpose of seizing every 
 Englishman within the Ohio Valley. 
 
 The colonies of Pennsylvania, New York and Virginia were most affected by 
 the encroachments of France in the extension of her dominion, and particularly 
 in the great scheme of uniting Canada with Louisiana. To carry out this 
 purpose, the French had taken possession of a tract of country claimed by Vir- 
 ginia, and had commenced a line of forts extending from the lakes to the Ohio 
 River. Virginia was not only alive to her own interests, but attentive to the 
 vast importance of an immediate and eflFectual resistance on the part of all 
 the English colonies to the actual and contemplated encroachments of the 
 French. 
 
 In 1753, Governor Dinwiddle, of Virginia, sent George Washington, then a 
 young man just twenty-one, to demand of the French commandant " a reason 
 for invading British dominions while a solid peace subsisted." Washington met 
 the French commandant, Gardeur de St. Pierre, on the head waters of the 
 Alleghany, and having communicated to him the object of his journey, received 
 the insolent answer that the French would not discuss the matter of right, but 
 would make prisoners of every Englishman found trading on the Ohio and its 
 waters. The country, he said, belonged to the French, by virtue of the dis- 
 coveries of La Salle, and they would not withdraw from it. 
 
 In January, 1754, Washington returned to Virginia, and made his report to 
 the Governor and .Council. Forces were at once raised, and Washington, as 
 Lieutenant Colonel, was dispatched at the head of a hundred and fifty men, to 
 the forks of the Ohio, with orders to "finish the fort already begun there by the 
 Ohio Company, and to make prisoners, kill or destroy all who interrupted the 
 English settlements." 
 
 On his march through the forests of Western Pennsylvania, Washington, 
 through the aid of friendly Indians, discovered the French concealed among the 
 rocks, and as they ran to seize their arms, ordered his men to fire upon them, at 
 the same time, with his own musket, setting the example. An action lasting 
 about a quarter of an hour ensued ; ten of the Frenchmen were killed, among 
 them Jumonville, the commander of the party, and twenty-one were made pris- 
 oners. The dead were scalped by the Indians, and the chief, bearing a toma- 
 hawk and a scalp, visited all the tribes of the Miamis, urging them to join the 
 Six Nations and the English against the French. The French, however, were 
 soon re-enforced, and Col. Washington was compelled to return to Fort 
 Necessity. Here, on the 3d day of July, De Villiers invested the fort with 
 600 French troops and 100 Indians. On the 4th, Washington accepted 
 terms of capitulation, and the English garrison withdrew from the valley of 
 the Ohio. 
 
 This attack of Washington upon Jumonville aroused the indignation of 
 France, and war was formally declared in May, 1756, and the " French and 
 Indian War" devastated the colonies for several years, Montreal, Detroit 
 and all Canada were surrendered to the English, and on the 10th of February, 
 1763, by the treaty of Paris — which had been signed, though not formally ratified 
 by the respective governments, on the 3dof November, 1762 — France relinquished 
 to Great Britian all that portion of the province of Louisiana lying on the east 
 side of the Mississippi, except the island and town of New Orleans. On the 
 same day that the treaty of Paris was signed, France, by a secret treaty, ceded 
 to Spain all her possessions on the west side of the Mississippi, including the 
 
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 145 
 
 whole country to the head waters of the Great Rivei-, and west to the Rocky 
 Mountains, and the jurisdiction of France in America, which had lasted nearly 
 a century, was ended. 
 
 At the close of the Revolutionary war, by the treaty of peace between Great 
 Britain and the United States, the English Government ceded to the latter 
 all the territory on the east side of tlie Mississippi" River and north of the thirty- 
 first parallel of north latitude. At the same time. Great Britain ceded to 
 Spain all the Floridas, comprising all the territory east of the Mississippi and 
 south of the southern limits of the United States. 
 
 At this time, therefore, the present State of Iowa was a part of the Spanish 
 possessions in North America, as all the territory west of the Mississippi River 
 was under the dominion of Spain. That government also possessed all the 
 territory of the Floridas east of the great river and south of the thirty-first 
 parallel of north latitude. The Mississippi, therefore, so essential to the pros- 
 perity of the western portion of the United States, for the last three hundred 
 miles of its course flowed wholly within the Spanish dominions, and that govern- 
 ment claimed the exclusive right to use and control it below the southern boun- 
 dary of the United States. 
 
 The free navigation of the Mississippi was a very important question during 
 all the time that Louisiana remained a dependency of the Spanish Crown, and 
 as the final settlement intimately affected the status of the then future State 
 of Iowa, it will be interesting to trace its progress. 
 
 The people of the United States occupied and exercised jurisdiction over 
 the entire eastern valley of the Mississippi, embracing all the country drained 
 by its eastern tributaries ; they had a natural right, according to the accepted in- 
 ternational law, to follow these rivers to the sea, and to the use of the Missis- 
 sippi River accordingly, as the great natural channel of commerce. The river 
 was not only necessary but absolutely indispensable to the prosperity and growth 
 of the western settlements then rapidly rising into commercial and political 
 importance. They were situated in the heart of the great valley, and with 
 wonderfully expansive energies and accumulating resources, it was very evident 
 that no power on earth could deprive them of the free use of the river below 
 them, only while their numbers were insufficient to enable them to maintain 
 their right by force. Inevitably, therefore, immediately after the ratification of 
 the treaty of 1783, the Western people began to demand the free navigation 
 of the Mississippi — not as a favor, but as a right. In 1786, both banks of 
 the river, below the mouth of the Ohio, were occupied by Spain, and military 
 posts on the east bank enforced her power to exact heavy duties on all im- 
 ports by way of the river for the Ohio region. Every boat descending the 
 river was forced to land and submit to the arbitrary revenue exactions of the 
 Spanish authorities. Under the administration of Governor Miro, these rigor- 
 ous exactions were somewhat relaxed from 1787 to 1790 ; but Spain held it as 
 her right to make them. Taking advantage of the claim of the American people, 
 that the Mississippi should be opened to them, in 1791, the Spanish Govern- 
 ment concocted a scheme for the dismembership of the Union. The plan was 
 to induce the Western people to separate from the Eastern States by liberal land 
 grants and extraordinary commercial privileges. 
 
 Spanish emissaries, among the people of Ohio and Kentucky, informed them 
 that the Spanish Government would grant them favorable commercial privileges, 
 provided they would secede from the Federal Government east of the mountains. 
 The Spanish JSIinister to the United States plainly declared to his confidential 
 correspondent that, unless the Western people would declare their independence 
 
146 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 and refuse to remain in the Union, Spain was determined never to grant the 
 free navigation of the Mississippi. 
 
 By the treaty of Madrid, October 20, 1795, however, Spain formally stip- 
 ulated that the Mississippi River, from its source to the Gulf, for its entire width, 
 should be free to American trade and commerce, and that the people of the 
 United States should be permitted, for thi-ee years, to use the port of New 
 Orleans as a port of deposit for their merchandise and produce, duty free. 
 
 In November, 1801, the United States Government received, through Rufus 
 King, its Minister at the Court of St. James, a copy of the treaty between Spain 
 and France, signed at Madrid March 21, 1801, by which the cession of Loui- 
 siana to France, made the previous Autumn, was confirmed. 
 
 The change oftered a favorable opportunity to secure the just rights of the 
 United States, in relation to the free navigation of the Mississippi, and ended 
 the attempt to dismember the Union by an effort to secure an independent 
 government west of the Alleghany Mountains. On the 7th of January, 1803, 
 the American House of Representatives adopted a resolution declaring their 
 " unalterable determination to maintain the boundaries and the rights of navi- 
 gation and commerce through the River Mississippi, as established by existing 
 treaties." 
 
 In the same month, President Jefferson nominated and the Senate confirmed 
 Robert R. Livingston and James Monroe as Envoys Plenipotentiary to the 
 Court of France, and Charles Pinckney and James Monroe to the Court of 
 Spain, with plenary powers to negotiate treaties to effect the object enunciated 
 by the popular branch of the National Legislature. These envoys were in- 
 structed to secure, if possible, the cession of Florida and New Orleans, but it 
 does not appear that Mr. Jefferson and his Cabinet had any idea of purchasing 
 that part of Louisiana lying on the west side of the Mississippi. In fact, on 
 the 2d of March following, the instructions were sent to our Ministers, contain- 
 ing a plan which expressly left to France " all her territory on the west side of 
 the Mississippi." Had these instructions been followed, it might have been that 
 there would not have been any State of Iowa or any other member of the glori- 
 ous LTnion of States west of the "Father of Waters." 
 
 In obedience to his instructions, however, Mr. Livingston broached this 
 plan to M. Talleyrand, Napoleon's Prime Minister, when that courtly diplo- 
 matist quietly suggested to the American Minister that France might be willing 
 to cede the whole French domain in North America to the United States, and 
 asked how much the Federal Government would be willing to give for it. Liv- 
 ingston intimated that twenty millions of francs might be a fair price. Talley- 
 rand thought that not enough, but asked the Americans to "think of it." A 
 few days later. Napoleon, in an interview with Mr. Livingston, in effect informed 
 the American Envoy that he had secured Louisiana in a contract with Spain 
 for the purpose of turning it over to the United States for a mere nominal sum. 
 He had been compelled to provide for the safety of that province by the treaty, 
 and he was " anxious to give the United States a magnificent bargain for a 
 mere trifle." The price proposed was one hundred and twenty-five million 
 francs. This was subsequently modified to fifteen million dollars, and on this 
 basis a treaty was negotiated, and was signed on the 30th day of April, 1803. 
 
 This treaty was ratified by the Federal Government, and by act of Congress, 
 approved October 31, 1803, the President of the United States was authorized 
 to take possession of the territory and provide for it a temporary government. 
 Accordingly, on the 20th day of December following, on behalf of the Presi- 
 dent, Gov. Clairborne and Gen. Wilkinson took possession of the Louisiana 
 
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 147 
 
 purchase, and raised the American flag over the newly acquired domain, at New 
 Orleans. Spain, although it had by treaty ceded the province to France in 
 1801, still held quasi possession, and at first objected to the transfer, but with- 
 drew her opposition early in 1804. 
 
 By this treaty, thus successfully consummated, and the peaceable withdrawal 
 of Spain, the then infant nation of the New World extended its dominion west 
 of the Mississippi to the Pacific Ocean, and north from the Gulf of Mexico to 
 British America. 
 
 If the original design of Jefferson's administration had been accomplished, 
 the United States would have acquired only that portion of the French territory 
 lying east of the Mississippi River, and while the American people would thus 
 have acquired the free navigation of that great river, all of the vast and fertile 
 empire on the west, so rich in its agricultural and inexhaustible mineral 
 resources, would have remained under the dominion of a foreign power. To 
 Napoleon's desire to sell the whole of his North American possessions, and Liv- 
 ingston's act transcending his instructions, which was acquiesced in after it was 
 done, does Iowa owe her position as a part of the United States by the 
 Louisiana purchase. 
 
 By authority of an act of Congress, approved March 26, 1804, the newly 
 acquired territory was, on the 1st day of October following, divided : that part 
 lying south of the 33d parallel of north latitude was called the Territory of 
 Orleans, and all north of that parallel the District of Louisiana, which was placed 
 under the authority of the officers of Indiana Territory, until July 4, 1805, when 
 it was organized, with territorial government of its own, and so remained until 
 1812, when the Territory of Orleans became the State of Louisiana, and the 
 name of the Territory of Louisiana was changed to Missouri. On the 4th of 
 July, 1814, that part of Missouri Territory comprising the present State of 
 Arkansas, and the country to the westward, was organized into the Arkansas 
 Territory. 
 
 On the 2d of March, 1821, the State of Missouri, being a part of the Terri-' 
 tory of that name, was admitted to the Union. June 28, 1834, the territory 
 west of the Mississippi River and north of Missouri was made a part of the 
 Territory of Michigan ; but two years later, on the 4th of July, 1836, Wiscon- 
 sin Territory was erected, embracing within its limits the present States of 
 Iowa, Wisconsin and Minnesota. 
 
 By act of Congress, approved June 12, 1838, the 
 
 TERRITORY OF IOWA 
 
 was erected, comprising, in addition to the present State, much "the larger part 
 of Minnesota, and extending north to the boundary of the British Possessions. 
 
 THE ORIGINAL OWNERS. 
 
 Having traced the early history of the great empire lymg west of the Mis- 
 sissippi, of which the State of Iowa constitutes a part, from the earliest dis- 
 covery to the organization of the Territory of Iowa, it becomes necessary to 
 give some history of 
 
 THE INDIANS OF IOWA. 
 
 According to the policy of the European nations, possession perfected title 
 to any territory. We have seen that the country west of the Mississippi was first 
 discovered by the Spaniards, but afterward, was visited and occupied by the 
 French. It was ceded by France to Spain, and by Spain back to France again, 
 
148 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 and then was purchased and occupied by the United States. During all that 
 time, it does not appear to have entered into the heads or hearts of th« high 
 contracting parties that the country they bought, sold and gave away was in 
 the possession of a race of men who, although savage, owned the vast domain 
 before Columbus first crossed the Atlantic. Having purchased the territory, 
 the United States found it still in the possession of its original owners, who had 
 never been dispossessed ; and it became necessary to purchase again what had 
 already been bought before, or forcibly eject the occupants; therefore, the his- 
 tory of the Indian nations who occupied Iowa prior to and during its early set- 
 tlement by the whites, becomes an important chapter in the history of the State, 
 that cannot be omitted. 
 
 For more than one hundred years after Marquette and Joliet trod the virgin 
 soil of Iowa, not a single settlement had been made or attempted ; not even a 
 trading post had been established. The whole country remained in the undis- 
 puted possession of the native tribes, Avho roamed at will over her beautiful and 
 fertile prairies, hunted in her woods, fished in her streams, and often poured out 
 their life-blood in obstinately contested contests for supremacy. That this State 
 so aptly styled "The Beautiful Land," had been the theater of numerous, 
 fierce and bloody struggles between rival nations, for possession of the favored 
 region, long before its settlement by civilized man, there is no room for doubt. 
 In these savage wars, the weaker party, whether aggressive or defensive, was 
 either exterminated or driven from their ancient hunting grounds. 
 
 In 1673, when Marquette discovered Iowa, the Illini were a very powerful 
 people, occupying a large portion of the State ; but when the country was again 
 visited by the whites, not a remnant of that once powerful tribe remained on 
 the west side of the Mississippi, and Iowa was principally in the possession of 
 the Sacs and Foxes, a warlike tribe which, originally two distinct nations, 
 residing in New York and on the waters of the St. Lawrence, had gradually 
 fought their way westward, and united, probably, after the Foxes had been driven 
 out of the Fox River country, in 1846, and crossed the Mississippi. The death 
 of Pontiac, a famous Sac chieftain, was made the pretext for war against the 
 Illini, and a fierce and bloody struggle ensued, which continued until the Illinois 
 ' were nearly destroyed and their hunting grounds possessed by their victorious 
 foes. The lowas also occupied a portion of the State for a time, in common 
 with the Sacs, but they, too, were nearly destroyed by the Sacs and Foxes, and, 
 in "The Beautiful Land," these natives met their equally warlike foes, the 
 INorthern Sioux, with whom they maintained a constant warfare for the posses- 
 sion of the country for many years. 
 
 When the United States came in possession of the great valley of the Mis- 
 sissippi, by the Louisiana purchase, the Sacs and Foxes and lowas possessed 
 the entire territory now comprising the State of Iowa. The Sacs and Foxes, 
 also, occupied the most of the State of Illinois. 
 
 The Sacs had four principal villages, where most of them resided, viz. : 
 Their largest and most important town — if an Indian village may be called 
 such — and from which emanated most of the obstacles and difficulties encoun- 
 tered by the Government in the extinguishment of Indian titles to land in this 
 region, was on Rock River, near Rock Island ; another was on the east bank of 
 the Mississippi, near the mouth of Henderson River ; the third was at the 
 head of the Des Moines Rapids, near the present site of Montrose, and the fourth 
 was near the mouth of the Upper Iowa. 
 
 The Foxes had three principal villages, viz. : One on the west side of the 
 Mississippi, six miles above the rapids of Rock River; another about twelve 
 
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 149 
 
 miles from the river, in the rear of the Dubu(|ue lead mines, and the third on 
 Turkey River. 
 
 The lowas, at one time identified with the Sacs, of Rock River, had with- 
 drawn from them and become a separate tribe. Their principal village was on 
 the Des Moines River, in Van Buren County, on the site where lowaville now 
 stands. Here the last great battle between the Sacs and Foxes and the lowas 
 Avas fought, in which Black Hawk, then a young man, commanded one division 
 of the attacking forces. The following account of the battle has been given : 
 
 "Contrary to long established custom of Indian attack, this battle was commenced in the day 
 time, the attending circumstances justifying this departure from the well settled usages of Indian 
 warfare. The battle field was a level river bottom, about four miles in lecgth, and two miles 
 wide near the middle, narrowing to a point at either end. The m-iin area of this bottom rises 
 perhaps twenty feet above the river, leaving a narrow strip of low bottom along the shore, covered 
 with trees that belted the prairie on the river side with a thick forest, and the immediate bank of 
 the river was fringed with a dense growth of willows. Near the lower end of this prairie, near 
 the river bank, was situated the Iowa village. About two miles above it and near the middle of 
 the prairie is a mound, covered at the time with a tuft of small trees and underbrush growing on 
 its summit. In the rear of this little elevation or mound lay a belt of wet prairie, covered, at that 
 time, with a dense growth of rank, coarse grass. Bordering this wet prairie on the north, the 
 country rises abruptly into elevated broken river blutfs, covered with a heavy forest for many 
 miles in extent, and in places thickly clustered with undergrowth, afiFording a convenient shelter 
 for the stealthy approach of the foe. 
 
 " Through this forest the Sac and Fox war party made their way in the night and secreted 
 themselves in the tall grass spoken of above, intending to remain in ambush during the day and 
 make such observations as this near proximity to their intended victim might aftbrd, to aid them 
 in their contemplated attack on the town during the following night. From this situation their 
 spies could take a full survey of the village, and watch every movement of the inhabitants, by 
 which means they were soon convinced that the lowas had no suspicion of their presence. 
 
 " At the foot of themound above mentioned, the lowag had their race course, where they diverted 
 themselves with the excitement of horse racing, and schooled their young warriors in cavalry 
 evolutions. In these exercises mock battles were fought, and the Indian tactics of attack and 
 defense carefully inculcated, by which meansaskill in horsemanship was acquired rarely excelled. 
 Unfortunately for them this day was selected for their equestrian sports, and wholly uncon- 
 scious of the proximity of their foes, the warriors repaired to the race ground, leaving most of 
 their arms in the village and their old men and women and children unprotected. . 
 
 " Pash-a-po-po, who was chief in command of the Sacs and Foxes, perceived at once the 
 advantage this state of things afforded for a complete surprise of his now doomed victims, and 
 ordered Black Hawk to file off with his joung warriors through the tall grass and gain the cover 
 of the timber along the river bank, an>i with the utmost speed reach the village and commence 
 the battle, while he remained with his division in the ambush to make a simultaneous as-ault on 
 the unarmed men whose attention was engrossed with the excitement of the races. Tlie plan 
 was skillfully laid and most dexterously executed. Black Hawk with his forces reached the 
 village undiscovered, and made a furious onslaught upon the defenseless inhabiianfs, by firing 
 one general volley into their midst, and completing the slaughter with the tomahawk and scalp- 
 ing knife, aided by the devouring flames with which they enveloped the village as suoa as the 
 fire brand could be spread from lodge to lodge. 
 
 " On the instant ot the report of fire arms at the village, the forces under Pash-a-po-po 
 leaped from their couchant positiou in the grass and sprang tiger-like upon the astonished and 
 unarmed lowas in the midst of their racing sports. The first impulse of the latter naturally led 
 them to make tlie utmost speed toward their arms in the village, and protect if possible their 
 wives and ch.llren from the attack of their merciless assailants. The distance from the plr.ce of 
 attack on the prairie was two miles, and a great number fell in tbeir flight by the bullets and 
 tomahawks of their enemies, who pressed them closely with a running fire the whole way, and 
 the survivors only reached their town in time to witness the horrors of its destruction. Their 
 whole village was in flames, and the dearest objects of their lives lay in slaughterid heaps 
 amidst the devouring demi'nt, and the agonizing groans of the dying, mingled with ih" exulting 
 shouts of the victorious foe, filleil their hearts with maddening despair. Their wives and children 
 who had been spared the general massacre were prisoners, and together with their arms were in 
 the hands of the victors ; and all that could now be done was to draw off their shattered and 
 defenseless forces, and save as many lives as possible by a retreat across the Des Moines River, 
 which they effected in the best possible manner, and took a position among the Soap Creek 
 Hills." 
 
 The Sacs and Fo.xes, prior to the settlement of their village on Rock River, 
 had a fierce conflict with the Winnebagoes, subdued them and took nossession 
 
150 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 of their lands. Their village on Rock River, at one time, contained upward of 
 sixty lodges, and was among the largest Indian villages on the continent. In 
 1825, the Secretary of War estimated the entire number of the Sacs and Foxes 
 at 4,600 souls. Their village was situated in the immediate vicinity of the 
 upper rapids of the Mississippi, where the beautiful and flourishing towns of 
 Rock Island and Davenport are now situated. The beautiful scenery of the 
 island, the extensive prairies, dotted over with groves ; the picturesque bluffs 
 along the river banks, the rich and fertile soil, producing large crops of corn, 
 squash and other vegetables, with little labor ; the abundance of wild fruit, 
 game, fish, and almost everything calculated to make it a delightful spot for an 
 Indian village, which was found there, had made this place a favorite home of 
 the Sacs, and secured for it the strong attachment and veneration of the whole 
 nation. 
 
 North of the hunting grounds of the Sacs and Foxes, were those of the 
 Sioux, a fierce and warlike nation, who often disputed possession with their 
 rivals in savage and bloody warfare. The possessions of these tribes were 
 mostly located in Minnesota, but extended over a portion of Northern and 
 Western Iowa to the Missouri River. Their descent from the north upon the 
 hunting grounds of Iowa frequently brought them into collision with the Sacs 
 and Foxes ; and after many a conflict and bloody struggle, a boundary line was 
 established between them by the Government of the United States, in a treaty 
 held at Prairie du Chien, in 1825. But this, instead of settling the difficulties, 
 caused them to quarrel all the more, in consequence of alleged trespasses upon 
 each other's side of the line. These contests were kept up and became so unre- 
 lenting that, in 1830, Government bought of the respective tribes of the Sacs 
 and Foxes, and the Sioux, a strip of land twenty miles in width, on both sides 
 of the line, and thus throwing them forty miles apart by creating between them 
 a "neutral ground," commanded them to cease their hostilities. Both the 
 Sacs and Foxes and the Sioux, however, were allowed to fish and hunt on this 
 ground unmolested, provided they did not interfere Avith each other on United 
 States territory. The Sacs and Foxes and the Sioux were deadly enemies, and 
 neither let an opportunity to punish the other pass unimproved. 
 
 In April, 1852, a fight occurred between the Musquaka band of Sacs and 
 Foxes and a band of Sioux, about six miles above Algona, in Kossuth County, 
 on the west side of the Des Moines River. The Sacs and Foxes were under 
 the leadership of Ko-ko-wah, a subordinate chief, and had gone up from their 
 home in Tama County, by way of Clear Lake, to what was then the "neutral 
 ground." At Clear Lake, Ko-ko-wah was informed that a party of Sioux were 
 encamped on the west side of the East Fork of the Des Moines, and he deter- 
 mined to attack them. With sixty of his warriors, he started and arrived at a 
 point on the east side of the river, about a mile above the Sioux encampment, 
 in the night, and concealed themselves in a grove, where they Avere able to dis- 
 cover the position and strength of their hereditary foes. The next morning, 
 after many of the Sioux braves had left their camp on hunting tours, the vin- 
 dictive Sacs and Foxes crossed the river and suddenly attacked the camp. The 
 conflict was desperate for a short time, but the advantage was with the assail- 
 ants, and the Sioux were routed. Sixteen of them, including some of their 
 women and children, Avere killed, and a boy 14 years old was captured. One 
 of the Musquakas was shot in the breast by a squaw as they were rushing into 
 the Sioux's camp. He started to run aAvay, when the same brave squaw shot 
 him through the body, at a distance of twenty rods, and he fell dead. Three 
 other Sac braves were killed. But few of the Sioux escaped. The victorious 
 
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 151 
 
 party hurriedly buried their own dead, leaving the dead Sioux above ground, 
 and made their way home, with their captive, with all possible expedition. 
 
 pike's expedition. 
 
 Very soon after the acquisition of Louisiana, the United States Government 
 adopted measures for the exploration of the new territory, having in view the 
 conciliation of the numerous tribes of Indians by whom it was possessed, and, 
 also, the selection of proper sites for the establishment of military posts and 
 trading stations. The Army of the West, Gen. James Wilkinson commanding, 
 had its headquarters at St. Louis. From this post. Captains Lewis and Clark, 
 with a sufficient force, were detailed to explore the unknown sources of the 
 Missouri, and Lieut. Zebulon M. Pike to ascend to the head waters of the Mis- 
 sissippi. Lieut. Pike, with one Sergeant, two Corporals and seventeen privates, 
 left the military camp, near St. Louis, in a keel-boat, with four months' rations, 
 on the 9th day of August, 1805. On the 20th of the same month, the expe- 
 dition arrived within the present limits of Iowa, at the foot of the Des Moines 
 Rapids, where Pike met William Ewing, who had just been appointed Indian 
 Agent at this point, a French interpreter and four chiefs and fifteen Sac and 
 Fox warriors. 
 
 At the head of the Rapids, where Montrose is now situated, Pike held a 
 council with the Indians, in which he addressed them substantially as follows : 
 "Your great Father, the President of the United States, wished to be more 
 intimately acquainted with the situation and wants of the different nations of 
 red people in our newly acquired territory of Louisiana, and has ordered the 
 General to send a number of his warriors in different directions to take them by 
 the hand and make such inquiries as might afford the satisfaction required." 
 At the close of the council he presented the red men with some knives, whisky 
 and tobacco. 
 
 Pursuing his way up the river, he arrived, on the 23d of August, at what is 
 supposed, from his description, to be the site of the present city of Burlington, 
 which he selected as the location of a military post. He describes the place as 
 being " on a hill, about forty miles above the River de Moyne Rapids, on the 
 west side of the river, in latitude about 41° 2V north. The channel of the 
 river runs on that shore ; the hill in front is about sixty feet perpendicular ; 
 nearly level on top ; four hundred yards in the rear is a small prairie fit for 
 gardening, and immediately under the hill is a limestone spring, sufficient for 
 the consumption of a whole regiment." In addition to this description, which 
 corresponds to Burlington, the spot is laid down on his map at a bend in the 
 river, a short distance below the mouth of the Henderson, which pours its waters 
 into the Mississippi from Illinois. The fort was built at Fort Madison, but from 
 the distance, latitude, description and map furnished by Pike, it could not have 
 been the place selected by him, while all the circumstances corroborate the 
 opinion that the place he selected was the spot where Burlington is now located, 
 called by the early voyagers on the Mississippi, "Flint Hills." 
 
 On the 24th, with one of his men, he went on shore on a hunting expedition, 
 and following a stream which they supposed to be a part of the Mississippi, they 
 were led away from their course. Owing to the intense heat and tall grass, his 
 two favorite dogs, which he had taken with him, became exhausted and he left 
 them on the prairie, supposing that they would follow him as soon as they 
 should get rested, and went on to overtake his boat. Reaching the river, he 
 waited some time for his canine friends, but they did not come, and as he deemed 
 it inexpedient to detam the boat longer, two of his men volunteered to go in pur- 
 
152 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 suit of them, and he continued on his way up the river, expecting that the two 
 men Avould soon overtake him. Thej lost their way, however, and for six days 
 were without food, except a few morsels gathered from the stream, and might 
 have perished, had they not accidentally met a trader from St. Louis, who in- 
 duced two Indians to take them up the river, and they overtook the boat at 
 Dubuque. 
 
 At Dubuque, Pike was cordially received by Julien Dubuque, a Frenchman, 
 who iield a mining claim under a grant from Spain. Dubuque had an old field 
 piece and fired a salute in honor of the advent of the first Americans who had 
 visited that part of the Territory. Dubuque, however, was not disposed to pub- 
 lish the wealth of his mines, and the young and evidently inquisitive officer 
 obtained but little information from him. 
 
 After leaving this place. Pike pursued his Avay up the river, but as he passed 
 beyond the limits of the present State of Iowa, a detailed history of his explo- 
 rations on the upper waters of the Mississippi more properly belongs to the his- 
 tory of another State. 
 
 It is sufficient to say that on the site of Fort Snelling, Minnesota, at the 
 mouth of the Minnesota River, Pike held a council with the Sioux, September 
 23, and obtained from them a grant of one hundred thousand acres of land. 
 On the 8th of January, 1806, Pike arrived at a trading post belonging to the 
 Northwest Company, on Lake De Sable, in latitude 47°. At this time the 
 then powerful Northwest Company carried on their immense operations from 
 Hudson's Bay to the St. Lawrence ; up that river on both sides, along the great 
 lakes to the head of Lake Superior, thence to the sources of the Red River of 
 the north and west, to the Rocky Mountains, embracing within the scope of 
 their operations the entire Territory of Iowa. After successfully accomplishing 
 his mission, and performing a valuable service to Iowa and the whole Northwest, 
 Pike returned to St. Louis, arriving there on the 30th of April, 1806. 
 
 INDIAN WARS. 
 
 The Territory of Iowa, although it had been purchased by the United States, 
 and was ostensibly in the possession of the Government, was still occupied by 
 the Indians, who claimed title to the soil by right of ownership and possession. 
 Before it could bo open to settlement by the whites, it was indispensable that 
 the Indian title should be extinguished and the original owners removed. The 
 accomplishment of this purpose required the expenditure of large sums of 
 money and blood, and for a long series of years the frontier was disturbed by 
 Indian wars, terminated repeatedly by treaty, only to be renewed by some act 
 of oppression on the 'part of the whites or some violation of treaty stipulation. 
 
 As previously shoAvn, at the time when the United States assumed the con- 
 trol of the country by virtue of the Louisiana purchase, nearly the whole State 
 was in possession of the Sacs and Foxes, a powerful and warlike nation, who 
 were not disposed to submit without a struggle to what they considered the 
 encroachments of the pale faces. 
 
 Among the most noted chiefs, and one whose restlessness and hatred of the 
 Americans occasioned more trouble to the Government than any other of his 
 tribe, was Black Hawk, Avho was born at the Sac village, on Rock River, in 
 1767. He was simply the chief of his own band of Sac warriors, but by his. 
 energy and ambition he became the leading spirit of the united nation of Sacs 
 and Foxes, and one of the prominent figures in the history of the country from 
 1804 until his death. In early manhood he attained some distinction as a 
 fighting chief, having led campaigns against the Osages, and other neighboring 
 
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 153 
 
 tribes. About the beginning of the present century he began to appear prom- 
 inent in affairs on the Mississippi. Some liistorians have added to the statement 
 that " it does not appear that he was ever a great general, or possessed any of 
 the qualifications of a successful leader." If this was so, his life was a marvel. 
 HoAV any man who had none of the qualifications of a leader became so prom- 
 inent as such, as he did, indicates either that he had some ability, or that his 
 cotemporaries, both Indian and Anglo-Saxon, had less than he. He is said 
 to liave been the '' victim of a narrow prejudice and bitter ill-will against the 
 Americans,' but the impartial historian must admit that if he was the enemy 
 of theAmericans, it was certainly not without some reason. 
 
 It will be remembered that Spain did not give up possession of the country 
 to France on its cession to the latter power, in 1801, but retained possession of 
 it, and, by the authority of France, transferred it to the United States, in 1804. 
 Black Hawk and his band were in St. Louis at the time, and were, invited to be 
 present and witness the ceremonies of the transfer, but he refused the invitation, 
 and it is but just^i:o say that this refusal was caused probably more from 
 regret that the Indians were to be transferred from the jurisdiction of the 
 Spanish authorities than from any special hatred toward the Americans. In 
 his life he says : " I found many sad and gloomy faces because the United 
 States were about to take possession of the town and country. Soon after the 
 Americans came, I took my band and went to take leave of our Spanish father. 
 The Americans came to see him also. Seeing them approach, we passed out 
 of one door as they entered another, and immediately started in our canoes for 
 our village, on Rock River, not liking the change any more than our friends 
 appeared to at St. Louis. On arriving at our village, we gave the news that 
 strange people had arrived at St. Louis,' and that we should never see our 
 Spanish father again. The information made all our people sorry." 
 
 On the 3d day of November, 1804, a treaty was concluded between William 
 Henry Harrison, then Governor of Indiana Territory, on behalf of the United 
 States, and five chiefs of the Sac and Fox nation, by which the latter, in con- 
 sideration of two thousand two hundred and thirty-four dollars' worth of goods 
 then delivered, and a yearly annuity of one thousand dollars to be paid in 
 goods at just cost, ceded to the United States all that land on the east side of 
 the Mississppi, extending from a point opposite the Jefferson, in Missouri, to 
 the Wisconsin River, embracing an area of over fifty-one millions of acres. 
 
 To this treaty Black Hawk always objected and always refused to consider 
 it binding upon his people. He asserted that the chiefs or braves who made it 
 had no authority to relinquish the title of the nation to any of the lands they 
 held or occupied ; and, moreover, that they had been sent to St. Louis on quite 
 a different errand, namely, to get one of their people released, who had been 
 imprisoned at St. Louis for killing a white man. 
 
 The year following this treaty (1805), Lieutenant Zebulon M. Pike came up 
 the river for the purpose of holding friendly councils with the Indians and select- 
 ing sites for forts Avithin the territory recently acquired from France by the 
 United States. Lieutenant Pike seems to have been the first American whom 
 Black Hawk ever met or had a personal interview with ; and he was very much 
 prepossessed in Pike's favor. He gives the following account of his visit to 
 Rock Island : 
 
 " A boat came up the river with a young American chief and a small party 
 of soldiers. We heard of them soon after they passed Salt River. Some of our 
 young braves Avatched them every day, to see what sort of people he had on 
 board. The boat at length arrived at Rock River, and the young chief came on 
 
154 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 shore with his interpreter, and made a speech and gave us some presents. We 
 in turn presented them with meat and such other provisions as we had to spare. 
 We were well pleased with the young chief. He gave us good advice, and said 
 our American father would treat us well." 
 
 The events which soon followed Pike's expedition were the erection of Fort 
 Edwards, at what is now Warsaw, Illinois, and Fort Madison, on the site of the 
 present town of that name, the latter being the first fort erected in Iowa. These 
 movements occasioned great uneasiness among the Indians. When work was 
 commenced on Fort Edwards, a delegation from their nation, headed by some of 
 their chiefs, went down to see what the Americans were doing, and had an in- 
 terview with the commander ; after Avhich they returned home apparently satis- 
 fied. In like manner, when Fort Madison was being erected, they sent down 
 another delegation from a council of the nation held at Rock River. Accord- 
 ing to Black Hawk's account, the American chief told them that he Avas build- 
 ing a house for a trader who was coming to sell them goods cheap, and that the 
 soldiers were coming to keep him company — a statement which Black Hawk 
 says they distrusted at the time, believing that the fort was an encroachment 
 upon their rights, and designed to aid in getting their lands away from them. 
 
 It has been held by good American authorities, that the erection of Fort 
 Madison at the point where it was located was a violation of the treaty of 1804. 
 By the eleventh article of that treaty, the United States had a right to build a 
 fort near the mouth of the Wisconsin River ; by article six they had bound 
 themselves "that if any citizen of the United States or any other white persons 
 should form a settlement upon their lands, such intruders should forthwith be 
 removed." Probably the authorities of the United States did not regard the 
 establishment of military posts as coming properly within the meaning of the 
 term "settlement," as used in the treaty. At all events, they ei'ected Fort 
 Madison within the territory reserved to the Indians, Avho became very indig- 
 nant. Not long after the fort was built, a party led by Black Hawk attempted 
 its destruction. They sent spies to watch the movements of the garrison, who . 
 ascertained that the soldiers were in the habit of marching out of the fort every 
 morning and evening for parade, and the plan of the party was to conceal them- 
 selves near the fort, and attack and surprise them when they were outside. On 
 the morning of the proposed day of attack, five soldiers came out and were fired 
 upon by the Indians, two of them being killed. The Indians were too hasty in 
 their movement, for the regular drill had not yet commenced. However, they 
 kept up the attack for several days, attempting the old Fox strategy of setting 
 fire to the fort with blazing arrows ; but finding their efforts unavailing, they 
 soon gave up and returned to Rock River. 
 
 When Avar was declared between the United States and Great Britain, in • 
 1812, Black Hawk and his band allied themselves with the British, partly 
 because he was dazzled by their specious promises, and more probably because 
 they had been deceived by the Americans. Black Hawk himself declared that 
 they were "forced into the Avar by being deceived." He narrates the circum- 
 stances as follows : " Several of the chiefs and head men of the Sacs and 
 Foxes Avere called upon to go to Washington to see their Great Father. On 
 their return, they related what had been said and done. They said the Great 
 Father wished them, in the event of a Avar taking place with England, not to 
 interfere on either side, but to remain neutral. He did not want our help, but 
 wished us to hunt and support our families, and live in peace. He said that 
 British traders would not be permitted to come on the Mississippi to furnish us 
 with goods, but that we should be supplied with an American trader. Our 
 
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 155 
 
 chiefs then told him that the British traders always gave them credit in the 
 Fall for guns, powder and goods, to enable us to hunt and clothe our families. 
 He repeated that the traders at Fort Madison would have plenty of goods ; 
 that Ave should go ^there in the Fall and he would supply us on credit, as the 
 British traders had done." 
 
 Black Hawk seems to have accepted of this proposition, and he and his 
 people were very much pleased. Acting in good faith, they fitted out for their 
 Winter's hunt, and went to Fort Madison in high spirits to receive from the 
 trader their outfit of supplies. But, after waiting some time, they were told by 
 the trader that he would not trust them. It was in vain that they pleaded the 
 promise of their great father at Washington. The trader was inexorable ; and, 
 disappointed and crestfallen, they turned sadly toward their own village. ''Few 
 of us," says Black Hawk, "slept that night; all was gloom and discontent. In 
 the morning, a canoe was seen ascending the river ; it soon arrived, bearing an 
 express, who brought intelligence that a British trader had landed at Rock 
 Island with two boats loaded with goods, and requested us to come up imme- 
 diately, because he had good news for us, and a variety of presents. The 
 express presented us with tobacco, pipes and wampum. The news ran through 
 our camp like fire on a prairie. Our lodges were soon taken down, and all 
 started for Bock Island. Here ended all hopes of our remaining at peace, 
 having been forced into the war by being deceived." 
 
 He joined the British, who flattered him, styled him " Gen. Black Hawk," 
 decked him with medals, excited his jealousies against the Americans, and 
 armed his band ; but he met with defeat and disappointment, and soon aban- 
 doned the service and came home. 
 
 With all his skill and courage. Black Hawk was unable to lead all the Sacs 
 and Foxes into hostilities to the United States. A portion of them, at the head 
 of whom was Keokuk ("the Watchful Fox"), were disposed to abide by the 
 treaty of 1804, and to cultivate friendly relations with the American people. 
 Therefore, when Black Hawk and his band joined the fortunes of Great 
 Britain, the rest of the nation remained neutral, and, for protection, organized, 
 with Keokuk for their chief. This divided the nation into the " War and the 
 Peace party." 
 
 Black Hawk says he was informed, after he had gone to the war, that the 
 nation, which had been reduced to so small a body of fighting men, were unable 
 to defend themselves in case the Americans should attack them, and havmg all 
 the old men and women and children belonging to the Avarriors who had joined 
 the British on their hands to provide for, a council was held, and it was agreed 
 that Quash-qua-me (the Lance) and other chiefs, together with the old men, 
 women and children, and such others as chose to accompany them, should go to 
 St. Louis and place themselves under the American chief stationed there. 
 They accordingly went down, and were received as the "friendly band" of the 
 Sacs and Foxes, and were provided for and sent up the Missouri River. On 
 Black HaAvk's return from the British army, he says Keokuk was introduced 
 to him as the war chief of the braves then in the village. He inquired how he 
 had become chief, and was informed that their spies had seen a large armed 
 force going toward Peoria, and fears were entertained of an attack upon the 
 village ; Avhereupon a council was held, which concluded to leave the village 
 and cross over to the Avest side of the Mississippi. Keokuk had been standing 
 at the door of the lodge where the council was held, not being allowed to enter 
 on account of never having killed an enemy, where he remained until Wa-co-me 
 came out. Keokuk asked permission to speak in the council, which Wa-co-me 
 
156 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 obtained for him. Keokuk then addressed the chiefs ; he remonstrated against 
 the desertion of their village, their own homes and the graves of their fathers, 
 and offered to defend the village. The council consented that he should be 
 their war chief. He marshaled his braves, sent out spies, and advanced on the 
 trail leading to Peoria, but returned without seeing the enemy. The Americans 
 did not disturb the village, and all were satisfied with the appointment of 
 Keokuk. 
 
 Keokuk, like Black Hawk, was a descendant of the Sac branch of the 
 nation, and was born on Rock River, in 1780. He Avas of a pacific disposition, 
 but possessed the elements of true courage, and could fight, when occasion 
 required, with a cool judgment and heroic energy. In his first battle, he en- 
 countered and killed a Sioux, which placed him in the rank of warriors, and he 
 was honored with a public feast by his tribe in commemoration of the event. 
 
 Keokuk has been described as an orator, entitled to rank with the most 
 gifted of his race. In person, he was tall and of portly bearing ; in his public 
 speeches, he displayed a commanding attitude and graceful gestures ; he spoke 
 rapidly, but his enunciation was clear, distinct and forcible ; he culled his fig- 
 ures from the stores of nature and based his arguments on skillful logic. Un- 
 fortunately for the reputation of Keokuk, as an orator among Avhite people, he 
 was never able to obtain an interpreter who could claim even a slight acquaint- 
 ance with philosophy. With one exception only, his interpreters were unac- 
 quainted with the elements of. their mother-tongue. Of this serious hindrance 
 to his fame, Keokuk was well aware, and retained Frank Labershure, who had 
 received a rudimental education in the French and English languages, until the 
 latter broke down by dissipation and died. But during the meridian of his 
 career among the white people, he was compelled to submit his speeches for 
 translation to uneducated men, whose range of thought fell below the flights of 
 a gifted mind, and the fine imagery drawn from nature was beyond their power 
 of reproduction. He had sufficient knowledge of the English language to make 
 him sensible of this bad rendering of his thoughts, and often a feeling of morti- 
 fication at the bungling efforts was depicted on his countenance while speaking. 
 The proper place to form a correct estimate of his ability as an orator was in 
 the Indian council, where he addressed himself exclusively to those who under- 
 stood his language, and witness the electrical effect of his eloquence upon his 
 audience. 
 
 Keokuk seems to have possessed a more sober judgment, and to have had a 
 more intelligent view of the great strength and resources of the United States, 
 than his noted and restless cotemporary, Black Hawk. He knew from the first 
 that the reckless war which Black Hawk and his band had determined to carry on 
 could result in nothing but defeat and disaster, and used every argument against 
 it. The large number of warriors whom he had dissuaded from following Black 
 Hawk became, however, greatly excited with the war spirit after Stillman's 
 defeat, and but for the signal tact displayed by Keokuk on that occasion, would 
 have forced him to submit to their Avishes in joining the rest of the warriors in 
 the field. A war-dance was held, and Keokuk took part in it, seeming to be 
 moved with the current of the rising storm. When the dance was over, he 
 called the council to prepare for war. He made a speech, in which he admitted 
 the justice of their complaints against the Americans. To seek redress was a 
 noble aspiration of their nature. The blood of their brethren had been shed by 
 the white man, and the spirits of tlieir braves, slain in battle, called loudly for 
 vengeance. "I am your chief," he said, "and it is my duty to lead you to bat- 
 tle, if, after fully considering the matter, you are determined to go. But before 
 
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 157 
 
 you decide on taking this important step, it is wise to niqun-e into the chances of 
 success." He then portrayed to them the great power of the United States, 
 against Avhom they Avould have to contend, that their chance of success was 
 uttei'ly hopeless. " But," said he, " if you do determine to go upon the war- 
 path, I will agree to lead you, on one condition, viz.: that before we go, Ave will 
 kill all our old men and our wives and children, to save them from a lingering 
 death of starvation, and that every one of us determine to leave our homes on 
 the other side of the Mississippi." 
 
 This was a strong but truthful picture of the prospect before them, and was 
 presented in such a forcible light as to cool their ardor, and cause them to aban- 
 don the rash undertaking. 
 
 But during the war of 1832, it is now considered certain that small bands of 
 Indians, from the Avest side of the Mississippi, made incursions into the white 
 settlements, in the lead mining region, and committed some murders and dep- 
 redations. 
 
 When peace was declared between the United States and England, Black 
 Hawk was required to make peace Avith the former, and entered into a treaty 
 at Portage des Sioux, September 14, 1815, but did not "touch the goose-quill 
 to it until May 13, 1816, Avhen he smoked the pipe of peace Avith the great 
 Avhite chief," at St. Louis. This treaty Avas a rencAval of the treaty of 1804, 
 but Black HaAvk declared he had been deceived ; that he did not knoAv that by 
 signing the treaty he Avas giving aAvay his village. This weighed upon his mind, 
 already soured by previous disappointment and the irresistible encroachments of • 
 the Avhites ; and Avhen, a fcAv years later, he and his people Avere driven from 
 their possessions by the military, he determined to return to the home of his 
 fathers. 
 
 It is also to be remarked that, in 1816, by treaty with various tribes, the 
 United States relinquished to the Indians all the lands lying north of a line 
 drawn from the southernmost point of Lake Michigan west to the Mississippi, 
 except a reservation five leagues square, on the Mississippi River, supposed then 
 to be sufficient to include all the mineral lands on and adjacent to Fever River, 
 and one league square at the mouth of the Wisconsin Rivor. 
 
 THE BLACK HAAVK AVAR. 
 
 The immediate cause of the Indian outbreak in 1830 was the occupation of 
 Black Hawk's village, on the Rock River, by the Avhites, during the absence of 
 the chief and his braves on a hunting expedition, on the Avest side of the 
 Mississippi. When they returned, they found their Avigwams occupied by Avhite 
 families, and their own women and children Avere shelterless on the banks of 
 the river. The Indians Avere indignant, and determined to repossess their village 
 at all hazards, and early in the Spring of 1831 recrossed the Mississippi and 
 menacingly took possession of their own cornfields and cabins. It may be Avell 
 to remark here that it was expressly stipulated in the treaty of 1804, to Avhich 
 they attributerl all their troubles, that the Indians should not be obliged to 
 leave their lands until they were sold by the United States, and it does not 
 appear that they occupied any lands other than those owned by the Government. 
 If this Avas true, the Indians had good cause for indignation and complaint. 
 But the Avhites, driven out in turn by the returning Indians, became so clamorous 
 against Avhat they termed the encroachments of the natives, that Gov. Reynolds, of 
 Illinois, ordered Gen Gaines to Rock Island Avith a military force to drive the 
 Indians again from their homes to the Avest side of the Mississippi. Black Hawk 
 says he did not intend to be provoked into war by anything less than the blood of 
 
158 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 some of his OAvn people ; in other words, that there would be no war unless it should 
 be commenced by the pale faces. But it was said and probably thought by the mili- 
 tary commanders along the frontier that the Indians intended to unite in a general 
 war against the Avhites, from Rock River to the Mexican borders. But it does not 
 appear that the hardy frontiersmen themselves had any fears, for their experi- 
 ence had been that, when well treated, their Indian neighbors were not danger- 
 ous. Black Hawk and his band had done no more than to attempt to repossess the 
 the old homes of which they had been deprived in their absence. No blood 
 had been shed. Black Hawk and his chiefs sent a flag of truce, and a new 
 treaty was made, by which Black Hawk and his band agreed to remain forever 
 on the Iowa side and never recross the river without the permission of the 
 President or the Governor of Illinois. Whether the Indians clearly understood 
 the terms of this treaty is uncertain. As Avas usual, the Indian traders had 
 dictated terms on their behalf, and they had received a large amount of pro- 
 visions, etc., from the Government, but it may well be doubted whether the 
 Indians comprehended that they could never revisit the graves of their fathers 
 without violating their treaty. They undoubtedly thought that they had agreed 
 never to recross the Mississippi with hostile intent. However this may be, on 
 the 6th day of April, 1832, Black Hawk and his entire band, with their women 
 and children, again recrossed the Mississippi in plain view of the garrison of 
 Fort Armstrong, and went up Rock River. Although this act was construed 
 into an act of hostility by the military authorities, who declared that Black 
 Hawk intended to recover his village, or the site where it stood, by force ; but 
 it does not appear that he made any such attempt, nor did his apearance 
 create any special alarm among the settlers. They knew that the Indians never 
 went on the war path encumbered with the old men, their women and their 
 children. 
 
 The Galenian, printed in Galena, of May 2, 1832, says that Black Hawk 
 was invited by the Prophet and had taken possession of a tract about forty 
 miles up Rock River ; but that he did not remain there long, but commenced 
 his march up Rock River. Capt. W. B. Green, who served in Capt. Stephen- 
 son's company of mounted rangers, says that " Black Hawk and h\s band 
 crossed the river with no hostile intent, but that his l)and had had bad luck in 
 hunting during the previous Winter, were actually in a starving condition, and 
 had come over to spend the Summer with a friendly tribe on the head waters of 
 the Rock and Illinois Rivers, by invitation from their chief Otlier old set- 
 tlers, Avho all agree that Black Hawk had no idea of fighting, say that he came 
 back to the west side expecting to negotiate another treaty, and get a new 
 supply of provisions. The most reasonable explanation of this movement, which 
 resulted so disastrously to Black Hawk and his starving people, is that, during 
 the Fall and Winter of 1831-2, his people became deeply indebted to their 
 fivorite trader at Fort Armstrong (Rock Island). They had not been fortunate 
 in hunting, and he was likely to lose heavily, as an Indian debt was outlawed 
 in one year. If, therefore, the Indians could be induced to come over, and the 
 fears of the military could be sufficiently aroused to pursue them, another treaty 
 could be negotiated, and from the payments from the Government the shrewd 
 trader could get his pay. Just a week after Black Hawk crossed the river, on 
 the 13th of April, 1832, George Davenport wrote to Gen. Atkinson : " I am 
 informed that the British band of Sac Indians are determined to make war on 
 the frontier settlements. * * * From every information that I have 
 received, I am of the opinion that the intention of the British band of Sac 
 Indians is to commit depredations on the inhabitants of the frontier." And 
 
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 159 
 
 yet, from the 6th day of April until after Stillman's men commenced war by 
 firing on a flag of truce from Black Hawk, no murders nor depredations were 
 committed by the British band of Sac Indians. 
 
 It is not the purpose of this sketch to detail the incidents of the Black 
 Hawk war of 1832, as it pertains rather to the history of the State of Illinois. 
 It is sufficient to say that, after the disgraceful affair at Stillman's Run, Black 
 Hawk, concluding that the whites, refusing to treat with him, were determined 
 to exterminate his people, determined to return to the Iowa side of the Missis- 
 sippi. He could not return by the way he came, for the army was behind him, 
 an army, too, that would sternly refuse to recognize the white flag of peace. 
 His only course was to make his way northward and reach the Mississippi, if 
 possible, before the troops could overtake him, and this he did ; but, before he 
 could get his women and children across the Wisconsin, he was overtaken, and a 
 battle ensued. Here, again, he sued for peace, and, through his trusty Lieu- 
 tenant, "the Prophet," the whites were plainly informed that the starving 
 Indians did not wish to fight, but would return to the west side of the Missis- 
 sippi, peaceably, if they could be permitted to do so. No attention was paid to 
 this second eff'ort to negotiate peace, and, as soon as supplies could be obtained, 
 the pursuit Avas resumed, the flying Indians were overtaken again eight miles 
 before they reached the mouth of the Bad Axe, and the slaughter (it should not 
 be dignified by the name of battle) commenced. Here, overcome by starvation 
 and the victorious whites, his band was scattered, on the 2d day of August, 
 1832. Black Hawk escaped, but was brought into camp at Prairie du Chien 
 by three Winnebagoes. He was confined in Jefferson Barracks until the 
 Spring of 1833, when he was sent to Washington, arriving there April 22. On 
 the 2(3th of April, they were taken to Fortress Monroe, where they I'emained 
 till the 4th of June, 1833, when orders were given for them to bo liberated and 
 returned to their own country. By order of the President, he was brought 
 back to Iowa through the principal Eastern cities. Crowds flocked to see him 
 all along his route, and he was very much flattered by the attentions he 
 received. He lived among his people on the Iowa River till that reservation 
 was sold, in 183(3, when, with the rest of the Sacs and Foxes, he removed to 
 the Des Moines Reservation, where he remained till his death, which occurred 
 on the 3d of October, 1838. 
 
 INDIAN PURCHASES, RESERVES AND TREATIES. 
 
 At the close of the Black Hawk War, in 1832, a treaty was made at a 
 council held on the west bank of the Mississippi, where now stands the thriving 
 city of Davenport, on grounds now occupied by the Chicago, Rock Island & 
 Pacific Railroad Company, on the 21st day of September, 1832. At this 
 council, the United States were represented by Gen. Winfield Scott and Gov. 
 Reynolds, of Illinois. Keokuk, Pash-a-pa-ho and some thirty other chiefs and 
 warriors of the Sac and Fox nation were present. By this treaty, the Sacs and 
 Foxes ceded to the United States a strip of land on the eastern border of Iowa 
 fifty miles wide, from the northern boundary of Missouri to the mouth of the 
 Upper Iowa River, containing about six million acres. The western line of the 
 purchase was parallel with the Mississippi. In consideration of this cession, 
 the United States Government stipulated to pay annually to the confederated 
 tribes, for thirty consecutive years, twenty thousand dollars in specie, and to 
 pay the debts of the Indians at Rock Island, which had been accumulating for 
 
IGO HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 seventeen years and amounted to fifty thousand dollars, due to Davenport & 
 Farnham, Indian traders. The Government also generously donated to the 
 Sac and Fox women and children whose husbands and Others had fallen in the 
 Black Hawk war, thirty-five beef cattle, twelve bushels of salt, thirty barrels of 
 pork, fifty barrels of flour and six thousand bushels of corn. 
 
 This territory is known as the "Black Hawk Purchase." Although it was 
 not the first portion of Iowa ceded to the United States by the Sacs and Foxes, 
 it was the first opened to actual settlement by the tide of emigration that flowed 
 across the Mississippi as soon as the Indian title Avas extinguished. The treaty 
 Avas ratified February 13, 1833, and took effect on the 1st of June folloAving, 
 Avhen the Indians ([uietly removed from the ceded territory, and this fertile and 
 beautiful region Avas opened to white settlers. 
 
 By the terms of the treaty, out of the Black HaAvk Purchase Avas reserved for 
 the Sacs and Foxes 400 s(|uare miles of land situated on the Iowa River, and in- 
 Icuding Avithin its limits Keokuk's village, on the right bank of that river. This 
 tract Avas knoAvn as " Keokuk's ReservCj ' and Avas occupied by the Indians until 
 1836, when, by a treaty made in September betAveen them and Gov. Dodge, of 
 Wisconsin Territory, it Avas ceded to the United States. The council Avas held 
 on the banks of the Mississippi, above Davenport, and Avas the largest assem- 
 blage of the kind ever held by the Sacs and Foxes to treat for the sale of lands. 
 About one thousand of their chiefs and braves were present, and Keokuk was 
 their leading spirit and principal speaker on the occasion. By the terms of the 
 treaty, the Sacs and Foxes were removed to another reservation on the Des 
 Moines River, where an agency Avas established for them at what is noAv the 
 town of Agency City. 
 
 Besides the Keokuk Reserve, the Government gave out of the Black Hawk 
 Purchase to Antoine Le Claire, interpreter, in fee simple, one section of land 
 opposite Rock Island, and another at the head of the first rapids above the 
 island, on the Iowa side. This Avas the first land title granted by the United 
 States to an individual in loAva. 
 
 Soon after the removal of the Sacs and Foxes to their new reservation 
 on the Des Moines River, Gen. Joseph M. Street Avas transferred from the 
 agency of the Winnebagoes, at Prairie du Chien, to establish an agency 
 among them. A farm was selected, on which the necessary buildings Avere 
 erected, including a comfortable farm house for the agent and his family, at 
 the expense of the Indian Fund. A salaried agent Avas employed to superin- 
 tend the farm and dispose of the crops. Tavo mills Avere erected, one on Soap 
 Creek and the other on Sugar Creek. The latter was soon swept aAvay by a 
 flood, but the former remained and did good service for many years. Connected 
 with the agency were Joseph Smart and John Goodell, interpreters. The 
 latter was interpreter for Hard Fish's band. Three of the Indian chiefs, Keo- 
 kuk, Wapello and Appanoose, had each a large field improved, the two former 
 on the right bank of the Des Moines, back from the river, in Aviiat is now 
 "Keokuk's Prairie," and the latter on the present site of the city of Ottumwa. 
 Among the traders connected with the agency were the Messrs. Ewing, from 
 Ohio, and Phelps & Co., from Illinois, and also Mr. J. P. Eddy, Avho estab- 
 lished his post at Avhat is now the site of Eddyville. 
 
 The Indians at this agency became idle and listless in the absence of their 
 natural and Avonted excitements, and many of them plunged into dissipation. 
 Keokuk himself became dissipated in the latter years of his life, and it has 
 been reported that he died of delirium tremens after his removal Avith his 
 tribe to Kansas. 
 
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 161 
 
 In May, 1843, most of the Indians were removed up the Des Moines River, 
 above the temporary line of Red Rock, having ceded the remnant of their 
 lands in Iowa to the United States on the 21st of September, 1837, and on the 
 11th of October, 1842. By the terms of the latter treaty, they held possession 
 of the "New Purchase" till the Autumn of 1845, when the most of them 
 were removed to their reservation in Kansas, the balance being removed in the 
 Spring of 1846. 
 
 1. TVeaty tvith the Sioux — Made July 19, 1815 ; ratified December 16, 1815. This treaty 
 was made at Portage des Sioux, between the Sioux of Minnesota and Upper Iowa and the United 
 States, by William Clark and Ninian Edwards, Commissioners, and was merely a treaty of peace 
 and friendship on the part of those Indians toward the United States at the close of the war of 
 1812. 
 
 2. Treaty with the Sacs. — A similar treaty of peace was made at Portage des Sioux, between 
 the United States and the Sacs, by William Clark, Ninian Edwards and Auguste Choteau, on the 
 Ujth of September, 1815, and ratified at the same date as the above. In this, the treaty of 1804 
 was re-affirmed, and the Sacs here represented promised for themselves and their bands to keep 
 entirely separate from the Sacs of Rock River, who, under Black Hawk, had joined the British 
 in the war just then closed. 
 
 3. Treaty with the Foxes. — A separate treaty of peace was made with the Foxes at Portage 
 des Sioux, by the same Commissioners, on the 14ih of September, 1815, and ratified the same as 
 the above, wherein the Foxes re-affirmed the treaty of St. Louis, of November 8, 1804, and 
 agreed to deliver up all their prisoners to the officer in command at Fort Clai'k, now Peoria, 
 Illinois. 
 
 4. Treaty ivith the lowas. — A treaty of peace and mutual good will was made between the 
 United States and the Iowa tribe of Indians, at Portage des Sioux, by the same Commissioners 
 as above, on the 16tli of September, 1815, at the close of the war with Great Britain, and ratified 
 at the same date as the others. 
 
 5. Treaty with the Sees of Ro'-k River — Made at St. Louis on the 13th of May, 1816, between 
 the United States and the Sacs of Rock River, by the Commissioners, William Clark, Ninian 
 Edwards and Auguste Choteau, and ratified December 30, 1816. In this treaty, that of 1804 
 was reestablished and confirmed by twenty-two chiefs and head men of the Sacs of Rock River, 
 and Black Hawk himself attached to it his signature, or, as he said, " touched the goose quill." 
 
 6. Treaty of 1S34 — On the 4th of August, 1824, a treaty was made between the United 
 States and the Sacs and Foxes, in the city of Washington, by William Clark, Commissioner, 
 wherein the Sac and Fox nation relinquished their title to all lands in Missouri and that portion 
 of the southeast corner of Iowa known as the " Half-Breed Tract" was set oil" and reserved for 
 the use of the half-breeds of the Sacs and Foxes, they holding title in the same manner as In- 
 dians. Ratified January 18, 1825. 
 
 7. Treaty of Auyust 19, 1S25. — At this date a treaty was made by William Clark and Lewis 
 Cass, at Prairie du Chien, between the United States and the Chippewas, Sacs and Foxes, Me- 
 nomonees, Winnebagoes and a portion of the Ottawas and Pottawatomies. In this treaty, in 
 order to make peace between the contending tribes as to the limits of their respective hunting 
 grounds in Iowa, it was agreed that the United States Government should run a boundary line 
 between the Sioux, on the north, and the Sacs and Foxes, on the south, as follows : 
 
 Commencing at the mouth of the Upper Iowa River, on the west bank of the Mississippi, 
 and ascending said Iowa River to its west fork ; thence up tlie fork to its source ; thence cross- 
 ing the fork of Red Cedar River in a direct line to the second or upper fork of the Des Moines 
 River ; thence in a direct line to the lower fork of the Calumet River, and down that river to its 
 junction with the jMissouri River. 
 
 8. Treaty of 1830. — On the 15th of July, 1830, the confederate tribes of the Sacs and Foxes 
 ceded to the United States a strip of country lying south of the above line, twenty miles in width, 
 and extending along the line aforesaid from the Mississippi to the Des Moines River. The Sioux 
 also, whose possessions were north of the line, ceded to the Government, in the same treaty, a 
 like strip on the north side of the boundary. Thus the United States, at the ratification of this 
 treaty, February 24, 1831, came into possession of a portion of Iowa forty miles wide, extend- 
 ing along the Clark and Cass line of 1825, from the Mississippi to the Des Moines River. This 
 territory was known as the " Neutral Ground," and the tribes on either side of the line were 
 allowed to fish and hunt on it unmolested till it was made a Winnebago reservation, and the 
 Winnebagoes were removed to it in 1841. 
 
 9. Treaty wnh the Sacs and Foxes and other Tribes. — At the same time of the above treaty re- 
 specting the " Neuti-al Ground" (July 15, 1830), the Sacs and Foxes, Western Sioux, Omahas, 
 lowas and Missouris ceded to the United States a portion of the western slope of Iowa, the boun- 
 daries of which were defined as follows : Beginning at the upper fork of the Des ]\Ioines River, 
 and passing the sources of the Little Sioux and Floyd Rivers, to the fork of the first creek that 
 falls into the Big Sioux, or Calumet, on the east side ; thence down said creek and the Calumet 
 
162 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 River to the Missouri River; thence down said Missouri River to the Missouri State line above 
 the Kansas ; thence along said line to the northwest corner of said State ; thence to the high lands 
 between the waters falling into the Missouri and Des Moines, passing to said high lands along 
 the dividing ridge between the forks of the Grand River ; thence along said high lands or ridge 
 separating the waters of the Missouri from those of the Des Moines, to a point opposite the source 
 of the Boyer River, and thence in a direct line to the upper fork of the Des Moines, the place of 
 beginning. 
 
 It was understood that the lands ceded and relinquished by this treaty were to be assigned 
 and allotted, under the direction of the President of the United States, to the tribes then living 
 thereon, or to such other tribes as the President might locate thereon for hunting and other pur- 
 poses. In consideration of three tracts of land ceded in this treaty, the United States agreed to 
 pay to the Sacs three thousand dollars ; to the Foxes, three thousand dollars ; to the Sioux, 
 two thousand dollars; to the Yankton and Santie bands of Sioux, three thousand dollars; to the 
 Omahas, two thousand five hundred dollars ; and to the Ottoes and Missouris, two thousand five 
 hundred dollars — to be paid annually for ten successive years. In addition to these annuities, 
 the Government agreed to furnish some of the tribes with blacksmiths and agricultural imple- 
 ments to the amount of two hundred dollars, at the expense of the United States, and to set apart 
 three thousand dollars annually for the education of the children of these tribes. It does not 
 appear that any fort was erected in this territory prior to the erection of Fort Atkinson on the 
 Neutral Ground, in 1840-41. 
 
 This treaty was made by William Clark, Superintendent of Indian affairs, and Col. Willoughby 
 Morgan, of the United States First Infantry, and came into effect by proclamation, February 
 24, 1831. 
 
 10. Treaty with the Winnebagoes. — Made at Fort Armstrong, Rock Island, September 15, 1832, 
 by Gen. Winfield Scott and Hon. John Reynolds, Governor of Illinois. In this treaty the Win- 
 nebagoes ceded to the United States all their land lying on the east side of the Mississippi, and 
 in part consideration therefor the United States granted to the Winnebagoes, to be held as other 
 Indian lands are held, that portion of Iowa known as the Neutral Ground. The exchange of the 
 two tracts of country was to take place on or before the 1st day of June, 1833. In addition to 
 the Neutral Ground, it was stipulated that the United States should give the Winnebagoes, begin- 
 ning in September, 1833, and continuing for twenty-seven successive years, ten thousand dollars 
 in specie, and establish a school among them, with a farm and garden, and provide other facili- 
 ties for the education of their children, not to exceed in cost three thousand dollars a year, and 
 to continue the same for twenty-seven successive years. Six agriculturists, twelve yoke of oxen 
 and plows and other farming tools were to be supplied by the Government. 
 
 11. Treaty of ISS.J ivUh the Sacs and Foxes. — Already mentioned as the Black Hawk purchase. 
 
 12. Treaty of 1S36, with the Sacs and Foxes, ceding Keokuk's Reserve to the United States; 
 for which the Government stipulated to pay thirty thousand dollars, and an annuity often thou- 
 sand dollars for ten successive years, together with other sums and debts of the Indians to 
 various parties. 
 
 13. Treaty of 1S37.— On the 21st of October, 1837, a treaty was made at the city of Wash- 
 ington, between Carey A. Harris, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, and the confederate tribes of 
 Sacs and Foxes, ratified February 21, 1838, wherein another slice of the soil of Iowa was obtained, 
 described in the treaty as follows: "A tract of country containing 1,250,000 acres, lying west 
 and adjoining the tract conveyed by them to the United States in the treaty of September 21, 
 1832. It is understood that the points of termination for the present cession shall be the north- 
 ern and southern points of said tract as fixed by the survey made under the authority of the 
 United States, and that a line shall be drawn between them so as to intersect a line extended 
 westwardly from the angle of said tract nearly opposite to Rock Island, as laid down in the above 
 survey, so far as may be necessary to include the number of acres hereby ceded, which last 
 mentioned line, it is estimated, will be about twenty-five miles." 
 
 This piece of land was, twenty-five miles wide in the middle, and ran off to a point at both 
 ends, lying directly back of the Black Hawk Purchase, and of the same length. 
 
 14. Treaty of Relinquishment. — At the same date as the above treaty, in the city of Washing- 
 ton, Carey A. Harris, Commissioner, the Sacs and Foxes ceded to the United States all their 
 right and interest in the country lying south of the boundary line between the Sacs and Foxes 
 and Sioux, as described in the treaty of August 19, 1825, and between the Mississippi and Mis- 
 souri Rivers, the United States paying for the same one hundred and sixty thousand dollars. 
 The Indians also gave up all claims and interests under the treaties previously made with them, 
 for the satisfaction of which no appropriations had been made. 
 
 15. Treaty of 1S42.—1\\(: last treaty was made with the Sacs and Foxes October 11, 1842 ; 
 ratified March 23, 1843. It was made at the Sac and Fox agency (Agency City), by John 
 Chambers, Commissioner on behalf of the United States. In this treaty the Sac and Fox Indians 
 " ceded to the United States all their lands west of the Mississippi to which they had any claim 
 or title." By the terms rf this treaty they were to be removed from the country at the expira- 
 tion of three years, and all who remained after that were to move at their own expense. Part 
 of them were removed to Kansas in the Fall of 1845, and the rest the Spring following. 
 
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 163 
 
 SPANISH GRANTS. 
 
 While the territory now embraced in the State of Iowa was under Spanish 
 rule as a part of its province of Louisiana, certain claims to and grants of land 
 were made by the Spanish authorities, with which, in addition to the extinguishment 
 of Indian titles, the United States had to deal. It is proper that these should 
 be briefly reviewed. 
 
 Duhuque. — On the 22d day of September, 1788, Julien Dubuque, a French- 
 man," from Prairie du Chien, obtained from the Foxes a cession or lease of lands 
 on the Mississippi River for'mining purposes, on the site of the present city of 
 Dubuque. Lead had been discovered here eight years before, in 1780, by the 
 wife of Peosta Fox, a warrior, and Dubuque's claim embraced nearly all the lead 
 bearing lands in that vicinity. He immediately took possession of his claim and 
 commenced mining, at the same time making a settlement. The place became 
 known as the "Spanish Miners," or, more commonly, "Dubuque's Lead 
 Mines." 
 
 In 1796, Dubuque filed a petition with Baron de Carondelet, the Spanish 
 Governor of Louisiana, asking that the tract ceded to him by the Indians might 
 be granted to him by patent from the Spanish Government. In this petition, 
 Dubuque rather indefinitely set forth the boundaries of this claim as " about 
 seven leagues along the Mississippi River, and three leagues in Avidth from the 
 river," intending to include, as is supposed, the river front between the Little 
 Maquoketa and the Tete des Mertz Rivers, embracing more than twenty thou- 
 sand acres. Carondelet granted the prayer of the petition, and the grant was 
 subsequently confirmed by the Board of Land Commissioners of Louisiana. 
 
 In October, 1804, Dubuque transferred the larger part of his claim to 
 Auguste Choteau, of St. Louis, and on the 17th of May, 1805, he and Choteau 
 jointly filed their claims with the Board of Commissioners. On the 20th of 
 September, 1806, the Board decided in their favor, pronouncing the claim to be 
 a regular Spanish grant, made and completed prior to the 1st day of October, 
 1800, only one member, J. B. C. Lucas, dissenting. 
 
 Dubuque died March 24, 1810. The Indians, understanding that the claim 
 of Dubuque under their former act of cession was only a permit to occupy the 
 tract and work the mines during his life, and that at his death they reverted to 
 them, took possession and continued mining operations, and were sustained by 
 the military authority of the United States, notwithstanding the decision of the 
 Commissioners. When the Black Hawk purchase was consummated, the Du- 
 buque claim thus held by the Indians Avas absorbed by the United States, as the 
 Sacs and Foxes made no reservation of it in the treaty of 1832. 
 
 The heirs of Choteau, however, were not disposed to relinquish their claim 
 without a struggle. Late in 1832, they employed an agent to look after their 
 interests, and authorized him to lease the right to dig lead on the lands. The 
 miners who commenced work under this agent were compelled by the military to 
 abandon their operations, and one of the claimants went to Galena to institute 
 legal proceedings, but found no court of competent jurisdiction, although he did 
 bring an action for the recovery of a quantity of lead dug at Dubuque, for the 
 purpose of testing the title. Being unable to identify the lead, however, he was 
 non-suited. 
 
 By act of Congress, approved July 2, 1836, the town of Dubuque was sur- 
 veyed and platted. After lots had been sold and occupied by the purchasers, 
 Henry Choteau brought an action of ejectment against Patrick Malony, Avho 
 
164 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 held land in Dubuque under a patent from the United States, for the recovery 
 of seven undivided eighth parts of the Dubuque claim, as purchased by Auguste 
 Choteau in 1804. The case was tried in the District Court of the United States 
 for the District of Iowa, and was decided adversely to the plaintiff. The case was 
 carried to the Supreme Court of the United States on a writ of error, when it 
 was heard at the December term, 1853, and the decision of the lower court was 
 affirmed, the court holding that the permit from Carondolet was merely a lease 
 or permit to work the mines ; that Dubuque asked, and the Governor of Louisiana 
 granted, nothing more than the " peaceable possession " of certain lands obtained 
 from the Indians ; that Carondelet had no legal authority to make snch a grant 
 as claimed, and that, even if he had, this was but an " inchoate and imperfect 
 title." 
 
 Griard. — In 1795, the Lieutenant Governor of Upper Louisiana granted to 
 Basil Giard five thousand eight hundred and sixty acres of land, in what is now 
 Clayton County, known as the "Giard Tract." He occupied the land during 
 the time that Iowa passed from Spain to France, and from France to the' United 
 States, in consideration of which the Federal Government granted a patent of 
 the same to Giard in his own right. His heirs sold the whole tract to James H. 
 Lockwood and Thomas P. Burnett, of Prairie du Chien, for three hundred dollars. 
 
 Honori. — March 30, 1799, Zenon Trudeau, Acting Lieutenant Governor of 
 Upper Louisiana, granted to Louis Honori a tract of land on the site of the 
 present town of Montrose, as follows: " It is permitted to Mr. Louis (Fresson) 
 Henori, or Louis Honore Fesson, to establish himself at the head of the rapids 
 of the River Des Moines, and his establishment once formed, notice of it shall be 
 given to the Governor General, in order to obtain for him a commission of a space 
 sufficient to give value to such establishment, and at the same time to render it 
 useful to the commerce of the peltries of this country, to watch the Indians and 
 keep them in the fidelity which they owe to His Majesty." 
 
 Honori took immediate possession of his claim, which he retained until 1805. 
 While trading with the natives, he became indebted to Joseph Robedoux, who 
 obtained an execution on which the property was sold May 13, 1803, and was 
 purchased by the creditor. In these proceedings the property was described as 
 beino; " about six leagues above the River Des Moines." Robedoux died soon 
 after he purchased the proprerty. Auguste Choteau, his executor, disposed of 
 the Honori tract to Thomas F. Reddeck, in April, 1805, up to which time 
 Honori continued to occupy it. The grant, as made by the Spanish government, 
 was a league square, but only one mile square was confirmed by the United 
 States. After the half-breeds sold their lands, in which the Honori grant was 
 included, various claimants resorted to litigation in attempts to invalidate the 
 title of the Reddeck heirs, but it was finally confirmed by a decision of the 
 Supreme Court of the United States in 1839, and is the oldest legal title to any 
 land in the State of Iowa. 
 
 THE HALF-BREED TRACT. 
 
 Before any permanent settlement had been made in the Territory of Iowa, 
 white adventurers, trappers and traders, many of whom were scattered along 
 the Mississippi and its tributaries, as agents and employes of the American Fur 
 Company, intermarried with the females of the Sac and Fox Indians, producing 
 a race of half-breeds, whose number was never definitely ascertained. There 
 were some respectable and excellent people among them, children of men of 
 some refinement and education. For instance : Dr. Muir, a gentleman educated 
 
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 165 
 
 at Edinburgh, Scotland, a surgeon in the United States Army, stationed at a 
 military post located on the present site of Warsaw, married an Indian woman, 
 and reared his family of three daughters in the city of Keokuk. Other exam- 
 ples might be cited, but they are probably exceptions to the general rule, and 
 the race is now nearly or quite extinct in Iowa. 
 
 A treaty was made at Washington, August 4, 1824, between the Sacs and 
 Foxes and the United States, by which that portion of Lee County was reserved 
 to the half-breeds of those tribes, and which was afterward known as " The 
 Half-Breed Tract." This reservation is the triangular piece of land, containing 
 about 119,000 acres, lying between the Mississippi andDes Moines Rivers. It is 
 bounded on the north by the prolongation of the northern line of Missouri. 
 This line was intended to be a straight one, running due east, which would have 
 caused it to strike the Mississippi River at or below Montrose ; but the surveyor who 
 run it took no notice of the change in the variation of the needle as he proceeded 
 eastward, and, in consequence, the line he run was bent, deviating more and more 
 to the northward of a direct line as he approached the Mississippi, so that it 
 struck that river at the lower edge of the town of Fort Madison. " This errone- 
 ous line," says Judge Mason, "has been acquiesced in as well in fixing the 
 northern limit of the Half-Breed Tract as in detei-mining the northern boundary 
 line of the State of Missouri." The line thus run included in the reservation 
 a portion of the lower part of the city of Fort Madison, and all of the present 
 townships of Van Buren, Charleston, Jefferson, Des Moines, Montrose and 
 Jackson. 
 
 Under the treaty of 1824, the half-breeds had the right to occupy the soil, 
 but could not convey it, the reversion being reserved to the United States. But 
 on the 30th day of January, 1834, by act of Congress, this reversionary right 
 was relinquished, and the half-breeds acquired the lands in fee simple. This 
 was no sooner done, than a horde of speculators rushed in to buy land of the 
 half-breed owners, and, in many instances, a gun, a blanket, a pony or a few 
 quarts of whisky was sufficient for the purchase of large estates. There was 
 a deal of sharp practice on both sides ; Indians would often claim ownership of 
 land by virtue of being half-breeds, and had no difficulty in proving their mixed 
 blood by the Indians, and they would then cheat the speculators by selling land 
 to which they had no rightful title. On the other hand, speculators often 
 claimed land in which they had no ownership. It was diamond cut diamond, 
 until at last tilings became badly mixed. There were no authorized surveys, 
 and no boundary lines to claims, and, as a natural result, numerous conflicts and 
 quarrels ensued. 
 
 To settle these difficulties, to decide the validity of claims or sell them for 
 the benefit of the real owners, by act of the Legislature of Wisconsin Territory, 
 approved January 16, 1838, Edward Johnstone, Thomas S. Wilson and David 
 Brigham were appointed Commissioners, and clothed with power to effect these 
 objects. The act provided that these Commissioners should be paid six dollars 
 a day each. The commission entered upon its duties and continued until the 
 next session of the Legislature, when the act creating it was repealed, invalidat- 
 ing all that had been done and depriving the Commissioners of their pay. The 
 repealing act, however, authorized the Commissioners to commence action against 
 the owners of the Half-Breed Tract, to receive pay for their services, in the Dis- 
 trict Court of Lee County. Two judgments were obtained, and on execution 
 the whole of the tract was sold to Hugh T. Reid, the Sheriff executing the 
 deed. Mr. Reid sold portions of it to various parties, but his own title was 
 questioned and he became involved in litigation. Decisions in favor of Reid 
 
166 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 and those holding under him were made by l)oth District and Supreme Courts, 
 but in December, 1850, these decisions were finally reversed by the Supreme 
 Court of the United States in the case of Joseph Webster, plaintiff in error, vs. 
 Hugh T. Reid, and the judgment titles failed. About nine years before the 
 ''judgment titles " were finally abrogated as above, another class of titles were 
 brought into competition with them, and in the conflict between the two, the 
 final decision was obtained. These Avere the titles based on the "decree of 
 partition ' ' issued by the United States District Court for the Territory of Iowa, 
 on the 8th of May, 1841, and certified to by the Clerk on the 2d day of June of 
 that year. Edward Johnstone and Hugh T. Reid, then law partners at Fort 
 Madison, filed the petition for the decree in behalf of the St. Louis claimants of 
 half-breed lands. Francis S. Key, author of the Star Spangled Banner, who 
 was then attorney for the New York Land Company, which held heavy interests 
 in these lands, took a leading part in the measure, and drew up the document in 
 which it was presented to the court. Judge Charles Mason, of Burlington, pre- 
 sided. The plan of partition divided the tract into one hundred and one shares 
 and arranged that each claimant should draw his proportion by lot, and should 
 abide the result, whatever it might be. The arrangement was entered into, the 
 lots drawn, and the plat of the same filed in the Recorder's oflSce, October 6, 
 1841. Upon this basis the titles to land in the Half-Breed Tract are now held. 
 
 EARLY SETTLEMENTS. 
 
 The first permanent settlement by the whites within the limits of Iowa was 
 made by Julien Dubuque, in 1788, when, with a small party of miners, he set- 
 tled on the site of the city that now bears his name, where he lived until his 
 death, in 1810. Louis Honori settled on the site of the present town of Mon- 
 trose, probably in 1799, and resided there until 1805, when his property passed 
 into other hands. Of the Giard settlement, opposite Prairie du Chien, little is 
 known, except that it was occupied by some parties prior to the commencement 
 of the present century, and contained three cabins in 1805. Indian traders, 
 although not strictly to be considered settlers, had established themselves at 
 various points at an early date. A Mr. Johnson, agent of the American Fur 
 Company, had a trading post below Burlington, where he carried on trafliic with 
 the Indians some time before the United States possessed the country. In 
 1820, Le Moliese, a French trader, had a station at what is now Sandusky, six 
 miles above Keokuk, in Lee County. In 1829, Dr. Isaac Gallaud made a set- 
 tlement on the Lower Rapids, at what is now Nashville. 
 
 The first settlement in Lee County was made in 1820, by Dr. Samuel C. 
 Muir, a surgeon in the United States army, who had been stationed at Fort 
 Edwards, now Warsaw, 111., and who built a cabin where the city of Keokuk 
 now stands. Dr. Muir was a man of strict integrity and irreproachable char- 
 acter. While stationed at a military post on the Upper Mississippi, he had 
 married an Indian woman of the Fox nation. Of his marriage, the following 
 romantic account is given : 
 
 The post at which he was stationed was visited by a beautiful Indian maiden — whose native 
 name, unfortunately, has not been preserved — who, in her dreams, had seen a white brave un- 
 moor his canoe, paddle it across the river and come directly to her lodge. She felt assured, 
 according to the superstitious belief of her race, that, in her dreams, she had seen her future 
 husband, and had come to the fort to find him. Meeting Dr. Muir, she instantly recognized 
 him as the hero of her dream, which, with childlike innocence and simplicity, she related to 
 him. Her dream was, indeed, prophetic. Charmed with Sophia's beauty, innocence and devo- 
 tion, the doctor honorably married her ; but after a while, the sneers and gibes of his brother 
 
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 167 
 
 officers — less honorable than he, perhaps — made him feel ashamed of his dark-skinned wife, and 
 when his regiment was ordered down the river, to Bellefontaine, it is said he embraced the 
 opportunity to rid himself of her, and left her, never expecting to see her again, and little 
 dreaming that she would have the courage to follow him. But, with her infant child, this in- 
 trepid wife and mother started alone in her canoe, and, after many days of weary labor and a 
 lonely journey of nine hundred miles, she, at last, reached him. She afterward remarked, when 
 speaking of this toilsome journey down the river in search of her husband, " When I got there 
 I was all perished away — so thin ! " The doctor, touched by such unexampled devotion, took her 
 to his heart, and ever after, until his death, treated her with marked respect. She always pre- 
 sided at his table with grace and dignity, but never abandoned her native style of dress. In 
 1819-20, he was stationed at Fort Edward, but the senseless ridicule of some of his brother 
 officers on account of his Indian wife induced him to resign his commission. 
 
 After building his cabin, as above stated, he leased his claim for a term of years to Otis 
 Reynolds and John Culver, of St. Louis, and went to La Pointe, afterward Galena, where he 
 practiced his profession for ten years, when he returned to Keokuk. His Indian wife bore to 
 him four children — Louise (married at Keokuk, since dead), James, (drowned at Keokuk), Mary 
 and Sophia. Dr. Muir died suddenly of cholera, in 1832, but left his property in such condition 
 that it was soon wasted in vexatious litigation, and his brave and faithful wife, left friendless and 
 penniless, became discouraged, and, with her children, disappeared, and, it is said, returned to 
 her people on the Upper Missouri. 
 
 Messrs. Reynolds & Culver, who had leased Dr. Muir's claim at Keokuk, 
 subsequently employed as their agent Mr. Moses Stillwell, who arrived with 
 his family in 1828, and took possession of Muir's cabin. His brothers-in-law, 
 Amos and Valencourt Van Ansdal, came with him and settled near. 
 
 His daughter, Margaret Stillwell (afterward Mrs. Ford) was born in 1831, 
 at the foot of the rapids, called by the Indians Puch-a-she-tuck, where Keokuk 
 now stands. She was probably the first white American child born in Iowa. 
 
 In 1831, Mr. Johnson, Agent of the American Fur Company, who had a 
 station at the foot of the rapids, removed to another location, and, Dr. Muir 
 having returned from Galena, he and Isaac R. Campbell took the place and 
 buildings vacated by the Company and carried on trade with the Indians and 
 half-breeds. Campbell, who had first visited and traveled through the southern 
 part of Iowa, in 1821, was an enterprising settler, and besides trading with the 
 natives carried on a farm and kept a tavern. 
 
 Dr. Muir died of cholera in 1832. 
 
 In 1830, James L. and Lucius H. Langworthy, brothers and natives of 
 Vermont, visited the Territory for the purpose of working the lead mines at Du- 
 buque. They had been engaged in lead mining at Galena, Illinois, the former 
 from as early as 1824. The lead mines in the Dubuque region were an object 
 of great interest to the miners about Galena, for they were known to be rich in 
 lead ore. To explore these mines and to obtain permission to work them was 
 therefore eminently desirable. 
 
 In 1829, James L. Langworthy resolved to visit the Dubuque mines. Cross- 
 ing the Mississippi at a point now known as Dunleith, in a canoe, and swim- 
 ming his horse by his side, he landed on the spot now known as Jones Street 
 Levee. Before him spread out a beautiful prairie, on which the city of Du- 
 buque now stands. Two miles south, at the mouth of Catfish Creek, was a vil- 
 lage of Sacs and Foxes. Thither Mr. Langworthy proceeded, and was well re- 
 ceived by the natives. He endeavored to obtain permission from them to mine 
 in their hills, but this they refused. He, however, succeeded in gaining the con- 
 fidence of the chief to such an extent as to be allowed to travel in the interior 
 for three weeks and explore the country. He employed two young Indians as 
 guides, and traversed in diff'erent directions the whole region lying between the 
 Maquoketa and Turkey Rivers. He returned to the village, secured the good 
 will of the Indians, and, returning to Galena, formed plans for future opera- 
 tions, to be executed as soon as circumstances Avould permit. 
 
168 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 In 1830, with his brother, Lucius H., and others, having obtained the con- 
 sent of the Indians, Mr. Langworthy crossed the Mississippi and commenced 
 mining in the vicinity around Dubu(]ue. 
 
 At this time, the lands were not in the actual possession of the United States. 
 Although they had been purchased from France, the Indian title had not been 
 extinguished, and these adventurous persons were beyond the limits of any State 
 or Territorial government. The first settlers were therefore obliged to be their 
 own law-makers, and to agree to such regulations as the exigencies of the case 
 demanded. The first act resemblino; civil leirishition within the limits of the 
 present State of Iowa was done by the miners at this point, in June, 1830. They 
 met on the bank of the river, by the side of an old cottonwood drift log, at 
 what is now the Jones Street Levee, Dubuque, and elected a Committee, con- 
 sisting of J. L. Langworthy, H. F. Lander, James McPhetres, Samuel Scales, 
 and E. M. Wren. This may be called the first Legislature in Iowa, the mem- 
 bers of which gathered around that old cottonwood log, and agreed to and re- 
 ported the following, written by j\Ir. Langworthy, on a half sheet of coarse, un- 
 ruled paper, the old log being the writing desk : 
 
 We, a Committee having been chosen to draft certain rules and regulations (laws) by 
 which we as miners will be governed, and having duly considered the subject, do unanimously 
 agree that we will be governed by the regulations on the east side of the Mississippi River,* with 
 the following exceptions, to wit : 
 
 Article I. That each and every man shall hold 200 yards square of ground by working 
 said ground one day in six. 
 
 Article II. AVe further agree that there shall be chosen, by the majority of the miners 
 present, a person who shall hold this article, and who shall grant letters of arbitration on appli- 
 cation having been made, and that said letters of arbitration shall be obligatory on the parties so 
 applying. 
 
 The report was accepted by the miners present, Avho elected Dr. Jarote, in 
 accordance with Article 2. Here, then, we have, in 1830, a primitive Legisla- 
 ture elected by the people, the hnv drafted by it bemg submitted to the people 
 for approval, and under it Dr. Jarote was elected first Governor within the 
 limits of the present State of Iowa. And it is to be said that the laws thus 
 enacted were as promptly obeyed, and the acts of the executive officer thus 
 elected as duly respected, as any have been since. 
 
 The miners who had thus erected an independent government of their own 
 on the west side of the Mississippi River continued to work successfully for a 
 long time, and the new settlement attracted considera1)le attention. But the 
 west side of the Mississippi belonged to the Sac and Fox Indians, and the Gov- 
 ernment, in order to preserve peace on the frontier, as well as to protect the 
 Indians in their rights under the treaty, ordered the settlers not only to stop 
 mining, but to remove from the Indian territory. They were simply intruders. 
 The execution of this order Avas entrusted to Col. Zachary Taylor, then in com- 
 mand of the military post at Prairie du Chien, who, early in July, sent an officer 
 to the miners with orders to forbid settlement, and to command the miners to 
 remove within ten days to the east side of the Mississippi, or they would be 
 driven off by armed force. The miners, however, were reluctant about leaving 
 the rich "leads" they had already discovered and opened, and were not dis- 
 posed to obey the order to remove with any considerable degree of alacrity. In 
 due time. Col. Taylor dispatched a detachment of troops to enforce his order. The 
 miners, anticipating their arrival, had, excepting tliree, recrossed the river, and 
 from the east bank saAv the troops land on the western shore. The tliree who 
 had lingered a little too long were, however, permitted to make their escape 
 
 * Established by the Superintendent of V. S. Lead Mines at Fever River. 
 
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 169 
 
 unmolested. From this time, a military force was stationed at Dubuque to 
 prevent the settlers from returning, until June, 1832. The Indians returned, 
 and were encouaged to operate the rich mines opened by the late white 
 occupants. 
 
 In June, 1832, the troops were ordered to the east side to assist in the 
 annihilation of the very Indians Avhose rights they had been protecting on the 
 west side. Immediately after the close of the Black Hawk war, and the negotia- 
 tions of the treaty in September, 1832, by which the Sacs and Foxes ceded to 
 the United States the tract known as the "Black Hawk Purchase," the set- 
 tlers, supposing that now they had a right to re-enter the territory, returned 
 and took possession of their claims, built cabins, erected furnaces and prepared 
 large quantities of lead for market. Dubuque was becoming a noted place on 
 the river, but the prospects of the hardy and enterprising settlers and miners 
 were again ruthlessly interfered with by the Government, on the ground that 
 the treaty with the Indians would not go into force until June 1, 1833, although 
 they had withdrawn from the vicinity of the settlement. Col. Taylor was again 
 ordered by the War Department to remove the miners, and in January, 1833, 
 troops Avere again sent from Prairie du Chien to Dubuque for that purpose. 
 This was a serious and perhaps unnecessary hardship imposed upon the settlers. 
 They were compelled to abandon their cabins and homes in mid-winter. It 
 must now be said, simply, that "red tape" should be respected. The purchase 
 had been made, the treaty ratified, or Avas sure to be ; the Indians had retired, 
 and, after the lapse of nearly fifty years, no very satisfactory reason for this 
 rigorous action of the Government can be given. 
 
 But the orders had been given, and there was no alternative but to obey. 
 Many of the settlers recrossed the river, and did not return ; a few, however, 
 removed to an island near the east bank of the river, built rude cabins of poles, 
 in which to store their lead until Spring, when they could float the fruits of 
 their labor to St. Louis for sale, and where they could remain until the treaty 
 went into force, when they could return. Among these were James L. Lang- 
 worthy, and his brother Lucius, who had on hand about three hundred thousand 
 pounds of lead. 
 
 Lieut. Covington, who had been placed in command at Dubuque by Col. 
 Taylor, ordered some of the cabins of the settlers to be torn down, and wagons 
 and other property to be destroyed. This wanton and inexcusable action on 
 the part of a subordinate clothed with a little brief authority was sternly 
 rebuked by Col. Taylor, and Covington was superseded by Lieut. George Wil- 
 son, who pursued a just and friendly course with the pioneers, who were only 
 waiting for the time when they could repossess their claims. 
 
 June 1, 1833, the treaty formally went into eifect, the troops were withdrawn, 
 and the Langworthy brothers and a few others at once returned and resumed 
 possession of their home claims and mineral prospects, and from this time the 
 first permanent settlement of this portion of Iowa must date. Mr. John P. 
 Sheldon Avas appointed Superintendent of the mines by the Government, and a 
 system of permits to miners and licenses to smelters was adopted, similar to that 
 which had been in operation at Galena, since 1825, under Lieut. Martin Thomas 
 and Capt. Thomas C. Legate. Substantially the primitive law enacted by the 
 miners assembled around that old cottonwood drift log in 1830 was adopted and 
 enforced by the United States Government, except that miners were required to 
 sell their mineral to licensed smelters and the smelter was required to give bonds 
 for the payment of six per cent, of all lead manufactured to the Government. 
 This was the same rule adopted in the United States mines on Fever River in 
 
170 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 Illinois, except that, until 1830, the Illinois miners were compelled to pay 10 
 per cent. tax. This tax upon the miners created much clissatisfiiction among 
 the miners on the "west side as it had on the east side of the Mississippi. They 
 thought they had suffered hardships and privations enough in opening the way 
 for civilization, without being subjected to the imposition of an odious Govern- 
 ment tax upon their means of subsistence, when the Federal Government could 
 better afford to aid than to extort from them. The measure soon became unpop- 
 ular. It was difficult to collect the taxes, and the whole system was abolished 
 in about ten years. 
 
 During 1833, after the Indian title was fully extinguished, about five hun- 
 dred people arrived at the mining district, about one hundred and fifty of them 
 from Galena. 
 
 In the same year, Mr. Langworthy assisted in building the first school house 
 in Iowa, and thus was formed the nucleus of the now populous and thriving 
 City of Dubuque. Mr. Langworthy lived to see the naked prairie on which he 
 first landed become the site of a city of fifteen thousand inhabitants, the small 
 school house which he aided in constructing replaced by three substantial edifices, 
 wherein two thousand children were being trained, churches erected in every 
 part of the city, and railroads connecting the wilderness which he first explored 
 with all the eastern world. He died suddenly on the 18th of March, 1865, 
 while on a trip over the Dubuque & Southwestern Railroad, at Monticello, 
 and the evening train brought the news of his death and his remains. 
 
 Lucius H. Langworthy, his brother, was one of the most worthy, gifted and 
 mfluential of the old settlers of this section of Iowa. He died, greatly lamented 
 by many friends, in June, 1865. 
 
 The name Dubuque was given to the settlement by the miners at a meeting 
 held in 1834. 
 
 In 1832, Captain James White made a claim on the present site of Montrose. 
 In 1834, a military post was established at this point, and a garrison of cavalry 
 was stationed here, under the command of Col. Stephen W. Kearney. The 
 soldiers were removed from this post to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, in 1837. 
 
 During the same year, 1832, soon after the close of the Black Hawk War, 
 Zachariah Hawkins, Benjamin Jennings, Aaron White, Augustine Horton, 
 Samuel Gooch, Daniel Thompson and Peter Williams made claims at Fort 
 Madison. In 1833, these claims were purchased by John and Nathaniel 
 Knapp, upon which, in 1835, they laid out the town. The next Summer, lots 
 were sold. The town was subsequently re-surveyed and platted by the United 
 States Government. 
 
 At the close of the Black Hawk War, parties who had been impatiently 
 looking across upon "Flint Hills," now Burlington, came over from Illinois 
 and made claims The first was Samuel S. White, in the Fall of 1832, who 
 erected a cabin on the site of the city of Burlington. About the same time, 
 David Tothero made a claim on the prairie about three miles back from the 
 river, at a place since known as the farm of Judge Morgan. In the Winter of 
 that year, they were driven off by the military from Rock Island, as intruders 
 upon the rights of the Indians, and White's cabin was burnt by the soldiers. 
 He retired to Illinois, where he spent the Winter, and in the Summer, as soon 
 as the Indian title was extinguished, returned and rebuilt his cabin. White 
 was joined by his brother-in-law, Doolittle, and they laid out the original town 
 of Burlington in 1834. 
 
 All along the river borders of the Black Hawk Purchase settlers were flocking 
 into Iowa. Immediately after the treaty with the Sacs and Foxes, in Septem- 
 
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 171 
 
 ber, 1832, Col. George Davenport made the first claim on the spot where the 
 thriving city of Davenport now stands. As early as 1827, Col. Davenport had 
 established a flatboat ferry, Avhich ran between the island and the main shore of 
 Iowa, by which he carried on a trade with the Indians west of the Mississippi. 
 In 1833, Capt. Benjamin W. Clark moved across from Illinois, and laid the 
 foundation of the town of Buffalo, in Scott County, which was the first actual 
 settlement within the limits of that county. Among other early settlers in this 
 part of the Territory were Adrian H. Davenport, Col. John Sullivan, Mulli- 
 gan and Franklin Easly, Capt. John Coleman, J. M. Camp, William White, 
 H. W. Higgins, Cornelius Harrold, Richard Harrison, E. H. Shepherd and 
 Dr. E. S. Barrows. 
 
 The first settlers of Davenport were Antoine LeClaire, Col. George Daven- 
 port, Major Thomas Smith, Major William Gordon, Philip Hambough, Alexan- 
 der W. McGregor, Levi S. Colton, Capt. James May and others. Of Antoine 
 LeClaire, as the representative of the two races of men who at this time occu- 
 pied Iowa, Hon. C. C. Nourse, in his admirable Centennial Address, says : 
 " Antoine LeClaire was born at St. Joseph, Michigan, in 1797. His father 
 was French, his mother a granddaughter of a Pottowatomie chief. In 1818, 
 he acted as ofiicial interpreter to Col. Davenport, at Fort Armstrong (now Rock 
 Island). He was well acquainted with a dozen Indian dialects, and was a man 
 of strict integrity and great energy. In 1820, he married the granddaughter 
 of a Sac chief. The Sac and Fox Indians reserved for him and his wife two 
 sections of land in the treaty of 1833, one at the town of LeClaire and one at 
 Davenport. The Pottawatomies, in the treaty at Prairie du Chien, also 
 reserved for him two sections of land, at the present site of Moline, 111. He 
 received the appointment of Postmaster and Justice of the Peace in the Black 
 Hawk Purchase, at an early day. In 1833, ho bought for $100 a claim on the 
 land upon which the original town of Davenport was surveyed and platted in 
 1836. In 1836, LeClaire built the hotel, known since, with its valuable addi- 
 tion, as the LeClaire House. He died September 25, 1861." 
 
 In Clayton County, the first settlement was made in the Spring of 1832, 
 on Turkey River, by Robert Hatfield and William W. Wayman. No further 
 settlement was made in this part of the State till the beginning of 1836. 
 
 In that portion now known as Muscatine County, settlements were made in 
 1834, by Benjamin Nye, John Vanater and G. W. Kasey, who were the first 
 settlers. E. E. Fay, William St. John, N. Fullington, H. Reece, Jona Petti- 
 bone, R. P. Lowe, Stephen Whicher, Abijah Whiting, J. E. Fletcher, W. D. 
 Abernethy and Alexis Smith were early settlers of Muscatine. 
 
 During the Summer of 1835, William Bennett and his family, from Galena, 
 built the first cabin within the present limits of Delaware County, in some 
 timber since known as Eads' Grove. 
 
 The first post office in Iowa was established at Dubuque in 1833. Milo H. 
 Prentice Avas appointed Postmaster. 
 
 The first Justice of the Peace was Antoine Le Claire, appointed in 1833, as 
 " a very suitable person to adjust the difficulties between the white settlers and 
 the Indians still remaining there." 
 
 The first Methodist Society in the Territory was formed at Dubuque on 
 the 18th of May, 1834, and the first class meeting was held June 1st of that 
 year. 
 
 The first church bell brought into Iowa was in March, 1834. 
 
 The first mass of the Roman Catholic Church in the Territory was celebrated 
 at Dubuque, in the house of Patrick Quigley, in the Fall of 1833. 
 
172 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 The first school house in the Territory was erected by the Dubuque miners 
 in 1833. 
 
 The first Sabbath school was organized at Dubuque early in the Summer 
 of 1834. 
 
 The first woman who came to this part of the Territory Avith a view to per- 
 manent residence was Mrs. Noble F. Dean, in the Fall of 1832. 
 
 The first family that lived in this part of Iowa was that of Hosea T. Camp, 
 in 1832. 
 
 The first meeting house was built by the Methodist Episcopal Church, at 
 Dubuque, in 1834. 
 
 The first newspaper in Iowa was the Dubuque Visitor, issued May 11th, 1836. 
 John King, afterward Judge King, was editor, and William C. Jones, printer. 
 
 The pioneers of Iowa, as a class, were brave, hardy, intelligent and 
 enterprising people. 
 
 As early as 1824, a French trader named Hart had established a trading 
 post, and built a cabin on the bluffs above the large spring now known as 
 "Mynster Spring," within the limits of the present city of Council Bluifs, and 
 had probably been there some time, as the post was known to the employes of 
 the American Fur Company as Lacote de Hart, or " Hart's Bluff." In 1827, 
 an agent of the American Fur Company, Francis Guittar, with others, encamped 
 in the timber at the foot of the bluffs, about on the present location of Broad- 
 way, and afterward settled there. In 1839, a block house was built on the 
 bluff in the east part of the city. The Pottawatomie Indians occupied this part 
 of the State until 1846-7, when they relinquished the territory and removed to 
 Kansas. Billy Caldwell was then principal chief. There were no white settlers 
 in that part of the State except Indian traders, until the arrival of the Mormons 
 under the lead of Brigham Young. These people on their way westward halted 
 for the Winter of 1846-7 on the west bank of the Missouri River, about five 
 miles above Omaha, at a place now called Florence. Some of them had 
 reached the eastern bank of the river the Spring before, in season to plant a 
 crop. In the Spring of 1847, Young and a portion of the colony pursued their 
 journey to Salt Lake, but a large portion of them returned to the Iowa side and 
 settled mainly within the limits of Pottawattamie County. The principal settle- 
 ment of this strange community was at a place first called "Miller's Hollow," 
 on Indian Creek, and afterward named Kanesville, in honor of Col. Kane, of 
 Pennsylvania, who visited them soon afterward. The Mormon settlement 
 extended over the county and into neighboring counties, wherever timber and 
 water furnished desirable locations. Orson Hyde, priest, lawyer and editor, was 
 installed as President of the Quorum of Twelve, and all that part of the State 
 remained under Mormon control for several A^ears. In 1846, they raised a bat- 
 talion, numbering some five hundred men, for the Mexican war. In 1848, Hyde 
 started a paper called the Frontier Guardian, at Kanesville. In 1849, after 
 many of the faithful had left to join Brigham Young at Salt Lake, the Mormons 
 in this section of Iowa numbered 6,552, and in 1850, 7,828, but they Avere not 
 all within the limits of Pottawattamie County. This county was organized in 
 1848, all the first officials being Mormons. In 1852, the order was promulgated 
 that all the true believers should gather together at Salt Lake. Gentiles flocked 
 in, and in a few years nearly all the first settlers were gone. 
 
 May 9, 1843, Captain James Allen, with a small detachment of troops on 
 board the steamer lone, arrived at the present site of the capital of the State, 
 Des Moines. The lone was the first steamer to ascend the Des Moines River 
 to this point. The troops and stores were landed at what is now the foot of 
 
HISTORY OP THE STATE OF IOWA. 173 
 
 Court avenue, Des Moines, and Capt. Allen returned in the steamer to Fort 
 Sanford to arrange for bringing up more soldiers and supplies. In due time 
 they, too, arrived, and a fort was built near the mouth of Raccoon Fork, at its 
 confluence with the Des Moines, and named Fort Des Moines. Soon after the 
 arrival of the troops, a trading post was established on the east side of the river, 
 by two noted Indian traders named Ewing, from Ohio. 
 
 Among the first settlers in this part of Iowa were Benjamin Bryant, J. B. 
 Scott, James Drake (gunsmith), John Sturtevant, Robert Kinzie, Alexander 
 Turner, Peter Newcomer, and others. 
 
 The Western States have been settled by many of the best and most enter- 
 prising men of the older States, and a large immigration of the best blood of 
 the Old World, who, removing to an arena of larger opportunities, in a more 
 fertile soil and congenial climate, have developed a spirit and an energy 
 peculiarly Western. In no country on the globe have enterprises of all kinds 
 been pushed forward with such rapidity, or has there been such independence 
 and freedom of competition. Among those who have pioneered the civiliza- 
 tion of the West, and been the founders of great States, none have ranked 
 higher in the scale of intelligence and moral worth than the pioneers of Iowa, 
 who came to the territory when it was an Indian country, and through hardship, 
 privation and suffering, laid the foundations of the populous and prosperous 
 commonwealth which to-day dispenses its blessings to a million and a quarter 
 of people. From her first settlement and from her first organization as a terri- 
 tory to the present day, Iowa has had able men to manage her affairs, wise 
 statesmen to shape her destiny and frame her laws, and intelligent and impartial 
 jurists to administer justice to her citizens ; her bar, pulpit and press have been 
 able and widely influential ; and in all the professions, arts, enterprises and 
 industries which go to make up a great and prosperous commonwealth, she has 
 taken and holds a front rank among her sister States of the West. 
 
 TERRITORIAL HISTORY. 
 
 By act of Congress, approved October 31, 1803, the President of the United 
 States was authorized to take possession of the territory included in the 
 Louisiana purchase, and provide for a temporary government. By another act 
 of the same session, approved March 26, 1804, the newly acquired country was 
 divided, October 1, 1804 into the Territory of Orleans, south of the thirty-third 
 parallel of north latitude, and the district of Louisiana, which latter was placed 
 under the authority of the officers of Indiana Territory. 
 
 In 1805, the District of Louisiana was organized as a Territory with a gov- 
 ernment of its own. In 1807, Iowa was included in the Territory of Illinois, 
 and in 1812 in the Territory of Missouri. When Missouri was admitted as a 
 State, March 2, 1821, " Iowa," says Hon. C. C. Nourse, "was left a political 
 orphan," until by act of Congress, approved June 28, 1834, the Black Hawk 
 purchase having been made, all the territory west of the Mississippi and north 
 of the northern boundary of Missouri, was made a part of Michigan Territory. 
 Up to this time there had been no county or other organization in what is now 
 the State of Iowa, although one or two Justices of the Peace had been appointed 
 and a post office was established at Dubuque in 1833. In September, 1834, 
 however, the Territorial Legislature of Michigan created two counties on the 
 "west side of the Mississippi River, viz. : Dubuque and Des Moines, separated 
 by a line drawn westward from the foot of Rock Island. These counties were 
 
174 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 partially organized. John King was appointed Chief Justice of Dubuque 
 County, and Isaac Leffler, of Burlington, of Des Moines County. Two 
 Associate Justices, in each county, Avere appointed by the Governor. 
 
 On the first Monday in October, 1835, Gen. George W. Jones, now a citi- 
 zen of Dubuque, was elected a Delegate to Congress from this part of Michigan 
 Territory. On the 20th of April, 1836, through the efforts of Gen. Jones, 
 Congress passed a bill creating the Territory of Wisconsin, which went into 
 operation, July 4, 1836, and Iowa was then included in 
 
 THE TERRITORY OF AVISCONSIN, 
 
 of which Gen. Henry Dodge was appointed Governor; John S. Horner, Secre- 
 tary of the Territory ; Charles Dunn, Chief Justice; David Invin and William 
 C. Frazer, Associate Justices. 
 
 September 9, 1836, Governor Dodge ordered the census of the new Territory 
 to be taken. This census resulted in showing a population of 10,531 in the 
 counties of Dubuque and Des Moines. Under the apportionment, these two 
 counties were entitled to six members of the Council and thirteen of the House 
 of Representatives. The Governor issued his proclamation for an election to be 
 held on the first Monday of October, 1836, on which day the following members 
 of the First Territorial Legislature of Wisconsin were elected from the two 
 counties in the Black Hawk purchase : 
 
 Dubuque County. — Council: John Fally, Thomas McKnight, Thomas Mc- 
 Craney. House: Loring Wheeler, Hardin Nowlan, Peter Hill Engle, Patrick 
 Quigley, Hosea T. Camp. 
 
 Des Moines County. — Council: Jeremiah Smith, Jr., Joseph B. Teas, 
 Arthur B. Ingram. House: Isaac Leffler, Thomas Blair, Warren L. Jenkins, 
 John Box, George W. Teas, Eli Reynolds, David R. Chance. 
 
 The first Legislature assembled at Belmont, in the present State of Wiscon- 
 sin, on the 25th day of October, 1836, and was organized by electing Henry T. 
 Baird President of the Council, and Peter Hill Engle, of Dubuque, Speaker of 
 the House. It adjourned December 9, 1836. 
 
 The second Legislature assembled at Burlington, November 10, 1837. 
 Adjourned January 20, 1838. The third session was at Burlington ; com- 
 menced June 1st, and adjourned June 12, 1838. 
 
 During the first session of the Wisconsin Territorial Legislature, in 1836, 
 the county of Des Moines was divided into Des Moines, Lee, Van Buren, Henry, 
 Muscatine and Cook (the latter being subsequently changed to Scott) and defined 
 their boundaries. During the second session, out of the territory embraced in 
 Dubuque County, were created the counties of Dubuque, Clayton, Fayette, 
 Delaware, Buchanan, Jackson, Jones, Linn, Clinton and Cedar, and their boun- 
 daries defined, but the most of them were not organized until several years 
 afterward, under the authority of the Territorial Legislature of Iowa. 
 
 The question of a separate territorial organization for Iowa, which was then 
 a part of Wisconsin Territory, began to be agitated early in the Autumn of 
 1837. The wishes of the people found expression in a convention held at Bur- 
 lington on the 1st of November, which memorialized Congress to organize a 
 Territory west of the Mississippi, and to settle the boundary line between Wis- 
 consin Territory and Missouri. The Territorial Legislature of Wisconsin, then 
 in session at Burlington, joined in the petition. Gen. George W. Jones, of 
 Dubuque, then residing at Sinsinawa Mound, in what is now Wisconsin, was 
 Delegate to Congress from Wisconsin Territory, and labored so earnestly and 
 successfully, that " An act to divide the Territory of Wisconsin, and to estab- 
 
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 175 
 
 lish the Territorial Government of Iowa," was approved June 12, 1838, to take 
 effect and be in force on and after July 3, 1838. The new Territory embraced 
 "all that part of the present Territory of Wisconsin which lies west of the Mis- 
 sissippi River, and west of a line drawn due north from the head water or 
 sources of the Mississippi to the territorial line." The organic act provided 
 for a Governor, whose term of office should be three years, and for a Secretary, 
 Chief Justice, two Associate Justices, and Attorney and Marshal, who should 
 serve four years, to be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and 
 consent of the Senate. The act also provided for the election, by the white 
 male inhabitants, citizens of the United States, over twenty-one years of age, 
 of a House of Representatives, consisting of twenty-six members, and a Council, 
 to consist of thirteen members. It also appropriated ^5,000 for a public library, 
 and $20,000 for the erection of public buildings. 
 
 President Van Buren appointed Ex-Governor Robert Lucas, of Ohio, to be 
 the first Governor of the new Territory. William B. Conway, of Pittsburgh, 
 was appointed Secretary of the Territory ; Charles Mason, of Burlington, 
 Chief Justice, and Thomas S. Wilson, of Dubuque, and Joseph Williams, of 
 Pennsylvania, Associate Judges of the Su|)reme and District Courts; Mr. Van 
 Allen, of New York, Attorney ; Francis Gehon, of Dubuque, Marshal ; Au 
 gustus C. Dodge, Register of the Land Office at Burlington, and Thomas Mo- 
 Knight, Receiver of the Land Office at Dubuque. Mr. Van Allen, the District 
 Attorney, died at Rockingham, soon after his appointment, and Col. Charleti 
 Weston was appointed to fill his vacancy. Mr. Conway, the Secretary, also 
 died at Burlington, during the second session of the Legislature, and Jameii 
 Clarke, editor of the Crazette, was appointed to succeed him. 
 
 Immediately after his arrival, Governor Lucas issued a proclamation for tht; 
 election of members of the first Territorial Legislature, to be held on the lOtL 
 of September, dividing the Territory into election districts for that purpose, and 
 appointing the 12th day of November for meeting of the Legislature to bo 
 elected, at Burlington. 
 
 The first Territorial Legislature was elected in September and assembled at 
 Burlington on the 12th of November, and consisted of the following members : 
 
 Council. — Jesse B. Brown, J. Keith, E. A. M. Swazey, Arthur Ingram,^ 
 Robert Ralston, George Hepner, Jesse J. Payne, D. B. Hughes, James M 
 Clark, Charles Whittlesey, Jonathan W, Parker, Warner Lewis, Stephen 
 Hempstead. 
 
 House. — William Patterson, Hawkins Taylor, Calvin J. Price, James 
 Brierly, James Hall, Gideon S. Bailey, Samuel Parker, James W. Grimes, 
 George Temple, Van B. Delashmutt, Thomas Blair, George H. Beeler," 
 William G. Coop, William H. Wallace, Asbury B. Porter, John Frierson, 
 William L. Toole, Levi Thornton, S. C. Hastings, Robert G. Roberts, Laurel 
 Summers,t Jabez A. Burchard, Jr., Chauncey Swan, Andrew Bankson, Thomas 
 Cox and Hardin Nowlin. 
 
 Notwithstanding a large majority of the members of both branches of the 
 Legislature were Democrats, yet Gen. Jesse B. Browne (Whig), of Lee County, 
 was elected President of the Council, and Hon. William H. Wallace (Whig), of 
 Henry County, Speaker of the House of Representatives — the former unani- 
 mously and the latter with but little opposition. At that time, national politics 
 
 * Cyrus S. Jacobs, who was elected for Des Moines County, was killed in an unfortunate encounter at Burlington 
 before the meeting of the Legislature, and Mr. Beeler was elected to fill the vacancy. 
 
 t Samuel R. Murray was returned aa elected from Clinton County, but his seat was successfully contested by 
 Burchard. 
 
176 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 were little heeded by the people of the new Territory, but in 1840, during the 
 Presidential campaign, party lines were strongly drawn. 
 
 At the election in September, 1838, for members of the Legislature, a Con- 
 gressional Delegate was also elected. There were four candidates, viz. : William 
 W. Chapman and David Rohrer, of Des Moines County ; B. F. Wallace, of 
 Henry County, and P. H. Engle, of Dubuque County. Chapman was elected, 
 receiving a majority of thirty-six over Engle. 
 
 The first session of the Iowa Territorial Legislature was a stormy and excit- 
 ing one. By the organic law, the Governor was clothed with almost unlimited 
 veto power. Governor Lucas seemed disposed to make free use of it, and the 
 independent Hawkeyes could not quietly submit to arbitrary and absolute rule, 
 and the result was an unpleasant controversy between the Executive and Legis- 
 lative departments. Congress, however, by act approved March 3, 1839, 
 amended the organic law by restricting the veto power of the Governor to the 
 two-thirds rule, and took from him the power to appoint Sheriflfs and Magistrates. 
 
 Among the first important matters demanding attention was the location of 
 the seat of government and provision for the erection of public buildings, for 
 which Congress had appropriated $20,000. Governor Lucas, in his message, 
 had recommended the appointment of Commissioners, with a view to making a 
 central location. The extent of the future State of Iowa was not known or 
 thought of. Only on a strip of land fifty miles wide, bordering on the Missis- 
 sippi River, was the Indian title extinguished, and a central location meant some 
 central point in the Black Hawk Purchase. The friends of a central location 
 supported the Governor's suggestion. The southern members were divided 
 between Burlington and Mount Pleasant, but finally united on the latter as the 
 proper location for the seat of government. The central and southern parties 
 were very nearly equal, and, in consequence, much excitement prevailed. The 
 central party at last triumphed, and on the 21st day of January, 1839, an act 
 was passed, appointing Chauncey Swan, of Dubuque County ; John Ronalds, 
 of Louisa County, and Robert Ralston, of Des Moines County, Commissioners, 
 to select a site for a permanent seat of Government within the limits of John- 
 son County. 
 
 Johnson County had been created by act of the Territorial Legislature of 
 Wisconsin, approved December 21, 1837, and organized by act passed at the 
 special session at Burlington in June, 1838, the organization to date from July 
 4th, following. Napoleon, on the Iowa River, a few miles below the future 
 Iowa City, was designated as the county seat, temporarily. 
 
 Then there existed good reason for locating the capital in the county. The 
 Territory of Iowa was bounded on the north by the British Possessions ; east, by 
 the Mississippi River to its source ; thence by a line drawn due north to the 
 northern boundary of the United States; south, by the State of Missouri, and west, 
 by the Missouri and White Earth Rivers. But this immense territory was in un- 
 disputed possession of the Indians, except a strip on the Mississippi, known as 
 the Black Hawk Purchase. Johnson County was, from north to south, in the 
 geographical center of this purchase, and as near the east and west geographical 
 center of the future State of Iowa as could then be made, as the boundary line 
 between the lands of the United States and the Indians, established by the 
 treaty of October 21, 1837, was immediately west of the county limits. 
 
 The Commissioners, after selecting the site, were directed to lay out 640 
 acres into a toAvn, to be called Iowa City, and to proceed to sell lots and erect 
 public buildings thereon. Congress having granted a section of land to be 
 selected by the Territory for this purpose. The Commissioners met at Napo- 
 
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 177 
 
 leon, Johnson County, May 1, 1839, selected for a site Section 10, in Town- 
 ship 79 North of Range 6 West of the Fifth Principal Meridian, and immedi- 
 ately surveyed it and laid off the town. The first sale of lots took place August 
 16, 1839. The site selected for the public buildings was a little west of the 
 geographical center of the section, where a square of ten acres on the elevated 
 grounds overlooking the river was reserved for the purpose. The capitol is 
 located in the center of this square. The second Territorial Legislature, wdiich 
 assembled in November, 1839, passed an act requiring the Commissioners to 
 adopt such plan for the building that the aggregate cost when complete should 
 not exceed ^51,000, and if they had already adopted a plan involving a greater 
 expenditure they were directed to abandon it. Plans for the building were designed 
 and drawn by Mr. John F. Rague, of Springfield, 111., and on the 4th day of July, 
 1840, the corner stone of tlie edifice was laid with appropriate ceremonies. 
 Samuel C. Trowbridge was Marshal of the day, and Gov. Lucas delivered the 
 address on that occasion. 
 
 When the Legislature assembled at Burlington in special session, July 13, 
 1840, Gov. Lucas announced that on the 4th of that month he had visited Iowa 
 City, and found the basement of the capitol nearly completed. A bill author- 
 izing a loan of $20,000 for the building was passed, January 15, 1841, tlie 
 unsold lots of Iowa City being the security offered, but only $5,500 was 
 obtained under the act. 
 
 THE BOUNDARY QUESTION. 
 
 The boundary line between the Territory of Iowa and the State of Missouri 
 was a difficult question to settle in 1838, in consequence of claims arising from 
 taxes and titles, and at one time civil war was imminent. In defining the 
 boundaries of the counties bordering on Missouri, the Iowa authorities had fixed 
 a line that has since been established as the boundary between Iowa and Mis- 
 souri. The Constitution of Missouri defined her northern boundary to be the 
 parallel of latitude which passes through the rapids of the Des Moines River. 
 The lower rapids of the Mississippi immediately above the mouth of the Des 
 Moines River had always been known as the Des Moines Rapids, or "the 
 rapids of the Des Moines River." The Missourians (evidently not well versed 
 in history or geography) insisted on running the northern boundary line from 
 the rapids in the Des Moines River, just below Keosauqua, thus taking from 
 Iowa a strip of territory eight or ten miles wide. Assuming this as her 
 northern boundary line, Missouri attempted to exercise jurisdiction over the 
 disputed territory by assessing taxes, and sending her Sheriffs to collect them by 
 distraining the personal property of the settlers. The lowans, however, were 
 not disposed to submit, and the Missouri officials were arrested by the Sheriffs 
 of Davis and Van Buren Counties and confined in jail. Gov. Boggs, of 
 Missouri, called out his militia to enforce the claim and sustain the ofiicers of 
 Missouri. Gov. Lucas called out the militia of Iowa, and both parties made 
 active preparations for war. In Iowa, about 1,200 men were enlisted, and 
 500 were actually armed and encamped in Van Buren County, ready to defend 
 the integrity of the Territory. Subsequently, Gen. A. C. Dodge, of Burlington, 
 Gen. Churchman, of Dubuque, and Dr. Clark, of Fort Madison, were sent to 
 Missouri as envoys plenipotentiary, to effect, if possible, a peaceable adjustment 
 of the difficulty. Upon their arrival, they found that the County Commissioners 
 of Clarke County, Missouri, had rescinded their order for the collection of the taxes, 
 and that Gov. Boggs had despatched messengejsto the Governor of Iowa proposing 
 
178 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 to submit an agreed case to the Supreme Court of the United States for the 
 final settlement of the boundary question. This proposition was declined, but 
 afterward Congress authorized a suit to settle the controversy, which was insti- 
 tuted, and which resulted in a judgment for Iowa. Under this decision, 
 William G. Miner, of Missouri, and Henry B. Hendershott were appointed 
 Commissioners to survey and establish the boundary. Mr. Nourse remarks 
 that " the expenses of the war on the part of Iowa were never paid, either by 
 the United States or the Territorial Government. The patriots Avho furnished 
 supplies to the troops had to bear the cost and charges of the struggle." 
 
 The first legislative assembly laid the broad foundation of civil equality, on 
 which has been constructed one of the most liberal governments in the Union. 
 Its first act was to recognize the equality of woman with man before the law by 
 providing that " no action commenced by a single woman, who intermarries 
 during the pendency thereof, shall abate on account of such marriage." This prin- 
 ciple has been adopted by all subsequent legislation in Iowa, and to-day woman 
 has full and equal civil rights with man, except only the right of the ballot. 
 
 Religious toleration was also secured to all, personal liberty strictly guarded, 
 the rights and privileges of citizenship extended to all white persons, and the 
 purity of elections secured by heavy penalties against bribery and corruption. 
 The judiciary power Avas vested in a Supreme Court, District Court, Probate 
 Court, and Justices of the Peace. Real estate was made divisible by will, and 
 intestate property divided equitably among heirs. Murder was made punishable 
 by death, and proportionate penalties fixed for lesser crimes. A system of free 
 schools, open for every class of white citizens, was established. Provision was 
 made for a system of roads and highways. Thus under the territorial organi- 
 zation, the country began to emerge from a savage wilderness, and take on the 
 forms of civil govenmient. 
 
 By act of Congress of June 12, 1838, the lands which had been purchased 
 of the Indians were brought into market, and land offices opened in Dubuque 
 and Burlington. Congress provided for military roads and bridges, Avhich 
 greatly aided the settlers, Avho Avere noAV coming in by thousands, to make their 
 homes on the fertile prairies of loAva — " the Beautiful Land." The fame of the 
 country had spread far and wide ; even before the Indian title was extinguished, 
 many Avere crowding the borders, impatient to cross over and stake out their 
 claims on the choicest spots they could find in the new Territory. As 
 soon as the country Avas open for settlement, the borders, the Black Hawk 
 Purchase, all along the Mississipi, and up the principal rivers and streams, and 
 out over the broad and rolling prairies, began to be thronged Avith eager land 
 hunters and immigrants, seeking homes in loAva. It Avas a sight to delight the 
 eyes of all comers from every land — its noble streams, beautiful and picturesque 
 hills and valleys, broad and fertile prairies extending as far as the eye could 
 reach, Avith a soil surpassing in richness anything Avhich they had ever seen. It 
 is not to be Avondered at that immigration into Iowa Avas rapid, and that AA^ithin 
 less than a decade from the organization of the Territory, it contained a hundred 
 and fifty thousand people. 
 
 As rapidly as the Indian titles were extinguished and the original owners 
 removed, the resistless tide of emigration flowed Avestward. The following extract 
 from Judge Nourse's Centennial Address shoAvs hoAV the immigrants gathered 
 on the Indian boundary, ready for the removal of the barrier : 
 
 In obedience to our progressive and aggressive spirit, the Government of the United States 
 made another treaty with the Sac and Fox Indians, on the 11th day of August, 1842, for the 
 remaining portion of their land in Iowa. The treaty provided that the Indians should retain 
 
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 179 
 
 possession of all the lands thus ceded until May 1, 1843, and should occupy that portion of the 
 ceded territory west of a line running; north and south through Redrock, vintil October 11, 1845. 
 These tribes, at this time, had their principal village at Ot-tum-wa-no, now called Ottumwa. As 
 soon as it became known that the treaty had been concluded, there was a rush of immigration to 
 Iowa, and a great number of temporary settlements were made near the Indian boundary, wait- 
 ing for the 1st day of May. As the day approached, hundreds of families encamped along the 
 line, and their tents and wagons gave the scene the appearance of a military expedition. The 
 country beyond had been thoroughly explored, but the United States military authorities had 
 pi'evented any settlement or even the making out of claims by any monuments whatever. 
 
 To aid them in making out their claims when the hour should arrive, the settlers had placed 
 piles of dry wood on the rising ground, at convenient distances, and a short time before twelve 
 o'clock of the night of the 30th of April, these were lighted, and when the midnight hour arrived, 
 it was announced by the discharge of firearms. The night was dark, but this army of occupa- 
 tion pressed forward, torch in hand, with axe and hatchet, blazing lines with all manner of 
 curves and angles. When daylight came and revealed the confusion of these wonderful surveys, 
 numerous disputes arose, settled generally by compromise, but sometimes by violence Between 
 midnight of the 30th of April and sundown of the 1st of May, over one thousand families had 
 settled on their new purchase. 
 
 While this scene was transpiring, the retreating Indians were enacting one more impressive 
 and melancholy. The Winter of 1842-43 was one of unusual severity, and the Indian prophet, 
 who had disapproved of the treaty, attributed the severity of the Winter to the anger of the Great 
 Spirit, because they had sold their country. Many religious rites were performed to atone for 
 the crime. When the time for leaving Ot-tum-wa-no arrived, a solemn silence pervaded the Indian 
 camp, and the faces of their stoutest men were bathed in tears ; and Avhen their cavalcade was 
 put in motion, toward the setting sun, there was a spontaneous outburst of frantic grief from the 
 entire procession. 
 
 The Indians remained the appointed time beyond the line running north and south through 
 Redrock. The government established a trading post and military encampment at the Raccoon 
 Fork of the Des Moines River, then and for many years known as Fort Des Moines. Here the 
 red man lingered until the 11th of October, 1845, when the same scene that we have before 
 described was re-enacted, and the wave of immigration swept over the remainder of the " New 
 Purchase." The lands thus occupied and claimed by the settlers still belonged in fee to the Gen- 
 eral Government. The surveys were not completed until some time after the Indian title was 
 extinguished. After their survey, the lands were publicly proclaimed or advertised for sale at 
 public auction. Under the laws of the United States, a pre-emption or exclusive right to purchase 
 public lands could not be acquired until after the lands had thus been publicly offered and not 
 sold for want of bidders. Then, and not until then, an occupant making improvements in good 
 faith might acquire a right over others to enter the land at the minimum price of $1.25 per 
 acre. The " claim laws " were unknown to the United States statutes. They originated in the 
 " eternal fitness of things," and were enforced, probably, as belonging to that class of natural 
 rights not enumerated in the constitution, and not impaired or disparaged by its enumeration. 
 
 The settlers organized in every settlement prior to the public land sales, appointed officers, 
 and adopted their own rules and regulations. Each man's claim was duly ascertained and 
 recorded by the Secretary. It was the duty of all to attend the sales. The Secretary bid off the 
 lands of each settler at $1.25 per acre. The others were there, to see, first, that he did his duty 
 and bid in the land, and, secondly, to see that no one else bid. This, of course, sometimes led to 
 trouble, but it saved the excitement of competition, and gave a formality and degree of order 
 and regularity to the proceedings they would not otherwise have attained. As far as practicable, 
 the Territorial Legislature recognized the validity of these " claims " upon the public lands, and 
 in 1839 passed an act legalizing their sale and making their transfer a valid consideration to sup- 
 port a promise to pay for the same. (Acts of 1843, d. 456). The Supreme Territorial Court 
 held this law to be valid. (See Hill v. Smith, 1st Morris Rep. 70). The opinion not only con- 
 tains a decision of the question involved, but also contains much valuable erudition upon that 
 " spirit of Anglo-Saxon liberty" which the Iowa settlers unquestionably inherited in a direct 
 line of descent from the said " Anglo-Saxons." But the early settler was not always able to pay 
 even this dollar and twenty-five cents per acre for his land. 
 
 Many of the settlers had nothing to begin with, save their hands, health and 
 courage and their family jewels, "the pledges of love," and the "consumers of 
 bread." It was not so easy to accumulate money in the early days of the State, 
 and the "beautiful prairies," the "noble streams," and all that sort of poetic 
 imagery, did not prevent the early settlers from becoming discouraged. 
 
 An old settler, in speaking of the privations and trials of those early days, 
 says : 
 
 Well do the "old settlers ' of Iowa remember the days from the first settlement to 1840. 
 Those were days of sadness and distress. The endearments of home in another land had been 
 
180 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 broken up; and all that was hallowed on earth, the home of childhood and the scenes of 3'outh, 
 we severed ; and we sat down by the gentle waters of our noble river, and often " hung our harps 
 on the willows." 
 
 Another, from another part of the State, testifies : 
 
 There was no such thing as getting money for any kind of labor. I laid brick at $3.00 
 per thousand, and took my pay in anything I could eat or wear. I built the first Methodist 
 Church at Keokuk, 42x60 feet, of brick, for $600, and took my pay in a subscription paper, part 
 of which I never collected, and upon which I only received |.50 00 in money. Wheat was hauled 
 100 miles from the interior, and sold for 37i cents per bushel. 
 
 Another old settler, speaking of a later period, 1843, says : 
 
 Land and everything had gone down in value to almost nominal prices. Corn and oats 
 could be bought for six or ten cents a bushel ; pork, |] .00 per hundred ; and the best horse a 
 man could raise sold for |50.00. Nearly all were in debt, and the Sheriff and Constable, with 
 legal processes, were common visitors at almost every man's door. These were indeed " the times 
 that tried men's souls." 
 
 "A few," says Mr. Nourse, "who were not equal to the trial, returned to 
 their old homes, but such as had the courage and faith to be the worthy founders 
 of a great State remained, to more than realize the fruition of their hopes, and 
 the reward of their self-denial." 
 
 On Monday, December 6, 1841, the fourth Legislative Assembly met, at 
 the new capital, Iowa City, but the capitol building could not be used, and the 
 Legislature occupied a temporary frame house, that had been erected for that 
 purpose, during the session of 1841-2. At this session, the Superintendent of 
 Public Buildings (who, with the Territorial Agent, had superseded the Commis- 
 sioners first appointed), estimated the expense of completing the building at 
 $83,330, and that rooms for the use of the Legislature could be completed for 
 $15,600. 
 
 During 1842, the Superintendent commenced obtaining stone from a new 
 quarry, about ten miles northeast of the city. This is now known as the '' Old 
 Capitol Quarry," and contains, it is thought, an immense quantity of excellent 
 building stone. Here all the stone for completing the building was obtained, 
 and it was so far completed, that on the 5th day of December, 1842, the Legis- 
 lature assembled in the new capitol. At this session, the Superintendent esti- 
 mated that it would cost $39,143 to finish the building. This was nearly 
 $6,000 higher than the estimate of the previous year, notwithstanding a large 
 sum had been expended in the meantime. This rather discouraging discrep- 
 ancy was accounted for by the fact that the officers in charge of the work were 
 constantly short of funds. Except the congressional appropriation of $20,000 
 and the loan of $5,500, obtained from the Miners' Bank, of Dubuque, all the 
 funds for the prosecution of the work were derived from the sale of the city 
 lots (which did not sell very rapidly), from certificates of indebtedness, and from 
 scrip, based upon unsold lots, which was to be received in payment for such lots 
 when they were sold. At one time, the Superintendent made a requisition for 
 bills of iron and glass, which could not be obtained nearer than St. Louis. To 
 meet this, the Agent sold some lots for a draft, payable at Pittsburgh, Pa., for 
 which he was compelled to pay twenty-five per cent, exchange. This draft, 
 amounting to $507, that officer reported to be more than one-half the cash 
 actually handled by him during the entire season, when the disbursements 
 amounted to very nearly $24,000. 
 
 With such uncertainty, it could not be expected that estimates could be very 
 accurate. With all these disadvantages, however, the work appears to have 
 been prudently prosecuted, and as rapidly as circumstances would permit. 
 
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 181 
 
 Iowa remained a Territory from 1838 to 1846, during which the office of 
 Governor was held by Robert Lucas, John Chambers, and James Clarke. 
 
 STATE ORGANIZATION. 
 
 By an act of the Territorial Legislature of Iowa, approved February 12, 
 
 1844, the question of the formation of a State Constitution and providing for 
 the election of Delegates to a convention to be convened for that purpose was 
 submitted to the people, to be voted upon at their township elections in April 
 following. The vote was largely in favor of the measure, and the Delegates 
 elected assembled in convention at Iowa City, on the 7th of October, 1844. 
 On the first day of November following, the convention completed its work and 
 adopted the first State Constitution. 
 
 The President of the convention, Hon. Shepherd Leffler, was instructed to 
 transmit a certified copy of this Constitution to the Delegate in Congress, to be 
 by him submitted to that body at the earliest practicable day. It was also pro- 
 vided that it should be submitted, together with any conditions or changes that 
 might be made by Congress, to the people of the Territory, for their approval 
 or rejection, at the township election in April, 1845. 
 
 The boundaries of the State, as defined by this Constitution, were as fol- 
 lows : 
 
 Beginning in the middle of the channel of the Mississippi River, opposite mouth of the 
 Des Moines River, thence up the said river Des Moines, in the middle of the main channel 
 thereof, to a point where it is intersected by the Old Indian Boundary line, or line run by John 
 C. Sullivan, in the year 1816 ; thence westwardly along said line to the " old " northwest corner 
 of Missouri; thence due west to the middle of the main channel of the Missouri River; thence 
 up in the middle of the main channel of the river last mentioned to the mouth of the Sioux or 
 Calumet River ; thence in a direct line to the middle of the main channel of the St. Peters River, 
 where the Watonwan River — according to Nicollet's map — enters the same; thence down the 
 middle of the main channel of said river to the middle of the main channel of the Mississippi 
 River; thence down the middle of the main channel of said river to the place of beginning. 
 
 These boundaries were rejected by Congress, but by act approved March 3, 
 
 1845, a State called Iowa was admitted into the Union, provided the people 
 accepted the act, bounded as follows : 
 
 Beginning at the mouth of the Des Moines River, at the middle of the Mississippi, thence 
 by the middle of the channel of that river to a parallel of latitude passing through the mouth of 
 the Mankato or Blue Earth River; thence west, along said parallel of latitude, to a point where 
 it is intersected by a meridian line seventeen degrees and thirty minutes west of the meridian 
 of Washington City ; thence due south, to the northern boundary line of the State of Missouri; 
 thence eastwardly, following that boundary to the point at which the same intersects the Des 
 Moines River ; thence by the middle of the channel of that river to the place of beginning. 
 
 These boundaries, had they been accepted, would have placed the northern 
 boundary of the State about thirty miles north of its present location, and would 
 have deprived it of the Missouri slope and the boundary of that river. The 
 western boundary Avould have been near the west line of what is now Kossuth 
 County. But it was not so to be. In consequence of this radical and unwel- 
 come change in the boundaries, the people refused to accept the act of Congress 
 and rejected the Constitution at the election, held August 4, 1845, by a vote of 
 7,656 to 7,235. 
 
 A second Constitutional Convention assembled at Iowa City on the 4th day 
 of May, 1846, and on the 18th of the same mon'th another Constitution for the 
 new State with the present boundaries, was adopted and submitted to the people 
 for ratification on the 3d day of August following, when it was accepted ; 9,492 
 votes were cast "for the Constitution," and 9,036 "against the Constitution." 
 
182 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 The Constitution was approved by Congress, and by act of Congress approved 
 December 28, 1846, Iowa was admitted as a sovereign State in the American 
 Union. 
 
 Prior to this action of Congress, however, the people of the new State held 
 an election under the new Constitution on the 26th day of October, and elected 
 Oresel Briggs, Governor ; Elisha Cutler, Jr., Secretary of State ; Joseph T. 
 Fales, Auditor ; Morgan Reno, Treasurer ; and members of the Senate and 
 House of Representatives. 
 
 At this time there were twenty-seven organized counties in the State, with 
 a population of nearly 100,000, and the frontier settlements were rapidly push- 
 ing toward the Missouri River. The Mormons had already reached there. 
 
 The first General Assembly of the State of Iowa was composed of nineteen 
 Senators and forty Representatives. It assembled at Iowa City, November 30, 
 1846, about a month before the State was admitted into the Union. 
 
 At the first session of the State Legislature, the Treasurer of State reported 
 that the capitol building was in a very exposed condition, liable to injury from 
 storms, and expressed the hope that some provision would be made to complete 
 it, at least sufficiently to protect it from the weather. The General Assembly 
 responded by appropriating $2,500 for the completion of the public buildings. 
 At the first session also arose the question of the re-location of the capital. The 
 western boundary of the State, as now determined, left Iowa City too far toward 
 the eastern and southern boundary of the State ; this was conceded. Congress 
 had appropriated five sections of land for the erection of public buildings, and 
 toward the close of the session a bill was introduced providing for the re-location 
 of the seat of government, involving to some extent the location of the State 
 University, which had already been discussed. This bill gave rise to a deal of 
 discussion and parliamentary maneuvering, almost purely sectional in its character. 
 It provided for the appointment of three Commissioners, who were authorized to 
 make a location as near the geographical center of the State as a healthy and 
 eligible site could be obtained ; to select the five sections of land donated by 
 Congress ; to survey and plat into town lots not exceeding one section of the 
 land so selected ; to sell lots at public sale, not to exceed two in each block. 
 Having done this, they were then required to suspend further operations, and 
 make a report of their proceedings to the Governor. The bill passed both 
 Houses by decisive votes, received the signature of the Governor, and became a 
 law. Soon after, by " An act to locate and establish a State University," 
 approved February 25, 1847, the unfinished public buildings at Iowa City, 
 together with the ten acres of land on which they were situated, were granted 
 for the use of the University, reserving their use, however, by the General 
 Assembly and the State officers, until other provisions were made by law. 
 
 The Commissioners forthwith entered upon their duties, and selected four 
 sections and two half sections in Jasper County. Two of these sections are in 
 what is noAV Des Moines Township, and the others in Fairview Township, in the 
 southern part of that county. These lands are situated between Prairie City 
 and Monroe, on the Keokuk & Des Moines Railroad, which runs diagonally 
 through them. Here a town was platted, called Monroe City, and a sale of 
 lots took place. Four hundred and fifteen lots were sold, at prices that were 
 not considered remarkably remunerative. The cash payments (one-fourth) 
 amounted to $1,797.43, while the expenses of the sale and the claims of the 
 Commissioners for services amounted to $2,206.57. The Commissioners made 
 a report of their proceedings to the Governor, as required by law, but the loca- 
 tion was generally condemned. 
 
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 183 
 
 When the report of the Commissioners, shoAving this brilliant financial ope- 
 ration, had been read in the House of Representatives, at the next session, and 
 while it was under consideration, an indignant member, afterward known as 
 the eccentric Judge McFarland, moved to refer the report to a select Committee 
 of Five, with instructions to report " how much of said city of Monroe was under 
 water and how much Avas burned." The report was referred, without the 
 instructions, however, but Monroe City never became the seat of government. 
 By an act approved January 15, 1849, the law by which the location had been 
 made was repealed and the new town was vacated, the money paid by purchas- 
 ers of lots being refunded to them. This, of course, retained the seat of govern- 
 ment at Iowa City, and precluded, for the time, the occupation of the building 
 and grounds by the University. 
 
 At the same session, |3,000 more were appropriated for completing the 
 State building at Iowa City. In 1852, the further sum of $5,000, and in 1854 
 $4,000 more were apppropriated for the same purpose, making the whole cost 
 $123,000, paid partly by the General Government and partly by the State, but 
 principally from the proceeds of the sale of lots in Iowa City. 
 
 But the question of the permanent location of the seat of government was 
 not settled, and in 1851 bills were introduced for the removal of the capital to 
 Bella and to Fort Des Moines. The latter appeared to have the support of the 
 majority, but was finally lost in the House on the question of ordering it to its 
 third reading. 
 
 At the next session, in 1853, a bill was introduced in the Senate for the 
 removal of the seat of government to Fort Des Moines, and, on final vote, 
 was just barely defeated. At the next session, however, the eflFort was more 
 successful, and on the 15th day of January, 1855, a bill re-locating the capital 
 within two miles of the Raccoon Fork of the Des Moines, and for the appoint- 
 ment of Commissioners, was approved by Gov. Grimes. The site was selected 
 in 1856, in accordance with the provisions of this act, the land being donated 
 to the State by citizens and property-holders of Des Moines. An association of 
 citizens erected a building for a temporary capitol, and leased it to the State at 
 a nominal rent. 
 
 The third Constitutional Convention to revise the Constitution of the State 
 assembled at Iowa City, January 19, 1857. The new Constitution framed by 
 this convention was submitted to the people at an election held August 3, 1857^ 
 when it was approved and adopted by a vote of 40,311 " for " to 38,681 
 " against," and on the 3d day of September following was declared by a procla- 
 mation of the Governor to be the supreme law of the State of Iowa. 
 
 Advised of the completion of the temporary State House at Des Moines, on 
 the 19th of October following. Governor Grimes issued another proclamation, 
 declaring the City of Des Moines to be the capital of the State of Iowa. 
 
 The removal of the archives and offices was commenced at once and con- 
 tinued through the Fall. It was an undertaking of no small magnitude ; there 
 was not a mile of railroad to facilitate the work, and the season was unusually 
 disagreeable. Rain, snow and other accompaniments increased the difficulties ; 
 and it was not until December, that the last of the effects — the safe of the State 
 Treasurer, loaded on two large " bob-sleds " — drawn by ten yoke of oxen was de- 
 posited in the new capital. It is not imprudent now to remark that, during this 
 passage over hills and prairies, across rivers, through bottom lands and timber, 
 the safes belonging to the several departments contained large sums of money, 
 mostly individual funds, however. Thus, Iowa City ceased to be the capital of 
 the State, after four Territorial Legislatures, six State Legislatures and three 
 
184 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 Constitutional Conventions had held their sessions there. By the exchange, 
 the old capitol at Iowa City became the seat of the University, and, except the 
 rooms occupied by the United States District Court, passed under the immedi- 
 ate and direct control of the Trustees of that institution. 
 
 Des Moines was now the permanent seat of government, made so by the 
 fundamental law of the State, and on the 11th day of January, 1858, the 
 seventh General Assembly convened at the new capital. The building used 
 for governmental purposes was purchased in 1864. It soon became inadequate 
 for tlie purposes for which it was designed, and it became apparent that a new, 
 large and permanent State House must be erected. In 1870, the General 
 Assembly made an appropriation and provided for the appointment of a Board 
 of Commissioners to commence the work. The board consisted of Gov. Samuel 
 Merrill, ex officio, President ; Grenville M. Dodge, Council Bluffs ; James F. 
 Wilson, Fairfield; James Dawson, Washington; Simon G. Stein, Muscatine ; 
 James 0. Crosby, Gainsville ; Charles Dudley, Agency City ; John N. Dewey, 
 Des Moines; William L. Joy, Sioux City ; Alexander R. Fulton, Des Moines, 
 Secretary. 
 
 The act of 1870 provided that the building should be constructed of the 
 best material and should be fire proof; to be heated and ventilated in the most 
 approved manner ; should contain suitable legislative halls, rooms for State 
 officers, the judiciary, library, committees, archives and the collections of the 
 State Agricultural Society, and for all purpoees of State Government, and 
 should be erected on grounds held by the State for that purpose. The sum first 
 appropriated was $150,000 ; and the law provided that no contract should be 
 made, either for constructing or furnishing the building, which should bind the 
 State for larger sums than those at the time appropriated. A design was drawn 
 and plans and specifications furnished by Cochrane & Piquenard, architects, 
 which were accepted by the board, and on the 23d of November, 1871, the cor- 
 ner stone was laid with appropriate ceremonies. The estimated cost and present 
 value of the capitol is fixed at $2,000,000. 
 
 From 1858 to 1860, the Sioux became troublesome in the northwestern 
 part of the State. These warlike Indians made frequent plundering raids upon 
 the settlers, and murdered several families. In 1861, several companies of 
 militia were ordered to that portion of the State to hunt down and punish tlie 
 murderous thieves. No battles were fought, however, for the Indians fled 
 when they ascertained that systematic and adequate measures had been adopted 
 to protect the settlers. 
 
 '' The year 1856 marked a new era in the history of Iowa. In 1854, the 
 Chicago k Rock Island Railroad had been completed to the east bank of the 
 Mississippi River, opposite Davenport. In 1854, the corner stone of a railroad 
 bridge, that was to be the first to span the "Father of Waters," w'as laid with 
 appropriate ceremonies at this point. St. Louis had resolved that the enter- 
 prise was unconstitutional, and by writs of injunction made an unsuccessful 
 effort to prevent its completion. Twenty years later in her history, St. Louis 
 repented her folly, and made atonement for her sin by imitating our example. 
 On the 1st day of January, 1856, this railroad was completed to Iowa City. 
 In the meantime, two other railroads had reached the east bank of the Missis- 
 sippi — one opposite Burlington, and one opposite Dubuque — and these were 
 being extended into the interior of the State. Indeed, four lines of railroad 
 had been projected across the State from the Mississippi to the Missouri, hav- 
 ing eastern connections. On the 15th of May, 1856, the Congress of the 
 United States passed an act granting to the State, to aid in the construction of 
 
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 185 
 
 railroads, the public lands in alternate sections, six miles on either side of the 
 proposed lines. An extra session of the General Assembly was called in July 
 of this year, that disposed of the grant to the several companies that proposed 
 to complete these enterprises. The population of our State at this time had 
 increased to 500,000. Public attention had been called to the necessity of a 
 railroad across the continent. The position of Iowa, in the very heart and 
 center of the Republic, on the route of this great highway across the continent, 
 began to attract attention Cities and towns sprang up through the State as 
 if by magic. Capital began to pour into the State, and had it been employed 
 in developing our vast coal measures and establishing manufactories among us, 
 or if it had been expended in improving our lands, and building houses and 
 barns, it would have been well. But all were in haste to get rich, and the 
 spirit of speculation ruled the hour. 
 
 " In the meantime, every effort was made to help the speedy completion of 
 the railroads. Nearly every county and city on the Mississippi, and many in 
 the interior, voted large corporate subscriptions to the stock of the railroad 
 companies, and issued their negotiable bonds for the amount." Thus enormous 
 county and city debts were incurred, the payment of which these municipalities 
 tried to avoid upon the plea that they had exceeded the constitutional limit- 
 ation of their powers. The Supreme Court of the United States held these 
 bonds to be valid ; and the courts by mandamus compelled the city and county 
 authorities to levy taxes to pay the judgments. These debts are not all paid 
 even yet, but the worst is over and ultimately the burden will be entirely 
 removed 
 
 The first railroad across the State was completed to Council Bluffs in Jan- 
 uary, 1871. The others were completed soon after. In 1854, there was not 
 a mile of railroad in the State. In 1874, twenty years after, there were 3,765 
 miles in successful operation. 
 
 GROWTH AND PROGRESS. 
 
 When Wisconsin Territory was organized, in 1836, the entire population of 
 that portion of the Territory now embraced in the State of Iowa was 10.531. 
 The Territory then embraced two counties, Dubuque and Des Moines, erected 
 by the Territory of Michigan, in 1834. From 1836 to 1838, the Territorial 
 Legislature of Wisconsin increased the number of counties to sixteen, and the 
 population had increased to 22,859. Since then, the counties have increased 
 to ninety-nine, and the population, in 1875, was 1,366,000. The following 
 table will show the population at different periods since the erection of Iowa 
 Territory : 
 
 Year. 
 
 Population. Year. 
 
 1838 22,589 
 
 1840 43,115 
 
 1844 75,152 
 
 1846 97,588 
 
 1847 116,651 
 
 1849 152,988 
 
 1850 191,982 
 
 1851 204,774 
 
 Population. 
 
 1852 230,713 
 
 1854 326,013 
 
 1856 519.055 
 
 1859 638,775 
 
 1860 674,913 
 
 1863 701,732 
 
 1865 754,699 
 
 1867 902,040 
 
 The most populous county in the State is Dubuqne. Not only in popula,- 
 tion, but in everything contributing to the growth and greatness of a State has 
 Iowa made rapid progress. In a little more than thirty years, its wild but 
 beautiful prairies have advanced from the home of the savage to a highly civ- 
 ilized commonwealth, embracing all the elements of progress which characterize 
 the older States. 
 
 Year. Population. 
 
 1869 1,040,819 
 
 1870 1,191,727 
 
 1873 1,251,333 
 
 1875 1,366,000 
 
 18-76 
 
 1877 
 
186 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 Thriving cities and towns dot its fair surface ; an iron net-work of thou- 
 sands of miles of railroads is woven over its broad acres ; ten thousand school 
 houses, in which more than five hundred thousand children are being taught 
 the rudiments of education, testify to the culture and liberality of the people; 
 high schools, colleges and universities are generously endowed by the State ; 
 manufactories spring up on all her water courses, and in most of her cities 
 and towns. 
 
 Whether measured from the date of her first settlement, her organization as 
 a Territory or admission as a State, Iowa has thus far shown a growth unsur- 
 passed, in a similar period, by any commonwealth on the face of the earth ; 
 and, with her vast extent of fertile soil, with her inexhaustible treasures of 
 mineral wealth, with a healthful, invigorating climate; an intelligent, liberty- 
 loving people; with equal, just and liberal laws, and her free schools, the 
 future of Iowa may be expected to surpass the most hopeful anticipations of her 
 present citizens. 
 
 Looking upon Iowa as she is to-day — populous, prosperous and happy — it 
 is hard to realize the wonderful changes that have occurred since the first white 
 settlements were made within her borders. When the number of States was 
 only twenty-six, and their total population about twenty millions, our repub- 
 lican form of government was hardly more than an experiment, just fairly put 
 upon trial. The development of our agricultural resources and inexhaustible 
 mineral wealth had hardly commenced. Westward the "Star of Empire" 
 had scarcely started on its way. West of the great Mississippi was 'a mighty 
 empire, but almost unknown, and marked on the maps of the period as " The 
 Great American Desert." 
 
 Now, thirty-eight stars glitter on our national escutcheon, and forty-five 
 millions of people, who know their rights and dare maintain them, tread 
 American soil, and the grand sisterhood of States extends from the Gulf of 
 Mexico to the Canadian border, and from the rocky coast of the Atlantic to 
 the golden shores of the Pacific. 
 
 THE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE AND FARM. 
 
 Ames, Story County. 
 
 The Iowa State Agricultural College and Farm were established by au act 
 of the General Assembly, approved March 22, 1858. A Board of Trustees was 
 appointed, consisting of Governor R. P. Lowe, John D. Wright, William Duane 
 Wilson, M. W. Robinson, Timothy Day, Richard Gaines, John Pattee, G. W. 
 F. Sherwin, Suel Foster, S. W. Henderson, Clement Coffin and E. G. Day ; 
 the Governors of the State and President of the College being ex officio mem- 
 bers. Subsequently the number of Trustees was reduced to five. The Board 
 met in June, 1859, and received propositions for the location of the College and 
 Farm from Hardin, Polk, Story and Boone, Marshall, Jefferson and Tama 
 Counties. In July, the proposition of Story County and some of its citizens 
 and by the citizens of Boone County was accepted, and the farm and the site 
 for the buildings were located. In 1860-61, the farm-house and barn were 
 erected. In 1862, Congress granted to the State 240,000 acres of land for the 
 endowment of schools of agriculture and the mechanical arts, and 195,000 acres 
 were located by Peter Melendy, Commissioner, in 1862-3. George W. Bassett 
 was appointed Land Agent for the institution. In 1864, the General Assem- 
 bly appropriated $20,000 for the erection of the college building. 
 
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 18T 
 
 In June of that year, the Building Committee, consisting of Suel Foster, 
 Peter Melendy and A. J. Bronson, proceeded to let the contract. John Browne, 
 of Des Moines, was employed as architect, and furnished the plans of the build- 
 ing, but was superseded in its construction by C. A. Dunham. The ^20,000 
 appropriated by the General Assembly were expended in putting in the foun- 
 dations and making the brick for the structure. An additional appropriation 
 of $91,000 was made in 1866, and the building was completed in 1868. 
 
 Tuition in this college is made by law forever free to pupils from the State 
 over sixteen years of age, who have been resident of the State six months pre- 
 vious to thfeir admission. Each county in the State has a prior right of tuition 
 for three scholars from each county ; the remainder, equal to the capacity of the 
 college, are by the Trustees distributed among the counties in proportion to the 
 population, and subject to the above rule. All sale of ardent spirits, wine or 
 beer are prohibited by law within a distance of three miles from the college, 
 except for sacramental, mechanical or medical purposes. 
 
 The course of instruction in the Agricultural College embraces the following 
 branches: Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, Botany, Horticulture, Fruit Growing, 
 Forestry, Animal and Vegetable Anatomy, Geology, Mineralogy, Meteorology, 
 Entomology, Zoology, the Veterinary Art, Plane Mensuration, Leveling, Sur- 
 veying, Bookkeeping, and such Mechanical Arts as* are directly connected 
 with agriculture ; also such other studies as the Trustees may from time to time 
 prescribe, not inconsistent with the purposes of the institution. 
 
 The funds arising from the lease and sale of lands and interest on invest- 
 ments are sufficient for the support of the institution. Several College Societies 
 are maintained among the students, who publish a monthly paper. There is 
 also an " out-law " called the " ATA^ Chapter Omega." 
 
 The Board of Trustees in 1877 was composed of C. W. Warden, Ottumwa, 
 Chairman ; Hon. Samuel J. Kirkwood, Iowa City ; William B. Treadway, 
 Sioux City ; Buel Sherman, Fredericksburg, and Laurel Summers, Le Claire. 
 E. W. Starten, Secretary ; William D. Lucas, Treasurer. 
 
 Board of Instruction. — A. S. Welch, LL. D., President and Professor of 
 Psychology and Philosophy of Science ; Gen. J. L. Geddes, Professor of INlili- 
 tary Tactics and Engineering; W. H. Wynn, A. M., Ph. D., Professor of 
 English Literature; C. E. Bessey, M. S., Professor of Botany, Zoology, Ento- 
 mology ; A. Thompson, C. E,, Mechanical Engineering and Superintendent of 
 Workshops; F. E. L. Beal, B. S., Civil Engineering; T. E. Pope, A. M., 
 Chemistry; M. Stalker, Agricultural and Veterinary Science; J. L. Budd, 
 Horticulture; J. K. Macomber, Physics; E. W. Stanton, Mathematics and 
 Political Economy ; Mrs. Margaret P. Stanton, Preceptress, Instructor in 
 French and Mathematics. 
 
 THE STATE UNIVERSITY. 
 
 Iowa City, Johnson County. 
 
 In the famous Ordinance of 1787, enacted by Congress before the Territory 
 of the United States extended beyond the Mississippi River, it was declared 
 that in all the territory northwest of the Ohio River, " Schools and the means 
 of education shall forever be encouraged." By act of Congress, approved July 
 20, 1840, the Secretary of the Treasury was authorized " to set apart and re- 
 serve from sale, out of any of the public lands within the Territory of Iowa, to 
 which the Indian title has been or may be extinguished, and not otherwise ap- 
 propriated, a quantity of land, not exceeding the entire townships, for the use 
 
188 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 and support of a university within said Territorry when it becomes a State, and 
 for no other use or purpose whatever ; to be located in tracts of not less than an 
 entire section, corresponding with any of the large divisions into which the pub- 
 lic land are authorized to be surveyed." 
 
 William W. Dodge, of Scott County, was appointed by the Secretary of the 
 Treasury to make the selections. He selected Section 5 in Township 78, north 
 of Range 3, east of the Fifth Principal Meridian, and then removed from the 
 Territory. No more lands were selected until 1846, when, at the request of the 
 Assembly, John M. Whitaker of Van Buren County, was appointed, who selected 
 the remainder of the grant except about 122 acres. 
 
 In the first Constitution, under which Iowa was admitted to the Union, the 
 people directed the disposition of the proceeds of this munificent grant in ac- 
 cordance with its terms, and instructed the General Assembly to provide, as soon 
 as may be, effectual means for the improvement and peonanent security of the 
 funds of the university derived from the lands. 
 
 The first General Assembly, by act approved February 25, 1847, established 
 the " State University of Iowa " at Iowa City, then the capital of the State. 
 "with such other branches as public convenience may hereafter require." 
 The " public buildings at Iowa City, together with the ten acres of land in which 
 they are situated," were granted for the use of said university, iji'ovided, how- 
 ever, that the sessions of the Legislature and State offices should be held in the 
 capitol until otherwise provided by law. The control and management of the 
 University were committed to a board of fifteen Trustees, to be appointed by the 
 Legislature, five of whom were to be chosen bienially. The Superintendent 
 of Public Instruction was made President of this Board. Provisions were made 
 for the disposal of the two townships of land, and for the investment of the funds 
 arising therefrom. The act further provides that the University shall never be 
 under the exclusive control of any religious denomination whatever," and as 
 soon as the revenue for the grant and donations amounts to ^2,000 a year, the 
 University should commence and continue the instruction, free of charge, of fifty 
 students annually. The General Assembly retained full supervision over the 
 University, its officers and the grants and donations made and to be made to it 
 by the State. 
 
 Section 5 of the act appointed James P. Carleton, H. D. Downey, Thomas 
 Snyder, Samuel McCrory, Curtis Bates, Silas Foster, E. C. Lyon, James H. 
 Gower, George G. Vincent, Wm. G. Woodward, Theoiore S. Parvin, George 
 Atchinson, S. G. Matson, H. W. Starr and Ansel Briggs, the first Board of 
 Trustees. 
 
 The organization of the University at Iowa City was impracticable, how- 
 ever, so long as the seat of government was retained there. 
 
 In January, 1849, two branches of the University and three Normal 
 Schools were established. The branches were located — one at Fairfield, and 
 the other at Dubuque, and were placed upon an equal footing, in respect to 
 funds and all other matters, with the University established at Iowa City. 
 "This act," says Col. Benton, "created three State Universities, Avith equal 
 rights and powers, instead of a 'University with such branches as public conven- 
 ience may hereafter demand,' as provided by the Constitution." 
 
 The Board of Directors of the Fairfield Branch consisted of Barnet Ris- 
 tine, Christian W. Slagle, Daniel Rider, Horace Gaylord, Bernhart Henn and 
 Samuel S. Bayard. At the first meeting of the Board, Mr. Henn was elected 
 President, Mr. Slagle Secretary, and Mr. Gaylord Treasurer. Twenty acres 
 of land were purchased, and a building erected thereon, costing $2,500. 
 
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 189 
 
 This building was nearly destroyed by a hurricane, in 1850, but was rebuilt 
 more substantially, all by contributions of the citizens of Fairfield. This 
 branch never received any aid from the State or from the University Fund, 
 and by act approved January 24, 1853, at the request of the Board, the Gen- 
 eral Assembly terminated its relation to the State. 
 
 The branch at Dubuque was placed under the control of the Superintendent 
 of Public Instruction, and John King, Caleb H. Booth, James M. Emerson, 
 Michael J. Sullivan, Richard Benson and the Governor of the State as 
 Trustees. The Trustees never organized, and its existence was only nominal. 
 
 The Normal Schools were located at Andrew, Oskaloosa and Mount 
 Pleasant, respectively. Each was to be governed by a board of seven Trustees, to 
 be appointed by the Trustees of the University. Each was to receive ^500 annu- 
 ally from the income of the University Fund, upon condition that they should ed- 
 ucate eight common school teachers, free of charge for tuition, and that the citizens 
 should contribute an equal sum for the erection of the requisite buildings. 
 The several Boards of Trustees were appointed. At Andrew, the school was 
 organized Nov. 21, 1819; Samuel Ray, Principal; Miss J. S. Dorr, Assist- 
 ant. A building was commenced and over $1,000 expended on it, but it was 
 never completed. At Oskaloosa, the Trustees organized in April, 1852. This 
 school was opened in the Court House, September 13, 1852, under the charge 
 of Prof. G. M. Drake and wife. A two story brick building was completed in 
 1853, costing $2,473. The school at Mount Pleasant was never organized. 
 Neither of these schools received any aid from the University Fund, but in 
 1857 the Legislature appropriated $1,000 each for those at Oskaloosa and 
 Andrew, and repealed the law authorizing the payment of money to them from 
 the University Fund. From that time they made no further effort to 
 continue in operation. 
 
 At a special meeting of the Board of Trustees, held February 21, 1850, 
 the " College of Physicians and Surgeons of the Upper Mississippi," established 
 at Davenport, was recognized as the " College of Physicians and Surgeons of 
 the State University of Iowa," expressly stipulating, however, that such recog- 
 nition should not render the University liable for any pecuniary aid, nor was 
 the Board to have any control over the property or management of the Medical 
 Association. Soon after, this College was removed to Keokuk, its second ses- 
 sion being opened there in November, 1850. In 1851, the General Assembly 
 confirmed the action of the Board, and by act approved January 22, 1855, 
 placed the Medical College under the supervision of the Board of Trustees of 
 the University, and it continued in operation until this arrangement was termi- 
 nated by the new Constitution, September 3, 1857. 
 
 From 1847 to 1855, the Board of Trustees was kept full by regular elec- 
 tions by the Legislature, and the Trustees held frequent meetings, but there was 
 no effectual organization of the University. In March, 1855, it was partially 
 opened for a term of sixteen weeks. July 16, 1855, Amos Dean, of Albany, 
 N. Y., Avas elected President, but he never entered fully upon its duties. The 
 University was again opened in September, 1855, and continued in operation 
 until June,- 1856, under Professors Johnson, Welton, Van Valkenburg and 
 Guffin. 
 
 In the Spring of 1856, the capital of the State was located at Des Moines; 
 but there were no buildings there, and the capitol at Iowa City was not vacated 
 by the State until December, 1857. 
 
 In June, 1856, the faculty was re-organized, with some changes, and the 
 University was again opened on the third Wednesday of September, 1856. 
 
190 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 There were one hundred and twenty-four students — eighty-three males and 
 forty-one females — in attendance during the year 1856-7, and the first regular 
 catalogue was published. 
 
 At a special meeting of the Board, September 22, 1857, the honorary de- 
 gree of Bachelor of Arts was conferrei on D. Franklin Wells. This was the 
 first degree conferred by the Board. 
 
 Article IX, Section 11, of the new State Constitution, which went into force 
 September 3, 1857, provided as follows : 
 
 The State Universitv shall be established at one place, without branches at any other place ; 
 and the University fund shall be applied to that institution, and no other. 
 
 Article XI, Section 8, provided that 
 
 The seat of Government is hereby permanently established, as now fixed by law, at the city 
 of Des Moines, in the county of Polk ; and the State University at Iowa City, in the county of 
 Johnson. 
 
 The new Constitution created the Board of Education, consisting of the 
 Lieutenant Governor, who was ex officio President, and one member to be elected 
 from each judicial district in the State. This Board was endowed with 
 " full power and authority to legislate and make all needful rules and regula- 
 tions in relation to common schools and other educational institutions," subject 
 to alteration, amendment or repeal by the General Assembly, which was vested 
 with authority to abolish or re-organize the Board at any time after 1863. 
 
 In December, 1857, the old capitol building, now known as Central Hall of 
 the University, except the rooms occupied by the United States District Court, 
 and the property, with that exception, passed under the control of the Trustees, 
 and became the seat of the University. The old building had had hard usage, 
 and its arrangement was illy adapted for University purposes. Extensive repairs 
 and changes were necessary, but the Board was without funds for these pur- 
 poses. 
 
 The last meeting of the Board, under the old law, was held in January, 
 1858. At this meeting, a resolution was introduced, and seriously considered, 
 to exclude females from the University ; but it finally failed. 
 
 March 12, 1858, the first Legislature under the new Constitution enacted 
 a new law in relation to the University, but it was not materially diflFerent from 
 the former. March 11, 1858, the Legislature appropriated $3,000 for the re- 
 pair and modification of the old capitol building, and $10,000 for the erection 
 of a boarding house, now known as South Hall. 
 
 The Board of Trustees created by the new law met and duly organized 
 April 27, 1858, and determined to close the University until the income from its 
 fund should be adequate to meet the current expenses, and the buildings should 
 be ready for occupation. Until this term, the building known as the " Mechan- 
 ics' Academy" had been used for the school. The Faculty, except the Chan- 
 cellor (Dean), was dismissed, and all further instruction suspended, from the close 
 of the term then in progress until September, 1859. At this meeting, a reso- 
 lution Avas adopted excluding females from the University after the close of the 
 existing term ; but this was afterward, in August, modified, so as to admit them 
 to the Normal Department. 
 
 At the meeting of the Board, August 4, 1858, the degree of Bachelor of 
 Science was conferred upon Dexter Edson Smith, being the first degree con- 
 ferred upon a student of the University. Diplomas were awarded to the mem- 
 bers of the first graduating class of the Normal Department as follows : Levi 
 P. Aylworth, Cellina H. Aylworth, Elizabeth L. Humphrey, Annie A. Pinney 
 and Sylvia M. Thompson. 
 
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 191 
 
 An " Act for the Government and Regulation of the State University of 
 Iowa," approved December 25, 1858, was mainly a re-enactment of the law of 
 March 12, 1858, except that changes were made in the Board of Trustees, and 
 manner of their appointment. This law provided that both sexes were to be 
 admitted on equal terms to all departments of the institution, leaving the Board 
 no discretion in the matter. 
 
 The new Board met and organized, February 2, 1859, and decided to con- 
 tinue the Normal Department only to the end of the current term, and that it 
 was unwise to re-open the University at that time ; but at the annual meeting 
 of the Board, in June of the same year, it was resolved to continue the Normal 
 Department in operation ; and at a special meeting, October 25, 1859, it was 
 decided to re-open the University in September, 1860. Mr. Dean had resigned 
 as Chancellor prior to this meeting, and Silas Totten, D. D., LL. D., was elected 
 President, at a salary of $2,000, and his term commenced June, 1860. 
 
 At the annual meeting, June 28, 1860, a full Faculty was appointed, and 
 the University re-opened, under this new organization, September 19, 1860 
 (third Wednesday) ; and at this date the actual existence of the University may 
 be said to commence. 
 
 August 19, 1862, Dr. Totten having resigned. Prof Oliver M. Spencer 
 was elected President and the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws was conferred 
 upon Judge Samuel F. Miller, of Keokuk. 
 
 At the commencement, in June, 1863, was the first class of graduates in 
 the Collegiate Department. 
 
 The Board of Education was abolished March 19, 1864, and the office of 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction was restored ; the General Assembly 
 resumed control of the subject of education, and on March 21, an act was ap- 
 proved for the government of the University. It was substantially the same as 
 the former law, but provided that the Governor should be ex officio President of 
 the Board of Trustees. Until 1858, the Superintendent of Public Instruction 
 had been ex officio President. During the period of the Board of Education, 
 the University Trustees were elected by it, and elected their own President. 
 
 President Spencer was granted leave of absence from April 10, 1866, for 
 fifteen months, to visit Europe ; and Prof Nathan R. Leonard was elected 
 President pro tern. 
 
 The North Hall was completed late in 1866. 
 
 At the annual meeting in June, 1867, the resignation of President Spencer 
 (absent in Europe) was accepted, and Prof. Leonard continued as President jjro 
 tern., until March 4, 1868, when James Black, D. D., Vice President of Wash- 
 ington and Jefferson College, Penn., was elected President. Dr. Black entered 
 upon his duties in September, 1868. 
 
 The Law Department was established in June, 1868, and, in September fol- 
 lowing, an arrangement was perfected with the Iowa Law School, at Des Moines, 
 whicli had been in successful operation for three years, under the management 
 of Messrs. George G. Wright, Chester C. Cole and William G. Hammond, by 
 which that institution was transferred to Iowa City and merged in the Law De- 
 partment of the University. The Faculty of this department consisted of the 
 President of the University, Hon. Wm. G. Hammond, Resident Professor and 
 Principal of the Department, and Professors G. G. Wright and C. C. Cole. 
 
 Nine students entered at the commencement of the first term, and during 
 the year ending June, 1877, there were 103 students in this department. 
 
 At a special meeting of the Board, on the 17th of September, 1868, a Com- 
 mittee was appointed to consider the expediency of establishing a Medical De- 
 
192 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 partment. This Committee reported at once in favor of the proposition, the 
 Faculty to consist of the President of the University and seven Professors, and 
 recommended that, if practicable, the new department should be opened at the 
 commencement of the University year, in 1869-70. At this meeting, Hon. 
 Ezekiel Clark was elected Treasurer of the University. 
 
 By an act of the General Assembly, approved April 11, 1870, the "Board 
 of Regents " was instituted as the governing power of the University, and since 
 that time it has been the fundamental law of the institution. The Board of 
 Regents held its first meeting June 28, 1870. Wm. J. Haddock was elected 
 Secretary, and Mr. Clark, Treasurer. 
 
 Dr. Black tendered his resignation as President, at a special meeting of the 
 Board, held August 18, 1870, to take eflfect on the 1st of December following. 
 His resignation was accepted. 
 
 The South Hall having been fitted up for the purpose, the first term of the 
 Medical Department was opened October 24, 1870, and continued until March, 
 1871, at which time there were three graduates and thirty-nine students. 
 
 March 1, 1871, Rev. George Thacher was elected President of the Univer- 
 sity. Mr. Thacher accepted, entered upon his duties April 1st, and was form- 
 ally inaugurated at the annual meeting in June, 1861. 
 
 In June, 1874, the " Chair of Military Instruction" was established, and 
 the President of the United States was requested to detail an officer to perform 
 its duties. In compliance with this request, Lieut. A. D. Schenck, Second Artil- 
 lery, U. S. A., was detailed as "Professor of Military Science and Tactics," 
 at Iowa State University, by order of the War Department, August 26, 1874, 
 who reported for duty on the 10th of September following. Lieut. Schenck 
 was relieved by Lieut. James Chester, Third Artillery, January 1, 1877. 
 
 Treasurer Clark resigned November 3, 1875, and John N. Coldren elected 
 in his stead. 
 
 At the annual meeting, in 1876, a Department of Homoeopathy was 
 established. 
 
 In March, 1877, a resolution was adopted affiliating the High Schools of 
 the State with the University. 
 
 In June, 1877, Dr. Thacher's connection with the University was termi- 
 nated, and C. W. Slagle, a member of the Board of Regents, was elected Pres- 
 ident. 
 
 In 1872, the ex officio membership of the Superintendent of Public Instruc- 
 tion was abolished ; but it was restored in 1876. Following is a catalogue of 
 the officers of this important institution, from 1847 to 1878 : 
 
 TRUSTEES OR REGENTS. 
 
 PRESIDENTS. 
 
 FROM TO 
 
 James Harlan, Superintendent Public Instruction, ex officio 1847 1848 
 
 Thomas H. Benton, Jr,, Superintendent Public Instruction, ex officio 1848 1854 
 
 James D. Eads, Superintendent Public Instruction, ex officio 1854 1857 
 
 Maturin L. Fisher, Superintendent Public Instruction, ex officio 1857 1858 
 
 Amos Dean, Chancellor, ex officio 1858 1859 
 
 Thomas H. Benton, Jr 1859 18(13 
 
 Francis Springer .' 1863 1864 
 
 William M. Stone, Governor, ex officio 1864 1808 
 
 Samuel Merrill, Governor, ex officio 1868 1872 
 
 Cyrus C. Carpenter, Governor, ex officio 1872 1876 
 
 Samuel J. Kirkwood, Governor, ex officio - 1S76 1877 
 
 Joshua G. Newbold, Governor, ex officio 1877 1878 
 
 John H. Gear 1878 
 
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 19S 
 
 VICE PRESIDENTS. FROM TO 
 
 Silas Foster T.. 1847 1851 
 
 Robert Lucas 1851 1853 
 
 Edward Connelly 1854 1855 
 
 Moses J. Morsman 1855 1858 
 
 SECRETARIES. 
 
 Hugh D. Downey 1847 1851 
 
 Anson Hart 1851 1857 
 
 Elijah Sells 1857 1858 
 
 Anson Hart 1858 1864 
 
 William J. Haddock 1864 
 
 TREASURERS. 
 
 Morgan Reno, State Treasurer, ex officio 1847 1850 
 
 Israel Kister, State Treasurer, ex officio 1850 1852 
 
 Martin L. Morris, State Treasurer, ex officio 1852 1855 
 
 Henry W. Lathrop 1855 1862 
 
 William Crum 1862 1868 
 
 Ezekiel Clark 1868 1876 
 
 John N. Coldren 1876 
 
 PRESIDENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY. 
 
 Amos Dean, LL. D 1855 1858 
 
 Silas Totten, D. D., LL. D 1860 1862 
 
 Oliver M. Spencer, D. D.* 1862 1867 
 
 James Black, D. D 1868 1870 
 
 George Thacher, D. D 1871 1877 
 
 C. W. Slagle 1877 
 
 The present educational corps of the University consists of the President, 
 nine Professors in the Collegiate Department, one Professor and six Instructors 
 in Military Science ; Chancellor, three Professors and four Lecturers in the 
 Law Department ; eight Professor Demonstrators of Anatomy ; Prosector of 
 Surgery and two Lecturers in the Medical Department, and two Professors in 
 the Homoeopathic Medical Department. 
 
 STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 
 
 By act of the General Assembly, approved January 28, 1857, a State His- 
 torical Society was provided for in connection with the University. At the 
 commencement, an appropriation of $250 was made, to be expended in collecting, 
 embodying, and preserving in an authentic form a library of books, pamphlets, 
 charts, maps, manuscripts, papers, paintings, statuary, and other materials illus- 
 trative of the history of Iowa; and with the further object to rescue from 
 oblivion the memory of the early pioneers ; to obtain and preserve various 
 accounts of their exploits, perils and hardy adventures ; to secure facts and 
 statements relative to the history and genius, and progress and decay of the 
 Indian tribes of Iowa ; to exhibit faithfully the antiquities and past and present 
 resources of the State ; to aid in the publication of such collections of the Society 
 as shall from time to time be deemed of value and interest ; to aid in binding 
 its books, pamphlets, manuscripts and papers, and in defraying other necessary 
 incidental expenses of the Society. 
 
 There was appropriated by law to this institution, till the General Assembly 
 shall otherwise direct, the sum of $500 per annum. The Society is under the 
 management of a Board of Curators, consisting of eighteen persons, nine of 
 whom are appointed by the Governor, and nine elected by the members of the 
 Society. The Curators receive no compensation for their services. The annual 
 
194 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 meeting is provided for by law, to be held at Iowa City on Monday preceding 
 the last Wednesday in June of each year. 
 
 The State Historical Society has published a series of very valuable collec- 
 tions, including history, biography, sketches, reminiscences, etc., with quite a 
 large number of finely engraved portraits of prominent and early settlers, under 
 the title of " Annals of Iowa." 
 
 THE PENITENTIARY. 
 
 Located at Fort Madison, Lee County. 
 
 The first act of the Territorial Legislature, relating to a Penitentiary in 
 Iowa, was approved January 25, 1839, the fifth section of which authorized the 
 Governor to draw the sum of $20,000 appropriated by an act of Congress ap- 
 proved July 7, 1838, for public buildings in the Territory of Iowa. It provided 
 for a Board of Directors of three persons elected by the Legislature, who should 
 direct the building of the Penitentiary, which should be located within one mile 
 of the public square, in the town of Fort Madison, Lee County, provided Fort 
 Madison should deed to the directors a tract of land suitable for a site, and assign 
 them, by contract, a spring or stream of water for the use of the Penitentiary. 
 To the Directors was also given the power of appointing the Warden ; the latter 
 to appoint his own assistants. 
 
 The first Directors appointed were John S. David and John Claypole. They 
 made their first report to the Legislative Council November 9, 1839. The citi- 
 zens of the town of Fort Madison had executed a deed conveying ten acres of 
 land for the building site. Amos Ladd was appointed Superintendent of the 
 building June 5, 1839. The building was designed of sufficient capacity to con- 
 tai|i one hundred and thirty-eight convicts, and estimated to cost $55,933.90. 
 It was begun on the 9th of July, 1839 ; the main building and Warden's house 
 were completed in the Fall of 1841. Other additions were made from time to 
 time till the building and arrangements were all complete according to the plan 
 of the Directors. It has answered the purpose of the State as a Penitentiary 
 for more than thirty years, and during that period many items of practical ex- 
 perience in prison management have been gained. 
 
 It has long been a problem how to conduct prisons, and deal with what are 
 called the criminal classes generally, so as to secure their best good and best 
 subserve the interests of the State. Both objects must be taken into considera- 
 tion in any humaritarian view of the subject. This problem is not yet solved, 
 but Iowa has adopted the progressive and enlightened policy of humane treat- 
 ment of prisoners and the utilization of their labor for their own support. The 
 labor of the convicts in the Iowa Penitentiary, as in most others in the United 
 States, is let out to contractors, who pay the State a certain stipulated amount 
 therefor, the State furnishing the shops, tools and machinery, as well as the 
 supervision necessary to preserve order and discipline in the prison. 
 
 While this is an improvement upon the old solitary confinement system, it 
 still falls short of an enlightened reformatory system that in the future will 
 treat the criminal for mental disease and endeavor to restore him to usefulness 
 in the community. The objections urged against the contract system of dis- 
 posing of the labor of prisoners, that it brings the labor of honest citizens into 
 competition with convict labor at reduced prices, and is disadvantageous to the 
 State, are not without force, and the system will have no place in the prisons of 
 the future. 
 
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 195 
 
 It is right that the convict should labor. He should not be allowed to live 
 in idleness at public expense. Honest men labor ; why should not they? Hon- 
 est men are entitled to the fruits of their toil ; why should not the convict as 
 well ? The convict is sent to the Penitentiary to secure public safety. The 
 State deprives him of his liberty to accomplish this purpose and to punish him 
 for violations of law, but, having done this, the State wrongs both itself and the 
 criminal by confiscating his earnings ; because it deprives his family of what 
 justly belongs to them, and an enlightened civilization will ere long demand 
 that the prisoner in the penitentiary, after paying a fair price for his board, is 
 as justly entitled to his net earnings as the good citizen outside its walls, and 
 his family, if he has one, should be entitled to draw his earnings or stated portion 
 of them at stated periods. If he has no family, then if his net earnings should 
 be set aside to his credit and paid over to him at the expiration of his term of 
 imprisonment, he would not be turned out upon the cold charities of a somewhat 
 Pharisaical world, penniless, with the brand of the convict upon his brow, with 
 no resource save to sink still deeper in crime. Let Iowa, " The Beautiful Land," 
 be first to recognize the rights of its convicts to the fruits of their labor ; keep 
 their children from the alms-house, and place a powerful incentive before them 
 to become good citizens when they return to the busy world again. 
 
 ADDITIONAL PENITENTIARY. 
 
 Located at Anamosa, Jones County. 
 
 By an act of the Fourteenth General Assembly, approved April 23, 1872, 
 William lire, Foster L. Downing and Martin Heisey were constituted Commis- 
 sioners to locate and provide for the erection and control of an additional 
 Penitentiary for the State of Iowa. These Commissioners met on the 4th of 
 the following June, at Anamosa, Jones County, and selected a site donated by 
 the citizens, within the limits of the city. L. W. Foster & Co., architects, of 
 Des Moines, furnished the plan, drawings and specifications, and work was 
 commenced on the building on the 28th day of September, 1872. May 13, 
 1873, twenty convicts were transferred to Anamosa from the Fort Madison 
 Penitentiary. The entire enclosure includes fifteen acres, with a frontage of 
 663 feet. 
 
 IOWA HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. 
 
 Mount Pleasant, Henry County. 
 
 By an act of the General Assembly of Iowa, approved January 24, 1855, 
 $4,425 were appropriated for the purchase of a site, and $50,000 for building 
 an Insane Hospital, and the Governor (Grimes), Edward Johnston, of Lee 
 County, and Charles S. Blake, of Henry County, were appointed to locate the 
 institution and superintend the erection of the building. These Commission- 
 ers located the institution at Mt. Pleasant, Henry County. A plan for a 
 building designed to accommodate 300 patients, drawn by Dr. Bell, of Massa- 
 chusetts, was accepted, and in October work was commenced under the superin- 
 tendence of Mr. Henry Winslow. Up to February 25, 1858, and including an 
 appropriation made on that date, the Legislature had appropriated $258,555.67 
 to this institution, but the building was not finished ready for occupancy by 
 patients until March 1, 1861. The Trustees were Maturin L. Fisher, Presi- 
 dent, Farmersburg; Samuel McFarland, Secretary, Mt. Pleasant; D. L. 
 
196 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 McGuwin, Keokuk; G. W. Kincaid, Muscatine; J. D. Elbert, Keosauqua : 
 John B. Lash and Harpin Riggs, Mt. Pleasant. Richard J. Patterson, M. D., 
 of Ohio, was elected Superintendent; Dwight C. Dewey, M. D., Assistant 
 Physician; Henry Winslow, Steward; Mrs. Catharine Winslow, Matron. 
 The Hospital was formally opened March 6, 1861, and one hundred patients 
 were admitted within three months. About 1865, Dr. Mark Ranney became 
 Superintendent. April 18, 1876, a portion of the hospital building was 
 destroyed by fire. From the opening of the Hospital to the close of October, 
 1877, 3,584 patients had been admitted. Of these, 1,141 were discharged 
 recovered, 505 discharged improved, 589 discharged unimproved, and 1 died ; 
 total discharged, 2,976, leaving 608 inmates. During this period, there were 
 1,384 females admitted, whose occupation was registered "domestic duties ;" 
 122, no occupation; 25, female teachers; 11, seamstresses: and 25, servants. 
 Among the males were 916 farmers, 394 laborers, 205 without occupation, 39 
 cabinet makers, 23 brew^ers, 31 clerks, 26 merchants, 12 preachers, 18 shoe- 
 makers, 13 students, 14 tailors, 13 teachers, 14 agents, 17 masons, 7 lawyers, 
 7 physicians, 4 saloon keepers, 3 salesmen, 2 artists, and 1 editor. The pro- 
 ducts of the farm and garden, in 1876, amounted to $13,721.26. 
 
 Trustees, 1877 :—T. Whiting, President, Mt. Pleasant; Mrs. E. M. Elliott, 
 Secretary, Mt. Pleasant; William C. Evans, West Liberty; L. E. Fellows, 
 Lansing ; and Samuel Klein, Keokuk ; Treasurer, M. Edwards, Mt. Pleasant. 
 
 Resident Officers: — Mark Ranney, M. D., Medical Superintendent; H. M. 
 Bassett, M. D., First Assistant Physician; M. Riordan, M. D., Second Assistant 
 Physician; Jennie McCowen, M. D., Third Assistant Physician ; J. W. Hender- 
 son, Steward : Mrs. Martha W. Ranney, Matron ; Rev. Milton Sutton, 
 Chaplain. 
 
 HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. 
 
 Independence, Buchanan County. 
 
 In the Winter of 1867-8, a bill providing for an additional Hospital for the 
 Insane was passed by the Legislature, and an appropriation of $125,000 was 
 made for that purpose. Maturin L. Fisher, of Clayton County ; E. G. Morgan, 
 of Webster County, and Albert Clark, of Buchanan County, were appointed 
 Commissioners to locate and supervise the erection of the Building. Mr. Clark 
 died about a year after his appointment, and Hon. G. W. Bemis, of Indepen- 
 dence, was appointed to fill the vacancy. 
 
 The Commissioners met and commenced their labors on the 8th day of 
 June, 1868, at Independence. The act under which they were appointed 
 required them to select the most eligible and desirable location, of not less than 
 320 acres, within two miles of the city of Independence, that might be oflFered 
 by the citizens free of charge to the State. Several such tracts were offered, 
 but the Commissioners finally selected the south half of southwest quarter of 
 Section 5 ; the north half of northeast quarter of Section 7 ; the north half of 
 northwest quarter of Section 8, and the north half of northeast quarter of Sec- 
 tion 8, all in Township 88 north. Range 9 west of the Fifth Principal Meridian. 
 This location is on the west side of the Wapsipinicon River, and about a mile 
 from its banks, and about the same distance from Independence. 
 
 Col. S. V. Shipman, of Madison, Wis., was employed to prepare plans, 
 specifications and drawings of the building, Avhich, when completed, Avere sub- 
 mitted to Dr. M. Ranney, Superintendent of the Hospital at Mount Pleasant, 
 who suggested several improvements. The contract for erecting the building 
 
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 197 
 
 was awarded to Mr. David Armstrong, of Dubuque, for $88,114. The con- 
 tract was signed November 7, 18G8, and Mr. Armstrong at once commenced 
 work. Mr. George Josselyn was appointed to superintend the work. The 
 main buildings were constructed of dressed limestone, from the quarries at 
 Anamosa and Farley. The basements are of the local granite worked from the 
 immense boulders found in large quantities in this portion of the State. 
 
 In 1872, the building was so far completed that the Commissioners called 
 the first meeting of the Trustees, on the 10th day of July of that year. These 
 Trustees were Maturin L. Fisher, Mrs. P. A. Appleman, T. W. Fawcett, C. 
 C. Parker, E. G. Morgan, George W. Bemis and John M. Boggs. This board 
 was organized, on the day above mentioned, by the election of Hon. M. L. 
 Fisher, President; Rev. J. G. Boggs, Secretary, and George W. Bemis, Treas- 
 urer, and, after adopting preliminary measures for organizing' the local govern- 
 ment of the hospital, adjourned to the first Wednesday of the following Septem- 
 ber. A few days before this meeting, Mr. Boggs died of malignant fever, 
 and Dr. John G. House was appointed to fill the vacancy. Dr. House was 
 elected Secretary. At this meeting, Albert Reynolds, M. D., was elected 
 Superintendent; George Josselyn, Steward, and Mrs. Anna B. Josselyn, 
 Matron. September 4, 1873, Dr. Willis Butterfield was elected Assistant 
 Physician. The building was ready for occupancy April 21, 1873. 
 
 In the Spring of 1876, a contract was made with Messrs. Mackay & Lundy, 
 of Independence, for furnishing materials for building the outside walls of the 
 two first sections of the south wing, next to the center building, for $6,250. 
 The carpenter work on the fourth and fifth stories of the center building Avas 
 completed during the same year, and the wards were furnished and occupied by 
 patients in the Fall. 
 
 In 1877, the south wing was built, but it will not be completed ready for 
 occupancy until next Spring or Summer (1878). 
 
 October 1, 1877, the Superintendent reported 322 patients in this hospital, 
 and it is now overcrowded. * 
 
 The Board of Trustees at present (1878) are as follows : Maturin L. 
 Fisher, President, Farmersburg ; John G. House, M. D., Secretary, Indepen- 
 dence; Wm. G. Donnan, Treasurer, Independence; Erastus G. Morgan, Fort 
 Dodge ; Mrs. Prudence A. Appleman, Clermont ; avid Stephen E. Robinson, 
 M. D., West Union. 
 
 RESIDENT OFFICERS. 
 
 Albert Reynolds, M. D., Superintendent ; G. H. Hill, M. D., Assistant 
 Physician; Noyes Appleman, Steward; Mrs. Lucy M. Gray, Matron. 
 
 IOWA COLLEGE FOR THE BLIND. 
 
 Vinton, Benton County. 
 
 In August, 1852, Prof. Samuel Bacon, himself blind, established an Insti- 
 tution for the Instruction of the Blind of Iowa, at Keokuk. 
 
 By act of the General Assembly, entitled " An act to establish an Asylum 
 for the Blind," approved January 18, 1853, the institution was adopted by the 
 State, removed to Iowa City, February 3d, and opened for the reception of pupils 
 April 4, 1853, free to all the blind in the State. 
 
 The first Board of Trustees were James D. Eads, President ; George W. 
 McClary, Secretary; James H. Gower, Treasurer; Martin L. Morris, Stephen 
 Hempstead, Morgan Reno and John McCaddon. The Board appointed Prof. 
 
198 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 Samuel Bacon, Principal ; T. J. McGittigen, Teacher of Music, and Mrs. Sarah 
 K. Bacon, Matron. Twenty-three pupils were admitted during the first term. 
 
 In his first report, made in 1854, Prof. Bacon suggested that the name 
 should be changed from " Asylum for the Blind," to that of " Institution for 
 the Instruction of the Blind." This was done in 1855, when the General As- 
 sembly made an annual appropriation for the College of $55 per quarter for 
 each pupil. This was subsequently changed to $3,000 per annum, and a charge 
 of $25 as an admission fee for each pupil, which sum, with the amounts realized 
 from the sale of articles manufactured by the blind pupils, proved sufficient for 
 the expenses of the institution during Mr, Bacon's administration. Although 
 Mr. Bacon was blind, he was a fine scholar and an economical manager, and 
 had founded the Blind Asylum at Jacksonville, Illinois. As a mathematician 
 he had few superiors. 
 
 On the 8th of May, 1858, the Trustees met at Vinton, and made arrange- 
 ments for securing the donation of $5,000 made by the citizens of that town. 
 
 In June of that yeai% a quarter section of land was donated for the College, 
 by John W. 0. Webb and others, and the Trustees adopted a plan for the 
 erection of a suitable building. In 1860, the plan was modified, and the con- 
 tract for enclosing let to Messrs. Finkbine & Lovelace, for $10,420. 
 
 In August, 1862, the building was so far completed that the goods and fur- 
 niture of the institution were removed from Iowa City to.Vinton, and early in 
 October, the school was opened there with twenty-four pupils. At this time. 
 Rev. Orlando Clark was Principal. 
 
 In August, 1864, a new Board of Trustees were appointed by the Legisla- 
 ture, consisting of James McQuin, President; Reed Wilkinson, Secretary; Jas. 
 Chapin, Treasurer; Robert Gilchrist, Elijah Sells and Joseph Dysart, organized 
 and made important changes. Rev. Reed Wilkinson succeeded Mr. Clark as 
 Principal. Mrs. L. S. B. Wilkinson and Miss Amelia Butler were appointed 
 Assistant Teachers ; Mrs. N. A. Morton, Matron. 
 
 Mr. Wilkinson resigned in June, 1867, and Gen. James L. Geddes was 
 appointed in his place. In September, 1869, Mr. Geddes retired, and was 
 succeeded by Prof. S. A.Knapp. Mrs. S. C. Lawton was appointed Matron, 
 and was succeeded by Mrs. M. A. Knapp. Prof. Knapp resigned July 1, 
 
 1875, and Prof. Orlando Clark was elected Principal, who died April 2, 
 
 1876, and was succeeded by John B. Parmalee, who retired in July, 1877, 
 when the present incumbent. Rev. Robert Carothers, was elected. 
 
 Trustees, 1877-8. — Jeremiah L. Gay, President ; S. H. Watson, Treasurer; 
 H. C. Piatt, Jacob Springer, C. L. Flint and P. F. Sturgis. 
 
 Faculty. — Principal, Rev. Robert Carothers, A. M. ; Matron, Mrs. Emeline 
 E. Carothers; Teachers, Thomas F. McCune, A. B., Miss Grace A. Hill, 
 Mrs. C. A. Spencer, Miss Mary Baker, Miss C. R. Miller, Miss Lorana Mat- 
 tice. Miss A. M. McCutcheon ; Musical Director, S. 0. Spencer. 
 
 The Legislative Committee who visited this institution in 1878 expressed 
 their astonishment at the vast expenditure of money in proportion to the needs 
 of the State. The structure is well built, and the money properly expended ; 
 yet it was enormously beyond the necessities of the State, and shows an utter 
 disregard of the fitness of things. The Committee could not understand why 
 $282,000 should have been expended for a massive building covering about two 
 and a half acres for the accommodation of 130 people, costing over eight thou- 
 sand dollars a year to heat it, and costing the State about five hundred dollars 
 a year for each pupil. 
 
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 199 
 
 INSTITUTION FOR THE DEAF AND DUMB. 
 
 Council Bluffs, Pottawattomie County. 
 
 The Iowa Institution for the Deaf and Dumb was established at Iowa City 
 by an act of the General Assembly, approved January 24, 1855. The number 
 of deaf mutes then in the State Avas 3U1 ; the number attending the Institution, 
 50. The first Board of Trustees were: Hon. Samuel J. Kirkwood, Hon. E. 
 Sells, W. Penn Clarke, J. P. Wood, H. D. Downey, William Crura, W. E. 
 Ijams, Principal. On the resignation of Mr. Ijams, in 1862, the Board 
 appointed in his stead Mr. Benjamin Talbot, for nine years a teacher in the 
 Ohio Institution for the Deaf and Dumb. Mr. Talbot was ardently devoted to 
 the interests of the institution and a faithful worker for the unfortunate class 
 under his charge. 
 
 A strong effort was made, in 1866, to remove this important institution to 
 Des Moines, but it was located permanently at Council Bluffs, and a building 
 rented for its use. In 1868, Commissioners were appointed to locate a site for, 
 and to superintend the erection of, a new building, for which the Legislature 
 appropriated $125,000 to commence the work of construction. The Commis- 
 sioners selected ninety acres of land about two miles south of the city of Coun- 
 cil Bluffs. The main building and one wing were completed October 1, 1870, 
 and immediately occupied by the Institution. February 25, 1877, the main 
 building and east wing were destroyed by fire ; and August 6 following, the 
 roof of the new west wing was blown off and the Avails partially demolished by 
 a tornado. At the time of the fire, about one hundred and fifty pupils were in 
 attendance. After the fire, half the classes were dismissed and the number of 
 scholars reduced to about seventy, and in a week or tAvo the school was in run- 
 ning order. 
 
 The Legislative Committee which visited this Institution in the Winter of 
 1857-8 was not Avell pleased Avith the condition of affairs, and reported that the 
 building (west wing) was a disgrace to the State and a monument of unskillful 
 workmanship, and intimated rather strongly that some reforms in management 
 were very essential. 
 
 Trustees, 1877-8. — Thomas Officer, President ; N. P. Dodge, Treasurer ; 
 Paul Lange, William Orr, J. W. Cattell. 
 
 Superintendent, Benjamin Talbot, M. A. Teachers, Edwin Southwick, 
 Conrad S. Zorbaugh, John A. Gillespie, John A. Kennedy, Ellen J. Israel, 
 Ella J. Brown, Mrs. H. R. Gillespie ; Physician, H. W. Hart, M. D. ; Steward, 
 N. A. Taylor; Matron, Mary B. Swan. 
 
 SOLDIERS' ORPHANS' HOMES. 
 
 Davenport, Cedar Falls, Grlemvood. 
 
 The movement AA'hich culminated in the establishment of this beneficent in- 
 stitution was originated by Mrs, Annie Wittenmeyer, during the civil war of 
 1861-65. This noble and patriotic lady called a convention at Muscatine, on 
 the 7th of October 1863, for the purpose of devising measures for the support 
 and education of the orphan children of the brave sons of loAva, Avhohad fallen 
 in defense of national honor and integrity. So great Avas the public interest in 
 the movement that there was a large representation from all parts of the State 
 on the day named, and an association was organized called the Iowa State Or- 
 phan Asylum. 
 
200 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 The first officers were : President, William M. Stone ; Vice Presidents, Mrs. 
 G. G. Wright, Mrs. R. L. Cadle, Mrs. J. T. Hancock, Jchn R. Needhara, J. W. 
 Cattell, Mrs. Mary M. Bagg ; Recording Secretary, Miss Mary Kibben ; Cor- 
 responding Secretary, Miss M. E. Shelton ; Treasurer, N. H. Brainerd; Board 
 of Trustees, Mrs. Annie Wittenmeyer, Mrs. C. B. Darwin, Mrs. D. T. Newcomb, 
 Mrs. L. B. Stephens, 0. Fayville, E. H. Williams, T. S. Parvin, Mrs. Shields, 
 Caleb Baldwin, C. C. Cole, Isaac Pendleton, H. C. Henderson. 
 
 The first meeting of the Trustees was held February 14, 1864, in the Repre- 
 sentative Hall, at Des Moines. Committees from both branches of the General 
 Assembly Avere present and were invited to participate in their deliberations. 
 Gov. Kirkwood suggested that a home for disabled soldiers should be connected 
 with the Asylum. Arrangements were made for raising funds. 
 
 At the next meeting, in Davenport, in March, 1864, the Trustees decided to 
 commence operations at once, and a committee, of which Mr. Howell, of Keo- 
 kuk, Avas Cl\airman, was appointed to lease a suitable building, solicit donations, 
 and procure suitable furniture. This committee secured a large brick building 
 in Lawrence, Van Buren County, and engaged Mr. Fuller, of Mt. Pleasant, as 
 Steward. 
 
 At the annual meeting, in Des INIoines, in June, 1864, Mrs. C. B. Baldwin, 
 Mrs. G. G. Wright, Mrs. Dr. Horton, Miss Mary E. Shelton and Mr. George 
 Sherman were appointed a committee to furnish the building and take all neces- 
 sary steps for opening the "Home," and notice was given that at the next 
 meeting of the Association, a motion Avould be made to change the name of the 
 Institution to loAva Orphans' Home. 
 
 The Avork of preparation was conducted so vigorously that on the 13th day 
 of July foUoAving, the Executive Committee announced that they Avere ready to 
 receive the children. In three weeks tAventy-one were admitted, and the num- 
 ber constantly increased, so that, in a little more than six months from the time 
 of opening, there were seventy children admitted, and tAventy more applica- 
 tions, which the Committee had not acted upon — all orphans of soldiers. 
 
 Miss M. Elliott, of Washington, Avas appointed Matron. She resigned, 
 in February, 1865, and was succeeded by Mrs. E. G. Piatt, of Fremont 
 County. 
 
 The " Home " was sustained by the voluntary contributions of the people, 
 until 1866, when it Avas assumed by the State. In that year, the General 
 Assem bly provided for the location of several such "Homes" in the different 
 counties, and which Avere established at Davenport, Scott County; Cedar Falls, 
 Black HaAvk County, and at Glenwood, Mills County. 
 
 The Board of Trustees elected by the General Assembly had the oversight 
 and management of the Soldiers' Orphans' Homes of the State, and consisted 
 of one person from each county in Avhich such Home was located, and one for 
 the State at large, Avho held their office two years, or until their successors were 
 elected and qualified. An appropriation of $10 per month for each orphan 
 actually supported Avas made by the General Assembly. 
 
 The Home in Cedar Falls was organized in 1865, and an old hotel building 
 was fitted up for it. Rufus C, Mary L. and Emma L. Bauer were the first 
 children received, in October, and by January, 1866, there were ninety-six in- 
 mates. 
 
 October 12, 1869, the Home was removed to a large brick building, about 
 two miles Avest of Cedar Falls, and was very prosperous for several years, but 
 in 1876, the General Assembly established a State Normal School at Cedar 
 Falls and appropriated the buildings and grounds for that jjurpose. 
 
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 201 
 
 By " An act to provide for the organization and support of an asylum at 
 Glenwood, in Mills County, for feeble minded children," approved March 17, 
 1876, the buildings and grounds used by the Soldiers' Orphans' Home at that 
 place were appropriated for this purpose. By another act, approved March 15, 
 1876, the soldiers' orphans, then at the Homes at Glenwood and Cedar Falls, 
 were to be removed to the Home at Davenport within ninety days thereafter, 
 and the Board of Trustees of the Home were authorized to receive other indigent 
 children into that institution, and provide for their education in industrial 
 pursuits. 
 
 STATE NORMAL SCHOOL. 
 
 Cedar Falls, Black Hawk County. 
 
 Chapter 129 of the laws of the Sixteenth General Assembly, in 1876, estab- 
 lished a State Normal School at Cedar Falls, Black Hawk County, and required 
 the Trustees of the Soldiers' Orphans' Home to turn over the property in their 
 charge to the Directors of the new institution. 
 
 The Board of Directors met at Cedar Falls June 7, 1876, and duly organ- 
 ized by the election of H. C. Hemenway, President ; J. J. Toleston, Secretary, 
 and E. Townsend, Treasurer. The Board of Trustees of the Soldiers' Orphans' 
 Home met at the same time for the purpose of turning over to the Directors the 
 property of that institution, which was satisfactorily done and properly receipted 
 for as required by law. At this meeting, Prof. J. C. Gilchrist was elected 
 Principal of the School. 
 
 On the 12th of July, 1876, the Board again met, when executive and 
 teachers' committees were appointed and "their duties assigned, A Steward 
 and a Matron were elected, and their respective duties defined. 
 
 The buildings and grounds were repaired and fitted up as well as the appro- 
 priation would admit, and the first term of the school opened September 6, 1876, 
 commencing with twenty-seven and closing with eighty-seven students. The 
 second term closed with eighty-six, and one hundred and six attended during 
 the third term. 
 
 The following are the Board of Directors, Board of Officers and Faculty : 
 
 Board of Directors. — H. C. Hemenway, Cedar Falls, President, term 
 expires 1882 ; L. D. Lewelling, Salem, Henry County, 1878 ; W. A. Stow, 
 Hamburg, Fremont County, 1878 ; S. G. Smith, Newton, Jasper County, 
 1880 ; E. H. Thayer, Clinton, Clinton County, 1880 ; G. S. Robinson, Storm 
 Lake, Buena Arista County, 1882. 
 
 Board of Officers. — J. J. Toleston, Secretary ; E. Townsend, Treasurer ; 
 William Pattes, Steward; Mrs. P. A. Schermerhorn, Matron — all of Cedar 
 Falls. 
 
 Faculty. — J. C. Gilchrist, A. M., Principal, Professer of Mental and 
 Moral Philosophy and Didactics ; M. W. Bartlett, A. M., Professor of Lan- 
 guages and Natural Science ; D. S. Wright, A. M., Professor of Mathematics ; 
 Miss Frances L. Webster, Teacher of Geography and History ; E. W. Burnham, 
 Professor of Music. 
 
 ASYLUM FOR FEEBLE MINDED CHILDREN. 
 
 Glenwood., Mills County. 
 
 Chapter 152 of the laws of the Sixteenth General Assembly, approved 
 March 17, 1876, provided for the establishment of an asylum for feeble minded 
 children at Glenwood, Mills County, and the buildings and grounds of the 
 
202 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF lOAVA. 
 
 Soldiers' Orphans' Home at that place were to be used for that purpose. The 
 asylum was placed under the management of three Trustees, one at least of 
 whom should be a resident of Mills County. Children between the ages of 7 
 and 18 years are admitted. Ten dollars per month for each child actually sup- 
 ported by the State was appropriated by the act, and ^2,000 for salaries of 
 officers and teachers for two years. 
 
 Hon. J. W. Cattell, of Polk County ; A. J. Russell, of Mills County, and 
 • W. S. Robertson, were appointed Trustees, who held their first meeting at 
 Glen wood, April 26, 1876. Mr. Robertson was elected President; Mr. Russell, 
 Treasurer, and Mr. Cattell, Secretary. The Trustees found the house and farm 
 which had been turned over to them in a shamefully dilapidated condition. The 
 fences were broken doAvn and the lumber destroyed or carried away ; the win- 
 dows broken, doors oif their hinges, floors broken and filthy in the extreme, 
 cellars reeking with ofiensive odors from decayed vegetables, and every conceiv- 
 able variety of filth and garbage ; drains obstructed, cisterns broken, pump 
 demoralized, wind-mill broken, roof leaky, and the whole property in the worst 
 possible condition. It was the first Avork of the Trustees to make the house 
 tenable. This was done under the direction of Mr. Russell. At the request 
 of the Trustees, Dr. Charles T. Wilbur, Superintendent of the Illinois Asylum, 
 visited Glenwood, and made many valuable suggestions, and gave them much 
 assistance. 
 
 0. W. Archibald, M. D., of Glenwood, was appointed Superintendent, 
 and soon after was appointed Secretary of the Board, vice Cattell, resigned. 
 Mrs. S. A. Archibald was appointed Matron, and Miss Maud M. Archibald, 
 Teacher. 
 
 The Institution was opened September 1, 1876 ; the first pupil admitted 
 September 4, and the school was organized September 10, with only five pupils, 
 which number had, in November, 1877, increased to eighty-seven. December 
 1, 1876, Miss Jennie Van Dorin, of Fairfield, was employed as a teacher and 
 in the Spring of 1877, Miss Sabina J. Archibald was also employed. 
 
 THE REFORM SCHOOL. 
 
 Eldora, Hardin County. 
 
 By "An act to establish and organize a State Reform School for Juvenile 
 OflFenders," approved March 31, 1868, the General Assembly established a 
 State Reform School at Salem, Lee (Henry) County ; provided for a Board of 
 Trustees, to consist of one person from each Congressional District. For the 
 purpose of immediately opening the school, the Trustees were directed to accept 
 the proposition of the Trustees of White's Iowa Manual Labor Institute, at 
 Salem, and lease, for not more than ten years, the lands, buildings, etc., of the 
 Institute, and at once proceed to prepare for and open a reform school as a 
 temporary establishment. 
 
 The contract for fitting up the buildings was let to Clark & "Haddock, Sep- 
 tember 21, 1868, and on the 7th of October following, the first inmate was 
 received from Jasper County. The law provided for the admission of children 
 of both sexes under 18 years of age. In 1876, this was amended, so that they 
 are now received at ages over 7 and under 16 years. 
 
 April 19, 1872, the Trustees were directed to make a permanent location 
 for the school, and $45,000 was appropriated for the erection of the necessary 
 buildings. The Trustees were further directed, as soon as practicable, to 
 organize a school for girls in the buildings where the boys were then kept. 
 
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 203. 
 
 The Trustees located the school at Eldora, Hardin County, and in the Code 
 of 1873, it is permanently located there by law. 
 
 The institution is managed by five Trustees, who are paid mileage, but no. 
 compensation for their services. 
 
 The object is the reformation of the children of both sexes, under the age 
 of 16 years and over 7 years of age, and the law requires that the Trustees 
 shall require the boys and girls under their charge to be instructed in piety and 
 morality," and in such branches of useful knowledge as are adapted to their age 
 and capacity, and in some regular course of labor, either mechanical, manufac- 
 turing or agricultural, as is best suited to their age, strength, disposition and 
 capacity, and as may seem best adapted to secure the reformation and future 
 benefit of the boys and girls. 
 
 A boy or girl committed to the State Reform School is there kept, disci- 
 plined, instructed, employed and governed, under the direction of the Trustees, 
 until he or she arrives at the age of majority, or is bound out, reformed or 
 legally discharged. The binding out or discharge of a boy or girl as reformed, 
 or having arrived at the age of majority, is a complete release from all penalties 
 incurred by conviction of the off'ense for which he or she was committed. 
 
 This is one step in the right direction. In tlie future, however, still further 
 advances will be made, and the right of every individual to the fruits of their 
 labor, even while restrained for the public good, Avill be recognized. 
 
 FISH HATCHING ESTABLISHMENT. 
 
 Near Anamosa, Jones County. 
 
 The Fifteenth General Assembly, in 1874, passed " An act to provide for 
 the appointment of a Board of Fish Commissioners for the construction of 
 Fishways for the pi'otection and propagation of Fish," also "An act to provide 
 for furnishing the rivers and lakes with fish and fish spawn." This act appro- 
 priated $3,000 for the purpose. In accordance with the provisions of the first 
 act abov^e mentioned, on the 9th of April, 1874, S. B. Evans of Ottumwa, 
 Wapello County ; B. F. Shaw of Jones County, and Charles A. Haines, of 
 Black Hawk County, were appointed to be Fish Commissioners by the Governor. 
 These Commissioners met at Des Moines, May 10, 1874, and organized by the 
 election of Mr. Evans, President ; Mr. Shaw, Secretary and Superintendent, 
 and Mr. Haines, Treasurer. 
 
 The State was partitioned into three districts or divisions to enable the 
 Commissioners to better superintend the construction of fishways as required by 
 law. That part of the State lying south of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific 
 Railroad was placed under the especial supervision of Mr. Evans ; that part be- 
 tween that railroad and the Iowa Division of the Illinois Central Railroad, Mr. 
 Shaw, and all north of the Illinois Central Railroad, Mr. Haines. At this 
 meeting, the Superintendent Avas authorized to build a State Hatching House ; 
 to procure the spawn of valuable fish adapted to the waters of Iowa ; hatch and 
 prepare the young fish for distribution, and assist in putting them into the waters, 
 of the State. 
 
 In compliance with these instructions, Mr. Shaw at once commenced work, 
 and in the Summer of 1874, erected a " State Hatching House" near Anamosa, 
 20x40 feet, two stories ; the second story being designed for a tenement ; the 
 first story being the "hatching room." The hatching troughs are supplied 
 with Avater from a magnificent spring four feet deep and about ten feet in diam- 
 eter, affording an abundant and unfailing supply of pure running water. During 
 
204 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 the first year, from May 10, 1874, to May 10, 1875, the Commissioners distributed 
 within the State 100,000 Shad, 300,000 California Sahnon, 10,000 Bass, 
 80,000 Penobscot (Maine) Salmon, 5,000 land-locked Salmon, 20,000 of 
 other species. 
 
 By act approved March 10, 1876, the law was amended so that there should 
 be but one instead of three Fish Commissioners, and B. F. Shaw was appointed, 
 and the Commissioner was authorized to purchase twenty acres of land, on 
 which the State Hatching House was located near Anamosa. ' 
 
 In the Fall of 1876, Commissioner Shaw gathered from the sloughs of the 
 Mississippi, where they would have been destroyed, over a million and a half of 
 small fish, which were distributed in the various rivers of the State and turned 
 into the Mississippi. 
 
 In 1875-6, 583,000 California Salmon, and in 1877, 303,500 Lake Trout 
 were distributed in various rivers and lakes in the State. The experiment of 
 stocking the small streams with brook trout is being tried, and 81,000 of the 
 speckled beauties were distributed in 1877. In 1876, 100,000 young eels were 
 distributed. These came from New York and they are increasing rapidly. 
 
 At the close of 1877, there were at least a dozen private fish farms in suc- 
 cessful operation in various parts of the State. Commissioner Shaw is en- 
 thusiastically devoted to the duties of his office and has performed an important 
 service for the people of the State by his intelligent and successful operations. 
 
 The Sixteenth General Assembly passed an act in 1878, prohibiting the 
 catching of any kind of fish except Brook Trout from March until June of each 
 year. Some varieties are fit for food only during this period. 
 
 THE PUBLIC LANDS. 
 
 The grants of public lands made in the State of Iowa, for various purposes, 
 are as follows : 
 
 1. The 500,000 Acre Grant. » 
 
 2. Tlie 16th Section Grant. 
 
 3. The ISIortgage School Lands. 
 
 4. The University Grant. 
 
 5. The Saline Grant. 
 
 6. The Des Moines Elver Grant. 
 
 7. The Des Moines River School Landa. 
 
 8. The Swamp Land Grant. \ 
 
 9. The Railroad Grant. 
 
 10. The Agricultural College Grant. 
 
 I. THE FIVE HUNDRED THOUSAND ACRE GRANT. 
 
 When the State was admitted into the Union, she became entitled to 
 500,000 acres of land by virtue of an act of Congress, approved September 4, 
 1811, which granted to each State therein specified 500,000 acres of public land 
 for internal improvements ; to each State admitted subsequently to the passage 
 of the act, an amount of land which, with the amount that might have been 
 granted to her as a Territory, would amount to 500,000 acres. All these lands 
 were required to be selected within the limits of the State to which they were 
 granted. 
 
 The Constitution of Iowa declares that the proceeds of this grant, together 
 with all lands then granted or to be granted by Congress for the benefit of 
 schools, shall constitute a perpetual fund for the support of schools throughout 
 the State. By an act approved January 15, 1849, the Legislature established 
 
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 205 
 
 a board of School Fund Commissioners, and to that board was confided the 
 selection, care and sale of these lands for the benefit of the School Fund. Until 
 1855, these Commissioners were subordinate to the Superintendent of Public 
 Instruction, but on the 15th of January of that year, they were clothed with 
 exclusive authority in the management and sale of school lands. The office of 
 School Fund Commissioner was abolished March 23, 1858, and that officer in 
 each county was required to transfer all papers to and make full settlement with 
 the County Judge. By this act. County Judges and Township Trustees were 
 made the agents of the State to control and sell the sixteenth sections ; but no 
 further provision was made for the sale of the 500,000 acre grant until April 
 3d, 1860, when the entire management of the school lands was committed to 
 the Boards of Supervisors of the several counties. 
 
 II. THE SIXTEENTH SECTIONS. 
 
 By the provisions of the act of Congress admitting Iowa to the Union, there 
 was granted to the new State the sixteenth section in every township, or where 
 that section had been sold, other lands of like amount for the use of schools. 
 The Constitution of the State provides that the proceeds arising from the sale 
 of these sections shall constitute a part of the permanent School Fund. The 
 control and sale of these lands were vested in the School Fund Commissioners 
 of the several counties until March 23, 1858, when they were transferred to the 
 Counj;y Judges and Township Trustees, and were finally placed under the 
 supervision of the County Boards of Supervisors in January, 1861. 
 
 III. THE MORTGAGE SCHOOL LANDS. 
 
 These do not belong to any of the grants of land proper. They are lands 
 that have been mortgaged to the school fund, and became school lands when bid 
 off by tlie State by virtue of a law passed in 1862. Under the provisions of the 
 law regulating the management and investment of the permanent school fund, 
 persons desiring loans from that fund arere(|uired to secure the payment thereof 
 with interest at ten per cent, per annum, by promissory notes endorsed by two 
 good sureties and by mortgage on unincumbered real estate, which must be 
 situated in the county where the loan is made, and which must be valued by 
 three appraisers. Making these loans and taking the required securities was 
 made the duty of the County Auditor, who was required to report to the Board 
 of Supervisoi's at each meeting thereof, all notes, mortgages and abstracts of 
 title connected with the school fund, for examination. 
 
 When default was made of payment of money so secured by mortgage, and 
 no arrangement made for extension of time as the law provides, the Board of 
 Supervisors were authorized to bring suit and prosecute it with diligence to 
 secure said fund; and in action in favor of the county for the use of the school 
 fund, an injunction may issue without bonds, and in any such action, when 
 service is made by publication, default and judgment may be entered and 
 enforced without bonds. In case of sale of land on execution founded on any 
 such mortgage, the attorney of the board, or other person duly authorized, shall, 
 on behalf of the State or county for the use of said fund, bid such sum as the 
 interests of said fund may require, and if struck off to the State the land shall 
 be held and disposed of as the other lands belonging to the fnnd. These lands 
 are known as the Mortgage School Lands, and reports of them, including 
 description and amount, are required to be made to the State Land Office. 
 
206 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 IV. UNIVERSITY LANDS. 
 
 By act of Congress, July 20, 1840, a quantity of land not exceeding two 
 (^ntire townships was resei'ved in the Territory of Iowa for the use and support 
 >f a university within said Territory when it should become a State. This land 
 was to be located in tracts of not less than an entire section, and could be used 
 for no other purpose than that designated in the grant. In an act supplemental 
 to that for the admission of Iowa, March 3, 1845, the grant Avas renewed, and it 
 was provided that the lands should be used "solely for the purpose of such 
 university, in such manner as the Legislature may prescribe." 
 
 Under this grant there were set apart and approved by the Secretary of the 
 Treasury, for the use of the State, the following lands : 
 
 ACRES. 
 
 In the Iowa City Land District, Feb. 26, 1849 20,150.49 
 
 In the Fairfield Land District, Oct. 17, 1849 9,685.20 
 
 In the Iowa City Land District, Jan. 28, 1850 2,571.81 
 
 In the Fairfield Land District, Sept. 10, 1850 3,198.20 
 
 In the Dubuque Land District, May 19, 1852 10,552.24 
 
 Total 45,957.94 
 
 These lands were certified to the State November 19, 1859. The University 
 lands are placed by law under the control and management of the Board of 
 Trustees of the Iowa State University. Prior to 1865, there had been selected 
 and located under 282 patents, 22,892 acres in sixteen counties, and 23,036 
 acres unpatented, making a total of 45,928 acres. 
 
 V. — SALINE LANDS. 
 
 By act of Congress, approved March 3, 1845, the State of Iowa was 
 granted the use of the salt springs within her limits, not exceeding twelve. 
 By a subsequent act, approved May 27, 1852, Congress granted the springs 
 to the State in fee simple, together with six sections of land contiguous to each, 
 to be disposed of as the Legislature might direct. In 1861, the proceeds of 
 these lands then to be sold were constituted a fund for founding and support- 
 ing a lunatic asylum, but no sales were made. In 1856, the proceeds of the 
 saline lands were appropriated to the Insane Asylum, repealed in 1858. In 
 1860, the saline lands and funds were made a part of the permanent fund of 
 the State University. Tliese lands were located in Appanoose, Davis, Decatur, 
 Lucas, Monroe, Van Buren and Wayne Counties. 
 
 VI. — THE DES MOINES RIVER GRANT. 
 
 By act of Congress, approved August 8, 1846, a grant of land was made 
 for the improvement of the navigation of Des Moines River, as follows : 
 
 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in 
 Congress assembled. That there be, and hereby is, granted to said Territory of Iowa, for the 
 purpose of aiding said Territory to improve the navigation of the Des Moines River from its 
 mouth to the Raccoon Fork (so called) in said Territory, one equal moiety, in alternate sections, 
 of the public lands (remaining unsold and not otherwise disposed of, incumbered or appropri- 
 ated), in a strip five miles in width on each side of said river, to be selected within said Terri- 
 tory by an agent or agents to be appointed by the Governor thereof, subject to the approval of 
 the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States. 
 
 Sec. 2. And be it further enacted. That the lands hereby granted shall' not be conveyed 
 or disposed of by said Territory, nor by any State to be formed out of the same, except as said 
 improvement shall progress; that is, the said Territory or State may sell so much of said lands 
 as shall produce the sum of thirty thousand dollars, and then the sales shall cease until the Gov- 
 ernor of said Territory or State shall certify the fact to the President of the United States that 
 one-half of said sum has been expended upon said improvements, when the said Territory or 
 
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 207 
 
 State may sell and convey a quantity of the residue of said lands sufficient to replace the amount 
 expended, and thus the sales shall progress as the proceeds thereof shall be expended, and the 
 fact of such expenditure shall be certified as aforesaid. 
 
 Sec. 3. And be it further enacted, That the said River Des Moines shall be and forever 
 remain a public highway for the use of the Government of the United States, free from any toll 
 or other charge whatever, for any property of the United States or persons in their service 
 passing through or along the same : Provided always, That it shall not be competent for the said 
 Territory or future State of Iowa to dispose of said lands, or any of them, at a price lower than, 
 for the time being, shall be the minimum price of other public lands. 
 
 Sec. 4. And be it further enacted. That whenever the Territory of Iowa shall be admitted 
 into the Union as a State, the lands hereby granted for the above purpose shall be and become 
 the property of said State for the purpose contemplated in this act, and for no other : Provided 
 the Legislature of the State of Iowa shall accept the said grant for the said purpose." Approved 
 Aug. 8, 1846. 
 
 By joint resolution of the General Assembly of Iowa, approved January 9, 
 1847, the grant was accepted for the purpose specified. By another act, ap- 
 proved February 24, 1847, entited "An act creating the Board of Public 
 Works, and providing for the improvement of the Des Moines River," the 
 Legislature provided for a Board consisting of a President, Secretary and 
 Treasurer, to be elected by the people. This Board was elected August 2, 
 1847, and was organized on the 22d of September following. The same act 
 defined the nature of the improvement to be made, and provided that the work 
 should be paid for from the funds to be derived from the sale of lands to be 
 sold by the Board. 
 
 Agents appointed by the Governor selected the sections designated by "odd 
 numbers" throughout the whole exten"; of the grant, and this selection was ap- 
 proved by the Secretary of the Treasury. But there was a conflict of opinion 
 as to the extent of the grant. It was held by some that it extended from the 
 mouth of the Des Moines only to the Raccoon Forks ; others held, as the 
 agents to make selection evidently did, that it extended from the mouth to the 
 head waters of the river. Richard M. Young, Commissioner of the General 
 Land Office, on the 23d of February, 1848, construed the grant to mean that 
 "the State is entitled to the alternate sections within five miles of the Des 
 Moines River, throughout the whole extent of that river within the limits of 
 Iowa." Under this construction, the alternate sections above the Raccoon 
 Forks would, of course, belong to the State; but on the 19th of June, 1848, 
 some of these lands were, by proclamation, thrown into market. On the 18th 
 of September, the Board of Public Works filed a remonstrance with the Com- 
 missioner of the General Land Office. The Board also sent in a protest to the 
 State Land Office, at which the sale was ordered to take place. On the 8th of 
 January, 1849, the Senators and Representatives in Congress from Iowa also 
 protested against the sale, in a communication to Hon. Robert J. Walker, Sec- 
 retary of the Treasury, to which the Secretary replied, concurring in the 
 opinion that the grant extended the w^hole length of the Des Moines River in 
 Iowa. 
 
 On the 1st of June, 1849, the Commissioner of the General Land Office 
 directed the Register and Receiver of the Land Office at Iowa City " to with- 
 hold from sale all lands situated in the odd numbered sections within five miles 
 on each side of the Des Moines River abuve the Raccoon Forks." March 13, 
 1850, the Commissioner of the General Land Office submitted to the Secretary 
 of the Interior a list "showing the tracts falling within the limits of the Des 
 Moines River grant, above the Raccoon Forks, etc., under the decision of the 
 Secretary of the Treasury, of March 2, 1849,'* and on the 6th of April 
 following, Mr. Ewing, then Secretary of the Interior, reversed the decision of 
 Secretary Walker, but ordered the lands to be withheld from sale until Con- 
 
208 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 gress could have an opportunity to pass an explanatory act. The Iowa author- 
 ities appealed from this decision to the President (Taylor), who referred the 
 matter to the Attorney General (Mr. Johnson). On the 19th of July, Mr. 
 Johnson submitted as his opinion, that by the terms of the grant itself, it ex- 
 tended to the very source of the Des Moines, but before his opinion was pub- 
 lished President Taylor died. When Mr. Tyler's cabinet was formed, the 
 question was submitted to the new Attorney General (Mr. Crittenden), who, on 
 the 30th of June, 1851, reported that in his opinion the grant did not extend 
 above the Raccoon Forks. Mr. Stewart, Secretary of the Interior, concurred 
 with Mr. Crittenden at first, but subsequently consented to lay the whole sub- 
 ject before the President and Cabinet, who decided in favor of the State. 
 
 October 29, 1851, Mr. Stewart directed the Commissioner of the General 
 Land Office to "submit for his approval such lists as had been prepared, and to 
 proceed to report for like approval lists of the alternate sections claimed by the 
 State of Iowa above the Raccoon Forks, as far as the surveys have progressed, 
 or may hereafter be completed and returned." And on the following day, three 
 lists of these lands were prepared in the General Land Office. 
 
 The lands approved and certified to the State of Iowa under this grant, and 
 all lying above the Raccoon Forks, are as follows : 
 
 By Secretary Stewart, Oct. 30, 1851 81,707.93 acres. 
 
 March 10, 1852 143.908.37 " 
 
 By Secretary McLellan, Dec. 17, 1853 , 33,142.43 " 
 
 Dec. 30, 1858 12,813.51 " 
 
 Total 271, 572.24 acres. 
 
 The Commissioners and Register of the Des Moines River Improvement, in 
 their report to the Governor, November 30, 1852, estimates the total amount of 
 lands then available for the work, including those in possession of the State and 
 those to be surveyed and approved, at nearly a million acres. The indebtedness 
 then standing against the fund was "about $108,000, and the Commissioners 
 estimated the work to be done would cost about $1,200,000. 
 
 January 19, 1853, the Legislature authorized the Commissioners to sell 
 "any or all the lands which have or may hereafter be granted, for not less than 
 $1,300,000." 
 
 On the 24th of January, 1853, the General Assembly provided for the elec- 
 tion of a Commissioner by the people, and appointed two Assistant Commission- 
 ers, with authority to make a contract, selling the lands of the Improvement 
 for $1,300,000. This new Board made a contract, June 9, 1855, with the Des 
 Moines Navigation & Railroad Company, agreeing to sell all the lands donated 
 to the State by Act of Congress of August 8, 1846, which the State had not 
 sold prior to December 23, 1853, for $1,300,000, to be expended on the im- 
 provement of the river, and in paying the indebtedness then due. This con- 
 tract was duly reported to the Governor and General Assembly. 
 
 By an act approved January 25, 1855, the Commissioner and Register of 
 the Des Moines River Improvement were authorized to negotiate Avith the Des 
 Moines Navigation & Railroad Company for the purchase of lands in Webster 
 County which had been sold by the School Fund Commissioner as school lands, 
 but which had been certified to the State as Des Moines River lands, and had, 
 therefore, become the property of the Company, under the provisions of its 
 contract with the State. 
 
 March 21, 1856, the old question of the extent of the grant was again raised 
 and the Commissioner of the General Land Office decided the" it was limited to 
 
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 20^ 
 
 the Raccoon Fork. Appeal was made to the Secretary of the Interior, and by 
 him the matter was referred to the Attorney General, who decided that the grant 
 extended to the northern boundary of the State ; the State relinquished its 
 claim to lands lying along the river in Minnesota, and the vexed question was 
 supposed to be finally settled. 
 
 The land which had been certified, as well as those extending to the north- 
 ern boundary within the limits of the grant, were reserved from pre-emption 
 and sale by the General Land Commissioner, to satisfy the grant of August 8, 
 1846, and they were treated as having passed to the State, which from time to 
 time sold portions of them prior to their final transfer to the Des INIoines Navi- 
 igation & Railroad Company, applying the proceeds thereof to the improve- 
 ment of the river in compliance with the terms of the grant. Prior to the final 
 sale to the Company, June 9, 1854, the State had sold about 327,000 acres, of 
 which amount 58,830 acres Avere located above the Raccoon Fork. The last 
 certificate of the General Land Office bears date December 30, 1853. 
 
 After June 9th, 1854, the Des Moines Navigation & Railroad Company 
 carried on the work under its contract with the State. As the improvement 
 progressed, the State, from time to time, by its authorized officers, issued to the 
 Company, in payment for said work, certificates for lands. But the General 
 Land Office ceased to certify lands under the grant of 1846. The State 
 had made no other provision for paying for the improvements, and disagree- 
 ments and misunderstanding arose between the State authorities and the 
 Company. 
 
 March 22, 1858, a joint resolution was passed by the Legislature submitting 
 a proposition for final settlement to the Company, which was accepted. The Com- 
 pany paid to the State $20,000 in cash, and released and conveyed the dredge boat 
 and materials named in the resolution ; and the State, on the 3d of May, 1858, 
 executed to the Des Moines Navigation & Railroad Company fourteen deeds 
 or patents to the lands, amounting to 256,703.64 acres. These deeds were 
 intended to convey all the lands of this grant certified to the State by the Gen- 
 eral Government not previously sold; but, as if for the purpose of covering any 
 tract or parcel that might have been omitted, the State made another deed of 
 conveyance on the 18th day of May, 1858. These fifteen deeds, it is claimed, 
 by the Company, convey 266,108 acres, of which about 53,367 are below the 
 Raccoon Fork, and the balance, 212,741 acres, are above that point. 
 
 Besides the lands deeded to the Company, the State had deeded to individual 
 purchasers 58,830 acres above the Raccoon Fork, making an aggregate of 271,- 
 571 acres, deeded above the Fork, all of which had been certified to the State 
 by the Federal Government. 
 
 By act approved March 28, 1858, the Legislature donated the remainder of 
 the grant to the Keokuk, Fort Des Moines & Minnesota Railroad Company, 
 upon condition that said Company assumed all liabilities resulting from the Des 
 Moines River improvement operations, reserving 50,000 acres of the land in 
 security for the payment thereof, and for the completion of the locks and dams 
 at Bentonsport, Croton, Keosauqua and Plymouth. For every three thousand 
 dollars' worth of work done on the locks and dams, and for every three thousand 
 dollars paid by the Company of the liabilities above mentioned, the Register of 
 the State Land Office was instructed to certify to the Company 1,000 acres of 
 the 50,000 acres reserved for these purposes. Up to 1865, there had been pre- 
 sented by the Company, under the provisions of the act of 1858, and allowed, 
 claims amounting to $109,579.37, about seventy-five per cent, of which had 
 been settled. 
 
210 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 After the passage of the Act above noticed, the question of the extent of the 
 original grant was again mooted, and at the December Term of the Supreme Court 
 of the United States, in 1859-60, a decision was rendered declaring that the 
 grant did not extend above Raccoon Fork, and that all certificates of land above 
 the Fork had been issued without authority of law and were, therefore, void 
 (see 23 How., m). 
 
 The State of Iowa had disposed of a large amount of land without authority, 
 according to this decision, and appeal was made to Congress for relief, which 
 was granted on the 3d day of March, 1861, in a joint resolution relinquishing 
 to the State all the title which the United States then still retained in the tracts 
 of land along the Des Moines River above Raccoon Fork, that had been im- 
 properly certified to the State by the Department of the Interior, and which is 
 now held by bona fide purchasers under the State of Iowa. 
 
 In confirmation of this relinquishment, by act approved July 12, 1862, 
 Congress enacted : 
 
 That the grant of lands to the then Territory of Iowa for the improvement of the Des Moines 
 River, made by the act of August 8, 1846, is hereby extended so as to include the alternate sec- 
 tions (designated by odd numbers) lying within five miles of said river, between the Raccoon 
 Fork and the northern boundary of said State ; such lands are to be held and applied in accord- 
 ance with the provisions of the original grant, except that the consent of Congress is hereby given 
 to the application of a portion thereof to aid in the construction of the Keokuk, Fort Des Moines 
 & Minnesota Railroad, in accordance with the provisions of the act of the General Assembly of 
 the State of Iowa, approved March 22, 1858. And if any of the said lands shall have been sold 
 ■or otherwise disposed of by the United States before the passage of this act, except those released 
 by the United States to the grantees of the State of Iowa, under joint resolution of March 3, 
 18G1, the Secretary of the Interior is hereby directed to set apart an equal amount of lands within 
 said State to be certified in lieu thereof; Frovidcl, that if the State shall have sold and conveyed 
 any portion of the lands lying within the limits of the grant the title of which has proved invalid, 
 any lands which shall be certified to said State in lieu thereof by virtue of the pi'ovisions of this 
 act, shall inure to and be held as a trust fund for the benefit of the pei'son or persons, respect- 
 ively, whose titles shall have failed as aforesaid. 
 
 The grant of lands by the above act of Congress was accepted by a joint 
 resolution of the General Assembly, September 11, 1862, in extra session. On 
 the same day, the Governor was authorized to appoint one or more Commis- 
 sioners to select the lands in accordance with the grant. These Commissioners 
 were instructed to report their selections to the Registrar of the State Land 
 Office. The lands so selected were to be held for the purposes of the grant, and 
 were not to be disposed of until further legislation should be had. D. W. Kil- 
 burne, of Lee County, was appointed Commissioner, and, on the 25th day of 
 April, 1864, the General Land Officer authorized the selection of 300,000 acres 
 from the vacant public lands as a part of the grant of July 12, 1862, and the 
 selections were made in the Fort Dodge and Sioux City Land Districts. 
 
 Many difficulties, controversies and conflicts, in relation to claims and titles, 
 grew out of this grant, and these difficulties were enhanced by the uncertainty 
 of its limits until the act of Congress of July, 1862. But the General Assem- 
 bly sought, by wise and appropriate legislation, to protect the integrity of titles 
 derived from the State. Especially Avas the determination to protect the actual 
 settlers, who had paid their money and made improvements prior to the final 
 settlement of the limits of the grant by Congress. 
 
 VII. THE DES MOINES RIVER SCHOOL LANDS. 
 
 These lands constituted a part of the 500,000 acre grant made by Congress 
 in 1841 ; including 28,378.46 acres in Webster County, selected by the Agent of 
 the State under that grant, and approved by the Commissioner of the General 
 Land Office February 20, 1851. They were ordered into the market June 6, 
 
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 211 
 
 1853, by the Superintendent of Public Instruction, who authorized John Tol- 
 man. School Fund Commissioner for Webster County, to sell them as school 
 lands. , Subsequently, when the act of 1846 was construed to extend the Des 
 Moines River grant above Raccoon Fork, it was held that the odd numbered 
 sections of these lands within five miles of the river were appropriated by that 
 act, and on the 30th day of December, 1853, 12,813.51 acres were set apart 
 and approved to the State by the Secretary of the Interior, as a part of the 
 Des Moines River grant. January 6, 1854, the Commissioner of the General 
 Land Office transmitted to the Superintendent of Public Instruction a certified 
 copy of the lists of these lands, indorsed by the Secretary of the Interior. 
 Prior to this action of the Department, however, Mr. Tolman had sold to indi- 
 vidual purchasers 3,194.28 acres as school lands, and their titles were, of course, 
 killed. For their relief, an act, approved April. 2, 1860, provided that, upon 
 application and proper showing, these purchasers should be entitled to draw 
 from the State Treasury the amount they had paid, with 10 per cent, interest, 
 on the contract to purchase made with Mr. Tolman. Under this act, five appli- 
 cations were made prior to 1864, and the applicants received, in the aggregate, 
 $949.53. 
 
 By an act approved April T, 1862, the Governor was forbidden to issue to 
 the Dubuque & Sioux City Railroad Company any certificate of the completion 
 of any part of said road, or any conveyance of lands, until the company should 
 execute and file, in the State Land Office, a release of its claim — first, to cer- 
 tain swamp lands ; second, to the l)es Moines River Lands sold by Tolman ; 
 third, to certain other river lands. That act provided that " the said company 
 shall transfer their interest in those tracts of land in Webster and Hamilton 
 Counties heretofore sold by John Tolman, School Fund Commissioner, to the 
 Register of the State Land Office in trust, to enable said Register to carry out 
 and perform said contracts in all cases when he is called upon by the parties 
 interested to do so, before the 1st day of January, A. D. 1864. 
 
 The company filed its release to the Tolman lands, in the Land Office, Feb- 
 ruary 27, 1864, at the same time entered its protest that it had no claim upon 
 them, never had pretended to have, and had never sought to claim them. The 
 Register of the State Land Office, under the advice of the Attorney General, 
 decided that patents would be issued to the Tolman purchasers in all cases 
 where contracts had been made prior to December 23, 1853, and remaining 
 uncanceled under the act of 1860. But before any were issued, on the 27th of 
 August, 1864, the Des Moines Navigation & Railroad Company commenced a 
 suit in chancery, in the District Court of Polk County, to enjoin the issue of 
 such patents. On the 30th of August, an ex parte injunction was issued. In 
 January, 1868, Mr. J. A. Harvey, Register of the Land Office, filed in the 
 court an elaborate answer to plaintiffs' petition, denying that the company had 
 any right to or title in the lands. Mr. Harvey's successor, Mr. C. C. Carpen- 
 ter, filed a still more exhaustive answer February 10, 1868. August 3, 1868, 
 the District Court dissolved the injunction. The company appealed to the 
 Supreme Court, where the decision of the lower court was affirmed in December, 
 1869. 
 
 VIII. SWAMP LAND GRANT. 
 
 By an act of Congress, approved March 28, 1850, to enable Arkansas and 
 other States to reclaim swampy lands within their limits, granted all the swamp 
 and overflowed lands remaining unsold within their respective limits to the 
 several States. Although the total amount claimed by Iowa under this act 
 
212 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 does not exceed 4,000,000 acres, it has, like the Des Moines River and some 
 of the land grants, cost the State considerable trouble and expense, and required 
 a deal of legislation. The State expended large sums of money in making the 
 selections, securing proofs, etc., but the General Government appeared to be 
 laboring under the impression that Iowa was not acting in good faith ; that she 
 had selected a large amount of lands under the swamp land grant, transferred 
 her interest to counties, and counties to private speculators, and the General 
 Land Office permitted contests as to the character of the lands already selected 
 by the Agents of the State as "swamp lands." Congress, by joint resolution 
 Dec. 18, 185G, and by act March 3, 1857, saved the State from the fatal result 
 of this ruinous policy. Many of these lands were selected in 1854 and 1855, 
 immediately after several remarkably wet seasons, and it was but natural that 
 some portions of the selections would not appear swampy after a few dry seasons, j 
 Some time after these first selections were made, persons desired to enter 
 parcels of the so-called swamp lands and offering to prove tlicm to be dry. In 
 such cases the General Land Office ordered hearing before the local land officers, 
 and if they decided the land to be dry, it was permitted to be entered and the 
 claim of the State rejected. Speculators took advantage of this. Affidavits 
 were bought of irresponsible and reckless men, who, for a few dollars, would 
 confidently testify to the character of lands they never saw. These applica- 
 tions multiplied until they covered 3,000,000 acres. It was necessaiy that 
 Congress should confirm all these selections to the State, that this gigantic 
 scheme of fraud and plunder might be stopped. The act of Congress of 
 March 3, 1857, was designed to accomplish this purpose. But the Commis- 
 sioner of the General Land Office held that it was only a qualified confirma- 
 tion, and under this construction sought to sustain the action of the Department 
 in rejecting the claim of the State, and certifying them under act of IMay 15, 
 1856, under which the railroad companies claimed all swamp land in odd num- 
 bered sections within the limits of their respective roads. This action led to 
 serious complications. When the railroad grant was made, it was not intended 
 nor was it understood that it included any of the swamp lands. These Avere 
 already disposed of by previous grant. Nor did the companies expect to 
 receive any of them, but under the decisions of the Department adverse to the 
 State the way was opened, and they were not slow to enter their claims. March 
 4j 1862, the Attorney General of the State submitted to the General Assembly 
 an opinion that the railroad companies were not entitled even to contest the 
 right of the State to these lands, under the swamp land grant. A letter from 
 the Acting Commissioner of the General Land Office expressed the same 
 opinion, and the General Assembly by joint resolution, approved April 7, 1862, 
 expressly repudiated the acts of the railroad companies, and disclaimed any 
 intention to claim these lands under any other than the act of Congress of 
 Sept. 28, 1850. A great deal of legislation has been found necessary in rela- 
 tion to these swamp lands. 
 
 IX.' — THE RAILROAD GRANT. 
 
 One of the most important grants of public lands to Iowa for purposes of 
 internal improvement was that known as the "Railroad Grant," by act of 
 Congress approved May 15, 1856. This act granted to the State of Iowa, for 
 the purpose of aiding in the construction of railroads from Burlington, on the 
 Mississippi River, to a point on the Missouri River, near the mouth of Platte 
 River ; from the city of Davenport, via Iowa City and Fort Des Moines to 
 
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 213 
 
 Council Bluffs ; from Lyons City northwesterly to a point of intersection with 
 the main line of the Iowa Central Air Line Railroad, near Maquoketa ; thence 
 on said main line, running as near as practicable to the Forty-second Parallel ; 
 across the said State of Iowa to the Missouri River ; from the city of Dubuque 
 to a point on the Missouri River, near Sioux City, with a branch from the 
 mouth of the Tete des Morts, to the nearest point on said road, to be com- 
 pleted as soon as the main road is completed to that point, every alternate section 
 of land, designated by odd numbers, for six sections in width on each side of 
 said roads. It was also provided that if it should appear, when the lines of those 
 roads were definitely fixed, that the United States had sold, or right of pre- 
 emption had attached to any portion of said land, the State was authorized to 
 select a quantity equal thereto, in alternate sections, or parts of sections, within 
 fifteen miles of the lines so located. The lands remaining to the L^nited States 
 Avithin six miles on each side of said roads were not to be sold for less than the 
 double minimum price of the public lands when sold, nor were any of said lands 
 to become subject to private entry until they had been first offered at public 
 sale at the increased price. 
 
 Section 4 of the act provided that the lands granted to said State shall be 
 disposed of by said State only in the manner following, tliat is to say : that a* 
 quantity of land net exceeding one hundred and twenty sections for each of said 
 roads, and included within a continuous length of twenty miles of each of said 
 roads, may be sold ; and when the Governor of said State shall certify to the 
 Secretary of the Interior that any twenty continuous miles of any of said roads 
 is completed, then another quantity of land hereby granted, not to exceed one 
 hundred and twenty sections for each of said roads having twenty continuous 
 miles completed as aforesaid, and included Avithin a continuous length of twenty 
 miles of each of such roads, may be sold ; and so from time to time until said 
 roads are completed, and if any of said roads are not completed within ten 
 years, no further sale shall be made, and the lands unsold shall revert to the 
 United States." 
 
 At a special session of the General Assembly of Iowa, by act approved July 
 14, 1856, the grant was accepted and the lands were granted by the State to 
 the several railroad companies named, provided that the lines of their respective 
 roads should be definitely fixed and located before April 1, 1857 ; and pro- 
 vided further, that if either of said companies should fail to have seventy-five 
 miles of road completed and equipped by the 1st day of December, ] 859, and 
 its entire road completed by December 1, 1865, it should be competent for the 
 State of Iowa to resume all rights to lands remaining undisposed of by the 
 company so failing. 
 
 The railroad companies, with the single exception of the Iowa Central Air 
 Line, accepted the several grants in accordance wnth the provisions of the above 
 act, located their respective roads and selected their lands. The grant to the 
 Iowa Central was again granted to the Cedar Rapids & Missouri River Railroad 
 Company, which accepted them. 
 
 By act, approved April 7, 1862, the Dubuque & Sioux City Railroad Com- 
 pany was re(|uired to execute a release to the State of certain swamp and school 
 lands, included within the limits of its grant, in compensation for an extension 
 of the time fixed for the completion of its road. 
 
 A careful examination of the act of Congress does not reveal any special 
 reference to railroad compayiies. The lands were granted to the State, and the 
 act evidently contemplate the sale of them bi/ the State, and the appropriation 
 of the proceeds to aid in the construction of certain lines of railroad within its 
 
214 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 limits. Section 4 of the act clearly defines the authority of the State in dis- 
 posing of the lands. 
 
 Lists of all the lands embraced by the grant were made, and certified to the 
 State by the proper authorities. Under an act of Congress approved August 3, 
 1854, entitled ^^An act to vest in the several States and Territories the title in 
 fee of the lands ivhich have been or may he certified to them,'' these certified lists, 
 the originals of which are filed in the General Land Office, conveyed to the State 
 "the fee simple title to all the lands embraced in such lists that are of the char- 
 acter contemplated " by the terms of the act making the grant, and "intended 
 to be granted thereby ; but where lands embraced in such lists are not of the 
 character embraced by such act of Congress, and were not intended to be granted 
 thereby, said lists, so far as these lands are concerned, shall be perfectly null 
 and void; and no right, title, claim or interest shall be conveyed thereby." 
 Those certified lists made under the act of May 15, 1856, were forty-three in 
 number, viz.: For the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad, nine ; for the 
 Mississippi & Missouri Railroad, 11 ; for the Iowa Central Air Line, thirteen ; 
 and for the Dubuque & Sioux City Railroad, ten. The lands thus approved to 
 the State were as follows : 
 
 Burlington & IVIissouri River R. R 287,(>05.34 acres. 
 
 Mississippi & Missouri River R. R 774,674.36 " 
 
 Cedar Rapids & Missouri River R. R 775,454.19 " 
 
 Dubuque & Sioux City R. R 1,226,558.32 " 
 
 A portion of these had been selected as swamp lands by the State, under 
 the act of September 28, 1850, and these, by the terms of the act of August 3, 
 1854, could not be turned over to the railroads unless the claim of the State to 
 them as swamp was first rejected. It was not possible to determine from the 
 records of the State Land Office the extent of the conflicting claims arising under 
 the two grants, as copies of the swamp land selections in some of the counties 
 were not filed of record. The Commissioner of the General Land Office, however, 
 prepared lists of the lands claimed by the State as swamp under act of September 
 28, 1850, and also claimed by the railroad companies under act of May 15, 
 1856, amounting to 553,293.33 acres, the claim to which as swamp had been 
 rejected by the Department. These were consequently certified to the State as 
 railroad lands. There was no mode other than the act of July, 1856, prescribed 
 for transferring the title to these lands from the State to the companies. The 
 courts had decided that, for the purposes of the grant, the lands belonged to the 
 State, and to her the companies should look for their titles. It was generally 
 accepted that the act of the Legislature of July, 1856, was all that was neces- 
 sary to complete the transfer of title. It was assumed that all the rights and 
 powers conferred upon the State by the act of Congress of May 14, 1856, were 
 by the act of the General Assembly transferred to the companies ; in other 
 words, that it Avas designed to put the companies in the place of the State as the 
 grantees from Congress — and, therefore, that which perfected the title thereto 
 to the State perfected the title to the companies by virtue of the act of July, 
 1856. One of the companies, however, the Burlington & Missouri River Rail- 
 road Company, was not entirely satisfied with this construction. Its managers 
 thought that some further and specific action of the State authorities in addition 
 to the act of the Legislature was necessary to complete their title. This induced 
 Gov. Lowe to attach to the certified lists his official certificate, under the broad 
 seal of the State. On the 9th of Noveml^er, 1859, the Governor thus certified 
 to them (commencing at the Missouri River) 187,207.44 acres, and December 
 27th, 43,775.70 acres, an aggregate of 231,073.14 acres. These were the only 
 
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 215 
 
 lands under the grant that were certified by the State authorities with any 
 design of perfecting the title already vested in the company by the act of July, 
 1856. The lists which were afterwai'd furnished to the company were simply 
 certified by the Governor as being correct copies of the lists received by the 
 State from the United States General Land Office, These subsequent lists 
 embraced lands that had been claimed by the State under the Swamp Land 
 Grant. 
 
 It was urged against the claim of the Companies that the effect of the act 
 of the Legislature was simply to substitute them for the State as parties to the 
 grant. 1st. That the lands were granted to the State to be held in trust for the 
 accomplishment of a specific purpose, and therefore the State could not part 
 with the title until that purpose should have been accomplished. 2d. That it 
 was not the intention of the act of July 14, 1856, to deprive the State of the con- 
 trol of the lands, but on the contrary that she should retain supervision of them 
 and the right to withdraw all rights and powers and resume the title condition- 
 ally conferred by that act upon the companies in the event of their failure to 
 complete their part of the contract. 3d. That the certified lists from the Gen- 
 eral Land Office vested the title in the State only by virtue of the act of Con- 
 gress approved August 3, 1854. The State Land Office held that the proper 
 construction of the act of July 14, 1856, Avhen accepted by the companies, was 
 that it became a co7iditional contract that might ripen into a positive sale of the 
 lands as from time to time the work should progress, and as the State thereby 
 became authorized by the express terms of the grant to sell them. 
 
 This appears to have been the correct construction of the act, but by a sub- 
 sequent act of Congress, approved June 2, 1864, amending the act of 1856, the 
 terms of the grant were changed, and numerous controversies arose between the 
 companies and the State. 
 
 The ostensible purpose of this additional act was to allow the Davenport & 
 Council Bluffs Railroad "to modify or change the location of the uncompleted 
 portion of its line," to run through the town of Newton, Jasper County, or as 
 nearly as practicable to that point. The original grant had been made to the 
 State to aid in the construction of railroads within its limits and not to the com- 
 panies, but Congress, in 1864, appears to have been utterly ignorant of Avhat 
 had been done under the act of 1856, or, if not, to have utterly disregarded it. 
 The State had accepted the original grant. The Secretary of the Interior had 
 already certified to the State all the lands intended to be included in the grant 
 within fifteen miles of the lines of the several railroads. It will be remembered 
 that Section 4, of the act of May 15, 1856, specifies the manner of sale of 
 these lands from time to time as work on the railroads should progress, and also 
 provided that "if any of said i:;oads are not completed within ten years, no fur- 
 ther sale shall be made, and the lands unsold shall revert to the United States." 
 Having vested the title to these lands in trust, in the State of Iowa, it is plain 
 that until the expiration of the ten years there could be no reversion, and the 
 State, not the United States, must control them until the grant should expire 
 by limitation. The United States authorities could not rightfully require the 
 Secretary of the Interior to certify directly to the companies any portion of 
 the lands already certified to the State. And yet Congress, by its act of June 
 2, 1864, provided that whenever the Davenport & Council Bluffs Railroad Com- 
 pany should file in the General Land Office at Washington a map definitely 
 showing such new location, the Secretary of the Interior should cause to be cer- 
 tified and conveyed to said Company, from time to time, as the road progressed, 
 out of any of the lands belonging to the United States, not sold, reserved, or 
 
216 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 otherwise disposed of, or to which a pre-emption claim or right of homestead had 
 not attached, and on Avhich a ho7ia fide settlement and improvement had not 
 been made under color of title derived from the United States or from the State 
 of Iowa, within six miles of such newly located line, an amount of land per 
 mile equal to that originally authorized to be granted to aid in the construction 
 of said road by the act to which this was an amendment. 
 
 The term " out of any lands belonging to the United States, not sold, re- 
 served or otherwise disposed of, etc.," would seem to indicate that Congress did 
 intend to grant lands already granted, but Avhen it declared that the Company 
 should Iiave an amount per mile equal to that originally authorized to be granted, 
 it is plain that the framers of the bill were ignorant of the real terms of the 
 original grant, or that they designed that the United States should resume the 
 title it had already parted with two years before the lands could revert to the 
 United States under the original act, which Avas not repealed. 
 
 A similar change was made in relation to the Cedar Rapids & Missouri 
 Railroad, and dictated the conveyance of lands in a similar manner. 
 
 Like provision was made for the Dubuque k Sioux City Railroad, and the 
 Company Avas permifted to change the location of its line between Fort Dodge 
 and Sioux City, so as to secure the best route between those points ; but this 
 change of location was not to impair the right to the land granted in the orig- 
 inal act, nor did it change the location of those lands. 
 
 By the same act, the Mississippi & Missouri Railroad Company Avas author- 
 ized to transfer and assign all or any part of the grant to any other company or 
 person, " if, in the opinion of said Company, the construction of said railroad 
 across the State of Iowa would be thereby sooner and more satisfactorily com- 
 pleted ; but such assignee should not in any case be released from the liabilities 
 and conditions accompanying this grant, nor acquire perfect title in any other 
 manner than the same Avould have been acquired by the original grantee." 
 
 Still further, the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad was not forgotten, 
 ^nd Avas, by the same act, empoAvered to receive an amount of land per mile 
 equal to that mentioned in the original act, and if that could not be found Avithm 
 the limits of six miles from the line of said road, then such selection might 
 be made along such line within twenty miles thereof out of any public lands 
 belonging to the United States, not sold, reserved or otherwise disposed of, or 
 to which a pre-emption claim or right of homestead had not attached. 
 
 Those acts of Congress, which evidently originated in the "lobby," occa- 
 sioned much controversy and trouble. The Department of the Interior, how- 
 ever, recognizing the fact that Avhen the Secretary had certified the lands to the 
 State, under the act of 1856, that act divested the United States of title, under 
 the vesting act of August, 1854, refused to revicAV its action, and also refused 
 to order any and all investigations for establishing adverse claims (except in 
 pre-emption cases), on the ground that the United States had parted with the 
 title, and, therefore, could exercise no control over the land. 
 
 May 12, 1864, before the passage of the amendatory act above described, 
 Congress granted to the State of loAva, to aid in the construction of a railroad 
 from McGregor to Sioux City, and for the benefit of the McGregor Western 
 Railroad Company, every alternate section of land, designated by odd numbers, 
 for ten sections in width on each side of the proposed road, reserving the right 
 to substitute other lands Avhenever it was found that the grant infringed upon 
 pre-empted lands, or on lands that had been reserved or disposed of for any other 
 purpose. In such cases, the Secretary of the Interior Avas instructed to select, in 
 lieu, lands belonging to the United States lying nearest to the limits specified. 
 
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 217 
 
 X. — AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE AND FARM LANDS. 
 
 An Agricultural College and Model Farm was established by act of the 
 General Assembly, approved March 22, 1858. By the eleventh section of the 
 act, the proceeds of the five-section grant made for the purpose of aiding in the 
 erection of public buildings was appropriated, subject to the approval of Con- 
 gress, together with all lands that Congress might thereafter grant to the State 
 for the purpose, for the benefit of the institution. On the 23d of March, by 
 joint resolution, the Legislature asked the consent of Congress to the proposed 
 transfer. By act approved July 11, 1862, Congress removed the restrictions 
 imposed in the "five-section grant," and authorized the General Assembly to 
 make such disposition of the lands as should be deemed best for the interests of 
 the State. By these several acts, the five sections of land in Jasper County 
 certified to the State to aid in the erection of public buildings under the act of 
 March 3, 1845, entitled " An act supplemental to the act for the admission of 
 the States of Iowa and Florida into the Union," were fully appropriated for 
 the benefit of the Iowa Agricultural College and Farm. The institution is 
 located in Story County. Seven hundred and twenty-one acres in that and 
 two hundred in Boone County were donated to it by individuals interested in 
 the success of the enterprise. 
 
 By act of Congress approved July 2, 1862, an appropriation was made to 
 each State and Terrffory of 30,000 acres for each Senator and Representative 
 in Congress, to which, by the apportionment under the census of 1860, they 
 were respectively entitled. This grant was made for the purpose of endowing 
 colleges of agriculture and mechanic arts. 
 
 Iowa accepted this grant by an act passed at an extra session of its Legis- 
 lature, approved September 11, 1862, entitled "An act to accept of the grant, 
 and carry into execution the trust conferred upon the State of Iowa by an act 
 of Congress entitled ' An act granting public lands to the several States and 
 Territories which may provide colleges for the benefit of agriculture and the 
 mechanic arts,' approved July 2, 1862." This act made it the duty of the 
 Governor to appoint an agent to select and locate the lands, and provided 
 that none should be selected that were claimed by any county as swamp 
 lands. The agent was required to make report of his doings to the Governor, 
 who was instructed to submit the list of selections to the Board of Trustees of 
 the Agricultural College for their approval. One thousand dollars were appro- 
 priated to carry the law into effect. The State, having two Senators and six 
 Representatives in Congress, was entitled to 240,000 acres of land under this 
 grant, for the purpose of establishing and maintaining an Agricultural College. 
 Peter Melendy, Esq., of Black Hawk County, was appointed to make the selec- 
 tions, and during August, September and December, 1863, located them in the 
 Fort Dodge, Des Moines and Sioux City Land Districts. December 8, 1864, 
 these selections were certified by the Commissioner of the General Land Office, 
 and were approved to the State by the Secretary of the Interior December 13, 
 1864. The title to these lands was vested in the State in fee simple, and con- 
 flicted with no other claims under other grants. 
 
 The agricultural lands were approved to the State as 240,000.96 acres ; but 
 as 35,691.66 acres were located within railroad limits, which were computed at 
 the rate of two acres for one, the actual amount of land approved to the State 
 under this grant was only 204,309.30 acres, located as follows : 
 
 In Des Moines Land District 6,804.96 acres. 
 
 ' In Sioux City Land District 59,025.37 " 
 
 In Fort Dodge Land District 138,478.97 " 
 
218 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 By act of the General Assembly, approved March 29, 186-4, entitled, " An 
 act authorizing the Trustees of the Iowa State Agricultural College and Farm 
 to sell all lands acquired, granted, donated or appropriated for the benefit of 
 said college, and to make an investment of the proceeds thereof," all these lands 
 were granted to the Agricultural College and Farm, and the Trustees were au- 
 thorized to take possession, and sell or lease them. They were then, under the 
 control of the Trustees, lands as follows : 
 
 Under the act of July 2, 1852 204,309.30 acres. 
 
 Of the five-section grant .' 3,200.00 " 
 
 Lands donated in Story County 721.00 " 
 
 Lands donated in Boone County 200.00 " 
 
 Total 208,430.30 acres. 
 
 The Trustees opened an oflSce at Fort Dodge, and appointed Hon. G. W* 
 Bassett their agent for the sale of these lands. 
 
 THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 
 
 The germ of the free public school system of Iowa, which now ranks sec- 
 ond to none in the United States, was planted by the first settlers. They had 
 migrated to the " The Beautiful Land " from other and older Stales, where the 
 common school system had been tested by many years' experience, bringing 
 with them some knowledge of its advantages, which they determined should be 
 enjoyed by the children of the land of their adoption. The system thus planted 
 was expanded and improved in the broad fields of the West, until now it is 
 justly considered one of the most complete, comprehensive and liberal in the 
 country. 
 
 Nor is this to be wondered at when it is remembered humble log school 
 houses were built almost as soon as the log cabin of the earliest settlers were 
 occupied by their brave builders. In the lead mining regions of the State, the 
 first to be occupied by the white race, the hardy pioneers provided the means 
 for the education of their children even before they had comfortable dwellings 
 for their families. School teachers were among the first immigrants to Iowa. 
 Wherever a little settlement was made, the school house was the first united 
 public act of the settlers; and the rude, primitive structures of the early time 
 only disappeared when the communities had increased in population and wealth, 
 and were able to replace them with more commodious and comfortable buildings. 
 Perhaps in no single instance has the magnificent progress of the State of Iowa 
 been more marked and rapid than in her common school system and in her school 
 houses, which, long since, superseded the log cabins of the first settlers. To- 
 day, the school houses which everywhere dot the broad and fertile prairies of 
 Iowa are unsurpassed by those of any other State in the great Union. More 
 especially is this true in all her cities and villages, where liberal and lavish 
 appropriations have been voted, by a generous people, for the erection of large, 
 commodious and elegant buildings, furnished with all the modern improvements, 
 and costing from $10,000 to $60,000 each. The people of the State have ex- 
 pended more than $10,000,000 for the erection of public school buildings. 
 
 The first house erected in Iowa was a log cabin at Dubuque, built by James 
 L. Langworthy and a few other miners, in the Autumn of 1833. When it was 
 completed, George Cabbage was employed as teacher during the Winter of 
 1833-4, and thirty-five pupils attended his school. Barrett Whittemore taught 
 the second term with twenty-five pupils in attendance. Mrs. Caroline Dexter 
 
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 219 
 
 commenced teaching in Dubuque in March, 1836. She was the first female 
 teacher there, and probably the first in Iowa. In 1839, Thomas H. Benton, 
 Jr., afterward for ten years Superintendent of Public Instruction, opened an 
 English and classical school in Dubuque. The first tax for the support of 
 schools at Dubuque was levied in 1840. 
 
 Among the first buildings erected at Burlington was a commodious log school 
 house in 1834, in which Mr. Johnson Pierson taught the first school in the 
 Winter of 1834-5. 
 
 The first school in Muscatine County was taught by George Bumgardner, 
 in the Spring of 1837, and in 1839, a log school house was erected in Musca- 
 tine, which served for a long time for school house, church and public hall. 
 The first school in Davenport was taught, in 1838. In Fairfield, Miss Clarissa 
 Sawyer, James F. Chambers and Mrs. Reed taught school in 1839. 
 
 When the site of Iowa City was selected as the capital of the Territory of 
 Iowa, in May, 1839, it was a perfect wilderness. The first sale of lots took 
 place August 18, 1839, and before January 1, 1840, about twenty famdies had 
 settled within the limits of the town ; and during the same year, Mr. Jesse 
 Berry opened a school in a small frame building he had erected, on what is now 
 College street. 
 
 The first settlement in Monroe County was made in 1843, by Mr. John R. 
 Gray, about two miles from the present site of Eddyville; and in the Summer 
 of 1844, a log school house was built by Gray, William V. Beedle, C. Renfro, 
 Joseph McMullen and Willoughby Randolph, and the first school was opened 
 by Miss Urania Adiams. The building was occupied for school purposes for 
 nearly ten years. About a year after the first cabin was built at Oskaloosa, a 
 log school house was built, in which school was opened by Samuel W. Caldwell 
 in 1844. 
 
 At Fort Des Moines, now the capital of the State, the first school was 
 taught by Lewis Whitten, Clerk of the District Court in the Winter of 1846-7, 
 in one of the rooms on " Coon Row," built for barracks. 
 
 The first school in Pottawattomie County was opened by George Green, a 
 Mormon, at Council Point, prior to 1849 ; and until about 1854, nearly, if not 
 quite, all the teachers in that vicinity were Mormons. 
 
 The first school in Decorah was taught in 1853, by T. W. Burdick, then a 
 young man of seventeen. In Osceola, the first school was opened by Mr. D. 
 W. Scoville. The first school at Fort Dodge was taught in 1855, by Cyrus C. 
 Carpenter, since Governor of the State. In Crawford County, the first school 
 house was built in Mason's Grove, in 1856, and Morris McHenry first occupied 
 it as teacher. 
 
 During the first twenty years of the history of Iowa, the log school house pre- 
 vailed, and in 1861, there were 893 of these primitive structures in use for 
 school purposes in the State. Since that time they have been gradually dis- 
 appearing. In 1865, there were 796; in 1870, 336, and in 1875, 121. 
 
 Iowa Territory was created July 3, 1838. January 1, 1839, the Territorial 
 Legislature passed an act providing that " there shall be established a common 
 school, or schools in each of the counties in this Territory, which shall be 
 open and free for every class of white citizens between the ages of five and 
 twenty-one years." The second section of the act provided that " the County 
 Board shall, from time to time, form such districts in their respective counties 
 whenever a petition may be presented for the purpose by a majority of the 
 voters resident witliin such contemplated district." These districts were gov-* 
 erned by boards of trustees, usually of three persons ; each district was required 
 
220 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 to maintain school at least three months in every year ; and later, laws were 
 enacted providing for county school taxes for the payment of teachers, and that 
 whatever additional sum might be required should be assessed upon the parents 
 sending, in proportion to the length of time sent. 
 
 When Iowa Territory became a State, in 1846, with a population of 100,- 
 000, and with 20,000 scholars within its limits, about four hundred school dis- 
 tricts had been organized. In 1850, there were 1,200, and in 1857, the 
 number had increased to 3,265. 
 
 In March, 1858, upon the recommendation of Hon. M. L. Fisher, then Su- 
 perintendent of Public Instruction, the Seventh General Assembly enacted that 
 " each civil township is declared a school district," and provided that these should 
 be divided into sub-districts. This law went into force March 20, 1858, and 
 reduced the number of school districts from about 3,500 to less than 900. 
 
 This change of school organization resulted in a very material reduction of 
 the expenditures for the compensation of District Secretaries and Treasurers. 
 An eftbrt was made for several years, from 1867 to 1872, to abolish the sub- 
 district system. Mr. Kiss 41, Superintendent, recommended, in his report of 
 January 1, 1872, and Governor Merrill forcibly endorsed his views in his annual 
 message. But the Legislature of that year provided for the formation of inde- 
 pendent districts from the sub-districts of district townships. 
 
 The system of graded schools was inaugurated in 1849 ; and new schools, in 
 whit'h more than one teacher is employed, are universally graded. 
 
 The first official mention of Teachers' Institutes in the educational records 
 of Iowa occurs in the annual report of Hon. Thomas H. Benton, Jr., made 
 December 2, 1850, who said, "An institution of this character was organized a 
 few years ago, composed of the teachers of the mineral regions of Illinois, 
 Wisconsin and Iowa. An association of teachers has, also, been formed in the 
 county of Henry, and an effort was made in October last to organize a regular 
 institute in the county of Jones." At that time — although the beneficial 
 influence of these institutes was admitted, it was urged that the expenses of 
 attending them was greater than teachers with limited compensation were able 
 to bear. To obviate this objection, Mr. Benton recommended that ''the sum of 
 $150 should be appropriated annually for three years, to be drawn in install- 
 ments of $50 each by the Superintendent of Public Instruction, and expended 
 for tliese institutions." He proposed that three institutes should be held annu- 
 ally at points to be designated by the Superintendent. 
 
 No legislation in this direction, however, was had until March, 1858, when 
 an act was passed authorizing the holding of teachers' institutes for periods not 
 less than six working days, whenever not less than thirty teachers should desire. 
 The Superintendent was authorized to expend not exceeding $100 for any one 
 institute, to be paid out" by the County Superintendent as the institute might 
 direct for teachers and lecturers, and one thousand dollars was appropriated to 
 defray the expenses of these institutes. 
 
 December 6, 1858, Mr. Fisher reported to the Board of Education that 
 institutes had been appointed in twenty counties within the preceding six months, 
 and more would have been, but the appropriation had been exhausted. 
 
 The Board of Education at its first session, commencing December 6, 1858, 
 enacted a code of school laws which retained the existing provisions for teachers' 
 institutes. 
 
 In March, 1860, the General Assembly amended the act of the Board by 
 appropriating ^ a sum not exceeding fifty dollars annually for one such institute, 
 held as provided by law in each county." 
 
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 221 
 
 In 1865, Mr. Faville reported that " tlie provision made by the State for the 
 benefit of teachers' institutes has never been so fully appreciated, both by the 
 people and the teachers, as during the last two years." 
 
 By act approved March 19, 1874, Normal Institutes were established in 
 each county, to be held annually by the County Superintendent. This was 
 regarded as a very decided step in advance by Mr. Abernethy, and in 1876 the 
 Sixteenth General Assembly established the first permanent State Normal 
 School at Cedar Falls, Black Hawk County, appropriating the building and 
 property of the Soldiers' Orphans' Home at that place for that purpose. This 
 school is now " in the full tide of successful experiment." 
 
 The public school system of Iowa is admirably organized, and if the various 
 officers who are entrusted with the educational interests of the commonwealth 
 are faithful and competent, should and will constantly improve. 
 
 " The public schools are supported by funds arising from several sources. 
 The sixteenth section of every Congressional Township was set apart by the 
 General Government for school purposes, being one-thirty-sixth part of all the 
 lands of the State. The minimum price of these lands was fixed at one dollar 
 and twenty-five cents per acre. Congress also made an additional donation to 
 the State of five hundred thousand acres, and an appropriation of five per cent, 
 on all the sales of public lands to the school fund. The State gives to this 
 fund the proceeds of the sales of all lands which escheat to it ; the proceeds of 
 all fines for the violation of the liquor and criminal laws. The money derived 
 from these sources constitutes the permanent school fund of the State, which 
 cannot be diverted to any other purpose. The penalties collected by the courts 
 for fines and forfeitures go to the school fund in the counties where collected. 
 The proceeds of the sale of lands and the five per cent, fund go into the State 
 Treasury, and the State distributes these proceeds to the several counties accord- 
 ing to their request, and the counties loan the money to individuals for long 
 terms at eight per cent, interest, on security of land valued at three times the 
 amount of the loan, exclusive of all buildings and improvements thereon. The 
 interest on these loans is paid into the State Treasury, and becomes the avail- 
 able school fund of the State. The counties are responsible to the State for all 
 money so loaned, and the State is likewise responsible to the school fund for all 
 moneys transferred to the counties. The interest on these loans is apportioned 
 by the State Auditor semi-annually to the several counties of the State, in pro- 
 portion to the number of persons between the ages of five and twenty-one years. 
 The counties also levy an annual tax for school purposes, which is apportioned 
 to the several district townships in the same way. A district tax is also 
 levied for the same purpose. The money arising from these several sources 
 constitutes the support of the public schools, and is sufficient to enable 
 every sub-district in the State to afford from six to nine months' school 
 each year." 
 
 The taxes levied for the support of schools are self-imposed. Under the 
 admirable school laws of the State, no taxes can be legally assessed or collected 
 for the erection of school houses until they have been ordered by the election of 
 the district at a school meeting legally called. The school houses of Iowa are 
 the pride of the State and an honor to the people. If they have been some- 
 times built at a prodigal expense, the tax payers have no one to blame but 
 themselves. The teachers' and contingent funds are determined by the Board of 
 Directors under certain legal restrictions. These boards are elected annually, 
 except in the independent districts, in which the board may be entirely changed 
 every three years. The only exception to this mode of levying taxes for support 
 
222 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 of schools is the county school tax, which is determined by the County Board 
 of Supervisors. The tax is from one to three mills on the dollar ; usually, 
 however, but one. Mr. Abernethy, who was Superintendent of Public Instruc- 
 tion from 1872 to 1877, said in one of his reports : 
 
 There is but little opposition to the levy of taxes for the support of schools, and there 
 would be still less if the funds were always properly guarded and judiciously expended. How- 
 ever much our people disagree upon other subjects, they are practically united upon this. 
 The opposition of wealth has long since ceased to exist, and our wealthy men are usually the 
 most liberal in their views and the most active friends of popular education. They are often 
 found upon our school boards, and usually make the best of school officers. It is not uncommon 
 for Boards of Directors, especially in the larger towns and cities, to be composed wholly of men 
 who represent the enterprise, wealth and business of their cities. 
 
 At the close of 1877, there were 1,086 township districts, 3,138 indepen- 
 dent districts and 7,015 sub-districts. There were 9,948 ungraded and 476 
 graded schools, with an average annual session of seven months and five days. 
 There were 7,348 male teachers employed, whose average compensation was 
 $34.88 per month, and 12,518 female teachers, with an average compensation 
 of $28.69 per month. 
 
 The nimiber of persons between the ages 5 and 21 years, in 1877, was 
 567,859; number enrolled in public schools, 421,163; total average attendance, 
 251,372; average cost of tuition per month, $1.62. There are 9,279 frame, 
 671 brick, 257 stone and 89 log school houses, making a grand total of 10,296, 
 valued at $9,044,973. The public school libraries number 17,329 volumes. 
 Ninety-nine teachers' institutes were held during 1877. Teachers' salaries 
 amounted to $2,953,645. There was expended for school houses, grounds, 
 libraries and apparatus, $1,106,788, and for fuel and other contingencies, 
 $1,136,995, making the grand total of $5,197,428 expended by the generous 
 people of Iowa for the support of their magnificent public schools in a single 
 year. The amount of the permanent school fund, at the close of 1877, was 
 $3,462,000. Annual interest, $276,960. 
 
 In 1857, there were 3,265 independent districts, 2,708 ungraded schools, 
 and 1,572 male and 1,424 female teachers. Teachers' salaries amounted to 
 $198,142, and the total expenditures for schools was only $364,515. Six hun- 
 dred and twenty-three volumes were the extent of the public school libraries 
 twenty years ago, and there were only 1,686 school houses, valued at $571,064. 
 
 In twenty years, teachers' salaries have increased from $198,142, in 1857, 
 to $2,953,645 in 1877. Total school expenditures, from $364,515 to 
 $5,197,428. 
 
 The significance of such facts as these is unmistakable. Such lavish expen- 
 ditures can only be accounted for by the liberality and public spirit of the 
 people, all of whom manifest their love of' popular education and their faith in 
 the public schools by the annual dedication to their support of more than one 
 per cent, of their entire taxable property ; this, too, uninterruptedly through a 
 series of years, commencing in the midst of a war which taxed their energies and 
 resources to the extreme, and continuing through years of general depression in 
 business — years of moderate yield of produce, of discouragingly low prices, and 
 even amid the scanty surroundings and privations of pioneer life. Few human 
 enterprises have a grander significance or give evidence of a more noble purpose 
 than the generous contributions from the scanty resources of the pioneer for the 
 purposes of public education. 
 
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 223 
 
 POLITICAL RECORD. 
 
 TERRITORIAL OFFICERS. 
 
 Grovernors — Robert Lucas, 1838-41 ; John Chambers, 1841-45 ; James 
 Clarke, 1845. 
 
 Secretaries — William B. Conway, 1838, died 1839 ; James Clarke, 1839 ; 
 0. H. W. Stull, 1841 ; Samuel J. Burr, 1843 ; Jesse Williams, 1845. 
 
 Auditors— 5 QQ&Q Williams, 1840; Wm. L. Gilbert, 1843- Robert M. 
 Secrest, 1845. 
 
 Treasurers — Thornton Bayliss, 1839 ; Morgan Reno, 1840. 
 
 Judges — Charles Mason, Chief Justice, 1838 ; Joseph Williams, 1838 ; 
 Thomas S. Wilson, 1838. 
 
 Presidents of Council — Jesse B. Browne, 1838-9 ; Stephen Hempstead, 
 1839-40; M. Bainridge, 1840-1; Jonathan W. Parker, 1841-2; John D. 
 Elbert, 1842-3 ; Thomas Cox, 1843-4 ; S. Clinton Hastings, 1845 ; Stephen 
 Hempstead, 1845-6. 
 
 Speakers of the House — William H. Wallace, 1838-9 ; Edward Johnston, 
 1839-40 ; Thomas Cox, 1840-1 ; Warner Lewis, 1841-2 ; James M. Morgan, 
 1842-3 ; James P. Carleton, 1843-4 ; James M. Morgan, 1845 ; George W. 
 McCleary, 1845-6. 
 
 First Constitutional Convention, 184^4- — Shepherd Leffler, President ; Geo. 
 S. Hampton, Secretary. 
 
 Second Constitutional Convention, 184-6 — Enos Lowe, President ; William 
 Thompson, Secretary. 
 
 OFFICERS OF THE STATE GOVERNMENT. 
 
 Governors — Ansel Briggs, 1846 to 1850 ; Stephen Hempstead, 1850 to 
 1854; James W. Grimes, 1854 to 1858 ; Ralph P. Lowe, 1858 to 1860; Sam- 
 uel J. Kirkwood, 1860 to 1864 ; William M. Stone, 1864 to 1868 ; Samuel 
 Morrill, 1868 to 1872 ; Cyrus C. Carpenter, 1872 to 1876 ; Samuel J. Kirk- 
 wood, 1876 to 1877 ; Joshua G. Newbold, Acting, 1877 to 1878 ; John H. 
 Gear, 1878 to . 
 
 Lieutenant Governor — Office created by the new Constitution September 3, 
 1857— Oran Faville, 1858-9 ; Nicholas J. Rusch, 1860-1 ; John R. Needham, 
 1862-3; Enoch W. Eastman, 1864-5; Benjamin F. Gue, 1866-7; John 
 Scott, 1868-9; M. M. Walden, 1870-1; H. C. Bulis, 1872-3; Joseph Dy- 
 sart, 1874-5 ; Joshua G. NeAvbold, 1876-7 ; Frank T. Campbell, 1878-9. 
 
 Secretaries of State — Elisha Cutler, Jr., Dec. 5, 1846, to Dec. 4, 1848 ; 
 Josiah H. Bonney, Dec. 4, 1848, to Dec. 2, 1850; George W. McCleary, Dec. 
 2, 1850, to Dec. 1, 1856 ; Elijah Sells, Dec. 1, 1856, to Jan. 5, 1863 ; James 
 Wright, Jan. 5, 1863, to Jan. 7, 1867 ; Ed. Wright, Jan. 7, 1867, to Jan. 6, 
 1873 ; Josiah T. Young, Jan. 6, 1873, to . 
 
 Auditors of /Stete— Joseph T. Fales, Dec. 5, 1846, to Dec. 2, 1850 ; Will- 
 iam Pattee, Dec. 2, 1850, to Dec. 4, 1854 ; Andrew J. Stevens, Dec. 4, 1854, 
 resigned in 1855; John Pattee, Sept. 22, 1855, to Jan. 3, 1859; Jonathan 
 W. Cattell, 1859 to 1865 ; John A. Elliot, 1865 to 1871 ; John Russell, 1871 
 to 1875 ; Buren R. Sherman, 1875 to . 
 
 Treasurers of State — Morgan Reno, Dec. 18, 1846, to Dec. 2, 1850 ; 
 Israel Kister, Dec. 2, 1850, to Dec. 4, 1852 ; Martin L. Morris, Dec. 4, 1852, 
 to Jan. 2, 1859 ; John W. Jones. 1859 to 1863 ; William H. Holmes, 1863 to 
 
224 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 1867 ; Samuel E. Rankin, 1867 to 1873 ; William Christy, 1873 to 1877 ; 
 George W. Bemis, 1877 to . 
 
 Superintendents of Public Instruction— O^cq created in 1847 — James Harlan, 
 June 5, 1845 (Supreme Court decided election void) ; Thomas H. Benton, Jr., 
 May 23, 1844, to June 7, 1854 ; James D. Eads, 1854-7 ; Joseph C. Stone, 
 March to June, 1857 ; Maturin L. Fisher, 1857 to Dec, 1858, when the office 
 was abolished and the duties of the office devolved upon the Secretary of the 
 Board of Education. 
 
 Secretaries of Board of Education — Thomas H. Benton, Jr., 1859-1863 ; 
 Oran Faville, Jan. 1, 1864. Board abolished March 23, 1864. 
 
 Superintendents of Public Listruction — Office re-created March 23, 1864 — 
 Oran Faville, March 28, 1864, resigned March 1, 1867 ; D. Franklin Wells, 
 March 4, 1867, to Jan., 1870 ; A. S. Kissell, 1870 to 1872 ; Alonzo Abernethy, 
 1872 to 1877 ; Carl W. Von Coelln, 1877 to . 
 
 State Binders — Office created February 21, 1855 — William M. Coles, May 
 1, 1855, to May 1, 1859; Frank M. Mills, 1859 to 1867; James S. Carter, 
 1867 to 1870; J. J. Smart, 1870 to 1874; H. A. Perkins, 1874 to 1875; 
 James J. Smart, 1875 to 1876 ; H. A. Perkins, 1876 to . 
 
 Registers of the State Land Office — Anson Hart, May 5, 1855, to May 
 13, 1857 ; Theodore S. Parvin, May 13, 1857, to Jan. 3, 1859 ; Amos B. 
 Miller, Jan. 3, 1859, to October, 1862 ; Edwin Mitchell, Oct. 31, 1862, to 
 Jan 5, 1863 ; Josiah A. Harvey, Jan. 5, 1863, to Jan. 7, 1867 ; Cyrus C. 
 Carpenter, Jan. 7, 1867, to January, 1871 ; Aaron Brown, January, 1871, to 
 to January, 1875 ; David Secor, January, 1875, to . 
 
 State Printers — Office created Jan. 3, 1840 — Garrett D. Palmer and 
 George Paul, 1849; William H. Merritt, 1851 to 1853; William A. Ilornish, 
 1853 (resigned May 16, 1853); Mahoney & Dorr, 1853 to 1855; Peter 
 Moriarty, 1855 to 1857; John Teesdale, 1857 to 1861; Francis W. Palmer, 
 1861 to 1869; Frank M. Mills, 1869 to 1870; G. W. Edwards, 1870 to 
 1872 ; B. P. Clarkson, 1872 to . 
 
 Adjutants General — Daniel S. Lee, 1851-5 ; Geo. W. McCleary, 1855-7 ; 
 Elijah Sells, 1857 ; Jesse Bowen, 1857-61 ; Nathaniel Baker, 1861 to 1877 ; 
 John H. Looby, 1877 to . 
 
 Atto7^neys General — David C. Cloud, 1853-56 ; Samuel A. Rice, 1856-60 y 
 Charles C. Nourse, 1861-4 ; Isaac L. Allen, 1865 (resigned January, 1866) ; 
 Frederick E. Bissell, 1866 (died June 12, 1867); Henry O'Connor, 1867-72; 
 Marsena E. Cutts, 1872-6 ; John F. McJunkin, 1877. 
 
 Presidents of the Senate — Thomas Baker, 1846-7 ; Thomas Hughes, 
 1848; John J. Selman, 1848-9; Enos Lowe, 1850-1; William E. Leffing- 
 well, 1852-3 ; Maturin L. Fisher, 1854-5 ; William W. Hamilton, 1856-7. 
 Under the new Constitution, the Lieutenant Governor is President of the 
 Senate. 
 
 Speakers of the House — Jesse B. Brown, 1847-8; Smiley H. Bonhan, 
 1849-50 ; George Temple, 1851-2 ; James Grant, 1853-4 ; Reuben Noble, 
 1855-6 ; Samuel McFarland, 1856-7 ; Stephen B. Sheledy, 1858-9 ; John 
 Edwards, 1860-1; Rush Clark, 1862-3; Jacob Butler, 1864-5; Ed. Wright, 
 1866-7 ; John Russell, 1868-9 ; Aylett R. Cotton, 1870-1 ; James Wilson, 
 1872-3 ; John H. Gear, 1874-7 ; John Y. Stone, 1878. 
 
 New Constitutional Oonvention, 1859 — Francis Springer, President ; Thos. 
 J. Saunders, Secretary. 
 
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 225. 
 
 STATE OFFICERS, 1878. 
 
 John H. Gear, Governor ; Frank T. Campbell, Lieutenant Governor ; Josiah 
 T. Young, Secretary of State; Buren R. Sherman, Auditor of State; George 
 W. Bemis, Treasurer of State; David Secor, Register of State Land Office; 
 John H. Looby, Adjutant General; John F. McJunken, Attorney General; 
 Mrs. Ada North, State Librarian; Edward J. Holmes, Clerk Supreme Court; 
 John S. Runnells, Reporter Supreme Court; Carl W. Von Coelln, Superintend- 
 ent Public Instruction; Richard P. Clarkson, State Printer; Henry A. Perkins, 
 State Binder; Prof. Nathan R. Leonard, Superintendent of Weights and 
 Measures; William H. Fleming, Governor's Private Secretary; Fletcher W. 
 Young, Deputy Secretary of State; John C. Parish, Deputy Auditor of State; 
 Erastus G. Morgan, Deputy Treasurer of State; John M. Davis, Deputy Reg- 
 ' ister Land Office ; Ira C. Kling, Deputy Superintendent Public Instruction. 
 
 THE JUDICIARY. 
 
 SUPBEME COURT OF IOWA. 
 
 Chief Justices. — Charles Mason, resigned in June, 1847 ; Joseph Williams, 
 Jan., 1847, to Jan., 1848; S. Clinton Hastings, Jan., 1848, to Jan., 1849; Joseph 
 Williams, Jan., 1849, to Jan. 11, 1855; Geo. G. Wright, Jan. 11, 1855, to Jan., 
 1860 ; Ralph P. Lowe, Jan., 1860, to Jan. 1, 1862 ; Caleb Baldwin, Jan., 1862, to 
 Jan., 1864; Geo. G. Wright, Jan., 1864,to Jan., 1866; Ralph P. Lowe, Jan., 1866, 
 to Jan., 1868; John F. Dillon, Jan., 1868, to Jan., 1870; Chester C. Cole, Jan. 
 1, 1870, to Jan. 1, 1871; James G. Day, Jan. 1, 1871, to Jan. 1, 1872; Joseph 
 M. Beck, Jan. 1, 1872, to Jan. 1, 1874; W. E. Miller, Jan. 1, 1874, to Jan. 1, 
 1876; Chester C. Cole, Jan. 1, 1876, to Jan. 1, 1877; James G. Day, Jan. 1, 
 1877, to Jan. 1, 1878; James H. Rothrock, Jan. 1, 1878. 
 
 Associate Judges. — Joseph Williams; Thomas S. Wilson, resigned Oct., 
 1847; John F. Kinney, June 12, 1847, resigned Feb. 15, 1854; George 
 Greene, Nov. 1, 1847, to Jan. 9, 1855; Jonathan C. Hall, Feb. 15, 1854, to 
 succeed Kinney, resigned, to Jan., 1855 ; William G. Woodward, Jan. 9, 1855 ; 
 Norman W. Isbell, Jan. 16, 1855, resigned 1856 ; Lacen D. Stockton, June 3, 
 1856, to succeed Isbell, resigned, died June 9, 1860; Caleb Baldwin, Jan. 11, 
 1860, to 1864; Ralph P. Lowe, Jan. 12, 1860; George G. Wright, June 26, 
 1860, to succeed Stockton, deceased; elected U. S. Senator, 1870; John F. Dil- 
 lon, Jan. 1, 1864, to succeed Baldwin, resigned, 1870; Chester C. Cole. March 
 1, 1864, to 1877 ; Joseph M. Beck, Jan. 1, 1868 ; W. E. Miller, October 11, 
 1864, to succeed Dillon, resigned; James G. Day, Jan. 1, 1871, to succeed 
 Wright. *^ 
 
 SUPREME COURT, 1878. 
 
 James H. Rothrock, Cedar County, Chief Justice; Joseph M. Beck, Lee 
 County, Associate Justice; Austin Adams, Dubuque County, Associate Justice; 
 William H. Seevers, Oskaloosa County, Associate Justice; James G, Day, Fre- 
 mont County, Associate Justice. 
 
 CONGRESSIONAL REPRESENTATION. 
 
 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 
 
 (The first General Assembly failed to elect Senators.) 
 
 George W. Jones, Dubuque, Dec. 7, 1848-1858 ; Augustus C. Dodge, Bur- 
 lington, Dec. 7, 1848-1855; James Harlan, Mt. Pleasant, Jan. 6, 1855-1865; 
 James W. Grimes, Burlington, Jan. 26, 1858-died 1870 ; Samuel J. Kirkwood, 
 Iowa City, elected Jan. 13, 1866, to fill vacancy caused by resignation of James 
 
.226 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 Harlan ; James Harlan, Mt. Pleasant, March 4, 1866-1872 ; James B. Howell, 
 Keokuk, elected Jan. 20, 1870, to fill vacancy caused by the death of J. W. 
 Grimes — term expired March 3d ; George G. Wright, Des Moines, March 4, 
 1871-1877; William B. Allison, Dubuque, March 4, 1872; Samuel J. Kirk- 
 wood, March 4, 1877. 
 
 MEMBERS OF HOUSE OF REPRESENT ATIVEa. 
 
 Twenty-ninth Congress — 184-6 to 184-7. — S. Clinton Hastings ; Shepherd 
 Leffler. 
 
 Thirtieth Congress — 184-7 to 1849. — First District, William Thompson : 
 Second District, Shepherd Leffler. 
 
 Thirty-first Congress — 184-9 to 1851. — First District, First Session, Wm. 
 Thompson ; unseated by the House of Representatives on a contest, and election 
 remanded to the people. First District, Second Session, Daniel F. Miller. 
 Second District, Shepherd Leffler. 
 
 Thirty-second Congress — 1851 to 1853. — First District, Bernhart Henn. 
 Second District, Lincoln Clark. 
 
 Thirty-third Congress — 1853 to 1855. — First District, Bernhart Henn. 
 Second District, John P. Cook. 
 
 Thirty-fourth Congress — 1855 to 1857. — First District, Augustus Hall. 
 Second District, James Thorington. 
 
 Thirty-fifth Congress — 1857 to 1859. — First District, Samuel R. Curtis. 
 Second District, Timothy Davis. 
 
 Thirty-sixth Congress — 1859 to 1861. — First District, Samuel R. Curtis. 
 Second District, William Vandever. 
 
 Thirty-seventh Congress — 1861 to 1863. — First District, First Session, 
 Samuel R. Curtis.* First District, Second and Third Sessions, James F. Wil- 
 son. Second District, William Vandever. 
 
 Thirty-eighth Congress — 1863 to 1865. — First District, James F. Wilson. 
 Second District, Hiram Price. Third District, William B. Allison. Fourth 
 District, Josiah B. Grinnell. Fifth District, John A. Kasson. Sixth District, 
 Asahel W. Hubbard. 
 
 Thirty-ninth Congress — 1865 to 1867. — First District, James F. Wilson ; 
 Second District, Hiram Price ; Third District, William B. Allison ; Fourth 
 District, Josiah B. Grinnell ; Fifth District, John A. Kasson ; Sixth District, 
 Asahel W. Hubbard. 
 
 Fortieth Congress — 1867 to 1869. — First District, James F. Wiison ; Sec- 
 ond District, Hiram Price ; Third District, William B. Allison, Fourth District, 
 William Loughridge; Fifth District, Grenville M. Dodge; Sixth District, 
 Asahel W. Hubbard. 
 
 Forty-first Congress — 1869 to 1871. — First District, George W. McCrary ; 
 Second District, William Smyth ; Third District, William B. Allison ; Fourth 
 District, William Loughridge ; Fifth District, Frank W. Palmer ; Sixth Dis- 
 trict, Charles Pomeroy. 
 
 Forty-second Congress— 187 1 to 1873.— ¥\r&i District, George W. Mc- 
 Crary ; Second District, Aylett R. Cotton ; Third District, W. G. Donnan ; 
 Fourth District, Madison M. Waldon ; Fifth District, Frank W. Palmer ; Sixth 
 District, Jackson Orr. 
 
 Forty-third Congress — 1873 to 1875. — First District, George W. McCrary; 
 Second District, Aylett R. Cotton ; Third District, William Y. Donnan ; Fourth 
 District, Henry 0. Pratt ; Fifth District, James Wilson ; Sixth District, 
 
 * Vacated seat by acceptance of commission as Brigadier General, and J. F. Wilson chosen his successor. 
 
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 229 
 
 William Lougliridge; Seventh District, John A, Kasson ; Eighth District, 
 James W. McDill ; Ninth District, Jackson Orr. 
 
 Forty-fourth Congress — 1875 to 1877. — First District, George W. Mc- 
 Crary ; Second District, John Q. Tufts ; Third Disti-ict, L. L. Ainsworth ; 
 Fourth District, Henry 0. Pratt; Fifth District, James Wilson ; Sixth District, 
 Ezekiel S. Sampson ; Seventh District, John A. Kasson ; Eighth District, 
 James W. McDill ; Fifth District, Addison Oliver. 
 
 Forty-fifth Congress — 1877 to 1879. — First District, J. C. Stone; Second 
 District, Hiram Price ; Third District, T. W. Burdick ; Fourth District, H. C. 
 Deering ; Fifth District, Rush Clark ; Sixth District, E. S. Sampson ; 
 Seventh District, H. J. B. Cummings ; Eighth District, W. F. Sapp ; Ninth 
 District, Addison Oliver. 
 
 WAR RECORD. 
 
 The State of Iowa may well he proud of her record during the War of the 
 Rebellion, from 1861 to 1865. The following brief but comprehensive sketch of 
 the history she made during that trying period is largely from the pen of Col. A. 
 P. Wood, of Dubuque, the author of ''The tlistory of Iowa and the War," one 
 of the best works of the kind yet written. 
 
 '' Whether in the promptitude of her responses to the calls made on her by 
 the General Government, in the courage and constancy of her .soldiery ill the 
 field, or in the wisdom and efficiency with which her civil administration was 
 conducted during the trying period covered by the War of the Rebellion, Iowa 
 proved herself the peer of any loyal State. The proclamation of her Governor, 
 responsive to that of the President, calling for volunteers to compose her First 
 Regiment, was issued on the fourth day after the fall of Sumter. At the end 
 of only a single week, men enough were reported to be in quarters (mostly in 
 the vicinity of their own homes) to fill the regiment. These, however, were 
 hardly more than a tithe of the number who had been offered by company com- 
 manders for acceptance under the President's call. So urgent were these offers 
 that the Governor requested (on the 24th of April) permission to organize an 
 additional regiment. While awaiting an answer to this request, he conditionally 
 accepted a sufficient number of companies to compose two additional regiments. 
 In a short time, he was notified that both of these would be accepted. Soon 
 after the completion of the Second and Third Regiments (which was near the 
 close of May), the Adjutant General of the Stnte reported that upward of one 
 hundred and seventy companies had been tendered to the Governor to serve 
 against the enemies of the Union. 
 
 " Much difficulty and considerable delay occured in fitting these regiments 
 for the field. For the First Infantry a complete outfit (not uniform) of clothino- 
 was extemporized — principally by the volunteered labor of loyal women in the 
 different towns — from material of various colors and qualities, obtained within 
 the limits of the State. The s;ime was done in part for the Second Infantry. 
 Meantime, an extra session of the General Assembly had been called by the 
 Governor, to convene on the 15th of May. With but little delay, that body 
 authorized a loan of $800,000, to meet the extraordinary expenses incurred, and 
 to be incurred, by the Executive Department, in consequence of the new emer- 
 gency. A wealthy merchant of the State (Ex-Governor Merrill, then a resident 
 of McGregor) immediately took from the (jrovernor a contract to supply a com- 
 plete outfit of clothing for the three regiments organized, agreeing to receive, 
 should the Governor so elect, his pay therefor in State bonds at par. This con- 
 
230 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 tract he executed to the letter, and a portion of the clothing (which was manu- 
 factured in Boston, to his order) was delivered at Keokuk, the place at which 
 the troops had rendezvoused, in exactly one month from the day on which the 
 contract had been entered into. * The remainder arrived only a few days later. 
 This clothing was delivered to the regiment, but was subsequently condemned 
 by the Government, for the reason that its color was gray, and blue had been 
 adopted as the color to be worn by the national troops." 
 
 Other States also clothed their troops, sent forward under the first call of 
 President Lincoln, with gray uniforms, but it was soon found that the con- 
 federate forces were also clothed in gray, and that color was at once abandoned 
 by the Union troops. If both armies were clothed alike, annoying if not fatal 
 mistakes were liable to be made. 
 
 But while engaged in these efforts to discharge her whole duty in common with 
 all the other Union-loving States in the great emergency, Iowa was compelled 
 to make immediate and ample provision for the protection of her own borders, 
 from threatened invasion on the south by the Secessionists oi Missouri, and 
 from danger of incursions from the west and northwest by bands of hostile 
 Indians, who were freed from the usual restraint imposed upon them by the 
 presence of regular troops stationed at the frontier posts. These troops were 
 withdrawn to meet the greater and more pressing danger threatening the life of 
 the nation at its very heart. 
 
 To provide for the adequate defense of her borders from the ravages of both 
 rebels in arms against the Government and of the more irresistible foes from 
 the Western plains, the Governor of the State was authorized to raise and equip 
 two regiments of infantry, a squadron of cavalry (not less than five companies) 
 and a battalion of artillery (not less than three companies.) Only cavalry were 
 enlisted for home defense, however, "but," says Col. Wood, "in time,-^ of special 
 danger, or when calls were made by the Unionists of Northern Missouri for 
 assistance against their disloyal enemies, large numbers of militia on foot often 
 turned out, and remained in the field until the necessity for their services had 
 passed. 
 
 " The first order for the Iowa volunteers to move to the field was received 
 on the 13th of June. It was issued by Gen. Lyon, then commanding the 
 United States forces in Missouri. The First and Second Infantry immediately 
 embarked in steamboats, and moved to Hannibal. Some two weeks later, the 
 Third Infantry was ordered to the same point. These three, together with 
 many other of the earlier organized Iowa regiments, rendered their first field 
 service in Missouri. The First Infantry formed a part of the little army with 
 which Gen. Lyon moved on Springfield, and fought the bloody battle of Wilson's 
 Creek. It received unqualified praise for its gallant bearing on the field. In 
 the following month (September), the Third Iowa, with but very slight support, 
 fought with honor the sanguinary engagement of Blue Mills Landing ; and in 
 November, the Seventh Iowa, as a part of a force commanded by Gen. Grant, 
 greatly distinguished itself in the battle of Belmont, Avhere it poured out its 
 blood like water — losing more than half of the men it took into action. 
 
 " The initial operations in which the battles referred to took place were fol- 
 lowed by the more important movements led by Gen. Grant, Gen. Curtis, of 
 this State, and otlier commanders, which resulted in defeating the armies 
 defending the chief strategic lines held by the Confederates in Kentucky, Tenn- 
 nessee, Missouri and Arkansas, and compelling their withdrawal from much of 
 the territory previously controlled by them in those States, In these and other 
 movements, down to the grand culminating campaign by which Vicksburg was 
 
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 231 
 
 captured and tlie Confederacy permanently severed on the line of the Mississippi 
 River, Iowa troops took part in steadily increasing numbers. In the investment 
 and siege of Vicksburg, the State was represented by thirty regiments and two 
 batteries, in addition to which, eight regiments and one battery Avere employed 
 on the outposts of the besieging army. The brilliancy of their exploits on the 
 many fields where they served won for them the highest meed of praise, both 
 in military and civil circles. Multiplied Avere the terms in which expression 
 was given to this sentiment, but these words of one of the journals of a neigh- 
 boring State, ' The Iowa troops have been heroes among heroes,' embody the 
 spirit of all. 
 
 " In the veteran re-enlistments that distinguished the closing months of 1863 
 nbove all other periods in the history of re-enlistments for tlie national armies, 
 the Iowa three years' men (who were relatively more numerous than those of any 
 other State) were prompt to set the example of volunteering for another term of 
 equal length, thereby adding many thousands to the great army of tliose who 
 gave this renewed and practical assurance that the cause of the Union should 
 not be left without defenders. 
 
 " In all the important movements of 1864-65, by which the Confederacy 
 was penetrated in every quarter, and its military power finally overthrown, the 
 Iowa troops took part. Their drum-beat was heard on the banks of every great 
 river of the South, from the Potomac to the Rio Grande, and everywhere they 
 rendered the same faithful and devoted service, maintaining on all occasions their 
 wonted reputation for valor in the field and endurance on the march. 
 
 " Two Iowa three-year cavalry regiments were employed during their whole 
 term of service in the operations that were in progress from 1863 to 1866 
 against the hostile Indians of the western plains. A portion of these men were 
 among the last of the volunteer troops to be mustered out of service. The State 
 also supplied a considerable number of men to the navy, who took part in most 
 of the naval operations prosecuted against the Confederate power on the Atlantic 
 and Gulf coasts, and the rivers of the West. 
 
 ''The people of Iowa were early and constant workers in the sanitary field, 
 and by their liberal gifts and personal efforts for the benefit of the soldiery, 
 placed their State in the front rank of those who became distinguished for their 
 exhibitions of patriotic benevolence during the period covered by the war. 
 Agents appointed by the Governor were stationed at points convenient for ren- 
 dering assistance to the sick and needy soldiers of the State, while others were 
 employed in visiting, from time to time, hospitals, camps and armies in the field, 
 and doing whatever the circumstances rendered possible for the health and 
 comfort of such of the Iowa soldiery as might be found there. 
 
 " Some of the benevolent people of the State early conceived the idea of 
 establishing a Home for- such of the children of deceased soldiers as might be 
 left in destitute circumstances. This idea first took form in 1863, and in the 
 following year a Home was opened at Farmington, Van Buren County, in a 
 building leased for that purpose, and which soon became filled to its utmost 
 capacity. The institution received liberal donations from the general public, 
 and also from the soldiers in the field. In 1865, it became necessary to pro- 
 vide increased accommodations for the large number of children who Avere 
 seeking the benefits of its care. This Avas done by establishing a branch 
 at Cedar Falls, in Black HaAvk County, and by securing, during the same 
 year, for the use of the parent Home, Camp Kinsman near the City of 
 Davenport. This property was soon afterward donated to the institution, by 
 act of Congress. 
 
232 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 " In 1866, in pursuance of a law enacted for that purpose, the Soldiers' 
 Orphans' Home (which then contained about four hundred and fifty inmates) 
 became a State institution, and thereafter the sums necessary for its support were 
 appropriated from the State treasury. A second branch was established at 
 Glenwood, Mills County. Convenient tracts were secured, and valuable improve- 
 ments made at all the different points. Schools were also established, and em- 
 ployments provided for such of the children as were of suitable age. In all 
 ways the provision made for tliese wards of the State has been such as to chal- 
 lenge the approval of every benevolent mind. The number of children who 
 have been inmates of tlie Home from its foundation to the present time is 
 considerably more than two thousand. 
 
 " At the beginning of the war, the population of Iowa included about one 
 hundred and fifty thousand men presumably liable to render military service. 
 The State raised, for general service, thirty-nine regiments of infantry, nine 
 regiments of cavalry, and four companies of artillery, composed of three years' 
 men ; one regiment of infiintry, composed of tliree months' men; and four regi- 
 ments and one battalion of infantry, composed of one hundred days' men. The 
 original enlistments in these various organizations, including seventeen hundred 
 and twenty-seven men raised by draft, numbered a little more than sixty-nine 
 thousand. The re-enlistments, including upward of seven thousand veterans, 
 numbered very nearly eight thousand. The enlistments in the regular army 
 and navy, and organizations of other States, will, if added, raise the total to 
 upward of eighty thousand. The number of men who, under special enlistments, 
 and as militia, took part at different times in the operations on the exposed 
 borders of the State, was probably as many as five thousand. 
 
 " Iowa paid no bounty on account of -the men she placed in the field. In 
 some instances, toward the close of the war, bounty to a comparatively small 
 amount was paid by cities and towns. On only one occasion — that of the call 
 of July 18, 1864 — was a draft made in Iowa. This did not occur on account of 
 her proper liability, as established by previous rulings of the War Department, 
 to supply men under that call, but grew out of the great necessity that there 
 existed for raising men. The Government insisted on temporarily setting aside, 
 in part, the former rule of settlements, and enforcing a draft in all cases where 
 subdistricts in any of the States should be found deficient in their supply of 
 men. In no instance was Iowa, as a whole, found to be indebted to the General 
 Government for men, on a settlement of her quota accounts." 
 
 It is to be said to the honor and credit of Iowa that while many of the loyal 
 States, older and larger in population and wealth, incurred heavy State debts 
 for the purpose of fulfilling their obligations to the General Government, Iowa, 
 while she Avas foremost in duty, while she promptly discharged all her obligations 
 to her sister States and the Union, found herself at the close of the war without 
 any material addition to her pecuniary liabilities incurred before the war com- 
 menced. Upon final settlement after the restoration of peace, her claims upon 
 the Federal Government were found to be fully equal to the amount of her bonds 
 issued and sold during the war to provide the means for raising and equipping 
 her troops sent into the field, and to meet the inevitable demands upon her 
 treasury in consequence of the war. 
 
HISTOrlY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 233 
 
 INFANTRY. 
 
 THE FIRST INFANTRl 
 
 was organized under the President's first proclamation for volunteers for three 
 months, with John Francis Bates, of Dubuque, as Colonel ; William H. Mer- 
 ritt, of Cedar Rapids, as Lieutenant Colonel, and A. B. Porter, of Mt. Pleas- 
 ant, as Major. Companies A and C were from Muscatine County ; Company 
 B, from Johnson County; Companies D and B, from Des Moines County; 
 Company F, from Henry County; Company G, from Davenport; Companies 
 H and I, from Dubuque, and Company K, from Linn County, and were mus- 
 tered into United States service May 14, 1861, at Keokuk. The above com- 
 panies were independent military organizations before the war, and tendered 
 their services before breaking-out of hostilities. The First was engaged at the 
 battle of Wilson's Creek, under Gen. Lyon, where it lost ten killed and fifty 
 wounded. Was mustered out at St. Louis Aug. 25, 1861. 
 
 THE SECOND INFANTRY 
 
 was organized, with Samuel R. Curtis, of Keokuk, as Colonel ; Jas. M. Tuttle, 
 of Keosauqua, as Lieutenant Colonel, and M. M. Crocker, of Des Moines, as 
 Major, and was mustered into the United States" service at Keokuk in May, 
 1861. Company A was from Keokuk; Company B, from Scott County; Com- 
 pany C, from Scott County ; Company D, from Des Moines ; Company E, from 
 Fairfield, Jefferson Co. ; Company F, from Van Buren County ; Company G, 
 from Davis County ; Company H, from Washington County ; Company I, from 
 Clinton County ; and Company K, from Wapello County. It participated in the 
 following engagements : Fort Donelson, Shiloh, advance on Corinth, Corinth, 
 Little Bear Creek, Ala.; Tunnel Creek, Ala.; Resaca, Ga.; Rome Cross Roads, 
 Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, Nick-a-Jack Creek, in front of Atlanta, January 22, 
 1864 ; siege of Atlanta, Jonesboro, Eden Station, Little Ogeechee, Savannah, 
 Columbia, S. C; Lynch's Creek, and Bentonsville. Was on Sherman's march 
 to the sea, and through the Carolinas home. The Second Regiment of Iowa 
 Infantry Veteran Volunteers was formed by the consolidation of the battalions 
 of the Second and Third Veteran Infantry, and was mustered out at Louisville, 
 Ky., July 12, 1865. 
 
 THE THIRD INFANTRY 
 
 was organized with N. G. Williams, of Dubuque County, as Colonel ; John 
 Scott, of Story County, Lieutenant Colonel ; Wm. N. Stone, of Marion County, 
 Major, and was mustered into the United States service in May, 1861, at 
 Keokuk. Company A was from Dubuque County ; Company B, from Marion 
 County ; Company C, from Clayton County ; Company D, from Winneshiek 
 County ; Company E, from Boone, Story, Marshall and Jasper Counties ; Com- 
 pany F, from Fayette County ; Company G, from Warren County ; Company H, 
 from Mahaska County ; Company I, from Floyd, Butler Black Hawk and 
 Mitchell Counties, and Company K from Cedar Falls. It was engaged at Bin* 
 Mills, Mo. ; Shiloh, Tenn. ; Ilatchie River, Matamoras, Vicksburg, Johnson, 
 Miss., Meridian expedition, and Atlanta, Atlanta campaign and Sherman's 
 march to Savannah, and through the Carolinas to Richmond and Washington. 
 The veterans of the Third Iowa Infantry were consolidated with the Second, 
 and mustered out at Louisville, Kv., July 12, 1864. 
 
234 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 THE FOURTH INFANTRY 
 
 was organized with G. M. Dodge, of Council Bluffs, as Colonel; JoLu 
 Galligan, of Davenport, as Lieutenant Colonel ; Wm. R. English, Glenwood, 
 as Major. Company A, from Mills County, was mustered in at Jefferson Bar- 
 racks, Missouri, August 15, 1861 ; Company B, Pottawattamie County, was 
 mustered in at Council Bluffs, August 8, 1861 ; Company C, Guthrie County, 
 mustered in at Jefferson Barracks, Mo., May 3, 1861 ; Company D. Decatur 
 County, at St. Louis, August 16th ; Company E, Polk County, at Council 
 Bluffs, August 8th; Company F, Madison County, Jefferson Barracks, August 
 15th ; Company G, Ringgold County, at Jefferson Barracks, August 15th ; 
 Company H, Adams County, Jefferson Barracks, August 15th ; Company I. 
 Wayne County, at St. Louis, August 31st; Company K, Taylor and Page 
 Counties, at St. Louis, August 31st. Was engaged at Pea Ridge, Chickasaw 
 Bayou, Arkansas Post, Vicksburg, Jackson, Lookout Mountain, Missionary 
 Ridge, Ringgold, Resaca, Taylor's Ridge; came home on veteran furlough 
 February 26, 1864. Returned in April, and was in the campaign against 
 Atlanta, and Sherman's march to the sea, and thence through the Carolinas 
 to Washington and home. Was mustered out at Louisville, Kentucky, July 
 24, 1865. 
 
 - THE FIFTH INFANTRY 
 
 was organized with Wm. H. Worthington, of Keokuk, as Colonel ; C Z. Mat- 
 thias, of Burlington, as Lieutenant Colonel; W. S. Robertson, of Columbus City, 
 as Major, and was mustered into the United States service, at Burlington, July 
 15, 1861. Company A was from Cedar County; Company B, from Jasper 
 County ; Company C, from Louisa County; Company D, from Marshall County ; 
 Company E, from Buchanan County ; Company F, from Keokuk County ; Com- 
 pany G, from Benton County ; Company H, from Van Buren County ; Company 
 I, from Jackson County ; Company K, from Allamakee County ; was engaged at 
 New Madrid, siege of Corinth, luka, Corinth, Champion Hills, siege of Vicks- 
 burg, Chickamauga; went home on veteran furlough, April, 1864. The non- 
 veterans went home July, 1864, leaving 180 veterans who were transferred to 
 the Fifth Iowa Cavalry. The Fifth Cavalry was mustered out at Nashville, 
 Tennessee, Aug. 11, 1865. 
 
 THE SIXTH INFANTRY. 
 
 was mustered into the service July 6, 1861, at Burlington, with John A. 
 McDowell, of Keokuk, as Colonel ; Markoe Cummins, of Muscatine, Lieuten- 
 ant Colonel ; John M. Corse, of Burlington, Major. Company A was from 
 Linn County; Company B, from Lucas and Clarke Counties; Company C, 
 from Hardin County ; Company D, from Appanoose County ; Company E, 
 from Monroe County ; Company F, from Clarke County ; Company G, from 
 Johnson County ; Company H, from Lee County ; Company I, from Des 
 Moines County ; Company K, from Henry County. It was engaged at Shiloh, 
 Mission Ridge, Resaca, Dallas, Big Shanty, Kenesaw Mountain, Jackson, Black 
 River Bridge, Jones' Ford, etc., etc. The Sixth lost 7 officers killed in action, 18 
 wounded ; of enlisted men 102 were killed in action, 30 died of wounds, 124 of 
 disease, 211 were discharged for disability and 301 were wounded in action, 
 which was the largest list of casualties, of both officers and men, of any reg- 
 iment from Iowa. Was mustered out at Louisville, Kentucky, July 21, 1865. 
 
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 235 
 
 THE SEVENTH INFANTRY 
 
 was mustered into the United States service at Burlington, July 24, 1861, 
 with J. G. Lauman, of Burlington, as Colonel ; Augustus Wentz, of Daven- 
 port, as Lieutenant Colonel, and E. W. Rice, of Oskaloosa, as Major. Com- 
 pany A was from Muscatine County ; Company B, from Chickasaw and Floyd 
 Counties ; Company C, from Mahaska County ; Companies D and E, from Lee 
 County ; Company F, from Wapello County ; Company G, from Iowa County ; 
 Company H, from Washington County ; Company I, from Wapello County ; 
 Company K, from Keokuk. Was engaged at the battles of Belmont (in which 
 it lost in killed, wounded and missing 237 men). Fort Henry, Fort Donelson, 
 Shiloh, siege of Corinth, Corinth, Rome Cross Roads, Dallas, New Hope 
 Church, Big Shanty, Kenesaw Mountain, Nick-a-Jack Creek, siege of Atlanta, 
 battle on 22d of July in front of Atlanta, Sherman's campaign to the ocean, 
 through the Carolinas to Richmond, and thence to Louisville. Was mustered 
 out at Louisville, Kentucky, July 12, 1865. 
 
 THE EIGHTH INFANTRY 
 
 was mustered into the Ignited States service Sept. 12, 1861, at Davenport, 
 Iowa, with Frederick Steele, of the regular army, as Colonel ; James L. Geddes, 
 of Vinton, as Lieutenant Colonel, and J. C. Ferguson, of Knoxville, as Major. 
 Company A was from Clinton County ; Company B, from Scott County ; 
 Company C, from Washington County ; Company D, from Benton and Linn 
 Counties ; Company E, from Marion County ; Company F, from Keokuk 
 County; Company G, from Iowa and Johnson Counties; Company H. from 
 Mahaska County ; Company I, from Monroe County ; Company K, from Lou- 
 isa County. Was engaged at the following battles : Shiloh (where most of the 
 regiment were taken prisoners of war), Corinth, Vicksburg, Jackson and Span- 
 ish Fort. Was mustered out of the United States service at Selma, Alabama, 
 April 20, 1866. 
 
 THE NINTH INFANTRY 
 
 was mustered into the United States service September 24, 1861, at Dubuque, 
 with Wm. Vandever, of Dubuque, Colonel ; Frank G. Herron, of Dubuque, 
 Lieutenant Colonel ; Wm. H. Coyle, of Decorah, Major. Company A was 
 from Jackson County ; Company B, from Jones County ; Company C, from Bu- 
 chanan County; Company D, from Jones County; Company E, from Clayton 
 County ; Company F, from Fayette County ; Company G, from Black Hawk 
 County ; Company H, from Winneshiek County ; Company I, from Howard 
 County and Company K, from Linn County. Was in the following engage- 
 ments : Pea Ridge, Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, siege of Vicksburg, 
 Ringgold, Dallas, Lookout Mountain, Atlanta campaign, Sherman's march to 
 the sea, and through North and South Carolina to Richmond. Was mustered 
 out at Louisville, July 18, 1865. 
 
 THE TENTH INFANTRY 
 
 was mustered into the United States service at Iowa City September 6, 1861, 
 with Nicholas Perczel, of Davenport, as Colonel ; W. E. Small, of Iowa City, 
 as Lieutenant Colonel ; and John C. Bennett, of Polk County, as Major. Com- 
 pany A was from Polk County ; Company B, from Warren County ; Company 
 C, from Tama County ; Company D, from Boone County ; Company E, from 
 Washington County ; Company F, from Poweshiek County ; Company G, from 
 
l!;U) lllSTOKV Ol' 'I'lIK STA'PK OK lOUA. 
 
 Warren (\>iiMty ; ('oiMiiiiiiy II, iVoin (Jrrcno (■oimty ; ('onipiiiiy 1, from .laspor 
 (\»uiily ; ( \>iii|t!iiiy l\, I'ntin Polk aiul Madison CouiitioH. I'articipa/'ni in the 
 tollowiiitj; (Mii:;au;('iiu'nls : Sit'u;(' of ("oriiitli, liika, Corinlli, Port (iil)son, Kay- 
 mond, Jackson, (MiauipitiM Hills, \ ickshuri:; and Mission Ivid^t'. In St'|)t(>ni- 
 htT, IS(!-I, (he non-V(>t('ra,ns hcin^ lunslx^rod ont, tluM'otorajis woro Ininsl'crrtMl 
 to llio Kil'tli Iowa (^a-valry, \vli(>r(> will hi' found tlu>ir fiUiin^ operations. 
 
 TIIK KLKVKNTIl I N KANT II Y 
 
 was nuislcrt'd into (l»t> I'nilcd States sorviee at l)aven|)ort, Iowa, in Sejitendior 
 and 0(ttol)er, ISdl, with A. M. Hare, of Muscatine, aa Oolonol ; .)no. ('. Aher- 
 cronihie, as jjieiitenaiit ( ^olonel ; Wni. Hall, of Davenport, as Major. (Vun- 
 puny A was from Museatino; Company .li, from Marshall and Hardin Counties; 
 Company i\ from Louisa (\)unty ; (\)mpany H, from Muscatine (\>unty ; Com- 
 pany l*j, from (\Mlar (\)unty ; Com|)any l*\ iVom \Vashin<^ton (bounty; ('om|)anv 
 (i, frouj Henry County; Company II, IVom Muscatine (\»untv ; ('(unpaiiv I 
 IVtun Muscatiiu* County ; (\tm[)any K, from Linn ('ounty. Was eni:;a<j;ed in the 
 hattle of Shiloh, sie<j;o of (\)rinth, battles of (-orinth, V ickahurj^, Atlanta cam- 
 paign, battle of Atlanta, duly 'I'l, ISdI. Was musteivd out at Louisvilh*, Kv., 
 duly IT), ISCf). 
 
 Till'; I'WKI.Kril INKANTUV 
 
 was muster(>(l into tlu^ Unit(>d Stativs service Novend)er ^Ify, IcSlU, at l)uhui|ue, 
 with J. ,). Wood, of ^larpioketa, as (^)lonel ; riohn I*. ( 'Oultor, of (-odar Kapids, 
 |jieut(Miant (^>lon(>l ; Sanuiel 1). Hrodtheck, of HuIuKpit', as Major, (•ompaiiy 
 A was from Hardin (loinity ; (\)mpany H, from .Mlaiuakce County ; (.'ompany ( , 
 from Kayettc^ (\»unty ; ('ompaiiy I), from Linn County; (•oiu{)any K, from l>lack 
 Hawk County; Company V\ from Delawan* (^uinty; (\)mpainy (il, from Winne- 
 siiiek County; Company II, from Duhmpu' and I )(dawaro Counties ; (N)mpany 
 L from I)uhu(]U(> and .laxdcson (M>unti(>s; Company K, from Delaware (-ounty. 
 It was I'li^a^ed at I*\)rt Honelson, Shiloh, whei't* most of the regiment was 
 captured, and those not captured were or<!;ani/,ed in what was calh'd the Union 
 Brigade, and were in tlu> balth' of (%)rinth; tlu> pi-isoucrs wi>re e.\iduin;j;ed 
 November 10, 1S(>'J, and the r(>fj;iuu'nt re-orga.nized, and tlu>n pMrtit'ipatin«j; in 
 the sieii;e of Vii'ksbur«j;, battle of Tupelo, INliss.; White Iviver, Nashville and 
 Spanish Fort. The regiment was nuistered out at Memphis, January 20, LS(!(i. 
 
 TIIK TlllUrKKNI'll INKANTUV 
 
 wns mustered in Novend)er I, ISiIJ, nt l>aV(>nport, with M. M. Crocker, of Des 
 Moines, as Colonel; JNL M. Trici', of Davenptu-t, Lieutenant Colonel; John 
 Shane, Vinton, Major. C^ompany A was from Mt. Vernon ; ('Omj)any L, IVom 
 Jasper County; Company (\ from Lucas County; Company D, from Keokuk 
 County; (Company K, IVom Scott (Vunity ; (Company l*\ IVom Sc-ott and Linn 
 Counties; (\)mpany (J, IVom Benton County ; Company 11, from Mai-shall County ; 
 Com|)any I, IVom Washington ('ounty ; Company K, from Washington County. 
 It participated in the following engagements : Shiloh, siege of (\)rinth, Corinth, 
 Kenesaw Mountain, siege of Vickshiirg, ('ampaign against Atlanta. \\ as on 
 Sherman's nuirch to the sea, and through North and South Carolina. Was 
 mustered out at Louisville -luly "J 1 , I St!;"). 
 
 TIIK KOUKTKKN'ni INKANTUV 
 
 was nuistered in the United Slates service Oi-tober, ISdl, at Davenj^ort, with 
 Wm. T. Shaw, of Anamosa, as Colonel ; Kdward W. Lucaa, of Iowa C'ity, as 
 
llfHTOI'.y OF TIIK KTATK OK IOWA. 237 
 
 Lieutenant Colonel ; Hiram Leonatd, of I)e.s MoineH (Jounty, as Major. Com- 
 pany A waH from Scott County ; (Jompany B, from Jiremer County ; Company 
 b, from Ifonry and Van liuren Counties ; Company K, from Jasper Coiintv ; 
 Company l<\ from Van liuren and Henry (Jountjes; Company ^j!,frorfi 'l'am;i, and 
 Scott (Jounties ; (J(Hfipany H, fVoin Mnn (Jounty; Company I, frotn llcniy 
 County ; Company K, from Hes iVIoines (Jounty. i'artieipateri in the f(dlow- 
 ing (;n;^agementH : Ft. Donelson, Sliiloli, (Jorintli (where most of the regiment 
 were taken prisoners of war), I'leasant Hill, Meridian, Ft. He iiussey, 'I'upelo, 
 Town Creek, 'rallahateliie, J'ilot Knob, Old Town, Yellow Jiayou, etc., etc., 
 and was mustered out, except vet(;rans and recruits, at J>avenport, Iowa, No- 
 vember 10, 1804. 
 
 TiiK ]<'iitki;n'|]i infantry 
 
 was niust(;red into the United States servicf; March 19, 1802, at Keokuk, with 
 
 (Jounty ; Company h\ from I<'i-eifir>nt and Mills Counties; Company C, from 
 Marion and Warren (Jounties ; Conifjany H, from J'otlawattamie and Haiiison 
 Counties; Company I, from Lee, Van Jiuren and Clark Counties; Company K, 
 from Waftello, Van Huren and Warren Counties. Participated in the batUe of 
 Sliiloli, sieg(5 of (Jorinth, hatt.h^s (jf (Jorinth, Vicksburg, campaign against At- 
 lanta, batth; in front of Atlanta, July 22, 18<il, and was under fire during 
 the siege of Atlanta eighty-one days; was on Sherman's march to the se;i, and 
 through the (Jarolinas to Richmond, Washingt.on and Louisville, where it was 
 mustered out, August 1, 18<)4. 
 
 Tllli KIX'I'FKNTIl INFANTIlY 
 
 was mustered into th(! United States service at Davenport, Jowa, Hecember 10, 
 
 1801, with Ahixandei" (JhamberS; of the r(;gular army, as Colonel; A. H. 
 Sanders, of Davenport, Li(;utenant (Jolonel ; Wm. Purcell, of Muscatine, 
 Major. (Jompany A was from Clinton County ; Company li. from Scott 
 County; (Jompany (', from M uscatine County ; Company D, from Jjoon(!('ounty ; 
 Company K, from Muscatine (Jounty ; (Joiupany K, from Muscatine, Clintfjn and 
 Scott Counticjs; Company C, frotn I)ubu(jue County ; (Jonifjany II, from I)u- 
 bu({uc and (JIayton (bounties; (jompany 1, from Hlaek Hawk and Linn (Joiinties; 
 (Jomf)any K, from Lee ar.d Muscatine (Jountifjn. Was in the battles of Shiloh, 
 siege of (Jorinth, luka, Corinth, Kenesaw Mf>untain, Nick-a Jack Oeek, battles 
 around Atlanta; was in Sherman's carnftaigns, and the (Jarolina campaigns. 
 Was mustered out at Louisville, Ky., July 11), 180.^>. 
 
 TIIK KKVENTFIiNTH INKANTKY 
 
 was mustered into the United States service at Keokuk, in March and A|)ril, 
 
 1802, with Jno. W. Rankin, of Keokuk, Colonel; D. H. ilillis, of Keokuk, 
 as liietitcnant Colonel; Samuel M. Wise, of Mt. IMeasant, Major. Company 
 A was from D(;eatur (Jounty; (Jomjiany B, from Lee (Jounty; (jompany (J, 
 from Van Ruren, W;ip(!llo and liCe (Jounties ; (Jompany D, from Des Moines, 
 Van liuren and .Jefferson (Jounties; (Jompany K, from Wa()ello (Jounty; (Jom- 
 pany K, from Appanoose County; Company G, from Marion County; Com- 
 pany 11, from Marion and IVjttawattamie (J(Hinties; (Jompany 1, from Jefferson 
 and Lee Counties; (Jompany K, fnjiu Lee and Polk Counties. They were in 
 
238 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 the following engagements: Siege of Corinth, luka, Corinth, Jackson, Cham- 
 pion Hills, Fort Hill, siege of Vicksburg, Mission Ridge, and at Tilton, Ga., 
 Oct. 13, 1864, most of the regiment were taken prisoners of war. Was mus- 
 tered out at Louisville, Ky., July 25, 1865. 
 
 THE EIGHTEENTH INFANTRY 
 
 Avas mustered into the United States service August 5, 6 and 7, 1862, at Clin- 
 ton, with John Edwards, of Chariton, Colonel ; T. Z. Cook, of Cedar Rapids, 
 Lieutenant Colonel ; Hugh J. Campbell, of Muscatine, as Major. Company 
 A, was from Linn and various other counties ; Company B, from Clark County; 
 Company C, from Lucas County; Company D, from Keokuk and Wapello 
 Counties; Company E, from Muscatine County; Company F, from Appanoose 
 County; Company G, from Marion and Warren Counties; Company H, from 
 Fayette and Benton Counties; Company I, from Washington County; Com- 
 pany K, from Wapello, Muscatine and Henry Counties, and was engaged in 
 the battles of Springfield, Moscow, Poison Spring, Ark., snd was mustered out 
 at Little Rock, Ark., July 20, 1865. 
 
 THE NINETEENTH INFANTRY 
 
 was mustered into the United States service August 17, 1862, at Keokuk, with 
 Benjamin Crabb, of Washington, as Colonel ; Samuel McFarland, of Mt. Pleas- 
 ant, Lieutenant Colonel, and Daniel Kent, of Ohio, Major. Company A was 
 from Lee and Van Buren Counties; Company B, from Jefferson County; Com- 
 pany C, from Washington County; Company D, from Jefferson County; Com- 
 pany E, from Lee County; Company F, from Louisa County; Company G, 
 from Louisa County; Company H, from Van Buren County; Company I, from 
 Van Buren County; Company K, from Henry County. Was engaged a Prairie 
 Grove, Vicksburg, Yazoo River expedition. Sterling Farm, September 29, 1863, 
 at which place they surrendered ; three officers and eight enlisted men were 
 killed, sixteen enlisted men were wounded, and eleven officers and two hundred 
 and three enlisted men taken prisoners out of five hundred engaged; they 
 were exchanged July 22d, and joined their regiment August 7th, at New Or- 
 leans. Was engaged at Spanish Fort. Was mustered out at Mobile, Ala., July 
 10, 1865. 
 
 THE TWENTIETH INFANTRY 
 
 was mustered into the United States service August 25, 1862, at Clinton, with 
 Wm. McE. Dye, of Marion, Linn Co., as Colonel: J. B. Leek, of Davenport, as 
 Lieutenant Colonel, and Wm. G. Thompson, of Marion, Linn Co., as Major. 
 Companies A, B, F, H and I were from Linn County ; Companies C, D, E, G 
 and K, from Scott County, and was engaged in the following battles: Prairie 
 Grove, and assault on Fort Blakely. Was mustered out at Mobile, Ala., July 
 8, 1865. 
 
 THE TWENTY-FIRST INFANTRY 
 
 was mustered into the service at Clinton in June and August, 1862, with 
 Samuel Merrill (late Governor of Iowa) as Colonel ; Charles W. Dunlap, of 
 Mitchell, as Lieutenant Colonel ; S. G. VanAnda, of Delhi, as Major. Com- 
 pany A was from Mitchell and Black Hawk Counties ; Company B, from 
 Clayton County ; Company C, from Dubuque County ; Company D, from 
 Clayton County ; Company E, from Dubuque County ; Company F, from Du- 
 buque County ; Company G, from Clayton County ; Company H, from Dela- 
 
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF lOAVA. 239 
 
 ware County ; Company I, from Dubuque County ; Company K, from Delaware 
 County, and was in the following engagements : Hartsville, Mo. ; Black River 
 Bridge, Eort Beauregard, was at the siege of Vicksburg, Mobile, Fort Blakely, 
 and was mustered out at Baton Rouge, La., July 15, 1865. 
 
 THE TWENTY-SECOND INFANTRY 
 
 was mustered into the United States service Sept. 10, 1862, at Iowa City, with 
 Wm. M. Stone, of Knoxville (since Governor of Iowa), as Colonel ; Jno. A. 
 Garrett, of Newton, Lieutenant Colonel ; and Harvey Graham, of Iowa City, 
 as Major. Company A was from Johnson County ; Company B, Johnson 
 County ; Company C, Jasper County; Company D, Monroe County ; Company 
 E, Wapello County ; Company F, Johnson Countv ; Company G, Johnson 
 Cbunty ; Company H, Johnson County ; Company I, Johnson County ; Com- 
 pany K, Johnson County. Was engaged at Vicksburg, Thompson's Hill, Cham- 
 pion Hills, Sherman's campaign to Jackson, at Winchester, in Shenandoah Val- 
 ley, losing 109 men, Fisher's Hill and Cedar Creek. Mustered out at Savannah, 
 Ga., July 25, 1865. 
 
 THE TWENTY-THIRD INFANTRY 
 
 was mustered into United States service at Des Moines, Sept. 19, 1862, with 
 William Dewey, of Sidney, as Colonel; W. H. Kinsman, of Council Bluffs, as 
 Lieutenant Colonel, and S. L. Glasgow, of Corydon, as Major. Companies 
 A, B and C, were from Polk County; Company D, from Wayne County; Com- 
 pany E, from Pottawattamie County ; Company F, from Montgomery County ; 
 Company G, from Jasper County ; Company H, from Madison County ; Com- 
 pany I, from Cass County, and Company K, from Marshall County. Was in 
 Vicksburg, and engaged at Port Gibson, Black River, Champion Hills, Vicks- 
 burg, Jackson, Milliken's Bend, Fort Blakely, and was mustered out at Harris- 
 burg, Texas, July 26, 1865 
 
 THE TWENTY-FOURTH 
 
 was mustered into United States service at Muscatine, September 18, 1862, 
 , withEber C. Byam, of Mount Vernon, as Colonel; John Q. Wilds, of Mount 
 Vernon, as Lieutenant Colonel, and Ed. Wright, of Springdale, as Major. 
 Company A was from Jackson and Clinton Counties ; Companies B and C, 
 from Cedar County; Company D, from Washington, Johnson and Cedar 
 Counties; Company E, from Tama County; Companies F, G and H, from 
 Linn County ; Company I, from Jackson County, and Company K, from Jones 
 County. VVas engaged at Port Gibson, Champion Hills, Gen. Banks' Red 
 River expedition, Winchester and Cedar Creek. Was mustered out at Savan- 
 nah, Ga., July 17, 1865. 
 
 THE TWENTY-FIFTH INFANTRY 
 
 was organized with George A. Stone, of Mount Pleasant, as Colonel ; Fabian 
 Brydolf as Lieutenant Colonel, and Calom Taylor, of Bloomfield, as Major, 
 and was mustered into United States service at Mount Pleasant, September 27, 
 1862. Companies A and I were from Washington County ; Companies B and 
 H, from Henry County ; Company C, Irom Henry and Lee Counties ; Com- 
 panies D, E and G, '^from Des Moines County ; Company F, from Louisa 
 County, and'Company K, from Des Moines and Lee Counties. Was engaged 
 at Arkansas Post, Vicksburg, Walnut Bluff, Chattanooga, Campain, Ring- 
 
240 HISTORY OF Till-: STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 gold, Ga., Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, battles around Atlanta, Love- 
 joy Station, Jonesboro, Ship's Gap, Benton ville, and on Sherman's march 
 through Georgia and the Carolinas, to Richmond and Washington. Was 
 mustered out at Washington, D. C, June 6, 18G5. 
 
 THE TWENTY- SIXTH 
 
 was organized and mustered in at Clinton, in August, 1862, with Milo Smith, 
 of Clinton, as Colonel ; S. G. Magill^ of Lyons, as Lieutenant Colonel, and 
 Samuel Clark, of De Witt, as Major. Company A was from Clinton and 
 Jackson Counties ; Company B, from Jackson County ; Companies C, D, E, 
 F, G, H, I and K, from Clinton County. Was engaged at Arkansas Post, 
 Vicksburg, Snake Creek Gap, Ga., Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, De- 
 catur, siege of Atlanta, Ezra Church, Jonesboro, Lovejoy Station, Ship's Gap, 
 Sherman's campaign to Savannah, went through the Carolinas, and was mus- 
 tered out of service at Washington, D. C, June 6, 1865. 
 
 THE TWENTY-SEVENTH 
 
 was mustered into United States service at Dubuque, Oct. 3, 1862, with James 
 I. Gilbert, of Lansing, as Colonel ; Jed Lake, of Independence, as Lieutenant 
 Colonel ; and G. W. Howard, of Bradford, as Major. Companies A, B and I 
 were from Allamakee County ; Companies C and H, from Buchanan County ; 
 Companies D and E, from Clayton County ; Company F, from Delaware 
 County ; Company G, from Floyd and Chickasaw Counties, and Company K, 
 from Mitchell County. Engaged at Little Rock, Ark., was on Red River ex- 
 pedition, Fort De Russey, Pleasant Hill, Yellow Bayou, Tupelo, Old Town 
 Creek and Fort Blakely. Was mustered out at Clinton, lov/a, Aug. 8, 1865. 
 
 THE TWENTY-EIGHTH 
 
 was organized at Iowa City, and mustered in Nov. 10, 1862, with William E. 
 Miller, of Iowa City, as Colonel ; John Connell, of Toledo, as Lieutenant Colonel, 
 and II. B. Lynch, of Millersburg, as Major. Companies A and D were 
 from Benton County ; Companies B and G, from Iowa County ; Companies 
 C. H and I, from Poweshiek County; Company E, from Johnson County; 
 Company F, from Tama County, and Company K, from Jasper County. AVas 
 engaged at Port Gibson, Jackson and siege of Vicksburg ; was on Banks' Red 
 River expedition, and enojaired at Sabine Cross Roads ; was eno-aeed in Shen- 
 andoah Valley, Va., and engaged at U inchester, Fisher's Hill and Cedar Creek. 
 Was mustered out of service at Savannah, Ga., July 31, 1865. 
 
 THE TWENTY-NINTH 
 
 was organized at Council Bluffs, and mustered into the United States service 
 December 1, 1862, with Thomas H. Benton, Jr., of Council Bluffs, as Colonel ; 
 R. F. Patterson, of Keokuk, as Lieutenant Colonel: and Charles B. Shoe- 
 maker, of Clarinda, as Major. Conijiany A was from Pottawattamie County ; 
 Company B, from Pottawattamie and Mills Counties: Comnany C, from Harrison 
 County; Company D, from Adair and Adams Counties, Company E, from 
 Fremont County : Company F, from Taylor County ; Company G, from Ring- 
 gold County. Was engaged at Helena, Arkansas and Spanish Fort. AVas 
 mustered out at New Orleans August 15, 1865. 
 
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 241 
 
 THE THIRTIETH INFANTRY 
 
 was organized at Keokuk, and mustered into the United States service September 
 23, 1862, with Charles B. Abbott, of Louisa County, as Colonel ; Wm. M. G. Tor- 
 rence, of Keokuk, as Lieutenant Colonel ; and Lauren Dewey, of Mt. Pleasant, as 
 Major. Companies A and I were from Lee County ; Company B, from Davis 
 County ; Company' C, from Des Moines County ; Company D, from Van Buren 
 County ; Companies E and K from Washington County ; Company F, from 
 Davis County ; and Companies G and H, from Jefferson County. Was 
 engaged at Arkansas Post, Yazoo City, Vicksburg, Cherokee, Ala., Ringgold, 
 Resaca, Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta, Lovejoy Station, Jonesboro, Taylor's 
 Ridge; was in Sherman's campaigns to Savannah and through the Carolinas to 
 Richmond ; was in the grand review at Washington, D. C, where it was mus- 
 tered out June 5, 1865. 
 
 THE THIRTY-FIRST INFANTRY 
 
 was mustered into the service at Davenport October 13, 1862, with William 
 Smyth, of Marion, as Colonel ; J. VV. Jenkins, of Maquoketa, as Lieutenant 
 Colonel ; and Ezekiel Cutler, of Anamosa, as Major. Company A was from 
 Linn County; Companies B, C and D, from Black Hawk County; Companies 
 E, G and H, from Jones County; Companies F, I and K, from Jackson County. 
 Was engaged at Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, Raymond, Jackson, Black 
 River, Vicksburg, Cherokee, Lookout Mountain, Mission Ridge, Ringgold, 
 Taylor's Hills, Snake Creek Gap, Resaca, Dallas, New Hope Church, Big 
 Shanty, Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta, Jonesboro ; was in Sherman's campaign 
 through Georgia and the Carolinas, and was mustered out at Louisville, Ken- 
 tucky, June 27, 1865 
 
 THE THIRTY-SECOND INFANTRY 
 
 was organized at Dubuque, with John Scott, of Nevada, as Colonel ; E. H. 
 Mix, of Shell Rock, as Lieutenant Colonel, and G. A. Eberhart, of Waterloo, 
 as Major. Company A was from Hamilton, Hardin and Wright Counties ; 
 Company B, from Cerro Gordo County ; Company C, from Black Hawk 
 County ; Company D, from Boone County; Company E, from Butler County; 
 Company F, from Hardin County; Company G, from Butler and Floyd Coun- 
 ties ; Company H, from Franklin County; Company I, from Webster County, 
 and Company K, from Marshall and Polk Counties, and was mustered into 
 the United States service October 5, 1862. Was engaged at Fort De Russey, 
 Pleasant Hill, Tupelo, Old Town Creek, Nashville, etc., and was mustered out 
 of the United States service at Clinton, Iowa, Aug. 24, 1865. 
 
 THE THIRTY-THIRD INFANTRY 
 
 was organized at Oskaloosa, with Samuel A. Rice, of Oskaloosa, as Colonel ; 
 Cyrus H. Maskey, of Sigourney, as Lieutenant Colonel, and Hiram D. Gibson, 
 of Knoxville, as Major, Companies A and I were from Marion County; Com- 
 panies B, F and H, from Keokuk County ; Companies C, D, E and K, from 
 Makaska County, and Company G, from Marion, Makaska and Polk Counties, 
 and mustered in October 1, 1862. Was engaged at Little Rock, Helena, Sa- 
 line River, Spanish Fort and Yazoo Pass. VVas mustered out at New Orleans, 
 July 17, 1865. 
 
242 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 THE THIRTY-FOURTH INFANTRY 
 
 was organized with George W, Clark, of Indianola, as Colonel ; W. S. Dungan, 
 of Chariton, as Lieutenant Colonel, and R. D. Kellogg, of Pecatur County, as 
 Major, and mustered in at Burlington, October 15, 18(32. Companies A and I 
 were from Decatur County : Companies B, C and D, from Warren County ; Com- 
 pany E. from Lucas County; Company F. from Wayne County. Company G, 
 from Lucas and Clark Counties : Company H, from Madison and Warren 
 Counties, and Company K. from Lucas County. Was engaged at Arkansas 
 Post, Ft. Gaines, etc., etc. Was consolidated with the Thirty-eighth Infantry, 
 January 1, 1865, and mustered out at Houston, Texas, August 15, 18G5. 
 
 THE THIRTY-FIFTH INFANTRY 
 
 was organized at Muscatine, and mustered in the L^nited States service Sep- 
 tember"l8, 1862. with S. G. Hill, of Muscatine, as Colonel ; James H. Roth- 
 rock, as Lieutenant Colonel, and Henry OConner, of Muscatine, as Major. 
 Companies A, B, C, D and E, were from Muscatine County; Company F, 
 from Muscatine and Louisa Counties ; Companies G. H and L from Muscatine 
 and Cedar Counties, and Company K. from Cedar County. Participated in 
 the battles of Jackson, siege of Vicksburg, Bayou Rapids, Bayou de Glaze, 
 Pleasant Hill, Old River Lake, Tupelo, Nashville, etc. Was mustered out at 
 Davenport. August 10, 1865. 
 
 THE THIRTY-SIXTH INFANTRY 
 
 was organized at Keokuk, with Charles W. Kittredge, of Ottumwa, as Colonel ; 
 F. M. Drake, of Unionville, Appanoose County, as Lieutenant Colonel, and T. 
 
 C. Woodward, of Ortumwa, as Major, and mustered in October 4, 1862 ; Com- 
 pany A was from Monroe County ; Companies B, D, E, H and K, from 
 Wapello County, and Companies C, F, G and I, from Appanoose County. 
 Was engaged fn the following battles : Mark's Mills, Ark. ; Elkins' Ford, 
 Camden, Helena, Jenkins' Ferry, etc. At Mark's Mills, April 25, 1864. out 
 of 500 en^raged. lost 200 killed and wounded, the balance being taken prisonei*s 
 of war ; was" exchanged October 6, 1864. Was mustered out at Duval! "s Blutf, 
 Ark., August 24, 1865. 
 
 THE THIRY^-SEVENTH INFANTRY (OR GRAY BEARDS; 
 
 was organized with Geo. W. Kincaid, of Muscatine, as Colonel ; Geo. R. West, 
 of Dub"u(,|ue. as Lieutenant Colonel, and Lyman Allen, of Iowa City, as Major, 
 and was mustered into United States service at Muscatine December 15. 1862. 
 Company A was from Black Hawk and Linn Counties : Company B. from 
 Muscatine County ; Company C, from Van Buren and Lee Counties ; Company 
 
 D, from Johnson and Iowa Counties ; Company E, from Wapello and Maliaska 
 Counties : Company F, from Dubuque County ; Company G, from Appanoose, 
 Des Moines, Henry and Washington Counties : Company H, from Henry and 
 Jefterson Counties; Company I. from Jasper. Linn and other counties, and 
 Company K, from Scott and Fayette Counties. The object of the Thirty- 
 seventh was to do garrison duty and let the young men go to the front. It was 
 mustered out at Davenport on expiration of three years' service. 
 
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 243 
 
 THE THIRTY-EIGHTH INFANTRY 
 
 was organized at Dubuque, and mustered in November 4, 1862, with D. H. 
 Hughes, of Decorah, as Colonel ; J. 0. Hudnutt, of Waverly, as Lieutenan, 
 Colonel, and Charles Chadwick, of West Union, as Major. Companies A, Ft 
 G and II were from Fayette County ; Company B, from Bremer County ; Com- 
 pany C, from Chickasaw County ; Companies D, E and K, from Winneshiek 
 County, and Company I, from Howard County. Participated in the siege of 
 Vicksburg, Banks' Red River expedition, and on December 12, 1864, was 
 consolidated with the Thirty-fourth Infantry. Mustered out at Houston, Texas, 
 August 15, 1865. 
 
 THE THIRTY -NINTH INFANTRY 
 
 was organized with H. J. B. Cummings, of Winterset, as Colonel; James Red- 
 field, of Redfield, Dallas County, as Lieutenant Colonel ; and J. M. Grifiiths, 
 of Des Moines, as Major. Companies A and F were from Madison County ; 
 Companies B and I, from Polk Couuty ; Companies C and H, from Dallas 
 County; Company D, from Clark County; Company E, from Greene County; 
 Company G, from Des Moines and Henry Counties ; and Company K, from 
 Clark and Decatur Counties. Was engaged at Parker's Cross Roads,^Tenn.; 
 Corinth, Allatoona, Ga.; Resaca, Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta, Sherman's march 
 to Savannah and through the Carolinas to Richmond, and was mustered out at 
 Washington June 5, 1865. 
 
 THE FORTIETH INFANTRY 
 
 was organized at Iowa City November 15, 1862, with John A. Garrett, of 
 Newton, as Colonel; S. F. Cooper, of Grinnell, as Lieutenant Colonel; and 
 S. G. Smith, of Newton, as Major. Companies A and H were from Marion 
 County ; Company B, from Poweshiek County ; Company C, from—Mahaska 
 County; Companies D and E, from Jasper County; Company F, from Ma- 
 haska and Marion Counties ; Company G, from Marion County ; Company I, 
 from Keokuk County; and Company K, from Benton and other counties. Par- 
 ticipated in the siege of Vicksburg, Steele's expedition. Banks' Red River 
 expedition, Jenkins' Ferry, etc. Was mustered out at Port Gibson August 2, 
 1866. 
 
 THE FORTY-FIRST INFANTRY, 
 
 formerly Companies A, B and C of the Fourteenth Infantry, became Compa- 
 nies K, L and M of the Seventh Cavalry, under authority of the War Depart- 
 ment. Its infantry organization was under command of John Pattee, of Iowa 
 City. Company A was from Black HaAvk, Johnson and other counties ; Com- 
 pany B, from Johnson County ; and Company C, from Des Moines and various 
 counties. 
 
 THE FORTY-FOURTH INFANTRY (100 DAYS) 
 
 was organized at Davenport, and mustered in June 1, 1864. Company A was 
 from Dubuque County; Company B, Muscatine County; Company C, Jones, 
 Linn and Dubuque Counties; Company D, Johnson and Linn Counties; Com- 
 pany E, Bremer and Butler Counties ; Company F, Clinton and Jackson 
 Counties ; Company G, Marshall and Hardin Counties ; Company H, Boone 
 and Polk Counties ; Companies I and K, Scott County. The Forty-fourth 
 did garrison duty at Memphis and La Grange, Tenn. Mustered out at Daven- 
 port, September 15, 1864. 
 
244 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 THE FORTY-FIFTH INFANTRY (100 DAYS) 
 
 was mustered in at Keokuk, May 25, 1864, with A. H. Bereman, of Mount 
 Pleasant, as Colonel ; S. A, Moore, of Bloomfield, as Lieutenant Colonel, and 
 J. B. Hope, of Washington, as Major. The companies were from the following 
 counties : A, Henry ; B, Washington ; C, Lee ; D, Davis ; E, Henry and 
 Lee ; F, Des Moines ; G, Des Moines and Henry ; H, Henry ; I, Jefferson, 
 and K, Van Buren. Was mustered out at Keokuk, September 16, 1864. 
 
 THE FORTY-SIXTH INFANTRY (100 DAYS) 
 
 was organized with D. B. Henderson, of Clermont, as Colonel ; L. D. Durbin, 
 of Tipton, as Lieutenant Colonel, and G. L. Tarbet, as Major, and was mus- 
 tered in at Dubuque, June 10, 1864, Company A was from Dubuque; Com- 
 pany B, from Poweshiek ; C, from Dallas and Guthrie ; D, from Taylor and 
 Fayette; E, from Ringgold and Linn ; F, from Winneshiek and Delaware ; G, 
 frooQ Appanoose and Delaware; H, from Wayne; I, from Cedar, and K, from 
 Lucas. Was mustered out at Davenport, September 23, 1864.- 
 
 THE FORTY-SEVENTH INFANTRY (100 DAYS) 
 
 was mustered into United States service at Davenport, June 4, 1864, with 
 James P. Sanford, of Oskaloosa, as Colonel ; John Williams, of Iowa City, as 
 Lieutenant Colonel, and G. J. Wright, of Des Moines, as Major. Company 
 A was from Marion and Clayton Counties; Company B, from Appanoose 
 County ; Company C, from Wapello and Benton Counties ; Company B, from 
 Buchanan and Linn Counties; Company E, from Madison County; Company 
 F, from Polk County ; Company G, from Johnson County ; Company H, from 
 Keokuk County: Company I, from Mahaska County, and Company K, from 
 Wapello. 
 
 THE FORTY-EIGHTH INFANTRY BATTALION — (100 DAYS) 
 
 was organized at Davenport, and mustered in July 13, 1864, with 0. H. P. 
 Scott, of Farmington, as Lieutenant Colonel. Company A was from Warren 
 County; Company B, from Jasper County; Company C, from Decatur County, 
 and Company D, from Des Moines and Lee Counties, and was mustered out at 
 Rock Island Barracks Oct. 21, 1864. 
 
 CAVALRY. 
 
 THE FIRST CAVALRY 
 
 was organized at Burlington, and mustered into the United States service May 
 3, 1861, with Fitz Henry Warren, of Burlington, as Colonel ; Chas. E. Moss, 
 of Keokuk, as Lieutenant Colonel ; and E. W. Chamberlain, of Burlington, 
 James 0. Gower, of Iowa City, and W. M. G. Torrence, of Keokuk, as Majors. 
 Company A was from Lee, Van Buren and Wapello Counties ; Company B, 
 from Clinton County ; Company C, from Des Moines and Lee Counties ; Com- 
 pany D, from Madison and Vfairen Counties; Company E, from Henry 
 County ; Company F, from Johnson and Linn Counties ; Company G, from 
 Dubuque and Black Hawk Counties ; Company II, from Lucas and Morrison 
 Counties ; Company I, from Wapello and Des Moines Counties ; Company K, 
 from Allamakee and Clayton Counties ; Company L, from Dubuque and other 
 
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 245 
 
 counties ; Company M, from Clinton County . It was engaged at Pleasant 
 Hill, Mo.; Rolla, New Lexington, Elkins' Ford, Little Rock, Bayou Metoe, 
 Warrensburg, Big Creek Bluffs, Antwineville, Clear Creek, etc. Was mustered 
 out at Austin, Texas, February 15, 1866. 
 
 THE SECOND CAVALRY 
 
 was organized with W. L. Elliott, of the regular army, as Colonel ; Edward 
 Hatch, of Muscatine, as Lieutenant Colonel; and N. P. Hepburn, of Marshall- 
 town, D. E. Coon, of Mason City, and H. W. Love, of Iowa City, as Majors, 
 and was mustered into the United States service at Davenport September 1, 
 1861. Company A was from Muscatine County ; Company B, from Marshall 
 County ; Company C, from Scott County ; Company D, from Polk County ; 
 Company E, from Scott County ; Company F, from Hamilton and Franklin 
 Counties ; Company G, from Muscatine County ; Company H, from Johnson 
 County ; Company I, from Cerro Gordo, Delaware and other counties ; Com- 
 pany K, from Des Moines County ; Company L, from Jackson County, and 
 Company M, from Jackson County. The Second Cavalry participated in the 
 following military movements : Siege of Corinth, battles of Farmington, Boone- 
 ville, Rienzi, luka, Corinth, Coffeeville, Palo Alto, Birmingham, Jackson, 
 Grenada, Collierville, Moscow, Pontotoc, Tupelo, Old Town, Oxford, and en- 
 gagements against Hood's march on Nashville, battle of Nashville, etc. Was 
 mustered out at Selma, Ala., September 19, 1865. 
 
 THE THIRD CAVALRY 
 
 was organized and mustered into the United States service at Keokuk, in Au- 
 gust and September, 1861, with Cyrus Bussey, of Bloomfield, as Colonel; H. 
 H. Bussey, of Bloomfield, as Lieutenant Colonel, and C. H. Perry, H. C. Cald- 
 well and W. C. Drake, of Corydon, as Majors. Companies A and E were from 
 Davis County ; Company B, from Van Buren and Lee Counties ; Company C, 
 from Lee and Keokuk Counties; Company D, from Davis and Van Buren 
 Counties ; Company F, from Jefferson County ; Company G, from Van Buren 
 County ; Company H, from Van Buren and Jefferson Counties ; Company I, 
 from Appanoose County ; Company K, from Wapello and Marion Counties ; 
 Company L, from Decatur County, and Company M, from Appanoose and De- 
 catur Counties. It was engaged in the following battles and skirmishes : 
 Pea Ridge, La Grange, Sycamore, near Little Rock, Columbus, Pope's Farm, 
 Big Blue, Ripley, Coldwater, Osage, Tallahatchie, Moore's Mill, near Monte- 
 vallo, near Independence, Pine Bluff, Botts' Farm, Gun Town, White's Station, 
 Tupelo, Village Creek. Was mustered out of United States service at Atlanta, 
 Ga., August 9, 1865. 
 
 THE FOURTH CAVALRY 
 
 was organized with Asbury B. Porter, of Mount Pleasant, as Colonel ; Thomas 
 Drummond, of Vinton, as Lieutenant Colonel ; S. D. Swan, of Mount Pleas- 
 ant, J. E. Jewett, of Des Moines, and G. A. Stone, of Moisnt Pleasant, as 
 Majors, and mustered into United States service at Mount Pleasant November 
 21, 1861. Company A was from Delaware County; Company C, from Jef- 
 ferson and Henry Counties ; Company D, from Henry County ; Company E, 
 
246 HISTOHY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 from Jasper and Poweshiek Counties ; Company F, from "Wapello County : 
 Company G, from Lee and Henry Counties ; Company II, from Chickasaw 
 County ; Company I, from Madison County ; Company K, from Henry 
 County; Company L, from Des Moines and other counties; and Company M, 
 from tiefterson County. The Fourth Cavalry lost men in the following engage- 
 ments : Guntown, Miss.; Helena, Ark.; near Bear Creek, Miss.; near Mem- 
 phis, Tenn.; Town Creek, Miss.; Columhus, Ga.; Mechanicshurg, Miss.; Little 
 Blue River, Ark.; Brownsville, !Miss.; Ripley, Miss.; Black River Bridge, 
 Miss.; Grenada, Miss.; Little Red River, Ark.; Tupelo, Miss.; Yazoo River. 
 Miss.; White River, Ark.; Osage, Kan.; lack Crook, Ark.; Okalona, Miss.; 
 St. Francis lliver. Ark. Was mustered out at Atlanta, Ga., August 10, 1865. 
 
 THE FIFTH CAVALRY 
 
 was organized at Omaha with Wm. W. Lowe, of the regular army, as Colo- 
 nel ; M. T. Patrick, of Ouudui, as Lieutenant Colonel ; and C. S. Bernstein, 
 of Dubuque, as Major, and mustered in September 21, 18l51. Companies A, 
 B, C and D were mostly from Nebraska ; Company E, from Dubuque County ; 
 Company F, from Des Moines, Dubuque and Lee Counties ; Company G, from 
 Minnesota; Company H, fnmi Jackson and other counties; Companies I and 
 K wore from ^Lnuesota; Company L, from ^Lnnesota and Missouri; Com- 
 pany M, from Missouri ; Companies G, I and K were transferred to INLnnesota 
 Volunteers Feb. '25, 1804. The new Company G was organized from veterans 
 and recruits and Companies C, E, F and I of Fifth Iowa Intantry, and trans- 
 ferred to Fifth Cavalry August 8, 1864. The second Company I was organ- 
 ized from veterans and recruits and Companies A, B, D, G, H and K of the 
 Fifth Iowa Infantry, and transferred to Fifth Iowa Cavalry August 18, 1864. 
 Wa* engaged at second battle of Fort Donelson, Wartrace, Duck River Bridge, 
 Sugar Creek, Xewnan, Camp Creek, Cumberland Works, Tenn.; Jonesboro, 
 Ebenezer Church, Lockbridge's Mills, Pulaski, Cheraw, and mustered out at 
 Nashville, Tenn., August II, 1865. 
 
 THE SIXTH CAVALRY. 
 
 was organized with D. S. Wilson, of Dubuque, as Colonel ; S. M. Pollock, of 
 Dubu(iue, as Lieutenant Colonel ; T. H. Shephard, of Iowa City, E. P. Ten- 
 Broeck, of Clinton, and A. E. House, of Delhi, as Majors, and was mustered 
 in at Davenport, January ol, 1863. Company A was from Scott and other 
 counties; Company B, from Dubuque and other counties; Company C, from 
 Fayette County; Company D, from Winneshiek County; Company E, from 
 Southwest counties of the State ; Company F, from Allamakee and other 
 counties ; Company G, from Delaware and Buchanan Counties ; Company H, 
 from Linn County ; Company I, from Johnson and other counties ; Company 
 K, from Linn County; Company L, from Clayton County; Company M, from 
 Johnson and Dubuque Counties. The Sixth Cavalry operated on the frontier 
 against the Indians. Was mustered out at Sioux City, October 17, 1865. 
 
 THE SEVENTH CAVALRY 
 
 was organized at Davenport, and mustered into the United States service April 
 27, I860, with S. W^ Summers, of Ottnmwa, as Colonel ; John Pattee, of Iowa 
 City, as Lieutenant Colonel; H. II. Heath and G. M. OBrien, of Dubuque, 
 
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 247 
 
 and John S. Wood, of Ottumwa, as Majors. Companies A, B, C and D, were 
 froia Wapello and other counties in innnediate vicinity; Companies E, F, G 
 and II, were from all parts of the State ; Company I, from iSioux City and 
 known as Sioux City Cavalry; Company K was ori<finally Company A of the 
 Fourteenth Infantry and afterward Company A of the Forty-first Infantry, was 
 from Johnson and other counties ; Company L was originally Company B, of 
 
 the Forty-first Infantry and afterward Company B, of the Forty , and 
 
 was from Johnson County; Company M was originally Company C, of the 
 Fourtcentli Infimtry, and afterward Company C, of the Forty-first and from Des 
 Moines and other counties. Tlie Seventh Cavalry operated against the Indi- 
 ans. Excepting the Lieutenant Colonel and Companies K, L and M, the regi- 
 ment was mustered out at Leavenworth, Kansas, May 17, 1866. Companies 
 K, L, and M were mustered out at Sioux City, June '12, 1866. 
 
 THE EIGHTH CAVALRY 
 
 was organized with J. B. Dorr, of Dubuque, as Colonel ; H. G. Barner, of 
 Sidney, as Lieutenant Colonel ; John J. Bowen, of Hopkinton, J. D. Thompson, 
 of Eldora, and A. J. Price, of Guttenburg, as Majors, and were mustered in at 
 Davenport September 80, 1868. The companies were mostly from the follow- 
 ing counties: Company A, Page; B, Wapello; C, Van Buren; D, Ring- 
 gold; E, Henry; F, Appanoose; G, Clayton ; H, Appanoose; I, Marshall; 
 Iv, Muscatine; L, Wapello; M, Polk. The Eighth did a large amount of duty 
 guarding Sherman's communications, in which it had many small engagements. 
 It was in the battles of Lost Mountain, Lovejoy's Station, Newnan, Nashville, 
 etc. Was on Stoneman's cavalry raid around Atlanta, and Wilson's raid 
 through Alabama. Was mustered out at Macon, Ga., August 13, 1865. 
 
 THE NINTH CAVALRY 
 
 was mustered in at Davenport, November 80, 1863, with M. M. Trumbull, of 
 Cedar Falls, as Colonel ; J. P. Knight, of Mitchell, as Lieutenant Colonel ; E. 
 T. Ensign, of Des Moines, Willis Drummond, of McGregor, and William Had- 
 dock, of Waterloo, as Majors. Company A was from Muscatine County ; 
 Company B, Linn County; Company C, Wapello and Decatur Counties ; Com- 
 pany D, Washington County ; Company E, Fayette County ; Company F, 
 Clayton County ; Companies G and II, various counties ; Company I, Wapello 
 and Jefferson Counties ; Company K, Keokuk County ; Company L, Jasper 
 and Marion Counties ; Company M, Wapello and Lee Counties. Was mustered 
 out at Little Rock, Ark., February 28, 1866. 
 
 ARTILLERY. 
 
 THE FIRST BATTERY OF LIGHT ARTILLERY 
 
 was enrolled in the counties of Wapello, Des Moines, Dubuque, Jefferson, 
 Black Ilawk, etc., and was mustered in at Burlington, Aug. 17, 1861, with C. H. 
 Fletcher, of Burlington, as Captain. Was engaged at Pea Ridge, Port Gibson, 
 in Atlanta campaign, Chickasaw Bayou, Lookout Mountain, etc. Was mus- 
 tered out at Davenport July 5, 1865. 
 
248 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 THE SECOND BATTERY OF LIGHT ARTILLERY 
 
 was enrolled in the counties of Dallas, Polk, Harrison, Fremont and Pottawat- 
 tamie, and mustered into United States service at Council Blufts and St. Louis, 
 Mo , Aug. 8 and 31, 1861, with Nelson T. Spear, of Council Blufts, as 
 Captain. Was engaged at Farmington, Corinth, etc. Was mustered out at 
 Davenport, Aug. 7, 1865. 
 
 THE THIRD BATTERY OF LIGHT ARTILLERY 
 
 was enrolled in the counties of Dubuque, Black Hawk, Butler and Floyd, and 
 mustered into United States service at Dubuque, September, 1861, with M. 
 M. Hayden, of Dubuque, as Captain. Was at battle of Pea Ridge, etc., etc. 
 Was mustered out at Davenport, Oct. 23, 1865. 
 
 THE FOURTH BATTERY OF LIGHT ARTILLERY 
 
 was enrolled in Mahaska, Henry, Mills and Fremont Counties, and was mus- 
 tered in at Davenport, Nov. 23, 1863, with P. H. Goode, of Glenwood, Cap- 
 tain. Was mustered out at Davenport, July 14, 1865. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 THE FOURTH BATTALION 
 
 Company A, from Fremont County, W. Hoyt, Captain; Company B, from 
 Taylor County, John Flick, Captain ; Company C, from Page County, J. 
 Whitcomb, Captain. 
 
 THE NORTHERN BORDER BRIGADE 
 
 was organized by the State of Iowa to protect the Northwestern frontier, 
 James A. Sawyer, of Sioux City, was elected Colonel. It had Companies A, 
 B, C, D and E, all enlisted from the Northwestern counties. 
 
 THE SOUTHERN BORDER BRIGADE 
 
 was organized by the State for the purpose of protecting the Southern border 
 of the State, and was organized in counties on the border of Missouri. Com- 
 pany A, First Battalion, was from Lee County. Wm. Sole, Captain; Company B, 
 First Battalion, Joseph Dickey, Captain, from Van Buren County; Company 
 A, Second Battalion, from Davis County, Capt. H. B. Horn; Company B, Sec- 
 ond Battalion, from Appanoose County, E. B. Skinner, Captain; Company A, 
 Third Battalion, from Decatur County, J. H. Simmons, Captain; Company B, 
 Third Battalion, from Wayne County, E. F. Estel, Captain; Company C, 
 Third Battalion, from Ringgold County, N. Miller, Captain. 
 
 THE FIRST INFANTRY AFRICAN DESCENT — (SIXTIETH U. S.) 
 
 was organized with John G. Hudson, Captain Company B, Thirty-third Mis- 
 souri, as Colonel; M. F. Collins, of Keokuk, as Lieutenant Colonel, and J. L. 
 Murphy, of Keokuk, as Major. Had ten companies, and were mustered in at 
 various places in the Fall of 1863. The men were from all parts of the State 
 and some from Missouri. 
 
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 249 
 
 During the war, the following promotions were made by the United States 
 Government from Iowa regiments:* 
 
 MAJOR GENERALS 
 
 Samuel R. Curtis, Brigadier General, from March 21, 1863. 
 Frederick Steele, Brigadier General, from November 29, 1863. 
 Frank J. Herron, Brigadier General, from ]^ovember 20, 1863. 
 Grenville M. Dodge, Brigadier General, from June 7, 1864. 
 
 BRIGADIER GENERALS. 
 
 Samuel R. Curtis, Colonel 3d Infantry, from May 17, 1861. 
 
 Frederick Steele, Colonel 8th Infantry, from February 6, 1863. 
 
 Jacob G. Launian, Colonel 7th Infantry, from March 21, 1863. 
 
 Grenville M. Dodge, Colonel 4th Infantry, from March 31, 1863. 
 
 James M. Tuttle, Colonel 3d Infantry, from June 9, 1863. 
 
 Washington L. Elliott, Colonel 3d Cavalry, from June 11, 1863. 
 
 Fitz Henry Warren, Colonel 1st Cavalry , from July 6, 1863. 
 
 Frank J. Herron, Lieutenant Colonel 9th Infantry, from July 30, 1863. 
 
 Charles L. Matthies, Colonel 5th Infantry, from November 39, 1862. 
 
 "William Vandever, Colonel 9th Infantry, from November 29, 1863. 
 
 Marcellus M. Crocker, Colonel 13th Infantry, from Nov. 39, 1863. (Since died.) 
 
 Hugh T. Eeid, Colonel 15th Infantry from March 13, 1863. 
 
 Samuel A. Rice, Colonel 33d Infantry, from August 4, 1863. 
 
 John M. Corse, Colonel 6th Infantry, from August 11, 1863. 
 
 Cyrus Bussey, Colonel 3d Cavalry, from January 5, 1864. 
 
 Edward Hatch, Colonel 2d Cavalry, from April 37, 1864. 
 
 Elliott W. Rice, Colonel 7th Infantry, from June 20, 1864. 
 
 Wm. W. Belknap, Colonel 15th Infantry, from July 30, 1864. 
 
 John Edwards, Colonel 18th Infantry, from September 26, 1864. 
 
 James A. Williamson, Colonel 4th Infantry, from January 13, 1864. 
 
 James I. Gilbert, Colonel 27th Infantry, from February 9, 1865. 
 
 BREVET MAJOR GENERALS. 
 
 John M. Corse, Brigadier General from October 5, 1864. 
 Edward Hatch, Brigadier General, from December 15, 1864. 
 AVm. ^y. Belknap, Brigadier General, from March 13, 1865. 
 W. L. Elliott, Brigadier Genend, from March 13, 1865. 
 Wm. Vandever, Brigadier General, from June 7, 1865. 
 
 BREVET BRIGADIER GENERALS. 
 
 Wm. T. Clark, A. A. G., late of 13th Infantry, from July 23, 1864. 
 
 Edward F. Winslow, Colonel 4th Cavalry, from December 13, 1864. 
 
 S. G. Hill, Colonel 35th Infantry, from December 15, 1864. (Since died.) 
 
 Thos. H. Benton, Colonel 29th Infantry, from December 15, 1864. 
 
 Samuel L. Glasgow, Colonel 23d Infantry, from December 19, 1864. 
 
 Clark R. Wever, Colonel 17th Infantry, from February 9, 1865. 
 
 Francis M. Drake, Lieutenant Colonel 36th Infantry, from February 23, 1865. 
 
 George A. Stone, Colonel 35th Infantry, from March 13, 1865. 
 
 Datus E. Coon, Colonel 3d Cavalry, from March 8, 1865. 
 
 George W. Clark, Colonel 34th Infantry, from March 13, 1865. 
 
 Herman H. Heath, Colonel 7th Cavalry, from March 13, 1865. 
 
 J. M. Hedrick, Colonel 15th Infantry, from March 13, 1865. 
 
 W. W. Lowe, Colonel 5th Cavalry, from March 13, 1865. 
 
 *ThomaB J. McKean was appointed Paymaster in U. S. A. from Iowa, and subsequently promoted Brigadier General, 
 to date from Nov. 21, 1801. 
 
250 
 
 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
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254 
 
 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 NUMBER OF TROOPS FURNISHED BY THE STATE OF IOWA 
 
 DURING THE WAR OF THE REBELLION, 
 
 TO JANUARY 1, 1865. 
 
 No. Regiment. 
 
 1st Iowa 
 
 2d 
 
 3d 
 
 4th 
 
 5th 
 
 6th 
 
 7th 
 
 8th 
 
 9th 
 10th 
 11th 
 12th 
 13th 
 14th 
 15th 
 16th 
 17th 
 18th 
 19th 
 20th 
 21st 
 22d 
 23d 
 24th 
 25th 
 26th 
 27th 
 28th 
 29th 
 30th 
 31st 
 32d 
 S3d 
 34th 
 S5th 
 36th 
 37th 
 38th 
 
 Infantry . 
 
 No. of 
 men. 
 
 959 
 
 1,247 
 
 1,074 
 
 1,184 
 
 1,03 
 
 1,013 
 
 1,138 
 
 1,027 
 
 1,090 
 
 1,027 
 
 1,022 
 
 981 
 
 989 
 
 840 
 
 1,196 
 
 919 
 
 956 
 
 875 
 
 985 
 
 925 
 
 980 
 
 1,008 
 
 961 
 
 979 
 
 995 
 
 919 
 
 940 
 
 956 
 
 1,005 
 
 978 
 
 977 
 
 925 
 
 985 
 
 953 
 
 984 
 
 986 
 
 914 
 
 910 
 
 No. Regiment. 
 
 39th Iowa Infantry 
 
 40th " " 
 
 41st Battalion Iowa Infantry 
 
 44th Infantry (100-days men) 
 
 45th " " " 
 
 46th " " «' ...; 
 
 47th " " " 
 
 48th Battalion '= " 
 
 1st Iowa Cavalry 
 
 2d " " 
 
 3d " " 
 
 4th " " 
 
 5th " " 
 
 6th " " 
 
 7th " " 
 
 8th " " 
 
 9th " " 
 
 Sioux City Cavalry* 
 
 Co. A, 11th Penn. Cavalry 
 
 1st Battery Artillery 
 
 2d " " 
 
 3d " " 
 
 4th " " 
 
 1st Iowa African Infantry, 60th U. Sf . 
 
 Dodge's Brigade Band 
 
 Band of 2d Iowa Infantry 
 
 Enlistments as far as reported to Jan. 1 
 
 1864, for the older Iowa regiments 
 
 Enlistments of Iowa men in regiments 
 of other States, over 
 
 Total 
 
 Re-enlisted Veterans for ditferent Regi- 
 ments 
 
 Additional enlistments 
 
 Grand total as far as reported up to Jan. 
 1, 1865 
 
 No. of 
 men. 
 
 933 
 
 900 
 
 294 
 
 867 
 
 912 
 
 892 
 
 884 
 
 346 
 
 1,478 
 
 1,394 
 
 1,360 
 
 1,227 
 
 1,245 
 
 1,125 
 
 562 
 
 1,234 
 
 1,178 
 
 93 
 
 87 
 
 149 
 
 123 
 
 142 
 
 152 
 
 903 
 
 14 
 
 10 
 
 2,765 
 
 2,500 
 
 61,653 
 
 7,202 
 6,664 
 
 75,519 
 
 This does not include those Iowa men who veteranized in the regiments of other States, nor 
 the names of men who enlisted during 1864, in regiments of other States. 
 * Afterward consolidated with Seventh Cavalry, 
 f Only a portion of this regiment was credited to the State. 
 
HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 255 
 
 POPULATION OF IOWA, 
 By Counties. 
 
 COUNTIES. 
 
 AGGREGATE. 
 
 
 1875. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1860. 
 
 1850. 
 
 1840. 
 
 Voters. 
 
 Adair 
 
 7045 
 
 7832 
 19158 
 17405 
 
 2370 
 28807 
 22913 
 17251 
 13220 
 17315 
 
 3561 
 
 3982 
 
 4614 
 17868 
 164-56 
 
 1212 
 22454 
 21706 
 14584 
 12528 
 17034 
 
 1585 
 
 984 
 
 1533 
 
 12237 
 
 11931 
 
 454 
 
 8496 
 
 8244 
 
 4232 
 
 4915 
 
 7906 
 
 57 
 
 
 
 1616 
 
 Adams 
 
 
 
 1727 
 
 Allamakee 
 
 777 
 3131 
 
 
 3653 
 
 Appanoose 
 
 Audubon 
 
 
 3679 
 
 
 527 
 
 Benton 
 
 672 
 135 
 735 
 
 
 4778 
 
 Black Hawk 
 
 
 4877 
 
 Boone 
 
 
 3515 
 
 Bremer 
 
 
 2666 
 
 Buchanan 
 
 517 
 
 
 3890 
 
 Buena Vista 
 
 
 817 
 
 Buncombe* 
 
 
 
 
 Butler 
 
 11734 
 
 3185 
 
 5760 
 
 10552 
 
 17879 
 
 6685 
 
 4249 
 
 11400 
 
 10118 
 
 3559 
 
 27184 
 
 34295 
 
 6039 
 
 14386 
 
 15757 
 
 13249 
 
 16893 
 
 35415 
 
 1748 
 
 43845 
 
 1436 
 
 20515 
 
 13100 
 
 6558 
 
 13719 
 
 7028 
 
 8134 
 
 9638 
 
 7701 
 
 1482 
 
 15029 
 
 11818 
 
 21594 
 
 7875 
 
 3455 
 
 794 
 
 17456 
 
 23061 
 
 24128 
 
 17127 
 
 24654 
 
 19168 
 
 9951 
 
 1602 
 
 2451 
 
 6464 
 
 19731 
 
 4722 
 
 1967 
 
 10180 
 
 8735 
 
 1523 
 
 27771 
 
 35357 
 
 2530 
 
 12019 
 
 15565 
 
 12018 
 
 17432 
 
 27256 
 
 1389 
 
 38969 
 
 1392 
 
 16973 
 
 10768 
 
 4738 
 
 11173 
 
 4627 
 
 6399 
 
 7061 
 
 6055 
 
 999 
 
 13684 
 
 8931 
 
 21463 
 
 6282 
 
 2596 
 
 226 
 
 16644 
 
 22619 
 
 22116 
 
 17839 
 
 24898 
 
 19731 
 
 3724 
 
 147 
 
 281 
 
 1612 
 
 12949 
 
 940 
 
 58 
 
 4336 
 
 5427 
 
 62 
 
 20728 
 
 18938 
 
 383 
 
 5244 
 
 13764 
 
 8677 
 
 11024 
 
 19611 
 
 180 
 
 31164 
 
 105 
 
 12073 
 
 3744 
 
 1309 
 
 6074 
 
 1374 
 
 793 
 
 3058 
 
 1699 
 
 179 
 
 5440 
 
 3621 
 
 18701 
 
 3168 
 
 332 
 
 43 
 
 8029 
 
 18493 
 
 9883 
 
 15038 
 
 17573 
 
 13306 
 
 
 
 2598 
 
 Calhoun 
 
 
 
 681 
 
 Carroll 
 
 
 
 1197 
 
 Cass 
 
 
 
 2422 
 
 Cedar 
 
 3941 
 
 1253 
 
 3934 
 1526 
 
 Cerro Gordo 
 
 Cherokee 
 
 
 
 1001 
 
 Chickasaw 
 
 
 
 2392 
 
 Clarke 
 
 79 
 
 
 2213 
 
 
 
 868 
 
 
 3873 
 2822 
 
 1101 
 821 
 
 6272 
 
 
 5569 
 
 
 1244 
 
 
 854 
 7264 
 
 965 
 
 1759 
 
 12988 
 
 
 3170 
 
 Davis 
 
 3448 
 
 
 
 2882 
 
 Delaware 
 
 168 
 5577 
 
 3662 
 
 Des Moines 
 
 6654 
 
 
 394 
 
 Dubuque 
 
 Emmett 
 
 10841 
 
 3059 
 
 8759 
 299 
 
 Fajette 
 
 825 
 
 
 4637 
 
 Floyd 
 
 
 2884 
 
 Franklin 
 
 
 
 1374 
 
 Fremont 
 
 1244 
 
 
 2998 
 
 Greene 
 
 
 1622 
 
 Grundy 
 
 
 
 1525 
 
 Guthrie 
 
 
 
 2339 
 
 
 
 
 1455 
 
 
 
 
 303 
 
 Hardin 
 
 
 
 3215 
 
 Harrison 
 
 
 
 2658 
 
 Henry 
 
 Howard 
 
 8707 
 
 3772 
 
 4641 
 1712 
 
 Humboldt 
 
 
 
 695 
 
 
 
 
 172 
 
 
 822 
 7210 
 1280 
 9904 
 4472 
 3007 
 
 
 3576 
 
 Jackson 
 
 Jasper 
 
 Jefferson 
 
 Johnson 
 
 Jones 
 
 1411 
 
 4901 
 6239 
 
 2773 
 
 1491 
 
 471 
 
 8721 
 6225 
 4180 
 
 * In 1862, name changed to Lyon. 
 
256 
 
 HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 
 
 POPULATION OF IOWA— Concluded. 
 
 COUNTIES. 
 
 Keokuk 
 
 Kossuth 
 
 Lee 
 
 Linn 
 
 Louisa 
 
 Lucas 
 
 Lyon* 
 
 Madison 
 
 Mahaska 
 
 Marion 
 
 Marshall 
 
 Mills 
 
 Mitchell 
 
 Monona 
 
 Monroe 
 
 Montgomery 
 
 Muscatine 
 
 O'Brien 
 
 Osceola 
 
 Page 
 
 Palo Alto 
 
 Plymouth 
 
 Pocahontas 
 
 Polk 
 
 Pottawat tomie 
 
 Poweshiek 
 
 Ringgold 
 
 Sac 
 
 Scott 
 
 Shelby 
 
 Sioux 
 
 Story 
 
 Tama 
 
 Taylor 
 
 Union 
 
 Van Buren 
 
 Wapello 
 
 Warren 
 
 Washington 
 
 Wayne 
 
 Webster 
 
 Winnebago 
 
 Winneshiek 
 
 Woodbury 
 
 Worth 
 
 Wright 
 
 Total 
 
 * Formerly Buncombe. 
 
 
 
 AGGREGATE. 
 
 
 
 1875. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1860. 
 
 1850. 
 
 1840. 
 
 Voters. 
 
 20488 
 
 3765 
 
 33913 
 
 31815 
 
 12499 
 
 11725 
 
 1139 
 
 16080 
 
 28718 
 
 24094 
 
 19629 
 
 10555 
 
 11523 
 
 2267 
 
 12811 
 
 1U389 
 
 21623 
 
 2349 
 
 1778 
 
 14274 
 
 2728 
 
 5282 
 
 2249 
 
 31558 
 
 21665 
 
 16482 
 
 7546 
 
 2873 
 
 39763 
 
 5664 
 
 3120 
 
 13111 
 
 18771 
 
 10418 
 
 8827 
 
 16980 
 
 23865 
 
 18541 
 
 19269 
 
 13978 
 
 13114 
 
 2986 
 
 24233 
 
 8568 
 
 4908 
 
 3244 
 
 19434 
 
 3351 
 
 38210 
 
 28852 
 
 12877 
 
 10388 
 
 221 
 
 13884 
 
 22508 
 
 24436 
 
 17576 
 
 8718 
 
 9582 
 
 3654 
 
 12724 
 
 5934 
 
 21688 
 
 715 
 
 13271 
 416 
 
 29232 
 
 18947 
 
 10370 
 
 5766 
 
 4822 
 
 
 4202 
 
 
 773 
 
 18861 
 
 5444 
 
 4939 
 
 471 
 
 6093 
 1373 
 1927 
 
 7274 
 7509 
 2899 
 2464 
 
 
 287 
 
 7339 
 
 14816 
 
 16813 
 
 6015 
 
 4481 
 
 3409 
 
 832 
 
 8612 
 
 1256 
 
 16444 
 
 8 
 
 1179 
 
 
 3632 
 
 5989 
 
 5482 
 
 338 
 
 
 5287 
 
 
 4988 
 
 
 4445 
 
 
 2365 
 
 
 
 2338 
 
 
 
 1292 
 2743 
 
 2884 
 
 
 
 2485 
 
 5731 
 
 1942 
 
 6588 
 595 
 
 
 
 498 
 
 9975 
 
 1336 
 
 2199 
 
 1446 
 
 27857 
 
 16893 
 
 15581 
 
 5691 
 
 1411 
 
 38599 
 
 2540 
 
 576 
 
 11651 
 
 16131 
 
 6989 
 
 6986 
 
 17672 
 
 22346 
 
 17980 
 
 18952 
 
 11287 
 
 10484 
 
 1562 
 
 23570 
 
 6172 
 
 2892 
 
 2392 
 
 4419 
 
 132 
 
 148 
 
 103 
 
 11625 
 
 4968 
 
 5668 
 
 2923 
 
 246 
 
 25959 
 
 818 
 
 10 
 
 4051 
 
 5285 
 
 3590 
 
 2012 
 
 17081 
 
 14518 
 
 10281 
 
 14236 
 
 6409 
 
 2504 
 
 168 
 
 13942 
 
 1119 
 
 756 
 
 653 
 
 551 
 
 
 3222 
 
 
 556 
 
 
 
 1136 
 
 
 
 464 
 
 4513 
 
 7828 
 615 
 
 
 6842 
 
 
 4392 
 
 
 3634 
 
 
 1496 
 
 
 
 657 
 
 5986 
 
 2140 
 
 7109 
 1084 
 
 ! 
 
 637 
 
 
 2574 
 
 8 
 204 
 
 
 3911 
 
 
 2282 
 
 
 1924 
 
 12270 
 8471 
 
 961 
 4957 
 
 340 
 
 6146 
 
 3898 
 5346 
 
 
 4168 
 
 1594 
 
 4168 
 2947 
 
 
 2747 
 
 
 406 
 
 546 
 
 
 4117 
 
 
 1776 
 
 
 763 
 
 
 694 
 
 
 
 1353118 
 
 1191792 
 
 674913 
 
 192214 
 
 43112 
 
 284557 
 
THE NORTHWESTERN STATES. 257 
 
 ILLINOIS. 
 
 Length, 380 miles, mean width about 156 miles. Area, 55,410 square 
 miles, or 35,462,400 acres. Illinois, as regards its surface, constitutes a 
 table-land at a varying elevation ranging between 350 and 800 feet above 
 the sea level ; composed of extensive and highly fertile prairies and plains. 
 Much of the south division of the State, especially the river-bottoms, are 
 thickly wooded. The prairies, too, have oasis-like clumps of trees 
 scattered here and there at intervals. The chief rivers irrigating the 
 State are the Mississippi — dividing it from Iowa and Missouri — the Ohio 
 (forming its south barrier), the Illinois, Wabash, Kaskaskia, and San- 
 gamon, with their numerous affluents. The total extent of navigable 
 streams is calculated at 4,000 miles. Small lakes are scattered over vari- 
 ous parts of the State. Illinois is extremely prolific in minerals, chiefly 
 coal, iron, copper, and zinc ores, sulphur and limestone. The coal-field 
 alone is estimated to absorb a full third of the entire coal-deposit of North 
 America. Climate tolerably equable and healthy ; the mean temperature 
 standing at about SI'' Fahrenheit As an agricultural region, Illinois takes 
 a competitive rank with neighboring States, the cereals, fruits, and root- 
 crops yielding plentiful returns ; in fact, as a grain-growing State, Illinois 
 may be deemed, in proportion to her size, to possess a greater area of 
 lands suitable for its production than any other State in the Union. Stock- 
 raising is also largely carried on, while her manufacturing interests in 
 regard of woolen fabrics, etc., are on a very extensive and yearly expand- 
 ing scale. The lines of railroad in the State are among the most exten- 
 sive of the Union. Inland water-carriage is facilitated by a canal 
 connecting the Illinois Eiver with Lake Michigan, and thence with the 
 St. Lawrence and Atlantic. Illinois is divided into 102 counties ; the 
 chief towns being Chicago, Springfield (capital), Alton, Quincy, Peoria, 
 Galena, Bloomington, Rock Island, Vandalia, etc. By the new Consti- 
 tution, established in 1870, the State Legislature consists of 61 Senators, 
 elected for four years, and 153 Representatives, for two years ; which 
 numbers were to be decennially increased thereafter to the number of 
 six per every additional half-million of inhabitants. Religious and 
 educational institutions are largely diffused throughout, and are in a very 
 flourishing condition. Illinois has a State Lunatic and a Deaf and Dumb 
 Asylum at Jacksonville ; a State Penitentiary at Joliet ; and a Home for 
 
 (99) 
 
258 
 
 THE NORTHWESTERN STATES. 
 
 Soldiers' Orphans at Normal. On November 30, 1870, the public debt of 
 the State was returned at $4,870,937, with a balance of $1,808,833 
 unprovided for. At the same period the value of assessed and equalized 
 property presented the following totals : assessed, $840,031,703 ; equal- 
 ized $480,664,058. The name of Illinois, through nearly th^. whole of 
 the eighteenth century, embraced most of the known regions north and 
 west of Ohio. French colonists established themselves in 1678, at 
 Cahokia and Kaskaskia, and the territory of which these settlements 
 formed the nucleus was, in 1763, ceded to Great Britain in conjunction 
 with Canada, and ultimately resigned to the United States in 1787. 
 Illinois entered the Union as a State, December 3, 1818; and now sends 
 19 Representatives to Congress. Population, 2,539,891, in 1870. 
 
THE NORTHWESTERN STATES. 25& 
 
 INDIANA. 
 
 Tlie profile of Indiana forms a nearly exact parallelogram, occupy- 
 ing one of the most fertile portions of the great Mississippi Valley. The 
 greater extent of the surface embraced within its limits consists of gentle 
 undulations rising into hilly tracts toward the Ohio bottom. The chief 
 rivers of the State are the Ohio and Wabash, with their numerous 
 affluents. The soil is highly productive of the cereals and grasses — most 
 particularly so in the valleys of the Ohio, Wabash, Whitewater, and 
 White Rivers. The northeast and central portions are well timbered 
 with virgin forests, and the west section is notably rich in coal, constitut- 
 ing an offshoot of the great Illinois carboniferous field. Iron, copper, 
 marble, slate, gypsum, and various clays are also abundant. From an 
 agricultural point of view, the staple products are maize and wheat, with 
 the other cereals in lesser yields ; and besides these, flax, hemp, sorghum, 
 hops, etc., are extensively raised. Indiana is divided into 92 counties, 
 and counts among her principal cities and towns, those of Indianapolis 
 (the capital). Fort Wayne, Evansville, Terre Haute, Madison, Jefferson- 
 ville, Columbus, Vincennes, South Bend, etc. The public institutions of 
 the State are many and various, and on a scale of magnitude and 
 efficiency commensurate with her important political and industrial status. 
 Upward of two thousand miles of railroads permeate the State in all 
 directions, and greatly conduce to the development of her expanding 
 manufacturing interests. Statistics for the fiscal year terminating 
 October 31, 1870, exhibited a total of receipts, $3,896,541 as against dis- 
 bursements, §3,532,406, leaving a balance, $364,135 in favor of the State 
 Treasury. The entire public debt, January 5, 1871, $3,971,000. This 
 State was first settled by Canadian voyageurs in 1702, who erected a fort 
 at Vincennes ; in 1763 it passed into the hands of the English, and was 
 by the latter ceded to the United States in 1783. From 1788 till 1791, 
 an Indian warefare prevailed. In 1800, all the region west and north of 
 Ohio (then formed into a distinct territory) became merged in Indiana. 
 In 1809, the present limits of the State were defined, Michigan and 
 Illinois having previously been withdrawn. In 1811, Indiana was the 
 theater of the Indian War of Tecumseh, ending with the decisive battle 
 of Tippecanoe. In 1816 (December 11), Indiana became enrolled among 
 the States of the American Union. In 1834, the State passed through a 
 monetary crisis owing to its having become mixed up with railroad, 
 canal, and other speculations on a gigantic scale, which ended, for the 
 time being, in a general collapse of public credit, and consequent bank- 
 ruptcy. Since that time, however, the greater number of the publia 
 
260 THE NORTHWESTERN STATES. 
 
 works which had brought about that imbroglio — especially the great 
 Wabash and Erie Canal — have been completed, to the great benefit of 
 the State, whose subsequent progress has year by year been marked by 
 rapid strides in the paths of wealth, commerce, and general social and 
 political prosperity. The constitution now in force was adopted in 1851. 
 Population, 1,680^637. 
 
 IOWA. 
 
 In shape, Iowa presents an almost perfect parallelogram ; has a 
 length, north to south, of about 300 miles, by a pretty even width of 208 
 miles, and embraces an area of 55,045 square miles, or 35,228,800 acres. 
 The surface of the State is generally undulating, rising toward the 
 middle into an elevated plateau which forms the " divide " of the 
 Missouri and Mississippi basins. Rolling prairies, especially in the south 
 section, constitute a regnant feature, and the river bottoms, belted with 
 woodlands, present a soil of the richest alluvion. Iowa is well watered ; 
 the principal rivers being the Mississippi and Missouri, which form 
 respectively its east and west limits, and the Cedar, Iowa, and Des 
 Moines, affluents of the first named. Mineralogically, Iowa is imjDortant 
 as occupying a section of the great Northwest coal field, to the extent of 
 an area estimated at 25,000 square miles. Lead, cojDper, zinc, and iron, 
 are also mined in considerable quantities. The soil is well adapted to 
 the production of wheat, maize, and the other cereals ; fruits, vegetables, 
 and esculent roots ; maize, wheat, and oats forming the chief staples. 
 Wine, tobacco, hops, and wax, are other noticeable items of the agricul- 
 tural yield. Cattle-raising, too, is a branch of rural industry largely 
 engaged in. The climate is healthy, although liable to extremes of heat 
 and cold. The annual gross product of the various manufactures carried 
 on in this State approximate, in round numbers, a sum of $20,000,000. 
 Iowa has an immense railroad system, besides over 500 miles of water- 
 communication by means of its navigable rivers. The State is politically 
 divided into 99 counties, with the following centers of population : Des 
 Moines (capital), Iowa City (former capital), Dubuque, Davenport, Bur- 
 lington, Council Bluffs, Keokuk, Muscatine, and Cedar Rapids. The 
 State institutions of Iowa — religious, scholastic, and philanthropic — are 
 on a par, as regards number and perfection of organization and operation, 
 with those of her Northwest sister States, and education is especially 
 well cared for, and largely diffused. Iowa formed a portion of the 
 American territorial acquisitions from France, by the so-called Louisiana 
 purchase in 1803, and was politically identified with Louisiana till 1812, 
 
THE NORTHWESTERN STATES. 263 
 
 when it merged into the Missouri Territory; in 1834 it came under the 
 Michigan organization, and, in 1836, under that of Wisconsin. Finally, 
 after being constituted an independent Territory, it became a State of 
 the Union, December 28, 1846. Population in 1860, 674,913 ; in 1870, 
 1,191,792, and in 1875, 1,353,118. 
 
 MICHIGAN. 
 
 United area, 56,243 square miles, or 35,995,520 acres. Extent of the 
 Upper and smaller Peninsula — length, 316 miles; breadth, fluctuating 
 between 36 and 120 miles. The south division is 416 miles long, by from 
 50 to 300 miles wide. Aggregate lake-shore line, 1,400 miles. The 
 Upper, or North, Peninsula consists chiefly of an elevated plateau, 
 expanding into the Porcupine mountain-system, attaining a maximum 
 height of some 2,000 feet. Its shores along Lake Superior are eminently 
 bold and picturesque, and its area is rich in minerals, its product of 
 copper constituting an important source of industry. Both divisions are 
 heavily wooded, and the South one, in addition, boasts of a deep, rich, 
 loamy soil, throwing up excellent crops of cereals and other agricultural 
 produce. The climate is generally mild and humid, though the Winter 
 colds are severe. The chief staples of farm husbandry include the cereals, 
 grasses, maple sugar, sorghum, tobacco, fruits, and dairy-stuffs. In 1870, 
 the acres of land in farms were : improved, 5,096,939 ; unimproved 
 woodland, 4,080,146 ; other unimproved land, 842,057. The cash value 
 of land was -$398,240,578 ; of farming implements and machinery, 
 $13,711,979. In 1869, there were shipped from the Lake Superior ports, 
 874,582 tons of iron ore, and 45,762 of smelted pig, along with 14,188 
 tons of copper (ore and ingot). Coal is another article largely mined. 
 Inland communication is provided for by an admirably organized railroad 
 system, and by the St. Mary's Ship Canal, connecting Lukes Huron and 
 Superior. Michigan is politically divided into 78 counties ; its chief 
 urban centers are Detroit, Lansing (capital), Ann Arbor, Marquette, 
 Bay City, Niles, Ypsilanti, Grand Haven, etc. The Governor of the 
 State is elected biennially. On November 30, 1870, the aggregate bonded 
 debt of Michigan amounted to $2,385,028, and the assessed valuation of 
 land to 1266,929,278, representing an estimated cash value of $800,000,000. 
 Education is largely diffused and most- excellently conducted and pro- 
 vided for. The State University at Ann Arbor, the colleges of Detroit 
 and Kalamazoo, the Albion Female College, the State Normal School at 
 Ypsilanti, and the State Agricultural College at Lansing, are chief among 
 the academic institutions. Michigan (a term of Cliippeway origin, and 
 
264 THE NORTHWESTERN STATES. 
 
 signifying '' Great Lake), was discovered and first settled by French 
 Canadians, who, in 1670, founded Detroit, the pioneer of a series of trad- 
 ing-posts on the Indian frontier. During the " Conspiracy of Pontiac," 
 following the French loss of Canada, Michigan became the scene of a 
 sanguinary struggle between the whites and aborigines. In 1796, it 
 became annexed to the United States, which incorporated this region 
 with the Northwest Territory, and then with Indiana Territory, till 1803, 
 when it became territorially independent. Michigan was the theater of 
 warlike operations during the war of 1812 with Great Britain, and in 
 1819 was authorized to be represented by one delegate in Congress ; in 
 1837 she was admitted into the Union as a State, and in 1869 ratified the 
 loth Amendment to the Federal Constitution. Population, 1,184,059. 
 
 WISCONSIN. 
 
 It has a mean length of 260 miles, and a maximum breadth of 215. 
 Land area, 53,924 square miles, or 34,511,360 acres. Wisconsin lies at a 
 considerable altitude above sea-level, and consists for the most part of an 
 upland plateau, the surface of which is undulating and very generally 
 diversified. Numerous local eminences called mounds are interspersed 
 over the State, and the Lake Michigan coast-line is in many parts char- 
 acterized by lofty escarped cliffs, even as on the Avest side the banks of 
 the Mississippi form a series of high and picturesque bluffs. A group of 
 islands known as The Apostles lie off the extreme north point of the 
 State in Lake Superior, and the great estuary of Green Bay, running far 
 inland, gives formation to a long, narrow peninsula betw^een its waters 
 and those of Lake Michigan. The river-system of Wisconsin has three 
 outlets — those of Lake Superior, Green Bay, and the MississipjDi, which 
 latter stream forms the entire southwest frontier, widening at one point 
 into the large watery expanse called Lake Pepin. Lake Superior receives 
 the St. Louis, Burnt Wood, and Montreal Rivers ; Green Bay, the 
 Menomonee, Peshtigo, Oconto, and Fox ; while into the Mississippi 
 empty the St. Croix, Chippewa, Black, Wisconsin, and Rock Rivers. 
 The chief interior lakes are those of Winnebago, Horicon, and Court 
 Oreilles, and smaller sheets of water stud a great part of the surface. 
 The climate is healthful, with cold Winters and brief but very warm 
 Summers. Mean annual rainfall 31 inches. The geological system 
 represented by the State, embraces those rocks included between the 
 primary and the Devonian series, the former containing extensive 
 deposits of copper and iron ore. Besides these minerals, lead and zinc 
 are found in great quantities, together with kaolin, plumbago, gypsum, 
 
THE NORTHWESTERN STATES. 265 
 
 and various clays. Mining, consequently, forms a prominent industry, 
 and one of yearly increasing dimensions. The soil of Wisconsin is of 
 varying qualit}^ but fertile on the whole, and in the north parts of the 
 State heavily timbered. The agricultural yield comprises the cereals, 
 together with flax, hemp, tobacco, pulse, sorgum, and all kinds of vege- 
 tables, and of the hardier fruits. In 1870, the State had a total number 
 of 102,004 farms, occupying 11,715,321 acres, of which 5,899,343 con- 
 sisted of improved land, and 3,437,442 were timbered. Cash value of 
 farms, $300,414,064 ; of farm implements and machinery, $14,239,364. 
 Total estimated value of all farm products, including betterments and 
 additions to stock, $78,027,032 ; of orchard and dairy stuffs, $1,045,933 ; 
 of lumber, $1,327,618 ; of home manufactures, $338,423 ; of all live-stock, 
 $45,310,882. Number of manufacturing establishments, 7,136, employ- 
 ing 39,055 hands, and turning out productions valued at $85,624,906. 
 The political divisions of the State form 61 counties, and the chief places 
 of wealth, trade, and population, are Madison (the capital), Milwaukee, 
 Fond du Lac, Oshkosh, Prairie du Chien, Janesville, Portage City, 
 Racine, Kenosha, and La Crosse. In 1870, the total assessed valuation 
 reached $333,209,838, as against a true valuation of both real and personal 
 estate aggregating $602,207,329. Treasury receipts during 1870, $886,- 
 696; disbursements, $906,329. Value of church property, $4,749,983. 
 Education is amply provided for. Independently of the State University 
 at Madison, and those of Galesville and of Lawrence at Appleton, and 
 the colleges of Beloit, Racine, and Milton, there are Normal Schools at 
 Platteville and Whitewater. The State is divided into 4,802 common 
 school districts, maintained at a cost, in 1870, of $2,094,160. The chari- 
 table institutions of Wisconsin include a Deaf and Dumb Asylum, an 
 Institute for the Education of the Blind, and a Soldiers' Orphans' School. 
 In January, 1870, the railroad system ramified throughout the State 
 totalized 2,779 miles of track, including several lines far advanced toward 
 completion. Immigration is successfully encouraged by the State author- 
 ities, the larger number of yearly new-comers being of Scandinavian and 
 German origin. The territory now occupied within the limits of the 
 State of Wisconsin was explored by French missionaries and traders in 
 1639, and it remained under French jurisdiction until 1703, when it 
 became annexed to the British North American possessions. In 1796, it 
 reverted to the United States, the government of which latter admitted 
 it within the limits of the Northwest Territory, and in 1809, attached it 
 to that of Illinois, and to Michigan in 1818. Wisconsin became independ- 
 ently territorially organized in 1836, and became a State of the Union, 
 March 3, 1847. Population in 1870, 1,064,985, of which 2,113 were of 
 the colored race, and 11,521 Indians, 1,206 of the latter being out of 
 tribal relations. 
 
266 THE NORTHWESTERN STATES, 
 
 MINNESOTA. 
 
 Its length, north to south, embraces an extent of 380 miles ; its 
 oreadth one of 250 miles at a maximum. Area, 84,000 square miles, or 
 64,760,000 acres. The surface of Minnesota, generally speaking, con- 
 sists of a succession of gently undulating plains and prairies, drained by 
 an admirable water-system, and with here and there heavil}^- timbered 
 bottoms and belts of virgin forest. The soil, corresponding with such a 
 superfices, is exceptionally rich, consisting for the most part of a dark, 
 calcareous sandy drift intermixed with loam. A distinguishing physical 
 feature of this State is its riverine ramifications, expanding in nearly 
 every part of it into almost innumerable lakes — the whole presenting an 
 aggregate of water-power having hardly a rival in the Union. Besides 
 the Mississipj^i — which here has its rise, and drains a basin of 800 miles 
 of country — the principal streams are the Minnesota (334 miles long), 
 the Red River of the North, the St. Croix, St. Louis, and many others of 
 lesser importance ; the chief lakes are those called Red, Cass, Leech, 
 Mille Lacs, Vermillion, and Winibigosh. Quite a concatenation of sheets 
 of water fringe the frontier line where Minnesota joins British America, 
 culminating in the Lake of the Woods. It has been estimated, that of 
 an area of 1,200,000 acres of surface between the St. Croix and Mis- 
 sissippi Rivers, not less than 73,000 acres are, of lacustrine formation. In 
 point of minerals, the resources of Minnesota have as yet been very 
 imperfectly developed; iron, copper, coal, lead — all these are known to 
 exist in considerable deposits ; together with salt, limestone, and^potter's 
 clay. The agricultural outlook of the State is in a high degree satis- 
 factory ; wheat constitutes the leading cereal in cultivation, with Indian 
 corn and oats in next order. Fruits and vegetables are grown in great 
 plenty and of excellent quality. The lumber resources of Minnesota are 
 important ; the pine forests in the north region alone occupying an area 
 of some 21,000 square miles, which in 1870 produced a return of scaled 
 logs amounting to 313,116,416 feet. The natural industrial advantages 
 possessed by Minnesota are largely improved upon by a railroad system. 
 The political divisions of this State number 78 counties ; of which the 
 chief cities and towns are : St. Paul (the capital), Stillwater, Red Wing, 
 St. Anthony, Fort Snelling, Minneapolis, and Mankato. Minnesota has 
 already assumed an attitude of high importance as a manufacturing State ; 
 this is mainly due to the wonderful command of water-power she pos- 
 sesses, as before spoken of. Besides her timber-trade, the milling of 
 flour, the distillation of whisky, and the tanning of leather, are prominent 
 interests, which in 1869, gave returns to the amount of $14,831,043. 
 
THE NORTHWESTERN STATES. 267 
 
 Edacation is notably provided foy on a broad and catholic scale, the 
 entire amount expended scholastically during the year 1870 being $857,- 
 816 ; while on November 30 of the preceding year the permanent school 
 fund stood at |)2,476,222. Besides' a University and Agricultural College, 
 Normal and Reform Schools flourish, and with these may be mentioned 
 such various philanthropic and religious institutions as befit the needs of 
 an intelligent and prosperous community. The finances of the State for 
 the fiscal year terminating December 1, 1870, exhibited a balance on the 
 right side to the amount of 1136,164, being a gain of ^44,000 over the 
 previous year's figures. The earliest exploration of Minnesota- by the 
 whites was made in 1680 by a French Franciscan, Father Hennepin, who 
 gave the name of St. Antony to the Great Falls on the Upper Missisippi. 
 In 1763, the Treaty of Versailles ceded this region to England. 
 Twenty years later, Minnesota formed part of the Northwest Territory 
 transferred to the United States, and became herself territorialized inde- 
 pendently in 1849. Indian cessions in 1851 enlarged her boundaries, and, 
 May 11, 1857, Minnesota became a unit of the great American federation 
 of States. Population, 489,706. 
 
 NEBRASKA. 
 
 Maximum length, 412 miles ; extreme breadth, 208 miles. Area, 
 75,905 square miles, or 48,636,800 acres. The surface of this State is 
 almost entirely undulating prairie, and forms part of the west slope of 
 the great central basin of the North American Continent. In its west 
 division, near the base of the Rock}' Mountains, is a sandy belt of 
 country, irregularly defined. In this part, too, are the " dunes," resem- 
 bling a wavy sea of sandy billows, as well as the Mauvaises Terres,. a tract 
 of singular formation, produced by eccentric disintegrations and denuda- 
 tions of the land. The chief rivers are the Missouri, constituting its en- 
 tire east line of demarcation ; the Nebraska or Platte, the Niobrara, the 
 Republican Fork of the Kansas, the Elkhorn, and the Loup Fork of the 
 Platte. The soil is very various, but consisting chiefly of rich, bottomy 
 loam, admirably adapted to the raising of heavy crops of cereals. All 
 the vegetables and fruits of the temperate zone are produced in great 
 size and plenty. For grazing purposes Nebraska is a State exceptionally 
 well fitted, a region of not less than 23,000,000 acres being adaptable to 
 this branch of husbandry. It is believed that the, as yet, comparatively 
 infertile tracts of land found in various parts of the State are susceptible 
 of productivity by means of a properly conducted system of irrigation. 
 Few minerals of moment have so far been found witliin tlie limits of 
 
268 
 
 THE NORTHWESTERN STATES. 
 
 Nebraska, if we may except important saline deposits at the head of Salt 
 Creeiv in its southeast section. The State is divided into 57 counties, 
 independent of the Pawnee and Winnebago Indians, and of unorganized 
 territory in the northwest part. The principal towns are Omaha, Lincoln 
 (State capital), Nebraska City, Columbus, Grand Island, etc. In 1870, 
 the total assessed value of property amounted to $53,000,000, being an 
 increase of $11,000,000 over the previous year's returns. The total 
 amount received from the school-fund during the year 1869-70 was 
 $77,999. Education is making great onward strides, the State University 
 and an Agricultural College being far advanced toward completion. In 
 the matter of railroad communication, Nebraska bids fair to soon place 
 herself on a par with her neighbors to the east. Besides being inter- 
 sected by the Union Pacific line, with its off-shoot, the Fremont and Blair, 
 other tracks are in course of rapid construction. Organized by Con- 
 gressional Act into a Territory, May 30, 1854, Nebraska entered the 
 Union as a full State, March 1, 1867. Population, 122,993. 
 
 lTT:NTlN(i PRAJBIE WOLVES IX AN liARLY DAY. 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 269 
 
 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 
 AND ITS AMENDMENTS. 
 
 We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, 
 establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common 
 defense, promote the general loelfare, and secure the blessings of liberty 
 to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution 
 for the United States of America. 
 
 Article I. 
 
 Section 1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in 
 a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and 
 House of Representatives. 
 
 Sec. 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of mem- 
 bers chosen every second year by the people of the several states, and the 
 electors in each state shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of 
 the most numerous branch of the State Legislature. 
 
 No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained to the 
 age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United 
 States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state in 
 which he shall be chosen. 
 
 Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the sev- 
 eral states which may be included within this Union, according to theii 
 respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole 
 number of free ]Dersons, including those bound to service for a term of 
 years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. 
 The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first 
 meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subse- 
 quent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The 
 number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, 
 but each state shall have at least one Representative ; and until such 
 enumeration shall be made the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled 
 to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plan- 
 tations one, Connecticut five. New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylva- 
 nia eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, 
 and Georgia three. 
 
 When vacancies happen in the representation from any state, the 
 Executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such 
 vacancies. 
 
 The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other 
 officers, and shall have the sole power of impeachment. 
 
 Sec. 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two 
 Senators from each state, chosen by the Legislature thereof for six years ; 
 and each Senator shall have one vote. 
 
 Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first 
 election, they shall be divided as equall}^ as may be into three classes. 
 The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expira- 
 
270 AND ITS AMENDMENTS. 
 
 tion of the second year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth 
 year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that 
 one-third may be chosen every second year; and if vacancies happen by 
 resignation or otherwise, during the recess of the Legislature of any state, 
 the Executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next 
 meeting of the Legislature, which shall then lill such vacancies. 
 
 No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the age 
 of thirty years and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and 
 who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state for which he 
 shall be chosen. 
 
 The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of tli 
 Senate, but shall have no vote unless they be equally divided. 
 
 The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President pro 
 tempore^ in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall exercise 
 the office of President of the United States. 
 
 The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When 
 sitting for that purpose they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the 
 President of the United States is tried the Chief Justice shall preside. 
 And no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds 
 of the members present. 
 
 Judgment, in cases of impeachment, shall not extend further than to 
 removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of 
 honor, trust, or profit under the United States; but the party convicted 
 shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, 
 and punishment according to law. 
 
 Sec. 4. The times, places and manner of holding elections for Sen- 
 ators and Representatives shall be prescribed in each state by the Legis- 
 lature thereof ; but the Congress may at any time by law make or alter 
 such regulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators. 
 
 The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such 
 meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by 
 law appoint a different day. 
 
 Sec. 5. Each house shall be the judge of the election, returns, and 
 qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute 
 a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to 
 day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members 
 in such manner and under such penalties as each house may provide. 
 
 Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its 
 members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, 
 expel a member. 
 
 Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to 
 time publish the same, excepting such parts as may, in their judgment, 
 require secrecy ; and the yeas and nays of the members of either house 
 on any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered 
 on the journal. 
 
 Neither house, during the session of Congress, shall, without the 
 consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other 
 place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting. 
 
 Sec. 6. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compen- 
 sation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the 
 treasury of the United States. They shall in ail cases, except treason. 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 271 
 
 felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged frt)m arrest during their 
 attendance at the session of their respective houses, and in going to and 
 returning from the same; and for any speech or debate in either house 
 they shall not be questioned in any other place. 
 
 No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was 
 elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United 
 States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall 
 have been increased during such time ; and no person holding any office 
 under the United States, shall be a member of either house during his 
 continuance in office. 
 
 Sec. 7. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of 
 Representatives ; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments 
 as on ether bills. 
 
 Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and 
 the Senate, shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the President 
 the United States ; if he approve he shall sign it ; but if not he shall 
 return it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall have origi- 
 nated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and 
 proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration two-thirds of that 
 house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objec- 
 tions, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if 
 approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But in all 
 such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by } eas and nays, 
 and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered 
 on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned 
 by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted), after it shall have 
 been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he 
 had signed it, unless the Congress, by their adjournment, prevent its 
 return, in which case it shall not be a law. 
 
 Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the 
 Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a 
 question of adjournment), shall be presented to the President of the 
 United States, and before the same shall take effect shall be approved by 
 him, or, being disapproved by him, shall be re-passed by two-thirds of 
 the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and lim- 
 itations prescribed in the case of a bill. 
 
 Sec. 8. The Congress shall have power — 
 
 To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts, 
 and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United 
 utates ; but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout 
 the United States ; 
 
 To borrow money on the credit of the United States ; 
 
 To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several 
 Str.tes, and with the Indian tribes ; 
 
 To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on 
 the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States ; 
 
 To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and 
 fix the standard of weights and measures ; 
 
 To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and 
 current coin of the United States; 
 
 To establish post offices and post roads ; 
 
272 -^ND ITS AMENDMENTS. 
 
 To promote the progress of sciences and useful arts, by securing, 
 for limited times, to authors and inventors, the exclusive right to their 
 respective writings and discoveries ; 
 
 To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court ; 
 
 To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high 
 seas, and offenses against the law of nations ; 
 
 To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules 
 concerning captures on land and water ; 
 
 To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that 
 use shall be for n longer term than two years ; 
 
 To provide and maintain a navy ; 
 
 To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and 
 naval forces ; 
 
 To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the 
 Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions ; 
 
 To provide for organizing, arming and disciplining the militia, and 
 for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the 
 United States, reserving to the states respectively the appointment of the 
 officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the disci' 
 pline prescribed by Congress ; 
 
 To exercise legislation in all cases whatsoever over such district (not 
 exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular states, and the 
 acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United 
 States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by tha 
 consent of the Legislature of the state in which the same shall be, for 
 the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock yards, and other needful 
 buildings ; and 
 
 To malve all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying 
 into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this 
 Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any depart- 
 ment or officer thereof. 
 
 Sec. 9. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the 
 states now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited 
 by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, 
 but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten 
 dollars for each person. 
 
 The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, 
 unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may 
 require it. 
 
 No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed. 
 
 No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion 
 to the census or enumeration hereinbefore directed to be taken. 
 
 No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any state. 
 
 No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or rev 
 enue to the ports of one state over those of another; nor shall vessels 
 bound to or from one state be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in 
 another. 
 
 No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in consequence of 
 appropriations made by law ; and a regular statement and account of 
 the receipts and expeditures of all public money shall be published from 
 time to time. 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 273 
 
 No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States : and no 
 person holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the 
 consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title 
 of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. 
 
 Sec. 10. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confeder- 
 ation ; grant letters of marque and reprisal ; coin money ; emit bills of 
 credit ; make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of 
 debts ; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the 
 obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility. 
 
 No state shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts 
 or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary 
 for executing its inspection laws, and the net produce of all duties and 
 imposts laid by any state on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the 
 Treasury of the United States ; and all such laws shall be subject to the 
 revision and control of the Congress. 
 
 No state shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty on 
 tonnage, keep troops or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any 
 agreement or compact with another state, or with a foreign power, or 
 engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will 
 not admit of delay. 
 
 Article II. 
 
 Section 1. The Executive power shall be vested in a President of 
 the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term 
 of four years, and, together with the Vice-President chosen for the same 
 term, be elected as follows : 
 
 Each state shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof 
 may direct, a number of Electors, equal to the whole number of Senators 
 and Representatives to which the state may be entitled in the Congress; 
 but no Senator or Representative, or person holding an office of trust or 
 profit under the United States, shall be appointed an Elector. 
 
 [ * The Electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by 
 ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of 
 the same state with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the 
 persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each ; which list they 
 shall sign and certify, and transmit, sealed, to the seat of the government 
 of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The Pres- 
 ident of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Rep- 
 resentatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. 
 The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the President, 
 if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed ; 
 and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an equal 
 number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately 
 choose by ballot one of them for President ; and if no person have a ma- 
 jority, then from the five highest on the list the said House shall in like 
 manner choose the President. But in choosing the President, the vote 
 shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one 
 vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members 
 from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be 
 necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the President, 
 
 * This clause between brackets has been superseded and annulled by the Twelfth amendmfin* 
 
274 AND ITS AMENDMENTS. 
 
 the person having the greatest number of votes of the Electors shall be 
 the Vice-President. But if there should remain two or more who have 
 equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot the Vice-Presi- 
 dent.] 
 
 The Congress may determine the time of choosing the Electors, and 
 the day on which they shall give their votes ; which day shall be the same 
 throughout the United States. 
 
 No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United 
 States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible 
 to the office of President ; neither shall any person be eligible to that 
 office who shall not have attained the age of thirty-five years, and been 
 fourteen years a resident within the United States. 
 
 In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, 
 resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said 
 office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-President, and the Congress 
 may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inabil- 
 ity, both of the President and Vice-President, declaring what officer shall 
 then act as President, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the dis- 
 ability be removed, or a President shall be elected. 
 
 The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a com- 
 pensation which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the 
 period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive 
 within that period any other emolument from the United States or any of 
 them. 
 
 Before he enters on the execution of his office, he shall take the fol- 
 lowing oath or affirmation : 
 
 " I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the 
 office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, 
 preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States." 
 
 Sec. 2. The President shall be commander in chief of the army and 
 navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several states, when 
 called into the actual service of the United States; he may require the 
 opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive 
 departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective 
 offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardon for offenses 
 against the United States, exoept in cases of impeachment. 
 
 • He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the 
 Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present con- 
 cur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice of the Senate, 
 ;>hall appoint ambassaaors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of 
 ihe Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States whose 
 appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be 
 established by law ; but the Congress may by law vest the appointment 
 of such inferior officers as they think proper in the President alone, in 
 the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. 
 
 The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may 
 happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which 
 shall expire at the end of their next session. 
 
 Sec. 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress information 
 of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such mea- 
 sures as he shall judge necessary and expedient ; he may on extraordinary 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 275 
 
 occasions convene both houses, or either of them, and in case of disagree- 
 ment between them, with resj)ect to the time of adjournment, he maj 
 adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper ; he shall receive 
 ambassadors and other public ministers ; he shall take care that the laws be 
 faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the United 
 States. 
 
 Sec. 4. The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the 
 United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and con 
 viction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. 
 
 Article III. 
 
 Section I. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested 
 in one Supreme Court, and such inferior courts as the Congress may from 
 time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the Supreme and 
 inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at 
 stated times, receive for their services a compensation, which shall not be 
 diminished during their continuance in office. 
 
 Sec. 2. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and 
 equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and 
 treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority ; to all cases 
 affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls ; to all cases of 
 admiralty and maritime jurisdiction ; to controversies to which the United 
 States shall be a party ; to controversies between two or more states ; 
 between a state and citizens of another state ; between citizens of differ- 
 ent states ; between citizens of the same state claiming lands under grants 
 of different states, and between a state or the citizens ihereof, and foreign 
 states, citizens, or subjects. 
 
 In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls, 
 and those in which a state shall be a party, the Supreme Court shall have 
 original jurisdiction. 
 
 In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall 
 have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions 
 and under such regulations as the Congress shall make. 
 
 The trial of all crimes, except in cases of imj^eachment, shall be hy 
 jury ; and such trial shall be held in the state where the said crimes shall 
 have been committed ; but when not committed within an}^ state, the 
 trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have 
 directed. 
 
 Sec. 3. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levy- 
 ing war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid 
 and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the tes- 
 timony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open 
 court. 
 
 The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason 
 but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture 
 except during the life of the person attainted. 
 
 Article IV. 
 
 Section 1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the 
 public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state. 4ud 
 
276 AND ITS AMENDMENTS. 
 
 the Congress may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in which such 
 acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and tlie effect thereof. 
 
 Sec. 2. The citizens of eacli state shall be entitled to all privileges 
 and immunities of citizens in the several states. 
 
 A person charged in any state Avith treason, felony, or other crime, 
 who shall flee from justice and be found in another state, shall, on demand 
 of the executive authority of the state from which he fled, be delivered 
 up, to be removed to the state having jurisdid'.on of the crime. 
 
 No person held to service or labor in one state, under the laws thereof 
 escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation 
 therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered 
 up on the claim of the party to whom such service or labor may bo due. 
 
 Sec. 3. New states may be admitted by the Congress into this Union ; 
 but no new state shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any 
 other state ; nor any state be formed by the junction of two or more states, 
 or parts of states, without the consent of the Legislatures of the states 
 concerned, as well as of the Congress. 
 
 The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful 
 rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging 
 to the United States ; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed 
 as to prejudice any claims of the United States or of any particular state. 
 
 Sec. 4. The United States shall guarantee to every state in this 
 Union a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them 
 against invasion, and on application of the Legislature, or of the Execu- 
 tive (when the Legislature can not be convened), against domestic vio- 
 lence. 
 
 Article V. 
 
 The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it 
 necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the ap- 
 plication of the Legislatures of two-thirds of , the several states, shall call 
 a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be 
 valid to all intents and purposes as part of this Constitution, when rati- 
 fied by the Legislatures of three fourths of the several states, or by con- 
 ventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratifi- 
 cation may be proposed by the Congress. Provided that no amendment 
 which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and 
 eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth 
 section of the first article ; and that no state, without its consent, shall 
 be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. 
 
 Article VI. 
 
 All debts contracted and engagements entered into before the adop- 
 tion of this Constitution shall be as valid against the United States under 
 this Constitution as under the Confederation. 
 
 This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be 
 made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be made, 
 under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the 
 land ; and the Judges in every state shall be bound thereby, anything in 
 the Constitution or laws of any state to the contrary notwithstanding. 
 
 The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the mem- 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 277 
 
 bers of the several state Legislatures, and all executive and judicial offi- 
 cers, both of the United States and of the several states, shall be bound 
 by oath or affirmation to support this Constitution ; but no religious test 
 shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under 
 the United States. 
 
 Article VII. 
 
 The ratification of the Conventions of nine states shall be sufficient 
 for the establishment of this Constitution between the states so ratifying 
 the same. 
 
 Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the states present, the 
 seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand 
 seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the independence of the 
 United States of America the twelfth. In .witness whereof we have, 
 hereunto subscribed our names. 
 
 GEO. WASHINGTON, 
 President and Deputy from Virginia. 
 
 Neiu Hampshire. 
 John Langdon, 
 Nicholas Gilman. 
 
 Massachusetts. 
 Nathaniel Gokham, 
 RuFus King. 
 
 Connecticut. 
 Wm. Sam'l Johnson, 
 Roger Sherman. 
 
 Delaware. 
 Geo. Read, 
 John Dickinson, 
 Jaco. Broom, 
 Gunning Bedford, Jr., 
 Richard Bassett. 
 
 Maryland. 
 James M' Henry, 
 Danl. Carroll, 
 Dan. of St. Thos. Jenifer, 
 
 New York. 
 Alexander Hamilton. 
 
 Netv Jersey. 
 WiL. Livingston, 
 Wm. Paterson, 
 David Brearley, 
 JoNA. Dayton. 
 
 Virginia. ' 
 John Blair, 
 James Majdison, Jr. 
 
 North Carolina. 
 Wm. Blount, 
 Hu. Williamson, 
 Rich'd Dobbs Spaight. 
 
 Petmsylvania. 
 B. Franklin, 
 RoBT. Morris, 
 Thos. Fitzsimons, 
 James Wilson, 
 Thos. Mifflin, 
 Geo. Clymer, 
 Jared Ingersoll, 
 Gouv. Morris. 
 
 South Carolina. 
 J. Rutledge, 
 Charles Pinckney, 
 Chas. Cotesworth Pinckney, 
 Pierce Butler. 
 
 Georgia. 
 William Few, 
 Abr. Baldwin. 
 
 WILLIAM JACKSON, Secretary. 
 
278 AND ITS AMENDMENTS. 
 
 Articles in Addition to and Amendatory of the Constitution 
 OF THE United States of America. 
 
 Proposed by Congress and ratified hy the Legislatures of the several states^ 
 pursuant to the fifth article of the original Constitution. 
 
 Article I. 
 
 Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, 
 or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of 
 speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, 
 and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. 
 
 Article II. 
 
 A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free 
 state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. 
 
 Article III. 
 
 No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without 
 the consent of the owner, nor in time of war but in a manner to be pre- 
 scribed by law. 
 
 Article IV. 
 
 The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, 
 and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be vio- 
 lated ; and no warrants shall issue but upon prol)able cause, supported by 
 oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched 
 and the persons or things to be seized. 
 
 Article V. 
 
 No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous 
 crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in 
 cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia when in actual 
 service in time of wai" or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject 
 for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall 
 be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be 
 deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor 
 shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. 
 
 Article VL 
 
 In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to 
 speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district 
 wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have 
 been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and 
 cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; 
 to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor; and to 
 have the assistance of counsel for his defense. 
 
 Article VII. 
 
 In suits at common law, wliere the value in controversy shall exceed 
 twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fa.ct 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 281 
 
 tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United 
 States than according to the rules of the common law. 
 
 Article VIII. 
 
 Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, 
 nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. 
 
 Article IX. 
 
 The enumeration, in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be 
 construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. 
 
 Article X. 
 
 The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, 
 nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, 
 or to the people. 
 
 Article XI. 
 
 The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to 
 extend to any suit in law or equity commenced or prosecuted against one 
 of the United States by citizens of another state, or by citizens or sub- 
 jects of any foreign state. 
 
 Article XII. 
 
 The Electors shall meet in their respective states and vote by ballot 
 for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an 
 inhabitant of the same state with themselves ; they shall name in their 
 ballots the person to be voted for as president, and in distinct ballots the 
 person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make distinct lists of 
 all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice- 
 President, and of the number of votes for each, which list they shall sign 
 and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United 
 States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the 
 Senate shall, in presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, 
 open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person 
 having the greatest number of votes for President shall be the President, 
 if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors aj)pointed ; 
 and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the 
 highest number not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as 
 President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by 
 ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be 
 taken by States, the representation from each state having one vote; a 
 quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two- 
 thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to 
 a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a Presi- 
 dent whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the 
 fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as 
 President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of 
 the President. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice- 
 President, shall be the Vice-President, if such number be the majority 
 of the whole number of electors appointed, and if no person have a major- 
 
282 AKD ITS AMENDMENTS. 
 
 itj; then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose 
 the Vice-President ; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds 
 of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number 
 shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible 
 to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the 
 United States. 
 
 Aeticle XIII. 
 
 Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a 
 punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, 
 shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their juris- 
 diction. 
 
 Sec. 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appro- 
 priate legislation. 
 
 Aeticle XIV. 
 
 Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States and 
 subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States, and 
 of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law 
 which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United 
 States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, 
 without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction 
 the equal protection of the laws. 
 
 Sec. 2. Representatives shall be appointed among the several states 
 according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of per- 
 sons in each state, excluding Indians not taxed ; but when the right to 
 vote at any election for the choice of Electors for President and Vice- 
 President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the execu- 
 tive and judicial officers of a state, or the members of the Legislature 
 thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such state, being 
 twenty-one years of age and citizens of the United States, or in any way 
 abridged except for participation in rebellion or other crimes, the basis of 
 representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the num- 
 ber of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens 
 twenty-one years of age in such state. 
 
 Sec. 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, 
 or Elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or 
 military, under the United States, or under any state, who, having previ- 
 ously taken an oath as a Member of Congress, or as an officer of the 
 United States, or as a member of any state Legislature, or as an execu- 
 tive or judicial officer of any state to support the Constitution of the 
 United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the 
 same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may 
 by a vote of two-thirds of each house, remove such disability. 
 
 Sec. 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States author- 
 ized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and boun- 
 ties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be ques- 
 tioned. But neither the United States nor any state shall pay any debt 
 or obligation incurred in the aid of insurrection or rebellion against the 
 United States, or any loss or emancipation of any slave, but such debts, 
 obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void. 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 283 
 
 Article XV. 
 
 Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not 
 be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on account of 
 race, color, or previous conditioji of servitude. 
 
 VOTE FOR GOVERNOR, 1877, AND PRESIDENT, 1876. 
 
 Counties. 
 
 1877. 
 Governor. 
 
 1876. 
 President. 
 
 COUXTIES. 
 
 1877. 
 Governor. 
 
 1S76. 
 President. 
 
 
 Rep. 
 
 Dem. 
 
 Gr. 
 
 Pro. 
 
 Rep. 
 
 Dem. 
 
 Rep. 
 
 Dem. 
 
 Gr. 
 
 Pro. 
 
 Rep. 
 
 Dem. 
 
 
 982 
 
 876 
 1547 
 1165 
 
 410 
 1432 
 178(1 
 1612 
 1180 
 1290 
 
 747 
 1453 
 
 418 
 
 633 
 1592 
 1315 
 
 903 
 
 562 
 1279 
 1054 
 
 517 
 1873 
 2444 
 
 898 
 1541 
 
 893 
 1269 
 1226 
 2315 
 
 197 
 1587 
 
 213 
 1933 
 1233 
 1311 
 1250 
 1031 
 
 909 
 1160 
 
 842 
 
 340 
 1492 
 1348 
 1770 
 
 551 
 
 382 
 
 321 
 1132 
 1619 
 1977 
 1396 
 
 161 
 397 
 
 1540 
 
 1049 
 352 
 712 
 
 1111 
 981 
 582 
 769 
 192 
 758 
 75 
 744 
 839 
 
 1093 
 
 348 
 
 74 
 
 1107 
 
 267 
 
 16 
 
 1770 
 
 2327 
 651 
 215 
 
 1231 
 961 
 
 1143 
 
 1384 
 8 
 
 3415 
 28 
 
 1067 
 208 
 336 
 
 1331 
 215 
 504 
 496 
 265 
 95 
 661 
 861 
 424 
 647 
 149 
 54 
 
 1120 
 
 196(i 
 
 1154 
 753 
 
 581 
 
 4S5 
 
 69 
 
 729 
 
 26 
 567 
 
 95 
 466 
 196 
 725 
 161 
 
 19 
 171 
 141 
 116 
 206 
 
 72 
 383 
 
 37 
 813 
 
 20 
 
 66 
 286 
 
 19 
 
 1241 
 
 803 
 
 31(1 
 
 32 
 767 
 
 15 
 
 38 
 36 
 32 
 
 1334 
 1376 
 1709 
 1711 
 427 
 2901 
 2979 
 2018 
 1737 
 2227 
 770 
 1828 
 622 
 799 
 1876 
 2328 
 1274 
 864 
 1574 
 1405 
 567 
 2662 
 3654 
 1043 
 2136 
 1586 
 1647 
 2233 
 3325 
 259 
 2798 
 246 
 3029 
 2032 
 1178 
 1658 
 1310 
 1099 
 1434 
 1187 
 281 
 2152 
 1557 
 2809 
 1194 
 523 
 212 
 1870 
 2126 
 3375 
 2106 
 
 693 
 626 
 1646 
 1419 
 .352 
 1356 
 1592 
 
 
 1884 
 
 1868 
 
 1772 
 
 463 
 
 2157 
 
 2524 
 
 1328 
 
 1203 
 
 261 
 
 1792 
 
 1823 
 
 1976 
 
 1448 
 
 1435 
 
 1396 
 
 680 
 
 1034 
 
 1122 
 
 1753 
 
 306 
 
 295 
 
 1166 
 
 311 
 
 779 
 
 370 
 
 3171 
 
 2223 
 
 1496 
 
 964 
 
 656 
 
 3031 
 
 888 
 
 436 
 
 1260 
 
 1426 
 
 1326 
 
 899 
 
 1490 
 
 17' 
 
 1726 
 
 1687 
 
 1316 
 
 850 
 
 544 
 
 2074 
 
 1109 
 
 628 
 
 391 
 
 2345 
 
 1218 
 
 1526 
 
 236 
 
 2863 
 
 2316 
 
 817 
 
 804 
 
 17 
 
 1077 
 
 10S6 
 
 1866 
 
 837 
 
 1102 
 
 459 
 
 119 
 
 928 
 
 441 
 
 1775 
 
 21 
 
 40 
 
 508 
 
 357 
 
 487 
 
 93 
 
 1885 
 
 2059 
 
 882 
 
 71 
 
 128 
 
 1963 
 
 639 
 
 132 
 
 344 
 
 833 
 
 293 
 
 516 
 
 1305 
 
 1029 
 
 944 
 
 1221 
 
 832 
 
 127 
 
 40 
 
 1009 
 
 867 
 
 132 
 
 166 
 
 18 
 
 14 
 
 322 
 
 13 
 
 350 
 
 75 
 
 89 
 
 103 
 
 9 
 
 616 
 
 1011 
 
 760 
 
 389 
 
 98 
 
 35 
 
 432 
 
 247 
 
 632 
 
 171 
 
 201 
 
 13 
 
 348 
 
 273 
 68 
 
 105 
 89 
 
 299 
 
 585 
 
 108 
 12 
 14 
 66 
 
 596 
 95 
 
 504 
 28 
 36 
 9 
 20 
 47 
 
 387 
 14 
 33 
 
 293 
 3 
 39 
 36 
 94 
 
 121 
 
 346 
 47 
 13 
 37 
 16 
 
 2345 
 
 2591 
 
 2364 
 
 638 
 
 3160 
 
 4331 
 
 1920 
 
 1478 
 
 262 
 
 2246 
 
 3221 
 
 2736 
 
 3056 
 
 1452 
 
 1663 
 
 713 
 
 1418 
 
 1749 
 
 2523 
 
 463 
 
 329 
 
 2243 
 
 343 
 
 835 
 
 374 
 
 4321 
 
 2565 
 
 2509 
 
 1246 
 
 661 
 
 3819 
 
 897 
 
 439 
 
 1843 
 
 2337 
 
 1727 
 
 1238 
 
 2113 
 
 2582 
 
 2439 
 
 2467 
 
 1692 
 
 1299 
 
 498 
 
 2759 
 
 1034 
 
 70:'i 
 
 57-1 
 
 3563 
 
 
 
 1763 
 
 
 
 1862 
 
 Appanoose 
 
 
 227 
 
 
 3682 
 
 
 449 
 
 244 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 223 
 20 
 95 
 74 
 11 
 30 
 
 446 
 40 
 86 
 94 
 19 
 67 
 
 167 
 66 
 
 111 
 80 
 12 
 19 
 
 525 
 
 6 
 
 12 
 
 53 
 
 [Linn 
 
 2917 
 
 Black Hawk 
 
 
 1008 
 
 
 1305 
 
 
 1044 
 
 
 757 
 1416 
 
 20n 
 
 780 
 
 196 
 
 771 
 
 979 
 
 1445 
 
 448 
 
 175 
 
 1090 
 
 816 
 
 94 
 
 2621 
 
 3398 
 
 638 
 
 752 
 
 1631 
 
 1282 
 
 1466 
 
 2917 
 
 48 
 
 4977 
 
 36 
 
 1709 
 
 751 
 
 379 
 
 1682 
 
 510 
 
 417 
 
 629 
 
 425 
 
 99 
 
 980 
 
 1386 
 
 1485 
 
 600 
 
 183 
 
 57 
 
 1348 
 
 2485 
 
 1804 
 
 1449 
 
 
 46 
 
 
 
 16.38 
 
 
 
 1701 
 
 Butler 
 
 
 23C4 
 
 
 
 1189 
 
 Carroll 
 
 Mills 
 
 1165 
 
 
 Mitchell 
 
 671 
 
 
 
 304 
 
 
 
 1246 
 
 
 Montgomery 
 
 759 
 
 
 2075 
 116 
 
 Clark 
 
 O'Brien 
 
 Clay 
 
 
 59 
 
 
 
 861 
 
 Clinton 
 
 Palo Alto 
 
 333 
 
 
 
 77 
 44 
 
 1353 
 218 
 420 
 671 
 177 
 309 
 3 
 49 
 644 
 196 
 868 
 830 
 301 
 
 1265 
 742 
 303 
 404 
 
 1421 
 
 602 
 
 Dallas 
 
 Pocahontas 
 
 Polk 
 
 141 
 
 Davis 
 
 2382 
 2414 
 1083 
 422 
 166 
 2853 
 631 
 
 
 Pottawattamie.... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 406 
 
 Scott 
 
 
 Shelby 
 
 Fayette. 
 
 Floyd 
 
 889 
 162 
 16 
 334 
 551 
 
 27 
 30 
 10 
 
 
 220 
 
 Story 
 
 187 
 133 
 
 579 
 
 Franklin 
 
 Tama 
 
 1317 
 
 
 
 676 
 
 
 27 
 8 
 
 21 
 
 57 
 
 2 
 
 M4 
 
 19 
 140 
 519 
 
 64 
 
 
 63 
 130 
 290 
 101 
 112 
 3 
 
 47 
 
 795 
 
 
 
 1661 
 
 
 364 
 422 
 29 
 238 
 523 
 
 1041 
 201 
 115 
 104 
 642 
 224 
 
 101 >^ 
 576 
 
 
 2412 
 
 
 
 1315 
 
 
 Washington 
 
 1508 
 
 
 1341 
 
 
 
 987 
 
 Henry 
 
 
 39 
 
 
 Winneshiek 
 
 279 
 
 226 
 
 8 
 
 117 
 
 238 
 
 9 
 
 14 
 
 98 
 
 1617 
 
 Humboldt 
 
 997 
 
 Ida 
 
 Worth 
 
 149 
 
 
 228 
 
 15 
 
 26'< 
 
 109 
 
 Wright 
 
 184 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 
 
 12154P 
 
 4219:; 
 
 79353 
 
 3422f 
 
 10639 
 
 1713:v. 
 
 5921 ; 
 
 112127 
 
 Jefferson 
 
 Majorities 
 
 
 Total vote, 1877, 245,766, 1876 (including2949 Greenback), 292,943. 
 
 VOTE FOR CONGRESSMEN, 1876. 
 
 District. 
 
 R.p. 
 
 Dem. 
 
 R. Maj. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Maj. '74. 
 
 District. 
 
 Rep. 
 
 Dem. 
 
 R. Maj. 
 
 Total. Maj. '74. 
 
 I 
 
 17188 
 16439 
 17423 
 20770 
 19274 
 18778 
 
 14814 
 14683 
 16100 
 9379 
 11154 
 14719 
 
 2374 
 1756 
 1323 
 11391 
 8120 
 4059 
 
 32002 
 31122 
 33523 
 30149 
 30428 
 33497 
 
 D. 1863 
 R. 657 
 D. 63 
 R. 3824 
 R. 5243 
 R. 2724 
 
 VII 
 
 19496 
 19358 
 19563 
 
 11688 
 15236 
 
 10583 
 
 7808 
 4l22 
 8980 
 
 31184 R 2300 
 
 ir 
 
 VIII 
 
 34594 E 2127 
 
 Ill 
 
 IX 
 
 30146 R 5849 
 
 IV 
 
 
 
 v 
 
 168289 1 1 s.'^fifi 
 
 49933 
 
 *29'lll 
 
 VI 
 
 
 
 
 Total vote, 1874, 184,640 ; aggregate Republican majority, 24,524. *Including 5,466 Greenback votes. 
 
Practical Rules for Every Day Use. 
 
 How to find the gain or loss per cent, when the cost and selling price 
 are given. 
 
 Rule. — Find the difference between the cost and selling price, which 
 will be the gain or loss. 
 
 Annex two ciphers to the gain or loss, and divide it by the cost 
 price ; the result will be the gain or loss per cent. 
 
 How to change gold into currency. 
 
 Rule. — Multiply the given sum of gold by the price of gold. 
 
 IToiv to change currency into gold. 
 
 Divide the amount in currency by the price of gold. 
 
 How to find each partner'' s share of the gain or loss in a copartnership 
 business. 
 
 Rule. — Divide the whole gain or loss by the entire stock, the quo- 
 tient will be the gain or loss per cent. 
 
 Multiply each partner's stock by this per cent., the result will be 
 each one's share of the gain or loss. 
 
 How to find gross and 7iet weight and price of hogs. 
 
 A short and simple method for finding the net tveight, or price of hogs, 
 when the gross iveight or price is given, and vice versa. 
 
 Note.— It is generally assumed that the gross weight of Hogs diuiiuislied by 1-5 or 20 per cent. 
 of itself gives the net weight, and the net weight increased by M or 25 per cent, of itself equals the 
 gross weight. 
 
 To find the net weight or gross price. 
 
 MultijDly the given number by .8 (tenths.) 
 
 To find the gross weight or net price. 
 
 Divide the given number by .8 (tenths.) 
 
 How to find the capacity of a granary, bin, or wagon-bed. 
 
 Rule. — Multiply (by short method) the number of cubic feet by 
 6308, and point off one decimal place — the result will be the correct 
 nswer in bushels and tenths of a bushel. 
 
 For only an approximate answer, multiply the cubic feet by 8, and 
 point off one decimal place. ^ 
 
 How to find the contents of a corn-crib . 
 
 Rule. — Multiply the number of cubic feet by 54, short method, or 
 
 (284) 
 
MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 285 
 
 by 4^ ordinary method, and point off one decimal place — the result wil] 
 be the answer in bushels. 
 
 Note.— In estimating corn in tiie ear, tlie quality and tlie time it lias been cribbed must be talcen 
 into consideration, since corn will slirink consideraljly during the Winter and Spring. Tliis rule generally holds 
 good for corn measured at the time it is cribbed, provided it is sound and clean. 
 
 How to find the contents of a cistern or tank. 
 
 Rule. — Multiply the square of the mean diameter by the depth (aU 
 in feet) and this product by 5681 (short method), and point off one 
 decimal place — the result will be the contents in barrels of 31^ gallons. 
 
 Hoiv to find the contents of a barrel or cask. 
 
 Rule. — Under the square of the mean diameter, write the length 
 (all in inches) in reversjid order, so that its units will fall under the 
 TENS ; multiply by short method, and this product again by 430 ; point 
 off one decimal place, and the result will be the answer in wine gallons. 
 
 IToiv to measure boards. 
 
 Rule. — Multiply the length (in feet) by the width (in inches) and 
 divide the product by 12 — the result will be the contents in square feet. 
 
 ffow to measure scantlings, joists, planks, sills, etc. 
 
 Rule. — Multiply the width, the thickness, and the length together 
 (the width and thickness in inches, and the length in feet), and divide 
 the product by 12 — the result will be square feet. 
 
 Ilotv to find the number of acres in a body of la7id. 
 
 Rule. — Multiply the length by the width (in rods), and divide the 
 product by 160 (carrying the division to 2 decimal places if there is a 
 remainder) ; the result will be the answer in acres and hundredths. 
 
 When the opposite sides of a piece of land are of unequal length, 
 add them together and take one-half for the mean length or width. 
 
 Hoiv to fiyid the number of square yards in a floor or ivall. 
 
 Rule. — Multiply the length by the width or height (in feet), and 
 divide the product by 9, the result will be square yards. 
 
 Hoiv to find the number of bricks required in a building. 
 
 Rule. — Multiply the number of cubic feet by 221-. 
 
 The number of cubic feet is found by multiplying the length, height 
 nd thickness (in feet) together. 
 
 Bricks are usually made 8 inches long, 4 inches wide, and two inches 
 thick ; hence, it requires 27 bricks to make a cubic foot without mortar, 
 but it is generally assumed that the mortar fills 1-6 of the space. 
 
 Hoiv to find the number of shingles required in a roof. 
 
 Rule. — Multiply the number of square feet in the roof by 8, if the 
 shingles are exposed 4i inches, or by 7 1-5 if exposed 5 inches. 
 
 To find the number of square feet, multiply the length of the roof by 
 twice the leno:th of the rafters. 
 
286 MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 
 
 To find the length of the rafters, at one-fourth pitch, multiply the 
 width of the building by .56 (hundredths) ; at one-third pitch, by .6 
 (tenths) ; at two-fifths pitch, by .64 (hundredths) ; at one-half 
 pitch, by .71 (hundredths). This gives the length of the rafters from 
 the apex to the end of the wall, and whatever they are to project must be 
 taken into consideration. 
 
 Note.— By K or K pitch is meant tliat the apex or comb of the roof is to be X or )i the width of the 
 building higher than tlie walls or base of the rafters. 
 
 How to reckon the cost of hay. 
 
 Rule. — Multiply the number of pounds by half the price per ton, 
 and remove the decimal point three places to the left. 
 
 Soto to measure grain. 
 
 Rule. — Level the grain ; ascertain the space it occupies in cubic 
 feet ; 'multiply the number of cubic feet by 8, and point off one place to 
 the left. 
 
 Note.— Exactness requires the addition to every three hundred l)ushels of one extra bushel. 
 
 The foregoing rule may be used for finding the number of gallons, by 
 multiplying the number of bushels by 8. 
 
 If the corn in the box is in the ear, divide the answer b}^ 2, to find 
 the number of bushels of shelled corn, because it requires 2 bushels of eai 
 corn to make 1 of shelled corn. 
 
 Rapid rules for measuring land without instruments. 
 
 In measuring land, the first thing to ascertain is the contents of any 
 given plot in square yards ; then, given the number of yards, find out the 
 number of rods and acres. 
 
 The most ancient and simplest measure of distance is a step. Now, 
 an ordinary-sized man can train himself to cover one yard at a stride, on 
 the average, with sufficient accuracy for ordinary purposes. 
 
 To make use of this means of measuring distances, it is essential to 
 walk in a straight line ; to do this, fix the eye on two objects in a line 
 straight ahead, one comparatively near, the other remote ; and, in walk- 
 ing, keep these objects constantly in line. 
 
 Farmers and others hy adopting the folloiving simple and ingenious con- 
 trivance., may always carry with them the scale to construct a correct yard 
 measure. 
 
 Take a foot rule, and commencing at the base of the little finger oi 
 the left hand, mark the quarters of the foot on the outer borders of the 
 left arm, pricking in the marks with indelible ink. 
 
 To find hoiv many rods in length will make an acre, the ividth heing given. 
 Rule. — Divide 160 by the width, and the quotient will be the answer. 
 
MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 287 
 
 How to find the number of acres in any plot of land, the number of rods 
 being given. 
 
 Rule. — Divide the number of rods by 8, multiply the quotient by 5, 
 and remove the decimal point two places to the left. 
 
 The diameter being given, to find the circumference. 
 
 Rule. — Multiply the diameter by 3 1-7. 
 
 How to find the diameter, when the circumference is given. 
 
 Rule. — Divide the circumference by 3 1-7. 
 
 To find how many solid feet a round stick of timber of the same thick- 
 ness throughout will contain when squared. 
 
 Rule. — Square half the diameter in- inches, multiply by 2, multiply 
 by the length in feet, and divide the product by 144. 
 
 General rule for measuring timber, to find the solid contents in feet. 
 
 Rule. — Multiply the depth in inches by the breadth in inches, and 
 then multiply by the length in feet, and divide by 144. 
 
 To find the number of feet of timber in trees ivith the bark on. 
 
 Rule. — Multiply the square of one-fifth of the circumference in 
 inches, by twice the length, in feet, and divide by 144. Deduct 1-10 to 
 1-15 according to the thickness of the bark. 
 
 Howard s 7ieiv ride for computing interest. 
 
 Rule. — The reciprocal of the rate is the time for which the interest 
 on any sum of money will be shown by simply removing the decimal 
 point two places to the left ; for ten times that time, remove the point 
 one place to the left ; for 1-10 of the same time, remove the point three 
 places to the left. 
 
 Increase or diminish the results to suit the time given. 
 
 Note.— The reciprocal of the rate is fouud by inverting tlie rate ; tlius 3 per cent, per month, in- 
 verted, becomes K of a month, or 10 days. 
 
 When the rate is expressed by one figure, always write it thus : 3-1, 
 three ones. 
 
 Hule for converting English into American currency. 
 
 Multiply the pounds, with the shillings and pence stated in decimals, 
 by 400 plus the premium in fourths, and divide the product by 90. 
 
 U. S. GOVERNMENT LAND MEASURE. 
 
 A township — 36 sections each a mile square. 
 A section — 640 acres. 
 
 A quarter section, half a mile square — 160 acres. 
 An eighth section, half a mile long, north and south, and a quarter 
 of a mile wide — 80 acres. 
 
 A sixteenth section, a quarter of a mile square — 40 acres. 
 
288 MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 
 
 The sections are all numbered 1 to 36, commencing at tlie north-east 
 corner. 
 
 The sections are divided into quarters, which are named by the 
 cardinal points. The quarters are divided in the same way. The de- 
 scription of a forty acre lot would read : The south half of the west half of 
 the south-west quarter of section 1 in township 24, north of range 7 west, 
 or as the case might be ; and sometimes will fall short and sometimes 
 overrun the number of acres it is supposed to contain. 
 
 The nautical mile is 795 4-5 feet longer than the common mile. 
 
 SURVEYORS' MEASURE. 
 
 7 92-100 inches make 1 link. 
 
 25 links " 1 rod. 
 
 4rods '' 1 chain. 
 
 80 chains " 1 mile. 
 
 Note. — A chain is 100 links, equal to 4 rods or 66 feet. 
 
 Shoemakers formerly used a subdivision of the inch called a barley- 
 corn ; three of which made an inch. 
 
 Horses are measured directly over the fore feet, and the standard of 
 measure is four inches — called a hand. 
 
 In Biblical and other old measurements, the term span is sometimes 
 used, which is a length of nine inches. 
 
 The sacred cubit of the Jews was 24.024 inches in length. 
 
 The common cubit of the Jews was 21.704 inches in length. 
 
 A pace is equal to a yard or 36 inches. 
 
 A fathom is equal to 6 feet. 
 
 A league is three miles, but its length is variable, for it is strictly 
 speaking a nautical term, and should be three geographical miles, equal 
 to 3.45 statute miles, but when used on land, three statute miles are said 
 to be a league. 
 
 In cloth measure an aune is equal to 1 i yards, or 45 inches. 
 
 An Amsterdam ell is equal to 26.796 inches. 
 
 A Trieste ell is equal to 25.284 inches. 
 
 A Brabant ell is equal to 27.116 inches. 
 
 HOW TO KEEP ACCOUNTS. 
 
 Every farmer and mechanic, whether he does much or little business, 
 should keep a record of his transactions in a clear and systematic man- 
 ner. For the benefit of those who have not had the opportunity of ac- 
 quiring a primary knowledge of the principles of book-keeping, we here 
 present a simple form of keeping accounts which is easily comprehended, 
 and well adapted to record tho business transactions of farmers, mechanics 
 and laborers. ■ \ 
 
MISCBLLAHEOUS INFORMATION. 
 
 289- 
 
 1875. 
 
 A. H. JACKSON. 
 
 Dr. 
 
 Cr. 
 
 Jan. 
 
 W 
 
 ii 
 
 17 
 
 Feb. 
 
 4 
 
 u 
 
 4 
 
 March 
 
 8 
 
 (( 
 
 8 
 
 li 
 
 13 
 
 a 
 
 37 
 
 April 
 
 u 
 
 9 
 9 
 
 May 
 
 G 
 24 
 
 July 
 
 4 
 
 To 7 bushels Wheat at §1.25 
 
 By shoeing span of Horses ' 
 
 To 14 bushels Oats at S .45 
 
 To 5 lbs. Butter at .25 
 
 By new Harrow 
 
 By sharpening 2 Plows ^ 
 
 By new Double-Tree 
 
 To Cow and Calf . . . 
 
 To half ton of Hay . . 
 
 By Cash 
 
 By repairing Corn-Planter 
 
 To one Sow with Pigs ----. 
 
 By Cash, to balance account __ 
 
 §8 
 
 75 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 30 
 
 
 1 
 
 25 
 
 18 
 2 
 
 48 
 
 00 
 
 
 6 
 
 25 
 
 25 
 4 
 
 17 
 
 50 
 
 35 
 
 $88 
 
 05 
 
 $88 
 
 50 
 
 00 
 40 
 25 
 
 00 
 
 75 
 
 15 
 
 05 
 
 1875. 
 
 CASS A MASON. 
 
 Dr. 
 
 C;-. 
 
 March 21 
 
 u 
 
 21 
 
 a 
 
 23 
 
 May 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 June 
 
 19 
 
 ii 
 
 26 
 
 July 
 
 10 
 
 29 
 
 Aug. 
 
 12 
 12 
 
 Sept. 
 
 1 
 
 By 3 days' labor at $1.25 
 
 To 2 Shoats - at 3.00 
 
 To 18 bushels Corn at .45 
 
 By 1 month's Labor 
 
 To Cash 
 
 By 8 days' Mowing at $1.50 
 
 To 50 lbs. Flour 
 
 To 27 lbs. Meat .at $" .16 
 
 By 9 days' Harvesting at 2.00 
 
 By 6 days' Labor _.at 1.50 
 
 To Cash 
 
 To Cash to balance account . 
 
 
 
 $3 
 
 m 
 
 00 
 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 25 
 
 10 
 
 00 
 
 12 
 
 2 
 
 75 
 
 
 2 
 
 70 
 
 18 
 9 
 
 20 
 
 00 
 
 
 18 
 
 20 
 
 
 $67 
 
 75 
 
 $67 
 
 75 
 
 00 
 00 
 
 00 
 00 
 
 75 
 
 INTEREST TABLE. 
 
 A SIMPLE Rule for accurately CoMPUTixa Interest at Any Givkx Per Cent, for any 
 
 Length op Time. 
 Multiply the principal (amount of money at interest) by the time reduced to days; ttien divide this product 
 by the qttotient obtained by dividing 360 (the number of days in the interest year) by the per ce?it. of interest 
 andt/ie quotient thus obtained will be tlio required interest. ' 
 
 illustration. 
 
 Solution. 
 5462.50 
 
 Requiretheinterestof $462.50for one month and eighteen days at 6 per cent. An 
 interest month is 30 days; one month and eighteen days equal 48 days. $4b2.50 multi- 
 plied by .48 gives $222.0000; 360 divided by 6 (the per cent, of interest) gives 60, and 
 
 $222.0000 divided by 60 will give vou the exact interest, whicU is $3.70. If the rate of 370000 
 
 interest in the above example were 12 per cent., we would divide the $322.0000 by 30 6)360 \ 185000 
 
 (because 360 divided by 12 gives 30); if 4 per cent., wo would divide by 90; if 8 per i — 
 
 cent., by 45: and in like manner for any other per cent. 60 / $222.0000($3.7O 
 
 180' 
 
 420 
 420 
 
 00 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS TABLE. 
 
 12 units, or things, 1 Dozen. I 196 pounds, 1 Barrel of Flour. I 24 sheets of paper, I Quire. 
 
 12 dozen, 1 Gross. 200 pounds, 1 Barrel of Pork. 20 quires paper 1 Ream. 
 
 20 things, 1 Score. | 56 pound.s, 1 Firkin of Butter. | 4 ft. wide, 4 f^ high, and 8 ft. long, 1 Cord Wood,. 
 
^90 MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 
 
 NAMES OF THE STATES OF THE UNION, AND THEIR SIGNIFICATIONS. 
 
 Virginia. — The oldest of the States, was so called in honor of Queen 
 Elizabeth, the "Virgin Queen," in whose reign Sir Walter Raleigh made 
 liis first attempt to colonize that region. 
 
 Florida. — Ponce de Leon landed on the coast of Florida on Easter 
 Sunday, and called the country in commemoration of the day, which was 
 the Pasqua Florida of the Spaniards, or " Feast of Flowers." 
 
 Louisiana was called after Louis the Fourteenth, who at one time 
 •owned that section of the country. 
 
 Alabama was so named by the Indians, and signifies " Here we Rest." 
 
 Mississippi is likewise an Indian name, meaning " Long River." 
 
 Arkansas^ from Kansas, the Indian word for "smoky water." Its 
 prefix was really arc, the French word for " bow." 
 
 The Carolinas were originally one tract, and were called "Carolana," 
 after Charles the Ninth of France. 
 
 Creorgia owes its name to George the Second of England, who first 
 established a colony there in 1732. 
 
 Tennessee is the Indian name for the " River of the Bend," ^. e., the 
 Mississippi which forms its western boundary. 
 
 Kentucky is the Indian name for " at the head of the river." 
 
 Ohio means " beautiful ; " loiva., " drowsy ones ; " Minnesota., " cloudy 
 water," and Wisconsin., " wild-rushing channel." 
 
 Illinois is derived from the Indian word illini, men, and the French 
 suffix ois, together signifying " tribe of men." 
 
 Michigan was called by the name given the lake, fish-tveir, which was 
 so styled from its fancied resemblance to a fish trap. 
 
 Missouri is from the Indian word " muddy," which more j^roperly 
 applies to the river that flows through it. 
 
 Oregon owes its Indian name also to its principal river. 
 
 Cortes named California. 
 
 Massachusetts in the Indian for " The country around the great hills." 
 
 Connecticut., from the Indian Quon-ch-ta-Cut, signifying "Long 
 River." 
 
 Maryland., after Henrietta Maria, Queen of Charles the First, of 
 England. 
 
 New York was named by the Duke of York. 
 
 Pennsyliiania means " Penn's woods," and was so called after William 
 Penn, its orignal owner. 
 
MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 
 
 291 
 
 Delaware after Lord De La Ware. 
 
 New Jersey, so called in honor of Sir George Carteret, who was 
 Governor of the Island of Jersey, in the British Channel. 
 
 3faine was called after the province of Maine in France, in compli- 
 ment of Queen Henrietta of England, who owned that province. 
 
 Vermont, from the French word Vert Mont, signifying Green 
 Mountain. 
 
 New Hampshire, from Hampshire county in England. It was 
 formerly called Laconia. 
 
 The little State of Rhode Island owes its name to the Island of 
 Hhodes in the Mediterranean, which domain it is said to greatly 
 resemble. 
 
 Texas is the American word for the Mexican name hy which all that 
 section of the country was called before it was ceded to the United States. 
 
 POPULATION OF THE 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 States and Territories. 
 
 Alabama 
 
 ArKansas 
 
 California 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 Delaware 
 
 Plorida 
 
 Georgia 1 
 
 Illinois 2 
 
 Indiana 1 
 
 1 
 
 Total 
 Population. 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Kansas 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 Maine 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Massacliusetts 
 
 Michigan 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 Missouri 
 
 Nebraska 
 
 Nevada 
 
 New Hampshire. 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 New York 
 
 North Carolina .. 
 Ohio. 
 
 Oregon 
 
 Pennsylvania... 
 Rhode Island . . 
 South Carolina. 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Texas 
 
 Vermont 
 
 Virginia 
 
 West Virginia.. 
 Wisconsin 
 
 Total States. 
 
 Arizona 
 
 Colorada 
 
 Dakota 
 
 District of Columbia. 
 
 Idaho 
 
 Montana 
 
 New Mexico 
 
 Utah 
 
 Washington 
 
 "Wyoming 
 
 Total Territories 
 
 Total United States 
 
 996. 
 484. 
 560, 
 537, 
 125, 
 187, 
 184, 
 ,539, 
 ,680, 
 191, 
 364, 
 ,321, 
 726, 
 626, 
 780, 
 ,457, 
 ,184 
 439, 
 827, 
 721, 
 122, 
 
 42. 
 318. 
 906. 
 382. 
 071, 
 665. 
 
 90, 
 ,521, 
 217, 
 705, 
 258, 
 818, 
 330, 
 ,225, 
 442, 
 ,054 
 
 992 
 471 
 247 
 454 
 015 
 748 
 109 
 891 
 637 
 
 92 
 399 
 Oil 
 915 
 915 
 894 
 351 
 059 
 
 06 
 922 
 295 
 993 
 491 
 300 
 096 
 759 
 361 
 260 
 923 
 791 
 353 
 606 
 520 
 579 
 551 
 163 
 014 
 ,670 
 
 38.113,253 
 
 39,864 
 14,181 
 131,700 
 14,999 
 20,595 
 91.874 
 86,786 
 23,955 
 9,118 
 
 442,730 
 
 38,555,983 
 
 POPULATION OF FIFTY 
 PRINCIPAL CITIES. 
 
 Aggregate 
 Population. 
 
 New York, N. Y 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y 
 
 St. Louis, Mo 
 
 Chicago, 111 
 
 Baltimore, Md 
 
 Boston, Mass 
 
 Cincinnati, Ohio 
 
 New Orleans, La. .. 
 San Francisco, Oal. . 
 
 Buffalo, N. Y 
 
 Washington, D. C... 
 
 Newark, N. J 
 
 Louisville, Ky 
 
 Cleveland, Ohio 
 
 Pittsburg, Pa 
 
 Jersey City, N. J ... 
 
 Detroit, Mich 
 
 Milwaukee, Wis 
 
 Albany, N. Y 
 
 Providence, R.I 
 
 Rochester, N. Y 
 
 AUeghenj', Pa 
 
 Richmond, Va 
 
 New Haven, Conn.. 
 Charleston, S. C — 
 Indianapolis, Ind... 
 
 Troy, N. Y 
 
 Syracuse, N. Y 
 
 Worcester, Mass 
 
 Lowell, Mass 
 
 Memphis, Tenn 
 
 Cambridge, Mass... 
 
 Hartford, Conn 
 
 Scranton, Pa 
 
 Reading, Pa , 
 
 Paterson, N.J 
 
 Kansas City, Mo 
 
 Mobile, Ala 
 
 Toledo, Ohio 
 
 Portland, Me 
 
 Columbus, Ohio 
 
 Wilmington, Del... 
 
 Dayton, Ohio 
 
 Lawrence, Mass 
 
 Utica, N. Y 
 
 Uharlestown, Mass 
 
 Savannah, Ga 
 
 Lynn. Mass 
 
 Fall River, Mass... 
 
 942, 
 
 674, 
 
 396, 
 
 310, 
 
 298. 
 
 267, 
 
 250, 
 
 216, 
 
 191, 
 
 149. 
 
 117, 
 
 109, 
 
 105, 
 
 100, 
 
 92, 
 
 86, 
 
 82, 
 
 79, 
 
 71, 
 
 69, 
 
 68, 
 
 62, 
 
 53, 
 
 51. 
 
 50. 
 
 48, 
 
 48, 
 
 46, 
 
 43, 
 
 41, 
 
 40, 
 
 40, 
 
 39, 
 
 37, 
 
 35. 
 
 33 
 
 33 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 31 
 
 31 
 
 31 
 
 30 
 
 30, 
 
 28, 
 
 28, 
 
 28, 
 
 28, 
 
 28 
 
 26, 
 
 292 
 022 
 099 
 864 
 977 
 354 
 526 
 239 
 418 
 473 
 714 
 199 
 059 
 753 
 829 
 076 
 546 
 577 
 440 
 422 
 904 
 386 
 180 
 038 
 840 
 956 
 244 
 465 
 051 
 105 
 928 
 226 
 634 
 180 
 092 
 930 
 579 
 260 
 034 
 ,584 
 ,413 
 274 
 841 
 ,473 
 ,921 
 ,804 
 323 
 235 
 ,233 
 766 
 
292 
 
 MISCELLANEOL 8 INFOKMATION. 
 
 POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 States axd 
 Terkitories. 
 
 .\rea in 
 square 
 Miles. 
 
 POPX-LATION. 
 
 Miles 
 R. R. 
 1872. 
 
 States axi> 
 Tkrkmokies. 
 
 Area iu 
 square 
 Miles. 
 
 VOPILATIOX. 
 
 Miles 
 R. R. 
 1872. 
 
 1870. 
 
 996.992 
 
 484.471 
 
 560.247 
 
 537.454 
 
 125.015 
 
 187.748 
 
 1.184.109 
 
 2..539.891 
 
 1.680.637 
 
 1.191.792 
 
 364.399 
 
 1.321.011 
 
 726.915 
 
 626.915 
 
 780,894 
 
 1,457.351 
 
 1.184.059 
 
 439.706 
 
 827.922 
 
 1.721.295 
 
 123.993 
 
 42.491 
 
 318.300 
 
 906.096 
 
 4..3S2,r59 
 
 1.071.. -561 
 
 2,66.\260 
 
 90.923 
 
 1875. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1875. 
 
 Staffs. 
 
 50.722 
 
 52.198 
 
 188 981 
 
 4.674 
 
 2.120 
 
 59.268 
 
 58.000 
 
 55.410 
 
 33.809 
 
 55.045 
 
 81.318 
 
 37.600 
 
 41.346 
 
 31,776 
 
 11,184 
 
 7,80») 
 
 56,451 
 
 83,531 
 
 47,156 
 
 65,350 
 
 75.9P5 
 
 112,090 
 
 9.280 
 
 8.320 
 
 47.000 
 
 50.704 
 
 39.964 
 
 95.244 
 
 
 1,671 
 
 25 
 
 1.013 
 
 820 
 
 227 
 
 466 
 
 2.108 
 
 5,904 
 
 3.529 
 
 3.160 
 
 1.760 
 
 1.123 
 
 539 
 
 871 
 
 820 
 
 1.606 
 
 2.235 
 
 1.612 
 
 990 
 
 2.580 
 
 828 
 
 593 
 
 790 
 
 1.265 
 
 4.470 
 
 1.190 
 
 3,740 
 
 lt)9 
 
 St.ifts. 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 Rhode Island 
 
 South Carolina... 
 
 46.000 
 1,306 
 29.385 
 45,600 
 237,504 
 10,212 
 40.904 
 23.000 
 53,924 
 
 3.,521,791 
 217,353 
 705,606 
 
 1.2.58.520 
 818.579 
 330,551 
 
 1,225.163 
 442.014 
 
 1.054.670 
 
 925.145 
 
 5.118 
 136 
 
 
 
 California 
 
 
 1.201 
 1,520 
 
 
 
 Texas 
 
 ... 
 
 865 
 
 Florida 
 
 Vonuont 
 
 Viixiiiia 
 
 West Virsiiiiu 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 Total States 
 
 TerritorU-s. 
 Arizona 
 
 
 675 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Illinois 
 
 1.350. 544 
 528.349 
 
 
 1,490 
 485 
 
 
 1.236.72? 
 
 1 725 
 
 
 
 Kansas 
 
 1,950.171 
 
 118,916 
 
 104,500 
 
 147,490 
 
 60 
 
 90,932 
 
 143.776 
 
 121.201 
 
 80,056 
 
 69.944 
 
 93,107 
 
 38.113,253 
 
 9.658 
 39.864 
 14.181 
 131.700 
 14.999 
 20.595 
 91.874 
 86.786 
 23.955 
 
 9.118 
 
 
 59,587 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 Maine 
 
 Maryland 
 
 MassacUusetts. . . 
 
 857.039 
 
 lV65i".912 
 
 1.334.031 
 
 598,429 
 
 ■ 246.286 
 52.540 
 
 392 
 
 l>akota 
 
 
 
 MioUiarau' 
 
 Dist. of Columbia. 
 Idaho 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 
 
 
 New Mexico 
 
 Utah 
 
 
 
 Nebraska 
 
 
 375 
 
 Nevada 
 
 Washinston 
 
 
 
 New Hampshire. 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 New York 
 
 
 498 
 
 1.026. ,=i02 
 4,70.-1.208 
 
 Total Territories. 
 
 Aggregate of U. S.. 
 1 • Included In t 
 
 
 
 96c).032 
 
 2,91.1,203 
 he Kailro 
 
 442.730 
 
 
 1,265 
 
 North Carolina.. 
 Ohio 
 
 
 
 
 38.555.983 
 »d Mileage 
 
 
 
 Oregon 
 
 
 60.fi.>>a 
 
 • Last Censu 
 
 s of 3[i(. 
 
 higan tak 
 
 en in 1874 
 
 1 
 
 of Maryland. 
 
 PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD; 
 
 Population and Akea. 
 
 Population. 
 
 China 
 
 British Empire 
 
 Russia 
 
 United States with Alaska. . 
 
 France 
 
 Austria and Hungary 
 
 Japan 
 
 Great Britain and Ireland. . 
 
 German Empire 
 
 Italy 
 
 Spain 
 
 Brazil 
 
 Turkey 
 
 Mexico 
 
 Sweden and Norway 
 
 Persia 
 
 Belgium 
 
 Bavaria 
 
 Portugal 
 
 Holland 
 
 New Grenada 
 
 Chili 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 Peru 
 
 Bolivia 
 
 Argentine Republic 
 
 Wurteniburg 
 
 Denmark 
 
 Venezuela 
 
 Baden 
 
 Greece 
 
 Guatemala 
 
 Ecuador 
 
 Paraguay 
 
 Hesse 
 
 Liberia 
 
 San Salvador 
 
 Hayti 
 
 Nicaragua 
 
 Uruguay 
 
 Honduras 
 
 San Domingo 
 
 Costa Rica 
 
 Hawaii ; 
 
 446.500.000 
 
 226.817.108 
 
 81. 925, 400 
 
 38.925.600 
 
 36.469.800 
 
 35.904,400 
 
 34.785.300 
 
 31.817.100 
 
 29.906.092 
 
 27.439.921 
 
 16.642.000 
 
 10.000.000 
 
 16.46.3.000 
 
 9.173.000 
 
 5.921,500 
 
 5, 000. (.WO 
 
 5.021.300 
 
 4.861.400 
 
 3.995.200 
 
 3.688.300 
 
 3.000.000 
 
 2,000.000 
 
 2,669,100 
 
 2.500,000 
 
 2.000,000 
 
 1,812,000 
 
 1,818,500 
 
 1,784,700 
 
 1,500,000 
 
 1,461,400 
 
 1.457.900 
 
 1.180,000 
 
 1,300,000 
 
 1,000.000 
 
 823.138 
 
 718.000 
 
 600.000 
 
 572.000 
 
 350.000 
 
 300.000 
 
 350,000 
 
 136.000 
 
 165,000 
 
 62.950 
 
 Date of 
 Census. 
 
 1871 
 1871 
 1871 
 1870 
 1866 
 1869 
 1871 
 1871 
 1871 
 1871 
 1867 
 
 1869 
 1870 
 1870 
 1869 
 1871 
 1868 
 1870 
 1870 
 1869 
 1870 
 1871 
 
 1871 
 1870 
 
 1871 
 1870 
 1871 
 
 isYi 
 
 1871 
 1871 
 1871 
 
 'isYo 
 
 Area In 
 Square 
 Miles. 
 
 Inhabitants 
 
 to Square 
 
 Mile. 
 
 3.741.846 
 
 4.677,432 
 
 8.003.778 
 
 ,603.884 
 
 204.091 
 
 240.348 
 
 149.399 
 
 121.315 
 
 160.207 
 
 118,847 
 
 195,775 
 
 3.253.029 
 
 672.621 
 
 761.526 
 
 292.871 
 
 635.964 
 
 11.373 
 
 29.292 
 
 34.494 
 
 12.680 
 
 357.157 
 
 132.616 
 
 15.992 
 
 471.838 
 
 497.321 
 
 871.848 
 
 7.533 
 
 14.753 
 
 368.238 
 
 5.912 
 
 19,353 
 
 40,879 
 
 218.928 
 
 63.787 
 
 2.969 
 
 9,576 
 
 7,335 
 
 10,205 
 
 58.171 
 
 66.722 
 
 47.092 
 
 17,827 
 
 31.505 
 
 7.633 
 
 119.3 
 
 48.6 
 
 10.2 
 
 7.78 
 
 178.7 
 
 149.4 
 
 232.8 
 
 262.3 
 
 187. 
 
 230.9 
 
 85. 
 
 3.07 
 24.4 
 
 "io'. 
 
 7.8 
 441.5 
 165.9 
 115.8 
 290.9 
 
 8.4 
 
 15.1 
 
 166.9 
 
 5.3 
 
 4. 
 
 2.1 
 241.4 
 120.9 
 
 4.2 
 247. 
 75.3 
 28.9 
 
 5.9 
 15.6 
 
 "'74!9 
 81.8 
 56. 
 6. 
 6.5 
 7.4 
 7.6 
 7.7 
 80. 
 
 Pekin 
 
 London 
 
 .St. Petersburg., 
 Washington .... 
 
 Paris 
 
 Vienna 
 
 Yeddo 
 
 London 
 
 Berlin , 
 
 Rome 
 
 Madrid 
 
 Rio Janeiro 
 
 Constantinople , 
 
 Mexico 
 
 Stockholm 
 
 Teheran 
 
 Brussels 
 
 Munich 
 
 Lisbon 
 
 Hague 
 
 Bogota 
 
 Santiago 
 
 Berne 
 
 Lima 
 
 Chuquisaca 
 
 Buenos Ayres.. 
 
 Stuttgart 
 
 Copenhagen 
 
 Caraccas 
 
 Carlsruhe 
 
 .\thens 
 
 Guatemala 
 
 Quito 
 
 Asuncion 
 
 Darmstadt 
 
 Monrovia 
 
 Sal Salvador... 
 Port au Prince 
 
 Managua 
 
 Monte Video... 
 
 Coniay.igua 
 
 San Domingo... 
 
 San Jose 
 
 Honolulu 
 
 Population. 
 
 648,800 
 
 251,800 
 
 667.000 
 
 109,199 
 
 82.5,300 
 
 833.900 
 
 554.900 
 
 251,800 
 
 825,400 
 
 244.484 
 
 332,000 
 
 420.000 
 
 075,000 
 
 210,300 
 
 136.900 
 
 120.000 
 
 314.100 
 
 169.500 
 
 224,063 
 
 90,100 
 
 45.000 
 
 115,400 
 
 36.000 
 
 160.100 
 
 25.000 
 
 177.800 
 
 91.600 
 
 162.012 
 
 47.000 
 
 3ti.600 
 
 43.400 
 
 40.000 
 
 70.000 
 
 48.000 
 
 30,000 
 
 3.000 
 
 15.000 
 
 20.000 
 
 10.000 
 
 44.. 500 
 
 12.000 
 
 20.000 
 
 2,000 
 
 7,633 
 
ABSTRACT OF lOVA STATE LAWS. 
 
 BILLS OF EXCHANGE AND PROMISSORY NOTES. 
 
 Upon negotiable bills, and notes payable in this State, grace sliall be allowed 
 according to the law merchant. All the above mentioned paper falling due on 
 Sunday, New Year's Day, the Fourth of July, Christmas, or any day appointed 
 or recommended by the President of the United States or the Governor of the 
 State, as a day of fast or thanksgiving, shall be deemed as due on the day pre- 
 vious. No defense can be made against a negotiable instrument (assigned before 
 due) in the hands of the assignee without notice, except fraud was used in 
 obtaining the same. To hold an indorser, due diligence must be used by suit 
 against the maker or his representative. Notes payable to person named or to 
 order, in order to absolutely transfer title, must be indorsed by the payee. 
 Notes payable to bearer may be transferred by delivery, and when so payable, 
 every indorser thereon is held as a guarantor of payment, unless otherwise 
 expressed. 
 
 In computing interest or discount on negotiable instruments, a month shall 
 be considered a calendar month or twelfth of a year, and for less than a month, 
 a day shall be figured a thirtieth part of a month. Notes only bear interest 
 when so expressed; but after due, they draw the legal interest, even if not 
 stated. 
 
 INTEREST. 
 
 The legal rate of interest is six per cent. Parties may agree, in writing, 
 on a rate not exceeding ten per cent. If a rate of interest greater than ten 
 per cent, is contracted for, it works a forfeiture of ten per cent, to the school 
 fund, and only the principal sum can be recovered. 
 
 DESCENT. 
 
 The personal property of the deceased (except (1) that necessary for pay- 
 ment of debts and expenses of administration ; (2) property set apart to widow, 
 as exempt from execution ; (.3) allowance by court, if necessary, of twelve 
 months' support to widow, and to children under fifteen years of age), including 
 life insurance, descends as does real estate. 
 
 One-third in value (absolutely) of all estates in real property, possessed by 
 husband at any time during marriage, which have not been sold on execution 
 or other judicial sale, and to which the wife has made no relinquishment of her 
 right, shall be set apart as her property, in fee simple, if she survive him. 
 
 (293) 
 
294 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 
 
 The same share shall be set apart to the surviving husband of a deceased 
 wife. 
 
 The widow's share cannot be aftected by any will of her husband's, unless 
 she consents, in writing thereto, within six months after notice to her of pro- 
 visions of the will. 
 
 The provisions of the statutes of descent apply alike to surviving husband 
 or surviving Avife. 
 
 Subject to the above, the remaining estate of which the decedent died 
 siezed, shall in absence of other arrangements by will, descend 
 
 First. To his or her children and their descendants in equal parts ; the 
 descendants of the deceased child or grandchild taking the share of their 
 deceased parents in equal shares among them. 
 
 Second. Where there is no child, nor descendant of such child, and no 
 widow or surviving husband, then to the parents of the deceased in equal parts ; 
 the surviving parent, if either be dead, taking the whole ; and if there is no 
 parent living, then to the brothers and sisters of the intestate and their descend- 
 ants. 
 
 Tliird. When there is a widow or surviving husband, and no child or chil- 
 dren, or descendants of the same, then one-half of the estate shall descend to 
 such widow or surviving husband, absolutely ; and the other half of the estate 
 shall descend as in other cases where there is no widow or surviving husband, 
 or child or children, or descendants of the same. 
 
 Fourth. If there is no child, parent, brother or sister, or descendants of 
 either of them, then to wife of intestate, or to her heirs, if dead, according to 
 like rules. 
 
 Fifth. If any intestate leaves no child, parent, brother or sister, or de- 
 scendants of either of them, and no widow or surviving husband, and no child, 
 parent, brother or sister (or descendant of either of them) of such widow or 
 surviving husband, it shall escheat to the State. 
 
 WILLS AND ESTATES OF DECEASED PERSONS. 
 
 No exact form of words are necessary in order to make a will good at law. 
 Every male person of the age of twenty-one years, and every female of the age 
 of eio-hteen years, of sound mind and memory, can make a valid will ; it must 
 be in writing, signed by the testator, or by some one in his or her presence, and 
 by his or her express direction, and attested by two or more competent wit- 
 nesses. Care should be taken that the witnesses are not interested in the will. 
 Inventory to be made by executor or administrator within fifteen days from 
 date of letters testamentary or of administration. Executors' and administra- 
 tors' compensation on amount of personal estate distributed, and for proceeds of 
 sale of real estate, five per cent, for first one thousand dollars, two and one-half 
 per cent, on overplus up to five thousand dollars, and one per cent, on overplus 
 above five thousand dollars, with such additional allowance as shall be reasona- 
 ble for extra services. 
 
 Within ten dai/s after the receipt of letters of administration, the executor 
 or administrator shall give such notice of appointment as the court or clerk shall 
 direct. 
 
 Claims (other than preferred) must be filed withiri one year thereafter, are 
 forever barred, unless the claim is pending in the District or Supreme Court, or 
 unless peculiar eirciwistances entitle the claimant to equitable relief. 
 
ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 295. 
 
 Claims are classed and payable in the following order : 
 
 1. Expenses of administration. 
 
 2. Expenses of last sickness and funeral. 
 
 3. Allowance to widow and children, if made by the court. 
 
 4. Debts preferred under laws of the United States. 
 
 5. Public rates and taxes. 
 
 6. Claims filed within six months after the first publication of the notice 
 given by the executors of their appointment. 
 
 7. All other debts. 
 
 8. Legacies. 
 
 The award, or property which must be set ajjart to the widow, in Iter oivn 
 right, by the executor, includes all personal property which, in the hands of th» 
 deceased, as head of a family, would have been exempt from execution. 
 
 TAXES. 
 
 The owners of personal property, on the first day of January of each year, 
 and the owners of real property on the first day of November of each year, are 
 liable for the taxes thereon. 
 
 The following property is exempt from taxation, viz. : 
 
 1. The property of the United States and of this State, including univer- 
 sity, agricultural, college and school lands and all property leased to the State \ 
 property of a county, township, city, incorporated town or school district when 
 devoted entirely to the public use and not held for pecuniary profit ; public 
 grounds, including all places for the burial of the dead ; fire engines and all 
 implements for extinguishing fires, with the grounds used exclusively for their 
 buildings and for the meetings of the fire companies ; all public libraries,, 
 grounds and buildings of literary, scientific, benevolent, agricultural and reli- 
 gious institutions, and societies devoted solely to the appropriate objects of these 
 institutions, not exceeding 640 acres in extent, and not leased or otherwise used 
 with a view of pecuniary profit ; and all property leased to agricultural, charit- 
 able institutions and benevolent societies, and so devoted during the term of such 
 lease ; provided, that all deeds, by which such property is held, shall be duly 
 filed for record before the property therein described shall be omitted from the 
 assessment. 
 
 2. The books, papers and apparatus belonging to the above institutions ; 
 used solely for the purposes above contemplated, and the like property of stu- 
 dents in any such institution, used for their education. 
 
 3. Money and credits belonging exclusively to such institutions and devoted 
 solely to sustaining them, but not exceeding in amount or income the sum pre- 
 scribed by their charter. 
 
 4. Animals not hereafter specified, the wool shorn from sheep, belonging to 
 the person giving the list, his farm produce harvested within one year previous 
 to the listing; private libraries not exceeding three hundred dollars in value; 
 family pictures, kitchen furniture, beds and bedding requisite for each family, 
 all wearing apparel in actual use, and all food provided for the family ; but no 
 person from whom a compensation for board or lodging is received or expected, 
 is to be considered a member of the family within the intent of this clause. 
 
 5. The polls or estates or both of persons who, by reason of age or infirm- 
 ity, may, in the opinion of the Assessor, be unable to contribute to the public 
 
296 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 
 
 revenue ; such opinion and the fact upon which it is based being in all cases 
 reported to the Board of Equalization by the Assessor or any other person, and 
 subject to reversal by them. 
 
 6. The farming utensils of any person who makes his livelihood by farming, 
 and the tools of any mechanic, not in either case to exceed three hundred dollars 
 in value. 
 
 7. Government lands entered or located or lands purchased from this State, 
 should not be taxed for the year in which the entry, location or purchase is 
 made. 
 
 There is also a suitable exemption, in amount, for planting fruit trees or 
 forest trees or hedges. 
 
 Where buildings are destroyed by fire, tornado or other unavoidable casu- 
 alty, after being assessed for the year, the Board of Supervisors may rebate 
 taxes for that year on the property destroyed, if same has not been sold for 
 taxes, and if said taxes have not been delinquent for thirty days at the time of 
 destruction of the property, and the rebate shall be allowed for such loss only 
 as is not covered by insurance. 
 
 All other property is subject to taxation. Every inhabitant of full age and 
 sound mind shall assist the Assessor in listing all taxable property of which 
 he is the owner, or which he controls or manages, either as agent, guardian, 
 father, husband, trustee, executor, accounting officer, partner, mortgagor or 
 lessor, mortgagee or lessee. 
 
 Road beds of railway corporations shall not be assessed to owners of adja- 
 cent property, but shall be considered the property of the companies for pur- 
 poses of taxation ; nor shall real estate used as a public highway be assessed 
 and taxed as part of adjacent lands whence the same was taken for such public 
 purpose. 
 
 The property of railway, telegraph and express companies shall be listed 
 and assessed for taxation as the property of an individual would be listed and 
 assessed for taxation. Collection of taxes made as in the case of an individual. 
 
 The Township Board of Equalization shall meet first Monday in April of 
 each year. Appeal lies to the Circuit Court. 
 
 The County Board of Eqalization (the Board of Supervisors) meet at their 
 regular session in June of each year. Appeal lies to the Circuit Court. 
 
 Taxes become delinquent February 1st of each year, payable, without 
 interest or penalty, at any time before March 1st of each year. 
 
 Tax sale is held on first Monday in October of each year. 
 
 Redemption may be made at any time within three years after date of sale, 
 by paying to the County Auditor the amount of sale, and twenty per centum of 
 such amount immediately added as penalty, with ten per cent, interest per 
 annum on the whole amount thus made from the day of sale, and also all sub- 
 sequent taxes, interest and costs paid by purchaser after March 1st of each 
 year, and a similar penalty of twenty per centum added as before, with ten per 
 cent, interest as before. 
 
 If notice has been given, by purchaser, of the date at which the redemption 
 is limited, the cost of same is added to the redemption money. Ninety days' 
 notice is required, by the statute, to be published by the purchaser or holder of 
 certificate, to terminate the right of redemption. 
 
ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS 297 
 
 JURISDICTION OF COURTS 
 
 DISTRICT COURTS 
 
 have jurisdiction, general and original, both civil and criminal, except in such 
 cases where Circuit Courts have exclusive jurisdiction. District Courts have 
 exclusive supervision over courts of Justices of the Peace and Magistrates, in 
 criminal matters, on appeal and writs of error. 
 
 CIRCUIT COURTS 
 
 have jurisdiction, general and original, with the District Courts, in all civil 
 actions and special proceedings, and exclusive jurisdiction in all appeals and 
 writs of error from inferior courts, in civil matters. And exclusive jurisdiction 
 in matters of estates and general probate business. 
 
 JUSTICES OF THE PEACE 
 
 have jurisdiction in civil matters where $100 or less is involved. By consent 
 of parties, the jurisdiction may be extended to an amount not exceeding $300. 
 They have jurisdiction to try and determine all public offense less than felony, 
 committed within their respective counties, in which the fine, by law, does not 
 exceed ^100 or the imprisonment thirty days. 
 
 LIMITATION OF ACTIONS. 
 
 Action for injuries to the person or i-eputation; for a stutute penalty; and 
 to enforce a mechanics' lien, must be brought in two (2) years. 
 
 Those against a public officer within three (3) years. 
 
 Those founded on unwritten contracts; for injuries to property ; for relief 
 on the ground of fraud ; and all other actions not otherwise provided for, within 
 five (5) years. 
 
 Those founded on written contracts; on judgments of any court (except 
 those provided for in next section), and for the recovery of real property, within 
 ten (10) years. 
 
 Those founded on judgment of any court of record in the United States, 
 within twenty (20) years. 
 
 All above limits, except those for penalties and forfeitures, are extended in 
 favor of minors and insane persons, until one year after the disability is removed 
 — time during which defendant is a non-resident of the State shall not be 
 included in computing any of the above periods. 
 
 Actions for the recovery of real property, sold for non-payment of taxes, 
 must be brought within five years after the Treasurer's Deed is executed 
 and recorded, except where a minor or convict or insane person is the owner, 
 and they shall be allowed five years after disability is removed, in which to 
 bring action. 
 
 JURORS. 
 
 All qualified electors of the State, of good moral character, sound judgment, 
 and in full possession of the senses of hearing and seeing, are competent jurors 
 in their respective counties. 
 
 United States officers, practicing attorneys, physicians and clergymen, 
 acting professors or teachers in institutions of learning, and persons disabled by 
 
298 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 
 
 bodily infirmity or over sixty-five years of age, are exempt from liability to act 
 as jurors. 
 
 Any person may be excused from serving on a jury when his own interests 
 or the public's will be materially injured by his attendance, or when the state of 
 his health or the death, or sickness of his family requires his absence. 
 
 CAPITAL PUNISHMENT 
 
 was restored by the Seventeenth General Assembly, making it optional with 
 the jury to inflict it or not. 
 
 A MARRIED WOMAN 
 
 may convey or incumber real estate, or interest therein, belonging to her ; may 
 control the same or contract with preference thereto, as other persons may con- 
 vey, encumber, control or contract. 
 
 She may own, acquire, hold, convey and devise property, as her husband 
 may. 
 
 Her husband is not liable for civil injuries committed by her. 
 
 She may convey property to her husband, and he may convey to her. 
 
 She may constitute her husband her attorney in fact. 
 
 EXEMPTIONS FROM EXECUTION. 
 
 A resident of the State and head of a family may hold the following prop- 
 erty exempt from execution : All wearing apparel of himself and family kept for 
 actual use and suitable to the condition, and the trunks or other receptacles nec- 
 essary to contain the same ; one musket or rifle and shot-gun ; all private 
 libraries, family Bibles, portraits, pictures, musical instruments, and paintings 
 not kept for the purpose of sale ; a seat or pew occupied by the debtor or his 
 family in any house of public worship ; an interest in a public or private burying 
 ground not exceeding one acre ; two cows and a calf; one horse, unless a horse 
 is exempt as hereinafter provided ; fifty sheep and the wool therefrom, and the 
 materials manufactured from said wool ; six stands of bees ; five hogs and all 
 pigs under six months ; the necessary food for exempted animals foi* six months ; 
 all flax raised from one acre of ground, and manufactures therefrom ; one bed- 
 stead and necessary bedding for every two in the family ; all cloth manufactured 
 by the defendant not exceeding one hundred yards ; household and kitchen fur- 
 niture not exceeding two hundred dollars in value ; all spinning wheels and 
 looms ; one sewing machine and other instruments of domestic laber kept for 
 actual use ; the necessary provisions and fuel for the use of the family for six . 
 months ; the proper tools, instruments, or books of the debtor, if a former, 
 mechanic, surveyor, clergyman, lawyer, physician, teacher or professor; the 
 horse or the team, consisting of not more than two horses or mules, or two yokes 
 of cattle, and the wagon or other vehicle, with the proper harness or tackle, by 
 the use of which the debtor, if a physician, public officer, farmer, teamster or 
 other laborer, habitually earns his living ; and to the debtor, if a printer, there 
 shall also be exempt a printing press and the types, furniture and material nec- 
 essary for the use of such printing press, and a newspaper office to the value of 
 twelve hundred dollars ; the earnings of such debtor, or those of his family, at 
 any time within ninety days next preceding the levy. 
 
 Persons unmarried and not the head of a family, and non-residents, have 
 exempt their own ordinary wearing apparel and trunks to contain the same. 
 
ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 299 
 
 There is also exempt, to a head of a family, a homestead, not exceeding forty 
 acres ; or, if inside city limits, one-half acre with improvements, value not 
 limited. The homestead is liable for all debts contracted prior to its acquisition as 
 such, and is subject to mechanics' liens for work or material furnished for the same. 
 
 An article, otherwise exempt, is liable, on execution, for the purchase 
 money thereof. 
 
 Where a debtor, if a head of a family, has started to leave the State, he shall 
 have exempt only the ordinary wearing apparel of himself and family, and 
 other property in addition, as he may select, in all not exceeding seventy-five 
 dollars in value. 
 
 A policy of life insurance shall inure to the separate use of the husband or 
 wife and children, entirely independent of his or her creditors. 
 
 ESTRAYS. 
 
 An unbroken animal shall not be taken up as an estray between May 1st 
 and November 1st, of each year, unless the same be found within the lawful 
 enclosure of a householder, who alone can take up such animal, unless some 
 other person gives him notice of the fact of such animal coming on his place ; 
 and if he fails, within five days thereafter, to take up such estray, any other 
 householder of the township may take up such estray and proceed with it as if 
 taken on his own premises, provided he shall prove to the Justice of the Peace 
 such notice, and shall make affidavit where such estray was taken up. 
 
 Any swine, sheep, goat, horse, neat cattle or other animal distrained (for 
 damage done to one's enclosure), when the owner is not known, shall be treated 
 as an estray. 
 
 Within five days after taking up an estray, notice, containing a full descrip- 
 tion thereof, shall be posted up in three of the most public places in the town- 
 ship ; and in ten days, the person taking up such estray shall go before a Justice 
 of the Peace in the township and make oath as to Avhere such estray was taken 
 up, and that the marks or brands have not been altered, to his knowledge. The 
 estray shall then be appraised, by order of the Justice, and the appraisement, 
 description of the size, age, color, sex, marks and brands of the estray shall be 
 entered by the Justice in a book kept for that purpose, and he shall, within ten 
 days thereafter, send a certified copy thereof to the County Auditor. 
 
 When the appraised value of an estray does not exceed five dollars, the 
 Justice need not proceed further than to enter the description of the estray on 
 his book, and if no owner appears Avithin six months, the property shall vest in 
 the finder, if he has complied with the law and paid all costs. 
 
 Where appraised value of estray exceeds five and is less than ten dollars, if 
 no owner appears in nine months, the finder has the property, if he has com- 
 plied with the law and paid costs. 
 
 An estray, legally taken up, may be used or Avorked with care and 
 moderation. 
 
 If any person unlawfully take up an estray, or take up an estray and fail to 
 comply with the law regarding estrays. or use or work it contrary to above, pr 
 work it before having it appraised, or keep such estray out of the county more 
 than five days at one time, before acquiring ownership, such offender shall foifeit 
 to the county twenty dollars, and the owner may recover double damages with 
 costs. 
 
 If the owner of any estray fail to claim and prove his title for one year after 
 the taking up, and the finder shall have complied with the law, a -comnlete title 
 vests in the finder. 
 
V 
 300 ABSTRACT OF IdWA STATE LAWS. 
 
 But if the owner appear within eighteen months from the taking up, prove 
 his ownership and pay all costs and expenses, the finder shall pay him the 
 appraised value of such estray, or may, at his option, deliver up the estray. 
 
 WOLF SCALPS. 
 A bounty of one dollar is paid for wolf scalps. 
 
 MARKS AND BRANDS. 
 
 Any person may adopt his own mark or brand for his domestic animals, and 
 have a description thereof recorded by the Township Clerk. 
 
 No person shall adopt the recorded mark or brand of any other person 
 residing in his township. 
 
 DAMAGES FROM TRESPASS. 
 
 When any person's lands are enclosed by a lawful fence, the owner of any 
 domestic animal injuring said lands is liable for the damages, and the damages 
 may be recovered by suit against th6 owner, or may be made by distraining the 
 animals doing the damage ; and if the party injured elects to recover by action 
 against the owner, no appraisement need be made by the Trustees, as in case of 
 distraint. 
 
 When trespassing animals are distrained within twenty-four hours, Sunday 
 not included, the party injured shall notify the owner of said animals, if known ; 
 and if the owner fails to satisfy the party within twenty-four hours thereafter, 
 the party shall have the township Trustees assess the damage, and notice shall 
 be posted up in three conspicuous places in the township, that the stock, or part 
 thereof, shall, on the tenth day after posting the notice, between the hours of 1 
 and 3 P. M., be sold to the highest bidder, to satisfy said damages, with costs. 
 
 Appeal lies, within twenty days, from the action of the Trustees to the Cir- 
 cuit Court. 
 
 Where stock is restrained, by police regulation or by law, from running at 
 large, any person injured in his improved or cultivated lands by any domestic 
 animal, may, by action against the owner of such animal, or by distraining such 
 animal, recover his damages, whether the lands whereon the injury was done 
 were inclosed by a lawful fence or not. 
 
 FENCES. 
 
 A lawful fence is fifty-four inches high, made of rails, wire or boards, with 
 posts not more than ten feet apart where rails are used, and eight feet where 
 boards are used, substantially built and kept in good repair ; or any other fence 
 which, in the opinion of the Fence Viewers, shall be declared a lawful fence — 
 provided the lower rail, wire or board be not more that twenty nor less than six- 
 teen inches from the ground. 
 
 The respective owners of lands enclosed with fences shall maintain partition 
 fences between their own and next adjoining enclosure so long as they improve 
 them in ec^ual shares, unless otherwise agreed between them. 
 
 If any party neglect to maintain such partition fence as he should maintain, 
 the Fence Viewers (the township Trustees), upon complaint of aggrieved party, 
 may, upon due notice to both parties, examine the fence, and. if found insuf- 
 
ABSTRACT OF lOAVA STATE LAWS. 301 
 
 ficient, notify the delinquent party, in writing, to repair or re-build the same 
 within such time as they judge reasonable. 
 
 If the fence be not repaired or rebuilt accordingly, the complainant may do 
 so, and the same being adjudged sufficient by the Fence Viewers, and the 
 value thereof, with their fees, being ascertained and certified under their hands, 
 the complainant may demand of the delinquent the sum so ascertained, and if 
 the same be not paid in one month after demand, may recover it with one per 
 cent a month interest, by action. 
 
 In case of disputes, the Fence Viewers may decide as to who shall erect or 
 maintain partition fences, and in what time the same shall be done ; and in case 
 any party neglect to maintain or erect such part as may be assigned to him, 
 the aggrieved party may erect and maintain the same, and recover double 
 damages. 
 
 No person, not wishing his land inclosed, and not using it otherwise than in 
 common, shall be compelled to maintain any partition fence ; but when he uses 
 or incloses his land otherwise than in common, he shall contribute to the parti- 
 tion fences. 
 
 Where parties have had their lands inclosed in common, and one of the 
 owners desires to occupy his separate and apart from the other, and the other 
 refuses to divide the line or build a sufficient fence on the line when divided, 
 the Fence Viewers may divide and assign, and upon neglect of the other to 
 build as ordered by the Viewers, the one may build the other's part and 
 recover as above. 
 
 And when one incloses land which has lain uninclosed, he must pay for 
 one-half of each partition fence between himself and his neighbors. 
 
 Where one desires to lay not less than twenty feet of his lands, adjoining 
 his neighbor, out to the public to be used in common, he must give his neighbor 
 six months' notice thereof. 
 
 Where a fence has been built on the land of another through mistake, the 
 owner may enter upon such premises and remove his fence and material withn 
 six months after the division line has been ascertained. Where the material to 
 build such a fence has been taken from the land on which it was built, then, 
 before it can be removed, the person claiming must first pay for such material 
 to the owner of the land from which it was taken, nor shall such a fence be 
 removed at a time when the removal will throw open or expose tiie crops of the 
 other party ; a reasonable time must be given beyond the six months to remove 
 crops. 
 
 MECHANICS' LIENS. 
 
 Every mechanic, or other person who shall do any labor upon, or furnish 
 any materials, machinery or fixtures for any building, erection or other improve- 
 ment upon land, including those engaged in the construction or repair of any 
 work of internal improvement, by virtue of any contract with the owner, his 
 agent, trustee, contractor, or sub-contractor, shall have a lien, on complying 
 with the forms of law, upon the building or other improvement for his labor 
 done or materials furnished. 
 
 It would take too large a space to detail the manner in which a sub- 
 contractor secures his lien. He should file, within thirty days after the last of 
 the labor Avas performed, or the last of the material shall have been furnished, 
 with the Clerk of the District Court a true account of the amount due him, after 
 allowing all credits, setting forth the time when such material was furnished or 
 labor performed, and when completed, and containing a correct description of 
 
302 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 
 
 the property sought to be charged with the lien, and the whole verified by 
 affidavit. 
 
 A principal contractor must file such an affidavit within ninety days, as 
 above. 
 
 Ordinarily, there are so many points to be examined in order to secure a 
 mechanics' lien, that it is much better, unless one is accustomed to managing 
 such liens, to consult at once with an attorney. 
 
 Remember that the proper time to file the claim is ninety days for a princi- 
 pal contractor, thirt}' days for a sub-contractor, as above; and that actions to 
 enforce these liens must be commenced within two years, and the rest can much 
 better be done with an attorney. 
 
 ROADS AND BRIDGES. 
 
 Persons meeting each other on the public highways, shall give one half of 
 the same by turning to the right. All persons failing to observe this rule shall 
 be liable to pay all damages resulting therefrom, together with a fine, not exceed- 
 ing five dollars. 
 
 The prosecution must be instituted on the complaint of the person wronged. 
 
 Any person guilty of racing horses, or driving upon the public highway, in 
 a manner likely to endanger the persons or the lives of others, shall, on convic- 
 tion, be fined not exceeding one hundred dollars or imprisoned not exceeding 
 thirty days. 
 
 It is a misdemeanor, without authority from the proper Road Supervisor, to 
 break upon, plow or dig within the boundary lines of any public highway. 
 
 The money tax levied upon the property in each road district in each town- 
 ship (except the general Township Fund, set apart for purchasing tools, machin- 
 ery and guide boards), whether collected by the Road Supervisor or County 
 Treasurer, shall be expended for highway purposes in that district, and no part 
 thereof shall be paid out or expended for the benefit of another district. 
 
 The Road Supervisor of each district, is bound to keep the roads and bridges 
 therein, in as good condition as the funds at his disposal will permit ; to put 
 guide boards at cross roads and forks of highways in his district; and when noti- 
 fied in writing that any portion of the public highway, or any bridge is unsafe, 
 must in a reasonable time repair the same, and for this purpose may call out 
 any or all the able bodied men in the district, but not more than two days at 
 one time, without their consent. 
 
 Also, when notified in writing, of the growth of any Canada thistles upon 
 vacant or non-resident lands or lots, within his district, the owner, lessee or 
 agent thereof being unknown, shall cause the same to be destroyed. 
 
 Bridges when erected or maintained by the public, are parts of the highway, 
 and must not be less than sixteen feet wide. 
 
 A penalty is imposed upon any one Avho rides or drives faster than a walk 
 across any such bridge. 
 
 The manner of establishing, vacating or altering roads, etc., is so well known 
 to all township officers, that it is sufficient here to say that the first step is by 
 petition, filed in the Auditor's office, addressed in substance as follows : 
 
 The Board of Supervisors of County : The undersigned asks that 
 
 a highway, commencing at and running thence and terminating 
 
 at , be established, vacated or altered (as the case may be.) 
 
 When the petition is filed, ?11 necessary and succeeding steps will be shown 
 and explained to the petitioners by the Auditor. 
 
ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 303 
 
 ADOPTION OF CHILDREN. 
 
 Any person competent to make a will can adopt as his own the minor child 
 ■of another. The consent of both parents, if living and not divorced or separ- 
 ated, and if divorced or separated, or if unmarried, the consent of the parent 
 lawfully having the custody of the child ; or if either parent is dead, then the 
 consent of the survivor, or if both parents be dead, or the child have been and 
 remain abandoned by them, then the consent of the Mayor of the city where 
 the child is living, or if not in the city, then of the Clerk of the Circuit Court 
 of the county shall be given to such adoption by an instrument in writing, 
 ■signed by party or parties consenting, and stating the names of the parties, if 
 known, the name of the child, if known, the name of the person adopting such 
 child, and the residence of all, if known, and declaring the name by which the 
 child is thereafter to be called and known, and stating, also, that such child is 
 given to the person adopting, for the purpose of adoption as his own child. 
 
 The person adopting shall also sign said instrument, and all the parties shall 
 •acknowledge the same in the manner that deeds conveying lands shall be 
 acknowledged. 
 
 The instrument shall be recorded in the office of the County Recorder. 
 
 SURVEYORS AND SURVEYS. 
 
 There is in every county elected a Surveyor known as County Surveyor, 
 "who has power to appoint deputies, for whose official acts he is responsible. It 
 is the duty of the County Surveyor, either by himself or his Duputy, to make 
 all surveys that he may be called upon to make within his county as soon as 
 may be after application is made. The necessary chainmen and other assist- 
 ance must be employed by the person requiring the same to be done, and to be 
 by him paid, unless otherwise agreed ; but the chainmen must be disinterested 
 persons and approved by the Surveyor and sworn by him to measure justly and 
 impartially. Previous to any survey, he shall furnish himself with a copy of 
 the field notes of the original survey of the same land, if there be any in the 
 office of the County Auditor, and his survey shall be made in accordance there- 
 with. 
 
 Their fees are three dollars per day. For certified copies of field notes, 
 twenty-five cents. 
 
 SUPPORT OF POOR. 
 
 The father, mother and children of any poor person who has applied for aid, 
 and who is unable to maintain himself by work, shall, jointly or severally, 
 maintain such poor person in such manner as may be approved by the Town- 
 ship Trustees. 
 
 In the absence or inability of nearer relatives, the same liability shall extend 
 to the grandparents, if of ability without personal labor, and to the male grand- 
 children who are of ability, by personal labor or otherwise. 
 
 The Township Trustees may, upon the failure of such relatives to maintain 
 a poor person, who has made application for relief, apply to the Circuit Court 
 for an order to compel the same. 
 
 Upon ten days' notice, in writing, to the parties sought to be charged, a 
 hearing may be had, and an order made for entire or partial support of the poor 
 person. 
 
304 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 
 
 Appeal may be taken from such judgment as from other judgments of the 
 Circuit Court. 
 
 When any person, having any estate, abandons either children, wife or hus- 
 band, leaving them chargeable, or likely to become chargeable, upon the public for 
 support, upon proof of above fact, an order may be had from the Clerk of the 
 Circuit Court, or Judge, authorizing tlie Trustees or the Sheriff to take into 
 possession such estate. 
 
 The Court may direct such personal estate to be sold, to be applied, as well 
 as the rents and profits of the real estate, if any, to the support of children, 
 wife or husband. 
 
 If the party against whom the order is issued return and support the per- 
 son abandoned, or give security for the same, the order shall be discharged, and 
 the property taken returned. 
 
 The mode of relief for the poor, through the action of the Township 
 Trustees, or the action of the Board of Supervisors, is so well known to every 
 township officer, and the circumstances attending applications for relief are so 
 varied, that it need now only be said that it is the duty of each county to pro- 
 vide for its poor, no matter at what place they may be. 
 
 LANDLORD AND TENANT. 
 
 A tenant giving notice to quit demised premises at a time named, and after- 
 ward holding over, and a tenant or his assignee willfully holding over the prem- 
 ises after the term, and after notice to quit, shall pay double rent. 
 
 Any person in possession of real property, Avith the assent of the owner, is 
 presumed to be a tenant at will until the contrary is shown. 
 
 Thirty days' notice, in writing, is necessary to be given by either party 
 before he can terminate a tenancy at will; but when, in any case, a rent is 
 reserved payable at intervals of less than thirty days, the length of notice need 
 not be greater than such interval between the days of payment. In case of 
 tenants occupying and cultivating farms, the notice must fix the termination of 
 the tenancy to take place on the 1st day of March, except in cases of field 
 tenants or croppers, whose leases shall be held to expire when the crop is har- 
 vested ; provided, that in case of a crop of corn, it shall not be later than the 
 1st day of December, unless otherwise agreed upon. But when an express 
 agreement is made, whether the same has been reduced to writing or not, 
 the tenancy shall cease at the time agreed upon, without notice. 
 
 But where an express agreement is made, whether reduced to writing or 
 not, the tenancy shall cease at the time agreed upon, without notice. 
 
 If such tenant cannot be found in the county, the notices above required 
 may be given to any sub-tenant or other person in possession of the premises ; 
 or, if the premises be vacant, by affixing the notice to the principal door of the 
 building or in some conspicuous position on the land, if there be no building. 
 
 The landlord shall have a lien for his rent upon all the crops grown on the 
 premises, and upon any other personal property of the tenant used on the 
 premises during the term, and not exempt from execution, for the period of one 
 year after a year's rent or the rent of a shorter period claimed falls due ; but 
 such lien shall not continue more than six months after the expiration of the 
 term. 
 
 The lien may be effected by the commencement of an action, within the 
 period above prescribed, for the rent alone ; and the landlord is entitled to a writ 
 
ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 
 
 305 
 
 of attachment, upon filing an affidavit that the action is commenced to rcover 
 rent accrued within one year previous thereto upon the premises described in the 
 affidavit. 
 
 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 
 
 Whenever any of the following articles shall be contracted for, or sold or 
 delivered, and no special contract or agreement shall be made to the contrary, 
 the weight per bushel shall be as follows, to-wit: 
 
 Apples, Peaches or Quinces, 48 
 
 Cherries, Grapes, Currants or Gooseberries, 40 
 Strawberries, Raspberries or Blackberries, 32 
 
 Osage Orange Seed 32 
 
 Millet Seed 45 
 
 Stone Coal 80 
 
 Lime 80 
 
 Corn in the ear 70 
 
 Wheat 60 
 
 Potatoes 60 
 
 Beans 60 
 
 Clover Seed 60 
 
 Onions 57 
 
 Shelled Corn 56 
 
 Rye 56 
 
 Flax Seed 56 
 
 Sweet Potatoes 46 
 
 Sand 130 
 
 Sorghum Seed 30 
 
 Broom Corn Seed 80 
 
 Buckwheat 62 
 
 Salt 50 
 
 Barley 48 
 
 Corn Meal 48 
 
 Castor Beans 46 
 
 Timothy Seed 45 
 
 Hemp Seed 44 
 
 Dried Peaches 33 
 
 Oats 38 
 
 Dried Apples 24 
 
 Bran 20 
 
 Blue Grass Seed 14 
 
 Hungarian Grass Seed 45 
 
 Penalty for giving less than the above standard is treble damages and costs 
 and five dollars addition thereto as a fine. 
 
 DEFINITION OF COMMERCIAL TERMS. 
 
 $ means dollars, being a contraction of U. S., which was formerly placed 
 
 before any denomination of money, and meant, as it means now. United States 
 Currency. 
 
 £ means pounds, English money. 
 
 @ stands for at or to; ft) for pounds, and bbl. for barrels ; "^ for per or by 
 the. Thus, Butter sells at 20(«i30c f ft), and Flour at $8(a;$12 f bbl. 
 
 % for per cent., and # for number. 
 
 May 1. Wheat sells at $1.20@|1.25, " seller June." Seller June means 
 that the person who sells the wheat has the privilege of delivering it at any 
 time during the month of June. 
 
 Selling short, is contracting to deliver a certain amount of grain or stock, 
 at a fixed price, within a certain length of time, when the seller has not the 
 stock on hand. It is for the interest of the person selling "short" to depress 
 the market as much as possible, in order that he may buy and fill his contract 
 at a profit. Hence the "shorts" are termed "bears." 
 
 Buying long, is to contract to purchase a certain amount of grain or shares 
 of stock at a fixed price, deliverable within a stipulated time, expecting to make 
 a profit by the rise in prices. The " longs " are termed " bulls," as it is for 
 their interest to "operate" so as to "toss" the prices upward as much as 
 possible. 
 
SOO ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 Form of note is legal, worded in the simplest way, so that the amount and 
 ■•jeinie of payment are mentioned : 
 
 $100. Chicago, 111., Sept. 15, 1876. 
 
 Sixty days from date I promise to pay to E. F. Brown or order, one hun- 
 dred dollars, for value received. L. D. Lowry. 
 
 A note to be payable in anything else than money needs only the facts sub- 
 stituted for money in the above form. 
 
 ORDERS. 
 
 Orders should be worded simply, thus : 
 Mr. F. H. Coats : Chicago, Sept. 15, 1876. 
 
 Please pay to H. Birdsall twenty-five dollars, and charge to 
 
 F. D. SiLVA. 
 
 RECEIPTS. 
 
 Receipts should always state when received and what for, thus : 
 
 $100. Chicago, Sept. 15, 1876. 
 
 Received of J. W. Davis, one hundred dollars, for services 
 rendered in grading his lot in Fort Madison, on account. 
 
 Thomas Brady. 
 If receipt is in full, it should be so stated. 
 
 BILLS OF PURCHASE. 
 
 W. N. Mason, Salem, Illinois, Sept. 18, 1876. 
 
 Bought of A. A. Graham. 
 
 4 Bushels of Seed Wheat, at ^1.50 $6 00 
 
 2 Seamless Sacks " 30 60 
 
 Received payment, $6 60 
 
 A. A. Graham. 
 
 CONFESSION OF JUDGMENT. 
 
 -, Iowa, , 18 — . 
 
 after date — promises to pay to the order of , dollars, 
 
 at , for value received, with interest at ten per cent, per annum after 
 
 until paid. Interest payable , and on interest not paid when due, 
 
 interest at same rate and conditions. 
 
 A failure to pay said interest, or any part thereof, within 20 days after due, shall cause the 
 whole note to become due and collectable at once. 
 
 If this note is sued, or judgment is confessed hereon, f shall be allowed as attorney fees. 
 
 No. — . P. 0. , . 
 
 confession of -JUDGMENT. 
 — VS. — . In Court of County, Iowa, , of 
 
 County, Iowa, do hereby confess that justly indebted to , in the 
 
ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 307 • 
 
 sum of dollars, and the further sum of $ as attorney fees, with 
 
 interest thereon at ten per cent, from , and — hereby confess judgment 
 
 against as defendant in favor of said , for said sum of $ , 
 
 and $ as attorney fees, hereby authorizing the Clerk of the Court of 
 
 said county to enter up judgment for said sum against with costs, and 
 
 interest at 10 per cent, from , the interest to be paid . 
 
 Said debt and judgment being for . 
 
 It is especially agreed, however. That if this judgment is paid within twenty 
 
 days after due, no attorney fees need be paid. And hereby sell, convey 
 
 and release all right of homestead we now occupy in favor of said so 
 
 far as this judgment is concerned, and agree that it shall be liable on execution 
 for this judgment. 
 
 Dated , 18—. . 
 
 The State of Iowa, "I 
 County. j 
 
 being duly sworn according to law, depose and say that the forego- 
 ing statement and Confession of Judgment was read over to , and that — 
 
 understood the contents thereof, and that the statements contained therein are 
 
 true, and that the sums therein mentioned are justly to become due said 
 
 as aforesaid. 
 
 SAvorn to and subscribed before me and in my presence by the said 
 
 this day of , 18 — . , Notary Public. 
 
 ARTICLES OF AGREEMENT. 
 
 An agreement is where one party promises to another to do a certain thing 
 in a certain time for a stipulated sum. Good business men always reduce an 
 agreement to writing, which nearly always saves misunderstandings and trouble. 
 No particular form is necessary, but the facts must be clearly and explicitly 
 stated, and there must, to make it valid, be a reasonable consideration. 
 
 GENERAL FORM OF AGREEMENT. 
 
 This Agreement, made the Second day of June, 1878, between John 
 Jones, of Keokuk, County of Lee, State of Iowa, of the first part, and Thomas 
 Whiteside, of the same place, of the second part — 
 
 WITNESSETH, that the said John Jones, in consideration of the agreement 
 of the party of the second part, hereinafter contained, contracts and agrees to 
 and with the said Thomas Whiteside, that he will deliver in good and market- 
 able condition, at the Village of Melrose, Iowa, during the month of November, 
 of this year. One Hundred Tons of Prairie Hay, in the following lots, and at 
 the following specified times ; namely, twenty-five tons by the seventh of Nov- 
 ember, twenty-five tons additional by the fourteenth of the month, twenty-five 
 tons more by the twenty-first, and the entire one hundred tons to be all delivered 
 by the thirtieth of November. 
 
 And the said Thomas Whiteside, in consideration of the prompt fulfillment 
 of this contract, on the part of the party of the first part, contracts to and agrees 
 with the said John Jones, to pay for said hay five dollars per ton, for each ton 
 as soon as delivered. 
 
308 ABSTRACT OF lO^VA STATE L.\WS. 
 
 In ease of failiuv of agreement by either of the parties hereto, it is heivb\ 
 stipulatevl and agreed that the party so failing shall pcw to the other. One Hun- 
 drevl dollars, as tixeri and settled damages. 
 
 In witness whereof, we have hereunto set our hands the day and year fii-st 
 above written. John Jo^"ES, 
 
 Thomas Whiteside. 
 
 agreement with clerk for services. 
 
 This Agreement, made the first day of May. one thousand eight hundi-ed 
 and seventy-eight, between Eeuben Stone, of Dubuque, County of Dubuque, 
 State of Iowa, party of the fii"?t part, and George Barelay, of McGregor^ 
 County of Clayton, State of Iowa, party of the second part — 
 
 WITNESSETH, that said George Barclay agrees laithfully and diligently to 
 work as clerk and salesman for the said Eeuben Stone, for and during the space 
 of one year from the date hereof, should K^th live such length of time, without 
 absenting himself fivm his occupation ; during which time he, the said Barclay, in 
 the store of said Stone, of Dubuque, will carefully and honestly attend, doing 
 and performing all duties as clerk and salesman afores;iid. in accoixlance and in 
 all respects as directed and desired by the said Stone. 
 
 In consideration of which services, so to be rendered by the said Baivlay, the 
 said Stone agrees to pay to said Barclay the annual sum of one thousand dol- 
 lars, payable in twelve equal monthly payments, each upon the last day of each 
 month ; provided that all dues for days of absence from business-by Sitid Baivlay, 
 shall be deducteci from the sum otherwise by the agl^?ement due and payable by 
 the said Stone to the said Bfiivlay. 
 
 Witness our hands. ' Reuben Stone. 
 
 George Barcl-\y. 
 
 BILLS OF SALE. 
 
 A bill of sale is a written agreement to another party, for a consideration to 
 convey his right and interest in the pei"sonal property. Tht- piirchiuer must 
 take actual possession of the properti/, or the bill of sale must be acknowledged 
 and recorded. 
 
 COMMON FORM OF BILL OF SALE. 
 
 Know all Men by this instrument, that I, Louis Clay, of Burlington, 
 Iowa, of the first part, for and in consideration of Five Hundred and Ten 
 Dollars, to me paid bv John Floyd, of the same place, of the second part, the 
 receipt where<.^f is hereby acknowledged, have sold, and by this instrument do 
 convev unto the said Floyd, party of the second part, his execucoi"s, administra- 
 tors and assigns, my undivided half of ten acres of corn, now growing on the 
 arm of Thomas Tyrell, in the town above mentioned ; one pair of horses, 
 sixteen sheep, and five cows, belonging to me and in my possession at the farm 
 aforesaid ; to have and to hold the same unto the party of the second part, his 
 executors and assigns forever. And I do, for myself and legal representatives, 
 agree with the said party of the second part, and his legi\l representatives, to 
 warrant and defend the s;\le of the afore-mentioneil property and chattels unto 
 the s;\id party of the second part, and his legal representatives, against all and 
 every person whatsoever. 
 
 In witness whereof, I have hereunto affixed my hand, this tenth day of 
 October, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-six. 
 
 Louis Clay. 
 
ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 309 
 
 NOTICE TO QUIT. 
 
 To John Wontpay : 
 
 You arc liereby notified to <juit the possession of the premises you now 
 occupy to wit: 
 
 l_Insert Description.^ 
 
 on or before thirty days from the date of this notice. 
 
 Dated January 1, 1878. Landlord. 
 
 [^Reverse for Notice to Landlord.~\ 
 
 GENERAL FORM OF WILL FOR REAL AND PERSONAL 
 
 PROPERTY. 
 
 I, Charles Mansfield, of the Town of Bellevue, County of Jackson, State 
 of Iowa, being aware of the uncertainty of life, and in failing health, but of 
 sound mind and memory, do make and declai-e this to be my last will and tes- 
 tament, in manner following, to-wit : 
 
 First. I give, devise and bequeath unto my eldest son, Sidney H. Mans- 
 field, the sum of Two Thousand Dollars, of bank stock, now in the Third 
 National Bank, of Cincinnati, Ohio, and the farm owned by myself, in the 
 Township of Iowa, consisting of one hundred and sixty acres, with all the 
 houses, tenements and improvements thereunto belonging ; to have and to hold 
 unto my said son, his heirs and assigns, forever. 
 
 Second. I give, devise and bequeath to each of my two daughters, Anna 
 Louise Mansfield and Ida Clara Mansfield, each Two Thousand Dollars in bank 
 stock in the Third National Bank of Cincinnati, Ohio ; and also, each one 
 quarter section of land, owned by myself, situated in theTownship of Fairfield, 
 ;ind recorded in my name in the Recorder's office, in the county where such land 
 is located. The north one hundred and sixty acres of said half section is 
 devised to my eldest daughter, Anna Louise. 
 
 Third. I give, devise and bequeath to my son, Frank Alfred Mansfield, five 
 sliares of railroad stock in the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, and my one hundred 
 and sixty acres of land, and saw-mill thereon, situated in Manistee, Michigan, 
 with all the improvements and appurtenances thereunto belonging, wdiich said 
 real estate is recorded in my name, in the county where situated. 
 
 Fourth. I give to my wife, Victoria Elizabeth Mansfield, all my household 
 furniture, goods, chattels and personal property, about my home, not hitherto 
 disposed of, including Eight Thousand Dollars of bank stock in the Third 
 National Bank of Cincinnati, Ohio, fifteen shares in the Baltimore & Ohio 
 Railroad, and the free and unrestricted use, possession and benefit of the home 
 farm so long as she may live, in lieu of dower, to which she is entitled by law 
 — said farm being my present place of residence. 
 
 Fifth. I bequeath to my invalid father, Elijah H. Mansfield, the income 
 from rents of my store building at 145 Jackson street, Chicago, Illinois, during 
 the term of his natural life. Said building and land therewith to revert to 
 my said sons and daughters in equal proportion, upon the demise of my said 
 father. 
 
 Sixth. It is also my will and desire that, at the death of my wife, Victoria 
 Elizabeth Mansfield, or at any time when she may arrange to relinquish her 
 
310 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 
 
 life interest in the above mentioned homestead, the same may revert to my 
 above named children, or to the la^\iul heirs of each. 
 
 And lastli/. I nominate and appoint as the executors of this, my last will 
 and testament, mv wife, Victoria Elizabeth Mansfield, and mv eldest son, Sidney 
 H. Mansfield. 
 
 I further direct that my debts and necessary funeral expenses shall be paid 
 from moneys now on deposit in the Savings Bank of Bellevue, the residue of 
 such moneys to revert to my wife, Victoria Elizabeth Mansfield, for her use for- 
 ever. 
 
 In witness whereof, T, Charles Mansfield, to this my last will and testament, 
 have hereunto set my hand and seal, this fourth day of April, eighteen hundred 
 and seventy-two. 
 
 Charles Mansfield. 
 Signed, and declared by Charles Mansfield, as and for his last will and tes- 
 ment, in the presence of us, who, at his request, and in his presence, and in 
 the presence of each other, have subscribed our names hereunto as witnesses 
 thereof. Peter A. Sciienck, Dubuque, Iowa, 
 
 Frank E. Dent, Bellevue, Iowa. 
 
 CODICIL. 
 
 Whereas I, Charles Mansfield, did, on the fourth day of April, one thousand 
 eight hundred and seventy-two, make my last will and testament, I do now, by 
 this writing, add this codicil to my said will, to be taken as a part thereof. 
 
 Whereas, by the dispensation of Providence, my daughter, Anna Louise, 
 has deceased, November fifth, eighteen hundred and seventy-three ; and whereas* 
 a son has been born to me, which son is now christened Richard Albert Mans- 
 field, I give and bequeath unto him my gold watch, and all right, interest and 
 title in lands and bank stock and chattels bequeathed to my deceased daughter, 
 Anna Louise, in the body of this will. 
 
 In witness whereof, I hereunto place my hand and seal, this tenth day of 
 March, eighteen hundred and seventy-five. Charles Mansfield. 
 
 Signed, sealed, published and declared to us by the testator, Charles INIans- 
 field, as and for a codicil to be annexed to his last will and testament. And 
 we, at his request, and in his presence, and in the presence of each other, have 
 subscribed our names as witnesses thereto, at the date hereof. 
 
 Frank E. Dent, Bellevue, Iowa, 
 John C. Shay, Bellevue, Iowa. 
 
 {Form Xo. 1.) 
 
 SATISFACTION OF MORTGAGE. 
 
 State of Iowa, 1 
 
 n 4. i SS. 
 County, j 
 
 I, , of the County of , State of Iowa, do hereby acknowledge 
 
 that a certain Indenture of , bearing date the — — day of , A. D. 
 
 18 — , made and executed by and , his wife, to said on 
 
 the following described Real Estate, in the County of , and State of 
 
 Iowa, to-wit : (here insert description) and filed for record in the office of the 
 
 Recorder of the County of , and State of Iowa, on the day of ,, 
 
ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 311 
 
 A. D. 18 — , at o'clock . M. ; and recorded in Book of Mortgage- 
 Records, on page , is redeemed, paid oiF, satisfied and discharged in full, 
 
 . [seal.] 
 
 State of Iowa, "I 
 
 County, j ' 
 
 Be it Remembered, That on this day of , A. D. 18 — , before 
 
 me the undersigned, a in and for said county, personally appeared , 
 
 to me personally known to be the identical person who executed the above 
 
 (satisfaction of mortgage) as grantor, and acknowledged signature 
 
 thereto to be voluntary act and deed. 
 
 Witness my hand and seal, the day and year last above 
 
 written. . 
 
 ONE FORM OF REAL ESTATE MORTGAGE. 
 
 Know all Men by these Presents : That , of County, and 
 
 State of , in consideration of dollars, in hand paid by of 
 
 County, and State of , do hereby sell and convey unto the said 
 
 the following described premises, situated in the County , and State of 
 
 , to "wit : (here insert description,) and do hereby covenant with the 
 
 said that lawfully seized of said premises, that they are free from 
 
 incumbrance, that have good right and lawful authority to sell and convey 
 
 the same ; and do hereby covenant to warrant and defend the same against 
 
 the lawful claims of all persons whomsoever. To be void upon condition that 
 
 the said shall pay the full amount of principal and interest at the time 
 
 therein specified, of certain promissory note for the sum of dollars. 
 
 One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. 
 
 One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. 
 
 One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. 
 
 One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. 
 
 And the said Mortgagor agrees to pay all taxes that may be levied upon the 
 above described premises. It is also agreed by the Mortgagor that if it becomes 
 necessary to foreclose this mortgage, a reasonable amount shall be allowed as an 
 
 attorney's fee for foreclosing. And the said hereby relinquishes all her 
 
 right of dower and homestead in and to the above described premises. 
 Signed to day of , A. D. 18 — . 
 
 [Acknowledge as in Form No. 1.] 
 
 SECOND FORM OF REAL ESTATE MORTGAGE. 
 
 This Indenture, made and executed by and between of the 
 
 county of and State of , part of the first part, and of the 
 
 county of and State of party of the second part, Witnesseth, that the 
 
 said part of the first part, for and in consideration of the sura of dollars, 
 
 paid by the said party of the second part, the receipt of which is hereby 
 acknowledged, ha'/e granted and sold, and do by these presents, grant, bargain, 
 sell, convey and confirm, unto the said party of the second part, heirs and 
 
812 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 
 
 assigns forever, the certain tract or paix'el of real estate situated in the coumv 
 of and State of . describeil as follows, t«.vwit : 
 
 {^Ile-re insert desa-i^tion.) 
 
 The said part of the fii'st part represent to and covenant with the part of 
 the second part, that he have good right to sell and convey said premises, 
 that thev are free from encumbrance and that he will ^varrant and defend 
 them against the lawful claims of all pei'sons whomsoever, and do expressly 
 hereby release all rights of dower in and to said premises, and relinquish and 
 convey all rights of homestead therein. 
 
 This Instrument is made, executed and delivered upon the following con- 
 ditions, to-wit : 
 
 Tirst. Said fii-st part agree to pay said or order 
 
 Second. Said first part further agree as is stipulated in said note, that if 
 "he shall fail to pay any of said interest when due, it shall bear interest at the 
 rate often per cent, per annum, from the time the same becomes due, and this 
 mortgage shall stand as security for the same. 
 
 Third. Said fii'st part further agree tliat he will pay all taxes and 
 assessments levied upon said real estate before the same become delinquent, and 
 if not paid the holder of this mortgage may declare the whole sum of money 
 herein secured due and collectable at once, or he nuiy elect to pay such taxt^ or 
 assessments, and be entitled to interest on the same at the rate of ten per cent, 
 per annum, and this mortgage shall stand as security for the amount so j>aid. 
 Fourth. Said first part further agree that if he fail to pay any of said 
 
 money, either principal or interest, within days after the same becomes 
 
 due ; or fail to conform or comply with any of the foregoing conditions or agree- 
 ments, the Avhole sum herein secured shall become due and payable at once, and 
 this mortgage nu\y thereupon be foreclosed immediately for the whole of said 
 money, interest and costs. 
 
 Fifth. Said pM't further agree that in the event of the non-payment oi' either 
 principal, interest or taxes when due, and upon the filing of a bill of foreclosure 
 of this mortgage, an attorney's fee of dollars shall become due and pay- 
 able, and shall be by the court taxed, and this mortgage shall stand as security 
 therefor, and the same sliall be included in the decree of foreclosure and shall 
 be made by the Sheritl" on general or special execution with the other money, 
 interest and costs, and the contract embodied in this mortgage and the note 
 described herein, shall in all respects be governed, constructed and adjudged 
 
 bv the laws of , Avhere the same is made. The foregoing conditions 
 
 being performed, this conveyance to be void, otherwise of full force and virtue. 
 
 [Acknowledge as in form No. 1.] 
 
 FORM OF LEASE. 
 
 This Article of Agrekmknt, ^lade and entered into on this day of 
 
 -, A. D. 1ST-, by and between , of the coimty of , and 
 
 State of Iowa, of the first part^ and , of the county of 
 
 and State of Iowa, of the second part, Avitnesscth that the said party of the first 
 
AIJSTKACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 313 
 
 p;ut has this day leased unto the party of the second part the following described 
 
 prt'inises, to wit : 
 
 [//ere initert description.^ 
 
 for the term of from and after the — day of , A. D. 187-, a:j 
 
 the rent of dollars, to be paid as follows, to wit : 
 
 [//ere insert Terms.'] 
 
 And it is further agreed that if any rent shall be due and unpaid, or if 
 default be made in any of the covenants herein contained, it shall then be law- 
 ful for the said party of the first part to re-enter the said premises, or to destrain 
 for such rent; or he may recover possession thereof, by action of forcible entry 
 and detainer, notwithstanding the provision of Section 3,612 of the Code of 
 1873 ; or he may use any or all of said remedies. 
 
 And the said party of the second part agrees to pay to the party of the first 
 part the rent as above stated, except when said premises are untenantable by 
 reason of fire, or from any other cause than the carelessness of the party of the 
 
 sccoikI part, or persons family, or in employ, or by superior force 
 
 and inevitable necessity. And the said party of the second part covenants 
 
 that will use the said premises as a , and for no other purposes 
 
 whatever; and that especially will not use said premises, or permit the 
 
 same to be used, for any unlawful business or purpose whatever; that will 
 
 not sell, assign, underlet or relinquish said premises without the written consent 
 
 of the lessor, under penalty of a forfeiture of all rights under this lease, at 
 
 the election of the party of the first part ; and that will use all due care 
 
 and diligence in guarding said property, with the buildings, gates, fences, trees, 
 vines, shrubbery, etc., from damage by fire, and the depredations of animals ; 
 
 that will keep buildings, gates, fences, etc., in as good repair as they now 
 
 are, or may at any time be placed by the lessor, damages by superior force, 
 inevitable necessity, or fire from any other cause than from the carelessness of 
 
 the lessee, or persons of fiimily, or in employ, excepted ; and that 
 
 at the expiration of this lease, or upon a breach by said lessee of any of the said 
 
 covenants herein contained, will, without further notice of any kind, quit 
 
 and surrender the possession and occupancy of said premises in as good condi- 
 tion as reasonable use, natural wear and decay thereof will permit, damages by 
 fire as aforesaid, superior force, or inevitable necessity, only excepted. 
 
 In witness whereof, the said parties have subscribed their names on the date 
 first above written. 
 
 Fn presence of 
 
 FORM OF NOTE. 
 
 $ , 18—. 
 
 On or before the — day of , 18 — , for value received, I promise to 
 
 pay or order, dollars, with interest from date until jKiid, 
 
 at ten per cent, per annuin, payable annually, at . Unpaid interest 
 
 shall bear interest at ten per cent, per annum. On failure to pay interest 
 
 within days after due, the whole sum, principal and interest, shall become 
 
 due at once. 
 
314 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 
 
 CHATTEL MORTGxiGE. 
 
 Know all Men by these Presents : That of County, and 
 
 State of in consideration of dollars, in hand paid by , of 
 
 County and State of do hereby sell and convey unto the said the 
 
 following described personal property, now in the possession of in the 
 
 county and State of , to wit : 
 
 [Here insert Description. '\ 
 
 And do hereby warrant the title of said property, and that it is free from 
 
 any incumbrance or lien. The only right or interest retained by grantor in 
 and to said property being the right of redemption as herein provided. This 
 conveyance to be void upon condition that the said grantor shall pay to said 
 grantee, or his assigns, the full amount of principal and interest at the time 
 
 therein specified, of certain promissory notes of even date herewith, for 
 
 the sum of dollars, 
 
 One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. 
 
 One note for f , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. 
 
 One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. 
 
 One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. 
 
 The grantor to pay all taxes on said property, and if at any time any part 
 or portion of said notes should be due and unpaid, said grantee may proceed by 
 sale or foreclosure to collect and pay himself the unpaid balance of said notes, 
 whether due or not, the grantor to pay all necessary expense of such foreclosure, 
 
 including $ Attorney's fees, and whatever remains after paying off said 
 
 notes and expenses, to be paid over to said grantor. 
 
 Signed the day of , 18 — . . 
 
 [Acknowledged as in form No. 1.] . 
 
 WARRANTY DEED. 
 
 Know all Men by these Presents : That of County and 
 
 State of , in consideration of the sum of Dollars, in hand paid by 
 
 of , County and State of , do hereby sell and convey unto 
 
 the said and to heirs and assigns, the following described premises, 
 
 situated in the County of , State of Iowa, to-wit : 
 
 [Here insert description.'\ 
 
 And I do hereby covenant with the said that — lawfully seized in fee 
 
 simple, of said premises, that they are free from incumbrance ; that — ha good 
 right and lawful authority to sell the same, and — do hereby covenant to war- 
 rant and defend the said premises and appurtenances thereto belonging, against 
 the lawful claims of all persons whomsoever ; and the said hereby re- 
 linquishes all her right of dower and of homestead in and to the above described 
 premises. 
 
 Signed the day of , A. D. 18 — , 
 
 IN presence of 
 
 [Acknowledged as in Form No. 1.] 
 
ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 315 
 
 QUIT-CLAIM DEED. 
 
 Know all Men by these Presents : That , of County, 
 
 State of , in consideration of the sum of dollars, to — in hand 
 
 paid by , of County, State of , the receipt whereof — do 
 
 hereby acknowledge,have bargained, sold and quit-claimed, and by these presents 
 
 do bargain, sell and quit-claim unto the said and to — heirs and assigns 
 
 forever, all — right, title, interest, estate, claim and demand, both at law and 
 in equity, and as well in possession as in expectancy, of, in and to the following 
 described premises, to wit : [here insert description] with all and singular the 
 hereditaments and appurtenances thereto belonging. 
 
 Signed this day of , A. D. 18 — . 
 
 Signed in Presence of 
 
 [Acknowledged as in form No. 1.] 
 
 BOND FOR DEED. 
 
 Know all Men by these Presents: That of County, 
 
 and State of am held and firmly bound unto of County, and 
 
 State of , in the sum of Dollars, to be paid to the said , his 
 
 executors or assigns, for which payment well and truly to be made, I bind myself 
 firmly by these presents. Signed the day of A. D. 18 — . 
 
 The condition of this obligation is such, that if the said obligee shall pay to 
 said obligor, or his assigns, the full amount of principal and interest at the time 
 therein specified, of — certain promissory note of even date herewith, for the 
 sum of Dollars, 
 
 One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at — per cent. 
 
 One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at — per cent. 
 
 One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at — per cent. 
 
 and pay all taxes accruing upon the lands herein described, then said obligor 
 shall convey to the said obligee, or his assigns, that certain tract or parcel of 
 real estate, situated in the County of and State of Iowa, described as fol- 
 lows, to wit: [here insert description,] by a Warranty Deed, with the usual 
 covenants, duly executed and acknowledged. 
 
 If said obligee should fail to make the payments as above stipulated, or any 
 part thereof, as the same becomes due, said obligor may at his option, by notice 
 to the obligee terminate his liability under the bond and resume the posses- 
 sion and absolute control of said premises, time being the essence of this 
 agreement. 
 
 On the fulfillment of the above conditions this obligation to become void, 
 otherwise to remain in full force and virtue ; unless terminated by the obligor 
 as above stipulated. 
 
 [Acknowledge as in form No. 1.] 
 
316 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 
 
 CHARITABLE, SCIENTIFIC AND RELIGIOUS ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 Any three or more persons of full age, citizens of the United States, 
 a majority of whom shall be citizens of this State, who desire to associate 
 themselves for benevolent, charitable, scientific, religious or missionary pur- 
 poses, may make, sign and acknowledge, before any officer authorized to take 
 the acknowledgments of deeds in this State, and have recorded in the office of 
 the Recorder of the county in which the business of such society is to be con- 
 ducted, a certificate in writing, in which sliall be stated the name or title by 
 which such society shall be known, the parti sular business and objects of such 
 society, the number of Trustees, Directors or Managers to conduct the same, and 
 the names of the Trustees, Dir.ectors or Managers of such society for the first 
 year of its existence. 
 
 Upon filing for record the certificate, as aforesaid, the persons who shall 
 have signed and acknowledged such certificate, and their associates and success- 
 ors, shall, by virtue hereof, be a body politic and corporate by the name 
 stated in such certificate, and by that they and their successors shall and may 
 have succession, and shall be persons capable of suing and being sued, and may 
 have and use a common seal, which they may alter or change at pleasure ; and 
 they and their successors, by their corporate name, shall be capable of taking, 
 receiving, purchasing and holding real and personal estate, and of making by- 
 laws for the management of its affairs, not inconsistent with law. 
 
 The society so incorporated may, annually or oftener, elect from its members 
 its Trustees, Directors or Managers at such time and place, and in such manner 
 as may be specified in its by-laws, who shall have the control and management 
 of the affiiirs and funds of the society, a majority of whom shall be a quorum 
 for the transaction of business, and whenever any vacancy shall happen among 
 such Trustees, Directors or Managers, by death, resignation or neglect to serve, 
 such vacancy shall be filled in such manner as shall be provided by the by-laws 
 of such society. When the body corporate consists of the Trustees, Directors or 
 Managers of any benevolent, charitable, literary, scientific, religious or mis- 
 sionary institution, which is or may be established in the State, and which is or 
 may be under the patronage, control, direction or supervision of any synod, con- 
 ference, association or other ecclesiastical body in such State, established 
 agreeably to the laws thereof, such ecclesiastical body may nominate and 
 appoint such Trustees, Directors or Managers, according to usages of the appoint- 
 ing body, and may fill any vacancy which may occur among such Trustees, 
 Directors or Managers ; and when any such institution may be under the 
 patronage, control, direction or supervision of two or more of such synods, con- 
 ferences, associations or other ecclesiastical bodies, such bodies may severally 
 nominate and appoint such proportion of such Trustees, Directors or Managers 
 as shall be agreed upon by those bodies immediately concerned. And any 
 vacancy occurring among such appointees last named, shall be filled by the 
 synod, conference, association or body having appointed the last incumbent. 
 
 In case any election of Trustees, Directors or Managers shall not be made 
 on the day designated by the by-laws, said society for that cause shall not be 
 dissolved, but such election may take place on any other day directed by such 
 by-laws. 
 
 Any corporation formed under this chapter shall be capable of taking, hold- 
 ing or receiving property by virtue of any devise or bequest contained in any 
 last will or testament of any person whatsoever ; but no person leaving a wife, 
 
ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS, 317 
 
 child or parent, shall devise or bequeath to such institution or corporation more 
 than one-fourth of his estate after the payment of his debts, and such device or 
 bequest shall be valid only to the extent of such one-fourth. 
 
 Any corporation in this State of an academical character, the memberships 
 of which shall consist of lay members and pastors of churches, delegates to any 
 synod, conference or council holding its annual meetings alternately in this and 
 one or more adjoining States, may hold its annual meetings for the election of 
 officers and the transaction of business in any adjoining State to this, at such 
 place therein as the said synod, conference or council shall hold its annual meet- 
 ings ; and the elections so held and business so transacted shall be as legal and 
 binding as if held and transacted at the place of business of the corporation in 
 this State. 
 
 The provisions of this chapter shall not extend or apply to any association 
 or individual who shall, in the certificate filed with the Recorder, use or specify 
 a name or style the same as that of any previously existing incorporated society 
 in the county. 
 
 The Trustees, Directors or stockholders of any existing benevolent, char- 
 itable, scientific, missionary or religious corporation, may, by conforming to the 
 requirements of Section 1095 of this chapter, re-incorporate themselves or con- 
 tinue their existing corporate powers, and all the property and effects of such 
 existing corporation shall vest in and belong to the corporation so re-incorporated 
 or continued. 
 
 INTOXICATING LIQUORS. 
 
 No intoxicating liquors (alcohol, spirituous and vinous liquors), except wine 
 manufactured from grapes, currants or other fruit grown in the State, shall be 
 manufactured or sold, except for mechanical, medicinal, culinary or sacramental 
 purposes ; and even such sale is limited as follows : 
 
 Any citizen of the State, except hotel keepers, keepers of saloons, eating 
 houses, grocery keepers and confectioners, is permitted to buy and sell, within 
 the county of his residence, such liquors for such mechanical, etc., purposes 
 only, provided he shall obtain the consent of the Board of Supervisors. In 
 order to get that consent, he must get a certificate from a majority of the elec- 
 tors of the town or township or ward in which he desires to sell, that he is of 
 good moral character, and a proper person to sell such liquors. 
 
 If the Board of Supervisors grant him permission to sell such liquors, he 
 must give bonds, and shall not sell such liquors at a greater profit than thirty- 
 three per cent, on tie cost of the same. Any person having a permit to sell, 
 shall make, on the last Saturday of every month, a return in writing to the 
 Auditor of the county, showing the kind and quantity of the liquors purchased 
 by him since the date of his last report, the price paid, and the amount of 
 freights paid on the same ; also the kind and quantity of liquors sold by him 
 since the date of his last report; to whom sold ; for what purpose and at what 
 price ; also the kind and quantity of liquors on hand.; which report shall be 
 sworn to by the person having the permit, and shall be kept by the Auditor, 
 subject at all times to the inspection of the public. 
 
 No person shall sell or give away any intoxicating liquors, including wine or 
 beer, to any minor, for any purpose whatever, except upon written order of 
 parent, guardian or family physician ; or sell the same to an intoxicated person 
 or a person in the habit of becoming intoxicated. 
 
318 ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 
 
 Any person who shall mix any intoxicating liquor with any beer, wine or 
 cider, by him sold, and shall sell or keep for sale, as a beverage, such mixture, 
 shall be punished as for sale of intoxicating liquor. 
 
 But nothing in the chapter containing the laws governing the sale or pro- 
 hibiting the sale of intoxicating liquors, shall be construed to forbid the sale by 
 the importer thertof of foreign intoxicating liquor, imported under the author- 
 ity of the laws of the United States, regarding the importation of such licpiors, 
 and in accordance with such laws ; provided that such liquor, at the time of the 
 sale by the importer, remains in the original casks or packages in which it was 
 by him imported, and in quantities not less than the quantities in which the 
 laws of the United States require such liquors to be imported, and is sold by 
 him in such original casks or packages, and in said quantities only. 
 
 All payment or compensation for intoxicating liquor sold in violation of the 
 laws of this State, whether such payments or compensation be in money, goods, 
 lands, labor, or anything else whatsoever, shall be held to have been received in viola- 
 tion of law and equity and good conscience, and to have been received upon a 
 valid promise and agreement of the receiver, in consideration of the receipt 
 thereof, to pay on demand, to the person furnishing such consideration, the 
 amount of the money on the just value of the goods or other things. 
 
 All sales, transfers, conveyances, mortgag(?s, liens, attachments, pledges and 
 securities of every kind, which, either in whole or in part, shall have been made 
 on account of intoxicating liquors sold contrary to law, shall be utterly null and 
 void. 
 
 Negotiable paper in the hands of holders thereof, in good faith, for valuable 
 consideration, without notice of any illegality in its inception or transfer, how- 
 ever, shall not be aftectcd by the above provisions. Neither shall the holder of 
 land or other property who may have taken the same in good faith, without 
 notice of any defect in the title of the person from whom the same was 
 taken, growing out of a violation of the liquor law, be affected by the above 
 pi'ovision. 
 
 Every wife, child, parent, guardian, employer, or other person, who shall he 
 injured in person or property or means of support, by an intoxicated person, or 
 in consequence of the intoxication, has a right of action against any person who 
 shall, by selling intoxicating liquors, cause the intoxication of such person, for 
 all damages actually sustained as well as exemplary damages. 
 
 For any damages recovered, the personal and real property (except home- 
 stead, as now provided) of the person against whom the damages are recovered, 
 as well as the premises or property, personal or real, occupied and used by him, 
 with consent and knowledge of owner, either for manufacturing or selling intox- 
 icating li(juors contrary to law, shall be liable. 
 
 The only other exemption, besides the homestead, from this sweeping liability, 
 is that the defendant may have enough for the support of his family for six 
 months, to be determined by the Township Trustee. 
 
 No ale, wine, beer or other malt or vinous licjuors shall be sold within two 
 miles of the corporate limits of any municipal corporation, except at wholesale, 
 for the purpose of shipment to places outside of such corporation and such two- 
 mile limits. The poAver of the corporation to prohibit or license sale of liquors 
 not prohibited by law is extended over the two miles. 
 
 No ale, wine, beer or other malt or vinous li([uors shall be sold on the day 
 on which any election is held under the laws of this State, within two miles of 
 the place where said election is held ; except only that any person holding a 
 permit may sell upon tlie prescription of a practicing physician. 
 
ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS. 319 
 
 SUGGESTIONS TO THOSE PURCHASING BOOKS BY SUBSCRIP- 
 TION. 
 
 The business of publishing hooks hy subscription, having so often been 
 brought into disrepute by agents making representations and declarations not 
 autliorized by the publisher, in order to prevent that as much as possible, and 
 that there may be more general knowledge of the relation such agents bear to 
 their principal, and the law governing such cases, the following statement is 
 made : 
 
 A subscription is in the nature of a contract of mutual promises, by which 
 the subscriber agrees to pay a certain sum for the work described ; the consid- 
 eration is concurrent that the publisher shall publish the book named, and 
 deliver the same, for which the subscriber is to pay the price named. The 
 nature and character of the work is described by the prospectus and sample 
 shotvn. These should be carefully examined before subscribing, as they are 
 the basis and consideration of the promise to pay, and not the too ofte7i exag- 
 gerated statements of the agent, who is merely employed to solicit subscriptions, 
 for Avhich he is usually paid a commission for each subscriber, and has no 
 authority to change or alter the conditions upon which the subscriptions are 
 authorized to be made by the publisher. Should the agent assume to agree to 
 make the subscription conditional or modify or change the agreement of the 
 publisher, as set out by the prospectus and sample, in order to bind the princi- 
 pal, the subscriber should see that such condition or changes are stated over or 
 in connection with his signature, so that the publisher may have notice of the 
 same- 
 All persons making contracts in reference to matters of this kind, or any 
 other business, should remember that the law as ivritten is, that they can not be 
 altered, varied or rescinded verbally, but if done at all, must be done in writing. 
 It is therefore important that all pei^sotis contemplating subscribi7ig should 
 distinctly understand that all talk before or after the subscription is made, is not 
 admissible as evidence, and is no part of the contract. 
 
 Persons employed to solicit subscrijjtions are known to the trade as can- 
 vassers. They are agents apj)ointed to do a particidar business in a prescribed 
 mode, and have no authority to do it any other way to the prejudice of their 
 principal, nor can they bind their principal in any other matter. They can not 
 collect money, or agree that payment may be made in anythhig else but money. 
 They can not exterid the time of payment beyond the time of delivery, nor bind 
 their principal for the p)ayme7it of expenses incurred in their business. 
 
 It would save a great deal of trouble, and often serious loss, if persons, 
 before signing their names to any subscription book, or any written instrument, 
 would examine carefully ivhat it is ; if they can not read themselves call on 
 some one disinterested who can. 
 
STATISTICS OF AGRICULTURE OF IOWA (CENSUS OF 1875.) 
 
 COtJXTIES. 
 
 Xo. of 
 .■\cres 
 of Im- 
 proved 
 Laud. 
 
 Xo. of 
 Acres 
 Unim- 
 proved 
 Land. 
 
 Xo. of 
 Acres 
 under 
 Culti- 
 vation 
 in 1874. 
 
 Spring Wheat. 
 
 Winter Wheat. 
 
 Indian Corn. 
 
 Oats. 
 
 Value of 
 Products 
 of Farm 
 
 in 
 Dollars. 
 
 Xo. of 
 Acres. 
 
 Xo. of 
 Bushels 
 Harv'ld 
 
 Xo. of 
 Acres. 
 
 Xo. of 
 Bushels 
 Harv'td 
 
 Xo. of 
 Acres. 
 
 .N 0. of 
 Bushels 
 Harv'fd 
 
 Xo. of 
 Acres. 
 
 No. of 
 Bushels 
 Harv'td 
 
 Appanoose 
 
 Alamakee 
 
 Audulwn 
 
 Adams 
 
 161059 
 
 134 767 
 
 21146 
 
 63439 
 
 83182 
 
 S3118 
 
 297518 
 
 45693T 
 
 ]434'.H 
 
 145J67 
 
 213023 
 
 19036 
 
 3T059 
 
 54G3S 
 
 110864 
 
 5S038 
 
 24SSG9 
 
 539^0 
 
 212291 
 
 29:1835 
 
 96304 
 
 5SU63 
 
 9:^694 
 
 26996 
 
 450J3S 
 
 115731 
 
 187831 
 
 143665 
 
 472029 
 
 13770 
 
 132133 
 
 9989 
 
 147098 
 
 179304 
 
 69S39 
 
 1139J7 
 
 1460S9 
 
 59910 
 
 87259 
 
 128S31 
 
 29114 
 
 115323 
 
 94318 
 
 10162 
 
 63966 
 
 182080 
 
 7292 
 
 191011 
 
 193290 
 
 241021 
 
 27SS81 
 
 203907 
 
 167389 
 
 205123 
 
 31550 
 
 183S32 
 
 108952 
 
 ]58;2 
 
 281118 
 
 1310U7 
 
 12U3S4 
 
 232398 
 
 1996C9 
 
 141512 
 
 161998 
 
 103215 
 
 223735 
 
 52242 
 
 178945 
 
 104G33 
 
 33626 
 
 18190 
 
 207689 
 
 21928 
 
 124630 
 
 20SOS9 
 
 156782 
 
 5S233 
 
 18317 
 
 18400 
 
 23.3515 
 
 14SG49 
 
 53180 
 
 39824 
 
 S1336 
 
 102S61 
 
 253182 
 
 57005 
 
 153674 
 
 147766 
 
 194265 
 
 246140 
 
 44179 
 
 48927 
 
 225176 
 
 97238 
 
 17.389 
 
 35316 
 
 150209 
 
 16UI83 
 
 156821 
 23819 
 43735 
 55680 
 37034 
 53911 
 71810 
 5S908 
 47001 
 
 150381 
 71418 
 39919 
 28974 
 43304 
 
 283414 
 41417 
 
 309S95 
 
 131908 
 57337 
 94772 
 
 309744 
 50487 
 
 "iieooa 
 
 87172 
 98561 
 58165 
 62305 
 29850 
 57765 
 23536 
 82130 
 98156 
 43/46 
 
 198332 
 47926 
 49838 
 47220 
 39930 
 36906 
 
 171018 
 
 837451 
 
 341615 
 39935 
 50249 
 9194 
 89357 
 
 142401 
 71257 
 
 179752 
 63298 
 66979 
 93999 
 48793 
 78692 
 59737 
 
 SI8841 
 62649 
 52922 
 70176 
 
 122190 
 82779 
 53604 
 
 18S709 
 78206 
 47552 
 56278 
 48^32 
 50607 
 32070 
 31406 
 56841 
 35372 
 
 419489 
 48697 
 
 175471 
 51912 
 32225 
 58329 
 19123 
 43374 
 393 >6 
 
 S67394 
 47201 
 
 233515 
 9U222 
 33216 
 99328 
 6679.3 
 
 167178 
 
 131670 
 57097 
 45957 
 55r52 
 61744 
 30625 
 32387 
 63491 
 
 125188 
 109388 
 15986 
 54352 
 66265 
 27010 
 239408 
 108642 
 124377 
 104310 
 181256 
 157240 
 33375 
 45412 
 927S5 
 15262 
 166485 
 48648 
 173622 
 
 ■"iiioi 
 
 39159 
 
 78803 
 
 26618 
 
 131597 
 
 93275 
 
 146244 
 
 97618 
 
 161357 
 
 11961 
 
 114625 
 
 8387 
 
 110708 
 
 133758 
 
 65590 
 
 103039 
 
 135108 
 
 52323 
 
 76892 
 
 97765 
 
 27013 
 
 61871 
 
 72287 
 
 9005 
 
 52050 
 
 110331 
 
 6514 
 
 153488 
 
 142101 
 
 193019 
 
 21C949 
 
 140684 
 
 125590 
 
 149672 
 
 23835 
 
 133380 
 
 88857 
 
 12766 
 
 173655 
 
 100066 
 
 94133 
 
 150368 
 
 153214 
 
 99837 
 
 137979 
 
 91730 
 
 117303 
 
 39344 
 
 129G99 
 
 86026 
 
 26131 
 
 14651 
 
 140450 
 
 19219 
 
 90679 
 
 171588 
 
 115484 
 
 44379 
 
 16679 
 
 50373 
 
 185742 
 
 99337 
 
 4723D 
 
 33515 
 
 24179 
 
 79J42 
 
 214941 
 
 45326 
 
 113263 
 
 117CS9 
 
 153737 
 
 259169 
 
 33097 
 
 32157 
 
 157384 
 
 70910 
 
 12421 
 
 23937 
 
 135173 
 
 9606 
 61880 
 
 6876 
 17947 
 27550 
 15514 
 99106 
 32305 
 57907 
 48878 
 89361 
 64291 
 17481 
 31693 
 40123 
 24000 
 40167 
 28199 
 86883 
 6S683 
 40162 
 26756 
 17968 
 
 iiaio 
 
 5378 
 
 8211 
 49240 
 10615 
 60401 
 
 5701 
 29236 
 
 3911 
 62067 
 60779 
 31096 
 13229 
 67384 
 19391 
 27489 
 38464 
 12016 
 36115 
 23918 
 
 48S9 
 20676 
 15026 
 
 3108 
 48410 
 43515 
 45306 
 79926 
 86090 
 16237 
 33278 
 10798 
 10351 
 13954 
 
 8132 
 52178 
 19;64 
 65534 
 31^62 
 45136 
 24385 
 37533 
 11638 
 69393 
 15:31 
 32375 
 
 1381 
 14904 
 
 8769 
 S76S6 
 
 7434 
 33::69 
 57312 
 22639 
 33628 
 
 8606 
 10326 
 47698 
 26G53 
 22029 
 22.195 
 11036 
 154 16 
 97013 
 10336 
 
 7435 
 10373 
 42173 
 112175 
 15 M3 
 23092 
 41646 
 30354 
 
 8939 
 13629 
 17368 
 
 77789 
 937639 
 
 89235 
 281376 
 433014 
 162737 
 1343;;66 
 429237 
 779167 
 644795 
 1108024 
 812342 
 153159 
 401507 
 676209 
 324894 
 640544 
 415463 
 13C5125 
 1010345 
 643519 
 310161 
 217090 
 109631 
 
 30993 
 
 71169 
 634135 
 113396 
 
 7172S 
 
 23822 
 445848 
 1510 
 941439 
 863670 
 435909 
 206D01 
 9766j7 
 257 7C0 
 393574 
 497251 
 
 20902 
 582303 
 143701 
 
 70006 
 294632 
 180220 
 
 48815 
 67021- 
 530C00 
 666779 
 1107170 
 462478 
 164904 
 368328 
 
 131.39 
 
 72624 
 153587 
 
 76742 
 650597 
 189939 
 10SS811 
 395532 
 529663 
 342961 
 628314 
 101413 
 1123332 
 18381 1 
 416171 
 551539 
 157026 
 
 74757 
 563339 
 
 30774 
 588971 
 762S26 
 355702 
 442736 
 
 23208 
 
 78351 
 762315 
 330L.97 
 317944 
 23i;S6 
 llOOJl 
 206313 
 14378)7 
 141188 
 
 58808 
 
 763:6 
 651679 
 1813433 
 
 1049 
 
 181 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 70 
 
 10S38 
 
 1964 
 
 97 
 
 174 
 
 3500 
 
 64871 
 24325 
 
 9225 
 25474 
 30860 
 
 7888 
 83244 
 46151 
 38683 
 28754 
 56592 
 48831 
 
 8797 
 
 9459 
 40582 
 17957 
 78224 
 
 9512 
 37948 
 89297 
 16821 
 16014 
 39066 
 10656 
 62127 
 50434 
 67118 
 102924 
 56150 
 
 3183 
 57632 
 
 2197 
 26462 
 37091 
 24066 
 73845 
 40175 
 783037 
 38902 
 41304 
 
 9998 
 
 9916 
 44720 
 
 2067 
 20441 
 62672 
 
 2301 
 €2518 
 53962 
 77143 
 100217 
 65423 
 55081 
 75697 
 
 9781 
 59363 
 47022 
 
 2645 
 91773 
 49642 
 11274 
 83775 
 84630 
 59543 
 69494 
 45575 
 67699 
 21577 
 54760 
 39251 
 
 6379 
 
 2510 
 77497 
 
 8931 
 47233 
 86748 
 71386 
 10097 
 
 6641 
 35613 
 59071 
 51273 
 17674 
 
 6730 
 
 8662 
 48260 
 73251 
 24063 
 502U 
 65625 
 80280 
 27135 
 14647 
 
 3330 
 73265 
 23713 
 
 1374 
 101)39 
 57035 
 
 2385243 
 
 905920 
 
 394635 
 
 969777 
 1402428 
 
 228231 
 3328921 
 1595752 
 1270878 
 1026641 
 1939390 
 1811230 
 
 180120 
 
 315215 
 1901062 
 
 648658 
 284592! 
 
 265443 
 1471263 
 3061338 
 
 514279 
 
 550041 
 1530260 
 
 351120 
 2115569 
 1763140 
 1702391 
 2307938 
 1690 i35 
 44435 
 2484398 
 14273 
 
 642448 
 1296480 
 
 753983 
 1703985 
 1482382 
 
 783027 
 1669134 
 1379961 
 
 297381 
 
 307912 
 
 1620192 
 
 57399 
 
 670731 
 2415670 
 
 108465 
 2713830 
 1665518 
 3158178 
 4525339 
 1909534 
 1695310 
 S32r232 
 
 119777 
 2190306 
 1902330 
 10396 
 3439923 
 2184638 
 
 411961 
 S768209 
 8835063 
 1533976 
 2953630 
 1738916 
 2803256 
 
 818338 
 1715973 
 1441467 
 
 106052 
 
 17279 
 
 3272010 
 
 229263 
 1750038 
 3571105 
 2239043 
 
 175778 
 
 142957 
 1145937 
 2226346 
 1783477 
 
 689556 
 32038 
 
 279716 
 1419680 
 2842S59 
 1130930 
 1823622 
 2405187 
 3561365 
 
 977316 
 
 490371 
 
 122291 
 2832241 
 
 917911 
 52425 
 
 281821 
 2143791 
 
 13756 
 
 12776 
 
 738 
 
 3951 
 
 4455 
 
 2791 
 
 15490 
 
 10401 
 
 13827 
 
 14259 
 
 16804 
 
 17431 
 
 4436 
 
 3545 
 
 9079 
 
 2902 
 
 20243 
 
 7199 
 
 20124 
 
 23704 
 
 11744 
 
 8238 
 
 12337 
 
 2993 
 
 13643 
 
 10555 
 
 25115 
 
 9242 
 
 20377 
 
 2403 
 
 9937 
 
 1519 
 
 15461 
 
 20770 
 
 9332 
 
 5419 
 
 11786 
 
 4227 
 
 4145 
 
 10982 
 
 3974 
 
 10210 
 
 3462 
 
 1.^53 
 
 5108 
 
 13393 
 
 455 
 
 11756 
 
 23652 
 
 17760 
 
 15267 
 
 182C0 
 
 14005 
 
 15582 
 
 5143 
 
 11817 
 
 12665 
 
 3477 
 
 22670 
 
 6792 
 
 14078 
 
 16646 
 
 10937 
 
 6528 
 
 8743 
 
 11512 
 
 12611 
 
 2304 
 
 13287 
 
 5322 
 
 3107 
 
 1390 
 
 12188 
 
 2541 
 
 5278 
 
 11416 
 
 9758 
 
 4161 
 
 2979 
 
 9118 
 
 15915 
 
 11273 
 
 2254 
 
 4591 
 
 3035 
 
 8718 
 
 1E574 
 
 6127 
 
 12596 
 
 13242 
 
 8391 
 
 24307 
 
 3072 
 
 4445 
 
 15701 
 
 7491 
 
 1327 
 
 4134 
 
 11570 
 
 387346 
 442329 
 
 33233 
 141293 
 159739 
 
 67069 
 445070 
 404620 
 421719 
 518571 
 538196 
 556209 
 
 98766 
 115595 
 176281 
 
 99158 
 67,3837 
 223097 
 669895 
 702039 
 446300 
 107577 
 367643 
 
 73182 
 345707 
 344551 
 &13322 
 287392 
 632113 
 
 37282 
 335124 
 3241 
 487729 
 704407 
 328679 
 179645 
 401948 
 120948 
 153305 
 356915 
 
 90944 
 3402G8 
 
 69140 
 
 48816 
 168262 
 358221 
 
 14060 
 319071 
 521156 
 522197 
 532239 
 464324 
 446128 
 4476U3 
 
 27857 
 279069 
 342164 
 
 13789 
 585648 
 175735 
 542G62 
 496248 
 335746 
 232639 
 235103 
 241081 
 465245 
 
 66475 
 405562 
 201 635 
 
 53931 
 
 2G829 
 431841 
 
 40494 
 163081 
 333565 
 346507 
 120437 
 
 4(;839 
 25,3007 
 523S6S 
 343265 
 
 71676 
 
 45096 
 6599 
 269657 
 33I4G9 
 187748 
 333698 
 367396 
 281510 
 8216508 
 
 91647 
 161557 
 45.'3320 
 207493 
 
 45109 
 133176 
 293590 
 
 $1611937 
 1415769 
 184153 
 695318 
 828171 
 
 Buena Vista . . 
 
 207828 
 
 
 7 
 11 
 20 
 
 230 
 
 S4 
 700 
 
 2664995 
 
 
 1018453 
 
 Butler 
 
 1209785 
 1144620 
 
 Black Hawk... 
 
 
 
 1898424 
 
 
 
 
 2613949 
 
 Clay 
 
 ::::.:;:.i::;:::::: 
 
 123343 
 
 
 
 35019 
 
 Cass 
 
 1 
 
 1284899 
 
 
 
 433357 
 
 
 26 
 
 295 
 
 2606149 
 
 
 591617 
 
 Clayton 
 
 Clinton 
 
 Chickasaw 
 
 Carroll 
 
 l;'47 
 12 
 3 
 3 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 5379 
 
 817 
 
 84 
 
 8688 
 
 5 
 
 210:» 
 
 428 
 
 63 
 
 20 
 
 55 
 
 150 
 
 56405 
 
 12239 
 
 1720 
 
 117310 
 
 50 
 
 2asi793 
 3049019 
 894656 
 431365 
 
 Clarke 
 
 7054987 
 
 Calhoun 
 
 221613 
 160G090 
 
 Decatur 
 
 Duhuqu-^ 
 
 Des Moines 
 
 Delaware 
 
 Dickinson 
 
 1024541 
 1636132 
 1772992 
 1693314 
 45334 
 
 Dallas 
 
 7 
 
 186 
 
 1502047 
 
 Eminet 
 
 15244 
 
 Floyd 
 
 
 
 1367377 
 
 Fayette 
 
 46 
 
 968 
 
 1503127 
 
 Franklin 
 
 777106 
 
 Fremont 
 
 841 
 
 16625 
 
 1046066 
 1593977 
 
 
 2 
 22 
 
 44 
 360 
 
 «20905 
 
 Guthrie 
 
 Hardin 
 
 792461 
 1066627 
 
 Humholdt 
 
 
 
 200001 
 
 Howard 
 
 
 
 734409 
 
 Harrison 
 
 84 
 
 1200 
 
 786677 
 89405 
 
 Hamilton 
 
 
 
 52762 
 
 
 9041 
 
 113203 
 
 1765670 
 
 Ida 
 
 7482211 
 
 Iowa 
 
 36 
 491 
 100 
 
 1080 
 7942 
 1274 
 
 2005049 
 
 Jackson 
 
 Johnson 
 
 1750091 
 2447875 
 2916838 
 
 Jones 
 
 Jefferson 
 
 Keokuk 
 
 31 
 6192 
 148 
 MO 
 154G0 
 31 
 
 409 
 66739 
 1363 
 
 1896416 
 15301 40 
 1919728 
 105306 
 
 
 200407 
 
 329 
 
 54 
 
 160 
 
 16267 
 
 1631518 
 
 
 1030354 
 
 
 82651 
 
 Linii 
 
 12 
 1388 
 
 2590052 
 1665739 
 
 Mitchell 
 
 1591878 
 
 Mahaska 
 
 205 
 189 
 32 
 25 
 263 
 21 
 
 269? 
 
 2212 
 543 
 484 
 
 5534 
 200 
 
 2195785 
 2181346 
 
 Mills 
 
 1003509 
 
 Madison 
 
 Monroe 
 
 Marshall 
 
 1709030 
 938362 
 
 2368278 
 447665 
 
 Muscatine 
 
 Montgomery... 
 O'Brien 
 
 63 
 
 8 
 
 629 
 166 
 
 1747906 
 1072127 
 191542 
 
 
 
 
 69581 
 
 Polk 
 
 21 
 
 394 
 
 2140023 
 
 
 112666 
 
 Pottawatt')mie 
 
 63 _ 
 
 473 
 
 1252629 
 2393022 
 
 Page 
 
 1220 
 10 
 323 
 125 
 40 
 8 
 
 20233 
 160 
 
 1293463 
 
 Plvuiouth 
 
 Palo Alto 
 
 434123 
 96616 
 
 Ringgold 
 
 Scott 
 
 1762 
 618 
 20 
 
 1115782 
 3041873 
 
 Story 
 
 1033743 
 
 Shelby 
 
 573026 
 
 
 
 
 166980 
 
 Sac 
 
 
 10 
 8068 
 
 238880 
 
 Taylor 
 
 244 
 
 903476 
 
 Tama 
 
 2316405 
 
 
 53 
 
 10928 
 
 143 
 
 61 
 
 960 
 
 121854 
 
 1236 
 
 910 
 
 624260 
 
 VanBuren 
 
 "Wayne 
 
 1439586 
 1361376 
 
 Warren 
 
 2208392 
 2265252 
 
 Woodbury 
 
 Worth 
 
 2-.SS73 
 410)87 
 469879 
 391051 
 162281 
 196 1 66 
 157533 
 
 
 
 298209 
 
 
 
 396506 
 
 Washin<jton ... 
 
 1439 
 5 
 11 
 
 14193 
 
 2035264 
 733342 
 
 Winni'hasro 
 
 AVrisht.. 
 
 270 
 
 140219 
 288685 
 
 Wapello 
 
 1617 
 
 16139 
 
 1455319 
 
 Totals 
 
 12627850 
 
 8410435 
 
 9354905 
 
 3690711 
 
 42669731 
 
 69138 
 
 759277 
 
 4700176 
 
 136284542 
 
 982994 
 
 29144352 
 
 $131536747 
 
w: 
 
 :^ 
 
 
 OTTUMW/I 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUOTY. 
 
 GEOLOGY. 
 
 The universal desire to know the causes of manifest effects, and to ascertain 
 tlie origin of all things, is as marked to-day as it was in those far-ofif times 
 when the earth was deemed a flat disc resting upon the back of an elepliant 
 the elephant upon a tortoise, the tortoise upon a serpent, and the serpent upon 
 an undiscovered something. Each age regards its store of knowledge as almost 
 mtinite, yet each succeeding generation finds some new fund to draw 
 from and expand the sum of wisdom. Science has opened many pages 
 m the great book of nature, and has supplied the key to the mysteries therein 
 recorded. Future research may modify the theories at first advanced by the 
 patient investigators of the absorbing work ; but so firmly established are many 
 of the ideas promulgated in the school of modern science that they must be ac- 
 cepted as fixed facts. In no division of study has greater or more certain 
 progress been made than m that of geology. The finest intellects of the 
 century have been engrossed in the labor of determining the origin of the earth 
 and the gradations by which it has reached its present habittble conditions 
 As a part of the history of this particular section of the globe, the formation 
 of the rocks and soil is certainly a topic worthy of considerable space in this 
 record of events. VVe have, therefore, compiled a geologic sketch of the lower 
 valley of the Des Momes, with the belief that it will be an acceptable paper 
 
 In the general history of the State which is given in this volume, will be 
 
 .Zdnoinr'l 'T ^^^^^"P*^^" ^f the geology of Iowa, from a scientific 
 
 standpoint. It remains for us to limit the circuit of our work in connection 
 herewith to the actual boundaries of the Des Moines Valley. We shall attempt 
 to popularize a most interesting but not generally studied theme, and endeavor to 
 explain, m simple form, what is too often rendered obscure to the uninitiated in 
 scientific me hods, by technical terms and expressions. Since those who wish 
 to do so can turn to the general chapter and learn of the geologic structure of 
 
 he State let us now brmg to a focus the more practical ideas relative to 
 the subject of the recent or superficial formations of this region. This is 
 designed to be only a short popular treatise, so as to interest every man and 
 woman of good observation who shall peruse it, and to call their attention, at 
 
 east, to the surflice formation of the earth, so that in a few years there may be 
 irp^eiVt time.'""' ^"t^resting geological facts where there is but onl at 
 
 That geology commends itself to us as a truthful science will be very 
 readily elucidated by a simple statement of a fact within the comprehension 
 
 To illustrate: A certain kind of rocks are called Arch^^an or Laurentian 
 ihese are the most ancient rocks known to geologists; at one time they we^e 
 
324 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 supposed to be destitute of fossils. In all the systems of rocks, they occupy the 
 lowest, and consequently the oldest, position ; but in whatever part of the earth 
 found, they are always recognizable by the geologist. So the Devonian rocks 
 are distinguished by certain fossil fishes that are found in them, and in them 
 alone. The Carboniferous rocks are known by certain fossil mollusks ; the 
 Cretaceous, by certain reptiles that occur in no other formation ; and so every 
 geological period has its characteristic fossils, by means of which the formation 
 ^nd its comparative age may always be accurately determined. 
 
 The geologist will always know the coal-bearing rocks from any other class ; 
 and this knowledge ought to be possessed by every one interested in explora- 
 tions for coal. 
 
 The geologic history of Iowa is but a page in the general history of the 
 continent of North America. This continent has been demonstrated to be the 
 oldest portion of the earth, notwithstanding the misnomer, "New World." It 
 is new only in civilization. The geologist reads is the rocks evidences of age 
 that are far more reliable than those which are placed on perishable scrolls by 
 the pen of man. The oldest groups of rocks are not found in Iowa, but are 
 visible in the Canadas. The first system, underlying all others, in this State, 
 is the Azoic, seen only in a small section of the northeast portion of Iowa. 
 Next come the Lower and Upper Silurian, the Devonian, the Carboniferous 
 and the Cretaceous systems. Of the earlier formations we shall say nothing, 
 as allusion to them necessitates a far more extended article than we desire to 
 prepare. 
 
 The scope of this paper extends back only to the Carboniferous system, at 
 the period known as the Subcarboniferous group. In plainer terms, this refers 
 to the limestone which underlies the coal formations, and brings the subject at 
 once to the visible formations in the valley. This section is rich in coal deposits, 
 and a glance at the method of creation will be both interesting and instructive. 
 
 FORMATION OF LIME BEDS. 
 
 Limestones have mainly been formed in the bottom of the ocean ; the older 
 and purer kinds in the deep, still sea ; the more recent and less pure in a shal- 
 low and disturbed sea. When the great limestone deposits were made in the 
 Mississippi Valley, a deep salt ocean extended from the Alleghany to the 
 Rocky Mountains, from the Gulf of Mexico to the Arctic Ocean. This was 
 the age of mollusks (shell fish), and the sea bottom swarmed w^ith them. Many 
 of the rocks seem to have been wholly made up of conglomerate shells. In 
 this age of the world there was no creature living with a spinal column or a 
 brain ; but corals, a low order of radiates, as crinoidea, several varieties of 
 mollusks, crustaceans, called trilobites (somewhat corresponding to the river 
 crawfish), and some lowly worms ! These were the highest development of 
 animal life when the earlier limestone rocks were being slowly formed. 
 
 This Silurian age was succeeded by the Devonian, characterized as the age 
 of fishes, during which were deposited the Hamilton and Carboniferous lime- 
 stones. Then came the Subcarboniferous period, during which were deposited 
 the limestone beds. These Avere formed in a comparatively shallow sea, a fact 
 proven by numerous ripple marks in the rocks, also by their sandy composition 
 in some layers, and farther, by an occasional thin layer of clay intervening 
 between the strata of rocks. These were uneasy times on the earth's crust, 
 when it was given to upheavings and down-sinkings over large areas. Then 
 it was that the whole northeastern and eastern part of the State was up- 
 raised. 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 325 
 
 THE GREAT COAL BASIN 
 
 was formed Avest and south throughout Iowa, reaching into Missouri and Kan- 
 sas, and perhaps into the Indian Territory and Texas. Over this vast area 
 there stretched a vast, dismal stvamp. 
 
 On this vast marshy phiin grew the rank vegetation that was in the future 
 to be pressed into coal. It was a wilderness of moss and ferns and reeds, such 
 as can be found nowhere on earth at the present time. Prof. Gunning, in 
 speaking of it, says: " To the land forest of coniferas and cycads, and the 
 marsh forest of scale trees and seal trees and reed trees and fern trees, add an 
 undergrowth of low herbaceous ferns, and you have the picture of a primeval 
 landsc.'ipe. Blot from the face of nature every flowering weed and flowering 
 tree, every grass, every fruit, every growth useful to man or beast ; go, then to 
 the Sunda Islands for the largest club moss, to the East Indies for the largest 
 tree fern, to the damp glades of Caracas for the tallest reeds, to the Moluccas 
 for their cycad, and to Australia for its pine, to the ponds and sluggish streams 
 of America for their quillwort, and place them all side by side over a vast 
 marsh and its sandy borders, and you will faintly realize your picture of a prim- 
 eval landscape. Dwarf the cycad and the pine, lift still higher the tapering 
 column of the tree fern, multiply by two the bulk of the reed and by three 
 the club moss, lift the quillwort from the water, and to its long, linear leaves 
 add a fluted stem eighty feet high, and you would fully realize a carbon- 
 iferous landscape — realize it in all but its vast solitudes. Not a bird ever 
 perched on spiky leaf or spreading fern of a coal forest. No flower had 
 opened yet to spread fragrance on the air, and no throat had warbled a note 
 of music. Such poor animal life as the carboniferous world then possessed 
 left its imprint on wave-washed shore and in the hollow stems of fallen 
 trees." 
 
 This was the begmning of the age of amphibians. Then lived the progeni- 
 tors of the loathsome alligator and lizard. La Conte says : " The climate 
 of the coal period was characterized by greater warmth, humidity, uniformity 
 and a more highly earhonated condition of the atmosphere than now ob- 
 tains." We may, therefore, picture to ourselves the climate of this period as warm, 
 moist, uniform, stagnant and stifiing from the abundance of carbonic-acid gas. 
 
 Such conditions were extremely favorable to vegetable life, but not to the 
 higher forms of animal life. Neither man nor monkey nor milk-giving animal 
 of any kind, lived for many cycles of time after the Subcarboniferous period ; 
 but that vegetation grew rank, scientific facts corroborate ; thus. Prof. Gunning 
 says : " It takes between five and eight feet of vegetable debris to form one 
 foot of coal. A Pittsburgh seam is ten feet thick, while one in Nova Scotia is 
 thirty-five feet in depth. The Pittsburgh seam represents a vegetable deposit 
 of from fifty to a hundred feet in depth, and the one in Nova Scotia between a 
 hundred and seventy-five and three hundred and fifty feet in thickness. A four- 
 foot seam in Wapello County would represent from twenty to forty feet of vege- 
 table debris. 
 
 During the growth and decay of this vegetable matter, the surface of the 
 earth did not sink ; but this quiescent period was followed by one of submer- 
 gence. " The surface, loaded with the growth of quiet centuries, was carried 
 down beneath the sea, where it was swept by waves and overspread by sands 
 and mud." It was ir^ nature's great hydraulic press, where it remained until 
 another upheaval again threw it to the surface, and another long era of verdure 
 succeeded the one of submergence. 
 
o'2b HISTORY OF WAPELLO COl'NTV. 
 
 Thus!, emergence ami submergence succeeded oacli other as many times as 
 the coal-seaius and the shale, slate or sandstone alternate — in some parts of 
 Iowa, three times, in Nova Scotia about forty times ! AVho can compute the 
 centuries here recorded r 
 
 The coal-fields of Iowa are extensive. A line drawn on the map of tiie 
 State as follows will about define them : Connnencing at the southeast corner 
 of Van Buren County, running to the northeast corner of Jetlerson, by a wav- 
 inir line sliirlitlv eastward through Lee and llenrv Counties ; thence a few miles 
 northward from Jeft'erson and northwestward, keeping six or eight miles north 
 of Skunk River, until the southern boundary of Marshall County is reached a 
 little west of the center; thence three or four miles northeast from Eldora. in 
 Hardin County ; thence westward to a point a little north of Webster City, in 
 Hamilton County, and thence westward to a jioint a little north of Fort Dodge, 
 in Webster County, 
 
 The coal-field in Iowa belonjis to the true carboniferous system, and is, 
 moreover, the outfield of the vast coal-basin which partly covers this State. 
 Illinois, Indiana. Ohio and Pennsylvania. It is only in the Alleghanies that 
 subterranean action has converted any part of the coal into anthracite. Every- 
 where else in the immense basin it is strictly bituminous, varying, however, 
 from the article as first prepared by the economic forces of JSature from the 
 block coal of huliana to the cannel coal found in certain parts of Iowa. 
 
 It appears from the researches of Liebig and other eminent chemists, that 
 when wood and other vegetable nuitter are buried in the earth, exposed to 
 moisture and partially or entirely excluded from air. they decompose slowly and 
 evolve carbonic acid gas. thus parting with a portion of their original oxygen. 
 By this means they become gradually convertotl into lignite, or wood coal, 
 which contains a larger proportion of hydrogen than wood does. A continuance 
 of decomposition changes this lignite into common or bituminous coal, chiefiy 
 by the discharge of carbureted hydrogen, or the gas by which we illuminate 
 our streets and houses. According to Bischoif. the inilannnable gases whicli are 
 always escaping from mineral coal, and are so often the cause of fatal accidents 
 in mines, always contain carbonic acid, carbureted hydrogen, nitrogen and 
 olefiant gas. The disengagement of all these gradually transfoi'ms ordinary or 
 bituminous coal into anthracite, to which the various names of glance coal, 
 cota. hard coal, culm and many otiiers have been given. 
 
 In explaining the cause of the freedom of coal from iir.purities of almost 
 every description. Sir Charles Lyell gives a paragraph which is interesting in 
 this connection. He says: "The purity of coal itself, or the absence in it of 
 earthy particles and sand, throughout areas of vast extent, is a fact whicli 
 appears to be very difficult to explain when we attribute each coal-seam to a 
 vegetable growth in swamps. It has been asked how, during river inundations 
 capable of sweejiing aAvay the leaves of ferns and the stems and roots of trees, 
 could the watt rs fail to transport some fine mud into swamps ? One generation 
 of tall trees after another grew in mud, and their leaves and prostrate trunks 
 formed layers of vegetable matter Avhich afterward covered with mud and turned 
 to shale; but the coal itself, or altered vegetable matter, remained all the while 
 unsoiled with earthy matter. This enigma, however perplexing at first sight, 
 may, I think, be solved by attending to what is now taking place in deltas. 
 The dense growth of reeds and herbage which encompasses the margin of forest- 
 covered swamps in the valley and delta of the Mississippi, is such that the 
 fluviatile waters, in passing through them, are filtered and made to clear them- 
 selves entirely before they reach the areas in which vegetable matter may accu- 
 
HISTORY OF WAT'ELLO COUNTV. 327 
 
 mulate for rxTitnries, f'orrnirjfr coal, if the climate be favorable. There is no 
 possibility of the least intermixture of earthy matter in such cases. Thus, in 
 the large submerged track called 'Sunk Country,' near New Madrid, forming 
 part of the western side of the valley of the Mississippi, erect trees have been 
 standing ever since the year 1811-12, killed by the great earthrjuake of that 
 date; lacustrine and swamp plants have been growing there in the shallows, 
 and several rivers have annually inundated the whole space, and yet have been 
 unable to carry in any sediment within the outer boundaries of the morass, so 
 dense is the marginal belt of reeds and brushwood. It may be affirmed that 
 generally, in the cypress swamps of the Mississippi, no sediment mingles with 
 the vegetable matter accumulated there from the decay of trees and semi- 
 aquatic plants. As a singular proof of this fact, I may mention that whenever 
 any j)!irt of the swamps in Louisiana is dried up, during an unusually hot 
 season, and the wood is set on fire, pits are burned into the ground many feet 
 deep, or as far down as the fire can descend without meeting with water, and it is 
 then found that scai cely any residuum or earthy matter is left.. At the bottom 
 of these cypress swamps a bed of clay is found, with roots of the tall cypress, 
 just as the under clays of the coal are filled with Htigmaria.'" 
 
 CKETACEOUS. 
 
 The next formation above the coal was the cretaceous, or chalk. This 
 formation is not seen in this region, being encountered only in the west and 
 northwest portions of the State. If any ever existed here, it was carried 
 away during the glacial period, which is hereafter explained. The absence of 
 chalk brings us to speak next of the 
 
 GLACIAL PERIOD. 
 
 That the surface of Iowa, and, in fact, the whole of North America north of 
 the thirty-eighth parallel, is covered by a material known as drift, has become a 
 popular opinion. Strewed all over the country, on the hills and in the valleys 
 and on the level prairies, covering up the native rocks to a depth of from tAventy 
 to three hundred feet, is found this peculiar deposit. The well-diggers and the 
 colliers, in their excavations, encounter it, and the quarryman has to Htrip it from 
 the surface of this rock bed. It is not all alike ; first there are a few feet of sur- 
 face soil, created by recent vegetable deposits ; then a variable depth of clay, or 
 clay and sand intimately blended ; then water-worn gravel and sand, and then 
 hlue clay^ resting upon the country rock. 
 
 Scattered over the continent are frequently seen " lost rocks," or bowlders, 
 of various sizes and of different varieties, some of granite, others of gneiss or 
 trap, and occasionally some of limestone. These bowlders are also frequently 
 found in excavating the earth. 
 
 The blue clay which lies upon the country rocks, or the original formation, 
 is the oldest of the drift deposits. It consists of a heterogeneous mixture of 
 dark blue clay, sand, gravel, pebbles and irregular-shaped stones and bowlders, 
 of various kinds and sizes, unassorted and unstratified, and therefore could not 
 have been deposited in water. Sometimes an occasional piece of stone-coal 
 and fragments of wood are found in it. This blue clay is bowlder or glacier clay. 
 From whence it came and how formed is one of the most interesting subjects 
 that scientific minds have investigated. The history of glacial phenomena is 
 the history of the deposition of the blue clay formation. 
 
 Too much credit cannot be given to the late lamented Prof Agassiz and 
 Principal Forbes for their discovery of the laws regulating glacial action. These 
 
328 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 eminent savants built a hut on a living glacier, in Switzerland, and studied it in 
 all its relations to the past history of the globe. 
 
 Prof. Gunning says : " The area of Greenland is nearly eight hundred 
 thousand square miles ; and all this, save the narrow strip which faces an ice- 
 choked sea, on the west, is a lifeless solitude of snow and ice. The snow over- 
 tops the hills and levels up all the valleys, so that, as far as the eye can reach, 
 there is nothing but one vast, dreary, level expanse of white. Over all broods 
 the silence of death. Life, there is none. Motion, there seems to be none — 
 none save of the wind, which sweeps now and then, in the wrath of a polar 
 storm, from the sea over the • ice-sea,' and rolls its cap of snow into great bil- 
 lows, and dashes it up into clouds of spray. But motion there is ; activities we 
 shall see there are, on a scale of grandeur commensurate with the vast desola- 
 tion itself." 
 
 Let the mind go back in the history of our earth, one hundred thousand 
 years, when. Prof. Croll, from mathematical deductions, infers the existence 
 of a snow cap, covering the whole of North America and Europe, from the 
 thirty-eighth parallel to the north pole ; then, in imagination, see the larger 
 portion of North America, as you see Greenland now, covered with an " ice- 
 mantle " 3,000 to 6,000 feet thick. A glacier is Si frozen river, having motion 
 as a stream of water has, but bound in gigantic bands by the cold atmosphere. 
 Conceive, if you please, a moving block of iron, thousands of tons in weight, 
 dragged over a plowed field. The track of this monster is marked by a level 
 bed of compressed, pulverized earth. Transfer your imagination to a mass of 
 ice covering the entire northern hemisphere, or at least to the thirty-eighth 
 parallel (at which point the equatorial heat began to assert itself on the ice- 
 walls, and decompose them, carrying the debris of the glacier, in solution, 
 southward), moving half a foot or more a day, because of the hydraulic pressure 
 from behind and within — the streams w4iich flowed into it — and you can then 
 have some faint idea of the incalculable force of a glacier, and the action of the 
 ice-mass on the plastic earth. 
 
 The dynamic power of such a continental mass of ice is inconceivable. It 
 is fit to be called one of the giant mills of the gods, which are represented " to 
 grind slowly, but exceeding fine." It was a monstrous ice-plane, shaving off" the 
 rugged crags of mountains, leveling up valleys and filling up ancient river- 
 beds. Its under surface was thickly set Avith rock-bowlders, which, with its 
 ponderous weight, ground the underlying rocks to powder. This pulverized 
 rock was washed from beneath the glacier by the overflowing waters which con- 
 stantly gushed forth, and settled on far-off plains as alluvial sand and clay. 
 The motion of the glacier was slow, perhaps six inches in twenty-four hours. 
 This was the giant mill that ground out the blue clay — the glacier clay — that 
 overlies the native formations of the entire country. It doubtless owes its dark 
 blue color to the Laurentian and trap rocks of Canada. Well-diggers are 
 familiar with it and it is nearly always the same in color and composition. 
 Geologists are now unanimous in the opinion that during the glacial epoch the 
 whole northern portion of the continent was elevated one thousand to two 
 thousand feet above the present level. Le Conte says : " The polar ice-cap 
 had advanced southward to 40° latitude, Avith still further southward projections, 
 favored by local conditions, and an Arctic rigor of climate prevailed over the 
 United States, even to the shores of the Gulf. At the end of this epoch an 
 opposite or downward movement of land surface over the same region commenced 
 and continued until a depression of five hundred or one thousand feet below 
 the present level was attained. 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 329 
 
 Le Conte says : " This ice sheet moved, with slow, glacier motion, south- 
 eastward, southward and southwestward, over New England, New York, Ohio, 
 Illinois, Iowa, etc., regardless of smaller valleys, glaciating the whole surface, 
 and gouging out lakes in its course. Northward, the ice-sheet probably extended 
 to the pole ; it was an extension of the polar ice-cap." 
 
 It is not within the province of this sketch to go into details and give the 
 problematic causes of this glacier period. The causes were mainly astronomical. 
 Mr. Croll has calculated the form of the earth's orbit a million years back and 
 a million years forward. The probable time of the last glacial period was 
 100,000 years back ; then the eccentricity of the earth's orbit was very great, 
 and the earth in aphelion (or when most distant from the sun, being about 
 thirteen millions of miles further than in summer) in midwinter ; then tlie 
 winters were about thirty days longer than now. In summer, the earth would 
 be correspondingly nearer the sun, and would receive an excess of heat, thus 
 giving the earth in the northern hemisphere shfl7i, hot summers and long, cold 
 ■winters. 
 
 The subsidence referred to above forms the beginning of 
 
 THE DRIFT PERIOD. 
 
 Now let us see how the drift was deposited on the bowlder clay. When the 
 continental depression took place, a large portion of the Mississippi Valley was 
 submerged. Le Conte says: " It was a time of inland seas. * * ♦* 
 
 Another result, or at least a concomitant, was a moderation of the climate, a 
 melting of the glaciers, and a retreat of the margin of the ice-cap northward. 
 If was, therefore, a time of flooded lakes and rivers. Lastly, over these inland 
 seas and great lakes, loosened masses of ice floated in the form of icebergs. It 
 was, therefore, a time of iceberg action." 
 
 For a time the ideas upon the subject of glacial and iceberg action were 
 confused, until Prof Agassiz practically demonstrated the difference, on the 
 glacier in Switzerland. The iceberg period followed that of the glacier. The 
 depression of the continent, from 1,000 to 2,000 feet, created a sea-bed. This 
 was filled by the melting of the glacier. Meanwhile, the water supply on the 
 glacier continued, but the moderated climate prevented the formation of the ice- 
 cap. As a result, the hydraulic pressure from behind forced the glacier, or 
 frozen stream, into the sea. The buoyancy of the water counteracted 
 on the specific gravity of the glacier, and, when the ice had projected beyond 
 a point at which it could resist the upward pressure of the sea-water, great 
 masses of it were broken off. These masses floated away, and are known as 
 icebergs. 
 
 The glacier was frozen to the bottom of its river-bed, congealing in its 
 embrace rocks, gravel, sand and whatever substances lay thereon. These sub- 
 stances were held firmly during the progress of the iceberg, after its liberation 
 from the parent glacier, until it had floated into warmer waters. Then began 
 a gradual dripping of the freight of the berg, until finally the ice itself disap- 
 peared in the mild waters of a tropic ocean. 
 
 The opinion prevails among geologists that the glacier motion was from the 
 east of north, but that the Cham plain flow was from the northwest. Corrobo- 
 rating this hypothesis is the marked difierence in color of the bowlder clay and 
 the Upper Drift deposit. If the glacier motion was from the north, or east of 
 north, it did not produce the beds of our present rivers. Glaciation, or the 
 process of leveling the earth's surface by the pressure of moving glaciers, only 
 wore off and smoothed down the surface of the country, leaving it a vast undu- 
 
330 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 lating plain of dark blue mud, a heterogeneous mass of clay, sand, gravel and 
 bowlders. The old river courses and valleys were completely obliterated. 
 That the great beds of alluvium which cover up the blue clay were deposited 
 in water, is clearly proven by its stratification, which can be observed in almost 
 any excavation where a hill or bluff has been cut through in constructing rail- 
 roads or mills, or where brick clay has been procured. 
 
 But let us see how the Champlain or Drift period was produced. 
 
 A continental subsidence came on and large inland lakes were formed. The 
 climate became modified ; the glaciers melted more rapidly ; vast icebergs broke 
 loose from' the mountain-like glaciers and floated over the land, carrying rocks 
 and clay and debris with them, and as they melted, strewed them over the sur- 
 face, sometimes grounding and excavating basins for future lakes and ponds. 
 Thus, year after year and age after agCi^-did the muddy waters and freighted ice- 
 bergs flow over the (tountry, the former depositing our present alluvial drift, the 
 latter dropping here and there the bowlders and debris that we now find scat- 
 tered over the country. No erosion or wearing away, save from a stranded ice- 
 berg, occurred at that time, but it was a period of filling in, a period of dis- 
 tribution over the submerged land, of powdered rocks, sand and clay, and an 
 occasional bowlder. But when the continent emerged from the abyss, and the 
 waters flowed off, and the higher undulations of the land appeared, then the 
 erosive action of winds and waves and storms and currents took place. The 
 waters, as they flowed toward the sea and Gulf, produced their inevitable 
 channels. 
 
 There was much of the drift carried into the streams and borne away in the 
 floods to the sea. Then was the stranded bowlder, by wind and wave, stripped 
 of its soft, alluvial bed, left high and dry on the surface of the hereafter prairie. 
 Then were the gravelly knolls that are found in some parts of the State robbed 
 of every fine sediment, and the gravel and stones left to tell the story of the 
 floods. Then were the great valleys washed out ; then did the annual wash- 
 outs all along the water-courses — rapidly at first, but more slowly in after 
 ages — eat away the drift accumulations and form the hills. The hilly districts 
 generally lie contiguous to the streams. Back from these water courses the 
 land is usually undulating prairie, showing but little erosion. 
 
 The country contiguous to the Des Moines River and its tributaries bears, in 
 many localities, unmistakable evidences of the action of the retiring waters of the 
 Champlain period. As geology has written its history in the rocks, so the latest 
 action of the waters has left its legible records in the drifts — it made tracks, 
 and by its tracks we can see where it was and what it did. 
 
 When two currents of water flow together, charged with sediment, where 
 the currents meet there will occur an eddy, the eddy-water will throw down its 
 load of floating mud and build up a bar. In the valley of every creek in this 
 locality, may be found many of those silted-up banks and promontories, the 
 deposits of the waters during the later Champlain period. 
 
 If our readers will but notice the action of any swollen creek, they will at 
 once perceive how the prairie streams have silted or thrown up the hillocks so 
 frequently met with. Notice the little brook that meets the larger creek 3^on- 
 der. At the mouth of the brook is di firmer hit of ground in the slough, upon 
 Avhich the horseman, at an early day, safely crossed the miry ford. That firm 
 ground was formed by the heavy sediment of the brook. The two streams pro- 
 duced an eddy on meeting, and the waters were delayed an instant. Some of 
 the sand brought down stream sank during this pause, and a hillock in embryo 
 was made. 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 331 
 
 Years from this time, the course of that stream will be changed because of an 
 impeding elevation of land, and that elevated land will be cultivated, with rich 
 returns. So the surface of the prairies was formed into irregular hills and 
 
 '^^^^^- BOWLDERS 
 
 are frequently found scattered over the surface of the country, and very com- 
 monly in ravines or sloughs, because, when denudation was taking place by 
 the agency of the subsiding waters, they invariably moved down hill when the 
 earth was washed from under them. This readily accounts for their 
 being usually found in ravines. 
 
 ORIGIN OF THE PRAIRIES. 
 
 Prof. Hall, in his Geological Report of Iowa, says : 
 
 The subject of the origin of the prairies, or the cause of the absence of trees over so exten- 
 sive a region, is one which has often been discussed, and in regard to which diametrically 
 opposite opinions are entertained. 
 
 The idea is very extensively entertained throughout the West, that the prairies were once 
 covered with timber; but that it has been deen destroyed by ttie tires which the Indians have 
 been in the habit of starting in the dry grass, and which swept a vast extent of surface every 
 Autumn. A few considerations will show that the theory is entirely untenable. 
 
 In the first place, the prairies have, been in existence at least as far back as we have 
 any knowledge of the country, since the first explorers of the West describe them just as 
 they now are. There may be limited areas once covered with woods and now bare ; but, in 
 general, the prairie region occupies the same surface which it did when first visited by the white 
 man. 
 
 But, again, prairies are limited to a peculiar region — one marked by certain characteristic 
 topographical and geological features, and they are, by no means, distributed around wherever 
 the Indians have roamed and used fire. Had frequent occurrence of fires in the woods been the 
 means of removing the timber and covering the soil with a dense growth of grass, there is no 
 reason why prairies should not exist in the Eastern and Middle States, as well as in the Western. 
 The whole northern portion of the United States was once inhabited by tribes differing but little 
 from each other in their manner of living. 
 
 Again, were the prairies formerly covered by forest trees, we should probably now find 
 some remains of them buried beneath the soil, or other indications of their having existed. 
 Such is not the case, for the occurrence of fragments of wood beneath the prairie surface is quite 
 rare. And when they are found, it is in such position as to show that they had been removed to 
 some distance from the place of their growth. 
 
 It has been maintained by some that the want of sufficient moisture in the air or soil was 
 the cause of the absence of forests in the Northwest ; and it is indeed true that the prairie region 
 does continue westward, and become merged in the arid plains which extend along the base of 
 the Rocky Mountains, where the extreme dryness is undoubtedly the principal obstacle to the 
 growth of anything but a few shrubs peculiarly adapted to the conditions of climate and soil 
 which prevail in that region. This, however, cannot be the case in the region of the Mississippi 
 and near Lake Michigan, where the prairies occupy so large a surface, since the results of 
 meteorological observations show no lack of moisture in that district, the annual precipitation 
 being fully equal to what it is in the well-wooded country farther east in the same latitude. 
 Besides, the growth of forest trees is rich and abundant all through the prairie region under 
 certain conditions of soil and position, showing that their range is not limited by any general 
 climatological cause. 
 
 Taking into consideration all the circumstances under which the peculiar vegetation of the 
 prairie occurs, we are disposed to consider the nature of the ^il as the prime cause of the 
 absence of forests, and the predominance of grasses over the widely-extended region. And 
 although chemical composition may not be without influence in bringing about this result, which 
 is a subject for further investigation, and one worthy of careful examination, yet we conceive 
 that the extreme fineness of the particles of which the prairie soil is composed is probably the 
 principal reason why it is better adapted to the growth of its peculiar vegeiation than to the 
 development of forests. 
 
 It cannot fail to strike the careful observer that where the prairies occupy the surface, the 
 soil and superficial material have been so finely comminuted as to be almost in a state of an 
 impalpable powder. This is due, partially, to the peculiar nature of the underlying rocks and 
 the facility with which they undergo complete decomposition, and partly to the mechanical 
 causes which have acted during and since the accumulation of the sedimentary matter from the 
 prairie soil. 
 
332 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 If we go to the thickly-wooded regions, like those of the northern peninsula of Michigan, 
 and examine those portions of the surface which have not been invaded by the forest, we shall 
 observe that the beds of ancient lakes which have been filled up by the slowest possible accumu- 
 lation of detrital matter and are now perfectly dry, remain as natural prairies and are not 
 trespassed upon by the surrounding woods. We can conceive of no other reason for this than 
 the extreme fineness of the soil which occupies these basins, and which is the natural result of 
 the slow and quiet mode in which they have been filled up. The sides of these depressions, 
 which were lakes, slope very gradually upward, and being covered with a thick growth of vege- 
 tation, the material brought into them must have been thus caused. Consequently, when the 
 former lake has become entirely filled up and raised above the level of overflow, we find it cov- 
 ered with a most luxuriant crop of grass, forming the natural meadows from which the first 
 settlers are supplied with their first stock of fodder. 
 
 Applying these facts to the case of the prairies of larger dimensions farther south, we infer, 
 on what seems to be reasonable grounds, that the whole region now occupied by the prairies of 
 the Northwest was once an immense lake, in whose basin sediment of almost impalpable fineness 
 gradually accumulated ; that this basin was drained by the elevation of the whole region, but, 
 at first, so slowly that the finer particles of the deposit were not washed away, but allowed to 
 remain where they were originally deposited. 
 
 After the more elevated portions of the former basin had been laid bare, the drainage 
 becoming concentrated into comparatively narrow channels, the current thus produced, aided, 
 perhaps, by a more rapid rise of the region, acquired suthcient velocity to wear down through 
 the finer material on the surface, wash away a portion of it altogether, and mix the rest so 
 effectually with the underlying drift materials, or with abraded fragments of the rocks in place, 
 as to give rise to a difl'erent character of soil in the valleys from that of the elevated land. The 
 valley soil being much less homogeneous in composition and containing a larger proportion of course 
 materials than that of the uplands, seems to have been adapted to the growth of forest vegetation ; 
 and in consequence of this we find such localities covered with an abundant growth of timber. 
 
 Wherever there has been a variation from the usual conditions of soil, on the prairie or in 
 the river bottom, there is a corresponding change in the character of the vegetation. Thus on 
 the prairie we sometimes meet with ridges of coarse material, apparently deposits of drift, on 
 which, from some local cause, there never has been an accumulation of fine sediment. In such 
 localities we invariably find a growth of timber. This is the origin of the groves scattered over 
 the prairies, for whose isolated position and peculiar circumstances of growth we are unable to 
 account in any other way. 
 
 The condition of things in the river valleys themselves seems to add to the plausibility of 
 this theory. In the district which we have more particularly examined, we have found that 
 where rivers have worn deep and comparatively narrow vallej's, bordered hj precipitous bluffs, 
 there is almost always a growth of forest; but where the valley widens out, the bluffs become 
 less conspicuous, indicating a less rapid erosion and currents of diminished strength ; there 
 decomposition takes place under circumstances favorable to the accumulation of prairie soil, and 
 the result has been the formation of the bottom prairie, which becomes so important a feature of 
 the valleys of the Mississippi and Missouri below the limits of Iowa. Where these bottom 
 prairies have become, by any change in the course of the river currents, covered with coarser 
 materials, a growth of forest trees may be observed springing up, and indicating by their rapid 
 development a congenial soil. 
 
 This theory is noticeably substantiated by the formation and condition of 
 the valley of the lower Des Moines. 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 The county of Wapello is situated in the second tier of counties from the 
 southern line of Iowa, and is bounded by Mahaska and Keokuk on the north, 
 Jefferson on the east, Davis on the south and Monroe on the west. It embraces 
 an area of twelve Congressional townships. Its astronomical position is between 
 40° 35' and 41® 10' north latitude, and between 15° 10' and 15° 40' longitude 
 west from Washington. 
 
 The civil townships are, beginning at the northeast corner of the county : 
 
 Oompetine, composed of Township 73, Range 12. 
 
 Highland, composed of Township 73, Range 13. 
 
 MicJdand, composed of Township 73, Range 14, excepting less than one-half 
 of Section 31, which is divided by the Des Moines River into nearly equal 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 333 
 
 parts by the diagonal passage of that stream through the section, from north- 
 west to southeast. 
 
 Columbia^ composed of Township 73, Range 15, except the fractional 
 parts of Sections 23, 25, 26 and 36 which lie south of the river, and all of 
 Sections 34 and 35. 
 
 Cass, an irregular town, composed of the sections above named as excluded 
 from Columbia : Sections 1, 2, 3 and 4, Township 72, Range 15 ; the fractional 
 half of Section 31, south of the river. Township 73, Range 14 ; and Sections 
 7 and 8 and the fractions of Sections 5, 6 and 9 south of the river, all in 
 Township 72, Range 14. 
 
 Polk, composed of Township 72, Range 15, except Sections 1, 2, 3 and 4. 
 
 Center, composed of Township 72, Range 14, except fractional sections 5, 
 6 and 9 south of the river, and Sections 7 and 8 ; and Sections 6, 7, 18, 19, 
 20, 21, 28, 29, 36, 31, 32 and 33, Township 72, Range 13. 
 
 Dahlonega, composed of Sections 1 to 5 inclusive and 8 to 17 inclusive, 
 Township 72, Range 13. 
 
 Pleasant, composed of Township 72, Range 12, except Sections 19, 30 
 and 31. 
 
 Agency, composed of Sections 19, 30 and 31, Township 72, Range 12 ; 
 Sections 22 to 27 inclusive and 34, 35 and 36, Township 72, Range 13 ; and 
 Sections 1, 2, 3 and fractional Sections 4, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13 north of the 
 river, ToAvnship 71, Range 13. 
 
 Washington, composed of Township 71, Range 12. 
 
 Keokuk, composed of Township 71, Range 13, except fractional Sections 
 4, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13 north of the river and Sections 1, 2 and 3. 
 
 Greeyi, composed of Township 71, Range 14. 
 
 Adams, composed of Township 71, Range 15. 
 
 Fourteen civil townships in all. 
 
 The chief stream is the Des Moines River, which enters the county on Sec- 
 tion 6, Township 73, Range 15, in the corporate limits of Eddyville, and flows 
 in a general southeasterly course, with such variations as are peculiar to all 
 Western streams, finally leaving the county on the southwest quarter of Section 
 35, Township 71, Range 12, thus dividing the county into nearly equal 
 parts. 
 
 Competine is drained by the Competine and Wolf Creeks, the former pass- 
 ing entirely across the township in a southeasterly course, and the latter flow- 
 ing parallel about three miles to the west of it. Various minor tributaries drain 
 the intermediate sections, leaving not more than three or four sections without 
 a water-course of considerable size. 
 
 North of the Des Moines the feeder streams run generally parallel with the 
 greater stream. Cedar Creek crosses Richland, Highland and Pleasant Town- 
 ships. Into the Cedar flow Brush, Jordan and Little Cedar Creeks from the 
 south, and numerous small brooks from the north. 
 
 The Des Moines is directly fed by North and South Avery, Bear and Sugar 
 Creeks, besides nearly a score of smaller courses. Little Soap Creek flows 
 nearly eastward through Adams, Green and Keokuk Townships, and empties 
 into Big Soap Creek in Davis County. The latter flows for two miles or so 
 through Washington Township and empties into the Des Moines. 
 
 All of these streams create more or less rugged surface, peculiarly adapted 
 to the growth of timber, and as a result, Wapello has no less than 58,000 acres 
 of native timber lands. Of this, Keokuk Township has the greatest number. 
 
334 HISTORY OF AVAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 12,219. There are less than eighty acres of planted timber in the county, ex- 
 clusive of orchards. 
 
 RESOURCES. 
 
 The larger part of Wapello County is embraced within the region which is now 
 considered the most valuable portion of the Iowa coal-field. It is all embraced 
 within the area of the lower and middle coal-measures, and it lies far enough 
 within the limits of the coal-field to develop the formation fully. The coal is 
 of good quality, and from the fact that it lies in close proximity to the lower 
 formation, it is inferred with good reason that profitable coal mines may be de- 
 veloped easily in nearly all parts of the county. 
 
 The soil throughout tlfe county generally has all the elements of the highest 
 fertility, being derived from the drift which deeply overlies the entire upland 
 surface, richly intermingled with the vegetable mold accumulated for ages from 
 the annual decay of herbage upon the surface. This is underlaid by a very 
 deep subsoil derived from the same deposit of drift and the disintegrated shales 
 of the contiguous coal-measures. It yields abundant crops of most grains, corn 
 taking the lead, oats and wheat being next in importance. From the ample 
 production of native grasses, this has long been a prominent grazing county, and 
 stock-raising has formed a most remunerative and extensive branch of industry. 
 The successful introduction of tame grasses, which thrive admirably, and the 
 convenience of stock water have not in the least tended to diminish or discour- 
 age the business of stock-raising. 
 
 The county enjoys the general advantages possessed by this section of Iowa 
 for fruit-growing, and good orchards are met with quite^frequently. 
 
 Stone, suitable for ordinary masonry, is obtained in many places, and also 
 suitable stone for the manufacture of quicklime. Clay and sand for making 
 brick are convenient to all parts. 
 
 APPROACH OF CIVILIZATION. 
 
 The successive steps of organization which led to the independent division 
 of Wapello as a county may be summarized thus : Originally, this vast area 
 was included in the Louisiana Purchase, approved by Congress in 1803. In 
 1807, Iowa was included in the Territory of Illinois ; in 1812, in the Territory 
 of Missouri ; in 1834, the Black Hawk Purchase having been made, all of the 
 territory west of the Mississippi and north of the northern boundary of Mis- 
 souri was made a part of the Territory of Michigan. In September, 1834, the 
 Legislature of Michigan established two precincts, or counties, in Iowa, as it is 
 now called. These counties were Dubuque, including all territory north of a 
 line drawn westward from the foot of Rock Island, and Des Moines, including 
 all territory south of that dividing line. The Territory of Wisconsin was 
 organized in 1836, and Iowa was a part of that political division. July 4, 1838; 
 the act establishing the Territory of Iowa went into effect. The first Territorial 
 Legislature of Iowa assembled at Burlington, November 12, 1838. .Under the gov- 
 ernment of Wisconsin Territory, the county of Henry, adjacent to Des Moines 
 County on the west, had been established in 1836. At the first session of the 
 Legislature of Iowa, the county of Jefferson was established, with the follo\\ ing 
 boundary : Beginning at the southeast corner of Township number 71 north, 
 Range 8 Avest ; thence north with said line to the line dividing Townships 73 
 and 74 ; thence west with said line to the Indian boundary line ; thence south 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 335 
 
 with said line to the line dividing Townships 70 and 71 ; thence east with said 
 line to the place of beginning. The country west of the new county was 
 included in the vast tract of land still held by the Indians under the treaty of 
 1837. 
 
 By this brief outline it will be seen that the region now embraced in the 
 county of Wapello was the next in order to receive the attention of the white 
 man in his irresistible march westward. The chain of title, as it may be termed, 
 is complete, and it remains for us to consider at what time and by what means 
 the countv was reclaimed from a state of barbarism and transformed into the 
 theater of action in the mighty drama of civilized life. 
 
 It is manifest that there must have been some powerful impediment in the 
 way to have given pause to the aggressive progress of the white man. And 
 so there was. The tottering remnants of a once great people checked the 
 advancing throng which was sweeping over the land with the velocity of a tidal 
 wave, and created a momentary halt on the boundary between the old and 
 new. The American, and especially the Westerner, is typified by one who 
 seeks the unattainable merely because it is unattainable ; who chafes at opposi- 
 tion and grows imperious in the presence of a barrier. If all the wide world 
 were open to him save one little spot, the limits of the forbidden territory 
 would be invaded by humanity seeking to gain access — quietly if it could, but 
 forcibly if it must — into that proscribed region. Other and better lands might 
 be offered at advantageous rates, but all would be ignored in the struggle after 
 that which implied a restriction on the personal liberties of the people. When, 
 added to the natural inclinations of the race, are seen material inducements to 
 deeds of conquest, the power of man is futile to arrest the progress of Ameri- 
 can pioneers. 
 
 The obstacle to the immediate settlement of this lovely region was the 
 existence of a law binding the Government to protect the fading tribes of red 
 men in their rights. Piece by piece the lands of Iowa had been wrested from 
 the aborigines, until at last there remained but one step between them and 
 utter rout. The time was fast approaching when the voice of authority should 
 cry '"depart," and the vanguard of the pale-faced invaders on the hunting 
 grounds and homes of the natives was fretting in the invisible chain which held 
 it back. 
 
 The legends of this fated people are rich with unwritten poetry and romance. 
 The spectacle of fallen gi-eatness is sad in any case, and invests the victims of 
 adverse fate with a halo, perhaps inconsistent with reality, but nevertheless 
 worthy of a passing thought. 
 
 The history of Wapello County is so much older than that embraced by the\ 
 little span of civilized life, that we stand in grave silence before the evidences 
 of those who have gone before. The red man alone is not the only denizen of 
 these groves, these hills and vales. Long before the war-whoop of the Indian 
 awoke echoes in the silent watches of the night, or the plaintive song of Indian 
 lover aroused the dusky maiden to the thought of love, there lived a race of 
 men with passions, ambitions and desires perhaps akin to those we know. The 
 march of time destroyed these primitive dwellers of the earth, leaving but 
 vague traces of their existence for us to ponder over. A broken flint, an arrow- 
 head, a bit of crudest pottery — what are these? Traces of a lost people, of 
 whom even legends have become extinct forever. Such sights as these suggest 
 the thought that Nature but reproduces her grandest works in eras marked by 
 seons of ages. 
 
336 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 Those who struck the first blows, in the name of Improvement, upon the 
 banks of the Des Moines, have beheld a ruined nation depart, never to return. 
 May it not be that our race, too, must some day stand before a superior power, 
 and Avatch its noblest eiforts grow pale before the light of other minds ? In the 
 womb of centuries may there not be those who will repeople what are to become 
 the vast solitudes of these broad acres, now so busy with teeming millions, and 
 read with curious eyes the evidences of ourselves — a forgotten race? Perhaps 
 beneath the sea there slumbers now a continent that will some day grow rank 
 with life, and send forth pioneers to seek new worlds. The record of the 
 rocks tells us that these things have been; and what Avas once performed may 
 be again accomplished. The mold of centuries may rise above our streets. 
 The wash of waves may erode our noblest monuments. Ruin and decay give 
 birth to youth and grandeur. A language strange to ears in being now, may 
 portray the marvels of a land in which primeval forests thrive; where stores of 
 virgin wealth lie deep within the bowels of the earth; where fertile plains wave 
 with luxuriant vegetation ; where the ax was never heard, and where the 
 ground was never trodden by human foot. Then will the husbandman's imple- 
 ment reveal the broken columns which centuries have concealed beneath their 
 accumulation of waste, and the archaeologist wax wise over the fragments of 
 our vaunted might. 
 
 As these things may be, let us, while now we can, pay to those who have 
 preceded us the passing tribute of a sigh. 
 
 THE UNKNOWN RACE. 
 
 That these broad lands were once the home of a people now no longer num- 
 bered among the living, there can be no doubt. Evidences of their existence 
 are at the very doors of those who dwell in the fertile valley of the Des 
 Moines.- The Mound-Builders, as modern tongue is pleased to term them from 
 lack of a better name, have left traces of their presence here which admit of 
 no dispute. Who they were and from whence they came, the wisest archaeol- 
 ogists are puzzling their brains to determine. The secret of their lives has 
 perished with their mortal frames, leaving naught but food for speculation 
 behind. Some future generation, it is true, may chance upon a hidden tablet 
 or a source of light which will illumine the darkness of the present respecting 
 the prehistoric race. Even here, where such lavish manifestations of 
 their sojourn exist, there may be stored the key to the vast mystery. 
 Some day the truth may be made clear, but now we can only record the 
 facts made patent to us, and hope for the dawn of that eventful morn when 
 the cabalistic signs on table and on rock shall become like opened books before 
 our eyes. 
 
 Among the numerous gentlemen resident in Ottumwa, or in the Des Moines 
 Valley, who have given intelligent thought to the investigation of this absorbing 
 topic, we first name Mr. Samuel B. Evans, of the Ottumwa Democrat, as an 
 authority upon the subject of the local mounds. Mr. Evans has acquired a 
 reputation as a patient w^orker in this broad field, and has prepared many arti- 
 cles for the press, pertaining to the mounds in Wapello and Van Buren Coun- 
 ties. A paper was requested of him by the Smithsonian Institution, elaborat- 
 ing the location and character of the ancient works in this section of the State, 
 and, through the kindness of Mr. Evans, we are permitted to illustrate this 
 brief chapter with copies of diagrams prepared by him for the paper referred 
 to. These outline cuts will convey to the reader a better idea of the position 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 337 
 
 of the mounds, and, what is even more important, they will preserve a record 
 of their topography in the event of their destruction by the rapid encroach- 
 ments of modern improvements. 
 
 Sec. 8. Sec 7. 
 
 DIAGRAM A. 
 
 Mounds near Ottumwa, Wapello Co., on the Des Moines River and adjacent thereto. 
 
 REFERENCE. 
 
 No. 1 Mound, on Section 13, Township 72, Range 14, is known as the "Caldwell Mound." 
 
 On the highest lands in Wapello Oounty, about a quarter of a mile south of the Caldwell Mounds, are the Hed- 
 rick Mounds, not shown on diagram. These latter are doubtless mounds of observation. 
 
 No. 2,'on Section 21, TownshiiJ 72, Range 13, are known as the "Sugar Creek Mounds." 
 
 Nos. 3 and 4, on Section 29, Township 72, Range 13, are known as the "Trowell " and the " Stiles" Mounds, re- 
 spectively. 
 
 Nos. 6 and 6, on Sections 7 and 8, Township 71, Range 13, are known as the " Village Creek Mounds," from the 
 stream which flows by them. 
 
 Scale of diagram, five-eighthe of an inch to the mile. 
 
 It is the purpose of this article to deal solely with facts ; to confine the 
 range of topic exclusively to a description of the location, character and con- 
 tents of the mounds in the counties of Wapello and Van Buren, so far as 
 research has furnished data for the perfection of this design. We leave to our 
 readers the interesting work of solving the origin of the tumuli, the habits of 
 the strange people who constructed them, and the fate of the I'ace which now 
 excites our profoundest curiosity. If this imperfect sketch serves to stimulate 
 latent forces to action in the direction of study, its purpose will be fully 
 accomplished. 
 
 The diagram herewith given, and marked "A," exhibits all the mounds in 
 the vicinity of Ottumwa which have been explored, and may be said to embrace 
 all that are known to exist. Future investigation may reveal mounds at pres- 
 ent unknown, but that is scarcely probable. The examination of all the mounds 
 
338 ' HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY'. 
 
 herein referred to has been conducted by Mr. Evans, in company with the 
 several gentlemen named, in the following order: 
 
 Sugar Creek — Capt. W. H. Kitterman, S. H. Burton and D. T. Mil- 
 ler. 
 
 The Stiles, by Hon. E. H. Stiles. The Trowell has not been opened, so 
 far as can be ascertained. 
 
 Village Creek, by Mr. Richard Williams and Mr. A. T. Holly. 
 
 Keosauqua, or Ely Ford Group (shown here in diagram "B"), by Judge 
 Robert Sloan, Mr. J. J. Kinnersly, Mr. D. C. Beaman, Messrs. Robert N. and 
 Charles L. Dahlberg and Ben Johnson, Esq. 
 
 The names of these gentlemen are ample guaranty of the thoroughness and 
 intelligence of the search made. Capt. Kitterman, Mr. Williams, Mr. Holly 
 and Judge Sloan are especially qualified to prosecute so important an under- 
 taking. 
 
 The Sugar Creek Mounds (Sec. 21. T. 72, R. 13) are simple tumuli. The 
 first one opened stands upon a high elevation, and may be termed a mound of 
 observation. From it, those lying to the southwest, the Trowell Mounds, are 
 visible, although a mile and a half distant. From this post, a series of com- 
 munication might be maintained with a person stationed on the Trowell hillock, 
 if the intervening growth of young trees was removed. From this mound, 
 nothing of value was obtained save bits of charcoal and decomposed ashes. 
 This fact goes to confirm the theory that it was designed as a station of survey. 
 The second of the Sugar Creek group contained a few decayed bones, but no 
 estimate of their character was possible. 
 
 From the Trowell Mound the Stiles tumuli are plainly seen. These mounds 
 lie in the suburbs of Ottumwa. When they were opened, in the spring of 
 1878, no traces of human burial were found. There were but few, and those 
 unsatisfactory, evidences of cremation. In one of the largest, a small hatchet 
 was obtained, which. was made of green stone, highly finished. The character 
 of this hatchet led the explorers to believe that its deposit was accidental. No 
 other implements in entire form were discovered, but several bits of broken 
 arrow-heads and a few chips or cherts of obsidian were taken. This flint is 
 exceedingly rare. If the valley and intervening ridges were denuded of the 
 growing young timber, one group of the Village Creek mounds could be seen 
 from this mound, although the Creek groups are more than three miles 
 distant. 
 
 In the fall of 1877, three of the Village Creek mounds were carefully 
 examined. A reference to diagram "A" will show that' there are two groups, 
 each composed of seven or eight individual mounds, lying in line. The groups 
 are about one mile apart. Those which were opened contained evidences of 
 cremation. Successive layers of ashes and charcoal, intermingled with calcined 
 bones. No implements of any kind were discovered in a complete state, and 
 but few broken arrow-heads. 
 
 From this record it Avill be seen that the mounds removed from the river — 
 the Sugar Creeks — are in line of direct communication with those on the 
 stream, by means of signals. This fact is mentioned merely as an incidental 
 one, perhaps worthy of consideration. Recent examination of the Caldwell and 
 Hedrick Mounds resulted in nothing important. They contained no remains, 
 human or otherwise, but were doubtless mounds of observation solely. Still, 
 subsequent research may reveal relics, and it is to be hoped that the investiga- 
 tion will be carefully made at an early day. 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 339 
 
 DIAGRAM B. 
 
 Mounds near Keosauqua and Pittsburg, Van Buren County. 
 
 REFERENCES. 
 
 A bluff extends over Sections 2 and 3, Township G8, Range 10. 
 
 Mounds on Section 3 are known as "Kly Ford Mounds," because of creek and old ford. 
 
 The square on right of creek, near mouth, is the Shell Heap, referred to herein. 
 
 The stream running through Pittsburg is Chequest Creek. 
 
 The doited line around the southern shore indicates where the chain of mounds exists. 
 
 Scale, five-eighths inch to the mile. 
 
 In July, 1878, the Ely Ford Mounds in Van Buren County were opened. 
 The location of these tumuli is as follows : Counting from the left bank of the 
 creek northwestward. No. 1 is 20 rods north, 55° west from mouth of creek ; 
 20 feet above river-bed ; 40 feet from water's edge. There is no timber. In 
 this were found fresh-water muscle-shells in large quantity, and pieces of 
 pottery, arrow-heads, bones (probably animals'), part of a human jaw with teeth, 
 and foot and leg bones of a human skeleton in fair state of preservation. There 
 was a surface deposit of about two feet ever these remains. 
 
 No. 2 was 10 rods north, 60° west from No. 1, on Bluff Point, 100 feet 
 above river-bed, 200 feet from water's edge. On this mound were the decayed 
 remains of a large white-oak tree, which was two feet in diameter ; also young 
 oak growing. In the mound was found 
 
 A HUMAN SKULL 
 
 entire, except the lower jaw. A portion of the upper jaw was decomposed, 
 but one tooth remained. The leg-bones were also discovered. The position of 
 the skeleton was two feet beneath the surface, with head southeast, horizontal. 
 The same pottery as in No. 1. The dimensions of this skull are as follows : 
 horizontal circumference, 20 inches ; longitudinal arc, from nasal depression, 
 along middle line of skull to occipital protuberance, 13 inches ; transverse 
 measurement, 5 inches ; vertical height, 3 75-100 inches ; longitudinal meas- 
 urement, 8 inches. This skull approaches very nearly to the famous Neander- 
 thal, or Cave skull, of Prussia. 
 
 No. 3 is half-moon shaped, 15 rods north, 550 west from No. 2, on same 
 bluff, 120 feet above the river-bed, and 200 feet from water's edge. In it were 
 found thigh-bones. 
 
 No. 4 was 15 rods north, 45° west from No. 3, but contained nothing valu- 
 able, and may be modern. 
 
 No. 5 was a large mound, 50 feet in diameter and 5 feet in height ; located 
 30 rods south, 45° east from mouth of Ely's Creek, on high bluff point, 100 
 feet above river-bed, and 20 rods from water's edge. Upon it was a decayed 
 white oak stump, 24 inches in diameter, located 12 feet north, 10° west from 
 
S40 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 the center of the mound, and another stump of similar character 16 inches in 
 diameter, 4 feet north from center. In this mound were discovered human 
 thigh-bones under the south side of the large stump, five feet from the surface, 
 and subsequent investigation revealed 
 
 TWO SKELETONS 
 
 in excellent state of preservation. The wood of the oak crumbled in the hand, 
 because of its exceedingly rotten condition. There were fragments of the arm- 
 bone, and the position of the body must have been horizontal, with head toward 
 the west and leg doubled under. Quantities of shells were found, as in No 1. 
 
 The river-bank is thickly covered with these mounds. The diagram does 
 not show the twentieth part of the tumuli in Van Buren County. Nearly fifty 
 have been discovered in the immediate vicinity of Keosauqua. We aim to 
 locate only those which have been exploi-ed by Mr. Evans, or some one skilled 
 in the detection of relics. 
 
 Judge Sloan has devoted a considerable portion of the leisure which his arduous 
 professional duties grudgingly gave him to the contemplation of this subject. From 
 him we learn that he is aware of the existence of some forty-five mounds, be- 
 sides many "pockets," or places, of deposit in the bluffs, where shells, bits of 
 bone — probably of animals that served as food — and fragments of pottery are 
 placed, and slightly covered with earth. 
 
 The most valuable discovery yet made in the Des Moines Valley is the skull 
 which we have described. It is the remains of a race the like of which does 
 not exist on earth at the present time. The doubts created as to the antiquity 
 of the stone implements found are natural and reasonable. Any race of stone- 
 workers might have produced them ; but the irrefutable evidence of the ski^ll 
 silences comment and arouses profound conjecture. The modern Indian pos- 
 sesses no characteristics like those which must have been the portion of this 
 man, whose gaping sockets mock us as we gaze into them. Could the tongue 
 which once formed syllables of command beneath that moldering jaw be re-in- 
 vested with the power to speak, what tales it could unfold ! 
 
 The race of which this is a type was easily led, low in intellect, and not far 
 different from the patient toiler on the Pyramids of Egypt. 
 
 Messrs. Robert N. and Charles L. Dahlberg, explored the region of the 
 mouth of Chequest Creek, at Pittsburg, Van Buren County, with satisfactory 
 results, on the 31st of July, 1878. Ancient pottery was discovered. A descrip- 
 tion of the ware, prepared by the gentlemen who unearthed it, is herewith 
 appended : 
 
 The pieces of pottery found are composed of clay and sand, mixed with small pebbles, form- 
 ing a cement which appears to be baked rather than burned. The most of the pieces found show 
 that the heat applied in their construction was not sufficient lo melt the sand or pebbles, or in 
 any way to affect their original condition. No glazing appears on the pottery, and yet it is of a 
 hard, iirm, durable substance which is impervious to water. One piece of pottery is about four 
 inches square, but of an irregular shape. At one point it is shown to be a part of the top of a 
 wide-mouthed vessel, evidently about two inches less in diameter at the neck than at the top. 
 Judging by the arc described by the piece in question, the neck of the piece must have been at 
 least 18 inches in diameter. 
 
 This piece also shows attempts at ornamentation, having a horizontal row of dots, or beads, 
 about an inch and a half from the top of the vessel ; these have the appearance of having been 
 made by punctures from the inside of the vessel, and are about half an inch apart, or seven- 
 eighths from center to center. 
 
 There are also parallel lines running about it horizontally, about half an inch apart, which 
 were evidently made by some blunt instrument about one-eighth of an inch square, pressed into 
 the clay, leaving little ridges between each impression of the instrument that would average 
 about one-sixteenth of an inch thick. There are a number of small pieces, one showing dis- 
 tinctly that the neck and rim of the vessel above it were qaite flaring, though this rim does not 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 341 
 
 show entire. The rim is ornamented by diamond-shaped figures made by lines crossing each 
 other, which lines are formed very much like the parallel lines in the larger piece. 
 
 Another piece shows parallel lines. One small piece is corrugated as the Ely Ford pottery; 
 and shows distinctly the application of heat sufficient to fuse the silex in the composition of the 
 pottery, making it a very hard and firm substance ; this piece is thinner than the baked pieces. 
 Another piece shows bead- work distinctly about an inch from the top of the vessel ; the body of 
 the vessel is ornamented with parallel lines running at right angles with the top of the vessel 
 made as in the first piece described, and the top ornamented very much as our mothers used to 
 ornament the edge of a pie. 
 
 Several other pieces show the application of heat sufficient to fuse the silex in their compo- 
 sition. Several, including the larger piece described above, show on the edges and upon both 
 surfaces glittering particles, which appear to be small pieces of isinglass. This pottery wa« 
 nearly all found upon the surface of the ground, having been washed out by the action of the 
 water; some were found on the creek-bank, and some on the river-bank near the edge of 
 the water, but all at the mouth of Chequest, which empties into the river at Pittsburg. In the 
 river-bank in front of the village is also a, bed of ashes and charcoal, about three inches in 
 depth, and about two feet from the surface of the ground. 
 
 Mr. Evans recently contributed to the Chicago Times a series of letters 
 descriptive of the mounds in this locality, and speculative as to their origin. 
 We quote so much of the contributions as treats of the appearance of the tumuli: 
 
 The mounds which I have examined on Village Creek presented the following conditions, 
 They are found on natural elevations, the highest in the vicinity. They are regular in shape' 
 and regular in the arrangement of the materials which compose them. The second stratum of 
 earth composing them, immediately beneath the natural soil, accumulated by the decay of vege- 
 tation, is very often foreign to the surroundings. Then succeed strata of ashes, charcoal and 
 earth, averaging about five inches in thickness. Human remains are found in these mounds, 
 but not always, which indicates that they were not originally made for burial places, and give 
 color to the idea that they were utilized by succeeding populations for uses foreign to the design 
 of the builders. But in Iowa they are not numerous enough to encourage the supposition that 
 they were merely sites of dwelling-places, because of the labor to build them. It is not reason- 
 able to believe that any people, whether civilized or barbarous, would build a mound which 
 would require the labor of ten men for fifty days, on the top of which a wooden building could 
 be constructed less than twenty feet in circumference. 
 
 In Wapello County we have a range of mounds about two miles from the river, on a ridge 
 running parallel with the Des Moines, on the southern side which overlooks the plateau or bot- 
 tom land of the stream, and is in plain view of a corresponding range of mounds situated on a 
 high hill north of the river. These mounds are similar in shape, and having examined many of 
 them on each side of the river, I find their interior composition to be very much alike. The 
 layers of ashes, charcoal and earth are the same, and in some of them human remains were 
 found. In a few of them I have discovered flint implements. I must confess, however, that 
 after all my examinations I cannot settle down on any well-grounded opinion as to the objects 
 for which these mounds were created, except to disagree with all the theories so far advanced. 
 The ashes and charcoal and human remains showing the action of fire, have at times induced me 
 to believe that the Mound- Builders practiced cremation, and that after the rites were performed 
 the remains were covered with earth, each succeeding funeral pyre adding to the height of the 
 mound. Yet, while this theory has in my mind more proofs than any other yet advanced, I am 
 not prepared to accept it without additional evidence. 
 
 Arch geologists have determined that the mounds of America may be prop- 
 erly classed under three general heads, viz.: Mounds of Observation, Mounds 
 ot Sacrifice and Mounds of Burial. The first were doubtless used as posts of 
 communication between distant bands. They are always found on elevated 
 lands, from which wide areas of territory may be seen, if modern timber or 
 edifices do not intervene. From one to another a signal fire or flag might 
 have conveyed intelligence of invasion, of joy or of distress. This class of 
 works is found in Wapello County, in an excellent state of preservation. The 
 larger groups present evidences of having been erected for such purposes, rather 
 than for sacrificial observances, or even for the disposal of the dead ; although 
 some of the twnuli, undoubtedly, Avere devoted separately to each of the three 
 purposes. 
 
 In Van Buren County, the dwelling-places of the Mound-Builders are more 
 distinctly marked. While observation hills are found there, also, the larger 
 
342 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 number of mounds bear striking testimony of other uses. The unearthing of 
 the skeletons from Mounds N"os. 2 and 5, are events worthy of the considera- 
 tion of scientists the workl over. The fragments of pottery, the stone imple- 
 ments and the heaps of shells and animal bones, furnish food for deepest 
 thouii-ht. Tlie ground is rich in remains of every character, and should be 
 thoroughly investigated. 
 
 From far above Pittsburg to a point several miles below Keosauqua, a con- 
 tinuous chain of works is to be seen. The diagram of the great bend in the 
 river, near Keosauqua, shows but a faint outline of the place where future 
 archieologists will delve with satisfactory results. 
 
 It is not within the province of this chapter to enter into an elaborate dis- 
 cussion of the subject, but, as has already been intimated, merely to suggest 
 where the labor should be undertaken. Van Buren County should be made 
 the theater of exhaustive research, and if this paper prepares the way for such 
 enterprises, its mission will be fully accomplished. 
 
 HISTORY OF THE ABORIGINES. 
 
 From the contemplation of this primordial race — a people which must be 
 termed the originals, so far as our imperfect knowledge extends, but which may, 
 after all, have been but the last fragments of a nation greater even than 
 our own — let us pass to the consideration of those, tribes which are not myth- 
 ical. 
 
 Human improvement, rushing through civilization, crushes in its march all 
 who cannot grapple to its car. This law is as inexorable as Fate. " You 
 colonize the lands of the savage with the Anglo-Saxon," says Stephen 
 Montague ; " you civilize that portion of the earth ; but is the savage civilized ? 
 He is exterminated ! You accumulate machinery, you increase the total of 
 wealth ; but what becomes of the labor you displace ? One generation is 
 sacrificed to the next. You diffuse knowledge, and the world seems to grow 
 briorhter ; but Discontent at Poverty replaces Ignorance happy with its crust. 
 Every Improvement, every advancement in civilization injures some to benefit 
 others, and either cherishes the want of to-day or prepares the revolution of 
 to-morrow." 
 
 It is, as it were, but yesterday since the hills upon which Ottumwa's palace 
 homes now stand re-echoed the mournful dirge of the departing red man. The 
 years are few in number since the sorrowful cortege passed slowly toward the 
 setting sun, leaving behind the noble dead, sleeping in the cold embrace of the 
 grim monarch, by the side of their beloved white father ; leaving the homes 
 thev had been taught to claim as their own ; leaving all, even hope, behind. 
 There still live many persons who beheld the strange sight of a remnant of a 
 race departing forever from the scenes of their early life, and such will, doubt- 
 less, be disposed to sneer at the pen which finds a source of sadness in the con- 
 templation of this event. But worthy hands have written lines of liv- 
 ing power upon the theme, nor can the harsh character of fact denude the sub- 
 iect of a glamour which poetry and romance have cast around the dusky subject 
 and his fate. There is a grandeur in the record of the race which the stern 
 force of truth is powerless to dispel. 
 
 Those men Avho were compelled to meet the groveling band which had sur- 
 vived the first shock of defeat, saw only the ruin which the strong had wrought 
 upon the weak. The native power had fled ; a subjugated race was subsist- 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 343 
 
 ing in its helplessness upon the bounty of its conquerors. There was no spot on 
 earth left for them. Foot by foot their mighty possessions Avere taken from 
 them, not in the din and whirl of battle, but by the humiliating processes of 
 peace. Here, at last, they stood, with bowed heads, meekly awaiting the decree 
 which should compel them to resume their endless march. Behind them was 
 the tradition of their strength ; before them, annihilation of their clans. Even 
 their warlike instincts were dwarfed in the presence of their masters. Had 
 they disputed titles with the whites, the memories clustering about them now 
 would be far different. But that resort to arms, that defiant struggle to the 
 end, that disappearance in dramatic furor — all was denied them. Had they 
 been other in nature than they were, this placid surrender to fate would seem 
 less pitiful. Once fierce and bloody, then subdued, their stolid acceptance of 
 destiny carried with it a mournful air that will be breathed through history's 
 pages while our race shall live. 
 
 The Indian is the embodiment of the dramatic, and when the curtain is 
 rung down upon a scene so spiritless and tame as this of which we write, the 
 admiration which is his due is turned to pity. The actual spectators of the 
 drama find it impossible to forget the sordid character of the players, it is true; 
 but at so short a remove of time as this which has already elapsed since this 
 county was the theater of the play, a shade of romance is imparted and the 
 events become absorbing in their interest. 
 
 The very name of Wapello, which the practical iconoclast has not succeeded 
 in tearing from the county seal, suggests the importance of the Indian history 
 of this county. We shall endeavor to preserve for future generations the story 
 of the declining days of the once great Sacs and Foxes.' 
 
 In the State history which precedes this department of the work, an 
 extended history of the several tribes is given. It is the purpose of this chap- 
 ter to take up the thread of narrative at the point where the county of Wapello 
 becomes the scene of action, extending backward far enough to merely gather 
 the scattered ends. 
 
 In this work the writer is dependent largely upon a series of papers from 
 the pen of the late Major John Beach, son-in-law of the original Indian 
 Agent, Gen. Street, and who in turn was Agent after the death of the General 
 in 1840. These papers were prepared in the summer of 1874, and published 
 in the Agency Independent. Major Beach died September 2, 1874, or before 
 the series was published in full. That such forethought was manifested by 
 him, is a matter of congratulation among all who are interested in this county. 
 It is to be regretted, however, that the Major did not prepare a still more 
 elaborate history of the tribes he was so long associated with. While we 
 do not consider it essential to preserve, in exact form, the series of articles 
 alluded to, we have carefully extracted all salient points, and have added 
 to them much more information, obtained through those conversant with the 
 matter, 
 
 THE GREAT BLACK HAWK. 
 
 Black Hawk, the great chief, was born in Sac Village, about three miles 
 from the junction of Rock River with the Mississippi, in Illinois, in 1767. He 
 came of a brave stock and began the life of a warrior at fifteen years of age. 
 Black Hawk's name is variously given, but Major Beach, who was personally 
 acquainted with the chief, writes that the real orthography is Muck-a-ta-mish- 
 e-ki-ak-ki-ak, which means a black hawk. The history of this chief is not 
 intimately associated with Wapello County, and this paragraph is introduced 
 
344 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 merely for the sake of preserving the spelling of the name. A fact is mentioned 
 in Major Beach's sketch which is here produced : 
 
 The Sacs and Foxes, according to their traditions, once dwelt upon the 
 shores of the great lakes. Gradually they were pushed westward, until in time 
 they came to occupy a large portion of Northern Illinois. In spite of the press- 
 ure of the whites, this band occupied a site on the east shore of the Missis- 
 sippi, near Rock River. Here Black Hawk was, in 1832, the controlling spirit. 
 " He was never a chief, either by inheritance or election," declares Major 
 Beach, " and his influence was shared by a wily old savage, of part Winne- 
 bago blood, called the Prophet, who could do with Black Hawk pretty much as 
 he pleased ; and also by a Sac named Na-pope, the English of which is Soup, 
 and Avhom the writer found to be a very friendly and manageable old native, as 
 was also Black Hawk." 
 
 If this be true, as there is every reason to esteem it, the character of 
 Black Hawk stands out as a " self-made Indian," if an Americanism can be thus 
 parodied, and he appears in the nature of a dictator as well as that of a great 
 ruler. 
 
 Of the famous Black Hawk war, it is not within the province of this sketch 
 to speak ; it belongs to the history of Illinois, and has been repeatedly written 
 up. After the defeat of the chief, in 1832, he was captured and taken to Prai- 
 rie du Chien. After an imprisonment in Jefferson Barracks, and, subsequently, 
 in Fortress Monroe, whither he was taken, he was returned, at the interces- 
 sion of Keokuk, to this region. In his old age. Black Hawk sought the com- 
 pany of the garrison, his band was broken up and the once great chief was left 
 alone in his declining years. Major Beach relates the following incident de- 
 rived from personal observation : 
 
 "Black Hawk's lodge was always the perfection of cleanliness, a quite unu- 
 sual thing for an Indian. The writer has seen the old woman busily at work 
 with her broom, by time of sunrise, sweeping down the little ant-hills in the 
 yard that had been thrown up during the night. As the chiefs of the nation 
 seemed to pay him but little attention in the waning years of his life, Gen. 
 Street, the Agent, looked out for his comfort more carefully than otherwise he 
 would have thought it needful to do, and, among other things, gave him a cow — 
 an appendage to an Indian's domestic establishment hitherto unheard of. The 
 old squaw and daughter were instructed in the art of milking her, and she was 
 held among them in almost as great reverence as the sacred ox. Apis, was held 
 among the ancient Egyptians. 
 
 " This was in the summer of 1838, when the Agency, for which our town 
 was named, was in process of erection, and Black Hawk had established his 
 lodge on the banks of the Des Moines, about three miles below Eldon. Close 
 by was the trading-house of Wharton McPherson, with whom the writer stayed 
 one night in August of said year (1838), and as he rode past the lodge, Mme. 
 Black Hawk was complacently sitting upon a log by the side of her cow, under 
 a heavily-shaded tree, industriously brushing the flies and musquitoes from the 
 bovine with a rag tied to the end of a stick. Mr. McPherson said this was her 
 daily occupation in fly-time, often following the animal around as it grazed at a 
 distance. This was the last occasion that ever the writer had an interview with 
 Black Hawk, as he died within two months of that time (October 3, 1838), and 
 was even then so infirm that he could barely move about his wigwam. 
 
 " Not long after his burial, his body Avas stolen from its grave by some sacri- 
 legious person, and, some years later, the bones came into the possession of a 
 physician of Quincy, 111., wh'o sent them to Gov. Chambers, who, as Governor 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 315 
 
 of the Territory, was also Superintendent of Indian Aftairs. The writer was 
 intrusted to notify the family that they could have the bones, as he did ; but 
 they seemed indifferent about the matter, and did nothing whatever about it." 
 
 WAPELLO AND OTHER CHIEFS. 
 
 Wapello, the' chief for whom this county was named, was a powerful ruler 
 among his people, but was a fast friend of the whites, especially of the first 
 Indian Agent, Gen. Street. Incidents illustrative of his character are dis- 
 persed through the following pages. He died in 1841, and was buried by the 
 side of his friend, the General, on the Agency Farm. His grave was recently 
 cared for by the managers of the C, B. & Q. Railroad, which passes near 
 bv, and is now in a condition to withstand the shocks of time for years to 
 come. 
 
 Poweshiek, a chief co-equal with Wapello, but of the Foxes, while the lat- 
 ter was of the Sac tribe, was located on the reserve on the Iowa River, and 
 does not figure in this history. He died before the Indians left the State, 
 and thus escaped the humiliation of the scene. 
 
 Keokuk, the grand sachem, was a man of tall, commanding presence, straight 
 as an arrow, and, when aroused, could make an eloquent speech to his tribe. 
 He was selected by the United States Government to distribute the annuities to 
 the Sacs and Foxes — not only for his energies Avhen opposed to the nation in 
 battle, but for his influence among the red men everywhere. But he was avari- 
 cious and intemperate, putting any amount of whisky under his royal toga, and 
 stealing from his red brothers the hard silver so kindly given them by the Great 
 Father at Washington. He had a chronic quarrel with Hardfish's band, that 
 lived in Kishkekosh, near Eddyville, and receiving a severe wound from one of 
 this tribe, he died soon after reaching Kansas, in 1845. 
 
 From a sketch of Keokuk, published in the "Annals of Iowa," 1865, by Uriah 
 Biggs, one of the pioneers of Ottumwa, the following interesting extracts are 
 made : 
 
 " Keokuk is deserving of a prominent page in the history of the country, and 
 a truthful history of his life would be read and cherished as a momento of one 
 of nature's noblemen. As an orator he was entitled to a rank with the most 
 gifted of his race. In person, he was tall and of portly bearing, and in his 
 public speeches he displayed a commanding attitude and graceful gestures. 
 He spoke rapidly, but his enunciation was clear and distinct and very forcible, 
 culling his figures from the stores of nature, and basing his arguments in skill- 
 ful logic. He maintained in good faith the stipulations of treaties with the 
 United States and with the neighboring tribes. He loved peace and the social 
 amenities of life, and was fond of displaying these agreeable traits of character 
 in ceremonious visits to neighboring chiefs, in which he observed the most 
 punctilious etiquette and dignified decorum. He possessed a ready insight into 
 the motives of others, and was not easily misled by sophistry or beguiled by 
 flattery ; and in the field of wit, he was no mean champion. It is not my pur- 
 pose to write a history of his life, but I will give one anecdote in illustration of 
 these traits of his character. 
 
 " While residing near Ottumwah-noc, he received a message from the Mor- 
 mon prophet, Joe Smith, inviting Keokuk, as king of the Sacs and Foxes, to a 
 royal conference at his palace at Nauvoo, on matters of the highest importance 
 to their respective people. The invitation was readily accepted, and a train of 
 ponies was soon winding its way to the Mormon city, bearing Keokuk and his 
 suite in stately procession and savage pomp. 
 
346 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 " Notice had circulated through the country of this diplomatic interview^ 
 and a number of spectators attended to witness the denouement. The audience 
 was given publicly in the Mormon temple, and the respective chiefs were 
 attended by their suites, the prophet by the dignitaries of the Mormon Church, 
 and the Indian potentate by the high civil and military functionaries of his 
 tribe, and the gentiles were comfortably seated as auditors. 
 
 " The prophet opened the conference in a set speech of considerable length, 
 giving Keokuk a brief history of the children of Israel, as detailed in the Bible, 
 and dwelt forcibly upon the story of the lost tribes, and of the direct revelation 
 he had received from a divine source, that the North American Indians were 
 these identical lost tribes, and that he, the prophet of God, held a divine com- 
 mission to gather them together and to lead them to a land ' flowing with milk 
 and honey.' After the prophet closed this harangue, Keokuk 'waited for the 
 words of his pale-faced brother to sink deep into his mind,' and, in making his 
 reply, assumed the gravest attitude and most dignified demeanor. He would 
 not controvert anything his brother had said about the lost and scattered condi- 
 tion of his race and people, and if his brother was commissioned by the Great 
 Spirit to collect them together and lead them to a new country, it was his duty 
 to do so. But he wished to inquire about some particulars his brother had not 
 named, that Avere of the highest importance to him and his people. The red men 
 were not much used to milk, and he thought that they would prefer streams of 
 water, and in the country where they now were there was a good supply of 
 honey. The points that they wished to inquire into were whether the new 
 government would pay large annuities, and whether there was plenty of whisky. 
 Joe Smith saw at once that he had met his match, and that Keokuk was not 
 the proper material with Avhich to increase his army of dupes, and closed the 
 conference in as amiable a manner as possible. 
 
 "He was gifted by nature with the elements of an orator in an eminent 
 degree, and as such is entitled to rank with Logan, Red Jacket and Tecumseh; 
 but unfortunately for his fame among the white people and with posterity, he 
 was never able to obtain an interpreter who could claim even a slight acquaint- 
 ance with philosophy. With one exception only, his interpreters were unac- 
 quainted even with the elements of their mother-tongue. Of this serious 
 hindrance to his fame Keokuk was well aware, and retained Frank Labashure, 
 who had received a rudimental education in the French and English languages, 
 until the latter broke down by dissipation and died. But during the meridian 
 of his career among the wlnte people, he was compelled to submit his speeches 
 for translation to uneducated men, whose range of thought fell below the flights 
 of a gifted mind, and the fine imagery, drawn from nature, was beyond their 
 powers of reproduction. He had sufficient knowledge of the English tongue 
 to make him sensible of this bad rendering of his thought, and often a feeling 
 of mortification at the bungling eftbrts was depicted upon his countenance while 
 he was speaking. The proper place to form a due estimate of his ability as an 
 orator, was in the Indian council, where he addressed himself exclusively to 
 those who understood his language, and where the electric eftects of his elo- 
 quence could be plainly noted upon his audience. It was credibly asserted that 
 by the force of his logic he had changed the vote of a council against the strongly 
 predetermined opinions of its members. A striking instance of the influence 
 of his eloquence is related as occurring while the forces under Black Hawk 
 were invading Illinois, in 1832. 
 
 "Keokuk knew from the first that this reckless war would result in great 
 disaster to the tribe, and used all diligence to dissuade warriors from following 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 347 
 
 Black Hawk, and succeeded in retaining a majority with him at his town on the 
 Iowa River. But after Stillman's defeat, the war spirit raged with such ardor 
 that a war-dance was held, and Keokuk took part in it, seeming to be moved 
 with the current of the rising storm, and when the dance was over, he called a 
 council to prepare for war. In his address he admitted the justice of his com- 
 plaints against the white man, and to seek redress was a noble aspiration of 
 their natures. The blood of their brethren had been shed by the white man, 
 and the spirits of their braves slain in battle called loudly for vengeance. ' I 
 am your Chief,' he said, 'and it is my duty to lead you to battle, if, after fully 
 considerinof the matter you are determined to go. But before you take this 
 important step it is wise to inquire into the chances for success.' He then 
 represented to them the great power of the United States against whom 
 they would have to contend — that their chance of success was utterly hopeless. 
 ' But if you now determine to go upon the war-path, I will agree to lead 
 you, upon one condition — that before we go we kill all our old men and our 
 wives and children to save them from a lingering death by starvation, and 
 that every one of us determines to leave his bones on the other side of the Mis- 
 sissippi.' 
 
 " This was a strong and truthful picture of the project before them, and was 
 presented in such a forcible light as to cool their ardor and to cause them to 
 abandon their rash undertaking. Many other incidents are related of his elo- 
 quence and tact in allaying a rising storm, fraught with war and bloodshed, not 
 only in his own tribe, but also among neighboring tribes, where his people had 
 been the aggressors. Some of these incidents have been preserved by writers 
 on Indian research, but many will be lost to history. He delivered a eulogy 
 upon Gen. Harrison, at the Sac and Fox Agency, which was interpreted by Mr. 
 Antoine Le Claire, and considered by many who heard its delivery as one of 
 his best efforts. This speech, however, was not written down and is lost to his- 
 tory, but enough of the incidents of his career as an orator have been saved 
 from the wreck of time to stamp his reputation for natural abilities of the high- 
 est order, and furnish another positive refutation of Buffon's theory on the dete- 
 rioration of men and animals on the American Continent. 
 
 "We have thus far portrayed the bright side of Keokuk's character; but 
 like most, if not all, great intellects, there is a dark background which the 
 truth of history demands shall be brought to view. His traits of character, 
 thus far sketched, may not inaptly be compared with the great Grecian orator ; 
 but here the similitude ends. The great blot on Keokuk's life was his inordi- 
 nate love of money, and, toward its close, he became a confirmed inebriate. His 
 withering reply to the Mormon prophet was intended by him as a pure stroke 
 of wit ; it, nevertheless, expressed his ruling passions. 
 
 "A bitter and incurable feud existed in the tribe during their time of res- 
 idence on the Des Moines River, between what was denominated ' Keokuk's 
 band' and 'Black Hawk's band,' the latter recognizing Hardfish as their 
 leader. This distrust and, indeed, hatred were smothered in their common inter- 
 course when sober; but wdien their blood was fired with whisky, it sometimes 
 assumed a tragic feature amongst the leaders of the respective bands. An 
 instance of this character occurred on the lower part of the Des Moines, on a 
 return of a party making a visit to the 'half-breeds' at the town of Keokuk, 
 on the Mississippi. In a quarrel, excited by whisky, Keokuk received a dan- 
 gerous stab in the breast from a son of Black Hawk. The writer of the pres- 
 ent sketch saw him conveyed by his. friends homeward, lying in a canoe, unable 
 to rise. 
 
348 HISTORY OF WArELLO COUNTY. 
 
 "■ Hardfish and his coadjutors lost no occasion to find fault Avith Keokuk's ad- 
 ministration. The payments were made in silver coin, put in boxes, containing 
 9500 each, and passed into Keokuk's hands for distribution. The several 
 traders received each his quota according to their several demands against the 
 tribes admitted by Keokuk, which invariably consumed the far greater portion 
 of the amount received. The remainder was turned over to the chiefs, and dis 
 tributed among their respective bands. Great complaints were made of these 
 allowances to the traders, on the ground of exorbitant prices charged on the 
 goods actually furnished, and it was alleged that some of these accounts were 
 spurious. In confirmation of this last charge, over and above the character of 
 the items exhibited in those accounts, an affidavit was filed with Gov* Lucas by 
 an individual, to which the Governor gave credence, setting forth that Keokuk 
 had proposed to the maker of the affidavit to prefer a purely fictitious account 
 against the tribe for the sum of $10,000, and he would admit its correctness, 
 and when paid, the money should be divided among themselves, share and share 
 alike. To swell the traders' bills, items were introduced of a character that 
 showed fraud upon their face, such as a large number of * blanket coats,' arti- 
 cles which the Indians never wore, and ' telescopes,' of the use of which they had 
 no knowledge. This shows the reckless manner to which these bills were 
 swollen to the exorbitant amounts complained of, in which Keokuk was openly 
 charged with being in league with the traders to defraud Hardfish's band. At 
 this time, the nation numbered about 2,300 souls, and only about one-third of the 
 whole number belonged to Keokuk's party. Gov. Lucas warmly espoused the 
 popular side in the controversy that arose in relation to the mode and manner 
 of making the annual payment, and the matter was referred to the Indian 
 Bureau, and the mode was changed, so that payments were made to the heads 
 of families, approximating a per-capita distribution. This method of making 
 the payments met the unqualified disapprobation of the traders, and after one 
 year's trial, fell back into the old channel. Keokuk led his tribe west to the 
 Kansas country, in 1845, and, according to reports, died some years after of 
 delirium tremens." 
 
 Appanoose, Pashapaho, Hardfish and Kishkekosh all play conspicuous 
 parts in the drama. An anecdote or two of the last named will serve as an 
 illustration of the nature of the men. Kishkekosh did not rank equal to 
 Appanoose, Pashapaho or Hardfish, but he seems to have held a prominent 
 place in councils because of his native talents. 
 
 George Washington Kishkekosh (whose last name means cut-teeth, or sav- 
 age biter) was a subchief, anjJ had accompanied Black Hawk, as one of his 
 suite of braves, during the tour of that renowned chief through the East as a 
 prisoner of war. With his leaders, he had been hospitably entertained at hotels 
 and other places, and had a high appreciation of the sumptuous and cleanly- 
 looking fare that was set before them. How he was enabled, after such an expe- 
 rience, to return with a good stomach to the frugal diet and indifferent cook- 
 ing of his own people, we are left to conjecture. At all events, he retained his 
 partiality for clean victuals, and was even overfastidious in this respect, as the 
 following instance will show : 
 
 One night, he, witb. his company of three or four braves, slept at the house of 
 a white man with whom he was on very friendly terms, and were to remain 
 at breakfast. Kish had an eye on the preparations for this meal, and observed 
 one neglect that his tender stomach rebelled against. The lady of the house 
 (it is possible she did it intentionally, for she was not a willing entertainer of 
 her savage guesrs) neglected to wash her hands before making up the bread. 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELIO COUNTY. 349 
 
 Kish thought he would rather do witliout his breakfast than cat after such 
 cooking, and privately signified as much to his followers, whereupon they 
 mounted their ponies and left, much to the relief of their hostess. Arrived at 
 a house some distance from the one they had left, they got their breakfast and 
 related the circumstance. 
 
 These people, though generally accustomed and limited to the poorest fare, 
 were not averse to the best that could be provided, and made themselves glut- 
 tons whenever they could get enough of it. Like the wolf, they were capable 
 of a long fast, and then would gorge themselves at a plenteous feast, even to 
 stupidity. 
 
 On another occasion, Kishkekosh and his suite, consisting of several prom- 
 inent personages of the tribe, being then encamped on Skunk River, in Jasper 
 County, went to the house of a Mr. Mikesell on a friendly visit, and he treated 
 them to a feast. Besides Kish and his wife, who was a very ladylike person, 
 this party consisted of his mother ; Wykoma, the son of Wapello, and his two 
 wives (for polygamy was not an uncommon practice with these people) ; Masha 
 Wapetine, his wife and all their children. This old woman, on being asked 
 how old she was, replied: " Mack-ware-renaak-we kauk " (may be a hundred), 
 and indeed her bowed form and hideously shriveled features would justify the 
 belief that she was fully that old. The whole party were dressed in more than 
 usually becoming style, probably out of respect to their hostess, who, knowing 
 something of their voracious appetites, had made ample preparation for them. 
 When the table was surrounded, Kish, who had learned some good manners, as 
 well as acquired cleanly tastes, essayed to perform the etiquette of the occasion 
 before eating anything himself. With an amusingly awkward imitation of 
 Avhat he had seen done among the whites, he passed the various dishes to the 
 others, showing the ladies special attention, and helped them to part of every- 
 thing on the table with much apparent disinterestedness. But when he came 
 to help himself his politeness assumed the Indian phase altogether. He ate 
 like a person with a bottomless pit inside of him for a stomach, taking every- 
 thing within his reach, without regard to what should come first or last in the 
 course, so only that he liked the taste of it. At length, after having drunk five 
 or six cups of coffee, and eaten a proportionate amount of solid foods, his gas- 
 tronomic energy began to abate. Seeing this, his host approached him, and 
 with apparent concern for his want of appetite, said, " Why, Kish, do you not eat 
 your dinner? Have another cup of coffee and eat something." In reply to 
 this hospitable urgency, Kisli leaned back in his seat, lazily shook his head and 
 drew his finger across his throat under his chin, to indicate how full he was. 
 And then in further explanation of his satisfied condition, he opened his huge 
 mouth and thrust his finger down his throat as far as he dared, as much as to 
 say he could almost touch the victuals. Of course the others had eaten in like 
 proportion, making the most of an' event that did not happen every day. 
 
 Kishkekosh seems to have had in him the elements of civilization, which 
 needed but opportunity to spring up and bear pretty fair fruit. Not only did 
 he become fastidious as to cleanliness, but he observed and imitated other usages 
 among the whites, even more radically different from those of his savage people. 
 It is well known that among the Indians, as well as among all unenlightened 
 races, the women are, in a manner, the slaves of the other sex. They are made 
 to do all the drudgery of the camp, cultivate the corn, bring in the game after 
 the hunter has had the sport of slaughtering it, no matter how far away he may 
 be, he being either too lazy or feeling it beneath his dignity to bear the burden. 
 They procure all the fuel to cook with, catch the ponies for their masters to 
 
350 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 ride, pack up their tents and household goods when preparing to move, and set 
 them up when they again come to a halt in their wanderings. Kishkekosh 
 had noticed the diflferent fashion of the white settlers in regard to their women, 
 and had, moreover, been reasoned with by them like an intelligent being, and 
 he was very ready to admit the force of their arguments. He made an effort to 
 institute reform among his people by having the men do a fair share of the 
 work that, according to ordinary usage, fell to the squaws. He set them an 
 example by taking hold heartily himself, and, though it is not probable that 
 any very extended reformation took place, owing to the long-continued lazipess 
 of the men, and the deeply-rooted belief that their province was alone th4t of 
 the hunter or warrior, yet the movement itself indicates a capacity in this sav- 
 age chief for progress and enlightenment. 
 
 The Indians in this region, as far back as 1841-2, had a novel way of deal- 
 ing with drunken people. After the Black Hawk w^r, they chose rather to 
 live upon their annuities granted them by the Government, than upon the prod- 
 ucts of the chase, as they had hitherto been forced to do ; and as this gave 
 them a good deal of leisure, they spent most of their time in drunken orgies, 
 which proved a great mortality to the tribes, since many accidents happened to 
 life and limb from that cause. It was therefore a custom for a few of the red 
 men and the squaws to keep sober, so that when the inebriates got too wild 
 there would be some one to keep a restraining influence upon them. When a 
 poor wight became unsafely drunk, he was tied neck and heels so that he could 
 be rolled about like a ball, which operation Avas kept up, despite his pleadings, 
 until the fumes of liquor had vanished, when he was released. The sufferer 
 would beg for mercy, but to no avail ; and after he was sobered he showed no 
 resentment, but seemed to recognize the wisdom of the proceeding. 
 
 ANECDOTE OF PASHEPAHO. 
 
 The »following anecdote of Pashepaho is worth preserving. Major Beach 
 relates the incident as coming under his own personal knowledge : 
 
 " Some time in 1832, a plan was laid to attack Ft. Madison, then a United 
 States garrison. Pashepaho, then a noted war-chief of the Sacs, and who, in 
 after times, was a fast friend of the writer, especially if a "wee drop" ever 
 lingered in the bottom of the decanter, was the projector of this scheme. But 
 the treachery of a squaw brought it to grief, and the savages, on their pretended 
 friendly approach, were confronted with all the grim paraphernalia of war ready 
 for their reception. The plan was, under pretense of a council with the com- 
 mandant, to gain entrance with arms concealed beneath their blankets and robes ; 
 but as they advanced in a body toward the closed gate, it suddenly opened to 
 reveal a cannon in the passage way, and the gunner with his lighted port-fire, 
 while just in the rear the troops were drawn up in battle array. ' Old Pash,' 
 like many a less Avise man before and since, deemed discretion the better part of 
 valor. 
 
 " Several years later than the defeated plot against Ft. Madison, the writer 
 being at the time stationed at Ft. Armstrong, on Rock Island, Pashepaho — 
 called also the ' Stabbing Chief ' — made an attempt to effect a lodgment in 
 that garrison, though upon a different principle. During the previous year, some 
 of the braves of his tribe being out on the prairie on a hunting expedition, fell 
 in with a party of their long-time enemies, the Sioux, and, having the advan- 
 tage, the encounter resulted in the losing, by the last named, of a few of their 
 scalps. Complaint was made to the department at Washington, and orders 
 were sent to Rock Island to demand of the chiefs the culprits and to hold them 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 351 
 
 prisoners in the fort. This was done. They were brought into the fort and 
 surrendered, and throughout a winter, say some five months, they enjoyed 
 Uncle Sam's hospitality in the shape of good quarters and plenty to eat, with 
 no trouble in providing it. In fact, they lived in an Indian's heaven, until 
 released through some arrangement Avhereby satisfactory blood-money was to be 
 taken from the annuities of their tribes and paid over to the Sioux. Well, the 
 next fall, 'OldPash.' probably not finding his larder as well stocked for the 
 Avinter as our modern publicans always advertise theirs to be, ' with the best 
 the market affords,' conceived the brilliant idea of imposing himself as a guest, 
 indirectly, upon his Great Father, the President. So, calling one day upon 
 Col. Davenport, the commandant, he informed him that being recently out upon 
 a hunt, he had had the misfortune to meet one of his traditional foes, a Sioux, 
 and the morbid impulse to ' lift his hair ' entirely overcame the kinder senti- 
 ments of his naturally humane character, so that he yielded to it. But he knew 
 that he had done wrong, and that that best of his friends, the Great Father, whom 
 he held in great esteem and affection, would hear of it and be very angry, and, 
 therefore, to save him the additional vexation of having to send out a letter 
 demanding his arrest, he had, at once, voluntarily come in to make confession 
 and surrender himself. Col. Davenport, who saw pretty well into the scheme, 
 lauded him as a most honorable Indian, and told him that he was satisfied that 
 his offer of surrender was sufficient evidence that he would return whenever 
 sent for, therefore, he would not consent to make him a prisoner a day earlier 
 than could be avoided. No more was ever heard of it." 
 
 MAJOR beach's history OF THE AGENCY. 
 
 We now quote literally from Major Beach's articles, giving an intelligent 
 and very interesting account of the earliest white settlements in Wapello, and 
 also preserving anecdotes of the several chiefs who led the bands of dusky 
 natives : 
 
 " The war of 1832 resulted in a treaty which left the Indians no further 
 claim to any territory east of the Mississippi, and, with a later treaty in 1837, 
 obtained for the United States the cession of the beautiful and fertile belt of 
 Eastern Iowa, that extends, in our neighborhood, to within a mile or two of 
 Batavia, and crosses the Des Moines River, at its boundary, at lowaville. 
 There was a reservation left for the Poweshiek band of Foxes on or near the 
 Iowa River, the purchase of which was the object of a treaty held in the fall of 
 1836. on a spot now within the city of Davenport, but then belonging to the 
 famous half-blood, Leclaire. Iowa was then attached, for Government purposes, 
 to Wisconsin, and its Governor, the late Henry Dodge, was the Commissioner 
 to negotiate the treaty, and the late Gov. Grimes, then a new settler, was the Sec- 
 retary. This treaty is referred to for the sake of an incident which shows that, 
 whether common or not to the 'Lo' family in general, the Sacs and Foxes, at 
 least, possessed an honorable side to their character. 
 
 '' The country around was already densely settled, and the Indians could 
 easily have procured an unlimited supply of whisky. Gov. Dodge, in his 
 opening speech at the preliminary council, impressed upon them the importance 
 and necessity of strict sobriety during the negotiations, and expressed his hope 
 that his advice would be heeded. Keokuk and the other chiefs, in reply, said 
 their father's talk about the fire-water was good, and gave their word that none 
 of it should be allowed among them during the proceedings. Immediately the 
 council closed, they appointed a sufficient guard or police of the most reliable 
 braves, to prevent the introduction or use of liquor, at whatever cost. In fiict. 
 
352 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 the very bluest blood of the tribes was selected for the duty, and each one 
 instructed to carry a designated badge of his authority. 
 
 " Before the conclusion of the treaty, a Sunday intervened, and nearly all 
 the Indians came over to Rock Island to the trading-house. Meanwhile, a 
 steamboat came along and tied up there at the bank. She was crowded with 
 passengers, who were excited at the view of so many savages, and Black Hawk, 
 who was conspicuous, was soon recognized and became the object of chief 
 interest. A passenger soon came ashore, took him by the hand and led him on 
 board, his wish being to invite him to a friendly glass at the bar. But Black Hawk, 
 Avhether influenced by a sense of personal honor or the presence of the police, 
 would not go there, and soon returned to the shore. Next, the boat began to 
 push off, and Black Hawk's new friend, anxious not to be disappointed of his 
 kind design, had already procured a bottle filled with li(i[uor and stood reaching 
 it out from the guards of the boat. At the last instant, one of the Indian 
 police, with quiet and courteous dignity, took the bottle, and a smile of satis- 
 faction dift'used itself over the donor's face, which soon changed to a very differ- 
 ent cast of countenance, for instantly the young brave hurled the bottle upon 
 the rock at his feet, and dashed it into countless atoms, and the poor fellow was 
 glad to slink away in the rear of the stentorian shout that ascended and came 
 echoing back from the opposite bluffs, and in which it was hard to distinguish 
 whether the exulting whoop of the Indians or the less terrific, though no less 
 hearty and derisive shout of the steamer's company, predominated. 
 
 " There was a somewhat singular coincidence in regard to names existing 
 upon Rock Island for some time subsequent to the Black Hawk war, and the 
 more so, as Davenport is not as common a patronymic as Jones or Smith. 
 George Davenport, called Colonel, had been for many years the head of the 
 trading establishment there. He was an Englishman by birth, had amassed 
 an ample fortune, and lived hospitably and generously in his pleasant mansion, 
 a short half-mile from the Fort. It will be remembered by some who read this, 
 that he was murdered in his house at high noon, one Fourth of July, by villains 
 who had entered to rob him. Soon after the war, a new Agent was sent out 
 to replace the one who had been killed by the Indians. His name was also 
 Davenport, and he was called Colonel ; and, a few months later. Col. William 
 Davenport, of the First United States Infantry, was sent there to command 
 the fort. These three gentlemen, each a head of one of the three depart- 
 ments pertaining to the Indians, were in no way related to each other. 
 
 " Some two or three years later, a change in the organization of the Indian 
 Department transferred Gen. Street from the Agency of the Winnebagoes at 
 Prairie du Chien, which he had filled for several years, to that of the Sacs and 
 Foxes. Gen. Street was fully known for a most uncompromising Whig of the 
 Henry Clay persuasion, yet he retained his office throughout the terms of Gen. 
 Jackson, and until he died in Mr. Van Buren's last year. In 1837, the Agency 
 at Rock Island was abandoned, the fort having been evacuated and dismantled 
 the year previous, though Gen. Street still paid and i;uet the Indians there for 
 some months later. But the inconvenience to the Indians of bringing them so 
 far from their villages, and through the border settlements, now slowly extend- 
 ing, suggested the propriety of removing their Agency into their own country. 
 
 " In the fall of 1837, a party of about thirty of the chiefs and head men were 
 taken by Gen. Street, under orders, to Washington. Wapello had along his 
 wife and little son, and perhaps one or two more women were of the party. 
 The writer, then going to his native State on furlough, accompanied them from 
 Rock Island to Wheeling, and afterward was present with the Indians during 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. S53 
 
 nearly the week they were visitors in Boston. They were a novelty in this city, 
 and were received and entertained with great attention and kindness. The mili- 
 tary were turned out to escort them about in their line of carriages and clear the 
 streets of the throngs that filled them. Black Hawk and his two sons, splendid 
 specimens of manly symmetry and beauty in form, were of the party, and nat- 
 urally the most noticed by the multitude, their recent fame as warriors being 
 yet fresh in the popular mind. The party was received, Avith all due ceremony, 
 in old Faneuil Hall by the Mayor and city government, and welcomed to the 
 city ; and on the succeeding day the Governor, the late Hon. Edward Everett, 
 received them in the State House on behalf of the State. This ceremony was 
 held in the spacious hall of the Representatives, every inch of which was 
 jammed with humanity. After the Governor had ended his eloquent and 
 appropriate address of welcome, it devolved upon the chiefs to reply, and 
 Appanoose, in his turn, as, at the conclusion of his 'talk,' he advanced to 
 grasp the Governor's hand, said : ' It is a great day that the sun shines upon 
 when two such great chiefs take each other by the hand ! ' The Governor, with a 
 nod of approbation, controlled his facial muscles in a most courtly gravity. 
 B^t the way the house came down ' was a caution" which Appanoose doubtless 
 considered the Yankee fashion of applauding his speech. 
 
 "■ There were two theaters then in Boston, and a struggle ensued between 
 them to obtain the presence of the Indians, in order to 'draw houses.' At the 
 Tremont, the aristocratic and fashionable one, the famous tragedian, Forrest, 
 was filling an engagement. His great play, in which he acted the part of a 
 gladiator, and always drew his largest audiences, had not yet come ofi", and the 
 manager was disinclined to bring it out while the Indians were there, as their 
 presence always insured a full house. Gen. Street, being a strict Presbyterian, 
 was not much in the theatrical line, and hence the writer, who had recently 
 become his son-in-law, took these matters oft' his hands; and, as he knew this 
 particular play would suit the Indians far better than those simple, declamatory 
 tragedies, in which, as they could not understand a word, there was no action 
 to keep them interested, he finally prevailed upon Mr. Barry, the manager, to 
 to bring it out, promising that all the Indians should come. 
 
 " In the exciting scene, where the gladiators engage in deadly combat, the 
 Indians gazed with eager, breathless anxiety ; and as Forrest, finally pierced 
 through the breast with his adversary's sword, fell dying, and as the other 
 drew his bloody weapon from the body, heaving in the convulsions of its expir- 
 ing throes, Avhile the curtain falls, the whole Indian company burst out with 
 their fiercest war whoop. It was a frightful yell to strike suddenly upon unac- 
 customed ears, and was instantly succeeded by screams of terror from among 
 the more nervous of the ladies and children. For an instant the audience 
 seemed at a loss, but soon uttered a hearty round of applause — a just tribute 
 to both actor and Indians. 
 
 " After ceding the belt of country upon the Iowa side of the Mississippi, as 
 heretofore mentioned, and having considerably increased the width of this belt 
 by an additional cession in the treaty of 1837, the Sacs and Foxes still retained 
 a large and most valuable portion of our State. This last treaty was negotiated 
 with the party whose visits to Washington and other Eastern cities we have just 
 mentioned, and was concluded on the 21st day of October. This was the first 
 treaty ever made with the Sacs and Foxes in which the principle was incor- 
 porated that had just then begun to be adopted, of making the sum allowed the 
 Indians for their land a permanent fund, to be held in trust by the United 
 States, upon which interest only, at the rate of 5 per cent, would be annually 
 
354 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 paid to them. Hitherto it had been the custom to provide that the gross sum 
 granted for a cession should be paid in yearly installments. For instance, 
 $10,000 in regular payments of $1,000, over a term of ten years, would have 
 left the Indians, at the end of that time, destitute of all further benefit from 
 that cession. But now the more humane policy had come to be followed — of 
 saving for them, in perpetuity, the principal sum. For their cession of 1837, 
 they were allowed $200,000, upon which the interest annually paid is $10,- 
 000 ; and the treaty of October 11, 1842, that finally dispossessed them of 
 their land in Iowa, pays them $40,000, as the interest upon $800,000, which, 
 together with the payment by the United States of a large amount of claims, 
 and some minor stipulations of a cash character, was the consideration for which 
 that cession was obtained. Under a very old treaty, they were also receiving 
 an unlimited annuity of $1,000, so that now there is the yearly sum of $51,- 
 000 payable to the Sacs and Foxes, as long as any of their people live to claim 
 and receive it. 
 
 "This treaty of 1837 also stipulated for the erection of mills and support of 
 millers ; the breaking-up and fencing of fields ; the establishment of a model 
 farm, and other schemes of the pestilent brood of so-called philanthropists who 
 were then beginning to devise their various plans for plundering the savages, 
 and fastening upon them their hosts of vampires and leeches, schemes causing 
 the outlay of many thousands of dollars of the money granted to these Indians 
 for their lands, from which, it is safe to say, they never derived the slightest 
 benefit. 
 
 " Appanoose persuaded Gen. Street that Sugar Creek, between Ottumwa 
 and Agency, was fifty miles long, and the General had a mill erected on it. 
 A freshet occurred within the next twelve months or so, sufficient in size and 
 force to wash it away ; but the writer doubts if ever a bushel of grain was ground 
 in it, nor, had it stood to this day, and had the Indians remained to this day, 
 does he believe they could have been prevailed upon to have raised a bushel of 
 corn to carry to it. Another mill was put up on Soap Creek, and when the 
 writer took charge of the Agency, in June, 1840, that also was destroyed ; but 
 as that was a better stream and he was fortunate enough to secure the services 
 of Mr. Peter Wood, a man who fully understood his business, and was honestly 
 disposed to attend to it, a second mill that was erected fared better, but the 
 Indians took no interest in it whatever. 
 
 " A large field, cornering where the creek just below the depot at Ottumwa 
 debouches from the bluff", was made and cultivated for one of the villages then 
 located opposite. The field extended in this direction and toward the river. 
 Another was made on the opposite bank near to the villages, and still a third in 
 the same neighborhood, giving one to each of the three villages located opposite 
 and below Ottumwa. A splended wheat crop harvested by the hands 
 employed on the Pattern Farm, was stacked and a very high fence built around 
 until it could be threshed ; but, in a very little time, the young men, too lazy 
 to hunt up their ponies if turned out to graze, and having no sqiiaws of whom 
 to exact the duty, tore down the fences and turned their ponies upon the 
 grain. 
 
 "Their farm, which embraced the land now occupied by Mr. Van Zant and 
 David Staubine's farm, as also part of Mrs. Bradley's, and some other tracts, 
 was capable of being conducted in a way to secure to them somewhat more 
 benefit than any of their other so-called inprovements. Yet it was utterly im- 
 possible, and, doubtless, would have been even to the present day, to fulfill with 
 it the chief designs contemplated by the humane simpletons — estimable gentle- 
 
OTTUMWA 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 357 
 
 man in countless ways, as they surely are — who were then, and still are, busy 
 in devising projects to ameliorate the condition of the Indians. Sad, irretrieva- 
 ble, irremediable necessity may compel a savage to many an act or course that 
 no other pressure could persuade him to attempt ; and the patient exercise of 
 sensible discretion and judgment can sometimes effect what it were otherwise 
 folly to undertake. Now, here was a tribe, with hardly an element of its 
 character as yet in the least subdued or toned down from its aboriginal purity. 
 Work, hard manual labor, it was part of their nature to look upon as deo^rad- 
 ing and contemptible, even apart from the indolence that in itself would disin- 
 cline them to it. The disdainful scorn of their demeanor toward certain half- 
 civilized tribes, in whose vicinity they settled in Kansas, was characteristic. 
 The hybrid styles of dress, neither Indian nor white man, that these fellows had 
 been civilized up to the point of glorying in, were a source of never-ending 
 amusement to the Sacs and Foxes. 
 
 " At the time that the Sacs and Foxes were prevailed upon to consent to 
 the expenditure of a portion of the proceeds of their lands, with a view to the 
 introduction among them of all this new machinery of mills, farms and the like, 
 they had not the slightest ground for apprehending that so much of their sub- 
 sistence as depended upon their favorite occupation of the chase could dimin- 
 ish in a long time to come ; and their annual cash receipts from the United 
 States were large in their eyes. Under such conditions, not the least motive 
 existed to induce them to labor ; while the design of the farm was to serve as a 
 model, an exemplar, where they could come and look on, and learn to work by 
 observation, by such practice as they might be willing to attempt, and by the 
 instructions of the skilled farmer and hands employed. The expenses of main- 
 taining as well as of the original establishment of the farm were taken from 
 their annuities, from the consideration allowed them for the lands they had sold. 
 And the chief benefit that ever accrued to them was, that parties coming in 
 from a distance to get work done by their black and gun smith could sometimes, 
 in bad weather, depend on it for shelter while detained, as well as for provis- 
 ions. And, even here, the farmer was always liable to be imposed upon by the 
 worthless vagabonds of the tribes, who would make it a pretext for indulcring 
 their laziness ; and it was also the source of jealousy and discord among the 
 bands -if the slightest charge could be established that one had received the 
 least benefit more than another, requiring constant caution and delicate man- 
 agement to prevent. 
 
 " Indeed, the writer never considered these schemes to be anything in fact, 
 although not in intent, but barefaced plunder of the Indians. Since^that time, 
 they have doubtless increased in number and in kind, so as to embrace every 
 object out of which a 'job ' can be got; and the only chance of justice to the 
 Indian is in their utter expulsion, and the restoration of the entire Indian serv- 
 ice to the War Department, where alone it properly and reasonably belongs, where 
 for years it was conducted to the general welfare and contentment of the Indi- 
 ans, and where, if restored to it, remedies could soon be devised to abate the 
 countless perfidies and iniquities against the savages, to which its first re- 
 moval paved the way. The powerful interests that have already once or 
 twice defeated measures undertaken in Congress for this object, and ren- 
 dered of no avail the most convincing arguments in its favor of those least 
 liable to suspicion of personal interest, are proof enough that the simple 
 welfare of the Indian is not the sole incentive, and also justify the apprehension 
 that venality may not be an unwelcome guest in the patriotic breast of a Con- 
 gressman. 
 
 
 
358 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 " The treaty of 1837 having been ratified bv the Senate. Gen. Street took 
 early measures, in 1838, to establish the agency within the boundaries, and as 
 conveniently as possible to the villages of the Sacs and Foxes, and at once 
 entered into contract with a gentleman, whose name the writer has forgotten, 
 but who lived not far below Clarksville. in Missouri, to put up the requisite 
 buildings for his family residence and office, the smith's shops, etc. The great 
 length of Gen. Street's service in the Indian Department, and the high consid- 
 eration, both oificially and personally, in which he was held, caused the Depart- 
 ment to be more liberal toward him in the sums allowed for these objects than 
 perhaps otherwise it would have been ; for, besides consenting to a house quite 
 substantial and of convenient size, they allowed him. also, a sum sufficient to 
 pay for the breaking-up aiul inclosing of a large field, with quite convenient 
 stables and other buildings attached to the domicile. The contractor Avas a 
 responsible person, of considerable means, and when he undertook business was 
 disposed to push it through without delay or vexatious annoyances ; and so, 
 starting from his home with teams, some of his negroes and an ample force of 
 hired mechanics and laborers, he soon had a lai-ge company at work upon the 
 ground. 
 
 " The writer came out for a couple of days in August, 1838, The old 
 Council House, intended for a place wherein to hold talks with the Indians, 
 was already completed, being the first building put up, with a view to using it 
 as a shelter for the provisions and other perishable stores. Many of the tim- 
 bers for the Agency House were upon the ground, and being continually hauled 
 there, ready hewn. Two heavy breaking teams were at work upon the future 
 field, and Avagons hauliuir on the rails, and the ring of the blacksmith's hammer 
 being quite steadily maintained, quite a business air was imparted to the new set- 
 tlement. As the party of four, of whom the writer was one, rode in, about 11 
 o'clock, hot and tired with the saddle, from beyond Birmingham, without an 
 intervening house, the hospitable-looking camp of tents and board sheds, close 
 to the Council House, the bla/ing fire, over Avhich tAvo or three female Africans 
 Avere busy at the steaming coffee, bacon, biscuits and divers vegetables of the 
 season, excited in his mind an impression of the ncAV agency, the satisfactory 
 contentment of Avhich has never to this day Avorn oft". 
 
 " Mr. Richard Kerr was one of this party. He had just been appointed 
 Farmer to the Indians, and arranging Avith Gen. Street to meet in Burlington, 
 the object of the trip out Avas to select a suitable location for the Pattern Farm, 
 and to receive his preliminary instructions for commencing operations. The 
 place Avas selected, and Mr. Kerr set about employing laborers, Avho Avere paid, 
 as Avell as himself, out of the appropriation set apart for agricultural purposes* 
 Mr. Kerr's pay Avas ^50 per month, and his Avife received ^20 per month as 
 Matron, Avhich, Avith the free use of Avhatever Avas raised, made it a very com- 
 fortable position. Their house, the one noAv occupied by Mr. Van Zant, Avas 
 not long in making its a])pea ranee. Mr. Kerr understood the art of farming 
 in all its minutia\ and the Pattern, once under Avay, Avas ahvays kept in the 
 best of order and made productive. 
 
 " At the Agency, bricks, lime and whatever could be manufactured on the 
 premises, were ready by the time needed, and by Avinter the contract Avas about 
 completed and the buildings ready for occupancy. In April, 1839, Gen. Street 
 moved doAvn his fimily from Prairie du Chien, and took possession. Ere long 
 his health began to fail, and the result Avas a combination of obstinate maladies 
 under A\hich he succumbed early in May of the next year. For several 
 months, he had been totally incapable of attending to his duties, and the De- 
 
HISTORY OF WAPKLLO COUNTY. 359 
 
 partment had consented that any of his sons or sons-in-law, of age, might dis- 
 charge them for him — of course his bond being held responsible. He had been 
 out to ride with his brother-in-law, Dr. Posey, of Shawneetown, 111., who had 
 been professionally caring for him during several weeks. Alighting from the 
 carriage, he had stepped ([uite firmly across the stile and yard, and seated him- 
 self within the door, and bade a servant to bring a glass of cold water. As the 
 boy stood presenting it, he sat motionless in the chair. Mrs. Street was there 
 in an instant from an adjoining room, and called to her brother, the Doctor, 
 who had passed up stairs. It was the delay of hardly a minute, but no flow of 
 blood responded to the Doctor's lancet. He had died in his chair. 
 
 " The Indians were greatly attached to their ' Father,' as they usually term 
 their Agent, and word of the General's sudden demise reaching the villages 
 opposite Ottumwa, numbers of them came immediately to the Agency. 
 Wapello and his band, especially, were so demonstrative in their grief as to 
 augment the distress of Mrs. Street, and the writer's wife — who had been some 
 weeks in attendance upon her father — and younger members of the family to 
 that extent that it became necessary to have the interpreter kindly explain it 
 to them, and beg them to give expression to their sorrow at some point more 
 remote from the house. 
 
 " The writer, who was then living in Dubuque, hastened to Washington as 
 soon as the sad news reached him, the hope being to save the family their 
 home, in which they were now comfortably established, and of which the suc- 
 cession of a stranger to the office would have deprived them. When he arrived 
 there, by a then unusually ([uick journey of twelve days, he found his nomina- 
 tion already awaiting the action of the Senate, and, in a day or two more 
 obtaining his commission, he came direct to the Agency. At the time of his 
 arrival, about June 1, 1840, the Agency, with its dependencies, was about 
 as follows: In the Agency House was Mrs. Street and the nine youngest of 
 her children, of whom William B. Street, of Oskaloosa, was the senior. Just 
 over the branch, in rear of the Agency, was Mr. Josiah Smart, the interpreter, 
 one of God's noblemen, who combined in his character erery brave, honest and 
 generous sentiment that can adorn a man ; and within a few steps of his resi- 
 dence was that of the blacksmith, Charles H. Withington. There was also 
 Harvey Sturdevant, the gunsmith, but, being unmarried, he boarded with 
 Withington, until, a year or so later, he put himself up a cabin, where the 
 writer now lives, August, 1874, and dug that famous old well. As distance 
 (from the rest of us) did not lend enchantment to the view of his bachelorhood, 
 he soon switched on to the matrimonial track. Then there was the household 
 of the Pattern Farm, some half-dozen in number, except in extra times, such^ 
 as harvesting. This was the actual Agency settlement. On the Des Moines, 
 a mile or so below the County Farm, where the bluff" approaches nearest to the 
 bank, was the trading-post of P. Chouteau, Sr., & Co., but later more familiarly 
 known as the ' Old Garrison.' This was usually superintended by Capt. William 
 Phelps. And just above the mouth of Sugar Creek, on the creek bank, at the 
 old road crossing, lived the miller, Jeremiah Smith, Jr., with his family. This 
 embraced all the whites lawfully living in the country at the time. 
 
 " Through some unfortunate misunderstanding in regard to the boundary 
 line, several persons had intruded upon the Indian land upon the lowaville 
 bottom, and the ridges in the rear, as well as u})on the south side of the 
 river, and as the Indians made complaint to the Government, it had no alterna- 
 tive but to remove them. This duty fell upon the writer to execute, and was a 
 very unwelcome one, if only for the reason that several of the intruders were 
 
360 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 persons who would not willingly have violated any law. Among them was that 
 fine old specimen of West Virginia hospitality, Van Caldwell ; but by reason 
 of his location, and his readiness by any reasonable arrangement to escape the 
 terrors of fire and sword, the writer obtained permission from the Department 
 that he should remain, upon the condition of his maintaining a ferry for access 
 to Soap Creek Mills during high water. 
 
 "At the time of Gen. Street's decease, the Indians were occupying their 
 country with their permanent, or spring and summer villages, located as fol- 
 lows: Upon the bank of the Des Moines, opposite the mouth of Sugar Creek, 
 where there is quite a spacious bottom extending for a mile or more below, 
 where the blufi" closes in pretty closely upon the bank, and for a much longer 
 distance in the up-river direction toward and past Ottumwa, was the village of 
 Keokuk ; and, still above, were those of Wapello, Foxes, and Appanoose, a 
 Sac chief. According to the writer's present memory, that of Wapello was the 
 •intermediate one. Keokuk himself, had selected a pleasant, commanding, and 
 picturesque point for his own summer wigwam, some half-way up the side of 
 the bluff, in the rear of his village, where, with his own little field of corn and 
 beans, despite the large field of Uncle Sam just beneath him, he enjoyed the 
 otium cum dignitate of his authority and rank during the hot weather. 
 
 "His wigwam was a very conspicuous object to a traveler along the road 
 that crests the bluff and winds down the long hill to Sugar Creek on this side. 
 From his elevated position, where, like another Robinson Crusoe in the boys' 
 story books, he could contemplate himself as 'monarch of all he surveyed,' he 
 had a fine view of the three villages spread beneath him, as well as of the 
 bluffs and bottoms for a considerable distance up and down the river on this 
 side. Several of the lodges in every town had their own small patches of cul- 
 tivated ground in the neighborhood of their villages ; but the hillside, now cov- 
 ered by Ottumwa, seemed to offer them more attractive spots for this purpose, 
 probably because the soil was more easily worked, and situated more favorably 
 for the influence of the sun than upon their side of the river. A light, easily 
 turned soil was, of course, an object to the poor squaws, upon whom devolved 
 the duty of working it with their hoes, and of inserting the rickety posts that, 
 with light poles bound to them, made the fence, not exceeding four feet in 
 height, but, in general, very respectfully treated by the ponies, the only animal 
 liable to intrude injuriously upon their fields. 
 
 "The whole hillside on its lower slope, for they seldom cultivated it more 
 than half-way up, was occupied in this way by the Indians, from some distance 
 below the depot fully up to or above the Court House ; often the writer, on 
 the receipt of some instructions requiring a ' talk ' with the leading men, in 
 order to save time, and to the Indians the trouble of a ride to Agency, has 
 appointed some shady spot in one of these patches. 
 
 "The Indians seldom occupied their permanent villages, except during the 
 time of planting or securing their crop, after which they would start out on a 
 short hunt, if the annuity — which was generally paid within the six weeks 
 from the 1st of September — had not yet been received. Immediately after 
 payment, it was their custom to leave the village for the winter, hunting 
 through this season by families and small parties, leading the regular nomad 
 life, changing their location from time to time, as the supply of game and the 
 need — so essential to their comfort — of seeking places near to timbered streams 
 best protected from the rigors of weather, would require. 
 
 " Hardfish's band of Sacs was composed mainly of those who had been the 
 leading parties in the Black Hawk war, and who had been, by degrees, freeing 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 361 
 
 themselves from the restraint imposed upon them by the treaty, demanding 
 their dispersion among the friendly villages. But as all unfriendly feeling had 
 now eubsided, and they were now disposed to conduct themselves with the 
 utmost good-will in all their intercourse with the Government ; and as, more- 
 over, the Department, with a view to an early effort to acquire possession of 
 their remaining lands in Iowa, deemed it most conducive to success in that 
 object to pursue toward them a policy apparently ol)livious of former strife, the 
 writer was instructed, so long as there was no reason to apprehend unfriendly 
 designs, to ignore these requirements of the treaty, and to avoid all cause for 
 re-awakening former strife. 
 
 "For some years previously to the writer's appointment as Agent, Messrs. 
 P. Chouteau, Jr., & Co., of St. Louis, had been the only traders among the 
 Sacs and Foxes, and the magnitude of their interests were enough to excite any 
 rivalry. Col. George Davenport, of Rock Island, had been admitted as part- 
 ner to their trade with that particular tribe, and he was looked to to reside 
 among them and to carry it on. S. S. Phelps, Esq., of Oquaka, in connection 
 with his brother, Capt. William Phelps, of jovial memory, had been gaining a 
 foot-hold on trade for two, three, and perhaps, four years before the treaties of 
 1836 and 1887, and after the removal of the Agency from the island, and its 
 consequent effect of rendering a change in the location of the chief trading 
 post inevitable, Col. Davenport, who had already acquired a comfortable fort- 
 une, concluded to withdraw. Mr. S. S. Phelps fell into the position thus 
 made vacant in the company, although he relied upon his brother to reside in 
 the Indian country, and maintain personal oversight of the company's affairs. 
 A new trader now appeared in the field, with at least means enough to prevent 
 the old company from being its monopolists. Of course rivalry of feeling and 
 interest would now spring up, and every occasion be employed by each rival to 
 gain and secure what advantage he could. The writer is not intimating any 
 idea of his own that any unfair or dishonorable appliances would be used by 
 the gentlemen heads respectively of the rival establishments ; but their employes 
 or others hoping advantage to themselves in the success of either party, 
 might be less scrupulous. 
 
 " It was probably through some such strategy that Gov. Lucas became 
 impressed with the most sincere conviction that the Chouteau Company sup- 
 plied whisky, with their other merchandise, to the Indians, and a conviction once 
 fixed with the Governor was pretty apt to stay. So persuaded was he of the 
 truth of his belief, that he was never disposed to the least reticence upon the 
 subject ; and it was generally believed in Burlington that if the Trading Com- 
 pany could be caught, flagrante delicto, it would prove a pretty good haul for 
 the catcher — certainly not less than the transfer to his own pocket of the half 
 value of a large stock of goods. 
 
 "•As the Avriter soon saw that any effort of his own, however reasonable, to 
 lead the Governor to a different opinion was opening the way to suspicions 
 against himself of some personal interest in the company's affairs, prudence 
 naturally admonished him to desist One morning. Mr. S. S. Phelps, to whom 
 the Governor's belief — and propensity to express it — was no secret, being in 
 Burlington, stepped into a place Avhere the Governor happened at the moment 
 to be engaged in his favorite pastime of denouncing Mr. Chouteau's establish- 
 ment, etc., and the Governor, totally unacquainted with Mr. Phelps, still kept up 
 in his presence his conversation on the subject. 
 
 "' Now, if there was anything Capt. Billy Phelps loved better than another, 
 it was to play off a trick ; or if anything he knew better than another, it was 
 
862 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 bow to plan and play it. The company had on its license a man named Simp- 
 son Vassal', who was better known at the Agency and its various dependencies 
 under the sobriquet of 'Suggs.' When any deviltry lurked in Capt. Billy's 
 mind, ' Capt. Suggs ' was his most reliable assistant in getting rid of it. So a 
 scheme was planned. Suggs Avas sent over on pretext of some message to 
 Piielps, at Oquaka, with instructions not to leave Burlington until he had exe- 
 cuted his part of the programme. 
 
 " A person, who was either the City Marshal, or attached to his official ret- 
 inue, soon heard of Suggs in Burlington, and became so ambitious of his 
 acquaintance as to introduce himself without delay. He learned from Suggs 
 that the latter lived out in the Agency neighborhood ; that he knew the Trading 
 Company, in fact, sometimes worked for them when an extra force was needed 
 — clever people ; good paymasters, with the cash always in hand ; knew noth- 
 ing of their dealing in whisky ; had never seen them supply it to the Indians ; 
 and, even if he had, as he had heard they Avere accused of it, a dollar, Avhen 
 needed, Avas not so easily made out there that a man could aflFord to make ene- 
 mies out of good-paying employers ! After several intervicAVS, Suggs embarked 
 upon the ferry-boat. But his newly-made friend was not long in joining him, 
 and during the crossing Suggs yielded to the potent arguments and promises 
 that had already shaken his sense of personal honor and interest. He 
 admitted that he had seen a large lot of kegs, and these not empty, landed by 
 night at the trading-house from a boat not long before, and immediately buried 
 upon the bank, where most of them were ; and if he could be guaranteed 
 against suspicion as the informer, and terms arranged to suit — as he expected 
 to remain about the place some time after his return — he Avould put his friend 
 upon the right track. The boat having landed them, and all details being 
 adjusted, each party Avent on his Avay rejoicing — Suggs' way being to Oquawka, 
 and at once back to the trading-house to report to Capt. Phelps. 
 
 " Not many days later, an hour or so before dinner time. Col. Jesse Will- 
 iams — later of Henn, Williams & Co., of Fairfield, but then Private Secretary 
 to Gov. Lucas — rode up to the Agency. Being doubtless himself disposed (as 
 indeed the Agency hospitality Avould suggest) to consider that an expedition 
 Avhich would demand a three-mile ride and several hours of time, could be more 
 satisfactorily completed as a post-prandial duty, he made no mention of his 
 business. But as soon as the meal Avas over, he handed to the Agent a pack- 
 age from the Governor, containing a deposition in full form, taken before Judge 
 Mason, of the Territorial Supreme Court, by Suggs' Burlington friend, to the 
 effect that so many kegs of whisky, etc., etc., and Avere then secreted, etc., 
 etc., in violation of the statute, etc., by the said P. Chouteau Jr.'s Company, 
 traders, etc., as aforesaid. And there was also a line to the Agent, that, in the 
 execution of so delicate a duty, which must involve judicial process, he had 
 deemed it best to send out Col. Williams to assist the Agent. WhatcA-'er the 
 motive may have been, it is certain that until both Avere in their saddles, Col. 
 Williams proved himself able to watch the Agent with untiring eye. 
 
 " Reaching the trading-house, the person Avho took the deposition and a 
 companion Avere found there Avaiting, they having 'forked off' by another trail 
 so as not to be seen. Suggs was on hand, having taken the opportunity to post 
 the Burlingtonians about the locality. And also Capt. Billy Phelps, called by 
 the Indians Che-che-pe-qua, or the 'Winking Eyes,' was there, those visuals 
 fairly gleaming with joy OA'-er the anticipated fun. 
 
 "The Agent proceeded at once to business, expressing to Capt. Phelps his re- 
 gret that so unple-isant a duty should have devolved upon him ; his hope that it 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 363 
 
 ■would prove that so serious a complaint had originated in some error, but suggest- 
 ing that, if true, admission of the fact and production of the contraband article 
 Avould be more apt to temper subsequent proceedings with leniency than efforts 
 to conceal it would do. The Captain vehemently denied the impeachment, 
 stating that it Avould require a much wiser man than himself to discover where 
 such an article then was, or ever had been kept upon their premises. The com- 
 plainant was now appealed to, who led the party a short distance to a spot where, 
 with a triumphant air, he pointed to an Xthat the edge of Suggs' boot sole had 
 made in the sandy bank. 
 
 " They began digging, and soon reached some matting that was removed, 
 and thus uncovered a lot of lard kegs, too greasy to suggest a thought of any 
 other article being contained within them. The immediate ' sold, by thunder ! ' 
 of one of the moiety gentlemen, came in accents too lugubrious to be listened to with- 
 out exciting a sense of sadness. Suggs, meanwhile, had come up missing, and 
 the ' Winking Eyes ' walked off with a most disdainful air, leaving the Agent and 
 his party on the spot, whence they soon returned to the Agency, where the 
 Agent made his report that the informer had pointed out a place, where, by 
 digging, a large quantity of lard in kegs was found that had been buried to 
 avoid loss by heat, and in the night to conceal the fact from vagabond whites 
 and Indians, The disappointed informer and his companion hastened home- 
 ward ; but Col. Williams remained until next morning, and then returned bear- 
 ing the Agent's report. 
 
 " But the unkindest cut of all was six months later, when, about the last of 
 February, Capt. Phelps addressed a letter to Gov. Lucas in the most respectful 
 and official form, saying, that having heard he had declared his determination 
 not to continue in office under such an old Tory as Gen. Harrison, and fearful 
 that whoever his successor would be, he might not feel so friendly toward the 
 Company as he had proved in the matter of exhuming their lard, and as they 
 would soon be much in need of some, and the ground was then very hard frozen, 
 .the company would be under great obligations if he would at once send some 
 one out to dig up the rest of it. 
 
 •' The village of Hardfish — or Wishecomaque, as it is in the Indian tongue 
 — which was quite as respectable in size as any of the old villages, was located 
 in what is now the heart of Eddyville, named for J. P. Eddy, a trader, who 
 was licensed in the summer of 1840, by the writer, to establish his trading 
 post at that place. He continued to trade there until the treaty of final cession 
 in 1842, and was the most fortunate of any of the large traders in finding his 
 schedule of claims against the Indians ver}"^ little reduced by the Commissioners, 
 whose part it was, at that treaty, to adjust all outstanding claims against the 
 Sacs and Foxes. 
 
 " The writer cannot locate the place exactly, according to our State maps, 
 although he has often visited it in Indian times ; but somewhere out north from 
 Kirkville, and probably not over twelve miles distant, on the bank of Skunk 
 River, not far above the ' Forks of Skunk,' was a small village of not over fif- 
 teen or twenty lodges, presided over by a man of considerable influence, though 
 he was not a chief, named Kishkekosh. This village was on the direct trail — 
 in fact it was the converging point of the two trails — from the Hardfish village, 
 and the three villages across the river below Ottumwa, to the only other per- 
 manent settlement of the tribes, which was the village of Poweshiek, a Fox 
 €hief of equal rank with Wapello, situated on the bank of the Iowa River. 
 
 " About the time that Eddy moved out his stock of goods from Burlington 
 to his licensed point at the Hardfish village, P. Chouteau, Jr., & Company 
 
364 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 also obtained an addition to their license for a post at the same place, ami put 
 up a small establishment some fourth of a mile below Eddy, on the river-bank. 
 In the same winter, of 1840-41, Messrs. W.'G. & G. W. Ewing, of Indiana, who 
 had already acquired large wealth in the Indian trade, but never yet had dealt 
 with the Sacs and Foxes, obtained a license and had their point assigned them 
 just at the mouth of Sugar Creek, on the Ottumwa side, where they soon- got 
 up a large establishment, filled with a full and valuable stock. This post was 
 started, and, for a year or so, conducted by a Mr. Hunt, a gentleman of far 
 more education, refinement and culture than is often found among the resident. 
 Indian traders. 
 
 " Previous to the treaty of 1842, some few changes were made in their lo- 
 cation, both by the Indians and among the Avhites. The house at the ' Old 
 Garrison ' was broken up, and one established in its stead up in the Red Rock 
 region, near the mouth of White Breast ; and Keokuk, also, moved his village 
 into the same neighborhood. A second blacksmith was appointed, named 
 Baker, son-in-law of Col. Ingraham, one of the pioneers of Des Moines County, 
 and a person of considerable character and influence in his county. Baker died 
 at Fort Des Moines, still in the service of the Indians ; but when appointed, he 
 built his residence some half a mile east of the Agency, not far from the claim 
 taken by the late William Newell, father of L. F. Newell, by whom the prop- 
 erty was subsequently purchased and added to Lis farm. 
 
 " The Sacs and Foxes were quite friendly and manageable ; in fact, were 
 very pleasant and agreeable people to live among, and all public and personal 
 intercourse with them rolled smoothly along the well-worn track, without much 
 of incident or marvel, until the final sale of their remaining Iowa domain. 
 Sometimes, incidents would occur, possessing excitement or amusement enough 
 to encroach for a little upon the monotony that otherwise might have become 
 tedious, of which the writer will endeavor to recover the memory of one or two 
 that may amuse the reader. 
 
 " The Sacs and Foxes, like all other Indians, were a very religious people, 
 in their way, always maintaining the observance of a good many rites, ceremo- 
 nies and feasts in their worship of the Kitche Mulito, or Great Spirit. Fasts 
 did not seem to be prescribed in any of their missals, however, because, per- 
 haps, forced ones, under a scarcity of game or other edibles, were not of impos- 
 sible occurrence among people whose creed plainly was to let to-morrow take 
 care of the things of itself Some of these ceremonies bore such resemblance 
 to some of those laid down in the books of Moses as to have justified the im- 
 pression among biblical students that the lost tribes of Israel might have found 
 their way to this continent. 
 
 " The writer Avas a witness, one delightful forenoon in May, 1841, of a 
 ceremony that seemed full of mystery, even to those of the Indians who took 
 no part in celebrating it. A large lodge had been set up for the occasion on 
 the level green, near Keokuk's village, and its sides left so entirely open that 
 vision of the proceedings conducted within was entirely free. Close around 
 was a circle of guards or sentinels, evidently 'in the secret,' as they were close 
 enough to hear, but at a distance far enough to prevent eavesdropping of the 
 low tones used within the sacred precincts. Inside of tliese guards was another 
 and much larger circle of sentinels, who restrained all outsiders (of whom the 
 writer had to content himself with being one) from crossing within their line. Keo- 
 kuk seemed to be the chief personage among the performers, and the performance 
 to be designed for the exclusive benefit of one old fellow of some importance in the 
 tribe, who was mainly distinguished from those about him by being clad in a 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. - 365 
 
 much scantier pattern of raiment. Sometimes they would place him on his 
 feet, and sometimes on his seat, as they powwowed and gesticulated about him 
 Finally, while in a seder.tary position, with a large pile of blankets behind him, 
 Keokuk approached in front, pistol in hand, apparrently aimed at his fore- 
 head. 
 
 " There was an explosion, quite audible to us outsiders, and a no small puff 
 of smoke, and the old savage went over on his back in quick time, where he 
 was covered up and left among the blankets, while a good many ' long talks ' 
 were held around and over him, until at length, Keokuk, taking his hand, 
 brought him to the sitting posture, and soon after to his feet, apparently none 
 the worse for having been used as a target. The outside multitude of Indians 
 gazed with marked awe throughout the entire performance, and maintained, 
 withal, the deepest silence. 
 
 ''During the three years that the writer had charge of the Agency, before 
 its removal from this place, there were two, and he thinks even three, occasions 
 on which he had to remove persons who had ' squatted ' for good on the Sac 
 and Fox lands. One of these has already been spoken of, the mishap having 
 grown out of some erroneous belief about the boundary. Another originated in 
 some,opinions of a former head of the St. Louis Superintendency of Indian Affairs, 
 drawn from him in correspondence and published in the papers. They were erro- 
 neous, and believed to have been in order to embarrass the then Government, 
 to which he was politically unfriendly. If correct, they would have opened to 
 settlement a valuable tract of the Sac and Fox land bordering on Missouri, in- 
 cluding their Soap Creek Mill. Governor Chambers coinciding with the 
 Agent's opinion, which was immediately reported to him, as intruders had 
 begun to move in, issued a proclamation warning all persons from crossing the 
 boundary line as then established ; and the affair, in due course, reaching the 
 head of the Indian service, the Secretary of War, under the law of that time. 
 That official, Hon. William L. Marcy, promptly sustained the subordinate pro- 
 ceedings, and orders were issued to remove by military force all trespassers 
 who, having received reasonable notice, had not retired by a specified day. 
 Notices were printed and distributed by a special messenger among the new 
 trespassers, and, as some had failed to go, by the specified date, a company of 
 United States Cavalry was ordered to the Agency to enforce the laws and 
 treaties. This duty seemed the more imperative, just at that time, as the De- 
 partment was intending to treat, in a few months, with the Sacs and Foxes for 
 the purchase of that very land. 
 
 " Such military expeditions would, of course, abound with incidents, some- 
 times amusing, sometimes exciting, and sometimes disagreeable and embarrass- 
 ing. We would generally find the men gone, leaving the premises in charge of 
 the women and children, under the vain belief that they would, in some way, 
 get over the trouble. Excuses would be various, mostly of wagons broken in 
 the very act of starting, or of oxen strayed and horses lost or stolen just a day 
 or so too soon ; sometimes of sickness, though we failed of observing signs of 
 it. On one occasion, a soldier overheard a Avell-grown ^irl tell a frightened 
 junior one not to cry for 'Pap' was just away down the branch, and would 
 come back as soon as the soldiers were gone. And, sure enough, when the 
 smoke of the burning cabin curled above his hiding-place, convincing him that 
 his plan had proved abortive, 'Pap' came rushing around a point of the grove, 
 apparently all out of breath, with a long story of his strayed horses that he 
 had hunted till the last day, and then gone to some kindred six or seven 
 miles off beyond the Iowa State line, who were then on the road with their 
 
366 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 wagons ; and that he having heard the bugle, had left them in order, by short 
 cuts across the timber and hollows, to get home in time to save his 'plunder.' 
 Well, the Lieutenant told him, there it was all safe, the soldiers had set it out 
 carefully without giving his family any trouble to help them ; and if only he 
 had time, he Avould be glad to wait till his Missouri friends arrived, and help him 
 load up. The mansion being now burned beyond salvation, the bugle sounded 
 to mount, and the troop resumed its march. 
 
 " The next amusing incident was in our encounter, soon after the troop had 
 resumed its march, with an old fellow whom we met coming up the somewhat 
 dim road just along the edge of the timber, on this side of the river. The 
 troop was of between thirty and forty men, with a Lieutenant, the Captain hav- 
 ing stayed at the Agency with the rest of his company, to take care of his sup- 
 plies in camp. The Lieutenant and writer were comfortably walking their nags 
 along the said road, the troops some distance in the rear, following the same 
 easy gait, with their two six- mule wagons behind, when we espied a wagon com- 
 ing round a point of the road not far ahead of us. The team soon showed itself 
 to be a span of fat, sleek horses, and the entire outfit indicated that the old chap 
 in charge of it was not as hard up as his personal look would have led one to 
 believe. He was for giving us the entire right of way. but as we turned off to 
 face him, as if we intended to collide, bow on to him, he reigned up. 
 
 '•According to his own story, he was out for just a pastime drive up the 
 ridge, without much motive or object of any kind ; but he had a scythe to cut 
 grass, a good lot of oats and shelled corn in sacks, an extra wagon sheet that 
 would have improvised a comfortable tent in short order, a plentiful supply of 
 ' grub ' for himself and a boy he had with him, thirteen or fourteen years old, and a 
 forty gallon empty barrel, all suggestive of a contemplated raid upon the bee-trees. 
 After some parley, the Lieutenant turned him over to the Sergeant, who had in 
 the mean time come up with his men, who, in turn, placed him with a file of 
 troopers, as a guard of honor, between the two baggage-wagons. The old 
 fellow soon got the hang of what was up from the soldiers, and, as misery loves 
 company, he shortly seemed to lose sight of his own disgust in contemplating 
 that of the inmates of the two squatters' cabins we had yet to visit. We soon 
 reached the nearest one and found it abandoned, though very recently, as all 
 signs proved. Stopping long enough to burn the cabin, we then kept on our 
 way to the only remaining trespasser, who had put up his cabin in a grove on the 
 Des Moines River side of the ridge we had been all day descending. As we 
 turned off to cross the ridge, our former captive, whom we now released, seemed, 
 for a while, as if disposed to relieve himself from the enjoyment of our society 
 as soon as possible. But, in a short time, he changed his mind, for long before 
 he had traveled the half-mile across the ridge, we saw that he had also 
 turned off and was in pursuit of us. He reached the house almost as soon as 
 did the troops, and in full time to say to the Lieutenant a,nd myself what could 
 not have been less than an unpleasant feeling of personal sympathy for the fam- 
 ily we were about to dislodge. As in several previous instances, the man had 
 gone off, leaving the woman to give reasons and offer excuses for his absence. 
 It was very near night, and not less than five miles to the nearest house in the 
 direction the woman wished to go ; she had several children, of whom not the 
 largest, even, was yet of an age to be other than an incumbrance at such a time; 
 nor was there team, wagon or other means of transportation to be seen. While 
 she was bitterly complaining of her cruel fate in thus being turned out of her 
 house to see it consumed, with herself, children and chattels all night under the 
 open heavens, our lately-made acquaintance came to a halt among us, the ex- 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 367 
 
 pression of his features indicating a much more enjoyable expectation of wit- 
 nessing the scene ahead than was ever felt by any among us, whose duty it was 
 to bring it into action. 
 
 " We accordingly concluded to press him into the service, soothing, by that 
 px'oposal, much of the distress of mater familias, who appeared to be a person 
 rather superior to the ordinary grade of squatters. The soldiers set about 
 removing her property from the house, and loading into the old fellow's wagon 
 ;8uch portions of it as she was least disposed to abandon for the night, and, com- 
 fortably stowing herself and children upon the load, we started him off as soon 
 as she was ready to leave, after having placed the rest of her effects in as secure 
 a condition as we could. To guard against any possible treachery on the part 
 of the old bee-hunter, as well as in view of any break-down before he could 
 sti'ike the smoother road, the Lieutenant took the precaution to detach a Cor- 
 poral with a half-dozen men, to act as escort over the three miles or so to the 
 Indian boundary, beyond which our jurisdiction ceased. 
 
 " The house, with its combustible appendages, having been set on fire, we 
 continued our march to a point a mile or two within the civilized part of Iowa 
 Territory, where a well-fixed, thrifty settler supplied our commissariat, as well as 
 our forage department, with sundrj' items that a three-days expedition through the 
 brush had made acceptable, if not actually needful. Night had fairly set in. The 
 Corporal had rejoined the command, and reported the bee-hunter and his cargo to 
 be making satisfactory and apparently friendly progress at the point he was ordered 
 to leave them7 Our camp-fires were soon blazing, and the tents pitched, and, 
 in a short time, a good supper increased the contentment which the Lieutenant 
 and Agent could not fail to enjoy over the final conclusion of a most unpleas- 
 ant duty. An early reveille, and the next mid-day found us at the Agency. 
 
 " At the accession of Gen. Harrison to the Presidency, in March, 1840, 
 Mr. John Chambers, ex-Congressman of Kentucky, was appointed to replace 
 <jrov. Lucas as Governor of our then Territory, which office included within its 
 commission that of Superintendent over the Indians and their Agencies. For 
 several months previous, some feelings of antagonism had existed between the 
 old Black Hawk party, whose chief was Hardfish, and the other bands, which 
 was excited mostly and kept up by the traders, influenced by their rival inter- 
 ests, and the characteristic obstinacy of Gov. Lucas, who leaned to the Hardfish 
 band. Upon the arrival of Gov. Chambers at Burlington, it was, of course, an 
 object with Keokuk to gain his favor, or at least to have him committed to a 
 strictly impartial course; while the Hardfish effort would be to induce him to 
 follow in the track of his predecessor. Keokuk at once requested the Agent to 
 obtain the Governor's consent for him and his chief men to visit him at Burling- 
 ton. It was the wish, however, of the Indian Department to discountenance 
 and prevent such pilgrimages of the Indians through the settlements, and the 
 Agent promised Keokuk tiiat he would inform the new Governor of his desire, 
 and that, perhaps, he would prefer to make his acquaintance and receive his 
 congratulations here at the Agency. The Hardfish band — or rather their insti- 
 gators, Eddy and his satellites — less patient, and ignoring their proper channel 
 of communication through the Agent with the Superintendency, hastened to 
 Burlington in a large body, and having encamped a short way from town, sent 
 in a written notice of their arrival and its purpose, with a request that the Gov- 
 ernor would cause the needed supplies of food, etc., to be provided for them. 
 Under the late Lucas regime, an order on Eddy's Burlington store would have 
 soon satisfied this want. But Gov. Chambers sent them word that when he 
 sent for any of them to come and see him, he would, of course, be pi'epared to 
 
368 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 have tlioin fed ; that ho had no intention of converting his executive head- 
 quarters in lJurliugton into a council-ground for his red chihh-en, and that it 
 was his purpose to visit them in their own country at a very early day. Hard- 
 fish came home with a hirge flea in his ear ; and the Agent received a commu- 
 nication from the Governor informing him of the facts, and instructing him to 
 use all means in his power to prevent the intrusions of his charge upon the set- 
 tlements, and that he should visit the Agency in a. very short time, notice of 
 which should be seasonably served. 
 
 "The Governor at length set his time, the bands were all informed, the 
 Governor arrived, and on the next day, at a specified hour, a grand council 
 would be opened. Meanwhile, all the Indians, except the Iowa River Foxes, 
 iiulisposed to- come so far, had been gathering, and were encamped about the 
 Agency, the Keokuk side covering the ground along the branch behind the 
 mills, which was then full of plum, hazel and crab-apple thickets ; while the 
 llardRslies were along the edge of the river timber south of the Agency, and 
 where the writer now lives (August, 1874), Long before the appointed hour, 
 the Ilardfish party, ari'ayed in full toggery, had all arrived, themselves and 
 their jjonios caparisoned in their richest styles of ornament; and, having gone 
 through the eiiuestrian performances usual on such occasions, had dismounted, 
 secured their ponies, and, forming on foot, had marched into the Agency yard, 
 where the Governor was to receive them, and where was quite a gathering of 
 whites, and Ilardfish with some of his leading men, having taken the Govern- 
 or's hand and said a few words of courtesy, had sat down upon the grass. 
 
 " Now, it was a sacred duty with the Governor to cherish the memory of 
 his dear and lately dead friend. Gen. Harrison. He had been .\id-de-camp to 
 the General in the war of 1S12, and rumor told that their mutual sentiments 
 wore more those ot father and son than of sim])le friends. Keokuk had been 
 apprised of this, and, as it proved, knew how to 'make it tell.' The appointed 
 hour had been a long time passed, but as yet he made no sign of putting in an 
 appearance, and at last the Governor began to grow impatient and to use some 
 expressions ai)j)robatory of the Ilardfish ])romptitudtt. 
 
 " At length the first faint sounds of Keokuk's music came floating through the 
 thickets, which grew more audible as it neared, but never swelled up to the 
 full tone of their more joyous notes; and as the front of their procession wound 
 slowly into view, their lances and staves, instead of being decked with gaudy 
 ribbons and feathers to flutter in tlie breeze, were wrapped round with wilted 
 gr.iss. No sound of bells respouded to the tramp of their ponies ; and their 
 own persons, instead of being painted in vermilion and dressed in bright colors, 
 bore the usual funeral substitutes of clay and somber hues. In fact, all the 
 paraphernalia of woe betokened some sad affliction. The Agent, after a hur- 
 ried word with the interpreter, told the Governor that this was a funeral 
 march, and that some one of their leading men must have died in the night, 
 and lay probably yet unburied in the camp. The Ilardfishes seemed as much 
 at a loss as anybody, wondering who could have died without their knowing it. 
 
 "The solemn dirge ceased, and dismounting, the several hundred savages, 
 forming on foot Avith Keokuk leading, marched into the yard and toward the 
 Governor, who advanced a step or two to meet him, when Keokuk, ordering a 
 halt, signed the interpreter and said : ' Say to our new Father that before I take 
 his hand I wall explain to him what all this means. We were told not long 
 ago that our Great Father was dead. We have heard of him as a great war- 
 chief, who had passed much of his life among the red men and knew their 
 wants, and we believed we would always have friendship and justice at his 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. ' 369 
 
 hands. Ilis death has made us very sad, and, as this is our first opportunity, 
 we thought it would be wrong if we did not use it to show that the liearts of his 
 red chihh-en, as well as his white, know how to mourn over their great loss, and 
 we have had to keep our Father waiting while we performed that part of our 
 mourning that we must always attend to before we leave our lodges with our 
 dead.' 
 
 '' Then, amid the murmur of approbation from his people, he stepped forward 
 and extended his hand. The hearty grasp with which the Governor seized and 
 clung to it, showed he had touched the right spot, and the Hardfishes must be 
 content, thereafter, to take a back seat. When, years after, the writer was 
 enjoying a day of the Governor's hospitality at Maysvillc, Ky., and the incident 
 coming up in conversation, the Governor was told that he must not credit 
 Keokuk with the paternity of the entire ' plot,' but that his ingenuity was put 
 into requisition only to manage the details, the kind old gentleman seemed 
 greatly amused." 
 
 Wapello's death. 
 
 An editorial in the Ottumwa Courier of September 13, 1876, is here repro- 
 <luced, because of its permanent value as an authentic sketch : 
 
 " The name of our county — Wapello — should be pronounced as though 
 spelled Wapellaw. At any rate, that is the way the Chief Wapello pronouced 
 it, and he ought to have known. 
 
 " The old chief died at the forks of the Skunk River, March 15, 1842, and 
 his remains were brought to the Indian Agency, near where Agency City is 
 now located, in an ox-wagon, and buried toward evening of the same day, with 
 the customary Indian ceremonies. At his own request, he was buried by the 
 side of Gen. Street, in the garden of the Agency. Gen. Street had been an 
 Indian Agent at Prairie du Chien and at Rock Island. He came to the 
 Agency of the Sacs and Foxes here in April, 1838, by assignment of the Com- 
 missioner of Indian Affairs, Judge Crawford, and died May 5, 1840. Tie was 
 for many years in the Indian service, and, although always a strong Whig, he 
 was yet a man of such experience and sterling integrity that he remained in 
 office to the day of his death, in spite of his politics and the changes in adminis- 
 tration. He was very popular with the Indians, and hence the desire of Wapello 
 to be laid by the side of his honest pale-faced friend, which wish was gratified. 
 Gen. Street left numei'ous children and grandchildren, none of whom reside 
 here now. 
 
 " Keokuk, Appanoose and nearly all of the leading men among the Indians, 
 were present at Wapello's funeral. The dead chief was the successor of Black 
 Hawk in rank. If Wapello's name is translated into English, we are unac- 
 quainted with the fact. He was chief of the Foxes as well as of the confeder- 
 ated tribes of Sacs and Foxes, composed of the bands of Keokuk, Appanoose, 
 Hardfish, Poweshiek and his own ; Poweshiek succeeded him as the senior 
 chief of the confederated tribes, while Poweshiek's tribe-leadership fell to Pashe- 
 shamore (Pa-she-sha-more), who, from all accounts, was a good sort of an 
 Indian. He went to the Indian Territory with the Sacs and Foxes, where the 
 remnants of this dejected race still subsist upon the bounty of the Govern- 
 ment." 
 
 FIRST WHITK CHILD BORN IN THE COUNTY. 
 
 The first white child born in the county was William Street Beach, son of 
 Major John Beach, son-in-law and successor to Gen. Street. The child was 
 born at Agency, August, 1841, and died September, 1859. 
 
370 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 THE FIRST DEATH. 
 
 Gen. Street's death, as heretofore mentioned, was the first event of that 
 kind that occurred among the whites at that Agency, and consequently his 
 death may be put down as the first one which occurred within the present 
 limits of Wapello County. In July, 1841, Phelps' trading-house at the Agency 
 took fire in the night and a large quantity of powder was exploded, killing one 
 white man, whose name was not preserved. This was probably the second 
 death in the county. An Indian was killed by the explosion. The first white 
 woman who died in the county was a relative, perhaps a sister, of Col. Cogs- 
 well, at the Agency. The name and date of death are not preserved. 
 
 THE FIRST MARRIAGE 
 
 was between Harvey Sturdevant, a gunsmith of the post, and a widow, a rela- 
 tive of C. H. Withington, blacksmith of the post; but tradition does not trans- 
 mit her name. This matrimonial event occurred in 1841, and the happy couple 
 were united by the chaplain of the post. 
 
 THE FIRST GRIST-MILL 
 
 was erected on Sugar Creek, just below where the Agency road now crosses it, 
 and about where Quince Wood's residence now stands. If was built in 1839, by 
 Jeremiah Smith, millwright, under direction of Gen. Street, during a wet time, 
 when the creek was a large mill-stream, and on the assurance of the Indians 
 that the stream was fifty miles long. About the time they got the mill ready 
 to run, the water gave out, whereupon Gen. Street and Jerry Smith, with an 
 exploring party, traced their water-power into the ground four miles distant I 
 That was the first practical joke played on the whites, and it was, surely, a good 
 one for poor Lo. 
 
 The first regular merchant, disconnected from the Government, who did 
 business in Wapello County, was Shaphat Dwire, who established himself at the 
 village of Agency City in 1843, about the time it was laid out. He came from 
 Canton, 111. He built, that year, a good one-story frame store, and for several 
 years he was the leading merchant in the county. Dwire sold out to W. B. 
 and Alexander Street, about 1849, and returned to Illinois. He used to buy 
 oats of the pioneers at 10 cents per bushel in exchange for calico at 25 cents 
 
 ^^^ ^^^ ■ THE FIRST POSTOFFICE 
 
 in Agency was kept at his store, and Dwire was Postmaster, at the munificent 
 income of ^12 per year. Letter postage was then 25 cents per letter. 
 Dwire subsequently became involved in business matters and committed suicide 
 at the Virginia Hotel, St. Louis, in 1860. 
 
 [Tlie first post office is claimed for Ottumwa, and we have modified the 
 above statement accordingly. — Editor]. 
 
 IOWA AS IT WAS. 
 
 Dr. William R. Ross, an old and highly esteemed pioneer of the State, who 
 came to this section when the country was without political division into even a 
 Territory, furnished the following valuable papers to the Albia Union in 1869- 
 70. The information contained in his letters is unquestionably reliable. 
 
 " It may not be uninteresting," observes the Doctor, " to give some of the 
 names of those who first explored Southern Iowa, in 1832, prior to making 
 a permanent settlement in 1833. First, among others, were Maj. Joseph B. Teas 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 371 
 
 and Joseph Morgan, afterward citizens of Albia; Col. William Morgan, William 
 Stewart, John Ward, Isaac Canterberg, Lewis Watters, Isaac Cranshaw, Ben- 
 jamin Tucker, Ezekiel Smith and sons Paris and Lineas, John Bullard, 
 Richard Sand, Thomas Dovrell, David Tethro, S. S. White, M. M. McCar- 
 ver, Berryman Jenkins, William Wright, John Harris and Charles Teas, with 
 others that were in Iowa when I came in July, 1833. Mrs. Sarah Hilleary, 
 wife of Alexander Hilleary, near Burlington, came with her father. Col. Will- 
 iam Morgan, in February, 1832, to do the domestic work while her father was 
 improving his claim and building a house, preparatory to moving his family, 
 and was one of the families driven on the big island just below Burlington, by 
 soldiers from Rock Island, as the Indian title had not yet been extinguished. 
 
 "The title remained in the Indians until June, 1833. At this time, Richard 
 Chaney resided at Fort Madison, and Dr. Garland and Mr. Campbell and perhaps 
 a few other on the half-breed tract. After June 1, 1833, the country was settled 
 very rapidly, as every one then had the liberty of taking to themselves a claim of 
 half a section of land, one-quarter of timber and one of prairie, and the right 
 to purchase as many claims as he had the money for. This rule occasioned 
 much disturbance by new immigrants coming into the country and finding one 
 man holding more than one claim. It drove them back into the new region 
 against their will. In the winter of 1833-84, we were attached to Michigan 
 Territory for judicial purposes, and the laws, with instructions, were sent me 
 by the Legislature of Michigan to organize Des Moines County, by appointing 
 special elections to be held to elect officers to discharge the duties of an organized 
 county. Col. William Morgan was elected Superior Judge, and Henry Walker 
 and Young L. Hughes, Assistants, of Circuit Court, which was the highest 
 court we had in Iowa at that time. Col. W. H. Chapman was Prosecuting 
 Attorney; W. R. Ross, Clerk; Solomon Perkins, Sheriff; John Barker, Justice 
 of the Peace ; W. R. Ross, Treasurer and Recorder, and, at the time. Acting 
 Postmaster in the only postoffice in the Territory. He was the only practicing 
 physician in that part of the Territory, meanwhile carrying on a dry goods and 
 drug store. In addition to this, Mr. Ross inclosed, in 1834, one hundred and 
 sixty acres of prairie land with a stake and rider fence, grew eighty acres of corn 
 on another claim, and improved still another forty acres back of Burlington. 
 He also improved some twenty acres, and erected buildings for a private residence. 
 
 " There was a settlement from near the mouth of Long Creek, northeast 
 of Augusta, made by six or seven families from Indiana, in July, 1833, eight 
 miles west of Burlington. 
 
 " In regard to public improvements, in the fall of 1833, Mr. Ross built the 
 first school house, on his claim just back of the public square, at his own 
 expense, and in the spring of 1834, Z. C. Ingraham was employed to teach. 
 Mr. Ross boarded him free of cost. This was the first English school taught 
 in Iowa. In 1834, Mr. Ross organized the first Sunday school in Iowa, fur- 
 nishing a library from Cincinnati, at a cost of $12.50, and taught the school 
 himself. As the population increased, a new library was needed : the old one 
 was donated to Mount Pleasant, where a school had been organized, and a new 
 lot of books, costing $25, was put in. Of those denominations who joined in 
 the work of maintaining the school, Mr. Ross remembers : Mr. and Mrs J. 
 Edwards, W. H. Starr (then a lawyer), of the Congregational faith ; George 
 Partridge (who became a wholesale merchant of St. Louis), of the Unitarian 
 faith ; David Rover, of the Presbyterian faith ; John B. Gray, of the Baptist 
 faith. Mr. Newhall and Dr. John Campbell are warmly spoken of in this con- 
 nection, also. 
 
372 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 "The day school was taught by Mrs. Shelton and Mrs. Mayfield; and after 
 the old Zion Methodist Episcopal Church was built, Rev. E. M. Scott, the 
 tallest man in the neighborhood, Ijved in the basement of the church and taught 
 school therein. Afterward, a man named Townsend taught. 
 
 " Dr. Crawford, from Brooke County, Va., settled in Burlington in 1833. 
 He practiced during the winter, and then moved to Texas. In the spring of 
 1834, Drs. Shuff", of Kentucky, and Center, of Indiana, located in Burlington, 
 and formed a partnership. Center died within the year, and iShuff returned to 
 Kentucky. Dr. Teas practiced in 1835. Dr. W. D. Hickock, of New York, 
 located there in 1835, and remained until his death. Dr. S. S. Ransom, of 
 Vermont, settled there about the same date. Dr. E. Lowe, of Indiana, came 
 in 1836. He afterward removed to Omaha. 
 
 "The first court ever held in Southern Iowa, convened at the house of Mr. 
 Ross, on the block immediately east of the public square, in the spring of 1835. 
 Judges presiding: William Morgan, Henry Walker and Young R. Hughes. 
 Resident lawyers: W. W. Chapman, Robert Williams, Isaac Leffler, Joseph 
 B. Teas. Visiting lawyers: Mr. Little, of Carthage, Illinois, and James W. 
 Woods, usually called 'Old Timber.' Mr. Ross owned the only law library 
 then in Burlington, and that was a small one. In the spring of 1836, David 
 Rover began the practice of law; in 1836-7, M. D. Browning and J. W. 
 Grimes, also. In 1836-7, Joseph B. Teas and Jeremiah Smith, Jr., repre- 
 sented Des Moines at the Legislature which organized the Territory of Iowa. 
 In the spring of 1838, Charles Mason moved to Burlington and began the 
 practice of law. There was an exodus of lawyers from that place about then. 
 J. C. Hall, William Thompson, J. B. and G. W. Teas and Van Allen located 
 at Mt. Pleasant ; Thomas and Springer, at Wapello, Louisa County ; Daniel 
 Miller and Rich at Ft. Madison. 
 
 "In 1837-8, the Territory was established, and Burlington made the 
 capital. The first session was held in the old Zion Church. 
 
 "In March, 1834, Barton H. Cartright preached in Burlington. Asa 
 McMurtry preached for two Aveeks, shortly after. W. D. R. Trotter followed. 
 In May, 1834, Peter Cartright held two days' camp-meeting near the public 
 square. In the winter of 1834-5, Seamen B. Stateter, of the Missouri Con- 
 ference, formed the Burlington Circuit, and appointed John H. Ruble, preacher 
 in charge. This circuit included all the territory south of Rock Island to the 
 southern boundary, and west to the Missouri River. In 1835-6, Andrew 
 Monroe held quarterly meeting. In May, Mr. Ruble died, and Peter Brown, 
 of Quincy, 111., preached his funeral sermon. Wilson Pitner supplied the 
 place for a short time. Nicholas S. Barton next preached, and in 1837, Moses 
 McMurtry had charge. In 1839, Asa West followed, and in 1840, J. Arving- 
 ton, as preachers on the circuit. Isaac S. Stewart was located preacher in 
 charge of the Burlington Church." 
 
 In 1838, Gen. Joseph Street was transferred from the Agency of the Win- 
 nebagoes at Prairie du Chien, Wis., to Iowa, for the purpose of establishing a 
 military outpost for the protection of the general interests of the Government. 
 He made a barrack at Agency City, in Wapello County, and may be esteemed 
 the first white man to open the onward march of the pale-faces toward Monroe 
 County. 
 
 In a dense wilderness he built up for himself a home of as comfortable a 
 character as the times and circumstances would permit. He improved a farm 
 and availed himself of such opportunities as lay within his reach. Joseph 
 Smart, the interpreter, and a man named Baker, who was a blacksmith by 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 373 
 
 trade, were the only white persons, beside the garrison, in the settlement. A 
 trading-post was soon established by Messrs. Ewings & Phelps, near the 
 Agency. 
 
 In 1841, J. P. Eddy, from St. Louis, opened a trading-post where Eddy- 
 ville now stands, near the northeast corner of Monroe County. He at once 
 secured the friendship of the Indians. 
 
 Wabekeishiek, the prophet of the Sacs and Foxes, built his village on the 
 right bank of the Des Moines, a mile above Eddy's post. The Indians gi'ew 
 corrupt after tliie passage by Congress of the bill granting annuities, growing 
 out of the Black Hawk treaty of peace. They would not hunt or fish, and 
 subsisted on their grants from the Great Father. The Indians became so 
 demoralized by the freedom fi-om labor thus secured that the mortality of the 
 tribe was greatly increased. The prophet told them that the cause of all their 
 woes arose from the relinquishment of their lands to the Grovernment. There 
 is something sad in the spectacle of a once powerful race of men thus driven to 
 the extremity of extinction. In 1845, the Indians were removed entirely from 
 the State to reservations in Kansas. 
 
 John Goodell, the interpreter of Hardfish's band, was the next to move 
 toward Monroe County. He improved a farm not far from the line between 
 Wapello and'Monroe, known as the Ogden place, located some four miles below 
 Eddy's post. 
 
 '' In 1843," says Dr. Ross, " I visited the country as far up as where Eddy- 
 ville now stands, at that time an Indian village called Hardfisher. J. P. Eddy 
 was located there as a trader with the Indians. I found a few old friends, who 
 had made claims on both sides of the river; among them, John B. Gray, 
 who had located about three miles west, on Gray's Creek, in Kishkekosh 
 County." 
 
 -^ THE FIRST SETTLERS. 
 
 The early history of Wapello differs from nearly all other counties in this 
 State in one important feature, which is this : It had no first settler. This ap- 
 parent anachronism is accounted for by the fact that scores of pioneers were 
 impatiently awaiting the arrival of the day when they could legally lay claim 
 to the lands beyond the Indian boundary line. 
 
 It is often said by orators who expatiate upon the marvelous progress of this 
 nation, that the United States sprang into being in a day, like Minerva from 
 the head of Jove, powerful, matured, commanding. This figure of speech, which 
 the license of the rostrum permits, finds nearly a literal fulfillment in the crea- 
 tion of Wapello County. 
 
 By the terms of the Indian treaty of 1842, the territory now embraced in 
 the limits of Wapello County was ceded to the United States. It was not 
 opened to claimants at once, however, but was reserved against settlers until the 
 1st day of May, 1843. Long before the dawn of that morning, hundreds of 
 anxious families had congregated upon the line of the imaginary boundary, and 
 were preparing to rush, American fashion, at the stroke of the bell, upon the new 
 possessions. It would be taxing the credulity of our readers to assert that no 
 violations of the spirit of the law were made by these pioneers, and, in fact, the 
 necessity of maintaining troops of dragoons on the border clearly shows that the 
 parent Government did not believe that the conditions of the treaty would be 
 voluntarily observed. A considerable military force was stationed for weeks 
 upon the border, solely for the purpose of preventing the too rapid advancement 
 of the whites. In spite of this police regulation, it is known that many settlers 
 surreptitiously surveyed the promised land, and even penetrated westward as far 
 
374 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 as what is now Monroe County. The existence of a trading-post at Eddyville 
 served as a pretext for a preliminary movement, and the first permanent settler 
 of Monroe, John B. Gray, who was afterward a Commissioner of this county 
 while Monroe (or Kishkekosh, as it was then called) was attached to Wapello,^ 
 made a selection in that county as early as September, 1842. The great mass, 
 however, did not succeed in gaining even transient access to the region beyond 
 the line, and if any man did really drive a secret claim-stake in Wapello soil, 
 his name is unknown. 
 
 The night of April 30, 1843, was illumed with camp-fires along the bound- 
 ary, and sleep forsook the eyelids of the progressive hosts. When the midnight 
 hour arrived and the morning of May 1st was ushered in, the groves and hills 
 rang with shouts and the sharp reports of fire-arms. A mighty army of fully 
 two thousand persons pressed onward along the entire line. Of this number, 
 Wapello received her full share, but it is past finding out who came and who 
 actually composed the pioneer throng. 
 
 Many persons were doubtless drawn into the movement through the sense of 
 conquest or invasion which the act implied. The love of adventure is strong in 
 the hearts of Americans, and controlled a large proportion of the band, no 
 doubt, but did not tend to permanently benefit the country. Others came with 
 honest intent to remain and improve the claims thus taken up without money or 
 hindrance. So excited was the crowd that those who came did not realize who 
 were their companions, and never knew whether they were first or last in the 
 disordered scramble for place. 
 
 It must be remembered that the people did not come in solid phalanx, but 
 were scattered over a wide area. Thus it will be seen that those who entered, 
 for instance, near the southern line of the county had no way of determining 
 who had chosen the northern part. It may be true that some had secreted them- 
 selves during the hours preceding midnight, on the lands they desired to claim, 
 and were prepared to drive the claimant's stake at the earliest flush of the 1st. 
 
 Under such circumstances it would be unfair to record the name of any in- 
 dividual as the first man to settle in the county. The temptation to perpetrate 
 a Hibernianism is too strong to be resisted, and we settle the vexed question of 
 priority by declaring that the first man to settle in Wapello County was a crowd 
 of people. 
 
 ^ ^ A PIONEER MINISTER S IMPRESSIONS. 
 
 Early in the spring and summer of 1844, Rev. B. A. Spalding began a cor- 
 respondence from Agency City with the Home Missionary Society, under whose 
 direction he was located there, and, owing to his faculty for intelligent obser- 
 vation, his communications are of value, as showing the material and moral con- 
 dition of the country at that period, from a Christian stand-point. He says : 
 
 We went to the Indian Agency in Wapello County, on the New Purchase. On our way to 
 that place, we passed through a part of the country which had been settled but two or three months. 
 It was literally a new country. Many of the settlers had not struck a furrow or erected a fence. 
 All that reminded us that we were in a settled country, was the occasional sight of an uncom- 
 pleted cabin, in which we found families staying rather than living. They were not only desti- 
 tute of conveniences, but were so open that the family could be seen about as well trom the out- 
 side as by going into the door, or rather the hole that was left for a door. How those families 
 were to be kept comfortable, and how they were to be supplied with provisions during the in- 
 clement season, were questions that often occurred to us. We found but few inhabitants at the- 
 Agency. A few were anxious to have the Gospel preached to them at that place, and expressed 
 a strong desire to have one of our number settle amongst them. It will probably be a thickly 
 settled place within a few years. A town has been laid out near the Agency liouse, and such is the 
 character of the land and the facilities for procuring timber, that settlers will soon be induced to 
 come in. A good, faithful, persevering minister might, in the course of a few years, build up a 
 flourishing church there. We visited the grave of Gen. Street, the late Isdian Agent, and 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 375 
 
 also the grave of Wapello, an Indian chief, which are side by side. The tribe of which Wapello 
 was chief was devotedly attached to Gen. Street and his family, and, as an expression of their 
 friendship, they presented him with a section of land containing 640 acres, which is now in the 
 possession of his widow. 
 
 A few weeks since, I visited " Raccoon River Agency," nearly one hundred miles from this 
 place, and thirty or forty miles from the line which divides this from the country at present occu- 
 pied by the Indians. Connected with the Agency is the Indian Agent, the interpreter, two gun- 
 smiths, two blacksmiths, with their families and servants 
 
 Nearly a mile from this, on the point between the Raccoon and Des Moines, is a garrison, 
 consisting of about one hundred soldiers and five commissioned oflBcers. Along the banks of the 
 Des Moines, between it and the Agency, are several farms and trading-posts, so that the whole 
 population in the settlement is not far from two hundred. On the Sabbath, I preached to as 
 many of these as could be crowded in the single room — officers, soldiers, merchants, mechanics, 
 farmers, gentlemen, ladies, children and servants, both black and white. There has been a good 
 deal of sickness in the settlement during the summer, and, more recently, a few deaths ; and 
 there was considerable seriousness prevailing in some families. I should visit this place fre- 
 quently if other engagements would permit. It has been visited, in one or two instances, by a 
 Methodist preacher. 
 
 On the Des Moines, in sight of the Agency, is a village containing two or three hundred 
 Indians. The huge bark buildings present a fine appearance in the distance, at twilight 
 but on nearer approach, by day, they seem rather the haunts of beasts than the abodes of 
 men. Not a tree nor a shrub, a garden nor a well, nor the slightest mark of beauty or of com- 
 fort, was anywhere to be seen ; even the wild grass had been beaten by the continual tramping, 
 till not a blade nor a root was left; and, as the savages were away on a hunting expedition, the 
 stillness of death reigned over their desolate homes. There are several other villages on this and 
 the neighboring rivers, containing in all about two thousand two hundred persons — all that is left 
 of the Sacs and Foxes, those warlike tribes who filled the whole frontier with terror during the 
 Black Hawk war. These are to be removed, in less than a year, to a region beyond the Missouri 
 River. If, by this removal, they were placed forever beyond the reach of whisky smugglers 
 and other vicious white men, it would be a blessing to them instead of a curse. 
 
 Mr. Spaulding then gives a sketch of Oskaloosa, as a part of his missionary 
 jurisdiction: 
 
 This "divide" is a long, narrow prairie, extending from the Mississippi in a northwesterly 
 direction between the two rivers, skirted on both sides by broken country from two to four miles " 
 wide, generally covered with timber. The town is nearly one hundred miles from the Mississippi, 
 and about six from the Des Moines. It has grown up since the spring opened, and chiefly during 
 the summer and fall. A year ago I passed over its site ; the fire had been before me, consuming 
 every appearance of vegetation except a few scattering stalks, leaving a vast black surface. It 
 seemed the most bleak and dreary place I ever saw — the very picture of desolation. But its riches 
 were hid in the soil, and in its forests and rivers. Now, the same spot presents a cluster of 
 newly-made buildings to a view of eight or ten miles distant on the opposite sides. It contains a 
 population of not less than fifty, perhaps one hundred or more, for it increases so fast as to be scarcely 
 two days alike, and is constant hardly long enough to be counted. There are already four 
 stores (and a grocery) embracing a respectable amount of capital aifording " a large assortment 
 of such goods as are usually sold in the Western country," and " offering great bargains." 
 Each of these will, of course, sell as cheap as the other, and all "cheaper than the cheapest." 
 There are mechanics of various trades, and gentlemen of different professions, especially the 
 law. Two saw-mills on different streams, on opposite sides of the town, each about five miles 
 distant, have been in operation for some months — one for more than a year, and it is expected 
 that a rtouring-mill will start soon. 
 
 Again, speaking of Agency City, he says : 
 
 On tlfe 27th of October, a Congregational Church was formed in this town, consisting of six 
 members, three males and three females. There were, however, seven other candidates for 
 admission, who were unable to be present. Meetings held on Friday and Saturday nights and 
 on Sunday during the day and at night were large and interesting. On the next Sabbath, a 
 Methodist class was formed, consisting of six. Still a week later, a Cumberland Presbyterian 
 Church was formed, embracing about twenty. A County Bible Society has been formed in this 
 place, and also at Ottumwa, the county seat of Wapello. In each county about eight dollars were 
 raised for the Bible cause, besides several subscriptions not yet paid, although all the eflFort in 
 both counties was made by the agent in a few days. 
 
 Under date of October, 1844, Mr. Spaulding writes : 
 
 There has been a good degree of religious feeling in the circle in which I have labored, with 
 some interesting cases of revival in individual hearts, both of professors and non-professors. A 
 small Congregational Church has been formed in this place (Agency City), and the prospect is 
 
376 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 that it will be considerably increased within a few weeks, chiefly, however, by those who are 
 already professors of religion. There has also been considerable interest among the Methodists 
 and Baptists, and several additions to their churches. There is also a Sabbath school connected 
 with the Methodist Church in the southern part of the county. What number of scholars it 
 contains, 1 do not know. Prayer meetings have been held occasionally in various places. The 
 population, however, is so scattered that it is much more difficult to sustain a prayer meeting 
 here than in the East, though I cannot say with certainty that the moral or spiritual difficulty, 
 judging from the very small number that I have sometimes seen assembled in populous villages, 
 is any greater. Books and tracts received from the Tract Society and various Sabbath schools 
 and benevolent societies in Alassachusetts, through the Mass. S. S. Society, have afforded inval- 
 uable aid in promoting the great objects which your instructions have urged upon my attention. 
 
 In February of 1845, he writes again, giving a lengthy account of his 
 labors up to that time, including a visit to Eddj^ville, Oskaloosa and Raccoon 
 Forks. 
 
 A year since my arrival in this place, and the first one of my labors in the ministry was com- 
 pleted on the 10th of November. It has been the most interesting year of my life. I have preached 
 in about thirty different places, from one to one hundred and fifty miles from each other. Six of 
 these were under the charge of some of my brethren, one in the Indian country, and the remainder 
 in the limits assigned to my care. At some of these places I have preached but once, at some 
 twice, at others none, and at some eight or ten times each. At some of them, there has been 
 no other preaching; at some, the Methodists have preached regularly; the Baptists occasionally, 
 and a few have been visited by Cumberland Presbyterians, United Brethren, and various others. 
 Within these limits, two Congregational Churches have been formed (neither of which, I am 
 sorry to say, was in a vicinity of less than fifteen miles, and one scarcely less than fifty, of a 
 Presbyterian Church of any school or order whatever). I have traveled, according to an average 
 account, about fifty miles each week, or about two thousand five hundred miles during the year, 
 chiefly on horseback. I have been in journeyings often, in perils of waters, in perils in the 
 wilderness, in weariness and painfulness, in hunger and thirst, and in cold. But in all this I 
 joy and rejoice and give glory. 
 
 Mr. Spaulding gives an interesting account of the condition of the New 
 Purchase, and of the whole region from Sac and Fox Agency to the Raccoon 
 Forks. He says : 
 
 But if there is want of encouragement in particular cases, the general aspect of things is 
 rather cheering. The attendance oh our meetings has been constantly increasing, both in num- 
 bers and uniformity. Congregations are attentive and seem serious. Our little Church, consist- 
 ing of but six members, enjoyed its first communion season September 15. Several sermons 
 were preached on Saturday and on the Sabbath. Brother Reed, of Fairfield, and Rev. Mr. 
 Dashiel, formerly an Episcopal Rector in Baltimore, were present. For the first time, our meet- 
 ing house was crowded to overflowing with a deeply interested audience. Some were present 
 who had not been with us before; others for the first time seemed to listen in earnest. It was 
 decidedly the most interesting meeting that I have seen in the New Purchase, and, although I 
 do not know that a single conversion has been the result, I have reason to hope that impressions 
 were made which will not soon be effaced. It may be interesting to know that this meeting was 
 held in the "Old Council House," a building erected for the special purpose of accommodating 
 the Indians when assembled in their negotiations with the authorities of the United States. 
 Here, less than two years ago, savages were sitting or lying upon the floor, smoking their pipes 
 and singing their songs ; but now a congregation of Christians are celebrating the dying love 
 of their Lord and Master. 
 
 But the heathen, where are they? Dwindling away before the light of civilization as dark- 
 ness flies before the rising sun, till soon echo only shall answer, where are they ? What Christian 
 can fail, sometimes, to weep at the mercenary cruelty of the conquered? Preying upon the 
 property of others, which has been purchased at a value merely nominal, lets loose the lawless 
 rapacity of avarice, till it soon learns to bid defiance to restraint from any quarter, and can only 
 be checked by Him who turns the hearts of men as the rivers of water are turned. It is this 
 which countenances, or at least overlooks, profligacy of every kind, and opposes the most formid- 
 able obstacle to any improvement in piety or morals. Still, there is that in the human con- 
 science which must respect the claims of the divine law or the eternal principles of truth and 
 justice. Hence the humblest individual who advocates those principles always secures a degree 
 of respect, and, if faithful, a powerful influence. A professor of religion in a place where I 
 had preached but a few times told me that he could see a marked difference in the whole com- 
 munity from the time that my appointments commenced, and urged me to continue them and 
 make them as frequent as possible. He was anxious to have a religious meeting of some kind 
 in town every Sabbath, for the bare fact that if there was such a meeting it would operate as a 
 check upon those who did not attend and took no interest in it. 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 377 
 
 JUDGE HENDERSHOTT S ADDRESS. 
 
 [In 1874, Hon. H. B. Hendershott was invited to prepare and read an his- 
 torical sketch of Wapello County, by the Old Settlers" Association — a society 
 which was organized, the Judge informs us, in 1873. The Association no 
 longer maintains regular meetings, but its work was a most satisfactory one, 
 since it embraced the production of a paper which, for comprehensiveness, ac- 
 curacy and general interest, is the most complete address of the kind we have 
 been fortunate enough to obtain in any county. We herewith reproduce the 
 address entire. — Editor.] 
 
 ''• One who settled m Wapello County at a very early day would be cold- 
 hearted indeed not to be rejoiced to meet here and to get a genial shake of the 
 hand and a warm ' How do you do ? ' from the many noble-hearted, cordial 
 friends of the olden times. The only thought which impairs the joy of this 
 occasion with me is a consciousness on my part that I shall be unable to say 
 what ought to be said on this happy day and on this joyous occasion — to re- 
 count the many and interesting events of thirty years ago. 
 
 " And yet, when I call to mind the fact that, on all former occasions, when 
 I have been called upon to discharge any duty among you, your sympathy and 
 forgiveness have overlooked those things in which I have fallen short of your 
 expectations, I know you will overlook any want of fitness in what I may 
 say, as w^ell as forgive me for leaving unsaid some things that ought to be said. 
 Relying upon that same generous confidence on your part that has gladdened 
 my heart in the past, I will at once proceed to the duty assigned me. 
 
 "An address to an 'Old Settlers' Association,' of course, must needs be 
 historic. The mind must go back to the beginning, and hunt out and dig up 
 the neglected, not to say forgotten, facts of the past. It shall be my purpose, 
 old settlers and new, as far as I have the ability to do so, to take you back to 
 the time when the country was first settled, and to enable you to realize the 
 circumstances by which the early settlers of the county were surrounded — the 
 trials through which we passed, on the one hand, and the pleasures which ac- 
 companied us on the other. 
 
 " But, first of all, perhaps I should speak of the country itself, giving a 
 very brief history of it. In 1803, the country covered by Iowa was ceded to 
 the United States by France, and was then called Louisiana. In a year or two 
 afterward — I think in 1804 — this territory was divided into the governments 
 of Orleans and Louisiana. In 1812, Louisiana was admitted as one of the 
 States of the Union, and the country north of it was then called Missouri 
 Territory. From 1812 to 1834, that region of country now embraced in Iowa 
 was a part of the Missouri Territory. In this year (1834), Iowa was placed 
 under the jurisdiction of Michigan, and was known as a part of Michigan Ter- 
 ritory. In 1837, Michigan was admitted into the Union. This led to the 
 the organization of a new Territory — Wisconsin. Iowa was then a part of 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 " In 1833, a treaty was made with the Sac and Fox tribes of Indians, by 
 the terms of which the country lying west of the Mississippi River, and east of 
 the west line of Jefferson County, was ceded to the United States ; for it must 
 be borne in mind that, up to 1833, Iowa was Indian country. On the 11th of 
 October, 1842, a second treaty was made with the same tribes, by which the 
 balance of Iowa was ceded. Under this latter treaty, the whites were not per- 
 mitted to settle within what are now the boundaries of Wapello Countv until the 
 1st day of May, 1843. 
 
378 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 " Before night of this day, there were not less than two thousand persons 
 actually inhabiting the county. The most of these had been squatted along 
 the line of the county, in Jefferson County, preparatory to passing into Wapello 
 as soon as midnight arrived. 
 
 "The greater part of these early settlers were engaged the last half of the 
 night of the 30th of April and the 1st of May, 1843, in marking out their 
 claims. This was done by setting stakes in the prairie and blazing trees in the 
 timber. These claims embraced from eighty to three hundred and twenty acres. 
 
 "As might be expected, the work of locating and defining these claims, 
 much of it being done in the night, was very inartistically done. Many of the 
 boundary lines were crooked, disjointed, and encroached the one upon the 
 other. This inevitably led to many disturbances called " Claim Difficulties." 
 It must be quite apparent that these difficulties must find some peaceable means 
 of adjustment. To meet this necessity the earlier inhabitants organized what 
 were called 'Claim Committees.' A claim, when bona fide made and held, was 
 as sacredly protected as are homes and lands of the present inhabitants. The 
 judjrraent of these crudely organized though necessary tribunals were enforced 
 by summary process. This process was generally a plain, written statement of 
 the opinion of the ' Claim Committee,' setting forth the right of the injured 
 party and the wrong complained of, and an order tj the wrong-doer to abide by 
 and submit to the judgment of the Court, in default of which, the power of the 
 county was invoked to carry out and enforce, on the spot, the judgment. From 
 the judgment of these 'Claim Committees' there was no appeal or stay of exe- 
 cution. It was well understood that when the Committee reported, it meant 
 business, and generally, like Scott's coon, the erring brother came down. Oc- 
 casionally, however, these judgments were met by insubordination, and where 
 this did occur, it resulted in a war on the spot, without any formal decla- 
 ration. 
 
 " As an example of one of these wars I may give an account of the ' Dah- 
 lonega war.' This war was brought on in this way : James Woody, who came 
 from near Dahlonega, Lumpkin Co., Ga., and who was one of the very first 
 settlers of the county, made a claim, now the farm of Enos King, near Dah- 
 lonega. This claim he sold to Martin Koontz for $200 in gold, and received 
 the money. Conceiving that he had sold too cheap, and that the county seat 
 of the county must be located very near this claim. Woody 'jumped' the 
 claim, that is, went on it again, and took steps to pre-empt the land under the 
 act of Congress. He accordingly erected on the claim a cabin. As soon as 
 this fact was known. Woody was warned off"; fading to go, the action of the 
 Claim Committee was invoked, and that being in favor of Koontz, Woody was 
 ordered off" and to surrender to the claimant Koontz, which he refused to do. 
 This, of course, was the signal to arms. 
 
 " Capt. Jehu Moore, who led the Koontz forces — about sixty well armed 
 men — some of whom — Peter Kitterman, N. D. Earl, Joseph Kite and Elias 
 Kitterman — moved on the enemy's works. Among the Woody men were 
 William, Alexander and Thomas Crawford, with a few others. I think William 
 Crawford was the leader of the Woody men. The friends of Koontz repaired 
 to the cabin which had been erected by Woody, and, finding him in it, tore it- 
 down over his head and drove him off" the claim. This brought the contending 
 armies together, and thereupon a most desperate fight ensued, resulting in the 
 death of Thomas Crawford. 
 
 " This war was followed by an eft'ort on the part of the civil authorities, at 
 the instance of Woody, to arrest the leader of the Koontz men. Being then 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 379 
 
 attached to JeflFerson County for judicial purposes (though not for military pur- 
 poses) process was sued out in Jeiferson County, and placed in the hands of 
 Deputy Sheriff Woolard, who came up from Fairfield to make arrests. On 
 reaching the scene of the war, this officer of the law found that it required 
 something more than a me»e declaration from him: 'you are my prisoner,' to 
 make an arrest. Men who had banded themselves together by the strong ties 
 of honor and courage, as the Moores, Kittermans Kites, Earls and others 
 had done to protect their rights, were not to be arrested in this way. The 
 Deputy Sheriff, Woolard, called to his assistance Andrew Weir, who was a 
 mere youth, acting as Constable, but of prudent courage, to assist him in making 
 arrests. But it was of no use. 
 
 " Those men would not be taken ; but, on the contrary, they took the officer, 
 Woolard, keeping him over night, and, in the morning, bringing him out and 
 placing him upon his horse, escorted him to the public square in Dahlonega, or 
 rather to the place intended as a public square. Riding around him here, with 
 their well-trained rifles in hand, they gave, as they passed, a most respectful 
 military salute, he returning the same. After this ceremony was closed, Capt. 
 Moore advanced and informed Deputy Sherifi' Woolard that he and his men 
 had no further use for him, and would not longer detain him from his family 
 and home, and that he was at liberty to go, and when they wanted him again 
 they would let him know it ; and that, if he came again until thus called for, 
 he had better make his last will and testament before leaving home. Suffice it 
 to say, Woolard never returned. 
 
 " A somewhat laughable incident is said to have occurred during this war, 
 or at its close, with one of the attorneys engaged — only professionally, how- 
 ever — for Woody. William H. Galbraith and* George May were retained by 
 Woody, and W. W. Chapman for Koontz. During the excitement growing out 
 of this difficulty, the Koontz men corraled May in Woody's house. Finding 
 him in a back room, in bed, they called him out. George came forth, and see- 
 ing the crowd by which he was surrounded, and having the love of honor before 
 his eyes, then and there implored his captors, for the sake of honor, for the 
 sake of God and the love which he bore toward his family and home, not to tar 
 and feather him or ride him on a rail ; but rather than be thus disgraced and 
 sent away he preferred to be shot. Well, they did not shoot him, nor did they 
 tar and feather him, nor ride him on a rail ; but it is said, though for the truth 
 of this I will not vouch, that the cloud of war passed off, and the angry waves 
 of passion were hushed by May asking his captors to go out and liquor. You 
 know George was good on expedients. But whether the party liquored or not, 
 I cannot state. My friends, N. D. Earl and Peter Kitterman, who are on the 
 ground, can tell you, for they were there. 
 
 " It is due to George May, an absent friend, to say that he was in no way 
 implicated in the effort of Woody to take Koontz's claim, and that he lived 
 long amongst us, and, when he left, had no better friends in the county than 
 the men who espoused the interest of old Mr. Koontz. The prosecution which 
 had been commenced in Jefferson County against the Koontz men remained 
 undisposed of until Wapello County was organized ; after which, from some 
 oversight in legislation, Jefferson County lost her jurisdiction, and they were 
 dismissed. And thus ended the Dahlonega war and its consequences. Woody, 
 of course, lost the claim. 
 
 " This, perhaps, was the fiercest war that was waged in the county. In 
 other localities, like disturbances took place, but I cannot stop to refer to each 
 in detail. I have only alluded to this for the purpose of advising the uninitiated 
 
380 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 more clearly how justice was administered in the olden time in Wapello, when 
 the law's delay did not supplant justice with mere forms. 
 
 " Let me now _2;o back a little. I have already said that, in 1842, a treaty 
 was made with the Sac and Fox Indians, by which this portion of country was- 
 purchased and owned by the United States ; and that Iowa at one time formed 
 a part of Wisconsin Territory. On the 12th day of June, 1838, the Con- 
 gress of the United States passed an act organizing the Territory of Iowa. 
 The boundary lines of this new Territory extended from the State of Mis- 
 souri on the south, to the British Possessions on the north, and from the 
 Mississippi on the east, to the Missouri on the west. The seat of govern- 
 ment of this new Territory was fixed at Burlington, and the Territory was or- 
 ganized on the 4th day of July, 1838. Robert Lucas, an honest man and good 
 officer, was the first Governor ; William B. Conway, Secretary ; Charles Mason, 
 Joseph Williams and Thomas S. Wilson were the first Judges — the former 
 being Chief Justice, and all of them able jurists and honest men. The Chief 
 Justice and his associate, Judge Wilson, are yet living — Judge Mason at Bur- 
 lington and Judge Wilson at Dubuque. 
 
 "Among the very earliest settlers in the county of Wapello, are the 
 following: In Competine Township, Joseph Leighton (father of A. C. 
 Leighton), Maylon Wright, Jesse Scott, Dr. Lewis, Alexander Smith and 
 others. 
 
 "In Pleasant Township, George Harmon, John Henderson, James Hill, 
 John Murry, John HufFstutter, James T. Coleman, LeAvis F. Temple, George 
 Hanna, Thomas Larwood, Samuel McGee, Thomas Brumsy (father of Samuel 
 Brumsy, Esq., now of this city). Manly Blanchard, John Philips, Calvin Car- 
 son, Hiram Fisher, John McDowell and Templin McDowell. 
 
 "In Agency Township, James Weir (subsequently Judge of Probate, and 
 father of Dr. Weir, now of Agency City), James Stevens, Charles F. Harrow, 
 S. S. Dwire, William H. Cogswell, Joseph Myers, Maj. John Beach, William 
 B. Street, Alexander Street, J. H. D. Street (sons of Gen. Street, the Indian 
 Agent), Reuben Myers, Jesse Brookshire and H. B. Hendershott. 
 
 "I think I must stop just here, and tell a little anecdote of Mr. Brookshire, 
 a most upright, honest man. Jesse was an aspiring man, and desired very 
 much to be a delegate to the first Constitutional Convention. When he was 
 canvassing the county in that direction, the question came up as to the pro- 
 priety of holding sessions of the Legislature each year, or less frequently. The 
 general opinion seemed to fiivor biennial sessions ; the public mind was averse to 
 so much legislation. It wanted more freedom and less restraint. Mr. Brook- 
 shire caught the idea, and thought he saw a good opening for him on that 
 question. His competitor was Joseph H. Hedrick, brother to our esteemed 
 fellow-citizen, John W. Hedrick, and uncle to the gallant Gen. Hedrick. Mr. 
 Hedrick had made a speech at Dahlonega, in which he took occasion to say, 
 that ' he was opposed to annual sessions of the Legislature, and that, should he 
 be elected a delegate, he would favor biennial sessions of the Legislature; that 
 he thought that once in two years was often enough to hold legislative sessions.' 
 In this speech, Mr. Hedrick rather intimated that Mr. Brookshire difi*ered from 
 him on that question, but he did not know just what his views were, and would 
 leave him to defend his own position. This, of course, called Jesse out on the 
 question. Jesse thought he saw a good opening to make votes just here. He 
 knew the popular current was opposed to yearly sessions of the Legislature, 
 and you know, Mr. President, how accommodating politicians are in favoring 
 the popular will. 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 381 
 
 " Coming to speak of this question of legislative sessions, Jesse raised him- 
 self to his utmost altitude, and said : ' Fellow-citizens : The gentleman, Mr. 
 Hedrick, has told you that he was in favor of biennial sessions of the Legisla- 
 ture, to be held every two years, and that, if elected, he should vote for such a 
 provision in the Constitution. But, fellow-citizens, if I shall be elected your 
 delegate, I will go further than Mr. Hedrick ; I will favor biennial sessions of 
 your Legislature to be held once every three years.' It is needless to say that 
 this brought down the house ; but Mr. Hedrick was elected. 
 
 " But to return to an enumeration of the earlier settlers in Washington Town- 
 ship : John Priest, Gideon Myers, Joseph H. Flint, S. M. Wright (now can- 
 didate for County Supervisor), Silas Garrison, Thomas Ping, James Acton, 
 John Acton, L. A. Myers, G. D. La Force, Joseph Hayne (now'living below 
 the city, in sight of where I stand, for many years Sheriff, Treasurer and Clerk 
 of the county, a most competent officer, good citizen and an honest man), 
 Demps Griggsby, Thomas Foster, Daniel Dennison and Green B. Savery. 
 
 " In Keokuk Township : Joseph Mclntire, Seth Ogg, William C. Mcln- 
 tire, J. J. Seaman, Benjamin Young, William Kendrick, Robert H. Ivers, Cur- 
 tis Knight, Jesse Wallace and others. 
 
 " In Green Township were : D. H. Michael (once Sheriff of the county 
 and now member of the Board of Supervisors), Benjamin Baum, Richard Jack- 
 son, Ezekiel Rush, Benjamin Powell, Isham Higdon and A. J. Redenbaugh 
 (once Clerk of the Board of County Commissioners, a good officer and honest 
 man). 
 
 " Passing on around to Adams Township, we find : James F. Adams (for 
 whom the township is called), Theophilus Blake, Cyrus Van Cleave, Lawson 
 Bradley, the Brocks, Drapers, Ralstons and others. 
 
 " In the western part of the county, then not organized into townships as 
 now, were : Joseph Gardner, Moses Baker, Frank Bates, James Sales, Abram 
 Butin, Samuel Webb, Bird Pritchett, Noah Dofflemeyer, Lewis Myers, George 
 F. Myers, L. L. Denny, L. Stump, Samuel Bush, J. P. Eddy, John Kavan- 
 augh, Abner Overman, James Baker, Walter Clement, William R. Ross, Joseph 
 Roberts, Stephen Roberts, Lorenzo Roberts, William Black, Richard Butcher, 
 Henry Segur, Michael Welch and D. Campbell. 
 
 " In Richland Township : T. M. Kirkpatrick, Dr. Kirkpatrick, David 
 Whitcomb, John Baker, J. G. Baker (LTncle Gurley, you know), Isaac Fisher, 
 William Brim, James B. Wright, John D. Bevens, the McGlassons, A. J. Spur- 
 lock, John Kirkpatrick, William A. Winsell, John M. Spurgeon, Hugh Brown 
 (once a Clerk of the District Court and always a good citizen), Thomas Har- 
 desty. Hill and Bayliss. 
 
 " In Highland Township : J. W. Carpenter, (jeorge Godfrey, Wm. Evans, 
 James West, Jedediah Scott, Wm. Harris, Washington Williams, George Rob- 
 inson, James Van Winkle, M. W. McChesney. 
 
 " In Dahlonega Township : Joseph H. Hedrick, Peter Kitterman, Elias Kit- 
 terman, Martin Koontz, James Woody, W. B. Woody, Benj. Brattain, Jehu 
 Moore, N. D. Earl, N". H. Gates, Peter White, John and Joseph Kite, Alvin 
 Lewis, John W. Caldwell, Lewis Cobler. 
 
 " In Center Township : James M. Peck, Farnum Whitcomb, Richard 
 Fisher, J. C. Fisher, Peter Fisher, Henry Huffman, Nason Roberts, John 
 Alexander, Reuben R. Harper, J. M. Montgomery (settled out north), Phi- 
 lester Lee, John Clark, James Langshore, Dr. Hackleman, Thomas H. Wells, 
 Jerry Smith, Sr., and Clark Williams in the eastern part of the township; Dr, 
 C. C. Warden, Hugh George, Wm. Dewey, Paul C. Jeffries, David Glass, Da- 
 
382 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 vid Hall, Rev. B. A. Spaulding, S. S. Norris, Sewell Kinney, David P. Smith, 
 John Myers, David Armstrong, H. P. Graves, Wm. H. Galbraith, Levi Buck- 
 waiter in Ottumwa; Jink Yassar, George D. Hackworth, Arthur Eakins, Am- 
 mon Shawl, John Overman on the south side of the river; John C. Evans, 
 Thomas Reveal, John Humphrey, Sylvester Wai-ner, Paris Caldwell, G. A. 
 Roemer, Wm. Harris, Wm. Crawford, Alex. Crawford, Thomas Crawford, 
 Nathaniel Bell in the western part of the township. 
 
 " But I cannot tarry longer to name all those who first settled in the 
 county. Nor can I take up your time with biographical sketches of those 
 named ; suffice it to say, that a nobler set of men, of large hearts, of generous 
 impulses and true courage, never lived. And when I call to mind the many 
 times I have shared your hospitality, old settlers, have been sheltered by 
 your humble roofs, and protected from the pitiless prairie storms and parching 
 summer suns — when I look back and am reminded of the many kind friends I 
 found in you when I was but a youth, poor and a stranger in a wild, strange 
 land, I would not if I could, and cannot if I would, suppress that ' God bless 
 you' which springs up in my heart made glad at meeting you this day. Pov- 
 erty, adversity and pluck brought us together in the olden time ; a happy 
 present and a hopeful future have brought us together to-day. And while our 
 main purpose in this re-union is to talk over the early days and to rejoice 
 together, f must be pardoned if I tarry in the shades of the lamented dead, 
 a,nd with you shed a tear on their venerated graves. John Humphreys. Joseph 
 Leighton, George Harman, Lewis F. Temple, John Huffstutter, James Weir, 
 James Stephens, S. S. Dwire, Wm. H. Coggswell, Joseph Mclntire. Robert 
 H. Ivers, Curtis Knight, Benj. Baum, Theophilus Blake, Abraham Butin, 
 Abner Overman, Charles Overman, Walter Clement, Michael Welch, William 
 Black, John Baker, Isaac Fisher, James B. Wright, John D. Bevans, A. J. 
 Spurlock, Wm. Evans, Jedediah Scott, Richard Fisher, B. A. Spaulding, S. S. 
 Norris, Jerry Smith, John Priest, John C Evans, John Myers and A. D. 
 Whipple — these among the early settlers. And coming down a little later, 
 Aaron Harlan, Albert Mudge, James Hawley, A. D. Wood, Nathan Tindall, 
 John Stout, James H. Nosier, James Gray, Wm. Lotspeich, James D. Devin, 
 Thomas Devin, Charles F. Blake, Sr., John Myers, Thomas C. Coffin, Thomas 
 C. Ogden, Wm. Hammond, Allen M. Bonnifield and Capt. C C. Cloutman 
 cannot be forgotten. 
 
 ''In naming the earlier settlers in the different parts of the county, it will 
 be seen the list does not embrace those who have been in the county only twenty- 
 five or thirty years. My purpose is to mention only those who came in on the 
 heels of the departing Indian, and, of course, I have omitted very many who were 
 of the first to reach the county. 
 
 "As the Indian took up his march toward the setting sun, you, old settlers, 
 more favored than he, came in from the east. Many of you who are here to- 
 day, were here to see the red men of the forest, with their squaws and papooses, 
 draw their blankets in sadness around their naked forms, and with sullen and 
 reluctant march take up their way to the setting sun, and give way to the more 
 favored wards of the Government. 
 
 '' The inquiry may arise in the minds of many who are rejoicing with us 
 to-day, how the first settlers provided the necessaries of life during their first 
 season, as they came on the 1st of May, and found nothmg but a wild, uncul- 
 tivated country. Hard enough ! But there were fewer necessaries needed then 
 than now ; the inventory of necessaries was exceedingly brief. We had not then 
 learned the lesson of extravagance. A pone of corn-bread, a slice of fat meat, 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 383 
 
 spiced with its own gravy, furnished a most gracious and palatable repast. 
 Many and many is the happy meal, old settlers, you have taken under your 
 humble roof, prepared by your cheerful and constant wives and daughters (God 
 bless them!) of nothing but bread and meat. 
 
 Then there were no mills in the county. You had to go to distant mills to 
 get your flour and meal. Some went to Moffit's mill, on Skunk River, at Au- 
 gusta, in Des Moines County, seventy-five or eighty miles distant ; others went 
 to Meek's mill, in A^an Buren County, forty or fifty miles ; some went to one 
 place and some to another. Some used an old farmer's coffee-mill with which 
 to grind their buckwheat for cakes. One of these, Peter Kitterman has one 
 of these mills, and promised to bring it in to-day, so that I could show you the 
 very mill ; but he neglected to do so, informing me that his most excellent wife 
 would not consent because no one would give credit to the story. But you who 
 know Peter Kitterman, know that when he says anything it is true. 
 
 *' Six and eight days were frequently spent in these milling trips; and when 
 you returned with meal and flour, and found any of your neighbors destitute, 
 you sent them word to come and get of your store. Yours were generous 
 hearts and open hands. No destitution was permitted in your respective neigh- 
 borhoods that you could prevent. Y^ou were then all partners ; what one had, 
 the others owned. These were cordial, generous happy days — no selfishness, 
 no exclusion. You, old men and aged women, will remember when your last 
 pound of meat, your last peck of meal or bushel of potatoes was generously 
 divided with your needy neighbors. 
 
 " I have thus far spoken of the men of the olden times, of the wild and 
 early days of Wapello. I must not, I cannot, forget the mothers and wives and 
 daughters of those days. The cheerfulness, joy and grace with which they 
 made these wild and crude)homes happy, are not forgotten. You, who in better 
 days and more abundant lands had vowed to love, honor and obey, did not, in 
 your hard and rugged homes, forget those vows. 
 
 " You, like those noble men whose ambition and pluck brought them West, 
 stood erect in that lofty womanhood which makes you helpmeets indeed, and 
 adds glory to your sex. Never heard to murmur at the fate which brought you 
 here — God bless you for the good you have done and the many kind offices you 
 have filled and pass you in your advanced and declining years, in joy to the 
 close ! 
 
 " Wapello County, which had been attached to Jefferson County, was 
 organized in 1844. The Territorial Legislature passed an act, approved 
 February 13, 1844, the first section of which declares: 'That the county of 
 Wapello be and the same is hereby organized from and after the 1st day March 
 next ' (March 1, 1844). This act declared that the Clerk of the District 
 Court of the county, aided by the Sheriff of the county (this latter officer 
 appointed by the act itself) should be the organizing officers. The duty of the 
 Clerk (he who now addresses you) was to appoint the Judges and Clerks of Elec- 
 tion ; fix the places of voting ; receive, open and canvass the returns ; declare 
 the result, and issue certificates of election. James M. Peck, who is yet among 
 us, an honored, worthy and influential citizen of the county, residing some two 
 miles north of Ottumwa, was the Sheriff" whose duty it was to post notices of 
 the time and places of holding the election, deliver to the Judges and Clerks the 
 poll books, etc. 
 
 " The first election was held April 1, 1844. The Judges were: David P. 
 Smith, Peter Barnett, Jacob Daily, Alvin Lewis, Nason Roberts, Lewis Cobler, 
 James T- Coleman, John Huffstetter, James Acton, William Miller, Willoughby 
 
384 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 Randolph, William R. Ross, Jonathan Davis, William C. Mclntire, John W. 
 Caldwell, J. P. Eddy, James Weir, Jefferson Redman, Daniel Dennison, James 
 Broherd, Josiah C. Boggs, Nelson Wescoatt, N. B. Preston, John Miller, Will- 
 iam Kendrick, Robert H. Ivers, James F. Adams, Gamaliel Belknap, Lawson 
 Bradley, Reuben Myers, Demps Griggsby, Mahlon Wright, Alexader B. Smith 
 and Joseph Leighton. The Clerks were : William A. Houghland, A. C. Logan, 
 James R. Fisher, James Hilton, Thomas Wright, N. D. Earl, William S. 
 Campbell, Hiram Lambert, Thomas J. Linnard, William B. Street, William 
 Newell, George Wilson, Samuel J. Warden, Lewis Kenney, David F. Parrott, 
 George H. Gow, James P. Bradley, Thomas Ping, R. V. Holcomb, Joseph 
 Myers, Jonathan Hodson and Curtis Knight. 
 
 "At this first election, James M. Montgomery, Lewis F. Temple and Chas. 
 F. Harrow were elected County Commissioners ; Charles Overman, Commis- 
 sioners' Clerk; Paul C. Jeffries, Judge of Probate; Joseph Hayne, Sheriff; 
 James Caldwell, Assessor ; Thomas Foster, Treasurer ; Milton J. Spurlock, 
 Recorder ; Hugh George, Surveyor, with a goodly number of Justices and 
 Constables. Of the officers here named, Paul C. Jeffries — now 85 years old, 
 with a heart as big as all outdoor — Joseph Hayne, elsewhere alluded to, and 
 Thomas Fosterv, one of Wapello's best citizens, are the only survivors, and are 
 yet with us and here to-day, except Judge Jeffi'ies, who is too feeble to be out. 
 
 " For some time after the county was first settled, the inhabitants in the 
 southeast part got their mail matter from Keosauqua ; those in this and most 
 other parts of the county got their mail from Fairfield. We generally sent 
 down a special messenger for our mail once each week. If we could hear from 
 Washington once in two weeks, we felt that we were especially fortunate in get- 
 ting news so quickly. News which we received from Washington was more 
 usually three weeks than two in reaching us ; and, if I am not mistaken, our 
 news from Europe was from four to six months in reaching us ; and as for news 
 from any other part of the world, that Avas never looked for. 
 
 " There was no telegraphing, and but very little railroading. Now you 
 may start from Ottumwa and reach New York and Boston in three days ; and 
 you may be landed in London, if you like, in two weeks ; and you may make 
 the trip from ocean to ocean, across this continent, in about six days. You 
 may also go to Mr. Plummer's office, on Market street, and he will send a mes- 
 sage for you to almost any place on earth and get an answer to it in less time 
 than it will take you to walk from here to his office ! Such is life and progress. 
 
 "'■ Thirty-one years ago we were on the very borders of civilization, just 
 stepping into the yet warm moccasin-tracks of the Indians as they retired. 
 Now we are almost in the center of a vast and powerful republic, and Wapello 
 is traversed from east and west by a great national thoroughfare, leading from 
 Boston to San Francisco, with four splendidly arranged and perfectly regulated 
 trains of palatial coaches every twenty-four hours. Just think of it ! that such 
 means of travel, in the short space of thirty-one years, should take the place of 
 the Indian trail and pony ! Who would not feel proud of the skill and energy 
 of the American people, and rejoice that he may claim Wapello County as his 
 home? Just think it! you can now travel entirely across the continent, from 
 ocean to ocean, in the most splendid style, in less time than it used to take you 
 to go to Meek's mill and get a little corn or wheat ground ! 
 
 " I think I must stop here to relate an anecdote of Reuben R. Harper, a 
 former worthy citizen of the county, and who owned the farm now occupied by 
 William S. Carter. By the way, Mr. Harner had been elected to the Legisla- 
 ture. The Winter the first message was sent over the wires from Washington 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 385 
 
 to Baltimore, when the principles of telegraphing were as little known and 
 understood as the so-called science of Spiritualism is now, the question was 
 suggested how it was possible to send over and along a wire, stretched from 
 Washington to Baltimore, a distance of some thirty or forty miles, a message 
 in the space of a few seconds of time. No one seemed able to solve the mys- 
 tery, except Representative Harper, who said he believed he had it ; and, on 
 being inquired of for his explanation, he advanced the idea that the message 
 was written upon very fine paper, wrapped with the most exact care around the 
 Washington end of the wire, and then and there received such velocity of 
 motion by the application of the hand as to send it along the wire to Baltimore. 
 This, he averred, was the only way possible that a message could be sent such ^ 
 a distance in so short a time, and he expressed grave doubts if it could be 
 accomplished in that way ! This was Representative Harper's opinion of the 
 principles of telegraphing, and I will leave you to determine how near right he 
 was. 
 
 "On an examination of a very ancient record, I find the following entry, 
 and I can vouch for its correctness, for I made it myself." [Here was exhibited 
 about half a quire of very common foolscap paper, stitched together with white 
 thread and covered with a very coarse kind of paper, as the first record book 
 furnished by the United States, in which to enter the proceedings of the court, 
 from which was read :] 
 
 And now, on this day. to wit the 16th of September, A. D. IB44, the day on which, accord- 
 ing to law, the District Court of the United States, within and for the county of Wapello, and 
 Territory of Iowa, was to have begun and held its first or September term, at the Court House, 
 in the county seat of said county. There being no Judge present, the time for the commence- 
 ment of said court is adjourned until 9 o'clock to-morrow morning. 
 
 Tuesday moi-ning, 9 o'clock, September 17, 1844. — And now, on this day there yet being 
 no Judge present, the lime for the commencement of said court is further adjourned until to- 
 morrow morning. 
 
 And now, on this day, to wit : Wednesday, September 18, 1844, being the adjourned day 
 for the beginning of the September term of the District Court of the United States, for the 
 county of Wapello and Territory of Iowa. Present, the Hon. Charles Mason, Judge. 
 
 [Here follows an entry showing the organization of a grand jury as well on 
 the part of the United States as the Territory of Iowa. The names of the 
 jurors appear in the Court records in this volume.] 
 
 " Thus we have, on the 18th day of September, 1844, a District Court 
 opened, both on the part of the Territory of Iowa, to administer the laws of 
 the Territory, and on the part of the United States to administer the laws of 
 Congress. 
 
 " This court was opened and held in a log house situated on the lot where 
 the First National Bank of Ottumwa now stands. The first judicial act which 
 the court did after its organization had been completed, as shown by the record, 
 is the following : 
 
 Josiah Smart, Agent, who sues for the use of S. S. Phelps vs. Elias Orton, assumpsit. 
 Damages, $500. And now, on this day, this case came up for hearing. Whereupon, by the con- 
 sent of parties, it is ordered by the court here that this case be dismissed at the cost of defend- 
 ant, taxed at |7.52^. 
 
 " I find, on looking over the record, the first jury trial had in the court was 
 in the case of James Woody vs. Demps Griggsby ; verdict for defendant. This 
 record also shows, on the 19th of September, 1844, John Wall and George 
 Wall, subjects of Queen Victoria, were naturalized, being the first naturaliza- 
 tion in the county, and the only ones at this term of the court. 
 
 " So far as this record shows, the grand jury reported but one indictment, 
 it being for larceny, and, as the final result in the case is not known, I with- 
 
386 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 hold the name of the defendant. I do not remember now who he was, where 
 he lived or what became of him. 
 
 " J. C, Hall, of Burlington ; 1. W. Lewis and James H. Cowles, of Keo- 
 sauqua ; George May and W. H. Galbraith, of Ottumwa, are shown to have 
 been in attendance as attorneys of the court. On the last day of the term, I 
 presented to the court my resignation in writing of the office of Clerk, and 
 thereupon John W. Ross, Esq.. was appointed. The law, as it then stood, con- 
 ferred upon the Judge of the court the power to appoint his own Clerk. Judge 
 Mason had conferred the appointment upon me, but with the express under- 
 standing that an election should be held, and that the candidate receiving the 
 highest number of votes should have the office. Mr. Ross, the father of the 
 amiable and accomplished Mrs. Whitla, of Ottumwa, succeeded under the 
 Judge's rule in the clerkship, and all who knew him knew that he was one of 
 the best Clerks Wapello County ever had. He was kind, competent and 
 prompt, and at all times agreeable and gentlemanly. 
 
 " It may be a matter of interest to know who preached the first sermon in 
 the county. I have sought in vain to ascertain this fact with certainty. The 
 honor lies between J. H. D. Street, Joseph H. Flint, Silas Garrison, T. M. 
 Kirkpatrick, Milton Jamison, B. A. Spaulding and Joel Arrington. I think, 
 however, that the palm must be borne off" by T. M. Kirkpatrick, of the Meth- 
 odist Episcopal Church, who, as I am informed by Seth Ogg, preached on the 
 Keokuk prairie, on the south side of the river, just below Ottumwa, in an 
 Indian wigwam, made of bark, early in 1843 — just at what time Mr. Ogg could 
 not inform me. I know that B. A. Spaulding, of the Congregational Church, 
 a good citizen, kind neighbor, honest man, able preacher and most exemplary 
 Christian, preached in 1843 at Agency City and Ottumwa, but at what time I 
 have not ascertained. He, however, preached in a log cabin, where Union Block 
 now stands, and Kirkpatrick preached in an Indian wigwam made of bark. 
 I think the presumption is in favor of Rev. Mr. Kirkpatrick, of the wigwam. 
 
 [Mr. Spaulding came in November, 1843. Mr. Kirkpatrick preached the 
 first sermon. — Editor.] 
 
 " I have endeavored to ascertain who taught the first school in the county. 
 The credit lies between Ezekiel Rush, now living on the south side of the river, 
 and Mr. Tansey, who taught a school at Dahlonega, with the presumption in 
 favor of Mr. Rush. 
 
 " Sabbath schools were organized at an early day at Agency City, Eddy- 
 ville, Ottumwa, Dahlonega and some other points. I think, from the most 
 reliable information received, that the one organized at the house of Rev. W. 
 A. Nye, near where Chillicothe now stands, in June, 1845, mainly through the 
 efibrts of G. F. Myers, was the first Sabbath school organized in the county. 
 There was one organized in Dahlonega, in 1846, with J. W, Hedrick as Super- 
 intendent, assisted by N. H. Gates and J. H. Given. 
 
 " On the 15th day of March, 1854, marriage licenses were issued to Dr. C. 
 W. Phelps and Miss Lizzie Weaver, sister of Gen. Weaver, of Bloomfield; and 
 also, on the same day, to Andrew Crawford, a minor, and Miss Mary Ann 
 Montgomery, also a minor. Consent was given by the father of Crawford, and 
 Peter Walker (father of our esteemed fellow-citizen, M. B. Walker), as guard- 
 dian of Miss Montgomery. The records do not show which marriage was 
 solemnized first, but they do show that young Crawford and Miss Montgomery 
 were married on the same 15th of March. This does not amount to a very strong 
 circumstance, for no man wants to buy a marriage license and put it in his 
 pocket. 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 387 
 
 " The first death in the county of which I have an account was that of Miss 
 Mary Ann Hall, who died in the summer of 1843 ; and the first birth was that 
 of Mary Ann Smith, daughter of David P. Smith, early in 1843. [This is 
 correct as far as it relates to the actual settlers. On the authority of 
 Maj. Beach, we give the first death as that of Gen. Street, and the first birth 
 as that William Street Beach, son of the Major. See jjreceding pages. — 
 Editor.] 
 
 " The first young lady who settled in Ottumwa was Samantha Shaffer, in 
 honor of whom the street of that name in Ottumwa Avas called. She was not, 
 however, the first young lady who came to the county, as I can myself aver and 
 prove; for I know that James Weir, Paul C. Jeffries, William Brim, James B. 
 Wright and Joseph Mclntire brought a bevy of interesting daughters with 
 them to the county in May, 1843, or very soon thereafter. 
 
 " The first instrument of any kind recorded in the county is a lease from 
 Charles F. Harrow to his son-in-law, Jesse Brookshire, of the Baker farm, one 
 mile east of Agency, in consideration of $79.50, and that the family of said 
 Harrow should live with and form a part of said Brookshire's family, and be 
 supported by him until December 20, 1844. This paper was acknowledged 
 before Green B. Savery, Justice of the Peace, witnessed by George May, and 
 is dated April 29, 1844. 
 
 "The first mortgage which appears on record, is one from Joseph McMullen 
 to J. P. Eddy k Co., on a half-section of land lying on Gray's Run, in Kish- 
 kekosh County, now Monroe This mortgage was given to secure the pay- 
 ment of $50, in one year, and contained the usual covenants of warranty. It 
 would seem that lands, in those days, were not esteemed very valuable, when 
 a mortgage was required on a half-section to secure $50. The only interest 
 which McMullen could then have had in the land was a claim right, although 
 he warranted the title. 
 
 " The book of original entries shows that the persons who first acquired 
 titles to lands from the United States, in the county, w^ere James Longshore, 
 who purchased, September 16, 1844, Lots 6, 7 and 8, and the northeast quar- 
 ter of the northeast quarter of Section 4, Township 71, Range 13, and John 
 Caldwell, who purchased on the same day, the east half of the northeast quar- 
 ter of Section 25, Township 72, Range 13, 
 
 " There is one other matter of record to which I will refer, and copy, to 
 wit: 
 
 TERRITORY OF IOWA,) 
 County of Wapello. J 
 
 And now on this day, to wit: August 28, 1844, came Tliomas M. Kirkpatrick and filed and 
 had recorded in my office, the following license, <o wit: "Know all men by these presents, 
 that I, Thomas A. Morris, one of the Bishops of the Methodist Episcopal Church, in the United 
 States of America, under the protection of Almighty God, and with a single eye to His glory, 
 by the impositions of my hands and prayers (being assisted by the Elders present), have this 
 day set apart Thomas M. Kirkpatrick for the office of an Elder in the said Methodist Episcopal 
 Church, a man who, in the judgment of the Rock River Conference, is well qualified for that 
 work ; and he is hereby recommended, to all whom it may concern, as a proper person to admin- 
 ister the sacrament and ordinances, and to feed the flock of Christ so long as his spirit and prac- 
 tice are such as become the Gospel of Christ, and he continueth to liold fast the form of sound 
 words, according to the doctrine of the Gospel. 
 
 "In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and seal this 29th day of August, A. 
 D. 1841. THOMAS A. MORRIS, [seal.] 
 
 Plattsville, W. T. 
 
 "Bishop Morris, venerable in years and noted for piety, died a few days 
 ago. This license is to the same T. M. Kirkpatrick, who preached in the wig- 
 wam in Mr. Ogg's neighborhood. 
 
388 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 " The first physician who settled in the county, was either Dr. C. 0. War- 
 den, Dr. F. W. Taylor or Dr. C. W. Phelps. My impression is that Dr. War- 
 den may justly claim that distinction. He came in 1843. Though young, 
 he was skillful and attentive, and he is now honorable and fair as a merchant 
 in Ottumwa. 
 
 " The first lawyer who settled in the county was William H. Galbraith. 
 Dewey, Burkhalter, May and Chapman were close after Galbraith. Then, 
 very soon, came Ives, Baker, Allison and myself. Then Jones, Col. Summers, 
 Brumfield, Lane and Devin. Dewey, Galbraith, Burkhalter, Ives, Lane and 
 Allison are dead ; Baker is living in Missouri — has been on the Supreme 
 Bench of that State ; Jones is practicing law in Keosauqua ; Brumfield is in one 
 of the Western Territories or States ; May is afloat ; Summers and Devin are 
 yet here ; and I am glad to report myself among you to-day as a citizen of 
 this good county of Wapello. 
 
 " It is fitting that in mentioning the early immigrants to the county, I 
 should not forget the Ottumwa Courier and Des Moines Republic. The Cou- 
 rier was the first newspaper published in the county. The first number is dated 
 August 8, 1848, and it was then called The Des Moines Courier, and was pub- 
 lished by Jos. H. D. Street and R. II. Warden, the latter now associated with 
 it. If there is one paper in this whole country that has, more than any other, 
 advocated Whig and Republican principles, the Courier is that paper. Whether 
 under the control of its founders, Street k Warden, or under the control of that 
 veteran, J. W. Norris, or Gen. Hedrick and Maj. Hamilton, or Hamilton & 
 Warden, we always know where to find the Courier on political issues. Through 
 the reverses of Whiggery and Republicanism, and in the triumph of its party 
 in county, State and nation, it has always been able to get out the very biggest 
 rooster in the land. At all times, and under all its proprietors, it has wielded 
 an influence in the State of no mean proportions. The opposition always felt 
 its blows. 
 
 "The Des Moines Republic was started by James Baker, but just what 
 time I do not know ; not, however, until some years after the Courier. The 
 Republic was merged into the* Democratic Mercury, E. L. & S. H. Burton 
 proprietors, the former being editor. The forcible and spicy pen of the Mer- 
 cury's editor, Mr. E. L. Burton, made that paper one of the best in Southern 
 Iowa. 
 
 " The Mercury was succeeded by the Copperhead, which passed under the 
 control of S. B. Evans, and is now published and edited by him under the old 
 name of Democrat. The able pen of Mr. Evans has placed his paper as one 
 of the best in the State. Other papers have been and still are published in the 
 county, but as it is not my purpose to speak of modern things, I will not refer 
 to them. I will, however, state that no county in the State has better papers 
 than Wapello. 
 
 " It may be thought that I should say something of the early history of the 
 towns of the county ; the location of the county seat ; the organization of the 
 State government ; its first Senators and Representatives in Congress and in 
 the Territorial and State Legislatures : but I have already occupied so much 
 more of your time than I expected to, that I cannot refer to these matters. 
 
 " I love to think and talk of the olden times, when you and I were young ; 
 but before doing so, let me say in behalf of you aged men of the olden days, 
 you men who are not yet old, but, like myself, only advanced in life, that we 
 especially honor and revere these old men and women who are yet among us, 
 standing on the verge of the grave and just ready to step over on the other side. 
 

 otruMWA 
 
 ■^^y 
 
 ^ 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 391 
 
 Let US say to them in their feebleness and decrepitude, that we will continue to 
 watch their tottering steps and support their feeble frames to the end that their 
 last days may be as peaceful and calm as their earlier ones have been honorable, 
 enterprising and kind. And to you, young men, who have been born and reared 
 in our midst, and who are with us and of us to-day, let me exhort you to stand 
 erect and firm in all that makes the man. That as we, who are on the side of 
 the setting sun of life, pass off the stage of action, you may with honor and 
 fitness take our places, and protect the fair name of Wapello down to posterity 
 as you may receive it from us. 
 
 " I desire here to acknowledge mv obligations to Peter Kitterman, Seth 
 Ogg, J. VV. Hedrick, D. H. Michael, Richard Butcher, S. M. Wright, Wm. C. 
 Mclntire, G. F. Myers, W. A. Nye, Maj. John Beach, James Hill and others, 
 from whom I have obtained many of the fxcts presented to-day. 
 
 " Mr. President, I see among us to-day, Clay Caldwell. I must be par- 
 doned if I detain you a few minutes while I speak of Clay. I remember the 
 first time I ever saw him ; it was thirty-odd years ago. I saw him playing in 
 the dust of the road out in front of his father's house, near the line of our 
 county, and in the corner of Davis County. He was then, of course, a little 
 fellow, but manly looking, withal ; you could tell from the eye and erect form 
 that there was a latent man. His hair looked like a bunch of flax in disorder, 
 and how do you suppose Clay was dressed when I first saw him ? I will tell 
 you. The only garment he had on to clothe his manly form was a straight 
 tow slip buttoned close around his neck. That seems but a few years ago. 
 Many of you remember Mr. Caldwell after that as one of the ablest lawyers in 
 the Des Moines Valley. He now ranks as one of the best Federal Judges in 
 the United States, being United States District Judge for Arkansas. We are 
 glad to have him with us to-day." 
 
 HOW PIONEERS LIVED. 
 
 In choosing his home the pioneer usually had an eye mainly to its location, 
 and for that reason settlers were oftener than not very solitary creatures, with- 
 out neighbors and remote from even the common conveniences of life. A desir- 
 able region was sure to have plenty of inhabitants in time, but it was the 
 advance guard that suffered the privation of isolation. People within a score of 
 miles of each other were neighbors, and the natural social tendencies of man- 
 kind asserted themselves even in the wilderness by efforts to keep up communi- 
 cation with even these remote families. 
 
 The first business of a settler on reaching the place where he intended to 
 fix his residence, was to select his claim and mark it off as nearly as he could 
 without a compass. This was done by stepping and staking or blazing the lines 
 as he went. The absence of section lines rendered it necessary to take the sun 
 at noon and at evening as a guide by which to run these claim lines. So many 
 steps each way counted three hundred and twenty acres, more or less, the then 
 legal area of a claim. It may be readily supposed that these lines were far 
 from correct, but they answered all necessary claim purposes, for it was under- 
 stood among the settlers that when the lands came to be surveyed and entered, 
 all inequalities should be righted. Thus, if a surveyed line should happen to run 
 between adjoining claims, cutting off more or less of the other, the fraction was to 
 be added to whichever lot required equalizing, yet without robbing the one from 
 which it was taken, for an equal amount would be added to it in another place. 
 
 The next important business was to build a house. Until this was done, 
 some had to camp on the ground or live in their wagons, perhaps the only shel- 
 
392 HISTORY OF WAPKLLO COUNTY. 
 
 ter they had known for weeks. So the prospect for a house, which was also to- 
 he home, was one that gave courage to the rough toil, and added a zest to the 
 heavy labors. The style of the home entered very little into their thoughts — 
 it was shelter they wanted, and protection from stress of weather and wearing 
 exposures. The poor settler had neither the money nor the mechanical appli- 
 ances for building himself a house. He was content, in most instances, to have 
 a mere cabin or hut. Some of the most primitive constructions of this kind 
 were half-faced, or as they were sometimes called " cat-faced " sheds or " wike- 
 ups," the [mlian term for house or tent. It is true, a claim cabin was a little 
 more in the shape of a luunan habitation, made, as it was, of round logs light 
 enough for two or three men to lay u}), about fourteen feet square — perhaps a 
 little larger or smaller — roofed witli bark or clapboards, and sometimes with the 
 sods of the prairie; and Hoored with puncheons (logs split once in two, and the 
 flat sides laid up), or Avith earth. For a fire-place, a wall of stone and earth — 
 frequently the latter only, when stone was not convenient — was nuide in the 
 best practicable shape for the purpose, in an opening in one end of the build- 
 ing, extending outward, and planked on the outside by bolts of wood notched 
 together to stay it. Frequently a fire-place of this kind was made so capa- 
 cious as to occupy nearly the whole width of the house. In cold weather, 
 when a groat deal of fuel was needed to keep the atmosphere above freezing 
 point — for this wido-iuouthcd fire-place was a huge ventilator — large logs were 
 piled into this yawning space. To protect the crumbling back wall against the 
 effects of fire, two back logs were placed against it, one upon the other. Some- 
 times these back logs were so large that they could not be got in in any other 
 way than to hitch a horse to thom, drive him in at one door, unfasten the log 
 before the fire place, from whence it was put in proper position, and then drive 
 iiim out at the other door. For a chimney, any contrivance that would conduct 
 the smoke up the chimney would do. Some were made of sods, plastered upon 
 the inside with clay ; others — the more common, perhaps — were of the kind we 
 occasionally see in use now, clay and sticks, or ''cat in clay," as they were 
 sometimes called. Inuigine of a winter's niirlit, when the storm was having its 
 own wild way over this almost uninhabited land, and when the Avind was roar- 
 ing like a cataract of cold over the broad wilderness, and the settler had to do 
 his best to keep warm, wiiat a royal fire this double-back-logged and weil-filled 
 fire-place would hold ! It must have been a cozy place to smoke, provided the 
 settler had any tobacco ; or for the wife to sit knitting before, provided she had 
 needles and yarn. At any rate it must have given something of cheer to the 
 conversation, wliicli very likely was upon the home and friends they had left be- 
 hind when they started out on this bold venture of seeking fortunes in a new land. 
 
 For doors and windows, the most simple contrivances that would serve the 
 purposes were brought into requisition. The door was not always immediately 
 provided with a shutter, and a blanket often did duty in guarding the entrance. 
 But as soon as convenient, some boards were split and put together, hung upon 
 wooden hinges, and held sluit by a wooden pin inserted in an auger hole. As 
 substitute for window glass, greased paper, pasted over sticks crossed in the 
 shape of a sash, was sometimes used. This admitted the light and excluded the 
 air, but of course lacked transparency. 
 
 In regard to the furniture of such a cabin, of course it varied in proportion 
 to the ingenuity of its occupants, unless it was where settlers brought with them 
 their old hoiiseliold supply, which, owing to the distance most of tiiein had come. 
 was very seldom. It was easy enough to improvise tables and chairs ; the for- 
 mer could be made of split logs — and there were instances where the door would 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 393 
 
 be taken from its hinges and used at meals, after wliicli it would be reining — 
 and the latter were designed after the three-legged stool pattern, or benches 
 served their purpose. A bedstead was a vc ry important item in the domestic 
 comfort of the family, and this was the fashion of improvising them : A forked 
 stake was driven into the ground diagonally from the corner of the room, and 
 at a proper distance, upon which poles reaching from each wall Avere laid. The 
 wall ends of the [)oles either rested in the openings between the logs or were 
 driven into auger holes. Jiarks or boards were used as a substitute for cords. 
 Upon this the tidy housewife spread her straw tick, and if she had a home-made 
 feather bed, she piled it up into a luxurious mound and covered it with her 
 whitest drapery. Some sheets hung behind it, for tapestry, added to the cozi- 
 ness of the resting-place. This was generally called a '' prairie bedstead," and 
 by some the " prairie rascal." In design it is surely quite equal to the famous 
 Eastlake models, being about as primitive and severe^ in an artistic sense, as one 
 could wish. 
 
 The house thus far along, it was left to the deft devices of tiie wife to com- 
 plete its comforts, and the father of the family was free to superintend out-of- 
 door affairs. If it was in season, his first important duty was to prepare some 
 ground for planting, and to plant what he could. This was generally done in 
 the edge of the timber, where most of the very earliest settlers located. Here 
 the sod was easily broken, not requiring the heavy teams and plows needed to 
 break the prairie sod. Moreover, the nearness to timber offered greater conven- 
 iences for fuel and building. And still another reason for this was, that the 
 groves aftbrdod protection from the terrible conflagrations that occasionally 
 swept across the prairies. Though they passed through the patches of timber, 
 yet it was not with the same destructive force with which they rushed over the 
 prairies. Yet by these fires much of the young timber was killed from time to 
 time, and the forests kept thin and shrubless. 
 
 The first year's flirming consisted mairdy of a " truck patch," planted in 
 corn, potatoes, turnii>s, etc. Generally, the first year's crop fell far short of 
 supplying even the most rigid economy of food. Many of the settlers brought 
 with them small stores of such things as seemed indispensable to frui^al livin^ 
 such as flour, bacon, coffee and tea. But these supplies were not inexhaustible' 
 and once used, were not easily replaced. A long winter must come and go 
 before another crop could be raised. If game was plentiful, it helped to eke 
 out their limited sup])lies. 
 
 But even when corn was plentiful, the preparation of it was the next diffi- 
 culty in the way. The mills for grinding it were at such long distances that 
 every other device was resorted to for reducing it to meal. Some orated it on 
 an implement made by punching small holes through a piece of tin or sheet 
 iron, and fastening it upon a board in concave shape, with the rou<'-h side out. 
 Upon this the ear was rubbed to produce the meal. But grating could not be 
 done when the corn became so dry as to shell of!" when rubbed. Some used a 
 coflfee-mill for grinding it. And a very common substitute for bread was 
 hominy, a palatable and wholesome diet, made by boiling corn in weak lye till 
 the hull or bran peels off, after which it was well washed, to cleanse it of the 
 lye. It was then boiled again to soften it, when it was ready for use as occa- 
 sion recpiircd, by frying and seasoning it to the taste. Another mode of 
 preparing hominy was by pestling. 
 
 A mortar was made by burning a bowl-shaped cavity in the even end of an 
 upright block of wood. After thoroughly clearing it of the charcoal, the corn 
 could be put in, hot water turned upon it, when it was subjected to a severe 
 
394 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 pestling by a club of sufficient length and thickness, in the large end of which 
 was inserted an iron wedge, banded to keep it there. The hot water would 
 soften the corn and loosen the hull, while the pestle would crush it. 
 
 When breadstuffs were needed, they had to be obtained from long distances. 
 Owing to the lack of proper means for threshing and cleaning wheat, it was 
 more or less mixed with foreign substances, such as smut, dirt and oats. And 
 as the time may come when the settlers' methods of threshing and cleaning 
 may be forgotten, it may be well to preserve a brief account of them here. 
 The plan was to clean oft' a space of ground of sufficient size, and if the earth 
 was dry, to dampen it and beat it so as to render it somewhat compact. Then 
 the sheaves were unbound and spread in a circle, so that the heads would be 
 uppermost, leaving room in the center for the person whose business it was to 
 stir and turn the straw in the process of threshing. Then as many horses or 
 oxen were brought as could conveniently swing round the circle, and these were 
 kept moving until the wheat was well trodden out. After several" floorings " 
 or layers were threshed the straw was carefully raked oft", and the wheat shoveled 
 into a heap to be cleaned. This cleaning was sometimes done by waving a 
 sheet up and down to fan out the chaff" as the grain was dropped before it ; but 
 this trouble was fi'equently obviated when the strong winds of autumn were all 
 that was needed to blow out the chaft" from the grain. 
 
 This mode of preparing the grain for flouring was so imperfect that it is 
 not to be wondered at that a considerable amount of black soil got mixed with 
 it, and unavoidably got into the bread. This, with the addition of smut, 
 often rendered it so dark as to have less the appearance of bread than of mud ; 
 yet upon such diet, the people were compelled to subsist for want of a 
 better. 
 
 Not the least among the pioneers' tribulations, during the first few years of 
 settlement, was the going to mill. The slow mode of travel by ox-teams was 
 made still slower by the almost total absence of roads and bridges, while such a 
 thing as a ferry was hardly even dreamed of. The distance to be traversed was 
 often as far as sixty or ninety miles. In dry weather, common sloughs and 
 creeks off"ered little impediment to the teamsters ; but during floods, and the 
 breaking-up of winter, they proved exceedingly troublesome and dangerous. 
 To get stuck in a slough, and thus be delayed for many hours, was no uncom- 
 mon occurrence, and that, too, when time was an item of grave import to the 
 comfort and sometimes even to the lives of the settlers' families. Often, a 
 swollen stream would blockade the way, seeming to threaten destruction to 
 whoever should attempt to ford it. 
 
 With regard to roads, there was nothing of the kind worthy of the name. 
 Indian trails wei'e common, but they were unfit to travel on with vehicles. 
 They are described as mere paths about two feet wide ; all that was required to 
 accommodate the single-file manner of Indian traveling. 
 
 An interesting theory respecting the origin of the routes now pursued by 
 many of our public highways is given in a speech by Thomas Benton many 
 years ago. He says the buffaloes were the first road engineers, and the paths 
 trodden by them were, as a matter of convenience, followed by the Indians, and 
 lastly by the whites, with such improvements and changes as were found neces- 
 sary for civilized modes of travel. It is but reasonable to suppose that the 
 buffaloes would instinctively choose the most practicable routes and fords in 
 their migrations from one pasture to another. Then, the Indians following, 
 possessed of about the same instinct as the buffiiloes, strove to make no improve- 
 ments, and were finally driven from the track by those who would. 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 395 
 
 When the early settlers were compelled to make those long and difficult trips 
 to mill, if the country was prairie over which they passed, they found it com- 
 paratively easy to do in summer, when grass was plentiful. By traveling until 
 night, and then camping out to feed the teams, they got along without much 
 difficulty. But in winter, such a journey was attended with no little danger. 
 The utmost economy of time was, of course, necessary. When the goal was 
 reached, after a week or more of toilsome travel, with many exposures and risks, 
 and the poor man was impatient to immediately return with the desired staff 
 of life, he was often shocked and disheartened with the information that his 
 turn would come in a week. Then he must look about for some means to pay 
 expenses, and he was lucky who could find some employment by the day or 
 job. Then, when his turn came, he had to be on hand to bolt his own 
 flour, as in those days, the bolting machine was not an attached part of 
 the other mill machinery. This done, the anxious soul was ready to en- 
 dure the trials of a return trip, his heart more or less concerned about the 
 affairs of home. 
 
 These milling trips often occupied from three weeks to more than a month 
 each, and were attended with an expense, in one way or another, that rendered 
 the cost of breadstuflfs extremely high. If mads in the winter, when more or 
 less grain feed was required for the team, the load would be found to be so con- 
 siderably reduced on reaching home that the cost of what was left, adding other 
 expenses, would make their grain reach the high cost figure of from three to 
 five dollars per bushel. And these trips could not always be made at the most 
 favorable season for traveling. In spring and summer, so much time could 
 hardly be spared from other essential labor ; yet, for a large family it was almost 
 impossible to avoid making three or four trips during the year. 
 
 Among other things calculated to annoy and distress the pioneer, was the 
 prevalence of wild beasts of prey, the most numerous and troublesome of which 
 was the wolf. While it was true in a figurative sense that it required the ut- 
 most care and exertion to "keep the wolf from the door," it was almost as true 
 in a literal sense. 
 
 There were two species of these animals — the large, black timber wolf, and 
 the smaller gray wolf, that usually inhabited the prairie. At first, it was next 
 to impossible for a settler to keep small stock of any kind that would serve as a 
 prey to these ravenous beasts. Sheep were not d^med safe property until 
 years after, when their enemies were supposed to be nearly exterminated. 
 Large numbers of wolves were destroyed during the early years of settlement 
 — as many as fifty in a day in a regular wolf-hunt. When they were hungry, 
 which was not uncommon, particularly during the winter, they were too indis- 
 creet for their own safety, and would often approach within easy shot of 
 the settlers' dwellings. At certain seasons, their wild, plaintive yelp or 
 bark could be heard in all directions, at all hours of the night, creating in- 
 tense excitement among the dogs, whose howling would add to the dismal 
 melody. 
 
 It has been found, by experiment, that but one of the canine species, the 
 hound, has both the fleetness and courage to cope with his savage cousin, the 
 wolf. Attempts Avere often made to capture him with the common cur ; but 
 this animal, as a rule, proved himself wholly unreliable for such a service. So 
 long as the wolf would run, the cur would follow ; but the wolf, being appar- 
 rently acquainted with the character of his pursuer, would either turn and place 
 himself in a combative attitude, or else act upon the principle that " discretion 
 is the better part of valor," and throw himself upon his back, in token of sur- 
 
396 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 render. This strategic performance would make instant peace between these 
 two scions of the same house ; and not infrequently dogs and wolves have been 
 seen playing together like puppies. But the hound was never known to recog- 
 nize a flag of truce ; his baying seemed to signify " no quarter," or at least so 
 the terrified wolf understood it. 
 
 Smaller animals, such as panthers, lynxes, wildcats, catamounts and pole 
 cats, were also sufficiently numerous to be troublesome. And an exceeding- 
 source of annoyance were the swarms of mosquitoes which aggravated the 
 trials of the settler in the most exasperating degree. Persons have been driven 
 from the labors of the field by their unmerciful assaults. 
 
 ORGANIZATION OF THE COUNTY. 
 
 So rapid was the settlement of this region after the 1st of May, 1843, that 
 immediate steps were taken to effect an independent organization of Wapello 
 County. The records of the early business and official transactions all bear 
 evidence of one fact, namely : that the men who made the first venture in this 
 region were of more than average ability. It is natural to associate crude men 
 with new countries, and to expect to find imperfect records of early events ; 
 but in the case of this county, one is agreeably surprised to find evidences of 
 clear minds, well-drilled business habits and methodical ways. This good im- 
 pression is due in no small degree to the care and experience of Judge Paul C. 
 Jefiries, the first Judge of Probate, a leading member of the Appanoose Rapids 
 Company, and a prominent citizen for years. 
 
 It is appropriate that, side by side with the Judge's name, should be men- 
 tioned those of James M. Peck, the Organizing Sheriff' named in the original 
 act of the Legislature ; Joseph Hayne, the first elected Sheriff, and for nearly 
 a quarter of a century an active official of the county ; and Thomas Foster, 
 the first Treasurer, and a prominent man in many ways. These three men are 
 still living, the sole survivors of the first official group. 
 
 Herewith is given a copy of the organizing act by which Wapello County 
 was created : 
 An Act to organize the county of Wapello : 
 
 Section 1. Be it enacted by the Council and Ilouae of Representatives of the Territory of 
 Iowa, That the county of Wapello be and the same is hereby organized from and after the Is 
 day of March next ; and the inhabitants of said county shall be entitled to all the privileges to 
 which, by law, the inhabitants of other organized counties of this Territory are entitled ; and 
 the said county shall constitute a part of the First .Judicial District of this Territory. 
 
 Sec. 2. That, for the purpose of organizing said county it is hereby made the duty of the 
 Clerk of the District Court of said county, and in case there should be no such Clerk appointed 
 and qualified, or, from any cause, said office should become vacant on or before the 10th day of 
 March next, then it shall be the duty Af the Sheriff of said county to proceed immediately alter 
 the 10th day of March to order a special election in said county, for the purpose of electing 
 three County Commissioners, one Judge of Probate, one County Treasurer, one Clerk of the 
 Board of County Commissioners, one County Surveyor, one County Assessor, one SheriflF, one 
 Coroner, one County Recorder, and such number of .Justices of the Peace and Constables as may 
 be directed by the officers ordering said election, the officer having due regard to the convenience 
 of the people, which special election shall be held on the first Monday in the month of April 
 next; and that the officer ordering said election shall appoint as many places of holding elec- 
 tions in said county as the convenience of the people may require ; and shall appoint three 
 Judges of Election for each place of holding election in said county, and issue certificates to 
 said Judges of their appointment ; and the officer ordering said election shall give at least ten 
 days' notice of the time and place of holding said election, by at least three printed or written 
 advertisements, which shall be posted up at three or more of the most public places in the neigh- 
 borhood where each of the polls shall opened as aforesaid. 
 
 Sec. 3. That the officer ordering each of the elections aforesaid shall receive and canvass 
 the polls,, and grant certificates to the persons elected to fill the several offices mentioned in this 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 397 
 
 act; and in all cases not provided for by this act, the officer ordering each of said elections shall 
 discharge the duties of Clerk of the Board of County Commissioners, until there shall be a 
 <jlerk of the Board of County Commissioners elected and qualified for said county, under the 
 provisions of this act. 
 
 Sec. 4. Said election shall, in all cases not provided for by this act, be conducted according 
 to the laws of this Territory regulating general elections. 
 
 Sec. 5. The officers elected under the provisions of this act shall hold their offices until 
 the next general election, and until their successors are elected and qualified. 
 
 Sec. 6. The officer ordering the election in said county shall return all the books and 
 papers which may come into his hands by virtue of this act, to the Clerk of the Board of County 
 CJomniissioners of said County, forthwith, after said Clerk shall be elected and qualified. 
 
 Sec. 7. That .James M. Peck be and he is hereby appointed to discharge the duties and 
 functions of the office of Sheriff of said county, who shall exercise the duties and functions of 
 said office until the first Monday in the mouth of April next, and until there shall be a Sheriff 
 elected and qualified for said county ; and the said .James M. Peck shall give bond and security, 
 and shall take the same oath of office that is required to be taken by Sheriffs, which bond shall 
 be approved, and the necessary oath of office administered by the Clerk of the District Court of 
 said county; and in case there should be no Clerk of the District Court of said county on the 
 first day of March next, then it shall be the duty of the Clerk of the District Court of Jefferson 
 County to approve the bond and administer the oath required by this act. And the said 
 Sheriff shall be allowed the same fees for services rendered by him. under the visions of this act, 
 that are allowed by law for similar services performed by the Sheriffs in similar cases. 
 
 Sec. 8. That the Clerk of the District Court for the said county of Wapello, may be ap- 
 pointed by the .Judge of said district, and qualified at any time after the passage of this act ; 
 but shall not enter upon the discharge of the duties of said office prior to the first day of March. 
 Sec. 9. That all actions at law in the District Court for the County of .Jefferson, com- 
 menced prior to the organization of the said county of Wapello, where the parties, or either of 
 them, reside in said county of Wapello, shall be prosecuted to final judgment, order or decree, as 
 fully and effectually as if this act had not been passed. 
 
 Sec. 10. That it shall be the duty of all Justices of the Peace residing within said county, 
 to return all books and papers in their hands, appertaining to said office, to the next nearest 
 Justice of the Peace which may be elected and qualified for said county, under the provisions of 
 this act; and all suits at law. or other official business which may be in the hands of such Jus- 
 tices of the Peace, and unfinished, shall be completed or prosecuted to final judgment by the 
 Justices of the Peace to whom such business or papers may have been returned, as aforesaid. 
 
 Sec. 11. That the County Assessors elected under the provisions of this act for said county, 
 shall assess the said county in the same manner, and be under the same obligations and liabili- 
 ties, as is now or may hereafter be provided by law in relation to Township Assessors. 
 
 Sec. 12. That Joseph B. Davis, of Washington County, .John H. Randolph, of the county of 
 Henry, and Solomon Jackson, of the county of Lee, be and they are hereby appointed Commis- 
 sioners to loca.te and establish the seat of justice of said county of Wapello. Said Commissioners, 
 or any two of them, shall meet at the house of George Wilson, Esq.. near the old Indian Agency, 
 in said county, on the first Monday in May next, or at such time within the month of May as a 
 majority of said Commissioners shall agree upon, in pursuance of their duties under this act. 
 
 Sec. 13. Said Commissioners shall first take and subscribe the following oath, to wit: " We 
 do solemnly swear (or affirm) that we (or either of us) have no personal interest either directly 
 or indirectly in the location of the seat of justice for Wapello County, and that we will faithfully 
 and impartially examine the situation of said county, taking into consideration the future as 
 well as the present population of said county ; also to pay strict regard to the geographical center 
 of said county, and locate the seat of justice as near the center, as an eligible situation can be 
 obtained ;" which oath shall be administered by the Clerk of the District Court, or Justice of the 
 Peace of said county of Wapello ; and the officer administering the same shall certify and file 
 the same in the office of the Clerk of the Board of County Commissioners of said county, whose 
 duty it shall be to record the same. 
 
 Sec. 14. Said Commissioners, when met and qualified under the provisions of this act, shall 
 proceed to locate the seat of justice of said county, and as soon as they shall have come to a de- 
 termination, they shall comtuit to writing the place so selected, with a particular description 
 thereof, signed by the said Commissioners, and filed with the Clerk of the Board of County Com- 
 missioners in which such seat of justice is located ; whose duty it shall be to record the same, 
 and forever keep it on file in his office ; aud the place thus designated shall be the seat of justice 
 of said county. 
 
 Sec. 15. Said Commissioners shall each receive the sum of $2 per day while necessarily 
 employed in the duties enjoined upon them by this act, which shall be paid by the county out of 
 the first funds arising from the sales of town lots in said seat of justice. 
 
 Sec. 16. That the county of Kishkekosh and the territory west of said county be and the 
 «ame is hereby attached to the county of Wapello, for election, revenue and judicial purposes. 
 Sec. 17. This act to take effect and be in force from and after its passage. 
 Approved, February 1-3, 1844. 
 
398 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 LEGISLATIVE ENACTMENTS. 
 
 December 19, 1843, an act was approved by the Legislature establishing a 
 road from Farmington, Van Buren County, to " Atumwa," Wapello County. 
 The Commissioners were John Goddard and Jesse Wright, of the former county, 
 and Van Caldwell, of Wapello. 
 
 February 7, 1844, an act was approved establishing a road from lowaville, 
 Van Buren County, to ''Atumwa." James Hall, William Ingersoll and Jacob 
 Marshall, Commissioners. 
 
 February 12, 1844, an act was approved authorizing a road from the south- 
 ern line of Davis County to the northern line of Wapello County, to touch the 
 county seats when they were established. Hugh George, John Kirkpatrick and 
 Lloyd Nelson, Commissioners. 
 
 June 19, 1844, a road from Eddyville to the county seat of Mahaska County 
 William Mcllvain, William Black and William R. Ross, Commissioners. 
 
 January 13, 1846, a road from Fairfield, Jefferson County, to Agency City. 
 David Sears, Henry B. Mitchell and Nathaniel H. Gates, Commissioners. 
 
 January 16, 1846, a road from Ottumwa to Bloomfield, Davis County. 
 Lloyd Nelson, Riley Macy and Richard Fisher, Commissioners. 
 
 January 17, 1846, a road from Ottumwa to Chariton River. George Rey- 
 nolds, Ira Claflin and Lafayette Bear, Commissioners. 
 
 The Legislature passed a joint resolution in February, 1847, praying for 
 the establishment of a mail route from Iowa City southwest through Sigourney 
 and Ottumwa to Bloomfield. 
 
 December 27, 1848, a State Road was authorized from Eddyville to Bloom- 
 field, Davis Co. E. M. Kirkland, Silas Doggett and John Massey, Commissioners. 
 
 December 29, 1848, a road from Ottumwa to Chariton Point, Lucas Co. 
 John Webb, John Clark and William S. Townson, Commissioners. 
 
 December 21, 1850, a joint resolution was adopted praying for the exten- 
 sion of the military road from Agency City to Council Bluffs. 
 
 January 4, 1851, H, B. Hendershott was authorized to sell a solar compass 
 belonging to the State, for a sum not less than $150. 
 
 THE FIRST PROBATE BUSINESS. 
 
 Hon. Paul C. Jeffries was the first Judge of Probate elected in Wapello 
 County. The election took place April 1, 1844, and, under the then existing 
 law, a special officer was chosen to adjudicate upon matters relating to wills, 
 estates, etc. 
 
 The first case presented to this Court of Probate was recorded September 
 2, 1844, in Judge Jeffries', uniform and business-like handwriting. The case 
 is an interesting one, not merely because of its being the original entry, but also 
 because of the quaintness and humor of the inventory and administrator's bill. 
 A literal copy of the records is here made : 
 
 WILLIAM CRAWFORD BOND TO JUDGE OF PROBATE. 
 
 Know all Men hy the'e Presents, That we, William Crawford, Administrator of the estate of 
 Thomas Crawford, late of Wapello County, deceased, and .John Stout, his surety, are held and 
 firmly bound unto Paul C. Jelfries, Judge of Probate for said Wapello County, and to his success- 
 ors in office, in the penal sum of live humlred dollars, for the payment of which well and truly 
 to be made, we jointly and severally bind ourselves firmly by these presents. Sealed with our 
 seals and dated this ")th dav of September, A. D. 1844. 
 
 Whereas, The said William Crawford has been appointed by the said Paul C. Jeffries, Judge 
 of Probate, Administrator of the estate of the said Thomas Crawford, late of said county, decease d 
 Now the conditions of the above bond are such that if the said William Crawford, Administrate 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 399 
 
 aforesaid, shall make aud return into the Court of Probate, within three months from the date 
 of these presents, a true inventory of all the real estate and all the goods and chattels, rights 
 and credits, moneys and effects, which were of the said Crawford, deceased, which have or may 
 come into his hands or knowledge : also, to administer, according to law, all the goods and chat- 
 tels, rights and credits, moneys and effects of the said deceased, and the proceeds of all his real 
 estate that may be sold to the payment of his debts, which may come into the possession of him, 
 the said William Crawford, or into the possession of any person for him ; also to render, upon 
 oath, a true account of his administration, within one year, and at such other times as the Judge 
 of Probate may require, and to deliver the letters of administration which have been granted t& 
 him into the Probate Court, in case any will of the deceased s'liall be thereafter duly proved and 
 allowed ; then the above bond to be void, otherwise to remain in full force and virtue in law and 
 equity. William Crawford, [seal.] 
 
 .John Stout, ■ [seal.] 
 
 Bond and security approved September the 2d, 1844. 
 
 Paul C. Jeffries, J. P. 
 
 The case was one of administration upon an intestate estate, as will be seen 
 by the foregoing. The accounts, inventories, etc., are presented herewith : 
 
 ACCOUNT WITH THOMAS CRAWFORD. SETTLEMENT OF ESTATE. 
 
 And now on this day, to wit, the Ist day of November, 1S44, Isaac McKeon, Paris Cald- 
 well and Sylvester Warner, returned into court the following inventory and appraisement of the 
 property of said estate : 
 
 1 smoothing iron and knives 75 
 
 1 pot trammel and hoe 50 
 
 1 set harness 4 00 
 
 4 sheep, $2 per head 8 00 
 
 1 mare 30 00 
 
 1 plow 4 50 
 
 1 red cow H 50 
 
 1 " 10 00 
 
 1 2-year-old heifer 6 00 
 
 3 yearling calves at f 4 12 OO 
 
 50 bushels corn, 25c 12 50 
 
 i of a piece of corn at William Craw- 
 ford's 10 00 
 
 i of a piece of corn at Samuel Cald- 
 well's 10 00 
 
 1 of a piece of corn at Paris Cald- 
 well's 10 00 
 
 1 skillet $ 50 
 
 1 teakettle 1 00 
 
 1 pot 1 25 
 
 1 bottle and jug 50 
 
 1 churn 75 
 
 1 sieve 37J 
 
 1 coffee-mill, jug and strainer 37^ 
 
 1 bucket 50 
 
 1 axe 1 00 
 
 1 drawing-knife and 2 augers 1 50 
 
 1 clock 10 00 
 
 1 gun 8 00 
 
 1 table 1 50 
 
 1 pair bedsteads 3 00 
 
 1 bed and bedding 7 00 
 
 12 lbs. rolls, at 37Jc per lb 4 50 
 
 4 chairs 1 00 
 
 A lot of flax 1 00 
 
 1 bridle 25 Total $173 76 
 
 And now, on this day, to wit : November 1, 1844, the following sale bill was returned into 
 court, viz.: Andrew Crawford, 1 skillet, 50 cts. ; Jacob Marshall, 1 tea kettle, 50 cts. ; David 
 Caldwell, 1 stew kettle, |1.00; Andrew Crawford, 1 dish kettle, 56^ cts. ; Andrew Crawford, 1 
 churn, 25 cts. ; William Crawford, 1 skillet, Vlh ; Jacob Marshall, 1 sieve, 37^ ; Jacob Marshall, 
 1 coffee mill, 00; Andrew Crawford, 1 wood bucket, 56^ ; John Wall, 1 ax, 148| ; John Wall, 2 
 augers and 1 draw knife, 1.75; Nason Roberts, 1 ax, 1.37.^; Alexander Crawford, 1 pr. check 
 lines, 1.433 ; William McClintock. 1 clock, 5.00; William" Crawford, 1 rifle gun, 4.00 ; John 
 Wall, 1 table, 2.37* ; John White, 1 pr. bedsteads, 6.00; Job Davis, 12 lbs. wool rolls, 41 cts., 
 4.92; John Wall, 4 chairs, ].18| ; William Crawford, a lot of flax, l.OO; do. do., 1 bridle, 25; 
 Andrew Crawford, 1 sad iron and sundries, 56]-; Nason Roberts, 1 sad iron,56J ; W. B. Woody, 
 hoe and pot rack. 37* ; Andrew Crawford, 1 lot of bee cloths, 2.00; Job Davis, 1 lot of tobacco 
 and cabbage, 1.87^ ; William Crawford, 1 pr. harness, 2.00; Alexander Crawford, 1 pr. harness, 
 2.00; John L. Koontz, 2 head of sheep, 4.75 ; do. do., 2 head of sheep, 4.00 ; John C. Evans, 1 
 plough, 2.50; do. do., 1 do. and hoe, 37*; John White, one red cow and calf, 12.37^ ; Nason 
 Roberts, 1 cow, 10.00 ; John L. Koontz, 1 barren cow, 8.25 ; John Wall, 1 line-backed cow, 
 10.12*; William Crawford, 3 yearlings at 4.00 each, 12.00; do. do., 1 lot corn, 10.00; R. R. 
 Jones^ 1 white cow and calf, 10.75 ; David Glass, 1 cow and calf, 14.87*; Job Davis, 1 ox, 12; 
 David Hall, 50 bushels of corn, at 28 pr., 14.00; =i undivided interest in the whole field, 
 12.25 ; David Armstrong, a lot corn, 15.37* ; Alexander Crawford, 1 bell and collar, 1.50 ; Alex- 
 ander Crawford, by balance on cow, 37^. 
 
 I do hereby certify the foregoing to be a correct list of property sold by me on this 19th 
 day of September, 1844. WILLIAM B. WOODY, Auct. 
 
 Attest, John C. Evans, Clerk. 
 
 The doctors presented their bills for service and medicines. Dr. Charles 
 C. Warden offered a claim of ^3 on the 15th of May, 1845, and Dr. J. 
 
400 
 
 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 Koontz, "for seven visits, etc.," solicited the payment of $16.50, on the 19th 
 of December, 1844. 
 
 It appears, also, that the deceased had given three promissory notes, one to 
 Thomas Devin, of Pittsburgh, dated March 3, 1842, for $25.53; one to A. 
 Madison, of Ottumwa, for $12, dated December 16, 1843 ; and one to David 
 Glass, for $9.06^, dated September 14, 1842. These matters were adjusted, 
 as well as certain other routine aifairs. The most voluminous account, however, 
 was that presented by the administrator against himself, and in favor of the 
 estate. It appears that the administrator was somewhat given to the ardent, 
 probably as a precaution against malaria and snake-bites. A true copy of the 
 bill which the honest official filed against himself is here given as a curiosity in 
 more than one sense : 
 
 THOMAS CRAWFOKD, DR. 
 
 To 2 
 " 2 
 " 1 
 " 2 
 " 1 
 " 1 
 " 4 
 ^' 1 
 " 2 
 " 2 
 " 1 
 -" 1 
 
 drinks whiskey 12.> 
 
 do do 12i 
 
 do do 6] 
 
 do do 12j 
 
 pint whiskey 12^ 
 
 To 1 drink whiskey - 
 "1 
 " 1 
 
 do do 
 drinks whiskey. 
 
 pint 
 drinks 
 
 do 
 pint 
 drink 
 drinks 
 
 do 
 
 2 
 
 ^ Rj tobacco 
 
 12+ 
 25" 
 12-^ 
 12i 
 
 12i 
 
 6} 
 12i 
 12| 
 12+ 
 
 pint whiskey 12+ 
 
 do do 
 drink whiskey 
 
 pint 
 drinks 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 
 m 
 
 12+ 
 12+ 
 18| 
 
 H 
 
 m 
 
 6+ 
 
 plug tobacco 18| 
 
 drinks whiskey 12| 
 
 do do 12i 
 
 do do 6i 
 
 do do 12^ 
 
 do do 6i 
 
 quart do 18| 
 
 drink do 6j 
 
 drinks do 12J 
 
 lb tobacco 18f 
 
 pint whiskey ]2| 
 
 vial linament 25 
 
 drinks whiskey 12j 
 
 quart do ISf 
 
 do 
 quart 
 drinks 
 quart 
 drinks 
 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 
 18^ 
 12A 
 18| 
 12^ 
 
 lb tobacco 12^ 
 
 drinks whiskey 12^ 
 
 quart do 18f 
 
 drink do . 6| 
 
 drinks do 18| 
 
 pint brandy 26 
 
 drink whiskey 
 drinks do 
 
 do 
 pint 
 drink 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 
 plug tobacco.... 
 quart whiskey 
 drinks do 
 
 do 
 quart 
 drink 
 gallon 
 drink 
 gallon 
 drink 
 drinks 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 
 6i 
 12^ 
 18| 
 12^ 
 
 6^ 
 
 «l 
 18f 
 18| 
 12J 
 12i 
 
 m 
 
 25 
 
 25 
 
 61 
 124 
 12i 
 12+ 
 18| 
 
 6i 
 
 lb sugar 12^ 
 
 do 6^ 
 
 do 6\ 
 
 Total $9 59+ 
 
 The estate was settled by the payment of $7.50, balance due from adminis- 
 trator to estate, but the date of final adjustment is not given. It was probably 
 some time in the fall of 1845. It seems a trifle strange that Mr. Crawford 
 should have been so extravagant with his tobacco, liniment and sugar, when he 
 might have used his wealth in the purchase of more whisky. Another impor- 
 tant fact is demonstrated by this official document, and that is, it made no difier- 
 ence whether a man made wholesale or retail purchases, the price remained 
 unchanged. There was no discount to administrators. A single drink was 
 really a serious matter in those days, since it is shown that a half-pint was 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 401 
 
 the usual allowance. Mr. Crawford manifested a sturdy determination not to 
 "be frightened at that, however, and his bill shows him in the light of a sur- 
 raounter of difficulties. 
 
 The first guardian of minors appointed by the Probate Judge was Joseph 
 Mclntire, guardian of Daniel, James and John Murphy, May 10, 1845. 
 
 The first will filed was that of William B. Woody, dated October 11, 1846, 
 and filed by the widow, Frances Woody, sole executrix, December 7, 1846. . 
 
 THE MARRIAGE RECORD. 
 
 The first license issued was in favor of the marriage of Andrew Crawford 
 and Mary Ann Montgomery, dated March 15, 1844. The intended bride was 
 a minor, under the guardianship of Peter Walker. The following note directed 
 to the Clerk of the Court is filed with the order granting the license : 
 
 To Hmry B. ILndershotl, Clerk, etc.: 
 
 Yoii will please let Mi-. Andrew Crawford have marriage license to be married to Miss Mary 
 Ann Montgomery, and this shall be your authority for the same, the parties being under age. 
 
 PETER WALKER, 
 Guarditm for Mary Ann Montgomery. 
 His 
 THOMAS X CRAWFORD, 
 mark. 
 Father of Andrew Crawford. 
 Attest, Henby B. Hendershott. 
 
 The couple were married March 15, 1844, by R. R. Jones, Justice of the 
 Peace, at the house of Peter Walker. The groom was 19, and the bride 16 
 years of age. 
 
 The second marriage license was that of Dr. C. W. Phelps and Elizabeth 
 C. Weaver ; the third that of John P. Scott and Elvira A. Weir. The lat- 
 ter marriage was solemnized at Agency City, by Rev. Benjamin A. Spaulding, 
 April 17, 1844. 
 
 The authority possessed by Mr. Spaulding was filed at this time, and con- 
 sisted of a license issued by the Clerk of the District Court of Jefferson 
 County, Iowa. 
 
 On the 28th of August, 1844, the certificate of ordination, issued by 
 Bishop Morris, of the Methodist Episcopal Church, August 29, 1841, pro- 
 claiming Thomas M. Kirkpatrick a fully consecrated Elder in the said Method- 
 ist Episcopal Church, was filed with the Clerk of Wapello County. This was 
 to establish Mr. Kirkpatrick's authority to solemnize marriages. 
 
 A similar document was filed by Rev. Robert Long, of the Christian Church,, 
 on the 9th day of November, 1844. 
 
 During the first year of the county's existence, the following marriage licen- 
 ses were granted : 
 
 George Nelson to Isabella Frances Hackney, November 9 ; Seth Ogg to 
 Rebecca H. Mclntire, April 28 ; David Glass to Eliza Jane Hall, June 19 ; 
 Joseph Mclntire to Mrs. Sarah Murphy, July 2 ; William Carter to Mary Jane 
 Lewis, August 21 ; William F. Bay to Nancy J. Kirkpatrick, September 5; 
 Alexander Kitterman to Else Linch, September 24 ; James S. Baker to 
 Tamas Overman, September 28 ; Thomas J. Linnard to Julina Lambert, 
 September 30 ; Melville H. Talbatt to Elizabeth Rouse, October 4 ; James 
 R. Fisher to Sarah McCall, October 5 ; Charles Wallace to Cynthian M. 
 Ross, October 9 ; George Howlet to Sarah Wilson, November 7 ; William 
 Parker to Lavinia Boyce, December 2 ; James Stephens to Mary Ann Har- 
 row, December 18; James D. Huffstetter to Eliza Ann White, December 
 -30. 
 
402 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 On the 24th of April, 1845, Rev. John Pardoe filed his certificate of ordi- 
 nation as a Methodist Protestant clergyman. 
 
 November 20th, Rev. Joseph Ackerman filed his certificate of authority to 
 solemnize marriages, having his ordination papers issued by Bishop Roberts, of 
 the Methodist Episcopal Church. The papers were dated at Terre Haute, Ind., 
 October 10, 1841. 
 
 Thirty-six marriage licenses were issued out of the Clerk's ofiice of Wapello 
 County during the year 1845. 
 
 THE DISTRICT COURT. 
 
 As in almost every case, the original record of the District Court in Wa- 
 pello County consists of eight sheets of foolscap paper, stitched together to form 
 a book. More permanent character has been given the records, however, by 
 transcribing them into a substantial volume. 
 
 The following self-explanatory records are taken literally from the record- 
 book, but we purposely omit extended mention of the incidents attending the 
 opening of the first court, preferring to give such interesting facts a more 
 appropriate place in the general history of the county. We quote : 
 
 And now, on this day, to wit, the sixteenth day of September, A. D. 1844, the day on which, 
 according to law, the District Court of the United States, within and for said county of Wapello 
 and Territory of Iowa, was to have begun, and its tirst or September term, at the Court House 
 in said county, there being no Judge present, the time for commencement of said Court is ad- 
 journed until n o'clock to-morrow morning. 
 
 Tuesday morning, 9 o'clock, | 
 September 17, A. D. 1844. / 
 
 And now, on tiiis day there yet being no Judge present, the time for the commencement of 
 said Court is further adjoui'ned until to-morrow morning. 
 
 And now, on this day to wit, Wednesday, 18th September, 1844, being the adjourned day 
 for the beginning of the September term of the District Court of the United States, for the 
 county of Wapello and Territory of Iowa, Present the Hon. Charles Mason, Judge, etc. 
 
 The following proceedings were had, to wit : 
 
 And now, on this day, to wit, the 18th day of September, A. D. 1844, the venire which had 
 been returned on the IGth inst., by Joseph Hayue, Sheriff of said county, being examined by 
 the Court, it is ascertained the following-named persons have been duly summoned to serve as 
 grand jurors to this Court, to wit : 
 
 LIST OF FIRST GRAND JURY. 
 
 James Weir, George W. Knight, Seth Ogg, Robert H. Ivers, Thomas Pendleton, Henrj 
 Smith, William Brinn, Lewis F. Temple, John Humphreys, Martin Fisher, Paul C. Jeifries, John 
 Fuller, Finley Lindsey, William Prichell, William C. Mclntire, John Clark, James R. Boggs, 
 John Kirkpatrick, John Murry, Isom Garrett, Shannon Hackney, Philaster Lee and Thomas 
 Wright; five of whom, to wit, Robert H. Ivers, Martin Fisher, John Fuller, John Clark and 
 John Kirtpatrick, on being called, answered not. 
 
 The Court ordered the Sherifi" to complete the panel, whereupon William 
 A. Winsell, Peter Barnett, Richard Fisher and Jacob Hackney were added to the 
 list. James Weir was appointed Foreman. George B. Warden was appointed 
 Bailiff, and proceeded to take the grand jury under his charge. 
 
 The first case of record was that of " Josiah Smart, Agent, etc., who sues for 
 the use of S. S. Phelps vs. Elias Orton." This was a land-claim case, and was 
 dismissed, with costs assessed against the defendant to the amount of $7.42^. 
 
 The next case, James C. Ramsey vs. John R. and W. S. Wright assumpsit. 
 Damages claimed, $67. Case compromised by the parties, with costs on 
 defendant, stated at the sum of $5.87^. 
 
 The third case was John McCoy vs. William Flood, assumpsit ; . damages, 
 Case withdrawn by plaintiff, with costs on him to the amount of 
 i.62i. 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 403 
 
 The next three cases were of similar character, and were between John 
 Myers vs. Charles F. Harrow ; James Foster vs. Charles F. Harrow ; and 
 Hugh George vs. Jesse C. Weeks. All dismissed with costs on plainiift". 
 
 On the 19th of September, the Clerk issued, by order of the Court, the 
 first naturalization papers ever issued in the county, the applicants therefor 
 being John Wall and George Wall. 
 
 The grand jury found an indictment against Joseph S. Hendricks for 
 larceny. The case was taken up at once, when Hendricks pleaded " not guilty," 
 and was bound over to appear at the April term of the District Court. As this 
 Avas the first indictment, it may be interesting to know that the case was again 
 continued to the September term, 1845, at which time the Prosecuting Attor- 
 ney appeared and declared that he would never prosecute the case. The 
 defendant was discharged, and the county paid the bill. 
 
 There were forty cases on the first docket, and the term lasted five days. 
 
 The first divorce case on record is at the April term, 1845, on a change of 
 venue from Jefferson County, and is between Mary Kinzie and John Kinzie. 
 Bill granted by default. 
 
 The first divorce granted parties resident in Wapello Avas at the same term 
 of Court : Amanda Hulin vs. Ira Hulin. Decrees granted by default. 
 
 THE CIRCUIT COURT. 
 
 The first session of this Court was held March 8, 1869, Hon. Robert Sloan, 
 Judge; Thomas Bedwell, Sheriff; L. M. Godley, Clerk. 
 
 OFFICIAL ROSTER OF THE COUNTY. 
 
 The first County Commissioners' Minute-Book and the first Election Reg- 
 ister are lost, and it was with great difficulty that we were able to verify the 
 election of the county ofiicers up to 1865. Still, we herewith present a roster, 
 which will bear close inspection and which may be relied upon as correct in all 
 the essential points. Some minor errors may exist in it, but if so, it is because of 
 utter lack of data, and not through a lack of work on the part of the com- 
 piler. These little lists have required more labor than any other portion of the 
 work : 
 
 County Commissioners. — L. E. Temple, J. M. Montgomery and C T. Har- 
 row were the original Commissioners, elected in 1844. The balance of the list 
 may not be strictly accurate, since it is a lamentable fact that the first Commis- 
 sioners' Record Book is lost. From such sources as diligent research and in- 
 quiry reveal, we have concluded that the following named persons were on the 
 Board, and very nearly in the order given ; but one Commissioner was chosen 
 annually, unless a vacancy occurred : In 1844, John B. Gray was chosen, 
 according to the statement of Mrs. Gray; but some of the older citizens here 
 are disposed to question this. If he was a member at any time, it must have 
 been in 1844, because in the summer of 1845, Kishkekosh County, in which 
 he lived and which was then attached to Wapello, was organized. Dr. 
 Warden thinks that the first Commissioners served but one year. If that is so, 
 then there is a missing name in this list, for the first full Board discovered is 
 in 1847, when Henry Smith, Charles Dudley and James B. Wright served. 
 We are inclined to believe that one of these gentlemen — probably Smith — was 
 chosen in 1845 ; James B. Wright in 1844, and Charles Dudley in 1847. 
 Perhaps Mr. Dudley was elected first in 1845, as the retirement of Mr. Gray 
 
404 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 would create a vacancy. If that supposition is correct, Mr. Dudley was re- 
 elected in 1848. In 1847, the Board consisted of Messrs. Smith, Wright and 
 Dudley ; and in 1848, of Wright, Dudley and Bell. This fact bears us out 
 in the theory that Smith was chosen in 1845, since, in three years, Nathaniel 
 Bell was elected to succeed him. From this date, the files of the Courier (an 
 invaluable authority, because of the excellence of the editorial work bestowed 
 upon them) supply reliable data. In 1849, Samuel Gilliland was elected ; 
 and in 1850, Gideon Myers. The Commissioner system was abolished in 
 1851, at which time the Board was composed of Nathaniel Bell, Samuel Gilli- 
 land and Gideon Myers. 
 
 On the authority of a paper published in the "Annals of Iowa," April, 1868, 
 by G. D. R. Boyd, we state that the second Board of County Commissions, 
 chosen at the first regular election, in August, 1844, was composed of John C. 
 Evans, James B. Wright and John B. Gray. It is to be regretted that Mr. 
 Boyd did not give a list of all the county officers therein recorded, since the 
 book from which he gathered his information is now lost. Mr. B. speaks dis- 
 paragingly of the record, because of its meager character. 
 
 The election of the first or organizing Board was held in April, 1844. 
 The regular election took place always in August in those early years. The 
 original officers, except Commissioners, were re-elected at the first August elec- 
 tion in 1844. 
 
 Commissioners' Clerk. — This office was distinct from that of Clerk of the 
 District Court. The first incumbent, 1844, was Charles Overman. In 1848, 
 A. J. Redenbaugh was chosen, and held the office until the system was abol- 
 ished. 
 
 County Judge. — In 1851-55, Silas Osborn was elected ; 1857, Joseph H. 
 Flint. Judge Flint was legislated out of office in 1861, when the Board of 
 Supervisors came into power. 
 
 Supervisors. — Under the system of 1861, the following men were elected : 
 William Cloyd, Thomas Bedwell, George Gillaspy, G. F. Myers, A. Major, 
 J. C. Hinsey, William Knight, Silas Osborn, W. C. Mclntire, L. Rose, George 
 Neville, Aaron Harlan, Moses C. Israel, Peter Knox. 
 
 1862— Thomas Bedwell, William Cloyd, Martin Dickens, J. C. Hinsey, 
 Peter Knox, William Knight, G. F. Myers, George Neville, Silas Osborn, 
 L. Rose, J. Y. Simpson, G. VV. Draper, M. C Israel, Moses Fairburn. 
 
 1863— A. H. Rutin, C. S. Carwile, Martin Dickens, T. Bedwell, George 
 Neville, Silas Osborn, William Cloyd, J. C Hinsey, P. Knox, L. A. Myers, 
 H. Reinhard, G. W. Dresser, W. C. Mclntire, J. Y. Simpson. 
 
 1864— S. Packwood, P. M. Warder, J. M. Hedrick, S. A. Monroe, 
 G. Temple, L. A. Myers, William Cloyd, J. Y. Simpson, C. S. Carwile, 
 H. Reinhard, S. Osborn, A. H. Rutin, G. Neville, M. Welch. 
 
 1865— James M. Hull, George Neville, Henry Reinhard, E. C. Myers, 
 D. R. Swope, P. M. Warder, L. A. Myers, J. W. Hedrick, Silas Osborn, 
 S. A. Monroe, William Cloyd, W. H. Dunlap, J. R. Kerfoot, George F. Myers. 
 
 1866 — George Temple, Silas Osborn, J. W. Hedrick, Joseph Myers, Isaac 
 W. Stanley, N. Williams, John H. Carver, E. T. Neville, Charles Barbour, 
 M. S. Godley, George F. Myers, S. A. Monroe, Henry Reinhard, William 
 Cloyd. 
 
 1867 — J. W. Hedrick, George Temple, J. H. Carver, William Cloyd, 
 Charles Barbour, John Harlan, William Evans, M. S. Godley, John Wilcox, 
 Edward Neville, Joseph Myers, S. A. Monroe, Henry Reinhard, A. H. 
 Butin. 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 405 
 
 1868— J. W. Hedrick, J. D. Ladd, A. Lotspeich, J. H. Carver, E. L. 
 Randel, C. Barbour, H. Reinhard, John Molmuby, E. T. Neville, M. C. Israel, 
 William Cloyd, A. H. Butin, William Evans, R. W. Boyd, John Harlan. 
 
 1869 — A. Lotspeich, William Cloyd, Charles Barbour, John Farlan, H. 
 Reinhard, John Molmuby, John Carver, E. L. Randel, R. Hyatt, James D. 
 Lance, R. W. Boyd, W. H. Kitterman, William Evans, E. T. Neville, M. C. 
 
 1870— 0. D. Tesdale, William Cloyd, W. C. Reynolds, R. Hyatt, G. A. 
 Derley, G. W. Dickens, R. W. Boyd, W. H. Kitterman, William Evans, S. A. 
 Monroe, E. T. Neville, John Harlan, T. Slutz, T. Poster. 
 
 1871 — System changed to Board of three members — H. Canfield, H. Rein- 
 hard, T. J. Nelson. 
 
 1872— H. Canfield, H. Reinhard, T. J. Nelson. 
 
 1873— H. Reinhard, D. H. Michael, T. J. Nelson. 
 
 1874— S. McCullough, D. H. Michael, T. J. Nelson. 
 
 1875— D. H. Michxel, S. McCullough, S. M. Wright. 
 
 1876— S. McCullough, S. M. Wright, D. H. Michael. 
 
 1877— S. M. Wright, D. H. Michael, John Postlewaite. 
 
 1878— John Postlewaite, G. W. Fair, D. L. Hardy. 
 
 AS'/imJ.—1847, Joseph Hayne; 1849, Duane F. Gavlord ; 1853, D. H. 
 Michael ; 1855, William H. Williams ; 1857, William LeWis, Jr.; 1859, L. E. 
 Gray. A. M. Bonnifield served during a portion of the last term for which 
 Mr. Gray was elected, owing to Mr. Gray's resignation. 1865, George A. 
 Derby; 1867, Thomas Bedwell ; 1869, Samuel A. Swiggett; 1873, T. P. 
 Spillman ; 1877, D. W. Stewart. 
 
 Treasurer and Collector. — 1844, Thomas Foster ; 1845, Charles Overman ;- 
 1846, William G. Ross ; 1847, J. Leighton ; 1851, James Pumroy ; 1855, 
 Peter Knox ; 1857, William J. Ross ; 1862, Joseph Hayne ; 1867, William J. 
 Ross ; 1869, Alfred Lotspeich ; 1873, William H. H. Asbury ; 1877, W. L 
 Poag. 
 
 Eecorder.—18U, M. J. Spurlock ; 1845, Charles Overman ; 1846, Will- 
 iam G. Ross; 1847, Joseph Leighton; 1851, James Pumioy; 1855, Peter 
 Knox; 1857, William J. Ross; 1862, Joseph Hayne; 1866, Daniel W. 
 Tower; 1872, Wade Kirkpatrick. 
 
 Until 1866, this office was connected with that of Treasurer and Collector. 
 
 Judge of Probate.— ISU, Paul C. Jeffries ; 1846, G. B. Savery (this 
 Judge could have held office but a short time, for in 1846, we find that James 
 Weir was also Judge) ; 1848, James Baker; 1849, D. M. C. Lane; 1850, 
 George May. After 1851, this office was known as a part of the County Judge 
 system, a plan which obtained after the abolishment of the business office of 
 County Judge in 1861, and until the establishmeut of the Circuit Court, in 
 1869, when the Probate business passed under the jurisdiction of the Circuit 
 Judge. After Silas Osborn and Joseph H. Flint, in 1865, came James S. 
 Porter, until 1869. 
 
 Auditor. — 1869, office created, George D. Hackworth ; 1873, William H. 
 Caldwell ; 1875, M. B. Myers. 
 
 Prosecuting Attorney. — 1846, H. B. Hendershott ; 1848, William H. 
 Brumfield; 1852, James Baker; 1854, Thomas Bigham. In 1858, the office was 
 changed to District Prosecutor. The above list is complete as far as it goes, but 
 we may have omitted one or two names. No records can be found to aid us. 
 
 Clerk of the District Court.— IM^, H. B. Hendershott ; 1846, John W. 
 Ross ; 1848, Thomas G. Given ; 1852, Joseph Hayne ; 1856, Joseph Camp- 
 
406 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 bell ; 1858, Joseph Hayne ; 1860, Hugh Brown ; 1864, L. M. Godley ; 1878, 
 W. 0. Thompson. 
 
 Surveyor. — 1844, William Dewey ; 1849, George D. Hackworth ; 1851, 
 Joel B. Myers ; 1853, Thomas Fowler ; 1855, Walter Clement ; 1859, Thomas 
 Fowler; 1861, W. M. Clark; 1865, John Grant; 1868, George D. Hack- 
 worth ; 1870, John D. Baker ; 1872, L. D. McGlashon. 
 
 Coroner. — 1849, A. George ; 1851, Alexander Brown; 1853, — Grriggs ; 
 1855, William E. Goe ; 1859, C. G. Packard ; 1861, J. G. Porter ; 1865, A. 
 L. Chamberlain ; 1869, J. C. Hinsey ; 1873, E. L. Lathrop ; 1877, A. C. 
 Olney. 
 
 Superintendent of Schools. — 1859, George D. Hackworth ; 1865, B. A. 
 Spaulding; 1867, S. L. Burnham ; 1869, Henry C. Cox; 1871, K M. Ives; 
 1873, Clay Wood ; 1877, W. A. Mclntire. 
 
 LEGISLATIVE REPRESENTATION. 
 
 In October, 1844, the first Constitutional Convention met at Iowa City. 
 Wapello County was represented by William H. Galbraith and William W. 
 Chapman. The Territorial Legislature, Seventh Assembly, met at the same 
 place in May, 1845. William G. Coop represented Jefferson, Wapello and 
 Kishkekosh Counties in the Senate, and Reuben R. Harper in the House. 
 The Eighth Assembly met in December, 1845. Mr. Coop was then Senator, 
 and Joseph Fink Representative. The second Constitutional Convention met 
 May 4, 1846. Wapello was represented by Joseph H. Hedrick. 
 
 The State of Iowa was organized in 1846. The first State Assembly met at 
 Iowa City, November 30. Since that time the county of Wapello has been 
 represented as follows : 
 
 Senate — Wapello and Monroe Counties — 1846, James Davis; 1848, Barney 
 Royston ; 1850, Wapello, Monroe and Lucas — Henry B. Hendershott ; 1852, 
 Wapello, John W. Hedrick ; Wapello, Monroe, Lucas and Clarke, Henry B. 
 Hendershott; 1854, Wapello, James C. Ramsey; Wapello, Monroe, Lucas and 
 Clarke, Daniel Anderson ; 1856, Wapello, James C. Ramsey ; 1858-60, John 
 A. Johnson ; 1862-64, J. W. Dixon ; 1866, Edward H. Stiles ; 1868-70, 
 Augustus H. Hamilton ; 1872-74-76, J. H. Merrill ; 1878, G. A. Madson. 
 
 ffouse—lS46, Wapello, A. B. Comstock; 1848, Joseph H. Flint; 1850, Jo- 
 seph H. Flint and Andrew Major; 1852, Wapello, Robert Coles, James C. Ram- 
 sey; Wapello, Monroe, Lucas and Clarke, Henry Allen ; 1854, Wapello, Samuel 
 K.Cramer, Nimrod Boston; Wapello and Keokuk, Cyrus Franklin; 1856, Wapello, 
 Cyrus Franklin, S. G. Finney ; Wapello and Keokuk, M. F. Bottorf ; 1858, Will- 
 iam Campbell, William McCormick ; 1860, J. C. Mitchell, James Doggett; 1862, 
 Joseph H. Flint, T. D. McClothlen ; 1864, Peter Knox, Edward H. Stiles ; 
 1866, Peter Knox, Charles Dudley ; 1868, Samuel T. Caldwell, Charles Dud- 
 ley ; 1870, Charles Dudley, John H. Carver ; 1872, John H. Carver, Samuel 
 T. Caldwell ; 1874, J. W. Dixon, Jacob Liberall ; 1876, J. W. Dixon, G. A. 
 Madson ; 1878, W. A. Fast, J. A. Israel. 
 
 The third Constitutional Convention met at Iowa City January 19, 1857. 
 Wapello was represented by George Gillaspy. 
 
 The Judicial Districts. — Under the State Constitution of 1846, the Third 
 District was composed of the counties of Appanoose, Davis, Jefferson, Keokuk, 
 Mahaska, Marion, Monroe, Van Buren and Wapello, "and the counties west 
 of the counties of Marion, Monroe and Appanoose," or the unorganized terri- 
 tory to the Missouri River. In 1849, the new Fifth District took the counties 
 of Appanoose, Marion and Monroe, and western territory. Mahaska County 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 407 
 
 •was detached December 19, 1856, and attached to Eleventh District. In 1858, 
 when abolished, this District comprised Davis, Jefferson, Van Buren and 
 Wapello Counties. The original Third was created February 17, 1847. The 
 Judges were: 
 
 Cyrus Olney, Jefferson County ; elected April 2, 1847 ; commissioned 
 December 7 ; resigned March 15, 1851. Judge Olney was subsequently on 
 the Supreme Bench of California. 
 
 Joseph C. Knapp, Van Buren County ; appointed by the Governor, March 
 15, 1851. 
 
 William H. Seevers, Mahaska County ; elected April 5, 1852 ; qualified 
 May 7 ; resigned and successor appointed January 10. 1856. Now one of the 
 Supreme Judges of this State. 
 
 Caleb Baldwin, Jefferson County ; appointed January 10, 1856. Subse- 
 quently one of the Supreme Judges of this State. 
 
 Henry B. Hendershott, Wapello County ; elected April 7, 1856 ; qualified 
 May 14 ; legislated out of office when the District Avas abolished, in March, 
 1858, act taking effect July 4, 1858, under Constitution of 1857. 
 
 The present division is known as the Second District, and is composed of 
 the counties of Appanoose, Davis, Lucas, Monroe, Van Buren, Wapello and 
 Wayne. The Judges have been: 
 
 John S. Townsend, Monroe County; elected October 12, 1858. 
 
 Henry H. Trimble, Davis County ; elected October 14, 1862. 
 
 Harvey Tannehill, Appanoose County ; elected October 9, 1866. 
 
 Morris J. Williams, Wapello County ; elected October, 1870. 
 
 J. C. Knapp, Van Buren County ; elected October, 1874. 
 
 E. L. Burton, Wapello County ; elected October, 1878. 
 
 The District Attorneys have been : 
 
 Amos Harris, Appanoose County ; elected October 12, 1858 ; re-elected 
 October 14, 1862. 
 
 James B. Weaver, Davis County ; elected October 9, 1866. 
 
 M. H. Jones, Davis County ; elected October, 1870. 
 
 T. M. Fee, Appanoose County ; elected October, 1874. 
 
 R. B. Townsend, Monroe County ; elected October, 1878. 
 
 In 1869, the business of the Court was so great that a new Court was cre- 
 ated, called the Circuit Court. The District is composed in this case, of the 
 same territory as the District Court. Judge Robert Sloan, of Keosauqua, 
 Van Buren County, has filled the Bench since the organization of the circuit. 
 
 MATERIAL GROWTH AND PROSPERITY. 
 
 In a State which might be made the granary of the nation, and which has 
 the capacity of producing breadstuffs sufficient to feed the people of the United 
 States, if a system of cultivation equivalent to that of many of the countries 
 of Europe were to be inaugurated, one unconsciously falls into the habit of 
 accepting marvels in the form of development with a sang froid which none 
 but Americans can exhibit. An invention which is destined to revolutionize 
 methods and expand capabilities in almost an infinite degree, produce a momen- 
 tary ripple on the surface of society, and then is accepted with a practical esti- 
 mate of its applicability to the machinery already employed. 
 
 In no quarter of the inhabited globe is this spirit of progressiveness more 
 manifest than here in Iowa. We are willing to go even further than that, and 
 
408 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 honestly affirm, after a careful investigation into the characteristics of the people 
 of this State, which the work of preparing a detailed history peculiarly enables 
 us to prosecute, that no section of Iowa evinces a more marked air of energy 
 than does the rich county of Wapello. 
 
 Wapello is rich in the profoundest sense of the term ; rich in mineral stores, 
 rich in agricultural capabilities, rich in its vast water-power, rich in the spirit 
 of Western energy and push^ Avhich permeates every avenue of trade throughout 
 the length and breadth of its broad acres. Without the hand and brain of man 
 to develop the stores of wealth which lie hidden beneath the soil or which are 
 innate in the sod itself, no good could possibly result to this community ; but 
 the casual observer can perceive that the dominant spirit of improvement is the 
 motor which will impart an irresistible impetus to the material growth of this 
 fertile valley. 
 
 Located in the heart of the richest coal district in the West, and capable of 
 marketing a fuel but little below the value of that produced from the mines east 
 of the Alleghanies, Wapello would be a desirable region for manufactures, were 
 there no other inducements offered. But coupled with that advantage is the 
 still more noticeable one of its immense water-power. The grandest river of 
 the State flows, with ceaseless tide, by the feet of its capital, with an energy 
 which seems to practical minds a protest against the inactivity of man toward 
 the utilization of the power it constantly expends. 
 
 With a gigahtic water force, with a limitless mine of inexpensive fuel, what 
 other natural advantages are needed to make this one of the most profitable 
 places for the establishment of factories ? Simply the productiveness of the 
 soil. I^ there can be harvested large crops of staples, then the question is 
 answered affirmatively whether it will pay to invest capital in the erection of 
 mills. This can never be a successful iron or wood manufacturing country, be- 
 cause the mines and lands produce no staples of that character ; but it can be 
 made a point for the manufacture of oats, corn, potatoes, flax and other crops 
 into articles of commerce. 
 
 A glance at the agricultural statistics of the county will substantiate that 
 assertion. In 185G, which was twelve years after the settlement of the county, 
 the census returns showed 60,973 acres of land under improvement, and 95,- 
 696 unimproved acres. Of the cultivated acreage, 5,095 acres were meadow ; 
 6,918 acres into spring wheat, from which 52,628 bushels were harvested ; 
 1,544 acres winter wheat, with a yield of 10,130 bushels ; 7,741 acres of oats, 
 194,338 bushels of yield ; 27,119 acres of corn, 1,388,825 bushels of yield ; 
 308 acres of potatoes, 42,071 bushels of yield; 24,802 hogs sold, valued at 
 $176,654 ; 4,436 head of cattle, valued at $86,842 ; while of dairy prodncts 
 there were 146,194 pounds of butter, 8,515 pounds of cheese and 25,485 
 pounds of wool. 
 
 Ten years later, 1866, the total wheat crop amounted to 56,461 bushels of 
 spring, and 53,736 bushels of winter wheat, from an acreage of 10,507, nearly 
 equally divided. The region was not regarded as a wheat-gi'owing country, 
 compared with some other localities. From 7,740 acres there were harvested 
 210.203 bushels of oats ; from 47,060 acres, there were gathered 1,289,370 
 bushels of corn, and from 1,256 acres, 17,000 bushels of rye was secured. 
 
 Meanwhile, 56| miles of railroad had been completed through the county. 
 The value of manufactures was $320,675, and 164,381 bushels (80 lbs.) of coal 
 were raised. The value of farm implements was returned as $162,399. 
 
 The last census, 1875, or nine years after the preceding figures were com- 
 piled, showed 150,209 acres of improved land ; 63,491 unimproved. The num- 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 409 
 
 ber of acres actually cultivated was 135,173. There were 157,535 bushels of 
 spring and 16,159 bushels of winter wheat raised from 18,985 acres. The 
 year was not a favorable one for wheat in this region. From 57,000 acres, 
 2,143,791 bushels of corn were secured, and from 11,570 acres, 293,590 bush- 
 els of oats were harvested. There were 59,694 hogs sold for slaughter, and 
 63,225 pounds of wool clipped. 
 
 The manufacturing establishments are referred to in detail in the sketches 
 of Ottumwa and other towns, and need not be specially mentioned here. It is 
 shown that the enterprising men of the West are awake to the advantages of 
 utilizing the crude products of this entire section, not merely of Wapello 
 County, and thereby save freights to the seaboard or general markets. Pork- 
 packing, oatmeal, starch, flaxseed and other factories are already makint^ 
 Ottumwa a depot of purchase, and benefiting the whole county. 
 
 Wherewith is given an abstract of the property assessment in 1878 : 
 
 ABSTRACT OF ASSESSMENT OF WAPELLO COUNTY FOR 1878. 
 
 Lands assessed, exclusive of town property, 268,284 acres. 
 
 Value of farm realty $2,651,163 
 
 Value of town property : 
 
 Ottumwa $1,302,829 
 
 Marysville 673 
 
 Kirkville 9,385 
 
 Dahlonega 1,836 
 
 Bladensburg 2,399 
 
 Ashland 2,087 
 
 Eldon 36,656 
 
 Eddyville, 99,869 
 
 Ormanville 339 
 
 Agency City 64,170 
 
 Chillicothe 8,035 
 
 Pickwick 3,102 
 
 Richmond 4,211 
 
 Blaksburg 9,319 
 
 Total realty in towns 1,544,910 
 
 Aggregate value of railroad property assessed by Executive Council, in 
 
 county 476,238 
 
 Value personal property, including horses and cattle 1,627,936 
 
 Total value of county ^g 300 247 
 
 „ ,,, , . Number. Value. 
 
 Tattle assessed in county 15,529 $184 900 
 
 Horses " " 8,420 271,725 
 
 Mules •' " 782 32,363 
 
 Sheep " " 8,041 10,006 
 
 Swine " " 21,183 62,270 
 
 Total value of live stock $56'i 264 
 
 ASSESSED VALUE IN 1870. 
 
 Realty in towns $1,255,156 
 
 Realty in farms 2 496 013 
 
 Personal 1,843,355 
 
 Total $6,593,523 
 
 SOCIAL STATISTICS. 
 
 Since the organization of Wapello County, in 1844, the census reports show 
 the following increase of population. It will be noticed that steady growth has 
 marked each year. There has been no unhealthy haste, which always induces 
 re-action as in case of fever, but a constant influx of substantial men, drawn 
 
410 
 
 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 hither by the solid merit of the region, 
 enumeration : 
 
 1844 2,814 
 
 1846 4,422 
 
 1847 5,66C 
 
 1849 7,255 
 
 1850... 8,479 
 
 1851 8,500 
 
 1852 8,888 
 
 1854 10,521 
 
 1856 13,246 
 
 Below is given a statement of each 
 
 1859.. 
 1860. 
 1863., 
 1865. 
 1867., 
 1869. 
 1870., 
 1873. 
 1875., 
 
 ,060 
 518 
 729 
 794 
 ,930 
 672 
 340 
 261 
 855 
 
 Subjoined is a tabular statement of the population of Wapello County, as 
 returned in the census of 1875. This is given, not as a representation of the 
 present size of the towns, or of Ottumwa, but for future use as a reference. 
 The city of Ottumwa has materially increased since 1875. 
 
 Towns and Cities. 
 
 POPULATION. 
 
 Male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 Total 
 Population. 
 
 Number of 
 Families. 
 
 Adams 
 
 Agency 
 
 Cass 
 
 Center 
 
 Columbia — 
 Competiue... 
 Dahlonega... 
 
 Green 
 
 Highland ... . 
 
 Keokuk 
 
 Pleasant 
 
 Polk 
 
 Richland 
 
 Washington . 
 
 Total of townships. 
 
 City of Ottumwa — 
 
 First Ward 
 
 Second AVard 
 
 Third Ward 
 
 Fourth Ward 
 
 ■ Addition to city.. 
 
 Total of city. 
 
 696 
 287 
 386 
 923 
 479 
 467 
 295 
 633 
 492 
 309 
 571 
 524 
 721 
 452 
 
 625 
 ■263 
 401 
 869 
 429 
 462 
 290 
 580 
 421 
 266 
 553 
 474 
 676 
 446 
 
 14 
 "3' 
 
 14 
 
 1389 
 484 
 751 
 622 
 563 
 
 1037 
 
 487 
 611 
 711 
 
 577 
 
 112 
 49 
 41 
 32 
 35 
 
 1821 
 564 
 
 787 
 
 1795 
 908 
 929 
 589 
 
 1215 
 913 
 577 
 
 1124 
 998 
 
 1411 
 898 
 
 14029 
 
 2538 
 1020 
 1403 
 1365 
 1175 
 
 7501 
 
 225 
 117 
 131 
 568 
 163 
 173 
 118 
 219 
 169 
 104 
 216 
 192 
 273 
 163 
 
 2831 
 
 393 
 182 
 
 179 
 
 274 
 
 1028 
 
 Eddyville — 
 First Ward.... 
 Second Ward. 
 
 354 
 270 
 
 363 
 255 
 
 Total of town. 
 
 717 
 533 
 
 1250 
 
 150 
 110 
 
 260 
 
 Agency City. 
 Eldon , 
 
 330 
 
 217 
 
 Total of county. 
 
 12215 
 
 327 
 209 
 
 11332 
 
 318 
 
 658 
 427 
 
 23865 
 
 148 
 
 4365 
 
 THE DAIRY BUSINESS. 
 
 This chapter will be far more suggestive and prophetic than historic, and 
 might be introduced into some current publication with more propriety, perhaps, 
 than into the pages of a work of permanent value. But we give place to this 
 article for the sake of the prediction implied or expressed. 
 
HISTORY OF AVAPELLO COUNTY. 411 
 
 At the present time, one of the greatest industries within the reach of the 
 people is ahnost untouched. The region is designed by nature for a dairy 
 country. There is an abundance of everything needed in a crude state to intro- 
 duce and conduct this important business. But in spite of all the advantages 
 of soil, water and climate, there have been but two or three attempts to carry on 
 dairying here, and those, for obvious reasons, proved only moderately suc- 
 cessful. » 
 
 In the first place, let us consider the question in a practical manner, and 
 judge by the prosperity of other localities whether Wapello County can safely 
 invest in the manufacture of butter and cheese. 
 
 What are the primary requisites in the case ? First, a fertile soil, which 
 will produce a perennial sod, from which hay can be cut for winter use, and 
 also which will furnish proper green pasturage during the outdoor feeding 
 season. Second, a soil and climate which will produce corn and small grains, 
 artichokes, pease, etc. Third, good water, and a cheap and abundant ice 
 crop. 
 
 These may be regarded as the fundamental conditions necessary to the 
 economic manufacture of dairy products. There are others which may be sug- 
 gested to the minds of practical dairymen, but surely these are the first and 
 most important points to be considered. Has Wapello County these advan- 
 tages ? Yes. There is no longer a doubt as to the quality and durability of 
 her sod ; the abundance and richness of her grasses, of her hay crop. She has 
 a climate between that of Minnesota and Kansas — an intermediate grade which 
 enables her to raise luxuriant corn, and at the same time reap rich harvests of 
 small grains. It may be said that no country surpasses this for diversity and 
 quantity of yield of crops. Others are better exclusive corn regions or wheat 
 regions, but none combine wheat, oats, corn and the small grains in the same 
 degree. Therefore, we say that this county is adapted by natural productive- 
 ness for dairying. 
 
 Can cattle thrive here ? Yes. A grade of common stock crossed with 
 blood of pure strain, are hearty, strong in flesh and rich milkers. We doubt if 
 pure bloods do as well as coarser textures ; but mixed stock is suited to the 
 climate in admirable degree. 
 
 Is the water and ice supply ample ? Yes. In quality and quantity there 
 is sufficient water to warrant the erection of many creameries in the county. 
 
 If these statements are true, why is it that so few good butter makers are 
 found in the county ? We are not speaking of private dairying, but of the 
 introduction of skilled men and approved machinery. Private butter making 
 has no more comparison to creamery business than hand spinning has to the 
 power loom. 
 
 In 1866, this county produced 285,980 pounds of butter and 4,682 pounds 
 of cheese; and in 1874, 469,887 pounds of butter and 2,222 pounds of cheese. 
 This exhibit shows that no systematic attention is paid to the Avork, but that the 
 natural increase forces people into a greater production. At the same time, 
 the quality ranks only as " grease " in the Eastern market, except in the few 
 rare cases of choice butter-makers among the farmers' wives. This is not 
 intended as a reflection upon the women of the county, for it is true that the 
 fault lies fully as much at the men's door as theirs. The men have not pre- 
 pared suitable places in which to make and preserve the butter that is made, 
 and, consequently, the most careful products deteriorate because of lack of ice 
 and dairy-rooms. We do not blame the women for not working with better 
 heart, under such circumstances. Dairying is laborious in the extreme and 
 
412 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 scarcely worth the time expended on it, if the butter so made is salable only 
 at third rate or as grease. 
 
 This article is designed to benefit both men and women. It is intended to point 
 out a way by which the men can effect a revenue 365 days in the year, instead of 
 having two seasons of hurry and distraction and then an idle time, so far as pro- 
 duction goes ; and it is also intended to indicate this desirable improvement in 
 a way to relieve the hard-worked women of a portion of their task. 
 
 As we have said, the present system of farming furnishes a time of bustle 
 and expense at seeding season, and another when harvest approaches.- The 
 profit rests almost entirely upon the result of one crop. If wheat runs light, 
 the net result of all that year's labor is most discouraging. Between harvest and 
 harvest there is work enough to do, but it does not bring in money. The farmer 
 feels depressed over the hazard of his main crop, and loses half the comfort of 
 living. 
 
 Suppose the system is slightly changed. The farmer increases his past- 
 urage and meadow lands, and puts more stock on his farm. He hires men to 
 milk his cows, and twice a day places 300 to 500 pounds of milk on the plat- 
 form near his barns. The teamster employed in the neighborhood drives by 
 and carries the milk to the creamery, a mile or two distant. When he returns 
 he deposits the cans filled with buttermilk on the platform, and the men care 
 for them. 
 
 Thus, day after day, an income is derived from the herd. The labor on 
 the farm is not increased, for men perform the work that once so dragged upon 
 the mothers and daughters. 
 
 The milk is not the only product of the herd. There is the increase of the 
 stock. In Linn County, one man who milked a herd of sixty crossed breeds, 
 told the writer that those cows netted him $48 per head, the year before, in 
 milk and calves, without counting the original herd. They more than paid for 
 themselves in one year. This is not an isolated case; All over Linn County 
 the farmers are going into dairying. They milk from ten to seventy-five cows 
 each. Many of them still cling to the common stock, but the more careful 
 find that the value of calves is greater with better grades, and that the weight 
 and quality of blooded milk is more profitable, while the cost of keeping is but 
 little increased. 
 
 Linn County has been in the creamery business but four years, and most of 
 the factories have been going but one year; but already there are 6,000 cows 
 milked for them, or about three-quarters as many as are milked in this entire 
 county. We predict that Linn County will use the milk of 50,000 cows before 
 another century begins. 
 
 But Linn is cited merely incidentally. Delaware County holds the prize. 
 From the history of Delaware, prepared by the Western Historical Company, 
 we make the following selection, which explains itself and our motive in using 
 it: 
 
 " About twenty years ago, the farmers of Delaware began to turn their 
 attention to the dairy, and gradually the industries of the county have changed, 
 until now (1878), it has become one of the leading dairy counties in the State, 
 and the manufacture of butter, cheese and raising pork have been its leading 
 agricultural interests. 
 
 "Delaware butter commands the highest price in Eastern markets. Man- 
 chester has become the great butter market of Iowa, rivaling that of any other 
 State in the Northwest, and immense quantities of the dairy products of the 
 county are shipped every week. 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 413 
 
 "In 1858 or 1859, George Acres and Watson Childs, of Delaware Town- 
 ship, began the manufacture of cheese, and, in 1862, Mr. Acres was working 
 up the milk of about tnirty cows. 
 
 ''In a public address, delivered last winter, before the Dairymen's Associa- 
 tion, Mr. Childs stated that he was obliged to peddle out his cheese for two or 
 three years, when he first commenced, and used to realize 8 or 10 cents a 
 pound, mainly in trade. 
 
 "Asa C. Bowen, who began cheese making in 1858, just south of the county 
 line, says that while in the mercantile business in Hopkinton, in 1856, he 
 'brought butter to the town from Albany, selling it at 33^ cents a pound, and 
 A. R. Loomis brought butter to Manchester from Marengo, 111., about the same 
 time. The introduction of the cheese vat, Mr. Bowen says, made the handling 
 of large quantities of milk comparatively easy, and he was among the first to 
 bring the improved plan into use in Iowa. 
 
 " In June, 1866, the Delaware Cheese Company was organized at Delaware; 
 Wm. H. Hefner, President, and K. W. Kingsiey, Secretary. A building was 
 ■ erected there 24x40 feet, two and a half stories, and an experienced cheese 
 maker from Madison County, N. Y., engaged to take charge of the factory, which 
 ■commenced operations during the month of June. It continued in opera- 
 tion until about 1872, when it suspended, and the building was converted into 
 .a stable. 
 
 "A cheese factory was established at Almoral in 1870, which had a remu- 
 nerative run until 1875, when cheese making was given up and butter only 
 manufactured ; which was kept open but two seasons, but with indifferent suc- 
 cess. Soon after, R. L. and 0. E. Taylor built a cheese factory in Milo Town- 
 ship, which was very skillfully managed, but in 1877, cheese making was given 
 rup and butter made instead. It was found that making butter was more profit- 
 able than making cheese, and now comparatively little cheese is manufact- 
 ured. 
 
 " The first stimulus to the butter industry was given by L. A. Loomis, of 
 Manchester, who made a contract in 1862 with the Northwestern Packet Com- 
 pany to supply its boats with butter. Buying for cash only, although at the 
 low rate of eight or nine cents a pound, he became master of the situation, and 
 would take only the best offered. Mr. Loomis bought butter without opposi- 
 tion until 1864, when W. G. Kenyon began to buy, followed in 1867, by Per- 
 cival & Ayers, which made competition quite sharp. 
 
 " The manufacture of butter increased steadily until 1872, when the cream- 
 •ery system was introduced by Mr. John Stewart, and gave the dairy business of 
 the county a powerful impetus. Mr. Stewart had been dealing in dairy products 
 for several years, when, in 1872, he built the first creamery or butter factory 
 in the county, and, it is thought, the first in the State, on Spring Branch, near 
 E. Packer's, three or four miles east of Manchester. Here he commenced buy- 
 ing milk of the surrounding farmers, and making the cream into butter, according 
 to the most approved method practiced by Eastern dairymen. His business 
 increased, and the following year he established similar " creameries " at Yankee 
 Settlement, Forestville, Ward's Corners and other places. 
 
 " A. C. Clark & Company started a creamery at Manchester in 1874, and at 
 Mason ville in 1875. 
 
 " Having obtained the first premium for butter for several years at St. Louis, 
 in 1876, Mr. Stewart determined to compete for the golden prize offered at the 
 International Centennial Exposition, at Philadelphia, and received the gold 
 medal for the best butter in the world. His success removed the prejudice 
 
414 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 existing in New York and other Eastern markets against Western, and especiallj 
 Iowa, butter, and placed Delaware butter very high in the estimation of dealers 
 and consumers, and the best grades soon commanded a higher price than the best 
 New York creamery butter. 
 
 " The award of this medal to Delaware and Iowa was of almost incalculable 
 benefit to the county and State, and is worth to the farmers of the State many 
 hundred thousand dollars annually. Mr. Stewart is of the opinion that this 
 region possesses certain peculiarities of climate and soil that give it superiority 
 over other dairy districts. 
 
 " An association of the dairymen was formed at Manchester, in February, 
 1877, under the name of 'Northwestern Dairymen's Association,' The meet- 
 ing continued two days, and much instruction was given and received. John 
 Stewart was elected President, and Col. R. M. Littler, of Davenport, was chosen 
 Secretary. The Association met at Manchester in February, 1878, with added 
 numbers and increased interest. 
 
 " From abroad came INIessrs. Folsom, J. N. Reall and Francis D. Moulton. 
 of New York ; Mr. McGlincey, Secretary of the Dairy Board of Trade. Elgin, 
 111.; and A. Ondesleys, Baltimore. The subjects discussed covered the whole 
 business of dairying, from raising grass to shipping butter and cheese to 
 market. 
 
 "Mr. L. 0. Stevens furnished a description of the creamery at Almoral, 
 which will answer, in a general way, to describe the system pursued : 
 
 " The Almoral Creamery was established in 1876, under the name of ' The 
 Almoral Dairymen's Company.' It is an incorporated company, with a capital 
 stock not exceeding $10,000. Farmers are the stockholders. Farmers, not 
 stockholders, patronize the institution, receiving for their milk, or rather the 
 butter product — for butter entirely is made at this creamery — their pro rata 
 share of the net sale in market of the butter, deducting all expenses, viz.: rents, 
 ice, marketing, commissions, brokerage, etc. The butter is shipped weekly, 
 and, in warm weather, in a refrigerator car, from Manchester to New York. 
 The Company's works are equal to 500 cows. Our building is thoroughly 
 fitted, with flagstones laid in cement as the groundwork, with all needful tanks, 
 ventilation, etc., and with all requisites for stveetness und neatness. We require 
 the manufacturer of the butter to be scrupulously tidy in all branches of the 
 business, and also all packages of butter to be placed on the track free from 
 all stains and carelessness ; the milk to be delivered in first-class condition, as 
 respects neatness in milking and proper care as to cleanliness of cans and 
 cooling of the milk. We propose at this creamery never to make either skim 
 butter or skim cheese ; but to ever make the best article possible of cream 
 butter, and to continue to fight it out, steadily and protractedly, ' on that 
 line.' 
 
 " We regard the sour milk returned to the patrons of the creamery worth 
 a very' large per cent in the raising of calves to replenish the dairy, and young 
 stock hogs. Whey is comparatively valueless, compared with sour milk, and 
 there exists no substitute for sour milk for calves and pigs. As we run our 
 creamery, we find it profitable, and are contented to run it in our (the farmers') 
 best interest. 
 
 "• There are now in successful operation in the county thirty-three creamer- 
 ies. The production for 1877 was largely in excess of any previous year, and 
 the value of butter and cheese shipped was not far from half a million of dollars. 
 Over twelve hundred thousand pounds of butter were sent from Manchester. 
 The product is shipped in refrigerator cars twice a week, and most of it goes to- 
 
HISTORY OF AVAPELLO COUNTY. 415 
 
 New York. Manufacturers estimate that the dairy product of the county for 
 1878 will be materially greater than in 1877. Mr. Stewart thinks the ship- 
 ments of butter for Manchester alone, this year, will reach the enormous quan- 
 tity of 1,500,000 pounds." 
 
 SWINE CULTURE. 
 
 A controlling factor in the question of profitable dairying is the raising 
 of hogs. If the products of a region are not suited to the growth of swine, 
 the scheme might better be abandoned before much money is wasted in experi- 
 ment. Here the advantages of the climate stand out bold and enticing. The 
 cultivation of the cereals necessary to hog culture is one of the established 
 facts. Corn, Brazilian artichokes, pease, and all vegetables — roots or grains — 
 needed by the hog-raiser, here grow in great abundance and with certainty of 
 yield. 
 
 There is a feature of this business that has not been sufficiently enlarged 
 upon, as yet, by the agriculturists of Wapello County. Attention has not been 
 bestowed upon the breed of hogs raised, nor has the subject been considered in 
 a scientific manner. Farming, hog-raising and dairying are as susceptible of 
 scientific analysis as are any of the several branches of trade and industry. 
 Fixed laws govern them, and these rules cannot be deviated from one iota with- 
 out hazard to the enterprise. 
 
 For example, if a farmer insists that coarse stock will breed as well and sell 
 as readily as fine strains ; if he insists that care is not required to fatten pork 
 and place it in marketable condition, he will surely find that his neighbor, who 
 differs from him in theory and practice, wins the prize away from him in every case. 
 
 The statistics show that, in 1866, there were 36,441 hogs of all ages 
 returned in the county ; but the grades are not named. In 1874, the total 
 number shown was 48,709, of which but 907 were Berkshire and 2,836 were 
 Poland-Chinas. Less than 8 per cent of the entire hog -crop was blooded; 
 while the long-nosed, thin-flanked animal was pushed upon the market, bring- 
 ing less in price per pound and a less number of pounds in weight than better 
 animals Avould have done with the same care and feeding. Ottumwa will soon 
 be one of the great hog markets of the State, and it will pay farmers to give 
 closer attention to this branch of farming. 
 
 There is no animal so exceedingly sensitive to climatic changes as a hog. 
 The best of care should be bestowed upon it. Bushes or low sheds should be 
 furnished for protection against sharp winds or scorching sun, while stagnant 
 pools are as injurious to a hog as they are to a man. Pens should be kept dry 
 and clean, deodorized and disinfected several times each week by the use of 
 carbolic acid and water. The too prevalent typhoid fever, which infects the 
 air and the wells of so many farm homes, arises from the filthy sty or the un- 
 cared for barn-yard, 
 
 Man and animal alike demand cleanliness, or disease will surely follow the 
 violation of natural laws. 
 
 SHEEP CULTURE. 
 
 Although the culture of sheep does not properly belong to this chapter, we 
 introduceit here in order that our prediction may be comprehensive. 
 
 This is a grand region for sheep, when the proper grades are decided upon 
 and necessary preparations made. The flock numbered only 18,790 in 1874, 
 but the farmers are becoming satisfied that there is money in sheep-raising. 
 The best informed men agree with this statement. The wool clip in 1874,, 
 was 62,225 pounds. 
 
416 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 At present, there is little or nothing done in the way of sheep, but the 
 product will be greatly increased during the next decade. 
 
 A PREDICTION. 
 
 On the strength of the reasonings briefly outlined herein, we feel safe in 
 prophesying that Wapello County is destined to become one of the richest and 
 most profitable dairying regions in the State, and that it will become noted for 
 the excellence and size of its flocks and herds. 
 
 That it is destined to become one of the greatest hog-raising counties of the 
 State. 
 
 That it is destined to become one of the most noted sheep-growing regions 
 of the State. 
 
 The county is new, and men have not determined what branches of industry 
 to pursue ; but nature will settle the problem for them, and bear us out in 
 our assertions. The historian who takes up our work fifty years from to- 
 day will refer to this prediction, and admit that it was based on solid calcu- 
 lation. 
 
 FRUIT CULTURE. 
 
 The first obstacle in the way of successful fruit-growing here is an igno- 
 rance of the varieties which can be grown in this climate. This difiiculty can 
 be obviated only by careful and intelligent experiment. 
 
 When the pioneers first settled on the prairies of Wapello County, they 
 gave neither thought nor labor to the planting of fruit-trees. The wild crab- 
 apple, the wild grape and the prolific small fruits which filled wood and marsh, 
 were sufficient to satisfy taste for variety of diet. 
 
 It was several years before trees were set out in any numbers, and then a 
 majority of the farmers merely stuck small trees into the ground, and expected 
 that the marvelous stories told by traveling venders would prove true, without 
 care on the part of the farmer. 
 
 The result of such orcharding was naturally very discouraging. If the 
 trees were not killed during the first Winter, they were so stunted by trans- 
 planting in unsuitable soil and climate that years of patient nursing alone could 
 save them or make them profitable. As no such attention was given them, 
 they struggled into a blighted life and proved barren. 
 
 In 1866, there were 25,627 fruit trees in bearing, while 79,940 were un- 
 productive. Only 13,413 pounds of grapes were gathered in all the county. 
 This was at a time when the fruit crop should have been abundant, but the 
 causes assigned were too powerful to be overcome by a mere desire on the part 
 of the farmers. 
 
 In 1875, there were 53,268 apple-trees, 12,077 cherry-trees, 832 plum- 
 trees, 1,032 pear-trees and 6,098 other varieties of fruits, all in bearing. The 
 number of trees not in bearing aggregated only 106,321, and these included 
 young orchards. 
 
 These figures show that fruit can be raised here. In most parts of the 
 county, apples will eventually become an excellent crop ; but the prize can be 
 won only by skillful management. 
 
 A farmer would not think of using an unknown variety of wheat for seed, 
 or a new kind of corn for planting, and then expect to reap a full harvest with- 
 out proper cultivation of the soil. Why, then, should he expect to grow fruit 
 from unknown trees, without even watching them, to protect them in their early 
 stages from weather and insects ? 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 417 
 
 The best orchards in the county are those which receive the best care. In 
 five years' time, thrifty yield of fruit may be taken from trees which are 
 three or four years old when planted, if prudent selections of varieties are 
 made. 
 
 Let those who wish to have good orchards, first visit the fruit farms of 
 experienced men, and from them learn what to do. Then let the instructions 
 so received be followed to the letter — and within a decade this county will be 
 famous for its fruits, especially for its apples. 
 
 THE ECLIPSE OF 1869. 
 
 Every inhabitant of Wapello County, save those deprived by misfortune of 
 sight, had ample opportunity to observe the startling phenomena attending the 
 total eclipse of the sun on the afternoon of August 7, 1869, the whole of the 
 county being within the line of the totality, or within the belt 156 miles in 
 breadth in which the body of the moon completely hid the sun from view. In 
 the absence of any local description of the sublime spectacle, recourse is had to 
 an account written by the well-known astronomer and graphic writer, E. 
 Colbert, who was one of the observers from the station at Des Moines. Noth- 
 ing was specially noticeable during the encroaching motion of the moon, until 
 only a slender crescent of sunlight remained, except a diminution of light, 
 giving a pallid cast to objects in the far horizon. When the disk of the sun 
 was almost covered and the light began to diminish sensibly, a chilliness crept 
 into the air, not like the coolness of a summer evening, but like the biting 
 fingers of a winter storm. This reduction in temperature was almost awful in 
 its swift approach. Birds and domestic fowls sought their roosts, dogs and 
 horses m;)nifested much uneasiness and in some instances positive terror, an i 
 even cattle huddled together in fear at the swiftly approaching dark- 
 ness. 
 
 The corona, as viewed through an excellent glass, was remarkably different 
 from all preconceived notions on the subject, and from all previous descriptions, 
 both in size and shape. It has always been represented as nearly annular (ring 
 formed), of about equal breadth all the way round the edge of the moon, and 
 not more than one-tenth of her apparent diameter. The corona of the 7th was 
 exceedingly irregular in its outline, and in some places projected to a distance 
 fully half the apparent diameter of the moon, or nearly 500,000 miles. The 
 greatest length was almost identical with the direction of the moon's path across 
 the face of the sun, which very nearly coincided with the plane of the ecliptic. 
 From the east side a mass of light shot out to a distance of five or six digits ; 
 it was about thirty degrees wide at the base, and shaped nearly like the remote 
 half of a silver-poplar leaf. Near the moon it shone with an almost uniform 
 white light, but within a short space it broke up into brilliant rays, almost 
 parallel with each other, and all pointing nearly toward the center. Still 
 further out, these rays assumed more of a streaky character, seeming to lie 
 against a darker background, and toward the summit they faded away into a 
 more diffused and milder light, though still distinct and bright. Near the ex- 
 tremity it appeared more like a cumulus cloud, but the central direction of the 
 rays was plainly visible. It melted away into the azure background almost 
 imperceptibly, but the outline was perfect, except at the very extremity of the 
 leaf-shaped mass. On the other side of the disk was a corresponding tongue, 
 but less regular, and extending only about two-thirds as far into the void. This 
 portion was more brilliant near the base than its counterpart, and was sharply 
 defined at the very extremity, the rays blending so thickly that it required a 
 
418 HISTORY OF WAPELLO C0UNT7. 
 
 Steady gaze to separate them. The extent of this portion was about 285,000 
 miles. One observer saw the light reflected from the moon's edge at a distance 
 of 54,000 miles from the sun's body, while the light was reflected from, the 
 other edge at a distance of 74,000 miles. The total width of the corona was 
 about 1,600,000 miles. 
 
 The broadest mass of covered light was visible on the left (in the southwest 
 quarter). This sprung from an arc of about fifty degrees on the moon's circum- 
 ference to a height of three digits, or 234,000 miles. This mass was more dif- 
 fused than either of the others, and separated near the extremity into narrow 
 leaflets of light, something like the flame from a thinly spread bed of coals, 
 only there was no red, the light being pure white, with a faint coruscation. 
 Opposite to this, on the right, was another leaf-spread mass of four digits 
 in height, on a basis of twenty to twenty-five degrees, and like a parabola in 
 general outline, which was, however, broken up on the outer side into jets. 
 Another broad sheet sprung up on the northeast, toward the zenitti, nearly 
 rectangular in shape, and three to four digits high, the upper third part being 
 divided irregularly into tongues of light, formed by assemblages of rays. 
 Between these large masses the circumference of the lunar orb was filled up by 
 radiate lines of brilliant light, extending on an average a digit and a half in 
 height, or 125,000 miles from the sun's surface. It was noticeable that this 
 continuous band was the narrowest on the lower left-hand side (southwest by 
 south), averaging about two-thirds of the width elsewhere, and was badly 
 broken on its entire outline, as if the regularity were interfered with by the 
 action of the string of bead-like protuberances jutting up through the interior 
 portion of its volume. 
 
 The full amount of this irregularity was not perceptible with the naked eye, 
 but the general distribution of long and short rays was the same. To the 
 naided vision the narrower portions of the corona were visible and bright ; but 
 the tongue-like extensions faded out into nothingness, whereas the telescope 
 gave a definite outline all around, except at the summit of the first-named pro- 
 trusion. The apparent color of the protuberances was a pinkish red. The 
 instant that the last film of light had vanished, leaving the sun in utter 
 darkness, and simultaneously with the out-flash of the corona, the line of pro- 
 tuberances on the south limb burst into view. Soon after the western edge of 
 the moon had advanced sufficiently to uncover the protuberances on that side, 
 and the four largest remained distinctly visible till the last glimmer of light 
 was visible, when they vanished with the corona, leaving the world in the deep 
 darkness of total eclipse. A moment passed, and those occupying elevated 
 positions could see the shadow of approaching darkness moving toward them 
 swiftly as the ripples are raised on a placid lake by a summer breeze, but 
 awful, intense and terrible — fearful as a procession of spirits in the lower circle 
 of the "Inferno." A few seconds of expectancy and the light was gone. It 
 was an interval of absolute silence and of total darkness ; for the eyes of the 
 observer had been contracted by the rays of the sun, and needed two or three 
 seconds to dilate sufficiently to distinguish any object whatever. Nothing ter- 
 restrial could be seen, the darkness was too great ; but by looking upward the 
 stars could be noticed to creep out, one by one, until over a dozen could be dis- 
 cerned with the naked eye. 
 
 The eclipse of 1878, which was about two-thirds at this point, was observed 
 by all who were able to obtain a bit of smoked glass, but was unimportant here 
 in a scientific sense. 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 419 
 
 EDUCATIONAL. 
 
 While the question of how to get a living was the foremost one in the minds 
 of the pioneers, the less direct though none the less important one of how to 
 educate their children was not overlooked. Almost cotemporaneous with their 
 own dwellings, they began the building of such school houses as they could, 
 crude and primitive in the extreme, for such only would their appliances admit, 
 and put together without regard to externals. 
 
 These same pioneer schoolhouses will, in the future, be a theme for the 
 artist — quite equal in every way to those supplied by the peasantry in the old 
 world, with their quaint, simple fashions and unperverted lives. The eye of 
 the connoisseur delights in those realistic representations of still life — the white- 
 haired old grandfather, whose toil of years has only brought him his cottage 
 and bit of land; the still hard-working " gude wife,'" with bent body and 
 withered but cheerful old face ; the next generation just in the prime of labor, 
 rough, uncouth and content to have for recreation a pipe and a mug of ale ; and 
 the children, with rosy cheeks and stout limbs, dressed in the veritable costumes 
 their grandmothers wore before them. A)id no wonder such a picture pleases 
 and charms the jaded senses of the worn-out worldling. But even that is not 
 more fresh and unaccustomed than this log shanty, with its one small room, a 
 window of but few panes of glass, and possibly a dirt floor ; and with rough- 
 hewn benches ranged round the walls for seats, over which the pupil made a 
 fine gymnastic flourish whenever he felt it necessary to reach his teacher, with 
 his forefinger firmly planted on the knotty word or sum that puzzled him. 
 
 These are the picturesque features for the artist's pencil. And what ''learn- 
 ing " there was, must have been a '"dangerous thing," for it was certainly 
 "little;" the grading was far from exact; the system was a kind of hit-or- 
 miss affair; but, nevertheless, it was " school," and from the first there was a 
 deeply rooted prejudice among the Iowa settlers in favor of schools. School 
 for week-days and a meeting house for Sunday ! this same little pen of a house 
 served the two purposes. And could anything except the groves themselves — 
 "' God's first temples " — be nearer to nature as a tabernacle than was this, where 
 some chance circuit preacher would have for his congregation every man, woman 
 and child in the entire settlement. None of those hypercritical listeners 
 there, you may be sure, who gauge the preacher by his " intellectuality," 
 his " magnetism " or his " culture." It was the Word preached_ — welcome, 
 pure and life-giving always — and not the preacher, which these listeners crowded 
 to hear. If he but had the good Methodist zeal, then he was sure of devout 
 hearers. He did not need to have "traveled," except upon his lone circuit 
 over the prairie ; nor did he feel it necessary to use his pulpit in the interests 
 of politics — if he knew his Bible he was qualified ; nor did his flock feel called 
 up )n to put their hands into their pockets and contribute toward sending their 
 Pastor on a Summer vacation to the sea side or to Europe. All these improve- 
 ments have come in with better churches and more advanced ways of thinking. 
 That was the old Avay, and a direct contrast to the new. 
 
 Now, nothing which the ai'chitect's taste can devise is too good for school 
 house or for church. Look at the plentitude of tidy, commodious buildings 
 in every county, and not designed for double service, either, but dedicated 
 solely to the use of the school ma'am, who hereabouts is thoroughly skilled in 
 her profession. She has had, aside from such education as her means have en- 
 abled her to obtain, good, practical drill in the normal institutes. She not only 
 
420 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 knows her text books, but she knows hoAv to teach. And then, the ingeniously 
 devised school books, in which every point of information is adjusted to such a 
 nicety that they are rather works of art and books of entertainment than but 
 the dull means to a desired end. 
 
 The little flocks of children who run along the country roads in their bare 
 feet find sun-bonnets, and chip hats, do not have to squirm and twist their 
 uneasy legs all day over a page in the English reader which they cannot under- 
 stand. They begin their morning's work with a chorus, which puts them all 
 in good humor to start with. Then they come to timed classes, at the tinkle of 
 the bell ; they are entertained and diverted as well as instructed at every step. 
 Before there is any possibility of restlessness, they go through a five-minutes 
 round of calisthenics which puts a wholesome quietus upon their muscles and 
 their mischief. Wise play is so mixed with teaching that they never really dis- 
 cover which is which until they find themselves ready to teach school them- 
 selves in turn. 
 
 This is the case of the present compared with the labor of the past. And 
 in this way is the generality of education secured. The ways are smoothed, 
 the tediousness beguiled and the deprivation supplanted by an affluence of aids. 
 
 In 1854, Gov. Grimes, in his inaugural message, said : "■ The safety and 
 perpetuity of our Republican institutions depend upon the diffusion of intelli- 
 gence among the masses of the people. The statistics of the penitentiaries and 
 alms-houses throughout the country show that education is the best preventive 
 of crime. They show also that the prevention of these evils is much less 
 expensive than the punishment of the one and the relief of the other." 
 
 So, with all our new-fimgled methods, our ornamental, vvell-ventilated and 
 well-furnished school houses, our accomplished instructors with modern notions, 
 we are not extravagant. We are simply taking from the expenses of crime and 
 pauperism and putting it into enduring and beautiful shape. We are helping 
 to sustain the government by rearing up in every town and in every country 
 neighborhood a generation of enlightened and intelligent people, cosmopolitan 
 in the sense of schools, if not in that wider cosmopolitanism which comes alone 
 from actual contact with the great world. 
 
 The following statement is compiled from the last annual report of the 
 County Superintendent of Schools, C. Wood : 
 
 Number of districts in township 8 
 
 Number of subdii*tricts 50 
 
 Number of independent districts 49 
 
 Total number of school districts 107 
 
 Number of ungraded schools 89 
 
 Number of graded schools 10 
 
 Average number of months taught 7.30 
 
 Number of male teachers 103 
 
 Number of female teachers li^l 
 
 Average compensation per month, to male teachers ^'■17 20 
 
 Avei-age compensation per month, to female teachers 30 20 
 
 Number of male pupils between 5 and 21 years of age 4,489 
 
 Number of female pupils between 5 and 21 years of age 4,355 
 
 Number of pupils enrolled 5,009 
 
 Total average attendance 3,061 
 
 Average cost of tuition for each pupil per month ; $1 51 
 
 Number of frame schoulliouses 85 
 
 Number of brick schoolhouses 13 
 
 Number of stone schoolhouses 1 
 
 Number of log schoolhouses 1 
 
 Total value of school buildings $177,930 00 
 
 Total value of apparatus 1,499 00 
 
 Number of volumes in libraries 70 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 421 
 
 SCHOOLHOUSE FUND. 
 
 Total receipts during the year $16,812 72 
 
 Paid for schoolhouses arid school sites 12,551 77 
 
 Paid on bonds and interest 1,482 54 
 
 Amount on hand 2,528 56 
 
 CONTINGENT FUND. 
 
 Total receipts during the year $20,170 94 
 
 Paid for repairing schoolhouses 5,748 28 
 
 Paid for fuel 2,474 26 
 
 Paid secretaries 405 97 
 
 Paid treasurers 323 35 
 
 Paid for records and apparatus 415 17 
 
 Paid for various purposes 7,844 86 
 
 Amount on hand 2,959 05 
 
 TEACH EB's fund. 
 
 Total receipts $55,042 86 
 
 Paid teachers 37.705 35 
 
 Amount on hand 17,337 51 
 
 Number of teachers receiving certificates of first grade 119 
 
 Number of teachers receiving certiticates of second grade 53 
 
 Number of teachers receiving certificates of third grade 8 
 
 Number of certificates granted 185 
 
 Number of applicants rejected 15 
 
 Number of applicants examined 192 
 
 Amount received by County Superintendent for services from October 
 
 1, 1876, to October 1, 1877 § 1,000 00 
 
 EARLY NEWSPAPER ITEMS. 
 
 Some casual items from the earliest newspapers are transcribed, not so much 
 from their importance in a general way, as to bring to the mind of the old set- 
 tler a vivid memory of the early days, and to produce for the younger readers the 
 phases of living which a generation ago were actual every-day realities. It is 
 the little incidents of weather and crops and meetings and projects and improve- 
 ments that picture the life in detail, though possibly these occurrences had no 
 vital influence upon any of the destinies involved. It is upon the same princi- 
 ple that " straAvs show which way the wind blows." 
 
 In glancing over the first number of the first paper published in Wapello 
 County — and which at that time was the farthest west of any paper between 
 the Atlantic and Pacific coasts — the Des Moines Courier, of date August 8, 
 1848, one is obliged to confess to a sense of disappointment. In a new coun- 
 try, with appliances and conveniences only of the primitive sort, and without 
 an established exchange list, it was but natural to look for something amus- 
 ingly crude, and to expect to find a zest of the half-civilized in its matter and 
 make-up. But instead of that we find a paper bearing the stamp of thorough 
 ease in its fine arrangement, decided in tone, composed largely of selections, it 
 is true, but those of the best character, and wholly lacking in the savage and unfin- 
 ished features which often mark the products of pioneer enterprise. We are ac- 
 customed to dwell upon the vast progress in newspapers of late years, but this 
 would hold its own with any newspaper of its kind to day, and would not be put 
 to the blush, either, for being old fashioned. It begins its existence as an ad- 
 vocate of " Zachary Taylor and Millard Fillmore," Avith ''Jesse Bowen, of 
 Johnson County ; William II. Wallace, of Henry County ; Stephen B. Shel- 
 lady, of Mahaska County, and Fitz-Henry Warren, of Des Moines County, for 
 Presidential Electors." It is warm in its championship, and speaks with no un- 
 certain voice. Gen. Cass is set up as a foil to '• Old Zach," and he gets a good 
 drubbing, very much after the fashion of to-day. 
 
422 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 An editorial is given to " River Improvement," vigorously arguing that " a 
 speedy completion of this work is of the most vital importance to the future 
 growth and prosperity of this part of the State." And further, that "the 
 toils of the producing portion of the community, as well as of all others, will 
 be measurably in vain until this improvement is completed, affording, as it 
 will, facilities for transporting to market the surplus, and — as things are now — 
 the almost worthless productions of the soil and of our work-shops ; and also 
 putting into successful operation the various kinds of manufactures among us, 
 to employ our surplus hands at good wages, consume our grain, beef, pork, 
 mutton, etc., and pay cash for, and consume all the raw materials produced in 
 the country. Thus, by getting a good price for our labor, and for all we make 
 to sell, and by making all we wear at home, and keeping our money among our- 
 selves, we will become truly independent, prosperous and happy." 
 
 Yet it was not, after all, the river improvement, but her railroads, that were 
 to make Ottumwa's markets for her. 
 
 '' The Election " is then touched upon, and the announcement made that 
 " the whole Whig ticket in this county is defeated by a majority of from fifty- 
 seven to ninety ;" but the editor feels certain that it was done by unfair means, 
 for, by examining the census returns recently taken in the county, he finds that 
 there were a great many more votes polled in the county than there were voters 
 in it, and concludes that these must have been '• imported by the ' locos ' from 
 other counties." 
 
 The advertisements in this first issue begin with the markets. By the list 
 it is shown that wheat was from 50 to 55 cents per bushel ; oats, 15 to 16 cents ; 
 corn the same; bacon, ham and sides, 3 cents per pound; shoulders, 2 cents; 
 lard, 4:^ to ^\ cents, and butter, 7 to 10 cents. Apples were from |1.50 to 
 $2.00 per barrel; eggs, 6 to 7 cents per dozen ; potatoes, 15 to 20 cents per 
 bushel ; corn meal, 25 cents, and flour |4.00 per barrel. The first business 
 card is that of " Lane & Devin, Attorneys at Law," following which is that of 
 " Dr. A. T. Alt," who "may always be found at the Ottumwa House, unless 
 absent on professional business." Below this. Dr. Chas. C. Warden tenders 
 his services professionally to the public. Then, with the picture of a coach, 
 L. C. Nichols announces that he has established a livery stable^ and is prepared 
 " with horses and buggies to carry persons to any part of the State. He also 
 keeps a four-horse omnibus that will carry fourteen persons, which he will run 
 whenever occasion requires." " S. Richards, by H. P. Graves," advertises 
 "summer goods," which comprise "dry goods, groceries, hardware, queens- 
 ware, etc.," and under the same head are offered, "also on hand, a constant 
 supply of military land warrants, which will be sold on the most reasonable 
 terms." A mortar and pestle heads the announcement of F. W. Taylor, that 
 he is " constantly receiving fresh drugs." He invites physicians to call and 
 examine his stock of " calomel, blue mass, ipecac, opium, quinine, iodine, mor- 
 phine and camphor " — a list that, of itself, would throw a modern disciple of 
 Hahnemann into an ague chill. Added to these, he has in stock " indigo, putty, 
 paints, brushes, madder, glass, oils, pure white lead, dye-stuffs, glassware, var- 
 nishes, etc., etc." A. Mudge & Co., were the next in order to offer dry goods 
 and groceries, which they do in a third of a column. In their comprehensive 
 list is to be found " rectified whisky b}^ the barrel, at only 20 cents per gallon." 
 " The Farmer's Cheap Store " is kept by W. S. Carter & Co., where everything 
 from sewing-silk to a tin-plate stove, or from a saw-mill saw to pepper sauce is 
 offered to the customer. Carter & Co. add to the Farmer's Store " a large and 
 complete stock of drugs and medicines." Hunter & Baldwin ofi'er a stock of 
 
OTTUMWA 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 425 
 
 summer and fall goods, and offer tlie highest market price for 10,000 pounds of 
 good bacon, 5,000 bushels of good wheat, and 500 bushels of good flaxseed. 
 A half-column is given to a patent medicine, ''Dr. Rogers' compound syrup of 
 liverwort and tar for the safe and certain cure of consumption." And the final 
 advertisement is of a " public sale " of household goods, live-stock, etc., by 
 David Ilall. The fourth page of the paper is made up of selections and of a 
 prospectus of the Courier. 
 
 In the second number of the Courier, the leading editorial welcomes home 
 the returned volunteers "from the bloody scenes in Mexico." The proceed- 
 ings of the Buffalo Convention, in which Martin Van Buren Avas nominated for 
 President and Charles Francis Adams, for Vice President, are given in detail 
 with editorial comment. The attention of the citizens of Davis, Wapello and 
 Keokuk Counties is called to the importance of petitioning Congress or the 
 Postmaster General for the establishment of a mail route from Bloomfield, in 
 Davis County, via Soap Creek Settlement, Ottumwa and Dahlonega, to Lan- 
 caster, in Keokuk County. The distance is only about twenty-five miles, but 
 often three days are required to get the mail through, whereas, one day would 
 be sufficient with this route. In this number is the first published notice of a 
 marriage and a death ; the former is " by Rev. Mr. Pearce, on Thursday, 10th, 
 Mr. Enoch R. Gee to Miss Marga;et Cuppy, both of this county," and the 
 latter reads : " In this place, on Thursday, the 10th inst., Estelle, infant 
 daughter of Mathew and Ann Brewer, aged about four years. ' Suffer little 
 children to come unto me, and forbid them not, for of such is the kingdom of 
 heaven.' " There is a brief letter, also, from Thomas Ping, describing a ter- 
 rible steamboat explosion on the Mississippi, in which thirty lives were lost, and 
 forty persons scalded. The boiler of the steamer Edward Hates, between St. 
 Louis and Keokuk, burst, with that shocking result. We find that even thus 
 early there was matrimonial unhappiness, for there are three divorce notices in 
 this issue. 
 
 In the issue of the Courier of September 8, 1848, the announcement is 
 made that the dams and locks on the Des Moines River Improvement have 
 been put under contract as far up as Ottumwa. Col. Curtis, the engineer, 
 assured the people that the river was susceptible of improvement of such a 
 character up to this place as to render it navigable for the Upper Missis- 
 sippi steamboats ; but that, as no survey had been made above this place, 
 he was unable to state with certainty what the character of the work would 
 be there, but was of the opinion that it would be improved by canal and side- 
 cuts. 
 
 Mention is made in this number of the damage done to wheat on account of 
 the wet weather and a great scarcity of barns. The wheat sprouted in the 
 shock, and the editor urges upon farmers the necessity of more commodious 
 barn accommodations. 
 
 An accident is mentioned to a large flatboat belonging to Mr. Long, a 
 merchant of Eddyville, which struck a rock near Kendrick's Island, and sunk 
 in five feet of water. Mr. Long lost about twelve hundred bushels of wheat 
 by the accident. At about this time, some ten or twelve flatboats were loaded 
 in this county with produce for St. Louis. In this number is an outside 
 item worthy of preservation. It is a letter from C. Ellet, Jr., published 
 in the Buffalo Courier, bearing date " Niagara Falls, July 29, 1848." It 
 says : 
 
 This morning, I laid the last plank of uiy foot bridge on tEe Canada side, and then drove 
 over find back again in a buggy. Five hundred feet of the bridge was without railing on either 
 
 G 
 
426 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 side. My horse, though spirited, went along quietly, touched up occasionally with the whip, 
 just to show him that he was in command and give him courage. On returning. I directed one 
 of the drivers to bring on his team — a two-horse closed carriage, weighing altogether over a ton 
 and a half. I took his place on the box and drove over and back. The horses went quietly. 
 The flooring is but 8 feet wide, 220 feet high, 762 feei long, and without railing, over such a 
 torrent as you never saw, and never will see anywhere else. 
 
 At this time, the news from Ireland was decidedly bad. The ship 
 "Ocean Monarch," between Liverpool and Boston, was burned at sea. Thft 
 Socialists in Paris were disturbing the peace, and there were rumors of a revo- 
 lution broken out in Russia, while the cholera raged horribly. These far-away 
 affairs are etched with most meager outline — no amplifications or graphic cor-' 
 respondence. The little town of Ottumwa heard, perched upon her fine bluffs, 
 but heeded little, since her own busy interests were enough to keep her people's 
 hands and thoughts occupied. 
 
 The first growths of vegetables and grains in this new soil produced, as is 
 almost universally the case, some mammoth specimens of various products. In 
 the Courier of October 6, 1848, we find record of a cucumber raised by Milton 
 Wright, in Washington Township, that measured 17| inches in length and 12^ 
 in circumference. Later, a notice is given of a pepper raised by Joseph Harris, 
 which measured 10 inches in circumference, and was long in proportion; alsa 
 a radish, grown by Joseph Mclntire, which measured 18 inches in circumfer- 
 ence and 17 in length. And again, Mr. W. S. Carwile, of Adams Township, 
 exhibited a turnip which measured 2 feet 4 inches in circumference and weighed 
 9 J pounds. Not to be eclipsed, Mr. John A. Newman brought forward, though 
 at a still later period, a tomato which measured 18 inches in circumference and 
 weighed 2 pounds. 
 
 On the 27th of October, the Courier makes mention of having received 
 several numbers of the Daily Haivk-Eye, and thus compliments it : " It is a 
 great convenience to the country, as it gives the most important news by tele- 
 graph, which is now extended to Burlington." So it seems the world, thus 
 early, came with its improvements out into the West. In this same issue we 
 find that politicians were having great jollifications at barbecues at various 
 points. 
 
 The spring of 1849 brought two exciting topics before the people — the 
 departure of numbers of young men to California, lured there by the glitter of 
 fabulous amounts of gold ; and the other, the probable advent of the cholera, 
 which was raging in St. Louis, and was reported at Burlington. It was in 
 May of this year that the fearful destruction of steamboat property occur- 
 red at the docks at St. Louis, where twenty-one steamboats were burned, 
 at a loss of $518,000. The California fever did not reach its height 
 until a year later, when so great was the furor for getting away that farms 
 and all sorts of local property could be bought for far less than their actual 
 value. 
 
 In June, 1849, Mr- Jedediah Scott was drowned in Cedar Creek while 
 attempting to swim it on a horse. The horse, by rearing and plunging, 
 threw him off, striking him in several places with his fore-feet, causing him 
 to sink. 
 
 On the 16th of April, 1850, there was a severe snowstorm, which lasted 
 for some hours and caused a great deal of surprise, as it was an unusual freak 
 of nature for that time of year. Vegetation was far advanced, and up to that 
 time the weather had been mild and warm. And on the Slst of May follow- 
 ing, a very severe hail and rain storm visited this region, doing a good deal 
 
HISTORY OF AVAPELLO COUNTY. 427 
 
 of damage to gardens, and causing the river to rise some four or five feet 
 within an astonishingly small space of time. 
 
 Wapello was not exempt from the gold excitement which in 1858 
 extended to a considerable degree through this part of the State. Gold, 
 that was pronounced the genuine stuff by old Californians, was found 
 in the ravines near Ottumwa and other places, but the epidemic proved 
 to be of a mild character and of short duration. Lead and iron have 
 at various times been found, but it is supposable not in sufficient 
 quantities to justify mining. 
 
 THE COAL INTERESTS OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 Not only does Wapello County lie within the rich coal regions of 
 the State, but Ottumwa is also the headquarters of large concerns man- 
 ipulating mines in other counties. There is an inexhaustible supply of 
 fuel at hand, to co-operate with the immense water-power in the Des 
 Moines Valley in making this a most desirable locality for the development of 
 manufacturing interests. 
 
 The largest concern, as shown in the appended report of the County 
 Inspector, the Union Coal and Mining Company, has large mines at Avery, on 
 the line of the C, B. & Q. Railroad, about six miles east of Albia, in Monroe 
 County. 
 
 For many years the pioneers did not dream of the vast mines of wealth 
 which rested beneath the surface of the earth. The fertility of the soil was the 
 first consideration with them in selecting farms; next, the availability of timber 
 for building, fencing and fuel. When scientists apprised them of the store- 
 houses of mineral riches upon which their homes were built, the full value of 
 the deposit was not understood. Then it was that the superficial strata of 
 coal were stripped and made to yield a revenue to the owners of the amateur 
 banks, but inexhaustible beds far under the late deposits were scarcely dreamed 
 of. 
 
 The cause of this slow recognition of a now established fact, was the singu- 
 larity of the primary coal-banks. The order of deposition in Indiana, and 
 other sections of the coal regions, was here reversed. Instead of finding 
 the coal in highlands, or rich deposit in the hills, the veins were seen 
 to work out and disappear as the higher surfaces of the lands were 
 explored. 
 
 It became apparent to skilled minds that the deposits of coal were in the 
 valleys, in basins or cups, and were not in uninterrupted layers. Prof. 
 White displayed an unusual degree of shrewdness in his researches in the coal 
 regions. He predicted the finding of large amounts of marketable coal by deep 
 mining. 
 
 Iowa coal averages much above the specimens of bituminous coals of Europe, 
 in value. For practical purposes it falls but six per cent below the anthracite 
 coal of Pennsylvania. As compared with the various products of this State, 
 Wapello County furnishes an admirable quality of coal. From Prof. White's 
 Geological Report of Iowa the following valuable table is prepared, showing the 
 average richness of coal at that time. The development of the industry 
 since this report Avas made increases the average rate of value instead of lower- 
 ing it. 
 
428 
 
 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 TABLE OF ANALYSES : AVERAGES OF COUNTIES. 
 
 COUNTIES. 
 
 Moni'oe 
 
 Marion 
 
 Mahaska 
 
 Webster 
 
 Wapello 
 
 Wan-en 
 
 Madison 
 
 Guthrie 
 
 Jasper 
 
 Adams 
 
 Dallas 
 
 Boone 
 
 Greene 
 
 Hardin 
 
 Poweshiek... 
 
 Composition of Undried Coal. 
 
 4.97 41. 
 
 5.87 39. 
 
 4.73,39. 
 12.14137. 
 
 4.96140. 
 12.27139, 
 
 6.75,31. 
 12.84'36. 
 
 4.61 144. 
 IO.35I36. 
 12.83i37. 
 12.37!38, 
 
 9.92|54. 
 
 7.92I4I, 
 
 5.94,38, 
 
 Mean 8.57 39.24 45.42 
 
 75 89. 
 
 85'87. 
 25!88. 
 I7I76. 
 90J87. 
 2382. 
 6077. 
 86'81. 
 02j87. 
 07184. 
 13183. 
 5fi'81. 
 31,87. 
 59185, 
 79187. 
 
 Composition of Dried Coal. Consumption 
 
 48 53. 
 43 54. 
 07,55. 
 O4I5O. 
 1954. 
 34 47. 
 28,61. 
 8051. 
 7150. 
 60'52. 
 74 49. 
 91,49. 
 92145. 
 4450. 
 9955. 
 
 25 43. 
 1542. 
 75'41. 
 8342. 
 10 43. 
 77 45. 
 4034. 
 1441. 
 98 46. 
 93^40 
 87J42. 
 4443. 
 6949. 
 41^45. 
 2141. 
 
 6.77 47.8li84.66;52.19|42.92 49.70 
 
 16 56. 
 96157. 
 
 48'58. 
 64 57. 
 76'56. 
 87:54. 
 94,65. 
 88'58. 
 65|53. 
 37I59. 
 07,57. 
 4856. 
 60|50. 
 79I54. 
 44 58, 
 
 7.38 92.62 57.08 87.25 12.75 
 
 10.30 
 11.86 
 10.63 
 23.09 
 13.76 
 11.23 
 27.64 
 10.32 
 15.07 
 9.51 
 6.86 
 11.78 
 4.73 
 13.17 
 11.15 
 
 Prof. White adds, in explanation of the table of analyses: "With regard to 
 the practical application of these analyses to the valuation of coals, it is perhaps 
 sufficient to state: 
 
 "1. The value of coal as fuel is inversely proportional to the amount of 
 water contained in it; that is, the more water it contains, the less is its value. 
 And moisture is a damage to the coal, not only because it takes the place of 
 Avhat might otherwise be occupied by combustible matter, but also because it 
 requires some of the heat generated by the burning of the combustible matter 
 to transform it into steam, and thus to expel it. 
 
 It will thus be seen that the presence of large quantities of moisture 
 in coal seriously impairs its value. But in looking over the analysis given, 
 it should be remembered that some of the coals were taken fresh from the 
 mine, others had been kept for some time in a damp room, while others had 
 been subjected to the high temperature of a heated room for a considerable 
 length of time. 
 
 " 2. The greater the percentage of ash, the less is the value of the 
 
 coal. 
 
 3. The more fixed carbon which th« coal contains, the greater is its 
 value. 
 
 "4. The same holds true with regard to the volatile combustible matter, 
 to a limited extent, the precise limits of which .cannot be determined until we 
 know the composition of this combustible matter." 
 
 The fiirmers and land-owners in various parts of this county do a consider- 
 able business in retailing coal raised from the upper strata. We herewith give 
 a copy of the last report made by the County Inspector of Mines, showing the 
 amount of coal raised. 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 429 
 
 MINE INSPECTOR S REPORT. 
 
 Mr. F. L. McNair, County Inspector of Mines for Wapello County, made 
 the following report, January 1, 1878, for the year preceding: 
 
 NAME OF BANK OPERATED. NO. OF BUSHELS RAISED IN 1877. 
 
 Eakin's 19,000 
 
 Z. Wood's 8,000 
 
 J. Wood's 25,000 
 
 Johnston's 8,000 
 
 Bennett's 2,000 
 
 Park's 5,000 
 
 Tirr ell's....' 5,000 
 
 Marshall's 12,000 
 
 McGlothlin's 8,000 
 
 McGahan's 15,000 
 
 Dixon's 2,000 
 
 Shepard's 500 
 
 Ennis' 8,000 
 
 Borvse's 30,000 
 
 Union Coal & Mining Co.'s 608,977 
 
 Postlewaiie's 582,507 " 
 
 Total raised in county ....1,338,984 
 
 "THE DAHLONEGA AVAR." 
 
 One idea that had strong hold upon the minds of the early settlers, was 
 that of justice. Their views of the goddess Avith bandaged eyes and scales in 
 her hand were wholly unprejudiced and uncorrupted. They set her apart in 
 her integrity, and demanded that she should have her dues, if not by the pre- 
 scribed legal steps, why, then by summary and more certain ones. There was 
 to be no wheedling, no evasion ; and out of that spirit grcAV the famous " Dah- 
 lonega War." All that can be related of this war is well set forth in Judge 
 Hendershott's address, and will not require recapitulation. It proves the fact 
 that nothing of the nature of swindling or sharp practice would be allowed, and 
 that, rude as the manner was in settling the right, it was determined, rapid and 
 effectual. 
 
 THE MILLLER-THOMPSON CONTESTED ELECTION. 
 
 The most interesting contest over an election which has ever transpired in 
 this region is that of the Miller-Thompson case. The peculiar character of the 
 circumstances attending the affair, which can never be reproduced in this State, 
 and the closeness of the vote, as well as the bitterness of party feeling at the 
 time, conspire to render this case an exceedingly entertaining topic for intro- 
 duction here. It is not the purpose of this sketch to indulge in strictures upon 
 the methods employed by either faction, but it is designed to give as impartial 
 a statement of the matter as careful research enables us to do. The heat of the 
 contest has long since passed away, and Ave have no doubt that the survivors of 
 the fight will read this chapter with a feeling of enjoyment, as it revives 
 recollections of the days gone by. The authorities from which these facts are 
 gathered are perfectly reliable, being the official documents of Monroe County 
 (examined expressly for the purpose), numerous files of the leading journals of 
 the time, among Avhich are the Des Moines Courier and the Burlington Hawk- 
 Eye, and personal intervicAvs with some of the most prominent men connected 
 with the affair. 
 
430 HISTORV OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 The contest arose over the alleged election of William Thompson to a seat in 
 the Thirty-first Congress. In 1848, the candidates for the honor of represent- 
 ing the southern half, or First District, of Iowa, were William Thompson (Dem- 
 ocrat), of Mt. Pleasant, and Daniel F. Miller (Whig), of Fort Madison. The 
 election was held on August 7. 
 
 In 1848, the Democratic managers were greatly agitated over the apparent 
 growth of Whig sentiments in this district. The eastern counties were fast 
 becoming uncertain territory, and some expedient was essential to the life and 
 prosperity of the party. The leading spirits among the Democrats were men 
 of fertile resources, thoroughly posted in the ways of politics, and full of 
 shrewd energy. A plan presented itself to their inventive minds, nor were 
 they slow to avail themselves of it. The machinery of the party was set to 
 work at once to secure the needed strength so opportunely, but accidentally, 
 proffered them, as they sincerely believed. 
 
 It is necessary to revert to historic events of an earlier date, and in other 
 localities, to explain the proceedings recorded hereafter. The Mormons, who 
 figure conspicuously in this chapter, had suffered overthroAv in their strong- 
 hold at Nauvoo, 111., in 1846. The misdeeds of the leader, Joseph Smith, had 
 resulted in the violent death of that head of the sect, and the ascension to 
 power of Brigham Young. The latter saint and ruler had decreed that the 
 society should separate into numerous bands and travel westward in search of 
 freedom. The exodus of the Latter-day Saints began in the year 1846. Iowa 
 was the scene of unwonted activity occasioned by the flight of the refugees 
 from the law. Some bands moved through the State on the line of the forty- 
 second parallel; some went through the southern tier of counties, and some 
 passed over the territory now composing the range in which Monroe is located. 
 The ultimate destination of all these parties was Kanesville, or what is now 
 known as Council Bluffs. Many of the Mormons did not reach the river in 
 1846, nor even in 1847. Hundreds camped in Marshall County during that 
 year, and scores of the poor wretches died from actual starvation. Women 
 were confined in the open country during the long, cold season, and filled 
 unmarked graves. The suffering of those people in camp, during the winter 
 of 1846—47, will never be described by human agency, and can be but faintly 
 realized by the comfortably sheltered readers of this brief sketch. 
 
 This chapter, however, has to deal with but one division of the Mormon 
 party. Those who passed through this tier of counties reached Lucas County 
 in the winter of 1846-47, and located a few miles southeast of the present town 
 of Chariton. There rude huts were erected, and the party sojourned for several 
 months. Subsequently, they passed on to the Missouri River, where they also 
 tarried for a time. They were the first white "settlers" in Lucas County. 
 
 A portion of the band of Mormons did not remain in Lucas that year, but 
 pushed westward in hopes of gaining the place of rendezvous designated by 
 Young. Their hopes were blighted, however, for the weather was so inclement 
 that they could not proceed. They did not reach a point beyond Clarke 
 County. Three men, John Conyer, James and John Longley, became separated 
 from the party and lost their way. They concluded to encamp for the winter 
 (of 1846-47) where they were, and constructed a log hut. In this they lived, 
 and attached to it the name of "Lost Camp," a title by which the locality is 
 still known and pointed out. In the spring, these men found other Mormons 
 but a few miles from them, in the same county. The village of Kanesville 
 became the headquarters of the faithful to the creed of the Golden Book, and 
 was the resting-place of the weary bands. There they recruited their wasted 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 431 
 
 forces, and prepared to encounter fresh terrors in the slow march across the 
 plains to Salt Lake City. 
 
 It was thus that the year 1848 found a settlement of white men in the terri- 
 tory supposed to he attached to Monroe County for election and judicial pur- 
 poses, and it was by virtue of their forced residence in Iowa that the Mormons 
 became under the general statutes, legal voters in the State. Had it not been 
 for the expulsion of the saints from Nauvoo and the unusually early winter 
 Avhich followed their exodus ; or, had it not been for the accident of circum- 
 stances, this somewhat singular history could not now be written. 
 
 At the time of the occurrence of the events written above, the county of 
 Monroe was composed of all the territory from the west line of Wapello County 
 to the Missouri River. The unorganized counties of Lucas and Clarke were 
 at that time defined in a manner preliminary to permanent establishment, the 
 latter, however, being entirely unsettled by white men. The former contained 
 not more than eight or ten families. 
 
 The August election, 1848, was an important one to the people of Southern 
 Iowa, as has already been observed. The ofiice of Representative in Congress 
 was to be filled, and the two parties in contest. Democrats and Whigs, were 
 violent in their determination to win the prize. The Whigs were gaining 
 strength, and it was all-essential that the county of Monroe, then a Democratic 
 region, should give a large majority to overcome the Eastern vote. 
 
 The investigation of old records impresses one with the fact that politicians 
 of the old school, in the early days, were intensely shrewd ; possibly no more 
 so than those of to-day, but the methods of working were very different then, 
 and it may be that the apparent boldness was the result of a lack of means to 
 " cover up the tracks." At all events, it seems to one who carefully looks at 
 the matter, that more summary ways and means were then in vogue than could 
 be successfully employed now. 
 
 The opposing factions in 1848 were exceedingly jealous of one another. 
 Every possible opportunity was improved to win the day. Because of this vigi- 
 lance, perhaps, the Argus-eyed Democracy discovered a grand chance to eflfect 
 the defeat of their hated rival. The Mormon vote was not only desirable, but 
 was available ! Happy thought ! Golden possibility ! 
 
 Who first conceived the plan of wheeling the Mormons into line is not 
 clearly established. Judge Mason, J. C. Hall and, possibly, a well-known jurist, 
 who still lives in Wapello County, might have been the authors of the shrewd 
 scheme ; but that is immaterial. 
 
 In 1847, the region lying upon the Missouri River, in a line supposed to be 
 due west of Wapello County, was thickly inhabited for so westerly a point, 
 thanks to the Mormon colony, and naturally asserted its right of independence. 
 A party of representative men came east and waited upon influential men at 
 Iowa City, when the scheme was discussed. Gen. Dodge became much inter- 
 ested in the matter, foreseeing the possible strength such an organization might 
 bring them. Nothing was then done, however, to effect the formation of the 
 county, but the Democrats did not lose sight of the tide of Mormons moving 
 westward, and halting for breath on tbe shores of the river. In Nauvoo, the 
 Mormon vote had been a powerful ally to the Democrats at general elections, 
 and a continuance of their support was both desirable and reasonable, according 
 to the logic of Gen. Dodge. 
 
 The organization of the new county rested with Judge Carleton, of the then 
 Fourth Judicial District, and there is evidence which warrants the belief that 
 the Judge counseled with the General in this matter. 
 
432 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 As early as 1847, the Whigs claimed to know to a certainty that the Mor- 
 mons were weakening in their political affinities, and the young party was not 
 backward in aiding a change of belief in its own favor. Elder Orson Hyde 
 was in command of the refugees, and his will was practically a law unto them. 
 Col. Warren, in a speech delivered in Burlington, in September, 1848, after the 
 election had been held, made what the Haivk-Eye termed a full explanation of 
 the affair, and from that address is gathered a portion of the data relative to 
 this part of our sketch. 
 
 The time elapsed by which it was necessary to create a new county at the 
 river, prior to the election of 1848, but there still remained an opportunity to 
 form a polling precinct there, and thus secure the vote. The only question to 
 be decided was that of the political complexion of the district. If the Demo- 
 crats could be assured of support, the necessary formalities would be proceeded 
 with at once. 
 
 Now ensued a sharp encounter of wits. Gen. Dodge felt that he held the 
 key to the situation, since through him alone could the desired organization be 
 compassed. The Whigs, on the other hand, apprised themselves of the fact 
 that the Mormons were becoming anxious to show their ill-will toward the Demo- 
 cratic party, as a means of avenging themselves for their expulsion from 
 Nauvoo. 
 
 Messengers were dispatched from both camps to feel the pulse of the people 
 in the West, and each faction returned bearing metaphorical bunches of huge 
 grapes, while their reports were that the land flowed with oil and honey for the- 
 respective candidates. In all this bartering there Avas evidently an understand- 
 ing between the Whigs and the Mormons ; for a flat refusal on the part of the 
 latter to vote the Democratic ticket, would certainly have prevented their voting 
 at all. The powers that were had to be mollified, and a go-between was found 
 to represent to the Democrats the solidity of the Pottawattamie precinct. 
 
 When the character of the vote was satisfactorily determined, there still 
 remained the question of its legality. If the territory lay west of the last 
 organized county, which was then Monroe, that county had the power to create 
 a precinct. If it did not, then there was an opportunity to contest the validity 
 of returns from the river precinct. The Democrats believed that Kanesville, as 
 the Mormon settlement was called, did lie within the legal territory of Monroe, 
 but a survey was deemed necessary to settle the point. In accordance with that 
 idea, a party was engaged to ascertain the geographical whereabouts of the vil- 
 lage, and a random line was run. Subsequent surveys have shown that the line 
 was, indeed, a random one, but that point did not come up in the contest which 
 followed. For all practical purposes, the place lay west of Monroe. In the 
 decision of this question the Whigs wisely submitted to the Democrats, and the 
 work of establishing the locality was performed by such means as the Democrats 
 could, under no circumstances, thereafter dispute. It was highly important for 
 the Democrats to locate Kanesville in Monroe territory, because Monroe was 
 then Democratic, and they feared that the Whigs would oppose the organization 
 of so strong a precinct, if they had it in their power so to do. 
 
 The Whigs, meanAvhile, confident of the victory they were to win, offered 
 no objections to the formation of the precinct, but seemed quiescent in the mat- 
 ter. On the 3d of July, 1848, the Monroe County Commissioners issued the 
 following order : 
 
 Ordered, by said Boai'd, that that portion of country called Pottawattamie County which 
 lies directly west of Monroe County, be organized into a township, and that Kanesville be a 
 precinct for election purposes in said township, and that the election be held at the Council 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 433 
 
 House in said village ; and that Charles Bird, Henry Miller and William Huntington be 
 appointed Judges of said election ; and that the boundaries of said township extend east as far 
 as the East Nish na-bat-na. 
 
 This public announcement of the plan warned the Whigs to work. Greek 
 met Greek. It was known that the Board, then consisting of Andrew Elswick, 
 William McBride and George R. Holliday, and Dudley C. Barber as Clerk, 
 was Democratic. The latter officer made out the poll-books and sent them to 
 the new precinct. Both parties sought the field of battle, and for a time the 
 Mormon element became the favorites of the politicians, since they held the 
 balance of power. The Mormons at home in IS^auvoo were Democratic in senti- 
 ment, it was argued, and the Democrats were confident of their co-operation in 
 the time of need. 
 
 The election took place on the 7th day of August. To the consternation of 
 the Democrats and the joy of the Whigs, the'vote of the new precinct was cast 
 almost solidly for Daniel F. Miller, the Whig candidate, and the Democratic 
 candidate, William Thompson, was left out in the cold. 
 
 No sooner was the result of the election made known than the Democratic 
 leaders took counsel, one with another, what to do. J. C. Hall went to Albia 
 from Burlington, and it is asserted that he and others advised'the rejection of 
 the poll-books. The messenger with the returns arrived in Albia, and the can- 
 vass of the votes was held on the 14th day of August. Dudley C. Barber, as 
 Clerk of the Board, had a deciding voice in the matter. The canvass was made 
 at his log cabin, one of the three or four buildings then standing on the 
 town plat. 
 
 Among the prominent men of Albia at that time was Dr. Flint, who subse- 
 quently removed to Wapello County, and there became County Judge, and also 
 State Senator from that county. He was brother-in-law to Barber, the Clerk 
 . who made out the poll-books, and who was authorized to pass upon their accept- 
 ance for canvass. Dr. Flint exercised a strong influence over Barber, and was 
 an intense partisan. He urged the arbitrary rejection of the books. The little 
 cabin was filled with excited men, and the canvass coald not proceed. Among 
 the Democrats were Mr. Hall and Israel Kister, of Davis County, who subse- 
 quently was elected State Treasurer on that ticket. 
 
 The Whigs were determined to see the Pottawattamie vote counted, since 
 they had beaten the Democrats at what they considered their own game. 
 Among those men was Mr. Mark, who was Postmaster of Albia at a later date. 
 He stood directly behind Barber when the latter decided to reject the books. 
 Mr. Mark inquired : 
 
 '' Do you really intend to reject the returns made out on poll-books pre- 
 pared by yourself, and in legal form, Mr. Barber?" 
 
 "Yes, sir, I do ! " responded the Clerk. 
 
 At this juncture, further examination of the books was to be made, when 
 the disputed volumes could not be found. Search was instituted and vigorously 
 prosecuted, but to no effect. The books were gone from the table where they 
 had lain but a moment before. It was announced that the books had been 
 stolen, and could not, therefore, be used as returns. 
 
 It is reported by an eye-witness of the scene that pistols were drawn and a 
 general riot seemed imminent, but no serious outbreak followed the coup d'etat 
 of the Democrats. Of course it was clear that the Whigs had not stolen the 
 books, since it was for their interest to retain them. It rested, consequently, 
 with the opposing faction to explain the mysterious disappearance of the docu- 
 ments. 
 
434 HISTORY OF AVAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 The evening of that day, Barber called to his aid two Justices, and, it is 
 ■said, with locked doors, made a canvass of the vote of Monroe, throwing out 
 the books from Pottawattamie entirely. This rejection of the western vote 
 secured the election of Tliompson, and he accordingly took his seat in the first 
 session of the Thirty-first Congress. 
 
 If we may be allowed to parody a classic quotation, uneasy sits the Con- 
 gressman who is not soundly elected ! No sooner was he here than the Whigs 
 made an effort to oust him. The case was laid before a proper committee, and 
 voluminous discussion ensued. Finally, the case was remanded to the District 
 Court at Keokuk. Before a decision could be reached, an election took place 
 in the State for State officers and member of the Thirty-second Congress. The 
 campaign was a hot one. During the stump-speech season, and just prior 
 to the election in August, a meeting was held in Albia, at which A. C. Dodge, 
 Mr. Baker, et al., addressed the Democracy. At this meeting, cheers were 
 proposed for Mr. Barber, on the grounds that he had defeated the election of 
 Miller. 
 
 It may be here incidentally remarked that the August election resulted in 
 the seating of Bernhart Henn, of Fairfield, in the Thirty-second Congress 
 from this district, his term beginning in 1851; 
 
 There still remained one session of the Thirty-first Congress, and after the 
 August election referred to, the Miller-Thompson fight was renewed. During 
 the controversy, Mr. Miller, or one of his friends, desired certain papers of 
 Judge Mason, who was a strong counsel on the Democratic side. By mistake, 
 the missing poll-books were handed to the Whig, who immediately announced 
 the fact with an appropriate demonstration ! 
 
 This startling denouement completely upset the Democratic case, and a new- 
 election was ordered to "fill vacancy" in the First District. The election took 
 place September 24, 1850, and resulted in the choice of Mr. Miller, who filled 
 the seat in Congress one session. 
 
 The question reverts to the cause of the Mormon change of front in 1848. 
 All manner of rumors were afloat at the time, some of them even charging that 
 the Democrats had offered but $1,000, while the Whigs had paid $1,200 for the 
 vote. On the authority of one who admits that he was a party to the barter, 
 we state as fact that the only gift presented to Elder Hyde by the Whigs was a 
 printing office and some ten reams of printing-paper and a keg of ink. Hyde 
 wanted an office, and the Whigs were willing to give him one. The materials 
 for the office were shipped to him by the Whigs prior to the casting of the vote. 
 Hyde had a grudge against the Democrats, which he desired to pay, and there- 
 fore refused to listen to overtures of a financial character from them. It was a 
 case of diamond cut diamond, in which the Whigs proved the hardest. 
 
 As to the missing books : it is a matter of evidence that Israel Kister placed 
 them in Mr. Hall's saddle-bags, during the heated discussion, probably with no 
 real intention to steal them at the time, but supposing that they would be dis- 
 covered before Hall left. They were not detected, and the lawyer rode away 
 with them. It was then too late to acknowledge the error, and so the case stood 
 until accident brought them to light. 
 
 The Whig papers made furious onslaught against the Democrats over the 
 affair, and there is but little doubt that it caused a decidedly good political 
 war-cry during those days. Dr. Flint was openly charged with having burned 
 the books, and Barber was figuratively drawn and quartered continuously. The 
 vigorous attacks upon him finally undermined his health and he died, a victim 
 of mistaken sense of duty. Dr. Flint's career in the county of Wapello was 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 435 
 
 one of considerable importance, until he was guilty of eloping, it is alleged, 
 with a lady of his acquaintance, although he was an old man at the time. It is 
 believed that he died, some years since, in Canada. 
 
 THE DES MOINES IMPROVEMENT SCHEMES. 
 
 Mr. Charles Negus, an authority in matters pertaining to the history of 
 Iowa, published the following interesting account of the various improvement 
 schemes connected with the Des Moines River, in the " Annals of Iowa." We 
 give the entire article : 
 
 " The river Des Moines has connected with its history many things of 
 interest. It is purposed at this time to notice some of the historical events 
 connected with this river since the land through which it passes was purchased 
 by the Government from the Indians. 
 
 " On the first settlement of Iowa, the building of railroads had just com- 
 menced, and but very few in the West knew anything about this mode of con- 
 veyance for travel and commerce. At that time, steamboats for these purposes 
 were the great absorbing idea. This river, in high stages of water, was thought 
 to be susceptible of steamboat navigation far into the interior of the State, and 
 those who first settled in the vicinity of this river, eagerly looked forward to the 
 day when steamboats would move up and down these waters in large numbers, 
 and when from long; distances from its banks, travel and commerce would seek 
 a conveyance through this channel. And these expectations were appai-ently 
 well founded. In 1836, the Sacs and Foxes, having disposed of their reserva- 
 tion on the Iowa River, where they had villages, moved West, and settled in 
 the valley of the river Des Moines, in what is now Wapello County, and, as a 
 natural consequence, trading-posts were established in this vicinity, which had 
 to be supplied Avith goods ; and in the fall of 1837, the few settlers along the 
 banks of this river were, for the first time, gladdened with the sound of the 
 shrill whistle of a steamboat, making its way up the river with supplies for 
 these trading-posts. 
 
 "• This boat was the S. B. Science, commanded by Capt. Clark, which, by 
 forcing its way against the swift current, passing safely over the concealed 
 sand-bars and hidden rocks, demonstrated that the waters of this river, at high 
 stages were navigable, much to the joy and satisfaction of those who lived in 
 the vicinity, and afforded a theme for pleasant conversation for days and 
 months. 
 
 " By the treaty of 1842, by which the Sacs and Foxes sold all their lands in 
 Iowa, tliey were permitted to retain possession of that portion which lay west 
 of Red Rock for three years, and the Indians moved up the river and located 
 themselves near the Raccoon Fork, and the Government thought proper to 
 locate a body of troops at that point ; and for the conveyance of soldiers and 
 their equipage to that place, the little steamer lone was employed and laden 
 with stores, and a detachment of troops landed on the site where is now the city 
 of Des Moines, on the 9th of May, 1843. This is the first steamboat that ever 
 ventured to disturb the waters of this river so far from its mouth. The lone 
 liaving made a successful trip, added greatly to the expectation of the esti- 
 mated importance and value of this thoroughfiire, which was brought to the 
 attention of Congress, and on the 8th of August, 1846, a law was enacted, 
 giving to Iowa, for the purpose of aiding to improve the navigation of the river 
 Des Moines from its mouth to the Raccoon Fork, an equal moiety in alternate 
 
436 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 sections of the public lands remaining unsold, in a strip five miles wide on each 
 side of the river, to be selected within the territory of Iowa by an agent, or 
 agents, who should be appointed by the Governor of the Territory, subject to 
 the approval of the U. S. Treasury. 
 
 '' When this grant was first made, it was not supposed by any one that it 
 extended above Raccoon Fork, and Gov. Clark, in communicating the intelli- 
 gence to the Legislature, estimated the grant to amount to about three hundred 
 thousand acres. This part of the Governor's message was referred to a select 
 committee, for them to take into consideration whether it was advisable for the 
 State to accept the grant, and if so, to devise the method of disposing of the 
 lands and the mode of improving the river. 
 
 " The committee, after having the matter under consideration several weeks, 
 through their Chairman, Dr. James Davis, of Wapello County, made a very 
 lengthy report, in which they took the ground that the grant was not limited to 
 lands below the Raccoon Fork, but extended to every alternate section for five 
 miles on each side of the river to the northwestern boundary of the State, if 
 not to the source of the river. They estimated the grant to contain 400,000 
 acres below the Raccoon Fork, and 560,000 above, making 960,000 acres of 
 land. The report of the committee at first was looked upon as visionary, and 
 but very little calculation was made on getting any land above the fork of the 
 river ; but a matter of so much importance was not passed over without exami- 
 nation and full discussion. 
 
 " From this time on, for several years, the improvement of the river Des 
 Moines entered largely into the politics of the State. Politicians became inter- 
 ested in it ; the construction put upon the grant by the committee, was the popu- 
 lar side, and found many advocates, and scarcely any one opposed it. The 
 committee reported in favor of receiving the grant, with provisos, and a bill for 
 creating a Board of Public Works. On this report the Legislature passed an 
 act accepting the grant, with the proviso that it was not to form a part of the 
 500,000 acres which the State was entitled to by an act of Congress of 1841, 
 giving to each new State that amount of land for internal improvements. This 
 was conceded by the General Government, and it also permitted the State to 
 divert 500,000 acres from works of internal improvement to the purpose of 
 education. The Legislature, on the 5th of February, 1847, also passed an act 
 creating a Board of Public Works, and providing for the improvement of the 
 river. The Board consisted of a President, Secretary and Treasurer, who were 
 to be elected by the qualified electors of the State, on the first Monday of the 
 following August. The President was to be the active agent of the work, and 
 was required to make monthly reports of his doings, and of the progress of his 
 work to the Board ; the Secretary was to record the proceedings of the Board 
 and to sell the lands ; the Treasurer was to receive and disburse the moneys. 
 The officers were required to commence the work on the Mississippi, near 
 Keokuk, at the mouth of Dead Slough, or of the I^assaw Slough, and then up 
 the Slough to the river. And subsequently the work was commenced by under- 
 taking to dig a canal from the mouth of the Nassaw Slough to St. Francisville, 
 the first place on the river where it was thought practicable to build a dam. 
 
 "About $150,000 were expended in the eff"ort, but the attempt proved to be 
 an impracticable undertaking, and, after expending this large amount of money, 
 the work of digging a canal was abandoned. At the August election, Hugh W. 
 Sample, of J efferson County, was elected President ; Charles Corckery, of 
 Dubuque County, Secretary, and Paul Braton, of Van Buren County, Treas- 
 urer. The officers elected were qualified, and at first opened their offices at 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 437 
 
 Fairfield. Samuel Curtis, from Ohio, was selected by the Board as Chief 
 Engineer ; but there was very little done this season toward improving the 
 river, further than making surveys. The necessary surveys having been com- 
 pleted, early in the spring of 1848, the work was commenced. The canal and 
 three dams were put under contract, and about five hundred hands were put at 
 work. On the 21st of August, the building of ten more dams was contracted 
 for, and there seemed to be a fair prospect for the speedy completion of the 
 entire improvement. 
 
 "There was at this time but very little known of the resources of the upper 
 valley of the river Des Moines. This year, by authority of the United States, 
 provisions were made for a geological survey in Iowa, and a party was sent up 
 this river, which explored it to its source. The report made by this party was 
 very flattering. They reported that coal was found for two hundred miles on 
 the Des Moines, and from indications, heavy deposits of iron ore were believed 
 to exist ; that gypsum in abundance, forming cliffs for miles, was encountered ; 
 and that limestone that makes a superior hydraulic lime existed in abundance ; 
 limestone, suitable for lime, clay suitable for brick, rock suitable for polishing, 
 for grindstones, whetstones and for building purposes, some of superior qual- 
 ity, were found in abundance along the Des Moines. And Col. Curtis, in spec- 
 ulating upon the future, in his report to the Legislature, led the people to 
 anticipate great results from this improvement. He said : 'No country can 
 afford like accommodations to manufacturers ; no country can produce more 
 agricultural wealth than that within sixty miles on either side of this river.' 
 And further: 'That, taking all things into consideration, the matter is math- 
 ematically certain (except in times of high water in the Missouri), the trade of 
 Council Bluffs will incline to follow down the improvement. But it is not this 
 point alone that is reached ; we enter the great valley of Nebraska, and the 
 upper branches of the Missouri, and offer the commerce of these valleys the 
 cheapest and most expeditious route for their products. A country of a thou- 
 sand miles extent, capable of furnishing vast and unknown agricultural and 
 mineral products, may, by wise and discreet energy in the prosecution of this 
 work, become tributary to the improvement now in progress on the Des Moines.' 
 
 " These glowing reports of the country and the advantages to be derived 
 from the improvement of the river, excited the public mind to the highest 
 expectations, and the people became very anxious to secure as much of the 
 public lands as possible, that this great undertaking might be speedily com- 
 pleted ; and to ascertain the construction put upon the grant by the General 
 Government, application was made to the Land Department for a decision. 
 Richard M. Young, the Commissioner of the General Land Office, on the 23.d 
 day of February, 1848, in a letter addressed to the Board of Public Works, 
 gave it as his opinion, that the State was entitled to the alternate sections 
 within five miles of the Des Moines River, through the whole extent of Iowa. 
 This decision gave assurances that the amount of land claimed would be 
 received. The Board of Improvement made great preparation for rapidly push- 
 ing on the work, and the public mind was exhilarated with the greatest hopes 
 of speedily realizing the great advantages represented to be derived from this 
 undertaking. 
 
 ''But, as it is the lot of man to meet with disappointments, such seems to 
 have been the result in this case ; for it was found that the lands could not be 
 sold fast enough to meet the expenses of so extensive a work as had been 
 undertaken. To remedy this difficulty, the Board of Public Works recom- 
 mended to the Legislature 'that bonds, bearing the sanction of the supreme 
 
438 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 power of the State, should be issued by the Board, and pledging the proceeds 
 of the sales of the lands, as well as the tolls of the improvement, for their 
 redemption.' But this policy did not meet with the sanction of some of the 
 leading Democrats of the State, who regarded such a measure as not being in 
 accordance with Democratic principles, among whom were Ver Plank Van 
 Antwerp. Van Antwerp, having held the ofBce of Receiver in the first land 
 office established in Southern Iowa, and then holding the same office at Fair- 
 field, and also, for a while, editor of a paper, was extensively known, and at 
 that time exerted much influence among the people,' and he took a very active 
 part against the proposition recommended by the Board. He claimed that the 
 measure was not only Anti- democratic, but impolitic, and went to Iowa City as 
 a lobby member, and made himself very busy with the members to defeat it ; 
 and the opposition with which it met from Van Antwerp and other private 
 individuals, had its effect with the members of the Legislature, and the meas- 
 ure was defeated, much to the discomfiture of Sample. This interference of 
 Van Antwerp with the recommendations of the Board, created a coolness 
 between Sample and Van Antwerp which caused some singular results in the 
 future political matters of the State. 
 
 "During the summer of 1848, a portion of the land above the Raccoon 
 Fork was brought into the market and offered for sale at the land office at Iowa 
 City, and some of' the lands which it was supposed were embraced within the river 
 grant, were sold by the general Government. The failure of the Board to get 
 the Legislature to authorize them to issue bonds, and the selling of these lands 
 by the General Government, greatly frustrated the plans of the Board and put 
 a damper upon the public expectation. For the purpose of securing the full 
 amount of land claimed, the Legislature passed a memorial asking Congress to 
 enact an explanatory law confirming to the State the quantity of land claimed. 
 But Congress did not feel disposed to do this, and the extent of the grant was 
 a disputed question for several years. 
 
 "At the August election in 1849, the officers of the Board of Public Works 
 were to be again elected, and the old officers were desirous of holding on to 
 their offices, and Sample made great eff"orts to have the old officers renominated 
 by the State Convention for candidates before the people. Those who were in 
 favor of issuing bonds for the speedy completion of the work were in favor of 
 re-electing the old Board ; those who were against this measure were opposed 
 to them. Among those who took an active part against the old Board was Van 
 Antwerp, and his opposition was particularly made against Sample, which got 
 up much ill-feeling between them. Van Antwerp, to accomplish his ends before 
 the convening of the Convention, prepared a stricture on Sample's political acts, 
 which 'showed him up' in no very enviable light. Van Antwerp went to 
 Iowa City, where the Convention was to be held, a short time before it con- 
 vened, and had his strictures printed in handbill form, and on the morning of 
 the Convention circulated copies all over the city, so that a copy found its way 
 into the hands of every deleizate. This had the eff'ect to beat Sample, and the 
 other officers of the old Board, and William Patterson, of Lee County, was 
 nominated for President ; Jesse Williams, of Johnson, for Secretary ; and 
 George Gillaspy, of Wapello, for Treasurer. 
 
 " These individuals were all elected, entered upon the duties of their trust, 
 and with energy undertook to complete all the work which had been put under 
 contract. But they soon found that they could not sell lands fast enough to 
 meet their expenditures, and had to suspend a portion of the work. But they 
 did not do this until they had contracted a large amount of debts, which they 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 439 
 
 had not the means to pay. The new Board, on making settlements with the 
 contractors, not having the money to pay them, issued bonds, or certificates of 
 indebtedness, pledging the lands for their payment, and binding the Board to 
 redeem them as soon as they had the means to do it. So the new Board, with- 
 out the sanction of law, did what the old Board had tried to get the Legislature 
 to authorize them to do by law, and for which policy they were turned out of 
 office and others put in their place. Those contractors who were stopped from 
 going on with their work claimed damages ; legal proceedings were had, and 
 some of them recovered large amounts. 
 
 " The course pursued by the new Board met Avith much censure from the 
 public and the newspapers ; particularly the Whig press w^as very severe in its 
 strictures. The course which had been pursued by the Board of Public Works 
 made the improvement of the river Des Moines a prominent matter before the 
 Legislature which convened in December, 1850. The issuing of bonds did not 
 meet with the approval of that body, and a law was passed abolishing the offices 
 of President, Secretary and Treasurer, and the offices of ' Commissioner and 
 Register of the Des Moines River Improvement ' were created, which, instead 
 of being elected by the people, were appointed by the Governor, by and with 
 the consent of the Senate. 
 
 " x\s soon as the law abolishing the Board of Public Works went into effect, 
 the Governor appointed Ver Plank Van Antwerp Commissioner, and George 
 Gillaspy Register of the Improvement, who, on the 9th of June, 1851, 
 entered into a contract with Bangs Brothers & Co., of New York, in which 
 they stipulated to complete the whole work, from the mouth of the river to the 
 Raccoon Fork, in four years from the time, when for the improvement of the 
 river a confirmation should be secured of the extension of the grant of land above 
 that point. When the contract was closed. Bangs Brothers & Co. and the officers 
 of the Improvement went to work and succeeded in getting the Land Department 
 of the General Government to reconsider the decision in which it had been held 
 that the grant of land only extended to the Raccoon Fork, and obtained a 
 decision that it extended to the northern boundary of the State, which gave 
 hopes that the river would soon be made navigable. On the first reception of 
 the news there was much rejoicing, but when the details of the contract with 
 Bangs Brothers & Co. were made public, it was found that the contract pro- 
 vided that the lands below the Raccoon Fork were not to be sold for less than 
 $2.00 per acre, and those above for not less than $5.00. 
 
 " This gave great dissatisfaction, for a great portion of these lands was 
 occupied by claimants who expected to buy their claims at $1.25 per acre, as 
 others had done who had settled upon Government lands. This provision 
 stirred up much ill-feeling among the settlers ; public meetings were held, and 
 this part of the contract was condemned in the strongest terms ; and such were 
 the feelings that there were apprehensions of serious difficulties if this part of 
 the contract should be enforced. But when these excitements were at the high- 
 est, news came that Bangs Brothers & Co. had failed, and probably their con- 
 tract would be annulled, and this allayed the public feeling. Bangs Brothers & 
 Co. did not comply with their contract in furnishing means, and the work on 
 the river did not go on, and the public expectation of a speedy completion of 
 the proposed improvement vanished. 
 
 " The officers of the Improvement were appointed for only two years, and 
 at the expiration of their term of office, Van Antwerp was re- appointed Com- 
 missioner, and Paul C. Jeffries was appointed Register. But these last appoint- 
 ed officers held their trust but a short time, for during the past two years the 
 
440 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 work on the river had progressed very slowly ; the contract with Bangs Broth- 
 ers & Co. had been declared forfeited, and it was understood that other sources 
 were to be looked to for going on with the work. The officers appointed by the 
 Governor not being successful in their undertaking, the Legislature, on the 1st 
 of January, 1853, repealed the law authorizing the Governor to appoint, and 
 made these officers again to be elected by the people, and on the first Monday 
 in the following April, Josiah Bonney, of Van Buren County, was elected 
 Commissioner, and George Gillaspy, Register. And, for the purpose of 
 aiding the Commissioner in conducting and concluding any contract on the 
 subject of improving the river, the Legislature appointed George G. Wright, 
 of Van Buren County, and Uriah Biggs, of Wapello, his assistants, ' with equal 
 powers of the Commissioner in making and determining such contract.' 
 
 " From past experience it was not deemed advisable to parcel out the work 
 to many individuals, and consequently these officers were required by the Legis- 
 lature not to make any contract, unless such contract stipulated for ' at least 
 $1,300,000 to be faithfully expended in the payment of the debts and liabilities 
 of the Improvement, and its completion to the greatest extent possible.' And 
 to this end, if it was necessary, they were authorized ' to sell and dispose of all 
 and any lands which had been or might hereafter be granted by Congress for 
 the improvement of the river, and, if it was necessary to effect a contract, they 
 were authorized to convey the right to tolls and water rents arising from the 
 Improvement, for the length of time and upon such terms as they might deem 
 expedient. But in disposing of the lands, they were not to contract them for 
 less than $1.25 per acre;' and if no contract of this character should be made 
 before the 1st of September, 1853, then the pay of all the officers connected 
 with the work, except the Register and one engineer, was to cease, and all 
 operations, connected with the work, except such parts as were under contract, 
 were to be suspended until further action by the Legislature. The Register 
 was required to put all unfinished work then under contract in such a condition 
 as to prevent it from injury, and to see that all property of the State connected 
 with the work was carefully preserved. If the Register, at any time subse- 
 quent, should receive propositions which he deemed sufficient for consideration, 
 he was to submit the same to the Commissioner; and should a contract be 
 made on the terms required by tiie Legislature, then the pay of the officers 
 should commence and the work go on as though it had not been suspended. 
 
 " The new Commissioner, being conscientious about the expending of money, 
 immediately after taking charge of the work, dismissed all the engineers, 
 except Guy Wells, the chief engineer, and employed no officer or other 
 persons, except when the necessity of the work imperatively demanded it. 
 There were in several places of the river snags and bowlders. Avhich much 
 obsti'ucted the navigation, and had become a source of much inconvenience and 
 complaint ; but during the official term of Bonney, the river was ' cleaned of 
 snags, bowlders and other obstructions to such an extent as to make the naviga- 
 tion of the river, at proper stages of the water, safe/ 
 
 '' The Commissioner and his associates, after assuming the duties of their 
 trust, entered into correspondence with such persona and companies as they 
 thought likely to embark in such an enterprise. And by this means they suc- 
 ceeded in eliciting the attention of capitalists to such an extent that a number 
 of persons came to the State for the purpose of investigation. These persons, 
 by an examination of the valley of the Des Moines personally, and making 
 themselves acquainted with the resources of the country, on their return East, 
 imparted to others the undeveloped wealth and advantages of the valley, which 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. . 441 
 
 was the means of bringing many good and enterprising citizens to the State. 
 Among others who visited Iowa for the purpose of investigation, was Henry 
 O'Rielly, a man who had acquired some considerable notoriety as a contractor 
 in putting up telegraph wires, and he proposed to undertake the Avork. Such 
 was the known reputation of O'Rielly as a contractor that the Commissioner 
 and his associates commenced the negotiating of a contract. And 'on the 17th 
 of December, 1853, Henry O'Rielly, Esq., of New York, entered into a con- 
 tract with the Commissioners, in which, for the consideration of the unsold lands 
 belonging to the Improvement, and tolls and water rents and other profits aris- 
 ing from the work, for the term of forty years, agreed to complete the entire 
 work within a period of four years from the 1st day of July, 1854, according 
 to the original surveys and specifications made by the engineers.' 
 
 " Immediately upon entering upon this contract, O'Rielly returned East 
 and organized a company, under the laws of Iowa, called the ' Des Moines Navi- 
 gation & Railroad Company,' to which O'Rielly assigned his contract, him- 
 self being one of the officers of the Company. On the 9th of June, 1854, by 
 the consent and request of O'Rielly, and with the approbation of the officers of 
 the River Improvement, the contract with O'Rielly was canceled, and another 
 contract was made with the Des Moines Navigation & Railroad Company. 
 In this contract, the Company agreed to pay all outstanding debts against the 
 Improvement within ninety days from the date of said contract, to settle and 
 pay all damages against the State of Iowa, on account of the prosecution of said 
 work, to mill-owners, or others who have, or might thereafter, sustain damages 
 on account of the same; to pay the salaries and expenses of the officers and 
 engineers in charge of the work ; to complete the Improvement from the mouth 
 of the Des Moines River to Fort Des Moines, in accordance with the original 
 plans and specifications of the State Engineer, by the 1st day of July, 1858 ; 
 and to construct the whole work in such a manner as to assure the navigation 
 of the same for the longest period each year practicable, and to complete at 
 least one-fourth of the work each and every year, commencing on the 1st day 
 of July, 1854. 
 
 " In consideration of this understanding, the Commissioner agreed to con- 
 vey to the Company all the unsold lands belonging to the Improvement, the use of 
 the work, the tolls and water rents for the term of forty-one years. And after- 
 ward, in consideration of the Company enlarging the works and making some 
 other improvements in the navigation of the river, and also on account of there 
 not being as large a quantity of land undisposed of below Fort Dodge as was 
 understood to be by the Commissioners and the Company at the time of making 
 the contract, a majority of the Commissioners, Bonney and Biggs, entered into 
 an article of agreement with the Company, in which they promised to extend 
 the time of the Company's use and control of the work to seventy-five years. 
 " Under this contract, the public expected that the work would be immedi- 
 ately commenced by the new contractors and speedily completed. The great 
 expectations which at first had been raised by the contractors, under the name 
 of the 'Des Moines Navigation & Railroad Company,' soon after they under- 
 took the work began to diminish ; for there soon arose disagreements and mis- 
 understandings among themselves. The Company had been organized under 
 the general incorporation laws of Iowa, and, consequently, was subject to the 
 laws of the State. At the called session of the Legislature, in 1856, Donald 
 Mann, a stockholder of the Company, memorialized the Legislature to correct 
 the ' manifold abuses ' of which he charged the Directors of the Company to 
 have been guilty. In this memorial he charged that the managers of the Com- 
 
442 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 pany had, in various ways, 'corruptly, and for corrupt purposes,' violated the 
 laws of the State, ' greatly to the injury of the people thereof, and to the great 
 loss and damage of the stockholders,' and showed in detail wherein they had 
 acted corruptly and violated the laws under which the Company was incorporated. 
 Among other things, he stated that, ' for the purpose of deceiving the people 
 and individuals in relation to their means,' they had represented to the public 
 and to individuals that there had been paid into the treasury ' enormous sums 
 of money, on account of stock sold, for much larger amounts than had been 
 received. And the better to accomplish and maintain such deceptions, the 
 managers (or a majority of them) caused to be issued certificates of stock to the 
 amount of, nominally, $630,000, or six thousand three hundred shares of 
 $100 for cash, of which shares they had represented to the public and individ- 
 uals that the holder had paid the sum of $100, amounting to $630,000, when, 
 as a matter of fact, there was only 5 per cent paid on each share, by which 
 means the public and many individuals were deceived.' 
 
 " Henry O'Rielly, the individual Avith whom the contract had first been 
 made, a stockholder and one of the Directors also memorialized the Legislature 
 for an investigation of the afiairs of the Company, in which he re-asserted the 
 charges made by Mann, and stated that he held himself ready, if the Legisla- 
 ture would order an investigation of the doings of the Company, to prove, from 
 the records of the Company and from other evidence, 'that there was scarcely an 
 important provision in the code of Iowa (applicable to corporations), scarcely an 
 important point in the Des Moines Improvement laws, scarcely an important pro- 
 vision in the contract which the Company agreed to fulfill, scarcely an essential 
 provision in its by-laws, or even in the charter which gave it legal existence, 
 which had not been violated, and violated with a recklessness that will form a 
 memorable feature in the history of Iowa.' 
 
 "A joint committee was appointed from both branches of the Legislature, 
 at the called session, to investigate the alleged abuses ; but, owing to the short 
 time in which they had to act, it was impossible for them to make the necessary 
 investigation. An attempt was made to create a committee for this purpose to 
 act after the Legislature adjourned ; but this failed, so that the alleged abuses 
 passed by without examination at that time. These memorials to the Legisla- 
 ture and the discussion of these matters by the newspapers, greatly prejudiced 
 the public mind against the Company ; and while these discussions were going 
 on, W. C. Johnson, the President of the Company, requested the Governor to 
 examine into its affairs, in person or by committee, and proposed to pay the 
 expenses of such an examination. The Governor did not feel disposed to com- 
 ply with the request, but referred the matter to the Legislature, which convened 
 the following December, and recommended that a committee should be appointed, 
 with power to administer oaths, and to send for persons and papers, with instruc- 
 tions to inquire into all the transactions of the former Commissioners and Reg- 
 isters of the Improvement. 
 
 " This part of the Governor's message was referred to a committee of twelve, 
 consisting of members of both branches of the Legislature, who immediately 
 proceeded to the discharge of their duties. After a careful and thorough exam- 
 ination, this committee reported that they did not consider the contract made 
 by the Commissioners with the Company a valid contract on behalf of the State, 
 for the law which authorized the Commissioner and Register to make contracts 
 required that any contract made by them, to be valid, must be approved by 
 the Governor, and that the subsequent law, which cieated two Assistant Com- 
 missioners, did not do aAvay with the provision requiring the Governor to approve 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 443 
 
 of such contracts. And, as the contract made with the Company had never 
 been approved by the Governor, they did not regard it as binding on the 
 State. The committee also reported that the Company had acted in bad faith, 
 and violated their charter in many ways ; and, among other things, they found 
 that over $1,000,000 of full-paid stock bad been issued by the Company, upon 
 which had been received but |167,000, leaving a deficit of $833,000, for which 
 certificates of full-paid stock had been issued, for which not a farthing had been 
 received by the Company, which had been sold to innocent purchasers for a 
 valuable consideration, who had purchased, believing its full value had been 
 paid into the treasury of the Company. The Company had come far short of 
 completing the amount of work which they were required to do under their 
 contract, and their acts gave strong indications that their object was to expend 
 monev enough to get possession of all the available lands, and then abandon the 
 work ; for more than one-half of the time which was given for completing the 
 entire contract had expired, and on a work which was estimated to cost about 
 $2,000,000, they had expended about $185,957.44 for an actual construction 
 of the work, while the Company claimed that they had expended $104,180.74 
 for incidental expenses, the most part of which did not, in any manner, benefit 
 the Improvement. Yet the Company claimed that they were entitled to land at 
 $1.25 per acre in payment for the whole amount. 
 
 " On the 2d of April, 1855, William McKay, of Polk County, was elected 
 Commissioner, and John C. Lockwood, of Louisa County, Register ; but in 
 November, 1856, McKay resigned, and Edwin Manning, of Van Buren 
 County, was appointed by the Governor to fill his place. Manning bore the 
 name of a good business man and close financier, and he was not willing to 
 audit the claims for incidental expenses, as one for which the Company were 
 entitled to receive land ; and this became a matter of dispute between the Com- 
 pany and Commissioner, and, in order to have the matter adjusted, the Presi- 
 dent proposed to make an abatement of $72,000 ; but Manning did not feel 
 disposed to settle the matter himself, and referred the whole claim to the Legis- 
 lature. 
 
 " Manning, in his report to the Legislature, showed that there had been sold 
 by the State, through the Board of Public Works, during the six years that the 
 State prosecuted the work, about $75,000 worth of land ; and for this sum only 
 ' three stone-masonry locks ' and two dams had been completed ; and there had 
 been certified to the Des Moines Navigation & Railroad Company, by Bonney 
 and Gillaspy, 88,853 19-100 acres of land, and by McKay and Lockwood, 
 116,636 4-100 acres, at $1.25 per acre, making $256,861 53 worth of land, 
 which had been disposed of to the present Company, a part of which amount 
 was for old debts which they had paid. 
 
 " The report of the Committee and Commissioner having been made to the 
 Legislature, that body, acting upon the premises that the contract which had 
 been made by the Commissioners with the Company was not binding upon the 
 State, on the 29th of January, 1857, passed an act by which there was to be a 
 Commissioner appointed by the Governor, who, with the regular Commissioner, 
 was authorized to contract for the speedy prosecution of the work, and it was 
 made their duty to ascertain and pay off all just claims against the Improve- 
 ment ; and they were authorized to contract with any company for the sale of 
 all lands, tolls and water rents who would give satisfactory evidence and security 
 for the completion of the Improvement. But they were not to bind the State 
 by any contract further than the appropriation of the land and the income of 
 the Improvement ; and no contract made by the Commissionei's was to be valid 
 
444 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 until approved by the Governor. And by this act, the offices of Register and 
 Assistant Commissioner were abolished, and the Register was required to deliver 
 over to the State Land Office all books and papers in his office; and the Regis- 
 ter of the State Land Office was required to perform all the duties which the 
 Register of the Improvement had done. And by thus doing, the Legislature 
 gave the Des Moines Navigation & Railroad Company to understand that they 
 did not regard the contract made by them with the Commissioners as binding 
 upon the State, though by this act they made arrangements for auditing their 
 claims and paying them their just dues. 
 
 About this time, the question was brought up in the Land Department at 
 Washington, as to the extent of this grant of land, and the opinion was made 
 public that the original intention of Congress was to only give to the State the 
 lands below the Raccoon Fork ; but a disposition was manifested to compromise 
 by the Department recognizing as being in the grant all lands adjacent to the 
 river within the State. But assumptions had heretofore met with success, and 
 now those interested in the land grant claimed and contended that this grant 
 embraced all the lands to the source of the river. This difficulty about the 
 extent of the land grant, together with the action of the Legislature, nearly 
 suspended all operations on the river, and much was said by the Company 
 about enforcing their claims by law. 
 
 " The Commissioners appointed to audit and pay the claims against the 
 Improvement did not succeed in adjusting the claims of the Company, and the 
 matter was again referred to the Legislature ; and, on the 22d of March, 1858, 
 there was a joint resolution passed by the Legislature, defining the basis upon 
 which the State would settle, and the Des Moines Navigation & Railroad 
 Company were given sixty days to consider whether they would accept of and 
 ratify this proposition ; and if they did not, within that time, then it was made 
 the duty of the Governor to enjoin them from further proceeding with the work 
 of the Improvement. Also, on the same day of adopting this resolution, there 
 was an act passed giving all the lands which remained after settling with this 
 Company, 'and also all the stone, timber and other materials turned over to the 
 State by the Company,' to the Keokuk, Fort Des Moines & Minnesota Rail- 
 road Company, for the purpose of constructing a railroad from Keokuk up the 
 Des Moines Valley, to the northern line of the State, except the material which 
 it might be necessary to use for the completion of the locks and dams at Cro- 
 ton, Plymouth, Bentonsport and Keosauqua, which the Railroad Company were 
 to complete ; and also, all debts which grew out of the Improvement, which at 
 that time remained unsatisfied, or w^ere, in some manner, provided for. But in 
 this grant there was a provision made that it should not, in any manner, con- 
 flict with the lands which had, previous to that time, been given to the State by 
 Congress for railroad purposes, which, on the 15th of July, 1856, had been 
 given by the Legislatui'e to the companies formed to build the four roads desig- 
 nated by the grant. But it was understood that these lands, having been 
 donated by Congress for the improvement of the navigation of the river Des 
 Moines, could not be diverted to the building of a railroad without the consent 
 of Congress, and measures were immediately taken to get Congi-ess to sanction 
 the diversion ; but this attempt failed, so that the action of the Iowa Legisla- 
 ture did not avail the Railroad Company anything that session. The Railroad 
 Company determined to make another effort at the next session of Congress ; 
 but before the time for this eifort, another difficulty arose in the way of obtain- 
 ing the lands for the Keokuk, Fort Des Moines & Minnesota Railroad Com- 
 pany. 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 445 
 
 " In setting up the claims that the grants for improving the river Des 
 Moines extended above the Raccoon Fork, the citizens of Iowa were united, until 
 after the grant of lands by Congress for railroad purposes was made. After 
 this, the railroad companies became interested in the lands claimed for 
 the River Improvement, and claimed that the grant did not embrace any lands 
 above the Raccoon Fork, on which the citizens of Iowa were now divided, 
 and both sides of the question were represented. Upon this phase of the case, 
 the officer of the Land Department at Washington had but very little hesi- 
 tation in deciding against the claims of the River Improvement. After this 
 decision was made, the legal tribunals were resorted to, and a case was taken to 
 the Supreme Court of the United States, where the same decision was given as 
 in the Land Office. 
 
 •' On the 3d of March, 1860, there was an act passed abolishing the office of 
 Commissioner of the Des Moines River Improvement, and George G. Wright, 
 Edward Johnson and Christian W. Slagle were appointed a Board of Commis- 
 sioners for the purpose of ascertaining all the liabilities against the Des Moines 
 River Improvement, and against the State of Iowa, growing out of the Im- 
 provement. They were required to meet at Keosauqua, and were clothed with 
 power similar to the District Court, to hear and determine all claims growing 
 out of the Improvement, and were authorized to sell all the interests of the 
 State, and all dams and improvements, and the lands appertaining thereto. These 
 Commissioners proceeded with their duties, and with their labors closed all 
 official acts, as far as the State was concerned, in applying the proceeds of this 
 land grant toward the improvement of the navigation of the river Des Moines. 
 
 " This was a most magnificent grant, embracing some of the best lands in the 
 State; and if the proceeds had been judiciously and properly expended, would 
 have made a great thoroughfare for steamboats, besides affording an immense 
 water-power for driving machinery. But, through the incompetency of man- 
 aging the means, and the intrigues of designing men, the whole of the lands 
 below the Raccoon Fork, and a large quantity above, were disposed of, and 
 very little practical good accomplished toward the navigation of the river." 
 
 ORIGIN OF THE NAME DES MOINES. 
 
 In Nicollet's " Report of the Upper Mississippi River," made to Congress, 
 February 16, 1841, and published in 1843, he gives the following account of 
 the origin of the name of the Des Moines River : 
 
 " The Des Momes is one of the most beautiful and important tributaries of 
 the Mississippi, north of the Missouri ; and the metamorphosis which its 
 name has undergone from its original appellation is curious enough to be 
 recorded. 
 
 "We are informed that Father Marquette and M. Joliet, during their voy- 
 age in search of the Mississippi, having reached the distance of sixty leagues 
 below the mouth of the Wisconsin, observed the foot prints of men on the right 
 side of the great river, which served as a guide to those two celebrated explorers 
 to the discovery of an Indian trail, or path, leading to an extensive prairie, and 
 which they determined to follow. Having proceeded about two leagues, they 
 first saw one village on the bank of the river, and then two others upon the 
 slope, half a league from the first. The travelers, having halted within hailing 
 distance, were met by the Indians, who offered them their hospitalities, and rep- 
 resented themselves as belonging to the Illinois nation. 
 
446 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 "The name which they gave their settlement was 3fonmgomnas (or Moin- 
 gona, as laid down in the ancient maps of the country), and is a corruption of 
 the Algonquin word, Mlkouang, signifying at the road, by their customary 
 elliptical manner of designating localities, alluding, in this instance, to the 
 well-knoAvn road in this section of the country which they used to follow as a 
 communication between the head of the lower rapids and their settlement on 
 the river Avhich empties itself into the Mississippi, to avoid the rapids ; and this 
 is still the practice of the present inhabitants of the country. 
 
 " Now, after the French had established themselves on the Mississippi, they 
 adopted this name ; but with their custom (to this day also that of the Creoles) 
 of only pronouncing the first syllable, and applying it to the river as well as to 
 the Indians who dwelt upon it — so they would say, ' la riviere des Moines' {the 
 river of the Moines) :' ' alJez chez les Moines' (to go to the Moins people). 
 But in latter times the inhabitants associated this name with that of the Trappist 
 Monks [Moines de la Trappe), who resided with the Indians of the American 
 bottom. 
 
 " It was then concluded that the true reading of the riviere des Moi nes was 
 the ^riviere des Moines,' or river of monks, by which name it is design^ ted on 
 all the modern maps. The Sioux, or Ndakotah Indians call the Des Moines 
 Inyan-sha-sha-watpa, or Redstone River, from inyan stone ; sha-sha, redu- 
 plication of sha, red ; and watpa, river. They call the upper east fork 
 Inyan-sha-sha-watpa-sunkaku, the Brother of the Redstone River." 
 
 THE CRIMINAL RECORD. 
 
 The propriety of admitting to these pages accounts of the criminal events 
 which have occurred in the county is a question which, naturally, is suscept- 
 ible of different decisions. Some of our readers will contend that the dark side 
 of life ought to find no abiding mention here, while still another portion will 
 argue that no omissions should be made from the calendar of crime. We 
 have concluded to adopt a rule of our own in this chapter, straining the prerog- 
 ative of an historian thereby, perhaps, but rather on the side of prudence than 
 that of license. We shall give accounts of only the three tragedies which have 
 crimsoned the records of Wapello County, ofrnd resulted in the execution of the 
 guilty offenders against the sacred law of human life. Several homicides have 
 been committed in the county since its organization, but in all cases, save the 
 ones here related, the perpetrators of the deeds have either been adjudged guilt- 
 less before the law, or have received sentences of imprisonment for terms ran- 
 ging from twenty years downward. Minor crimes have also been committed, at 
 various times, but the average character of the official records is far above that 
 of many other counties of the State. It is deemed proper to omit all allusion, 
 in detail, to such events, and give merely the important cases, which are decid- 
 edly a part of the county history. 
 
 First, we transcribe from the Courier the following graphic account of the 
 Laura Harvey tragedy and the final punishment of McComb, the murderer. 
 This is the only legal execution which has taken place in Wapello County. 
 
 THE LAURA HARVEY MURDER AND EXECUTION OF McOOMB. 
 
 " On Tuesday, March 27, 1860, a party consisting of three persons — two 
 men and a woman — arrived in this city, and put up at the Jefferson House, then 
 kept by John Potter. They came in a common two-horse wagon, with an extra 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 447 
 
 horse tied to the back of it. The team was put up at Mr. Blodgett's livery 
 stable Avhile they remained here. During their stay at the Jefferson House, 
 they attracted the attention of Mr. Potter's family, as the conversation between 
 the members of the party was anything but friendly toward the young girl. 
 While here, the men did not express themselves very freely as to their destina- 
 tion or designs, but did on several occasions say that they thought they would 
 locate somewhere near here, as farmers, without, however, coming to any definite 
 conclusion. They remained here unitl Wednesday, about 2 o'clock, when they 
 left for Eddyville, where they arrived the same evening. Here, also, the sus- 
 picion of the landlord was aroused by the conversation heard in their room. 
 The girl was heard to say that she wished to return to her mother, from whom 
 she had been stolen. We might here say, however, that, before they left this 
 city, the men called at Dr. Taylor's drug store and requested him to send for 
 the Rockford, 111., Daily News, from March 19. for two weeks, and copies of 
 the Rockford Register^ to be forwarded to Eddyville. They hesitated to give 
 their names, but finally gave the name of William Moore. They left Eddy- 
 ville on Thursday morning, crossing the bridge southward. Before leaving, 
 they said they were going a few miles into the country to look at a farm. About 
 11 o'clock that morning, they were seen on the Chillicothe road, heading toward 
 this city. 
 
 "Nothing more was seen or heard of them until about 11 o'clock the same 
 night, when Mr. John Prosser, the proprietor of the ferry, Mr. Barnes and two 
 others were going home from town. They had crossed the river, and had gone 
 some twenty rods — or about half-way to Mr. Prosser's house — when a Avagon, 
 drawn by two horses, and one horse following, and two men aboard, passed 
 rapidly quite near the party, driving toward the ferry. Prosser sent his son 
 to the boat to cross them over, if they desired. The boy went, but they had 
 already driven into the river, and he saw the two men stooping over the side of 
 the -wagon and looking into the water, as if they were throwing something into 
 the stream. It being quite dark, however, he could not see distinctly what the 
 men were doing. The team drove on in a few minutes, and the boy went home. 
 About an hour afterward, a wagon was heard passing Prosser's house, and as 
 they could not be found next morning, it was supposed they had recrossed. 
 
 " On Friday morning, March 30, the body of the woman was found a few 
 feet below the lower ford. When found, it was nearly covered by water, and 
 to some extent by sand. It had been thrown into the channel of the river, 
 but, coming into contact with a root, it had lodged. Mr. Aumack, the milk- 
 man, first discovered the body. He, with Mr. Prosser and others, placed it in 
 a skiff and brought it to this side of the river, where it remained until the arrival 
 of the Coroner. It was conveyed to a building in town, where a jury was impan- 
 neled and an inquest held. A large number of Avitnesses were subpoenaed, and 
 testified. The body was subjected to a post-mortem examination, wdiich proved 
 that she had not committed suicide. There were wounds on the head and face 
 which were severe and fatal ; one eye was black and blue, and much swollen, 
 and on the throat were marks of fingers deeply indented, enough to choke a 
 person to death. The jury, after hearing all the testimony, etc., returned a 
 verdict that the deceased came to her death by blows inflicted upon her head by 
 a person or persons to them unknown. As soon as possible, officers and men 
 were sent out in every direction to secure the perpetrators of this brutal murder. 
 Up to this time, we believe, no names could be found of the girl or murderer, 
 although she was identified as the same person who had been at the Jefferson 
 House a few days before. 
 
448 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 " A week passed by, and large rewards were offered for their arrest, and 
 yet there were no tidings of the murderers, only that tliey had been traced to 
 Iowa City, where a man had sold the horses and harness, which were identified 
 as the same the party of three brought to this city. After that, all efforts were 
 in vain. Meanwhile, letters were written to Rockford, 111., and, in answer, the 
 whole matter of the names and character of the men were given. It appeared 
 that all were from Rockford, and their names were George Lawrence, Benjamin 
 A. McComb and Laura J. Harvey. 
 
 " Miss Harvey had been receiving the attentions of Lawrence for some 
 time, against the wishes of her parents, and it seems that some ten days before 
 they left for Iowa, they had gone to Beloit, Wis., and there were clandestinely 
 married, as she showed her mother the marriage certificate afterward. In a few 
 days after, she and Lawrence started off in the cars for the Mississippi River. 
 It appears that McComb, with two of Lawrence's horses and one of his own, 
 started after them. It seems to have been a concerted movement between 
 Lawrence and McComb. Lawrence had some $700, which, it is said, he stole 
 before he left. Nothing more was heard from them until the body of the girl 
 was found dead. 
 
 " The general impression was, at the time, that Lawrence and McComb 
 were both equally guilty of the murder ; but, as it afterward proved, Lawrence 
 met the same fate as the girl. 
 
 " On the 28th of July, 1860, just four months after the murder of Laura 
 J. Harvey, the body of a man was found in a ravine heading Copperas Creek, 
 about four miles from this city, eastward. The Coroner impaneled a jury, and 
 soon the mystery was solved. The flesh was nearly gone, but the skeleton, 
 with the exception of one leg, was there. The clothes, including coat, vest, 
 pants, gaiter-boot on one leg, ami silk cravat around the neck, were in 
 pretty good preservation, so much so that they were readily recognized by the 
 witnesses as those worn by Lawrence while here. Witnesses testified to pecul- 
 iar seams in his pants, to the buttons on his coat, and to other articles, so that 
 there could be no possible doubt of the identity of the man. After hearing all 
 the testimony, the jury returned a verdict that the deceased was George Law- 
 rence, and that he came to his death by means of a wound inflicted on the head 
 with a murderous instrument by some person or persons unknown. 
 
 " The place were the remains were found is, perhaps, as well adapted to the 
 purpose of concealing a dead body as could be found in the vicinity. It was so 
 near the head of the ravine, and the banks on each side were so steep and pre- 
 cipitous, that everybody would find it easier to go round the head of the ravine 
 than to attempt to cross it. 
 
 " So it was, that the mystery of crime was unraveled link by link, until the 
 chain reached to the criminal, and brought him, sooner or later, to justice. 
 There was no doubt that McComb was the real murderer of both victims. But 
 where was he? No clue had yet been found of him. Was it possible that he 
 could escape the punishment that was due him ? It is an old saying, that 
 ' murder will out,' and so it proved to him. Four years had elapsed, and yet 
 he was free in the world, carrying his double crime with him, until at last his 
 career was run. 
 
 " On the 2d of March, 1864, three ofiicers of Davenport arrested, at a small 
 saloon, a man supposed to be McComb. He was brought here on the 4th of 
 the same month. His arrest, as nearly as we can learn, was about as follows : 
 A young soldier, stationed at Camp McClellan, and who knew this man 
 McComb previous to his committing the murder, happened to meet him and 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 44& 
 
 recognize him. McComb had been in the employ of this young soldier's father 
 for three years, near Rockford, 111., and was recognized by him instantly. The 
 soldier, being cognizant of the murder and of the fact that McComb and the girl 
 left Rockford together, immediately informed the proper oflficers of the fact, 
 who started at once to find the individual. He was found at the saloon just as 
 he had concluded a trade with a man for a horse, for which he had paid $180. 
 When arrested, he quietly asked ' What for ? ' but made no resistance. The man 
 who had sold him the horse agreed to give him back |170, and retake the horse, 
 which was agreed upon. He seemed flush Avith money and did not evince the 
 least uneasiness. He said nothing about the affair, and only remarked that all 
 he wanted was a fair trial. His business at that time appeared to be bounty- 
 jumping. 
 
 " W^hen brought to this place, he appeared cheerful and conversed freely with 
 visitors. He admitted that he was the McComb they were after ; that he once 
 lived near Rockford ; but said his name was Lansing B. McComb, instead of 
 Benjamin A. McComb. He said he had been here before, and that he knew 
 George Lawrence, but knew nothing of the murder nor of the Harvey family. 
 Soon after being lodged in jail, he employed attorneys to defend him, but we 
 have never learned whether he made any effort to get proof of his innocence or 
 not ; at least at his trial he had none. 
 
 " On Tuesday, June 7, 1864, the trial of B. A. McComb commenced before 
 the District Court, then in session. When the case was called, he appeared by 
 his counsel and filed his plea of 'Not guilty.' Two applications were made for 
 a continuance, one of which was overruled and the other granted, but the con- 
 tinuance was avoided on the part of the State by admitting that he could prove 
 the allegations set out in his affidavit. 
 
 "About one hundred persons were summoned before a jury could be formed. 
 There was some excitement attending the trial, but it was not of such a charac- 
 ter as to prevent his having a fair and impartial hearing. The trial was ably 
 conducted on both sides. The testimony of the Avitnesses corresponded. The 
 charge of the Judge to the jury was able and comprehensive. During the trial, 
 the prisoner seemed perfectly calm and easy, apparently taking great interest 
 in the testimony. 
 
 " After the charge of the Judge, the jury retired, and remained out some 
 three-quarters of an hour, when they returned with the following verdict : ' We, 
 the jury, find the defendant guilty of murder in the first degree.' 
 
 "• On Wednesday, June 14, the time having arrived for the sentence, the 
 prisoner was brought into court and the sentence of death passed upon him. 
 When the Judge asked him if he could show any cause why sentence should 
 not be pronounced against him, or if he had anything to say, he replied : ' I 
 don't know as I have.' The Court then sentenced him to be hanged on the 
 27th of July, at 12 o'clock M. The prisoner received the sentence without 
 any apparent emotion, preserving the same indifference that he had throughout 
 the trial. 
 
 " The case was taken to the Supreme Court, and consequently he was not 
 hanged on the day appointed. 
 
 " On the day fixed by the District Court for McComb to be hanged, a great 
 many people from the country who had not, perhaps, heard of the postponement 
 of the execution, or who did not believe it, came in to witness the prisoner 
 receive his punishment. By noon of that day the streets were crowded with 
 people, old and young, but up to this time nothing transpired to indicate any 
 unlawful purpose on the part of the multitude. Shortly after noon, however, 
 
450 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 impelled, seemmgly by a common purpose, the crowd gathered around the Jail, 
 and the leaders, some dozen persons, avowed their purpose to take the prisoner 
 out and hang him. Several persons addressed the crowd, urging them to 
 desist, and let the law take its course, which, however, had no apparent restrain- 
 ing effect. The Sheriif resisted the execution of their purpose to the best of 
 his ability. 
 
 " A vote was taken by the mob — now numbering some hundreds — which 
 was decided in favor of hanging, after Avhich a rush was made for the door of 
 the Jail. After a good deal of maneuvering, they finally broke open the back 
 door and entered, breaking also the locks on the cell of the prisoner and taking 
 him out. He asked for an hour, which was given him, to prepare for death. 
 He was taken into the Catholic Church, and baptized, after which the mob again 
 took him in charge. The crowd could not decide upon a proper place to exe- 
 cute him, but, after some time, they placed him in a wagon, and took him about 
 a mile east of town, where they found a bent tree, and a place fit to carry out 
 their design. They got the rope adjusted around his neck, and were about 
 throwing it over a limb, when McComb requested time to make a few remarks, 
 in substance, that they were hanging an innocent man : he said that he could 
 prove that George Lawrence was still living, and that he did not murder Laura 
 J. Harvey. 
 
 " At this point a cry was raised all through the crowd, ' Take him back ! ' 
 Others yelling out 'Hang him !' Then a short struggle for the possession of 
 the rope ensued, when some one called out, 'Cut it!'. This was no sooner 
 said than done, and the prisoner rescued from the hands of the mob, placed in 
 a wagon, driven rapidly to town and lodged again in jail. It was a daring act 
 on the part of those who rescued him but they could not stand by and see 
 mob law rule our county. 
 
 " On Wednesday evening, August 24, McComb escaped from the jail, in 
 brief as follows: Knowing that the Sheriff (who resides in the Jail), was 
 absent from home, he, by the means of ofi"ering a little boy of the Sheriff"s, only 
 about 11 years old, large sums of money, etc., induced him to unlock his cell 
 and the back door, so that the prisoner had nothing to do but to walk out and 
 escape. He took the boy with him for a short distance, but for some reason 
 drove him back home. 
 
 "It appeared that McComb and another prisoner had been tampering with 
 the boy for some time before, and, taking advantage of the Sheriff"'s absence, 
 consummated their design on that evenino;. We will here state, that after a 
 full investigation of the matter, no blame Avas attached to the Sheriff or Dep- 
 uty, as they had watched the Jail alternately every night, and on that evening 
 the Sheriff supposed he would be at home in time to watch that night, which 
 he was at 8 o'clock. 
 
 "The prisoners were pursued in every direction, and on the following Sat- 
 urday morning McComb was recaptured some fifteen miles east of this city and 
 brought back the same day, and once more lodged in his old quarters. 
 
 "On Wednesday, August 31, another mob assembled for the purpose of 
 again trying to execute the prisoner. It was composed mostly of the same 
 persons who constituted the first mob. They found, however, on their arrival 
 here, that the Jail was so guarded by the military as to render the execution of 
 their purpose dangerous to those who attempted it. After having given the 
 mob time to survey the precautions taken to preserve the law, the Sherifi" 
 ordered them to disperse, which, upon consultation among themselves, they 
 concluded to do, and did disperse without any further demonstration. The 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 451 
 
 citizens of this city had determined previous to this, that mob law should 
 never again reign over civil law. 
 
 " The Supreme Court convened in the beginning of December last, and the 
 case of McComb was argued in its turn. The Court affirmed the decision of 
 the District Court. It was then left to the Governor to fix the day of execu- 
 tion. He being absent then, and for some time afterward, the day was not 
 fixed until a few weeks ago, and indeed the Sheriff of this county was not 
 officially advised of the time until last Saturday (the 11th), when he received 
 the warrant of the Governor, fixing the 17th for the execution. When the 
 prisoner was advised officially of the time, he, as on all occasions, received it 
 calmly and indifferently, saying nothing, and seemingly caring nothing about 
 it. 
 
 " The morning of the 17th of February, the day appointed for the expi- 
 ation of the great crime was cloudy and snowing moderately. The streets were 
 wet and unpleasant for locomotion. A military company from Kirkville 
 arrived at an early hour, and with Companies A and B, of this place, repaired 
 to the Court House to act as guard. Up to 10 o'clock, the mumber of stran- 
 gers in town was considerable, but not noticeably large. About that time, 
 however, the people began to arrive more freely, until at 12 the crowd proba- 
 bly numbered 2,000. 
 
 " The Mayor of the city had issued his proclamation requiring all the saloons 
 to be closed, and the order was universally respected as far as is known. It was 
 a wise precaution to preserve order. The following twelve persons composed 
 the jury summoned by the Sheriff, according to law, to witness the execution : 
 E. H. Stiles, R. W. Boyd, J. W. McGlasson, Charles Dudley, Thomas Foster, 
 A. Melick, B. D. Baker, John Newman, William A. Nye, M. J. Williams, T. 
 J. Zollars and Thomas C. Harkins. 
 
 " The prisoner did not sleep well the night before the execution, as he had 
 not for several nights previous. He was cheerful, however, as he has been gen- 
 erally throughout his imprisonment. He partook of food in the morning mod- 
 erately. About 9 o'clock. Rev. Father Kreckle, Catholic priest of this city, with 
 clerical assistance from abroad, attended in the prisoner's cell to prepare him, 
 according to the rites of that Church, for the great change about to take place. 
 
 " The gallows had been erected during the night in the west end of the hall, 
 in front of the cells, the platform raised about five feet from the ground. At 
 about half past lithe jury were sworn and proceeded to the place of execution. 
 No other persons were admitted except the guard, clergymen, physicians, Drs. 
 Williamson and Hinsey, and two or three representatives of the press. The 
 hour of 12 drew near. The officiating priests were still engaged with the 
 prisoner in his cell, he still appearing calm and collected. 
 
 " The clergymen left the cell, and the Sheriff, assisted by Deputy Reed, 
 proceeded to robe the prisoner for the execution. While this was going on, 
 McComb remarked to Reed, ' Bill, I'd make a good priest.' 
 
 " At precisely 12 o'clock, allowance being made for difference in time-pieces, 
 McComb, accompanied by Revs. Father Kreckle and McCailly, the Sheriff and 
 Deputy Sheriff Reed, came from the cell. He walked with a firm step. At 
 the foot of the gallows, a pause of a few minutes was made, while the priest 
 offered prayers, the prisoner responding. At the conclusion of the exercises, 
 the prisoner walked quickly back across the length of the hall to the cells of his 
 fellow-prisoners, of whom betook leave ; returning toward the gallows through 
 the crowd, he shook hands with such persons as he knew, pausing a few minutes 
 and speaking in a low voice to Judge Trimble. He then ascended the scaffold, 
 
452 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 walking steadily and firmly, and at once deliberately took hold of the rope, 
 apparently testing its strength. Being called upon by the Sheriff, he stepped 
 forward near the front of the platform, and spoke distinctly as follows : 
 
 " ' You have come to see an innocent man hung. I am here upon the gallows 
 with but a very few minutes to live, and I say to you I am an innocent man. 
 I want you to recollect that I am about to suffer on false testimony. My life 
 has been sworn away. There is no other State where I could have been 
 convicted upon this evidence but the State of Iowa. Still, I do not blame any 
 of you. I don't know that I have any enemies here. I may have, but I don't 
 know them. But, although my enemies will cheat me out of my life, they can't 
 cheat me out of heaven. I have no confession to make. I have made none, and 
 I can give you, if there should be anything published purporting to be McComb's 
 confession, that you will know that it is false. I want you all to recollect this 
 (repeated several times in the course of his remarks), I am an innocent man, 
 and in three or four years, when it is too late to restore me to life, you will know 
 it. I have only one request to make, that my body, after I am dead, may be 
 taken down to the Court House and exhibited to those who are my enemies.' 
 
 '• The rope was now adjusted around the neck of the prisoner, the black cap 
 drawn over his face, and his hands and feet tied. The Sheriff, having shaken 
 hands with him, at 12:30 the drop fell, and the soul of McComb was launched 
 into eternity. He struggled some ten minutes, and then all was still. The 
 physicians, Drs. Hinsey and Williamson, at 12:51 pronounced life extinct. 
 
 " The body was taken down, dressed, placed in a coflSn, and conveyed 
 between files of soldiers to the lower hall of the Court House, where the people 
 were permitted to see it. The remains left that evening by express for Rock- 
 ford, 111. 
 
 " Thus ended this drama. McComb was a man of great fortitude, of 
 immense physical endurance. He is the man the public have from the beginning 
 believed to be the man who committed this awful crime. He persisted to the 
 last in asserting his innocence; but he had a fair trial, was convicted by a jury 
 of his countryman, and we doubt if any execution ever received the more unani- 
 mous approval of public opinion." 
 
 THE WILLIS MURDER LYNCHING OF KEPHART. 
 
 The most atrocious murder ever committed in the county of Wapello was 
 that of the Willis family, mother and two children, by John Kephart. The 
 tragedy occurred near Eddyville in June, 1860, but belongs rather to the his- 
 tory of Jefferson County than to Wapello. The triple murder was performed 
 on the soil of the last-named county ; but the discovery of the crime and the 
 summary administration of justice took place within the limits of Jefferson 
 County. 
 
 The details of the shocking affair are here briefly narrated. John Kephart 
 formed the acquaintance of the Willis family, then consisting of William and 
 Jane Willis, the parents, and Joseph T., a lad of 12 ; Maria Jane, a girl of 7, 
 and James Harvey Willis, a lad of 10 — children of the aforesaid parents — in 
 Muscatine. He had lived in different parts of the State, and seems to have 
 been, like his victims, of the lower walks of life. 
 
 In the spring of 1860, Kephart agreed to move the Willis family into Mis- 
 souri. He performed his work, and while they were stopping at a Widow Sny- 
 der's, in Cass County, Mo., Willis suddenly sickened and died. There is rea- 
 son to believe that Kephart administered poison to the man, probably for the 
 purpose of securing to himself the woman Willis, and what little wealth the 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 453 
 
 poor fellow possessed. Mrs. Willis, it is alleged, charged the crime on Kep- 
 hart, but still consented to remain with him, and made no effort to avenge her 
 hu8band's tragic taking-off". This fact demonstrates the character of the par- 
 ticipants in the subsequent events. 
 
 After the death of Willis, the party lived a vagabond life, and in early June 
 started for Kansas. The night of the tragedy they camped near the bridge at 
 Eddyville. It was subsequently shown that the man and woman quarreled 
 about some money affair, and in the night, the man Kephart, a hoary-headed 
 old sinner of about 60 years of age, killed Mrs. Willis with an ax, and the two 
 children, Joseph and Maria, with a hammer. The boy James escaped through 
 some good fortune. Willis concealed the bodies in his wagon, and retraced his 
 steps toward Missouri. He drove thirty miles with an ox-team before disposing 
 of his ghastly freight, and then sunk the bodies of his victims in Cedar Creek, 
 near Batavia, Jefferson County. 
 
 Three or four days after the hiding of the bodies, a fisherman chanced to 
 discover the horrid deed. Search was at once instituted, and the wretch over- 
 taken in Missouri. The crime was easily traced, because of the bungling man- 
 ner in which it had been performed. 
 
 Kephart was taken to Fairfield, and there incarcerated in the County Jail. 
 Public sentiment ran so higli that lynching was openly advocated. July 5, 
 the feeling crystallized into action, and an immense concourse of people assem- 
 bled about the Jail with the intent to administer prompt judgment. Many of 
 the leading citizens addressed the mob in vain ; and finally the guilty wretch 
 was taken out by force, placed in a wagon, and driven to the spot where the 
 bodies where found. There a rude gallows had already been erected, a grave 
 dug, and all was in readiness for the victim of an indignant populace. At about 
 half past 2 the prisoner was brought to the scaftbld after a ride of nearly thirteen 
 miles. He was, as his deeds showed, a miserable coward, and had nearly fainted 
 from fright several times. Finally all was made ready, and the trap fell, launch- 
 ing the murderer into eternity. The body was allowed to hang an hour or 
 more in sight of at least one thousand five hundred persons, a third of whom 
 were women and children, it is said. The corpse went, in all probability, into 
 the dissecting-room of some Jefferson County surgeon. 
 
 The authorities and law-abiding portion of the people of Jefferson County 
 bitterly condemned the hanging, since the law at that time provided for the 
 death penalty, and there was no danger of the prisoner's being allowed to 
 escape. Upon the question of the righteousness of the deed, there naturally is 
 a diversified opinion; but there can be no difference of opinion as to the just 
 deserts of the man. The manner, and not the infliction of the punishment, 
 alone furnishes food for adverse criticism. 
 
 THE SHOOTING OF ALBERT M. LOGAN, AND THE LYNCHING OF HIS MURDERER, 
 
 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 The most tragic event which has ever occurred in Ottumwa, was the cold- 
 blooded murder of Officer Albert M. Logan, at the hands of John Smith, or 
 John Scott Smith, as he was also called. The scene was intensified by the 
 subsequent lynching of the murderer, and his execution, in broad daylight, in 
 front of the City Hall, in Ottumwa. The circumstances of the terrible affair 
 are as follows : 
 
 About 9 o'clock on the evening of the 28th of June, 1875, Officer Logan^ 
 was performing police duty near the depot building, in Ottumwa, in conjunc- 
 tion with Ofiicer John H. McGee, who had been sent there by Marshal Vannaman 
 
454 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 on the report of some petty disturbance. The two policemen discovered nothing 
 to demand their services, and proceeded to patrol the neighborhood. As they 
 approached the depot platform, they detected a company of three men lounging 
 there, and overheard oneof them remark thathe " wasgettingd — d drunk." Logan 
 stepped up to the speaker and said, " Come with me." The fellow demanded 
 the officer's authority, when Logan displayed his badge of Assistant Marshal. 
 The man recognized the insignia of office, and quietly proceeded to accompany 
 Logan up the track toward the business part of town. McGee noticed that one 
 of the men who was first seen with the prisoner got up and followed Logan, 
 and immediately started in the same direction to prevent interference with the 
 arrest. When Logan had reached a point on the railroad track midway between 
 College and Union streets, Officer McGee saw a flash of light in front of Logan 
 and heard the sharp report of a pistol. He saw Logan jump to the right, when 
 he beheld the prisoner fire a second shot. McGee drew his own revolver and ran 
 forward to Logan's assistance. Meanwhile, Logan had fallen to the ground, 
 pierced through the chest, and expired. McGee did not wait to attend the 
 victim, but pursued the murderer, who fled down Union street to the alley, 
 thence along the alley, and jumped a fence into an adjoining garden. A crowd 
 of men had assembled by this time, and the bloody wretch, who had escaped a 
 shower of bullets in his flight, was dragged into the alley and there secured. 
 
 At the foot of College street lay the corpse of one of the bravest and most 
 highly esteemed, officers ever on the police force of Ottumwa. Young in years, 
 but full of courage ; prompt to perform duty, no matter how dangerous or 
 involved, the officer had come to his untimely end at the hands of a desperate 
 character, who was unworthy to receive even passing recognition from his victim 
 when alive. 
 
 It is not strange that the people of Ottumwa were thrown into a whirl of 
 excitement, and that the news flew like wildfire throughout the city. Soon 
 the streets were filled with an angered crowd, and speculations as to where that 
 lawlessness would end were generally indulged in. 
 
 What added to the feeling of indignation was the recollection that, although 
 the known murderer was then in the hands of the law, that very law prevented 
 the meting-out to him a just reward for his brutal crime. The State laws, at 
 that time, did not permit of the carrying-out of that vigorous old Mosaic man- 
 date — a life for a life. Talk of lynching was freely indulged in that night, 
 but no effort to carry out the threats so frequently made was put in definite 
 form. 
 
 The following day, an inquest was held on the body of Logan, and the crime 
 of willful murder fixed on Smith. The hardened sinner admitted that he did 
 the killing, but supposed that he was shooting Marshal Vannaman instead of 
 Logan. 
 
 All the morning of the day following the murder, while the inquest was in 
 progress, a silent determination to rid the world of a plague grew in the public 
 mind. Where it was originated, or by whom, no one knew ; still, everybody 
 was impressed Avith the opinion that the tragedy was not yet ended. 
 
 At about 2 P. M., the prisoner was taken to the City Hall f )r preliminary 
 examination. Marshal Vannaman had charge of him. The street in front of 
 the Hall was filled with an orderly but ominously quiet crowd of people, while 
 every foot of room was occupied within the building. Esquire Fetzer presided 
 over the examination, which was merely formal, since Smith waived full exam- 
 ination, and was bound over to trial at the District Court, without bonds. The 
 prisoner was not in the court-room many minutes. 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 455 
 
 The mittimus was made out, and Marshal Vannaman proceeded to return 
 his charge to the Jail. The crowd in the Hall and on the stairway rushed down 
 into the street in advance of the culprit- As the officers in charge of Smith 
 reached the doorway on the street, a cry of " Hang him ! " was raised. Imme- 
 diately, with remarkable unity of action and without noise, the jMarshal and 
 his men were violently pushed away from Smith. They fought like tigers for 
 their charge, but were over-powered almost instantly. In the melee Smith had 
 been carried some little distance up the street. When the crowd captured him, 
 and forced Vannaman away, he was taken on a quick walk to the lamp-post 
 just in front of the City Hall, on the outer edge of the walk. There he stood, 
 with sullen and dogged look, viewing the crowd. He realized at that moment 
 what violent death meant. He had sent a human being out of life but a few 
 hours before, and now an avenging people were to perform a deed Avhich would 
 end his own reckless existence. What his thoughts were, no man can tell. He 
 was of too low an intelligence to suffer much more than a brutal agony of fear, 
 like the coward he was; but it is certain that he did experience all the torments 
 cap&ble of realization in such a mind as his. 
 
 A moment of awful inaction, but merely a moment. From somewhere, 
 no one knows where, a rope appeared. A noose was formed and placed about 
 the murderer's neck. A dozen hands swung the rope, as though a child were 
 playing at skipping-the-rope. The first efforts to reach the arm of the lamp-post 
 failed. At last it lodged across the slender beam, and stout hands hauled upon 
 the farther end. They pulled the fellow from his feet, and the rope caught in 
 the post. Some one reached down and lifted the man up. Another pull at the 
 rope and Smith's body hung between heaven and earth. The end of the rope 
 was fastened about the post, and the victim left to swoy slowly in the air. The 
 body hung for about ten minutes, when life was pronounced totally extinct, and 
 the corpse was lowered. 
 
 There are several very remarkable facts connected with this hanging. In 
 the first place, although several hundred persons witnessed the tragedy, not one 
 in all that crowd can swear as to who furnished the rope, who placed it around 
 Smith's neck, who pulled him up, or who fastened the end of the rope about 
 the lamp-post. Second, it is said by those who have beheld several executions, 
 that Smith died more easily than most men do from such causes. He was 
 dead before the crowd pulled him up ! Fright deprived him of life. He made 
 but one slight convulsion of the neck and shoulders, and was dead. His hands 
 were cuffed, but his arms and legs were free ; still he moved not a single muscle. 
 
 As to the merits of this case, we have no right to speak. Had Logan 
 been spared, that his life would have been a useful one, there is no doubt. Now 
 that Smith is dead, probably the world is not much the poorer. 
 
 Albert M. Logan was born in Decatur County, Ind., and at the time of 
 his death was twenty-three years of age. He had been a resident of Ottumwa 
 for four years, first as an employe of the Johnston Rufl^ler Company, and then 
 in various clerical capacities, until he finally obtained a place on the police 
 force of the city, only a few weeks prior to his death. He was a warm-hearted, 
 open-countenanced young man, who had hosts of friends. He was a nephew 
 of Sheriff Spillman, then acting in that official character; and a touching coinci- 
 dence is the fact that the murdered man and the murderer were taken to the 
 same building, the County Jail, where Sheriff Spillman then lived. 
 
 The man Smith came of bad stock, and declared himself to be a " bad 
 one." His father lived at Batavia. At the time of his execution he was about 
 thirty years of age. 
 
456 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 THE COUNTY AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 
 
 On the 24th of January, 1852, the Wapello County Agricultural Society 
 was organized. The meeting of citizens convened at the Court House in Ottum- 
 wa, for that purpose, and the officers elected were as follows : President, John 
 W. Hedrick ; Vice President, G. D. Hackworth ; Treasurer, Bela White ; 
 Secretary, J. W. Norris. The Board of Managers was made up of one from 
 each township, as follows : Center, Uriah Biggs ; Dahlonega, William Rowell ; 
 Agency, Jesse Brookshire ; Pleasant, James Hill ; Washington, Franklin 
 Newell ; Richland, J. D. Bevans ; Highland, B. B. Stephens ; Competine, 
 Andrew Majors ; Columbia, Levi Jenkins ; Cass, William A. Nye ; Polk, 
 Edward Pedigo ; Adams, Joseph Wood ; Greene, D. H. Michael ; Keokuk, W. 
 C. Mclntire. This meeting passed off very harmoniously, and a good many 
 persons became members of the society. Though a fair Avas planned for the 
 first year, it did not come off, owing to the fact that the farmers throughout the 
 county had hardly become waked up enough in interest for such an event. But 
 on the 14th of October, 1853, the first fair took place, and very successfully, 
 too. There were at least two thousand persons present, and a very commend- 
 able show of stock and articles for competition. The number and variety of 
 cattle on exhibition was a source of pride to all interested in the quality of 
 farming stock. After the fair was over, an election of officers took place, when 
 Mr. J. W. Hedrick was again chosen President, E. Washburn, Treasurer, and 
 R. H. Warden, Secretary. The second list of township Directors was as fol- 
 loAvs: Columbia, J. W. Norris ; Cass, John Johnson; Richland, J. H*. Devol ; 
 Highland, M. W. McChesney ; Competine, H. Risley ; Pleasant, A. B. Per- 
 sons ; Washington, T. Foster ; Agency, Charles Dudley ; Keokuk, Joseph Mc- 
 lntire ; Greene, M. Tullis ; Adams, J. P. Brock ; Dahlonega, Jonathan Thomp- 
 son ; Center, U. Biggs. As there was no member of the society at that time 
 from Polk Township, that was not represented in the Board. 
 
 The records of this society have been so fully preserved in the books, as 
 well as in the county newspapers, that we feel it unnecessary to elaborate the 
 proceedings here. From the first, the society has prospered, and has been as 
 complete a success as might naturally be expected in so good a county. Annual 
 meetings are kept up, and reference to the Secretary's books is made, if our 
 readers desire a detailed account of them at any time. A transcript of them 
 here would occupy too much space. 
 
 SPECULATIVE AND PROPHETIC. 
 
 The man who cannot find something to love and applaud in the land he has 
 chosen for a home is devoid of the elements of patriotism — that devotion which 
 cements these States and preserves the Union in indissoluble bonds. But where 
 one finds a region so abundant in natural advantages, so enchanting in landscape, 
 and so salubrious in climate as this in which we write these lines, the lack of 
 patriotic enthusiasm falls little below a crime in magnitude and character. 
 
 That such a deficiency does not exist in the hearts of Wapello County men 
 and women we have learned by personal investigation. The residents are proud 
 of their homes and ambitious that the world should know of it. Naturesmiled 
 when these broad acres were perfected. The gradual action of the elements 
 resulted in artistic forms of hillock, plain and valley, as though the creative 
 
-Sp**-**?- 
 
 ^ 
 
 O TTU MWA 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 459 
 
 force had endowed the agents of transformation with esthetic attributes. The 
 <;rude touches of the landscape are found where the water-courses still push their 
 way through gorge and marsh, and offer a protest against criticism, as though 
 to impress one with the idea that their work is but half performed. As an artist 
 might turn in angry warning upon one who was bold enough to speak harshly 
 of his sketch when but half completed, so do the smaller streams speak volumes 
 to the thoughtful mind which is prepared by culture to commune with Nature. 
 The graceful sweep of field, which now gladdens the heart of the expectant 
 husbandman, was once the bed of such a stream as this. Ages ago, the process 
 of evolution began, and countless years have passed since first the impeding 
 twigs or pebbles changed the direction of the waters. The results of Nature's 
 ceaseless workings are now beheld in the lovely range of prairies, dotted with 
 homesteads and beautified by waving grain. 
 
 There is a township in the county known as Richland. The traveler may 
 wrell pause to admire the scene and speculate upon the comparative beauties of 
 the original and modern region. It is almost impossible for man to conceive of 
 a more delightful combination of hill and dell than that which uprolls itself 
 before his eye, in grateful succession, as he journeys slowly through it. The 
 popular Eastern idea of Iowa is that the monotony of landscape is wearisome 
 to eye and brain ; that the prairie reaches away like some limitless sea, which 
 is unruffled by a breeze until the horizon swallows it up in very desperation. 
 The truth is, that no Eastern field presents the variety of conformation that 
 these fertile ranges do. From some elevation one may see far away, but from 
 a carriage one's vision is intercepted before the eye is fairly satisfied with the 
 glimpse obtained. The waves of land are not in mathematical regularity, like 
 some humanly planned creation, but are as broken in outline as the face of some 
 great mountain. The characteristic difference between mountain and prairie is 
 that the former is crude, from upheaval of rock and from the action of mighty 
 tempests, while here, the gradual mounds have been shaped by the constant 
 deposit of sediment from the stream that lapped the base. The sinuous course 
 of rivers is traceable as distinctly as when the northern waters rushed through 
 their winding beds. Here a gentle ascent widens and lifts itself into a rid we 
 which bends with graceful sweep, but increasing proportions, far out of si^ht 
 behind the mound yonder. Two rivers met here, one day, and ever after sep- 
 arated, to unite again where the ridge descends to the level of the plain. The 
 mound was once an island, caused by the eddy that swirled just beyond the 
 force of the river stream. 
 
 Thus has the prairie land been made, as is explained in the article upon the 
 geological formation of the county. 
 
 How marked have been the transformations in the social world since the 
 organization of Wapello County ! The slow-moving ox-cart has given place to 
 the stately family carriage ; the patient beast to the spirited, blooded horse. 
 Those who made pilgrimages to primitive altars for the worship of God now 
 "bow their heads in costly piles of stone and brick, and offer devotional sacri- 
 fices in the scores of church edifices which stand so thickly in every portion of 
 the land. 
 
 Schoolhouses have been erected at almost all the crossings of section-line 
 roads, and educational advantages are offered the children of the pioneers. Nor 
 is the system of instruction as of old, but a slow, inadequate exercise of the 
 mental powers. The methods then were like the ox-cart itself in movement and 
 result ; all was plodding, heavy, ungraceful, unskilled. But now the youthful 
 l)rain is stimulated by the most carefully arranged gradations. The child, from 
 
460 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 the first, has just the point of intelligence appealed to that is necessary for his 
 swiftest growth. And with the mental stimulus the physical is roused as well ; 
 the whole nature is included in the training. By rapid and certain stages, the 
 pupil is brought to the desired knowledge, and the result is a quick and well- 
 balanced development that shames the cumbrous growth of earlier years. There 
 need no longer be any proportion of illiterate persons in the census return's. 
 The avenues to education are as open as the highways, and he who will not 
 walk at least a little way in them must be indeed a blind and unworthy creat- 
 ure. That which a large proportion of our fathers and forefathers lacked was 
 opportunity.. With capacities equal to those of the present, circumstances often 
 dwarfed and misdirected them. But this cannot be urged now. In all direc- 
 tions the scope has widened ; male and female alike have the range of all fields 
 of learning. But a few years ago, the question of the equal education of the 
 sexes was one that agitated the enlightened world ; to-day it is practically set- 
 tled ; and what then seemed to involve momentous resolution, and possibly 
 large social destruction, is now one of the smoothest-running wheels in the 
 whole machinery of life. Thus rapid have been the steps toward enlighten- 
 ment — thus long and grand the strides toward universal freedom. 
 
 A prophet who should in this day attempt to forecast the future could 
 scarcely dip his wand in too bright colors. He would be safe in exaggeration, 
 safe in seeming to exceed even the bounds of possibility. From the near past, 
 what may we not hope and expect in the near future ? We are growing to look 
 upon miracles as commonplace. The bump of wonder is likely to be wholly 
 obliterated from the phrenological chart. And the West, young and vigorous 
 as it is, is not a whit behind older civilization, but leads off already in many 
 ways, and is likely yet to distance all by the strength of its sinews and the 
 courage of its health. 
 
 These reflections come up naturally from the contemplation of a portion of 
 country like this county of Wapello, which we have been studying in all its 
 phases, with a view to a thorough understanding of its present status and of 
 its future possibilities. It would be too much like flattery to apply them strictly 
 to Wapello ; but it is simply truth to apply them to the West as a whole, and 
 surely no one will deny that Wapello is a typical Western region. 
 
 One sure sign of continued progress is that progress no longer startles 
 people. With what sang froid even the wonders of the telephone are accepted ; 
 for within the year of the application of that wonderful principle, we find that 
 business men here, as in older places, make nothing of connecting their houses 
 and ofiices with the bewitched wire on which speech travels audibly. It is not 
 a matter of wonder ; it is accepted as the most natural and commonplace thing 
 in the world. No one's equiuimity is disturbed, no one's pulse quickened. 
 
 The tendency is to universalize. Regions no longer produce types — all are 
 cosmopolitan. The West, which was for a long time the synonym of the New, 
 the Crude, the Out-of-reach, is to-day just as accessible, just as central, has just 
 as many advantages as the East, and it is a little younger and spryer, and 
 more eager and more daring, and, for that reason, rather leads in the march. 
 We have said that the West wonders at nothing, and yet the world wonders at 
 the West. 
 
 It is by comparison that we best mark progress. It will be interesting, and 
 no doubt even amusing, a quarter of a century hence, to take, for example, the 
 pages of this history, and, reading of Wapello County as it was, to note how 
 old-fashioned and moderate were our estimates of its possibilities ; from the height 
 of its achievement to look back to the level of its aspirations. Some may then 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 461 
 
 speak of its early days with perhaps the half-pitying, half-charitable affection with 
 which men speak of their youth. Yet there never Avill be a day when Wapello 
 will not be proud of its youth — of that youth's mighty brawn, of its equal 
 courage, of its efforts that would not be stinted, of its determination that would 
 not be balked. There never will be a day when the men who began the struc- 
 ture, and laid its foundations so strong and broad, will not be gratefully remem- 
 bered by those who are at work on its towers and pinnacles, and adding the fin- 
 ishing beauty to its vastness. Had the pioneer been shiftless and idle and uncivil- 
 ized, the generations that followed him would have been the same. But we are" 
 safe in hoping what Ave do when we remember from what seed the present has 
 sprung. It is not arrogating all the greatness to To-day, but it is giving honor 
 to Yesterday, when we boast of what is being done, and augur for the future still 
 more remarkable achievements. It is because the root was sound that the 
 plant has thriven and flowered so beautifully. Honor to the pioneer ! Honor 
 to the good right arm that turned the fruitful furrow ! Honor to the patient 
 ones who helped him to toil and build and endure ! 
 
 OTTUMWA. 
 
 Ottumwa, the city of perseverance or self-will, as the name implies, according 
 to authorities cited further on in this chapter, stands on more hills than Rome 
 can boast, and is beautiful for situation. Before we enter upon the work of 
 telling how the hand of man wrought the mighty changes everywhere apparent, 
 let us step upon one of the commanding eminences and view the scene of to-day. 
 
 Here, from this hill, can be seen the river, winding far away. The valley 
 at our feet teems with life. To the northward, the enterprise which gives move- 
 ment to the industrial institutions of the town — the water-power — utilizes the 
 vast force of the river and brings it under the control of man. Southward, 
 along the lowland, are seen the nucleus of future developments. Unfinished 
 walls tell of the confidence reposed in the locality by men of capital, and attract 
 to themselves still other manufacturing interests. Like unto the mysterious 
 influence of the magnet are those silent forces with which investments are con- 
 trolled by preceding ventures. Where once the movement is begun, the tide of 
 prosperity is almost certain to flow. And all this is natural enough, since 
 the first effort is likely to be made only after serious consideration of advantages 
 to the investor. Let that vital question be once decided and it remains settled 
 for all time, or at least for so long a period as the leading local agencies prove 
 worthy of foreign aid. Ottumwa is fortunate in the character of her leading 
 men. They are alive to modern enterpi-ise and court the sustaining power wl.ich 
 foreign wealth can impart to the town. 
 
 Hence, we notice from our post of observation the evidences of two essen- 
 tial elements of prosperity. First, the work which nature did in this region 
 was well performed ; and second, the men whom fate located here are of the 
 right stamp to use the gifts of nature prudently and to their full value. The 
 river is broad, the supply of water is practically limitless and the means of 
 diverting it into practicable channels for daily use are both economic and easy 
 of control. The region roundabout is fertile and, as yet, in its infancy of pro- 
 ductiveness. Beneath the surface of the earth lie vast beds of rich coal, which 
 can be employed readily for fuel or as an article of commerce. 
 
 As we stand here, gazing at this busy town, with the churches and school 
 houses, its streets of business blocks and its homes of elegance and refinement, 
 
462 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 which betoken so high a degree of prosperity among its people, we find ourselves 
 asking : From whence came all this ? Let us take up the answer in its fullest 
 
 THE APPANOOSE RAPIDS COMPANY. 
 
 When it became apparent that the flood of emigration was moving in the 
 direction of the Des Moines, westward from Jefferson County, there were 
 shrewd men ready to perceive the possibilities incident to so marked a growth 
 in settlement. Before the binding acts of legislation had been approved, by 
 which the boundaries of this county Avere defined, it was practically decided 
 that the new counties west of Jeff'erson were to be of uniform size. Each 
 division was to be twelve Congressional townships, or eighteen miles north and 
 south by twenty-four miles east and west. In 1842, the cession of Indian 
 land included a i-ange westward almost to the western line of what is now 
 Monroe County, and left Wapello in full possession of the whites after the 
 expiration of the date of limit. May 1, 1843. Ample time was afforded those 
 who were speculatively inclined to consider ways and means of effecting judi- 
 cious investments. Such men brought to their aid the well-known facts that 
 the new counties would be regular in shape, as intimated above ; and, also, that 
 it was the intent of those in authority to locate the seat of justice in each 
 county as near the center of the county as natural conformation of the land 
 would permit. 
 
 Wisely basing their calculations on these premises, a company of men per- 
 fected an organization for the purpose of improving the opportunity off"ered for 
 investment in the lands soon to become part of the public domain. The re- 
 strictions placed upon the people by the terms of the treaty prevented an 
 accurate survey in the lands of this county prior to the 1st of May, but, 
 notwithstanding the vigilance of the dragoon, it is a fact that a random line 
 was run westward from Jefferson County through this section, in the fall of 
 1842 or winter of 1843, by John Arrowsmith, and the geographical center of 
 the county thereby established. It was the intention of these men to lay claim 
 to the lands at the center and in the vicinity thereof, and patiently await the 
 inevitable location of a town thereon. No records could be made or permanent 
 organization accomplished until the all-important 1st of May, but the unwritten 
 history of those days shows a spirit of watchfulness that must ever eventuate in 
 success. 
 
 The time arrived when overt acts were possible. The claims were made 
 on what was estimated to be the center of the county. 
 
 On the 20th day of May, 1843, J. R. McBeth, Uriah Biggs, John Lewis, 
 Thomas D. Erans, Paul C. Jeffries, Hugh George, David Glass, Sewell Kenny, 
 William Dewey and Milton Jamieson met in the embryonic metropolis of 
 Ottumwa, and entered into formal articles of association " for the better organi- 
 zation of the Appanoose Rapids Company." 
 
 The quoted portion of the above paragraph proves that a preliminary 
 organization had been made. By these articles, the original of which is before 
 the writer, it is shown that the Company were " proprietors of the following prop- 
 erty or claims near and adjoining the Appanoose Rapids of the Des Moines River, 
 known by the Indian name of Ottumwa, in Wapello County, Iowa Territory, 
 viz.: What is supposed to be the northeast quarter and the southeast quarter 
 and the east half of the northwest quarter and the east half of the southwest 
 quarter of Section 24 ; and so much of the north half of Section 25 as lies on 
 the left bank of the said river, including the island therein, in Town 72 north, 
 Range 14 west ; and also the west half of Section 30, Town 72 north. Range 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 463 
 
 13 west, and the southwest quarter of Section 19, Town 72 north, Range 13 
 west." The articles of agreement continue as follews : 
 
 Each of said proprietors, or their successors, shall pay a portion of the expenses and debts 
 of the Company, proportionate to the share held by him, whether said debts and expenses may 
 have been previously contracted in the prosecution of the designs of the Company and for their 
 benefit, or may be hereafter incurred to carry out this agreement. It is further agreed that the 
 aforesaid proprietors shall continue to lay out, and cause to be platted and numbered, the town 
 now in part surveyed by John Arrowsmith. And the aforesaid proprietors hereby bmd them- 
 selves and their assigns to use all legal and honorable means, jointly and separately, to procure 
 the location of the seat of justice for the said county of Wapello at said town ; and in furtherance 
 of this object, the aforesaid proprietors do hereby bind themselves, their heirs and assigns, to donate 
 to said county of Wapello every alternate lot in said town, or that may be laid out in said town, 
 the proprietors holding the one-half of said town, and the said county the other half, so as to 
 make as legal a division as practicable ; provided that the county seat shall be located in said 
 town ; and provided, also, that the said donation shall not exceed one quarter section (160 acres), 
 including streets, alleys and public grounds. It is also agreed, and the said proprietors hereby bind 
 themselves, their heirs and assigns, to donate the mill seat at the rapids aforesaid, with a sutfi- 
 cient quantity of ground for milling purposes, to any good and sufficient person or persons who 
 will bind him or themselves to erect a flouring or saw-mill thereon, at such time as the Company 
 may hereafter determine, and build a dam and sufficient lock. [The ambiguity of that last sen- 
 tence has been explained to mean that the building of the dam and lock also devolved on the 
 party accepting the donation of lands for milling purposes. — Ed.] It is also agreed that the 
 parts of the claims not laid out in town lots shall be held as the joint property of the Company, 
 as tenants in common, and is hereby reserved from sale as a fund to insure the perfecting of the 
 title to the land sales, and then to be divided between the parties, or their heirs or assigns, 
 agreeably to the shares they may represent. 
 
 Any proprietor, or his heirs or assigns, failing to furnish and pay his due proportion of the 
 purchase money when the said claims are offered for sale by the General Government, he or they 
 are to foi-feit his or their right and share to those who pay. 
 
 The Company shall hold regular stated meetings for the transaction of business, and th» 
 officers of said Company shall be a President and Secretary. The duties of the President shall 
 be to preside at all meetings of the Company for business, etc., but in his absence the Company 
 may select one pro tern. The duties of the Secretary shall be to keep a record of the proceed- 
 ings of the Company, and such other duties as the Company may direct. A majority of the 
 Company shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business, and any number may call a 
 special meeting at any time by giving reasonable notice to the different members of the Company of 
 the time and place of meeting. For convenience in the transaction of business, it is agreed that the 
 aforesaid claims shall consist of twenty-four equal shares, to be held by the proprietors as ten- 
 ants in common, to wit: J. R. McBeth shall hold and be entitled to two shares, Uriah Biggs 
 two shares, .John D. Elbert two shares, John Lewis two shares, Paul C. Jeffries four shares, 
 Hugh George two shares, David Glass two shares, William Dewey one share, Sewall Kenny one 
 share, Thomas Devin two shares, and Thomas D. Evans four shares. 
 
 Then follow the attestation and signatures. The inconsistency in the 
 apportionment of shares is not explained. The four shares assigned to Mr. Jef- 
 fries were to be divided between himself and Milton Jamieson whenever Mr. 
 Jamieson should sign the articles of agreement. The shares held by Uriah 
 Biggs were to be transferred to Thomas Devin on the same conditions. 
 
 At this first meeting, Uriah Biggs was appointed President pro tem., and 
 J. R. McBeth, Secretary pro tem. 
 
 The second meeting of the Company was held May 22, or two days after 
 the signing of the articles of association. At this time the following bills were 
 allowed : 
 
 J. R. McBeth, cash paid out for Company in 1842 i?ll 88 
 
 Uriah Biggs, for same [meaning similar service] 3 37i ' 
 
 John Arrowsmith, for surveying 29 00 
 
 The latter claim, coupled with the facts set forth below, are evidence that 
 the statement in the body of the articles, viz.: " * * * the pro- 
 
 prietors shall continue to lay out * * * tj^g town," implied the 
 
 platting of the town site early in May of that year, by Mr. Arrowsmith. 
 
 The Company proceeded at this meeting to set aside the lots designed as a 
 donation to the county, provided the seat of justice was located thereat. The 
 
464 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 act organizing the county was not approved, it should be remembered, until the 
 following year, or February 13, 1844. All that the Company could do was to 
 offer an inducement for the selection of the site of Ottumwa as the seat. It was, 
 therefore, agreed that the following-named lots be designated as county property 
 under the circumstances mentioned herein : 
 
 Lots 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 in Blocks 1, 3, 5 and 7 ; Lots 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11 
 in Blocks 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 and 19 ; Lots 2, 6, 8 and 10 in 
 Blocks 2, 4, 6 and 8 ; Lots 1, 3, 5 and 7 in Blocks 20, 21 ; Lots 2, 4 and 6, 
 in Blocks 22 and 23 ; Lots 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11 in Blocks 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 
 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37 and 39 ; Lots 1, 3 and 5 in Blocks 38 
 and 40. 
 
 There appears evidence of certain concessions on the part of David Smith, 
 William H. Galbraith, George F. Buckhalter and John W. Ayers, in the 
 records at this point; for the Company "confirmed to the donees" an undi- 
 vided half of Lot 4, Block 37 (to Smith) and Lot 6, Block 20, Lot 10, Block 
 15 (to Galbraith and Ayres) and Lot 10, Block 11 (to Buckhalter). These 
 men do not appear as proprietors of the town, but merely as having a right in 
 equity to a certain share of the property. 
 
 The terras of sale were fixed at one-third of the purchase money in six 
 months, one-third in twelve months, and the balance when the title became 
 perfected in the company through formal entry. The lands included in the 
 Indian '' New Purchase," as the ceded tract was usually called, were not subject 
 to entry for some years after the date now written about. The Company, to 
 induce cash payments, offered a discount of 20 per cent on sales where the 
 first two installments were met in advance, and still another discount of 15 per 
 cent to those who should build houses on their lots within three months from 
 the time of purchase. The houses were required to be of ^ hewed logs, with 
 shingle roofs and stone or brick chimneys, and two floors of planks." 
 
 J. R. McBeth was chosen Agent of the Company pro tem., and "author- 
 ized to sell lots and give bonds for deeds when the titles shall be perfected, and 
 to take notes from purchasers according to the terms agreed upon " in the 
 articles. 
 
 On the 6th of June, the Company resolved to set off three lots to each 
 share, so that the members might act independently in the matter of improve- 
 ment. The division was made by drawing numbered slips of paper from a 
 receptacle of some sort. Prior to the drawing, the following lots were reserved, 
 to be sold at the prices indicated, for the mutual benefit of the Company : 
 
 Block 20, Lot 2 |100 Block 29, Lot 12 |100 
 
 Block 20, Lots 110 Block HO, Lot 8 100 
 
 Block 21, Lot 2 75 Block 30, Lot 10 100 
 
 Block 21, Lot 8 120 Block 80, Lot 12 150 
 
 Block 22, Lot 1 140 Block 81, Lot 6 180 
 
 Block 22, Lot 5 110 Block 31, Lot 10 100 
 
 Block 23, Lot 1 110 Block 31, Lot 12 130 
 
 Block 23 Lot 5 100 Block 32, Lot 6 100 
 
 Block 29, Lot 8 75 Block 32, Lot 10 75 
 
 Block 29, Lot 10 75 Block 32, Lot 12 100 
 
 George Arrowsmith was appointed to prepare the list of lots, or to arrange 
 as many lists of three each as there were shares represented by the Company. 
 The drawing resulted as follows : 
 
 J. R McBeth drew Lot, Block 30; Lot 10, Block 36; Lot 9, Block 4; Lot 12, Block 18 ; 
 Lot e, Block 39 ; Lot 4, Block 29. 
 
 Uriah Biggs drew 4, 81 ; 8, 36; 7, 4 ; 8, 19; 6, 29; 12, 25. 
 
 Uriah Biggs, as agent for Thomas Devin, drew 6, 33 ; 10, 28; 10, 10 ; 12, 37 ; 8, 24 ; 8, 3. 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 465 
 
 Thomas D. Evans drew 8, 31 ; 8, 34 ; 2, 35 ; 2, 32 ; 12, 28 ; 10, 11 ; 6, 23 ; 2, 19 ; 6, 5 ; 
 12, 83; 8, 12; 6, 11. 
 
 Milton Jamieson drew 6, 19 ; 8, 28 ; 6, 28 ; 4, 30 ; 4, 19 ; 10, 3. 
 
 J. Lewis drew 8, 32 : 6, 85 ; 8. 5 , 2, 37 ; 12, 11; 2, 14. 
 
 J. D. Elbert drew 10, 19; "12, 24; 10, 25; 5, 21 ; 12, 10; 10, 5. 
 
 Paul (". Jeffries drew 8, 22; 10, 33; 6, 14; 2, 31 : 12, 86; 6, 3. 
 
 William Dewey drew 6, 36 ; 10, 12 ; 8, l(i. 
 
 Sewall Kenny drew 4, 32; 10, 24; 4, 14. 
 
 Hugh George drew 12, 19 ; 2, 29 ; 12, 27 ; 6, 37 ; 10, 34 ; 4, 35. 
 
 David Glass drew 10, 37 ; 8, 13 ; 8, 11 ; 2, 23 ; 8, 33 ; 12, 14. 
 
 At this meeting, Lot 4, Block 28, was donated to David Hall ; and the 
 undivided half of Lot 4, Block 27, half of which had already been given him, 
 was transferred to David Smith. 
 
 On the 3d day of July, the Company forbade any one cutting timber from the 
 ^'southern face of the hill in and adjoining town." It was also resolved that 
 "" no streets and alleys be hereafter fenced in, and all fences now built on any 
 street or alley be removed as soon as the present crops are gathered." 
 
 July 4, the Company celebrated by holding another meeting. There 
 seems to have been but little diversion, except to meet and '' transact business." 
 John Lewis sold one-half of his interest in the Company to John D. Elbert, at 
 this meeting. 
 
 It was agreed that a further disposition of lots be made, conditional upon 
 each member building " a hewed-log or framed house in the town within three 
 months," provided the same could be done out of the proceeds of the sale of 
 lots. 
 
 The Company met on the 5th of July and proceeded to entertain itself by 
 3, second game of chance in drawing lots. As this seems to have been a favor- 
 ite occupation, it is needless to give further record of the transfers. 
 
 A street, '■'■66 feet wide to run around the sides and rear of town," was 
 ordered surveyed. 
 
 August 3 was the regular date for the next meeting, and the Secretary, 
 William Dewey, thus casts a fadeless stigma on the Company for its dereliction 
 of duty : 
 
 Ottumwa, August 3 (Thursday), 1843. 
 
 Present, nobody. Business, none. Proprietors not deeming the hour of sufficient impor- 
 tance to be attended to, did not meet. William Dewey, Secretary. 
 
 THE FIRST MILL. 
 
 On the 11th of August, the Company received a proposition from Francis 
 W. Harrow and others, of Indiana, to erect a dam, lock and mills, both saw 
 and flouring, on condition of a donation of three and a half acres of land. 
 The consent of William Ross, who owned the claim on the opposite side of the 
 river, was obtained, and formal articles of agreement were entered into. 
 
 From November 2, 1843, to June 3, 1844, no meetings were held by the 
 Company, so far as any records show. At the latter date, a committee was 
 appointed to "confer with the County Commissioners in relation to the exchange 
 of bonds for deeds to lots, etc." An important fact had been accomplished 
 meanwhile. Wapello County had been legally organized ; a commission had 
 been appointed by the Legislature to locate the seat of justice therein, and the 
 Apfianoose Rapids Company had been eminently successful in the attainment 
 of its purpose. 
 
 OTTUMWA WAS CHOSEN AS THE COUNTY SEAT. 
 
 The selection was made in May, 1844, by Joseph B. Davis, of Washington 
 County ; John H. Randolph, of Henry County, and Solomon Jackson, of Lee 
 
466 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 County, who were designated in the organizing act as Commissiouers for that 
 purpose. 
 
 An amicable arrangement Avas made between the County Board and the 
 Company, about the 1st of June, and an exchange of bonds was made. 
 
 Messrs. Kenny, Biggs and jpewis were appointed a committee to select a 
 site for a Court House, and reported in favor of the lot nearly opposite the 
 present City Hall. 
 
 ^ *' THE FIRST COURT HOUSE. 
 
 The Company bound itself to erect a Court House, Messrs. John Fuller, 
 Paul C. Jeffries and J. R. McBeth acting as a Building Committee. 
 
 An amusing and suggestive item is obtained from the minutes of the meet- 
 ing of July 1, 1844. Mr. Jeffries was allowed 5 cents per folio for tran- 
 scribing the records of the Company, and also 75 cents for a suitable book in 
 which to write them. The book into which the important transactions were 
 transferred was nothing less than an old hotel register, or a common three-quire 
 blank book, which had been used in some Kentucky (we infer from the places) 
 inn, as far back as 1839. Books and stationery were scarce articles in those 
 days, and Mr. Jeffries was obliged to utilize such materials as were at hand. 
 
 The Recorder was allowed f 7.50 for recording the town plat. 
 
 John Fuller was allowed $1.75 for carrying the surveyor's chain during the 
 platting of the town, 
 
 Paul C. Jeffries was also paid $5.50 for driving stakes and hauling corner- 
 stones to mark the outlots. 
 
 In the original division of lots, certain parcels of land were transferred to 
 David Glass, Paul C. Jeffries, David Smith, J. R. McBeth and Hugh George, 
 which were desired by the Mill Company, when a selection for that purpose was 
 made. On that account these men relinquished their title to their first choice, 
 and placed the lots at the disposal of the all-important mill men. 
 
 A public sale of lots was held July 4, 1844. 
 
 At a meeting held September 18, 1845, a bond executed by David Arm- 
 strong, Joel Myers and Thomas C. Coffin, dated December 5, 1843, but for 
 some reason not entered on the Company's records, was duly entered and attested, 
 showing an agreement between the parties to erect a dam across the river at 
 Ottumwa. 
 
 During the years 1846-47, no meetings of importance were held, but when 
 the time arrived for the pre-emption of the land, when it was offered for sale at 
 Fairfield, the meetings were more frequent and urgent. 
 
 In March, 1848, Uriah Biggs and David Glass were appointed agents to 
 make the required purchase, and on the 23d of that month a distribution of the 
 property among the shareholders took place. 
 
 No further records of the Company can be found, although careful search 
 has been made several times by legal gentlemen interested in suits growing out 
 of the questions of titles. 
 
 The Company no longer exists. It has gone the way of earthly organiza- 
 tions, and has entered the great list of the majority who have gone on before. 
 The doings and the sayings of the original band of speculators would form a 
 most interesting chapter for those Avho are concerned in Ottumwa, and the 
 absence of fuller records is to be regretted. 
 
 THE NAME. 
 
 The Indian name Ottumwa was retained by the Appanoose Rapids Company,, 
 although for a time, in 1844, the new village was called Louisville, at the sug- 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 467 
 
 gestion of the Locating Commissioners. That title was soon discarded and the 
 original name resumed. The good sense of the proprietors in thus perpet- 
 uating an Indian name, and attaching to their town a distinctive designation^ 
 appropriate because of its selection by the aborigines and desirable because of 
 its dissimilarity to all other names in the country, is clearly shown. The act 
 which made Ottumwa the name of the future metropolis of Southeastern Iowa 
 was wise and sensible. 
 
 One authority on the signification of Ottumwa says that the name came 
 about in this wise : There was a time when the Sacs and Foxes then 
 residing upon the Iowa, Cedar, Skunk and more eastern streams in the State 
 found it convenient or necessary to extend their borders toward the setting sun, 
 and for that purpose sent out colonies, one of which located on the banks of the 
 Des Moines, in this vicinity, the place receiving the name of " Ottumwa," or 
 " the place of the departed." Mr. Smart, once the interpreter for the Indians, 
 when they lived in this region, disputes the above, and says that " Ottum- 
 wanoc" (swift v/ater) was the name applied by the Indians to the rapids in the 
 Des Moines River at this place. Still another version, given by one familiar 
 with the Indian tongue, is that Ottumwa is applied to one or a small number of 
 persons who live alone or off by themselves. Noc means place. The Indians 
 called it Ottumwanoc, or the place of the hermits, because Appanoose and his 
 band left the rest of the tribe on the Iowa River and built a village where 
 Ottumwa now stands. The rest of the tribe called them Ottumwa, and the 
 village " Ottumwanoc." The term was applied to old Appanoose by Wapello 
 and others, one authority declares, in a spirit of disgust at his strong will, 
 which enabled him to resist the earnest invitations of his brothers to leave his 
 lone camp and unite with them. The "Lone Chief" was treated to many a 
 "Ugh, ugh!" because of his'^strength of mind and determination to abide in 
 Ottumwanoc. This last interpretation seems peculiarly fitted to the place, and 
 should be, in justice to the people of Ottumwa. esteemed the proper one. The 
 spirit of Appanoose dwells here still. Determined, strong and devoted to their 
 locality, the modern inhabitants emulate the example of Appanoose. They 
 make their town an abiding-place of a powerful will, and through the exercise 
 of that power achieve success. 
 
 Uriah Biggs, one of the original Appanoose Rapids Company, is 
 authority for the statement that "Ottumwanoc" means "the place of 
 perseverance or self-will," because of Appanoose's dogged determination to 
 remain there. Mr. Biggs declared that the Indians themselves so informed 
 him. 
 
 LOCATION OF THE POST OFFICE. 
 
 According to the statement made by Mr. Biggs in the " Annals of Iowa," 
 October, 1865, the post office was located at Ottumwa early in 1843, while the 
 name of the place was still Louisville. A sharp fight ensued over the question 
 of a name, but Ottumwa was finally decided upon. 
 
 THE ORIGINAL PLAT OF OTTUMWA 
 
 contained 467 acres. It was designed to erect the Court House on the south- 
 east fractional quarter of Section 24, The land was legally pre-empted, under 
 the act of Congress of May 26, 1824, on the 9th day of September, 1845. 
 The original company of proprietors no longer exists, even by succession of 
 interests. 
 
468 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 INDIAN CAMP-GROUNDS. 
 
 In 1840 and 1841, Major Beach used to hold Indian counsels in front of 
 where Judge Hendershott's residence now stands, and under the shade of a tree, 
 near a spring which bubbles forth in the rear of the present Episcopal Church. 
 Modern improvements have not only driven the children of Nature from their 
 homes, but they have rendered unavailable Nature's delicious fonts. The spring 
 no longer quenches the thirst of the weary traveler. The high land north of 
 Gen. Hedrick's house, and places near the Adams Schoolhouse, were also the 
 camping-spots of the Indians. Several excellent springs were known to the 
 red men at that time. 
 
 OTTUMWA, IN 1844, 
 
 •contained nine log cabins, and one small frame house, built by Elder Jameson, 
 a pioneer Methodist preacher, who had a large circuit. Seth Richards built 
 the first store-building this year, and Heman P. Graves had a stock of goods 
 therein. The Ottumwa House, near this store, was put up that summer, under 
 the direction of David Hall, the pioneer landlord. 
 
 THE FIRST HOUSE 
 
 was erected May 10, 1843. 
 
 INDEPENDENCE DAY CELEBRATION. 
 
 The first Fourth of July celebration in the county was held at Ottumwa, in 
 1844. George May read the Declaration, and H. B. Hendershott and Charles 
 Overman made the speeches. We do not learn of this from the Judge himself, 
 but from one of the ladies who was present. . The day passed off with great 
 success, and the night following was enlivened with a dance, in the only build- 
 ing large enough to be called a hotel, and then known as the "Ottumwa 
 House." The tavern was a double log edifice, and is still standing. 
 
 FIRST PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 
 
 In a paper published in the "Annals of Iowa," in 1867, Mr. G. D. R. Boyd 
 said : 
 
 " The first building used for the sessions of the Commissioners' Court, and 
 which was occupied by their clerk in vacation, was a very ordinary log cabin of 
 limited dimensions, one story high, built of round, unhewn logs, chinked with 
 clay and sticks and covered with clapboards. It was situated between Fourth 
 and Fifth streets, immediately east of the public square, on a lot now the prop- 
 erty of Mr. Inskeep, in Ottumwa. The old log house was torn down and 
 removed some years since, and the spot would scarcely be recognized by the 
 ' oldest inhabitant ' as the place from whence emanated the acts of those 
 intrusted with the guardianship of the civil affairs of the people of the county 
 — the place where roads were legally located, ferries and dram-shops licensed, 
 allowances made for juries and bailiffs, judges and clerks ; for commissioners, 
 their clerks and attaches, etc.; in short, the grand fountain-head of county organ- 
 ization, wherein assembled the combined wisdom, the helmsmen, the real, live, 
 genuine gubernators of the sovereign county of Wapello. But the last remnant 
 of that rude temple of sovereignty was some years since swept away. 
 Not a vestige remains to mark or perpetuate the remembrance of that inter- 
 esting locality, and, in a very short time, those who retain the remembrance of 
 its whereabouts will, like it, have passed away, and, like it, their dust will 
 mingle in common with the mother-earth of both. 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 469 
 
 " The room occupied by the District Court, at its first session, is still stand- 
 ing (1867). It was, at that time, a respectable-looking hewn-log house, a story 
 and a half high, covered with shingles and neatly chinked. Compared with 
 the room occupied by the Commissioners, it was a splendid building — about the 
 best that Ottumwa then afforded. It was, some years since converted into a 
 ware-room, and the place where justice was first administered to the Wapellos 
 is now a dilapidated, sway-backed looking repository of divers goods and mer- 
 chandize. This building, this primitive fountain-head from whence flowed the 
 first stream of justice for the people of Wapello, that sent abroad its equitable 
 decisions, its mandates and executions, ' without fear or favor,' gently settling 
 their disputes, and gently, very gently, curbing the tumultuous and riotous dis- 
 orders of the times, is situated in the rear of Mr. Thomas Devin's store, on 
 Front street, in Ottumwa." 
 
 PRIMITIVE JUSTICE. 
 
 Mr. Boyd also writes, concerning the administration of early law : 
 " During a period of seven years, from 1844 to 1851, our statistical infor- 
 mation is extremely limited, and almost wholly disconnected. From the county 
 records it is impossible to ascertain a correct statement of the population and 
 wealth of the county for any of those years. Nor do we deem it very impor- 
 tant. The increase was very gradual, and proportionably about the same for 
 each of those years. The population of the county in 1844, was about 800 ; 
 in 1848, 7,000; in 1850, 8,471. During this period, there are a great many 
 incidents that demand notice, as being intimately connected with the first settle- 
 ment of the county, and showing the temper of the people and the state of 
 society in those early days. The most important event connected with the 
 early history of this county, was the organization of the ' Claim Regulators,' 
 an organization peculiar, we believe, to the first settlement of Iowa, and which 
 was, as is well known, the lex loci throughout this portion of the country, from 
 the appearance of the first infant colony of settlers until all the public lands 
 were entered ; and the necessity for its existence only ceased by the extinction, 
 in this manner, of the old pre-emption claim rights. These organizations per- 
 vaded the entire community, and in many places there would be two or three 
 clubs of this character in one township. At these club meetings, mutual pro- 
 tection was pledged, and joint assistance guaranteed to every bona-fide settler 
 who had a land 'claim,' and summary vengeance was threatened to be inflicted 
 on the stranger, the speculator or even their own neighbor who should dare 
 infringe upon the claim laws, or have the audacity to purchase from the Govern- 
 ment any lands which had already been claimed or taken possession by one of 
 their own number. This pre-emption law gave the claimholder the exclusive 
 privilege of entering the land whereon he had made a residence, within a given 
 period — we believe one year — but if, at the end of that time, the occupant did 
 not pay for it, then any other person was privileged to do so, and he not only 
 became the possessor of the land, but all the improvements hitherto made by 
 the delinquent claimant. Very few of those settlers were able to pay for their 
 lands within the time specified, and to forcibly resist the operations of greedy 
 speculators, who continually manifested an impatient avidity for immediate gain 
 at the expense of the hard-working settlers, whose inability to enter their lands 
 within the given time was almost universal, was the immediate and primary 
 object of the ' Claim Club Laws.' 
 
 " But however pure the motives of those who belonged to this organization, 
 and however moderate they were in enforcing its mandates, it was yet liable to 
 
470 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 abuses, and neither the justice nor the policy of its measures can be defended. 
 It was fundamentally wrong, and struck at the very root of our most sacred and 
 cherished institutions, being a forcible resistance to the legally-established laws 
 of the land, a premeditated opposition to municipal regulations, and a determina- 
 tion to carry out their own designs in violation of law and the well-established 
 principles of sound policy and good government. It was the action of a mob, 
 of a faction, upon whose caprice and passions and wild, ungovernable prejudices 
 there was no restraint, no check, no limit. The mild voice of reason pleaded 
 subordination to established authority, and the cause of a more enlarged and a 
 more permanent interest is drowned in these assemblies by the clamors of an 
 impatient thirst for immediate and summary vengeance. The supreme majesty 
 of the law is a proposition that should receive the assenting voice of every good 
 citizen, and the direful consequences of its violation should ever be uppermost 
 in his thoughts that he may cherish toward it a due attachment, and be able to 
 set a due value upon the proper means of preserving it. 
 
 " Yet we doubt not but that the operation of these club laws, in some instan- 
 ces proved salutary, and that in those days, under the circumstances, it became 
 apparently necessary to make an occasional example in order to admonish and 
 terrify others, but it opened a boundless field for abuse, established a dangerous 
 precedent, and there is a contagion in precedents which few men have force of 
 mind to resist." 
 
 In 1845, the appearance of the town was primitive enough. From a series 
 of papers, published in the Democrat in 1876, from the pen of J. W. Norris, 
 many facts are gleaned, and, among others, this description of the place at that 
 time: "No streets had been opened. Paths ran across lots, every which way, 
 like they were made by cows going to pasture. Indian wickeups were scattered 
 over the bluff, a cluster of them being on the lot where we now live, on College 
 Hill. There was 
 
 ONLY ONE BRICK BUILDING, 
 
 a one-story residence, built by Dow Davis and occupied by Charles F. Harrow, 
 on the lot where Lawrence & Garner's store is, on Main street, between 
 College and Union. Thomas Sinnamon had a log house and brick -yard. James 
 Tolman and A. M. Lyon commenced a tannery this year (1845) on the lot cor- 
 ner of Main and College. D. P. Smith had a log cabin and blacksmith-shop 
 on Main street, where Union Block is. James McFarland had a log residence 
 and tailor-shop on lot opposite where Union Block is. Peter Barnett had a log 
 tavern on the Bigham lot. Seth Richards had a log store near where the First 
 National Bank stands, and commenced a frame store nearly opposite, that year. 
 H. P. Graves lived in a cabin where Dr. Warden's store is, on Main street. 
 H. B. Hendershott and Judge Jeffries lived in a logr house on the site now 
 occupied by them. On each of the corners of Market, on lower side of Fourth, 
 were cabins. John Lewis had a cabin on the William Daggett place, and 
 Charles Overman had a cabin between Mrs. Hawley's property and Third 
 
 THE OTTUMWA HOUSE, 
 
 built and managed by David Hall, was a story and a half house." 
 
 THE FIRST FERRY. 
 
 The Board of Commissioners granted the first ferry license in the county, at 
 their extra session — the first one — held May 10, 1844, to J. P. Eddy. The 
 loss of the Commissioners' minutes prevents our giving a copy of the rates of 
 ferryage imposed. 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 471 
 
 FIRST JAIL. 
 
 In 1845, a contract was written by the County Commissioners for the erec- 
 tion of the first Jail, a very primitive afiair, in Ottumwa. 
 
 SAMANTHA SHAFFER 
 
 was the first white woman in Ottumwa, and a street was named Samantha, in 
 honor of her. -.o-ii- 
 
 A GLANCE IN 1845. 
 
 Mr. Norris described the viUage in 1845 as given below. The sketch was 
 written in 1876 : 
 
 " Ottumwa, up to 1845, though having the advantage of central position in 
 the very heart of the great Des Moines Valley, and the prestige of prophetic 
 pre-eminence, at least — for it was conceded that here was to grow up the large 
 town — had not made any special progress toward material prosperity. But in 
 1845, new settlers began to come in in considerable numbers. In the spring of 
 that year there was but one store, that of Seth Richards. Mr. Heman P. 
 Graves had charge of the establishment, as he continued to have for many years 
 afterward, since Mr. Richards was not a resident of the county. The post 
 office was kept in this store, Paul C. Jeffries being Postmaster, and the first one 
 holding that office in Ottumwa. Some time in 1845, Richards' store was 
 removed to the opposite side of the street, into another log building, on one of 
 the lots — the northwestern one — on which the present Richards Block is 
 built. The building on the bank corner which Mr. Richards vacated was almost 
 immediately occupied as a store by Mr. Thomas Devin, of Pittsburg, Van 
 Buren Co., the business being in charge of his son, Mr. Thomas J. Devin. 
 There was another store, on the lot now occupied by George Haw & Co., also 
 a log building, with which Tolman, Lyons and Albert Mudge were connected. 
 This house subsequently became A. J. Davis & Co., and finally A. Mudge 
 & Co., Davis being a resident of Van Buren County. These were the three 
 mercantile establishments where the settlers in town and the surrounding 
 country got their domestic supplies, and, to a large extent, upon credit, their 
 accounts being settled at the end of the first year by note, bearing 10 per cent 
 interest, and finally, if not paid at maturity, being extended with mortgage 
 security on real estate. This system, though very convenient at first, finally 
 resulted in many a farm being lost to its owner by foreclosure. 
 
 " If a photograph could have been taken of this infant city at that time, it 
 would have afforded a striking contrast to the present stalwart young giant. 
 There were three stores, and, besides, a tin-shop, a blacksmith-shop, a tailor- 
 shop, two hotels, a whisky-shop, and about fifteen log houses, more or less, scat- 
 tered about. There were no churches, no schoolhouses, and no public build- 
 ings except a little temporary jail, though there was a civil corporation, a county 
 organization, with the various offices and officers and courts and terms of court. 
 Ottumwa had not long to wait, however, for public improvements. 
 
 THE FIRST COURT HOUSE. 
 
 ''In 1846, a Court House was built, in compliance with a contract of the 
 Town Company with the county, at the time of the location of the county seat. 
 It was situated on the corner of Market and Third streets, was built of wood, 
 twenty-four feet square, two stories high — the lower story being used to hold 
 court in, for preaching, by all denominations, and for school purposes. The 
 second story was divided into three rooms, and occupied by the Clerk of the 
 
472 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 Courts, the County Treasurer and the Recorder. It was a very necessary and 
 useful building Avhen first erected, and, indeed, continued to be so for many 
 years. Besides its legal uses, it served a multitude of purposes, for all sorts of 
 public gatlierings were held there — political, agricultural, plankroad, railroad and 
 river-improvement meetings. The first meeting in behalf of the Burlington & 
 Missouri Railroad enterprise was held there. 
 
 " When the county built the present Court House, the old one was sold to the 
 Christian Church, and was used by them for a place of worship for several 
 years, until it was purchased, with the lot, by W. C. Grimes. It was incor- 
 porated by Mr. Grimes, with other structures erected by him, for a wagon man- 
 ufactory, and was consumed by fire on the 22d day of October, 1872." 
 
 THE FIRST MILL BUILT. 
 
 The records of the Appanoose Rapids Company show that an effort to secure 
 grist and saw mill was early made. The men who really accepted the donation 
 of lands and erected the mill were John Myers, David Armstrong and T. C. 
 CoflSn. The lands granted them are now the most valuable in the city. The 
 area bounded by Market, Main, Green streets and the river was the. selection 
 made. The mill was begun in 1845, and was completed in 1846. It stood on 
 the margin of the river, under the bank, at the foot of. Market street. The 
 western half of the plat was used as a mill-yard for several years. Upon the 
 logs therein scattered about, the people used frequently to assemble for public 
 meetings, or for the purpose of passing leisure moments in conversation. 
 
 THE FIRST SETTLERS OF OTTUMWA. 
 
 The prominent men of the first years in Ottumwa were H. B. Hendershott, 
 Paul C. Jeffries, Dr. C. C. Warden, S. W. Summers, Rev. B. A. Spaulding, 
 H. P. Graves, Peter Barnett, Joseph Hayne, George May, John Lewis, N. C. 
 Hill, Charles Overman, David Glass, David Hall, Uriah Biggs, Hugh George, 
 William Dewey, Sewell Kenny, John Myers, J. Tolman, A. M. Lyon, Paris 
 Caldwell, David Armstrong, William H. Galbraith, Levi Buckhalter, John W. 
 Ross, John Harkins, S. S. Norris, Thomas Sinnamon, William Snodgrass, 
 David P. Smith, James McFarland, John Newman, Bela White, Charles F. 
 Harrow. Most of these men had families. 
 
 In the country adjacent and tributary to Ottumwa were many whose names 
 are still remembered. Among others were William Fisher, J. M. Peck, R. R. 
 Harper, Clark Williams, David Whitcomb, Farnam Whitcomb, Nason Roberts, 
 Peter Hall, Seth Ogg, Michael Tullis, John Tullis, John Overman, J. W. Hol- 
 lingsworth, William Mclntire. 
 
 THE LAND SALES. 
 
 On the 16th of September, 1848, the citizens of Center Township met to 
 make arrangements for attending the land sales at Fairfield in the coming Octo- 
 ber. Their purpose in so doing was one of mutual protection against specu- 
 lators and claim-jumpers. James Baker, John C. Evans, J. Thompson, N. 
 Bell and R. Fisher were appointed to draft resolutions expressive of the sense 
 of the meeting. They were, in effect, that the settlers' interests, being endan- 
 gered by Eastern capitalists and moneyed land-sharks, must be summarily pro- 
 tected ; that the claimholder was entitled to have his land at f 1.26 per acre ; 
 that they regarded any one who should enter or jump a claim or improvement, 
 without paying a good and sufficient consideration to the claimholder, in no 
 other light than a thief and a robber, and that they would deal with them 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. - 473' 
 
 accordingly. And, furthermore, they pledged themselves to attend the land 
 sales and not permit any person to bid on a settler's claim, except the owner, 
 under the above penalty. A mass-meeting of the citizens of Pleasant Grove 
 Township was held for similar reasons, and a "caution" given the public 
 through the Courier. ^^^^ contracts. 
 
 In the issue of the Courier, of October 6, 1848, mention is made that the 
 enterprising contractors on the route from Keokuk to Fairfield, and from Fair- 
 field to Oskaloosa, via Ottumwa, carry the through mail three times a week, 
 when they are paid for only carrying it once a week from Keokuk to Fairfield, 
 and twice a week from Fairfield to Oskaloosa. Here, too, are to be found the 
 germs of that California gold fever which spread throughout the State, in such 
 paragraphs as this : " Gold-mines of very productive character, it has been 
 stated, have been discovered in California. Some of the laborers working 
 there make as high as |60 and $70 per day with an iron spade, which are very 
 scarce and valuable. It is said, too, that men with nothing but a rude wooden 
 shovel make as high as $20 per day. The population of some of the principal 
 towns are forsaking every other pursuit to engage in this golden harvest. The 
 mine is said to be from ninety to one hundred miles in length, and about 
 twenty in breadth. We hope everybody wont emigrate." 
 
 OTTUMWA IN '49. 
 
 In the spring of 1849, building in Ottumwa was very brisk, hindered, how- 
 ever, by the extreme scarcity of lumber, owing to a lack of saw-mills. Bread- 
 stuifs, too, were very scarce, for though there was an abundance of grain in the 
 country, there was diflSculty in getting it ground. The mill at this place had not 
 been able to grind for more than a month, on account of high water. Messrs. Coffin 
 & Myers were planning to build a large flouring-mill during the season. A 
 large flatboat went down the river from Eddyville to the mouth of the Des 
 Moines, heavily loaded with grain, and she took on besides, at Ottumwa, 800 
 hides and a large quantity of wheat. Steamboat arrivals began to be quite fre- 
 quent, bringing in freight and carrying out grain. This lasted as long as the 
 high water continued, and gave unusual bustle and activity to the business of 
 the town. Mention is made at this time of the death of Mrs. Carter, about 
 six miles below this place, on the south side of the river. She started on a 
 horse, with her only child (quite small) in her arms, to go to a neighbor's. 
 There was a slough in her path, which, as it was quite narrow, she attempted 
 to cross, but it proved to be twelve feet deep, and she and her child were 
 drowned. ,, ,, 
 
 " MARINE. 
 
 Quite an excitement was created in Ottumwa early in April, 1849 by the 
 arrival of the steamer Revenue Cutter, it being the first steamer to come up 
 the Des Moines for several years. The Avater was unusually high, and in that 
 way she was enabled to get over the dams near the mouth of the river. She 
 came in sight a little after daylight, and as the noise of her escape-pipes echoed 
 through the town, its citizens, just aroused from their slumbers, might be seen, 
 young men and old, and boys in plenty, pouring from the houses and taking a 
 bee-line for the boat. A large party of ladies and gentlemen from Ottumwa 
 joined a similar one from Farmington and Keosauqua on board the steamer, and 
 she proceeded to Eddyville. The day was warm and pleasant, they had a fine 
 brass band on board, and the novelty of a steamboat excursion on the Des 
 Moines added a zest to the pleasure. The farmers and their families, living 
 
474 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 near the river, lined the shores, anxious to see the novel sight. At Eddyville 
 she took on board a large quantity of lard and wheat, as at Ottumwa, on her 
 return, she^also took in a quantity of wheat. 
 
 LYCEUM. 
 
 A literary lyceum was organized in Ottumwa, November 23, 1849. The 
 citizens were requested to get together at early candle-light. Already over 
 $75 had been subscribed toward a library. The following officers were elected: 
 Rev. B. A. Spaulding, President ; H. B. Hendershott, Vice President ; Ber- 
 trand Jones, Recording Secretary ; J. W. Norris, Corresponding Secretary ; R. 
 H. Warden, Treasurer; James Leighton, Librarian. Their meetings were to be 
 held weekly during the winter, and the programme was to include a short lect- 
 ure on some interesting topic, which was to be followed by debates. The open- 
 ing lecture, by Rev. Mr. Spaulding, was upon the "Influence of Literary Insti- 
 tutions." The committee who drafted the Constitution and By-Laws consisted 
 of Messrs. Baker, Norris and Wai'den. The first question discussed was: 
 "Does the true policy of this country consist in the further extension of its 
 territory? " At this first meeting, after organization, on the 7th of December, 
 the audience was not large, owing to the tempestuous character of the night, 
 but it was otherwise very satisfactory. ** 
 
 PLANKROAD FEVER. 
 
 In February, 1850, after some previous agitation on the subject, a plank- 
 road meeting was held to discuss the construction of a plankroad from 
 Ottumwa to intersect the Burlington & Mt. Pleasant Plankroad at Mt. Pleas- 
 ant. LTriah Biggs was appointed President of this meeting ; Thomas Ping 
 and John C Evans, Vice Presidents, and Bertrand Jones, Secretary. There 
 was a universal sentiment in favor of such a road, and a committee of prominent 
 citizens was designated to represent the county at a Plankroad Convention to 
 be held at Mt. Pleasant on the 27th of February, consisting of J.. "W. Norris, 
 J. D. Devin, H. B. Hendershott, J. C. Ramsey, Thomas Ping, F. Newell, J. 
 H. D. Street, S. M. Wright, Judge Baker, Dr. Flint, Gideon Myers, B. Boys- 
 ton, B. Jones, Joseph Hayne, J. M. Peck, Dr. Yeomans, Uriah Biggs, G. B. 
 Savery, Dr. Wood and W. S. Carter. When the subscription-books were 
 opened, Ottumwa responded with $8,700, Agency City with $5,000, and Ash- 
 land with $4,500. At a subsequent meeting, ten more names were added to the 
 delegates to represent Wapello County at Mt. Pleasant, as follows : Dr. James 
 Nosier, Madison Wellman, J. G. Baker, D. P. Inskeep, E. G. McKinney, W. 
 G. Martindale, A. Ingraham, Andrew Major, William M. Dunlap and Joshua 
 Maishall. 
 
 At the same time of the plankroad interest, the people of Eddyville were 
 wrought up to a fine fervor of enterprise over the construction of a toll-bridge 
 across the Des Moines River at that place. 
 
 STAGING IN 1850. 
 
 The Courier of June 7, 1850, says : " On Tuesday last our citizens were 
 delighted to see a splendid new four-horse coach rolled into town by four fine 
 bays, bearing the name of the present indefatigable Second Assistant Postmaster 
 General, F. H. Warren, formerly of this State. This coach belongs to those 
 prompt, obliging and gentlemanly men, Frink, Walker & Co., to whom this part 
 of the country are so much indebted for the promptness and regularity of the 
 mails and kindness and attention to passengers. By the way, Ave have neglected 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 475 
 
 to notice the highly praiseworthy exertions of the agent on this line, Mr. Wal- 
 ter Cross, of Eddyville. He has by his industry and perseverance in making 
 contract time at all times, in all sorts of weather and roads, and by his atten- 
 tion and kindness to passengers, won for the line a high character and for himself 
 
 an enviable fame." -loro 
 
 OTTUMWA IN 1853. 
 
 In November, 1853, Ottumwa was a thriving village with busy streets and 
 an active, wide-awake population. One sign of prosperity was constantly 
 intruded upon the citizens, and that was the eager inquiry for houses and places 
 of business to rent, which conveniences could not be had, as the town was com- 
 pletely full. There were then eight dry goods stores ; two drug stores ; one 
 clothing store ; one grocery store ; one stove store and tin-shop connected ; one 
 saddle and harness shop ; two hotels ; two churches — Congregational and Cath- 
 olic — and a Methodist Church in process of erection ; an excellent tannery ; 
 two steam saw and grist mills ; a carding machine ; one wagonmaker's shop ; 
 three cabinet-shops ; one chair-shop ; one gunsmith-shop ; also a wheelwright ; 
 three blacksmith-shops ; four shoe-shops ; three tailor-shops ; one bakery and 
 confectionery ; one printing office, the Courier ; a land office, for the sale of 
 river lands, and one daguerrean gallery. The various charitable orders were 
 w^ell represented, as there was a Masoniq Lodge, an Odd Fellow's Lodge, a Divi- 
 sion of Sons of Temperance, and a Section of Cadets of Temperance. There 
 were seven lawyers and six physicians. An excellent chain ferry was kept con- 
 stantly running immediately opposite the town by T. Sinnamon. There was a 
 railroad actually surveyed from there to the Mississippi, where it was to connect 
 with the Peoria k Burlington Road. In the neighborhood of ^600,000 had 
 been subscribed to build this road. Another railroad had been surveyed to the 
 mouth of the Platte on the Missouri, but this was not in expectation of being 
 completed so soon as the one first named. 
 
 FALL OF A LANDMARK. 
 
 The Courier of July 26, 1876, contains an account of the falling of the 
 first two-story brick building ever erected in Ottumwa. Saturday evening, July 
 22 of that year, the old Bonnifield Bank Building, as it was called, fell to the 
 earth with a loud crash. The edifice was put up in 1849 by James McFarland, 
 the only tailor at that time in Ottumwa. For years the building remained 
 unfinished, and was used as a public hall, dancing-room, etc. The agricultural 
 fair was held therein. The building was subsequently used as a bank by Tem- 
 ple Bros., W. B. Bonnifield, and the First National Bank. Later it was used 
 as a jewelry store, and lastly as a shoe store. 
 
 POSTMASTERS OF OTTUMWA. 
 
 Paul C. Jeffries, Richard H. Warden, Stephen Osborn, Thomas J. Holmes, 
 J. W. Norris, J. M. Hedrick and A, H. Hamilton complete the list of Post- 
 masters from the date of the institution of the office, in 1843, to the present 
 time. This office was the first established in the county. 
 
 GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION. 
 
 In 1851, Ottumwa was organized as a town. The first election resulted as 
 follows, according to the official publication of roster in 1871 : 
 
 George Gillaspy, President of the Board ; Bertrand Jones, Clerk. Mr. 
 Jones resigned October 24, and was succeeded by William H. Bonnifield. 
 Duane F. Gaylord, Treasurer; Joseph Leighton, Assessor; T. A. Taylor, 
 
476 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 Marshal. The Marshal was removed June 14, and was succeeded by William 
 L. Bastin. Trustees : J. W. Caldwell, A. Mudge, Silas Osborn, John Myers, Sr. 
 
 The elections since that time, under the original system have been : 
 
 1852 — Albert Mudge, President ; H. B. Hendershott, Clerk ; D. F. Gay- 
 lord, Assessor ; J. Leighton, Treasurer ; James Hall, Marshal ; Trustees : 
 George Gillaspy, J. W. Caldwell, James Hawley, Erastus Washburn. 
 
 1853 — Albert Mudge, President; H. B. Hendershott, Clerk; James Hall, 
 Treasurer; William J. Ross, Assessor; John A. Newman, Marshal; Trustees: 
 George Gillaspy, J. W. Caldwell. James Hawley, Erastus Washburn. 
 
 1854 — A. L. Graves, President; William L. Orr, Clerk; Thomas J. 
 Holmes, Treasurer; C. Hickenlooper, Assessor; John A. Newman. Marshal; 
 William Lewis, Collector; Trustees: C C. Warden, Stephen Osborn, J. 
 Leighton, Thomas G. Given. 
 
 1855 — C. C. Warden, President; William L. Orr, Clerk; Josiah Myers, 
 Assessor; John Graves, Treasurer. Mr. Graves resigned January 7, 1856,^ 
 and was succeeded by N. C. Hill. H. B. Jones, Marshal ; J. W. Ireland, Col- 
 lector ; Trustees: A. L. Graves, H. B. Hendershott, J. Leighton, David 
 Gephart. 
 
 1856 — James Hawley, President; Charles Lawrence, Clerk; Joseph Leigh- 
 ton, Assessor ; Charles F. Blake, Treasurer. Mr. Blake resigned January 30, 
 1857, and was succeeded by W. L. Orr. Richard Fisher, Supervisor; J. W. 
 Ireland, Marshal and Assessor; Trustees: E. Washburn, N. C. Hill, P. C. 
 Daum, J. H. Griffith. 
 
 In 1857, the city of Ottumwa was organized under a special charter. 
 Duane F. Gaylord was chosen Mayor; James D. Devin, Recorder; Erastus 
 Washburn, Treasurer; S. W. Summers, Solicitor; Hosea B. Jones, Assessor; 
 S. W. Hartwell, Engineer; John A. Newman, Marshal, and the following gen- 
 tlemen Aldermen: First Ward — D. B. Abrahams, F. W. Hawley, Thoma& 
 Bigham ; Second Ward^H. P. Graves, A. Hawkins, James Milligan ; Third 
 Ward — Charles Lawrence, William L. Orr, J. A. Hammond. 
 
 On accepting the office of Mayor, Mr. Gaylord delivered an adddress of 
 congratulation over the prosperity of the new city, which was of a most inter- 
 esting character. He reviewed the prospects of the town, and spoke a proph- 
 ecy which has since been amply fulfilled. The address told of the contem- 
 plated improvements in railroad facilities, and of the need of a continuance of 
 the enterprising spirit which had theretofore controlled the town. The opening 
 paragraphs are here introduced, as an evidence of the actual condition of 
 Ottumwa at the date of its incorporation. 
 
 In accepting the office to which your partiality has called me, I cannot refrain from allud- 
 ing to the fact that since my residence in this place, it has grown up from a mere hamlet of only 
 fourteen buildings to its present size and prosperous condition Then its buildings were of the 
 crudest character, and its streets almost impassable. We now behold a flourishing city with 
 some fifteen hundred inhabitants, well defined with passable streets, and ornamented with many- 
 buildings which would do credit to older and larger places. This rapid increase and these 
 improvements are owing not only to the peculiar local advantages we enjoy, but in a high degree 
 to the industry, enterprise and morality of our citizens. The rapid progress which our place 
 has made from a wilderness to an incorporated city, authorizes each of us proudly to reflect upon 
 the agency we have had in effecting this great and interesting change. 
 
 Ottumwa, we all know, has had little aid in effecting its permanent improvements from for- 
 eign capital. It has been settled and built up in the main by citizen laborers, professional men, 
 merchants and mechanics, whose capital was economy, industry, intelligence and perseverance ; 
 and we may now look around us and say these are the fruits of our honest industry, unflagging 
 perseverance and persistent economy, applied to one of the most highly-favored places in the 
 State These elements of individual and social prosperity have converted a wilderness into a 
 city. And to us, surely, this must be a day of pride and joy. We have founded and reared a 
 city before we have passed the meridian of life. In other countries and other times the city of 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 477 
 
 Ottumwa would have been the result of the labor and accumulations of successive generations ; 
 but the men who wrought this change are now sitting within the sound of my voice and at the 
 council-board of our city. 
 
 The official roster is here continued : 
 
 1858 — A. H. Hamilton, Mayor ; Newton Doggett, Recorder, resigned Oct. 
 18, succeeded by Walter Goldsmith ; S. J. Warden, Treasurer ; A. A. Stewart, 
 Solicitor ; C. F. Blake, Assessor ; J. H. Myers, Marshal. Aldermen : First 
 «,Ward — James Hawley, P. C. Daum, John Potter; Second Ward — F. J. Hun- 
 ter, J. W. Caldwell, J. Prugh, (resigfaed December 27, succeeded by J. W. 
 Dixon ;) Third Ward — J. Milburn, Thomas Neville, C. A. Bradshaw. 
 
 1859 — George Gillaspy, Mayor ; W. Goldsmith, Recorder, resigned July 
 11, succeeded by A. W, Gaston; J. A. Milligan, Assessor; E. Washburn, 
 Treasurer: J. H. Myers, Marshal, resigned October 18, succeeded by D. F. 
 Gaylord. Aldermen : First Ward — H. B. Hendershott, J. N. Simons, John 
 
 Potter ; Second Ward — H. B. Jones, F. J. Hunter, A. Lewis ; Third Ward 
 
 J. G. Baker, A. L. Graves, C. F. Blake. 
 
 I860— W. L. Orr, Mayor ; S. B. Thrall, Recorder ; James Hawley, Treas- 
 urer ; W. H. Clifton, Marshal ; E. L. Joy, Solicitor ; J. A. Milligan, Street 
 Commissioner ; J. Prugh, Assessor. Aldermen : First Ward — J. W. Dixon, 
 D. C. Mitchell (resigned February 4, 1861, succeeded by William Daggett), 
 J. Williamson ; Second Ward — R. H. Warden, A. Baldwin, A. Lotspeich 
 (resigned October 1, succeeded by J. W. Caldwell); Third Ward — C. W. Kit- 
 tridge, J. O'Connor, T. H. Milburn. 
 
 1861— Erastus Washburn, Mayor; S. B. Thrall, Recorder; C. W. Kit- 
 tridge. Treasurer, resigned July 1, succeeded by W. L. Orr ; E. L. Joy, Solic- 
 itor ; A. Mudge, Assessor, resigned March 5, 1862, succeeded by John Coyan ; 
 William H. Clifton, Marshal, resigned October 14, succeeded by J. F. Lewis ; 
 J. A. Milligan, Street Commissioner. Aldermen : First Ward — William Dag- 
 gett, E. L. Burton, J. H. Merrill ; Second Ward — William J. Ross, Charles 
 Miller, J. W.Caldwell (resigned August 5, succeeded by A. H. Hamilton); 
 Third Ward — J. M. Hedrick (resigned November 5, succeeded by S. W. Hays)' 
 Thomas Neville, T. H. Milburn. 
 
 1862 — Samuel Gossage, Mayor ; A. W. Gaston, Recorder ; William J. 
 Ross, Treasurer; T. Riordan, Assessor; A. W. Gaston, Solicitor; Thomas 
 O'Sullivan, Marshal. Aldermen: First Ward — E. L. Burton, A. M. Bonni- 
 field, F. W. Hawley ; Second Ward — J. R. McLeod, A. Dumbach, Robert 
 Porter (resigned June 16, succeeded by James Cullen) ; Third Ward — Thomas 
 Neville, T. J. Douglass, A. L. Graves (resigned October 6, succeeded by George 
 D. Temple). ^ ^ 
 
 1863 — Samuel Gossage, Mayor; A. W. Gaston, Recorder; Francis Bliley. 
 Treasurer ; A. W. Gaston, Solicitor ; T. Riordan, Assessor, resigned February 
 4, 1864, succeeded by A. D. Temple ; John Danihy, Marshal. Aldermen : 
 First Ward — M. B. Murphy, John Potter, E. L. Burton (resigned December 
 7, succeeded by H. B. Hendershott) ; Second Ward — E. H. Stiles, William 
 Sower, Joseph Wagg ; Third Ward — T. J. Douglass, James Eakins, George D. 
 Temple. 
 
 1864 — Manlove McFarlin, Mayor ; J. M. Douglass, Recorder ; E. L. Bur- 
 ton, Solicitor; George M. Wiltfong, Assessor ; Charles Lawrence, Treasurer, 
 resigned January 20, 1865, succeeded by Thomas Neville; H. B. Jones' 
 Marshal resigned January 16, 1865, succeeded by C. P. Mason. Aldermen: 
 First Ward — L. E. Gray, J. Guyzelman, M. B. Murphy (resigned June So' 
 succeeded by H. B. Hendershott) ;"^ Second Ward — E. H. Stiles, H. C. Grube' 
 
478 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY 
 
 H. B. Jones ; Third Ward — George D. Temple, James Eakins, Hugh 
 Brown. 
 
 1865 — Samuel Gossage, Mayor; J. M. Douglass, Recorder; E, L. Burton, 
 Solicitor ; John Graves, Treasurer ; John Coyan, Assessor ; I. L. Milligan, 
 Marshal. Aldermen : First Ward — A. D. Moss, A. M. Bonnifield, D. B. 
 Abrahams ; Second Ward — J. W. Carpenter, A. Huggins, William Wallace ; 
 Third Ward— James Brady, A. T. Holly, A. W. Gaston. 
 
 1866 — James Hawley, Sr., Mayor ; Robert Burke, Recorder, resigned^ 
 November 5, succeeded by S. B. Thrall ; E. H. Stiles, Solicitor ; R. H. War- 
 den, Treasurer ; A. F. Hoddy, Assessor ; I. L. Milligan, Marshal ; J J.Adams, 
 Street Commissioner. Aldermen : First Ward — A. H. Hamilton, H. B. Sis- 
 son, P. C. Daum ; Second Ward — J. C. Hinsey, C. C. Peters, J. McBride 
 (resigned December 13, succeeded by J. W. Carpenter) ; Third Ward — W. B. 
 Armstrong, R. J. Williams, T. Riordan. 
 
 1867 — James Hawley, Sr., Mayor ; S. B. Thrall, Recorder ; E. L. Burton, 
 Solicitor, resigned July 2, succeeded by C. E. Fulton ; W. B. Armstrong, 
 Treasurer ; John S. Wood, Marshal ; John Coyan, Assessor ; M. McFarlin, 
 Street Commissioner. Aldermen : First Ward — F. W. Hawley, G. A. Roemer, 
 G. C. Barnes (moved from Ward-in June, succeeded by P. C. Daum); Second 
 Ward — J. C. Hinsey, C. C. Peters, A. Dumbach, (died in August, succeeded 
 by J. W. Caldwell) ; Third Ward— P. G. Ballingall, T. Riordan, W. B. Little- 
 ton. 
 
 1868 — This year the city was re-organized under the general incorporation 
 laws of the State. C. E. Fulton, Mayor, S. B. Thrall, Clerk; C. C. Blake, 
 Solicitor ; J. A. Schworm, Treasurer ; John S. Wood, Marshal ; John Coyan, 
 Assessor ; M. McFarlin, Street Commissioner. Trustees : . First Ward — P. C. 
 Daum (resigned November 16), J. G. Meek ; Second Ward — J. C. Hinsey, 
 W. W. Pollard ; Third Ward— W. B. Littleton, James Eakins. 
 
 1869— C. E. Fulton, Mayor; S. B. Thrall, Clerk; C. C. Blake, Solicitor; 
 W. B. Armstrong, Treasurer ; J. S. Wood, Marshal ; J. J. Adams, Assessor ; 
 N. A. Coday, Street Commissioner ; office abolished October 5. Trustees : 
 First Ward— S. D. Pierce, T. Riordan ; Second Ward— C. F. Blake, F. J. 
 Clarke : Third Ward — J. G. Hutchison (resigned November 16) ; P. Brady ; 
 Fourth Ward— W. W. Pollard, B. B. Durfee. 
 
 1870 — W. B. Littleton, Mayor ; W. H. Caldwell, Clerk ; Eugene Fawcett, 
 Solicitor; D. W. Tower, Treasurer ; John S. Wood, Marshal; John Coyan, 
 Assessor ; C. L. Waterman, Engineer. Trustees : First Ward — T. Riordan, 
 P. G. Ballingall; Second Ward— C. F. Blake, J. S. Porter (resigned May 2, 
 moved into Third Ward and was succeeded by R. H. Warden) ; Third Ward — 
 P. Brady, William Daggett (resigned July 2, succeeded by J. S. Porter) ; 
 Fourth Ward — R. N. Harlan, John E. Cummings. 
 
 1871 — W. B. Littleton, Mayor; John Gray, Marshal; Eugene Fawcett, 
 Solicitor; D. W. Tower, Treasurer; John Coyan, Assessor; W. H. Caldwell, 
 Clerk. Trustees : First Ward — P. G. Ballingall, John Shea ; Second Ward 
 R. H. Warden, C. Inskeep ; Third Ward— P. Brady, J. S. Porter; Fourth 
 Ward— R. N. Harlan, B. B. Durfee. 
 
 1872— W. L. Orr, Mayor ; G. F. Foster, Clerk ; Eugene Fawcett, Solic- 
 itor ; resigned and succeeded by William McNett ; D. W. Tower, Treasurer ; 
 John Coyan, Assessor ; T. J. Hall, Marshal, resigned and succeeded by John 
 Gray. Trustees : First Ward — P. G. Ballingall, John Shea ; Second Ward 
 — C. Tnskeep, C.F.Blake: Third Ward— John L. Moore, P.Brady; Fourth 
 Ward— W. W. Pollard, B. B. Durfee. 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 479 
 
 1873— W. L. Orr, Mayor ; G. F. Foster, Clerk ; D. W. Tower, Treasurer ; 
 John Coyan, Assessor ; J. B. Ennis, Solicitor ; John Gray, Marshal. Trustees: 
 First Ward— N. Baker, P. G. Ballingall : Second Ward— C. F. Blake, George 
 Sheffer ; Third Ward— P. Brady, J. L. Moore ; Fourth Ward— W. W. Pollard, 
 B. B. Durfee. 
 
 1874— W. L. Orr, Mayor ; W. H. Resor, Clerk ; D. W. Tower, Treasurer ; 
 John Coyan, Assessor : 0. M. Ladd, Solicitor ; John Gray, Marshal. Trust- 
 ees : First Ward— P. G. Ballingall, N. Baker ; Second Ward— J. J. Miller. 
 George Sheffer ; Third Ward— S. Chaney, P. Brady ; Fourth Ward— B. B. 
 Durfee, C. C. Peters. 
 
 1875 — W. L. Orr, Mayor; W. H. Gorsuch, Clerk, resigned April 26, 
 succeeded by W. H. Fetzer ; D. W. Tower, Treasurer ; J. F. Lewis, Assessor ; 
 0. M. Ladd, Solicitor, resigned, succeeded by W. H. C. Jacques ; A. Vanna- 
 man, Marshal. Trustees : First Ward — W. B. Armstrong, P. G. Ballingall ; 
 Second Ward — J. J. Miller (resigned in June, succeeded by H. L. Waterman) ; 
 James Hawley ; Third Ward — S. Chaney, J. L. Moore ; Fourth Ward — C. C. 
 Peters (resigned, and succeeded by B. J. Boulton), J. M. Lamme. 
 
 1876—0. D. Tisdale, Mayor; W. H. Fetzer, Clerk ; J. P. Ennis, Solicitor; 
 D. W, Tower, Treasurer ; J. S. Porter, Assessor ; E. B. Davis, Marshal. 
 Trustees : First Ward — P. G. Ballingall, W. B. Armstrong ; Second Ward — 
 James Hawley, W. D. McClue ; Third Ward— W. A. McGrew, J. L. Moore; 
 Fourth Ward — J. M. Lamme, B. J. Boulton. 
 
 1877 — J. S. Porter, Mayor; W. H. Fetzer, Clerk; J. B. Ennis, Solicitor; 
 J. F. Lewis, Assessor ; Wade Kirkpatrick, Treasurer ; E. B. Davis, Marshal, 
 resigned, succeeded by T. B. Trotter. Trustees : First Ward — P. G. Ballin- 
 gall, K. Jordan ; Second Ward— C. F. Blake, W. D. McCue; Third Ward— 
 W. A. McGrew, I. N. Mast ; Fourth Ward — B. J. Boulton, L. E. Gray. 
 
 1878 — J. S. Porter, Mayor ; W^ H. Fetzer, Clerk : Calvin Manning, Solic- 
 itor ; Wade Kirkpatrick, Treasurer ; J. L. Harmon^, Assessor ; T. B. Trotter, 
 Marshal. Trustees : First Ward — P. G. Ballingall. K. Jordan ; Second 
 Ward— C. F. Blake, 0. M. Ladd ; Third Ward— W. A. McGrew, I. N. Mast ; 
 Fourth Ward — C. B. Rounds, L. E. Gray (resigned, succeeded by Jacob 
 Chilton). 
 
 THE POLICE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 Ottumwa, being a city of the second class, or one having less than fifteen 
 thousand inhabitants, is Avithin the limit of the law empowering the Mayor to 
 sit as a Police Judge, having concurrent jurisdiction with Justices of the Peace. 
 The Police Court is in daily session in the City Hall, Mayor J. S. Porter on 
 the Bench. 
 
 The law provides for the appointment of Marshal, who is the Chief of 
 Police, and sufiicient force to preserve the quiet and dignity of the city. At 
 present, the very efficient corps is composed of T. B. Trotter,' Marshal ; L. J. 
 Allen, J. E. Cummings and Dan Hannon, regular policemen. A special night 
 •watchman is employed by the merchants, James Noonan, and the baggageman 
 at the C, B. & Q. depot, James Ray, is empoAvered to make arrests, although 
 he is but nominally employed by the city. The Mayor has authority to appoint 
 extra policemen at any time, to serve on special occasions. The four regular 
 guardians of the city are uniformed, and are chosen because of their peculiar 
 fitness for the place. The city is an orderly one, and the duties imposed on 
 this branch of the government are well attended to. 
 
480 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 THE FIRE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 Among the numerous departments of government, none is more worthy of 
 especial liberality than that which defends life and property against fire. The 
 city is well supplied with water works, a description of which forms a separate 
 section of this histoi'y. To properly utilize the facilities thus offered, a volun- 
 teer Fire Department is maintained, composed of some forty members, and 
 called Ottumwa Fire Company No. 1. This Company was formally organized 
 in December, 1868, although it had existed some time prior, and is under the 
 general supervision of a Chief Engineer, who is appointed by the Council, but 
 usually at the suggestion of the members of the Company, thereby securing 
 harmony. At present, the position is filled by Chief Engineer J. W. Nichols, 
 who is serving his third year. Next in order comes the Assistant Chief, at 
 present James M. Winn, who is also Secretary of the Company. The Foreman 
 of the Company is John Bliley, and three assistants are required to work the 
 several stations, which are described as follows : Station 1, located at the City 
 Hall, is composed of two hose-carts,supplied with 1,000 feet of superior quality hose, 
 and a No. 2 Silsby steam engine, which is used only as a reserve in case of the 
 failure of the water-power from the general works. It is believed that the supply 
 ample, but, as a commendable precaution, this engine is held in readiness to 
 take water from the river. When the Water Works are fully perfected, the 
 steamer will be unused. This district is under the immediate supervision of 
 the Foreman, as well as the Engineers, and is headquarters, where the uniforms, 
 etc., are kept. Station No. 2 is located on the corner of Second and McLain 
 streets, and is supplied with a hose-cart and 500 feet of hose. Assistant 
 Foreman Ham Fleer, is assigned to duty at this point. Station No. 3 is 
 located on Birch street, and is supplied with hose-cart and 500 feet of 
 hose. Assistant Foreman John Mountain is in charge. Station No. 4 is on 
 West Court street, and also has a cart and 500 feet of hose. Assistant Fore- 
 man D. Lapham is the one assigned to this station. The record made by the 
 Department is a good one, and both its material condition and the pride of the 
 members in their own devotion to duty is constantly increasing. Ottumwa may 
 feel secure from heavy losses by fire if a spirit of liberality is manifested toward 
 the fostering of such an institution as her volunteer fire brigade. 
 
 The records of the Company are not preserved prior to the date of formal 
 organization, in December, 1868. At that time the Foreman was John Wood. 
 Since then the position has been held by John Gray, and the incumbent, Mr. 
 Bliley. The Secretaries have been W. H. C. Jacques, C. B. Hendershott, J. 
 Harsch and J. M. Winn. 
 
 The first record of fires goes back only to 1870, but we take from other 
 sources the information relative to 
 
 THE LARGE FIRES IN OTTUMWA. 
 
 January 22, 1868, a fire extended from Moriarty's to O'Sullivan's corner, 
 consuming the furniture store of Wilson & Co., S. D. Pierce's boot and shoe 
 store, Taylor & Co.'s collar factory, James Fisher & Co.'s saddle shop, James 
 Crowley's residence and business place, Solon Gray's store, and Cochran's 
 upholstering shop. Eight buildings were destroyed, involving a loss of $25,000, 
 on which there was $8,000 insurance. 
 
 The fire of October 30, 1868, was the greatest calamity that has visited 
 Ottumwa. When the comparative infancy of the town is considered, the ap- 
 palling character of this conflagration will be understood. Twenty-two build- 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 481 
 
 ings in the heart of the city, in which wholesaling trade was carried on, were 
 consumed, involving a total loss of about $400,000. Upon this enormous sum 
 there was an insurance of $225,000. The fire was considered at the time the 
 work of an incendiary, but upon this point there is a diversity of opinion. One 
 reliable authority informs the writer that the cause was, in his opinion, acci- 
 dental. Since careful investigation failed to discover evidence against any party, 
 it is reasonable to place the origin of the calamity within the realm of accident. 
 The fire Avas discovered at 1 o'clock, Friday morning, October 30th, in Charles 
 Betts' hat and cap store, on the south side of Main street. This was a one- 
 story frame, standing about where Dr. Warden's store now is. Those who suf- 
 fered by the fire were : J. A. Schworn, Henry & Haw, J. Prugh & Co., F. W. 
 & J. Hawley, Cope & Porter, W. C. Moss, Jr., & Co., T. Neville, C. C. Peters 
 & Co., D. M. Harmon, T. Devin & Son, H. C. Grube, Adam Kiser, Clark & 
 Tuttle, H. Nunamaker, J. G. Meek, J. Leighton, George Branderburg, F. W. 
 Smith, Charles Betts, W. D. Earl & Bro., Michael Maguire, J. Loomis, Dr. C 
 O. Warden, Shreve & Yates, L. Danbaum, Dr. J. L. Taylor, J. W. Huggin, E. 
 Washburn, P. C. Daum, James Hawley, Sr., George Godfrey, Mr. Kranmer 
 and others. 
 
 October 24, 1871, W. C. Grimes' wagon-shop was consumed by fire, involv- 
 ing a loss of $20,000, upon which there was an insurance of $11,000. The 
 building was located on Market street, between Second and Fourth, on the site 
 of the old Court House. The residences of Mrs. Reynolds and Mr. Roemer 
 were destroyed, as well as a barn belonging to James Hawley. Turners' Hall, 
 corner of Market and Fourth streets, was also burned. These buildings were 
 more or less insured. The shops were rebuilt, and again destroyed by fire in 
 1877. 
 
 October 8, 1873, J. D. Ladd & Co.'s pork-packing establishment was 
 destroyed by fire. The hand of an incendiary is supposed to have been the 
 cause of the conflagration. The total loss on building and machinery was esti- 
 mated at $40,000, with an insurance of $24,500. 
 
 January 21, 1874, a fire broke out in Seth Richards' frame building, on the 
 south side of Main street, used by Spragg & Co. as a restaurant, and in a few 
 moments the four frame buildings, to the corner, were in ^ames. The fire 
 spread from these to the two-story frame building occupied by Boulton & Bro., 
 and the two buildings adjoining, belonging to Mrs. Johnson and E. H. Stiles. 
 There were several wooden buildings adjacent. 
 
 The losses on buildings were : S. Richards, $3,000 ; Mrs. Johnson, $1,000 ; 
 Boulton & Bro., $1,200; E. H. Stiles, $800; Taylor, Blake & Co., damaged 
 by heat from across the street, $1,500 ; First National Bank, same cause, $500; 
 Daggett & Edgerly, same cause, $200. Total, $8,200. 
 
 Loss on stocks: T. Washburn, $6,000; A. M. Ewing & Co., $500; 
 William O'Malley, $1,000; 0. D. Tisdale, $2,000; J. A. Schworn, $500; 
 Spragg & Co., $1,200. Total, $11,200. 
 
 On these losses there was $10,600 insurance. 
 
 August 19, 1874, Bauer & Craner's brewery burned, involving a loss of 
 $12,000 ; insured for $5,000. 
 
 March 17, 1874. Duckworth & Harper's foundry and machine-shop were 
 destroyed. Loss, $20,000 ; insurance, $12,000. 
 
 A fire occurred January 22, 1873, which destroyed about $142,000 worth 
 of property. It originated in the third story of the building occupied by W. 
 A. Jordan & Sons, in Union Block, as a clothing store and tailoring establish- 
 ment. The block was the pride of the city, and in less than three hours it 
 
482 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 was a mass of ruins. The flames communicated to all parts of the block, and 
 involved the loss of property owned as follows : D. Eaton, on the corner of 
 Main and Green streets, $8,000 ; insured for ^5,500. Eaton & Arthur, furni- 
 ture, $5,000 ; insured for value. J. H. Merrill, building, $7,000 ; insured for 
 $5,000. J. H. Merrill & Co., groceries, loss |25,000 ; insured for value. W. 
 A. Jordan & Sons, building, loss |7,000 ; insured for $3,000 ; loss on dry goods, 
 $20,000 ; insured for value. A. Simpson, building, loss $7,000 ; no insurance. 
 Egan & Harper, hardware, stock, $12,000 ; insured for $10,000. R. N. Har- 
 lan, building, $7,000 ; insured for $4,000. S. B. Fuller, dry goods, $3,000 ; 
 insured for $2,000. J. W. & G. A. Huggins, building adjoining Union Block, 
 loss $15,000 ; insured for $9,000. The Harlan Building was occupied by Mrs. 
 Frances Williams and Miss Mary King, as millinery-shops ; loss $500 ; also 
 by Mr. Friedlander, as residence ; loss $400 ; and by J. M. Wallace, as a 
 photograph gallery ; loss $1,000. No insurance on any of these losses. Dr. 
 H. B. Sisson lost his dental furniture, value $800, and J. W. Davy, clothing, 
 etc., value $400, in the Jordan Building. W. B. Ketcham & Co., grocers, had 
 in stock, in rear of Eaton & Arthur's building, which was damaged to the 
 extent of $1,000. 
 
 There were innumerable small losses to buildings and property in the 
 vicinity of the center of the fire, but which cannot be ascertained now. 
 
 This was the second great fire in Ottumwa, and, in the character of build- 
 ings destroyed, far surpassed that of October 30, 1868. Still, the amount of 
 loss sustained was not equal to the first heavy fire. The total did not fall short, 
 of $142,000 ; but, fortunately, the loss was largely covered by insurance, so 
 that the injury to the town was not permanent. The total insurance was 
 $113,450. Enterprise, which only the West can equal, soon placed massive 
 blocks where the ruins fell, and now no trace of the calamity of 1873 is visible. 
 
 March 1, 1877, the block opposite the Ballingall House was burned, with a 
 loss of nearly $20,000, and an insurance of $10,300. 
 
 There is a conflict between the records of the Fire Company and the files of 
 the newspapers concerning some of the above dates ; but we have taken the 
 paper records in such cases, because of the general belief that the daily report 
 of prominent evejats is therein more liable to be beyond dispute. In gathering 
 the facts relative to fires, some inaccuracies may have been made ; but we have 
 taken great care to ascertain the truth, and if this summary is not strictly right, 
 the memory of our informants, and not the writer, is to blame. 
 
 THE COUNTY BUILDINGS. 
 
 The old Court House was made into ashes when Grimes' wagon-shop Avent 
 up in smoke for the first time. The present structure, which is not what can 
 truthfully be termed of '"classic architecture," was built by Mr. J. J. Adams, 
 in 1856, at a cost of $13,000. The site is a good one, removed from the busy 
 streets, which will be constantly increasing in noisiness as the town grows ; but 
 the house itself is entitled to special comment solely on the score of our rever- 
 ence for old things. The Jail, put up in 1857, at a cost of about $9,000, is 
 little to boast of. 
 
 The rich county of Wapello will soon feel the necessity of replacing its 
 present time-stained county buildings with more modern and elegant edifices. 
 
 THE CITY HALL. 
 
 The old city ofiices were located in a shell of a building on Market stree 
 south of Front street, for some time. February 25, 1873, the building burned 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 48S 
 
 in a fire which also destroyed the Star Mills, owned by Wilson & Miller. The 
 city lost about |1,200, on which there was $700 insurance. The mill, we may 
 state here, was valued at $6,000 ; insured for $3,00(h 
 
 After the destruction of the old Hall, the Council met in Gerlack's building. 
 July 7, 1873, a lot on the east side of Market street, between Second and 
 Fourth, was purchasd for $8,000. Chilton & Kendall contracted to erect a 
 city building for $12,350, excavation extra. The paper was agreed to Septem- 
 ber 17, 1873. The present fine edifice was speedily completed. The Council 
 occupied it in January, 1874. 
 
 THE CITY FINANCES. 
 
 The financial condition of Ottumwa is exceedingly satisfactory. The city 
 is practically out of debt, for the small amount of bonded indebtedness is 
 scarcely worth a thought. The bonds are due as follows : 
 
 Due April 20, 1879 ..| 3,000 
 
 Due .Tune 15, 1880 2,000 
 
 Due March 27, 1881 2,000 
 
 Due December 15, 1885 10,000 
 
 Total $17,000 
 
 As an offset, or rather as assets, so to speak, the city owns the following 
 
 property : 
 
 City Hall property $15,000 
 
 Steam fire engine « 5,000 
 
 Fire apparatus 7,000 
 
 Real estate 2,500 
 
 Total 129,500 
 
 Besides the above, the city accounts show that the sewers have cost the sum 
 of $8,600. 
 
 The assessed valuation of property in the corporation is $1,648,462, of 
 which $1,028,580 is in real estate at the present depressed prices which aifect 
 the entire country. On the above showing, it may be truthfully asserted that 
 Ottumwa is free from corporate indebtedness. 
 
 THE OTTUMWA BRIDGE COMPANY. 
 
 Those who lived on the west side of the river were compelled to ford or 
 ferry the stream, until in 1870, when the Ottumwa Bridge Company obtained 
 a charter to erect a bridge at Green street, with the sole right of bridging the 
 stream for two miles up and down therefrom. Messrs. King & Co., of Cleve- 
 land, Ohio, contracted for the iron work, and the wood work was done by local 
 parties. The bridge is 1,200 feet in length, having seven 100-foot spans over 
 the river, and five 100-foot spans of trestle work on the west side. The Com- 
 pany consists of J. S. Wolfe, J. W. Carpenter, J. G. Baker, L. E. Gray and 
 G. A. Madison. The charter lasts for ten years from original date, and has 
 two years to run. At that time the stream is open to competition. 
 
 THE OTTUMWA PRESS. 
 
 The Des Moines Courier, the pioneer newspaper of this county, was estab- 
 lished August 8, 1848, by J. H. D. Street and R. H. Warden. At that time 
 it was the most western paper in the Union, and did the legal printing for all 
 counties west of this point. Mr. Warden is still associated with the Courier, 
 although his connection has not been uninterrupted. We make such copious 
 
484 HISTORY OF AYAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 extracts from the Courier and refer to it so frequently in this work, that a mere 
 mention of facts relative to changes is called for here. January 20, 1851, Mr. 
 Warden became sole proprietor. In April, 1852, J. W. Norris acted as 
 associate editor during the absence of Mr. Warden on business. In 1849, at 
 the beginning of the second volume, the paper -was enlarged. December 20, 
 1855, J. W. Norris became editor and proprietor of the Courier. In 1866, N. 
 D. Mussleman, W. H. Caldwell a'nd W. C. Holden succeeded Mr. Norris, and 
 in August, 1869, Gen. John M. Hedrick and Major Augustus H. Hamilton 
 became the owners and editors. January, 1878, A. H. Hamilton acquired sole 
 ownership. During the agitation of the question of Americanizing the title 
 Des Moines, in 1854, the Courier chose to adopt the spelling Demoine Courier^ 
 and so appeared until January 1, 1857, when the name was changed to that of 
 Weekly Ottumwa Courier, a name it still retains for its weekly edition. April 
 5, 1865, the Daily Ottumwa Courier was introduced, and is now in its four- 
 teenth year of prosperous life. The Courier has always been a success, because 
 of the intelligent, brave and energetic conduct of its managers. 
 
 In June, 1850, the Des Moines Republic appeared, under the management 
 of James Baker & Co., and continued for about two years, when it ceased to 
 live. 
 
 The third paper in the county was the Ottumwa Democratic Statesman in 
 1858, of which G. D. R. Boyd was the publisher. J. H. D. Street next con- 
 ducted it awhile, then — in 1861 — H. B. Hendershott and E. L. Burton, who 
 changed the name to that of the Ottumiva Democratic Union. In 1862, Mr. 
 Hendershott resigned, and S. B. Evans, now of the Democrat and Times, became 
 associated with Mr. Burton in its conduct. Thereupon a further change of 
 name occurred, that of Democratic Mercury being substituted for that of 
 Demgcratic Union. In the winter of 1863-64, Mr. Evans retired, and S. H. 
 Burton united with his brother, E. L. Burton, in the publication of the paper. 
 In October, 1865, the latter Mr. Burton gave place to Russell Higgins, and he 
 to Mr. Evans again, in the following month of November. In March, 1868, 
 Mr. Evans a second time and finally severed his connection with the Mercury, 
 leaving Mr. S. H. Burton sole editor and proprietor. A few months later, the 
 publication of the paper was permanently discontinued. 
 
 In March, 1868, an exceedingly ultra Democratic newspaper entitled T?ie 
 Copperhead, previously published at Bella, Marion County, was removed to 
 Ottumwa. M. V. B. Bennett, H. M. McCully and S. B. Evans here con- 
 tinued its publication until December of that year, when Mr. Bennett withdrew. 
 In December, 1870, Mr. McCully also withdrew. Mr. Evans, on thus succeed- 
 ing to the sole editorship and proprietorship, immediately changed the name 
 The Copperhead to that of the Ottumwa Democrat. 
 
 The Democrat was published by S. B. Evans and J. W. Norris, who 
 became associated some time since, and was one of the leading papers of the 
 State. In 1875, a daily edition was published for three months. 
 
 In 1870, H. S. Bailey brought a job ofiice to Ottumwa, and commenced a 
 jobbing business. He secured the services of Dr. G. F. Foster, and began the 
 publication of a paper called The Reveille, which was a lively, gossipy sheet, 
 while it lived — a period compassed by about six months, if memory is not at 
 fault, since no files are now extant. 
 
 The Ottumwa Journal, a German weekly, was established in 1871, by A. 
 Danquard, and is still a paper of influence among the Germans of the county. 
 
 April 4, 1874, the Ottumwa Printing Company, composed of N. M. Ives, 
 0. G. Graves, Dr. G. F. Foster, and others, began the publication of t]|^ Spirit 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 485 
 
 of the Times. Dr. Foster soon withdrew from the Company. In 1875, H. M. 
 Ives, son of N. M. Ives, purchased Mr. Graves' interest. The paper was con- 
 ducted by the Messrs. Ives until July, 1876, when I. T. Flint purchased a one- 
 third interest, and the name of the paper was changed to the Ottumwa Times. 
 During the following February, Mr. Flint retired from the firm, and from that 
 date the paper was owned and managed by N. M. Ives & Son. 
 
 November 14, 1878, the Democrat and Times appeared, being a consolida- 
 tion of those papers. The publishers are Ives & Evans (H. M. Ives and S. B. 
 E vans); the editors are S. B. Evans and N. M. Ives. 
 
 SECRET SOCIETIES. 
 
 The first Masonic organization effected in Ottumwa was that of Ottumwa 
 Lodge. No. 16. Work began, under dispensation, in the summer of 1848, as 
 is shown by the following notice, which is a copy of the first ever published in 
 the Courier : 
 
 The regular communication of Ottumwa Lodge, U. D., will be bolden at Mason's Hall, in 
 this place, Friday, the 18th inst., at 7 o'clock P. M. A punctual attendance of all the members 
 is required. Brethren of good standing in all regular lodges are respectfully invited to attend. 
 
 August 18, 1848. Bel A White, Secretary. 
 
 The first officers chosen were : H. M. C. Lane, W. M. ; V. W. Coffin, S. 
 W. : J. C. Tolman, J. W. ; Samuel Cornes, Treasurer ; Bela White, Secre- 
 tary ; T. A. Truman, S. D. ; N. L. Gebhart, J. D. ; Seth Fair, Tiler. The 
 charter was issued in November, 1848. Speaking of the first installation, the 
 Courier says, under date of December, 1848: 
 
 The Ottumwa Lodge, No. 16, A., F. & A. M., which for a few months had been acting under 
 dispensation, received its charter in November, 1848. A public installation of oiEcers was held 
 on the 22d, by Gen. Humphrey, M. W. Grand Master, assisted by James Shepherd, Esq., D. G. 
 Master. An address was delivered by Rev. Mr. Smith, of Burlington, and the Rev. A. Shinn 
 acted as Chaplain. The Fairiield Brass Band was present, and a grand dinner was given at the 
 " Ottumwa House," under the auspices of mine host, James Hawley. The following gentlemen 
 were installed as officers of the Lodge : D. M. C. Lane, Worshipful Master ; V. W. Coffin, Senior 
 Warden; J. C. Tolman, Junior Warden; N. Baldwin, Treasurer; Bela White, Secretary; N. C. 
 Hill, Senior Deacon ; N. L. Gebhart, Junior Deacon ; M. W. Hopkinson, Tiler. 
 
 The present officers are: W. W. Douglass, W. M. ; J. S. Young, S. W. • 
 H. P. Colt, J. W. ; W. H. H. Asbury, Treasurer; A. N. Barnes, Secretary; 
 R. L. Tilton, S. D. ; W. F. McCue, J. D. ; J. M. Riser, S. S. : W. R. Daum, 
 J. S. ; H. B. Powell, Tiler. 
 
 Empire Lodge., No. 269. — The organization of this Lodge dates back only 
 to October 21, 1869, under dispensation issued to J. C. Hinsey, Master; I. N. 
 Mast, S. W.; George Hill, J. W.; William C. Holden, S. D.; M. McFarlin, 
 J. D.; John F. Lewis, Treasurer ; Joseph Gray, Secretary and H. B.' Crowell, 
 Tiler; the constituent members being John Gray, L. L. McBride, C. H. 
 Potts, Charles 0. Williams, J. P. Cornes, 0. E. Stewart and Charles W, Betts. 
 The charter was granted June 15, 1870, the following being enrolled as charter 
 members: J. C. Hinsey, W. M.; I. N. Mast, S. W.; John Gray, J. W.; John 
 P. Lewis, Treasurer; Charles S. Graves, Secretary. The present number of mem- 
 bers belonging to this Lodge is sixty-three. The names of its officers come below : 
 E. B. Hill, W. M.; Robert Finley, S. W.; Charles Schick, J. W.; J. W. 
 Nichols, S. D.; Richard Stevens, J. D.; Charles Sax, Treasurer; George T. 
 Bedwell, Secretary. 
 
 Clinton Chapter, No. 9, R. A. M., was organized February 16, 1855, under 
 dispensation issued to P. C. Daum, High Priest; J. J. Adams, King; J. G. 
 Taylor, Scribe; and the following Companions: John Pumroy, W. W. Farley, 
 
486 ' HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 E. Washburn, Silas Osborn, J. W. Caldwell, T. J. Holmes and W. C. Hatten. 
 The charter was granted June 2, 1855, and the following officers elected and 
 installed : P. C. Daura, High Priest ; J. J. Adams, King ; J. G. Taylor, Scribe ; 
 N. C. Hill, Treasurer; J. Hayne, Secretary; J. Pumroy, C. H.;"W, W. Far- 
 ley, P. S.; E. Washburn, R. A. C; Silas Osborne, G. M. 3d V.; A. L. Graves, 
 G. M. 2d v.; P. J. Holmes, G. M. 1st V.; R. H. Warden, G. 
 
 On October 29, 1868, Masonic Hall was burned, and during the fire the 
 charter of this Lodge was also destroyed. A new charter was granted October 
 21, 1869, in place of the old one. 
 
 The present officers of the Chapter are: W. A. McGrew, H. P.; C. L. 
 Warren, King; Daniel Traul, Scribe; W. W. Douglass, Captain of H.; R. L. 
 Tilton, Pr. Sjr.; J. M. Kiser, R. A. Captain ; Charles Bachman, G. M. 3d V.; 
 John F. Lewis, G. M. 2d V.; E. B. Hills, G. M. 1st V.; P. C. Daum, Treas- 
 urer ; M. B. Walker, Secretary ; H. B. Powell, Tiler. 
 
 Malta Commandery^ No. 31, K. T. — Constituted under dispensation 
 March 7, A. D. 1877 : constituted under charter October 27, A. D. 1877. 
 Officers first elected were W. A. McGrew, E. C. ; W. G. Linn, G. ; R. A. 
 Wilson, C. G. ; A. C. Stilson, P. ; R. L. Tilton, S. W. ; C. L. Walker, J. W.; 
 W. B. Armstrong, Treasurer; Samuel Brumsay, Recorder. Members, P. W. 
 Capron, M. B. Walker, P. C. Daum, J. C. Hinsey, M. A. Potter, D. A. Pool, 
 Samuel Cowan, Daniel Traul, J. S. Wood, L. D. Bosworth, E. E. Bruce, W. 
 W. Douglass, A. Lotspeich, W. B. Goodall, F. C. Warden, T. B. McDonald, 
 C. Bachman, L. E. Gray, H. B. Powell, N. L. Gebhart, H. S. Storrs, Levi 
 Jones, William McCune, A. N. Barns, A. P. Peterson, A. C. Hill, W. H. H. 
 Asbury, W. M. Cook, A. W. Bell, S. L. McGavic, Joseph Sloan, T. W. Wil- 
 son, Harrison Hines, G. W. Parke, J. S. Young, W. F. McCue, G D. Cook, 
 W. T. Carter, B. F. Elbert. 
 
 Present officers, W. A. McGrew, E. C. ; W. W. Douglass, G. ; C. Bach- 
 man, C. G. ; A. C. Stilson, P. ; W. B. Armstrong, Treasurer ; W. B. Goodall 
 Recorder. 
 
 Ottumiva Lodge, No. 9, I. 0. 0. F., was first planned in the fall of 1847, 
 when a few members of the order met in a log building near where the First 
 National Bank now stands, and talked the matter over. There were but eight 
 Lodges in Iowa at that time. Finally, John F. Baldwin, Duane F. Gaylord, 
 V. W. Coffin, Thomas A. Freeman, Thomas J. Devin, B. Roysdon and George 
 M. Wright petitioned for a charter, which was granted by the U. S. Grand 
 Lodge at Baltimore. May 15, 1848, D. D. G. M. William Patterson, came to 
 Ottumwa, bringing the charter, which had been dated January 27, 1848. 
 Traveling was so difficult that weeks had elapsed since the document was written. 
 Under this charter, the first officers were Bertrand Jones, N. G. ; T. J, Devin. 
 V. G. ; G. M. Wright, Secretary. The Lodge has prospered, and is now in a 
 sound condition. It has admitted 364 members, by all methods, during its 
 thirty years of life, 278 of whom were by initiation. Eleven of its members 
 have died while still associated with the Lodge. George M. Wright was the 
 first to die. 
 
 The list of names below given are those of the Noble Grands since the 
 organization of the Lodge. The figures following certain names indicate the 
 number of times those members were elected to the chair. Bertrand Jones, 
 James Hawley, Sr., J. F. Baldwin (2), T. J. Devin, V. W. Coffin, Thomas G. 
 Given (2), J. B. Myers, D. F. Gaylord (4), Joseph Leighton, Uriah Biggs, W. 
 L. Orr (2), George Gillaspy, Charles F. Blake, E. Washburn, Josiah Dibble, 
 J. Harris (2), B. W. Jefi"ries, C. A. Bradshaw, Elendorf, D. C. Mitchell,. 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 487 
 
 W. P. Sharp (3), B. J. Boulton, H. C. Grube, Thomas Eyer, T. J. Douglass, 
 E. L. Burton (2), M. McFarlin, Joseph Wagg, Charles Sax, R. S. Denney, 
 Frank Fiedler, A. F. Hoddy, G. A. Derby, R. B. Cochran, V;. T. Starr, D. 
 W. Tower, L. M. Godley, L. J. Allen, T. R. Bickley, C. F. W. Bachman (2), 
 E. E. Thompson, J. M. Kissee, W. H. Lewis, C. B. Rounds (2), W. J. Mitchell, 
 T. J. Hall, John Guthrie, M. J. Burns, Conrad Ostertag, W. J. Bayliss. 
 
 A Division of the Order of the Sons of Temperance was organized in 
 Ottumwa on the 21st of November 1848, by G. W. P., W. G. Anderson, of 
 Keokuk, and elected the following officers : W. P., John D. Devin ; W. A., R. 
 H. Warden; R. S., H. P. Graves; F. S., James Adams; T., Joseph H. D. 
 Street; C, William H. Baldwin; A. C, Austin W. Hammitt; I. S., A. T. 
 
 ^ ' THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 
 
 There is nothing of an official character relative to the first public schools 
 of District No. 1 extant. The records, in all probability, were consumed in 
 the fire Avhich destroyed the old City Hall. Personal recollection and newspaper 
 files of that date are called into requisition to supply missing data ; and from 
 such sources it becomes apparent that the education of youth was not neglected 
 in the early years of the town's existence. The first authentic mention of the 
 condition of the schools is made in 1848. 
 
 By the Courier of September 22, 1848, we learn that in Ottumwa there 
 were two schools well attended, but no schoolhouse. At Agency, the citizens, 
 by means of private contributions, had built a neat and commodious frame 
 schoolhouse. 
 
 On the 18th of October, 1848, Mr. S. V. Blakeslee announced his inten- 
 tion of opening a High School in Ottumwa. He had completed his college 
 course a year before, somewhere in the East, and proposed to establish a literary 
 institution of high order in the valley of the Des Moines. The course of study he 
 laid out was of wide range, including surveying and navigation, Greek, Latin 
 and French, the higher mathematics and all the philosophies. It was to be 
 opened November 1. 
 
 In May, 1849, the citizens of School District No. 2, which joined the 
 Ottumwa District (No. 1) on the north, voted a tax of 1 per cent for the pur- 
 pose of building a comfortable brick schoolhouse in that District, on the site 
 occupied by the log schoolhouse, near Mr. John Alexander's residence. 
 
 The school moneys were obtained from the general fund, however, and 
 that fact confirms the belief that the law^ was fully complied with. Local taxa- 
 tion was also resorted to, and the excellence of the schools is attested by the 
 men who were then conversant with the affairs of the District, and still remem- 
 ber the general impressions which prevailed at that early date. 
 
 On the 12th of September, 1849, the citizens of School District No. 1 
 (embracing Ottumwa and vicinity) held a meeting, at which it was determined 
 to build a schoolhouse. The sum of $100 was appropriated for the purchase 
 of a lot, and the house itself was to cost $1,450. They agreed upon a build- 
 ing 26x50 feet, two stories high, and to be made of brick. 
 
 This plan was not carried out, through some misunderstanding or disagree- 
 ment as to locality. In 1850 or 1851, two frame buildings were erected, one 
 being the present residence of Rev. H. B. Knight, and the other the residence 
 of H. B. Jones. These were the first houses erected in the town for the 
 exclusive purpose of holding school sessions therein. 
 
 In November, 1853, Miss Lavina Chandler opened a private school in the 
 Lower Schoolhouse in Ottumwa. 
 
488 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 Private schools were maintained at an early day. Misses Hornby and 
 Street opened a school in Ottumwa on the 6th of August, 1855, in the second 
 story of A. J. Spaulding's block. Mr. W. A. Sutliff also opened a select school 
 at about the same time. 
 
 The Ottumwa Seminary, under the m.anagement of Dr. A. G. Lucas, 
 assisted by C. R. Johnson, was opened on the 8th of October, 1855. 
 
 The first meetng of which any record is made was held May 15, 1858, 
 being called " a meeting of the Directors of Ottumwa City School District, in 
 the office of S. B. Thrall. There were present : J. M. McElroy, President ; 
 W. L. Orr, Vice President, and S. B. Thrall, Secretary, who presented their 
 certificates of election, and having been duly qualified they were received, and 
 ordered to be filed with the Secretary." The report then continues : " It was 
 moved and carried that the bonds of the Treasurer be placed at $1,200. and 
 bond of Secretary at $600." The Treasurer was Charles Lawrence, and his 
 bond was indorsed by J, G. Baker. This seems to have been the only impor- 
 tant business transacted by the Directors at this meeting, with the exception of 
 appointing John Devin as Director of the District, to fill a vacancy. The 
 meeting then adjourned until May 18 ; and at that time John Devin declined 
 the honor of serving as Director, and E. Washburn was appointed to fill the 
 vacancy. At this meeting it was decided that a committee should wait "upon 
 the Trustees of the Methodist Church, and endeavor to procure the upper rooms 
 of the church-building, or, if failing fn that, to procure a room in the Court 
 House or elsewhere for a schoolroom." The church rooms were secured " with- 
 out paying additional rent." " On motion, the Secretary was instructed to 
 ascertain whether it would be necessary (under the action of the new school law) 
 to call a meeting at this time of the electors of the District, to levy a tax for 
 school purposes." By this it will be seen that a desire had already sprung up 
 for a new schoolhouse ; but the County Judge subsequently informed the 
 Directors that " he had ascertained that it was not necessary to call a meeting 
 of the Directors at the pi^esent time." The May 18th meeting was adjourned 
 until June 18. When together, among other business, Dr. Orr complained 
 " that a number of scholars were so irregular in their attendance at school as 
 very materially to interfere with the progress of the classes. After some 
 discussion as to the best method to adopt to obviate the evil, it was moved and 
 carried that the President publish in the city papers a statement of the circum- 
 stances, and appeal to parents to send their children regularly." Subsequent 
 to this, meetings were held July 19, August 19 and August 30, until the hold- 
 ing of the first yearly meeting, September 6, during which, however, nothing 
 of interest was done. The work above has been monthly labor, and the pro- 
 ceedings have been recorded quite fully, inasmuch as the work was about the 
 first done. The space occupied in the pages to come will involve only the 
 yearly meetings, the first of which, as before mentioned, was September 6, 
 1858, at which the Secretary said that " if a school was to be kept any 
 length of time during the following year, it would be necessary to levy a tax 
 to pay the larger part of the expenses," The outlay for this purpose would be 
 at least " $1,800 to $2,000, and that there would be paid into the district 
 treasury, in April, 1859, between $300 and $400 as the portion belonging to 
 this district. The balance would have to be raised by tax." E. Washburn 
 desired to have the school run ten months out of the year. An amendment 
 made it nine months. Another was proposed, reducing the period of school 
 days to six months of the twelve. The nine-months men were the strongest, 
 and their votes weighed down the scale. After making various estimates as to 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 489 
 
 the per cent necessary to be levied, it was resolved that one-fourth of one per 
 cent be levied on the taxable property of the district. 
 
 The Directors then adjourned until March 14, 1859, the meeting being for 
 the purpose of electing officers for the ensuing year, the Directors coming 
 together "by authority of the City Council, acting in consequence of Act No. 
 11, being an act to confer certain powers on towns and cities for school pur- 
 poses," passed by the Board of Education at its first session held at Des 
 Moines, December, 1858." The names of the newly-elected officers come after. 
 President, Thomas C. Woodward; Vice President, S. B. Thrall; Secretary, S. 
 D. Morse ; Treasurer, John Moore ; Directors, Joseph Hayne, Joseph H. 
 Merrill and F. J. Hunter. 
 
 March 12, 1860, the third yearly meeting was held, and the following offi- 
 cers elected: Thomas C. Woodward, President; M. J. Williams, Vice Presi- 
 dent; S. B. Thrall, Secretary; James Hawley, Sr., Treasurer; Director for 
 three years, Charles F. Blake. It will be noticed that here the system of elect- 
 ing the three Directors per year, was changed from one year to one Director at 
 alternate years, each member to serve three years from date of election. After 
 this business, it was decided to hold a meeting March 24, to take into consider- 
 ation the propriety of levying, and the amount of tax to be levied in the dis- 
 trict for the support of schools the ensuing year. The result of the adjourned 
 conference was, that such a tax should be levied as required by the school 
 law. 
 
 When the Board next assembled, it was March 11, 1861. At that meeting 
 Charles F. Blake moved that a tax of 5 mills on the dollar be levied on the 
 taxable property of the district to 
 
 BUILI) A SCHOOLHOUSE. 
 
 The motion prevailed and the Board proceeded to elect officers, " and to 
 vote by ballot." Following was the result: Thomas C. Woodward, President; 
 M. J. Williams, Vice President ; S. B. Thrall, Secretary ; John Moore, Treas- 
 urer; Joseph Hayne, Director for three years. 
 
 March 10, 1862. was the dat^e of the next meeting. On motion of Mr. 
 McElroy, it was decided to sell the schoolhouse lot owned by the district. Mr. 
 Washburn was in favor of advertising for proposals to build a schoolhouse, but 
 was not suffici*ently sustained in his enterprise to warrant a successful consum- 
 mation of the proposed scheme. Therefore, the only thing to do was to elect 
 officers and adjourn, these being the favored ones : President, W. J. Ross ; 
 Vice President, J. M. McElroy ; Secretary, G. D. Hackworth ; Treasurer, A. 
 M. Bonnifield; Director for three years, Thomas Neville. 
 
 On March 9, 1863, the Board met again. This meeting was an important 
 one and drove the stake to which the future substantial educational features of 
 Ottumwa were moored. Thus, inasmuch as the Board voted that a schoolhouse 
 should be built, and instead of the children being subjected to a toting about 
 from pillar to post at the pleasure of church trustees or some one else, who 
 might at any moment refuse their portals for the purpose of affording the car- 
 rying-out of educational plans, the growing village of Ottumwa was to have an 
 establishment dignified with the title of educational institution. And to cap 
 this climax of accomplishments, "Mr. G. Gillaspy moved that the Board be 
 instructed to locate the schoolhouse on College Square. Carried by 120 to 15." 
 It was decided that a tax of one-half of one per cent should be levied for 
 school purposes. After which the names that follow were set down as being 
 the choice of the meeting for officers for the year to come : W. J. Ross, Pres- 
 
490 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 ident; J. C. Fisher, Vice President; Timothy Riordan, Secretary; A. M. 
 Bonnifield, Treasurer; T. J. Holmes, Director. 
 
 The meeting of the following year was March 14, 1864. The only bus- 
 iness done was the election of officers. There were 277 ballots cast. The 
 result was : President, Dr. C. C. Warden ; A'^ice President, William Daggett ; 
 Treasurer, James Hawley; Secretary, James T. Hackworth; Director, 
 Charles F. Blake. 
 
 The meeting of March 13, 1865, was merely for the election of officers, and, 
 with the exception of Director, which honor was assigned to William J. Ross, 
 the officers remained unchanged. 
 
 The result of the meeting of March 12, 1866, was the same as the two pre- 
 A'ious, this time F. Arthur being elected Director. 
 
 At the meeting of March 11, 1869, the solid "business" of the Board 
 began. The financial reports began to come in, the first report being for the 
 year 1863. The total expenditures of that year were |621.73. In this year, 
 the excavation and first work on the building were commenced. The next year, 
 the expenses began to multiply, and at the close of 365 days the district had 
 expended $11,825.98 for various purposes, among which was $15 " for legal 
 opinion on right to build on ' College Square.' " In 1865, the Board laid out 
 $13,208.49. This was the height of expenditures, for in the next year, 1866, 
 the figures fell off to $2,087.50. The total cost of the building and furnishing 
 had now amounted to $28,818.57. Of this, $20,600 had been borrowed. The 
 report says ; '• The district is now in debt, on building account, about $2,860 ; 
 to teachers, to April 1, 1867, $1,380 ; all other debts, to April 1, 1867, will 
 be about $156 ; probable total debt, on April 1, 1867, $4,390. There is now 
 in the treasury $929.06." The report of the total cost of the school, from 
 September 3, 1866, to the close of the term of April 1, 1867, was $4,288.75. 
 For the entire year, $5,800 to $6,000. It was decided that a tax of 2^ mills 
 on the dollar be levied on taxable property of the district for the schoolhouse 
 fund, and 2i mills for the teachers' fund. The election of officers followed, the 
 President being Dr. C. C. Warden ; Vice President, J. M. Hedrick ; Secre- 
 tary, S. B. Thrall ; Treasurer, James Hawley ; Director, J. C. Hinsey. 
 
 The coming together of the Board on March 9, 1868, was an event of im- 
 portance. The report of the Treasurer showed that $4,269.23 had been 
 expended. This for schoolhouse improvements. The cost of the schools for 
 the ten months had been $7,600, a total of $11,869.23. 
 
 There were now thirteen teachers employed by the district, this including 
 the Principal, the total pay of the teachers being $670 per month. A motion 
 was made "to levy 1 mill schoolhouse tax." The affirmative vote was 55 
 to 24 against. A tax of 2^ mills for teachers' fund was recommended, and 
 a decisive vote taken in favor of the levy. The election of officers came 
 next, as follows: Dr. C. C. Warden, President; H. Bross, Vice President; 
 D. W. Power, Secretary ; James Hawley, Sr., Treasurer ; Charles Lawrence, 
 Director. 
 
 The thirteenth yearly meeting was held March 8, 1869. A levy of a 
 ^-mill tax for schoolhouse purposes was voted upon and carried. The report 
 of the expenditures for the year past showed that a total of $11,312.64 had 
 been paid out. The election of officers resulted as follows : Dr. S. B. Thrall, 
 President; William L. Orr, Vice President; J. H. Merrill, Treasurer; 0. 
 Tower, Secretary ; J. W. Edgerly, Director. 
 
 Again the Board met March 14, 1870. The subject of building a school- 
 house in the northwest portion of the district came up, and the Board, on final 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 493 
 
 motion of Dr. C. C. Warden, resolved to buy a lot suitable and build a school- 
 house, the cost of the house, exclusive of the lot and furniture, not to exceed 
 $5,000. The financial report was listened to. There had been an outlay of 
 ^9,089.98 for the ten months. The election of officers put into positions : 
 Herman Bross, President ; A. H. Hamilton, Vice President ; S. B. Thrall, 
 Treasurer ; W. L. Orr, Secretary ; J. W. Edgerly, Director. 
 
 The next yearly meeting, March 13, 1871, was ushered in with the usual 
 reports, a reading of the expense report, which amounted to $11,103.49, and 
 the levy of 1 mill tax for the building of a schoolliouse in the west side of the 
 district. The following School Directors were elected : Dr. William L. Orr, 
 Dr. C. C. Warden. 
 
 March 11, 1872. at the annual meeting, it was ascertained that, according 
 to the finance report read, the expenditures for the year had been $16,267.84. 
 Two Directors, L. M. Godley and G. F. Knight, were elected, and the Board 
 adjourned. 
 
 March 10, 1873, the meeting was called. The expenses for the year had 
 been $14,512.45; receipts, $12,801.02. The election of officers followed. 
 For President, J. W. Edgerly ; Treasurer, George Haw ; Director, for one 
 year, W W. Pollard; two Directors for three years, Fred. Arthur, Oliver C. 
 Graves. 
 
 A yearly meeting was held March 9, 1874. A total of $18,625.03 had 
 been the receipts, and $14,629.13 the expenditures for the year. The election 
 came after. J. W. Edgerly, Dr. S. B. Thrall, were made Directors for three 
 years each, and Dr. J. Williamson for two years. 
 
 On March 9, 1875, the Board met again. The receipts for the year had 
 been $12,453.06 ; the expenditures, $14,524.95. J. H. Merrill and W. T. 
 Harper were elected Directors. A vote was taken on school bonds, there being 
 396 ballots for and 142 against. 
 
 The meeting of March 13, 1876, was important. It was decided that $6,000 
 of bonds should be issued, payable in three years. The receipts for the year 
 were $23,325.70; the expenditures were $31,140.79. The debt of the district 
 at that time was $18,561.10, as shown by the report. W. B. Armstrong and 
 W. H. Fetzer were elected Directors. 
 
 March 12, 1877, a meeting was held, and the reports showed that the year's 
 receipts had been $27,387.81, and the expenses $22,337.11. J. W. Edgerly 
 and Alfred Lotspeich were elected Directors. 
 
 The last meeting was held March 11, 1878. During the past year there 
 has been $25,332.15 received into the treasury, and $25,332.15 paid out. The 
 bonded debt as it now stands is $11,000 ; outstanding orders, $7,000 ; making 
 the district's total debt $18,000. The following officers now constitute the 
 Board : J. W. Edgerly, President ; W. E. Chambers, Vice President ; C. F. Blake, 
 Secretary ; A. W. Stuart, Superintendent ; Directors, J. H. Merrill, W. T. 
 Harper, W. B. Armstrong, J. W. Edgerly, Jacob Chilton. There are now 
 thi-ee public school edifices at Ottumwa. The High School department is in 
 the Adams School. That division employs 5 teachers (including Superintend- 
 ent) ; Adams School, 10 teachers ; Lincoln School, 6 teachers ; Douglas 
 School, 6 teachers — making a total of 27 teachers. 
 
 With the completion of the Adams Schoolhouse, the present system of 
 Ottumwa may be said properly to have begun. Previous to that the schools 
 were scattered over town, with different teachers, and under as many different 
 systems as there were teachers. There was no superintendent, or recognized 
 head of schools. At the opening of the Adams building, Dr. Warden was 
 
494 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY, 
 
 President of the Board. He was a man much interested in school work, and a 
 man universally recognized as a prudent and economical business man. And 
 for this reason he was able to carry forward many reforms in the school manage- 
 ment, which might have failed if undertaken by others. 
 
 At this time, Mr. L. M. Hastings was chosen Superintendent. He had had 
 considerable experience in school work, was an excellent organizer and disci- 
 plinarian, as well as devoted to his work. He was continued as Superintendent 
 until ]873. 
 
 Object-teaching was then attracting considerable attention, and the Board, 
 not to be behind others, sent to Oswego, N. Y., and secured the services of Miss 
 Pride, a graduate of the school there. She opened a school here in which the 
 pupils were instructed according to the object method, and also gave instruction 
 to a class of other teachers, who wished to be instructed in the new plan. This 
 method is still continued in a degree in the present schools, and has been found 
 of great benefit. Miss Pride was succeeded by Miss Ennis in this department, 
 and she, in turn, by Miss Reeder and Miss Spaulding. 
 
 Prof. Wilson Palmer succeeded Mr. Hastings as Superintendent in 1873, 
 when he resigned, and the Board elected Prof. A. W. Stuart, who holds that 
 ofiice at the present time. 
 
 The Presidents of the Board, since its organization as an independent dis- 
 trict, have been : T. C. Woodward, 1859 to 1862 ; W. J. Ross, 1862 to 1864 ; 
 C. C. Warden, 1864 to 1869 ; S. B. Thrall. 1869 to 1871 ; C. C. Warden, 1871 
 to 1872 ; J. W. Edgerly, 1872 to the present time. 
 
 The schools of Ottumwa take a high rank among the schools of Iowa, as 
 well as among those of the Western States. The Superintendents have been 
 men of high rank in their profession, and they have been aided by a corps of 
 teachers as good as could be procured. Special teachers are supplied to teach 
 music and German. The High School especially is worthy of praise. The 
 requirements for admission there are very nearly the same as for corresponding 
 schools in Chicago and St. Louis. 
 
 OTTUMWA BUSINESS COLLEGE. 
 
 This school was established in June, 1871, by W. C. Caldwell and J. W. 
 Oldham. They began with only one student, but were determined to succeed 
 in introducing a practical educational institution. In 1872, Mr. Caldwell 
 bought the interest of Mr. Oldham, and added a telegraphic department. In 
 1874, Mr. C. sold out to Messrs. Fugate & Thompson, who greatly increased 
 the business. The College is an established concern, and is steadily growing in 
 popular favor. The rooms are over the post office, on Main street. It is now 
 conducted by Messrs. Strong & Shafer. 
 
 OTTUMWA PUBLIC LIBRARY. 
 
 A Stock library was organized in March, 1"<72, by several prominent gentle- 
 men of the city, among them being E. S. Sheffield, W. E. Chambers, E. Faw- 
 cett, J. C. Osgood and Rev. H. Bross. The first officers now are : Samuel 
 Mahon, President; Rev. H. B. Knight, Vice President; J. W. Edgerly, Sec- 
 retary ; W. A. McGrew, Treasurer, and Miss Emma Daum, Librarian. There 
 are 2,000 volumes in the library, all carefully chosen. This is in addition to all 
 pamphlets and documents. The stock is placed at $2,000, and persons are 
 entitled to the privileges of the Library by the payment of an annual fee 
 of $3. 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 495 
 
 CHURCHES. 
 
 The First Minister of the Gospel. — Mr. Spaulding came to Agency in 
 1843, probably in the fall, but the exact date is not obtainable. He was a 
 graduate of Andover Theological Seminary, and was one of a party of young 
 men who were sent out as missionaries in 1843, under the auspices of the Con- 
 gregational Church. The men were known as the Iowa Band. Mr. Spaul- 
 ding was an able, devoted man, and one who was able to appreciate the situation 
 in which his duty placed him. 
 
 In recognition of the influence exerted over the new society in Wapello 
 County in those early days, and in the later ones, as well, no more agreeable 
 task has fallen to the historian's lot than that of recording the biographical 
 sketch, here briefly given, of Mr. Spaulding. 
 
 There was probably no one of the early settlers of Wapello Count v who, 
 while living, occupied a higher place in the confidence and hearts of the people 
 than did this pioneer clergyman. He was a man of singular simplicity and 
 purity of character, a Christian in thought and deed. As the first Pastor of 
 the Congregational Church of Ottumwa, he labored nobly for the good of his 
 Society and the welfare of the whole community. 
 
 He was born January 20, 1815, at Billerica, Middlesex Co., Mass. ; the 
 eldest son of Sampson and Susannah Spaulding. His mother's maiden name was 
 Skinner. There were ten children in the family, of which he was the fifth. 
 In his early youth, he prepared his mind for college, and attended Philips 
 Academy, at Andover, and Yale and Harvard Colleges successively, graduating 
 from the latter in 1840. From Harvard he went to the Andover Theolocrical 
 Seminary and remained through a full course of three years. At the age of 
 twenty, he experienced religion, and thenceforth trained his mind to the one 
 end of entering the ministry. 
 
 Of the class to which he belonged at Andover, eleven decided to devote 
 themselves to missionary work, and selected the Territory of Iowa as the field 
 of their future operations. They met at Buffalo, N. Y., October 5, 1843 ; went 
 from there to Chicago by way of the lakes, and from there to Denmark, Iowa, 
 by private conveyance. The "Iowa Band," as the young missionaries were 
 called, was ordained on the 2d of November, 1843. The names of some of 
 this devoted band, and the stations then assigned to them, are obtainable and 
 are given a place in these records : Rev. B. A. Spaulding, Wapello County ; 
 Rev. Harvey Adams, Farmington and Bentonsport, Van Buren County ; Rev. 
 William A. Thompson, Troj?, Davis County; Rev. E. Adams, Henry County; 
 Rev. Horace Hutchinson, Burlington ; Rev. A. B. Robbins, Muscatine ; Rev. 
 Ebenezer Alden, Cedar and Johnson Counties ; Rev. William Salter, Androw, 
 Jackson County ; Rev. E. B. Turner, Cascade, Jones County. 
 
 Mr. Spaulding came to Agency in the fall of 1843, having received his 
 instructions as a missionary of the Home Missionary Society, at Andover, Mass., 
 Sunday evening, September 3, 1843. As has been said, he was assigned to 
 duty in Wapello County, on the 2d of November, and probably entered upon 
 the Avork prior to the middle of that month. 
 
 The exact date of Mr. Spaulding's arrival in Ottumwa. is also forgotten, 
 although the incident is vividly remembered by Dr. Warden and others. Dr. 
 Warden thinks it was in the spring of 1844, as he was then boarding at 
 the Ottumwa House, kept by David Hall, and Mr. Spaulding came to the 
 tavern. The probabilities of a new country supporting a clergyman so aroused 
 the Doctor's calculating faculties, that the event of the missionary's arrival is 
 
496 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 fixed permanently in his mind. Mr. Spaulding remained in Ottumwa perma- 
 nently, after that time, preaching in log houses or wherever he could obtain suit- 
 able, or even endurable places. Dr. Warden humorously remarks that Mr. 
 Spaulding went about hunting for Congregationalists, and as Sewell Kenny and 
 wife were the only ones in Ottumwa, in 1844, it probably proved a grand field 
 for research after they were discovered. Mrs. Kenny died in the summer of 
 1844, and Mr. Kenny moved away soon afterward, thus diminishing the 
 membership of the society to as low an ebb as the first white settler found 
 it. 
 
 In 1844, a church was formed at Agency, by Mr. Spaulding, with Mrs. 
 Coggswell and several of the Street family members. 
 
 Mr. Spaulding was married to Ann N. Norris, April 5, 1847. 
 
 The Congregational Church of Ottumwa was organized February 15, 1846, 
 with eight members : Bela White, Samuel S. Norris, Anna N. Norris, 
 Julia M. Norris, Peter Barnett, Mrs. P. Barnett, Mrs. David P. Smith. 
 Mr. Spaulding was the Pastor from the first. For many years, he was the 
 recipient of a sum of money from the Home Mission Society. 
 
 Lot 151 on Court street, between Second and Third, was purchased. A 
 church edifice, 28x36, was commenced in 1849, and completed in 1850, at a 
 cost, for building and furnishing, of $1,018.49. An uncouth square tower was 
 erected at the rear end, at first for a belfry, but several years after it was pulled 
 down, and a neat spire erected on the front part of the church. Shortly after 
 the church was built, a bell was purchased and placed in the belfry, and for 
 several years it was the only bell in the place. At the time of the taking-down 
 of the belfry, twenty feet were added to the rear of the church. Until the 
 completion of the new Court House, the church was used for various public 
 purposes, beside the religious services of the society, it being the only suitable 
 building in the place. Public meetings were held in it ; a school was taught in 
 it one year ; the District Court held its spring session of 1854 in it, being 
 smoked out of the Court House. 
 
 On the 26th of September, 1853, the Church became a legal body, by the 
 adoption of Articles of Incorporation, under the name of the Ottumwa Congre- 
 gational Church. The following persons were named in the instrument : S. S. 
 Norris, B. A. Spaulding, W. H.. Cripps, John Hite, Luther Hite, Lewis Leib, 
 John Humphreys, J. Williamson and Joseph H. D. Street. 
 
 The membership of the Church has steadily increased from the beginning, 
 but owing to deaths and removals, it has continued small. Mr. Spaulding was 
 Pastor twenty-two years. He was a finished scholar, an honest man, a good 
 neighbor and an able preacher ; his ministry was acceptable and productive of 
 results that will always be manifest in the Church. His domestic life was pecul- 
 iarly happy, and the hospitality of his home was unbounded ; the journeying 
 brother always found his latch-string out. At an early day, he purchased half 
 a block, bounded by College, Second and Union streets, six lots in all, and built 
 on the lot at the corner of College anl Second streets, Avhere he resided many 
 years, until about 1864, when he sold the property to Mr. J. G. Baker, and 
 built on a forty-acre lot, a mile east of town. He resigned the pastorate in 
 1863. After this, he preached a year in Eau Claire, Wis., and, on his return, 
 was elected County Superintendent of Schools, a position he held at the time 
 of his death, March 31, 1867. 
 
 Mr. Spaulding' s funeral sermon was preached by Rev. William Salter, of 
 Burlington, a classmate of his in the Seminary, one of the " Iowa Band," and 
 a warm personal friend. ' 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 497 
 
 As an indication of the character of the Congregational society, we quote 
 from the records of 1854, the following resolution : 
 
 Resolved, That neither slave-holders nor the apologists of slave-holding, shall be received to 
 membership in this church. 
 
 This was adopted at a time when Antislavery sentiments ostracized a man, 
 and when, especially so near the Missouri border, the entertainment of them was 
 not only unpopular but dangerous. In them one can discern the radical hand 
 of Dr. J. Williamson, who has lived to see a prayed-for change in public belief. 
 
 The Congregational Church has been under the pastoral charge of the fol- 
 lowing clergymen : Rev. B. A. Spaulding, founder of the society, as shown in 
 the foregoing pages ; Rev. Elias Clark, who came in October, 1863, and served 
 as a supply until October, 1864 ; Rev. Simeon Brown, Pastor from October, 
 1864, to the time of his death, which occurred February 16, 1867 : Rev. Her- 
 man Bross, Pastor from May, 1867, until August, 1873 ; Rev. Orlando Clark, 
 who served as supply from October, 1873, to October, 1874 ; Rev. J. W. 
 Healy, D. D., Pastor from October, 1876, until October, 1878 ; »Rev. R. M. 
 Thompson, the present Pastor, who began his labors here in November, 1878. 
 
 The church edifice now owned by this society is one which elicits praise 
 from all who see it. When the old church on Court street became too small, 
 that property was sold and the proceeds applied toward the erection of the 
 present structure on Fourth street, upon a site donated by Mr. Seth Richards. 
 The designs of Benjamin J. Bartlett, architect, of Chicago, were accepted, and 
 the work begun in 1875. The total cost of the property was |21,000. The 
 inside decorations were the work of Almini, of Chicago, and are exceedingly 
 artistic. The building stands upon the upper side of the street, facing the bus- 
 iness part of town, and is constructed of brick. The style of architecture is a 
 modification of the Gothic order, which is so peculiarly acceptable in houses of 
 worship. The abrupt elevation upon which the church stands permits of a 
 semi-basement lecture-room, with side-rooms hallway and ample kitchen accom- 
 modations. The social life of a society is one of the most essential elements of 
 vigor, and is properly provided for in this instance. The main floor is reached 
 by two entrances, and the audience-room is one of the most pleasing that we 
 have found in Iowa. The rostrum and choir are at the side, and the seats 
 arranged in semi-circular form. Ample windows of stained glass flood the room 
 with subdued light from the right of the speaker, or the front of the building, 
 and also from the side opposite the desk. At the speaker's left, is a room for 
 minor meetings, which can be made a part of the audience room by the sliding 
 of large doors. When combined, these rooms give a seating capacity of 600. 
 From the side hallway and from the council-room the Pastor's study is reached. 
 All of the upper floor is carpeted with a shade grateful to the eye, while the 
 main seats are uniformly upholstered in brown rep and crimson velvet. There 
 is a graceful harmony of lines in the ceiling, which is constructed on a combined 
 plan of the groined and hammer-beamed roofs. The frescoing is of a cheerful, 
 modern style, in which bright colors relieve neutral tints to good effect. There 
 is nothing puritanical or chilling about the edifice, but a sense of comfort and 
 warmth pervades all. But above these many excellent features in importance 
 is the perfectness of the acoustic properties of the audience-room. The archi- 
 tect made a grand hit when he devised the lines and angles. It is one of the 
 best rooms to speak in that can be found in the West. Take it for all in all, 
 the church is a little gem, and the slight incumbrance still resting on it will be 
 easily removed under the direction of so worthy and efficient a gentleman as 
 the Pastor now in charge. 
 
498 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 The Presbyterian Church. — The General Assembly of the Presbyterian 
 Church improved the occasion of the Centennial of American Independence, 
 and authorized the preparation of church histories, to the end that the begin- 
 ning, growth and present condition of the various churches might be perma- 
 nently recorded. Under such authority, Rev. H. B. Knight, Pastor in charge 
 of the Ottumwa Presbyterian Church, delivered the following address, Decem- 
 ber 24, 1876. We have omitted only such portions as relate to general church 
 progress, but have preserved all that refers to the individual society concerned 
 in this paper. 
 
 " Opening the sessional records, there is on the first page the following 
 minute : 
 
 The Committee appointed to organize a Presbyterian Church in Ottumwa, viz., Rev. L. G. 
 Bell ana Rev. S. C. SicCune, met December 21, 185:^, and occupied themselves in exploring cer- 
 tain portions of the county and in preaching the Word, until Saturday, December 24, when, at 
 the hour of 11, the congregation met, and after a sermon by Rev. S. C. McCune, from 
 Timothy, iv, 14, and prayer, certificates from other Churches were presented by the following 
 persons : Dr. W. L. Orr, .John Hite, Rebecca Hite, Luther Hite, Elizabeth Hite. Hannah Hoover, 
 •John M. Taylor, Sarah Taylor, Rebecca Brown, Charles Brown, Jonathan Heckard, Harriet 
 Heckard, Elizabeth Carmen, Martha Gray, Mary Davis, Sarah Moyer, Lucy A. Sloan. 
 
 The following-named persons were received by the Committee upon profession of their faith, 
 viz., Ann Billman, Sarah L. Mudge, Daniel Hoover. 
 
 " Then follows a record of the election, ordination and installation of three 
 Ruling Elders, viz.: W. L. Orr, M. D., John Hite and John M. Taylor, after 
 which the Presbyterian Church of Ottumwa was declared duly organized. 
 
 " On the following day, Michael Heckard and Mary M., his wife, were 
 received on certificate. Thus the Church consisted, originally, of twenty- 
 three members. Of this number but two. Dr. W. L. Orr and Mrs. Sarah L. 
 Mudge, lived in town. 
 
 " The life thus commenced was sustained by toil, self-denial, prayer, heart, 
 brain, and all the choicest treasures of the human soul. Those who engaged in 
 this enterprise had a definite purpose before them, as is well expressed in the 
 Articles of Incorporation : ' To promote the Christian religion in its doctrine, 
 government, discipline and worship, as these are set forth in the book entitled, 
 The Constitution of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America.' 
 
 " With a purpose so distinct and definite, embodying, as they believed, 
 principles vital to the maintenance of Christian liberty, with doctrinal purity, 
 this little company, with faith and hope, addressed themselves to the work of 
 laying the foundations of our grand historic Church in this place. 
 
 " At that time the population of Ottumwa did not, perhaps, exceed 600. 
 From this fact we may infer something of the trials incident to the life and 
 growth of the infant Church, yet being of those who are firm believers in the 
 perseverance of the saints, they 'cast anchor and waited for the day.' For 
 eighteen months after its organization the Church was supplied at irregular 
 intervals by members of the Presbytery of Des Moines. During this period, while 
 there was life, there was little growth. 
 
 " But all this time, unknown to the flock, the shepherd was being trained 
 for his work, and in July, 1855, the first Pastor, Rev. J. M. McElroy, a licen- 
 tiate of the Presbytery of Chillicothe, Ohio, arrived and entered with a zeal 
 and devotion upon his work, which never flagged during a pastorate of nearly 
 fourteen years. The first service was held in the old Court House, nearly oppo- 
 site where the City Hall now stands. The present Court House was not 
 yet inclosed. The Presbyterian and Baptist Churches secured joint occupancy 
 of Leighton's Hall, on Main street, a room about 20x36 feet in size, with low 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 499 
 
 ceiling, and reached by a flight of rickety outside stairs. The room was fur- 
 nished with backless seats of cotton-Avood boards. On the 6th of December, 
 1855, the ordination and installation of the Pastor took place. The sermon on 
 that occasion was delivered by Rev. D. V. Smock ; the charge to the Pastor by 
 Rev. S. C. McCune, and the charge to the people by Rev. G. M. Swan, who, 
 in pointed terms, enjoined upon them to 'take care of their minister, his wife, 
 and horse.' 
 
 " For two years after his arrival, the minister's time was divided between 
 this place and Kirkville — two thirds being given to the Ottumwa Church. 
 
 "In the spring of 1856, the first house of worship was commenced, and, in 
 June of the same year, was completed and occupied. Mr. Jonathan Heckard 
 and brother, now members of this Church, residing near Point Isabel, con- 
 tributed the timber for the frame and did all the carpenter work. Dr. Orr board- 
 ing the men Avhile at work. The entire cost of the building was, probably, 
 about $1,200. The history of the material interests during this period can 
 only be gathered from individual sources, as no congregational records were kept 
 until September, 1863. 
 
 " The first building was afterward sold, and is now occupied as a private 
 residence, immediately in the rear of the present church edifice. Some com- 
 plaint was made at the time, that the church was too far out of town. The 
 force of this objection will be better understood in the light of the fact that at 
 that time a line drawn from the present residence of Judge Hendershott to this 
 point, and extending west, along Fourth street, would have left the entire town 
 on the river side, with much room to spare ; while on the north side, there was 
 no dwelling nearer than the present residence of Mr. Dana, more than a mile 
 distant. It was with feelings of real comfort that the little band of worshipers 
 entered the unpretending sanctuary. They now had a church home, and it was 
 all their own. But scarcely had they recovered from their efforts to complete 
 their church, when, with the community and the country at !large, they were 
 called to face the money panic of 1857 and 1858, which, with poor crops, made 
 hard times for the people, and very close times as to temporal affairs with min- 
 ister and church. The records, however, show that, during this financial crisis, 
 the spiritual interests of the Church were more than usually prosperous, num- 
 bers being hopefully converted and brought into the Church. 
 
 " Soon, however, the political sky became overcast with black and threaten- 
 ing clouds, and the question of subsistence became merged into that of exist- 
 ence, as call after call came for men to go to the front and place themselves in 
 the dread array of battle. During those eventful years, the scenes and experi- 
 ences which characterized every community and every church were enacted 
 within the circle composing this congregation. 
 
 "From the families of this Church, seventeen men went to the front, of 
 whom at least four never returned to fill again their places in social life. Within 
 a few months, four successive Superintendents of the Sabbath school resigned 
 and entered the army. 
 
 "But why attempt to describe that which is so vivid in the memory of so 
 many? The hardships of the camp; the dreary march; the shock of 
 battle at the front ; the inconvenience and privation at home, and above 
 all, the dread" and harrowing suspense while waiting for the list of killed 
 and wounded and missing, as the telegi'aph flashed the intelligence of victory 
 or defeat. Those were days in which the faith of God's people was sorely tried, 
 but failed not. During all the war, as before and afterward, there was substan- 
 i;ial harmony in the Church. 
 
500 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 " In the year 1863, while most of the male members of the Church were in' 
 the army, the ladies, having in view the growing necessity for a larger church 
 building, purchased the lot on which the present edifice stands, and which then 
 extended to the alley adjoining the property of Mrs. George Gillaspy, for $325. 
 By their own exertion they paid for it, and placed on the ground the rock to be 
 used in the foundation of the building. The actual work of construction was 
 commenced in 1865. The old church was sold, and services transferred to the 
 Court House. The taxable property of the membership at this time was less 
 than $40,000. The entire cost of lot, building and furnishing was about 
 $8,000. Of this sum, the ladies secured about $1,500. The Board of Church 
 Erection paid $800 ; personal friends in other places, about $100. The 
 remainder was secured by direct and unremitting efforts by members and friends 
 in this community. Only those who have passed through a similar experience 
 can appreciate the toil and self-denial and sacrifice necessary to accomplish the 
 result. But with this outward activity, and following it, there was manifested an 
 earnest spiritual life. During the year 1866, the Church was blessed with more 
 marked religious interest and larger accessions than at any previous time ; no 
 extra means, yet a quiet, constant revival. The people were giving up their time 
 and substance until they felt it ; they had brought all the tithes into the store- 
 house, and the Lord opened the windows of heaven. 
 
 " For some time previous to the termination of the first pastorate, in April, 
 1869, the failing health of the Pastor compelled a partial cessation from active 
 work. The congregation to whom he had ministered so long and with whom 
 he had endured so much, and between whom and himself the strongest ties of 
 Christian afi'ection existed, declined to act upon his resignation, but voted a 
 release from all pastoral work for six months, hoping that rest and freedom from 
 care would result in fully-restored health. The Pastor, however, early in 1869, 
 being convinced that restoration to health depended on complete freedom from 
 responsibility, again asked the congregation to unite with him in seeking from 
 the Presbytery a dissolution of the pastoral relations. Influenced by a sense of 
 duty to their Pastor, the congregation acceded to the request, and, on the 21st 
 day of April, 1869, the relation was dissolved. On the same day, a call was 
 presented by the Church and placed in the hands of the present Pastor by the 
 Presbytery of Ottumwa, and accepted. He entered on his work the 23d day 
 of May, 1869, and was duly installed by a committee of the Presbytery on the 
 4th of June. 
 
 " During the time that has passed since then, God has given many tokens 
 of His favor. The Church has been united and harmonious. 
 
 "Less than one-third of those who were here in 1869 appear on the rolls 
 now. During the same period, 152 persons have been admitted to member- 
 sliip." 
 
 The Methodist Episcopal Church was first represented in Ottumwa by Eev. 
 Thomas Kirkpatrick in 1844. Services were held in a log cabin situated 
 nearly where the First National Bank now stands. At about the same time, 
 services were held in a log house where the Madison Block now is, which was 
 owned by Peter Barnett and occupied by him. The first organization was 
 effected in 1845, with Mr. Kirkpatrick, Pastdr. Heman P. Graves was the first 
 Leader. The following members were prominently identified with the Church 
 at that time : Heman P. Graves and wife, Paul C. Jeffries and wife, Wash- 
 ington Williams and wife, Martha Williams (now Mrs. C. C. Warden), Peter 
 Barnett and wife, Mrs. Joseph Hayne, Sarah Pumroy, Sarah Lewis, J. C. Evans 
 and wife. Services were held in different places — wherever arrangements could. 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELT COUNTY. 501 
 
 be made — during the first months of existence, then in the old Court House, 
 which stood about opposite the present City Hall. Subsequently, the Congre- 
 gational church-building was thrown open to them, and while in that edifice a 
 great revival of religion took place in Ottumwa, which marks an era in the 
 history of the Church. Among those who then joined the Society and still live 
 in the faith were Charles Lawrence and wife, John D. Devin, James A. Ham- 
 mond and many others. Among the first official members were Paul C. Jef- 
 fries, H. P. Graves, Joseph W. Caldwell, John D. Devin, Charles Lawrence, 
 W. L. Boston and Thomas J. Holmes. The present officials are A. E. McCue, 
 Charles Lawrence, W. B. Bonnifield, H. P. Graves, J. T. Hackworth, Isaac 
 Mast, J. A. Hammond, Daniel Zollers, N, M. Tindell, George Haw, J. S. 
 Wolf, George A. Witter, B. Randel, D. H. Emery. The Pastors have been 
 
 Revs. Thomas Kirkpatrick, Harrison, Pierce, J. Hayden, Daniel 
 
 Dickerson, L. T. Rowley, L. Case, Fonts, A. C. McDonald, A. Robin- 
 son, F. W. Evans, Worthington, I. A. Bradrick, W. J. Spaulding, G. H. 
 
 Clark, W. F. Cowles, E. H. Waring, W. C. Shippen, Thomas E. Corkhill, 
 E. H. Wimans, J. T. Simmons, J. W. McDonald. The church edifice is of 
 stone and brick, valued at ^10,000. The parsonage property is valued at 
 $3,000. The present membership is about two hundred and fifty. 
 
 The Main Street M. E. Church was organized in 1869, by Rev. E. L. 
 Briggs, in Turner's Hall, with seventy members. The first official boards 
 were composed of J. A. Hammond, W. H. Hammond, W. D. Noble, J. H. 
 Goldsbury, D. H. Michael, Lewis Milford, J. S. Wood, M. McFarlin, W. 0. 
 Irons, S. V. Sampson, Thomas Sampson, William G. Sampson, L. C. Clark, 
 W. C. Holden, W. J. Ennis, George W. Bowen, J. G. Baker, J. J. Ury and 
 Samuel Moore. Services were held in Turner's Hall for one year, and then 
 for three years in a hall on the corner of Jefferson and Main streets. The 
 corner-stone of the present church edifice was laid July 5, 1873. The lecture- 
 room was occupied in November, and the structure was completed during the 
 administration of Rev. Thomas Stephenson. The church cost between $11,000 
 and $12,000, and the lot cost $2,200 additional. There is a good and prosper- 
 ous Sunday school in operation, with an attendance of about seventy-five. The 
 Pastors in charge have been: 1869, E. L. Briggs; 1871, J. C. Brown; 1872, 
 S. S. Murphy; 1873, E. L. Schreiner ; 1874, Thomas Stephenson; 1875, 
 I. N. Busby ; 1876, I. P. Teter. The original members were Samuel Moore, 
 J. A. Hammond, Annie E. Hammond, J. G. Baker, Mary Hammond, Annie 
 E. Baker, L. C. Clark, Laura G. Clark, George W. Bowen, Angle S. Bowen, 
 W. H. Hammond, Eliza Hammond, W. J. Ennis. Mary J. Ennis, Thomas 
 Sampson, Sarah Sampson, J. W. Holden, M. E. Holden, C. H. Henniman, 
 Sarah Holly, L. M. Shreve, Mrs. Moffitt, William Baker, Amanda Baker, S. 
 V. Sampson, S. L. Sampson, W. G. Sampson, H. H. Sampson, W. D. Noble, N. 
 B. Noble, James Hodge, William Kidd, Mary Baker, M. B. Ogden, Helen 
 Daggett, Nancy Beach, J. J. Ury, Lydia Ury, Mrs. Kidd, W. Macklin, W. 0. 
 Irons, M. A. Irons, J. H. Goldsbury, M. M. Goldsbury, M. McFarlin, Lydia 
 A. Brandenburg, Emily Clifton, J. B. Baker, M. J. Parker, Martha E. Allen, 
 Frank Ward, L. E. Ward, A. Burns, E. A. Burns, Emma Purnell, W. C. 
 Holden, Lou S. Holden, C. E. Purnell, J. G. Mast, Fannie Mast, John Fernly, 
 Hannah Fernly, Ella Hardy, Jennie Toon, Joseph Lockwood, Elizabeth Lock- 
 wood, Sadie Myers, Stephen Green, Mrs. Green, Rebecca Rudd. The present 
 membership is 235. The present official board is G. W. Bowen, Christian 
 Haw, C. T. Rutter, W. H. Boston, D. H. Michaels, Thomas Thornburg, T. 
 Wyckoff, A. C. Olney, B. F. Jeffries, C. Withro, Paul Caster, John Smith. 
 
-502 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 Unitarian Society. — There is an Unitarian Society in Ottumwa, but no reg- 
 ular meetings are held or permanent Pastor employed. As in almost all West- 
 ern towns, the number of liberal Christians is limited in Ottumwa, but the 
 present Society will undoubtedly develop into a sufficiently strong organization 
 to maintain independent services. 
 
 The Roman Catholic Ohurch. — One of the most powerful religious organ- 
 izations of this county is the Roman Catholic Church, under the immediate 
 supervision of Rev. Father John Kreckel. The services of this reverend gen- 
 tleman have been marked by abundant success. The origin of the Church in 
 Wapello County dates back to 1849, when missionary work was begun by 
 Rev. Father Villars, of Keokuk. He laid the first corner-stone, literally 
 and figuratively, of the Ottumwa church, in that year. Rev. Alexander 
 Hattenberger came to Ottumwa in 1851, and officiated for a time. The 
 first church stood where the priest's residence now stands. In the winter 
 of 1853, Father Kreckel came to minister to the Catholics of this region. 
 This gentleman was born in the province of Nassau, Prussia, June 5, 1826. 
 He removed to Baltimore at the age of sixteen years. His education was obtained 
 in Europe, Baltimore and Cincinnati. When he first entered upon his work 
 here, his parish included Wapello, Jefferson, Van Buren, Keokuk, Mahaska, 
 Polk, Jasper, Marion, Monroe, Davis, Appanoose, Wayne and Decatur Counties. 
 Many and many a night has been spent by him beneath the open sky, while he 
 breasted inclement weather, on his lonely rides through his wide district. Days 
 at a time he has lived in the saddle, and years were devoted to the introduction 
 of his work through his large territory. He has earned the success which he 
 ■has achieved. In 1854, Father Platte took charge of Polk and Jasper Counties; 
 in 1856, Father Mitchell took Monroe, Marion and Decatur; in 1857, Father 
 Slattery took Jefferson ; in 1859, Father Shanahan took Mahaska ; in 1871, 
 Father Moran took Van Buren, Davis, Appanoose and Wayne. The present 
 stone church edifice was built in Ottumw^a in 1860-61. Father Kreckel has 
 been instrumental in building churches in Churchville, Eddyville and one in 
 each of these counties: Monroe, Marion, Van Buren and Keokuk. In 1862, 
 he induced the Sisters of Visitation, then at Keokuk, to establish an Academy 
 •of Visitation at Ottumwa. The present fine edifice and institution grew out of 
 that. The cost has been over $36,000. The Academy is a boarding school, 
 after the method of the Order, and has accommodations for about one hundred 
 pupils. Girls only are admitted, and these from the ages of 6 to 24. There 
 are some twenty-six Sisters engaged in the work, including all divisions. Choir, 
 Lay and Out Sisters. The teachers are twelve in number. In addition to the 
 Academy, the Sisters conduct a parochial school for girls, which has an attend- 
 ance of about thirty. In August, 1877, Father Kreckel induced the Sisters of 
 Humility of Mary, then at St. Joseph, Mo., to locate at Ottumwa. The object 
 of this Order is to establish orphan asylums, hospitals, schools, and to minister 
 to the sick. A parochial school, called St. Joseph's, for boys, was opened in 
 Ottumwa, with an attendance of about one hundred. The outgrowth of the 
 educational institutions of this Church is a school at Fairfield and one at Mar- 
 shalltown. The Sisters of Humility are maintained by voluntary contributions. 
 The Acadamy is practically self-sustaining. The work proposed by Father 
 Kreckel is not yet completed. He contemplates the establishment of a hospital 
 and the introduction of an academy for boys. The reverend Father is indorsed 
 by his Church, and the society is very prosperous. 
 
 *S'^. Marys Episcopal Church. — The meeting at which St. Mary's Parish 
 was organized was held at the office of John Jacob Wendall, Esq., on the 2d 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. .503 
 
 of May, 1857. Rev. Daniel Falloon Hutchinson, of Mt. Pleasant, presided ; 
 and there were present Dr. L. D. Morse, James Hawley, James Sinnamon, 
 Calvin J. Gilson, E. Washburn, John J. Wendall and W. F. Elmendorf. 
 
 Dr. L. D. Morse was appointed Senior Warden, and W. F. Elmendorf, Junior 
 Warden. James Hawley, E. Washburn, C. J. Gilson, John J. Wendall and 
 James Sinnamon were the first Vestrymen. Dr. Morse was appointed Treas- 
 urer, and W. F. Elmendorf was elected Clerk of the Vestry. A committee to 
 provide a suitable lot for church purposes was appointed, consisting of L. D. 
 Morse, James Hawley, E. Washburn and J. J. Wendall. 
 
 St. Mary's Parish was admitted into union with the Diocesan Convention 
 on the 27th of May. Rev. Daniel Falloon Hutchinson was elected the first 
 Rector on the 6th of June, 1857. In July of the same year, two lots were 
 purchased for a church site on the corner of Jefl'erson and Second streets. 
 These were afterward sold in 1864, and another lot purchased, upon which the 
 church now stands. The congregation first worshiped in the hall of the old 
 Curlew House. In the spring of 1858, the Court House was used for occasional 
 services, and so continued until May, 1863, when the Hall over Dr. Warden's 
 store was rented for two years. 
 
 It very soon became evident to the people of the parish that their Rector, 
 Mr. Hutchinson, so conducted the aftairs of the Church as to be an injury, 
 rather than a benefit. The matter was submitted to the Rt. Rev. Henry W. 
 Lee, Bishop of the Diocese of Iowa, in September, and, upon investigation, it 
 was discovered that Mr. Hutchinson had effected his entrance into the Church 
 upon forged papers, and that he was in every way unworthy the confidence that 
 had been reposed in him ; he was therefore deposed from the ministry by the 
 Bishop. 
 
 On the 12th of July, 1857, Bishop Lee made his primary visitation to the 
 Parish, when five persons were confirmed, namely : William Daggett, Edward 
 H. Stiles, Sarah H. Sinnamon, Cordelia C. Beach and Frederick George. This 
 ceremony took place in the hall of the Curlew House, which had been tem- 
 porarily fitted up. 
 
 The first' baptism was on the 3d of May, 1857, of the year-old child of Ben- 
 jamin and Fanny Hoyland, who was christened Elizabeth Rebecca Hoyland. 
 
 There was an interim in which the services of the Church were mainly of a 
 missionary character. The next Rector was Rev. B. F. Gifford, who came in 
 December, 1860, and to whose faithful and self-denying services the perma- 
 nence of the Parish was mainly due. 
 
 The Rev. W. F. Lloyd was Rector from July 22, 1864, until February 4, 
 1866. In February, 1865, preliminary movements were made toward building 
 a church. N. H. White, an architect of Syracuse, N. Y., was engaged to 
 make the plans, and Mr. Dunham supervised the work. The corner-stone of 
 the church was laid August 17, 1865. 
 
 Rev. J. E. Ryan was Rector from April 26, 1866, to August 15, 1871. 
 The debt of the Church was lifted March 7, 1869. Rev. W. C. Mills was 
 Rector from February 1, 1872, to August 1, 1875. During the rectorship of 
 these latter gentlemen, the church building was completed and furnished. 
 
 The present Rector, Rev. Arthur C Stilson, entered upon his duties on 
 the 16th of April, 1876. The primary visitation of the second Bishop of Iowa 
 was made September 22, 1876. 
 
 When the Parish was organized, there were 12 communicants ; since that 
 time there have been added 174, making a total of 186. The present number, 
 owing to the varied changes caused by removals and deaths, as reported to the 
 
504 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 last convention, is 67. There have been 232 baptisms, and 99 persons con- 
 firmed in this Pariah. There have been 35 marriages and 81 burials. 
 
 The Ladies' Guild, for church work in the parish, was organized November, 
 2, 1876. 
 
 First Baptist Church. — This Church was organized March 14, 1855. A 
 Council of Recognition, composed of delegates from the following Churches, 
 viz., Salem, Center, Richland and Steady Run, met on the same day, of which 
 Rev. J. L. Cole was Moderator, and S. S. Cook, Clerk. Rev. J. L. Cole 
 preached the sermon, and appears to have been the only minister present. 
 Seventeen persons entered into the organization, viz., John Ballard, Elizabeth 
 Wellman, Avia Wellman, Samuel Harper, Mary Harper, Ann Michael, Eliza 
 Alcott, Daniel Barrett, Lydia Guthrie, Virginia Barrett, Eliza Harper, Melissa 
 Fisher, Margaret Higdon, Frances Lewellyn, Charity Aldridge, Minerva Fisher 
 and Barbary Ann Monk. The same day, one was baptized, Mrs. McCune. 
 Three of these are still members of the Church, viz., Mary Harper, Eliza 
 Alcott and Lydia Guthrie. Daniel Barrett was chosen the first Clerk. Rev. 
 J. L. Cole served the Church as Pastor for a time. 
 
 Though the Church was organized at this date, yet it seems to have had 
 but few meetings and to have made but little progress until the year 1858. 
 Meantime, Rev. Joseph T. Roberts, LL. D., had settled with his family in 
 Ottumwa, and in November of that year, Rev. S. H. Worcester, of Granville, 
 Ohio, accepted the call of the Church and became its Pastor. From this time, 
 regular meetings were held, part of the time in the old Presbyterian Church, 
 and part of the time in the Court House. The social meetings were often held 
 in private houses. 
 
 The house of worship, corner of Fifth and Court streets, in which the 
 Church now meets, was erected in 1862. In 1866, it was enlarged. 
 
 The pastorate of Rev. S. H. Worcester continued until July, 1865, nearly 
 seven years. In May, 1866, Rev. S. L. Burnham began labor as Pastor, con- 
 tinuing until February, 1868. During this time, the Pastor was assisted in a 
 revival meeting by Rev. Morgan Edwards, and many additions were made to 
 the Church. 
 
 In June, 1868, Rev. R. A. Clapp became Pastor, and continued until 
 March, 1871. Rev. C. Darby followed for a short time, and in December, 
 1872, Rev. William L. Brown became Pastor, serving two years and one month. 
 During this pastorate. Rev. H. W. Brown, Evangelist, aided the Pastor in a 
 revival effort, and a number were added to the Church. The present Pastor, 
 Rev. J. Sunderland, began his labors May 1, 1875. 
 
 The Church has had seven Pastors. Though it meets still in its first 
 house of worship, it has purchased very eligible lots on Third street, at a 
 cost of $1,650, upon which it hopes soon to erect a commodious house of 
 worship. 
 
 During all the time since it entered its own house of worship, a good Sun- 
 day school has been maintained. The ofiicers and teachers of the school are : 
 Superintendent. S. L. Burnham ; Secretary, C. Inskeep ; Librarians, Arthur 
 and Ada Bayston ; Teachers, J. Sunderland, A. W. Gaston, M. J. Burns, W. 
 T. Harper, E. A. Chambers, John Peach, W. H. Smith. Allan Johnston, Mrs. 
 J. A. Burnham, Mrs. Lotspeich, Miss Irene Roberts, Miss frene Portal, and 
 Mrs. Nolan. 
 
 The Church has a Mission Circle, with the following ofiicers : President, 
 Mrs. E. A. Chambers ; Vice President, Mrs. M. E. Sunderland ; Secretary,, 
 Mrs. TJ. R. W^alton ; Treasurer, Miss Irene Portal. 
 
' HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 505 
 
 A flourishing Mission Board, made up of the children of the Sunday school, was 
 organized and led by Mrs. H. B. C. Gunn until her recent removal from the city. 
 
 The following are the present officers of the Church : Pastor, Rev. J. Sun- 
 derland; Deacons, P. F. Dana, S. H. Swiggett, E. H. Chambers; Clerk, S. 
 L. Burnham ; Treasurer, M. J. Burns ; Trustees, S. H. Swiggett, S. L. Burn- 
 ham, E. H. Chambers, W. H. Cooper, T. K. Shepherd. The present mem- 
 bership is 143. 
 
 The Church of Christ. — In March, 1845, on the third Lord's Day of that 
 month, eight persons, to wit, Hugh Brown, Nathaniel Bell, M. J. Bell, his 
 daughter, Eliza Halloway, J. Anderson and Iwife, H. H. Hendrick and Mr. 
 Potts met and organized in a log schoolhouse, three miles north of Ottumwa, 
 then known as Center Schoolhouse, which was 16x20 feet in size and built in 
 the usual primitive fashion. The day was spent in prayer and praise. The 
 creed adopted was the Bible in its fullest sense. The Church was known as 
 the Union Church of the Disciples of Christ. The society met regularly, with- 
 out preaching, until Mr. H. H. Hendrick was ordained Evangelist, in the fall 
 of 1847. The ordination services were conducted by Aaron Chatterton, editor 
 of the Christian Evangelist^ printed at Fort Madison, Iowa. Other evangelists 
 visited the society during the next decade, among them being Elder Aaron 
 Harlin, Michael Coombs, Jacob Coombs, George Flint, Solomon McKinney 
 (who was whipped by a party of Proslavery men in Texas for preaching, by 
 request, upon the relation of master and servant. Three hundred lashes were 
 administered on his bare back, but the terrible persecution did not prove fatal). 
 
 In 1852, there were thirty-six members of the society, with Aaron Harlin, 
 Evangelist. In 1853, there were fifty-four members. In 1858, the society 
 bought the old Court House and Lot 147, Block 14, in Ottumwa, for $600. 
 The deed was issued to Hugh Brown, John Pumroy and Erastus Day, as 
 Trustees of the Christian Church of Ottumwa. On the third Lord's Day in 
 September, 1856, Hugh Brown and Erastus Day were ordained Elders by 
 Elders Solomon McKinney and Wright. John Pumroy died, and Thomas 
 Reveel was chosen to fill his place as Trustee. The property first bought was 
 sold, and the east side of Lot 8, in Summer's Subdivision, Outlot 20, was 
 bought for $700, in 1872. The present chapel was built in 1873, at a cost 
 of $3,500. The building was dedicated in September, 1873, and the society 
 is now free from debt. 
 
 The Swedish Evangelical Lutheran Church has two societies in this county, 
 one in Polk Township, which was organized about twenty years ago, and now 
 has some three hundred attendants, under the pastorate of Rev. M. F. Hokan- 
 son, who is the only regular Pastor ever in charge ; and a society in Ottumwa, 
 under the pastoral charge of Rev. M. C Ranseen. This Church was organized 
 in 1871. Mr. Ranseen came here in 1875. The present membership is about 
 one hundred and twenty, and the attendance about three hundred. The society 
 is in a highly satisfactory condition, both spiritually and financially, and is 
 constantly growing in power. 
 
 The African M. E. Church was organized in 1867, by Rev. John Malone. 
 Its present membership is forty-nine. The church edifice was built in 1869, 
 and the property is valued at about $1,700. The Pastors have been Revs. H. 
 H. Wilson, W. H. Brown, Smith Nichols, James Lewis, George Benson, R. 
 S. Denning, Charles Holmes, Samuel Hudson and Thomas Johnson, the present 
 incumbent. The original Church was composed of eighteen members, among 
 whom were Isaac and Henrietta Hans, W. S. Wilson, Lizzie Wilson and Anna 
 Cursfield. The Church is prosperous. 
 
506 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 The Colored Baptists maintain a society in Ottumwa. Rev, A. M. Colstou 
 was their last Pastor. 
 
 THE RAILROAD INTERESTS, 
 
 Were we to undertake to write a full history of the railroads which now- 
 traverse the county, the task would involve a more extended article than can 
 b e here given ; for Ottumwa is not the terminus of any one road, except as it 
 temporarily pauses in its progress while gaining strength to push forward. The 
 ge ographical position of the county is such that the roads reaching here must 
 of necessity seek other point's for final ending. The city is upon the line of 
 profitable through traflBc, but is not the place where trade or travel seeks com- 
 petition to aid it in its progress onward. The two great rivers which bound the 
 State on the east and west respectively create natural breathing-places in rail- 
 road communication, or at least did so at one time, before the present monster 
 railroad combinations were dreamed of. The history of the real struggle of 
 the roads which touch Ottumwa and Eldon includes a history of the railroad 
 interests of the State, It is, therefore, possible for us only to sketch the 
 incidents of the arrival of the roads here, and to explain the present and pros- 
 pective advantages which the county derives or will in future derive, from them. 
 
 The great union of lines which extends from the Western metropolis of 
 Chicago to the Pacific Coast, like all other mammoth undertakings, began in an 
 humble way. We witness to-day the achievement of giant minds, but forget 
 in the present the germ of the past. Had it not been for the energy of a few 
 individuals, Ottumwa would have been left off the line of the Burlington & 
 Missouri Railroad, and the great benefits now accruing from its existence here 
 would have been diverted into other channels. 
 
 The purely local efforts to aid the several railroad movements are briefly 
 outlined in this sketch. When the Des Moines Improvement bubble burst and 
 the people of Southern and Central Iowa realized the absurd character of the 
 schemes proposed, attention was speedily turned to other methods of obtaining 
 means of exit to the centers of national trade. A plankroad was the first plan 
 offered, and for a time the enterprise bid fair to win. It was designed to lay a 
 plankroad from Burlington to the "Bjg Muddy," via Ottumwa, and thereby 
 divert business from the interior of the State, through the town of Ottumwa. 
 The introduction of railroad projects at that time entirely dissipated the plank- 
 road fever, and prepared the way for the only really beneficial means of transit 
 ever suggested. 
 
 The railroad excitement began in 1851, and continued to grow, without 
 intermission, until the county of Wapello stood pledged to an issue of $100,000 
 in bonds, and the private citizens were committed to subscriptions valued at 
 over $40,000 to stock of the Burlington k Missouri River Railroad Company. 
 
 In 1854, a road was projected from Missouri northward, called the North 
 Missouri & Iowa Extension Railroad, but the county did not commit itself to 
 aiding the scheme. 
 
 The Keokuk, Ft. Des Moines & Minnesota Railroad was conceived in 1854, 
 to solve the problem of opening up the valley of the Des Moines, This road 
 was not aided by Wapello County. 
 
 The B, & M, R, Railroad was permanently located to Ottumwa in 1854, 
 and was the recipient of a portion of the bonds authorized by this county, as 
 well as of private subscriptions. 
 
 From the very first, the citizens of Ottumwa have manifested the greatest 
 interest in railroad improvements. The public spirit which has been self- 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 50T 
 
 evident in every other measure has not been lacking in this essential feature 
 of local improvement. The liberality of her citizens, combined with the nat- 
 ural advantages of the locality, have secured to the county the most powerful 
 railroad lines, and opened up communication with every portion of the country. 
 The B. & M. R. Railroad, now leased by the great Chicago, Burlington & Quincy 
 corporation, places the city of Ottumwa but a few hours distant from Chicago. 
 From there the gigantic arteries of commerce throb with competitive life 
 throughout every nook and cranny of the universe. The Western world is 
 also opened to Ottumwa by this line, which is on the direct road to the Pacific 
 Coast. 
 
 The old Keokuk, Ft. Des Moines & Minnesota road, into whose veins was 
 infused the life-blood of the original land grant belonging to the Improvement 
 Company, and which has passed through the usual number of graduations inci- 
 dent to Western roads, is now an established institution, extending from Keo- 
 kuk to Des Moines, under the management of the Chicago, Rock Island & 
 Pacific corporation. By this channel, not only is the north and south trade 
 opened to Ottumwa, but another direct competition east and west is aiforded. 
 The fertile valley of the river is now, after all these years, made the scene of 
 successful improvement in the matter of transit. 
 
 By arrangements with the management of the Central Railroad of Iowa, 
 and the C, R. I. & P., trafiic is diverted from the regular, but unfinished line 
 of the Central, below Oskaloosa, and brought from the North to this county. 
 St. Paul and the vast granary of the North is made tributary to the South 
 via Ottumwa. 
 
 The St. L., K. C. & N. Railroad at present pauses at Ottumwa, but an 
 extension of a line to Cedar Rapids and thence north is but a matter of time. 
 Thus the county has St. Louis linked to St. Paul and the Northern Pacific, 
 while the Atlantic and the Pacific Coasts are terminal points of competing 
 roads through Wapello. 
 
 The city of Ottumwa is, therefore, a railroad center. It has secured the 
 first attention of railroad kings, and cannot retrograde so long as the old spirit 
 of energy, which has always existed here, continues to be manifested. The cit- 
 izens of the place have the future of their city under their own control. . 
 
 We give these facts for the purpose of truthfully representing the advan- 
 tages of Ottumwa as a manufacturing point. Rail communication is absolutely 
 indispensabl-e in such cases, and here is seen, in a highly satisfactory condition, 
 the best of roads ofi'ering means of bringing crude products to and shipping 
 manufactured goods from the thriving city. 
 
 THE OTTUMWA WATER-POWER COMPANY. 
 
 For many years the subject of the improvement of the Des Moines River 
 engrossed the attention of the early settlers of Wapello and other counties, 
 especially those in the region of the lower valley. The pioneers looked to the 
 utilization of the power inherent in the stream for the ultimate success of this 
 country. When the great bubble, known as the Des Moines River Improve- 
 ment Company scheme, burst, the people lost confidence in the practicability of 
 such a project. The introduction of railroads forever dissipated the idea of 
 developing systems of transit by means of the river, and the original enormous 
 expenditures for the creation of water-powers made capitalists feel doubtful about 
 the possibility of attaining success in that direction. 
 
 The failures encountered by the first workers did not, however, alter the 
 fixed facts of nature or diminish one pound of the real power contained in the 
 
508 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 river itself. The plans of those who originated the " improvements " of earlier 
 days were in fault, not the abstract principles upon which the theories were 
 based. 
 
 From time to time the subject of making local eftbrt to develop Ottumwa, 
 by calling into use the great body of water which ran to waste at her feet, was 
 discussed by the press and a few of the people of the place. No definite action 
 was taken for many years, because of the prejudice and skeptism which prevailed 
 almost universally. Still, as by constant dropping the rock is worn away, so, 
 by repeated mention of the matter, the public mind became fitted to entertain 
 propositions of a nature to startle older settlers who had gone through the 
 excitement of the Improvement Company's days. 
 
 The gradations by which the full realization of the undertaking was reached 
 need not, and cannot, be related here. It is sufficient to know that the popular 
 mind was educated to the truth, and ready to accept the overtures of men con- 
 versant with such enterprises. Practical engineers were invited to view the 
 river and pass judgment on the feasibility of erecting a system of works. A 
 thorough canvass of the matter was made, and the leading men of Ottumwa 
 enlisted in the accomplishment of the scheme. 
 
 The first definite action taken was in February, 1875, when, pursuant to a 
 pre-arranged plan, a mass-meeting of the citizens of Ottumwa was held at the 
 City Hall. J. W. Dixon presided, and N. M. Ives acted as Secretary. It 
 appears that Messrs. II. B. Hendershott, W. McNett and William Daggett had 
 been invited to draft Articles of Incorporation. The committee presented their 
 report, which is, in substance, as follows : 
 
 The Company was named the Ottumwa Water- Power Company, and its 
 first purpose was the improvement of the undeveloped force of the river, by the 
 erection of a dam or dams within the limits of Center Township, and the con- 
 struction of a race along the river-front of Ottumwa. The necessary rights, 
 privileges and authority was provided for, so that the Company might, if it 
 chose, carry on the business of increasing the head of water in the river by 
 artificial means, and then subletting the power thus acquired to any parties who 
 were in need of motive force. The incorporation invested the Company with 
 the power of perpetual succession by renewal, according to statute ; to sue and 
 be sued by its name ; to have a common seal and alter the same at pleasure, 
 and to establish by-laws to suit its own convenience. Besides these rights, were 
 all others usually pertaining to a corporate body. The capital stock was stated 
 at ^100,000 ; shares at $100 each. The limit of stock was fixed at $500,000. 
 The subscribers became liable to assessment after the sum of $75,000 had been 
 subscribed. The life of the corporation began March 1, 1875, and was for 
 twenty years. The ofiicial management was vested in a Board of five Directors, 
 chosen by the stockholders ; a President, Vice President, chosen by the Board, 
 and a Secretary and Treasurer, chosen by the Board, from the Board, or other- 
 wise as was dt'sired. The tenure of ofiice rested in the Board. The indebted- 
 ness and liabilities of the Company was fixed at $66,000, or not to exceed that 
 amount. The liabilities of stockholders were restricted to the unpaid portion of 
 the stock subscribed for by them. The Articles of Incorporation included such 
 other formal matters as were necessary for the carrying on of the project. 
 
 These articles were signed by Charles F. Blake, William McNett, David 
 Eaton, H. D. Palmer, Greorge A. Brown, H. B. Hendershott, William L. Orr, 
 William Lindsey, A. Lotspeich, J. W. Carpenter, William Daggett, J. W. Dixon, 
 J. M. Hedrick, R. II. Warden, L. LiUburn, B. B. Durfee, R. N. Harlan, E. 
 I. Laubach, J. 0. Briscoe, S. A. Swiggett, W. B. Bonnifield, B. J. Boulton, 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 509 
 
 W. M. Morse, J. M. Kiser, A. H. Hamilton, C. Inskeep, W. H. Resor. Most 
 of these gentlemen afterward became stockholders. Their signatures did not 
 imply investment to start with. A committee of canvassers to solicit subscriptions 
 to stock was appointed, consisting of Messrs. J. 0. Briscoe, A. H. Hamilton, 
 0. M. Ladd, W. T. Majors, George A. Brown, R. N. Harlan, L. E. Gray, S. A. 
 Swiggett. 
 
 On the 4th of March, a meeting was held at which subscription-books were 
 declared open to the public. William McNett, R. H. Warden and J. 0. Briscoe 
 were appointed a committee to call a meeting of stockholders to elect officers of 
 the Company. Major Orr, Dr. Steward and Capt. Hutchison were appointed 
 to act as Corresponding Committee, to apply to non-residents for co-operation ; 
 and S. A. Swiggett, L. E. Gray, George A. Brown, A. H. Hamilton, R. N. 
 Harlan, William Major, D. W. Steward, 0. M. Ladd and J. 0. Briscoe were 
 appointed to solicit subscriptions. 
 
 March 30, the first election of officers was held, resulting in the choice of 
 Messrs. C. F. Blake, A. H. Hamilton, Daniel Eaton, W. B. Bonnifield and 
 William Daggett as Directors. The Board met at the office of the Courier the 
 following evening, and elected W. B. Bonnifield, President ; A. H. Hamilton, 
 Vice President ; John 0. Biscoe, Secretary, and Charles F. Blake, Treasurer. 
 The Board subsequently agreed voluntarily to resign whenever the stock sub- 
 scriptions should reach $75,000, so that the majority of owners then might have 
 a voice in government. 
 
 April 6, the Board accepted the proposition of G. W. Devin relative to the 
 transfer of real estate in the western part of the city corporation, which was 
 needed for the works. The proposition was, in substance, that the Company 
 should surrender to Mr. Devin $2,000 of paid-up stock in consideration for the 
 land, and receive a deed therefor, conditional upon the commencement of the 
 work within a year and the completion thereof within three years. 
 
 May 21, the first Board admitted that $75,000 had been subscribed, and 
 ordered an assessment of 2 per cent. The Board also resigned, to take effect 
 when a new Board could be chosen. 
 
 June 1, a new Board was elected, composed of William Daggett, Charles 
 F. Blake, Daniel Eaton, A. H. Hamilton and W. B. Bonnifield. Mr. Bonni- 
 field was subsequently re-elected President ; Mr. Hamilton, Vice President ; 
 Mr. Blake, Treasurer; Mr. Briscoe, Secretary. Steps were at once taken 
 toward the contracting for the proposed works. It was unanimously agreed, 
 June 12, to accept the proposition of D. B. Sears & Son, of Rock Island, 111., 
 for the construction of the dam, guard-lock and head-race. John D. Arey, of 
 Sterling, 111., was chosen engineer of the Company. 
 
 June 15th, the formal papers were signed by the Company and D. B. Sears 
 & Son and a 10-per-cent assessment on stock ordered. The contract called for 
 the erection of two dams on Turkey Island in the Des Moines River, at the 
 upper extremity of the city limits, in a manner practically subject to the dicta- 
 tion of the engineer chosen by the Water-Power Company to superintend the 
 work. The contract was an open one in many places, affording numerous 
 chances for dual interpretation. The sum stated as the price of the job was 
 $64,620, in monthly installments. Sears & Son gave bonds in the sum of 
 $50,000. The work was to be completed before January 1, 1876. The con- 
 tract made all extra work, other than the actual construction of dams and lock, 
 the subject of special compensation. It also guaranteed the work until Janu- 
 ary 1, 1878, The contractors were expected to take fifty shares of stock. 
 The last clause of the contract provided that the contractors should make such 
 
510 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY 
 
 alterations and impi'ovements in the original plan as the Company's engineer 
 might deem best. 
 
 Under this contract, Sears & Son began work in the summer of 1875, and, 
 in the fall of that year, a flood disturbed the further progress of affairs. The 
 engineer employed by the Company was a man well acquainted with the methods 
 of Sears' work. Upon his representations the Company paid the contractors 
 for the labor and materials expended. 
 
 The first flood carried out the original guard-lock, which was then in process 
 of erection. This calamity eventuated in the construction of a better lock, 
 wherein the defects of the first were not repeated. Following this time, a so- 
 called cofier-dam was put down as a preliminary step toward building the west 
 dam from the island to the western shore. The labor proceeded during the fall 
 and winter of 1875, when the coffer-dam and abutments on the west side were 
 well along. A season of high-water ensued, causing material injury to this 
 portion of the structure. When the water subsided in January, 1876, work was 
 not resumed, nor did Mr. Arey have the engineering of the Company's inter- 
 ests at any time thereafter. When, at last, in the winter of 1876-77, the con- 
 tractor prosecuted his job, Robert Douglass was employed as engineer of the 
 Company. 
 
 The contractor declared his work completed in January, 1877, and removed 
 from Ottumwa. After his departure, the Company determined to test the quality 
 of his dams, and so turned the water from the escape as to bring pressure on 
 the works. The west dam proved a complete failure. It was entirely unsuited 
 to the purpose for wldch it was designed, and the Company at once telegraphed 
 to Mr. Sears requiring the fulfillment of his contract. 
 
 Mr. Sears responded and announced his inability to correct the defects. 
 The result of the complications was litigation, in which both parties are involved 
 at the present writing.. Because of that fact, it is deemed inexpedient to do 
 more than allude to palpable facts. 
 
 The enterprise, like all others of great magnitude, has passed through various 
 vicissitudes, but is now gaining a firmness born of pluck and determination to suc- 
 ceed. In September, 1877, Mr. S. L. Wiley, of Greenfield, Mass., came to Ottum- 
 wa for the purpose of introducing the plan of water works in which he is interested, 
 and opened negotiations with the city which led to the signing of a contract by 
 him and the city, whereby the completion of the power was a part of the obligation 
 assumed by him. The details of this contract are shown further on, under the 
 heading of " City W^ater W'orks." Since that time Mr. Wiley has expended 
 a large sum in the rebuilding of the west dam and the erection of new works. 
 The success of the project is now assured. Ottumwa will soon boast of a water- 
 power surpassed by few in the West. The force has been carefully measured by 
 competent men, and far exceeds the expectations of those who are engaged in 
 the scheme. There is ample motive power for as many factories as can possi- 
 bly be erected in the distance traversed by the race. To this great natural 
 source of wealth, Ottumwa points with pride and invites the capitalists of the 
 country to inspect the off"er made. A liberal spirit pervades the community toward 
 foreign investors. They are wanted here, and every inducement is held out ta 
 gain their good-will. The Avork is practically done, but there will be, as a mat- 
 ter of course, numerous improvements ordered from time to time. It is in the 
 hands of those who will never rest until the fullest measure of success is 
 achieved. 
 
 One of the most important features of the Waiter-Power Company's plan is 
 the easy access to railroads. All of the lines of road touching Ottumw^a have 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 511 
 
 tracks on the Company's lands, by which means manufacturers can ship in all 
 directions with little trouble and expense. The advantages derived from this 
 arrangement cannot be overestimated. It should be remembered that the Com- 
 pany "has attained success in its work, and that the plan is no longer an experi- 
 ment. The power is great, and can be largely increased at little expense. 
 This grand enterprise is the key to the future growth and prosperity of 
 Ottumwa. 
 
 The present officers of the Company are: W. B. Bonnifield, President; A. 
 H. Hamilton, Vice President; C. F. Blake, Treasurer; I. N. Mast, Secretary; 
 W. B. Bonnifield, Wm. Daggett, A. H. Hamilton, Daniel Eaton, C. F. Blake, 
 
 DirpcijOTS 
 
 THE OTTUMWA WATER WORKS. 
 
 In September, 1877, S. L. Wiley & Co., of Greenfield, Mass., came 
 to Ottumwa for the purpose of introducing water works. Negotiations entered 
 into by them with the city authorities resulted in the passage of an ordinance 
 bv the Common Council of Ottumwa, granting the following rights and powers 
 to the firm of S. L. Wiley & Co.: 
 
 The exclusive privilege for twenty-five years of furnishing the city and the 
 citizens of Ottumwa with water, to be taken from the Des Moines River at such 
 point and in such manner as to secure the best water, and so disposed as to be 
 for the best general interests of the city. The Company was authorized to pipe 
 the city for the purpose of supplying. The quantity, after January 1, 1879, 
 is to be not less than 3,000,000 gallons in twenty-four hours. The Company 
 was required to put in, where the city designated, seventy-five double-discharge 
 hydrants, and to so distribute their pipes as to afibrd the best possible protection 
 against fire. The exact terms of the contract need not be reproduced here, 
 since the ordinance is on file in the city offices, and may be inspected there. 
 Suffice it to say that the object of both contracting parties was to furnish ample 
 water supply, in even the remote parts of the city, as the growth of the town 
 required, for domestic, public and fire protection uses. Messrs. Wiley & Co. 
 were to place the necessary pumping apparatus in a suitable structure and were 
 to construct the entire works for a consideration of |100,000. The city agreed 
 to pay a reasonable rental for the advantages afforded by the proposed works. 
 
 A provision was introduced into the charter thus granted, which was of the 
 greatest importance to the city. Messrs. Wiley & Co. were bound to enter into 
 contract with the Ottumwa Water-Power Company, to complete and render 
 available the improvement begun by the Water-Power Company theretofore, 
 and to cause to be constructed such works as were required to utilize the vast 
 water-force contained in the Des Moines River at this point. 
 
 As soon as the charter became operative, by virtue of the lawful execution 
 of all the required contracts, Messrs. Wiley & Co. assigned their rights and 
 franchises und>er the papers to the Ottumwa Water Works, an incorporation con 
 ceived for the purpose of carrying out the plan devised by the original parties. 
 The new Company formally assumed all the responsibilities and privileges of a 
 body incorporate, and placed its capital stock at $100,000. The Board of 
 Directors consisted of George E. Beatty, George W. Heard and S. L. Wiley. 
 The stock of the Company was divided among those three gentlemen, Mr. 
 Wiley taking 500 shares. Mr. Solon L. Wiley was elected President and Mr. 
 I. N. Mast, Secretary and Treasurer. 
 
 The Company proceeded to carry out the terms of the contract, and have 
 so far progressed, at the present time, as to have practically supplied the city 
 with water. As the improvements are pushed nearer to completion, the advan- 
 
512 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 tages will be more marked. The pump-house is supplied with two pumps, both 
 of the Flanders patent. The smaller pump has a capacity of 800,000 gallons 
 in twenty-four hours. This is driven by a water-wheel, which derives its force 
 from the Water-Power Works, and is of 50-horse power. The larger pump is 
 connected at present with a Corlis Engine, but will soon be run by a large 
 water-wheel, which is being set in position. The wheel is of 150-horse power, 
 and the pump has a capacity of 2,400,000 gallons in twenty-four hours. The 
 boiler used to generate steam for the engine was made in Ottumwa, at the works 
 of Peter Hirschauer. The Works are an invaluable improvement to the city, 
 not only as a matter of public and private convenience, but as a material aid in 
 lessening insurance rates, by protecting all parts of the city against heavy loss 
 by fire. When the new wheel is attached to the pump, the force will be ample 
 to throw six streams seventy-five feet high, on the most elevated parts of 
 town, and on the lower level, ten streams. Combining this magnificent sup- 
 ply of water with a well-trained Fire Department, Ottumwa can boast of a 
 sure and speedy relief in case of calamity by fire. 
 
 No change has taken place in the officers of the Company since its organiza- 
 tion. Mr. A. W. Conant is the Superintendent of the Works. 
 
 THE MANUFACTURING INTERESTS. 
 
 It is not the design of this work to serve as a gazetteer, but to present a 
 picture of the material prosperity of Ottumwa at the present time. This can be 
 done best, perhaps, by showing, briefly, the extent of its manufacturing inter- 
 ests, since in that branch of industry alone her future fortune depends. The 
 city must gather and retain the crude products of the country long enough to 
 transform them into refined staples, thereby realizing a second benefit from 
 them. Let us see what she is doing in that direction. 
 
 The large packing-house of John Morrell & Co. will be in operation before 
 this work is issued. A brick structure, 160x96, flanked by a wing 48x96, is 
 already completed, in which the business of slaughtering hogs and curing the 
 meat for market will be conducted. Some four years ago, Mr. T. D. Foster, 
 the representative of the firm (an English house) in America, made a general 
 tour of the West, in search of a place to locate their packing-house in. No 
 satisfactory arrangements were then made, and the business was conducted in 
 Chicago. Last winter, Mr. Foster leased the house of Mr. Ladd, and began a 
 preliminary experiment, to test the advantages of the city of Ottumwa as a 
 packing point. This experiment resulted in his deciding to construct perma- 
 nent works and enter largely upon the trade. It is designed to prepare large 
 quantities of meat for the English markets, a business which can be done very 
 satisfactorily with the supply of hogs from Southern Iowa and Northern Mis- 
 souri. Packing nowadays is not like the business of ten years ago. It is abso- 
 lutely essential that all forms of labor-saving machinery should be employed, 
 and that the slaughter-house be kept at an equable temperature, by artificial 
 means, all the year round. To do this, immense stocks of ice are required. 
 The ice-houses of this concern are made to contain 10,000 tons, or about two 
 years' supply, to avoid calamity through failure of an ice crop. The hog-yards, 
 in which the stock is placed prior to killing, are 300x144 feet. The capacity 
 of the house is 1,000 per day, but it is not expected to go much over 600 at 
 first. Hams and bacon will be cured as soon as the necessary buildings can be 
 erected. It is also intended to put up a cooper-shop and a box-factory, to sup- 
 ply their own packages. From one hundred to one hundred and fifty men will 
 find employment in the works. Side tracks from the C, B. & Q. and the K. 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 513 
 
 & D. M. Branch of the C, R. I. & P. Railroad run to the house and yards, 
 giving the best opportunities for shipping both ways. This business will ben- 
 efit the toAvn and country. The local breeders will be able to dispose of their 
 stock to better advantage, and the town will have an added number of families 
 to supply. 
 
 The Ottumwa Linseed Oil Mills were started in the Spring of 1875 by 
 William Daggett, of the old firm of Daggett & Edgerly, wholesale and retail 
 hardware (now dissolved), and W. T. Harper, of the old firm of Taylor, Blake & 
 Co., wholesale and retail druggists (now J. L. Taylor and Co.), under the firm 
 name of Daggett & Harper. They purchased about four acres of land on Cass 
 street, south of and adjoining the C., B. & Q. R. R. track, and erected thereon 
 a three-and-a half-story brick mill, 40x100 feet in size, with wooden one-story 
 seed-warehouse, 24x80 feet, adjoining the mill. The machinery was made and 
 put into position by William P. Callahan, of Dayton, Ohio, with a capacity of 
 working 100,000 bushels of seed per annum. 
 
 While the building was being erected, July, 1875, the Ottumwa Water-Power 
 Company commenced building their extensive water-power, anticipating its com- 
 pletion within a year. 
 
 Daggett & Harper made temporary arrangements with L. C. Cook, owner 
 of the steam flouring-mill, and situated about two hundred feet from their oil- 
 mill, for their power by means of wire transmission. About the 1st of August, 
 the oil-mill was fully completed, including a side-track 500 feet long, from the 
 main line of the C, B. & Q. R. R. The first year (1875), the mill produced 
 82,000 gallons of linseed oil, and 800 tons of oil-cake ; the second year (1876), 
 105,000 gallons of oil and 1,000 tons of oil-cake ; the third year (1877), 126,- 
 000 gallons of oil and 1,200 tons of oil-cake. 
 
 The mill is now running on the crop of 1878, and working about three 
 hundred and sixty bushels of flaxseed daily. The heavy rains of 1875-76 
 delayed the completion of the water-power until January, 1878. Their right- 
 of-way for their head-r>ice being near by, Daggett & Harper were the first to 
 construct flumes, pen-stock and other conveniences to utilize the water-power, 
 and by the first week in January, 1878, their entire machinery was driven by 
 it. Their water-wheel may properly be called " the pioneer water wheel," as it 
 was the first wheel to turn upon the opening of the Water-Power's guard lock- 
 gates, and has ever since afforded a highly satisfactory power. 
 
 In the year 1877, Daggett & Harper replaced their wooden warehouse with 
 a three-story brick building, 40x60 feet. Their seed-storing capacity is now 
 75,000 bushels, and their oil-tankage and storage capacity, 35,000 gallons. 
 The flaxseed for the mill has been obtained on the lines of the C, B. & Q. R. R. 
 and the Central Railroad of Iowa. The farmers in Wapello County are now largely 
 supplying the mill, greatly to their advantage. The crop was hardly known to 
 them until this industry was established. The oil produced has a high reputa- 
 tion in the Northwest, especially their boiled oil, which is a specialty with this 
 mill. The oil-cake is nearly all shipped to Great Britain, in lots of five car- 
 loads to each shipment. Capital required in property and stocking the mill, 
 $100,000. f 
 
 One of the very commendable branches of industry at Ottumwa, is the large 
 starch-factory. This concern is under bonds of incorporation, the members of 
 the company comprising William Daggett, Charles F. Blake, J. W. Edgerly, W. 
 T. Harper, W. T. Major. F. R. Sleeper, J. L. Moore, and S. L. Wiley. The 
 capital stock of the corporation is $25,000, soon to be increased to $50,000. 
 The company was incorporated in August, 1878 ; the cost of their building 
 
514 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 and furnishings being $20,000. The factory has a capacity for utilizing 600 
 bushels of corn per day, the rendering of which affords nine tons of starch per 
 day. The force of hands employed is from seventy-five to one hundred. The 
 machii.ery is run by water-power. The building is 105x110 feet, three stories 
 and basement ; the former of brick, the latter of stone, there being a five-foot 
 foundation resting on twelve feet of dry piling. The roof is flat. The structure 
 itself is imposingand adds a stroke of relief to the surroundings. 
 
 The Ottumwa oatmeal-mill, a new structure, which cost about $3,000, is 
 the property of Kiser & Pierson. Their capacity is eighty to one hundred bar- 
 rels per day; water-power. 
 
 Both the starch-factory and the oatmeal-mills, are institutions of peculiar 
 advantage to this region. They are still in their infancy, the former being 
 unfinished at the date of writing, but alluded to as it will be when in operation. 
 The oatmeal-mills are just beginning to grind. The crude materials used in 
 such institutions are of a kind to increase farming industry, and the factories 
 afford a market for a wide area. They are exactly what are needed here. 
 
 H. N. McCoy owns a sash, door and blind factory, for which a capital stock 
 $10,000 is required to run it, and a twenty-horse-power engine keeps the 
 machinery buzzing at such a rate as to consume, yearly, in the manufacture of 
 sash, doors and blinds, 100 car-loads of lumber. Twenty-five men are employed. 
 The factory was put up in 1873. 
 
 Probably the largest manufacturing establishment at Ottumwa, is the John- 
 ston Rufiler Company/ and the Ottumwa Iron Works, the former being an 
 incorporated company, comprising as members, Allen Johnston, A. G. Harrow, 
 J. T. Hackworth and W. T. Major ; the Iron Works Company composing the 
 same members, yet the enterprise not being an incorporation. Their works 
 were all built in 1872, with a capital stock of $24,000 in each Company — a 
 total of $48,000. The buildings, which occupy a total space of 165x195 feet, 
 and the grounds included, cost $20,000; the machinery, $15,000. The Com- 
 panies employ about sixty-five hands. This factory is the only one of the kind 
 at Ottumwa. It is run by steam-power. The province of this Company and 
 corporation covers every class of foundry and machine work, besides sewing- 
 machine attachments. The enterprise of the gentlemen comprising the firm 
 has, through incessant labor, placed this manufactory on a footing second to 
 none and equaled by few in the State. 
 
 Durfee & Pollard are the names of formerly one of the leading wagon and 
 carriage factories of the city. They went into the business in 1866, with 
 scarcely no capital at all, and, by industry, worked their factory up to a $10,- 
 000 capital stock concern, with the power to turn out, yearly, 300 farm-wagons 
 and seventy-five of the various vehicles in use. They employed twenty-five 
 men at one time. They now run a lesser force and do less work. Returning 
 briskness in general trade will be felt in this concern. 
 
 The brewing facilities of Ottumwa are of such a wide range as to abundantly 
 supply the home demands. The William Kraner Brewing Company is an 
 incorporated concern, having become so in 1876, with a capital stock of $50,000. 
 Those whose names figure in the Company are William Kraner, J. B. Miller, 
 C. Quinton, Christopher Kaiser, Louis Schlotter and Mrs. N. E. Kaiser. The 
 brewery cost $45,000, and the casks, etc., made an additional expense of 
 $6,000. The works cover an area 163x160 feet; the capacity of the concern 
 is 150 barrels of beer per day, which ten employes help to make. 
 
 Hansman & Bauer have a brewery, that was built in 1865, at a cost of 
 
 ,000, and now, with a capital of $35,000 and six men, the company are 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 515 
 
 enabled to brew thirty-six barrels of beer each day. The brewery has buildings 
 enough to cover 90x190 feet of ground. 
 
 Shafer & Hofmann's brewery cost $28,000 in 1873. The size of the build- 
 ings combined is 90x228 feet, under the roof of which five men daily tread the 
 hop-press, and squeeze out thirty-five barrels of malt liquor from " sun to sun." 
 The capital stock invested is $25,000. 
 
 Ottumwa has a soap-factory owned by F. Sanchez & Sons, formerly of 
 Chicago. This factory has only two opponents in this State on the line of road from 
 Burlington to Council Bluffs. There is a capital of $15,000 invested in the 
 concern, which was put up in 1875 ; and so encouraged are the proprietors that 
 they have concluded to combine the manufacture of fancy toilet soaps with their 
 trade. The capacity of the factory is 15,000 pounds of soap per month, 
 -which, with the addition, will reach about 25,000 pounds. 
 
 ' Away back in 1862, a building Avas put up on the Hawley estate at a cost 
 of $20,000 ; in this building were fixed three hundred and twenty spindles, 
 three sets of manufacturing cards, two sets of roll cards, and a lot of fulling and 
 'finishing machinery. And when all these commodities were in full running order 
 fifteen employes managed to pull from the rollers two hundred and fifty yards of 
 woolen cloth per day. Mr. H. Zulauf was proprietor of the factory, and was proud 
 of his enterprise; but a dash of " hard times rolled along, and the machinery did 
 not revolve so fast ; now and then a dozen spindles were stopped ; a set of 
 cards were made idle ; a rod was allowed to cool ; the speed of a wheel was 
 slackened ; a few hands were granted a respite from labor ; a dozen window- 
 panes dropped out ; and now the old red mill has taken on a coat of rust, few 
 spindles revolve, yet the work goes on at a slow pace, and when the golden dol- 
 lars shall have soared about more plentifully, the old-time din of the mill will 
 again be heard, and the heart of idle employes leap with joy because of their 
 old place assigned them beside the spinning wheel. 
 
 The Bauer & Kiester Plow Factory is almost an enterprise of the past, yet a 
 few of the men who worked at plowmaking remain and serve the company in 
 the wagon-shop connected with the factory, which has a record as far back as 
 1868, when a capital of $10,000 and sixteen men made it hum. The capacity 
 was eight plows per day, bright and shining from the tip of the colter to the 
 handles. 
 
 January 1, 1870, with plenty of grit, but no money, P. Hirschauer and six 
 employes began to make boilers for the multitude, and they worked along until 
 now they are prepared to make thirty-six large boilers a year, and Mr. Hirsch- 
 auer has a capital of $1,800. His is the only boiler-factory between Burlington 
 and Des Moines. 
 
 As long ago as 1846, Ottumwa had a flouring-mill. The first one was built 
 in that year by a Mr. Myers, and occupied the same territory as now covered 
 by Postlewait's new elevator. Soon after that, G. W. Bowen came to this city, 
 and, in 1854, located the mill where it now stands ; there had been a frame saw-mill on 
 the bank of the river since 1849, and the shell was occupied at first, and after that 
 rejoiced in an addition. Formerly, a great deal of flour was shipped from this 
 point to Chicago and St. Louis, but of late years attention has been given to 
 the milling of flour for home consumptiononly. The Bowen & Company mills 
 have four runs of buhrs, with a capacityof 100 barrels of flour daily. The 
 eapital of the concern is $6,000. 
 
 J. Schick & Co. (Jacob, Charles and Valentine) are engaged in the manu- 
 facture of staves and barrels, boxes, hardwood timbers for wagon work, etc. 
 The business was established in 1872, and has a capital of $25,000. The 
 
516 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 annual business amounts to over $50,000. Steam-power is used. The sales 
 *^xtend over Iowa, Nebraska, Minnesota, etc. The business is a rapidly-grow- 
 ing one, and of the sort to prosper in this region. 
 
 OTTUMWA GAS-LIGHT COMPANY. IP^ 
 
 The work of introducing gas into the city was begun by A. E. Swift & Co., 
 in 1870. An ordinance granting the exclusive right for a term of years was 
 adopted September 22, of that year. November 1 following, A. E. Swift & 
 Co. sold their franchise to the Ottumwa Gas-Light Co., which was chartered 
 that date. The original officers were: A. E. Swift, President; N. 0. Swift, 
 Vice President, W. H. Whitla, Secretary and Treasurer. This organization 
 continued until June 8, 1875, when E. Tillotson was chosen President ; J. R. 
 Murdoch, Vice President, and Dwight Bannister, Secretary and Treasurer. 
 February 12, 1878, this management was changed, and Mr. Bannister became 
 President and Acting Secretary and Treasurer ; J. R. Murdoch, Vice Presi- 
 dent. The Company is authorized to manufacture gas and deal in coal. The 
 gas is made from hard coal exclusively. There are some four and a half miles 
 of pipes laid in the city. The capital stock of the Company is $100,000. 
 
 POST OFFICES IN WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 The following post offices are in existence in the county : Agency City, 
 Ashland, Bladensburg, Blakesburg, Chillicothe, Competine, Dahlonega, Dud- 
 ley, Eddyville, Eldon, Highland Center, Kirkville, Morton, Munterville, 
 Ormanville, Ottumwa. 
 
 COUNTY POOR FARM. 
 
 The Poor Farm, 140 acres of land in Section 33, Township 72, Range 13, 
 was purchased of Mr. Quincy A. Wood, in March, 1860. It is situated just 
 below the mouth of Sugar Creek. The county does not boast much of this 
 institution. 
 
 THE COMMERCIAL INTERESTS. 
 
 of Ottumwa are very extensive. Considerable wholesaling is carried on. The 
 city is well supplied with retailing concerns in all branches of trade. 
 
 The learned professions are ably represented. This being the county seat, 
 the bar naturally is strong, and many of its members are well known through- 
 out the State. 
 
 The banking business is carried on by firmly-established institutions. 
 
 Socially, the city is a delightful one in which to live. An intelligent class 
 of people have made their homes here, and sustain several beneficial organiza- 
 tions. A scientific society is in existence, and a 
 
 PUBLIC LIBRARY 
 
 with many hundred volumes, is kept up. 
 
 Taken all in all, we adhere to the first impression formed of the city, and 
 pronounce it one of the very pleasantest that it has been our good fortune to 
 become acquainted with in Iowa Its future is assured, and its citizens 
 may well feel proud of their beautiful City of Perseverance and laudable self- 
 will. 
 
 OTTUMWA LOAN AND BUILDING ASSOCIATION 
 
 was incorporated in February, 1878, with a capital stock of $1,000,000, to be 
 issued upon the serial plan ; $200,000 the first year, and $100,000 annually 
 thereafter, until the whole stock shall be issued. The stock is divided intO' 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 5 1 T 
 
 shares of $200 each. The highest amount of indebtedness or liability to which 
 the Association is liable at any one time is $2,000. 
 
 The annual meetings of the Association are held on the first Monday in 
 March. 
 
 Although the Association has been in active existence only since April last, 
 it has already aided in the erection of some twenty residences, and its funds are 
 in constant demand. 
 
 The Association promises to be an important agency in the future growth 
 of Ottumwa. 
 
 Names of the incorporators: George Haw, J. Williamson, William Daggett, 
 J. M. Hedrick, J. B. Field, Robert Douglass, J. D. Ferree, J. T. Hackworth, 
 Daniel Eaton, W. E. Chambers, 0. M. Ladd and A. G. Harrow. 
 
 The officers of the Association are as follows : J. Williamson, President ; 
 William Daggett, Vice President ; J. D. Ferree, Secretary ; George Haw, 
 Treasurer. 
 
 Board of Directors : Charles Lawrence, Daniel Eaton, W. B. Armstrong, 
 0. M. Ladd and L N. Mast. 
 
 THE MISSING BOOK FOUND. 
 
 When the writer began his labors in Wapello County, he discovered that 
 the original Commissioners' records were missing from the Auditor's office. 
 Some one had borrowed the book, unbeknown to the Auditor or Clerk, and had 
 failed to return it. The historian set to work at once to recover the volume, if 
 possible, after first satisfying himself that it was not in the Court House. 
 Several weeks elapsed without the desired result, and he was compelled to send 
 his manuscript to the printer without a transcript of the proceedings of the 
 Board. At last, after more than one hundred pages of the history were printed, 
 the book was found. Had it not been for the indefatigable eftbrts of the West- 
 ern Historical Company, Wapello would probably have never known of the 
 whereabouts of the valuable record. We offer these words of explanation to 
 account for the appearance of this chapter so out of proper order in the book, 
 and to prevent the charge of inconsistency in a certain statement relative to the 
 official roster of the county which precedes these pages. Appended is an 
 abstract of the original book : 
 
 The first meeting of the Board was " held at Louisville, the county seat of 
 Wapello County, on Monday, the 20th day of May, 1844." The County Com- 
 missioners were as follows : Lewis F. Temple (not L. E Temple, as is given 
 on page 403 of this book), James M. Montgomery and Charles F. Harrow. 
 Charles Overman was appointed Clerk. In August, 1844, John C Evans, 
 John B. Gray and James B. Wright were elected. In 1845-46, the Board 
 consisted of John C. Evans, James B. Wright and Henry Smith. In 1846, 
 the Clerk's office was filled by James C. Tolman. In 1847, the Board consisted 
 of Henry Smith, Charles Dudley and James B. Wright. A. J. Redenbaugh 
 was Clerk. In 1848, James B. Wright, Charles Dudley and Nathaniel Bell 
 were Commissioners and A. J. Redenbaugh Clerk. In 1850, Charles Dudley, 
 Nathaniel Bell and Samuel Gilliland were Commissioners and A. J. Reden- 
 baugh Clerk. The last meeting of the Board, before it was dissolved by the- 
 act creating the County Judge system, was held July 29, 1851, at which 
 Nathaniel Bell, Samuel Gilliland and Gideon Myers officiated. Mr. Reden- 
 baugh was the last Clerk. 
 
518 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 The first business transacted at the May, 1844, session, was to grant a 
 license to. David Glass to keep a grocery "in Ottumwa." This shows that the 
 name Ottumwa was insisted upon by the settlers, although the official name was 
 then Louisville, by reason of the act of the Locating Commissioners, who named 
 it so in honor of Louisville, Ky. 
 
 Washington Township was organized at the first meeting. 
 
 Pleasant, Competine, Columbia, Center, Dahlonega, Richland and Adams 
 Townships were created at the June session, or second meeting. 
 
 J. P. Eddy was granted a ferry license at the July session, authorizing him 
 to establish a ferry at Eddyville. This was the first ferry in the county, duly 
 legalized. The prices permitted to be charged were : Footman, 6J cents ; man 
 and horse, 18f cents ; two horses and wagon, 37| cents ; four horses and wagon, 
 50 cents ; cattle, 4 cents ; hogs, 2 cents. 
 
 In July, Henry Smith & Co. were authorized to construct a dam across the 
 Des Moines, on Section 27, Township 71, Range 12, where Eldora now stands. 
 
 A tax of 5 mills on the dollar was authorized, and a poll-tax of 50 cents. 
 
 A Jail was ordered to be built on the east end of Lot 136, Block 11, in Lou- 
 isville, but definite action was postponed.' 
 
 A free ferry was ordered across the river at Louisville, provided the Appa- 
 noose Rapids Company sustain one-half the expense of the building and mainte- 
 nance of the same. 
 
 At the April term, 1845, Anderson Cox was granted permission to establish 
 a ferry across the Des Moines River, one and a quarter miles above Louisville. 
 
 At the May term, 1845, the Board agreed upon the specifications for the 
 erection of a Jail, the previous action having resulted in nothing. A two-story 
 hewed log building was agreed upon. 
 
 W. W. Chapman was acting as Attorney for the county in 1845. 
 
 At the August session, the Board ordered that the names of Francis M. 
 Harrow and Robert M. Ramsey be stricken from the mill and dam charter, and 
 that the company proposing to build a mill at Louisville be allowed until March, 
 1847, to do so. The original charter was granted by the Board of Jefferson 
 County, while this county was attached thereto, September, 1843, to F. M. 
 Harrow, R. W. Ramsey, David Armstrong and Joel Myers & Co. The Board 
 of Wapello County approved of the charter at the August meeting, as aforesaid, 
 ivith the change of names shown above. 
 
 The Jail contract was finally awarded to David Armstrong, at this meeting, 
 for |2,000. The site chosen was Lot 140, Block 11. 
 
 The first official recognition of the name Ottumwa was made November, 
 1845, by the Board. Belore that date, "Louisville" and "Ottumwa" were 
 used interchangeably. 
 
 Polk and Keokuk Townships were created in April, 1846. 
 
 There is no mention of the building of the first Court House, but at the 
 January session, record is made of repairs done thereon by Thomas Sinnamon. 
 And again, when Snodgrass & Hill added " stair steps " to that historic pile. 
 
 In January, 1848, D. F. Gaylord and Levi Reeve were authorized to fit up 
 a ferry across the river, at Ottumwa, to continue twelve years. 
 
 Through all the Record Book one encounters innumerable licenses " to 
 keep a grocery," granted to enough persons to supply groceries (fluid and solid) 
 for a multitude. The business was a good one in those days, we infer. 
 
 The petition praying for the incorporation of Ottumwa was presented to the 
 Board in January, 1851. An election, in accordance with the prayer, was 
 ordered to be held February 8, 1851. 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 519 
 
 Agency Township was created in April, 1851. 
 
 There is no mention made in this book of the action taken by the Board 
 respecting the Appanoose Rapids Company, and one is forced to admit that the 
 records are quite meager in many respects. Not one word is said concerning 
 the financial condition of the county, nor is the population or material growth 
 alluded to in any way. No record of elections is preserved. The absence of full 
 details of the transfer of lots to the county by the Appanoose Rapids Company is an 
 astonishing one. The Company is alluded to but once or twice, and then only 
 in an incidental manner. As we have already had access to the official books 
 of that Company, this history is not deficient, however. It is gratifying to be 
 able to say that the official roster is completed by the list of Commissioners 
 herein given, and our readers will acknowledge that the publishers have left no 
 stone unturned to give as full and authentic a history as can be obtained. 
 
 EDDYVILLE. 
 
 Previous to the year 1841, the country about Eddyville was in its primeval 
 condition. In that year, Mr. J. P. Eddy, an Indian trader, came from War- 
 ren County, Ohio, bringing with him a dozen or more artisans, who were 
 anxious to try their fortunes in the Far West. Mr. Eddy brought his family 
 with him, but most of the party were single men, and, it would seem, clung to 
 their single wretchedness for a long time thereafter. " As late as 1847," says 
 Mr. Benedict, of whom more will soon be known, "out of the seventeen men 
 who were building a mill in our neighborhood, only one man of the lot was 
 married. Where did all the rest find wives ? Some died without ever having 
 one, and the others scoured the country far and near for helpmates." 
 
 The Government had allowed Mr. Eddy, as an Indian trader, to lay claim 
 to a whole section of land — 640 acres. This land, or a greater share of it, he 
 used for farming purposes, until the year 1843, when he laid off 160 acres of the 
 grant and called it the basis of a town. The name he appropriated was his own, 
 adding only the " ville " to it. The land he now occupied was originally the 
 domain of the Hardfish Indians, and this home of theirs had been known as 
 their "farm" or "village," both names applying. The village embraced 
 Section 6, Township 73, Range 15. It lies in the corners of Wapello, Monroe 
 and Mahaska Counties. 
 
 Mr. Eddy remained at the new-born town until 1844, when he left for St. 
 Louis, where he lived until death. A daughter still remains there. And the 
 establishment of the ville materially ended his town labors, for with that his 
 ambition seems to have been satisfied. However, he did content himself with 
 the ways of the place long enough to have the honor of being first Postmaster 
 at that junction, thrust upon him ; also, to have built the first frame school- 
 house, or that and free church and town hall combined, the wreck of which 
 still remains, and tells to the stroller-by that it was there the first rudiments of 
 education were taught the young of Eddyville ; there the first song-praises and 
 prayers went up, and the germs of political fervor, budding within the breasts 
 of aspiring politicians, there first blossomed into the speeches of party advo- 
 cates. All that is left of the schoolhouse is a tottering frame and a few boards, 
 but they tell the tale, and seem to hold up to reverence the very name of him 
 whose liberality and public spirit prompted him to strike a blow in the interest 
 of education, morality and politics. Mr. Eddy also established the first store, 
 which he managed until shortly before he left, when he was succeeded by E. D. 
 
520 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 Fish, to whom Mr. Eddy sold his stock of merchandise. Richard Butcher, 
 one of the first settlers, and one of Mr. Eddy's hired help, having been on the 
 farm with him six months, and after that clerked for him in the store, also 
 started a store in 1846, in company with William Cox, and in opposition to the 
 Fish establishment. 
 
 The town was, by this time, beginning to thrive. The 1,000 Indians 
 whom the new-comers had found so quietly smoking their pipes of peace, had, 
 on May 1, 1843, been removed, bag and baggage, to a belt of country near 
 Des Moines, by order of the Government ; and when the red men loaded their 
 ponies with their rude goods and gods, and wandered toward the sundown, the 
 population of Eddyville, by this time, increased to ten families, said in unison : 
 " We are left to ourselves. Let us make of this a great city, and vie with our 
 neighboring towns." And it was thus that Ottumwa and Eddyville, for a long 
 time, did wrestle for supremacy, until the former got the strongest hip-lock and 
 tumbled its neighbor over. 
 
 Feeling its importance and need of law, Eddyville called an election in the 
 old schoolhouse, on April 18, 1844, and elected three Commissioners to repre- 
 sent the upper corner of the county. Their names were James M. Montgom- 
 ery, Lewis F. Temple and Charles F. Harrow. And these began to legislate. 
 
 A one-horse mail, once a week, had, since the little log Indian trading-house 
 was first established, been toted into town from Agency City, Adam Cline hold- 
 ing the reins of the horse. This slow way of doing things was finally, in 1848, 
 improved by the Rev. Mr, Post, a Baptist man of the Lord, who, with an eye 
 to business, hitched up two horses to a "jugger," and twice a week enabled the 
 inhabitants to send letters to and hear from their loved ones " back in the States." 
 A large coach subsequently increased the delivery of mail to three times a 
 week, and finally the iron horse, that went screeching through town for the first 
 time in the year 1860, enabled the people to receive letters once or twice a 
 day. 
 
 Many things began to happen by this time. Strangers came to town and 
 settled, and the country about began to take on the air of civilization. There 
 are but five of the survivors of '43 now living at Eddyville. Mrs. Walter 
 Clement, Mrs. Nicholas Scribner, Mr. J. H. Benedict, Mr. Richard Butcher 
 and Mr. J. T. Wiley. Mr. Benedict came to Eddyville in the spring of '43, 
 and settled for a brief time on a farm about four miles above town, where he 
 built a saw-mill, the first one in that part of the country. Mr. Benedict had 
 come from New York State, landing in Chicago July 4, 1827, when there were 
 but two Avhite families there — Indian Agent Wolcott and his father-in-law 
 Kenzie — and had finally come to his future home, full of hope and youthful 
 fire, and so aroused the confidence of the people that they conferred upon him 
 the honor of making him the first Justice of the Peace of the place. He 
 married the first couple (1845), James Wilson and Catharine Steele. He had 
 the first suit before him. It was a civil suit between two farmers, Crane and a 
 neighbor, over a disputed claim. This was in 1844. The Court was held in a 
 rough log cabin, but served the purpose very well. The first lawyer — one who 
 represented one of the parties to the suit — was Homer D. Ives. " He was a 
 shrewd, sharp young lawyer," says Mr. Benedict, The first grand jury room 
 was a log cabin, built square and with but a small door for exit, a blanket serv- 
 ing to keep inquisitive noses from poking in. Mr. Benedict was one of the 
 first jurymen. In 1847, the town had increased to twenty families, and Mr. 
 Benedict moved in and built, at a cost of $2,500, a saw and grist mill, the 
 first of the kind in this part of the country. Here the lumber for the school- 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 521 
 
 house was sawed — the mill's first work. After that he took in as partner J. E. 
 Vance. The flour-mill still stands. By this time the town contained a number 
 of men who since have added more or less to making up its history. These 
 men were J. T. Wiley, Nicholas Scribner, Walter Clement, Billy Dunlap, B. 
 H. Palmer, David Campbell, Robert Akins, James Amos, Richard Butcher, 
 Dr. Fish, Milton Fish, W. T. Caldwell, Dr. James Nosier, Dr. Ross, Homer 
 D. Ives, William Cox, Martin Tucker, John B Gray, Joseph Roberts and R. 
 W. Boyd. 
 
 Martin Tucker kept the first hotel. The building had been formerly an 
 Indian wigwam. This was about 1843 or 1844. Nicholas Scribner and William 
 Dunlap soon followed in the train. 
 
 The first physician was Dr. Ross, in 1843, and Dr. Fish came in 1845; 
 Dr. Nosier in 1846. 
 
 The first blacksmithing business was done by J. W. Caldwell and J. T. 
 Wiley, copartners in business. 
 
 There was a little sensation in 1843, when a steamboat puffed up the river 
 as far as Des Moines with a load of soldiers. In 1849, the first flatboat built 
 at Eddyville was run to St. Louis, under command of a Mr. Carnes. Thus 
 says Mr. Benedict. Mr. Butcher says the first was in 1847, by A. J. Davis. 
 
 Eddyville, in the spring of 1849, sent some of her citizens in the race for 
 wealth over the alkali deserts of Nebraska to the Golden State. On account 
 of the California travel, a franchise was asked of the Board of Commissioners 
 to build a ferry over the Des Moines River, from Eddyville to the Chariton 
 track, or road, which led right on from the main street in the village of Eddy- 
 ville. This was given July 2, 1849. Prices of produce rose all over Central 
 Iowa to high figures ; corn was as high as $2 per bushel. Every house was a 
 hotel, and beds were at a premium. Even the soft side of a board was con- 
 sidered worth something to a tired traveler. 
 
 The first child born was to the family of J. W. Caldwell. He was named 
 George. Clara, also a child of J. W. Caldwell, was the first soul whose light 
 flickered out in this newly-settled wilderness. 
 
 Walter Clement has the honor of being the first surveyor ; also the first 
 school-teacher. 
 
 John M. Fish was the pioneer lumber-yard man, beginning in 1860. In 
 1863, he started the first bank in Eddyville. 
 
 Joseph Perry was the earliest wagon-maker in this part of the country, 
 beginning his labors in 1853. 
 
 The earliest recollection of the "oldest inhabitant" reverts to the Pottery, 
 started in 1847 by J. M. McNamee, who run it four years and then quit. 
 
 A plow-factory was put in operation by Thurbaugh & Phillips in 1856, and 
 after various changes for twenty years, it collapsed in 1876. 
 
 The year of 1858 was a rainy one. This discouraged farmers a good deal. 
 The heaviest rains came, too, in harvest, so much so that wheat molded before 
 it was ready for the mill, and the result was the bread made from it was both 
 moldy and sticky. Rivers were high, bridges went sailing off", fences were 
 washed away, and many a farmer wished the seventh year could be left out of 
 the calendar. According to old Hard Fish, the Indian Chief, " Every seventh 
 year, big rain." 
 
 A woolen-mill was built in 1851 by James Brady, the wheels and spindles 
 being kept in motion by ox-power. Benedict & Vance came to the conclusion, 
 in 1855, that they would not be less enterprising than the other men, and they 
 started in. Mr. Benedict also put into motion a mill in 1858 ; took in as a 
 
522 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 partner Mr. Wilmot, in 1862 to 1866 ; and in 1867, Mr. Stanley put up a ne^r 
 mill, which John M. Fish took in 1873, and run until 1877, when it died. 
 
 The Eddyville bridge was built in 1855 and 1856, at a contract price of 
 $30,000. The enterprise is an incorporated one, and cfificered by President, 
 James Nosier ; Treasurer, S. A. Welch ; Secretary, Elijah Quillen ; Directors, 
 H. H. Williams, J. T. Wiley, Joseph Roberts, Sr., and Mary Ives. The cor- 
 poration bears the name of The Eddyville Bridge Company. 
 
 Away back in 1849, the little town of Eddyville could with pride and 
 truthfulness boast of much intelligence and literary cultivation. There was in 
 that year an enterprise organized under the title of the Eddyville Mutual Insti- 
 tute. This association met weekly for the sake of mind-improvement, the duty 
 of some one of the members being at each meeting to deliver a written or oral 
 lecture upon some moral or scientific subject, and devote the hours to general 
 literary discussions. The originators of this association were Homer D. Ives, 
 Rev. Mr. Hitchcock, Dr. Fish, R. W. Boyd, W. H. Dunlap, Walter Clement, 
 H. H. Williams, W. M. Alison, Robert Coles and W. H. Cross. The society 
 continued its labors until 1855 or 1856, when it went out of existence, and the 
 neat little library that had been collected was scattered. 
 
 THE PRESS. 
 
 The history of the press is always interesting ; and especially when it dates 
 back to the days of few commodities and the dependence upon local events 
 alone to fill its columns ; for there were no wires in the olden days to flash the 
 intelligence of the land instantaneously to a neighboring people, but only the 
 lapse of time sufficed to bear across the coAintry the latest news of some event 
 happening, perchance, a six-month back. And thus it was that the country 
 editor labored with disadvantages and fought with fate for the earliest news a 
 month or more old. J. W. Norris started the Eddyville Free Press, the first 
 number being published Thursday, August 11, 1853. This was the earliest 
 newspaper publication in the town. "We rest upon the broad shoulders of the 
 community," was the commencement of an article in the first number, headed 
 " Introductory and Explanatory." " Being a Neutral Press," continues the 
 essay, " claiming perfect freedom from the peculiar influence of those parties 
 and sects Avhich so universally divide and interest the community, we cannot 
 expect the cordial and exclusive support and sympathy of any one, but, never- 
 theless, shall be expected to please all and offend none — a most difficult task, 
 and one which renders us as liable to encounter the stern and critical eye of 
 suspicion and distrust as the more desirable one of sympathy and support." 
 
 In a review, the same paper said : " We cannot state positively, but we 
 think we may safely estimate the business transactions of Eddyville for the season 
 just expiring (1853) at $100,000 ; a large sum, it is true, for an interior town 
 of its age, and for the number of our business houses. But we believe it to be 
 very near the truth." And the sanguine manner in which the facts are related 
 would lead one to conclude that the statement was true. Because, men in those 
 days were more conscientious than now ; then, a mere farthing would not tip the 
 scale from an honest level to a cunning, devising, dishonest bend. 
 
 The management of Mr. Norris Avas followed by J. V. Meeker. B. H. 
 Palmer, publisher and proprietor, and William H. Alison, editor, three years 
 later, 1856, changed the paper to the CommerciaL This was run three years, 
 and discontinued. A paper called the Observer was next run by J. T. Cooke, 
 for about three months, date uncertain. Melick & McConnell, in 1862, started 
 the Star ; published it for about three years, and sold it to Charles Sherman. 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 623 
 
 Shortly after that, he discontinued the paper. In 1868, Melick & Bitner 
 started the Independent, which did not live long. Mr. Straight bought the old 
 material, and, in 1868, started the JJes Moines Valley Gazette. Then Major 
 John Wilcox bought in with him, and in two or three years Mr, Straight 
 resigned. Mr. Wilcox conducted the paper until 1872 or 1873, when he dis- 
 continued it. In February, 1869, Mr. W. L. Palmer, a son of the journalist 
 B. H. Palmer, established the Advertiser, a weekly Republican publication, 
 which is still ably conducted. An opposition sheet. Democratic in principle, 
 was born June 3, 1875, with W. A. Faust, editor, and J. T. Sherman, publisher. 
 It was christened the Advance. In the fall of 1876, the politics of the paper 
 was shifted to suit the complexion of the Greenback party. Mr. Faust retired, 
 and A. Cross became identified with Mr. Sherman, and worked along until 
 November, 1876, when a fire destroyed the office, and the paper was discon- 
 
 ^"^® ■ CITY ELECTIONS AND OFFICERS. 
 
 The first village election was held on Monday, May 1, 1857. The result 
 was : For Mayor, Dr. F. H. Buck ; Recorder, E. L. Smith ; Treasurer, F. R. 
 Manning; Marshal, Benjamin S. Slemmons. And, by the way, there is an 
 anecdote connected with the first term of these gentlemen's office. A bogus 
 inaugural address was gotten up and published as having originated with the 
 Mayor. It Avas addressed: "Fellow-citizens and Members of the Council." 
 It started out by saying : " I behold the city fathers assembled in solemn con- 
 clave, with proud and stately dignity, and with corpulent abdomen slightly 
 protruding, to pass an ordinance to prohibit male animals running at large." 
 The calaboose had been previously burned, and to this the " address" referred. 
 " They (the crowd) could but stand idly around and behold, and say sic transit 
 gloria calaboose. And the perpetrator of the foul deed is allowed to go 
 unpunished, because the law requires catching before hanging." 
 
 " I would earnestly recommend that your early attention be directed to the 
 repeal of that obnoxious law." 
 
 The author of the alleged "address" proved to be Mr. R. W. Boyd. 
 Treasurer Manning became off"ended at it — not seriously, however, and the 
 matter was recorded among the happenings that were. 
 
 The calaboose had been burned by some one who, it was supposed, had 
 taken off'ense at the jail law, having been confined there. One Scott Steel was 
 tried before R. W. Boyd, then Justice of the Peace ; but there not being suf- 
 ficient evidence to hold him, the prisoner was discharged. The calaboose was 
 rebuilt in 1859. 
 
 About this time, the Pike's Peak mining excitement broke out, and a num- 
 ber of adventurers left for the hills. All returned within a short time, no richer 
 for their journey. 
 
 The present city oflGcers are these : Mayor, W. C. Ross ; Recorder, Isaac 
 Riggs; Trustees, W. M. McPherrin, William Cowley, C. A. Spelman, J. W. 
 Wilkins, T. H. Shane ; Marshal, R. D. Hall ; Treasurer, Richard Butcher ; 
 Committees — Finance, William Cowley, T. H. Shane, J. VV. Wilkins; Claims, 
 J. W. Wilkins, T. H. Shane, W. M. McPherrin ; Public Improvement, W. M. 
 McPherrin, C. A. Spelman, William Cowley; Petitions and Memorials, W. 
 M. McPherrin, William Cowley, C. A. Spelman. 
 
 THE CHURCHES. 
 
 In the early days, the itinerant minister was a feature as much as was 
 the doctor with his jaded horse and saddle-bags, and the first permanent 
 
524 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 minister was the Rev. Mr. Kirkpatrick, a Methodist, who came to town in 
 1844, 
 
 Barring the church put up by Mr. Eddy, the Methodist Church, in 1848, 
 was the first one built. It was a common structure, and stood until 1862, when 
 it was replaced by a new brick one, at a cost of $4,000. The society at pres- 
 ent are in a prosperous condition, the fold numbering 125 members. The Rev. 
 William G. Wilson is the present Pastor. 
 
 In 1844, Rev. B. A. Spaulding, a Congregationalist, came here and worked 
 along until 1849, when the Rev. Mr. Hitchcock was ushered into prominent 
 notice through his untiring efforts in sucuring funds to build a Congregational 
 house of worship. This structure was sold to the Baptists in 1859, and in 1862 
 the Congregationalist erected a new church, at a cost of |3,600. At present 
 the society has no Pastor. 
 
 The Rev. J. G. Schafer, a Lutheran, began his labors in this field in 1844, 
 and, by 1855, the society had erected a church, which, a year or two after, was 
 sold to the Presbyterians. The first minister in charge of the latter denomina- 
 tion was the Rev. Mr. Holliday. This Church has no available record other 
 than that mentioned in these few lines. 
 
 The Baptist Society was first organized under the Rev. Mr. Post, already 
 mentioned, and who kept up the interest in that denomination for a time, and 
 a year or two from 1844, removed to Pella, as American agent for a German 
 colony, at which place he died. The Baptists now worship in the Presbyterian 
 Church. They have no Pastor. 
 
 The Christian Church is one of modern origin. They have no regular 
 Pastor. 
 
 The Roman Catholic Church is not large, yet its fixithful few have plodded 
 on for fifteen or twenty years, and still continue faithful under their Pastor, 
 Father Feeley. 
 
 '' THE LODGES. 
 
 The I. 0. 0. F. Lodge was chartered July 5, 1850, its members then being 
 John Cline, Dr. Warner, Dr. Buck, William H. Dunlap and Walter Cross. 
 The charter and all the records were burned December 6, 1873, and in Octo- 
 ber, 1874, a new charter was granted. The membership of the Lodge is sixty- 
 eight. 
 
 Eddyville Lodge, No. 7^, A., F. tf A. M. was organized June 5, 1856, 
 the charter members being William Thompson, W. M.; Thomas Ogden, D. W. 
 Corwin, Henry Graves and James Sherrod. The charter was burned Decem- 
 ber 6, 1873, and renewed soon after. The present officers are : William Cow- 
 ley, W. M.; S. M. Epperson, S. W.; C. S. Smith, J. W.; William McPherrin, 
 Treasurer; T.H.Shane, Secretary; James Farley, S. D.; L. H. Briggs, 
 J. D.; William Thompson, Tiler. 
 
 The Temperance Reform Club of this place was organized in the winter of 
 1878. Its membership is large. The officers are : President, R. W. Boyd ; 
 Vice Presidents, J. C. French, Mrs. Dr. Sloan, Mrs. S. M. Epperson ; Secre- 
 tary, D. W. Ward ; Treasurer, A. W. Riggs. 
 
 The Liberal League was organized in 1877, with the following officers : 
 President, W. M. McPherrin ; Vice President, C. N. Smith ; Secretary, W. W. 
 Scott ; Treasurer, James Cowley ; Executive Committee, R. VV. Boyd, W. P. 
 Brodrick. G. W. Chamberlin. 
 
 One of the most notable societies is that of the Eddyville Musical Associa- 
 ation. Its ranks embrace some excellent musical talent. It is officered as 
 below, having reached the anniversary of its second birthday : President, C. A. 
 
'M-fi''t 
 
 (/' OTTUMWA 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 527 
 
 Spelman ; Vice President, William Van Ness ; Secretary and Treasurer, F. W. 
 Fais ; Conductor, William Plough ; First Organist, Carrie Boyd ; Second 
 Organist, Delia Mosby ; First Soprano, Grace Edwards ; First Alto, Delia 
 Mosby ; First Tenor, William Burns ; First Bass, T. H. Shane. 
 
 THE SCHOOLS. 
 
 The records of the Eddyville schools, back of the year 1873, have been 
 destroyed by fire, and a great deal of the information gained in this direction 
 was from the memory of the citizens. It is recorded that, August 25, 1858, a 
 school meeting of Columbia Township was held, at which were present : Peter 
 Knox, T. C. Ogden and Daniel Zollars. The township then comprised one dis- 
 trict, divided into subdistricts. This system run along until 1872, when there 
 was a change in the election of Directors — three being substituted in place of 
 two ; and, although no record is made, it is thought that the independent dis- 
 trict rule was first applied in this year. 
 
 In 1867. the Board issued ten bonds, of $1,000 each, payable one everv 
 year until all should be canceled. This step was the first one taken toward 
 building a new schoolhouse ; and, coupling the borrowed funds with some loose 
 change already on hand, the district set about putting up a fine building, at a 
 cost of $18,000. The size of this is 64x50 feet, three stories and basement. 
 The material is brick. 
 
 The present School Board comprises the following officers : President, John 
 Leggett; Secretary, A. W. Riggs; Treasurer, S. T. Caldwell; William Scha- 
 fer, A. Trotter, A. M. Lafierty, W. M. McPherrin, J. W. Mosby. 
 
 So much for records. But Mrs. Walter Clement says her recollection runs 
 back of 1858 ; and the piece of information she gives is priceless, inasmuch as 
 she is the only known person who remembers the facts relative to Eddyville 
 school matters not recorded. This lady says that her husband, Walter Clement, 
 together with Heman Snow, Dr. Nosier, James Workman and David Campbell, 
 comprised the first Board of Officers and Directors ; that being in 1844 or 
 1845. Mr. Clement was Secretary, and Mr. Snow was Treasurer. This man- 
 agement continued for a long time, but how long is not certain. Probably, 
 however, until after 1855, with few changes. 
 
 MANUFACTURING INTERESTS. 
 
 The main work being done here by machinery is that confined to the 
 flouring-mills. Messrs. Fish. Witkins & Co. now occupy the old Benedict 
 Steam-Power Mill, which has a capacity for grinding twenty-five barrels of flour 
 per day. 
 
 The Riggs & Spilman Mill, built in 1865, at a cost of $8,000, grinds 145 
 bushels of grain every twenty-four hours, by the aid of steam-power. 
 
 In 1867, a company composed of John M. Fish, Robert Cooper and George 
 Bliss & Co., built the Star Mills at a cost of $29,000. The capacity of this 
 mill is 100 barrels every ten hours, steam-power. It is a magnificent brick 
 structure, one of the largest in this part of the country. 
 
 One of the enterprises of the past is the large porkhouse started in 1865 
 by Manning & Caldwell. It passed through various hands, and finally died in 
 1875. ^ 
 
 There is also the B. Walz Brewery, a fine building put up in 1868. There 
 were formerly two breweries, but in one the clang of the machinery is no longer 
 heard. 
 
528 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 MONUMENTAL. 
 
 In honor to the memory of the fallen soldiers, a monument was erected here 
 in 1866, at a cost of |500. The names thereon recorded are these : Gabriel 
 Dennis, Eighteenth Iowa Infantry ; David Dennis, do. ; Charles A. Michael, 
 do. ; Homer C, Gibhs, do. ; James McDonell, do. ; John Scott, Seventh do. ; 
 Courtland Brown, do. ; Charles Gardner, do. ; Benjamin F. Crispin, do. ; 
 William L. Myrick, Forty-seventh do. ; Noyes Chesman, Thirty-sixth do. ; 
 Thomas G. Robb, do. ; Michael Kerfman, do. ; William Martin, do. ; Robert 
 B. Miller, do. ; Capt. T. B. Hale, do. ; Louis Myers, do. ; James Matton, do. ; 
 W. P. Shipley, do. ; C. L. Ladd, do. ; C. Moulton, do. ; Samuel Houghs, do. ; 
 D. Gushwa, do ; William McKissie, do. ; Thomas McKissie, Sixth do. ; Will- 
 iam Bradley, do. ; Thomas Fullerton, do. ; Robert Fullerton, Eighth do. ; Jus- 
 tice Stauber, Eleventh do. ; John Pickrell, Tenth do. ; A. C. Field, Seventh 
 do. ; John Marshall, Fourth do. ; W. Woodruif, Seventh do. ; I. Cumpson, 
 Thirty-sixth do. ; Levi Matthews, Eleventh do. ; George Noe, Seventh do. 
 William H. McGonagal, do. ; A. Morton, do. ; J. Burgoine, do. ; J. Barber 
 do. ; Z. Pike, do. ; James Secret, do. ; John Secret, do. ; S. A. Warner, do. 
 Thomas Reed, Thirty-sixth do. ; Charles Andrews, do. ; G. W. Nicely, do. 
 Peter Stuber, do. ; H. C. Lyman, do. ; H. M. Lyman, do. ; A. W. Lyman 
 do. ; Henry C. Gordon, Eighth do. ; William R. Ross, Forty-seventh do. 
 William N. Mayers, Thirty-sixth do. ; Albert Barnard, Twenty-third do. ; N 
 B. Gordon, Twenty-second do. ; Thomas R. Robb, Eighth do. ; P. W. Baker 
 Thirteenth do. ; John Walters, do. ; J. F. Watkins, Thirty-third do. ; William 
 Warner, Thirty-sixth do. ; Charles Starkey, Seventeenth do. ; H. Warner, Sev- 
 enth do. ; Jacob Brown, Fifteenth U. S. ; Isaac Stanley, Twenty-fifth 0. B. ; 
 William Heacock, Fourth Cavalry ; Thomas P. Gray, Third do. ; James Jordan, 
 Seventh do. ; Hiram D. Wolf, Eighth do. ; Henry C. Wolf, do. ; John McDole, 
 do. ; Secretary J. C. Stoddard, Fifty-sixth U. S. C. I. 
 
 The village of Eddyville 'at present contains five dry goods stores, three 
 groceries, three drug stores, two hardware stores, two millinery, two leather 
 and saddlery, one boot and shoe, one clothing, one furniture, one undertaker, 
 one woolen goods store, one marble works, two lumber-yards, one brewery, one 
 saw-mill, three grist-mills, one wagon manufactory, one graded school, one 
 opera-house, one private bank, two hotels and about seven hundred inhabitants. 
 
 The Keokuk & Des Moines and the Central Iowa Railroads run through the 
 outskirts of the village. incidental. 
 
 Prolific in startling incidents Eddyville is not. There was, however, a little 
 excitement on the 7th day of May, 1851, which is remembered as one of the 
 rainiest of rainy days, and from that time forward for forty days the skies 
 poured their volumes of water down upon Iowa. The Des Moines River rose 
 to an unprecedented height — thirty-seven feet by actual measurement — and from 
 one bluff' to another it was a rushing, foaming sheet of water. Corn was planted 
 this season with water in the furrows, and the farmers wore their overcoats as 
 they put the seed in the ground. Eddyville was overflowed, and a man of the 
 name of Roberts, quite tired of having no substantial resting-place for the sole 
 of his foot anywhere on his premises, tore down his house, and putting the 
 remains on a flat-boat, ferried the dismantled home across into Pleasant Town- 
 ship, Monroe County, and commenced the village of Bridgeport. Others 
 followed suit, and in a little while there were twenty families in the neighbor- 
 hood. 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. " 529 
 
 The population of Eddyville at this time had grown to be about three hun- 
 dred, and these were obliged to leave their houses and to take refuge in the 
 upper story of Benedict's mill, while others fled to the hills. None, however, 
 were drowned. 
 
 There have been but three high crimes committed in this place. These 
 were murders. Johnson, a Virginian, stabbed and killed one Vance, in 1861, 
 the basis of the trouble being a difference of opinion on the political situation, 
 and, it being war times, matters waxed warm. Johnson was tried for the crime, 
 but was acquitted on some unknown grounds. Two years afterward, however, he 
 met his fate. He was thrown from a wagon, about ton miles south of Ottumwa, 
 and his head was crushed on a stone. He was found dead by the roadside. 
 
 In 1862, one Harding shot and killed John Powell, a Kentuckian. The 
 trouble grew from the same cause as did the former one. After doing the kill- 
 ing, Harding repaired to his house, sat down to breakfast with a revolver at 
 each hand, and when the officers came, defied them. He was allowed to remain, 
 and, at the close of the meal, escaped, hired a livery team and was driven to 
 Sigourney, where he enlisted in the Union army and received the commission of 
 Captain. 
 
 Scarcely had the season of 1862 began to fade, when a disreputable woman 
 named Mrs. Craven shot and instantly killed Jim Humphrey, alias "Buckeye." 
 The woman, through supposed perjury, was never indicted. She afterward 
 moved East and married. 
 
 There have been three large fires here. The first came in 1866, and 
 destroyed the depot and two freight warehouses, occasioning a loss of ^50,000. 
 It is thought the conflagration was the work of an incendiary. 
 
 On December 6, 1873, there came a memorable fire, destroying |50,000 
 worth of property, including buildings and wares, and owned as follows : One 
 store. Fish & Dunlap ; store, Dunlap ; store, Caldwell ; store. Chamberlain ; 
 dwelling-house, Roberts Brothers. The origin of the fire is a mystery. 
 
 A depot was accidentally burned in 1875, the loss being $10,000. 
 
 ELDON. 
 
 The town of Eldon is surveyed upon the bank of the Des Moines River, on 
 Section 27, Town 71 north. Range 12 west, being in the civil township of 
 Washington. The history of this section is an exceedingly interesting one. 
 
 The site bf the present prosperous place is but a few miles from the scene 
 of Black Hawk's victory, lowaville. Van Buren Co., and also of the great 
 chieftain's death and original place of burial. The history of those event . is 
 given in another portion of this Avork. 
 
 The early settlement of what is now Washington Township dates back into 
 ante-treaty days. John B. Groover, a German, located on the site of Eldon, 
 near where the roundhouse now stands, before the treaty of 1842. He built 
 a cabin there, but was driven off" by the Government troops, in compliance with 
 the law. After the 1st of May, 1843, he returned and lived upon his claim 
 about three years, when he died. He was buried upon an eminence in the 
 north part of the present town. The Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad 
 was surveyed over his unmarked grave, and the men who graded the hill scat- 
 tered his bones, little thinking that they were thus dishonoring the resting- 
 place of the original settler of Eldon. This fact furnishes food for comment 
 for those who are disposed to treat of the advancement of " civilization." 
 
530 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 Other old settlers of the township are mentioned in Judge Hendershott's 
 address, given in the general history. 
 
 The town of Eldon has many peculiar advantages. It is located in a rich 
 township, well wooded, well watered, and underlaid by rich coal deposits. The 
 Des Moines River, has, while running the distance of the town, a fall of several 
 feet. Manufacturing might be carried on with profit to those who invested their 
 capital in such enterprises. 
 
 The township of Washington was among the first organized, in 1844. The 
 first schoolhouse was erected that year, in the northwestern portion of the town- 
 ship. John H. Nicholas was the first teacher employed. Thomas Ping was the 
 first Justice of the Peace. The first sermon was preached by Silas Garrison, 
 probably in 1844. The first post ofiice was opened by Thomas Ping, at Ash- 
 land, in 1844, The first election took place at Ashland, October, 1843, when 
 fifty votes were polled. 
 
 Ashland, or " Old Ashland," as it is now called by the settlers, was once 
 the center of commerce in Washington Township. It was designed early after 
 the influx of settlers, and promised to become a place of note. It was on the 
 road to Agency from the south, being upon the southeast quarter of Section 9. 
 It grew apace, and boasted of numerous advantages over other towns. It was 
 surrounded by a rich agricultural region, and was settled by a good class of 
 men. Thomas Ping was the owner of the plat, which was dated in 1845. The 
 Methodist Episcopal Church was organized there by Rev. Thomas Kirkpatrick, 
 in 1843. 
 
 In 1854, the Ashland Seminary was established. It was under the auspices 
 of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and was the first school of that character in 
 the county. It was managed by a Board of Trustees, and Lewis Dwight, for 
 many years a teacher in Greencastle College, Indiana, was engaged as Principal. 
 They had a good, substantial building of brick, 30x50 feet, and two stories high. 
 
 There was a famous bank, and many other metropolitan institutions. In 
 1856, the place had three stores, a steam mill, a hotel (kept by Thomas Ping), 
 two churches (Methodist Episcopal and Methodist), two physicians and a 
 wagon and cooper shop. 
 
 The town is now no more. Most of the lots are annually cultivated as 
 farms. The failure to secure railroad lines killed the place. 
 
 A RAILROAD TOWN. 
 
 Eldon is decidedly a railroad town. Its origin was due to the construction 
 of the K. & D. M. Road. A flag station was located on the site of the present 
 town shortly after the road was opened, and named "Ashland Crossing." 
 Subsequently, the little place was called •' Williamsburg," and a post office 
 established there, with Bert. Loftus, Postmaster. 
 
 In 1861, William Riordan settled on the site, and, with John Flynn, 
 Timothy Ryan, Jere Keiff", and perhaps a few others, formed the beginning 
 of the town. William Flint put up a saw-mill. 
 
 So the prospects of the place improved, and when the Chicago, Rock Island 
 & Pacific Road pushed its Southwestern Division to that point, the fate of the 
 town was decided. In 1870, the town of Eldon was laid out, by Judge J. M. 
 Love, Col. George Gillaspy, Hon. Edward Johnston, Col. William Leighton 
 and George Williams. The platting and surveying were done by 0. Baldwin, 
 of Keokuk. Among the first to settle there were James Bradley, Peter Mul- 
 vany, Martin Dooley, John Donohoe, W. H. Cross, Ed. Dibble, Patrick Russell, 
 J. C. Nelson, and others. 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 531 
 
 INCORPORATION. 
 
 In 1872, Eldon was incorporated. The first officers were D. K. Taylor, 
 Mayor ; John Donohue, A. L. Twing, Adam Blair, J. C. Nelson and F. X. 
 Kaffer, Trustees ; Ed. Dibble, Recorder ; Peter Mulvany, Treasurer. Since 
 then the Mayors have been: 1873— A, L. Twing; 1874— Ed. Dibble (Mr. 
 Dibble resigned and the vacancy was filled by G. M. B. Myers ; 1875 — E. Myers; 
 1876— S. Mosely; 1877-78— T. C. Boorn. Recorders: 1872-73— Ed. "Dib- 
 ble; 1874-75— L. A. Young; 1876-78— J. C. Nelson. Treasurers: 1872-74 
 —Peter Mulvany ; 1875— J. Parkhurst ; 1876— Peter Mulvany; 1877-78— 
 
 J- ^'^""^"- CHURCHES. 
 
 The Catholic religion is the strongest of any in the place, but a peculiar 
 series of accidents have befallen the repeated efforts of the members. Three 
 times a church edifice has been begun, and once nearly completed, only to be 
 demolished by windstorms. Such renewed disaster has naturally left its mark 
 upon the town, since it is young and not overwealthy. The energy of the 
 Catholics is commendable, however, and that they will soon have a suitable place 
 of woi'ship, there is little doubt. Services are maintained in such places as can 
 be used for the purpose. 
 
 The Methodist Episcopals and the Methodists have united in erecting a neat 
 
 church building, where services are held by the Agency City Pastor, Eldon 
 
 being; a part of that charge. 
 
 ^ ^ ^ SCHOOLS. 
 
 The town feels a just pride in its schoolhouse, which is a very fine building, 
 and large enough to meet the requirements of the place for some time to come. 
 The present teachers are the Messrs. Harrell. The first meeting held by the 
 independent district Board was on the 28d of April, 1872. F. H. Kaffer was 
 President and J. E. Alverson, Secretary. 
 
 POST OFFICE. 
 
 The post ofl&ce was established at Eldon, shortly after the survey was made 
 in 1870. E. I. Cummings was the Postmaster. E. T. Roland it the present 
 incumbent, and the second officer Eldon ever had. 
 
 NEWSPAPERS. 
 
 Although Eldon has no paper at present, there have been no less than four 
 different publications at that place. First came the Eldon Herald, by Mr. 
 Morehouse, in the summer of 1873. The effort failed after about three months' 
 trial. Then came the Elden Messenger, about November 1, 1875, by Mr. 
 Messick, which lasted through six or seven weekly issues. Then appeared the 
 Eldon Times, under the charge of Dr. J. E. Alverson, and a good paper he 
 made of it, too ; a fact attested by the life of the little journal. In June, 1876. 
 Tunis A. Bentley became editor and ran the paper until July 21, when he 
 changed the name to that of Western News. In the winter of 1877-78 Jesse 
 Markee bought the office, but finally suspended the paper in April or May, 
 1878. 
 
 ODD FELLOWS. 
 
 On the 18th of August, 1850, at the town of Black Hawk, Van Buren 
 County, opposite lowaville, Pulaski Lodge, No. 28, was established, with twelve 
 members. The location remained unchanged for more than two years, when, 
 in October, 1852, the Lodge was taken to lowaville, and the name changed to 
 
532 , HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 lowaville Lodge, No. 28. In 1863, it suspended work, and so remained until 
 May 26, 1872, when thirteen members, viz., W. H. Cross, J. E. Alverson, B. 
 F. Welch, T. M. Taylor, T. P. Kelley, T. Barnes, T. B. Allen, J. Beatty, E. 
 T. Roland, D. Yeoder, J. C. Nelson, J. W. Nicholas and W. H. Nicholas, of 
 Magnolia Lodge, No. 24, of Agency City, were granted the privilege of remov- 
 ing the Lodge to Eldon, and changing the name to Eldon Lodge, No. 28. The 
 charter, in accordance with the above, was granted October 17, 1872, and, on 
 the 27th of December of that year, the Lodge was removed to Eldon, where it 
 occupied a rented hall until 1876, when it built a lodge room of its own, which, 
 with fixtures, is valued at $1,400, 
 
 Since the removal of the Lodge, a portion of its members have withdrawn to 
 form Floris Lodge, No. 272, and Van Buren Lodge, No. 350. The present 
 membership is ninety-five, all in good standing. It has paid out in benefits 
 $1,586.65. It has buried three of its members. A Rebekah Degree is main- 
 tained in fine condition, with a membership of thirty-one. 
 
 FIRES. 
 
 The young town has met with far more than its proportion of losses by fire. 
 The first heavy conflagration occurred on the morning of November 22, 1875. 
 It broke out in the Valley Hotel, in a portion used as a saloon. The Parker 
 House adjoining was next to take fire. This building was not used as a hotel, 
 but two of the lower rooms were occupied as grocery stores, and some of the 
 upper rooms were also used for various purposes. The wind changed, and 
 threw the flames toward the Ashland House, which was the property of the C, 
 R. I. & P. R. R., and was a very fine building, used as a depot hotel. The 
 railroad ticket office and freight depot were the next to suffer, and were entirely 
 consumed. The landlord of the Ashland House was the heaviest individual 
 loser by this fire. Very little of his personal property was saved. The total 
 loss by the fire was not far from $10,000. 
 
 The second heavy fire began June 13, 1876, in J. D. Baker & Son's store, 
 which was in a building owned by Peter Faust. The flames were communi- 
 cated to the buildings on the southwest, occupied by Mike Shanahan, thence to 
 William Huston's property, and thence to the Iowa Hotel, which was occupied 
 by N. W. McKee. The total loss was probably about $9,000, with $3,500 
 insurance. 
 
 THE FUTURE PROSPECTS. 
 
 The old "D. V.," or more recently the Keokuk & Des Moines Railroad, 
 has now passed into the hands of the C., R. I. k Pacific Company, and Eldon 
 is the junction of these two important branches of a powerful road. The 
 roundhouse and repair-shops are located at this point. The Company has 
 signified its intention to put in a large amount of sidings, to accommodate the 
 increased business. A new bridge is also proposed, which will be made double, 
 or for both teams and railroad traffic. 
 
 The town has fine schools, a good church interest and a fine lodge of Odd 
 Fellows. It is a thriving, energetic place, eager to go ahead and willing to 
 keep its own end of the work up. 
 
 Naturally it is very well located. The river flows by it, and has a marked 
 fall in a very short distance, thereby affording opportunity for manufacturing 
 enterprises at little expense. The town is healthy, and is situated in one of 
 the finest agricultural portions of the county. It is a good place for young 
 men to locate in. 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELI COUNTY. 533 
 
 In 1870, the trade of the place could be summed up in short order. Mrs. 
 Wicks opened the first general store, and E. Cummins the second, in 1871. 
 At present there are three general stores, two drug stores, a bakery, three meat 
 markets, one millinery store, a tin-shop, a shoe-shop, two blacksmith-shops, a 
 barber-shop, three hotels, a saw and grist mill, a lawyer and three physicians. 
 
 AGENCY CITY. 
 
 Agency City, as the outgrowth of the Indian Agency, is one of the most 
 interesting points in the county, in an historical sense. The early history of 
 that particular section of country embraced in the boundaries of the first settle- 
 ment, the tract given by Wapello to Gen. Street's fiimily ; and the later village 
 of Agency City is so fully and accurately sketched in the able papers written 
 by Major John Beach, and given elsewhere in this volume, that but little need 
 be introduced here in the special chapter on the town. 
 
 The village was the work of several men, who were assured that the future 
 town would be at some point near, but not at the old Agency. The duty of 
 entering the land and arranging preliminary matters was unanimously intrusted 
 to Capt. George Wilson, son-in-law of Gen. Street, and the manager of the 
 '' Pattern Farm," that supposed grand scheme for civilizing and educating the 
 Indian. The farm was no more successful than the farmer was practical. 
 Capt. Wilson was a graduate of West Point, and had led an army life on the 
 frontier, but was not suited to the position of farm instructor to the Indians. 
 The plan was a foolish one to begin with, and the enterprise did not prove 
 beneficial. 
 
 The town was vaguely conceived of early in the days which followed the 
 opening of the county to the whites. 
 
 THE FIRST STORE IN AGENCY 
 
 was opened by Shaphat Dwire, who was also the first Postmaster. The latter 
 fact proves that Dwire began business in 1848, because the post office was 
 established that year. This latter statement many a man still living will 
 remember as true, by reason of the mail he knew was in the office but which 
 he could not get out, from lack of the needful quarter of a dollar with which 
 to pay the postage. Letters were frequently left undisturbed for weeks on 
 account of the impossibility to get money enough to pay for them. 
 
 The history of this town is so admirably told by Maj. Beach that we hasten 
 on to a later date. 
 
 Agency City was begun in 1843. Rev. B. A. Spaulding wrote letters to 
 the Home Mission Society, from this county, in the spring of 1844, and by 
 these indisputable documents we learn much that could not otherwise be 
 definitely shown. The letters referred to are given in full on pages 374 and 
 376 in this work, and need not be reproduced here. They settle certain dis- 
 puted points relative to priority of religious movements, and come like a voice 
 from the grave to supply missing data. 
 
 THE RELIGIOUS HISTORY 
 
 of Agency City is not obtainable in full detail from the church records now on 
 hand, as many of those valuable books are mislaid or lost. We therefore turn 
 to the letters of that good man, Mr. Spaulding, and transcribe from them these 
 facts. 
 
534 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 The first letter, in the spring of 1844, tells us that Agency City was then 
 informally laid out. The original plat, however, is lost ; and were it not for 
 Mr. Spaulding's testimony, there would be a lack of written proof of this fact. 
 The letter continues : " On the 27th of October (1843, because the letter was 
 written in the spring of 1844), a Congregational Church was formed in this 
 town, consisting of six members, three males and three females. * * * 
 On the next Sabbath a Methodist class was formed, consisting of six." 
 
 The writer, in conversation with Rev. R. B. Allender, a pioneer Meth- 
 odist clergyman, in charge of the Agency City M. E. Church at present, and 
 who began his ministerial labors in the Territory in 1837, was informed by him 
 that the Methodists were the first to organize a class at Agency City, under the 
 supervision of that worthy man. Rev. Thomas Kirkpatrick. The evidence 
 oifered is of a character to warrant the statement that the two churches were 
 almost simultaneous in their formation. 
 
 At the present time, the Congregational society no longer exists in Agency ; 
 nor does the Presbyterian society continue There are but two religious bodies 
 in the town ; one the Methodist Episcopal, which is a strong and prosperous 
 body, and the other the Baptist, which is also well maintained. The former, 
 as has been said, is presided over by Rev. R. B. Allender, while the latter is under 
 the pastoral charge of Rev. E. Dudley. The Baptist Church edifice was erected 
 in 1858. The Methodist edifice in 1854. We regret the absence of ofiicial 
 records of the latter society, by which we could obtain a list of the several 
 Pastors. The first minister was Rev. Thomas Kirkpatrick, whose name is indis- 
 solubly associated with all early Methodist movements in this region. Mr. 
 Dudley is one of the pioneer movers in the Baptist field, and the existence of 
 the society is largely due to him. 
 
 THE SCHOOL 
 
 in Agency City is an admirable one, conducted on the district plan. There are 
 five divisions, under the charge of Mr. A. Hull, assisted by Misses Lillian 
 Williams, A. M. Rowell, L. E. Hill and Fannie La Force. The district em- 
 braces a sufficiently large area to render the school very convenient and econom- 
 ical, and the people of the town are justly proud of this evidence of intelli- 
 gence. 
 
 SECRET SOCIETIES. 
 
 There are lodges of the three leading secret orders maintained in the town. 
 The Masonic lodge is the oldest, dating back to June 6, 1850, when its charter 
 was issued. The name chosen is Olive Branch Lodge, No. 21. The original 
 officers were S. P. Yeomans, M. ; Willis Griffing, S. W. ; S. E. Griggs, J. W. ; 
 Luther M. Davis, S. D. ; John Wiley, J. D. ; James Weir, Secretary ; John 
 Priest, Treasurer ; William Griggs, Tiler. 
 
 Present officers are C. D. Bailey, M. ; J. M. Murray, S. W. ; J. P. Grout, 
 J. W. ; D. A. La Force, Treasurer ; J. B. Pilcher, Secretary ; J. C. Bryan, 
 S. D. ; S. M. Brown, J. D. ; M. E. Andrew, Tiler. Membership, fifty. 
 
 The Odd Fellows are also an old body. Magnolia Lodge, No. 24, was char- 
 tered October 27, 1852. The present officers are J. P. Grout, N. G. ; William 
 Hill, V. G. ; E. T. Sage, Secretary ; F. J. Turner, P. Secretary ; A. Wiley, 
 Treasurer; S. Ryan, W. ; J. C. Vass, 0. G. ; B. A. Brown, I. G. ; J. A. 
 Israel, R. S. N. G. ; F. Streblow, L. S. N. G. ; J. B. Pilcher, R. S. V. G. ; 
 William Dillon, L. S. V. G. ; J. R. Myers, C. ; C. N. Smith, R. S. S. ; W. 
 J. Warren, L. S. S. 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 535 
 
 The Encampment was chartered October 21, 1874. The charter members 
 were: T. D. Lyon, J. A. Israel, E. T. Sage, G. M. B. Myers, J. R. 
 Myers, C. Myers, F. G. Turner, Thomas Plumber, W. J. Warren, Parish 
 Garner, J. P. Grout, A. E. Lyon. The title is Agency City Encampment, 
 No. 67. The present officers are: C. Wood, C. P.; G. W. Clevenger, S. W.; 
 A. Cain, H. P.; G. L. Littler, S.; C. N. Smith, Treasurer; F. G. Turner, 
 Guide. 
 
 A Rebekah degree is also maintained under the title of Evening Star Lodge, 
 No. 81, chartered October 19, 1876, with the following members : G. L. Lit- 
 tler, Mrs. M. J. Littler, F. G. Turner, Mrs. M. V. Turner, A. Wing, Mrs. M. 
 J. Wing, William Hill, Mrs. N. Hill, E. T. Sage, Mrs. E. J. Sage, G. W. 
 Shaw, William Hatfield, Mrs. M. E. Hatfield, William H. Brooks, Mrs. L. 
 Brooks, S. Ryan, Mrs. M. Ryan, William Cole, Mrs. M. Cole, J. Hardin, Mrs. 
 M. Hardin, N. J. Richards, Mrs. M. Richards, C. Wood, Mrs. J. Wood, M. J. 
 Warren, Mrs. D. Warren, G. W. Clevenger, Mrs. M. Clevenger and J. W. 
 Dunbar. 
 
 A lodge of the Knights of Pythias is sustained. The charter is dated 
 February 8, 1876, and the following first officers were installed, under the title 
 of Crystal Lodge, No. 30 : J. A. Israel, P. C; Eugene Chilson, C. C; 
 G. L. Littler, V. C; G. B. Wheaton, P.; W. J. Warren, M. of E.; N. I. Rich- 
 ards, M. of F.; S. Ryan, K. of R. and S.; A. Wing, M. at A.; J. Q.'Wood, 
 I. G.; John Hannawalt, 0. G. The present officers are: D. A. La Force, P.C.; 
 A. Wing, C. C: A. Smutz, V. C; G. B. Wheaton, P.; D. A. La Force, M. 
 of E.; S. Ryan, M. of F.; J. B.' Pilcher, K. of R. and S.; H. B. Wagers, 
 M. at A.; William Hill, I. G.; W. A. Covertson, 0. G. 
 
 THE OFFICIAL ROSTER. 
 
 The oldest plat of the village now extant is dated November 10, 1848. 
 This document is a well-drawn plan of the town, and has, also, a map of the 
 county attached. It is the work of Capt. Wilson, who was an experienced 
 Civil Engineer. 
 
 The charter was granted by County Judge J. H. Flint, January 6, 1859. 
 The application was made for incorporation September 21, 1859, by a commit- 
 tee composed of J. Q. A. Dawson, B. B. Allen, J. T. Rowe, Thomas Lyon 
 and Joseph R. Myers. The first election was held in March, 1859. The fol- 
 lowing list shows the Mayors, Recorders, Treasurers, Trustees and Marshals 
 from that time to the present date : 
 
 1859 — Mayor, Jesse Brookshire ; Recorder, J. H. Cartright ; Trustees, 
 J. Q. A. Dawson, Edward Dudley, Samuel Packwood, Mathew Hixon, E, D. 
 Black ; Marshal, E. F. Hoffslatter ; Treasurer, J. S. Wheaton. Jonathan 
 Pound served a part of the year as Mayor. 
 
 1860 — Mayor, Gideon Myers ; Recorder, J, A. Starr ; Treasurer, J. S. 
 Wheaton ; Marshal, S. T. Rowe ; Trustees, Calvin Blythe, E. D. Black, Simeon 
 Chaney, M. Hixon, George Springer. 
 
 1861 — Mayor, Gideon Myers ; Recorder, J. A. Starr ; Treasurer, J. S. 
 Wheaton; Marshal, H. C. Miner; Trustees, B. Blythe, M. Hixon, E. D. Black, 
 John Fullen, P. B. Sprague. 
 
 1862 — Mayor, R. Banks ; Recorder, E. Brown ; Treasurer, J. S. Wheaton; 
 Marshal, J. R. Myers ; Trustees, A. L. Chamberlin, J. Montgomery, J. Ful- 
 len, E. G. White, M. Hixon. 
 
 1863 — There are no records of the Council meeting for this year. It is 
 said they were purposely destroyed. . 
 
-536 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 1864— Mayor, J. T. Rowe ; Recorder, W. H. Foulke ; Treasurer, J. S. 
 Wheaton ; Marshal, T. D. Lyon ; Trustees, M. Hixon, J. P. Grout, J. Fullen, 
 J. Montgomery, W. F. Lyon. 
 
 1865 — Mayor, J. Q. A. Dawson ; Recorder, J. H. Cartright ; Treasurer, 
 J. S. Wheaton ; Marshal, A. L. Chamberlin ; Trustees, M. Hixon, C. Myers, 
 J. W. La Force, B. Jennings, J. P. Grout. 
 
 1866 — Mayor, Joseph Myers ; Recorder. E. H. Sage ; Treasurer, J. S. 
 Wheaton ; Trustees, J. Q. A. Dawson, C. Myers, William H. Foulke, J. P. 
 Grout, Thomas Foreman. 
 
 1867— Mayor, E. G. White ; Recorder, E. H. Sage ; Treasurer, J. Mont- 
 gomery ; Marshal, Thomas Foreman ; Trustees, J. Fullen, G. M. B. Myers, 
 B. F. Jennings, J. P. Grout, C. Bailey. 
 
 1868 — Mayor, N. A. Woodford ; Recorder, J. M. Murray ; Treasurer, 
 T. M. Wilcoxson ; Marshal, Thomas Foreman ; Trustees, J. Fullen, G. M. B. 
 Myers, M. Hixon, H. B. Wagers, J. P. Grout. 
 
 1869— Mayor, N. A. Woodford ; Recorder, E. S. Best ; Treasurer, T. M. 
 Wilcoxson ; Marshal, Thomas Foreman ; Trustees, J. Fullen, H. B. Wagers, 
 M. Hixon, J. P. Grout, G. M. B. Myers. 
 
 1870— Mayor, N. A. Woodford; Recorder, Eli Allen; Treasurer, N. A. 
 Woodford ; Marshal. H. 0. Covertson ; Trustees, A. Roberts, M. Hixon, J. 
 Fullen, G. M. B. Myers, J. P. Grout. 
 
 1871 — Mayor, Eli Allen; Recorder, H. B. Wagers; Treasurer, N. A. 
 Woodford; Marshal, Thomas Foreman; Trustees, M. Hixon, J. P. Grout, 
 
 A. Roberts, G. M. B. Myers, J. Fullen. 
 
 1872 — Mayor, Eli Allen; Recorder, S. M. Brown; Treasurer, N. A. 
 Woodford; Marshal, T. D. Lyon; Trustees, M. Hixon, J. P. Grout, G. M. B. 
 Myers, J. Fullen, A.. Roberts. 
 
 1873 — Mayor, William Shadford was elected in March, but resigned and 
 was succeeded by J. Myers, and he in turn by W. D. Horton ; Recorder, S. 
 M.Brown; Treasurer, T. M. Wilcoxson ; Marshal, William Walker; Trustees, 
 J. Q. A. Dawson, C. N. Smith, C. D. Shadford, C. Bailey, J. P. Grout. 
 
 1874 — Mayor, William D. Horton ; Recorder, S. M. Brown ; Treasurer, 
 J. C. Johnson ; Trustees, J. J. Hicks, J. Fullen, A. Roberts, S. Ryan, G. M. 
 
 B. Myers ; Marshal, William Walker. 
 
 1875 — Mayor, J. Q. A. Dawson ; Recorder. S. M. Brown ; Treasurer, 
 J. Q. A. Dawson ; Marshal, William Walker ; Trustees, C. A. Bryan, J. 
 Fullen, J. R. Myers, J. M. Murray, A. Roberts. 
 
 1876 — Mayor, Robinson Myers ; Recorder, A. T. Graves ; Treasurer, J. Q. 
 A. Dawson ; Marshal, F. R. Walker ; Trustees, D. A. La Force, C. N. Smith, 
 A. Roberts, C. A. Bryan, J. P. Grout. 
 
 1877 — Mayor, A. Roberts ; Recorder, A. T. Graves ; Treasurer, J. Q. A. 
 Dawson ; Marshal, T. C. Walker ; Trustees, C. D. Bailey, W. A. Covertson, 
 J. Fullen, E. H. Sa.^e, D. A. La Force. 
 
 1878 — Mayor, A. L. Chamberlin; Recorder, J. B. Pitcher; Treasurer, 
 J. Q. A. Dawson; Marshal, T. C. Walker; Trustees, D. A. La Force, C. D. 
 Bailey, C. N. Smith, J. M. Murray, C A. Bryan. 
 
 THE PRESS. 
 
 The first newspaper published at Agency City was called the Agency City 
 Newsboy^ and was started by William Axline, in 1869. This was continued 
 until the spring of 1871, when the office was moved to Chariton, Lucas Co. 
 'The next paper was the Agency Independent, which was moved from Eldon in 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 537 
 
 the spring of 1874, and managed by C. L. Morehouse. In 1875, W. F. 
 Moeller bought the oiEce and continued it for a time. February 14, 1878, 
 C. J. Best became proprietor, and is still publishing the paper. 
 
 MILLING INTERESTS. 
 
 The first mills erected in this place were built in 1851, by D. G. Farns- 
 worth. The mill was first a saw-mill, but a run of stone was added. The pres- 
 ent business is conducted by Mr. Farnsworth, who does merchant and custom 
 milling, and also has a saw-mill attached. 
 
 C. A. Bryan & Son have a mill of the same character, with the exception 
 of the sawing machinery. In place of that a woolen-mill is operated, where 
 finished yarns are made. 
 
 OTHER MANUFACTURING CONCERNS 
 
 of a local nature are carried on in town, and a general commercial business is 
 conducted by numerous firms. 
 
 The town is beautifully located on a high, level tract of land, which is at 
 once healthful and delightful as a place of residence. The Chicago, Burling- 
 ton & Quincy Railroad passes through the place, and the Company has erected 
 fine depot buildings. 
 
 The line of the road passes near the 
 
 GRAVES OF GEN. STREET AND WAPELLO, 
 
 and the Company recently placed substantial and appropriate stones over the 
 resting-place of these noted men. 
 
 CHILLICOTHE. 
 
 This town is situated on the Des Moines, in Cass Township, on Section 36, 
 Town 73 north. Range 15 west. It is on an elevated and beautiful tract of 
 country, and in a healthy locality. The Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Rail- 
 road runs through the place. There is a fine supply of stone and coal in the 
 neighborhood of this village. The business interests are of a local character. 
 Churches and schools are maintained. 
 
 In February, 1845, A. J. Wicker located in the vicinity of Avery Creek, 
 and, in 1849, platted the .village of Chillicothe. The first house on the plat was 
 erected for Rev. A. J. Pierce, a Methodist minister. Mr. Wicker was of that, 
 denomination, and the sect became a strong one there. The region was then a 
 part of the White Breast Mission, which extended from Knoxville to a point 
 opposite Ottumwa, on the west shore of the Des Moines River. The first 
 religious sernces held in the vicinity were held in a house near the present 
 burying-ground, by Rev. James F. New. The Rev. William W. Knight and 
 Rev. M. H. Hair were among the early ministers. The Methodist Episcopal 
 Church was organized about 1848. The present society has an edifice in the 
 village, Avhich is the only church there. Rev. Charles J. Norton is the Pastor. 
 
 The post ofiice was opened in 1849, with A. J. Wicker, Postmaster. Since 
 then, the office has been held by W. A. Nye, N. Poston, J. J. Ellison, J. G. 
 Henshaw, S. P. Heacock, and F. M. Bush. 
 
 The first store was opened by Peter Young. Subsequently, W. A. Nye & 
 Son did business there. The village now has three general stores and one drug 
 store. There is a blacksmith and a wagon-shop there. 
 
538 HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 J. G. & S. P. Heacock run a well-appointed grist-mill, which has a capacity 
 of 300 bushels a day, and do both custom and merchant milling. J. M. Hull 
 has a saw-mill in the village, and J. M. & J. E. Hull have another saw-mill in 
 Polk Township. 
 
 A well-sustained lodge of Odd Fellows is maintained, called Chillicothe 
 Lodge, No. 115. The Lodge was instituted December 15, 1857, and chartered 
 October 14, 1858. The original applicants were : J. J. Ellison, A. F. Durant, 
 J. H. Griffith, N. W. Dowd, G. W. Dickson, D. Henshaw and F. M. Hender- 
 son. The first officers were: D. HenshaAv, N. G. ; N. W. Dowd, V. G. ; 
 G. W. Dickson, Secretary ; J. H. Griffith, Treasurer. The present officers are : 
 F. M. Browning, N. G. ; G. W. Wise, V. G.; J. M. Hull, Secretary ; J. E. 
 Hull, Treasurer. 
 
 About 1870, a lodge of the Sons of Temperance was formed, but dit not 
 continue long, and was succeeded by a lodge of Good Templars, called Chilli- 
 cothe Lodge, No. 605, with the following members : J. M. Hull, A. X. Hen- 
 shaw, E. J. Bailey, J. S. Burtin, H. G. Anthony, D. G. Henshaw, L. C. 
 Morton, M. K. Horner, M. M. Henshaw, L. L. Johnston, Josie Hull, H. D. 
 Lane, J. F. Hull, L. A. Blaokman, J. G. Henshaw, K. A. Warren, J. E. Wad- 
 dington, J. N. Markle, D. Henshaw, S. P. Heacock, S. V. Sampson, L. R. 
 Butin, S. H. Webb, G. L. Warren, F. M. Bush, J. E. Hull, M. A. Butin, D. 
 Johnston, H. P. Johnston. At present, the Lodge is not in operation. 
 
 KIRKVILLE. 
 
 This village lies on Sections 7 and 8, Town 73 north. Range 14 west, in 
 Richland Township. Richland was one of the first townships organized in the 
 county, in 1844. The village of Kirkville has grown up because of the excel- 
 lence of the country roundabout and the thickness of the settlements in the 
 township. Richland had, in 1875, 1,411 inhabitants. Kirkville has two church 
 organizations, the Methodist Episcopal being the elder. The Methodist Epis- 
 copal society was organized by Rev. Thomas Kirkpatrick, about 1844, and 
 was incorporated in 1852. The first house was built in 1852-53. The present 
 edifice, in 1870. It was dedicated in September of that year, and is valued at 
 ^4.000. The present membership is 208. There is another church, under the 
 charge of the Kirkville Pastor, located in the township of Richland, with a 
 membership of fifty ; Rev. Mr. Graham, Pastor. 
 
 The Presbyterians were organized into a society at Eddyville, in 1850, and 
 transferred to Kirkville, March 15, 1854. Rev. S. Cowles was the first Pastor. 
 Membership at organization, 8 ; present membership, 120. Rev. J. M. Mc- 
 Elroy, of Batavia. supplies the pulpit. The church edifice was completed in 
 1876, and dedicated in February of that year. The cost was |4,700. 
 
 There is a good grist-mill in the village. The mercantile business is con- 
 ducted by two general stores. The schools are maintained in good style. 
 
 BLAKESBURG. 
 
 Blakesburg, in Adams Township, was laid out in 1852, by Mr. T. Blake. 
 It is situated upon a high, rolling prairie, adjoining a heavy body of woodland, 
 and in the vicinity there is an abundance of coal. The land around the place, 
 for fertility and beauty of scenery, cannot be surpassed by any other in the 
 
HISTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 539 
 
 country. Four years after it was laid out, it contained nearly five hundred 
 inhabitants. There was one good grist and saw-mill, four dry goods stores, 
 three blacksmith-shops, one wagon and plow shop, one cabinet-shop, one 
 shoemaker, one gunsmith, one tailor, and one saddler and harness-marker. The 
 professions were represented by three physicians, two ministers, and one law- 
 yer. The Methodists and Baptists were both putting up houses of worship. 
 The town is at present in as flourishing a condition as could be expected for one 
 which is so far removed from railroads. 
 
 DAHLONEGA. 
 
 The town of Dahlonega is situated in the township of the same name, upon 
 the border of a fine rolling prairie. The town was regularly laid out with a 
 large public square in the center. It formerly went by the name of Shellbark, 
 from the fact that the first houses were built of shellbark-hickory logs. Wood, 
 coal and water are abundant and easy of access. Early in 1850, it contained 
 about one hundred and fifty inhabitants, three stores, one tavern, a comfort- 
 able schoolhouse, a blacksmith-shop, and a portable saw-mill. Six years later, 
 the records show the population to be about three hundred, with two packing- 
 houses for beef and pork, a public hall, a new brick schoolhouse in process of 
 erection, an extensive pottery, and a general 'advancement in all branches of 
 business. At present it is not growing. Other towns have eclipsed this one- 
 time aspirant for county seat honors. 
 
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WAR RECORD. 
 
 TAKEN PRINCIPALLY FKOM ADJUTANT GENERAL'S REPORTS. 
 
 .^:BEI2.ET7-I.£i.TIO:tTS. 
 
 Acljt Adjutant 
 
 Art Artillery 
 
 Bat Battle or Battalion 
 
 Col Colonel 
 
 Capt Captain 
 
 Corp Corporal 
 
 Comsy Commissary 
 
 com commissioned 
 
 cav cavalry 
 
 captd captured 
 
 desrtd deserted 
 
 disab disabled 
 
 disd discharged 
 
 e enlisted 
 
 excd exchanged 
 
 inf infantry 
 
 inv invalid 
 
 I. V. I Iowa Volunteer Infantry- 
 kid killed- 
 
 Lieut Lieutenant" 
 
 Maj Major 
 
 m. o mustered out 
 
 prmtd promoted 
 
 prisr prisoner 
 
 Regt Regiment 
 
 re-e re-enlisted 
 
 res resigned 
 
 Sergt Sergeant 
 
 trans transterred 
 
 vet veteran 
 
 V. R. C Veteran Reserve Corps 
 
 wd ' wounded 
 
 hon. disd honorably discharged 
 
 SECOND INFANTRY. 
 
 [Note. — The non-veterans of Ihin regimtnt were muttered 
 out at expiration of their term of service in April, May and 
 June, 1S6U- The veterans and recruits wire consolidated into 
 six companies, known as the Second Veteran Infantry. The 
 Second Veteran Infantry urns consolidated to make a full regi- 
 ment with the Third Veteran Infantry, Nov. S, 186U, and was 
 mustered out at Louisville, Ky., July it, 1865. 
 
 Q. M. Alonzo Eaton, com. Ist lieut Co. K May 28, 1861' 
 prmtd. Q. M. Aug. 7, 1861. 
 
 Company G. 
 
 Philip Q. Ston'er, e. May 6, 18G1, disd. Aug. 11, 1862. 
 Cox, Samuel, disd. June IH, 1862. 
 Stamper, G. C, e. Aug. 26, 1862. 
 
 Company K. 
 
 Capt. Chas. C. Cloutman, com. May 28,1861, killed at Fort 
 
 Donelson. 
 Capt. Ermon E. Mastick, e. as sergt. May 6, 1861, prmtd. 
 
 2d lieut. Sept. 19, 1861, prmtd. 1st lieut. Nov. 1, 1861, 
 
 prmtd. capt. Feb. 16, 1862. 
 First Lieut. Jno. E. Mobley, e. as sergt. May 6, 1861, 
 
 prmtd. 2d lieut. Nov. 1, 18G1, prmtd. 1st lieut. Feb. 
 
 16, 1862, disd. for wds. Aug. 20. 1862. 
 First Lieut. Geo. W. Blake, e. as sergt. May 6, 1861, 
 
 prmtd. 2d lieut. Feb. 16, 1862, prmtd. 1st lieut. Aug. 
 
 20, 1862, \vd. at Corinth. 
 Second Lieut. Fredk. W, Hawley, com. May 28, 1861, res. 
 
 Sept. 14, 1861. 
 Second Lieut. Thos. K. Rausb, e. as corp. May 6, 1861, 
 
 prmtd. 2d lieut. Aug. 20, 1862, wd. at Corinth. 
 First Sergt. R. P. Caldwell, e. May 6, 1861, trans, to Co. I 
 
 1st Iowa Cav. 
 Sergt. Jas. H. McCIure, e. May 6, 1861. 
 Sergt Wm. H. Norris, e. May 6, 1861. 
 Sergt. Wm. C. Holden, e. May 6,1861. 
 Sergt. Z. M. Cook, e. May 6, 1801. wd. at Fort Donelson, 
 
 disd. July 7, 1862. 
 Sergt. S. Kirkpatrick, e. May 6, 1861. 
 Sergt. Benj. E. Hammitt, e. May 6, 1861, wd. at Ft. Don- 
 elson. 
 
 Sergt. Z. McAllister, e. May 6, 1861, disd. May 9, 1862. 
 
 Sergt. Edwin Johnson, e. May 6, 1861. 
 
 Corp. Jno. Morrison, Jr., e. May 6, 1861. 
 
 Corp. Young J. Powell, e, May 6, 1861. 
 
 Corp. Jesse Buckner, e. May 6, 1861, disd. Nov. 6, 1861. 
 
 Corp. Stephen Osboin, e. May 6, 1861, disd. Sept. 15, 1861. 
 
 Corp. S. S. Shearer, e. May 6, 1861, wd. at Ft. Donelson, 
 
 died of wds. March 27, 1863. 
 Corp. Thos. Gallagher, e. May 6, 1861, wd. at Ft. Donelson. 
 Corp. Adam L. Saum, e. May 6, 1861, deserted April 29, 
 
 1862. 
 Corp. Wallace Weed, e. May 6, 1S61, wd. at Columbus, 
 
 Ky., died Jan. 16, 1863. 
 Corp. H. Deller, e. May 6, 1861. 
 
 Corp. W. H. Henderson, e. May 6, 1861, kid. at Corinth. 
 Corp D. A. Sergeant, e. May 6, 1861, wd. at Ft. Donelson. 
 Corp. Jos. Berkey, e. May 6, 1861, kid. at battle of Ft. 
 
 Donelson Feb. 15, 1862, 
 Musician Jas. White, e. May 6, 1861, disd. Aug. 5, 1862. 
 Wagoner Matthias Alcott, e. May 6, 1861. 
 Ayres, Wm., e. May 6, 1861. 
 Asnian, Louis, e. May 6, 1861. 
 Bosworth, D. C, e. May 6, 1861, died Oct. 26, 1861. 
 Brock, F. A., e. May 6, 1861. 
 Bell, Dora, e. May 6, 1861, disd. Sept. 5, 1861. 
 Blake, James, e. May 6, 1861, kid. battle F't Donelson. 
 Bosseo, Hermann, e. Mav 6, 1861, deserted July 31, 1861. 
 Brooks, Job., e. Mav 6, 1861, deserted Sept. 9, 1861. 
 Coen, John, e. Mav"6, 18(;i. 
 Cole. W. W., e. Sept. 4, 1862. 
 Coyne, B., e. May 6, 1861. 
 
 Cochran, Wm., e. May 6, 1861, died May 22, 1862. 
 Coffin, Wm. A., e. Mny 6, 1861. 
 Comstock, James, e. May 6, 1861. 
 Chadd, Daniel, e. May 6, 1861. 
 Chadd, Wesley, e Mav 6, 1861. 
 Cook, David, e. May 6, 1861, wd. at Fort Donelson. 
 Day, Eliae, e. May 6, 1861. 
 
 Drake, Wilson, e. May 6, 1861, died at Corinth, Miss. 
 Durbin, Levi, e. May 6, 1861, captd. at Corinth Oct. 5, '62. 
 Dewitt, Jas. P., e. Dec. 14, 1863. 
 Davis, Nelson, May 27, 1861, disd. July 29, 1862. 
 Enslow, Daniel T., e. May 6, 1861, died at St. Louis. 
 Elerick, Shannon, e. May 6, 1861. 
 Fulton. M.,e. Deo. 21, 1863. 
 Goodall, Wm. H., e. May 6, 1861, wd. at Ft. Donelson. 
 
)42 
 
 WAR RECORD OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 Gee, Wm. M., e. May 6, 18G1, disd. Feb. 1, 1862. 
 
 Grubby, W. B., e. May 6, 1861, disd. Dec. 28, 1861. 
 
 Graves, Geo W., e. May 6. 1861. 
 
 <}rave8, Alfred H., e. May 6, 1861, disd. Nov. 6, 1861. 
 
 Goulden, M., e. Dec. 19, 186.3. 
 
 Harrison, S. F , e. May 6, 1861, died at Ft. Donelson. 
 
 Holmes, T. D., e. May 6, 1861, wd. at Ft. Donelson. 
 
 Hampton, John, e. May 6, 1861, kid. at Ft. Donelson. 
 
 Harper, Geo., e. May 6, 1861, died Jan. 9, 1862. 
 
 Ilarpor, James, e. May 6, 1861, disd. Nov. 6, 1861. 
 
 Kilpatrick, B., e. Dec. 12, 1863. 
 
 Kirkpatrick, W. T., e. May 6, 1861, kid. at Ft. Donelson. 
 
 Krutz, John K., e. Sept. .30, 1862. 
 
 Lyon, R. E., e. May 6, 1861. 
 
 Lottridge, George, e. May 6, 1861. 
 
 Lankford, H. C, e.May 6, 1861, disd. Sept. 14, 1862. 
 
 Martin, C. L., e. May 6, 1861. 
 
 McGuire, Wm. e. May 6, 1861, died Sept. 17, 1861. 
 
 McDonough, Geo., e. Sept. 2, 1862. 
 
 Manro, N. F., e. May 6, 1861, disd. Dec. 19,1861. 
 
 Phillips, Samuel, e. May 6, 1861. 
 
 Phillips, Bosler, e. Sept. 1, 1862. 
 
 Parker, Geo., e. May 6, 1861, disd. April 1, 1862. 
 
 Keed, Wm., e. May 6, 1861. 
 
 Reams, C. F., e. Dec. 14, 1863. 
 
 Riipe, John, e. May 6, 1861, disd. Oct. 31, 1861. 
 
 Sterling, Jos., Sept. 2, 1862. 
 
 South, M., e. Sept., 1862. 
 
 Thompson, A. S., e. May 27, 1861, wd. at Donelson, diach. 
 
 Thallheimer, S., e. May 6, 1861. 
 
 Trim, Wm. E., e. May 6, 1861. 
 
 Vance, Jos. H., e. Mav 6, 1861. 
 
 Varner, Jas., e. May 6, 1861, disd. Oct. 9, 1862, disab. 
 
 Wishart, E. H., e. May 6, 1861. 
 
 Woodward, Jas. M., e. Sept. 4, 1861. 
 
 White, A. M., e. Sept. 16, 1862. 
 
 COMPANY UNKNOWN. 
 
 Carroll, B. F., e. Feb. 22, 1864. 
 French, Morris, e. Aug. 16, 1862. 
 Thorp, N. P. 
 
 SECOND VETERAN INFANTRY. 
 
 Q. M. Alonzo Eaton, com. Aug. 7, 1861, from 2d Inf. capt. 
 and A. Q. M. U. S. V. June 30, 1864. 
 
 Company A. 
 
 Sylvester, John W., e. May 3, 1864. 
 
 Company C. 
 
 Second Lieut. Thomas K. Kaush, com. Aug. 20, 1862, from 
 Go. K, 2d Inf , May 21, 1864, kid. at Atlanta. 
 
 Company C- 
 
 stamper, G. C, e. Aug. 29, 1862. 
 
 Company K. 
 
 First Lieut. Sanford Kirkpatrick. 
 
 Sergt. William 0. Holden, e. May 6, 1861, vet. Dec. 25, '63. 
 
 Corp. Young J. Powell, e. May 6, 1861, vet. Dec. 25, 1863. 
 
 Corp. T. D Holmes, e. May 6, 1861, vet. Dec. 25, 1863. 
 
 Coen, John, e. May 6, 1861. 
 
 Chllder-s, P. R., e. Nov. 2.5, 1861. 
 
 Cole, William W., e. Sept. 1, 1861. 
 
 Day, Elias, e. May 6, 1861, vet. Dec. 25, 1863. 
 
 Farnsworth. William, e. Feb. 1, 1861. 
 
 Gallagher, Thomas, e. May 6, 1861, vet. Dec. 28, 1863. 
 
 Graves, George W., e. May 6, 1861, >ret. Dec. 25, 1863. 
 
 Hascal, Samuel, e. Jan. 15, 1864. 
 
 Kirkpatrick, Wade, e. Feb. 24, 1864. 
 
 Krutz, .lobn R., e. Sept. 30, 1862. 
 
 Lyon, R. E., e. May 6, 1861, vet. Dec. 25, 1863. 
 
 Lockwood, J. W., e. Jan. 21. 1864. 
 
 Locker, W. H., e. Sept. 8, 1862. 
 
 McDonough, George, e. Sept. 2, 1862. 
 
 Mick, Henry, e. Feb. 19, 1864, died at Chattanooga, Tenn. 
 
 Phillips, Bosler, e. Sept. 1, 1862. 
 
 Sterling, Joseph, e. Sept. 2, 1862. 
 
 South, Michael, e. Aug. 20, 1862. 
 
 Sheppanl, D. M., e. March 31, 1862. 
 
 Thallheimer, S., e. May 6, 1862, vet. Dec. 26, ISa?. 
 
 Wishart, E. H., e. Mav 6, 1862. 
 
 White, A. M , e. Sept."l6, 1862. 
 
 AVoodnard, J. M., e. Sept. 4, 1862. 
 
 Wykoff, S. D., e. Jan. 16, 1862. 
 
 SECOND CONSOLIDATED VETER- 
 AN INFANTRY. 
 
 Company A. 
 
 First Lieut. Jacob C. Mowrey, e. as private June 8, 1861 , 
 prmtd. to 2d lieut. Jan. 22, 1865, prmtd. to 1st lieut. 
 March 24, 1865. 
 
 Critchfield, Elliott, e. June 8, 1861, vet. Jan. 4, 1864. 
 
 Company F. 
 
 Goodwin, George W., Jan. 6, 1861, vet. Dec. 17, 1863, disd. 
 July 3, 1865. 
 
 Company I. 
 
 Ball, H. H., e. May 21, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
 
 Company K. 
 
 First Lieut. Sanford Kirkpatrick, com. Nov. 10, 18^, 
 from com. sergt. 
 
 SEVENTH INFANTRY. 
 
 [Note. — This lieyiment was mustered out at Louisville Juk/ 
 
 IS, 1865.] 
 
 Lieut. Col. Saml. Mahon, e. as Ist lieut. Co. F, July 24, 
 1861, prmtd. capt. June 12, 1862, prmtd. major June 
 13, 1865, prmtd. lieut. col June 13, 1865. 
 
 Q. M. Stiles E. Forsha, com. Aug. 6, 1861, prmtd. Ist lieut. 
 Co. I, capt. and com. of sub. 
 
 Com. Sergt. Andrew J. Horton. 
 
 Company C. 
 
 McDonough, E. C, e. March 31, 1864. 
 
 Company D. 
 
 Gebel, Geo., e. Feb. 8, 1864. 
 
 Gutterman, Jacjb, e. Feb. 15, '64, wd. at Lay's Ferry, Ga. 
 
 Company E. 
 
 Chambers, J. G., e. July 28, 1861. 
 Doll, Jno., e. July 28, 1861. 
 Fairchild, H. C, e. July 28, 1861. • 
 Strange, e. July 28, 1861. 
 
 Company F. 
 
 Capt. Chas. W. Kitteridge, com. July 24, 1861, wd. at 
 
 Belmont, resd. June 11, 1862. 
 Capt. Chas.' J. Sergent, e. as private in 1861, prmtd. 2d 
 
 lieut. June 12, 1862, prmtd. capt. Aug. 7, 1861, wd. 
 
 Aug. 11, 1864, died at Ottiimwa. 
 Capt. Peter Hennegin, e. as private in 1861, prmtd. 2d 
 
 lieut. Aug. 3, 1864, prmtd. Capt. June 1, 1865. 
 First Lieut. Orran S. Russell, e. as private in 1861, wd. 
 
 at Corinth, prmtd. Int. lieut. June 1, 1865. 
 First Sergt. Wm. W. Farley, e. July 11, 1861, kid. at Bel- 
 mont Nov. 7, 1861. 
 Sergt. Stevens W. Merrill, e. in 1861. 
 Sergt. Chas. G. Grout, e. 1861, trans, toud Ala. A. D., aast. 
 
 1st. lieut. March 1, 1864. 
 Sergt. Hiram Balcom, e. 1861, vet. Dec. 26, 1863, wd., 
 
 disd. June 1, 1865. 
 Sergt. John Hammitt, e. 1861, wd. at Belmont, disd. 
 
 Sept. 19, 1862 
 Corp. Geo. F. House, e. 1861, disd. Jan. 9, 1863. 
 Corp. Wm. W. Johnson, e. 1861, wd. at Belmont, disd. 
 
 Oct. 20, 1862. 
 Corp. Seth. Sampson, e. 1861, disd. March 25, '62. 
 Corp. A. W. Neighbor, e. 1861, kid. at Corinth. 
 Corp. Cyrus Sumard, e. 1861. 
 Corp. W. Carroll, e. 1861, captd. at Belmont, Mo. 
 Corp. E. S. Beardon, e. 1861. 
 
 Corp. Wm. H. Litsey, e. 1861, died of wds. May 22, 1864. 
 Bartlett, Ulysses, e. 1861, wd. at Corinth, disd. Aug. 
 
 13, 1863. 
 Bartholomew, Wm., e. 1861. 
 
 Backus, D., e. Feb. 13, 1864, died at Nashville, Tenn. 
 Backus, Wm., e. 1861, vet. Dec. 24, 1863. 
 Buckner, 0. S., e. Jan. 25, 1864, kid. in battle of Oostan- 
 
 aula River, Ga. 
 Brown, C, e. 1861, vet. Dec. 26, 1863, died at Rome, Ga. 
 Buckner, E., e. Jan. 25, '64, died at Jeffersonville, Ind. 
 
WAR RECORD OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 543 
 
 Bearden, E. W., e. 1861. 
 
 Bridenstine, D., e. Jan. 25, 1864. 
 
 Bowman, John, e. 1861, vet. Dec 24, 1863. 
 
 Broadhead, Elisha, e. Feb. 10, 1862, vet. Feb. 11, 1864. 
 
 Brown, Ira, e. 1861, vet Dec. 26, 1863. 
 
 Carman, J. B., e. Feb. 10, 1864. 
 
 Crossen, F. M., e. 1861, vet. Dec. 26, 1863, trans, to Co. G, 
 
 111th U. S. Inf., as lat lleut. 
 Oowan, G, G., e. Dec. 25, 1861, vet. Dec. 24, 1863. 
 Evans, Josiah B., e. 1861, kid. in battle of Belmont. 
 Davis, J. D., e. Dec. 14, 1861, vet. Dec. 24, 1863. 
 Davis, Wm. M., e. Dec. 25, 1861, captd. at Shiloh, vet. Dec. 
 
 24, 1863. 
 Doak, Jno., e. Dec. 16, 1861, wd. at Corinth, vet. Dec. 
 
 24, 1863. 
 Kldridge, John, July 11, 1861, died Oct. 26, 1861. 
 Frank, Joseph, e. 1861, deserted July 25, 1861. 
 Foster, J. C, e. Jan. 18, 1864. 
 Gregory, E. C, e. 1861, vet. Dec. 26, 1863. 
 Godfrey, Wm., e. July 11, 1861, kid. in battle of Belmont. 
 Godfrey, Lewis, f . 1861, disd. April 2, 1862. 
 Harris, Aaron, e. Dec. 17, 1861, vet. Dec. 24, 1803. 
 Hulls, Silas, e. July 11, 1861, kid. in battle of Belmont. 
 Hennegin, Jas., e. Feb. 4, 1864. 
 Units, Jno. M., Feb. 6, 1864. 
 Harness, John, e. 1861, died Oct. 20, 1862, of wds. received 
 
 at Corinth. 
 Kitterman, J. H., e. Feb. 20, 1804. 
 Kitterman, Samuel, e. Dec. 16, 1861, vet. Dec. 24, 1863. 
 Klumpe, Jno. H., e. July 11, 1861. 
 Kent, Jas. h.., e. Jan. 27, 1864. 
 Kessler, Geo., e. July 11, 1861, vet. Dec. 24, 1863. 
 Lewis, Washington, e. July 11, 1801, died Nov. 2, 1861. 
 Lyle, Jos. K., e. 1861, disd. April 26, 1862. 
 Loug, Esquire, e. 1861, vet. Dec. 26, 1863, disd. Aug. 
 
 5, 1S64. 
 McDonald, Wm. H., 1861, disd. March 28,1862. 
 Moser, A., e. Feb. 20, 1864. 
 Newell, Isaac F., e. 1861, disd. Nov. 6, 1861. 
 Pickerel, Wm., e. 1861, captd at Belmont Nov. 7, 1861, 
 
 vet. Dec. 24, 1863. 
 Rybolt, S., e. Feb. 10, 1864. 
 Ream, Sara'l M., e. 18G1, wd. at Shiloh, was trans, to 
 
 Inv. Corps Aug. 13, 1863. 
 Robinson, John D., 1861. 
 Smith, Geo. L., e. Jan. 18, 1864. 
 
 Sherley, Jos., e. 1861, wd. at Shiloh, vet. Dec. 24, 1863. 
 Simmons, A., e. Feb. 20, 1864. 
 Sales, Stephen, e. July 11, 1861, died Oct. 17, 1861. 
 Sergent, Wm. G., e. Feb. 18, 1864. 
 Swift, A. E., e. Feb. 4, 1864 
 Stevens, Ezra, e. 1861, vet. Dec. 24, 1863. 
 Smith, Andrew, e. Dec. 5. 1861, vet. Dec. 24, 1863. 
 Stocker, Daniel, e. Feb. 10, 1862, vet. Feb. 11, 1864. 
 Walden, Calvin, e. 1861, vet. Dec. 24, 1863. 
 Thomas, Wm., e. 1861, kid. at Corinth Oct. 4, 1862. 
 Van Winkle, Alex., e. Feb. 20, 1864. 
 Voss, Henry, e. 1861, wd. at Belmont and Corinth. 
 Wright, Elisha, e. July 11, '61, kid. at battle of Belmont. 
 Wilson, Jas. H., e. 1861, wd. at battle of Belmont, vet, 
 
 Dec. 26, 1863. 
 Wortman, David, e. 1861, disd. Nov. 1, 1861. 
 Wortman,Wm., e. 1861, vet. Dec. 24, 1863. 
 White, Geo. H., e. 1861, kid. at battle Corinth, Oct. 4, '62. 
 Wilkee, H. C , e. 1861. 
 Withered, Henry, e. Feb. 8, 1864. 
 
 Company I. 
 
 Capt. Jas. M. Irviu, com. Aug. 2, 1861, lieut. col. First 
 
 Ala. Vol., A. D., May 20, 1863. 
 Capt. Benj. S. Barbour, e. as sergt., 1861, prmtd. 2d lieut. 
 
 Oct. 3, 1802, prmtd. capt. May 21, 1863. 
 First Lieut. Charles Gardner, e. as sergt. 1861, prmtd. 2d 
 
 lieu'i. Sept. 21, 1861, prmtd. Ist lieut. Oct. 17, 1861, 
 
 wd. at Belmont and died at Mound City, 111. 
 First Lieut. Wm. H. Robinson, e. as sergt. 1861, prmtd. 
 
 2d lieut. Oct. 17, 1861, prmtd. Ist lieut. Nov. 22, 1861, 
 
 resd. Feb. 26, 1862. 
 First Lieut. Frank A. Irvin, e. as sergt. 1861, prmtd. let 
 
 lieut March 1, 1862, wd. at Corinth, m. o., Aug.l, '64, 
 
 term expired. 
 First Lieut. Geo. W. Lozenhy, e. as private 1861, prmtd. 
 
 iBt lieut. Jan. 1, 1865. 
 Second Lieut. Jno. Wilcox, e. as sergt. 1861, wd. at Bel- 
 mont, Mo., prmtd. 2d lieut. Nov. 22, 1801, resd. Sept. 
 
 26, 1862. 
 Sergt. Jno. T. Wallen, e. 1861, disd. March 28, 1862, for 
 
 wds. received at Belmont. 
 Sergt. Jas. B. Muurmert, e. 1861, disd. July 3, 1862. 
 
 Sergt. Levi Baldwin, e. 1861, disd. March 11, 1862. 
 Sergt. Bobt. M. Jones, e. 1861. disd. March 11, 1862. 
 Sergt. Andrew J. Horton, e. 1861, prmtd. to com. sergt. 
 
 Oct. 1, 1862. 
 Corp. Wm. H. Evans, c. 1861, wd. at Belmont, Mo., disd. 
 
 April 28, 1862. 
 Corp. Jas. H. Long, e. 1861, disd. Dec. 5, 1801. 
 Corp. Andrew Robb, e. Aug. 11, 1861, vet. Dec. 24, 1863. 
 Corp. Jesse Barber, e. 1861, disd. Sept. 14, 1861. 
 Corp. H. C. Nosier, e. Aug. 11, 1861, wd. at Belmont, disd. 
 
 March 28, 1862. 
 Corp. M. V. Bedel, e. 1861. 
 
 Corp. Allen John, e. 1861, disd. March 28, 1862. 
 Corp. Adams Finley, e. 1861, disd. March 28, 1862. 
 Blair, Wm. J., e. Feb. 29, 1864. 
 
 Burgoyne, T. J., e. 1861, died July 11, 1863, at Keokuk. 
 Bonham, F. N., e. 1861, vet. Dec. 24, 1863. 
 Billings, S , e. 1861, disd. April 10, 1862, disab. 
 Beemer, Jos., e. 1861. 
 Chattin, H., e. Feb. 1, 1864. 
 Cahill, .John, e. 1861. vet. Dec. 24, 1863. 
 Clark, Jas. C, e. 1861. 
 
 Chambers, J. G., e. Aug. 1, 1861, disd. March 11, 1862. 
 Crespen, Benj. F., e. 1801, wd. at Belmont, Mo., disd. 
 
 July 3, 1862. 
 Conwell, John B., e. 1861, wd. at Belmont, vet. Dec. 24, 
 
 1863. 
 Culver, Geo., e. 1801, disd. March 29, 1802. 
 Chidester, Benj. F., e. 1861, wd. at Belmont, disd. Feb. 
 
 24, 1862. 
 Chidester, Jas. A., e. 1861, wd. at Belmont, and died Nov. 
 
 13, 1861. 
 Chattin, Wm., e. June 9, 1803. 
 Edmonds, M. A., e. 1861, disd. April 28, 1862. 
 Eastwick, Fred F., e. Nev. 25, 1861, vet. Dec. 24, 1863. 
 Fields, A. C.,e. Jan. 21, 1864, wd.at Lay's Ferry, Ga., died 
 
 at Chattanooga. 
 Gish, John H., c. Jan. 21, 1864. 
 Hall, H. H., e. 1861, disd. March 28, 1862. 
 Harding, W. H., e. Doc. 17, 1803. 
 Haskulson, Jas., e. 1801, vet. Dec. 24, 1863. 
 Janes, J., e. Jan. 1, 1864. 
 King, Jas., e. 1861, kid. in battle at Corinth Oct. 3, 
 
 1862. 
 Lazenbee, Cassius, e. 1861, wd. at Belmont, Mo., disd. 
 
 March 28, 1862. 
 Lazenbee, Geo. W., e. 1861. 
 Lawson, Geo., e. 1861. 
 
 Lawson, Hamilton, e. 1861, disd. Feb. 24,1862. 
 McGoDigal, J., e. Feb. 1, 1864. 
 
 McGonigal, Wm. H., e. 1861, kid. at battle of Corinth. 
 McDonougli, Jas., e. 1861. 
 Myrick, Thos., e. 1861, wd. at Belmont, disd. Dec. 23 
 
 1801. 
 Murniert, Jacob, e. 1801, vet. Dec. 24, 1863. 
 Matthews, Levi, e. 1861, died Jan. 15, 1862. 
 Myers, David, e. 1861, disd. Jan. 15, 1862. 
 Murray, Jas., e. 1861, kid. at battle of Shiloh. 
 Noe, Geo., e. 1861, kid. in battle of Belmont Nov. 7, 1861. 
 North, Livingston, e. 1861, wd. at Lay's Ferry, died, date 
 
 unknown. 
 Olmstead, J. Q., e. 1861. 
 Olney, H. E., e. 1861, disd. May 11, 1863. 
 Bice, Preston, e. Aug. 22, 1861, wd. at Fort Donelson, vet. 
 
 Dec. 24, 1803. 
 Pike, Z. W., Feb. 1, 1804, died at Huntsville, Ala. 
 Rhinesmith, W. G., e. Feb. 1, 1804, disd. Feb. 20, 1865. 
 Snow, Albert, e. Aug. 22, 1861, vet. Dec. 24, 1863. 
 Snow, F. H., e. Feb. 1, 1804. 
 Secrist, James, e 1861, died Dec. 3, 1861. 
 Secrist, Jno. W., e. 1801, died Oct. 20, 1861. 
 Strange, Jere, e. .\ug. 2, 1801, vet. Dec. 24, 1863. 
 Stevens, Geo. W., e. 1801, disd. Sent. 14, 1861. 
 Scott, J. J., e. July 22, 1861, killed at Belmont, Mo. 
 Swinson, N., e. 1861. 
 
 Stophee, Jno. H., e. 1861, vet. Dec. 24, 1863. 
 Schwallen, Charles, o. 1801. 
 Spillman, Thos. I , e. 1861, disd. Sept. 11, 1862. 
 Tittsworth, S. H., e. 1861, disd. April 26, 1862. 
 Vance, Wm., e. 1861, disd. Dec. 21, 1861. 
 Wheeler, Chas., e. 1861, trans, to Co. E. 
 Woodruff, Jno. W., e. 1861, wd. at Lay's Ferry, died at 
 
 Keokuk. 
 Warner L., e. 1861, vet. Dec. 24, 1863. 
 Warneri H., e. 1861, vet. Dec. 24, 1863, captd. Feb. 21, 
 
 1865. 
 Weese, Sam'l, e. 1861. 
 Weese, Jacob, e. 1861, died Oct. 19, 1861. 
 Young, Wesley, e. 1861. 
 Zorns, James, e. 1861, vet. Dec. 24, 1863. 
 
 
 
544 
 
 WAR KECORD OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 FIFTEENTH INFANTRY. 
 
 [Note. — This regiment was mustered out at Louisville, 
 Ky., July 21,, i865]. 
 
 Col. John M. Hedrick, com. Q. M. Dec. 23,*1861, prmtd. 
 
 capt. Co. K Feb. 13, 1862, from 1st lieut. Co. D, 
 
 wd. at Shiloh, prmtd. Maj. Jan. 17, 1863, prmtd. 
 
 lieut. col. April 22, 1863, wd. at Atlanta, prmtd. col. 
 
 Aug. 18, 1864, brevet brig. gen. March 13, 1865, m. 
 
 o. Aug. 11, 1866. 
 Maj. James S. Porter, e. as sergt. Co. D, prmtd. 2d lieut. 
 
 Feb. 13, 1862, wd. at Shiloh, prmtd. capt. Jan. 19, 
 
 1863, prmtd. maj. Dec. 15, 1864. 
 
 Company C. 
 
 Shaw, Wm., e. March 28, 1864. 
 
 Company D. 
 
 Capt. Gregg A. Madison, com. Nov. 1, 1861, wd. at Cor- 
 inth, resd. Jan. 18, 1863. 
 
 Capt. Wm. Fairborn, e. as private Dec. 1, 1861, prmtd 2d. 
 lieut. Dec. 15, 1864, prmtd. 1st lieut. Jan. 31, 1865, 
 prmtd. capt. April 'J, 1865. 
 
 First Lieut. Charles Smock, e. as private 1861, prmtd. 2d 
 lieut. Jan. 31, 1865, prmtd. 1st. lieut. April 9, 1865. 
 
 Second Lieut. Charles M. I. Reynolds, com. Nov. 1, 1861, 
 resd. May 13, 1862. 
 
 Second Lieut. William Addelman, e. as corp. Oct. 15, 
 
 1861, prmtd. second lieut. May 14, 1862, resd. Nov. 
 27, 1862. 
 
 Second Lieut. E. M. Gebhart, e. as corp. Oct. 1, 1861, wd. 
 
 and captd. at Shiloh, prmtd. 2d lieut. Feb. 2, 1863, 
 
 kid. bat. Atlanta. 
 Second Lieut. Edward A. Chamber's, prmtd. 2d lieut. 
 
 April 9. 1865. 
 First Sergt. Wm. N, Brant, e. Oct. 1, 1861, disd. May 29, 
 
 1863, disab. 
 
 Sergt. Benjamin F. Briscoe, e. Oct. 15, 1861, disd. Aug. 
 
 14, 1862. 
 Sergt. Eugene S. Sheffield, e. Oct,, 1861. 
 Sergt. Thomas J. Biggs, e. Oct. 15, 1861, trans. June 10, 
 
 1864, for prmtn. to 48th U. S. V. 
 
 Sorgt. F. M. Majors, e. Oct., 1861, disd. April 28, 1865, 
 
 disab. 
 Sergt. Joseph Heckart, e. Feb. 1, 1862, vet. Feb. 2, 1864, 
 
 missing near Atlanta. 
 Corp. R. M. Wilson, e. Oct., 1801, kid. near Atlanta. 
 Corp. Geo. W. Buchanan, e. Feb., 1862. 
 Corp. Edward G. Eastham, e. Jan. 20, 1862, disd. July 11, 
 
 1862, disab. 
 
 Corp. Wm. Arrick, e. Nov., 1861, trans. June 7, 1863, for 
 
 prmtu. to 13th La. Inf. 
 Corp. W. S. McLain, e. Oct. 15, 1861, captd. at Atlanta. 
 Corp. John G. Holloway, e. Oct. 1, 1861, wd. at Shiloh. 
 Corp. John R. Rayburn, e. Oct. 15, 1861, disd. Dec. 16, 
 
 1862, disab. 
 Corp Samuel P. Reid, e. Feb. 24, 1862, wd. at Corinth, 
 
 disd. March 21, 1803, disab. 
 . Corp. Grimes Pennroy, e. Oct. 1, 1861, disd. Aug. 1, 1862, 
 
 disab. 
 Corp. V. M.Bird, e. Oct. 1, 1861, trans, to Co. K. 
 Adams, Hermann, e. Oct. 1, 1801. 
 
 Arnold, John, e. Oct. 15, 1861, disd. Dec. 16, 1802, disab. 
 Benbow, E., e. Nov. 1, 1863, died at Atlanta. 
 Bird, Frank, wd. at Corinth. 
 Bird, Lycurgus, e. Jan., 1862, wd. at Shiloh and Corinth, 
 
 wd. and captd. near Atlanta. 
 Bird, Milton, e. Oct. 15, 1861. 
 Bosvvorth, John S., e. Oct. 15, 1861. 
 Brant, H. W., disd. Aug. 29, 1802, disab. 
 Buchanan, Samuel, e. Feb. 1, 1802, wd. at Shiloh, disd. 
 
 June 17, 1862, disab. 
 Carter, James W., e Oct. 15, 1861, vet. Nov. 17, 1863, 
 
 captd. place unknown. 
 Cassell, John H., e. March 5, 1862, disd. Dec. 5, 1862. 
 Clark, Adam. 
 
 Clark, Andrew, e. Feb. 24, 1862, wd. at Shiloh and Cor- 
 inth, disd. March 5, 1863. 
 Cook, Elijah, e. Feb. 20, 1862, disd. Aug. 27, 1862, disab. 
 Cook, John, e. Feb 1, 1862, disd. March 5, 1862, disab. 
 Crouch, Geo. H., e. Sept. 8, 1862, missing in action near 
 
 Atlanta. 
 Deford, Philip, vet. Feb. 2, 1864, captd. near Atlanta. 
 Elmer, Henry, e. Oct. 15, 1861, died May 15, 1802, of wds. 
 
 received at Shiloh. 
 England, H., e. Feb. 13, 1862, disd. Aug. 20, 1862, disab. 
 Farlin, Geo. W., e. Oct. 15, 1861, captd. at Atlanta. 
 Fishburn, D. A., e. Sept. 8, 1862. 
 
 Fisher, Wm. K., died June 5, 1862. 
 
 Foster, John, e. Feb. 1, 1862, disd. June 17, 1863, disab. 
 
 Gates, H. H., e. Oct. 15, 1861. 
 
 Gephart, Noah, e. Dec. 31, 1863. 
 
 Gillespie, S. A., e. Oct. 15, 1861. 
 
 Gray, William, e. Feb. 1, 1862, wd. at Shiloh, disd. June 
 
 17, 1862. 
 Gray, William F., e. Feb. 1, 1862, disd. Aug. 13, 1802, 
 
 disab. 
 Green, Albert, e. Jan. 4, 1864. 
 Hammond, T. W., e. Oct. 15, 1861. 
 Harding, R. J., e. Oct. 15, 1861, died Jan. 11, 1862. 
 Hendricksou, J., e. Oct. 15, 1861, died June 16, 1862. 
 Holmes, J. D., e. Oct. 15, 1861. 
 Hoover, P., vet. Jan. 29, 1864, captd. at Atlanta. 
 Hoover, Henry, e. Oct. 15, 1861, vet. Dec. 5, 1863. 
 Houk, Wm., vet. Feb. 28, 1864. 
 Honts, 0. F., e. Nov. 1, 1861. 
 Howard, H., e. March 28, 1864. 
 Huflman, J., vet. Feb. 21, 1864, disd. July 26, 1865. 
 Irvin, A. A., e. Dec. 10, 1864. 
 Jay, R. L., e. March 29, 1804. 
 
 Johnson, T. L., e. Dec. 14, 1862, died May 21, 1802. 
 Ketchum, Wm., e. Jan. 1, 1802, died May 3o, 1862. 
 Kreitzer, Adam, e. Jan. 20, 1862, died July 19, 1863. 
 Kuhns, Samuel, e. Oct. 15, 1861, wd. at Corinth. 
 Lair, Joseph, e. Oct. 15, 1861. 
 Leonard, Martin, e. Oct. 15, 1861. 
 Lewallen, Pleasant, e. Oct. 15, 1861. 
 
 Leslie, Thomas, e. Feb. 23, 1862, disd. Dec. 27, '62, disab. 
 Lively, Elias, e. Jan., 1802, disd. Feb. 18, 1862. 
 McConnell, Andrew, e. Oct. 15, 1861, vet. Dec. 31, 1863 
 
 wd. and captd. at Atlanta. 
 McKinley, W. H., e. Dec. 25, 1862, disd. Aug. 5, '62, disab. 
 McNutt, Wm., e. Oct. 21, 1861, disd. July 11, 1862, disab. 
 Masserva, Wm., e. Nov. 6, 1861, wd. at Shiloh, vet. Dec. 
 
 31, 1863, captd. at Atlanta. 
 Marshall, Calvin, e. Oct. 25, 1861, died May 26, 1862. 
 MarshaU, Clark, e. 1801, vet. Jan. 22, 1864. 
 Marts, Squire, e. Oct. 15, 1861, wd. at Atlanta. 
 Moore, John, e. Jan. 1, 1862, died Jan. 13, 1862. 
 Morgan, J. E., e. Oct. 15, 1861. 
 Moss, James, e. April 13, ls04. 
 Nosier, J. H., e. Oct. 1, 1861, wd..at Shiloh, died April 
 
 27, 1862. 
 Neighbors, R., e. Oct. 1, 1861, died Jan. 25, 1862. 
 Owen, H. D., e. Oct. 1, 1861, disd. Dec. 16, 1862, disab. 
 Palmer, Thomas, e. Oct. 1, 1801, vet. March 22, 1804, wd. 
 
 at Ezra Church. 
 Phillips, F., e. Oct. 1,1801, vet. Jan. 23, '04, wd. at Atlanta. 
 Rayburn, Alex., e. Jan., 180.^, disd. Feb. 18, 1862. 
 Rayburn, M., e. March 1, 1802, wd. at Shiloh, captd. at 
 
 Atlanta. 
 Reynolds, E. M., e. Dec 30, 1863. 
 Riduour, W. I.,o. Oct. 1, 1861. 
 
 Rush, Jackson, e. Dec. 1, 1801, disd. June 25, '62, disab. 
 Ryan, Joseph, e. Jan. 1, 1S02, kid. in battle of Shiloh. 
 Shaflner, Daniel, e. Jan. 1, 1802, died June 6, 1802. 
 Shaw, Wm , e. March 20, 1864, died Sept. 17, 1804. 
 Shephard, W. W., e. Feb. 11, '02, disd. July 11, '62, disab. 
 Shirley, John, e. 1801. 
 
 Shreeves, Charles, e. Jan. 23, 1862, wd. at Shiloh. 
 Simmons, B. F., e. Feb. 24, 1862, died July 9, 1862. 
 Smock, Charles, e. 1861, vet. Dec. 31, 1803. 
 Stewart, J. P., e. Feb. 11, 1862, disd. June 17, '62, disab. 
 Thayer, 6. 
 
 Thomas, Josiah, e. Oct. 1, 1861, disd. Sept. 24, 1862. 
 Tishue, W m. R., e. Oct. 24, 1861, died June 5, 1862. 
 Tishue, John, e. in 1861, vet. Dec. 31, 1863. 
 Tiick, Geo. W., e. Jan. 28, 1862. 
 Turner, Henry, e. Jan. I, 18t4. 
 Vanskike, S., e. in 1861. 
 Vincent, John D., e. Oot. 3, 1861. 
 Wade, Absrtlom, e. Feb. 23, 1862, died Aug. 4, 1862. 
 Walker, Wm. H., e. in Nov., 1861. 
 Wallace, Geo. W., e. in 1801. 
 
 Ware, Geo. W., e. Sept. 8, 1802, disd. May 18, 1863, disab. 
 Wellman, John, e. Nov. 10, 1801, wd. at Shiloh, disd. 
 
 Aug. 20, 1862, disab. 
 Wellman, M., e. Nov. 26, 1861, wd. at Shiloh, died June 
 
 1, 1862. 
 Wilcox, Alfred, e. Dec. 1, 1861. 
 Wilkins, S., e. Feb. 1, 1862, wd. at Corinth. 
 Williams, W. H. H., e. Oct. 1, 1861, trans, to Co. K Feb. 
 
 15, 1802. 
 Wilson, Jos. R., died at Vicksburg. 
 Winkler, Juhn W., e. Oct. 1, 1801. 
 Winn, Chaa., e. in 1861, vet. Dec. 5, 1863. 
 Winters, Wm. B., e. Oct. 23, 1861, wd. at Shiloh, disd. 
 
 Aug. 1, 1862, disab. 
 
WAR RECORD OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 545 
 
 Zimmerman, G. W., e. Nov. 10, 1861, wd.'at Shiloh, disd. 
 Dec. 16, 1862, wds. 
 
 Company I. 
 
 Colenbrander, G. W., captd. at Shiloh, vet. Feb. 20, 1864. 
 Cramer, John W., e. Nov. 10, 1861, vet. Dec. 5, 1863, miss- 
 ing at Atlanta. 
 Elrick, Chas., e. Dec. 16, 1861. 
 Van llout, C, e. Feb. 2, 1862, disd. Aug. 2, 1862. 
 Zornes, Samuel F., e. Feb. 2U, 1862, vet. Feb. 20, 1864. 
 
 Company K. 
 
 Capt. Thomas H. Hedrick, e. as Sergt., Oct. 1, 1861, prmtd. 
 
 2d lieut. June 1, 1802, prmtd. 1st lieut. Oct. 4, 1862, 
 
 prmtd. capt. Jan. 17, 1863, \vd. at Atlanta, disd. Feb. 
 
 8, 1865. 
 Capt. Wm. B. McDowell, e. as private, Oct. 15, 1861, 
 
 prmtd. 1st lieut. July 22, 1864, prmtd. capt. Feb. 9, 
 
 1865. 
 Sergt. S. H. Gillespie, e. Oct. 15, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, 
 
 kid. near Atlanta. 
 Corp. A. R. Wilcox, e. Dec. 1, 1861, wd. at Shiloh. 
 Corp. Perry M. Bird, e. Sept. 20, 1861, vet. Dec. 6, 1863. 
 Corp. J. N. Noland, e. Feb. 3, 1862, trans, to Inv. 
 
 Corps Feb. 15, 1864. 
 Adams, H. H., o. Oct. 6, 1861, disd. Jan. 16, 1803, dieab. 
 Brandenburg, 0. S., e. Jan. 1, 1804. 
 Bosworth, John S., e. Oct. 6, 1861, vet. March 13, 1864. 
 Holmes, John D., e. Nov. 1, 1861, kid. at Shiloh. 
 Houtz, C. F., e. Nov. 1, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1804. 
 Lair, Jos., e. Oct. 1, 1801, disd. March 11, 1803, disab. 
 Luallen, P., e. Oct. 1, 1861, disd. Dec. 27, 1862, disab. 
 Morgan, J. N., e. Oct. 15, 1861, disd. June 25, 1862, disab. 
 Morgan, Jos. E., e. Jan. 20, 1862, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
 Pownell, Jas., e. Feb. 1, 1862, disd. Nov. 25, 1862, disab. 
 Riley, John, e. Feb. 1, 1862. 
 Ridnour, Wm. J., e. Oct. 1, 1861, died on hospital-boat 
 
 Nov. 26, 1863. 
 Spears, John A., e. Jan. 6, 1862. 
 Traul, A. B., e. Feb. 28, 1862, died March 22, 1862. 
 Wallace, Geo. W.. e. Oct 24, 1862, wd. at Shiloh. 
 Williams, Wm. H. H., e. Oct. 1, 1862, wd. at Shiloh and 
 
 Corinth. 
 Warren, Lewis, e. Nov. 10, 1861, wd. at Corinth, disd. 
 
 Feb, 23, 1863. 
 Walker, Wm. H., e. Oct. 1, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, wd. at 
 
 Atlanta. 
 Wycoff, Hazel, e. Feb. 20, 1862, disd. July 7, 1862, at 
 
 Corinth. 
 Winkler, John W., e. Oct. 1, 1861, kid. at Shiloh. 
 Ketcham, Jacob, e. Feb. 25, 1862, died May 23, 1862, of 
 
 wds. at Shiloh. 
 Hammond, T. W., e. Sept. 20, 1861, wd. at Shiloh, trans. 
 
 for promotion in 1st Miss. Art. Oct. 23, 1863. 
 Hendren, Wm., e. Jan. 1, 1862, died May 28, 1862. 
 
 SEVENTEENTH INFANTRY 
 
 [Note. — This regiment was mustered out at Louisville July 
 
 i'5, 1865.] 
 
 Company C. 
 
 First Lieut. Wm. J. McCormick, e. as sergt., prmtd. 2d 
 
 lieut. July 17, 1863, prmtd. 1st lieut, July 23, 1863, 
 
 resd. Jan. 29, 1864. 
 Corp. Jas. J. Block, e. March 10, 1862, wd. at Missionary 
 
 Ridge. 
 Corp. Samuel J. Myers, e. March 9, 1862, vet. March 18, 
 
 1864, captd. at Tilton, Ga. 
 Bescoe, Henry, e. March 15, 1862, disd. Oct. 16, 1862, disab. 
 Bescoe, Jos., e. March 5, 1862, vet. March 18, 1864, captd. 
 
 at Tilton, Ga. 
 Barnett, T. R., e. Oct. 27, 1863,. 
 Herin, Edmund, e. March 5, 1862. 
 Myers, Jas., e. March 7, 1862, captd. at Tilton, Ga. 
 
 Company D. 
 
 Capt. John F. Skelton, e. as sergt., prmtd. Ist. lieut. Dec. 
 
 11, 1862, captd. and wd. at Jackson, Miss, prmtd. capt. 
 
 Feb. 11, 1864, captd. at Tilton, Ga., com. subs. U. S. 
 v., Jan. 23, 1805. 
 Second Lieut. Nicholas Lunkley, e. as sergt. prmtd. 2d 
 
 lieut. July 30, 1865, m. o. as 2d sergt. 
 Belknap, F., e. March 25, 1862, vet. March 28, 1864, captd. 
 Bollinger, P. H., e. March 18, 1S62, vet. March 20, 1864, 
 
 captd. at Tilton, Ga. 
 
 Flower, John, e. March 14,1862. 
 
 Lotsspeich, Geo. H., e. March 10, 1862, wd. at Missionary 
 Ridge, captd. at Tilton, Ga. 
 
 McCain, Hugh L., e. March 18, 1862, vet. March 18, 1864, 
 capt. at Tilton, Ga. 
 
 McCain, R. M., e. Feb. 4, 1864. 
 
 Morrow, F. M., e. March 18, 1862, captd. at Tilton, Ga. 
 
 Mulford, H. W., e. March 21, 1862. 
 
 Ralph, David, e. March 17, 1862, vet. March 25, 1864. 
 
 Stevens, W. W., e. March 18, 1862, captd. at Tilton, Ga. 
 
 Thompson, F. M., e. Feb. 5, 1862, wd. at Champion Hills, 
 captd. at Tilton, Ga. 
 
 Thompson, Jas. A., e. March 5, 1862. 
 
 Turner, Wm., e. March 12, 1802, kid. at battle of Cham- 
 pion Hills. 
 
 Wellen, Phillip, e. March 12, 1862, vet. March .30, 1864, 
 captd. at Tilton, Ga. 
 
 Company E. 
 
 Capt. Thomas Ping, com. April 5, 1862, captd. at Tilton, 
 
 Ga., m. o. April 11, 1865, term expired. 
 Capt, Wm. F. Johnson, prmtd. 2d lieut. from sergt. Feb. 
 
 7, 1863, prmtd. 1st lieut. June 3, 1863, prmtd. capt. 
 
 June 17, 1865. 
 First Lieut. Andrew J. Baker, com. March 13, 1862, resd. 
 
 Jan. 20, 1863. 
 First Lieut. Amziah Hull, com. 2d lieut. April 5, 1862, 
 
 prmtd. 1st lieut. Jan. 21, 1863, resd. June 2, 1863. 
 First Lieut. Cincinnatus F. Graves, prmtd. Ist lieut. from 
 
 sergt., wd. at Corinth and Vicksburg, June 30, 1865, 
 
 m. o. as sergt. 
 Second Lieut. Milton L. Godley, prmtd. 2d lieut. from 
 
 sergt. wd. at luka, June 3, 1863, captd. at Tilton, Ga., 
 
 hon. disd. Blarch 12, 1865. 
 Second Lieut. J. H. Hamilton, prmtd. 2d. lieut. from 
 
 sergt. July 1, 1805, m. o. as sergt. 
 Sergt. Andrew Huddleston, e. March 4, 1862, died Jan. 24, 
 
 1864, at Keokuk. 
 Sergt. Wm. Walker, e. March 11, 1862, wd. at luka, died. 
 
 Oit. 2, 1862, disab. 
 Sergt Robert Miller, e. March 11, 1862, wd. at Missionary 
 
 Ridge, disd. March 27,1865. 
 Sergt. Ambrose Warren, e. March 3, 1862, disd. Dec. 11, 
 
 1862. 
 Sergt. Elias Shearer, e. March 10,1862, vet. March 12, '64, 
 
 captd. at Tilton, Ga. 
 Sergt. H. C. Haydock, e. March 4, '62, captd. at Tilton, Ga. 
 Sergt. B. Shearer, e. March 10, 1862, kid. at battle of Mis- 
 sionary Ridge. 
 Sergt. Henry Segur, e. March 3, 1862, died at Corinth. 
 Sergt. Wm. F. Hamilton, e. March 25, 1862, vet. March 
 
 27, 1864, captd. at Tilton, Ga. 
 Sergt. Wm. F. Johnson, e. March 8,1862. 
 Sergt. G. M. Cowger, e. March 10, 1862, wd. at Jackson, 
 
 Miss., disd. Nov., 1863. 
 Corp. Jas. W. Eugart, e. March 24, 1862, disd. Jan. 17, '63, 
 
 disab. 
 Corp. Wm. McClease, e Feb. 27, 1 862, vet. March 2, 1864 
 Corp. Eli W. Myers, e. Feb. 28, 1862, disd. Dec. 10, 1862. 
 Corp. Benj. H. Schooler, e. March 18, 1862, wd. at luka, 
 
 disd. April 3 1863. 
 Corp. John G. Dall, e. March 17,1862, wd. at Missionary 
 
 Ridge. 
 Corp. David Stanton, e. March 3, 1862, captd. at Tilton, Ga. 
 Corp. G. R. C. Holberf, e. Feb. 25, 1862, wd. at Jackson, 
 
 Miss., trans, to Inv. Corps Nov. 11, 1863. 
 Corp. Isaac T. Newell, e. March 27, 1862, kid at Jack- 
 son, Miss. 
 Corp. Wm. I. Hanks, e. March 18, 1862, disd. Sept. 27, '62. 
 Corp. Geo. M. Shearer, e. March 10, 1862, wd. at Mission- 
 ary Ridge, vet. March 12, 1864, captd. at Tilton, Ga. 
 Alderson, Curtis, e. March 8, 1862, vet. March 10, 1864, 
 
 captd. at Tilton, Ga. 
 Burris, John, e. March 26, 1862. 
 Barber, Robert, e. March 7, 1862. 
 Biby, J. F., e. March 13, 1862. 
 Chapman, J. T., e. March 14, 1862, wd. at Corinth, 
 
 drowned at Mound City, III. 
 Conley, Philip, e. March 11, 1802, disd. Sept. 3, 1862. 
 Conley, R. R., e. March 11, 1802. 
 Campbell, S. N., e. March 15, 1802! 
 Carpenter, G. B., e. March 20, 1802, disd. Feb. 1, 1803. 
 Dixon, W. H., e. March 11, 1862,' disd. Dec. 10, 1862.' 
 Deatherage, J. M., e. March 28, 1862, disd. Dec. 8, 1862 
 Deatherage, J. W., e. March 28, 1862. 
 Decker, John, e. March 26, 1802, disd. Jan. 18, 1863. 
 Decker, Adam, e. March 26, 1862, disd. March 11, 1863. 
 Davis, Friend, e. March 28, 1862, disd. Nov. 26, 1863. 
 Fulton, Moses, e. March 13, 1862, disd. Dec. 8, 1862. 
 
546 
 
 WAR RECORD OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 Goe, B. F., e. March 11, 18G2, disd. Jan. 2v», 1803. 
 Green, J. T., e. March 11, 1862, captd. at Tilton, 6a. 
 Gregsbv, J. M., e. Fel). 25, 18U2, disd. June 25, 1862. 
 Gregsby, W. L., e. Feb. 28, 1862, died at Corinth. 
 Gohidy, Brunson, 9. March 4, 1862, disd. June 10, 1863. 
 Headley. J. V., e. JIarch 11, 1862, died at Corinth. 
 Headley, A. J., e. March 11, 1862, wd. at luka, disd. 
 
 March 8, 1863. 
 Hazelitt, W. H., e. March 17, 1862, vet. March 20, 1864. 
 Hornback, H., e. March 17, 1862, disd. June 19, 1862. 
 Hilton, J. IC, f. March 1, 1862, wd. at Mission Kidge, 
 
 captd. at Tilton, Ga. 
 Hamilton, J. H., e. March 10, 1862, vet. March 12, 1864. 
 Kimpson, H., e. March 1, 1862, disd. Sept. 24, 1862, disab. 
 Long, S. T., e. Feb. 28. 1862, disd. June 10, 1862. 
 Munroe, James A., e. Feb. 10, 1862, wd. at Corinth, died 
 
 Oct. 5, 1862. 
 Myers, George H., e. March 3, 1862. 
 Priest, M. G., e. Feb. 28, 1862, captd. at Tilton, Ga. 
 Phelps, Josiah, e. March 10, 1862, captd. at Tilton, Ga. 
 Parkhurst, J. S., e. March 10, 1862, wd. at luka, died 
 
 Sept. 25, 1862. 
 Parsons, A. J., e. March 20, 1862, disd. Sept. 3, 1862. 
 Parker, J. C, e. March 20, 1862, disd. Sept. 24, 1862, disab. 
 Parks, Austin, e. March 3, 1862, disd. Aug 19, 1862. 
 Ream, A. W., e. March 11, 1862, wd. at luka. disd. June 
 
 2, 1863. 
 Rushton, Byani, e. March 17, 1862, wd. at Jackson, captd. 
 Redman, William, e. March 18. 1862, disd. 
 Sullivan, John, e. March 1, 1862, captd. at Tilton, Ga. 
 Searle, George D., e. March 1, 1862, disd. Jan. 31, 1863, 
 
 disab. 
 Shaw, L. W., e. March 4, 1862. 
 
 Shaw, James N., e. March 4, 1862, disd. Aug. 12, 1862. 
 Shearer, Artemus, e. Dec. 24, 1863. 
 Smith, John C, e. March 11, 1862, disd. Aug. 6, 1862. 
 Stephenson, John C, e. March 18, 1862, disd Jan. 6, 1863. 
 Stephenson, W., e. March 17, 1862, disd. Jan. 6, 1863. 
 Stephenson, A., e. March 25, 1862, disd. June 2, 1863. 
 Wilson, William H., e. March 1, 1862. 
 Wilson, George M., e. March i, 1862, disd. Oct. 17, 1862. 
 Williams, R. E.. e. March 7, 1862, wd. at luka. 
 Wolf, H. C, wd. at Corinth, disd. May 7, 1863. 
 
 Company F. 
 
 Shawl, G. L., e. Jlarch 25, 1862. 
 
 Company i. 
 
 Elrick, Thomas J., e. March 24, 1862, vet. March 25, 1864, 
 
 captd at Tilton, Ga. 
 Starkey, Charles, e. March 17, 1862, wd. at Jackson, Miss., 
 
 kid at Mission Ridge. 
 Mann, Mark, e. March 26, 1862, vet. March .30, 1864. 
 
 COMP.\NY UNKNOWN. 
 
 Whitehead, Jesse. 
 
 EIGHTEENTH INFANTRY. 
 
 [Note. — This regiment wnn vius(ered out at Little Rock, 
 Ark., July '20, 1S65.] 
 
 Adjt. Elias J. Pike, e. as sergt. maj., prmtd. adjt. May 14i 
 1864. 
 
 Company D. 
 
 Second Lieut. Jno. J. Lantner, e. as corp, July 12, 1862' 
 
 prmtd. 2d lieut. July 1, 1865. 
 First Sergt. Lewis Godfrey, e. June 20, 1862. 
 Sergt. Wm. H. McDowell, e. June 18, 1862, captd. at 
 
 Poison Spring, Ark. 
 Musician M. M. Lane, e. July 12, 1862. 
 Applegate, John, e. July 22, 1862, disd. Feb. 23, 1863. 
 Allison, Chas. T., e. July 7, 1862, disd. Jan. 19, 1865. ' 
 Bon, A., e. July 20, 1862. 
 Work, Jas., e. June 29, 1862, disd. Feb. 23, 1863. 
 
 Company F. 
 
 Capt. Wm. H. Evans, com. Aug. 5, 1862, res. Feb. 27, 1863. 
 Capt. John A. Beltzen, e. as sergt. July 7, 1862, prmtd. Ist 
 
 lieut. Aug. 18, 1862, prmtd. capt. March 4, 1864. 
 First Lieut. Jacob C. Millisack, e. as private July 7, 1862, 
 
 prmtd. 1st lieut. March 4, 1864, m. o. as sergt. May 
 
 29, 1865. 
 First Lieut. Zaddock Oldham, e. as corp. July 7, ,1862, 
 
 prmtd. Ist lieut. July 1, 1865, m. o. as 1st sergt. 
 
 Second Lieut. Henry C. Nosier, com. Aug. 5, 1862, res, 
 
 Nov. 18, 1862. 
 Second Lieut. Wm. P. Brodrick, e. as sergt. July 7, 1862, 
 
 prmtd. 2d lieut. Nov. 19, 1862, res. .Tune 26, 1863. 
 Sergt. Samuel Breese, e. July 7, 1862, disd. June 30, 1864, 
 
 for promotion 2d Ark. Inf. 
 Sergt. James Davis, e. Julv 7, 1862, disd. Jan., 1863, disab. 
 Corp. Woodford Catlin, e. July 7, 1862, disd. April 9, 1863. 
 Musician Thaddeus Stewart, e. July 7, 1862, disd. Feb. 19, 
 
 1863. 
 Allen, James, e. Julv 7, 1862. 
 Boak, Wm. D., e. July 7, 1862. 
 
 Baker, Jos., e. July 7, 1862, disd. Jan. 20, 1863, disab. 
 Brown, H. H., e. July 7, 1862. 
 Campbell, R. W., e. July 7, 1862. 
 Crane, Jas. M., e. July 7, 1862. 
 Clear, Geo. W., e. July 7, 1862. 
 Crank, H. H., e. July 7, 1862. 
 Davenport, H., e. July 19, 1862. 
 Holt, H., e. July 7,1862, captd. at Camden, Ark. 
 Hill, T. J., e. July 7, 1862, died Nov. 5, 1862. 
 Jordan, John, e. July 7, 1862, disd. April 5, 1863, disab. 
 Kales, Thos., e. July 7, 1862, disd. Jan., ■:863, disab. 
 Pyatt, Morgan, e. July 7, 1862, drowned near Van Buren, 
 
 Ark. 
 Pike, Elias J., e. July 7, 1862, wd. at Springfield, Mo. 
 Stevens, Jas., e. July 7, 1862. 
 Thompson, Jas., e. .July 7, 1862. 
 Ware, Wm. S., e. July 7, 1862. 
 White, Olcott, e. July 7, 1862, died Dec. 22, 1862. 
 Wilson, Alfred, e. July 7, 1862, disd. Feb. 13, 1863, disab, 
 Weese, Samuel, e. July 7, 1862. > 
 
 Company K. 
 
 Second Lieut. Daniel Henshaw, e. as sergt. July 7, 1862, 
 prmtd. 2d lieut. Aug. 6, 1862, res. March 25, 1863. 
 
 Sergt. Homer C. Gibbs, e. July 22, 1862, wd. at Poison 
 Spring, died in rebel camp at Camden, Ark. 
 
 Corp. James McDonald, e. July 7, 1862, disd. Jan. 19, 1863, 
 disab. 
 
 Brown, A., e. July 7, 1862. 
 
 Dennis, Gabriel, e. July 25, 1862, died Jan. 1, 1863. 
 
 Durant, A. F., e. July 2.5, 1862. 
 
 Maring, Jacob, e. July 22, 1862. 
 
 Michael, Chaa. A., e, July 22, 1862. 
 
 Pimmegar, Peter, e. June 7, 1862. 
 
 TWENTY-SECOND INFANTRY. 
 
 [Note. — This regiment was mustered out at Savannah, Ga., 
 Jidy 2o, lS6.=i.] 
 
 Lieut. Col. Ephraim G. White, e. as 1st lieut. Co. B Sept- 
 9, 1862, prmtd. capt., major, then lieut. col. May G, 
 1864, wd. at Winchester. 
 
 Company E. 
 
 Capt. Hiram C. Humbert, com. Sept. 9, 1862, r«sd. Jan. 
 
 29, 1863. 
 Capt. Benj. D. Parks, com. 2d lieut. Sept. 9, 1862, prmtd. 
 
 1st lieut. Jan. 30, 1863, prmtd. capt. June 10, 1863, 
 
 kid. in battle of Winchester. 
 Capt. Edward J. Dudley, e. as sergt. Aug. 4, 1862, prmtd. 
 
 2d lieut. Jan 30, 1863, prmtd. 1st lieut. June 10, 1863, 
 
 prmtd. capt. Oct. 1, 1864, wd. at Cedar Creek. 
 First Lieut. Geo, D, Ulrich, e. as sergt. Aug. 8, 1862, prmtd. 
 
 2d lieut. June 10, 1863, prmtd. 1st lieut. Oct. 1, 1864, 
 
 wd. at Cedar Creek. 
 Second Lieut. Samuel Daj', e. as private Aug. 18, 1862, 
 
 prmtd. 2d linut. July 1, 1863, m. o. as sergt. 
 Sergt. L. M. Godley, e. Aug. 6, 1862, wd. at Vicksburg, 
 
 cUsd. Sept. 4, 1863. 
 Sergt. Wm. E. Goe, e. Aug. 8, 1862, disd. June 16, 1863, 
 
 disab., died at St. Louis July 8, 1863. 
 Sergt. Thos. M. Wilcoxson, e. Aug. 6, '62, disd. Sept. 4, '63. 
 Sergt. 0. J. Shoemaker, e. Aug. 6, 1862, wd. at Cedar 
 
 Creek, disd. Feb. 6, 1865. 
 Sergt. W. J. Warren, e. Aug. 9, 1862, wd. at Winchester, 
 
 disd. Jan. 25, 1865, disab. 
 Corp. Matthew Walker, e. Aug. 8, 1862, captd. at Vicks- 
 burg, died there June 5, 1863. 
 Corp. Josiah B. Goodall, e. Aug. 6, 1862. 
 Corp. Geo, Giltner, e. Aug. 4, 1862, wd. at Vicksburg, died 
 
 May 23, 1863. 
 Corp. Jas. A. Reeve, e. Aug. 6, 1862, disd. March 27, 1865, 
 
 disab. 
 Corp. J. B. Gardner, e. Aug. 8, 1862, captd. at Winchester. 
 
WAR RECORD OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 547 
 
 Corp. Benj. T. Ratcliff, e. Aug. 11, 1862. 
 
 Corp. Jno. Giltner, e. Aug. 7, 1862, wd. at Cedar Creek, 
 
 disd. May 26, 1865. 
 Corp. Jas. A. Baney, e. Aug. 9, 1862, kid. at Vicksburg. 
 Corp. Benj. F. Pickerel, e. Aug. 7, 1862, captd. at Win- 
 chester. 
 Corp. W. J. Stalcup, e. Aug. 7, 1862, captd. at Winchester. 
 Corp. E. W Myers, e. Aug. 7, 1S62, disd. Dec. 12, 1862. 
 Musician W. S. Bartholamew, e. Aug. 2, 1862. 
 Musician Alex. Giltner, e. Aug. 6, 1862, disd. Feb. 27, 
 
 18H4, disab 
 Wagoner Martin E. Andrew, e. Aug. 4, 1862, disd. March 
 
 6, 1863, disab. 
 Anderson, Thos., e. Aug. 8, 1862, captd. at Winchester. 
 Anderson, Jas. M., e. Aug. 6, 1862, wd. at Vicksburg, 
 
 captd. at Winchester. 
 Arnold, Chas. T., e. Aug. 8, 1802. 
 Archer, H. H., e. Aug. 5, 1862, kid. at Vicksburg. 
 Brooks, Jno. C, e. Aug. 7, 1862, wd. Vicksburg. 
 Bedell, D. E., e. Aug. 8, 1862, disd. Jan. 22, 1863, disab. 
 Blewer, Isaac, e Aug. 5, 1862, wd. and died at Vicksburg. 
 Brower, David, e. Aug. 18, 1862, disd. June 5, 1863, disab. 
 Butler, John, e. Aug. 6, 1862, wd. at Vicksburg. 
 Byers, S. C, e. Aug. 11, 1862, wd. at Winchester. \ 
 Crow, Jno. M., e. Aug. 7, 1862. 
 
 Chamberlain, A. L., e. Aug. 18, 1862, wd. at Vicksburg. 
 Consolver, Allen, e. Aug. 2, 1862. 
 Cade, A. F., e. Aug. 11, 1862. 
 Davis, Moses, e. Aug. 7, 1862. 
 Defew, Jos. M., e. Aug. 8, 1862. 
 Donnelson, Adam, e. Aug. 18, 1802. 
 Forrest, Jas. B., e. Aug. 15, 1862. 
 Forrest, John, e. Aug. 5, 1862. 
 Farnsworth, B., e. Aug. 4, 1862. 
 Fuqua, S. A., e. July 20, 1862. 
 Guy, Wm. F., e. Aug. 7, 1872, died at Keokuk Nov. 16, 
 
 1863. 
 Green, A. H., e. Aug. 8, 1802, kid. at Vicksburg. 
 Giltner, Parker, e. Aug. 8, 1862. 
 
 Garrison, S. S., e. Aug. 2, 1862, wd. and died at Pt. Gibson. 
 Hondyshell, Wm. A., e. Aug. 9, 1862. 
 Haynes, Isaac, e. Aug. 2, 1862. 
 
 Uale, B. F., e. Aug. 9, 1802, died Dec. 16, '02, at Eolla, Mo. 
 Jennings, Jos. W., e. Aug. 6, 1862, captd. at Cedar Creek. 
 Jones, Orlando, e. Aug. 7, 1862. 
 King, Cyrus D., e. Aug. 6, 1862, disd. July 15, 1864. 
 Krinebrouk, Wm., e. Aug. 7, 1862, died Nov. 30, 1863. 
 Kackly, Charles K., e. Aug. 7, 1862, wd. at Vicksburg and 
 
 Cedar Creek, disd. Jan. 5, 1865, wds. 
 Lain, Samuel D., e. Aug. 6, 1802, wd. at Winchester. 
 Lockwood, C. U., e. Aug. 8, 1862, disd. Jan. 20, 1863, disab. 
 Leggett, Chas., e. Aug. 7, 1802. 
 Lively, E. W., e. Aug. 8, 1802, wd. at Cedar Creek, died 
 
 April 3, 1865. 
 Lynch, E. F., e. Aug. 14, 1862, died at Vicksburg. 
 Mason, Jos. E., e. Aug. 10, 1862. 
 Motes, N., e. Aug, 6, 1862, wd. at Winchester. 
 Mahon, Wm. A., e. Aug. 18, 1862, wd. at Winchester. 
 Motes, John, e. Aug. 7, 1862, wd. at Cedar Creek. 
 Myers, A., e. Aug. 8, 1802, captd. at Cedar Creek. 
 McCoy, John W., e. Aug. 9. 1862, wd. at Winchester. 
 Morris, M. S., e. Aug. 8, 1862, disd. June 19, 1863, disab. 
 Mackliu, Geo. C, e. Aug. 8, 1802, wd. at Winchester. 
 Macklin, A , e. Aug. 0, 1862, wd. at Winchester, disd. Jan. 
 
 5, 1805- 
 Magee, A., e. Aug. 9, 1802, kid at battle of Vicksburg. 
 McDaniels, Isaac, e. Aug. 8, 1802. 
 McDonald, J., e. Aug. 5, 1S02, wd. and captd. at Cedar 
 
 Creek. 
 Matter, Peter, e. Aug. 15, 1802. 
 Priest, J. A., e. Aug. 7, 1802, died Oct. 10, 1862. 
 Parkhurst, M. M., e. Aug. 18, 1862, wd. at Vicksburg, died 
 
 May 26, 1862. 
 Porter, Jas., e. Aug. 5, 1862, wd. at Winchester. 
 Kay, Samuel, e. Aug. 6, 1862, died at Camp Chola, La. 
 Robinson, Jos., e. Aug. 6, 1862, disd. Dec. 12, 1862, disab. 
 Kobiuson. Jas. G., e. Aug. 6, 1862, died at Vicksburg. 
 Rush, W. K., e. Aug. 18, 1862, died at Vicksburg. 
 Reeve, Wm., e. Aug. 7, 1802. 
 Roberts, Jas. T., e. Aug. 9, 1862, trans, to Inv. Corps Nov. 
 
 30, 1863. 
 Stalcup, H. G., e. Aug. 9, 1862, wd. and captd. at Vicks- 
 burg. 
 Stalcup, John, e. Aug. 9, 1862, kid. at battle of Vicksburg. 
 Shoemaker, E. C, e. Aug. 9, 1802, captd. at Cedar Creek, 
 
 died April 10, 1805. 
 Stewart, A., e Aug. 9, 1862, disd. July 15, 1863, disab. 
 Snyder, Harman, e. Aug. 18, 1862, wd. at Vicksburg, died 
 
 there July 9, 1863. 
 Turner, A. W., e. Aug. 8, 1862, kid. at Vicksburg. 
 
 Taylor, Jos. H., e. Aug. 6, 1802, wd. at Vicksburg, May 
 
 22 and July 12. 
 Thompson, F., e. Aug. 18, 1862. 
 
 Wright, John H., e. Aug. 8, 1802, disd. Sept. 22, 1864. 
 Weir, James W., e. Aug. 8, 1862, trans, to Signal Corps 
 
 Sept. 7, 1863, 
 Wiley, Jas. F., e. Aug. 6, 1862, captd. at Cedar Creek, died 
 
 at Annapolis, Md. 
 Webb, Henry, e. Aug. 11, 1862, captd. at Winchester. 
 White, John L., e. Aug. 8, 1862, died at Vicksburg. 
 Yaryan, Wm. B., e. Aug. 8, 1862. 
 
 THIRTY-SIXTH INFANTRY. 
 
 [Note. — This regiment was muslered ovt at Dniall^s 
 Blvf, Ark., August 2U, 1S6.J.] 
 
 C'd. Chas. W. Kelleredge, com. Aug. 10, 1802. 
 
 Maj. Thos. C. Woodward, com. Sept. 5, 1802, read. Juno 
 2, 1863. 
 
 Maj. A. H. Hamilton, com. adjt. Sept. 17, 1802, prmtd. 
 maj. June 3, 1863, captd. at Mark's Mills, Ark., es- 
 caped July 23, 1864. 
 
 Surg. Colin G. Strong, com. asst. surg. Sept. 16, 1862, 
 pi-mtd. surg. Jan. 4, 1865. 
 
 Adjt. Stephen K. Mahon, e. as sergt. maj. Aug. 14, 1862, 
 prmtd. adjt. June 3, 1863, captd. at Mark's Mills, Ark. 
 
 Q. M. Stevens'W. Merrill, com. Oct. 1, 1862. 
 
 Com. Sergt. John C. Parish, Aug. 8, '62, disd. Jan. 28, '65. 
 
 Drum Maj. John M. Simons, e. Aug. 19, 1862, m. o. Dec. 
 19, 1862. 
 
 Fife Maj. Philip Keister, e. Aug. 15, '62, m. o. Dec. 19, '02. 
 
 Company A. 
 
 Belles, Isaac, e. Dec. 25,1803, kid. at Mark's Mills, Ark. 
 Livingston, F. G., e. Dec. 7, 1863, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 
 Company B. 
 
 Capt. Edmund L. Joy, com. Oct. 4, 1862, maj.andjudgead 
 
 vocate, Sept. 15, 1804. 
 Capt. Samuel A. Swiggette, com. Ist lieut. Oct. 4, 1862, 
 
 prmtd. capt. Dec. 2, 1864. 
 First Lieut. Frank L. McNair, e. as sergt. Aug. 4, 1862, 
 
 prmtd. 2d lieut. July 30, 1864, prmtd. Ist lieut. Dec. 
 
 2, 1864. 
 Second Lieut. J. H. McVey, com. Oct. 4, 1862, captd. at 
 
 Mark's Mills, resd. July 29, 1864. 
 Second Lieut. John W. Woods, e. Aug. 4, 1862, prmtd. 2d 
 
 lieut. Aug. 2, 1805. 
 First Sergt. A. N. Barnes, e. Aug. 4, 1802, disd. May 7, 
 
 1863, disab. 
 Sergt. Robert S. Henderson, e. Aug. 9, 1862, disd. Feb. 21, 
 
 1863, disab. 
 Sergt. Thos. R. Cole, e. Aug. 4, '62, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Sergt. G«o. W. Thayer, e. Aug. 9, 1862, died at Memphis. 
 Sergt. Joseph Wareliara, e. .Aug. 4, 1862, died at Little 
 
 Rock. 
 Sergt. Jas. Gaudy, e. Aug. 11, 1802, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Corp. Daniel Parse, e. Aug. 8, 1802, disd. July 11, 1805, 
 
 disab. 
 Corp. Asahel Tyrrell, e. Aug. 9, 1862, trans, to V. R. C. 
 
 Jan. 17, 1864. 
 Corp. Lee J. Michael, e. Aug. 5, 1862, trans, for promotion 
 
 to 4th Ark. Col. Inf. Jan. lU. 1864. 
 Corp. Benj. F. Chisman, e. Aug. 9, 1862, captd. at Mark's 
 
 Mills. 
 Corp. Jesse I. Mudg, e. Aug. 2, 1802, disd. Nov. 24, 1802, 
 
 disab. 
 Corp. Earl Barrow, e. Aug. 8, 1802, died at Little Rock. 
 Corp. John S. Furze, e. Aug. 2, 1862. 
 Corp. Samuel H. Harper, e. Aug. 2, 1802, trans, for promo- 
 tion to 4th Ark. Col. Inf., Jan. 10, 1864. 
 Musician James S. McGlasson, e. Aug. 4, 1862. 
 Ayers, John W., e. Aug. 8, 1862, trans, to Marine Brigade 
 
 Jan. 3, 1803. 
 Abegg. Benj. F., e. Aug. 8, 1862. 
 Ault, Jas. P., e. Aug. 4, 1802, died at Memphis. 
 Belles, John N., Feb. 25, 1864. 
 Belles, I. N., e. Feb. 25, 1864, captd and kid. at Mark's 
 
 Mills, Ark. 
 Barker, Joshua, e. Aug. 4, 1862. 
 Barker, William G., e. Aug. 4, 1862. 
 Brown, John W., e. Aug. 11, 1862. 
 Barnes, John, e. Aug. 8, 1862, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Bonham, H., e. Aug. 11, 1802. 
 
 Crandall, T. W., e. Feb. 10, 1804, captd. at Mark's Mills 
 Carter, Benj., e. Aug. 8, 1862, kid. at Mark's Mills 
 
548 
 
 WAR RECORD OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 Case, L. H., e. Aug. 11, 1862. 
 
 Chisman, Noyes, e. Aug. 9, 1862, wd. and captd. at Mark's 
 
 Mills, died at Memphis. 
 Cook, Miles, e. Aug. 9, 1862. 
 Custer, Willis N., e. Aug. 11, 1862. 
 Clark, John W., e. Aug. 8, 1862, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Derby, Wm. C, e. Feb. 25, 1864, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Derby, 0. A., e. Aug. 8, 1862. 
 
 Daneton, Wm., e. Aug. 8, 18G2, disd. Feb. 7, 1863, disab. 
 Derby, Nelson, e. Aug. 8, 1862, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Fent, H. K., e. March 9, 1864, died at Little Rock. 
 Fent Jas. R., e. Aug. 8, 1862, wd. and captd. at Mark's 
 
 Mills. 
 Finley, James H., e. Aug. 11, 1862, wd. and captd. Mark's 
 
 Jlills, disd. April 17, 1865, wds. 
 Gntes, Levi, e. Aug. 9, 1862, wd. and captd. at Mark's 
 
 Mills. 
 Garlinhouse, L., e, Aug. 8, 1862, trans, to V. R. 0. Jan. 
 
 17, 1864. 
 Good, Ashford, e. Aug. 8, 1862, disd. Jan. 21, 1863, disab. 
 Good, Daniel, e. Aug. 8, 1862, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Howard, Geo., e. Aug. 8, 1862, died Oct. 8, '62, at Keokuk. 
 Kline, John P., e. Feb. 10, 1864. 
 
 Harsin, Jas. V., e. Aug. 4, 1862, disd. May 4, 1863, disab. 
 Kent, H. W., e. Feb. 10, 1864, kid. at Mark's Mills. 
 Johnston, Wm., c. Aug. 9, 1862. 
 Jones, John M., e. Aug. 9, 1862, disd. Nov. 17, 1863. 
 Kirk Patrick, D. W., e. Feb. 10, 1864, kid. at Mark's Mills. 
 Kendall, Thos., e. Aug. 8, 1862, disd. March 12, '63, disab. 
 Kirkpatrick, H. K., e. Feb. 10, 1864. 
 Kirk, James, e. Aug. 11, 1864, trans, to Inv. Corps April 
 
 30, 1804. 
 Lanman, J., e. Jan. 4, 1864. 
 Lyon, Jas. H., e. March 23, 1864. 
 McMahill, J. W., e. Aug. 8, 1862. 
 Major, Jas. S., e. Dec. 10, 1863, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 McCormick, T. J., e. Aug. 8. 1862, wd. and captured at 
 
 Mark's Mills. 
 McGrew, J. F., e. Jan. 4, 1864. 
 McGasson, Geo. B., e. Aug. 4, 1862. 
 
 McKown, H., e. Aug. 11, 1862, disd. Feb. 13, 1863, disab. 
 Merrman, M. D., e. Aug. 11, 1862, disd. Jan. 13, 1863. 
 
 disab. 
 McKown, F., e. Aug. 11, 1862. 
 
 Olney, Geo. W., e. Feb. 10, 1864, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Oswald, Jacob, e. Aug. 9, 1862. 
 Pence, John, e. Feb. 10, 1864, wd. and captd. at Mark's 
 
 Mills. 
 Pratt, H. A., e. Aug. 3. 1802, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Pollock, 1. H., e. Feb. !(•, 1864, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Peters, Thos., e. Aug. 8, 1802, disd. March 6, 1863, disab. 
 Kubel, M. E. S., e. Feb. 10, 1864, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Parsons, G. W., e. Aug. 11, 1862, died at Helena, Ark. 
 Rubel, J. W., e. Feb. 10, 1864, wd. and captd. at Mark's 
 
 Mills. 
 Rader, S. I., e. Aug. 8, 1862, disd. Feb. 5, 1863, disab. 
 Reece, C. W., e. Feb. 10, 1864, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Reading, C. W., e. Aug. 8, 1862. 
 Ruble, M. E. S., e. Aug. 4, 1862, trans, to Marine Brigade 
 
 Feb. 9, 1863. 
 Riley, Wm. P., e. Aug. 4, 1802, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Smith, C. H., e. Feb. 20, 1864, wd. and captd. at Mark's 
 
 Mills. 
 Smith, Jno. H., e. Aug. 8, 1862, died at Helena, Ark. 
 Silvey, A. L., e. Aug. 11, 1862, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Stevenson, A., e. Aug. 9, 1862, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Scott, W. H. H., e. Aug. 7, 1802, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Tinsley, P. K, S., e. Aug. 8, 1862, disd. June 27, 1865, disab. 
 Turpin, D. S., e. Aug. 8, 1862, died at Little Rock. 
 Thompson, C, e. Jan. 5, 1864. 
 Wood, Jno., e. Aug. 8, 1862, died at Helena, Ark. 
 West, Jacob, e. Aug. 8, 1862, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Westlake, F. M., e. Aug. 7, 1862, disd. Jan. 8, 1863, disab. 
 Wellman, Jno. S., e.Aug. 2,1862, disd. Feb. 9, 1863, disab. 
 West, Wm., e. Jan. 18, 1864, captd. at Mark's Mills, died 
 
 a tCamp Ford, Te.xas. 
 Waggenner, G., e. Aug. 11, 1862. 
 
 Company D. 
 
 Capt. Thos. B. Hale, com. Oct. 4, 1802. captd. at Mark's 
 
 Mills, died while prisoner. 
 Capt. Charles Birnbaum, com. 2d lieut. Oct. 4, 1862, captd. 
 
 at Mark's Mills, Ark., prmtd. capt. Dec. 20, 1864. 
 First Lieut. Ripley Baylies, com. Oct. 4, 1862. 
 Second Lieut. Simeon Liggett, e. as 1st sergt. Aug. 2, 
 
 1862, prmtd. 2d lieut. Dec. 20, 1864. 
 Sergt. Benj. F. Marts, e. Aug. 15,1862. 
 Sergt. Jesse Barber, e. Aug. 9,1862, died at Little Rock. 
 Sergt. Minos Miller, e. Aug. 14, 1862 . 
 
 Sergt. II. Underwood, e. Aug. 12, 1862, captd. at Mark's 
 
 Mills. 
 Corp. John H. Sutfin, e. Aug. 4, 1862. 
 Corp. Wm. L. Palmei-, e. Nov. 20, 1862, captd. at Mark's 
 
 Mills. 
 Corp. Geo. W. Nicely, e. Aug. 5, 1862, killed at Mark's 
 
 Mills. 
 Corp. P. J. Andrus, e. Aug. 9, 1862, trans, for promotion 
 
 4th Ark. Cav. Jan. 9, 1864. 
 Corp. Richard Hobson, e. Aug. 12, 1862, disd. Feb. 14, 1863, 
 
 disab. 
 Coi-p. Peter Stuber, Aug. 9, 1862, wd.and captd. at Mark's 
 
 Mills, died at Little Rock. 
 Corp. Thos. West, e. Aug. 15, 1802, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Corp. Francis M. Dofllemyer, e. Aug. 11, 1862, captd. at 
 
 Mark's Mills. 
 Corp. C. C. Andrus, e. Aug. 9, 1862, died on Yazoo River 
 
 April 8, 1863. 
 Musician B. R. Shipley, e. Aug. 5,1862. 
 Musician Jos. Peach, e. Aug. 13, 1802, captd. at Mark's 
 
 Mills. 
 Wagoner J. B. Morgan, e. Aug. 4, 1802. 
 Amos, Wm., e. July 24, 1862, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Amos, Geo., e. Aug. 15, 1862. 
 Abram, Isaac, e. Aug. 14, 1862. 
 Archibald, Isaac, e. Aug. 13, 1862. 
 Blair, J. M., e. Aug. 15, 1862. 
 
 Blair, G. W., e. Aug. 15, 1862, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Croell, J. W. M., e. Aug. 12, 1862, died Dec. 2, 1862. 
 Cochran, A. J., e. Aug. 15, 1862, disd. Aug. 3, 1863. 
 Crane, F. M., e. Aug. 12, 1862, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Campbell, L., e. Aug. 4, 1862, captd. at Helena and at 
 
 Mark's Mills. 
 Crook, Andrew, e. Aug. 9, 1862, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Dofflemeyer, J. D., e. Feb. 29, 1864, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Fox, Dixon, Aug. 15, 1862, died Feb. 8, 1803, at St. Louis. 
 Foster, Robert, e. Aug. 11, 1862. 
 Foster, J. S., Aug. 9, 1862, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Free, Jacob, e. Aug. 11, 1862. 
 French, F. A., e. Aug. 12, 1862. 
 Gushway, D., e. Feb. 17, 1864, captd. at Mark's Mills, died 
 
 at Camden, Ark. 
 Gordon, B. F., e. Aug. 11, 1862, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Gray, D. F., e. Aug. 11,1862. 
 
 Gray. J.S., e. Aug. 11, 1802, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Hamaker, J. W., e. March 30, 1864. 
 Hendrix, S., e. March 29, 1804, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Hughes, A. E., e. March 20, 1864. 
 Hodges, J. T., e. Aug. 15, 1862. 
 Johnson, H. C, e. March 30, 1864. 
 Jones, Alexander, e. Jan. 5, 1864. 
 Jones, A., e. Dec. 29, 1863, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Kerman, M., e. Nov. 4, 1861, died at Little Rock. 
 Knox, Leonard, e. Aug. 11, 1862, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Kirfman, W. P., e. Aug. 14, '62, died at Shell Mound, Miss. 
 Kirfman, A. G., e. March 30, 1864. 
 
 Kavanagh, James, e. Aug. 21, '62, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Little, C. E., e. Aug. 2, 1862, captd. at Mark's Mills, disd. 
 
 June 8, 1865, disab. 
 Lower, M., e Jan. 4, 1864. 
 
 Mardes, W. W.,e. Aug. 12, 1862, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Milford, J. M., e. March 26, 1864. 
 
 Miller, J. H., e. Aug. 12, 1862, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Miller, H. H., e. Aug. 15, 1862, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Morgan, William, e. Jan. 5, 1864. 
 Mattocn, James, e. Aug. 9, 1862, died at St. Louis. 
 Myers, G., e. Feb. 29, 1864, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Meeker, W. T., e. Aug. 15, 1862. 
 Myers, D., e. Feb. 20, 1864, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Myers, Thomas, e. Aug. 15, 1862. 
 Newell, S. H., e. Nov. 24, 1862. 
 Orsbun, Perin, e. Aug. 1, 1862. 
 Penick, H. S.,e. Aug. 9, 1862. 
 
 Pari,sh, H., e Aug. 14, 1862, captd. at 3Iark's Mills. 
 Parish, J. C, e. Aug. 8, 1862. 
 
 Robinson, D. H., e. Feb. 8, 1864, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Roberts, Joseph, e. Aug. 13, 1862, disd. Jan. 27, 1863, disab. 
 Reed, Thomas, e. Aug. 15, 1862, died at Helena, Ark. 
 Real, Henrv, e. Aug. 2, 1862, died at St. Louis. 
 Rose, Ricba'rd, e. Aug. 9, 1862, died at Keokuk. 
 Shipley, W. P., e. Aug. 13, 1802, died Oct. 21, 1802. 
 Secress, Jacob, e. Aug. 11, 1862, disd. Nov. 3, 1863. 
 Stuber, P., e. Aug. 9, 1862, disd. March 5, 1863. 
 Steel, J. G.,e. Aug. 15,1862. 
 Thompson, F., e. March 27, 1804. 
 True, H. G., e. July 21, 1862, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 True, G. D., e. Nov. 24, 1804. 
 
 Terhune, M. V., e. Aug. 5, 1862, disd. Feb. 7, '63, disab. 
 A'arner, H., e. Auir. 15,1862, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Warner, A., e. Aug. 6, 1862, disd. Jan. 29, 1803, disab. 
 
WAR RECORD OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 549 
 
 Warren, Bichard, e. Aug. 9, 1862, died at Helena, Ark. 
 Williams, J. G., e. Aug. 15, 1862, wd. and captd. at Mark's 
 
 Mills. 
 Way, Asbury, e. Aug. 15, 1862, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Warner, Peter, e. Nov. 4, 1862, wd. and captd. at Mark's 
 
 Mills. 
 Warner, Wm., e. Feb. 29, 1864, died at Little Rock. 
 
 Company E. 
 
 Capt. William Malion, com. Oct. 4, 1862. 
 
 First Lieut. Richard H. Warden, com. Oct. 4, 1862, resd. 
 
 Dec. 3, 1864. 
 First Lieut. E. McLean B. Scott, e. as Ist sergt. Aug. 13, 
 
 1862, prmtd. to 2d lieut. Dec. 20, 1862, prmtd. to Ist 
 
 lieut. Jan. 4, 1865. 
 Second Lieut. Jacob Houk, com. Oct. 4, 1802. resd. Dec. 
 
 19, 1863. 
 Second Lieut. Allen A. Smith, e. as sergt. Aug. 18, 1862, 
 
 prmtd. to 2d lieut. Jan. 4, 1865. 
 Sergt. Henry Slagle, e. Aug. 12, 1862, captd. at Mark's 
 
 Mills. 
 Sergt. J. H. Myers, e. Aug. 15, 1862. 
 Sergt. C. R. Minnick, e. Aug. 13, 1862, disd. Feb. 14, 1863, 
 
 disab. 
 Sergt. Louis Myers, e. Aug. 18, 1862, wd. and captd. at 
 
 Mark's Mills, died May 2, 1864. 
 Sergt. George Slagle, e. Aug. 13, 1862. 
 Corp. H. L. Thompson, e. Aug. 12, 1862. 
 Corp. Alvin Kindall, e. Aug. 13, 1862, died at Duvall's 
 
 Bluff. 
 Corp. Elias Parke, e. Aug. IG, 1862, wd. and cantd. at 
 
 Mark's Mills. 
 Corp. Frederick Campbell, e. Aug. 8, 1862, captd. at Mark's 
 
 Mills 
 Corp. Peter Shearer, e. Aug. 18, 1862, captd. at Mark's 
 
 Mills, died at Tyler, Texas. 
 Corp. M. E. Jackson, e. Aug. 12, 1862, wd. and captd. at 
 
 Mark's Mills, disd. June 14, 1865. 
 Corp. Wm. 0. Chadd, e. Aug. 12, 1862, disd. Feb. 5, 1863, 
 
 diaab. 
 Corp. George W. Dennis, e. Aug. 18, 1862, captd. at Mark's 
 
 Mills. 
 Musician Thomas Skinner, e. Aug. 16, 1862, wd.'at Yazoo 
 
 expedition, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Wagoner, James E. Bland, e. Aug. 19, 1862. 
 Adcock, H. A., e. Aug. 16, 1862, wd. and captd. at Mark's 
 
 Mills. 
 Byerly Solomon, e. Aug. 15, 1862, died at Memphis. 
 Butler, William H., e. Aug. 16, 1862, disd. Feb. 20, 1864, 
 
 disab. 
 Bower, Moses, e. Aug. 15, 1862, disd. Feb. 6, 1863, disab. 
 Bevin, Joseph, e. Aug. 21, 1862, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Beatley, John A., e. Aug. 15, 1862, djed at Helena, Ark. 
 Butler, George, e. Aug. 21, 1862, disd. Feb. 11, 1863. 
 Cooper, S. D., e. Fob. 24, 1864, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Caldwell, W. H. H., e. Aug. 19, 1862. 
 Canon, C. W., e. Jan. 1, 1864. 
 Cooper, George W., e. Aug. 20, 1862. 
 Collins, John J , e. Dec. 25, 186>!. 
 Campbell, S. W., e. Feb. 1, 1864, captd. at Mark's Mills, 
 
 die<l at Tyler, Texas. 
 Chance, John J., e. Aug. 13, 1862, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Campbell, James H., e. Aug. 13, 1862, died at Jefl'erson 
 
 Barracks, Mo. 
 Conn, D. H., e. Aug. 22, 1862. 
 
 Decker, John H., e. Aug. 22, 1862, captd, at Mark's Mills. 
 Dnffee, John, e. Aug. 22, 1862, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Dennis, John B., e. Aug. 16, 1862 
 England, John F., e. Aug. 16, 1862, trans, to Inv. Corps 
 
 Aug. 30, 1864. 
 Fenton, T. W., e. Dec. 13, 1863, wd. and captd. at Mark's 
 
 Mills. 
 Gee, Solomon, e. Aug. 13, 1862, died Nov. 11, 1862. 
 Green, S., e. Dec. 25, 1863. 
 
 Garrison, Alonzo, e. Feb. 24, 1864, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Honn, Henry, e. Aug. 12, 1862, disd. Dec. 22, 1864, disab. 
 Hale, J., e. Jan. 4, 1864. 
 Hill, John W., e. Aug. 14, 1864. 
 Hale, G., e. Jan. 4, 1864, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Harness, H., e. Aug. 13, 1862. 
 
 Henderson, John, e. Aug. 20, 1862, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Hale, H. C, e. Jan. 4, 1864, captd. at Jlark's Mills, died at 
 
 Tyler, Texas. 
 Harness, John, e. Aug. 14, 1862, wd. and captd. at Mark's 
 
 Mills, disd. Sept. 28, 1864. 
 Hale, H., e. Jan. 4, 1864, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Jackson, Richard, e. Aug. 16, 1862, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Jackson, Wm. W., e. Aug. 14, 1862, captd. at Mark's 
 
 Mills. 
 
 Judson, Charles, e. Aug 22, 1862, died at Helena, Ark. 
 Keethler, Alex., e. Aug. 13, 1862, died Oct. 29, 1862, at Pt. 
 
 Isabel. 
 Kigar, Joseph, e. Aug. 18, 1862, wd. and captd. at Mark's 
 
 Mills, died May 7, 1864. 
 Kindall, Abraham, e. Aug. 13, 1862, disd. June 27, 1865, 
 
 disab. 
 Lay, Peter H., e. Dec. 22, 1863, wd. and captd. at Mark's 
 
 Mills. 
 Lorr, M., e. Jan. 5, 1864. 
 
 Leslie, Jos., e. Feb. 18, 1864, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Leslie, Wm. H., e. Feb. 18, 1864, captd. at Mark's Mills, 
 
 kid. at Tyler, Texas. 
 Soper, Cud. C, e. Aug. 22, 1862. 
 McMahon, George L., e. Aug. 22, 1862, captd. at Mark's 
 
 Mills. 
 McCallum, T. J , e. Dec. 25, 1863. 
 McMullin, John, e. Aug. 14, 1862. 
 
 Matthews, Isaac, e. Aug. 14, 1862, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Mendenhall, C. W., e. Aug. 22, 1862, disd. June G, 1865. 
 Miller, John L., e. Aug. 21, 1862. 
 Nelson, J., e. Aug. 22, 1862, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Peden, Jos., e. Aug. 13, 1862, wd. and captd. at Mark's 
 
 Mills, disd. March 13, 1865, disab. 
 Phillips, George W., e. Aug. 18, 1862, wd. and captd. at 
 
 Mark's Mills. 
 Parrott, H. J., e. Aug. 22, 1862, disd. June 21, 1864, disab. 
 Parker, Jas., e. Aug. 18, 1862, disd. March 25, 1863, disab. 
 Randall, B. F., e. Feb. 25, 1864, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Rupe, I. W., e. Aug. 13, 1862, died at Helena, Ark. 
 Skinner, J. B., e. Dec. 25, 1863. 
 
 Shirkey, Darius, e. Aug. 16, 1862, disd. Dec. 12, '64, disab. 
 Shirkey, A. J., e. Aug. 22, 1862. 
 
 Scully, John C, e. Aug. 14, 1862, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Sebern, John H., e. Aug. 22. 1862. 
 
 Stanton, Andrew, e. Aug. 18, 1862, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Sheffer, John, e. Aug. 18, 1862. 
 Sheffer, Joseph, e. Aug. 22, 1862, died at Alton Military 
 
 Prison, 111., Sept. 30, 1863. 
 Shefler, Elias, e. Aug. 22, 1862, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Summerlott, Samuel, e. Aug. 18, 1862. 
 Shearer, .Andrew, e. Aug. 18, 1862, died at Helena, Ark. 
 Summerlott, Jno., e. Aug. 19, 1862. 
 Thompson, Wm. J., e. Aug. 22, 1862. 
 Thompson, Jesse H., e. Aug. 20, 1862, captd. at Mark's 
 
 Mills. 
 Vermelan, J., e. Jan. 11, 1864, wd. at Mark's Mills, disd, 
 
 Nov. 25, 1864. 
 Weaver, John, e. Aug. 14, '62, died Nov. 10, '62, at Keokuk . 
 Wallace, Curtis, e. Aug. 14, 1862, disd. April 20, 1863, disab. 
 Wallace, A. H., e. Aug. 14, 1862. disd. April 23, 1863, disab. 
 Williams, Van B., e. Aug. 13, 1862. 
 Watkins, F. M., e. Aug. 18, 1862, captd. at Mark's Mills, 
 
 died there April 21, 1865. 
 Wilson, Jolin, e. Aug. 19, 1862. 
 Wallace, D. M., e. Jan. 4, 1864, wd., captd. and died Mark's 
 
 Mills. 
 Wallace, W., e. Jan. 4, 1864, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Wallace, T. H., e. Jan. 4, 1864, captd. and died at Mark's 
 
 Mills. 
 
 Company F. 
 
 Niel, Wm., e. Jan. 5, 1864, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Duckworth, L., e. Feb. 11, 1864, died at Memphis. 
 
 Company C. 
 
 Wade, Alex., e. Dec. 28, 1863. 
 
 Company H. 
 
 Capt. Jno. E. Wright, com. Oct. 4, '62, resd. March 23, '64. 
 Capt. Wm. H. Clifton, com. 1st lieut. Oct. 4, 1862, prmtd. 
 
 capt. March 24, 1864. 
 First Lieut, Jno. M. Thompson, e. as sergt. Aug. 7, 1862, 
 
 prmtd. 2d lieut. June 3, 1863, prmtd. 1st lieut. Jan. 
 
 8, 1865. 
 Second Lieut. Wm. P. Sharp, Oct. 4, '62, resd. June 7, '63. 
 Second Lieut. Andrew J. Garloch, e. as . prmtd. 2d 
 
 lieut. Jan. 8, 1865. 
 Sergt. L. Winder, e. Aug. 1, 1862. 
 
 Sergt. Wm. T. Scott, e. Aug. 8, 1862, died at Duvall's Bluff. 
 Corp. Wm. Grav, e. Aug. 2, 1862. 
 Corp. I. N. Holioway, e. Aug. 11, 1862. 
 Corp. Jno. N. McLoney, e. July 25, 1862, died Dec. 6, '62, 
 
 at Benton Barracks, Mo. 
 Corp. Jno. Archibald, e. Aug. 1, 1862, captd. at Mark's 
 
 Mills, died at Duvall's Bluff. 
 Corp. D. T. Anderson, e. Aug. 9, 1862, captd. at Mark's 
 
 Mills. 
 Corp. N. B. Bishop, e. Aug. 11, '62, disd. Feb. 4, '63, disab. 
 
550 
 
 AVAR RECORD OF WAPELLO COUNTY, 
 
 Corp. Wm. Heppel.e. Aug. 13, 1862, trans, for prmtn. to 
 
 2d lieut. 2d Ark. Col. Regt. 
 Corp. D. H. Cowj'er, e. Aug. 5, '62, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Corp. Isaac W. Powell, e. Aug. 4, 1862, wd. and captd. at 
 
 Mark's Mills. 
 Corp. Levi Overman, e. Aug. 11, 1SG2, wd. and captd. at 
 
 Mark's Mills. 
 Musician S. K. Rudolph, e. Aug. 11, 1862. 
 Musician Philip Keister, e. Aug. 15, 1862. 
 Wagoner Rufus Tindell, e. Aug. 11, 1862, disd. Feb. 6, '63, 
 
 disab. 
 Atwell Jno. E., e. Aug. 7, 1862, w ). and captd. at Mark's 
 
 Mills. 
 Atwell, W. H., e. Aug. 7, 1862, wd. and captd. at Mark's 
 
 Mills. 
 Anderson, Geo., e. Dec. 12, 1863, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Allison, Jonathan, e. Aug. 21, '62, disd. Nov. 3, '63, disab. 
 Bland, J. W. S., e. Aug. 9, 1862, wd. Yazoo expedition. 
 Bollinger, M. V., e. Aug. 15, 1862. 
 Boster. J. L., e. Aug. 11, 1862, disd. April 4, 1864. 
 Bridges, H. M., e. Aug. 21, 1862. 
 
 Burns, T. S., e Aug. 9, '62, wd. and captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Benedict, A. J., e. July 20, 1862. 
 
 Barnes, Ezckiel, Aug. 16, 1862, disd. Dec. 18, 1862, disab. 
 Cowger, D., e. Aug. 7, 1862, disd. Jan. 6, 1864, disab. 
 Ceist, E., e. Jnn. 5, 1864. 
 
 Cooper, J. M., e. Aug. 8, 1862, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Cade, Wm., e. Aug. 8, 1862. 
 
 Davis, John N., e. Jan. 1, 1864, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Carr, S. M., e. Aug. 7, 1862, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Davis, L. W., e. in March, 1864. 
 Ervin, A. S., e. Aug. 8, 1862, kid. at Mark's Mills. 
 Fuller, John W., e. July 25, 1862, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 George, Wm. S., e. March 23, 1864. 
 
 Godfrey, F. M., e. Aug. 8, 1862, disd. Feb. 25, 1863, disab. 
 Halloway, R. E., e. March 19, 1864. 
 Hoffman, Henry, e. Aug. 5, 1862. 
 Halloway, M. C, e. March 22, 1864. 
 llalicy, Daniel, e. Aug. 7, 1862. 
 Hoblis, John T., e. Nov. 19, 1862. 
 Harris, W. H., e. Aug. 9, 1862, disd. Jan. 7, 1863. 
 Hudson, Wm.H., e. Jan. 4, 1864, wd. and captd. at Mark's 
 
 Mills. 
 Hobbs, Samuel P., e Aug. 14, 1862. 
 Hamilton, Wm., e. Dec. 17, 1863, wd.and captd. at Mark's 
 
 Mills. 
 Holsey, S. T., e. Aug. 14, 1862, captd. at Mark's Mills, 
 
 disd. June 27, 1865, disab. 
 Johnson, Samuel M., e. Aug. 13, 1862, trans, for promo- 
 tion to 2d Ark. Col. Regt. June 7, 1863. 
 Kitterman, F. M., e. Feb. 29, 1864, died Aug. 8, 1864. 
 Kitterman, Geo. W., e. Jan. 1, 1864, wd. and captd. at 
 
 Mark's Mills. 
 Kitterman, A. K., e. Aug. 10, 1862, died at Keokuk. 
 King, Jas. R., e. Dec. 29, 1863. 
 
 King, Daniel, e. Aug. 11, 1862, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Lowe, Geo., e. Aug. 8, 1862, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Lentz, T. E., e. Dec. 11, 1863. 
 
 Lamb, James M., e. Aug. 10, 1862, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Long, J. H., e. Feb. 20, 1864. 
 Lowenberg, Wm., e. Feb. 24, 1864, wd. at Jenkins' Ferry, 
 
 Ark. 
 Lowe, David, e. Jan. 13, 1864, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Lentner, H. I., e. Aug. 7, 1862. 
 McKowen, H., e. Jan. 1, 1804, captd. at Mark's Mills, 
 
 died at Tyler, Texas. 
 Mullenix, Jas., e. Aug. 3, 1862. 
 
 Marrow, John, e. Aug. 5, 1862, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 McCoy, Aaron, e. Aug. 6, 1862, disd. Feb. 6, 1863, disab. 
 Moyer, John C, e. Aug. 5, 1862. 
 
 Martin, Wm., e. Aug. 2, 1862, disd. April 13, 1863, disab. 
 Moffat, T. W., e. Aug. 27, 1862, captd. at JIark's Mills, 
 
 disd. June 27, 1865, disab. 
 Moore, Jas., e. Aug. 6, 1862, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 McCune, Jas. H., e. Aug. 7, 1862, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Martin, James C, e. Aug. 12, '62, disd. Feb. 27, '63, disab. 
 Morrison, Jas., e. Aug. 26, 1862, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Owen, H. C, e. Aug. 7, 1862, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Powell, Wm., e. Dec. 14, 1863, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Patgett, J., e. Dec. 17, 1863, kid. at Mark's Mills. 
 Prosser, C. H., e. Jan. 19, 1864. 
 Richards, John E., e. Feb. 6, 1864, captd. at Mark's Mills, 
 
 died at Tyler, Texas. 
 Reams, Samuel, e. Aug. 9, 1862. 
 Rush, John, e. Aug. 7, 1862. 
 Richards, L. W., e. Aug. 7, 1862. 
 Scott, F. M., e. July 25. 1862, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Southard, F., e. Aug. 7, 1862, captd. at Mark's Mills, died 
 
 at Magnolia, Ark. 
 Sterns, James, e. Aug. 1, 1862, disd. April 9, 1863, disab. 
 
 Silvers, E. M., e. Aug. 7, 1862. 
 Shearer, J. L., e. Aug. 8, 1862. 
 Stinson, Wm., e. Aug. 10, 1862, wd. and captd. at Mark's 
 
 Mills, died April 26, 1864. 
 Thomas, T. P., e. Aug. 8, 1862, captd. at Mark's Mills. 
 Troxell, Wm. D., e. Aug. 15, 1862. 
 Wright, Jas., e. Aug. 8, 1802. 
 Wright, Albert, e. Aug. 8, 1S62. 
 
 Whipple, Jos. E., e. March 13, 1864, died at Little Rock. 
 Walker, C. S., e. March 23, 1864. 
 Hobbs, John T., e. Nov 19, 1862. 
 
 Company I. 
 
 Harris, John H., e. Dec. 27, 1863, kid. at Mark's Mills. 
 
 Company K. 
 
 Musician Wm. B. A. Carter, e. Aug. 22, 1862, captd. at 
 
 Mark's Mills. 
 Hopper, A., e. Aug. 22, 1862, disd. Jan. 3, 1863, disab. 
 Phillips, Jas. B., e. Aug. 22, 1862, disd. Feb. 26, '63, disab. 
 Robertson, Jas. S., e. Ang. 18, 1862, died at Keokuk. 
 
 UNKNOWN. 
 
 Fenton, T. W., e. Dec. 13, 1863. 
 Dodd, D. S., e. Feb. 24, 1864. 
 Ekin, Wm., e. Feb. 8, 1864. 
 Hollingworth, T. W., e. Feb. 6, 1864. 
 Mayers, Wm. M., e. March 18, 1864. 
 Rupe, John M., e. Feb. 17, 1864. 
 Skinner, S. W., e. Feb. 20, 1864. 
 Stubers, Philip, e. Feb. 29, 1864. 
 Smith, John, e. Feb. 24, 1864. 
 Tillottson, H. D., e. March 26, 1864. 
 Thompson, Geo. M., e. March 11, 1864. 
 Wolfe, J., e. Feb. 22, 1864. 
 
 FIFTY-SEVENTH INFANTRY. 
 
 [Note. — This regiment was mustered out at Davenport, 
 Iowa. Date not given in Adjutant General's Reporlg.] 
 
 Company E. 
 
 Capt. Resell Banks, com. Dec. 15, 1862. 
 
 Sergt. Peter Goff, e. Aug. 15, 1862. 
 
 Sergt. Jos. Meyers, e. Oct. 21, 1862. 
 
 Sergt. T. Blake, e. Sept. 18, 1862, disd. Oct. 6, 1864, disab. 
 
 Corp. R. D. Lyon, e. Sept. 20, 1862, disd. May 26, 1864, 
 
 disab. 
 Corp. Thos. Lottridge, e. Sept. 13, 1862. 
 Corp. H. H. Draper, e. Sept. 20, 1862. 
 Wagoner John Shauntronan, e. Nov. 25, 1862. 
 Asbury. Benj., e, Sept. 27, 1862, disd. March 6, '63, disab. 
 Berkey, Jos., e. Nov. 27, 1862. 
 Chapman, A., e. Sept. 21, 1862. 
 Davis, F., e. Sept. 20, 1862. 
 
 Derby, C. W., e. Nov. 27, 1862, disd. Nov. 4, '63, disab. 
 Deashmutt, B. B., e. Nov. 27, 1862. 
 Easthans, E. G., e. Sept. 26, 1862. 
 Fent, Wm., e. Sept. 26, 1862. 
 
 Godfrey, E., e. Oct. 6, 1862, disd. May 18, 1864, disab. 
 Guy ton, Benj., e. Sept. 18, 1862. 
 
 Horn baker, I., e. Nov. 20, 1862, disd. April 28, 1863, disab. 
 Henderson, G. W., e. Oct. 11, '62, disd. Nov. 21, '63, disab. 
 Huvne, Andrew, e. Sept. 23, 1862. 
 Hackley, W. H., e. Sept. 27, 1862. 
 Kiaf, J., e. Sept. 28, 1802. 
 Lyon, A. E., e. Oct. 2, 1862. 
 
 Mathess, Wm., e. Sept. 20, 1862, died Feb. 16, 1863. 
 McClees, Alex., e. Sept. 15, 1862, disd. March 18, '65, disab. 
 Mowre, Jas. A., e. Sept. 27, 1862. 
 Pegg, Jas. A., e. Sept. 18, 1862, 
 Powell, Isaac, e. Sept. 25, 1862. 
 Rowley, Wm., e. Sept. 14, 1862. 
 Roberts, Lewis, e. Sept. 11, 1862. 
 
 Reynolds, Silas, e. Sept. 26, 1862, disd. May 18, 1864, disab. 
 Strickland, Wm., e. Nov. 20, 1862. 
 Simmons, E., e. Sept. 20, 1862. 
 
 Stevens, B., e. Sept. 15, 1862, disd. April 6, 1863, disab. 
 Silver, Samuel, e. Sept. 25, 1862, died March 27, 1863. 
 Schroyer, F., e. Nov. 21, 1862, disd. .Jan. 18, 1865, disab. 
 Tidball, D. H., e. Oct. 8, 1862, disd. Dec. 24, 1864, disab. 
 Thompson, S. W., e. Oct, 8, 1862. 
 Warren, D., c. Sept. 28, 1862, disd. Dec. 24, 1864, disab. 
 
 Company I. 
 
 Clark, James, e. Oct. 1, 1862. 
 
WAR RECORD OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 551 
 
 FORTY-SEVKNTH INFANTRY. 
 
 [Note. — Date of the mitslering-out of this Regiment is not 
 given in Adjutant GeneraVs Eeport.} 
 
 Adjt. Geo. W. Devin, com. June 4, 1864. 
 
 Company C. 
 
 First Lieut. Jno. T. Wallin, com. Maj' 7, 1864. 
 
 Second Lieut. .Tas. Hawlej', Jr., com. May 7, 1864. 
 
 Sergt. Robt. N. McMillan, e. May 21, 18G4. 
 
 Sergt. F. M. Bush, e. May 7, 1864. 
 
 Corp. \Vm. L. Daggett, e. May 20, 1864. 
 
 Corp. I. N. Yates, e. May 9, 1864. 
 
 Corp. Andrew Clark, e. May 21, 1864. 
 
 Corp. Chas. Miller, e. May 11, 1864. 
 
 Musician S. C. Henshaw, e. May 7, 1864. 
 
 AcUcta, Aug., e. June. 7, 1864. 
 
 Carpenter, Geo. B., e. May 7, 1864, died Aug. 21, 1864, at 
 
 Helena, Ark. 
 Dennis, .Jaa. M., e. May 14, 1864. 
 Daily, Dennis, e. May 7, 1864. 
 Davis, John, e. May 16, 1864. 
 Dennis, Benj., e. May 1, 1864. 
 Davidson, J. C, e. May 24, 1864. 
 Goodwin, Wm., e. May 7, 1864. 
 Gossage, Jno., e. May 20, 1864. 
 Ilollowav, S. P., e. May 7, 1864. 
 Hayne, N. B., e. May 9, 1864, died Sept. 22, 1864. 
 Johnson, F. M., e. May 7, 1864. 
 Knight, C. F., e. May 7, 1864. 
 Myrick, L. A., e. May 7, 1864. 
 Myrick, Wm. L., e. May 1, 1864. 
 Parks, R. H., e. May 7, 1864. 
 Ross, John, e. May 7, 1864, died. 
 Silsby, E. W., e. May 7, 1864. 
 Spurgeon, Samuel, e. May 9, 1864. 
 Sbewry, Chas., e. May 18, 1864. 
 Starkey, Wm. J., e. May 23, 1864. 
 Shreve, Jas. B., e. May 7, 1864. 
 Thompson, E. 0., e. May 14, 1864. 
 
 Company H. 
 
 Corp. Wm. Dinsmore, e. May 9, 1864. 
 
 Atkinson, Jewett, e. May 9, 1864. 
 
 Carson, Jno. A., e. May 9, 1864. 
 
 Davis, Daniel, e. May 7, 1864. 
 
 Daggett, Geo. M., e. May 3, 186t. 
 
 Hagey, Wm. F. H., e. May 9, 1864, died Oct. 1, 1864. 
 
 Company K, 
 
 Capt. Wm. H. P. Norris, com. June 4, 1864. 
 
 Second Lieut. C. M. J. Reynolds, com. June 4, 1864. 
 
 Sergt. C. D. Hendershott, e. April 29, 1864. 
 
 Sergt. Simon P. Wayne, e. April 28, 1864. 
 
 Sergt. Joseph A. Israel, e. May 12, 1864. 
 
 Sergt. E. W. Myers, e. May 4, 1864. 
 
 Corp. Geo. W. Murray, e. April 29, 1864. 
 
 Corp. Wm. E. Davis, e. April 9, 1864. 
 
 Corp. John 0. Wood, e. April 30, 1864. 
 
 Corp. S. M. Woodford, e. April 28, 1864. 
 
 Corp. Louis Wilford, e. April 28, 1864. 
 
 Corp. Geo. W. Nimocks, e. May 12, 18C4. 
 
 Corp. Samuel P. Johnson, e. April 28, 1864. 
 
 Musician Wm Engle, e. May 10, 1864. 
 
 Musician Jas. A. Clark, e. May 17, 1864. 
 
 Armstrong, D. L., e. April 28, 1864. 
 
 Allan, John B., e. May 5, 1864. 
 
 Allred, John P., e. May 9, 1864. 
 
 Bills, Neal S., e. May 10, 1864. 
 
 Burman, Louis, e. May 24, 1864. 
 
 Cooper, John, e. May 11, 1864. 
 
 Cramer, Samuel E , e. May 4, 1864. 
 
 Cramer, A. J., e. May 4, 1864. 
 
 Collier, E., e. May 24, 1864, died Aug. 27, 1864, at Helena, 
 
 Ark. 
 Derby, E., e. April 29, 1864. 
 Dorothy, C. H., e. May 26, 1864. 
 Eyer, Jacob, e. April 29, 1864. 
 Flesher, Wm. N., e. April 27, 1864. 
 Flesher, Jas. F., e. April 28. 1864. 
 Gates, Horatio, e. May 11, 1864. 
 Goe, David E., e. May 7, 1864. 
 Hall, Wni. A., e. May 9, 1864. 
 Joseph, Jno. W., e. May 10, 1864. 
 Koons, Cicero, e. April 29, 1864. 
 Mudge, H. P., e. April 29, 1864. 
 Messervey, J. M., e. April 30, 1864. 
 
 Nixon, Amos, e. May 3, 1864. 
 
 Newell, Wm. M., e. May 4,1864. 
 
 Osborn, George W., e. May 6, 1864, died Sept. 7, 1864, at 
 
 Helena, Ark. 
 Parks, Leander, e. May 7, 1864. 
 Perrine, T. B., e. May 14, 1864. 
 Pitman, A. M., e. May 3, 1864. 
 Penwell, John N., e. May 3, 1864. 
 Reed, John W., e. May 10, 1864. 
 Sires, John F.. e. May 4, 1864. 
 Sumpton, W. R., e. May 14, 1864. 
 Wilson, H. 0., e. May 7, 1864. 
 Wilson, E. C, e. May 7, 1864. 
 
 FIRST CAVALRY. 
 
 [Note. — This Regiment was mustered out at Austin, Texas, 
 
 February 15, 1S66.] 
 
 Lieut. Col. Jos. W. Caldwell, com. capt. Co. I Sept. 23, 
 1861, prmtd. maj. .\ug. 26, 1862, prmtd. lieut. col. 
 Aug. 21, 1863, wd. at Little Rock and Cajnden, m. o. 
 Sept. 24, 1864. 
 
 Com. Sergt. Daniel Easley, e. June 13, 1861. 
 
 Company A. 
 
 Corp. Samuel H. Newell, July 18, 1861. 
 
 Company H. 
 
 Sadler H. G. Bates, o. July 18, 1861, vet. Jan. 4, 1864, 
 
 trans, to V. B. C. April 28, 1865. 
 Wagoner S. S. Bates, e. July 18, 1861, vet. Jan. 4, 1864. 
 Dickson, C, e. July 18, 1861, yet. Jan. 4, 1864. 
 
 Company I. 
 
 First Lieut. Jos. H. Springer, e. as sergt. June 13, 1861, 
 
 prmtd. 1st lieut. Jan. 9, 1805. 
 Second Lieut. Wm. H. Kittcrman, com. Sept. 21, 1865^ 
 
 resd. Nov. 3, 1864. 
 Second Lieut. Samuel M. Lindsey, e. as private July 18, 
 
 1861, prmtd. 2d lieut. Jan. 9, 1865. 
 First Sergt. Benj. W. Searle, e. June 13, 1861, disd. March 
 
 13, 1863, disab. 
 Sergt. Saml. Walker, e. July 18, 1861, disd. Sept. 12, 
 
 1863, disab. 
 Sergt. Robt. P. Caldwell, e. Nov. 9, 1861. 
 Sergt. Wm. B. Brim, e. June 13, 1861, died at Mountain 
 
 Grove, Mo.. March 12, 1863. 
 Corp. Thos. J. Meyers, e. June 13, 1861. 
 Corp. P. J. B. Ping, e. Oct. 1, 1861. 
 Corp. E. P. Jobe, e. Sept. 14, 1862, died at Little Rock, 
 
 Ark. 
 Corp. Wm. Davis, e. July 18, 1861, disd. Nov. 1, 1862^ 
 
 disab. 
 Corp. A. J. Chapman, e. June 1.3, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
 Farrier R. B. Stevens, e. July 18, 1861. 
 Barnett, A. H., e. July 18, 1861. 
 Brills, N. W., e. July 18, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
 Boster, J. M., e. July 18, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
 Creamer, Theo., e. July 18, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, w^d. 
 
 at Chalk Blufl',died at Antwineville,Kau., of wds. re- 
 ceived at Camden. 
 Clark, M. S.. e. July 18, 1861, wd. at Chalk Bluff, vet. Jan. 
 
 1, 1864. 
 Clark, Wm., e. July 18, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
 Clark, Thos., e. July 18, 1861, disd. March 24, 1862, disab. 
 Dickens, Geo. W., vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
 Davis, Jno. A., e. July 18, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
 Davis, T. G., e. July 18, 1861. 
 Earl, Wm. D., e. July 18, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
 Gillespie, A. J., e. July 18, 1861. 
 Godfrey, L. N., e. July 18, 1861, vet. .Ian. 1, 1864. 
 Harris, Jos. C, e. Aug. 16, 1862, died July 7, 1863. 
 Hendrickson, Jackson, e. July 18, 1861, wd. at Little 
 
 Jobe, Jno! H.,e. Sept. 24, 1862. 
 
 Lindsey, S. M., e. July 18, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
 
 Linn, H. C, e. July 18, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
 
 Macklin, Jno. M., e. July 18, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, kid. 
 
 in action at Antwineville, Ark 
 McFarling, 0. H., e. July 18, 1861, vet. Jan."!, 1864, died 
 
 at Little Rock. 
 McGuire, Jas., e. June 13, 1861, deserted Jan. 6, 1863. 
 Myers, T. T., e. June 13, 1861. 
 Monroe, Wm. N., e. June 13, 1861, disd. March 1, 1863 
 
 disab. 
 Priest, Geo. W., e. June 13, 1861. 
 
552 
 
 WAR RECORD OF WAPELLO COUNTY, 
 
 Ping, W. N., e. June 13, 1861, disd. March 14, 1863, disab. 
 
 Phelps, A. B., e. 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
 
 Rouse, Geo. W., e. 1861. 
 
 Shreeve, Jno., e. 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
 
 Stevens, Dexter, e. Aug. 13, 1861, kid. May 25, 1862. 
 
 Sylvester, Geo. W. 
 
 Thompson, J. N., vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
 
 Company L. 
 
 Taylor, Wm. 
 
 COMPANY UNKNOWN. 
 
 Bicklev, Thos. R., e. Feb. 16, 1864. 
 Bishop, Wra. N., e. Feb. 2, 1864. 
 Crandall, H. S., e. Feb. 12, 1864. 
 Decker, David, e. Feb. 10, 1864. 
 Dowrife, Jerome, e. Feb. 13, 1864. 
 Davis, Ira A., e. June 30, 1864. 
 England, Jas. K. P., e. Jan. 25, 1864. 
 Fairburn, Hugh, e. Feb. 25, 18G4. 
 Jobe, Wm. S., e. June 30, 1864. 
 Kitterman, Jno., e. Feb. 23, 1864. 
 Lair, Edw. B., e. Jan. 15, 1864. 
 Maclin, C. W., e. Feb. 12, 1864. 
 McMains, David, e. Feb. 29, 1864. 
 Robins, A., e. Feb. 12, 1864. 
 Robinson, T. C, e. Feb. 24, 1864. 
 Vanwinkle, Wm., e. Feb. 4, 1864. 
 Vanwlnkle, Willis, e. Feb. 4, 1864. 
 Williams, Conrad, e. Feb. 10, 1864. 
 
 THIRD CAVALRY. 
 
 [Note. — This regiment woa mustered out at Atlanta, Ga., 
 August 9, 1865.] 
 
 Asst. Surg. Wm. L. Orr, com. April 21, 1862, surg. 2l8t 
 
 Inf. Dec. 2, 1862. 
 B. V. S. Willard S. Lewis, e. Sept. 3, 1861, m. o. Nov. 
 
 30, 1862. 
 
 Company D. 
 
 Sergt. F. J. Comstock, e. Aug. 24, 1861, disd. July 10, 1862, 
 
 disab. 
 Sergt. N. Barnes, e. Aug. 24, 1861, captd. at La Grange, 
 
 Ark., vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
 Corp. D. S. Beers, e. Aug. 24, 1861, wd. at Cold water, 
 
 Tenn., vet. Jan. 1, 1864, died at Macon, Ga. 
 Bugler F. M. Bush, e. Sept. 16, 1861, wd. at Pea Ridge. 
 Ball, E., e. Feb. 4, 1864, wd. at Osage, Mo. 
 Butin, C. J., e. Sept. 10, 1861, captd. at Pea Ridge. 
 Day, Jos., e. Jan. 4, 1864. 
 Deford, W., e. Aug. 24, 1861, captd. at La Grange, Ark. 
 
 vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
 Duffey, David, e. Aug. 24, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
 Fairchild, Wm. J., e. Aug. 24, 1861, died at St. Louis. 
 Gray, T. P., e. Aug. 24, 1861, kid. at battle of Pea Ridge. 
 Martindale, Wm T., e. Aug. 24, 1861, disd. June 5, 1862, 
 
 disab. 
 Martindale, Jac. C, e. Aug. 24, 1861. 
 Myrick, S. G., e. Aug. 24, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
 Sellars, John, e. Aug. 24, 1861, kid. at Pea Bidge. 
 Strange, Wm. e. Sept. 27, 1861, captd. at La Grange, Ark., 
 
 vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
 Voorhies, E., kid. at Pea Ridge. 
 
 Company E. 
 
 Eplay, Geo. W., e. Feb. 24, 1864. 
 Eplay, Thos., e. Feb. 18, 1864. 
 Fisher, Geo., e. Feb. 15, 1864. 
 King, H. M., e. Feb. 10, 1864. 
 Moore, Geo., e. March 28, 1863. 
 Sullivan, Jas., e. Feb. 15, 1864. 
 
 Company K. 
 
 First Lieut. Geo. W. Stamm, e. as Q. M.^sergt. Sept. 3, 
 
 1861, prmtd. to 1st lieut. Sept. 21, 1864? 
 Q. M. Sergt. John D. Pickett, e. Sept. 3, 1861, disd. Sept. 
 
 29, 1862, disab. 
 Sergt. W. H. Blake, e. Sept. 3, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, disd. 
 
 July 28, 1865. 
 Sergt. Thos. E. Commons, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
 Corp. A. D. Woodrufj; e. Sept. 3, 1861, disd. Sept. 18, 1862, 
 
 disab. 
 Wagoner A. K. Ewing, e. Sept. 3, 1861. 
 Austin, Wm., vet. Jan. 1, 1864, captd. at Ripley, Miss., 
 
 died at Andersonville. 
 
 Borman, T., e. Sept. 3, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, captd. at 
 Ripley, Miss., died at Wilmington, N. C. 
 
 Carlton, A., e. Feb. 29, 1864. 
 
 Commons, T. E.,e. Sept. 3. 1861. 
 
 Cuch, John, e. Sept. 3, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
 
 Day, Jos., e. Jan. 4, 1864. 
 
 Holt, Geo. W., e. Sept. 3, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
 
 Lewis, W. W., e. Feb. 29, 1864. 
 
 Millard, A., e. Sept. 3, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
 
 Mills, Jas. M., vet. Jan. 1, 1864, wd. at Gerard, Ala., died 
 at Columbus, Ga. 
 
 McQueen, Hugh, March 15, 1864. 
 
 Ortloff, August, e. Sept. 3, 1861, vet. Jan. 1. 1864. 
 
 Terrill, Robt., e. Sept. 3, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864, died at 
 Blakesburg March 27, 1864. 
 
 Company L. 
 
 Roby, F. A., e. Aug. 15, 1861, disd. Jan. 3, 1862, disab. 
 
 Williamson, N. L., vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
 
 Wilson, L. S., 6. Aug. 15, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
 
 Wilson, Jas., e. Aug. 15, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
 
 Foster, Luther. 
 
 Foster, William. 
 
 Company M. 
 
 Com. Sergt. Richard Creamer, e. Aug. 15, 1861, vet. Jan. 
 
 1, 1864. 
 Teamster A. J. Graves, e. Oct. 12, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
 
 FOURTH CAVALRY. 
 
 [Note. — This regiment was mustered out at Atlanta, Ga., 
 Aug. 10, 1865.] 
 
 Company B. 
 
 Richie, A. S., e. Aug. 26, 1S62, disd. Oct. -8, 1864. 
 
 Company C. 
 
 Ridenour, B. D., e. Aug. 26, 1862. 
 
 Company F. 
 
 Capt. Thos. J. Zollers, com. 1st lieut. prmtd. capt. Jan. 27, 
 
 1864, read. Feb. 1, 1864. 
 Capt. Newell P. Dana, e. as private Oct. 17, 1861, prmtd. 
 
 capt. Feb. 2, 1864. 
 First Lieut. Boyd P. Brim, e. as sergt. Oct. 14, 1861, prmtd. 
 
 2d lieut April 20, 1862, prmtd. 1st lieut. Feb. 6, 1863 
 
 read. May 13, 1864. ' 
 
 First Lieut. Elias B. Woodrufl, e. as sergt. Oct. 14, 1861, 
 
 prnited. 2d lieut. Feb 6, 1863, prmtd, 1st lieut. May 
 
 14, 1864. 
 Second Lieut. Wm. A. Heacock, kid. at Talbot's Ferry, 
 
 Ark., April 9, 1862. 
 Second Lieut. John T. Reynolds, e. as corp. Oct. 14, 1861, 
 
 prmtd. 2d lieut. Oct. 26, 1864. 
 Sergt. Wm. H. Heacock, e. Oct. 14,1861, died at St Louis. 
 Sergt. T. A. Cramer, e. Nov. 15, 1861, died at Keokuk. 
 Corp. Geo. W. Creath, e. Oct. 14, 1861, vet. Dec. 12, 1863. 
 Corp. Wm. M. Harsin, e. Oct. 14, 1861, died at St. Louis 
 
 April 29, 1863. 
 Corp. S. S. Woods, e. Oct. 14, 1861, vet. Dec. 12, 1863. 
 Bugler Jas. G. Henshaw, e. Oct. 17, 1861, captd. at Black 
 
 River, Miss. 
 Farrier John Dwire,e. Oct. 14, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
 Wagoner Daniel Henshaw, e. Oct. 17, 1861, disd. May 1, 
 
 1862, disab. 
 Allison, C. B., e. Oct. 14, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
 Brown, Thos., e. Oct. 17, 1861. 
 Con well, Lott, e. Oct. 17, 1861, disd. Feb. 21, 1862. 
 Clark, James, e. Oct, 14, 1861, disd. June 20, 1862. 
 Giger, B. F., e. Oct. 14, 1861. 
 Good, Jacob, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
 Hazen, Wm., e. Oct. 14, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
 Hazen, John S., e. Dec. 15, 1863. 
 Hilton, Jesse K., Oct 14, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
 Hill, Bradford, e. Oct. 14, 1861, died at Agency City, Oct. 
 
 10, 1863. 
 Hanks, Peter, e. Oct. 14, 1861, disd. Feb. 1, 1862, disab. 
 Kazebeer, David, e. Nov. 11, 1861, vet Jan. 1, 1864. 
 Miller, Robert P., e. Oct. 29, 1861. 
 McElhaney, J. A., e. Oct. 14, 1861. 
 McNair, Jas. M., c. Oct. 14, 1861, trans, to V. R. C. April 
 
 29, 1864, disd. Nov. 22, 1864. 
 Myers, Geo., e. Oct. 19, '61, disd. as musician, July 22, 'i2. 
 Terrill, S. A., e. Oct. 17, 1861, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
 
WAR RECORD OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 553 
 
 Wheuler, Wm., e. Nov. 15, 18G1, died at West Plain, Mo. 
 
 Walker, F. R., e. Oct. 14, '61, wd. atMeohanicsbiirg, Miss. 
 
 Wagers, H. B., e. Oct.t26, '61, captd. at Black River, trans, 
 to V. R. 0. April 29, 1864. 
 
 Wilbor, Alford, e. Oct. 17, 1861, disd. July 6, 1863, for pro- 
 motion in Missouri cav. regt. 
 
 Sparks, H. A., e. Sept. 4, 1862, vet Jan. 1, 1864. 
 
 Gibbs, Charles, e. Dec. 16, 1862, vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
 
 Pelham, Asbury, p. Jan. 2.5, 1864. 
 
 Company C. 
 
 Harrison, Richard, e. Oct. 14, 1861. 
 
 Company L. 
 
 Corp. Wm. W. Dull, e. Sept. 19, 1861. 
 Sergt. Samuel L. Miller, vet. Dec. 12, 1863. 
 Richie, A. S., e. Aug. 26, 1861. 
 
 Company M. 
 
 Bugler Samuel Schoonover, e. Nov. 7, '61, vot. Feb. 2, '64. 
 
 SEVENTH CAVALRY. 
 
 [Note. — Tliis regiment was mustered out at Leavemvorth, 
 Kan., May 17, 1S66.] 
 
 Col. Samuel W. Somers, com. Jan. 8, 1863, m. o. Jan. 
 
 31, 1865. 
 Maj. John S. Wood, com. capt. Co. A April 27, 1863, 
 
 prmtd. maj. July 8, 1863, m. o. Jan. 31, 1865. 
 Maj. John Wilcox, com. capt. Co; B April 27, 1863, pimtd. 
 
 maj. Nov. 27, 1865. m. o. as capt. 
 Surg. Andrew J. Wiley, com. April 3, 1863. 
 Asst. Surg. Jas. W. La Force, com. May 15, 1863, read. 
 
 Dec. 7, 1864. 
 Asst. Surg. Stephen P. Yeomans, com. July 27, 1863. 
 Adjt. Eugene S. Sheffield, com. March 1, 1863, prmtd. 2d 
 
 sergt. Co. D, 15th Inf., read. July 20, 1865. 
 Q. M. Wm. H. Northrup, com. March 25, 1863. 
 Comy. Benj. F. Giger, com. July 23,1863, prmtd. sergt. 
 
 Co. B. 
 Hosp. Steward D. S. Kees, e. March 10, 1863. 
 
 Company A. 
 
 €apt. Edward B. Murphy, com. Ist lieut. April 27, 1863, 
 prmtd. capt. July 8, 1863, resd. Dec. 23, 1865. 
 
 Capt. Thos. J. Potter, e. as gergt. Oct. 17, 1862, prmtd. 2d 
 lieut. March 10, 1865, prmtd. 1st lieut. Nov. 14, 1865, 
 pi-mtd. capt. March 10, 1866. 
 
 Second Lieut. James Grooms, e. as private Feb. 23, 1863, 
 prmtd. 2d lieut. April 14, 1866. 
 
 Q. M. Sergt. W. H. Williams, e. Sept. 12, 1862. 
 
 Sergt. Benj. Grooms, e. Feb. 23, 1863, kid. at Ft. Cotton- 
 wood by accidental explosion of shell. 
 
 Sergt. Geo. W. Ellsworth, e. Oct. 10, 1862. 
 
 Sergt. Jas. Harper, e. Sept. 16, 1862. 
 
 Corp. John M. Rupe, e. Sept. 17, 1862, died at Ft. Kear- 
 ney Dec. 19, 1862, frozen to death. 
 
 Corp. Chas. Lumkly, e. Sept. 15, 1862, disd. Nov. 6, 1865, 
 disah. 
 
 Wagoner Daniel Neill, e. Feb. 14, 1862, disd. Jan. 15, 1863, 
 disab. 
 
 Bird, M. 0., e. Oct. 29, 1862. 
 
 Buchanan, E. R., e. Sept. 14, 1862. 
 
 Cloyd, Benj., e. Sept. 19, 1862. 
 
 Casper, Rudolph, e. Sept. 24, 1862. 
 
 Coffin, T. C e. Sept. 12, 1862. 
 
 Hiatte, Stephen, e. Oct. 15, 1862. 
 
 Hartshorn, Edw., e. Oct. 21, 1862. 
 
 Johnston, C. H., e. Jan. 6, 1862. 
 
 Lynch, John, e. Feb. 16, 1862. 
 
 JIcGee, Wm., e. Sept. 15, 1862. 
 
 Munn, Wm. E., e. Sept. 15, 1862. 
 
 Peterson, E., e. Oct. 2, 1862. 
 
 Riker, Henry, e. Oct. 15, 1862. 
 
 Rodgers, Martin, e. Jan. 8, 1862, died April 26, 1865, at 
 Fremont. 
 
 Ross, John, e. Nov. 6, 1862. 
 
 Rupe, Israel, e. Sept. 17, 1862. 
 
 Rhoads, J., e, Feb. 25, 1862, disd. Aug. 1, 1863, disab. 
 
 Stanley, J. W., e. Sept. 15, 1862. 
 
 Shirky, John B., e. Sept. 27. 1862, disd. Oct. 23, 1865, 
 disab. 
 
 Tunis, John L., e. Sept. 16, 1862, disd. Nov. 29, 1864, 
 disab. 
 
 Wilkson, I. E., e. Nov. 17, 1862. 
 Wilksou, R. J. A., e. Sept. 15, 1862. 
 Williams, Robert L., e. March 28, 1864. 
 
 Company. B. 
 
 Capt. Thos. S. Parker, e.as sergt. Jan. 26, 1863, prmtd. 2d 
 lieut. Aug. 24, 1864, prmtd. 1st lieut. Nov. 29, 1864, 
 prmtd. capt. Dec. 11, 1865. 
 First Lieut. John M. Phillips, com. April 27, 1863, read. 
 
 Nov. 28, 1864. 
 Second Lieut. Francis J. Comstock, com. Jan. 20, 1863, 
 
 resd. Aug. 23, 1 864. 
 Second Lieut. Geo. E. Rutin, e. as comy. sergt. Nov. 7, 
 
 1862, prmtd. 2d lieut. Dec. 11, 1865. 
 Sergt. Josiah C. Davis, e. March 21, 1863. 
 Corp. Daniel L. McLain, e. Nov. 7, 1862. 
 Corp. A. A. Davis, e. Nov. 7, 1862. 
 Corp. Geo. L. Nye, o. March 15, 1863. 
 Corp. John A. Pinegar, e. March 1, 1863, wd. at Plum 
 
 Creek, disd. June 1, 1865, wds. 
 Corp. Thos. L. Speed, e. Nov. 1, 1862. 
 Corp. John H. Morris, e. Oct. 28, 1862. 
 Trumpeter J. B. Summers, e April 5, 1863, deserted Aug. 
 
 10, 1863. 
 Trumpeter L. C. Williams, e. Nov. 6, 1862. 
 Wagoner W. H. Wagoner, e. Nov. 2, 1862. 
 Anthony, Wm., e. Oct. 29, 1862. 
 Billings, S., e. Nov. 1, 1862. 
 Billings, L. W., e. Nov. 1, 1862. 
 
 Clark, Rob. E., e. Feb. 11, 1863, kid. at Ft. Heath Jan. 18. 
 1866, while in act of resenting treatment of superior 
 officers. 
 Clark, Joel, e. Nov. 8, 1862. 
 Culbertaon, A., e. March 10, 1863. 
 Culbertson, Geo. W. B., e. March 11, 1863. 
 Davis, J. C, e. March 21, 1863. 
 
 Edwards, M., e. Feb. 18, 1863. 
 Foster, James, e. March 1, 1863. 
 
 Fisk, F. C, e. Nov. 8, 1862. 
 
 Hoover, Moses, e. Jan. 21, 1863. 
 
 Mobley, J. C, e. Nov. 6, 1862. 
 
 Mohley, S. P., e. Oct. 27, 1862. 
 
 Mobley, Geo. G., e. Jan. 1.5, 1863. 
 
 McMillin, LeGrand, e. Nov. 6, 1862. 
 
 McFarland, John D., e. Feb. 14, 1863. 
 
 Roberts, S., e. Oct. 29, 1862. 
 
 Starkey, Caleb, e. Nov. 8, 1862, disd. Nov. 24, 1863, disab. 
 
 Sperry, John, e. Nov. 8, 1862. 
 
 Simmons, T. P., e. Feb. 18, 1863. 
 
 Thompson, Jas. A., e. Feb 5, 1863. 
 
 Tenel, Leander, e. April 5, 1863. 
 
 Vance, E. D., e. Nov. 6, 1862. 
 
 Wilson, Erastus, e. Feb. 17, 1863. 
 
 Company C. 
 
 Capt. Jonathan C. Mitchell, com. April 28, 1863, dis- 
 missed Aug. 19, 1864. 
 
 Capt. Harrison W. Cremer.com. 1st lieut. April 28, 1863, 
 prmtd. capt. Aug. 2U, 1864. 
 
 Q. M. Sergt. Wm. P. Millisack, e. Dec. 1, 1862, died at Ft. 
 Cottonwood. 
 
 Sergt. Moses S. Ramsel, e. Nov. 4, 1862. 
 
 Sergt. Peter Wade, e. Jan. 1, 1863. 
 
 Corp. Jas. K. Deford, e. Dec. 16, 1862. 
 
 Corp. Smith E. Forbes, e. Jan. 1, 1863. 
 
 Corp. Benj. M. Lyon, e. Nov. 6, 1862, died at Fort Cotton- 
 wood. 
 
 Trumpeter Isaac Beck, e. Nov. 14, 1862. 
 
 Farrier Wm. H. McMickle, e. Nov. 27, 1862. 
 
 Crandall, H. L., e. Jan. 1, 1863. 
 
 Dethridge, Joseph M., e. Feb. 13, 1863, disd. June 3, I860, 
 disab. 
 
 Dopp, Chas., e. Nov. 18, 1862. 
 
 Davidson, H., e. March 20,1863. 
 
 Engle, H. M., e. March 10, 1863. 
 
 Eastham, Wm. T., e. Dec. 25, 1862. 
 
 Hondyshell, S. H., e. Nov. 20, 1863. 
 
 Hill, A. J., e. Dec. 9, 1862, disd. June 6, 1865, disab. 
 
 Hanks, Peter, 0. March 18, 1863. 
 
 Johnson, I. L., e. Jan. 8, 1863. 
 
 Kimpson, Hugh, e. March 21, 1863. 
 
 McClintock, A., Nov. 7, 1862. ■ ^ ^ ,, 
 
 Moshier, Wm. R., e. Nov. 27, 1862, kid. at Ft. Cotton- 
 wood. 
 
 Simpson, M-, e. Nov. 18, 1862. 
 
 Stewart, Jos., e. Nov. 20, 1862. 
 
 Shirkey, Hiram, e. Dec. 21, 1862. 
 
554 
 
 WAR RECORD OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 Tannahill, H., e. March 'i4, 1864, died at Ft. Cotton- 
 wood. 
 Vinson, Geo., e. March 10, 1863. 
 Wyatt, Saml., e. Dec. 29, 1862. 
 Tannahill, John L., e. March 24, 1864. 
 
 Company D. 
 
 First Lieut. W. N. Monroe, com. April 28, 1863, resd. Aug. 
 
 23, 1864. 
 Sergt. John S. Wellman, e. March 10, 1863. 
 Cooper, L., e. April 1, 1863. 
 Grogor, Richard, e. March 1, 1863. 
 Jones, Daniel, e. Feb. 11, 1863. 
 Kees, D. S., e. March 10, 1863. 
 Luallen, Pleasant, e. Jan. 10, 1863. 
 Moore, Wm. T., e. March 10, 1863. 
 Thornburg, A. G., e. March 15, 1863. 
 Thatcher, C. A., e. Jan. 15, 1863. 
 Williams, John, e. April 2, 1863. 
 
 Company E. 
 
 Capt. George P. Norris, com. 1st. lieut. Jan. 3, 1863, prmtd. 
 
 capt. June 3, 1865. 
 Sergt. Benj. F. Giger, e. Nov. 14, 1862. 
 Corp. Lewis George, e. May 11, 1803. 
 Frary, Edgar, e. March 20, 1864, disd. date unknown. 
 Fisher, John J., e. March 12, 1863. 
 Flerer, Wm. e. March 27, 18G4, disd. Aug. 10, 1864. 
 Hulcomb, S. A., e. Feb. 18, 1863. 
 
 Roach, John C, e. April 1, 1863, deserted June 9, 1863. 
 Thompson, J., e. April 5, 1863, disd. April 20, 1865. 
 
 Company F. 
 
 Corp. George Butler, e. June 1, 1863. 
 
 Jordon, J., e. June 1, '63, kid. in action at Julesburg, 0. T. 
 
 Company G. 
 
 Collins, H. AV., e. May 28, 1803. 
 Thomas, W. D., e. March 24, 1863. 
 
 Company H. 
 
 Second Lieut. Allen Ellsworth, com. July 13, 1863, from 
 
 sergt. Co. disd. C, July 9, 1864. 
 Sergt. N. F. Munro, e. June 17, 1863. 
 Corp. Z. H. Bones, e. May 28, 1863. 
 Large, Wm., e. June 18, 1863. 
 Wellman, McG. W., e. June 23, 1S63. 
 
 Company L. 
 
 Crawford, Geo., e. March 1, 1864. 
 
 Crowley, Patrick, e. Feb. 29, 1864, disd. May 16, '65, disab. 
 
 Dulin, James, e. March 4, 1864. 
 
 Israel, A. A., e. March 19, 1864. 
 
 Lock, E. M., e. March 19, 1804. 
 
 Magee, John, e. March 11, 1864, kid. accidentally, March 
 
 12, 1804. 
 Nye, John W., e. Feb. 29, 1864. 
 Turner, L. G., e. Feb. 25, 1864. 
 Thompson, Wm. E., e. March 4, 1864. 
 Ward, N. W., e. Feb. 29, 1864. 
 
 COMPANY UNKNOWN. 
 
 Bucher, Richard, e. March 26, 1864. 
 Baker, David, e. April 16, 1864. 
 Clark, John M., e. March 25, 1864. 
 Dowing, Geo. W., e. March 21, 1864. 
 Doll, L. H., e. March 26, 1864. 
 Forsythe, T. I., o. March .30, 1864. 
 March, N. B., e. March 31, 1S64. 
 Mace, H. L., e. March 25, 1864. 
 Mace, R., e. March 25, 1864. 
 Noe, Samuel, e. March 27, 1864. 
 Swinford, John R., e. March 25, 1864. 
 Vance, 0. H., e. March 23, 1864. 
 
 EIGHTH CAVALRY. 
 
 [Note. — This Regiment was mustered out at Macon, Ga., 
 Aug. 13, 1865.1 
 
 Q. M. John Q. A. Dawson, com. Sept. 17, 1863, resd. 
 March 29, 1864. 
 
 Company B. 
 
 Capt. Wm. H. Evans, com. Sept. 30, 1863, wd. at Camp- 
 bellsville, Tenn., resd. March 9, 1865 
 
 First Lieut. John T. Ware, e. as 1st sergt. June 17, 1863, 
 prmtd. 2d lieut. April 2, 1864, prmtd. Ist lieut. Aug. 
 13, 1864. 
 
 Second Lieut. D<aniel Henshaw, com. sergt. Sept. 30, 1863, 
 resd. April 1, 1864. 
 
 Q. M. Sergt. Richard D. Williams, e. June 8, 1863. 
 
 Com. Sergt. Jas. A. Allison, e. June 13, 1863. 
 
 Sergt. Samuel F. Craig, e. June 10, 1863, eaptd. at New- 
 nan, Ga. 
 
 Sergt. C. R. Kinkade, e. June 24, 1863, kid. at Florence, 
 Ala 
 
 Sergt. Geo. W. Stephens, e. June 15, 1863. 
 
 Sergt. John P. Glenn, e. June 26, 1863, trans, to Inv. 
 Corps July 30, 1864. 
 
 Corp. R. W. Hamilton, e. June 20, 1863. 
 
 Corp. T. J. Haywood, e. Aug. 4, 1863. 
 
 Corp. R. M. Young, e. June 20, 1863. 
 
 Corp. John C. McDole, e. July 6, 1863. 
 
 Corp. W. Catlin, e. Aug. 14, 1863. 
 
 Trumpeter A. J. Graham, e. June 20, 1863, captd. at New- 
 nan, Ga. 
 
 Wagoner Thomas B. Cale, e. June 14, 1863, trans, to- Inv. 
 Corps April 30, 1864. 
 
 Burton, E. L., e. June 20, 1863, captd. at Newnan, Ga. 
 died at Annapolis. 
 
 Bynim, E. L., e. July 6, 1863. 
 
 Byrum, L. E., e. Aug. 15, 1863, captd. at Newnan, Ga. 
 
 Babb, H. C, e. June 22, 1863, wd. at Cassville, Ga. 
 
 Conwell, John W., e. Aug. 6, 1863, wd. at Nashville, trans, 
 to Inv. Corps April 2, 1865. 
 
 Conwell, Lott, e. Aug. 10, 1863. 
 
 Cline, Simeon, e. Aug. 2, 1863. 
 
 Cotter, James, e. Aug. 25, 1863. 
 
 Fetter, A. J., e. June 20, 1863. 
 
 Frisby, Wm., e. June 22, 1863, died at Nashville. 
 
 GrifiBs, Wm. B., e. June 20, 1863, disd. Oct. 30, 1863. 
 
 Glenn, Jos. N., e. June 26, 1863. 
 
 Gladson, Wm. P., e. June 17, 1863. 
 
 Gettys, L. N., e. Aug. 15, 1863. 
 
 Hale", M., e. July 8, 1863, died at Kingston, Ga. 
 
 Hill, A. M., e. June 20, 1863. 
 
 Harris, B., e. Aug. 1, 1863, captd. at Sipsy River, Ala. 
 
 Howe, Geo., e. Aug. 8, 1863, captd. at Sipsy River, Ala. 
 
 Hand, E., e. Aug. 17, 1863, captd. at Sipsy River, Ala. 
 
 Jourdon, John W., e. June 29, 1863. 
 
 Jourdon, B. F., e. Julv 23, 1863, captd. at Newnan, Ga. 
 
 Kerr, H. J., e. Aug. 11, 1863. 
 
 Lewis, Geo., e. July 8, 1863, died at Nashville, Tenn. 
 
 Land, James, e. June 26, 1863. 
 
 Myers, J. C, e. July 4, 1863. 
 
 Moffat, Jos., e. June 20, 1863, captd. at Sipsy River, Ala. 
 
 Moffatt, Saml., e. June 20, '63, captd. at Sipsy River, Ala. 
 I Olney, L. W., e. July 6, 1863. 
 I Packer, F. G., e. July 19, 1863. 
 
 Pollard. D. H., e. July 4, 1863. 
 i Roberts, P. H., e. Julv 10, 1863. 
 I Roberts, Wm. A., e. July 6, 1863. 
 ! Rouze, Joseph E., e. June 20. 1863, wd. at Flerence, Ala. 
 
 Rhodes, J. Q., e. July 24, 1863, captd. at Newnan, Ga. 
 
 Shippv, S. R., e. June 11, 1863. 
 
 Stuber, F., e. June 13, 1863. 
 
 Sackett, Alex., e. Aug. 5, 1863, captd. at Newnan, Ga. 
 
 Tharp, L. A., e. Julv 24, 1863. 
 
 Taylor, Samuel, e. July 21, 1863. 
 
 Wilkins, G. W., e. June 10, 1863. 
 
 Wilson, Alfred, e. June 20, 1863, captd. at Newnan, Ga. 
 
 Wolf, H. 0., e. July 6, 1863, died at Nashville. 
 
 Wilkins, Ralph, e. Julv 15, 1863, wd., died at Keokuk. 
 
 Wolf, H. D., e. July 6, 1863, captd. at Newnan, Ga., died 
 at Wilmington, N. C. 
 
 Company H. 
 
 Barrows, Jas. C, e. July, 1863. 
 
 Beed, Geo. J., e. Aug., 1863, captd. at Newnan, Ga. 
 
 Company L. 
 
 Capt. Aaron Piiiney, com. Sept. 30, 1863. 
 
 Second Lieut. Newton Doggett, e. as sergt. Aug. 8, 1863, 
 captd. at Newnan, Ga., prmtd. 2d lieut. Aug. 28, 1865. 
 
 Sergt. H. D. Owen, e. June 9, 1863, captd. at Newnan, Ga. 
 
 Sergt. John Underwood, e. June 11, 1863, died at Nash- 
 ville. 
 
 Corp. John Clark, e. July 15, 1863, captd. at Newnan, Ga. 
 
 Saddler N. W. Collier, e. June 10, 1863. 
 
WAR RECORD OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 555 
 
 Wagoner E. Ashcraft, e. June 13, 1863. 
 
 Barnett, 0. P., e. June 28, 1863. 
 
 Backus, Jas. M., e. July 27, 1863, captd. at Kingston, Ga., 
 
 died at Andersonville. 
 Cochran, Jas. H., e. Aug. 17, 1863, wd. at Florence. 
 Duley, John M., e. July 8, 1803. 
 Gotte, Joseph, e. June 27, 1863. 
 Goodwin, 0., e. Aug. 4, 1863. 
 Ilendren, E. K., e. June 19, 1863. 
 Hazlett, E. C, e. June 14, 1863. 
 Hendricks, W. A., e. Sept. 2, 1863. 
 Jewett, A., e. June 10, 1863. disd. Aug. 11, 1864, disab. 
 Klingler, Geo. W., e. June 10, 1863. 
 Merryfield, John F., e. Aug. 10, 1863. 
 Morrow, Samuel E., e. July 20, 1863. 
 Manro, Geo. W., e. Aug. 17, 1863, wd. at Campbellville, 
 
 Tenn. 
 McCormick, S., e. July 27, 1863. 
 Mercer, B. C, e. Aug. 11, 1863. > 
 McVey, H. K., e. Aug., 1863. 
 Packer, A., e. June 10, 1863, disd. April 27, 1864. 
 Place, Jolin W., e. July 10, 1863. 
 Peterson, John A., e. July 8, ^ 863, wd. at Cypress Creek, 
 
 Ala. 
 Renfro, John B., e. July 22, 1863. 
 Sheafer, P. M., e. July 27, 1863. 
 Thompson, T. J., e. July 12, 1863. 
 Taylor, John W., e. June 1.5, 1863. 
 Whipple, Joseph, e. Aug. 20, 1863. 
 
 Company M. 
 
 Saddler Geo. W. Lindsay, e. July 9, 1863. 
 
 NINTH CAVALRY. 
 
 [Note. -The volunteers of this regiment tuere mustered out 
 at Little liock, Feb. 3, 1SG6 ; field staff and Companies A 
 C and D, Feb. 28; Company I, March 15; Company B 
 March '2S.] 
 
 Company B. 
 
 Sergt. William Ware, e. Oct. 9, 1863. 
 
 Company C. 
 
 First Lieut. Thomas J. Reigart, com. Nov. 30, 1863, res. 
 
 May 22, 186.5. 
 Sergt. William M. Gill, e. Aug. 18, 1863. 
 Corp. John B. Brown, e. Aug. 12, 1863. 
 Farrier G. C. Bell, e. Sept. 25, 1863. 
 Batson, Henry, e. Aug. 16, 1863. 
 Carhartt, Clay, e. Oct. 10, 1863. 
 
 Carver, J. H., e. Oct. 5, 1863, died at Little Rock, Ark. 
 Godfrey, I. I., e. Oct. 6, 1863. 
 King, Charles, e. Sept. 5, 1863. 
 MuUeni.x, David, e. Aug. 21, 1863. 
 Randolph, I., e. Aug. 12, 1863. 
 Wolfe, Levi, e. Sept. 12, 1863. 
 Williams, Thomas, e. Sept. 26, 1863. 
 
 Company I. 
 
 Capt. Cyrus C. Bitner, cum. Nov. 30, 1863, resd. Aug. 3, '64. 
 First Lieut. Thomas J. Lafferty, com. Nov. 30, 1863, resd. 
 
 July •n, 1864. 
 First Lieut. John H. Killinbargar, e. as sergt. Oct. 15, 
 
 1863, prmtd. 1st lieut. May 10, 1865. 
 Sergt. Elias VVhited, e. Sept. 1, 1863, died at Memphis. 
 Sergt. C. M. Lazenby, e. Sept. 1, 1863. 
 Corp. John P. Heskett, e. Sept. 1, 1863. 
 Corp. Mahlon Lappin, e. Sept. 1, 1863. 
 Corp. F. A. Jones, e. Sept. 16, 1863., 
 Corp. Harry Jones, e. Sept. 15, 1863. 
 Corp. James F. Askey, e. Sept. 1, 1863. 
 Farrier Wm. W. Napier, e. Sept. 15, 1803. 
 Wagoner Michael Burk, e. Sept. 21, 1863. 
 Annaws, W. N., e. Sept.:29, 1863. 
 
 Carson, James, e. Sept. 11, 1863, disd. May 5, 1864, disab. 
 Crowl, J. E., e. Oct. 15, 1863. 
 Faris, William, e. Oct. 21, 1863. 
 Marshall, J. N., e. Oct. 1, 1863. 
 McMaster, W. B., e. Nov. 23, 1863. 
 Phillips, S. B., e. Oct. 16, 1863. 
 Pike, H. C, e. Sept. 15, 1863. 
 Porter, J. H., e. Oct. 31, 1863. 
 Powelson, L., Oct. 5, 1863. 
 
 Pyatt, John, e. Sept. 30, 1863. 
 
 Begester, J. E., e. Oct. 15, 1863. 
 
 Buffcorn, W. H.,e. Oct. 15, 1863, died at Eddyville, June 
 
 8, 1864. 
 Salon, J. W., e. Sept. 10, 1863. 
 Ward, Simon, e. Oct. 10, 1863. 
 Ward, J. M., e. Oct. 10, 1863. 
 
 Company K. 
 
 First Lieut. Wallace B. Goodal, com. 1st lieut. from Regt. 
 
 Q. M. sergt. Sept. 19, 1865. 
 Brown, C, e. Oct. 28, 1S63. 
 EUer, C, e. Oct. 28, 1863. 
 
 Company M. 
 
 Pumroy, John, com. Nov. 30, 1862, died at Ottumwa. 
 
 Q. M. Sergt. Henry Simons, e. Aug. 21, 1863. 
 
 Sergt. Sidney A. Jones, e. Aug. -25, 1863. 
 
 Sergt. Merritt M. Ford, e. Aug. 4, 1863, died at Ottumwa, 
 
 Feb. 19, 1805. 
 Corp. E. T. Muna, e. Aug, 25, 1863. 
 Trumpeter W. J. Osterhaut, e. Sept. 1, 1863. 
 Adams, J. J., e. Sept. 14, 1863. 
 Allen, J. S., e. July 29, 1863. 
 Burns, Hugh, e. Sept. 14, 1863. 
 Fightmaster, Alexander, e. July 22, 1863. 
 Kibler, J. D., e. Aug. 4, 1863. 
 Osterhaut, C. E., e. July 22, 1863, kid. at Lewisburg, Ark., 
 
 shot by guard during a riot. 
 Pegg, W. J., e. Nov. 11, 1863. 
 Payne, J. J., e. Aug. 28, 1863. 
 Parsons, J. A., e. Aug. 12, 1863. 
 Wolf, John, e. Oct. 9, 1863. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 First Infantry. 
 
 Hoag, Stephen, e. April 23, 1861, m. o. Aug. 25, 1861. 
 Ott, Gottfred, e. Aug. 23, 1861, m. o. Aug. 25. 1861. 
 Beltzer, John, e. April 20, 1861, m. o. Aug. 25, 1861. 
 Brown, Edward P., e. April 20, 1861, m. o. Aug. 25, 1861. 
 
 Third Infantry. 
 
 Nidiver, Geo. M., e. June 1, 1861, m. o. June or July, 1864. 
 
 Fourtli Infantry. 
 
 [Note.— TAts regiment was mustered at Louisville, Ku., 
 July ^U, 1S65.] 
 
 Corp. Thos. Pomeroy, e. July 4, 1861, trans, to Inv. Corps. 
 
 McGraw, John, e. Dec. 6, 1861. 
 
 Atkinson, John W., e. Sept. 18, 1862. 
 
 Allen, Wm. W., e. Sept. 18, 1862. 
 
 Allen, John L., e. Sept. 18, 1862. 
 
 Bigham, Robert, e. June 16, 1864. 
 
 Crawford, E. M., e. Sept. 15, 1862. 
 
 Case, D. T., e. Sept. 15, 1862. 
 
 Dutton, Jeremiah, e. Sept. 18, 1862. 
 
 Foster, Torrence, e. Sept. 18, 1862. 
 
 Gibbs, F. M., e. Sept. 18, 1862. 
 
 Greenlee, M., e. Sept. 18, 1862. 
 
 Gornes, Jas. B., e. Sept. 18, 1862. 
 
 Hawk, Wm., e. Sept. 18, 1862. 
 
 Lewellen, Wm. T., e. Sept. 18, 1862. 
 
 Laing, Geo. J., e. Sept. 18, 1862. 
 
 Millard, John H., e. Sept. 18, 1862. 
 
 Nelson, N. G., e. Sept. 18, 1862. 
 
 Pennebaker, Wm., e. Sept. 18, 1862. 
 
 Poplin, R. G. JI., e. Sept. 18, 1862. 
 
 Ratclifl'e, Wm. A., e. Sept. 18, 1862. 
 
 Robinson, Wm., e. Sept. 18, 1862. 
 
 Rush, Frederick, e. Sept. 18, 1862. 
 
 Shumord, John L., e. Sept. 18, 1862. 
 
 Sixth Infantry. 
 
 Corp. Hiram Hull, e. July 1, 1861, disd. Nov. 25, 1862, 
 
 disab. 
 Brown, Geo. A., e. July 1, 1861, wd. April 6, 1862. m. o. 
 
 July 24, 1865. 
 Bradley, E. P., vet. Jan. 1, 1864, wd., m. o. July 24, 1865. 
 McGonegal, , vet. Jan. 1, 1864. 
 
 Eighth Infantry. 
 
 Cummins, W. H., e. 1861, captd. at Shiloh, April 6, 1862, 
 vet. Jan. 1, 1864, m. o. April 20, 1866. 
 
556 
 
 WAR RECORD OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 First Lieut. J. G. Harrow, corn. Sei)t. 2.3, 1861, read. Dec. 
 
 31, 1861. 
 Dougherty, Wm., e. Aug. 10, 1861, m. o. April 20, 1866. 
 Grier, Geo., died Dec. 26, 1864, of wds. 
 Johnson, Wm., e. Aug. 10, 1861, m. o. April 20, 1866. 
 
 Tenth Infantry. 
 
 Holland, J. W., e. Aug. 22, 1861, m. o. Aug. 15, 1865. 
 
 Eleventh Infantry. 
 
 Second Lieut. Wm. M. Twiggs, e. Sept. 17, 1861, com. Oct. 
 3, 1861, was private in Co. C, 1st Inf., m. o. July 15, 
 
 1865. 
 
 Thirteenth Infantry, 
 
 Asst. Surg. Seneca B. Thrall, com. Aug. 19, 1862, resd. 
 
 April 4, 1864. 
 Reed, D. M., e. Oct. 10, 1861, vet. Dec. 1, 1863, m. o. July 
 
 21, 1865. 
 
 Fourteenth Infantry. 
 
 Musician Francis W. Kimble, e. Oct. 15, 1862, m. o. Nov. 
 
 16, 1864. 
 Littlefield, Wm. C, e. Oct. 17, 1862, m. o. Nov. 16, 1864. 
 Bartholomew, Robt., e. Oct. 18, 1861, missing at Shiloh, 
 
 died Aug. 5, 1863. 
 Bearden, Wm.,e.0ct.l7, 1861, captd. at Shiloh. 
 Turner, Hiram, e. Oct. 1, 1861, died at Macon May 19, '62. 
 Clark, W. F., e. March 28, 1862. 
 
 Twenty-first Infantry. 
 
 Surg. Wm. L. Orr, com. Dec. 2, 1862, from asst. surg. 3d 
 Cav. resd. Oct. 29, 1864. 
 
 Twenty-third Infantry. 
 
 Browning, W. S., e. March 29, 1864, m. o. July 26, 1865. 
 
 Twenty-eighth Infantry. 
 
 Hunter, Jos., e. Dec. 12, 1863, wd. Sept. 19, 1864, m. o. 
 
 July 31, 1865. 
 Murphy, L M., e. Dec. 12, 1863, disd. Nov. 23, 1864. 
 
 Twenty-ninth Infantry. 
 
 Thompson, John E., e. Feb. 14, 1864, m. o. Aug. 10, 1865. 
 
 Thirtieth Infantry. 
 
 Asst. Surg. J. C. Stoddard, com. Feb. 17, 1863, com. de- 
 clined and canceled. 
 
 Bryant, Benj., e. Aug. 9, 1862, trans, to Inv. Corps. 
 
 Berry, John P., e. Aug. 9, 1862, m. o. June 5, 1865. 
 
 Corp. Thos. B. Fleanor, e. Aug. 22, 1862, m. o. June 5, 
 1865. 
 
 Carr, Arthur, e. Aug. 14, 1862, died April 17, 1863. 
 
 Jackson, Geo. W., e. Aug. 17, 1862, died May 20, 1863. 
 
 Thirty-third Infantry. 
 
 Smith, Marion, e. March 22, 1864, m. o. July 17, 1865. 
 Trent, Josiah, e. Feb. 2, 1864, m. o. July 17, 1865. 
 Brooks, Peter, e. Feb. 4, 1864, m. o. July 17, 1865. 
 Mitchell, Wm. W., e. Feb. 2, 1864, m. o. July 17, 1865. 
 Trent, John, e. Feb. 2, 1864, m. o. July 17, 1865. 
 
 Forty-fourth Infantry. 
 
 Middleton, Loomis, e. May 7, 1864, m. o. Sept. 15, 1864. 
 
 Forty-fifth Infantry. 
 
 Wallace, A. A., e. April 30, 1864, m. o. Sept. 16, 1864. 
 
 Forty-eighth Infantry. 
 
 Parsons, Jas., e. June 3, 1864, m. o. Oct. 21, 1864. 
 
 Second Cavalry. 
 
 Larimore, M. K.. e. March 10, 1862, died at Hambure. 
 Tenn. ^' 
 
 Gartner, D. M., e. March 10, 1862, m. o. Sept. 19, 1865. 
 Fuller, S. J., e. March 19, 1862, died June 13, 1864. 
 Lewis, Rufus, e. Aug. 3, 1862, m. o. Sept. 19, 1865. 
 
 Margaretz, Herman, e. April 1, 1862, missing in battle 
 
 of Boonesville July 1, 1862. 
 Samuel G. Vannice, e. March 1, 1864, died March 22, 1865, 
 
 at Eastport, Miss., as 1st sergt. 
 
 Fifth Cavalry. 
 
 Bell, Dora, m. o. Aug. 11, 1865. 
 Besco, Henry, disd. Feb 7, 1862. 
 Leonard, Thos., disd. April 27, 1862. 
 Coan, W. S., e. March 17, 1864, m. o. Aug. 11, 1865. 
 Perrin, F., e. March 27, 1864, m. o. Aua;. 11, 1865. 
 Guinn, Wm., e. March 30, 1864, m. o. Aug. 11, 1865. 
 Guinn, John C, e. March 30, 1864, m. o. Aug. 11, 1865. 
 Lynch, Jacob, e. March 30, 1864, m. o. Aug. 11, 1865. 
 Lynch, Wm. M., e. March 30, 1864, m. o. Aug. 11, 1865. 
 Staton, Wm. M., e. March 30, 1864, m. o. Aug. 11, 1865. 
 Thompson, J. S., e. March 30, 1864, m. o. Aug. 11, 1865. 
 
 First Battery Light Artillery. 
 
 Jr. Second Lieut. D. M. Parks, e. at sergt., 1861,prmtd 2d 
 
 lieut. March 19, 1864, resd. June 14, 1864. 
 Jr. Second Lieut. Jas. Thomas, e. as private, 1861, prmtd. 
 
 2d lieut. June 13, 1865. 
 Sergt. W. M. Van Zant, died Feb. 12, 1864, at St. Louis. 
 Sergt. D. M. Sparks, m. o. July 5, 1865. 
 Corp. Chas. R. Parks, died at Milliken's Bend, La., March 
 
 7,1802. 
 Artf. Benj. Corbin, wd. and disd. June 16, 1863, disab. 
 Gardner, J. M., m. o. July 5, 1865. 
 Halsted, Wm. D., wd., m. o. July 5, 1865. 
 King, Fletcher, died April 29, 1864, at Agency City. 
 Mills, Wm. H., died Nov. 5, 1862, at Helena, Ark. 
 Parkhurst, Reese, kid. at Pea Ridge. 
 Rush, Ross, wd. at Vicksburg. 
 Temple, Jas. A.,m. o. July 5, 1865. 
 Tosh, Geo. T., m. o. July 5, 1865. 
 Day, Henry, m. o. July 5, 1865. 
 
 Even, Thompson, e. Dec. 22, 1863, m. o. July 5, 1865. 
 Ferris, S. R., e. Oct. 10, 1864, m. o. July 5, 1865. 
 Thomas, Even, e. Dec. 22, 1863, m. o. July 5, 1865. 
 Gales, Washington, e. Oct. 10, 1864, disd. June 6, 1865, 
 
 disab. 
 
 Fourth Battery. 
 
 Hobbs, Wm. T., e. Aug. 27, 1863, m. o. July 14, 1865. 
 Logan, Jacob, e. Aug. 21, 1863, m. o. July 14, 1865. 
 Mounts, John S., e. Aug. 18, 1863, m. o. July 14, 1865. 
 
 First Iowa Infantry (A. D.) 
 
 Sergt. Wm. Phillips, e. Aug. 29, 1863, m. o. Oct. 15, 1865. 
 
 Bedinger, Jep., e. Aug. 25, 1863, died Nov. 3, 1864, at Hel- 
 ena, Ark. 
 
 Carroll. Jas., e. Aug. 20, 1863, m. o. Oct. 15, 1865. 
 
 Harrison, H., e. Aug. 20, 1863, died July 29, '64, at Helena, 
 Ark., of wds. 
 
 Lewis, Robert, e. Aug. 25, 1863, died Sept. 1, 1864, at Hel- 
 ena, Aik. 
 
 McBride, Hiram, e. Aug. 25, 1863. died Aug. 10, 1864, at 
 Helena, Ark. 
 
 Basket, N., e. Sept. 2, 1863, m. o. Oct. 15, 1865. 
 
 Buck, Moses, e. Sept. 2, 1863, m. o. Oct. 15, 1865. 
 
 Brown, Benj., e. Sept. 24, 1863, m. o. Oct. 15, 1865. 
 
 Davis, Wm., e. Sept. 2, 1863, m. o. Oct. 15, 1865. 
 
 Holloway, J., e. Aug. 28, 1863, m. o. Oct. 15, 1865. 
 
 Lewis, CUas., e. Sept. 4, 1863, ni. o. Oct. 15, 1865. 
 
 Second Cavalry, M. S. M. 
 
 Hendricks, A. E., e. Feb. 13, 1862. 
 
 Twenty-fifth Missouri Infantry. 
 
 First Lieut. W. H. P. Norris, e. July 26,1861, prmtd. from 
 2d sergt. Co. K, 2d Inf , Aug. 6, 1861. 
 
 Tenth III. Cavalry. 
 
 Doonegan, W., e. Aug. 16, 1862. 
 
 Twenty-fifth III. infantry. 
 
 West, A. J. 
 
 Thirty-fifth III. Infantry. 
 
 Toll. Wm. M., e. July 3, 1861. 
 
BIOGRAPHICAL DIRECTOEY. 
 
 ^^BBR.E'VI^TIOlSrS 
 
 agt agent 
 
 carp carpenter 
 
 elk clerk 
 
 Co company or county 
 
 dlr dealer 
 
 far farmer 
 
 gro.V... grocer 
 
 I. V. A Iowa Volunteer Artillery 
 
 I. V. C Iowa Volunteer Cavalry 
 
 I. Y. I Iowa Volunteer Infantry 
 
 lab laborer 
 
 mach machinist 
 
 mech mechanic 
 
 mer merchant 
 
 nifr manufacturer 
 
 mkr maker 
 
 p. Post Office 
 
 prop proprietor 
 
 S. or Sec Section 
 
 St street 
 
 gupt superintendent 
 
 Treas Treasurer 
 
 OTTUMWA CITY. 
 
 A DLER, P. E., saloon. 
 
 ABEIil^, O. K., dealer in groceries 
 and provisions ; born in Framingham 
 Mass., Oct. 12, 1835 ; when he was 
 
 , quite young, his parents removed to 
 Hartford, Conn. He enlisted in the fall 
 of 1861 in the 1st Conn. Battery ; 
 served three years ; was in all engage- 
 ments his battery participated in. Came 
 to Ottumwa in the spring of 1867 ; in 
 present business ever since. Married 
 Emily P. Pitkin in 1866 ; she was born 
 in East Hartford, Conn. 
 
 Adler, S. E., attorney. 
 
 Ainley, Joseph, laborer. 
 
 Alexander, James, carperrter. 
 
 AliliEX, ELI, proprietor of the 
 Riverside House; born Sept. 7, 1810, 
 in Washington Co., Penn. ; in 1813, 
 came to Hamilton; in 1826, moved to 
 Franklin Co., Ind. ; in 1857, to Wapello 
 Co., and in 1871, to the city of Ottumwa. 
 While living at Agency City, was elect- 
 ed Mayor ; served three years ; also 
 elected to fill the unexpired term of 
 Justice of the Peace at Agency City. 
 Married Ellen Jackman May 21, 1835 ; 
 had fourteen children — Solomon, Will- 
 iam J.,Ephraim T., Theodore H., Sarah 
 C, JuUa A., Harriet J., Matilda J., 
 Charles F., David E., Warren 0., Sam- 
 uel H., Samuel, Mary S. 
 
 AliliEX, liEAMAN J., born in 
 Bath, Steuben Co., N. Y., July 31, 
 1833; moved to Oakland Co., Mich., 
 with his parents, when ten years of age ; 
 four years after, to Farmington, Van 
 Buren Co., Iowa ; remained five years ; 
 thence to Memphis, Mo. ; six years after, 
 came to Fairfield, Jefferson Co. En- 
 listed in Co. B, 19th Iowa V. I.; served 
 in that company one and a half years ; 
 re-enlisted in Co. K., 45th Iowa V. I. ; 
 was promoted to Second Lieutenant in 
 the 100- days service. Came to Ottumwa 
 fall of 1864; engaged as foreman of 
 Grimes' wagon-factory, which place he 
 held for eight years ; carried on wagon 
 manufacturing several years ; the last 
 two years, has been on the police force. 
 Married Martha E. Noble December, 
 1856; born in Pennsylvania; had four 
 children — two died in infancy, two liv- 
 ing — Curtis and Everett. Mrs. Allen 
 is a member of the M. E. Church. 
 
 Amelang, Paul, cigar-maker and taxider- 
 mist. 
 
 Anderson, John, laborer. 
 
 Anson, W. J., attorney. 
 
 AXTROIiOrS, R. li., grocer, E. 
 Main St.; residence cor. Jefferson and 
 Fourth sts.; born Sept. 22, 1828, in 
 Indiana; in 1857, came to Wapello Co., 
 and has been a resident here ever since ; 
 in 1877, he commenced his present 
 
558 
 
 DIRECTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY: 
 
 business. Married Miss H. M. Ardery 
 in 1857 ; she was born in 1838, in De- 
 catur Co., Ind.; have four children — 
 Ira, Emma, Clara and Cora ; has a son 
 by a former marriage, John H. Mr. 
 A. has held about all of the township 
 offices. Members of the jc'resbyterian 
 Church. Republican. 
 ARMSTRONG, l^YRUS, painter; 
 born Sept. 25, 1839, in Montgomery 
 Co., Ind ; moved to Ottumwa in the 
 spring of 1844. Enlisted in the 15th 
 Iowa V. I., and was engaged in the 
 battle of Shiloh, siege of Corinth, and 
 the battle of Corinth in 1862 ; battle of 
 Vicksburg, and through all the siege at 
 Vicksburg, and then he joined the com- 
 mand of General Sherman in front of 
 the Kenesaw Mountain, and was in all 
 the battles and skirmishes of that com- 
 mand up to the final surrender of the 
 rebel army ; mustered out Nov. 14, 
 1864. Married Dec. 24, 1868, Margaret 
 Cole, daughter of the Rev. J. L. Cole ; 
 have four children — Mary, Effie, Wil- 
 lie and Grace. 
 
 ARMSTRONG, W. B., was born 
 in Milford, Penn., Aug. 10, 1830; 
 moved to New York State in infancy ; 
 lived there until 21 years old ; then 
 moved to St. Louis ; was in a commis- 
 sion house ; moved to Athens, Clark 
 Co., Mo.; engaged in merchandising, 
 and agency of railroad ; in 1861, moved 
 to Ottumwa and engaged in the inter- 
 est of the K., F. D. & M. R. 
 R. Co. up to November, 1872; 
 then for the B. & M. R. R. as 
 general agent, and since, as local agent 
 for the C, B. & Q. R. R. Co. Married 
 Virginia S. Thone in March, 1858 ; 
 was member of the City Council two 
 terms ; City Treasurer two terms ; held 
 the office of Trustee of Public Schools 
 three years, and, in 1862, assisted in re- 
 cruiting Co. M,9th Iowa Cav. ; intended 
 going with the Company, but his brother 
 was desirous of going, and both could 
 not leave. Had four children — Will- 
 iam, Mary E., Paul 0., and one de- 
 ceased — Anna T. 
 
 Armstrong, D., painter. 
 
 Asbury, W. H. H. 
 
 Averill, D. W., dentist. 
 
 "DABBITT, E. F., clerk. 
 
 BACHMAN, C. F. W., manufact- 
 urer and jobber of furniture, and deal- 
 er in stoves and house-furnishing goods 
 (established in 1868) ; born in Prussia 
 Feb. 26, 1838; came to the United 
 States in 1838; first located at Goshen. 
 Ind, where he learned the tinner's trade ; 
 came to Ottumwa in 1866. Married 
 Miss M. J. Heaton in May, 1864,; she 
 was born in Muscatine, Iowa ; they 
 have five children — Jessie G., Cora A., 
 Louis M., Mary A. and Stella. Mem- 
 bers of the First M. P]. Church. From 
 July 1, 1861, Mr. B. served one year 
 as musician in the 14th 111. V. I. 
 
 BACHMAN, CHARLES, 
 watchmaker, wholesale and retail dealer 
 in watches, clocks and jewelry, silver 
 and plated ware, etc.; born at Fort 
 Washington, Montgomery Co., Penn. ; 
 June 29, 1840; parents removed to 
 Philadelphia while an infapt ; when 
 about 12 years of age, moved with them 
 to Allentown, Penn. ; there learned the 
 watchmaker's trade; in 1860, he went 
 to Philadelphia, and worked at his trade. 
 August 18, 1861, he enlisted in 
 Company B, 47th Pennsylvania Vol- 
 unteer Infantry ; was in all the engage- 
 ments of his regiment ; was wounded 
 at battle of Cedar Creek, October 19, 
 1864 ; mustered out as Commissary 
 Sergeant of his regiment in July, 1866. 
 After leaving the army, returned to 
 Allentown and worked at his trade for 
 two years ; then came to Chicago ; from 
 January to October 1868, he was located 
 in Chicago and Ottawa, 111. ; October 
 1868, came to Ottumwa. 
 
 Baker, J. D., County Surveyor. 
 
 Baker, J. G., retired. 
 
 Baker, Nick, grain dealer. 
 
 Baker, S. D., clerk. 
 
 Baker, T. P., grocer. 
 
 Baker, Wm., painter. 
 
 Ballard, Wm. 
 
 BALLINOAL.I., PETER O., 
 is a native of Scotland ; born in Glas- 
 gow March 3, 1830 ; when about seven 
 years old, he came to America and be- 
 gan his active, self-reliant career as an 
 errand boy, in the Province of Ontario ; 
 before he was 11 years old he walked 
 from Coburg, seventy-three miles below 
 Toronto, to Chicago, by a roundabout 
 way, a distance of seven or eight hun- 
 
OTTUMWA CITY. 
 
 559 
 
 dred miles ; he served in various capaci- 
 ties in different hotels in Chicago, and 
 was finally appointed receiver of the 
 Lake House, which place he filled very 
 acceptably to the guests until 1855; 
 soon after this he traveled through most 
 of the Southern States ; upon his re- 
 turn, he became steward of the Briggs' 
 House, Chicago, and soon after the 
 proprietor of the Haskall House, Gales- 
 burg ; subsequently, had charge of the 
 Ivin's House, Keokuk, Iowa, and of the 
 Ashland House at Bentonsport ; he was 
 also concerned in hotels at Fairfield and 
 Agency City ; came to Ottumwa in 
 1858 ; for nine years was proprietor of 
 a stage-line from this place to Bloom- 
 field, and in 1866 built the Ballingall 
 House, which is the leading hotel in 
 Ottumwa ; he is also proprietor of the 
 Depot Hotel ; he has been active in all 
 public measures. Was commissioned 
 Major of the 5th Begiment of the Iowa 
 National Guards on the 2()th of May, 
 1876, and was presented, by the Sher- 
 idan Guards, with a handsome gold- 
 mounted sword ; he was commissioned 
 Colonel on the 10th of April, 1877, 
 and has received the nomination from 
 nearlj" all the companies in the State 
 for Major General ; he has been the 
 recipient of a large number of valuable 
 testimonials from various public sources, 
 and has been unvaryingly enterprising, 
 public-spirited and energetic. 
 
 BAXE, GFiORGE, Deputy County 
 Treasurer; born in Marshall Co., West 
 Va., Jan. 6, 1833 ; in 1835, moved to 
 to Urbana, Ohio; lived there until 
 1872 ; engaged in farming and teaching, 
 alternately, from 1852 to 1872 ; taught 
 in the public schools of that locality ; 
 engaged in mercantile business one year ; 
 served as Assessor and Deputy U. S. Mar- 
 shal. In the fall of 1872, came to Bich- 
 land Township, Wapello Co., Iowa ; was 
 farming and teaching in this county until 
 1877; has held his present position 
 since Jan. 1, 1878 ; married Bebecca J. 
 McCaugh May 9, 1861 ; she was born 
 in Washington Co., Penn., Nov. 20, 
 1832 ; have three children — William, 
 Charles and George A. Mrs. Bane is 
 a member of the Presbyterian Church. 
 
 Bannister, D., secretary and treasurer Gas 
 Company. 
 
 Barkwell, Samuel, omnibus-driver. 
 
 BAKXEN, ALBERT N., born 
 Aug. 12, 1844, in Bichland Co., Ohio ; 
 moved with parents to Wapello Co., in 
 1854. Enlisted in Company F, 4th Iowa 
 Cavalry ; served 2 years in the army ; 
 appointed Assistant Postmaster of 
 Ottumwa in 1873 ; held that position 
 up to the present time. Married Lizzie 
 L. Martin, May 31, 1874; they have 
 one child, Hattie Barnes. 
 
 Barnes, G. C. 
 
 Barton, J. G., teamster. 
 
 Beatty, Joseph, laborer. 
 
 Bauer, John, brewer. 
 
 Bayliss, W. J., shoemaker. 
 
 Bayston, Henry, laborer. 
 
 Beckworth, C. L. 
 
 Bedwell, G. T., clerk. 
 
 Beeler, J. J., laborer. 
 
 Bell, A. W., railroad conductor. 
 
 Bellmont, James, wagon-maker. 
 
 Berry, D. 
 
 Berry, P., blacksmith. 
 
 Betts, C. W., traveling salesman. 
 
 Bickley, T. B., plasterer. 
 
 Bigham, Bobert, cigar-maker. 
 
 Bigham, Thomas, attorney. 
 
 Bills, J. C, painter. 
 
 BliACKIiEY, JAMES T., born 
 in Adams Co., 111., March 10, 1847; 
 came to Ottumwa in 1870, and is acting 
 as Constable, which oflBce he has held 
 for two years. Is a member of A., F. 
 & A. M., belonging to Lodge No. 465, 
 of Illinois. Bepublican. 
 
 BEAKE, CHARLES F., Presi 
 dent of the Iowa National Bank ; 
 born in Prussia Oct. 12, 1823; in 
 1837, came to this country, locating 
 in Hamilton Co. , Ohio ; after three 
 years, removed to Indianapolis ; Feb- 
 ruary, 1845, came to Ottumwa ; has re- 
 sided here since, with the exception of 
 a three-years sojourn in California from 
 1850 to 1853 ; in 1865, engaged in the 
 drug business, under the firm name of 
 Taylor, Blake & Co., and followed that 
 for nine years ; was one of the original 
 stockholders and directors of the Iowa 
 National Bank ; has always been identi- 
 fied prominently with the railroad and 
 other public enterprises which have so 
 greatly benefited Ottumwa ; was Vice 
 President of the bank until December, 
 1873, at which time was elected Presi- 
 
 1 
 
560 
 
 DIRECTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY: 
 
 dent, and has since retained that responsi- 
 ble position. Was elected Alderman 
 from his ward for eight or nine years ; 
 has also served as City Treasurer, City 
 Assessor, and in other capacities. Mar- 
 ried Polly Kingsley, of Onondaga Co., 
 N. Y., June 9, 1856; she died June 
 13, 1876 ; left two children — Juliette 
 K., now Mrs. Calvin Manning, of Ot- 
 tumwa, and Cyrus K. ; Mr. Blake was 
 married to Mrs. Jennie E. Stevens. 
 
 Blind, Conrad, saloon. 
 
 Blunck, H., cigar maker. 
 
 Boline, W. H., molder. 
 
 Bolinger S., clerk, with J. B. Miller. 
 
 Boltz, T. J., attorney. 
 
 BOWNIFIELD, \\ , B., was born 
 in Randolph Co., W. Va., Feb. 23, 
 1827 ; removed with his parents to 
 Jefferson Co., Iowa, in the spring of 
 1837 ; lived on a farm, nine miles east 
 of Fairfield ; was there when the county 
 was surveyed, and remained until 1843, 
 when he attended school at Mt, Pleas- 
 ant for a year and a half ; taught school 
 near Burlington ; was engaged in teach- 
 ing and farming until 1849, when he 
 attended Alleghany College, Meadville, 
 Penn., for two and a half years ; in the 
 fall of 1857, he went to Kentucky, 
 and taught for two years ; afterward, 
 to Missouri, and taught one year ; in 
 1854, he went to California and engaged 
 in mining and stock-raising, until April, 
 1860, when he came to Ottumwa ; here 
 he engaged in private banking, under 
 the firm of Bonnifield Bros, from Oct. 
 15, 1861, until the organization of the 
 First National Bank, Oct. 19, 1863, the 
 first national bank in this section of the 
 State ; he was appointed as Cashier, and 
 soon after, as President, which position 
 he has held ever since, with the excep- 
 tion of one year, during which time Mr. 
 Hawley filled that place ; Mr. Bonni- 
 field was President and Treasurer of the 
 Iowa Central Coal Co., at Oskaloosa, 
 for one year ; he was Treasurer of the 
 St. Louis & Cedar Rapids R. R. Co., 
 about six years, until the road was sold 
 out, and has always been prominently 
 identified with railroads and other pub- 
 lic enterprises likely to improve the ma- 
 terial interests of Ottumwa ; he has 
 been President of the Ottumwa Water- 
 Power Co., from 1875 up to date. Mar- 
 
 ried to Alcinda Inskeep Oct. 28, 1862; 
 she was born at Hillsboro, Ohio, Sept. 
 30, 1833 ; have three children — Mary 
 T., Lizzie B. and Willie B. Members 
 of the First M. E. Church. 
 Bosworth, L. D., traveling agent. 
 
 BAUDE, CHARLES E., was 
 
 born April 23, 1844, in Butler Co., 
 Ohio ; moved with his parents to 
 Carthage, 111., in 1854; to Ottumwa in 
 1866 ; was in the employ of the K. & 
 D. R. R. Co., till they leased the road 
 to the C, R. I. & P., and since, with 
 the present company, as station agent. 
 Married Mary M. Sharp Oct. 9, 1873 ; 
 have one child — Louis M. 
 
 Boulton, B. J,, wholesale confectioner. 
 
 Boulton, G. W., wholesale confectioner. 
 
 BO WEN, GEORi^^E W., proprie- 
 tor of flouring-mill ; born in Jackson 
 Co., Ohio, Feb. 21, 1831 ; when he was 
 4 years of age, his parents moved from 
 there to Shelb}^ Co., Ohio, near Sidney; 
 four years after, to Adams Co., Ind.; to 
 Ottumwa in October, 1848 ; Mr. Bowen 
 worked at the milling business as en- 
 gineer from 1851 to 1857; then pur- 
 chased ore-half interest in the business. 
 His first marriage, to Ellen M. Hack- 
 worth, took place in 1854 ; she died 
 Dec. 29, 1862; had four children, three 
 living — William P., Clara E. (now Mrs. 
 Christopher Haw) and Emma A. Mar- 
 ried to his present wife, Angeline S. 
 Miller, May 12, 1864; she was born in 
 Champaign Co., Ohio ; have one child, 
 George M. Members of the Main St. 
 M. E. Church. 
 
 Bowen, W. P., miller. 
 
 Bowers, G. B., dentist. 
 
 Bowles, J. J., proprietor restaurant. 
 
 BO WEES, J. T., job-printer ; was 
 bornin Jacksonville, 111., Dec. 14, 1847; 
 came to Ottumwa twenty-three or four 
 years ago ; has been engaged in printing 
 since he was 13 years of age. Married 
 Margaret J. McGrew, Oct. 28, 1869 ; 
 born in Keokuk Co., Iowa; have four 
 children — Carrie May, Charles W^., 
 Arthur H. and Frederick Wilson. Mrs. 
 Bowles member of the Presbyterian 
 Church. 
 
 BOYER, A. D., born Sept. 9, 
 1835, in Tuscarawas, Ohio ; came to 
 Iowa in 1864 and to Ottumwa in 1867. 
 Enlisted in Company H, 82d Ohio Infant- 
 
OTTUMWA CITY. 
 
 561 
 
 ry, Nov. 22,1861; mustered out Nov. 22, 
 1864. Married Mary A. Pomeroy, 
 Dec. 14, 1865. Business — meat mar- 
 ket, on Main street, between Jefferson 
 and College. Have three children — 
 Minnie, Charlie and Gertie. 
 Brady, P., shoemaker. 
 Bramhaust, Otto, clerk. 
 Brewer, James. 
 
 BRIOG^, W. S., official reporter 
 Second Judicial District : born in Indiana 
 Co., Penn., Jan. 23, 1844. Enlisted in 
 Company K, 14th Penn. Cavalry, 
 Sept. 11, 1862, and served until June 7, 
 1865; then returned to Pennsylvania 
 and studied law and short-hand report- 
 ing ; winter of 1867, went to Leaven- 
 worth, Kan., and was in the law office 
 of Hurd & Stillings; March 28, 1868, 
 was admitted to the bar; located at 
 Clarinda, Iowa, in partnership with 
 John R. Marledge, and practiced one 
 year ; then formed a partnership with 
 his brother, which continued until Sep- 
 tember, 1871, when he removed to Albia, 
 as a partner with W. P. Hammond. This 
 continued for nearly two years, when he 
 was appointed official short hand re- 
 porter for the Second Judicial District, 
 and took ujp his residence in Ottumwa, 
 May 1, 1873. He married Jennie 
 McMichael Dec. 15, 1869 ; she was 
 born in Ireland ; had four children, two 
 living — Mattie J. and Orrell Blanche. 
 Members of the Presbyterian Church. 
 
 BBINCOE, J. O., real estate and 
 loan agent. 
 
 Brown, C. P., ex-Internal Revenue Col- 
 lector. 
 
 Brown, Gr. A., insurance agent. 
 
 Brown, Hugh, carpenter. 
 
 Browi^, J. W., boarding-house. 
 
 Brown, W. H., barber. 
 
 Brumley, Jacob, carpenter. 
 
 Buffington, H., railroad employe. 
 
 Bulson, Greorge, milk dealer. 
 
 Burnham, S. L., real estate. 
 
 BFRXS & ROUXDS, real estate, 
 insurance and loan agents. 
 
 BURTON, EDWARD I.., 
 HOX. There is scarcely a person in 
 the county to whom the name of E. L. 
 Burton is not familiar ; for nearly twenty 
 years he has been prominent profession- 
 ally in its courts, and there has scarcely 
 been a case of importance, during that 
 
 time, in which he has not taken an ac- 
 tive and leading part ; he is a native of 
 Waterloo, Seneca Co., N. Y., where he 
 was born on the 17th day of February, 
 1831 ; his father, John Burton, Esq., 
 was one of the early settlers of Seneca 
 Co., moving there as early as 1812 ; was 
 a soldier in the last war with England ; 
 a careful and accurate surveyor, having 
 surveyed, it is said, nearly every farm in 
 the county, and a lawyer of prominence 
 in that part of the State; his mother, 
 Elizabeth Hooper, was a daughter of 
 Pontius Hooper, also an early settler of 
 that county, and a granddaughter of 
 Gen. Clark, of Revolutionary fame ; 
 having received a thorough legal educa- 
 tion in the offices of his father and his 
 brother, William H. Burton, also a 
 prominent lawyer, and at the law school 
 of Prof Fowler at Ballston Springs, 
 N. Y., he turned his steps Westward, 
 and settled in Keokuk Co., in this State, 
 in 1858, where he practiced law until 
 his removal to Ottumwa in January, 
 1859. Upon his removal to Ottumwa, 
 he formed a partnership with Hon. H. 
 B. Hendershott, then, as now, an able 
 and distinguished lawyer ; this partner- 
 ship continued for twelve years, and en- 
 joyed a large and lucrative practice, when 
 it was dissolved with mutual good-will, 
 Mr. Burton retiring from the firm ; in 
 1872, he formed a partnership with 
 Hon. Edward H. Stiles, of the Ottumwa 
 bar, and then reporter of the Supreme 
 Court of the State, under the name of 
 Stiles & Burton ; this firm has, during 
 its entire existence, had a large and con- 
 stantly-increasing practice, and partici- 
 pated, on one side or the other, in nearly 
 every case of importance that has been 
 tried in the county during the existence 
 of the partnership. In politics, Judge 
 Burton has always been identified with 
 the Democratic party, and frequently 
 has it honored him by placing his name 
 on its ticket for important offices of honor 
 and trust ; but that party, having gen- 
 erally been in the minority, has never 
 succeeded in making his official duties 
 interfere with his legal practice until 
 the late election, October, 1878, when he 
 was overwhelmingly elected Judge of the 
 District Court of the Second Judicial 
 District, comprising the counties of Van 
 
562 
 
 DIRECTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY: 
 
 Buren Davis, Appanoose, Wayne, Lu- 
 cas, Monroe and Wapello ; in this con- 
 test, Judge Burton's majority over his 
 competitor, Capt. Fee, vras nearly 
 2,500. The following sketch of Judge 
 Burton is furnished us by his late 
 partner, Mr. Stiles, to whom we have 
 before referred : The biographies of men 
 should properly be written after they are 
 dead ; yet it may with pi-opriety be said, 
 that among the leaders of the bar of 
 Iowa, Mr. Burton deserves, by reason 
 of his pre-eminent talents, to rank con- 
 spicuously ; and were he as ambitious 
 of distinction as some of his cqmpeers 
 who are striving to mount the ladder 
 of professional fame, he would before 
 this have been regarded as having at- 
 tained the topmost round. He has all 
 the real qualifications that go to make 
 up the able and successful lawyer — 
 those inbred traits essential to marked 
 distinction in the legal profession. A 
 sound judgment, combined with nice 
 powers of discrimination, quickness and 
 accuracy of thought, with great aptness 
 of illustration and expression ; a phys- 
 ical and mental fortitude able to bear 
 him up against the stress of great 
 emergencies, and aided by fine powers 
 of logic, constitute him a lawyer of 
 very extraordinary ability. As such he 
 is universally recognized by the people 
 of this county and district, as well as 
 the Supreme Court of the State, be- 
 fore which he has px'esented many able 
 arguments in the course of his prac- 
 tice. It has been the good fortune of 
 the writer to witness in the State and 
 Federal courts the forensic efforts of 
 all, or nearly all, the leading lawyers 
 of the State, and he is frank to say 
 that, while Mr. Burton has some su- 
 perioi'S as an advocate, yet, for readi- 
 ness and legal accuracy, strength and 
 perspicuity of argument, he has yet to 
 see his superior. That he will fill the 
 judgeship, to which he has been re- 
 cently elected, with distinguished ability 
 and fairness, can scarcely be doubted. 
 With him, we feel assured, there will 
 be no prejudgment, nor will his de- 
 cisions be influenced by any timorous 
 considerations of policy, or warped from 
 their just bearings by feelings of per- 
 sonal favor or personal enmity. There 
 
 is in the life of Lord Coke a single 
 instance, which is sufficient to justly 
 perpetuate his fiime and relieve it from 
 the dark shadows which his intolerance 
 and persecutive disposition have cast 
 upon it. When he and his associates 
 of the bench were summoned before an 
 angry King, because they had ventured 
 to protest against his claimed right to 
 prohibit the hearing of any cause in 
 which his prerogative was concerned, 
 it is said that all save Coke threw 
 themselves upon their knees and prayed 
 for pardon ; and when the King im- 
 periously put the question, " In a case 
 where the King believes his prerogative 
 or interest to be concerned, and requires 
 the Judges to attend him for their ad- 
 vice, ought they not to stay proceedings 
 until His Majesty has consulted them?" 
 all but Coke responded eagerly in the 
 affirmative. But he replied, " When 
 the case happens, 1 shall do that which 
 it shall be fit for a Judge to doT This 
 historic incident, if we may be allowed 
 to use it, illustrates the spirit of inde- 
 pendence which, in our opinion, will 
 characterize Mr. Burton's course as a 
 Judge. Had Mr. Burton been identi- 
 fied with the political party that has held 
 control of the State for the last twenty 
 years, he would, in all probability, have 
 been placed, before this, on the Supreme 
 Bench ; and, we may add, should his 
 party succeed in regaining the lost scep- 
 ter, it would show its wisdom and sagac- 
 ity by placing Judge Burton in a posi- 
 tion whicli he would both strengthen 
 and adorn. In private life, Mr. Burton 
 is domestic, in every sense of the word ; 
 while he always cheerfully welcomes his 
 friends to his home, and is plejjsed at 
 their coming, he seldom seeks society 
 outside of his own family. Mrs. Mary 
 J. Burton, wife of Judge Burton, is a 
 daughter of the late Col. James G. 
 Crocker, formerly of Fairfield, Jefferson 
 Co., but more recently of Lancaster, 
 Keokuk Co., and sister of that distin- 
 guished soldier and civilian. Gen. M. 
 M. Crocker, whom the people of Iowa 
 delighted to honor, and whose memory 
 they hold dear. 
 BURTOJ^f, SAMUEL, H., attor- 
 ney at law ; born in Waterloo, Seneca 
 Co., N. Y., Jan. 24, 1842; came to 
 
OTTUMWA CITY. 
 
 563 
 
 Ottumwa in January, 1862 ; read law 
 with his brother, Wm. H. Burton, in 
 Waterloo, and with Hendershott& Bur- 
 ton, of Ottumwa, and was admitted to 
 the bar in June, 1862; in August, 
 1862, when S. B. PJvans entered the 
 army, he went into the office of the 
 Democrat as business superintendent ; 
 in November, 1863, he purchased a 
 half-interest, and conducted the paper 
 in connection with his brother until 
 that series of the paper was discontin- 
 ued ; taught school until 1873, when he 
 engaged in the practice of law. He 
 was County Surveyor for several years, 
 and now holds that office by appoint- 
 ment. Married Julia A. Day Nov. 20, 
 1861 ; she was born in Waterloo, in 
 October, 1844, and died Feb. 23, 
 1876; they had six children; two 
 died in infancy ; the living are, May E., 
 Lydia, Grace, Mary F. and Edward L. 
 
 Bush, J. S., painter. 
 
 BUSTARD, FRAXK, bakery, 
 East Main St.; born January, 1842; 
 in Ireland; in 1856, came to New 
 Orleans, thence to St. Louis, then to 
 Tennessee, then to Chicago; in 1874, 
 came to Ottumwa and worked for P. C. 
 Daum for two years; in 1878, he com- 
 menced his present business. He en- 
 listed in 1861, in the 1st Missouri 
 confederate army ; served to the end of 
 the war. Married Rosa M. Erbacher 
 Aug. 13, 1877 ; she was born Aug. 24, 
 1858, in Ottumwa ; have two children 
 by a former marriage — Frank and 
 Henry ; John fell from the Missouri 
 bridge and was drowned, in 1874, aged 
 7 years. 
 
 /CAMPBELL, G. W., laborer. 
 
 CAL.H001V, D, D., proprietor hotel ; 
 born in Holmes Co., Ohio, July 9, 1828 ; 
 moved with parents to Van Buren Co., 
 Iowa, in 1839 ; in October, 1869, moved 
 to Ottumwa ; has been in the hotel busi- 
 ness for nine years ; was elected Con- 
 stable and served two terms, Supervisor 
 one term and Captain of the Home 
 Guards two years. Married Margaret 
 E. Hope Feb. 22, 1855; have three 
 children — Charles A., John W. and 
 James H. He is a real estate owner. 
 
 Canfield, A. 
 
 Carnes, J. P., carpenter. 
 
 CARXES, W. A.; born Sept. 1, 
 1854, in Crawfordsville, Ind.; moved to 
 Iowa in 1874 ; now in Ottumwa ; he is 
 a carriage-trimmer by trade. Married 
 Lan E. Gray, Nov. 11, 1875. 
 
 Carpenter, D., laborer. 
 
 CARPEXTER, J. W.; born Feb. 
 11, 1810, in Ontario Co., N. Y.; moved 
 with his parents, in 1815, to Kentucky ; 
 five years after, his father died; with his 
 mother, he returned to Hamilton Co., 
 Ohio ; two years after, his mother died ; 
 he was 14 years of age, and up to that 
 time had received no education ; but be- 
 ing of a determined disposition, by the 
 time he was 20 years old he received a 
 certificate from the Board of Examiners 
 for the public schools of the city of 
 Cincinnati to teach ; that he followed for 
 sixteen years, and helped two brothers 
 and a sister along in the world ; in 1846 , 
 came to Wapello Co., Iowa ; engaged in 
 farming a number of years ; then moved 
 into the town of Dahlonega, and followed 
 merchandising about two years ; held 
 the office of Justice of the Peace and 
 was a member (i|f the School Board ; 
 moved to the city of Ottumwa in 1858 ; 
 since that time, has been engaged in 
 loaning money and dealing in stocks ; he 
 is one of the old settlers of the county, 
 and has accumulated quite a large prop- 
 erty. Married Lucinda Robertson April 
 22, 1833 ; have only one child — Ann 
 M. Robertson. 
 
 Carpenter, R. B. 
 
 CARPENTER, SEYx^IOUR 
 
 D., descendant of a Swiss family, who 
 emigrated from the canton of Berne in 
 1706, and settled in Lancaster Co., 
 Penn.; a part of the family, including 
 his grandfather, left Lancaster, in that 
 State, and settled in and named Lan- 
 caster, Ohio, in 1802 ; he was born near 
 that place April 20, 1826 ; educated at 
 Granville College, Ohio ; when 19 years 
 of age, he went to Holly Springs, Miss., 
 as a teacher ; returning to Lancaster in 
 1847, he commenced the study of medi- 
 cine with Drs. Boesther & Edwards ; in 
 1849, he graduated as M. D. from the 
 University of Pennsylvania, and re- 
 moved to Cedar Rapids, Iowa, then a 
 place of 200 inhabitants, where he prac- 
 ticed for five years ; in 1 854, he left his 
 practice and engaged in real estate trans- 
 
564 
 
 DIRECTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY : 
 
 actions, and, in 1858, with John Weare 
 and Henry Stubbs, opened a banking 
 house, which continued until the estab- 
 lishment of the First National Bank of 
 Cedar Rapids. When the rebellion 
 broke out, he took an active part in rais- 
 ing the first company enlisted in Linn 
 Co., and, by order of Gov. Kirkwood, 
 clothed, subsisted and transported it to 
 Keokuk, where the first regiment was 
 organized ; in 1862, he received the ap- 
 pointment of Assistant Surgeon in the 
 army, and joined our forces on the Po- 
 tomac ; from there he was ordered to 
 Benton Barracks, St. Louis, and in a 
 few weeks to Fayetteville, Ark., where 
 he had charge of the general hospital ; 
 while there, Fayetteville was attacked 
 by the enemy, and he, with 300 patients 
 and nurses, fell into the hands of the 
 enemy ; he was taken out of the rebel 
 lines under flag of truce, and ordered for 
 duty at Memphis, where, after a few 
 months of hospital service, he was made 
 Medical Director of the District of the 
 Border, with headquarters at Kansas 
 City ; later, he was made Medical Di- 
 rector of the important District of St. 
 Louis ; he again fell into the enemy's 
 hand at Pilot Knob, and was released 
 under flag of truce ; he was mustered 
 out of service in July, 1865, and for 
 faithful and meritorious service received 
 the commission of Lieutenant Colonel. 
 In 1865, and for several years following, 
 he was active in building the B. & M. 
 R. R. R. from Ottumwa to the Missouri 
 River, and the St. L. & C. R. R. R. 
 from the south line of the State to Ot- 
 tumwa ; since that time, he has been 
 engaged in the construction of gas and 
 water works ; he is Secretary of the gas 
 companies of Streator, 111., and at Mar- 
 shalltown, Iowa, and President of the 
 gas company at Appleton, Wis. In 
 1850, he married Sarah Weare, of Ce- 
 dar Rapids ; they have four children — 
 Catharine (now Mrs. J. Asbury Taylor), 
 Mary (now Mrs. Albert Gr. Harrow), 
 Sarah and Ralph Weare. 
 CARR, AAROiy A., dealer in 
 groceries and provisions, cigars and to- 
 bacco ; born at Toledo, Ohio, Oct. 5, 
 1849 ; his parents removed to Ottumwa 
 in the fall of 1856 ; he has been en- 
 gaged in the mercantile business most of 
 
 the time since 1860, and alone since 
 1869. 
 
 Carr, J. P., printer. 
 
 Carr, Samuel, shoemaker. 
 
 Carter, W. T., employe C, B. & Q. R. R. 
 
 Caster, Paul, Caster House Medical In- 
 firmary. 
 
 Castle, C. B., patent medicine dealer. 
 
 CHAMBERS, EDWARD A., 
 of the firm of Egan, Harper & Co., 
 wholesale and retail dealers in hardware, 
 established Feb. 1, 1875 ; born in Gra- 
 tiot, Muskingum Co., Ohio, Nov. 30, 
 1843 ; parents removed to Dresden, 
 Ohio, when he was about 2 years of 
 age ; resided there one or two years ; 
 then removed to McConnellsville ; lived 
 there seven or eight years, and went to 
 Zanesville, where they resided two years ; 
 came to Farmington, Van Buren Co., 
 Iowa, in 1858 ; resided there until he 
 came to Ottumwa in 1860, He en- 
 listed in Co. D, 15th Iowa V. I., in 
 January, 1864 ; mustered out as Second 
 Lieutenant in August, 1865 ; has been 
 in the hardware business since 1866 ; 
 connected with the present firm since 
 February, 1874. Married Leonora 
 Tinkham in Feb. 23, 1875 ; she was 
 born in Marietta, Ohio ; they have 
 two children — John E. and an infant 
 daughter. Members of the Baptist 
 Church. 
 
 Chambers, J. 
 
 Chambers, J. L., dairyman. 
 
 Chambers, Robert, laboi'er. 
 
 CHAMBERS, S. Gi., retired; born 
 in Zanesville, Ohio, Nov. 21, 1810; 
 moved to Iowa in 1858, and arrived in 
 Ottumwa in 1860. Married Louisa 
 Adams in April, 1839; have six chil- 
 dren — Alice, Maria L., Edward A., 
 Horatio C, Harriet Y., David. Mem- 
 bers of the Baptist Church. 
 
 CHAMBERS, WM. E., attorney 
 at law; born in Darrtown, Butler Co., 
 Ohio, June 7, 1846. Mr. Chambers 
 was educated at Hadley's Academy at 
 Richmond, Ind., and at Earlham Col- 
 lege, of Indiana ; admitted to the bar in 
 May, 1869 ; came to Ottumwa in June, 
 1869. Married Ida M. Eaton Oct. 9, 
 1878 ; she was born in Worcester, 
 Mass. Members of the First Presbyte- 
 rian Church. Mr. Chambers has been 
 Secretary of the School Board for the 
 
OTTUMWA CITY. 
 
 565 
 
 last eight years; he has also been Town- 
 ship Clerk. 
 
 Chaney, Simeon, dealer in flour and feed. 
 
 CHIIiTOlf, JACOB, born in 
 England July 17, 1832 ; came to America 
 in 1854; to Ottumwain 1859. Elected 
 Alderman in 1878. Married Sarah 
 Williams May 2, 1853 ; have eight 
 children — Joseph, Solomon, Albert, 
 Fannie, Charles, George, Clara, Mary. 
 His business is that of builder and 
 contractor. Republican. 
 
 Chilton, Joe, teamster. 
 
 CHI]!i:\, FRED, of the firm of 
 Potter & Chinn ; born in England 
 March 7, 1850 ; came to the United 
 States in February, 1867 ; located in 
 Lake Co., 111. ; moved to Macoupin 
 Co., thence to Missouri; located in 
 Ottumwa in April, 1871, and engaged in 
 the dairy business, in which he continued 
 for one year, then entered upon his 
 present business. Married in February, 
 1870, Grace Wheeler, also born in 
 Englaftd; have six children — Nellie, 
 Annie, Emma. Maud, Fred, and an in- 
 fant son. 
 
 Chodat, D. H., laborer. 
 
 Claflin, C. M., broom-maker. 
 
 Clark, M. E. 
 
 Clark, T., employe C, B. & Q. R. R. 
 
 Cochran, E., teamster. 
 
 COCKERII.I., H. M., wholesale 
 and retail tea merchant ; was born near 
 Washington, Fayette Co., Ohio, Sept. 
 13, 1848; came to Ottumwa in 1869; 
 was salesman for one year in a dry 
 goods store; one year in a grocery; 
 traveled for a firm in Cincinnati eight 
 months ; in the livery business a year ; 
 and two years selling muvsical instru- 
 ments ; since September, 1 875, has been 
 in his present business. Married Lizzie 
 Gorman, Jan. 9, 1875 ; she was born in 
 Keokuk Co., Iowa ; have one child — 
 Harry F. Owns real estate valued at 
 $2,000. 
 
 Coday, E. F., laborer. 
 
 Coday, J. B., foreman of McGavic's lum- 
 ber-yard. 
 
 Coday, Nicholas, laborer. 
 
 Conant, A. W., jeweler. 
 
 Conantz, J., employe C, B. & Q. R. R. 
 
 Conrad, Max, druggist. 
 
 Converse, H. D., dealer in fruit-trees. 
 
 Cook, L. C, miller. 
 
 Cook, Miles, teamster. 
 Cook, Walter, laborer. 
 Cooper, J. B., barber. 
 COOPER, W. H., of the firm of 
 Cooper & Hammond, furniture and 
 upholstery, East Main st.; was born Jan. 
 25, 1843, in Caroline Co., Md.; in 
 1851 came to Pittsburgh, Penn.; his 
 mother died in 1853 ; he then removed 
 to Carmichaeltown, Penn.; attended 
 college there two years ; then came 
 to Greene Co., Penn.; in 1865, 
 removed to Fairfield, Iowa, and en- 
 gaged in the manufacture of corn- 
 planters, in the firm of Keck, Burkhart 
 & Cooper ; in the spring of 1869, he 
 removed to Ottumwa and commenced 
 his present business in 1873; this 
 firm carries one of the largest stocks of 
 goods in the State. Married Miss 
 Lydia J. Wisecarver Nov. 21, 1868; 
 she was born in 1845, in Greene Co., 
 Penn.; had six children ; five living — 
 James C, Abbie F., Georgia L., Eddie 
 G. and Guy; lost Garra^E., in 1876, 
 aged 1 year, 1 month, 7 days. Repub- 
 lican. Baptist. 
 Correlius, Fred., saloon. 
 Corrick, George, carpenter. 
 Corry, W. W., attorney. 
 Coughlin, Patrick, laborer. 
 Creighton, Geo. F. 
 Crider, Jackson J. 
 Criley, E. B., grocer. 
 Criley, J. M., grocer. 
 Criswell, R., teamster. 
 Critchfield, B., laborer. 
 Crowley, James, grocer. 
 Crowley, Thomas, laborer. 
 CUMMINGS, JOHN E., police- 
 man ; born in Rockbridge Co., Va., Dec. 
 3, 1833; moved with his parents to 
 Parke Co., Ind., in 1834 ; came to Jeffer- 
 son Co., Iowa, near Fairfield; in 1866, 
 came to Ottumwa. He enlisted in Co. 
 F, 3d Iowa V. C, Sept. 4, 1861 ; served 
 three years ; mustered out in November, 
 1864. Was Alderman of the Fourth 
 Ward in 1870: Married Hannah W. 
 Kirkpatrick March 22,1855; she was 
 born Aug. 25, 1835, near Greenburg, 
 Decatur Co., Ind. ; had one daughter 
 — Florence Olive, born July 27, 1856, 
 who died May 4, 1870, aged 13 years. 
 Members of the Presbyterian Church. 
 He owns property here valued at $3,000. 
 
566 
 
 DIRECTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY 
 
 Currin, James, laborer. 
 
 CIIRRIX, D., born in Ireland July 
 27, 1832; came to America in 1853; 
 to Ottumwa, Iowa, in 1861 ; business, 
 saloon-keeper. Married Ellen Cellan in 
 1863; have six children — Peter, Mary, 
 Dennis, John, James and Margaret. 
 
 Curtz, James, retired. 
 
 "pvAGdETT, J. C, teamster. 
 
 DAGGETT, WII.I.IAM, born in 
 Jordan, Onondaga Co., JN. Y., March 
 12, 1830 ; came to Ottumwa in 1856 ; 
 engaged in hardware business in 1857 ; 
 Feb. 1, 1873, became manager of the 
 Ottumwa Iron Works ; firm of Daggett, 
 Harper & Edgerly. Spring of 1875, the 
 oil-mills of Daggett & Harper were 
 established; is Vice President and Direct- 
 or of the Iowa National Bank, Presi- 
 dent of Ottumwa Starch Works, Vice 
 President of Ottumwa Loan and Build- 
 ing Association and Director of Ottumwa 
 Water-Power Co. Has been Alderman 
 of the city two terms. Married Susan E. 
 Daniels Oct. 13, 1857, at Seneca Falls, 
 N. Y., Mrs. Daggett's native town ; 
 have had eight children, seven living — 
 Minnie E., Maud M., Wallace R., Amy, 
 Eva, Blanche and Phillip. Mr. and 
 Daggett are members of the Episcopal 
 Church. Mr. D. is Senior Warden of 
 same church. 
 
 Dana, P. F., gardener. 
 
 Daum, P. C., retired. 
 
 Daran, Pat, saloon. 
 
 Davis, D. G., carpenter. 
 
 Davis, E. B., livery stable. 
 
 Davis, R. J. 
 
 Dawson, E., laborer. 
 
 Deckley, Wesley, laborer. 
 
 Deitrich, L. M. 
 
 Dempsey, Wm., employe C. , B. & Q. R. R. 
 
 Denison, D. B., railroad employe. 
 
 DEXXIS, T. ]»!., firm of Stevens & 
 Dennis ; born in Shelby ville, Ind., May 
 23, 1842 ; in 1844, parents removed to 
 Missouri ; in 1865, he came to Ottum- 
 wa ; has been engaged in the mercantile 
 business since. Married Miss Anna R. 
 Davis, daughter of E. B. Davis, of Ot- 
 tumwa, Sept. 7, 1876 ; she was born in 
 Iowa, and is a member of the Christian 
 Church ; have one child — Willa Lee. 
 Owns real estate valued at $2,000. 
 
 Dennis, J. B., clerk in Auditor's ofiice. 
 
 Dennis, S. M., laborer. 
 
 Devin, Thos. J., Justice of the Peace. 
 
 Dewey, Porter, teamster. 
 
 Dickel, Morris, laborer. 
 
 Dimmitt, H. C., railroad employe. 
 
 Dineen, John. 
 
 DIXON, HON. JACOB W., 
 attorney at law ; born in New Castle Co., 
 Del., Dec. 25, 1832 ; came to Ottumwa 
 in February, 1856 ; has resided here 
 ever since, except one year's residence in 
 Des Moines ; spent two years at the 
 State and National Law School of 
 Poughkeepsie, N. Y. ; graduated from 
 that institution, class of 1855 ; in 1861, 
 he was elected to the Iowa State Senate; 
 held that position until 1865; was Sec- 
 retary of the Senate during the winter 
 of 1865 and 1866; in 1873, he was 
 elected to represent this district in the 
 House of Representatives of Iowa ; in 
 1875, he was re-elected. He married 
 Sarah Ann Vernon in August, 1856 ; 
 she was born near Unionville, Chester 
 Co., Penn. ; they, have two children — 
 Mabel and Mary R. 
 
 Dixon, Wm., stone-mason. 
 
 Dougherty, John, carpenter. 
 
 Dougherty, Conn, blacksmith. 
 
 Douglass, Robt., book-keeper. 
 
 DOUGIiASS, THOMAS J., sen 
 
 of Archibald A. and Maria Parks Doug- 
 lass ; born in Mercer Co., Penn., July 
 3, 1827 ; he read medicine with Dr. 
 Roderique, of Hollidaysville ; attended 
 lectures at the University of Pennsyl- 
 vania at Philadelphia, and in the Med- 
 ical Department of the Western Reserve 
 College, Cleveland, Ohio ; graduated 
 from the former in 1 853 ; from the latter 
 in 1854; after one year's practice in 
 Hollidaysville, came to Ottumwa ; is a 
 member of the Wapello County Medical 
 Society, of the Des Moines Valley Med- 
 ical Association, and of the State Med- 
 ical Association. He married his first 
 wife, Miss Caroline Whaley, of Mar- 
 shall, Clark Co.. 111., Oct. 22, 1857; 
 she died June 27, 1859 ; they lost one 
 infant. His present wife was Miss 
 Lizzie J. Wheeler, of Fairfield, Iowa, 
 whom he married Jan. 1, 1862; had 
 four children, two living — Stella C. and 
 Edna D. 
 
 Douglass, W. W., book-keeper. 
 
 Downs, Patrick, clerk. 
 
OTTUMWA CITY. 
 
 567 
 
 Drescher, E., basket- maker. 
 
 Duffy, B. 
 
 Dugan, F. 
 
 Dunguard, A., proprietor Weeldy Journal 
 
 (German). 
 THASTHUM, E. G., carpenter. 
 
 EATOW, DA^SflEIi, born May 2, 
 1831, in Templeton, Mass., firm of 
 Eaton & Co., furniture manufacturers; 
 went to Worcester in 1845 ; learned the 
 carpenter trade and commenced journey 
 work; in 1850, moved to Fitchburg, 
 Mass., and engaged in the manufacture 
 of piano-fortes. Married May 2, 1855, 
 Jane West, of Worcester, Mass. In 
 1856, moved to Jamestown, N. Y. ; in 
 May, 1857, came to Ottumwa and com- 
 menced in a very small way to manu- 
 facture furniture ; is the first man who 
 used machinery in the manufacture of 
 furniture in Southern Iowa ; have a 
 complete factory. Mr. and Mrs. Eaton 
 have four children — Ida M., Eddie A., 
 Hattie J., Lincoln A. 
 
 Eaton, G. H., engineer C, B. & Q. R. R. 
 
 Eaton, J. A., laborer. 
 
 EATOX, THOS. H., born Aug. 
 23, 1849, in Bath, Me. ; came to Ot- 
 tumwa Aug. 10, 1870. Occupation, 
 hook-keeper at the Iowa National Bank. 
 
 ECKER8, IV. J., born May 1, 1834, 
 in Germany; came to America in 1854. 
 Married Elizabeth Reschel. He is the 
 foreman of extra track-laying fur the C. 
 B. & Q. R. R. Co.; came to Ottumwa 
 in 1862. Owns real estate. Repub- 
 lican. They have four children — John 
 P., Anna L., Frank W. and Caroline 
 F 
 
 EDGERIiY, JOHB^ W., Cashier 
 of the Iowa National Bank ; was born 
 in Boston, Mass., Oct. 3, 1833; when 
 an infant, his parents removed to Som- 
 erville, Mass.; he spent four years at 
 Harvard College; graduated in 1855. 
 In 1857, he became connected with the 
 Burlington & Missouri R. R., Co., as 
 agent of the western end of the road, 
 as it progressed from Rome ; remained 
 with them until it was completed to 
 Ottumwa; in 1859, engaged in the 
 hardware business under the firm of 
 Daggett & Edgerly ; continued in that 
 business until the dissolution of the 
 partnership, Feb. 1, 1873 ; thereafter 
 
 for a year was connected with the Ot- 
 tumwa Iron Works — Daggett, Harper & 
 Edgerly; Jan. 1, 1874, was elected Vice 
 President of the Iowa National Bank, 
 and, in November, became Cashier; was 
 President of the School Board for ten 
 years. Married Maria L. Chambers at 
 Ottumwa Jan. 20, 1863 ; she was a 
 native of Zanesville, Ohio ; have six 
 children — Edward T., Adine C, John 
 W., Jr., Alice L., Helen M. and George. 
 Mrs. Edgerly is a member of the First 
 Baptist Church. 
 
 ECirAlV, T., hardware merchant; born 
 Jan. 1, 1838, in Lewis Co., N. Y.; 
 came to Ottumwa in 1865. Was in Co. 
 F, 35th N. Y. Inf, first as private, then 
 Lieutenant; served from 1861 to 1863; 
 participated in many battles; wounded 
 at Antietam ; resigned on that account. 
 Married Mary A.Benoit Jan. 3,1868; 
 had three children, one living — Alfred 
 T., one of twin boys. 
 
 Ehrmann, William, gunsmith. 
 
 Ellsworth, H. C, teamster. 
 
 Emery, D. H., attorney. 
 
 Emery, D. W., carpenter. 
 
 Empee, Sylvester, gardener. 
 
 Ennis, John B., attorney. 
 
 Ennis, W. W., druggist. 
 
 Erbecker, F., railroad employe. 
 
 Erbecker, John. 
 
 Estergreen, John, laborer. 
 
 Eslinger, E. D., farmer. 
 
 Evans, G. L., printer. 
 
 EVAXS, SAMUEL B., of the 
 Democrat and Times ; born at Dan- 
 dridge, Jefferson Co., Tenn., July 31, 
 1837 ; when less than 5 years of age, 
 removed with his parents to Iowa, set- 
 tling in Davis Co., at what is now Spring- 
 town. Was educated principally at Fair- 
 field, Jefferson Co., Iowa, at a branch of 
 the State University. In 1854-56, ac- 
 quired his profession in the various print- 
 ing offices in Keokuk Co. In 1858, in 
 company with Judge Casey, established 
 the Iowa Democrat at Sigourney. 'In 
 August, 1862, entered the army on the 
 non-commissioned staff of Col. S. A. 
 Rice, of 33d Iowa V. I. as Commissary 
 Sergeant ; in September, 1864, was com- 
 missioned Lieutenant in the 4th Arkan- 
 sas Cavalry, a loyal white regiment raised 
 in Arkansas, and served until the end of 
 the war. In January, 1862, in connec- 
 
568 
 
 DIRECTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY: 
 
 tion with Mr. E. L. Burton, established 
 the Ottumwa Mercury^ with which he 
 resumed active identification at the close 
 of the war ; in 1868, he disposed of his 
 interest in that, 'and in company with H 
 M. McCulley and M. V. B. Bennett, 
 established another paper called the 
 Copperhead; in 1870, purchased the 
 interest of both partners, and changed 
 the name of the paper to the Ottumwa 
 Democrat^ of which he is still editor and 
 proprietor. In 1872, was a Delegate 
 from the Sixth District of Iowa to the 
 Democratic National Convention at Bal- 
 timore ; has always actively taken part 
 in the local conventions of his party, in 
 which he has commanding influence. 
 He is Chairman of the Democratic Con- 
 gressional District Committee. It is 
 chiefly owing to his efforts that the Leg- 
 islature passed the act in 1874, creating 
 a Board of three Commissioners, of which 
 Mr. Evans was President, how are 
 charged with the duty of stocking the 
 streams of the State with edible fish. 
 Mr. Evans is an amateur scientist of 
 more than local reputation ; is a man in 
 the prime of life, of fine social abilities, 
 and has in his character much more 
 than ordinary elements of success. Mr. 
 Evans was married on the the 19th 
 of December, 1866, to Sarah Emily 
 Potter, who was born in Carroll Co., 
 Ohio, Nov. 17, 18-15; they have three 
 daughters — Margaret Mitchell, born 
 Sept. 4, 1867 ; Sarah Edith, born June 
 4, 1871, and Lucy Eleanor, born March 
 15, 1874. 
 
 FAIR, H. M., dealer in agricultural 
 implements. 
 
 Farlin, G. W. 
 
 Farrington, W. A., carpenter. 
 
 FELLOWS, ROBERT, gardener; 
 born Oct. 7, 1817, in Monroe Co., N. 
 Y. ; moved to Ottumwa in 1868. Mar- 
 ried C. E. Crampton Dec. 26, 1848. 
 Republican. 
 
 FETZER, W. H., Justice of the 
 Peace and attorney at law ; born in 
 Clarion Co., Penn., Deo. 20, 1840; 
 came to Ottumwa in 1868. Has been 
 Justice of the Peace since 1872, and 
 City Clerk since 1875. Mr, Fetzer en- 
 listed in Co. E, 10th Penn. Regiment in 
 July, 1861; was mustered out on ac- 
 count of disability in December of the 
 
 same year. Has been a member of the 
 School Board since March, 1876. Mar- 
 ried Hattie Clark Dec. 24, 1863 ; she 
 was born in Clarion Co., Penn. ; have 
 had three children ; one died in infancy, 
 two living — John C. and William H. 
 Members of the Presbyterian Church. 
 
 FIEDLER, FRANK; born in 
 Schuylkill Co., Penn. Was in the Gov- 
 ernment employ part of 1863-64 ; came 
 to Wapello Co. in 1861, and to Ottumwa 
 \n 1866. Married Frances H. Fowler 
 March 11, 1868. Business, architect and 
 b uilder. They have five children — E mma 
 A., William, Ida M., Alice and John B, 
 
 Fields, J. B., retired banker. 
 
 Finegan, E., laborer. 
 
 FINLEY, ROBERT, druggist; 
 born at Taylorville, Muskingum Co., 
 Ohio, Dec 7, 1846 ; came to Ottumwa 
 in 1858. Engaged in the drug business 
 since 1860. Mr. Finley married Emma 
 S. Taylor June 6, 1870; she was born 
 in Burlington, Iowa; they have two 
 children — Lorena and Juliet Clara. 
 
 FISHER, JOHN C, capitalist; 
 born in Wayne Co., Ind., Nov. 16, 
 1817 ; when an infant his parents re- 
 moved to Darke Co., Ohio; remained 
 until he was 11 years of age, then re- 
 moved to Hamilton Co., Ind. ; resided 
 two years ; went to Tippecanoe Co., Ind; 
 after one year, moved to Parke Co., same 
 State ; in 1835, came to Fulton Co., 111.; 
 in the spring of 1841, came to Jefferson 
 Co., Iowa; in the spring of 1844, Mr. 
 Fisher came to Center Tp., Wapello Co. ; 
 located on Sec. 1 ; in 1855, sold out 
 and returned to Ottumwa, where he has 
 since resided, operating in real estate and 
 loaning money. Served as Deputy 
 Sheriff from September, 1857, to spring 
 of 1858. From 1858 to June, 1859, 
 was Postmaster at Ottumwa. [n 1860, 
 again served as Deputy Sheriff about a 
 year. Married Sarah E. Lewis June 
 29, 1854; she was born in Champaign 
 Co., Ohio. April 23, 1835. Members 
 of the Catholic Church. 
 
 Fitzgerald, John, carpenter. 
 
 Flear, John, retired. 
 
 Flear, P. H., laborer. 
 
 Flemming, John, shoemaker. 
 
 FLINT, WILLIAM ; born May 9, 
 1843, in Wapello Co., Iowa ; came to 
 Ottumwa in 1870. Married Charlotta 
 
OTTUMWA CITY, 
 
 569 
 
 M. Hand April 17, 1862. Is engineer 
 on the C, B. & Q. R. R. Have four 
 children — Charles A., Alida U., Harry 
 A. and Mattie L. 
 
 FLINT, W. T. ; born Oct. 6, 1845, 
 in Wapello Co., Iowa; came to Ot- 
 tuniwa in 1869 ; is a locomotive engi- 
 neer on the C, B. & Q. R. R. Married 
 E. M. Hart April 24, 1864 ; have one 
 child — Frankie. Democrat. 
 
 Fooy, J. H., retired. 
 
 FORD, H. R. ; born Feb. 16, 1840, 
 in Cattaraugus Co., N. Y. ; came to 
 Ottumwa in March, 1860, and is fore- 
 man for J. Schick & Co. Married to 
 Emerline S. Gibbs Dec. 29, 1859 ; have 
 three children — Cousins E., Cora Bell 
 and Lewis E. First came to Iowa with 
 his parents in 1845. 
 
 FORD, JOHN, retired ; born Aug. 
 30, 1817, in Onondaga Co., N. Y. ; in 
 1831. moved to the western part of 
 New York State ; in 1837, enlisted, to- 
 gether with other citizens, and made 
 their headquarters on Navy Island ; 
 disbanded soon, and he went to Ohio 
 and Michigan ; while en route, he fell 
 in with other forces, had a battle and 
 returned and gave up their arms to the 
 United States officers. Came to Hills- 
 dale, Mich. ; remained there for six 
 months ; then to Elkliart Co., Ind. ; five 
 years after, to Van Buren Co., Iowa ; 
 May 10, 1843, moved to Ottumwa. In 
 1852, was elected Justice of the Peace ; 
 the people continued to elect him to the 
 same office, and he served them faith- 
 fully for sixteen years. Married Han- 
 nah Leonard ; have five children living 
 — Hatty L., Charles E., L. A., Ellen and 
 Walter B. 
 
 Fore, Oliver, stone-mason. 
 
 Fox, Con, retired. 
 
 Fox, J. J., contractor. 
 
 Fox, S. A. 
 
 Francis, Riley, plasterer. 
 
 Freidman, L. M., merchant. 
 
 Fugate, J. H., dairyman. 
 
 Fugate, J. M. 
 
 Fugate, R. M. 
 
 FlJIiliFR, A. N., locomotive engi- 
 neer on the C, B. & Q. R. R. ; born in 
 Waterville, Me., Sept. 18, 1846; came 
 to Ottumwa, Iowa, 1868. Married Ella 
 J. Moore April 14, 1871 ; have one 
 child — Harry M. Republican. 
 
 Fuller, S. B. ; retired. 
 
 Fuller, T. A. 
 
 Fulton, J. A. 
 
 FFIiTON, J. D., architect, contractor 
 and builder; born in Cooper Co., Mo., 
 July 2, 1844 ; lived in Quincy, 111., from 
 1864 to 1867 ; removed to St. Louis in 
 1868, where he remained for a year; 
 thence to Chillicothe, Mo., for three 
 years, and in St. Joseph and Kansas 
 City until 1875, when he came to Ot- 
 tumwa ; his business for the last three 
 years has been contracting ; previous to 
 that, was manager and superintendent 
 of buildings ; among some of his prin- 
 cipal buildings have been the Court 
 House at St. Joseph and the Insane 
 Asylum there, as well as several churches 
 and various schoolhouses throughout 
 the country. 
 
 Fulton, T. A., grocer. 
 
 Gallagher, Tom, grocer. 
 
 GARNER, PARISH, employe C, B. 
 & Q. R. R. 
 
 €t ARBRY, JOHN, gardener ; was 
 was born in Warren Co., Ohio, in 1815 ; 
 moved to Iowa in 1856 ; to Ottumwa 
 in 1859. Mrs. Garbry's maiden name 
 was A. Dorsey ; was born in Shelby 
 Co., Ohio, in 1823 ; have four children 
 living — Mary E., now Mrs. Sumner, 
 aged 35 ; Maggie E., now Mrs. Evans, 
 aged 32 ; Sarah J., now Mrs. McNeil, 
 aged 28, and Rhoda E. ; children de- 
 ceased, James M., aged 10, and William 
 D., aged 5. Republican. 
 
 GARNER, J. W., of the firm of 
 Lawrence & Garner, wholesale dealers 
 in dry goods, notions, boots and shoes, etc.; 
 born in Franklin, Warren Co., Ohio, 
 Jan. 22, 1846 ; came with his parents to 
 Burlington, Iowa, in 1848; came to 
 Ottumwa in 1857 ; with T. Devin & 
 Sons as clerk for eight years ; he has 
 been associated with Charles Lawrence 
 as a partner since Jan. 16, 1871. Mar- 
 ried Mary E. Yarnall ; born at Kenneth 
 Square, Penn., July 29, 1849 ; they have 
 four children — Laura E., Edna, Holton 
 Wesley and Lawrence. 
 
 Garrity, Pat., laborer. 
 
 Gaston, A. W., attorney. 
 
 Gephart, D., butcher. 
 
 Gephart, John B., butcher. 
 
 Gibbons, J. F., laborer. 
 
 GibbSj R. L., machinist. 
 
570 
 
 DIRECTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY: 
 
 Gibbs, W. E., machinist. 
 
 Gilbert, Samuel, teamster. 
 
 Ginn, E., clerk. 
 
 Glenn, L., car-repairer. 
 
 Godfrey, Frank, travelins: agent. 
 
 GODFREY, G. M.", watchmaker 
 and jeweler ; dealer in watches, clocks, 
 jewelry, silver and plated ware, etc. ; 
 born in Dahlonega Tp., Wapello Co., 
 Iowa, Oct. 31, 1850 ; came to Ottumwa 
 in 1863 with his parents. Mr. Godfrey 
 has been engaged in his present business 
 seven years. He married Ella Parthe- 
 mcr Sept. 27, 1876; she was born in 
 Marysville, Ohio ; they have one child 
 — Winnie. Mrs. Godfrey is a member 
 of the Christian Church. 
 
 (jJODFREY, GEORGE, real es- 
 tate operator ; residence on Court street ; 
 born June 1, 1817, in Moorefield, Hardy 
 Co., Va. ; removed to Hocking Co., 
 Ohio, with his parents in 1823 ; came to 
 Wapello Co., Iowa, in 1843. Married 
 Margaret West in 1848 ; she was born 
 in Vermilion Co., Ind., in 1831 ; they 
 have had six children. One son, Will- 
 iam M., was killed in the battle of Bel- 
 mont in the late rebellion ; five living — 
 Lewis, Mary J., Elizabeth, George M. 
 and Sarah. 
 
 GODIiEY, I.EO:^IDAS M., 
 
 Clerk of the Courts ; born in Mason 
 Co., W. Va., June 13, 1836; in 1850, 
 removed to Polk Tp., Jefferson Co.. 
 Iowa ; came to Ashland, Wapello Co., 
 in April, 1854; in April, 1858, he 
 moved to Sedalia, Mo., where he re- 
 mained until September, 1861 ; he was 
 in the U. S. Army three months in 
 Missouri; in Sej)tember, 1861, he re- 
 turned to Ashland, Iowa. Aug. 6, 1862, 
 he enlisted in Co. E, 22d I. V. I. ; was 
 Sergeant of the company ; May 22, 
 1863, lost his left leg in the assault on 
 Vicksburg ; was discharged on account 
 of disability Sept. 9, 1863. He then 
 returned to A.shland and continued to 
 reside there until December, 187^, when 
 he came to Ottumwa, having been 
 elected Clerk of the Courts in November 
 of that year ; was re-elected to that 
 office in 1876; at the late election in 
 1878, was not a candidate for re-election, 
 and he retires from the position which he 
 has so faithfully filled with the entire 
 confidence of the people he has repre- 
 
 sented for two terms. Married Julia 
 A. Walker Aug. 2, 1859 ; she was born 
 in Estill Co., Ky. ; they have had ten 
 children, five living — Terasita, William, 
 Mattie, Charles acd Harry. Mr. and 
 Mrs. Godley are members of the First 
 M. E. Church of Ottumwa. 
 
 Goldsberry, J. H., teamster. 
 
 Goldsmith, M. D., boarding-house. 
 
 Goodall, Thos., wagon-maker. 
 
 OOODAL.L, WALIiACE B., 
 
 firm of Scott & Goodall, druggists and 
 booksellers ; residence on Market street ; 
 born Feb. 16, 1844, in Van Buren Co., 
 Iowa; in 1859, came to Ottumwa and 
 engaged with J. L. Taylor ; held this 
 position till 1863, when he enlisted ih 
 the 9th I. V. C, and served till 1866 ; 
 then returned to Ottumwa and engaged 
 with Taylor, Blake & Co. ; remained 
 there till 1873 ; then entered into part- 
 nership with John L. Moore in the 
 drug business ; in 1877, sold out his 
 intei-est and went to Chicago ; remained 
 there about one year ; in 1878, com- 
 menced their present business. Married 
 Miss Alice E. Taylor in October, 1871 ; 
 she was born in 1849, in Ohio ; had two 
 children, one living — Charles W., aged 
 4 years; lost Florence in 1874, aged 2 
 years. Republican. 
 
 GOODWIN, R. E.; born in Taren- 
 tum, Penn., Oct. 18, 1853 ; moved with 
 his parents to Clarksville, Mo., in 1857 ; 
 thence to Keokuk, Iowa, in 1861; 
 and in 1869, to Ottumwa; has charge 
 of the ticket office of the C, B. & Q. 
 R. R. 
 
 GORSrCH, W. H., clerk for H. 
 Thone; born Feb. 18, 1822, in Hunting- 
 ton Co., Penn.; moved to Ottumwa in 
 1866; held the office of City Clerk. 
 Married Eliza J. Booher ; have three 
 children — Clara M., Jennie and Gertie. 
 Republican. Was clerk under Gen. Burn- 
 side in the Commissary Department, 
 Washington City, during first two years 
 of the war. 
 
 GRAVES, CHARLES S., dealer 
 in groceries and provisions ; born in 
 Ashfield, Franklin Co., Mass., Sept. 25, 
 1 846 ; when an infant, his parents re- 
 moved to Sunderland, same county ; in 
 1867, he came to Ottumwa; has been 
 engaged in his present business since. 
 Married Clara R. Hayne Oct. 6, 1870 ; 
 
OTTUMWA CITY. 
 
 571 
 
 she was born in Ottumwa ; have two 
 
 children — Carrie A. and Stella H. Mrs. 
 
 Graves is a member of the Episcopal 
 
 Church. 
 Graves, F., R. R. conductor. 
 Graves, Henry, clerk. 
 Graves, H. P., retired. 
 Graves, OL C, printer. 
 Gray, L.'E., farmer. 
 Gray, John, horse dealer. 
 
 GREBBY, GEORGE B.; bom 
 
 in Lincolnshire, England, Oct. 15, 1831 ; 
 came to Delaware ; thence to Philadel- 
 phia. Married Miss Mary Smith Dec. 
 18, 1864; then came to Wapello Co.; 
 is sexton of Ottumwa Cemetery. Mrs. 
 G. was born in Berks Co., Penn., March 
 17, 1842 ; died March 16, 1877 ; has a 
 a family of four children — Sarah C, 
 Phebe M., Thomas and Amy E, and 
 two dead. Members of the Episcopal 
 Church. Mr. G. was in Co. F, 95th 
 Regt, Penn. Vols.; served his time ; 
 mustered out in 1865. Republican. 
 
 Greeley, Mark, laborer. 
 
 Green, Stephen, carpenter. 
 
 Green, Walter, barber. 
 
 GRISWOL.D, GEORGE, Dep- 
 uty Clerk of the Courts ; born in Lock 
 Berlin; Wayne Co., N. Y., Jan. 10, 
 1836 ; in April, 1851, removed to Mon- 
 trose, Lee Co., Towa; from 1861 to 
 1863, was a student of the Iowa State 
 University; from 1864 to 1868, was 
 principal of the public schools at Fort 
 Madison, Iowa ; then engaged in farm- 
 ing in Keokuk Co. ; remained there 
 until the summer of 1873 ; spent one 
 year at the Iowa State University, in 
 the law department ; in 1874, he came 
 to Ottumwa, and since December, 1874, 
 he has been Deputy Clerk of the Courts. 
 Married Mary L. Morgan July 3, 1864 ; 
 she was born in Braceville Tp., Trum- 
 bull Co.. Ohio ; have had six children; 
 lost one son — Neil ; five living — Mor- 
 gan, Edna, Daisy, and Mary and George 
 (twins). Members of the Episcopal 
 Church. 
 
 Grotz, Charles, machinist. 
 
 GRUBE, HE5fRY C, dealer in 
 groceries and provisions ; born in Ger- 
 many Dec. 24, 1834 ; came to the United 
 States spring of 1849 ; remained in St. 
 Louis until fall, then removed to Bur- 
 lington ; remained six years ; resided in 
 
 Keokuk a year ; in 1857, came to Ot- 
 tumwa and engaged in his present busi- 
 ness. Was Alderman of Third Ward 
 in 1867. Married Dee. 18, 1861, Phoebe 
 Grebby, born in England; have three 
 children — Catharine Jennie, Frederick 
 Walter and Louisa May. Owns real 
 estate valued at $5,000. 
 
 Grube, William, dealer in hats and caps. 
 
 Grube, F. W., dealer in hats and caps. 
 
 Gustafson, Charles, tailor. 
 
 Guthrie, John, carpenter. 
 
 Guyle, Gilbert, teamster. 
 
 TTADDEN, THOMAS, car-repairer. 
 
 HACKWORTH, JAMES T., 
 
 President of Johnston Ruffler Co., and 
 one of the proprietors of the Ottumwa 
 Iron Works; born in Adams Co., Ohio, 
 Jan. 12, 1839; came with parents to 
 Ottumwa August, 1845 ; in 1860, he 
 graduated from the Iowa Wesleyan Uni- 
 versity at Mt. Pleasant, and commenced 
 the study of law with Prof. Henry Am- 
 bler, of that institution ; was admitted 
 to the bar in 1861 ; was County Sur- 
 veyor for a year ; entered upon the prac- 
 tice of his profession in 1863. That 
 year was appointed Assistant Assessor 
 of Internal Revenue for this county, 
 which office he held for three or four 
 years. Engaged in his present business 
 in 1871 ; also member of the firm of 
 Porter Brothers & Hackworth. Mr. 
 Hackworth's father, Mr. George D. 
 Hackworth, was born in Virginia in 
 1810 ; came to Center Tp., this county, 
 August, 1845, and resided on Sec. 35 
 until 1857, when he moved with the 
 family to Ottumwa; he served several 
 years as County Surveyor, and was 
 County Auditor for two years; in 1873, 
 removed to Kansas, where he died in 
 Cowley Co. March, 1878, leaving a fam- 
 ily of four children. 
 
 Hadfield, J. J., dealer in hides and furs. 
 
 Hahn, Jacob, bar-tender. 
 
 Halberg, Charles, tailor. 
 
 HAL.E, THOMAS J., contractor 
 and builder; born in Machias, Me., 
 Oct. 3, 1839 ; when seven years of age, 
 removed, with his parents, to Hamp- 
 stead Harbor, L. I. ; thence to Sing 
 Sing, where he learned the trade of file- 
 cutter ; after a residence of eleven years, 
 removed to Toledo, Ohio; remained there 
 
572 
 
 DIRECTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY : 
 
 from 1857 to 1866, and learned the 
 carpenter's trade. Enlisted Aug. 15, 
 1862, in Co. H, 11 1th Ohio V. I. ; mus- 
 tered out July 14, 1865 ; he took part 
 in all the engagements of his regiment ; 
 was in the Atlanta campaign, in the 
 Pioneer Brigade, and had charge as 
 Sergeant. Came to Ottumwa April, 
 1866 ; was connected with Ladd's pork 
 house for several years. Was at one 
 time City Marshal. Married Mary A. 
 Blair Aug. 22, 1859 ; she was born in 
 Monroe Co., Mich. ; have had one child, 
 which is not living. 
 Halloway, C., laborer. 
 
 HAMILTOl^, AUC^rSTFS H., 
 
 proprietor of the Ottumwa Courier ; 
 born Jan. 19, 1827, in Cleveland, 
 Ohio, in that part then called New- 
 burgh ; he lived there until June, 
 1854, when he removed to the West, in 
 search of broader fields of operation, 
 and located in Ottumwa in September 
 of that year. He had been admitted to 
 the bar of Ohio in the spring of 1854, 
 but concluded that the newer regions 
 offered more inducements for the prac- 
 tice of his profession ; he opened an 
 office in Ottumwa, and continued his 
 professional labors until August, 1862, 
 being associated about eight years with 
 Hon. Morris J. Williams. He gave 
 up a large practice when he entered the 
 36th I. V. I., and was appointed Ad- 
 jutant of the regiment ; one year after 
 he was promoted to the grade of Major ; 
 in 1865, he was commissioned Lieuten- 
 ant Colonel, but was not mustered in as 
 such, on account of the regiment not 
 having men enough to justify it ; he 
 was mustered out Aug. 24, 1865, and 
 the regiment was disbanded Sept. 7, 
 of that year, at Davenport. In Octo- 
 ber, 1865, the Major returned to 
 Ottumwa, and resumed the legal pro- 
 fession. During his army life h6 was 
 in nearly all the engagements partici- 
 pated in by the old 36th ; he was capt- 
 ured at the battle of Mark's Mills, 
 Ark., April 26, 1864; he was taken to 
 prison at Camp Ford, near Tyler, Tex., 
 and retained there until July 23, when, 
 in company with Capt. Allen W. Miller, 
 of Company C, and Capt. John Lam- 
 bert, of Company K, of his regiment, 
 he escaped ; they traveled a distance of 
 
 600 miles on foot, without arms, and 
 poorly clad, and arrived at Pine Bluffs, 
 Ark., on the 24th of August ; during 
 this journey the men suffered terrible 
 privations, subsisting for eighteen days 
 at one time on raw green corn, were com- 
 pelled to make moccasins of their boot- 
 tops, and resort to all possible expedi- 
 ents to escape detection ; during the 
 many weary days of the journey, the 
 brave men slept in the shade of a for- 
 est, or under such shelter as they could 
 find, but not a single day was passed 
 indoors ; they traveled nearly always by 
 night ; their experience sounds like the 
 ante-war stories of escaping slaves, 
 rather than of white men in this boasted 
 land of freedom ; for weeks at a time 
 their ragged clothing was wet through ; 
 in fact, their escape was a marvelous 
 one, considering the dangers they were 
 subjected to; the Major's brave com- 
 rades died from the effects of their ex- 
 posure ; Capt. Miller reached his home 
 in Iowa, but died in September, 1864, 
 from slow fever, which produced in- 
 sanity; Capt. Lambert returned to his 
 regiment, but was not fitted for duty, 
 and died January 6, 1865 ; Maj. 
 Hamilton rejoined his regiment, and 
 was in command a good deal of the 
 time. In 1869, after several years of 
 home life, the Major became associated 
 with G-en. Hedrick, in the publication 
 of the Courier^ and, January 1, 1878, 
 became sole proprietor. He was the 
 second Mayor of Ottumwa, several 
 times chosen as Councilman, elected to 
 the State Senate in 1866, to fill vacancy, 
 and again in 1868, and was appointed 
 Postmaster of Ottumwa in 1870, a 
 position he has held since then. He 
 married Elma C. Coffin, a native of 
 Springfield, Ohio, August 19, 1856; 
 six children have resulted from this 
 union, two of whom are now dead ; the 
 surviving ones are Justus A., Mary E., 
 Emma L. and Henry A.; the deceased 
 are Edwin M., who died in infancy, and 
 Charles H., who was drowned in the 
 Des Moines Biver June 16, 1875, aged 
 9 years. Maj. Hamilton has been 
 prominently identified with the public 
 interests of Ottumwa ; he was a mem- 
 ber of the Board of Education for a 
 number of years, and also was principal 
 
OTTUMWA CITY. 
 
 573 
 
 agent of the St. Louis & Cedar Rapids 
 R. R. Co. in raising subscriptions for 
 that concern, by which means the St. 
 L., K. C. & N. road was secured ; some 
 $50,000 of the total subscriptions were 
 raised through his efforts ; he was also 
 active in the scheme to induce the 
 Chicago & Southwestern road to come 
 to Ottumwa, which was not successful ; 
 in the water-power, and other immense 
 undertakings, the Major was foremost 
 among the workers, and his name has 
 ever been associated with the material 
 prosperity of the city. 
 
 Hamilton, James, laborer. 
 
 Hammitt, Ben., carpenter. 
 
 Hammond, J. A., miller. 
 
 Hammond, W. S., enaineer. 
 
 HA:\X0X, DAXIEL, was born in 
 Livingston Co., N. Y., Oct. 20, 1844 ; 
 moved to Harrison Co., Iowa, in 1868. 
 Enhsted in Co. B, 9th N. Y. Art.; was 
 one year in active s'ervice. Came to 
 Ottumwa in 1870 ; has been engaged 
 as brickmason since ; built the gas 
 works, and buildings connected there- 
 with. Married Libby Mason in Novem- 
 ber, 1866 ; had four children — May, 
 Gertie, Libbie and Katie. 
 
 Harbott, Charles, teamster. 
 
 Harker, James, farmer. 
 
 Harlan, Charles, clerk. 
 
 Harlan, H. S., traveling agent. 
 
 Harlan, M. E., farmer. 
 
 Harman, D. M., retired. 
 
 Harmon, J. L., City Assessor. 
 
 Harper, James, engineer. 
 
 HARPER, SAMUEL. H., of 
 the firm of Egan, Harper & Co., whole- 
 sale and retail dealers in hardware ; 
 born in Taylorsville, Muskingum Co., 
 Ohio, April 23, 1843 ; came to Ottum- 
 wa in 1853. Mr. Harper enlisted 
 in Co. B, 36th Iowa V. I., Aug. 2, 
 1862; promoted to Second Lieutenant 
 July 4, 1863, to First Lieutenant in 
 December, 1863, and to the Captaincy of 
 his company Feb. 15, 1865; was in all 
 the engagements his regiment partici- 
 pated in ; was mustered out in Feb- 
 ruary, 1866. Married Corneha Rus- 
 sell Nov. 9, 1871 ; she was born in 
 Ohio; they have two children — Clar- 
 ence S. and Russell. Mrs. Harper 
 is a member of the Presbyterian 
 Church. 
 
 HARPER, WIIililAM T., was 
 
 born near Zanesville, Muskingum Co.; 
 Ohio, April 12, 1833 ; came to Wapello 
 Co. in 1 854 ; engaged in farming in the 
 northern part of the county two years, 
 working for $10 per month; taught in 
 public schools of the county four years ; 
 then entered the drug house of J. L. 
 Taylor, of Ottumwa, as clerk ; admitted 
 to partnership with Dr. Taylor in 1865 ; 
 in 1875, engaged in the oil-mill busi- 
 ness, which he now carries on in con- 
 nection with Wm. Daggett; in 1873 
 and 1874 was a member of the firm of 
 Daggett, Harper & Edgerly, proprietors 
 of the Ottumwa Iron Works. His first 
 wife was Miss M. J. Shaul, of this 
 county; they were married Dec. 25, 
 1863; she died in October, 1868; left 
 two children — Emma and Willie. Mr. 
 Harper's present wife was Mary E. 
 Knight; married in November, 1872; 
 she was born in this county ; they have 
 two children — Harry and Dolly. Mr. 
 and Mrs. Harper are members of the 
 Baptist Church. 
 
 Harrington, P. E., laborer. 
 
 Harrington, T. E., cabinet-maker. 
 
 Harris, Elias, dry goods merchant. 
 
 Harris, W. H., carpenter. 
 
 HARROW, ALBERT «., of the 
 firm of Ladd & Harrow, loan agents ; 
 born in Ottumwa Dec. 3, 1852. Mar- 
 ried Mary L. Carpenter, Oct. 9, 1877 ; 
 she was born at Cedar Rapids, Iowa ; 
 have one daughter — Mary G. Mr. 
 Harrow is one of the owners of the 
 Johnston RufHer Co.; has been inter- 
 ested in that business for the last eight 
 years. Mr. Harrow's flither, Francis 
 Marion Harrow, was born in Kentucky 
 in 1827 ; came to this county in 1843, 
 and died here in 1855. 
 
 Hart, D., railroad employe. 
 
 Hartman, E. M., boarding-house. 
 
 HASLACH, FRAXCIS, under- 
 taker; born in Bavaria, Jan. 16, 1817; 
 came to the United States in 1852; 
 lived in Cleveland, Ohio ; in 1854, went 
 to Ft. Madison, Iowa, thence to Ottum- 
 wa in July, 1 854 ; has been in his pres- 
 ent business ten years ; previous to that 
 was a furniture dealer. Married Jose- 
 phine Rohrmoser June, 1852; born in 
 Bavaria ; had seven children, five living 
 — Rosa, Mary, Caroline, Francis and 
 
574 
 
 DIRECTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY 
 
 John. Members of Catholic Church. 
 Property valued at S12,000. 
 
 HAUSMAX, JOHN, of the firm 
 of Hausman & Bauer, of the Union 
 Brewery, established in 1868 ; born in 
 Germany Dec. 26, 1839 ; came to 
 America in 1866 ; lived for seven years 
 at Nauvoo, 111.; came to Ottumwa in 
 1871, and began the business of brew- 
 ing. Married in Ottumwa Jan. 8, 1876, 
 Mena Stadter ; born in Germany ; they 
 have one child — Louisa, born Oct. 20, 
 1876. 
 
 HAW, GEORGE, hardware mer- 
 chant ; born in England Oct. 8, 1836; 
 came to the U. S. in 1844 ; located at 
 Platteville, Grant Co., Wis., in 1864; 
 came to Ottumwa and was engaged in 
 the hardware business here until 1868, 
 when his store was burned ; then be- 
 came connected with the First National 
 Bank of Ottumwa ; although he re- 
 sumed the hardware business in Febru- 
 ary, 1871, he has not severed his con- 
 nection with the bank. His first wife 
 was Henrietta R. Meeker, of Iowa Co., 
 Wis.; she died in November, 1861 ; his 
 second wife was Anna M. Henry ; they 
 had two children — Minnie F. and Hat- 
 tie T.; Mrs. Haw died in September, 
 1869 ; Mr. Haw's present wife was 
 Anna M. Corkhill, married in 1873 ; 
 she was born in New London, Iowa ; 
 they have two children — George C. and 
 Alice Jane. Are members of the First 
 M. E. Church. 
 
 Hawkins, A., retired. 
 
 Hawkins, J. E., clerk. 
 
 Hawley, James, insurance agent. 
 
 HAYXE, JOSEPH, retired ; born 
 Oct. 19, 1814, in Lincoln Co., N. C. 
 moved with parents to Miami Co., Ohio 
 in 1837, moved to Elkhart Co., Ind., 
 in 1839, to Van Buren Co., Iowa, 
 spring of 1843, to Wapello Co. Spring 
 of 1844, was elected Sheriff of the 
 county, and held the office three suc- 
 cessive terms ; has been elected and 
 served three terms as Clerk of the Dis- 
 trict County Court, also three terms as 
 County Treasurer. Married Mary Riley 
 June 22, 1836; had eight children — 
 William H., Napoleon B. (died in the 
 army), Richard W. (deceased), one died 
 in infancy, Eliza J., Clara R., Sarah F. 
 (deceased), Martha A. 
 
 Healy, Thomas, hardware merchant. 
 
 Heath, M. C, express messenger Ameri- 
 can Express Co. 
 
 Heavern, W. S., teamster. 
 
 Hedrick, James, teamster. 
 
 HEDRICK, JOHX MOR- 
 RO%V,GEX. ; is a native of Indiana; 
 born in Rush Co., Dec. 16, 1832; son 
 of Hon. J. W. Hedrick, afterward a 
 resident of Wapello Co.; came to Iowa 
 in 1845 ; his opportunities for education 
 were limited, yet at the age of 17, he 
 had qualified himself for a teacher, and 
 from that time until he was 20, passed 
 his winters in teaching, and his summers 
 on his father's farm ; in 1852, entered a 
 mercantile house as clerk ; soon became 
 a partner, and, before long, proprietor of 
 the house ; with the exception of two 
 years devoted to the real estate business, 
 gave his entire attention to mercantile 
 pursuits until the beginning of the war. 
 In August, 1861, he closed out his 
 business in Ottumwa for the purpose of 
 entering the service, and before the 
 close of that month, had enlisted enough 
 men to entitle him to a First Lieuten- 
 ant's commission ; received his commis- 
 sion as First Lieutenant of Co. D, 15th 
 I. V. I., Sept. 20, 1861 ; Dec. 23, was 
 made Quartermaster of that regiment ; 
 while in rendezvous at Keokuk, was 
 promoted to the captaincy of Co. K, 
 and with this rank entered the field ; 
 Shiloh was the first battle in which this 
 regiment was engaged, and there Gen. 
 Hedrick distinguished himself; was 
 wounded and taken prisoner ; he, with 
 about two hundred and fifty other offi- 
 cers, was forwarded to Corinth, thence 
 by rail to Memphis ; was more than fifty 
 hours without food, and the first given 
 them was raw bacon and rotten bread ; 
 was six months and seven days in the 
 various prisons of the South ; finally 
 paroled Oct. 18, 1862, and came to his 
 home in Ottumwa ; as soon as he learned 
 of his exchange, rejoined his regiment 
 at La Fayette, Tenn., Feb. 9, 1863, and 
 was immediately promoted to the rank 
 of Major ; on the 22d of the following 
 April, was made Lieutenant Colonel, 
 and with this rank won his chief laurels ; 
 in 1864. while before Atlanta, the Re- 
 publican State Convention, on account 
 of the fact that Iowa soldiers were 
 
OTTUMWA CITY. 
 
 575 
 
 allowed to vote, sent him as a delegate 
 to represent the Iowa soldiers at the 
 Baltimore National Convention which 
 renominated Abraham Lincoln, he vot- 
 ing for Lincoln and Johnson. When, 
 after the fall of Atlanta, Col. Belknap 
 was made Brigadier General, Lieut. Col. 
 Hedrick was promoted to the full 
 colonelcy of the 15th I. V. I., his com- 
 mission dating Aug. 20, 1864; in this 
 battle, he was well-nigh fatally wounded, 
 but was so conspicuous for bravery that 
 he was brevetted Brigadier General ; 
 his injuries were too severe to permit 
 him to again take command in the field ; 
 after many weeks, when partially recov- 
 ered, was detailed for duty in the War 
 Department at Washington, where he 
 remained from March, 1865, to Sept. 
 1866. This military record was taken 
 from Stewart's " Iowa Colonels and Reg- 
 iments," and from IngersoU's " Iowa and 
 the Rebellion. When mustered out of 
 service, he was appointed Postmaster of 
 Ottumwa, which office he held until 
 1870, when he was appointed Supervisor 
 of Internal Revenue for Iowa, Nebraska, 
 Minnesota, Colorado and Dakota, which 
 position he held until 1876 ; during his 
 incumbency of this office, he was es- 
 pecially detailed in charge of the great 
 whisky cases at Milwaukee and Chicago, 
 which required his entire attention for 
 twelve months, and for the management 
 of which he was complimented by Sec- 
 retary Bristow and the Treasury De- 
 partment. At his appointment as Post- 
 master, in 1866, was elected by the 
 stockholders of the Ottumwa Courier 
 Company as its editor, and had charge 
 of the editorial columns until 1869, 
 meantime becoming half-owner of it. 
 In that year, Maj. Hamilton bought the 
 other half, and they together had charge 
 of it until Jan. 1, 1878, during which 
 time its general business and property 
 value increased three or four fold. In 
 1868, he was one of the Delegates at 
 Large to the Chicago Convention, which 
 first nominated Gen. Grant, and was one 
 of the Vice Presidents of that Conven- 
 tion, and also one of the committee that 
 went to Washington to notify Grant ot 
 his nomination. When Gen. Hedrick 
 retired from the Courier, he gave his 
 time chiefly to looking after the interests 
 
 of the Cedar Rapids, Sigourney & Ot- 
 tumwa Railroad Co., of which he is 
 President, and of attending to his real 
 estate matters in Ottumwa. He is ex- 
 tensively engaged in fruit-growing; is 
 somewhat interested in agriculture, and 
 is President of the Wapello County 
 Agricultural Society. Gen. Hedrick 
 was one of the first to agitate the sub- 
 ject of the improvement of the water- 
 power in Ottumwa, and when he became 
 connected with the Courier, brought all 
 the influence of his paper to bear toward 
 its accomplishment. He has also al- 
 ways been actively interested in the 
 projection and completion of railroad 
 facilities for Ottumwa. In 1853, he 
 married Matilda Caroline Haines, a 
 native of Illinois ; resident of Wapello 
 Co. since 1844 ; have had six children, 
 the eldest, Clarence H., dying in infancy ; 
 the living are Kate M., Howard L., 
 Charles M., Harry McPherson and 
 Carita B. 
 
 HENDERSHOTT, HENRY 
 BASCOMB, born May 15, 1816, 
 in Miami Co., Ohio; of mingled Ger- 
 man and Welsh extraction ; parents 
 born in this country — father in New Jer- 
 sey, mother in Ohio ; in the fill of 
 1816, they moved to the Territory of 
 Illinois, Madison Co., where his early 
 youth was spent, amidst the privations 
 incident to pioneer life ; his opportu- 
 nities for securing an education were 
 meager ; he could only attend school 
 during the winter, and was often obliged 
 to walk three or four miles to reach it ; 
 but even thus early in life he evinced the 
 determination and energy which have 
 since distinguished him; when 19, he 
 started, unaided, afoot and alone to the 
 Illinois College, at Jacksonville ; when 
 he reached his destination he had only 
 $2.50 left, and a very scanty wardrobe ; 
 he laid his case before the faculty, of 
 which Rev. Edward Beecher was Presi- 
 dent, and they, appreciating the bravery 
 of his undertaking, extended such en- 
 couragement to him as they could ; at 
 this time there was a large farm and 
 work-shop connected with the College, 
 and during such spare hours as he could 
 get from his studies, he applied himself 
 to work, receiving 12-2 cents per hour 
 for all he could do ; he remained there 
 
 2 
 
576 
 
 DIRECTORY OF AVAPELLO COUNTY; 
 
 two years, alternating work and study, 
 never falling behind his classes ; but at 
 length he found it necessary to do some- 
 thing more effectual toward his own 
 support ; he therefore went, in 1837, to 
 Burlington, where for some months he 
 clerked in the post office, after which he 
 wrote in the Recorder's office ; during 
 these occupations he found time to read 
 law, under the direction of Judge David 
 Eorer and M. D. Browning; May 6, 
 1839, was appointed Deputy Clerk of 
 the District Court of Des Moines Co. 
 by the Hon. Charles Mason, then Judge 
 of that Court ; here he remained for 
 two years, continuing his studies ; was 
 finally admitted to the bar in 1841 ; 
 the year following, he removed to Mt. 
 Pleasant, Henry Co.; soon after, to 
 Fairfield, Jefferson Co.; thence to Agency 
 City ; May 16, 184-1, came to Ottumwa, 
 whgre he has since resided ; in Febru- 
 ary, 1844, he was appointed by Judge 
 Mason Clerk of the District Court of 
 Wapello Co., which office he held until 
 the September following ; while Clerk, 
 it became his duty, under an act of the 
 Legislature, to organize the county, 
 which he did ; Dec. 17, 1845, he was 
 appointed by Gov. James Clarke to the 
 office of District Prosecutor for the 
 Seventh District of Iowa ; Sept. 17, 
 1846, Gov. Clarke commissioned him 
 Colonel of the 2d Begt., 1st Brig., 4th 
 Div. Iowa Militia ; April 10, 1847, was 
 commissioned by Hon. George W. Jones, 
 then Surveyor General of Wisconsin and 
 Iowa, Deputy Surveyor; while holding 
 this post, he subdivided six townships of 
 Government land into sections ; at the 
 December term of the U. S. Supreme 
 Court, in 1848, he was appointed by 
 that Court to the responsible position of 
 Commissioner for Iowa to act in con- 
 junction with Mr. Joseph C. Brown, 
 Commissioner for Missouri, in determin- 
 ing the vexed question of the boundary 
 line between those States ; Mr. Brown 
 died ; Hon. Robert W. Wills was his 
 successor ; but finding that the duties of 
 Commissioner would interfere with those 
 of District Judge, resigned, and Hon. 
 W. Z. Miner was appointed to succeed 
 him ; the joint services of Judge Hen- 
 dershott and Mr. Miner gave entire sat- 
 isfaction, and their report was accepted 
 
 as a final settlement of a prolonged and 
 bitter dispute over the dividing line ; in 
 the summer of 1850, Mr. Hendershott 
 was elected to represent the counties of 
 Wapello, Monroe and Lucas in the State 
 Senate ; he served four years ; in the 
 Senate, he was a member of the Com- 
 mittee on Judiciary, and took an active 
 part in forming the code of 1851 ; Jan. 
 21, 1851, he was elected member of the 
 Iowa Historical and Geological Society ; 
 he was Clerk of the City Council of Ot- 
 tumwa in 1852 and 1853 ; again in 
 1855, and, in 1859, again a member of 
 the City Council ; he was elected Judge 
 of the District Court for the Third (now 
 the Second) Judicial District in 1^856, 
 in which office he served with great 
 credit to himself and acceptability to the 
 bar and people ; it may be said, without 
 disparagement to others, that the reports 
 of cases decided by the Supreme Court 
 of the State will show a less proportion 
 of Judge Hendershott's rulings reversed 
 than those of any other Judge in the 
 State-; on retiripg from the bench, the 
 bar tendered him a complimentai-y sup- 
 per, at which resolutions of admiration 
 and approval of his services were passed ; 
 since 1850, with the exception of the 
 time he was actually engaged in the du- 
 ties of State Senator, and during the 
 term he acted as Judge of the Court, he 
 has been actively engaged in the prac- 
 tice of his profession ; in 1876, he was 
 Democratic candidate for Congress in 
 the Sixth District of Iowa ; the district 
 was then Republican by about 5,000 ; 
 though from this his defeat was to be 
 expected, yet he ran several hundred 
 ahead of his ticket ; he has filled many 
 stations of responsibility and honor, and 
 always with industry, vigor and ability ; 
 has been an able worker in various ca- 
 pacities, a fluent, forcible andconvmcing 
 speaker. Was married June 8, 1845, 
 to Miss Mary W. Jeffries, daughter of 
 Judge Paul C. Jeffries ; have seven sons 
 and one daughter. 
 
 Hendershott, L. C, attorney. 
 
 Hennesy, John, laborer. 
 
 Henrich, Martin, meat market, etc 
 
 Henry, B. F., hardware dealer. 
 
 Henry, R. 
 
 Hewett, David. 
 
 Hill, J. W., traveling salesman. 
 
OTTUMWA CITY. 
 
 577 
 
 HILL, JOSEPH,_ groceries, flour 
 and feed and railroad ties, on Main st. ; 
 born Nov. 29, 1817, in Muskingum 
 Co., Ohio ; in 1846, came to Center 
 Tp., Wapello Co., and engaged in farm- 
 ing ; he entered about 200 acres ; the 
 entire city of Ottumwa has been built 
 since he came to this county. Married 
 Julia A. Chandler in 1842 ; she was 
 born in 1822, in Chandlersville, Mus- 
 kingum Co., and died in 1867 ; have one 
 child, Arthur C; second marriage to Mrs. 
 Sarah E. Mudge in 1862 ; she was born in 
 1822, in Washington Co., Penn.; she has 
 two children by a former marriage — H. 
 P. and W. C. Mudge ; H. P. served 
 ninety days in the late war ; Arthur C. 
 is now a practicing physician at the In- 
 dian Agency, Blackfoot, Montana ; re- 
 ceived his appointment from the Grov- 
 ernment. 
 
 Hines, H., car-repairer. 
 
 Hines, John, stone-mason. 
 
 HINSE Y, J. C, DR., physician and 
 surgeon, office, corner of Main and Jef- 
 ferson streets ; he was born June 9, 1829, 
 in Butler Co., Ohio; when an infant he 
 came with his parents to Tazewell Co., 
 111. ; in 1846, commenced the study of 
 medicine and graduated at the Rush 
 Medical College, in 1851, in Chicago; 
 in the winter of 1853-54, attended 
 the Medical Department of the Penn- 
 sylvania College, and received the Ad 
 Eundem degree; in the fall of 1854, 
 removed to Wapello Co. ; settled at Dahl- 
 onega ; remained there till 1861 ; in the 
 spring of 1862, was appointed Surgeon 
 of the Board of Enrollment for the 
 Sixth District, with headquarters at 
 Iowa City; resigned in 1863; removed 
 to Ottumwa, and has resided here ever 
 since; has been Supervisor for Dahlo- 
 negaTp. ; also Coroner four years. Mar- 
 ried Olive R. Upson, March, 1851 ; she 
 was born in 1830, in Conn. ; died, August, 
 1854; had two children, one living — 
 Norton D. ; lost Olive R. in infancy ; 
 second marriage to Louisa F. Lentner, 
 July, 1856; she was born in 1838, in 
 Ohio; had eleven children, ten living; 
 Gussie died February, 1876, aged 8 
 years. Dr. H. was Chairman of the 
 meeting that organized the Republican 
 party in Wapello Co., in 1856; has 
 voted this ticket ever since. 
 
 Hinsey, N. D., printer. 
 
 Hirschauer, Peter, boiler-maker. 
 
 Hobbs, Charles, teamster. 
 
 Hobson, M. L., laborer. 
 
 Hoddy, A. F., laborer. 
 
 Hobbs, H. A. 
 
 HOI>(]}E, DAVID, wholesale liquor 
 merchant ; born in Glasgow, Scotland, 
 July 11, 1831 ; came to Canada in 1841, 
 removed to Chicago in 1849 ; came to 
 Ottumwa in 1858. In June, 1861, en- 
 listed in Co. H, 1st I. V. C. ; served 
 until September, 1865, was much of the 
 time with Gen. Prentiss on detached 
 service. Was for a great many years 
 associated with Col. P. G. Ballingall in 
 the hotel business here ; November 20, 
 1867, he opened the Ballingall House, 
 and conducted it vintil the fall of 1877. 
 In September, 1877, he established his 
 present business. Married Martha Jane 
 Louder December 26, 1865; she was 
 born in Van Buren Co., Iowa ; have one 
 child — Wallace Ballingall. 
 
 Hodge, James, employe C, B. & Q. R. R. 
 
 HOFMANN, BERXHARD, of 
 the firm of Shafer & Hofmann, proprie- 
 tors of Steam Brewery ; born in Ger- 
 many Oct. 29, 1843 ; came to the 
 United States in 1868; was in New 
 York one month ; in Chicago, four and a 
 half years, with Conrad Seipp ; came to 
 Ottumwa in 1872; was foreman for 
 Bauer & Shafer over a year, before en- 
 gaging with the present firm. Married 
 Rosina Schlagster November 15, 1874; 
 born in New York ; they have two 
 children — Regina Carrie and Philips 
 Frank. 
 
 Hofi"man, James, carpenter. 
 
 Hoff'man, M. A., hotel proprietor. 
 
 Hohn, A., saloon. 
 
 Hokanson John, shoemaker. 
 
 HOLIiY, E. H., firm of Holly & 
 West, proprietors of meat market ; born 
 at Big Flats, Chemung Co., N. Y., 
 Aug. 28, 1830; came to Ottumwa in 
 1865. Enlisted in Co. H, 13th 111. V. 
 L, May, 1861 ; mustered out June, 
 1864. Has been engaged in his present 
 business since he came to Ottumwa. 
 Married Minerva T. Treasdell Oct. 31, 
 1867 ; born in Chemung Co., N. Y. 
 Owns real estate valued at $4,500. 
 
 HOPKINS, JAMES E., mer- 
 chant ; born in Cincinnati, Ohio, Jan. 11 , 
 
578 
 
 DIRECTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY; 
 
 1827 ; moved to Ottumwa in Septem- 
 ber, 1867. Elected Constable, and 
 served three years. Was in Co. I, 1st 
 Ky. V. I. one year. Now engaged in 
 the grocery trade. Married Elizabeth 
 F. Lutz Jan 20, 1868 ; have two chil- 
 dren — Martin F. and James E., Jr. 
 
 Horn Essex, laborer. 
 
 Houriten, John, laborer. 
 
 HOVER, H. S., was born in Cincin- 
 nati, Ohio, Oct. 6, 1844; removed 
 to Quincy, 111., in 1866 ; remained there 
 a year; in 1867, came to Mt. Pleasant, 
 Iowa, and in 1871, to Ottumwa. Mar- 
 ried Mary Phillips Dec. 30, 1869; she 
 was born in Stark Co. July 25, 1847 ; 
 have had two children — Fanny Mabel, 
 died in infancy ; Mary Areta, still liv- 
 ing, was born Oct. 15, 1871. 
 
 Hoyland, Ben., livery stable. 
 
 Hoyland, E. 
 
 Hubbard, D. L., physician. 
 
 Hughes, E. P., grain buyer. 
 
 Hughes, L. H., painter and paper-hanger. 
 
 Hugus, M. J., carpenter. 
 
 Hurds, G. W. 
 
 Hurd, John P., machinist. 
 
 Hurd, J., shoemaker. 
 
 Hurst, James, blacksmith. 
 
 HUTCHISON & ilIAST, attor- 
 neys. Joseph G. Hutchison, attorney; 
 born near Watsontown, Northumber- 
 land Co., Penn., Sept. 11, 1840; was 
 named for his grandfather, Joseph 
 Hutchinson. He remained on the farm 
 of his father, Wilson Hutchinson, 
 until 16 years old, attending, after his 
 seventh year, the free school of the 
 vicinity for six months in the year ; at 
 16, he was sent to Turbottsville, Penn., 
 Academy for one year; there taking a pre- 
 paratory course in Latin, Greek, algebra 
 and natural philosophy to enter Williams- 
 port Dickinson Seminary at Williams- 
 port, Penn., an institution charted by 
 the Legislature, with full power to con- 
 fer collegiate degrees; graduated from 
 the classical course in this institution in 
 in June, 1862. In August, he enlisted 
 in Co. B, 131st Penn. V. I. ; was in the 
 service about one year ; was in the bat- 
 tles of Antietam, Fredricksburg and 
 Chancellorsville ; was First Lieutenant 
 for the first nine months, when he was 
 promoted to Captain, serving as such 
 three months. On returning from the 
 
 I 
 
 army, entered the Ohio State and 
 Union Law College at Cleveland, where 
 after taking the full law course, gradua- 
 ted in June, 1864 ; he supplemented 
 this preparation with another year of 
 law study at his old home in Pennsyl- 
 vania, before coming West. In July, 
 1865, he came to Des Moines, Iowa, 
 and, in November of the same year, re- 
 moved to Ottumwa; here he practiced 
 law in partnership with Edward H. 
 Stiles until 1869 ; was in partnership 
 with J. T. Hackworth until 1872 ; from 
 September, 1872 until November, 1875, 
 was concerned in manufacturing in the 
 Johnston Ruffler Co., in the interests of 
 which, he spent nine months in Europe ; 
 returned to the practice of his profes- 
 sion in November, 1875, associated with 
 J. N. Mast, and has continued up to 
 date. Was Alderman of the Third 
 Ward from March, 1869, to October of 
 the same year, when he resigned. Is one 
 of the Directors of the Iowa National 
 Bank. 
 LSE, AUGUSTUS, painter. 
 
 Inskeep, C., real estate dealer. 
 
 Ireland, Jonathan, stone-mason. 
 
 Isaacson, A., peddler. 
 
 Isherwood, W. H., clerk. 
 
 Israel, Thomas, carpenter. 
 
 Israel, Mark, clerk. 
 
 IVES, HARRY H., of the Demo- 
 crat and Times ; born in Green Bay 
 Tp., Lee Co., Iowa Nov. 14, 1856; 
 came to Ottumwa with his parents in 
 1872. Was educated at the city high 
 school, and the Agricultural College at 
 Ames, Iowa. Learned the printer's trade 
 with S. B. Evans, in the office of the 
 Ottumwa Democrat, in 1873, and in the 
 office of the Sj^irit of the Times ; in 
 July, 1875, purchased a half-interest in 
 the Times, his father owning the other 
 half, and they conducted this paper until 
 Nov. 14, 1878, when it was consolidated 
 with the Ottumwa Democrat, Mr. Ives 
 being equal partner in that paper. 
 
 IVES, XELSON M., of the Demo- 
 crat and Times, was born near Newton 
 Falls, Trumbull Co., Ohio, Jan. 2, 
 1818; the year previous his parents 
 had removed from Litchfield Co., Conn., 
 into Ohio, which was then a wilderness ; 
 in November, 1843, he came to Bur- 
 
OTTUMWA CITY. 
 
 579 
 
 lington, Iowa, where for a time he 
 taught school ; he enUsted for the Mexi- 
 can war, but instead of going to Mexico, 
 was sent to Minnesota to help quell the 
 Indian disturbances; he was absent for 
 fourteen months, and, upon his return, 
 engaged for a time in the mercantile 
 business in Burlington, and, in 1853, in 
 farming in Des Moines Co. ; held vari- 
 ous offices; was Deputy Treasurer and 
 Collector for two years ; he came to 
 Wapello Co. in 1863, and engaged in 
 farming; in 1871, he was elected 
 County Superintendent of Schools of 
 this county, and, in 1873, was Chairman 
 of the Anti-Monopoly State Central 
 Committee; in 1874, went into the 
 Spirit of the Times, which he edited 
 until it was consolidated with the Demo- 
 crat Nov. 14, 1878. He married Emily 
 F. Davis Nov. 30, 1851 ; she was born 
 in Sharon, Mercer Co., Penn., May 29, 
 1832 ; they had four children ; one son, 
 Charles N., died in May, 1872, aged 9 
 years; the living are Harry N., Nettie 
 E. and Jesse. 
 yENNINGS, B., cabinet-maker. 
 
 Jeppson, J., clerk. 
 
 JAQUES, W. H. C, attorney at 
 law ; born in Washington Co., Va., Oct. 
 20, 1841 ; removed with his parents to 
 B^airfield, Iowa, in 1848 ; came to 
 Ottumwa in 1867 ; spent one year in 
 the law department of Harvard Uni- 
 versity at Cambridge, Mass. ; has been 
 engaged in the practice of law in Ot- 
 tumwa since July, 1868. Married 
 Flora Williams Aug. 29, 1869; she 
 was born in Indiana; they have three 
 children — Stella W., Jo Ralph and Edna 
 A. He enlisted in August, 1862, as a 
 private in Co. D, 19th I. V. I. ; in 
 March, 1864, he was promoted to First 
 Lieutenant of Co. D, 56th U. S. Colored 
 Regt. ; in the fall of 1864, he was pro- 
 moted to the captaincy of the same 
 company; mustered out in 1866. 
 
 Johnson, B. M., laborer. 
 
 Johnson, G. E., clerk. 
 
 Johnson, G. T., clergyman. 
 
 JOHNSON, J. GrST, born in 
 Sweden Aug. 8, 1839 ; came to the 
 United States in October, 1868, locat- 
 ing near Mt. Pleasant, Iowa ; in March, 
 1869, came to Ottumwa, and has been 
 
 connected with Moss cS: Co.'s dry goods 
 business since. Married Albertina 
 Johnson Feb. 22, 1874; born in 
 Sweden ; have three children — Gust 
 Alexander, Emelia E. and an infant 
 daughter. Owns real estate valued at 
 $4,000. 
 
 Johnson, John, clerk. 
 
 JOHNSON, li. E., born in Kane 
 Co., 111., April 13, 1846; moved to 
 Ottumwa, Iowa, in 1877 ; is engaged as 
 general foreman of locomotive and 
 car works of the C, B. & Q. R. R. 
 Co. ; enlisted in the 134th Illinois 
 Infantry, 100-days men, served the 
 time ; was honorably discharged. Mar- 
 ried Ellen G. Parker April 10, 1869 ; 
 three children — Willie S., George P. 
 and Mary G. 
 
 Johnson, M. A., laborer. 
 
 JOHNSTON, AliL-EN, inventor 
 of the Johnston Ruffler ; born in Mus- 
 kingum Co., Ohio, Oct. 24, 1848; fall 
 of 1855, his parents moved with him to 
 Adams Tp., Wapello Co., Iowa, where 
 he engaged in farm pursuits ; in 1868, 
 came to Ottumwa ; for one year, engaged 
 in the sale of sewing machines ; fall of 
 1869, patented an embroidery attach- 
 ment, and went to Chicago to secure 
 the manufacture of that invention ; be- 
 ing without means, his brother, W. T, 
 Johnston, advanced the money to secure 
 the patent; while in Chicago, he was 
 impressed with the need of a good, 
 practical ruffler, and, in October, 1870, 
 secured a joint patent with his brother; 
 spring of 1871, took Mr. W. T. Major 
 as partner ; August, same year, Mr. 
 Hackworth and Mr. Hutchinson were 
 taken into partnership. Mr. Johnston 
 married Miss Lizzie Wiley Feb. 6, 
 1872 ; she was born near Greensburg, 
 Ind. ; a member of the Presbyterian 
 Church ; Mr. J. member of the Baptist 
 Church ; have two children — Stella 
 Maud and Roy Willy. 
 
 Johnston, John, carpenter. 
 
 Johnston, Wm., teamster. 
 
 Johnston, W. T., dentist and florist. 
 
 Johnston, W. H. 
 
 Jones, H. B., clerk. 
 
 JONES, WILLIAM E., bom in 
 Ross Co., Ohio, Jan. 28, 1843 ; came 
 to Wapello Co. with parents in fall of 
 1849, and located in Center Tp., See. 
 
580 
 
 DIRECTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY 
 
 36, in December, 1869 ; came to Ot- 
 tumwa and was engaged in dry goods 
 business for two years, and as public 
 weigher for six years. Married May 18, 
 1865, to Catharine Whipple ; born in 
 New York State; have two children — • 
 Etta M. and Carrie M. Are members 
 of the Congregational Church. 
 
 Jones, W. S., laborer. 
 
 J OR D AX, KIXSEY. saloon- 
 keeper ; born in Smithfield, Ohio, April 
 14, 1832 ; moved to Illinois in 1852, 
 and to Ottumwa, Iowa, in 1860 ; elected 
 Alderman in March, 1877. Married 
 Mary S. Wood Nov. 6, 1865 ; have two 
 children — Lucinda B. and Mary S. He 
 is the owner of real estate. 
 
 JORDAN, W. A., & SOXS, 
 dealers in dry goods, carpets, millinery 
 goods, clothing, boots and shoes, etc.; 
 the firm is composed of J. W., A. C, 
 J. C. and C. L. Jordan ; their father,W. 
 A. Jordan, died in 1873; J. W. 
 Jordan was born in Lancaster, Keokuk 
 Co., Iowa, April 9, 1849; in 1867, 
 went to Eddyville, in this county ; in 
 June, 1868, he came to Ottumwa ; spent 
 one year at Annapolis Naval Academy 
 previous to coming here ; since locating 
 here, he has been constantly engaged in 
 mercantile business ; Albert C. was 
 born at Richland, Keokuk Co., Iowa, 
 Feb. 5, 1851 ; has been connected with 
 the dry goods business since he was 10 
 years of age ; married Abbie Leighton 
 in Novemloer, 1874 ; she was born in 
 Ottumwa ; they have one child — Mary 
 Inez, born April 11, 1876. J. C. Jor- 
 dan, born at Richland, Keokuk Co., 
 Iowa, April 9, 1853; Charles L.Jordan, 
 born at Richland, Keokuk Co., Iowa, 
 May 21, 1855 ; connected with the dry 
 goods business since 1 871 . This firm is 
 doing a business of about $150,000 per 
 annum, and is one of the largest retail 
 dry goods establishments in Iowa. 
 
 Justice, J. W., carpenter. 
 
 KAISER, F., wagon-maker. 
 Kaiser, George, saloon. 
 Kavanaugh, M., laborer. 
 Kearns, Martin, fireman. 
 Keeler, David, engineer. 
 Kellaher, Barney, laborer. 
 Kelley, James, stone-cutter. 
 KENDALf., SAMUEL, born 
 North Hamptonshire, England ; came 
 
 to America in 1851 ; to Ohio in 1853 ; 
 to Illinois in 1854, and in that year to 
 Davenport, Iowa, and the same season 
 moved to Ottumwa. His trade is stone- 
 cutter and mason work. Married Nancy 
 Harper, July, 1858 ; have eight chil- 
 dren — Anne, Fred, Lewis, Greorge, Mary, 
 Laura, Samuel, John. Democrat. 
 
 Keott, C, musician. 
 
 Kerfoot, John R., butcher. 
 
 KiWer, Wm. C, engineer. 
 
 Kidd, Wm., laborer. 
 
 Kiester, Philip, manufacturer of wagons 
 and agricultural implements. 
 
 Kilby, L. W., carpenter. 
 
 Kimblaid, John, laborer. 
 
 Kindall, Joseph, cigar- maker. 
 
 Kingsbaker, B., cigar manufacturer. 
 
 Kingsbaker, T., cigar manufacturer. 
 
 KIRK, II. li., of the firm of Kirk & 
 Walker, lumber dealers ; born at Ber- 
 lin Center, Trumbull Co., 111., April 
 22, 1838 ; in 1854, with his parents, 
 located at Ft. Madison. November, 
 1863, enhsted in the U. S. Navy, on a 
 dispatch boat, headquarters at Cairo 
 and Mound City ; was in the service 
 two years ; then in the lumber business 
 at Pella five years ; afterward lived at 
 Bloomfield, Ft. Madison and Mount 
 Sterling, 111., each one year; came to 
 Ottumwa in June, 1874. 
 
 Kirkpatrick, S., clerk. 
 
 KIRKP ATRICK, WADE, 
 
 County Recorder ; was born near Lon- 
 don, Madison Co., Ohio, Nov. 9, 1846; 
 came with his parents to Highland Tp.,. 
 Wapello Co., Iowa, in August, 1850 ' 
 in March, 1865, came to Ottumwa ; ha*' 
 resided here ever since, excepting an in' 
 terval of one year spent in Highland. 
 Feb. 14, 1864," Mr. Kirkpatrick enlisted 
 in Co. K, 2d Iowa V. I. ; lost his left 
 leg at Atlanta, Ga., Aug. 18, 1864; 
 mustered out, for disability, March 23, 
 1865. After leaving the army, worked 
 at saddlery in Ottumwa for five years ; 
 one year, served as clerk of the post- 
 oflBce, under Gen. J. M. Hedrick, 
 Postmaster ; fall of 1872, was elected 
 County Recorder; re-elected in 1874, 
 1876, and again 1878, an evidence of 
 the esteem in which he is held by the 
 people of the county; is also serving 
 his second term as City Treasurer ; served 
 one term as Assessor of Highland Tp. 
 
OTTUMWA CITY. 
 
 581 
 
 Mr. Kirkpatrick married Lydia J. Spil- 
 inan March 14, 1875 ; she was born in 
 Greenburg, Decatur Co., Indiana ; they 
 have had two children ; one son died in 
 infancy, one daughter living — Paulina, 
 born Aug. 8, 187^. Mrs. Kirkpatrick 
 is a member of the First M. E. Church. 
 
 Riser, J. M., Oatmeal-Mill. 
 
 KITTERMAN, ELIAS, retired 
 farmer ; born in Franklin Co., Va., Sept. 
 10, 1809 ; came, with his mother, when 
 a boy to Harrison Co., Ind. ; his father, 
 Henry Kitterman, died in Virginia ; his 
 mother died in Indiana; in 1842, he 
 came to Princeton, 111. ; in May, 1843, 
 came to Dahlonega Tp. (Sec. 12), Wa- 
 pello Co. ; lived there until 1874, when 
 he came to Ottumwa. Was Justice of 
 the Peace four years while residing in 
 Dahlonega Tp. His first wife was Sarah 
 Archibald ; she died in 1831 ; they had 
 two children ; one son — William, died 
 at the age of 45 years ; one daughter, 
 still living, Mary Ann, now Mrs. Kuntz, 
 of California ; Mr. Kitterman's second 
 wife was Lydia Redmond ; she died in 
 March, 1876 ; left four children — Sarah 
 J.,- now Mrs. Alfred Bowlin, of High- 
 land Tp., this county ; Nancy, now Mrs. 
 Jeiferson Thompson, of the same town- 
 ship; John H., now a resident of Kan- 
 sas, and George W., of Highland. Mr. 
 Kitterman's present wife was Kate 
 Cooper; they were married Oct. 19, 
 1877; she was born near Lima, Han- 
 cock Co., 111. Members of the Christian 
 Church. 
 
 Koontz, Bennett, laborer. 
 
 Koontz, M. L., fisherman. 
 
 Koaching, L. H., barber. 
 
 Kraft, J. H., saloon. 
 
 Krauer, William, brewer. 
 
 KRECKEL, JOHN, REV., born 
 in the Province of Nassau, Prussia, June 
 5, 1826; was educated in Europe, Balti- 
 more and Cincinnati; ordained Nov. 17, 
 1853, at Dubuque, and came to Ottumwa 
 directly after; an outline of his labors 
 here will be found in the history of 
 the Catholic Church of this city, since 
 its prosperity here, as well as in ad- 
 jacent places, is owing greatly to his 
 labors. 
 
 Kroegur, M., book-keeper and ins. agent. 
 
 Kubitshek, M., grocer. 
 
 Kyniston, John, mechanic. 
 
 y ABELLE, PAUL, blacksmith. 
 
 I.Anj>, BENJ. W. & BRO., 
 
 dealers in coal and wood. 
 L.ADD, BENJAMIN W., of the 
 
 firm of Benjamin W. Ladd & Bro., 
 dealers in all kinds of coal and wood ; 
 principal proprietors of the Southwestern 
 Coal and Mining Co. ; was born in 
 Richmond, Ohio, Sept. 8, 1851 ; came 
 to Ottumwa in 1872, and engaged in 
 his present busmess; is developing the 
 stone-quarries in Washington Tp. and the 
 edge of Davis Co. ; these were opened 
 about 1869. The average production ol 
 their coal mines is 30,000 bushels per 
 month. 
 
 Ladd, James D., pork-packer. 
 
 IjABB, O. M., loan agent and attor-" 
 ney ; born near Richmond, Jeiferson 
 Co., Ohio, June 24, 1846 ; is a graduate 
 of Earlham College, Indiana, and also 
 from the Law Department of the Iowa 
 State University ; Ottumwa has been 
 his home since 1866 ; he was engaged in 
 the practice of law until 1875 ; was 
 City Attorney from 1873 to 1875; in 
 April, 1S75, he engaged in the money- 
 loaning business exclusively. He repre- 
 sents the Second Ward in the present 
 Board of Councilmen of this city. 
 
 Lair, W. W., laborer. 
 
 liAMjflE, J. M., born near Dayton, 
 Ohio, July, 1824; in the spring of 
 1850, moved to Parke Co., Ind. ; in 
 1854, came to West Point, Lee Co., 
 Iowa ; in the fall of that year, went to 
 Pleasant Grove Tp., in Des Moines Co.; 
 in the fall of 1855, to Afton, Union 
 Co.; in 1862, came to Ottumwa. His 
 business is saw and planing mills. In 
 1871, he was Street Commissioner; was 
 Alderman of the Fourth Ward for two 
 years ; was elected Township Trustee in 
 1877. Married Bffie R. Snodgrass in 
 1 847 ; she was born near Harrisburg, 
 Penn.; have four children — Agnes W. 
 (now Mrs. Henry K. Kirkpatrick, of 
 Richland), Harriet E. (now Mrs. W. 
 W. Pollard), William R. and Henry 
 Grant. 
 
 Lamme, W. R., miller. 
 
 Lane, J. D., teamster. 
 
 Lang, F. T., clerk. 
 
 Langan, James, laborer. 
 
 Lapham, D., cabinet-maker. 
 
582 
 
 DIRECTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY: 
 
 Larson, A., tailor. 
 
 I.ATHROP, E. I.. DR., physician 
 and surgeon ; office cor. Main and Jeifer- 
 son streets ; residence Green street ; born 
 Sept. 19, 1844, in Madison Co., N. Y.; 
 in 1857, came to Chicago; in 1864, 
 was appointed Assistant Surgeon of the 
 10th Illinois Cavalry; served about 
 twenty months. Commenced the study 
 of medicine in 1860 and graduated in 
 1866 at the Rush Medical Collage, 
 Chicago ; he was the youngest Assistant 
 Surgeon west of the Mississippi River — 
 but 20 years of age at the time of his 
 commission ; practiced his profession 
 from 1866 to 1870, in Chicago, then 
 removed to Ottumwa, and has been a 
 resident here ever since ; has been 
 Coroner four years ; he organized the 
 Museum of Comparative Anatomy at 
 Rush Medical College in 1868. and has 
 now the largest private museum in the 
 State ; in 1877, he fitted up an Electric 
 Infirmary, and still keeps it in operation. 
 Married Miss Emma Hedrick in 1873, 
 daughter of Wesley Hedrick, of Dahlo- 
 nega Tp.; she was born in Wapello Co.; 
 have one child — Edward H. Demo- 
 crat. 
 
 Lawler, Pat., laborer. 
 
 JLAWREXCE, CHARLES, of 
 the firm of Lawrence & Grarner, whole- 
 sale dealers in dry goods, notions, boots 
 and shoes, etc.; was born in England 
 Jan. 29, 1822; moved to Hillsboro, 
 Ohio, in 1835 ; in 1844, moved to Cin- 
 cinnati, Ohio ; after two years, returned 
 to Hillsboro ; came to Ottumwa in 
 April, 1849 ; immediately engaged in 
 mercantile business, in partnership with 
 D. P. Inskeep, the firm name being D. 
 P. Inskeep & Co.; in 1856, Mr. Law- 
 rence purchased the interest of Mr. 
 . Inskeep and carried on the business 
 alone for about two years, then took 
 Mr. Chambers as a partner; commenced 
 the wholesale business in 1861 ; Jan. 
 16, 1871, Mr. J. W. G-arnerwas admit- 
 ted as a partner, Mr. Chambers retiring 
 from the firm. Mr. Lawrence married 
 Elizabeth A. Doggett Feb. 18, 1846 ; 
 she was born in Hillsboro Oct. 19, 
 1825 ; have two children — Joseph New- 
 ton, now a resident of Moline, III., and 
 Ella D., now Mrs. Edward C. Loomis, 
 of Red Oak, Iowa. 
 
 Lawrence, T. ]\{., carpenter. 
 
 Lawson, Andrew, tailor. 
 
 Lawson, Peter, laborer. 
 
 Lazenby, C, retired clergyman. 
 
 Lee, John, laborer. 
 
 Lee, Sylvester, laborer. 
 
 Leibfarth F., boarding-house saloon. 
 
 Leighton, A. C, real estate. 
 
 Leigh ton, James, real estate. 
 
 I^EWIS, ALVIX, retired ; born in 
 Urbaua, Ohio, Oct. 6, 1811 ; came 
 to Van Buren Co., Iowa, April or May, 
 1837; spring of 1843, came to Dahl- 
 onega Tp., Wapello Co. (Sec. 5) ; re- 
 sided there about fifteen years ; then 
 came to Ottumwa ; engaged in the drug 
 business here about two years, when his 
 health failed, and he was compelled to 
 retire from active business. Mr. Lewis 
 married Lucinda Pierce August 20, 
 1840; she was born near Mechanisburg, 
 Champaign Co., Ohio, August 20, 1811 ; 
 she was the first white women who set- 
 tled in this county north of Agency ; 
 member of the First M. E. Church. 
 Mr. Lewis has two daughters — Martha 
 Ellen and Matilda Caroline. 
 
 LEWIS, CHARLES G., physician 
 and surgeon ; born in Urbana, Ohio, 
 Oct. 25, 1832. In 1839, his par- 
 ents removed to Warren Co., 111., near 
 Monmouth ; in 1840, to Keosauqua, 
 Van Buren Co., Iowa, where they lived 
 eleven years; from thence to "Liberty- 
 ville, Jeff"erson County. Dr. Lewis was 
 educated at the Keokuk Medical College ; 
 graduated from that institution in 1859 ; 
 came to Ottumwa in 1366. Served six 
 months as Assistant Surgeon, 30th Iowa 
 V. I. ; resigned at Vicksburg, from dis- 
 ability. 
 
 LEWIS, COWN, proprietor of livery, 
 feed and sale stables, omnibus-line, and 
 proprietor of Lewis' Opera House ; born 
 in Tuscarawas Co., Ohio, Nov. 5, 1838; 
 came to Ottumwa in 1854, and has been 
 engaged in his present business since 
 1861. 
 
 Lewis, J. F., Constable. 
 
 Lewis. Wm. 
 
 Light. J. R., teamster. 
 
 LILRURX, SAMUEL, capitalist ; 
 born near Belfivst, Ireland, in 1830 ; he 
 came to America in 1864, and settled in 
 St. Louis ; was engaged in the commis- 
 sion business, and wholesale dealer in 
 
OTTUMWA CITY. 
 
 583 
 
 butter and eggs, which business he con- 
 tinued after coming here in 1871. He 
 married Isabella Lilburn in 1852 ; she 
 was born in 1834 ; have two children, 
 Sarah Jane, born April 1, 1860, and 
 Annie Isabella, born March G, 1869. 
 Mr. Lilburn has property valued at 
 nearly $50,000 ; is a member of the 
 Presbyterian Church. 
 
 Lindell, A., raih-oad employe. 
 
 LINDSEY, O. K., groceries, flour 
 and feed, on Main st., between JeflPer- 
 son and College sts. ; residence on Sec- 
 ond St., between Jefl^erson and Green 
 sts. ; born May 17, 1843, in Delaware 
 Co., Ohio ; in 1855, came to Illinois ; 
 in 1858, came to Ottumwa ; first en- 
 gaged as general agent for the Wheeler 
 & Wilson Sewing Machine, and contin- 
 ued this till 1877, when he commenced 
 his present business. Married Martha 
 E. Heath in 1877; she was born in 
 Minnesota ; have one child — Grace E., 
 born Nov. 27, 1878. 
 
 Lindsey, William, carpenter. 
 
 List, Henry, butcher. 
 
 LIVELY, L. ; born near Sulphur 
 Springs, W. Va., Dec. 9, 1817 ; when 
 21 years of age, he removed to Grant 
 Co., Ind., and engaged in farming ; 
 from Grant, he removed to Rush Co. in 
 1848 ; thence to Iowa in the spring of 
 1852, and settled in this county, about 
 fivemiles north of Agency ; in 1 865, came 
 to Ottumwa ; his business has been farm- 
 ing and stock-raising. Married Sept. 
 5, 1839, Matilda Jones, a native of In- 
 diana ; she was born Dec. 23, 1818; 
 died July 14, 1863 ; there were three 
 
 children James H., Pamelia and 
 
 Sarah Jane ; Mr. Lively again married 
 March 11, 1864, Miss Sena Dimmitt 
 (nee Pagett) ; have four children — 
 Catherine, Susan, Henry and Maggie. 
 
 Lockwood, J., doctor. 
 
 Loomis, Joseph, retired merchant. 
 
 Long, George. 
 
 LOTSPEICH, ALFRED, Jus 
 tice of the Peace ; born in Greene Co., 
 Tenn., June 17, 1817 ; removed to>JefFer- 
 son Co., Tenn., in February, 1832; cameto 
 xMt. Pleasant, Iowa, Oct. 22, 1840. Was 
 the first Prosecuting Attorney for Henry 
 Co. under the State Constitution ; was 
 admitted to the bar by the first Supreme 
 Court under the State Constitution ; 
 
 from 1849 to 1852, resided in Sacra- 
 mento, Cal. ; in 1852, returned to Iowa.; 
 came to Ottumwa Jan. 19, 1854. From 
 1858 to 1861, was' Justice of the Peace ; 
 was City Councilman in an early day ; 
 member of the Board of Supervisors 
 three years ; County Treasurer from 
 January, 1870, to January, 1874; 
 elected Justice of the Peace again Nov. 
 25, 1874. First wife was Rebecca Ann 
 Moore ; married near Mt. Pleasant, 
 Iowa, May 26, 1846 ; she and her in- 
 fant son, Ira, aged 2 years, 1 month and 
 22 days, left San Francisco, Cal., Aug. 
 22, 1850, on board Hermorphodite brig 
 Meteor for New York, and the vessel, 
 with all on board, were lost at sea ; Mr. 
 Lotspeich's second wife was Susanna 
 Lotspeich ; they were married Jan. 19, 
 1854; she died Nov. 20, 1873, aged 47 
 years 2 months and six days ; their 
 only son, William G., died Sept. 16, 
 1876, aged 21 years 5 months and 11 
 days ; married Mr-!. Mary P. Jones, of 
 Des Moines, Oct. 23, 1878. 
 
 Lowrie, W. P., egg packer. 
 
 Lowenberg, Jacob, retired farmer. 
 
 Lynam, O. W., lawyer. 
 
 McCLUNG, H. C, route agent Cen- 
 tral Ry. of Iowa. 
 
 lIcCARROLL, WM. F., hard- 
 ware merchant ; born in Harrison Co., 
 Ohio, Dec. 14, 1823; came to Wash- 
 ington Township, Wapello Co., Iowa, 
 in 1856 ; engaged in farming until 
 January 1, 1871 ; came to Ottumwa 
 and engaged in present business. Mar- 
 ried Mary Millisack Oct. 19, 1854; 
 she was born in Leesburg, Carroll Co., 
 Ohio ; have five children ; the eldest, 
 Charles T., is associated with his father 
 in hardware business ; the others are, 
 Phoebe, John B., Laura and Wm. F., 
 Jr. 
 
 McCoy, E. H., with H. N. Macon. 
 
 McCRI€^HT, J. B., born March 
 25, 1819, Mercer Co., Pa. ; came to Ot- 
 tumwa in 1866 ; served as Deputy Mar- 
 shal one year. Married Nancy Major 
 Aug. 19, 1839; have eight children — 
 Mary, Elizabeth, Buenavista, Squire W., 
 Hattie B., Joseph B., Lomax B. and 
 George G. His business, carpenter and 
 tank-builder. 
 
 McClIE, ALBERT E., dealer in 
 groceries and provisions ; born in Lees- 
 
584 
 
 DIRECTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY: 
 
 burg, Ohio, Feb. 21, 1842; came to 
 Ottumwainl873, and engaged in grocery 
 business; he has been in mercantile 
 business thirteen years. Mr. McCue 
 enlisted in Co. Gr, 52d Ohio V. I., Aug. 
 22, 1862 ; he was in all engagements of 
 his regiment except at Perrysville and 
 Atlanta; mustered out July 22, 1865. 
 Married Lottie E. Dawes June 23, 
 1869 ; she was born in Beverly, Ohio. 
 Members of the First M. E. Church. 
 
 McCUE, W. D., Acting Sheriff; born 
 in Perry Co., Ohio, Oct. 20, 1845; 
 came to Ottumwa in 1874 ; was con- 
 nected with Ladd's pork-house for three 
 years. Was Alderman of Second Ward 
 in 1876 and 1877; appointed Deputy 
 Sheriff in January 1878; in September 
 became Acting Sheriff. Married Lily B. 
 Head on the 14th of April, 1875 ; she 
 was born in Exeter, N. H. ; have two 
 children — Philip and Helen. 
 
 3IcCUE, WIL.BUR F., manufact- 
 urer of Robaugh Force Pumps ; born 
 in Springfield, Jefferson Co., Ohio, Nov. 
 26, 1838 ; came to Ottumwa'in Novem- 
 ber, 1871, and engaged as foreman of 
 Ladd's pork-packing establishment. En- 
 listed in Co. H, 2d Ohio V. I. April 16, 
 1861 ; discharged at the expiration of 
 the three-months service; re-enlisted in 
 Co. G, 52d Ohio V. I. in September, 
 1861 ; company transferred to the 71st 
 Ohio. Mr. McCue was Aid-de-camp to 
 Gen. McConnell, 2d Brig., 3d Div., 4th 
 Army Corps, for one year ; mustered 
 out as First Lieutenant of Co. H, 71st 
 Ohio V. I., in spring of 1866 ; he was 
 in all the battles of his regiment, except 
 that of Nashville, being at that time 
 Acting Commissary of his regiment. 
 After the war he engaged as book-keeper 
 in Pittsburgh, Pa., from 1866 to 1871. 
 Aug. 30, 1866, married Mary C. Brown- 
 ing, born in Circleville, Guernsey Co., 
 Ohio ; they have two children — William 
 F. and Albert B. Owns property val- 
 ued at $7,500. 
 
 McCullough, George, retired. 
 
 McClTLLOUGH, S. C, physician 
 and surgeon ; born at Morgan Station, 
 Ky., June 9,4816 ; moved to Madison, 
 Ind., and to St. Louis in November 
 1837 ; resided there until 1846, when 
 he returned to Indiana and located in 
 Ripley County; in 1856, he came to 
 
 Fayette Co., Iowa, and, six months after, 
 to Kirkville, Wapello Co. ; in March, 
 1865, came to Ottumwa ; is a graduate 
 of McDowell College of St. Louis, class 
 of 1844-45 ; been engaged in active 
 practice of his profession ever since. 
 Married Annie Wilson Jan. 1, 1861; 
 have nine children — Sarah S., Mary A., 
 Theodore W., John M., Frederick S., 
 Allan, Emma K., Herman and Ralph M. 
 McDonald, J. W., railroad conductor. 
 
 McDONALiD, T. B., with the C, 
 B. & Q. R. R.; born in Liberty, Union 
 Co., Ind., Dec. 6, 1846 ; in 1850, re- 
 moved with his parents to Grant Co., 
 Ind., where he lived, until 1867, upon 
 a farm ; was engaged one year upon the 
 P., C. & St. L. R. R.; in October, 1869, 
 located at Nebraska City ; was connected 
 with the Midland Pacific, in the bridge 
 department and as conductor ; and also 
 with the B. & M.; since Oct. 9, 1861, 
 has been employed by the C, B. & Q. 
 R. R., with Ottumwa as headquarters. 
 
 lIcEIiROY, E. E., atttorney at law; 
 born near Greenfield, Ohio, Feb. 16, 
 1849 ; graduated from Cornell Univer- 
 sity, Ithaca, N. Y., class of 1872, and 
 from the law department of the Iowa 
 State University, class of 1873 ; came 
 to Ottumwa Aug. 18, 1873. Mr. Mc- 
 Elroy married Belle Hamilton July 2, 
 1873 ; she was horn at South Salem, 
 Ohio ; they have three children — 
 Thomas Cliffbrd, Carl E. and Walter H. 
 Members of the Presbyterian Church. 
 
 McElroy, John, laborer. 
 
 McGlashon, L. D., engineer. 
 
 McGlashon, W. H., surveyor. 
 
 McGlone, William, saloon. 
 
 McG^REW, WM. A., Cashier of 
 the First National Bank, Ottumwa ; 
 born in Cincinnati, Ohio, Oct. 15, 1842; 
 his parents removed to Steubenville in 
 1843; in 1856, went to Springfield, 
 Ohio. In July, 1862, he enlisted in the 
 88th O. V. I. ; was promoted to Lieu- 
 tenant, and afterward to Adjutant ; in 
 1865, was mustered out as Captain of 
 Co. F, but remained in the service as 
 clerk under Gen. Hoffman, Commissary 
 General of Prisoners. Returned to Ohio; 
 remained two months ; came to Ottumwa 
 and engaged in farming for some years ; 
 in 1871, was employed as book-keeper 
 by Cragin & Co., pork-packers ; re- 
 
OTTUMWA CITY. 
 
 585 
 
 mained with that firm one winter season, 
 and with Daggett & Edgerly, hardware 
 merchants, three months in a similar 
 capacity; in May, 1868, he took the 
 position he still occupies in the bank. 
 Has served as Alderman from the Third 
 Ward two terms. Married f]lizabeth P. 
 Richards, of Brooke Co., W. Va. ; has 
 five children — Mattie M., Samuel F., 
 Thomas F., Lizzie P. and John Mason. 
 
 McKelvy, W. S., grain-buyer. 
 
 McLaughlin, E. J., grocer. 
 
 McMahon, H. B. 
 
 McMichael, Parker, photographer. 
 
 McNaniara, M., employe C, B. & Q. R. R. 
 
 McXETT, WM., attorney at law; 
 born in Mt. Morris. Ogle Co., 111., 
 March 10, 1845 ; lived in Ogle and 
 Stephenson Counties, 111., until June, 
 1868, when he removed from Freeport, 
 111., to Marshalltown, Iowa, April 1, 
 1 869 ; came to Ottumwa in June, 1869; 
 went to Eddyville, where he was en- 
 gaged in the practice of his profession 
 until September, 1871, when he re- 
 turned to Ottumwa, where he has since 
 resided. 
 
 McGAVIE, S. li., lumber dealer; 
 born in Clermont Co., Ohio ; came to 
 Salem, Henry Co., Iowa, in 1855 ; to 
 Ottumwa in July, 1876. 
 
 Macoy, H. N., contractor and builder, and 
 manufacturer of sash, doors and blinds. 
 
 Madigan, John, employe C, B. & Q. R. R. 
 
 Mahon, Samuel, wholesale grocer. 
 
 MAJOR, WILL T., Secretary of 
 the Johnston RulHer Co. ; born in 
 Christian Co., Kentucky, April 25, 
 1833 ; came with his parents to Bloom- 
 ington. III., in 1835; in March, 1855, 
 he came to Ottumwa ; was engaged in 
 mercantile business here until 1870 ; in 
 1871, he purchased an interest in the 
 Johnston Ruffler, and has continued in 
 the manuficture of the ruffler ever since. 
 
 MANNING", CALVIN, attorney at 
 law; born June 7, 1851, at Keosauqua, 
 Van Buren Co., Iowa, where his father, 
 Edwin Manning, now resides; after 
 spending eight years in the preparatory 
 schools of New England, entered Cornell 
 University and graduated ; is also a 
 graduate from the law department of 
 the Iowa State University ; Mr. Man- 
 ning was with the law firm of Joy & 
 Wright, of Sioux City, two years and 
 
 a half; in April, 1875, associated with 
 Judge Morris J. Williams in law busi- 
 ness in Ottumwa ; this partnership con- 
 tinued for two and one-half years, since 
 which time Mr. Manning has been en- 
 gaged in the practice of his profession 
 alone. In the spring of 1878, was 
 elected City Attorney, and is now hold- 
 ing that office. Married Julia K. Blake 
 Sept. 18, 1877 ; she was born in Ot- 
 tumwa. Is a member of the Congrega- 
 tional Church. 
 
 Maranan, Pat, farmer. 
 
 Mashek, Ed., machinist. 
 
 MAST, ISAAC, retired; born in 
 Berks Co., Penn., May 3, 1809; moved 
 to Champaign Co., Ohio, 1833 ; to Ot- 
 tumwa, Iowa, November, 1867. Married 
 Ann Gehman Jan. 1, 1833; have three 
 children — Jacob G., Tabitha A. and 
 J. N. Republican. Members of the 
 M. E. Church. He is owner of real 
 estate. 
 
 MAST, J. N., attorney; born near 
 Urbana, Champaign Co., Ohio, Nov. 1, 
 1834 ; he came to Ottumwa in 1866 ; a 
 year later, engaged in the practice of 
 law ; was a member of the law firm of 
 Fulton & Mast from 1869 to 1870. 
 Spring of 1877, was elected Alderman 
 of the Third Ward. Is Secretary of 
 the Ottumwa Water Power Co. ; Secre- 
 tary and Treasurer of the Ottumwa 
 Water Works. 
 
 Mast, J. G. 
 
 Mather, E. G., gunsmith. 
 
 Meek, J. G., merchant. 
 
 Melick, Aaron, local editor Dail?/ Courier. 
 
 Merrill, J. H., wholesale grocer. 
 
 Milburn, Thomas, omnibus-driver. 
 
 Milligan, George, retired. 
 
 Miller, A. J., clerk. 
 
 Miller, Byron, teamster. 
 
 MILLER, DAVID T., attorney at 
 law ; born near Newark, Ohio, May 2, 
 1843 ; removed with his parents to 
 Union Co., Ohio, in 1852 ; in the fall of 
 1856, came to Sigourney, Iowa; resided 
 there until September, 1872 ; then came 
 to Ottumwa. Mr. Miller has been en- 
 gaged in the practice of law six years. 
 He enlisted February 11, 1864, in Co. 
 G, 15th Iowa Infantry, mustered out 
 August, 1865. Married Mary Griswold 
 October 2, 1872 ; she was born in Lock 
 Berlin, N. Y., April 18, 1850. 
 
586 
 
 DIRECTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY: 
 
 Miller, George, tinner. 
 Miller, John, laborer. 
 MILLfiR, J. B., restaurant ; born 
 near Shanes ville, Ohio, February 5, 
 1837. His first business venture was 
 in the tin and stove trade, which he car- 
 ried on for eight years ; he came to 
 Blakesburg, Iowa, in 1857 ; for three 
 years, carried on the same business ; in 
 1860, came to Ottumwa ; in 1861, went 
 into partnership with Krauer, Washburn 
 & Co., on the present site of the First 
 National Bank ; sold out, and started 
 alone ; in 1869, William Krauer went 
 in with him, afterward sold out and en- 
 gaged in present business ; is one of the 
 stockholders, and Secretary of the 
 Krauer Brewing Co. ; he has a fine 
 vineyard of over three acres, and manu- 
 factures wine. Married, March 10, 
 1864, Christina Aldrich, daughter of 
 John Aldrich, who came here at an early 
 day from Indiana ; Mrs. Miller was born 
 June 1, 1844, in Adams Co., Ohio ; had 
 six children, five living — Lily May, Mat- 
 tie Bird, Charles Edmund, Delia Pearl 
 and George W. ; the last son, Freddie, 
 died in infancy. The value of Mr. 
 Miller's real estate is about 120,000. 
 
 Miller, J. F., employe C, B. & Q. R. R. 
 
 Miller, J. W., second-hand store and auc- 
 tioneer. 
 
 Millisack, Jacob, retired. 
 
 Minnick, C. R., carpenter. 
 
 Minnick, Z. J., clerk. 
 
 Mohoney, B. 
 
 Mahoney, J., laborer. 
 
 Mahoney, Mike, farmer. 
 
 Mahoney, T., laborer. 
 
 Moore, A. W., painter. 
 
 Montague, M., employ C, R. I. & P. R. R. 
 
 MOORE, JOHX L., Secretary of 
 the Ottumwa Starch Co.; born in Beaver 
 Co., Penn., June 24, 1834 ; came to Bur- 
 lington in 1855; was in the drug 
 business one year ; removed to Keokuk ; 
 in the spring of 1858, removed to 
 Eddy ville; in 1869, came to this city. 
 Was Alderman of the Third Ward four 
 years. Married Henrietta L. Nixon in 
 April, 1859, in Burlington ; she is a 
 native of Greenfield, Ohio ; have two 
 children — George C. and Fred L. Mem- 
 bers of the Congregational Church. 
 
 Moore, Samuel, carpenter. 
 
 Morrison, J. W., railroad conductor. 
 
 Morey, D. F., manufacturer of cigars. 
 
 Mortimer, S. B., employe C, B. & Q. R. R. 
 
 IIOSS, A. D., dealer in dry goods. 
 carpets, etc.; born at Stonington, Conn., 
 Aug. 1, 1836 ; came to Ottumwa Aug. 
 27, 1872, and entered the mercantile 
 business in the firm of W. C. Moss, Jr., 
 & Co.; maintained until 1876 ; the pres- 
 ent house was opened April 1, 1878; 
 Mr. Moss has been Superintendent of 
 the Coal and Mining Co., at Dudley, 
 since 1871 ; was Superintendent of the 
 Southwestern Coal and Mining Co. 
 from 1872 to 1875 ; was a stockholder 
 and Director of the First National 
 Bank at the time of organization ; in 
 1872, Osgood & Moss were agents of 
 the Dupont Powder Co.; Osgood retired 
 in 1876 ; Mr. Moss has since acted as 
 agent. Mr. Moss has represented the 
 Third Ward in the City Council ; has 
 been Treasurer of the Ottumwa Driving- 
 Park Association. Married Mary F. 
 Ladd June 1, 1869; born in Jefferson 
 Co., Ohio ; have three children — Caro- 
 line L., Dennison F. and Cleveland Os- 
 good. Members of the Congregational 
 Church. 
 
 Moses, H. W., cooper. 
 
 Mountain, Jolin, carpenter. 
 
 Muir, T. E., teamster. 
 
 Muir, Thomas I., teamster. 
 
 Murphy, B. F., engineer. 
 
 Murphy, P. B., grocer. 
 
 Myers, I. A., agent Singer Sewing Ma- 
 chine Co. 
 
 MYERS, J. H., nurseryman ; owns 
 ten acres of land valued at $5,000 ; born 
 in Roanoke, Va., in 1826 ; moved to 
 Indiana; in 1845, came to Ottumwa. 
 Has held various offices of trust — City 
 Marshal, City Assessor and Township 
 Assessor. Was in the army three years, 
 in Co. E, 36th I. V. I. ; mustered out at 
 Duvall's Bluff" in August, 1865. Mrs. 
 Myers' maiden name was Cochran ; 
 born in Greene Co., Ohio, in 1836 ; two 
 children living — William P., aged 11 
 years, and Henry G., 6 years ; lost 
 one child — Charles Myers, aged 4 years 
 6 months. Mrs. Myers' brother built 
 the first steam saw and grist mill in Ot- 
 tumwa, none being nearer than forty 
 miles, and it proved an important factor 
 in the advancement and growth of the 
 town. 
 
OTTUMWA CITY. 
 
 587 
 
 MYERS, M. B., County Auditor; 
 boru in Goshen, Elkhart Co., Ind., June 
 24, 1834 ; removed to Mt. Pleasant in 
 1852 ; was educated at the Wesleyan 
 University there ; in 1855, he came to 
 Ashland, Wapello Co. ; was employed 
 in Ashland by Thomas Ping, as clerk in 
 his store; in 1857, removed to Ander- 
 son Co., Kan. ; engaged in flirming there 
 until 1859, when he taught school until 
 1860, when he went to Colorado ; en- 
 gaged in mining at California Gulch 
 until he returned to Wapello Co., in 
 1861; in 1864, he went to Helena, 
 Ark. ; in mercantile business there un- 
 til 1865, when he became Government 
 lessee of the Lamb plantation, near 
 Helena ; he returned to Wapello Co. in 
 1866 ; in grocery business in Ottumwa 
 until 1868, when he became connected 
 with the railroad contracting firm of 
 Gray, Baker & Madison. In 1875, 
 elected County Auditor ; re-elected in 
 1877. Nov. 26, 1864, married Sadie 
 E. Burkett; she was born in Vigo Co., 
 Ind., Nov. 17, 1840 ; have three chil- 
 dren — Charlie A., Stella and Edward 
 P. Members of the Main Street M. E. 
 Church. 
 
 MYNARD, FliOYD J., attorney 
 at law ; a native of New York ; was 
 born April 8, 1852 ; came to Stephen- 
 son Co., 111., with his parents, in 1854, 
 and lived in that county until May, 
 1877, when he came to Ottumwa ; was 
 educated at the high school of Free- 
 port and at the University of Wisconsin, 
 at Madison ; was admitted to the bar of 
 Illinois Jan. 5, 1877 ; came to Iowa 
 Aug. 28 of the same year. 
 
 "VTATION, ISAAC, plasterer. 
 
 Neeley, Samuel, employe R. R. 
 
 Nelson, John, car-repairer. 
 
 Nelson, J., laborer. 
 
 Nichols, J. C, farmer. 
 
 Nichols, W. W., Chief Engineer Fire Dept. 
 
 Niece, W. F., plasterer. 
 
 Nodgrun, A., shoemaker. 
 
 Nodgrun, E., shoemaker. 
 
 Nord, W., employe R. R. 
 
 Norton, M. A., Mrs. 
 
 NORRI$$, JAMES W., born in 
 Meredith, N. H., Aug. 13, 1815 ; in 
 1831, his parents removed to Compton, 
 Lower Canada; he attended Hadley 
 
 Academy, and, in the summer of 1833, 
 went to the Grammar School at Peach- 
 am ; in the winter of 1834, he taught 
 school, and, in 1835, entered Marietta 
 College; graduated in 1838; he se- 
 cured a position as private tutor in 
 Kentucky, studying law meanwhile, and 
 was admitted to the bar in 1839, though 
 he continued teaching at Bloomington 
 until 1863, at which time he removed 
 to Chicago ; he got out the first Direct- 
 ory of that city in 1843-44 ; in April 
 of that year, started the Chicago Journal, 
 in connection with Robert L. Wilson, 
 and after two years began the publica- 
 tion of Directories again ; he organized 
 the first Rough and Ready Club, and 
 as Corresponding Secretary of that club 
 invited Abraham Lincoln to address 
 them, which he did ; on the 29th of 
 March, 1849, he left Chicago with a 
 mule-team and arrived at Ottumwa 
 about the 1st of May; In December, 
 1855, he bought the Courier, a history of 
 which paper is to be found in the article 
 upon the i)ress. He was appointed 
 Postmaster by Abraham Lincoln, and 
 held the office six years. He married 
 Miss Martha R. Spaulding, who was 
 born at Billerica, Mass. Mr. and Mrs. 
 Norris are members of the Congrega- 
 tional Church. 
 
 Nosier, H. C, ice dealer. 
 
 Nusbaum, M., dealer in clothing. 
 
 Nuthall, A., engineer. 
 
 /^'CONNER, JAMES, laborer. 
 
 O'Conner, Patrick, employe Gas Co. 
 
 Oehlschlager, Jacob, cigar manufacturer. 
 
 Oehlschlager, M., saloon. 
 
 O'Leary, Jerry, retired. 
 
 Oliver, E. R., jeweler. 
 
 OL.NEY, A. C, DR., physician 
 and surgeon : office corner Main and 
 Jefiierson streets ; residence, Ottumwa ; 
 born Oct. 13, 1817, in Morgan Co., 
 Ohio ; in 1830, came to McLean Co., 
 111., with his parents; in 1840, com- 
 menced his regular course of studies, 
 and graduated in 1846 at Knox Col- 
 lege; he then removed to Henry Co., 
 Iowa; in 1847, came to Jeff'erson Co., 
 and, in 1853, graduated from the med- 
 ical department of the Iowa University ; 
 in 1855, received the degree of Master 
 at Knox College, 111. ; in 1850, re- 
 
588 
 
 DIRECTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY 
 
 moved to Wapello Co.. and commenced 
 the practice of his profession at Chilli- 
 cothe, Iowa. Owns eighty-six acres of 
 land in Columbia Tp., valued at $25 per 
 acre ; also house and lot in Chillicothe ; 
 in 1878, removed to Ottumwa. He 
 now holds the office of County Physi- 
 cian ; was appointed County Superin- 
 tendent of Public Schools of Wapello 
 Co. to fill a vacancy in 1867 ; held this 
 position till 1868 ; is now Coroner of 
 Wapello Co. ; is a member of the Des 
 Moines Valley and Wapello County 
 Medical Society. Married Eliza A. 
 Saunders in 1847; she was born Nov. 
 80, 1817, in Woodward Co., Va. ; died 
 in 1870; had six children, four living — 
 Geo. W., Tryphena L., Susan M. and 
 Eliza A. His second marriage was to 
 F. A. Daines ; she was born Oct. 7, , 
 18H9, in New York. Has voted the 
 Republican ticket since its organization 
 in 1856. 
 
 Olson, A., laborer. 
 
 O'Maley, Wm., grocer. 
 
 O'Neal, F., employe C, B. & Q. R. R. 
 
 Orcut, T., laborer. 
 
 ORR, WIL.LIAII li..^ physician 
 and surgeon ; born in Washington, 
 Washington Co., Penn., April 12, 1823. 
 Received a classical education at Wash- 
 ington College. Penn., and a medical 
 education at the Jefferson Medical Col- 
 lege of Philadelphia ; he removed to 
 Fairfield, Jefferson Co., Iowa, in 1844, 
 and engaged in practice there until 
 March, 1852, when he came to Ottumwa, 
 and went into the drug business ; he 
 conducted that for several years, and, 
 from 1856 to 1858, was Principal of 
 the Ottumwa public school; in 1858, 
 resumed his medical practice; in 1860, 
 was elected Mayor, served one terra, 
 and was three times re-elected. In 
 March, 1862, entered the service as 
 Assistant Surgeon of the 3d I. V. C. ; 
 in December, 1862, was promoted to 
 Surgeon of the 21st I. V. I. ; in No- 
 vember, 1864, he resigned on account of 
 ill-health ; he engaged in the drug busi- 
 ness from 1876 to 1878, and, Oct. 8 of 
 the latter year, was elected Justice of 
 the Peace ; was Alderman and City 
 Clerk at an early da^^ Feb. 24, 1846, 
 married Miss Ruth B. Baldwin ; she 
 was born in Washington Co., Penn. ; 
 
 had eight children ; lost four, two in 
 infancy — William C. and Albert Gr., at 
 the ages of 21 and 11 respectively ; four 
 living — Clara (now Mrs. H. A. Kin- 
 man ), Maggie E. (now Mrs. D. A. 
 Pool), John B. and Calvin McClintock, 
 Members of the Presbyterian Church. 
 
 Osborn, Horace. 
 
 Osterberg, Matt, laborer. 
 
 Ostertagg, C, shoemaker. 
 
 O'Sullivan, Thos., retired. 
 
 Owens, E. H., plasterer. 
 
 Owen, George, clerk. 
 
 OWE:^, T. R.; born in Frankhn Co., 
 Ind., Oct. 22, 1824 ; moved to Ottumwa 
 in January, 1856 ; was elected Con- 
 stable in 1878; is a tanner by trade. 
 Married M. A. Thorp io September, 
 1858; have two children — George B. 
 
 * and Carrie S. Republican. 
 
 "PAESNAU, JOHN, stone-mason. 
 
 PAIiLISTER, JOHN A., manu 
 facturer of confectionery and dealer in 
 fruit, E. Main street; born Nov. 3, 
 1856, in Quebec; in 1870, came to 
 Lucas Co., Iowa ; in 1872, removed to 
 Ottumwa ; the following year, he com- 
 menced an apprenticeship with Boulton 
 Bros., confectioners ; remained with this 
 fii'm until 1878, when he commenced 
 his present business ; his parents reside 
 in Ottumwa ; his father was born in 
 England in 1 833 ; his mother in Canada 
 in 1833. Republican. 
 
 Parish, S. A., carpenter. 
 
 PARKE, GEOR(;}E W., lumber, 
 E. Main street ; resides on Court street ; 
 born in March, 1842, in Washington 
 Co., N. Y.; in 1858, came to Chicago ; 
 remained there till 1871, when he en- 
 gaged as commercial traveler between 
 Chicago and New York ; in. the spring 
 of 1875, came to Ottumwa, and com- 
 menced his present business. Married 
 Miss Ella Baker in 1873 ; she was born 
 in Portage City, Wis. Democrat. 
 
 Park, Leander, grocer. 
 
 PARK, SAMIJEI. ; born Sept. 17, 
 1818, in Licking Co., Ohio ; came to 
 Davis Co., Iowa; then to Ottumwa in 
 1869. Married June 22, 1863, his 
 third wife ; had four children by his 
 first wife — Leander, Angeline, Marcella 
 and Julia ; three by his third wife — 
 Eunice, Albert and Charles. He has 
 
OTTUMWA CITY, 
 
 589 
 
 17.87 acres of land, valued at $2,000 ; 
 is a member of the Episcopal Church ; 
 Republican. 
 
 PECK, A. J., proprietor of livery, 
 feed and sale stable ; born in Center Tp., 
 Wapello Co., Iowa, Feb. 6, 1845 ; en- 
 gaged in farming until the spring of 
 1867, when he engaged in present busi- 
 ness. 
 
 Peck, John F., clerk. 
 
 Peck, J. yi., Jr., livery stable. 
 
 Peters, C. C, book-keeper. 
 
 P E T E R S O X , A. P., groceries, 
 flour and feed, East Main st. ; residence 
 on Jefferson st. ; born Sept. 26, 1843, 
 in Sweden ; in 1862, came to New York ; 
 the following year, removed to Wapello 
 Co., Iowa; in 1875, commenced his 
 present business. Has been Secretary 
 of the School Board in Polk Tp., and 
 Township Treasurer in, Cass Tp. Mar- 
 ried Anna S. Benson in 1864 ; she was 
 born in 1849 in Sweden ; have five 
 children — Emily A., John E., Edward 
 L., Fred W. and Charles G. Members 
 of the Lutheran Church ; Republican, 
 
 Pfister, John, brewer. 
 
 Phelps, Frank. 
 
 PICKETT, Z., born in Ripley Co., 
 Ind., June 15,1835 ; came to Ottumwa, 
 Iowa, in 1869. Was in the 7th Ind. V. 
 I. three months ; mustered out Aug. 
 15, 1861. Married Cynthia Aleya Sept. 
 15, 1862 ; they have two children — 
 Ada and Burk. His business, contractor 
 and builder. 
 
 Pickler, J. R., grocer. 
 
 Pierce, G. D., shoemaker. 
 
 PIERCE, S. D., & CIK, manufact- 
 urers and dealers in boots and shoes. 
 
 PIERCE, S. D., born in Providence, 
 Saratoga Co., N. Y., Oct. 13, 1827 ; 
 August, 1850, moved to Lewistown, 
 Fulton Co., 111. ; in 1857, to St. Clair 
 Co., Mo. ; to Ottumwa in August, 1860. 
 Married Nancy Petrie April 11, 1846 ; 
 born at Little Falls, Herkimer Co., N. 
 Y. ; had six children, four living — 
 Samuel Miles, Mary L., George D. and 
 Frank D. Has worked at shoemaking 
 about thirty-six years. Alderman of the 
 First Ward of Ottumwa. 
 
 Pierson, M. L., teamster. 
 
 Pierce, R. M., laborer. 
 
 POACir, W. I., County Treasurer; 
 born in Ruggles Township, Ashland Co., 
 
 Ohio, May 2, 1838 ; was farming and 
 teaching in that vicinity until May 30, 
 1864 ; then came to Dahlonega Tp., 
 Wapello Co., Iowa ; after four years, re- 
 moved to Columbia Tp. ; lived there ten 
 years. Was elected County Treasurer 
 in the fall of 1877. Married Phoebe 
 A. Craft May, 1864 ; she was born in 
 Grc^ene Co., Penn., January, 1833 j 
 have had five children, three living — 
 Ella Blanche, Jennie P. and Clara J. 
 Mrs. Poag is a member of the Christian 
 Church. 
 
 POEEARD, WIEEIAM W., of 
 the firm of Durfee & Pollard ; born near 
 Belleville, Jefferson Co., N. Y., Feb. 28, 
 1835; came to Ottumwa in 1865 ; has 
 worked at his present business since he 
 was 17. Has been Alderman of the 
 Fourth Ward for three terms ; member 
 of the School Board for one year. His 
 first wife was Amelia C. Claflin, of 
 Jefferson Co., N. Y., who died in Feb- 
 ruary, 1872, leaving two children — Car- 
 rie A. and Amelia M.; married May 14, 
 1873, Harriet E. Lamme, who was born 
 in Montgomery Co., Ohio ; a member 
 of the Presbyterian Church. Have one 
 child — James. 
 
 Pool, D. A., druggist. 
 
 Poniroy, Sarah. 
 
 PORTER, JAMES S., Mayor of 
 Ottumwa ; born near Pittsburgh, Alle- 
 gheny Co., Penn., Nov. 21, 1826; fall 
 of 1833, with his parents, moved to 
 Guernsey Co., Ohio, near Camden ; 
 spring of 1848, went to New Concord, 
 Muskingum Co., and learned the wagon- 
 making and threshing-machine trade; 
 came to Van Buren Co., Iowa, in 1851 ; 
 located at Pittsburg, and carried on the 
 manufacturingofwagons until 1856; came 
 to Ottumwa, and engaged in the same bus- 
 iness. In 1861, enlisted in Co. D, 15th 
 Iowa V. I. ; was in all the engagements 
 of that regiment ; entered as a private ; 
 promoted to Sergeant, while in rendez- 
 vous ; February, 1862, made First Lieu- 
 tenant ; January, 1863, Captain; Janu- 
 ary, 1865, Major, and mustered out 
 Brevet Lieutenant Colonel ; returned to 
 Ottumwa June 27, 1865. Elected 
 County Judge in October ; re-elected in 
 1867. From 1870 to 1874, was en- 
 gaged in manufacturing plows ; sold out ; 
 remained with the concern until fall. 
 
590 
 
 DIRECTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY; 
 
 1875, as superintendent of the wood 
 department. In March, 1877, he was 
 elected Mayor; in 1878, was re-elected ; 
 has been twice Alderman of the city. 
 Married Oct. 13, 1853, Isabella F. God- 
 dard; born in IJrbana, Champaign Co., 
 Ohio ; have had four children, two liv- 
 ing — Harry and Fred. 
 PORTER, ROBERT, of the firm 
 of Porter Bros. & Hasworth, wholesale 
 and retail dealers in leather, saddlery 
 hardware, etc., manufacturers of har- 
 ness, saddles, horse-collars, etc. Mr. 
 Porter was born in Perryopolis, Fayette 
 Co., Penn., Jan. 18, 1834; moved to 
 Virginia in 1854; in 1857, came to 
 Ottumwa. Married Mary J. Hack- 
 worth in May, 1861 ; she was born in 
 Illinois ; have had six children, three 
 living — Lettie M., Clarence C. and 
 G-eorge E. Mr. Porter worked at sad- 
 dlery until 1860; he then engaged in 
 business for himself in the manufacture 
 of harness and saddlery; carried on the 
 business until May, 1867; EU Cope 
 was then admitted to partnership ; in 
 September, 1872, the present firm was 
 established ; their sales are very large in 
 Iowa, Nebraska, Missouri and Colorado. 
 
 Porter, L. F., lawyer. 
 
 Post, C. A., railroad conductor. 
 
 Postie, J. L., teamster. 
 
 Postlewait, John, coal dealer. 
 
 POTTER, ALLEX, was bom in 
 Lewis Co., N. Y., Jan. 5, 1837 ; moved 
 with his parents to Chautauqua Co., 
 thence to Steuben Co., in 1869 ; in 
 1874 to Ottumwa ; has the position of 
 conductor on a passenger-train on the 
 C, B. & Q; R. R. Married Phebe A. 
 Titus Dec. 31, 1861. Members of the 
 M. E. Church. Republican. 
 
 Potter, John, Notary Public. 
 
 Potter, William, meat market. 
 
 POTTER & CHINN, proprietors of 
 meat market. Second street, near Court. 
 
 Powell, H. B., carpenter. 
 
 Powell, W. H., tinner. 
 
 Proctor, George, laborer. 
 
 Prosser, John, miller. 
 
 Prugh, J., dealer in crockery. 
 
 Purnell, Frank, clerk. 
 
 Pyle, Norris, horse-trainer. 
 ,UILTY, FRANK. 
 
 Q' 
 
 Quinlan, James, employe C, B. &Q. R. R. 
 
 Quinlan, Thomas, blacksmith. 
 "OACINE, FRED, car-repairer. 
 
 RANSEEN, n, C. Pastor the 
 Swedish Evangelical Lutheran Church ; 
 born in Sweden April 6, 1845 ; studied 
 several years in Sweden ; in 1867, came 
 to Paxton, 111.; graduated from Augus- 
 tina College, in 1871 ; was ordained to 
 the ministry the same year and, settled 
 at West Dayton, Iowa ; in 1873, he 
 went to Elgin, 111., and, in 1875, came to 
 Ottumwa ; has traveled some in mis*- 
 sionary work, and was chairman of the 
 Iowa Conference in 1877. Married, 
 Oct. 3, 1872, Anna Sophia Anderson ; 
 she was born Oct. ?>0, 1851, in Sweden, 
 and came to this country when but two 
 years old ; have three children — Arnold 
 E., Gertie L. and Anna Cora. 
 
 Ransier, J. M., undertaker. 
 
 Ray, Joe, policeman. 
 
 Rector, L., carpenter. 
 
 Redenbaugh, A. J., painter. 
 
 Reece, H. C, carpenter. 
 
 Reece, J. P., carpenter. 
 
 Resor, W. H., book-keeper. 
 
 Rheim, J. H., music teacher. 
 
 Richardson, J., laborer. 
 
 Rider, James, horse dealer. 
 
 Rider, W. B., horse dealer. 
 
 Riordan, Tim, Justice of the Peace. 
 
 Robinson, B., blacksmith. 
 
 ROBIN^OX BRO^., dealers in dry 
 goods, notions, fancy goods, etc. ; estab- 
 lished in 1872. C. G. Robinson, born 
 in Frederick Co., Virginia, June 1, 1846; 
 removed to Missouri October, 1870 ; 
 came to Ottumwa in April, 1872. S. 
 D. Robinson, born in Frederick Co., Va., 
 June 6, 1848; in 1871, removed to 
 Missouri, after one year's residence there 
 he came to Ottumwa, April, 1872. 
 
 ROBINSOl^, EDWARD A., at 
 torney at law ; born in Queensville, In- 
 diana, July 30, 1854 ; came to Ottumwa 
 with his parents in 1857 ; in the spring, 
 removed to Mt. Pleasant, Iowa; in May, 
 1877, he returned to Ottumwa. Is a 
 graduate of the Iowa Wesleyan Univer- 
 sity, Class of 1874; he also graduated 
 from the law department of Harvard 
 College, Cambridge, Mass., Class of 1876; 
 he was elected Township Clerk at the 
 last election, October 8, 1878. Is a 
 member of the First M. E. Church. 
 
OTTUMWA CITY. 
 
 591 
 
 Robinson, William, laborer. 
 ROBERTS & ROCKEY, 
 
 DRN., homeopatbic physicians and sur- 
 geons ; Dr. Roberts makes a specialty of 
 the eye and ear, and Dr. Rockey of sur- 
 gery. H. W. Roberts, M. D., homeo- 
 pathic physician and surgeon ; born in 
 Sheboygan Co., Wis., Oct. 1, 1849 ; re- 
 moved to Fond du Lac, Wis., with his 
 parents in 1854 ; read medicine with 
 Drs. Patchen & Bishop in Fond du Lac ; 
 then attended the Hahnemann Medical 
 College of Chicago ; graduated from that 
 institution, Class of 1874 ; was resident 
 physician in the Hahnemann Medical 
 College Hospital for one year ; came to 
 Ottumwa in 1875. 
 ROCKEY, A. E., homeopathic 
 physician and surgeon ; born near Free- 
 port, Stephenson Co., 111., July 5, 1855 ; 
 studied medicine with Dr. J. H. Beau- 
 mont, of Freeport, then entered Hahne- 
 mann Medical College, of Chicago ; grad- 
 uated from that institution Class of 
 1877 ; the Doctor was Physician's Assist- 
 ant in Hahnemann Medical College Hos- 
 pital one year, and resident surgeon of 
 the same hospital one year. 
 Rcemer, A., cabinet maker and carpenter. 
 Rcemer, G. A., carpenter. 
 ROGERS, I^ANWES E., DR., 
 dentist ; born in Burlington, Iowa, May 
 22, 1851 ; moved to Clinton, Mo., in 
 1866; resided there two years ; returned 
 to Burlington ; attended one course at 
 the Missouri Dental College in St. 
 Louis, in 1872; in 1873, he entered 
 the Pennsylvania College of Dental 
 Surgery, at Philadelphia ; graduated 
 from that institution Feb. 28, 1874 ; 
 he was located in Burlington from that 
 time until June, 1875, when he came 
 to Ottumwa. He married Alice W. 
 Wilson Dec. 25, 1876 ; she was born 
 in Pennsylvania ; they have one child — 
 Ralph Forrest. Mrs. Rogers is a mem- 
 ber of the Presbyterian Church. 
 ROC)}ERS, T. A., physician and 
 surgeon ; born in Galesburg, 111., Feb. 
 6, 1854; came to Ottumwa in 1874; 
 read medicine with T. W. Shaw, of 
 Macon, Mo., and with Dr. Wilkinson; 
 attended lectures at the Missouri Med- 
 ical College, of St. Louis, and gradu- 
 ated at Rush Medical College in the 
 Class of 1878. 
 
 Rogers, J. H., insurance agent. 
 
 Rogers, Thomas, teamster. 
 
 ROOT, HOSES B., proprietor of 
 the marble-yard and works; born near 
 Springfield, Mass., May 25, 1816 ; par- 
 ents removed to Licking Co., Ohio, 
 when he was about two years of age ; 
 in June, 1842, he came to Van Buren 
 Co., Iowa; engaged in farming three 
 years, then commenced the marble bus- 
 iness at Keosauqua ; came to Ottumwa 
 in 1860. Married Elizabeth Howard 
 in March, 1841 ; she was born in 
 Pennsylvania ; they have had five 
 children ; lost one son and a daughter ; 
 Howard died in 1846, and Mary died in 
 1851 ; those living are Frank L, Addie 
 H., and Ettie L. Members of the 
 Congregational Church. 
 
 ROUNDS, CHARLES B., was 
 born in Winslow, Me., Dec. 4, 1839; 
 in 1844, he went to live with a relative 
 at Trenton, N. J., his parents having 
 died while he was quite young ; lived 
 in Trenton until 1857, when he entered 
 the regular army, 5th U. S. Regt.; was 
 in Utah, Oregon and New IMexico un- 
 til the breaking-out of the rebellion ; 
 during the rebellion he was stationed 
 in New Mexico the entire time; after 
 the close of the war, his regiment went 
 to Colorado, established Fort Reynolds, 
 and was stationed there until 1868, 
 when he was mustered out of service, 
 his term of enlistment having expired. 
 Came to Ottumwa in 1871 ; was con- 
 nected with the North MissouTi Rail- 
 way Co., until 1874; in February, 
 1878, engaged in his present business. 
 He is Alderman of the Fourth Ward ; 
 served one year as Township Clerk. 
 Married Emma F. Light in April, 
 1872; she was born in Pennsylvania; 
 they have one child, Marcus J. Mrs. 
 Rounds is a member of the Main St. 
 M. E. Church. 
 Rowe, A., laborer. 
 
 ROWL.AND, M., Street Commis- 
 sioner; born in Ireland Dec. 25,1838; 
 came to Quebec in 1854, and after liv- 
 ing in Canada three years, moved to 
 Monroe (^o., N. Y., where he lived for 
 a year ; came to Fairfield, Jefferson Co., 
 in 1858; in November, 1861, came to 
 Ottumwa; he was employed in the 
 wholesale grocery house of J. H. 
 3 
 
592 
 
 DIRECTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY; 
 
 Merrill & Co., for twelve years, and 
 was afterward engaged in the packing- 
 house of Ladd & Co.; he was appointed 
 Street Commissioner on the 18th of 
 March, 1878. Married Oct. 20, 1861, 
 to Ellen Doran, who was born in Ire- 
 land ; they have had eight children, 
 four of whom died in infancy ; the liv- 
 ing are Annie, Bridget, Maggie and 
 Mary Ellen. Members of the Catholic 
 Church. 
 
 Rowland, P., employe C, R. I. & P. R. R. 
 
 Russell, J. R., wagon-maker. 
 
 Russell, T. J., blacksmith. 
 
 Rutherford, J., laborer. 
 
 QPRAGUES, DAVID, teamster. 
 
 ^s^ Samuels, B., dry goods. 
 
 Sampson, S., tailor. 
 
 Sachel, William, coal-miner. 
 
 SANCHEZ, FRAlfK, born in 
 Bavaria Nov. 11, 1820; came to the 
 United States in March, 1853 ; moved 
 to Dallas Co., Iowa, in July, 1854 ; en- 
 gaged in farming ; in 1863, went to 
 Chicago and became a cattle-dealer, in 
 partnership with Isaac Waixel ; in 1875, 
 came to Ottumwa and built soap works. 
 Married Louisa Margall Nov. 26, 1846 ; 
 born in Bavaria ; have six children — 
 Mary L., now Mrs. Adolph Smith, 
 Arlington Heights ; Theodore, associ- 
 ated with his father; Frank J., with C. 
 H. Hack, of Chicago ; Charles, with 
 his father ; Caroline and Alice Matilda. 
 
 SAXFORD, STEPHEN B., 
 born in Williston, ('hittenden Co., Vt., 
 Jan. 10, 1816; in 1852, removed to 
 Grranville, Licking Co.. Ohio ; lived 
 there until 1856 ; in 1857, came to this 
 State, locating at Iowa Falls, Hardin 
 Co., where he lived for two years ; then 
 two years in Eldora ; two in Grinnell ; 
 thence to Washington, Iowa, in 1864, 
 and to Ottumwa Jan. 15, 1878 ; he 
 has been in the hotel business for thirty- 
 six years, in the livery business ten. 
 Married, in November, 1836, Miss Mary 
 A. Smith, who was born in Williston, Vt., 
 March 12, 1815 ; have had five children, 
 four living — two sons and two daughters. 
 
 Sauer, Adam, butcher. 
 
 Saylor, John, farmer. 
 
 Sax, Charles, clothing. 
 
 Schaub, L., saloon-keeper. 
 
 SCHICK, CHARI.es, stave and 
 barrel manufacturer, firm of J. C. Schick 
 
 & Co. ; born in Germany ; came to 
 America with his parents in 1848; to 
 Ottumwa, Iowa, in 1868. Married 
 Elizabeth Lawson Oct., 1869 ; have 
 four children — Iowa, Maggie, Charles 
 J., W^illiam D. He is real estate owner. 
 
 Schick, v., cooperage and timber dealer. 
 
 Schinderley, Martin, employe C, B. & Q. 
 R. R. 
 
 Schmitt, A., clothing dealer. 
 
 Schreeve, J. S., teamster. 
 
 SCOTT, E. M. B., firm of Scott & 
 Goodall, druggists and booksellers, cor- 
 ner Main and Green streets ; residence on 
 Jefferson street ; born March 26, 1842, 
 in Dayton, Ohio ; in 1856, came to Fair- 
 field, Iowa ; engaged in the drug busi- 
 ness in 1865, firm of Clarke & Scott; 
 continued till 1875, when he removed 
 to Ottumwa and had charge of the retail 
 department of J. L. Taylor & Co., drug- 
 gists ; June 10, 1878, commenced their 
 present business. Married Miss Mar- 
 garet Brown October, 1866 ; she was 
 born Oct. 21,1 845, in Wapello Co., lowa^ 
 have one child — Norman, aged 10 years. 
 He enlisted in 1862, Co. E, 36th I. V. 
 I., and served through the war ; was in 
 the battle of Helena, capture of Little 
 Rock, Jenkins' Ferry and others. Re- 
 publican. Mrs. S. is a member of the 
 Christian Church. 
 
 Sculley, J. C, tinner. 
 
 SehL John, employe C, B. & Q. R. R. 
 
 Sellars, Henry, employe C, B. & Q. R. R. 
 
 Shafer, Alois, brewer. 
 
 Sharp, W. P., commercial traveler; 
 
 Shaw, Enoch, barber. 
 
 Shea, John, laborer. 
 
 Shea, J. W., laborer. 
 
 Shea, Owen, section boss C, R. I. & P. 
 R. R. 
 
 SHEFFER, G. H., with W. A. 
 Jordan & Sons ; born in Nova Scotia 
 Jan. 6, 1834; while young went to 
 Boston ; he was, for a time, engaged in 
 the lumber business in Maine; came 
 from there to Ottumwa in 1862 ; was 
 in the dry goods business for himself 
 eleven years, then entered the house of 
 Jordon & Sons, as salesman. Was 
 for two years a member of the City 
 Council. Married Martha A. Fuller 
 Jan. 26, 1859 ; she is a native of Maine 
 and was born March, 1838 ; they have 
 two children — George H. and SamueL 
 
OTTUMWA CITY. 
 
 593 
 
 Mr. SheflFer has real estate valued at 
 $10,000. Mrs. Sheffer is a member of 
 the Congregational Church. 
 
 Shehan, T., employe R. R. 
 
 Shepard, J. R., agricultural implements. 
 
 SHEPHERD, THOS. K., pat- 
 entee of the " Monitor" and manufact- 
 urer of the " Big Giant Pump ; " born 
 near Richmond, Jefferson Co., Ohio, 
 July 31, 1834: came to Mt. Pleasant, 
 Iowa, in 1857; to Ottumwa in 1860, 
 and invented the pump April 11, 1876. 
 Married Melissa Whitcomb, Jan. 7, 
 1864 ; she was born in Fairfield, Iowa, 
 Nov. 2, 1841 ; have three children liv- 
 ing — Gracie M., Lotty Edna, and an 
 infant son Fred; two died in infancy. 
 Mr. Shepherd owns eighty acres in Sec- 
 tion 17, Richland Tp. 
 
 Sherod, J. G., retired. 
 
 Shreeve, Wm., teamster. *' 
 
 Shury, J. W., plasterer. 
 
 Silberman, F., dealer in hides and furs. 
 
 Simmons, C, carpenter. 
 
 Simmons, Frank, traveling salesman. 
 
 Simmons, W. H., paintei*. 
 
 Simons, Henry, wagon-maker. 
 
 Sinnamon, W. J., railroad employe. 
 
 Simpson, Alex., retired. 
 
 SISSOX, H. B., DR., dental sur- 
 geon ; born in Champaign, Ohio, Aug. 
 27, 1821 ; when 14, went to Mississippi; 
 remained one year, and thence to Louisi- 
 ana and remained twelve years ; after- 
 ward lived in Kentucky and Indiana ; 
 came to Ottumwa, Iowa, in 1853, and 
 engaged in present business ; has been 
 twenty-five years in his profession, and 
 aside from that has given attention to 
 fruit raising and honey. Married Mar- 
 garet Rider Oct. 1, 1855; she was born 
 in Fayette Co., Penn., in 1831 ; lost three 
 children, four living — Virginia E., Min- 
 nie B., Willie T. and Leonidas W. 
 
 Skellenger, Luther, teamster. 
 
 SLEEPER, F. R., born in Compton, 
 N. H., Jan. 3, 1854; came to Ottumwa 
 in August, 1878 ; is stockholder and 
 one of the directors and superintendent 
 of the Ottumwa Starch Co. Married 
 Clara P. Vinton Nov. 15, 1876 ; have 
 one child — Lawrence E. 
 
 SLOAN, J., born July 7, 1844, at 
 Joliet, 111. Aug. 18, 1862, enlisted 
 in Co. K, of the 100th 111. V. I.; was 
 engaged in several battles ; mustered out 
 
 on account of wounds received in battle. 
 Was agent for the C, A. & St. L. R. R. 
 eight years ; then agent for the St. L., 
 K. C. & W. R. R. Co., at Wellsville, 
 Mo., eight months ; went to Moulton, 
 Iowa, and remained three years in same 
 capacity ; Nov. 13, 1877, came to Ot- 
 tumwa, where he holds the same position. 
 Married C. Snider Nov. 15, 1874. 
 
 Smeeton, J., milk dealer. 
 
 Smith, D. 
 
 Smith, F. W., fruit-grower. 
 
 Smith, G. A. 
 
 Smith, G. W., clerk. 
 
 Smith, J. B., junk store. 
 
 Smith, J. B., plater J. Ruffler Co. 
 
 Smith, J. J., commission merchant. 
 
 Smith, J. L., engineer. 
 
 Smith, Lewis, mechanic. 
 
 SMITH, WILLARD M., photo 
 graphic artist ; born in East Schuyler, 
 Herkimer Co., N. Y., Sept. 9, 1853; 
 came to Ottumwa in July, 1878 ; en- 
 gaged in photographic business five years 
 in Chicago previous to coming to Ot- 
 tumwa ; Mr. Smith is one of the best 
 photographic artists in the West. 
 
 Smith, W. J., R. R. employe. 
 
 Smith, Wyatt, barber. 
 
 Spauldins, A. M. 
 
 SPRAGLE, P. B., born in Wash- 
 ington Co., Ohio ; came to Ottumwa in 
 1874; engaged in the drug trade; his 
 place of business is on the corner of 
 Main and Union streets, where he keeps 
 a first-class stock. Married Sarah A. 
 Kimmey Aug. 25, 1875 ; have one child 
 — Harry B. 
 
 Springer, James, R. R. conductor. 
 
 Steck, A. C, attorney. 
 
 Spurlock, L. B., teamster. 
 
 Squires, Daniel, retired. 
 
 Stay, Edward. 
 
 Stephenson, W. T., painter. 
 
 STELLER, WILLIAM, butcher, 
 E. Main street; born May 7, 1842, in 
 Prussia ; in 1854, came to St. Louis ; 
 the following year, removed to Keokuk, 
 Iowa; in 1866, came to Ottumwa; in 
 1873, commenced his present business. 
 Enlisted in 1861, in Co. H, 15th Mo. 
 V. L; served three years and two months, 
 and was honorably discharged ; was in 
 the battles of Pea Ridge, Corinth, Per- 
 ryville, Ky., Stone River, Tenn., Chicka- 
 mauga, Sherman's march to the sea and 
 
59 i 
 
 DIRECTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY; 
 
 others. Married E. A. Bond in 1868 ; 
 she was born in 1846, in New York ; 
 have two children — Fred and Walter. 
 Members of the Lutheran Church. 
 
 Sterrett, J. F., insurance agent. 
 
 Stevens, J. C, dealer in as^rl. implements. 
 
 STEVENS, W. H./firm of Stevens 
 & Dennis, dealers in groceries and pro- 
 visions ; born in McDonough Co., Ill, 
 Oct. 17, 1844; when 3 years old, his 
 parent removed to Highland Tp., Wa- 
 pello Co.; lived on a farm until 1873; 
 came to Ottumwa, and engaged in pres- 
 ent business. Married March 9, 1871, 
 Mary M. Dennis ; she was born in Schuy- 
 ler Co., Mo.; have two children — Leo 
 and Fred. Owns real estate valued at 
 S3 000 
 
 STEWART, DUDLEY W., 
 DR., born at Athens, Ohio, March 23. 
 1836 ; moved with parents to West Point, 
 Lee Co., Iowa, in March, 1840 ; March, 
 1857, moved to Rock Island ; one year 
 after to Chicago ; resided there until 
 the spring of 1861, having charge of the 
 Mercy Hospital for one year ; for two 
 months, he had charge of Camp Butler 
 in 1861 ; then enlisted in the 38th V. 
 I. ; regiment was on detached duty at 
 Camp Butler for twenty-two months ; 
 then to Fort Madison in 1863, and re- 
 mained eight months ; then to Daven- 
 port for ten months ; he came to Ottumwa 
 in the fall of 1865. He married Sept. 9, 
 1863, Josephine R. Reeves ; born at Fort 
 Madison Jan. 1, 1845 ; have two sons 
 — Rollin R. and Frank S. 
 
 Stewart, J. L., music dealer. 
 
 STEWART, O.E.; born Oct. 11, 
 1844, in Henry Co., Iowa; moved with 
 parents to Des Moines Co. in 1850. In 
 1861, enlisted in Co. E, 15th Iowa V. 
 I. ; served till nearly the close of the 
 war ; mustered out on account of wounds 
 received in the battle of Pittsburg Land- 
 ing ; was in the siege and battle of Cor- 
 inth ; siege and battle of Vicksburg ; 
 siege and battles around Atlanta. Mar- 
 ried Annie Ogdon Nov 25, 1874; have 
 two children — Ruth and Francis. Has 
 been three years chief train- dispatcher, 
 and the present time train master, of the 
 C, B. & Q. R. R. Co. at this point. 
 
 Stewart, W. H., railroad employe. 
 
 STIEES, EDWARD H., 
 JfOI!^., a prominent citizen of Wa- 
 
 pello Co., was born at Granby, Hart- 
 ford Co., Conn., on the 3d day of 
 October, 1836; in December, 1856, he 
 came to this county with the intention 
 of making the West his home, and, dur- 
 ing the following winter, taught school. 
 Before became West, he had commenced 
 the study of law, and, in the spring of 
 
 1857, he again resumed it in the ofl&ce 
 of Col. S. W. Summers, then a leading 
 lawyer of Ottumwa. In December. 1857, 
 he was admitted to the bar, having 
 passed a remarkably fine examination, 
 and immediately afterward formed a co- 
 partnership with Col. Summers. In 
 
 1858, Mr. Stiles was elected a member 
 of the City Council, and, in 1859, City 
 Solicitor. During the Presidential cam- 
 paign of 1860, Mr. Stiles was a 
 very earnest Democrat, and heartily 
 espoused the cause of the Hon. Stephen 
 A. Douglas, urging his election in many 
 forcible speeches in this and adjoin- 
 ing counties. After the breaking- 
 out of the rebellion, he regarded it 
 as his duty to ally himself with the 
 Republican party in the preservation of 
 the Union, and has ever since been an 
 earnest Republican. In January, 1861, 
 at the first session of the first Board of 
 Supervisors of the county, he was elected 
 Attorney of the Board, and, a year later, 
 was re-elected ; in January, 1 864, he 
 was selected by the Republican party as 
 its representative in the State Legislature 
 from this county, and served with dis- 
 tinction during the session on the im- 
 portant Standing Committee on Judici- 
 ary and Finance, and a notable special 
 committee on a prohibitory liquor law ; 
 in 1865, Mr. Stites was elected over his 
 his former law partner. Col. Summers, 
 who was his Democratic opponent on 
 on this occasion, to the State Senate ; 
 here, again, he was prominent as a mem- 
 ber of the Judiciary and Finance Com- 
 mittees, and of a joint committee of the 
 Legislature, appointed to investigate the 
 facts respecting a certain large deficit in 
 the Swamp-Land Fund of the State. As 
 Chairman, on the part of the State Sen- 
 ate, of the latter committee, Mr. Stiles 
 formally conducted the examination of 
 all of the witnesses, took all the testi- 
 mony and prepared the report, the in- 
 vestigation consuming the greater part 
 
OTTUMWA CITY. 
 
 595 
 
 of tlie session. At the same session, in 
 1866, the office of Reporter of the de- 
 cisions of the Supreme Court, the incum- 
 bents of which were previously appointed 
 by the judges of the courts, was made 
 elective ; this innovation was strenuously 
 opposed by Mr. Stiles, as unwise, but 
 notwithstanding this fact, he was nomi- 
 nated by the Republican State Conven- 
 tion, held during the succeeding summer 
 as a candidate for the office, and elected 
 at the fall election; in October, 1870, 
 Mr. Stiles was re-elected to the same 
 office, and at the expiration of his second 
 term, he positively declined to again 
 be a candidate, and accordingly retired. 
 As Reporter of the Supreme Court, 
 Mr. Stiles prepared the headnotes, and 
 published sixteen volumes (Numbers 22 
 to 37, inclusive) of the " Iowa Reports," 
 and which take high rank among the 
 law reports of this country. It is not 
 too much for a friend to say that he re- 
 gards. Mr. Stiles' " Reports" as among 
 the very best. His clear, analytical mind 
 enabled him at once to seize upon the 
 very point decided by the Court, and to 
 present it in the headnotes without be- 
 ing incumbered by any extraneous mat- 
 ter. This makes his headnotes to the 
 cases decided the very pith of the opin- 
 ion. In 1873, he prepared and pub- 
 lished a new Iowa digest, in two vol- 
 umes . This work was projected by T. 
 P. Withrow, Esq., last predecessor of 
 Mr. Stiles in the office of Reporter, who 
 was early compelled to relinquish its 
 preparation, in consequence of an im- 
 portant professional engagement in an- 
 other State. He has now in press Vol- 
 ume III, of his " Digest," the three 
 volumes being a complete digest of the 
 "Iowa Reports," from the first case re- 
 ported down to and including Volume 
 XL VI. His " Digest," like his " Re- 
 ports," is a work of great merit, putting 
 the bar of the State under many obliga- 
 tions to him for the care, labor and skill 
 he has bestowed upon it. As a lawyer, 
 Mr. Stiles has fairly earned the honora- 
 ble reputation of being one of the very 
 best in the State. His familiarity with 
 the " Reports," acquired during the 
 eight years he was Reporter, and in the 
 preparation of the three volumes of his 
 " Digest," enables him to be one of the 
 
 best case lawyers we have ; while his 
 extensive and careful reading has given 
 him an accurate knowledge of the prin- 
 ciples of the law. He is careful and 
 painstaking in the preparation of a case 
 for trial or for argument ; and, if he has 
 any fault, it is a peculiarity of his which 
 often prompts him to regard his own side 
 of a case as the weak one, growing out 
 of the fact that he studies with care 
 everything that he can imagine might 
 be brought against him by his opponent; 
 but, when once he has settled down to 
 an opinion, it is with difficulty he is 
 shaken in it. As an advocate, he is 
 forcible, agreeable and persuasive ; hav- 
 ing considerable natural talent as an 
 orator, his extensive reading and a prac-. 
 tice of twenty years enable him to pre- 
 sent his case either to the Court or jury 
 clearly, and often with great force and 
 power. As a politician, Mr. Stiles is 
 an active worker, is well known and 
 justly esteemed by his party throughout 
 the State, and, undoubtedly, in the fut- 
 ure, as in the past, his merit will be 
 appreciated, and additional honors and 
 responsibilities will be placed upon him. 
 
 STOESSEL, PETER, of the firm 
 of S. D. Pierce & Co.. dealers in boots 
 and shoes ; born in Alsace, France (now 
 Germany), Nov. 27, 1834; came to 
 United States in 1855, to Mt. Pleasant, 
 Henry Co. ; in 1859, to Ottumwa, en- 
 gaged in harness making until 1861 ; 
 then in farming in Davis Co. ; in 1861, 
 returned to Ottumwa ; was with E. M. 
 Chapin in the wholesale leather busi- 
 ness four years ; 1867 to 1 869 in leather 
 and hide business here ; 1870 to 1876, 
 on his farm, in Center and Grreen Tps., 
 in nursery business and farming ; Janu- 
 ary, 1877, engaged in present business. 
 Married Martha La Salle Feb. 2, 1860 ; 
 born in Frederickstown, Mo. ; had nine 
 children, five living — John Henry, Al- 
 bert Theodore, Rudolph, Mary, Agnes 
 and Jennette Josephine. Members of 
 the Catholic Church. 
 
 Stratton, 0., dealer in produce. 
 
 STR ASSIZER, MARK, born in 
 Germany, April 25, 1839 ; came to 
 America in 1852; to Ottumwa in 1864. 
 Enlisted in Co. E, 1st I. V. I., in 1861 ; 
 served the term, three months, then 
 mustered out; was in battle at Williams' 
 
596 
 
 DIRECTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY 
 
 Creek. ; he is locomotive engineer on 
 the C, B. & Q. R. R. Married Naomi 
 Teedrick, Sept. 3, 1865 ; have three 
 children — Mary E., George E., Anna 
 B. Republican. 
 
 Stroble, J. M., tailor. 
 
 SHAFER, JOHX F., firm of 
 Strong & Shafer, proprietors Ottumwa 
 Business College; born in Franklin, 
 Wayne Co., Ind., Dec. 6, 1855 ; re- 
 moved with parents to Dallas Co., Iowa, 
 in 1857; engaged in mercantile pur- 
 suits and teaching until he came to 
 Ottumwa, in October, 1874; has been 
 connected with the College as teacher 
 since 1876. 
 
 STRONG, Wll. D., of the firm of 
 Strong & Shafer, proprietors of the Ot- 
 tumwa Business College ; born in Ana- 
 mosa, Jones Co., Iowa, April 16,1854; 
 his previous business was farming and 
 teaching ; the College is conducted on 
 the scholarship plan, life, $40 ; artistic 
 penmanship, $35 ; three-months course, 
 $25 ; commercial department and com- 
 mon branches, or normal department, 
 $10 per term. 
 
 Swabkey, Carl, musician. 
 
 Swanson, A. M. 
 
 Swanson, A., cabinet-maker. 
 
 SWAXSON, CHARLES J., 
 
 clerk at Ballingall Hovise ; born in 
 Sweden June 24, 1857 ; came to 
 Ottumwa in 1862 ; was engaged with 
 W. C. Moss in the grocery business, 
 then with W. J. Linn as telegrapher ; 
 at present is in the Ballingall House. 
 Member of the Lutheran Church. 
 Republican. 
 
 Sweeney, Jerry, laborer. 
 
 SWENSOK, FRED, merchant 
 tailor and dealer in gents' furnishing 
 goods. Main street, opposite Worcester's ; 
 residence on Market street ; born March 
 8, 1845, in Sweden; in 1868, came to 
 Ottumwa, Iowa ; in 1877, commenced 
 his present business ; he carries as fine 
 a line of cloths as can be found in the 
 city. Married Miss Petronella Larson 
 in 1867; she was born in 1843, in 
 Sweden ; have three children — Julius 
 H. L., Harry E. and Anton E. Mem- 
 bers of the Lutheran Church. Re- 
 publican. 
 
 Swiggett, S. A., merchant. 
 
 Swisher, Isaac, laborer. 
 
 Sugrugh, Daniel, laborer. 
 Sullivan, John, hardware. 
 SUMIttERS, SAMUEL W., 
 
 COL., attorney at law ; born in Fairfax 
 Co., Va., March 8, 1820 ; came to 
 Keosauqua, Van Buren Co., Iowa, July, 
 1838; the winter of 1838 and 1839 
 was spent at Burlington, he beino; Ser- 
 geant-at-Arms of the Legislature ; re- 
 turned to Keosauqua in the spring of 
 1839 ; resided there until the fall of 
 1846, when he came to Ottumwa. 
 Served in the 7th Iowa Cavalry during 
 the late rebellion ; entered the service 
 in 1863 ; mustered out as Colonel in 
 February, 1865. Married Marion M. 
 Sheffield in July, 1862 ; she was born 
 in South Bend, Ind.; have four chil- 
 dren — Georgia M., Ada, William T. 
 and Clement. Mrs. Summers is a 
 member of the Congregational Church. 
 Sumner, Thomas, mechanic. 
 CARLTON, E., laborer. 
 
 T 
 
 TAYLOR, JAMES L., DR., 
 
 born near Hamilton, Butler Co., Ohio, 
 July 17, 1824; chose the profession of 
 medicine; read with Dr. Cyrus Faulke- 
 ner, at Hamilton ; he attended the Ohio 
 Medical College at Cincinnati ; in 1846, 
 began practice in Alexandria, Mo. ; con- 
 tinued but one year ; the hardships en- 
 countered there were such as tend to 
 strengthen and inspire a determination 
 to succeed in spite of the opposition or 
 indifference of the world ; moved to 
 Mt. Pleasant, Iowa; remained two 
 years, in constant practice ; thence to 
 Columbus, Louisa Co. ; spent one sum- 
 mer ; he arrived at Ottumwa late in 
 1851 ; practiced four years; fall of 1855, 
 discontinued his practice and engaged in 
 the drug business ; from a small and 
 unpretentious beginning, trade rapidly 
 developed, and his sales exceeded in 
 value all others in this locality ; when 
 the B. & M. R. R. was completed to 
 Ottumwa, he saw the advantages offered 
 by the improved facilities of transporta- 
 tion, and opened a wholesale department ; 
 now has the largest trade, wholesale and 
 retail, in druggists' supplies, books, sta- 
 tionery, etc., in the State ; has always 
 been prominently identified with the 
 business interests of Ottumwa ; was one 
 of the founders of the Iowa National 
 
OTTUMWA CITY. 
 
 597 
 
 Bank, and has been considerably en- 
 gaged in farming, stock-raising, etc, ; he 
 . is a typical Western self-made man. 
 Married Juliette A. Garner in May, 
 1846 ; she was born in Maryland ; have 
 five children — Emma ( wife of Robert 
 Finley, of Ottumwa), Jarrett Asbury, 
 Clara, Charles O. and James Gr. ; one 
 daughter, Mollie E., wife of W. D. El- 
 liot, died Nov. 8, 1875. 
 
 Taylor, Z., butter-packer. 
 
 Teeter, I. P., Pastor Main Street M. E. 
 Church. 
 
 Temple, George, tailor. 
 
 Templin, Cyril, railroad employe. 
 
 THOMPJ^OBf, WILLIAM C, 
 Clerk of the Courts; born near Browns- 
 ville, Brown Co., Ohio, Feb. 13, 1834 ; 
 moved with parents to Green Tp., this 
 county, November, 1848 ; engaged in 
 farming and teaching until 1873 ; then 
 came to Ottumwa ; was one of the pro- 
 prietors of the Ottumwa Business Col- 
 lege until Oct. 8, 1878, when he was 
 elected Clerk of the Courts. Married 
 Margaret A. Kedenbaugh Aug. 2, 1862; 
 born in Ottumwa ; have had six chil- 
 dren ; lost three — Mary Ellen, Ida May 
 and Guy ; three living — Jessie, Jennie 
 June and Corinth. Mrs. Thompson is 
 a member of the Main Street M. E. 
 Church. 
 
 Thompson, Samuel, clerk. 
 
 THRONE, HENRY% merchant; 
 born April 12, 1850, in Medina Co., Ohio ; 
 came to Ottumwa in August, 1872 ; been 
 engaged in the mercantile business about 
 four years, at No. 640 West Second st. 
 Married Nora M. Gorsuch April 23, 
 1874 ; have one child — Harry Throne. 
 Republican. 
 
 Thorn, John, blacksmith. 
 
 Thornburg, Thomas, salesman. 
 
 THRALL, SENECA BRO WX, 
 
 H. H., son of the late Prof H. L. 
 Thrall, of Kenyon College, Ohio; was born 
 in Utica, Licking Co., in that State, Aug. 
 9, 1832 ; commenced the study of medi- 
 cine with his father in 1849 ; in 1851- 
 52, attended a course of lectures at Star- 
 ling Medical College, and subsequently 
 passed through all the departments at 
 Kenyon College, graduating A. B. in 
 1851, and A. M. in 1855 ; he also gra- 
 duated at the University of New York ; 
 he began practice with his father in 
 
 Columbus, and with the interval of little 
 more than a year spent at Belle Center, 
 Logan Co., resided there until he came 
 to Ottumwa in May, 1856. Dr. Thrall 
 is a member of the Wapello County 
 Medical Society ; was its President in 
 1871. Has been a member of the State 
 Medical Society since 1856, and was its 
 Secretary in 1865, and President pro 
 tem. in 1870 ; in 1873, he was again 
 made Secretary, and annually re-elected 
 until 1877 ; was a Delegate of the 
 American Medical Association to San 
 Francisco in 1871, and is an honorary 
 member of the California State Medical 
 Society. Has been a member of the City 
 School Board for fifteen years. In 1862, 
 was appointed Surgeon in the Military 
 Hospital at Keokuk ; in November of 
 that year, was commissioned Assistant 
 Surgeon of the 13th Iowa V. I. ; served 
 with it in the 17th Army Corps until 
 May, 1864. Married May, 1856, Mary 
 Brooks, of Columbus, Ohio ; have three 
 children— Frank B., Nellie and Homer N. 
 
 Tilman, Ferrington. 
 
 Tilleen, C. A., clerk. 
 
 Tilton, R. L., retired. 
 
 Tindell, N. M., grocer. 
 
 Tisdale, 0. D., proprietor Planters' House. 
 
 Tower, D. W , book-keeper. 
 
 TROTTER, THOMAS B., City 
 Marshal and Chief of Police ; born in 
 Knoxville, Jefi'erson Co., Ohio, Oct. 27, 
 1848 ; came with his parents to Ben- 
 tonsport. Van Buren Co., Iowa, in the 
 fall of 1852 ; soon moved to Glasgow, 
 JeflFerson Co., Iowa ; went to Bonaparte, 
 where they resided about eleven years ; 
 returned to Bentonsport ; lived there two 
 years, then removed to Birmingham, in 
 the same county ; came to Ottumwa in 
 December, 1873. Was in the employ 
 of the Johnston Ruffler Co. two years ; 
 then went to Idaho, where he was in the 
 employment of the Northwestern Stage 
 Co. about eighteen months ; returned to 
 Ottumwa. Has been City Marshal and 
 Chief of Police thirteen months. Mr. 
 Trotter married Sarah Florence Smith 
 May 22. 1874 ; she was born in Indiana ; 
 they have two children — George Francis 
 and Mary Blanche. Mrs. Trotter is a 
 member of the Presbyterian Church. 
 Mr. Trotter's father lives with him ; is 
 a native of Pennsylvania. 
 
598 
 
 DIRECTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY; 
 
 Truitt, Oliver, laborer. 
 
 Tucker, J. P., saloon. 
 
 Tullis, G. M., coal contractor. 
 
 Tullis, Mike, farmer. 
 
 Tullis, M. H., farmer. 
 
 Turk, E. M., carpenter. 
 
 Turner, Matt, laborer. 
 
 Turner, W. H., conductor C, B. & Q. R. R. 
 
 "TTLLERY, H. L., teamster. 
 
 Uteclit, Peter, druggist. 
 Utterback, H., laborer. 
 "TT-ANAMAN, A., R. R. conductor. 
 
 Van Cleave, D. H., clerk. 
 
 Vanwerden, E., machinist. 
 
 Van Zant, Nich. 
 
 VEEDER, E. W., born Sept. 7, 
 1837, in Saratoga Co., N. Y. ; moved 
 to Erie Co. with parents ; in 1858, 
 to Milwaukee ; in 1869, to Iowa, and 
 has been in the employ of the C, B. & 
 Q. R. R. Co. since ; came to Ottumwa 
 March, 1876. Married Mary E. Duree 
 June 17, 1874; they have two children 
 — Charles and Burt. 
 
 Vinson, Stephen, stone-mason. 
 
 Vengent, C. B., book-keeper. 
 
 Vengent, N. L., R. R. employe. 
 
 Vogel, E. B., farmer. 
 
 WACHTLER, ALBERT, shoe- 
 maker. 
 
 WAGG, JOSEPH, barber; born 
 February 22, 1821, in England; came 
 to the United States in 1843, settling 
 in St. Louis ; in 1852, he came to Ot- 
 tumwa ; has been occupied in his present 
 business since, except one year in the 
 grocery trade ; was the first barber in 
 Ottumwa. In 1862, was Alderman of 
 the Second Ward. Married in St. Louis 
 May 2, 1847, Miss Sarah Leake, also a 
 native of England ; have two children 
 living — Hannah L. (widow of Henry 
 Millsj and Frances V. ; three died in 
 infancy. 
 
 WAGNER, JOHN, grocer, corner 
 Main and Burch streets ; born Nov. 13, 
 1827, in Prussia, Germany; in 1856, 
 came to Agency City and engaged in 
 woolen-mill business; in 1862, removed 
 to Ottumwa, and carried on the same 
 business till 1869, when he engaged in 
 stone-quarry trade ; continued at this 
 till 1874, when he commenced his pres- 
 ent business. Married Elizabeth Lader 
 
 in 1856 ; she was born in 1829, in Prus- 
 sia, Germany; had six children, five liv- 
 ing — Mary A., John A., Lizzie, Caroline 
 and Catharine ; lost Jacob in infancy. 
 
 WAEKER, C. L., of the firm of 
 Kirk & Walker ; born in Keosauqua, 
 Van Buren Co., April 9, 1846. Au- 
 gust 10, 1864, enlisted in Battery L, 
 2d Illinois Light Artillery. Was after- 
 ward agent at Pella for the K. & D. M. 
 R. R. for six years ; came to Ottumwa 
 in November 1874. 
 
 Walker, J. S., retired. 
 
 Walker, M. B., book-keeper. 
 
 Walker, Robert, laborer. 
 
 Walton, U. R., mail agent Union Pacific 
 Railway. 
 
 Ward, F. D., R. R. employe. 
 
 WARD, JOHN, baggage-master of 
 the C, R. I. & P. R. R. ; born in Ft. 
 Wayne, Ind., Sept. 16, 1842, and came 
 to Keokuk Co., Iowa, in 1865. En- 
 listed Jan. 1, 1864, Co. F, 130th Indi- 
 ana Infantry; mustered out Aug. 1, 
 1865 ; was with Sherman from Buz- 
 zard's Roost to Atlanta; wounded at 
 battles Kenesaw Mt. and Burnt Hickory, 
 Ga. Came to Ottumwa March 4, 1866. 
 Was on the city police force for eighteen 
 months, and has been connected with 
 railroad business for over five years. 
 Oct. 31, 1867, married Indiana Van 
 Winkle, who was born in Indiana ; have 
 four children — Mary E., William J., 
 Clarence E. and James N. 
 
 WARDEN, CHARLES C, 
 DR., born in Marysville, Mason Co., 
 Ky., Nov. 20, 1816; at 18 moved, with 
 his parents, to the vicinity of Batavia, 
 Clermont Co., Ohio; in 1838, went 
 to Greensburg, Decatur Co., Ind. ; re- 
 mained until the spring of 1843, mean- 
 while educating himself at the Ohio 
 Medical College, Cincinnati ; began the 
 practice of medicine in 1842 ; came to 
 Ottumwa July 4, 1843, and remained 
 in the practice of his profession until 
 1856, although he entered the mer- 
 cantile business in 1851, which he 
 carried on alone until recently, when he 
 aamitted his son to partnership ; in con- 
 junction with his other pursuits he has 
 been engaged in farming to quite an 
 extent ever since he came here, having 
 owned one or more farms during the 
 entire time. Was President of the 
 
OTTUMWA CITY. 
 
 599 
 
 School Board for twelve years, and it 
 was largely through his instrumentality 
 and industry that the present efficient 
 system of schools was built up ; he was 
 a member of the Board of Trustees of 
 the Agricultural College for four years, 
 and Chairman of that Board for two years; 
 has, besides, held various minor offices 
 of trust. Married Martha Williams on 
 the 13th of June, 1846 ; she was born 
 in Cincinnati, Ohio, Sept. 28, 1828; 
 have had twelve children, seven now 
 living — Frank C, Charles H., Laura T., 
 Hettie, Sallie M., Lucy T. and Martha 
 V. The Doctor and his wife are mem- 
 bers of the First M. E. Church. 
 
 Ward, J. H., employe Express Co. 
 
 Warden F. C., merchant. 
 
 WARDEN, RICHARD H., 
 born in Maysville, Mason Co., Ky., 
 March 8, 1826; when he was 8 years 
 of age, his parents removed to Bethel, 
 Clermont Co., Ohio, where they re- 
 mained about three years, and where 
 his father died ; his mother removed to 
 Greensburg, Decatur Co., Ind., and sub- 
 sequently married Col. John Kane ; his 
 father died near Bethel, Ohio, in 1839, 
 and his mother, at Williamsburg, Ohio, 
 in 1874 ; Mr. Warden learned the print- 
 ing business at Batavia, Clermont Co., 
 Ohio, with Andrew M. Guest, and 
 worked there at his trade until the 
 spring of 1846, when he took charge of 
 the Clinton Republican at Wilmington, 
 Ohio, for David Fisher, then Member 
 of Congress from the Second Ohio Dis- 
 trict ; in April, 1848, he came to Ot- 
 tumwa, and, in August of that year, 
 established the Ottumwa Courier, in 
 connection with J. H. D. Street, a fuller 
 account of which enterprise will be 
 found in the article upon the " County 
 Press." In April, 1849, he was ap- 
 pointed Postmaster, and served four 
 years and two months. He continued 
 with the Courier until Dec. 20, 1855, 
 when he engaged in the mercantile and 
 hotel business until Aug. 18, 1862, 
 then enlisted as a private in Co. E, 36th 
 Iowa V. I. ; was elected First Lieuten- 
 ant, and mustered in at Keokuk ; this 
 regiment served in the 7th Army Corps, 
 under command of Gen. E. 0. C. Ord, 
 Steele's Division ; the engagements in 
 which he participated were the Yazoo 
 
 expedition in the rear of Vicksburg, 
 Helena, capture of Little Rock, and 
 other minor ones; in December, 1863, 
 he was sent to Iowa on recruiting serv- 
 ice, and remained until April, 1864; he 
 enlisted 165 men more than any other 
 man in the State during the same 
 length of time ; while in the service, he 
 was Aide-de-camp to Gen. Asboth and 
 Gen. B. M. Prentiss, and was Assistant 
 Adjutant General of the 2d Brigade, 
 1st Division of Steele's Army Corps ; 
 from June 10 to Dec. 4, 1864, he served 
 as Post Adjutant at Little Rock, when 
 he resigned on account of dangerous ill- 
 ness in his family. Previous to 1875, 
 he was Assistant Assessor of Internal 
 Revenue, which office he filled for sev- 
 eral years. Since 1870, he has been 
 continuously connected with the Courier 
 as editor and business manager, and has 
 been associated with the press of thci 
 State longer than any other editor now 
 engaged upon the Iowa newspapers. 
 He has held various city offices. On 
 the 26th of February, 1851, married 
 Virginia C. Adams, who was born at 
 Louisville, Ky., Oct. 20, 1832; have 
 had seven children, three of whom died 
 in infancy; the living are George A., 
 Nettie C, Annie and Clara E. 
 
 Warden, S. J., retired. 
 
 Warman, Jarrett, clerk. 
 
 Warren, A. 
 
 Washburn, E., retired. 
 
 WATERMAN, H. L.., manufact- 
 urer of cigars and tobacco, office in 
 Ballingall Block ; born Nov. 19, 1840, 
 in Croydon, N. H. ; in 1858, went to 
 California; in 1861, returned to Massa- 
 chusetts. In 1862, enlisted in Co. A, 
 47th Massachusetts Infiintry ; served one 
 year, then was commissioned Lieutenant 
 of the First New York Engineers, with 
 headquarters at Hilton Head,S. C. ; held 
 this position till the close of the war. In 
 1865, removed to Burlington and was 
 employed by the C, B. & Q. R. R. as 
 Civil Engineer; held this position till 
 December, 1869 ; in January, 1870, he 
 removed to Ottumwa, and was City En- 
 gineer for one year ; then was appointed 
 Chief Engineer of the St. Louis & Keo- 
 kuk R. R., held this position till June, 
 1871, when he was appointed Chief En- 
 gineer of the Cedar Rapids & St. Louis 
 
600 
 
 DIRECTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY: 
 
 R. R. ; December, 1871, he commenced 
 his present business ; has been Alder- 
 man, also a member of the City Council. 
 Republican. 
 
 Watkins, C. S., stair-builder. 
 
 Weider, H., R. R. employe. 
 
 Wellman, A., salesman. 
 
 Wendt, M. H., cigar manufacturer. 
 
 Welsh, John, laborer. 
 
 West, Robert, meat market. 
 
 WHAL.E1V, THOMAS, born May 
 2, 1858, in Canada ; moved to New York 
 State with his parents when quite young; 
 to Ottumwa, Iowa, in 1867, and is en- 
 gaged in the grocery trade at 521 Main 
 street. 
 
 WHEELOCK, CJEORGE H., 
 manager of W. U. Telegraph office ; 
 born in Boston, Mass., Sept. 18, 
 1850. He entered the army Sept. 21, 
 1861, as drummer boy, with the 6th 
 Michigan Vol. Infantry and Heavy Ar- 
 tillery ; served three years and seven 
 months. Commenced telegraphing in 
 1870, which he followed in Kalamazoo, 
 Mich., Chicago, 111., and for four years 
 in Ottumwa. On the 7th of December, 
 1876, he married Mary D. Kellogg, who 
 was born in Kalamazoo, Mich.; they 
 have one child — Herbert K. 
 
 Whipple, J. J., janitor, Lincoln School- 
 house. 
 
 White, A., teamster. 
 
 White, William E. 
 
 Weimer, Adam. 
 
 WII.KIXSON, J. E., physician 
 and surgeon ; born June 6, 1837, in 
 Addingham, Yorkshire, England ; his 
 parents removed, the same year, to this 
 country, and located in Westmoreland 
 Co., Penn.; when he was 10 years of 
 age, they removed to Indiana Co., 
 Penn.; at 17 years of age, he began 
 the study of medicine in Clarion Co., 
 under the instruction of Dr. John Cres- 
 well ; in 1857, went to England, and 
 entered the London Medical College ; 
 received his degree in 1858 ; after grad- 
 uation, he returned to Clarion Co., and 
 associated himself for two years with 
 his old instructor. Dr. John Creswell ; 
 removed to Hannibal, Mo., remained 
 three years ; to Macon City, Mo., 
 in 1863; thence, in 1875, to Ottum- 
 wa. 
 
 Willard, E. M., teamster. 
 
 WIEIilAMS, A. O., physician and 
 surgeon ; son of Alfred 0. and Minerva 
 Townsend Williams ; born at Nauvoo, 
 111., Nov. 6, 1849; when 5 years of 
 age, moved with his parents to Clinton, 
 Iowa ; was educated at the Iowa State 
 University ; received the degree of A. 
 B. in 1873, and M. D. in 1875 ; came 
 to Ottumwa in March, 1876. Member 
 of the American Medical Association, 
 and of various others. 
 
 Williams, David, stone-mason and farmer. 
 
 WILLIAMS, HEXRY, manu- 
 facturer of spring and farm wagons ; 
 does blacksmithing of all kinds; born 
 Sept. 22, 1849, in Ottumwa, Iowa. 
 Married Samantha Bizer Dec. 3, 1872 ; 
 have two children — Maggie and an 
 infant. 
 
 WIEEIAMS, MORRIS J., 
 
 HOX., attorney at law ; born at Brook- 
 ville, Franklin Co., Ind., Nov. 14, 1825 ; 
 in 1850, went to Greensburg, Decatur Co., 
 Ind.; engaged in the practice of law 
 there from 1851 to 1854; was Prose- 
 cuting Attorney for two years ; in No- 
 vember, 1854, located in Ottumwa; 
 was Judge of the Second Judicial 
 District of Iowa, from 1871 to 1875. 
 Married Mary E. Stoops at Brookville, 
 Ind., May 29, 1851; she died Oct. 
 31, 1877, from injuries received in a 
 runaway accident; she was born in 
 Franklin Co., Ind., Jan. 2, 1833 ; left 
 ninechildren — Queen M., John P., Mor- 
 ris H., Lillian Augusta, Augustus V., 
 Minnesota May, Mary E., Elma 0. and 
 Keota Winona. 
 WIIililAMSOX, J., physician and 
 surgeon ; born in Scott Tp., Adams Co., 
 Ohio, March 13,1827; he came to 
 Ottumwa in November, 1852 ; when 
 20 years of age, he went to West 
 Union, and was for two years a private 
 student of Prof R. Buck; at the ex- 
 piration of that time he commenced the 
 study of medicine with Dr. H. Gr. 
 Jones; was with him two years; in 
 March, 1852, he graduated from the 
 medical department of the Western 
 Reserve College of Ohio. The Doctor 
 married Sarah N., Jones May 27, 1852 ; 
 she was born in Stanton Co., Va.; 
 they have one daughter by adoption — 
 Maggie. Members of the Congrega- 
 tional Church. 
 
OTTUMWA CITY. 
 
 601 
 
 Williams, R. J., Miller. 
 WILSONS', HENRY, dealer in real 
 estate ; born in Harrison Co., Ky., Jan. 
 9, 1820; when a boy, his parents re- 
 moved to Monroe Co., Ind. ; in 1849, 
 came to Van Buren Co. ; to Ottumwa, 
 in the spring of 1851 ; engaged in 
 farming, plastering, etc., until 1866 ; 
 since then his attention has been de- 
 voted principally to real estate opera- 
 tions. His first wife was Nancy Jane 
 Farmer, of Indiana ; she died in Febru- 
 ary, 1864 ; has two children — Pryor S. 
 and William. Mr. Wilson's present 
 wife was Elizabeth Cox ; they were 
 married in March, 1866; she was born 
 in Indiana. Mrs. Wilson is a member 
 of the First M. E. Church. 
 
 Wilson, H. B., laborer. 
 
 WILSON, JOHN, firm of Wilson 
 & Lowrie, dealers in butter and eggs ; 
 born in Scotland June 12, 1829 ; came 
 to New York in 1865, where he lived 
 until he came to Ottumwa, in the 
 spring of 1878 ; has been engaged 
 in his present business since his 
 arrival. 
 
 WIL.SON, liUTHER H., dealer 
 in boots and shoes ; born in Hardy Co., 
 W. Va., March 18, 1848; his parents 
 removed to Clay Co., Ind., when he was 
 an infant ; when he was 5, moved to 
 Keokuk ; a few months after, to Mem- 
 phis, Mo. ; resided there seven years ; 
 came to Birmingham, Van Buren Co., 
 Iowa, in 1861 ; to Fairfield one year 
 later ; to Ottumwa in 1866 ; was en- 
 gaged with his father in the furniture 
 business two years ; in the tannery and 
 mill business until 1873, when he en- 
 tered his present business. Married 
 Catherine Gertrude Guinn Oct. 2, 1871 ; 
 she was born in Birmingham, Van 
 Buren Co., Iowa ; have two children — 
 Claude Guinn and Charles Levitt. Mr. 
 Wilson is a member of the M. E. Church. 
 
 Wilson, R. A., painter. 
 
 Wilson, R. C, traveling salesman. 
 
 WIND, N. P., wholesale dealer in 
 wines and liquors ; born in Sweden Jan. 
 3, 1841 ; came to the United States in 
 1871 ; lived in Paxton, 111., six months; 
 came to Iowa ; engaged with the C. & 
 S. W. R. R. for six months ; Aug. 5, 
 1878, engaged in his present business. 
 Married Emma Peterson Jan. 12, 1878; 
 
 [ born in Sweden ; members of the Lu- 
 i theran Church. 
 
 i WINN, JAMES H., photographic 
 j artist; born in England Jan. 29, 1838; 
 ten yeai'S after came, with his parents, 
 I to the United States ; to Fayette Co., 
 i Penn. ; in 1856, came to Liberty ville, 
 Jefferson Co., Iowa; lived there and in 
 this State until 1858, when he went to 
 California ; in September, 1861, he en- 
 listed in Co. B, 2d Cal. V. C. ; served 
 until October, 1864 ; in December, 
 1864, went to Philadelphia ; enlisted in 
 Co. A, 3d Regt. U. S. Vet. Vols. ; mus- 
 tered out Feb. 18, 1866. Engaged in 
 photographing at Brownsville, Penn.; had 
 worked as a machinist' prior to coming 
 West; was two years engineer for J. D. 
 Ladd & Co. ; four years engineer of the 
 steam fire-engine of Ottumwa; has been 
 in his present gallery since February, 
 1876. 
 WINSTRAND, PETER J., 
 merchant tailor; was born in Sweden 
 Oct. 14, 1837, and came to the United 
 States in 1866, stopping in Galesburg, 
 111., then in Burlington, and, Oct. 10, 
 came to Ottumwa ; established his pres- 
 ent business in 1876. Married Jan. 1, 
 1858, Anna Nelson, who was born in 
 Sweden ;• have had seven children, three 
 have died ; the living are John August, 
 Anna M., Nels and Victor. Members 
 of the Swedish Lutheran Church. 
 Witter, G. A., book-keeper. 
 Wolf, John S., contractor. 
 Wood, L. A. 
 
 Woolworth, C. M., wagon-maker. 
 WORCESTER, ^S. H., dealer in 
 oils, paints, window glass and show-cases, 
 East Main st.; residence on Court St.; 
 born April 15, 1828, in England; in 
 1848, came to Cincinnati, Ohio ; in 
 1850, removed to Portsmouth, Ohio ; 
 in 1853, came to Granville, Licking Co., 
 Ohio, and attended the Dennison Uni- 
 versity for a terra of four years ; stud- 
 ied for the Baptist ministry, and was 
 ordained at Norwalk, Ohio, in 1856 ; 
 two years later, he came to Ottumwa as 
 Missionary of the American Baptist 
 Home Mission Society, to establish a Bap- 
 tist Church ; was Pastor for seven years ; 
 at the end of this time, he had secured, 
 principally at his own expense and labor, 
 two houses of worship— one a small chapel 
 
602 
 
 DIRECTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY : 
 
 at Richmond, the other a genteel and 
 commodious edifice, located corner of 
 Court and Fifth sts.; this property was 
 valued, in 1865, at about 83,000. He 
 commenced his present business in 1865, 
 with a very small capital, and now has a 
 large stock and an extensive business ; 
 carries the largest stock of show-cases 
 west of Chicago ; he was the first man 
 in the United States who manufactured 
 mixed paints ready for use and put 
 them in the market ; this business be- 
 coming unprofitable by reason of low 
 prices and competition, now gives his 
 special attention to the manufacturing 
 of show-cases, picture frames and the 
 general trade of window-glass, with a 
 department of paints, artists' materials 
 and wall paper. Married Elizabeth 
 Huston in 1850 ; she was born Dec. 25, 
 1826, in Portsmouth, Ohio ; have three 
 children — Lucy J. (now Mrs. A. P. 
 Terry ), Frank S. and Addy B. 
 Wyman, W. C, crockery. 
 
 OUNG, F. H. W., clerk. 
 
 Y' 
 
 Yarnell, D. N., blacksmith. 
 
 YONGE, E. G., of the firm of E. 
 G. Young & Bro., grocers, and proprie- 
 tors of the Union Bakery, on Second 
 street, between Court and Market streets ; 
 born Nov. 11, 1840, in Ohio Co., Ind., 
 in 1866, came to Missouri; in 1871, 
 removed to Ottumwa, and commenced 
 his present business ; was sutler of the 
 43d 111. Begt., from 1862 to the end of 
 the war. His father was born in 1808, in 
 New York City ; died in 1876. in Ottum- 
 wa ; his mother was born in New York 
 City in 1812, and resides in Ottumwa. 
 
 Young, J. B., traveling salesman. 
 
 Young, William F. 
 
 f^ABBING, PHILLIP, teamster. 
 
 ZAFFEE, STEVE, MRS., 
 
 daughter of Michael Orrt, and widow 
 of Anton Zaffle ; saloon, corner College 
 and Main streets ; he was born in 
 1827, in Baden, Germany, and died 
 May 23, 1878 ; she was born in 1830, 
 in Baden, Germany. Was married in 
 1853 ; the following year they came to 
 Louisville, Ky.; then to Keokuk, Iowa ; 
 in 1863, came to Ottumwa ; he was for 
 seven years a butcher and pork-packer. 
 She owns three houses and lots in the 
 city. They had eight children, six 
 living — Lena, Mary, Louisa, George, 
 John and Minnie. Member of the 
 Catholic Church. 
 
 ZAXGS, henry; a., wholesale 
 dealer in wines and li(|uors ; born in 
 Prussia July 4, 1832, came to the 
 United States Nov. 14, 1864, locating 
 Bentonsport, Van Buren Co., Iowa ; 
 came to Ottumwa in the spring of 1865 ; 
 was in a woolen- factory for a year ; then 
 began the business of dyeing ; in 1868, 
 went into the grocery trade ; traveled 
 one year for a Keokuk liquor house ; 
 returned to Ottumwa and went into his 
 present business. Married Paulina 
 Anwerda in November, 1867 ; she was 
 born in Holland ; had five children ; one 
 died in infancy ; four living — Henrietta, 
 Christian, Catharine and Gerhardy. 
 
 Zinn, Fred, clerk. 
 
 Zollars, David, dealer in real estate. 
 
 Zollars, T. J., insurance agent. 
 
 Zulauf, Henry, contractor. 
 
CENTER TOWNSHIP. 
 
 t)03 
 
 CENTER TOWNSHIP. 
 
 (P. 0. OTTUMWA.) 
 
 A BBOT, p., farmer, Sec. 4. 
 
 ALCOCK, W. B., far., Sec. 27 ; 
 born in Washington Co., Ohio, Sept. 12, 
 1814 ; came to Iowa in 1865. Married 
 Mary Elston Oct. 1, 1843; she was 
 born Oct. 7, 1817, in Washington Co., 
 Penn. : has six children — Martha, Ellen, 
 Waldo, Druzilla, Julia E., Geo. W. and 
 John N. Owns 92 acres, valued at 
 $6,000. Mr. A. is a strong Republican. 
 
 ALEXAl^DER, JOHK^, farmer. 
 Sec. 12 ; owns sixty-six acres, worth 
 $100 per acre; born in Greene 
 Co., Tenn. ; removed to Monroe Co. 
 with his parents in 1823 ; thence 
 Mt. Pleasant, Henry Co., Iowa, in the 
 fall of 1841 ; thence to Jefferson Co. in 
 1843, and from Jefferson to Ottumwa 
 in the year 1869. Married Sarah A. 
 Woody; she was born May 18, 1821 ; 
 have had six children ; five living — Mary 
 E., born Jan. 15, 1844; Julia H., born 
 April 28, 1848 ; Laura and Lorinda, born 
 April 28, 1856; Alice, born July 22, 
 1862; James M. died Sept. 20, 1844. 
 
 Anderson, A. P., farmer, Sec. 20. 
 
 Anderson, Peter. 
 
 Alexander, J., farmer. Sec. 12. 
 
 Aringdale, R., farmer. Sec. 3. 
 
 Aumack, E. M., Richmond. 
 
 Austin, John, farmer, Sec. 20. 
 
 Austin, Thos., far., S. 20. 
 O AKER, WILLIAM J., far., S. 3. 
 
 Ballard, J. E., brickmason ; Richmond. 
 
 Ballard, W. N., brickmason ; Pickwick. 
 
 Barrett, A., far., S. 19. 
 
 Barrett, Jas., far., S. 19. 
 
 Barton, A., far., S. 29. 
 
 Barton, G. R., far., S. 29. 
 
 Bates, E. M., far., S. 28. 
 
 Barton, H. 
 
 BEDWELL, THOMAS, Sec 
 18; born in Hamilton Co., Ohio, Oct. 
 14, 1826 ; parents moved to Morgan 
 Co., 111., in 1827; Oct. 6, 1843, he 
 came to Sec. 24, Agency Tp., in this 
 county ; in 1868, came to Ottumwa ; in 
 1868 and 1869, was Sheriff of the 
 county ; in the livery and grocery busi- 
 ness until 1875, when he moved to the 
 
 farm which he now carries on. While a 
 resident of Agency, was three years a 
 member of the County Board of Super- 
 visors ; held various other township 
 offices. Married Eleanor Be Ford Oct. 
 12, 1848; born in Indiana; had six 
 children — one son died in infancy ; five 
 living — George T., Emma, Charles E., 
 Brepilda and Rachel Eleanor. Mrs. 
 Bedwell is a member of the First M. E. 
 Church. Mr. Bedwell owns a fruit- 
 farm of forty -four acres on Sec. 18, in 
 common with John Gray ; 440 acres in 
 Keokuk Tp., and Ottumwa City prop- 
 erty—all valued at $9,000. 
 
 BEIili, X., born in Butler Co., Ohio, 
 in 1805; one of the first settlers in Put- 
 nam Co., Ohio. Married Miss Celia 
 Wright in 1824 , she was born in North 
 Carolina in 1803. Mr. Bell came to 
 Wapello Co. in 1845 ; here he has since 
 lived. 
 
 BELiLi, B. P., born in Marion Co., 
 Ind., Aug. 23, 1837 ; came to Wapello 
 Co. in 1845 ; went to California in 1859 ; 
 returned in 1862; went to Montana in 
 1864 ; returned in 1867. Married Miss 
 Harriet Williams Sept. 1, 1867. Mr. 
 Bell crossed the plains three times, tak- 
 ing with him each time a drove of horses. 
 Mrs. Bell was born Aug. 22, 1848; 
 have four children — Lloyd, Myrtle, 
 Celia and Cessie, and one dead, Elmer. 
 Mr. B. owns 152 acres of land, valued 
 at $3,500. Democrat. 
 
 Bell, N., farmer. Sec. 4. 
 
 Bickford, S. M., farmer, Sec. 32. 
 
 Bizer, 0. P., farmer and Tp. Assessor, S. 9. 
 
 Boyce, J., farmer. Sec. 33. 
 
 BRADI.EY, FRAXCIS, Super 
 intendent of County Poor Farm, Sec. 33 ; 
 Center Tp. ; contains 149 acres ; born 
 Oct. 26, 1817, in Ireland; in 1836, 
 came to Butler Co., Penn. ; in 1837, to 
 Indiana; iu 1840, to Ohio, and kept a 
 dairy in the vicinity of Cincinnati for 
 about fifteen years ; in 1865, came to 
 Jefferson Co., Iowa; the following year 
 removed to Wapello Co. Owns ninety 
 acres of land in Richmond Tp. ; fifteen 
 acres in Centre Tp., also five acres in 
 Hammond's Addition to Ottumwa. Mar- 
 
604 
 
 DIRECTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY 
 
 ried Julia Downey Oct. 13, 1856 ; she 
 was born Feb. 14, 1830, in Ireland. 
 Catholic ; Democrat. 
 
 Brown, J. B., farmer^ Sec. 4. 
 
 Bruce, J. E., farmer. Sec. 29. 
 
 Brumfield, P., farmer, Sec. 20. 
 
 BLDEL, FREDERICK, far, 
 Sec. 33; born in Germany; came to 
 this country in 1854 ; has since been 
 engaged in farming; owns 110 acres, 
 valued at ^4,000. Has four children — 
 Rosa, aged 43, John, 31, Mary, 28, 
 and Labolt, 26. All members of the 
 Catholic Church ; Greenbacker. 
 
 Buchman, William. 
 
 Burns, Anthony, farmer. Sec. 3. 
 
 Burns, Thomas, farmer. Sec. 5. 
 
 /~^AIN, JAMES, farmer, Sec. 28. 
 
 Caldwell, Paris, farmer, Sec. 14. 
 
 Carr, John, farmer, Sec. 16. 
 
 Carr, Michael, farmer. Sec. 22. 
 
 Carter, William S., farmer. Sec. 7. 
 
 Cosper, Samuel, farmer, Sec. 22. 
 
 Chapman, Daniel, farmer. Sec. 27. 
 
 Coan, James, farmer, Sec. 29. 
 
 Coday, E. F., farmer. Sec. 13. 
 
 Cole, W. E., farmer. Sec. 10. 
 
 Coleman, Alex., farmer, Sec. 20. 
 
 Coughlin, M., farmer, Sec. 15. 
 
 Coyan, Addison, engineer C, B. & Q. R. R. 
 
 Coyne, John, farmer. Sec. 19, 
 
 Coyne, Michael, farmer, Sec. 17. 
 
 Crawley, James M., farmer, Sec. 6. 
 
 Crystal, John, farmer. Sec. 20. 
 
 Cummings, John F., ice and coal dealer, 
 
 Richmond. 
 Currey, Con., farmer, Sec. 27. 
 Curts, James, farmer. Sec. 21. 
 I ANA, P. F., gardener. 
 
 D 
 
 Davis, A., farmer. Sec. 6. 
 
 Davis, J. N., farmer, See. 6. 
 
 DERKN, GERARD, farmer, Sec. 
 27 ; born Jan. 17, 1825, in Holland. 
 Married Petro Nels in April, 1850. 
 Came to Wapello Co. in 1850; has 
 been engaged in farming and bee-raising 
 since. Has six children — Johannah 
 (married Nick Yager), Ellen, Rosa, 
 Theodore, Anna and Johnnie ; Mrs. 
 Derks was born in Holland in Septem- 
 ber, 1829. Mr. Derks owns 270 acres, 
 valued at $35 per acre. Democrat ; 
 are members of the Catholic Church. 
 
 Dixon, Isaac, farmer. Sec. 11. 
 
 Doherty, T. W., wagon-maker, P. 0. Pick- 
 wick. 
 Dolan, Pat, farmer. Sec. 16. 
 Duffey, A. farmer. Sec. 20. 
 Durfee, B. B., travehng salesman, Sec. 14. 
 
 FARMER, WILLIAM H., farmer, 
 Sec. 9. 
 
 Farrington, Barry, fruit-grower. Sec. 20. 
 
 Fehan, B., Jr., farmer. Sec. 19. 
 
 FIKLEY, JOHN, farmer; Rich- 
 mond; born in Muskingum Co., Ohio, 
 Jan. 2, 1813; came to Wapello Co. in 
 1857 ; engaged in general merchandise 
 until 1861 ; has since been farming; owns 
 sixty acres of land, valued at $2,000. 
 Married Hannah Crooks, Jan. 18, 1841 ; 
 she was born Nov. 19, 1815, in Mary- 
 land ; has seven children — James H., 
 Robert, Kate, Samuel L.,Emma, Lloyd 
 and Clara. Mr. Finley was the first 
 Postmaster in Richmond, holding the 
 ofiice for seventeen years. Mrs. Finley 
 is a member of the M. E. Church. 
 
 Fleer, John, farmer. Sec. 21. 
 
 Fuller, Wm., farmer, Sec. 20. 
 
 r^ EPHART, DAVID, farmer. Sec. 1. 
 
 Garvin, Patrick, farmer, Sec. 20. 
 
 Genochio, M., farmer, Sec. 29. 
 
 GliEXTZER, HENRY, farmer, 
 Sec. 19 ; born in Germany in 1841 ; 
 came to Wapello Co. in 1874 ; en- 
 gaged in farming since. Married Bridget 
 Carroll May 20, 1865; she was born 
 in Mayo Co., Ireland ; have five 
 children —William, Maggie, George, 
 John and Charles F. Owns 100 acres 
 of land, valued at $1,500. 
 
 Glenn, Patrick, farmer. Sec. 19. 
 
 Goodwin, R. L., farmer. Sec. 3. 
 
 Graves, A. L., farmer, Sec. 14, 
 
 Greeley, John, farmer, Sec. 20. 
 
 GUYSELMAN, JOHN, far.. Sec. 
 15 ; born in Bedford Co., Penn., March 
 22, 1816 ; moved to Richland Co., Ohio; 
 thence to Warsaw, Ind. , where he worked 
 as wheelwright ; in 1850, movod to 
 Putnam Co., 111., and engaged in hotel- 
 keeping, livery and general merchandis- 
 ing; in 1859, moved to Buchanan Co.. 
 Mo. ; was contractor on the Platte 
 Valley R. R. ; came to Wapello Co. in 
 1861 ; worked at his trade until 1874, 
 when he purchased his present farm. 
 Married Sarah Armstrong in 1837 ; she 
 was born in Licking Co., Ohio ; has 
 
CENTER TOWNSHIP. 
 
 605 
 
 six children — William A., Elizabeth C, 
 Eunice E., George R., Mary J. and 
 Anna. Owns eighty-eight acres, valued 
 at $5,000. Was Councilman in Ot- 
 tumwa one year ; Township Trustee, one 
 year; Road Supervisor, four years. 
 Members of the Presbyterian Church ; 
 Democrat. 
 
 HAMNER, E. F., farmer. Sees. 26 
 and 23. 
 
 Harlan, George W., farmer, Sees. 6 and 7. 
 
 Harris, A. R., farmer. Sec. 5. 
 
 Harris, Joseph, farmer, Sec. 4. 
 
 Harris, R. S., farmer, Sees. 1 and 2. 
 
 HATCH, GEORGE, farmer, Sec. 
 27; born March 18, 1820, in the Old 
 Country; came to America in 1832; 
 lived in Hamilton Co., Ohio; until 1844 ; 
 moved to Jefferson Co., Iowa ; engaged 
 in farming for ten years ; came to Wa- 
 pello Co. in 1854 ; since been farming. 
 Married Mary Bitterton Jan. 6, 1848 ; 
 she was born Aug. 17, 1828, in Som- 
 erset, Penn. ; has had ^eleven children 
 —William, Sarah F. (both died in 1851), 
 George W., Elizabeth, John W., James 
 H., Orinda I., Mary F. and Martha A. 
 (twins), Nancy J., Charles E. Rents 
 160 acres ; has been on the farm he now 
 rents, for the past ten years. Was Road 
 Supervisor two years. Are members of 
 the M. E. Church ; Republican. 
 
 Herman, B. D., florist; Sec. 28. 
 
 Herman, F., farmer. Sec. 28. 
 
 Hill, N. C, farmer, Sec. 18. 
 
 Hines, Eli, farmer, Richmond. 
 
 Hobbs, L. S., farmer, Sec. 22. 
 
 HoUey, A. T., farmer. Sec. 36. 
 
 Hoyt, S. v., farmer, Sees. 20 and 29. 
 
 Huffman, P. H., farmer. Sec. 4. 
 
 Hunter, S. C, foreman public works. 
 
 JEFFRIES, BENJAMIN W., farmer, 
 Sec. 26. 
 Johnson, John, farmer. Sec. 33. 
 Johnson, N. 0., farmer. Sec. 31. 
 Jones, William E., farmer. Sec. 29. 
 
 KEEFE, TIMOTHY, proprietor of 
 stone-quarry. 
 Kenady, Patrick, farmer. Sec. 18. 
 King, Henry, farmer. Sec. 32. 
 Kinsley, Lawrence, farmer, Sec. 16. 
 Kite, John, farmer, Sec. 7. 
 Knox, Wm., far.. Sec. 28. 
 T ANGFORD, JOS. E., far.. Sec. 14. 
 
 Larkins, Pat, far., Sec. 16. 
 
 liEINHAUSER, W. J., Sec. 28 ; 
 
 born in France May 6, 1821 ; came to 
 the United States in 1848, settling in 
 Ross Co., Ohio ; came to Wapello Co. 
 in 1863 ; is engaged in farming and 
 raising stock. Married Miss Caroline 
 Krahling in 1846 ; she was born in 
 Prussia in 1823 ; have eight children — 
 Joseph W., Mary, Anthony, Alonzo, 
 Ottilia, Peter, Agnes, Harriet, and two 
 deceased. Members of the Catholic 
 Church. Owns 132 acres of land, val- 
 ued at $35 per acre. Has served as juror 
 and Supervisor. Democrat. 
 
 1.EOXARD, MADISON, far., Sec. 
 22 ; born in Missouri in 1841 ; came 
 to Wapello Co. in 1844. Married Mary 
 Standifer in 1868 ; she was born in 
 Davis Co., Iowa; have three children — 
 George W., aged 11 ; John W., 7, and 
 Laura, 4. Owns 26f acres, valued at 
 $750. Was Road Supervisor three 
 years, School Director two years ; is 
 President of School Board. Democrat. 
 
 Lewis, Wm., Sr., Sec. 6. 
 
 Linkenback, G. W., far.. Sec. 3. 
 
 LOGAX, ISAAC, farmer. Sec. 34 ; 
 born in Chester Co., Penn., Nov. 2, 
 1817 ; moved to Ohio in 1824; came to 
 Iowa in 1856. Married Elizabeth 
 Boughman Nov. 6, 1847 ; have ten 
 children, all living — John J., Jacob, 
 Elzina J., Ann, David H., Mary, Lucin 
 da. Christian, William and Abraham L. 
 Has held the office of School Director, 
 Secretary of the Board and Township 
 Trustee. Mrs. L. was born in Mus- 
 kingum Co., N. Y., in 1820. Owns 120 
 acres in Sec. 34, Center Tp.; 10 acres in 
 Green Tp., Sec. 25 ; 10 acres in Green Tp., 
 Sec. 16;40acresinGreenTp.,Sec. 9; 160 
 acres in Lucas Co., Iowa. Mr. Logan 
 was first a Whig, then Republican. 
 Members of the M. E. Church. 
 cCOY, J. R., farmer, Sec. 32. 
 
 M' 
 
 McCIiOSKEY, BEIVJAMIX, 
 
 farmer ; residence, Ottumwa ; born Nov. 
 1, 1821, in Somerset Co., Penn.; in 
 1845, came to Ohio ; in 1846, removed 
 to Wapello Co.; owns 136 acres of land 
 in Center Tp., also a saw-mill and other 
 property in Eldon, Washington Tp. 
 Married Rebecca King in 1843 ; she 
 was born April 12, 1823, in Somerset 
 Co., Penn.; have ten children — Maria^ 
 
606 
 
 DIRECTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY: 
 
 John K., Enos C, T. J., Benjamin L., 
 Rebecca A., Archibald, Barbara E., 
 Mary E. and Jacob Fletcher. Members 
 M. E. Church ; Democrat. 
 
 McGAHEN, WIXFIEL, farmer, 
 Sec. 28 ; superintends the family 
 estate, consisting of 120 acres and a 
 coal-mine. His mother, Mrs. Mary 
 McGahen was born Sept. 8, 1820, iia 
 Pennsylvania ; came to Wapello Co. in 
 1850. Married Wm. McGahen ; he 
 was born in Pennsylvania ; died Sept. 16, 
 1876. Has three children — Jerome, 
 Salome (died May 27, 1867), Winfiel. 
 Mr. McGahen employs from eight to ten 
 hands. 
 
 JMcHugh, Pat, farmer, Sec. 17. 
 
 McNeal, Dennie, Sees. 20 and 5. 
 
 Mann, M., farmer, Sec. 21. 
 
 Marriman, Pat, farmer. Sec. 27. 
 
 Marriman, Thomas, farmer. Sec. 27. 
 
 Martin, T. P., farmer. Sees. 2 and 13. 
 
 Mannice, J. W., Sec. 31. 
 
 Meir, Jacob, farmer, Sec. 11. 
 
 Meir, Michael, farmer, Sees. 2 and 11. 
 
 MELCHKR, A. W., proprietor of 
 pottery, Richmond ; born Dec. 2,1842, 
 in Baden, Germany ; emigrated to Des 
 Moines Co. in 1866 ; came to Wapello 
 Co. in 1870 ; engaged in the pottery 
 business with Robert Melcher until 
 1878; since then, has continued the 
 business alone ; Mr. Melcher employs 
 eight hands, who are kept busy all the 
 time ; makes a specialty of tiling and 
 fire-brick. Married Caroline Dummeler 
 Nov. 15, 1872 ; she was born in Galena, 
 111., in 1852 ; have three children — 
 Henry, age 4 years ; Lizzie, age 2 
 years ; Dudulf, age 3 months. Mem- 
 bers of the Catholic Church. 
 
 Melcher, R., pottery, Richmond. 
 
 Millard, J. B., Richmond. 
 
 Mills, W. C, Episcopal clergyman, Sec. 20. 
 
 Moffit, 0., cardener. Sec. 12. 
 
 Monroe, G.^W., Sec. 31. 
 
 MOTT, LAWRENCE, far., Sec. 
 30 ; born in Germany, Aug. 8, 1834 ; 
 came to Wapello Co. in 1854. Married 
 Mrs. Mary Howery June 17, 1857 ; 
 she was born in Virginia ; has four chil- 
 dren — Julietta, Henry, Fanny, Fred ; 
 owns eighty acres, valued at $1,600. 
 Greenback-Democrat. 
 
 MUNLEY, WM., farmer. Sec. 20 ; 
 superintends his mother's farm of 110 
 
 acres, valued at $15 per acre ; she was 
 born in Mayo Co., Ireland, in 18S4. 
 Married Michael Munley, who died Jan. 
 1, 1874; seven children — William, aged 
 25; Anna, 23; Sarah, 21 ; Mary, 19; 
 Anthony, 17; Mart, 15; Michael, 12 ; 
 Thomas, died in 1857. Members of the 
 Catholic Church. 
 nS^ORTON, J. W., Sec. 26. 
 
 XE WMAN, H., MRS., widow. Sec. 
 22; bornAug.ll, 1823, in Ohio. Mar- 
 ried David Newman Feb. 8, 1844 ; he 
 was born in Ohio Dec. 14, 1820 ; died 
 April 17, 1872 ; has had ten children, 
 six living — Louisa, Susan, Jacob, Harvy 
 D., Charles H., Extine A.; Levi, Jasper, 
 Elizabeth and Amanda died. The es- 
 tate consists of ninety acres, valued at 
 $30 per acre. Members of the M. E. 
 Church. 
 
 Nosier, Christian, retired. 
 
 O'BRIEN, THOMAS, farmer, Sees, 9 
 and 4. 
 
 O'Connell, D., far., Sec. 16. 
 
 O'Connor, M., Richmond. 
 
 O'Harro, Pat, far.. Sec. 19. 
 
 O'Malley, Geo., far., Sec. 29. 
 
 Osterdock, G., far.. Sec. 21. 
 
 OVERMAN, JOHN, Sec. 26 ; born 
 Sept. 17, 1816, in Wayne Co., Ind.; 
 came to Wapello Co. in 1845 ; operated 
 the ferry between Ottumwa and Rich- 
 mond eight years, at the same time 
 farming. Present wife was Lydia Pick- 
 en ; married in 1844 ; they have three 
 children — John M., born March 10, 
 1845 ; Cyrus, April 2, 1851, and Cor- 
 delia, Jan. 30, 1854 (died in 1856). 
 Mr. Overman had two children by for- 
 mer marriage — Susan, born May 23, 
 1841, and Lydia, Jan. 20, 1843 (died 
 Dec. 20, 1876). Owns 200 acres of 
 land, valued at $10,000. Held the offi- 
 ce of Road Supervisor six years, Con- 
 stable six months and then resigned; 
 Vice President of School board two 
 years. Members of the Christian 
 Church; Democrat. 
 
 Overman, M. M., Richmond. 
 
 lARODIS, SAMUEL, Pickwick. 
 
 P 
 
 Painter, Robert, farmer, Sec. 33 and 34. 
 Peck, H. E., Sec. 31. 
 Peck, James M., Sr., Sec. 1, 10 and 13. 
 Peters, J. M., far., Sees. 3, 10 and 13. 
 
CENTER TOWNSHIP. 
 
 607 
 
 Peters, Uria, Kichmood. 
 
 Phillips. Ira, farmer, Sec. 14. 
 
 Pickerell, W. J., farmer, Sec 29. 
 
 Pierson, M., farmer, Sec. 21. 
 
 POIillfG, X. S., farmer, Sec. 16 ; 
 born May 26, 1838, in West Virginia; 
 came to Iowa in 1866. Married Cath- 
 arine Smith in 1868 ; she was born in 
 Pennsylvania, 1838; have three children 
 — Frank, Mary, Alvia and James. Has 
 been School Treasurer for the past two 
 years. Enlisted in 1861 ; was First 
 Lieutenant in 31st W. Va. Regiment; 
 engaged in forty battles. Owns eighty 
 acres of land in Taylor Co., Iowa, valued 
 at $18 per acre. Mr. Poling is a Demo- 
 crat. 
 
 Powell, William J., Richmond. 
 
 Proctor, George, quarryman, Ottumwa. 
 
 Prosser, James M., Richmond. 
 
 Pumroy, Grimes, farmer, Sec. 34. 
 
 Pumroy, Thomas, farmer, Sec. 34. 
 
 T3KAM, JACOB, farmer. Sec. 11. 
 
 RAN DEL, EZRA L.., farmer, 
 Sees. 1 and 6 ; owns 160 acres, worth $75 
 per acre ; born in Greensburg, Decatur 
 Co., Ind., May 23, 1836; removed 
 to Wapello Co., Iowa, in 1865. Was 
 County Supervisor in 1867. Married 
 Rachel Draper Feb. 24, 1859 ; she was 
 born 1842 ; they have five children — 
 Elenora, Luna E., Minnie, Mattie M., 
 Benjamin D. Member of M. E. Church ; 
 Republican. 
 
 Ream, Jacob, farmer, Sec. 11. 
 
 Rector, L. G., farmer. Sec. 5. 
 
 Riley, Michael, farmer, Section 31. 
 
 Riordan, Con., farmer. Sec. 16. 
 
 Ring, Peter, farmer. Sec. 20. 
 
 Roberts, William, Richmond. 
 
 Robinson, A., M. E. clergyman. 
 
 Robinson, J., farmer. Sec. 28. 
 
 Robinson, William, farmer, Sec. 20. 
 
 Rodgers, Isaac, farmer, Sec. 35. 
 
 Roemer, C. F. A., farmer. Sees. 29 and 20. 
 
 Roemer, G. A., farmer. Sec. 29. 
 
 RONEY, J. M., farmer. Sec. 16; 
 born in Washington Co., Ky., Jan. 23, 
 1810; came to Wapello Co., Sept. 15, 
 1849 ; has been engaged in farming 
 since. Married Lavina Raley in July, 
 1849 ; she was born in Washington Co., 
 Ky., in 1814; has one child — Julia 
 (married Michael Coughlan); owns 40 
 acres, valued at $1,000. Was in the 
 
 Mexican war. Justice of the Peace two 
 years ; Road Supervisor five years, and 
 School Director four years. Republican. 
 
 ROOS, m., retired farmer ; born in 
 Wurtemberg, Germany, in 1809 ; came 
 to Wapello Co., September, 1851 ; en- 
 gaged in the butchering business until 
 1860, then engaged in fai'ming in Green 
 Tp. until 1870. "Married Agnes Watch- 
 ler in 1840 ; she was born in Germany. 
 Owns six town lots in Ottumwa, valued 
 at $8,000. 
 
 C^CHUCKRATH, P., farmer, Sec. 28. 
 
 Sedgwick, Jno., farmer, Sec. 18. 
 SHANK, ELIZABETH, MRS 
 
 for., Sec. 29 ; born in Ohio Dec. 21, 1829, 
 came to Wapello Co. in the spring of 
 1855. Married David Shank June 1, 
 1851 (he died June 17, 1873). Mr. 
 Shank was born in Pennsylvania. Was 
 Justice of the Peace two years and Road 
 Supervisor one year. Had six children — 
 Elizabeth A., David H. (died March 19, 
 1863), Ida L., Catherine (died Oct. 5, 
 1874), Lovina E. ; Elizabeth A. married 
 Adam Keilkoph, Nov. 8, 1877 ; they 
 have one child — Mary E. ; Lovina E. 
 married McDonald McAdcock Feb. 22, 
 1877 ; they have one child — Harry W. 
 Owns 76 acres, valued at $2,000. 
 
 Shank, Henry, far., Sec. 21. 
 
 Shepherd, John R.,far., Sec. 18. 
 
 Shepherd, William, far.. Sec. 2. 
 
 Shreeve, J. R., Sec. 14. 
 
 Silvey, A. L., Richmond. 
 
 Simmons, John, Sec. 15. 
 
 Smith, J. J., far., Sec. 29. 
 
 Smith, W. F., far.. Sec. 19. 
 
 Stacks, George W., far.. Sec. 15. 
 
 STANDERFER, ISAIAH, far.. 
 Sec. 23 ; born in Tennessee, Feb. 2, 
 1815 ; came to Wapello Co. in 1865. 
 Married Matilda Carter ; she was born 
 in Scott Co., Va. Owns forty acres, 
 valued at $1,500. Has six children — 
 William, Mary, Catherine V., Caroline, 
 Charlie and Martha. Democrat. 
 
 STARK, JOHN, farmer. Sec. 16 ; 
 born in Germany in 1817 ; came to 
 Wapello Co. in 1862 ; lived in Ottumwa 
 twelve years, and since on his present 
 farm, consisting of forty acres, valued at 
 $1,800. Married Margaret C. Siglerin 
 1863 ; she was born in Bion, Germany, 
 in 1828; had five children — Frank, 
 
 4 
 
608 
 
 DIRECTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY: 
 
 Ferdinand, John F., Albert (died July 
 3, 1872) and Lue. Catholic Church ; 
 Democrat. 
 
 Steipfalter, Domenick, Sec. 15. 
 
 Sullivan, John, far.. Sec. 17. 
 
 Sumner, T., far., Sec. 20. 
 
 Surbough, Benny. 
 
 Sweeney, Jerry, far., Sec. 21. 
 
 Sweevey, Patrick, far.. Sec. 17. 
 
 Sweeney, Timothy, far., Sec. 29. 
 
 mOMPSON, DAVID, far.. Sec. 34. 
 
 T" 
 
 THOMPSON, D. O., farmer. Sec. 
 27 ; born in Ripley Co., Ind., March 4, 
 1855. Married Emma Parker Nov. 20, 
 1878 ; she was born in Wapello Co., 
 Iowa. Came to Iowa in 1856. Demo- 
 crat. 
 
 Thompson, S. R., far.. Sec. 28. 
 
 TRAlIIi, DAXIEL., Sec. 29 ; born 
 in Center Co., Penn., Sept. 12, 1804; 
 came to Ohio and learned the trade of 
 cliairmaker, and, in 1829, moved to 
 Harrison Co., Ohio, and worked at his 
 trade; came to Van Buren Co., Iowa, 
 and, in the spring of 1843, to Wapello 
 Co.; first to Agency Tp., then to Center 
 Tp., where he now lives. Married Miss 
 Elizabeth Hider March 22, 1830; she 
 died in 1834. Married again Miss 
 Nancy Cunningham in 1835; she died 
 March 18, 1856 ; Mr. T. has by first 
 wife three children — John, Thomas and 
 Charles (now dead), and by second wife 
 — Elizabeth and Richard, and ten de- 
 ceased. Mr. T. is a member of F., A. & 
 A. M.jNo. 31, Ottumwa Lodge. Owns 
 200 acres of land, valued at $100 per 
 acre. Republican. 
 
 Travis, John, farmer, Sees. 15. 16 and 22. 
 
 TROWBRIDGE, E. A., farmer. 
 Sec. 26 ; born April 3, 1850, in Cin- 
 cinnati, Ohio ; owns twelve acres, valued 
 at $1,500; came to Iowa in 1871. 
 
 Married Emma Young Aug. 24, 1870 ' 
 she was born March 11, 1850, in Butler 
 Co., Ohio ; has three children — Verna, 
 Earle, Eddie. Mr. Trowbridge is a sound 
 Democrat. 
 
 Tullis, M. J., farmer. Sec. 14. 
 
 TTTAGNER, JAMES, farmer. Sec. 22. 
 
 Ware, William, farmer. Sec. 21. 
 
 Warner, Sylvester, Sees. 14 and 15. 
 
 Whitcomb, Byron E., farmer. Sec. 20. 
 
 Whitcomb, F., farmer. Sec. 1. 
 
 Wilkinson, D. H., farmer. Sec. 12. 
 
 Williams, Clark, farmer. Sec. 22. 
 
 Williams, David, farmer. 
 
 Wilson, P. S., farmer. Sec. 10. 
 
 Wilson, Thos. A., farmer, Sec. 10. 
 
 Wilson, Wm., Sec. 10. 
 
 WINTER, PETER, Sec. 21 ; bora 
 in Prussia March 29, 1824; came to 
 Cincinnati, Ohio, May 28, 1841 ; moved 
 to Indiana and followed farming ; re- 
 turned to Cincinnati and learned the 
 trade of boiler-maker; worked at it 
 seven years ; came to Wapello Co. in 
 1856; is engaged in farming. Married 
 Miss Catherine Herrchaner May 3, 
 1847 ; she was born in Prussia April 
 14, 1824; have six children — Peter, 
 Nicholas, Mary, Catherine, Rosa, Eliza- 
 beth, and three dead. Members of the 
 Catholic Church. Owns 333 acres of 
 land valued at $35 per acre. Demo- 
 
 WINTER, ^RflCHOIiAS, born in 
 Cincinnati, Ohio, Oct. 20, 1855 ; came 
 to Wapello Co. with his parents. Mem- 
 ber of the Catholic Church. Democrat. 
 
 Withered, George, Sees. 18 and 12. 
 
 Wood, Q. A., Deputy Sherifi". 
 
 Wycoff, W. B., Sec. 7. 
 
 OUNG, ISRAEL, Sees. 20 and U. 
 
 T' 
 
AGENCr TOWNSHIP. 
 
 609 
 
 AGENCY TOWNSHIP. 
 
 ANRKOM, JESSE, carpenter, Agency 
 City. 
 
 ANDREW, M. E., carpenter, 
 Agency City; born July 22, 1814, in 
 Bennington Co., Vt.; when about 10 
 years of age, came with his parents to 
 Cattaraugus Co., N. Y.; in 1832, to 
 Portage Co., Ohio; in 1839, to Michi- 
 gan ; in 1854, to Iowa Co.; in 1860, 
 removed to Agency City; owns his 
 house, with about five acres in the city. 
 Married Nancy Richards in November, 
 1837 ; she was born April 17, 1817, in 
 Stark Co., Ohio ; have two children — 
 Lettie C, now Mrs. Butler, and Celia 
 A., now Mrs. Bryan. He enlisted in 
 1862, in Co. E, 22d I. V. I.; served to 
 the end of the war. 
 
 Augustine, P., teamster. Agency City. 
 
 Avery, E., far.. Sec. 34; P. 0. Agency 
 City. 
 
 Ayers, Wm., engineer. Agency City. 
 
 BAILEY, CHAPMAN, merchant. 
 Agency City. 
 
 Bailey, H., far., Sec. 26 ; P. 0. Agency 
 City. 
 
 Bailey, C. D., merchant. Agency City. 
 
 Baker, B. D. H., trader, Agency City. 
 
 BALIi, C. T., DR., physician and 
 surgeon. Agency City; born Oct. 11, 
 1854, in Batavia, 111.; in 1856, went to 
 Chicago with his parents ; attended the 
 high school at Charleston, 111.; gradu- 
 ated in 1873; then commenced the 
 study of medicine with J. S. Jewell, M. 
 D., of the Chicago Medical College; 
 removed to Evanston, and was Assistant 
 Professor of Chemistry of the North- 
 western University during 1875-76; 
 Attended a course of lectures at the 
 Chicago Medical College in 1876-77, 
 and graduated at the College of Physi- 
 cians and Surgeons in Keokuk, in 1878 ; 
 then removed to Agency City and com- 
 menced the practice of his profession ; 
 he makes chronic diseases a specialty ; is 
 a professional chemist ; keeps in constant 
 practice in this branch of his profession. 
 Married Zenzie E. Linder March 7, 
 1876 ; she was born April 25, 1857, in 
 Charleston, 111.; have one child — Leila 
 R., aged about 1^ years. 
 
 Barnhart, H., far.; P. 0. Agency City. 
 
 Base, J., far., S. 23 ; P. 0. Agency City. 
 
 Basekin, D. W., teacher, Agency City. 
 
 DEDEL.L, JAMES E., far., P. 
 0. Agency City; born Feb. 6, 1825, 
 in Warren Co., Ohio ; when about 6 
 years of age, came to Union Co., Ind., 
 with his parents ; in 1839, came to 
 Fayette Co., Ind.; in 1846, removed to 
 Wapello Co., Iowa. Owns 181 acres of 
 land ; also 12 acres inside the city 
 limits. Married Susan Jones Aug. 13, 
 1846 ; she was born May 2, 1830, in 
 Fayette Co., Ind. Republican. Mem- 
 ber of the M. E. Church. 
 
 BEST, C J., editor Agency Inde- 
 pendent, Agency City ; born Jan 4, 
 1857, in Portage City, Wis.; in 1867, 
 came to Salem, Iowa, with his parents ; 
 the same year removed to Agency City ; 
 has been working at his business for the 
 past nine years ; took charge of this 
 paper Feb. 14, 1878; his father died 
 Oct. 5, 1877, aged 70 years. 
 
 BOYCE, STEPHEN, far.. Sec. 
 22; P. 0. Agency City; born Oct. 17, 
 1802, in Virginia; in 1830, came to 
 Indiana; in 1843, came to Wapello 
 Co., and entered his present land ; owns 
 84 acres. Married Mary Hall in 1830 ; 
 she was born in 1810, in Virginia; died 
 in 1871 ; had four children, one living 
 — Fernandus. Second marriage to Mrs. 
 Lucinda Wood, in 1872 ; she was born 
 in 1810, in Ohio. Member of the 
 Christian Union Church. Democrat. 
 
 BRADEEY,OCTAyiA,MRS., 
 daughter of James Daniels, and widow 
 of Thomas W. Bradley, Agency City; 
 she owns 244 acres of land in Wapello 
 Co.; he was born Nov. 9, 1806, in 
 Ohio; came to Wapello Co., in 1837, 
 and died Dec. 17, 1858; she was born 
 Nov. 13, 1806, in England ; came to 
 Indiana in 1830; in 1843, came to 
 Agency City. They were married Oct. 
 23, 1845, in Agency City; had two 
 children, one living — Addie E., now 
 Mrs. Streblow. 
 
 Branard, A. C, far.; P. 0. Agency City. 
 
 Bedell, D. E., Agency City. 
 
 BROWN, S. M., carpenter, Agency 
 City; born Jan. 24, 1840, in Putnam 
 Co., Ind.; in 1842, came to Henry Co., 
 
610 
 
 DIRECTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY: 
 
 Iowa, with his parents ; in 1850, re- 
 moved to Wapello Co. and first engaged 
 in farming ; commenced his present 
 business in 1867. Is Township Clerk 
 and City Assessor ; also a member of the 
 School Board. Married Marella Derby 
 in 1869 ; she was born in 1847, in 
 Ohio ; they have four children — Frank 
 E., Harold, Emma and George A. Mrs. 
 B. is a member of the M. E. Church ; 
 Republican. 
 
 Brunsey, Thos., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Agency 
 City. 
 
 Bryan, C. A., miller. Agency City. 
 
 BRYA^, J. C, firm of C. A. Bryan 
 & Son, mills. Agency City ; born Nov. 
 20, 1852, in Lycoming Co., Penn. ; in 
 1865, came to Washington Co., Iowa ; 
 in 1867, to Keokuk; in 1872, to 
 Agency City ; formed a copartnership 
 with his father Jan. 1, 187-1. Married 
 Celia A. Andrew March 18, 187-4 ; she 
 was born Jan. 12, 1852, in Michigan ; 
 have one child — Gruy H., aged 2 years. 
 Republican. 
 
 Burbage, J.,far.,S. 35 ; P.O. Agency City. 
 
 Burke, W. C, far.. Sec. 34 ; P. 0. Agency 
 City. 
 
 Byerley, P., far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Agency City. 
 
 CAMPBELL, JAS., laborer. Agency 
 City. 
 ChamberUn, A. L., mer.. Agency City. 
 Chambers, Ed. A., clerk, Agency City. 
 Chambers, Wm., far., S. 31 ; P. 0. Agency 
 
 City. 
 CHILSON, EUGENE, station 
 
 agent C, B. & Q. R. R., Agency City ; 
 born May 25, 1846, in Enosburg, Vt. ; 
 in 1868, came to Glalesburg, 111. ; em- 
 ployed by this road as operator ; in 1869, 
 came to Villisca, Iowa ; was appointed 
 station agent in 1873 ; moved to Agency 
 City, and has held this position since 
 then. Married Miss H. P. Staples in 
 1870; she was born in 1851 in Scran- 
 ton, Penn.; have one child — E. N., aged 
 3 years. M. E. Church ; Republican. 
 
 Clawson, J., far., S. 2 ; P. 0. Agency City. 
 
 Clements, Richard, carpenter, Agency City. 
 
 CLODFELTER, DAVID, far, 
 Sec. 3 ; P. O. Agency City ; born June 
 1, 1813, in Davidson Co., N. C. ; in 1832, 
 came to Indiana; in 1844, came to Wa- 
 pello Co. ; owns 187 acres land, valued 
 at $30 per acre. Married Jerusha Jen- 
 nison in 1834 ; she was born in 1817 in 
 
 Kentucky ; was thrown from a horse 
 and killed March, 1847; have one child 
 — Purley ; second marriage to Nancy 
 Bower in 1855 ; she was born in 1837 
 in Ohio ; died in 1856; have one child 
 —William F. M. E. Church ; Demo- 
 crat. 
 Clodfelter, Purley, far.. Sec. 3; P. 0. 
 
 Agency City. 
 Comstock, W., A., far.. Sec. 34; P. 0. 
 
 Agency City. 
 COBfNELIiY, CHARLES, far., 
 Sec. 19 ; P. 0. Agency City ; born Nov. 
 22, 1848, in Wapello Co. ; came to his 
 present farm in 1873 ; owns 70 acres 
 land. Married Emma Bedwell Dec. 26, 
 1873; she was born Feb. 14, 1851, in 
 Wapello Co. Democrat. 
 Conley, Norman B., farmer. Sec. 24 ; P. 
 
 0. A2;ency City. 
 CONNELIiY, W. W., farmer, Sec. 
 24 ; P. 0. Agency City; born Nov. 21, 
 1836, in Somerset Co., Penn. ; in 1845, 
 came to Agency City and settled on the 
 old Agency Farm ; owns 140 acres land, 
 valued at $50 per acre. Married Eliza- 
 beth Ruckman in 1856 ; she was born 
 in 1838, in Indiana; have seven chil- 
 dren — Susan J., Alice B., James C 
 Maria, Mary, Doctor Dick and Barney, j 
 Democrat. M. E. Church. 
 Coverston, W. A.; wagon-maker, Agency 
 
 City. 
 CRE^IER, L.. K., farmer. Sec. 19 ; 
 P. 0. Agency City; born Nov. 10, 
 1851, in Wapello Co.; came to his 
 present farm in 1876 ; owns 110 acres 
 land. Married L. E. Sutbine Oct. 2, 
 1873 ; she was born in 1852, in Wa- 
 pello Co.; have three children — I. 0., 
 L. L. and Olive H. Republican. 
 CREMER, S. K., farmer, Sec. 24 ; 
 P. 0. Agency City; born Aug. 31, 
 1818, in Somerset Co., Penn. ; in 1844, 
 came to Wapello Co. and entered 160 
 acres," and now owns 710 acres in Wa- 
 pello Co., also 15 acres inside the city 
 limits, valued at $50 per acre. Mar- 
 ried Huldah France March 22, 1843 ; 
 she was born April 5, 1823, in Alle- 
 ghany Co., Md. ; died Aug. 8, 1878; 
 have eight children — Leonidas, Lycur- 
 gus, Brutus, Augustus, Cincinnatus, 
 Kate La Belle, now Mrs. Rayl, xidella 
 and Dora F. ; Americus was thrown 
 from a horse and killed Sept. 9, 1877. 
 
AGENCY TOWNSHIP. 
 
 611 
 
 Represented this county in the Legisla- 
 ture from 1854 to 185(i ; was Presi- 
 dent and Trustee of the County Agri- 
 cultural Society in 1873. Republican. 
 M. E. Church. 
 CROSS, mCHAEL, carpenter 
 Agency City; born in 1818, in Mus- 
 kingum Co., Ohio; in 1850, came to 
 Missouri; in 1861, to Wapello Co., 
 Iowa; owns 114 acres land in Agency 
 Tp., also property in the city. Was 
 Justice of the Peace from 1872 to 
 1874, and now elected to serve from 
 1878 to 1880; was President of the 
 School Board from 1874 to 1877 ; has 
 been six terms Township Treasurer. 
 Married Elizabeth Turner in 18.39 ; she 
 was born June 9, 1818, in Fauquier 
 Co., Va. ; had nine children, four liv- 
 ing — Jno. T., now a practicing physi- 
 cian in Farmington, Van Buren Co., a 
 graduate in 1865, from the Keokuk 
 Medical College; Etna V., now Mrs. 
 Amos, Michael W. and Jessie H. Jno. 
 T. enlisted in 1862, Co. A, 19th I. V. 
 I., served to the end of the war, part of 
 the time on hospital duty at Keokuk. 
 Republican ; members of the Baptist 
 Church. 
 
 DAVIS, JOHN E., Sec. 23, Agency 
 City. 
 
 Davis, J. H., far., S. 22 ; P. 0. Agency 
 City. 
 
 Davis, Sanford, far., S. 10 ; P. 0. Agency 
 City. 
 
 DAWSOX, J. ^, A., general mer- 
 chandise. Agency City; on Main st. ; 
 residence same ; born May 15, 1824 in 
 Alleghany Co., Md. ; in 1839, came to 
 Ohio ; in 1850, went to California ; re- 
 turned to Ohio in 1851 ; same year 
 came to Wapello Co., and has carried on 
 his business at his present location for 
 the past twenty-five years. In 1862, he 
 was engaged in recruiting for the 43d 
 I. V. I. ; was transferred, in 1863, to 
 the 8th I. V. C. as its Quartermaster ; 
 resigned in 1864. Has held all the 
 town and school offices. Married Mrs. 
 Mary C. Lewis in 1854 ; she was born 
 June 19, 1824, in Erie Co., Penn. ; 
 died March 11, 1878 ; have one child — 
 Fannie ; she had one daughter by a 
 former marriage. Member of the M. E. 
 Church ; Republican. 
 
 Dillon, W. H., stone-cutter, Agency City. 
 
 DUDLEY, CHARLES, farmer; 
 residence Agency City; born Sept. 16, 
 1813, in Charleston, Me.; in 1817, 
 came, with his parents, to Ohio ; iu 
 1836, came to Illinois; in 1843, re- 
 moved to Wapello Co. and settled on 
 Sec. 30, Agency Tp. ; this he entered ; 
 now owns 867 acres of land in 
 Wapello Co. ; also property in the city ; 
 one of the earliest settlers in this 
 county. Married Polly A. Dennison 
 Dec. 17, 1846; she was born Dec. 11, 
 1827, in Scott Co., 111. ; had ten chil- 
 dren, five living — Sarah Jane, Charles 
 S., Mary P., Kate E. and Frank W. 
 Was Commissioner of Wapello Co. from 
 1848 to 1851 ; he also represented this 
 county in the Legislature in the Elev- 
 enth, Twelfth and Thirteenth General 
 Assemblies, from 1866 to 1872 ; has 
 been Justice of the Peace. Republican ; 
 members of the Baptist Church. 
 
 DUDLEY, EDWARD, far., Sec. 
 25 ; P. 0. Agency City ; born Dec. 11, 
 1811,in Charleston, Me. ; in 1817, came 
 to Athens Co., Ohio ; in 1847, came to 
 Wapello Co. ; owns 147 acres of land. 
 Married Eliza M. Dudley June 10, 1841; 
 she was born in 1819, in Scioto Co., 
 Ohio; had nine children, four living — 
 Mahala J., now Mrs. Dr. La Force; 
 Charles D., now a Baptist Minister in 
 New Hampshire ; Orin and Benjamin 
 B. Mr. D. is a minister of the Free- 
 will Baptist Church in Agency City ; 
 has been preaching here for the past 
 twenty years. Republican. 
 
 Duire, John, blacksmith. Sec. 26 ; P. 0. 
 Agency City. 
 
 ENYART, H. W., laborer, Agency 
 City. 
 Enyart, James, Sr., farmer, Agency City. 
 Enyart, James, Jr., laborer. Agency City. 
 Enyart, J. W., brickmason. Agency City. 
 
 FAIR, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 22 ; P. 0. 
 Agency City. 
 FARNSWORTH, D. S., proprie- 
 tor of Eagle Mills, Agency City ; born 
 June 3, 1808, in Northumberland Co., 
 Penn. ; in 1811, came with his parents 
 to Butler Co., Ohio ; in 1828, to Foun- 
 tain Co., Ind.; in 1839, tp Missouri; 
 in 1847, to Agency City, and bought 
 a horse circular sawmill; in 1851, 
 erected a steam saw-m ill ; in 1 8 5 2 attached 
 buhrs and bolts to the saw-mill, and 
 
612 
 
 DIRECTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY: 
 
 connected with it a grist-mill ; in 1854, 
 built a mill which included both a 
 saw and grist mill; in 1858, built what 
 is known as the A.gency City Grrist- 
 Mill; sold this mill in 1864 ; in 1871, 
 built his present mill. Married Indiana 
 Cain March 25, 1829; she was born 
 Oct. 14, 1813, in Ohio; had seven 
 children, one living — Emazeta, now 
 Mrs. Foulke. M. E. Church; Demo- 
 crat. 
 
 Fisher, D., far.; P. 0. Agency City. 
 
 Fitzgerald, Richard, laborer. Agency City. 
 
 FOREMAN, JOSEPH, bakery. 
 Agency City; born Feb. 20, 1804,' in 
 Fleming Co., Ky.; in 1812, came to 
 Clark Co., Ohio, with his parents; in 
 in 1844, came to Van Buren Co.; in 
 1850, removed to Wapello Co.; first en 
 gaged in farming; owns 166 acres of 
 land, also property in the city ; has been 
 in his present business for twenty-four 
 years. Married Nancy Dillon in 1828 ; 
 she was born in 1809, in Illinois; had 
 seven children, six living — Thomas, 
 Hannah, Richard, Elizabeth, Martha 
 and Sarah ; lost one — Mary Jane, in 
 infancy, in Ohio. Democrat. 
 
 Foulke, W. H., miller. Agency City. 
 
 FULIiEX, JOHIV, live-stock and 
 commission, Agency City ; he was born 
 Sept. 28, 1832, in New York City; in 
 1855, came to Jefferson Co., Iowa ; in 
 1858, removed to Agency City; from 
 1861 to 1873, was engaged in general 
 merchandising; has been in his present 
 business since coming here ; was agent 
 for the C, B. & Q. R. R. from 1861 
 to 1873; has been President of the 
 School Board, and Councilman. Mar- 
 ried Miss Maggie Sage Aug. 26, 1858 ; 
 she was born Feb. 23, 1841, in Clark 
 Co., Ind.; had five children, four living 
 — Charles D. (now attending the Chi- 
 cago University ; also attended the Iowa 
 Wesleyan College at Mount Pleasant, 
 Iowa), Lora E., Nellie B. and Bertha 
 B.; lost MaiTgie in infancy. Democrat. 
 
 GILTNER, A., former. Sec. 23 ; P. 0. 
 Agency City. 
 Giltner, Andrew, far., S. 19; P. 0. Agency 
 
 City. 
 Griltner, A., Sec. 19 ; P. 0. Agency City. 
 Griffin, D., far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Agency City. 
 Griggs, P. S. E., agent, Agency City. 
 Griggs, W. P. M., agent, Agency City. 
 
 GROUT, JOSEPH P., farmer, 
 stock dealer, and manufacturer of the 
 Challenge Churn, Agency City ; born 
 Aug. 31, 1816, in Worcester Co., Mass.; 
 in 1838, came to Illinois; in 1853, i-e-. 
 moved to Wapello Co. ; owns 112^ acres 
 of land in this county ; has been five 
 years Township Treasurer, member of 
 the Council eight years, and administra- 
 tor on several estates. Married Senia 
 Ann Thompson Dec. 24, 1846, in Ches- 
 terfield, 111.; she was born Dec. 19, 1821, 
 in Sangamon Co., 111. He is now man- 
 ufacturing the Challenge Churn, and has 
 the right of Wapello, Davis, Appanoose, 
 and Wayne Cos., for $1,000 ; butter can 
 be made in from two to twelve minutes 
 with this churn; it will make one-fourth 
 more butter from the same amount of 
 cream than any other churn ever in- 
 vented. 
 
 HANLY, PATRICK. Sec. 9 ; P. 0. 
 Agency City. 
 
 HARDEX, MARY A., MRS., 
 daughter of Chas. F. Harrow; born Feb. 
 27, 1824, in Montgomery Co., Ky. ; in 
 1833, came with her parents to Indiana ; 
 in November, 1843, to Wapello Co. 
 Married James Stephens Dec. 19, 1844 ; 
 he was born in 1822, in Kentucky, and 
 died in 1868; have four children — 
 Nancy (now Mrs. Hixon), Ella (now 
 Mrs. Johnson), Amos and George ; 
 her second marriage was to John 
 Harden; he was born July 14, 1820, in 
 Pennsylvania ; came to Wapello Co. in 
 the spring of 1855 ; she owns 100 acres 
 of land in Wapello Co., also 2 acres, 
 with the hotel, in the city ; she is one 
 of the earliest settlers of this county. 
 
 Hartsock, Chris., laborer. Agency City. 
 
 Haynes, B., far.. Sec. 11; P. 0. Agency 
 City. 
 
 HEADIiEY, A:RfDREW J., 
 horticulturist. Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Ottumwa ; 
 born Dec. 21, 1831, in Monroe Co., 
 Ohio; in 1851, came to Wapello Co. ; 
 owns twenty acres of land, valued at 
 S2,000, devoted to fruit-raising ; his 
 father was born Feb. 11, 1806. in Bel- 
 mont Co., Ohio, and lives here ; his 
 mother died in 1855, aged 48 years. 
 He enlisted in 1862, in Co. E, 17th I. 
 V. I. ; was discharged on account of a 
 wound received at the battle of luka, 
 Sept. 19, 1862, for which he receives a 
 
AGENCY TOWNSHIP. 
 
 613 
 
 pension. Republican ; member of the 
 U. B. Church. 
 
 Headley, J,, far., S. 27 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Hefflin, Reuben, engineer. Agency City. 
 
 Heller, C, far., S. 22 ; P. 0. Agency City. 
 
 Heller, Henry, S. 27 ; P. 0. Agency City. 
 
 Hicks, J. J., blacksmith. Agency City. 
 
 Hill, William, teamster, Agency City. 
 
 Hilton, William, doctor. Agency City. 
 
 Hixson, R. C, blacksmith, Agency City. 
 
 Hobbs, J. G., far.. Sec. 2 ; P. 0. Agency 
 City. 
 
 Hook, James, far. ; P. 0. Agency City. 
 
 .HORTO:^, W. D., manufacturer of 
 boots and shoes. Agency City ; born 
 June 7, 1828, in Davidson Co , Tenn. ; 
 in 1836, came to Columbus, Ind., with 
 his parents; in 1852, to Davis Co., 
 Iowa; in 1854, went to Harrison Co., 
 Mo. ; in 1870, came to Ottumwa ; the 
 following year, removed to Agency City 
 and engaged in his present business. 
 Has been elected two terms Mayor. 
 Married Miss T. N. Jones in 1849, in 
 Columbus, Ind. ; she was born in Sep- 
 tember, 1829, in Kentucky; died in 
 1869 ; have seven children — Joseph H., 
 John N., Mary E., W. D., L. G., S. A. 
 and Emeline ; second marriage to Mar- 
 tha L. Parrott September, 1871 ; she was 
 born in 1829, in Ohio. Democrat. 
 
 Hugh, Richard, Est., Sees. 1 and 2 ; P. O. 
 Agency City. 
 
 Humbert, H. C, carpenter. 
 
 JENNINGS, JOSEPH, miller, Agency 
 City. 
 
 JOHNSOX, ElilJAH, far, Sec 
 25 ; P. 0. Agency City ; born March 
 20, 1838, in Morgan Co., Ind.; in 1848, 
 came to Wapello Co.; owns 435 acres of 
 land, valued at $40 per acre. Married 
 Priscilla Johnson in February, 1863 ; 
 she was born Aug. 10, 1843, in Mont- 
 gomery Co., Ohio; have five children 
 —Charles E. H., W. N. E., Elizabeth 
 D., Anna Z. and D. M. Republi- 
 can. ~~- — 
 
 Johnson, Elisha G., far., Sec. 34 ; P. 0. 
 Agency City. 
 
 Johnson, J., far.. Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Agency 
 City. 
 
 Johnson, W., far., Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Agency 
 City. 
 
 Jones, L. E., far.. Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Agency 
 City. 
 
 Joselyn, J., painter, Agency City. 
 
 TT^RUMKEY, F., laborer. Agency City. 
 
 KENNEDY, MARY, MRS., 
 
 daughter of George Bedwell, widow of 
 James M. Kennedy, Sec. 19; P. 0. 
 Agency City ; he was born Sept. 19, 
 1816, in Washington Co., Tenn.; died 
 March 5, 1860. She was born Oct. 6, 
 1820, in Hamilton Co., Ohio. Married 
 May 25, 1842. The following year, 
 came to Wapello Co.; she owns 238 
 acres of land ; has six children — Rachel 
 E., Francis J., Sarah C, Thomas W., 
 David A. and James M. Members M. 
 E. Church. 
 KIBL.ER, J., far., Sec. 3 ; P. 0. 
 Agency City ; born March 24, 1847, in 
 Hancock Co., Ohio; in 1858, came to 
 Ottumwa ; engaged in butchering till 
 1875, when he went to Indiana ; in 1876, 
 returned to Ottumwa; same year, re- 
 moved to his present farm ; owns twenty 
 acres, valued at $600. Married Vir- 
 ginia Brainard in September, 1868; she 
 was born in 1846 in Ohio; have three 
 children — Drewey, Albert and Bertha 
 are twins. Democrat. 
 
 LANNING, DAVID, farmer. Sec. 27 ; 
 P. 0. Agency City. 
 
 La FORCE, i>. A., M. D., dealer 
 in drugs and medicines. Agency City ; 
 born May 17, 1837, in Jefferson Co., 
 Ind.; in 1841, came to Van Buren Co.; 
 in 1853, came to Wapello Co.; in 1857, 
 commenced the study of medicine, and 
 graduated at the College of Physicians 
 and Surgeons at Keokuk in 1862. 
 Had a commission in the 56th colored 
 infantry as Regimental Surgeon, and had 
 charge of the U. S. general hospital at 
 Helena, Ark.; mustered out Sept. 15, 
 1866, at St. Louis. Married Mahala J. 
 Dudley in October, 1866 ; she was born 
 May 17, 1845, in Athens Co., Ohio ; 
 have three children — William Brooks, 
 Berdett Dudley and Francis Edward. 
 Republican ; M. E. Church. 
 
 Lanning, J., far.. Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Agency 
 City. 
 
 Linder, J., retired, Agency City. 
 
 Linehiser, J., far., S. 10 ; P. 0. Agency 
 City. 
 
 Linn, J., far., S. 31 ; P. 0. Agency City. 
 
 Lockwood, Chas. A., far., S. 24 ; P. 0. 
 Agency City. 
 
 Lovelace, E. N., S. 2 ; P. 0. Agency City. 
 
614 
 
 DIRECTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY 
 
 Lyon, A. E., barber, Agency City. 
 
 McCOY, ASHFORD, Sec. 24; P. 0. 
 Agency City. 
 
 McLeod, J. R., far.. Sec. 4 ; P. 0. Agency 
 City. 
 
 McMillin, Frank, far., Sec. 10; P. 0. 
 Agency City. 
 
 Mace. David, far.; P. O. Agency City. 
 
 Mace, Henry L.,lab.; P. 0. Agency City. 
 
 Mace, Wm. A., far., S. 31 ; P. 0. Agency 
 City. 
 
 Miller, J., S. 10 ; P. 0. Agency City. 
 
 Miller, John, far.. Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Agency 
 City. 
 
 Miller, W. & M., fars.. Sec. 10 ; P. 0. 
 Agency City. 
 
 Myers, Adam, retired. Agency City. 
 
 Myers, Cris., shoemaker. Agency City. 
 
 MYERS, ELI, livery, Agency City ; 
 born Feb. 6, 1826, in Preble Co., 
 Ohio; in 1832, came to Indiana with 
 his parents; in 1843, came to Van 
 Buren Co., then to Wapello Co.; en- 
 gaged in farming; in 1852, went to 
 California; in 1869, removed to Nevada ; 
 in 1875, returned to Agency City. 
 Married Paulina Griggsby in 1845; 
 she was born in 1829 in Indiana ; died 
 in 1861 in California ; have five chil- 
 dren — Frances A. (now Mrs. Stinson), 
 Mary E. (now Mrs. Whimple), Joseph 
 D., James E. and Charles W. His 
 father was born in 1803, in Tennessee; 
 died in August, 1878; his mother was 
 born March 1, 1805, in Tennessee, and 
 lives here with her son. Democrat. 
 
 Myers, J. R., stock dealer, Agency City. 
 
 Myers, Morris, plasterer, Agency City. 
 
 Myers, Robinson, harness, Agency City. 
 
 nSTTEWBOLD, S., far.. Sec. 27 ; P. O. 
 jLN Agency City. 
 
 Newell, S., far., S. 31 ; P. 0. Agency City. 
 
 XYE, CtJ. li., farmer. Sec. 31 ; P. 0. 
 Agency City ; born Sept. 28, 1845, in 
 Wapello Co. ; in 1870, came to his pres- 
 ent farm ; owns ninety-six acres land, 
 valued at $40 per acre. Married Miss 
 Sarah J. Dudley July 9, 1868 ; she was 
 born in 1847 in Wapello Co. ; have four 
 children — Charles M., Minnie L., Au- 
 relia M. and Fannie. Is Township 
 Trustee, School Directoi", President of 
 the School Board. Enlisted in 1863 in 
 Co. B, 7th Iowa V. C. ; served three 
 years and three months ; was honorably 
 discharged. Republican. 
 
 O'CONER, JERRY, far., Sec. 4 ; P. 
 0. Agency City. 
 PIERCE, RUFUS M., for.. Sec. 11 ; 
 P. 0. Agency City. 
 Pilcher, J. B., clerk, Agency City. 
 Plummer, Thomas, far., Sec. 1 ; P. 0. 
 
 Agency City. 
 Pumphery. A. S., laborer; Agency City. 
 
 RAYLE, Samuel, far.. Sec. 24 ; P.'O. 
 Agency City. 
 
 REEVES, SUSA^, MRS., 
 daughter of William Murphy, widow 
 of William Reeves; Sec. 22; P. 0. 
 Agency City ; he was born 1787 in New 
 York ; died March 22, 1876 ; she was 
 born May 17, 1804, in Morgan Co., Va. ; 
 was married in 1827; in 1850, came to 
 her present farm ; she owns 100 acres 
 of land. Had ten children, eight living 
 — James, Mary Ann, Lydia, Lucretia, 
 William, Susanna, Caroline and Miner- 
 va. William and James enlisted in 
 1862 in the 22d Iowa V. I. ; served to 
 the end of the war. She has followed 
 the practice of midwifery for thirty 
 years. M. E. Church. 
 
 Reynolds, A. J., druggist. Agency City. 
 
 Reynolds, J. T., farmer, Sec. 26 ; P. 0. 
 Agency City. 
 
 Reynolds, W. C, far., Sec. 23; P. 0. 
 Agency City. 
 
 Reynolds, Wm. H., far.. Sec. 26 ; P. 0. 
 Agencv City. 
 
 RiflSe, W. R., far., Sec. 34 ; P. 0. Agency 
 City. 
 
 Roberts, Arch., wagon-maker, Agency City. 
 
 Robinson, J., far., Sec. 22; P.O. Agency 
 City. 
 
 Robison, J., far.. Sec. 3 ; P. 0. Agency City. 
 
 Ryan, Samuel, blacksmith, Agency City. 
 
 SAGE, E. T., commissioner. Agency 
 City. 
 SAt,}E, E. H., M. p.. Agency City; 
 born April 3, 1838, in Jackson Co., 
 Ind. ; in 1852, came with his parents 
 to Fairfield, Iowa ; in 1861, to Agency 
 City. Commenced the study of medi- 
 cine at the age of 24, and commenced 
 practicing in 1868 ; graduated in 1875, 
 at the American Medical College, at St. 
 Louis ; returned to the city and re- 
 sumed his practice ; delivered the vale- 
 dictory address on the part of the gradu- 
 ating class. Married Mary C. Hilton, 
 daughter of Dr. Wm. Hilton, July, 
 1866; she was born in 1847, in Ohio. 
 
AGENCY TOWNSHIP. 
 
 615 
 
 She is a member of M. E. Church. 
 Democrat. 
 
 Sa\atbine, David, far. ; P. 0. Agency City. 
 
 Sexton, Patrick, laborer, Agency City. 
 
 Shadford, Chas. D., wagon-maker, Agency 
 City. 
 
 Shadford, Wm., furniture, Agency City. 
 
 Shearer, Geo., hotel. Agency City. 
 
 Shearer, H. F., carpenter. Agency City. 
 
 Shearer, T. V., teamster, Agency City. 
 
 Shodford, C. D., far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Agency 
 
 ^ City. 
 
 Shumacker, W., far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Agency 
 . City. 
 
 Simmons, W. H., farmer. Sec. 34; P. 0. 
 Agency City. 
 
 SMITH, C. X., firm of Wheaton & 
 Smith, general merchandise ; residence 
 corner Vine street and Washington ave- 
 nue, Agency City ; born Sept. 10, 1840, 
 in Hancock Co., 111.; in 1842, came with 
 his parents to Des Moines Co.; in 1845, 
 to Wapello Co.; in 1858, commenced 
 present business. Married Miss F. M. 
 Wheaton in 1862 ; she was born in 
 1841, in New York ; have two children 
 P. E. and C. A. His daughter is a 
 member of the M.E. Church, Repub- 
 lican. 
 
 SMITH, J. S., with Wheaton & 
 Smith, general merchandise. Agency 
 City ; born March 27, 1849, in Wapello 
 Co., and has always been a resident of 
 the State; in 1866, removed to Wood- 
 bury Co.; engaged in the pottery busi- 
 ness ; continued this till 1876, when he 
 came to Agency City, and associated 
 himself with his present firm. 
 
 Smith, L., far., Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Agency 
 City. 
 
 Smith, M. H., far., S. 34 ; P. 0. Agency 
 City. 
 
 Smith, M., boarding house. Agency City. 
 
 SMITH, SARAH, MRS., daugh- 
 ter of Andrew Daubenheyer, widow of 
 Chas. H. Smith, Sec. 30; P. 0. Agency 
 City ; he was born Nov. 19, 1809, in 
 Bucks X:!o., Penn.; died Oct. 31, 1861 ; 
 she was born Oct. 29, 1813, in Butler 
 Co., Ohio. Married Nov. 20, 1833, in 
 Ohio; in 1836, came to Illinois; in 1841, 
 to Des Moines Co. ; in 1844, removed to 
 her present farm ; she owns 120 acres 
 of land ; have eight children — Elizabeth 
 (now Mrs. Yeomans), Nancy (now Mrs. 
 Wheaton, Cyrus, Hugh, James, Charles, 
 
 Frances R. (now Mrs. Walker), Mary 
 A. (nowMrs. Larawood). M.E. Church. 
 
 Smootz, A. R., blacksmith. Agency City. 
 
 Springer, John, restaurant, Agency City. 
 
 Street, David, far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Agency City. 
 
 Swope, Jno., far., S. 22 ; P. 0. Agency City. 
 GIBBETS, E., minister. Agency City. 
 
 T 
 
 Traul, Levi, far., '='. 27, P. 0. Agency City. 
 Turner, F. G., laborer. Agency City. 
 
 YANZA^RfT, H. C, far.. Sec. 36, 
 P. 0. Agency City ; born May 18, 
 1816, in Rutherford Co., N. C. ; when 
 an infant came to Kentucky with his 
 parents ; in 1 824, came to Tennessee ; in 
 1848, removed to Wapello Co. ; in 1850, 
 came to his present farm — which he 
 rents — consisting of 210 acres. Was 
 Treasurer of the School Board from 1863 
 
 ' to 1872 ; was two years Township Treas- 
 urer. Married Nancy McKeown Feb- 
 ruary, 1848 ; she was born, September, 
 1816, in Rutherford Co., N. C. ; had 
 three children, one living — James A., 
 lost Mary M. in infancy, Martha E., 
 died June, 1870, aged 19 years. Dem- 
 ocrat. 
 
 VIRDEN, J. L., butcher. Agency 
 City ; born Oct. 8, 1834, in Muskingum 
 Co., Ohio; in 1854, came to Mount 
 Pleasant, Iowa; in 1859, to Agency 
 City ; engaged in the grocery trade ; in 
 1861, sold out and went to California; 
 returned in 1864, and continued the 
 grocery business till 1868, when he com- 
 menced his present business, • which he 
 followed in Zanesville, Ohio, before com- 
 ing to Iowa. Married Mary L., daugh- 
 ter of Jacob Sprague, who came to 
 Wapello Co. in 1844 ; they were married 
 in 1860 ; she was born near Columbus, 
 Ohio, in 1844 ; they have three children 
 — Minnie, Jessie and Chatman. Demo- 
 crat. 
 
 WAGERS, H. B., Postmaster, Agency 
 City. 
 
 Walbridge, C. P., far. ; P. 0. Agency City. 
 
 Walker, F. R., brickmason. Agency City. 
 
 Walker, T. C, teamster. Agency City. 
 
 Walker, W. J., brickmason. Agency City. 
 
 Warden, S. J., far., S. 34; P. 0. Agency 
 City. 
 
 Watson, B. F., painter, Agency City. 
 
 Weir, A. R., Dr., Agency City. 
 
 WHEATON, <,}EORGE B., ^yith 
 Wheaton & Smith, general merchandise ;, 
 
616 
 
 DIRECTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY: 
 
 residence cor. Main and Vine sts. ; born 
 July 24, 1852, in New York; in 1858, 
 came with his father to Wapello Co. ; 
 first employed in his father's store as 
 clerk ; remained three years, then en- 
 gaged in farming ; in 1872, returned,_and 
 has been engaged in the store since. 
 Married Sallie V. Scott April 10, 1877 ; 
 she was born April 10, 1851, in Ohio ; 
 have one child — Vera, born Jan. 19, 1878 
 
 WHEATON, JOHN S., Agency 
 City, firm of Wheaton & Smith, general 
 merchandise, Main st., residence head 
 of Wapello St. ; born May 10, 1815, in 
 Vermont; in 1833. came to New York; 
 in 1838, came to Michigan ; the follow- 
 ing year, returned to Lansingburg, N. 
 Y. ; engaged in dry goods trade till 
 1856, when he came to Keokuk, Iowa ; 
 then to Agency City and commenced 
 present business. Married Nancy S. 
 Smith in 1858; she was born in Ohio 
 in 1836 ; have four children — Kate E., 
 Cora E., John D. and Cyrus F. ; two 
 children by a former marriage. M. E. 
 Church; Republican. 
 
 Wiley, Geo., far., Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Agency 
 City. 
 
 Willet, Charles, far., Sec. 3 ; P. 0. Agency 
 City. 
 
 Williamson, James, Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Agency 
 City. 
 
 Wing, Allen, far., Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Agency 
 
 CiV- 
 
 Wing, Ira, far. ; P. 0. Agency City. 
 
 Wing, Wm. S., far., Sec. 1 ; P.O. Agency 
 City. 
 
 Wise, Dan. A., far.. Sec. 24 ; P. 0. Agency 
 City. 
 
 Wood, Clay, far.. Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Agency 
 City. 
 
 WOODFORD, If. A., Agency City, 
 groceries, boots and shoes, hats and 
 caps and queensware. Main st. ; born 
 Dec. 2, 1827, in Hartford Co., Conn.; 
 in 1847, fame to his present locality ; 
 first engaged in selling clocks, then in 
 general merchandise. Has been Mayor 
 two terms ; Alderman two terms. Mar- 
 ried Margaret Brown in 1851 ; she was 
 born in 1829, in Indiana, and died in 
 1865 ; have three children — H. E., 
 Aurelia, now Mrs. Pilcher, and Charles ; 
 second marriage to Eliza Day July 16, 
 1868; she was born in 1847, in Athens 
 Co., Ohio; have three children — Nina, 
 Mary H. and Howard N. ; his son-in- 
 law, J. B. Pilcher, was born Nov. 22, 
 1839, in Jackson Co., Ohio. Married 
 Aurelia Woodford, of Agency City, 
 June 4, 1872. 
 
 YOUNG, SAMUEL, stoves and tin- 
 ware, Agency City. 
 
 WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. 
 
 ACTON, J. J., farmer, Sec. 13 ; P. 0. 
 Eldon. 
 
 Albaugh, P., far.. Sec. 13 ; P. 0. Eldon. 
 
 Allen, C, Dr., Sec. 15 ; P. 0. Ashland. 
 
 Alman, T., far., Sec. 27 ; P. O. Eldon. 
 
 Almau, Wm., far.. Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Eldon. 
 
 AliVERSO]^, J. E., DR., 
 drugs, groceries and hardware, Eldon ; 
 born Dec. 27, 1838, m Garrard Co., 
 Ky. ; in 1848, came to Wapello Co. ; in 
 1871, removed to Eldon ; commenced 
 the study of medicine in 1863 ; has 
 been practicing since 1870 ; established 
 the Eldon Times in February, 1876 ; 
 continued it about four months; sold 
 out to True Bentley June 9, 1876. 
 Married Nancy A. Wallace Oct. 3, 1865 ; 
 she was born July 19, 1848, in Colum- 
 
 biana Co., Ohio ; have three children — 
 S. Artelissa, Claudius B. and John P. 
 Presbyterian. 
 
 Amos, L., far., S. 18 ; P. 0. Ashland. 
 
 Anderson, N., laborer, Eldon. 
 
 BAXTER, J. R., far., Sec. 18; P. 0. 
 Ashland. 
 BETTERTOX,EDWIBf, fiirmer. 
 Sec. 21; P.O. Eldon; born Jan. 3, 
 1840, in Wapello Co., Iowa ; his lather 
 was the first white settler in the Terri- 
 tory, coming here six years before the 
 purchase was made from the Indians ; 
 owns 179 acres of land, valued at $25 
 per acre. Married Mary Weaver Nov. 
 15, 1863 ; she was bora Oct. 7, 1839, 
 in Hancock Co., 111. His father died 
 March 13, 1860, aged 59 years; his 
 
WASHINGTON TOAVNSHIP. 
 
 617 
 
 mother was born April 3. 1802, in Som- 
 erset Co., Penn. He is Township 
 Clerk, and has been elected Township 
 Assessor for 1878. Democrat. 
 
 Berger, J., far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Eldon. 
 
 ISLAIR, A. Mcli., deceased, Eldon; 
 born March 3, 1849, in Scotland; died 
 Jan. 15, 1874. Married Rosa A., 
 daughter of John Paul, in 1864 in 
 Davenport, Iowa. She has three chil- 
 dren — Wm. C., Maggie and Marietta. 
 She owns her residence in Eldon. 
 
 BOORN, T. C, assistant master me- 
 chanic C, R. I. & P. R. R., Eldon ; 
 born Oct. 3, 1836, in Manchester, Vt.; 
 in 1852, came to Chicago; in 1859, 
 removed to Peoria, 111., and commenced 
 in the railroad business, and has followed 
 it ever since; in 1874, came to his 
 present position ; owns a house and lot 
 in town. Married Caroline Carew in 
 1866 ; she was born in 1839 in New 
 Hampshire ; have one child — Etta. 
 Baptist ; Republican. 
 
 BRADI.EY, JAMES, bakery, 
 Eldon ; born Feb. 28, 1833, in Ireland; 
 in 1854, came to New York; in 1870, 
 removed to Eldon ; owns his bakery and 
 other property in town. Enlisted in 
 1863 in Co. A, 7t.h 111. V. C, and served 
 about one year. Has been two years a 
 member of the Council. Married Jo- 
 hanna Shahan in 1855 ; she was born 
 in 1828 in Ireland ; have four children 
 — Mary, Ellen, Edmund and John. 
 Catholic. 
 
 Brewer, I. W., Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Ashland. 
 
 Brooks, J. C, far., Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Eldon. 
 
 BROWN, G. W., engineer, Eldon ; 
 born Dec. 22, 1817, in Bedford Co., 
 Penn. ; in 1844, came to Jefferson Co., 
 Iowa; engaged in farming till 1851, 
 when he engaged in the saw-mill busi- 
 ness ; in 1867, sold out and returned to 
 farming; in 1873, came to Eldon. Mar- 
 ried Catherine Fishel in 1841 ; born 
 in 1818 in Bedford Co., Penn. ; died 
 Nov. 22, 1877 ; have four children — 
 David, John, William and Nancy Ann. 
 When in Jefferson Co., was Justice of 
 the Peace, Township Trustee and Town- 
 ship Clerk. Democrat. 
 
 Brownfield, William, Dr., Eldon. 
 
 BURKHOLDER, WII.I.IA1I, 
 farmer. Sec. 24 ; P. 0. County Line ; 
 born April 4, 1831, in Franklin Co., 
 
 Penn.; when an infant, came with his 
 parents to Ohio ; in 1854, went to Cal- 
 ifornia ; in 1872, came to his present 
 farm ; owns 240 acres, valued at 825 
 per acre. Married Julia A. Asby in 
 1875 ; she was born in 1851, died in 
 July, 1877 ; has one child — Sarah N., 
 aged 3 years. Republican. 
 
 CAM, A. H., farmer. Sec. 11 ; P. 0. 
 Ashland. 
 
 Casey, Jas., section hand, Eldon. 
 
 Casey, John., laborer, Eldon. 
 
 Chapman, A., far., S. 9 ; P. 0. Ashland. 
 
 Copersmith, M., section hand, Eldon. 
 
 CRAWFORD, W. H., farmer. Sec. 
 23 ; P. 0. Eldon ; born June 28, 
 1838, in Scott Co., Ind.; in 1854, came 
 to Wapello Co.; owns forty-four acres of 
 land, valued at $25 per acre. Married 
 MaryE. Shields in 1860 ; she was born 
 in 1835, in Scott Co., Ind.; have five 
 children — Asenath A., Charles W., 
 Mary A., Cora May and William. Has 
 been Township Clerk and Secretary of 
 the School Board. Democrat. 
 
 Creath, G. W., far., S. 5 . P. 0. Ashland. 
 
 Creemer, D. P., Sec. 3 ; P. 0. Ashland. 
 
 Creemer, R., far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Ashland. 
 
 CRODDY, C, farmer, Sec. 29 ; P. 0. 
 Eldon; born Aug. 31,1828, in Rock- 
 bridge Co., Va.; in 1844, came to Indi- 
 ana ; in 1855, came to Wapello Co.; 
 owns 183 acres of land, valued at $30 
 per acre ; is Secretary of the School 
 Board ; has been Township Treasurer 
 and School Director. Married Minerva 
 J. Goodwin in 1849; she was born in 
 1833 in Franklin Co., Ind.; have four 
 children — Alice J. (now Mrs. Mall), A. 
 J., C. T. and C. L. Democrat. 
 
 Cross, W. H., Justice of the Peace, Eldon. 
 
 Cummins. E. M., far.. Sec. 26; P. 0. 
 Eldon. 
 
 Cummins, Robert, far.. Sec. 27 ; P. 0. 
 Eldon. 
 
 Cunningham, J. H., far., Sec. 20; P. O. 
 Eldon. 
 
 DALGREN, C. P., far., Sec. 35; P. 
 0. Elden. 
 DAHI.GREX, C. A., far., Sec. 34; 
 P. 0. Eldon; born May 12, 1844, in 
 Sweden; in 1852, came to Burlington, 
 Iowa; in 1853, to Jefferson Co.; in 
 1857, to Appanoose Co.; in 1863, to 
 Davis Co., and, in 1866, to Wapello 
 Co. Owns 60 acres of land, valued at 
 
618 
 
 DIRECTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY: 
 
 $15 per acre. Married Amanda T. 
 McClure in 1867 ; she was born in 
 Marcli, 1847, in Van Buren Co; have 
 five children — Cora T., Peter 0., 
 Charles A., Salraa E. and Victor Y. 
 Republican ; Mrs. Dahlgren is a mem- 
 ber of the Christian Church. 
 
 Daniels, E., far.., Sec. 35; P. 0. Eldon. 
 
 Davidson, A., far., Sec. 1 ; P. O. Batavia. 
 
 Dean, E., far., Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Batavia. 
 
 Dean, E. L., far., Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Batavia. 
 
 Deford, T., far., Sec. 33 ; P. O. Eldon. 
 
 Desotle, M., engineer, Eldon. 
 
 Dial, Thos., far., Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Eldon. 
 
 Donahue, J., section boss, Eldon. 
 
 DOOL.EY, MARTIX, boarding- 
 house and saloon, Eldon ; born Nov. 8, 
 1841, in Ireland; in 1860, came to 
 Scott Co., Iowa; in 1869, removed to 
 Wapello Co.; owns house and lot in 
 town. Married Mary Flinn Nov. 7, 
 1870 ; she was born in 1851 in Ireland ; 
 have three children — Ellen, Mary and 
 .'\gatha. Catholic ; Democrat. 
 
 Dornsife, Henry, far., Sec. 26 ; P. 0. Eldon. 
 
 1>RAKE, D. O., far., Sec._28; p. 0. 
 Eldon ; born June 21, 1857, in Morgan 
 f'o., Ohio; in 1873, came to his present 
 • farm ; owns 153 acres of land, valued at 
 $25 per acre. Married Amy Alexander 
 Jan. 1, 1877 ; she was born Oct. 21, 
 1856, in Iowa ; have one child — Estella 
 May. Democrat. 
 
 Drake, J. G., saw-mill, Eldon. 
 
 Drake, W., far., Sec. 34 ; P. 0. Eldon. 
 
 ELLSWORTH, A., far., Sec. 24 ; P. 
 0. Eldon. 
 Ellsworth, G. W., far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Eldon. 
 Engle, M., far.. Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Eldon. 
 Engle, H. M., far., Sec. 29; P. 0. Eldon. 
 
 FISHER, M., far., Sec. 14 ; P. 0. Ash- 
 land. 
 
 Flinn, J. C, far., Sec. 14 ; P. 0. Ashland. 
 
 FOSTER, D. T., far., Sec. 9 ; P. 0. 
 Ashland ; born Nov. 19, 1849, in Wa- 
 pello Co. ; came to his present farm in 
 1863; owns 160 acres, valued at $30 
 per acre. Married Miss S. A. Nimocks 
 Feb. 15, 1872 ; she was born Nov. 2, 
 1850, in Jefferson Co , Iowa; have four 
 children— N. M., M. B., T. M. and W. 
 R. Has been two terms Township Clerk. 
 Republican. 
 
 FOSTER. THOS., farmer. Sec. 8 ; 
 P. 0. Ashland ; born Feb. 16, 1814, in 
 Ross Co., Ohio ; in 1843, came to Wa- 
 
 pello Co. He owns about one thousand 
 acres of land ; was one of the earliest 
 settlers of the county. Married Mis& 
 P. J. Dennison in 1845, ; she was 
 born in 1825 in Illinois ; had nine 
 children, five living — Wm. F., Daniel 
 T., Scott R., Emma L. and Hannah B. 
 Has held most of the township oflQces ; 
 was the first Assessor of this county ; has 
 also been County Superintendent. Mem- 
 ber M. E. Church. 
 Foster, W. F., far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Ashland. 
 
 QARRISON, A. A., Sec. 23; P. 0. 
 Eldon. 
 Garrison, S., far., S. 6 ; P. 0. Ashland. 
 Godley, M. L., far., S. 27 ;,P. 0. Eldon. 
 Goff, C. B., far., S. 12 ; P. O. County Line. 
 Goff, G. W., far., S. 13 ; P. 0. County Line. 
 Goodwin, B. D., far., S. 30 ; P. O. Eldon. 
 Goodwin, J. J., & A., S. 30 ; P. 0. Eldon. 
 Griggsby, W., laborer, Eldon. 
 
 HAND, M. S., far., S. 23 ; P. 0. 
 Eldon. 
 
 Haydock, M., far., S. 16; P. 0. Ashland. 
 
 Haydock, N., far., S. 16; P. 0. Ashland. 
 
 HEARX, S. W. H. li., farmer, 
 Sec. 35; P. 0. Eldon; born Aug. 8, 
 1804, in Baltimore, Md. ; in 1816, came 
 with his parents to Ohio ; in 1842, to 
 the Territory. Owns 445 acres of land, 
 which he entered from the Government. 
 Married Phebe Coleman in 1859; she 
 was born in 1828 in New York ; have 
 seven children — Eurias and Mathias 
 ( twins), Sehuur, William, David, Ledger 
 and Harness. She has two children by 
 a former marriage — Melsenia and Anna. 
 Greenbacker. 
 
 Hendrew, J., far., S. 19 ; P. 0. Eldon. 
 
 HENRY, PATRICK, far., Sec. 2; 
 P. O. Batavia; born Nov. 13, 1819, in 
 Washington Co., Va. ; in 1829, came to 
 Indiana with his parents ; in 1838, 
 came to Van Buren Co. ; in 1854, came 
 to his present farm ; owns 225 acres, 
 valued at $25 per acre. Married Mary 
 Farnum June 9, 1842 ; she was born 
 July 25, 1827, in Merrimack Co., N. H. ; 
 when about 10 years old, she came with 
 her parents to Van Buren Co. ; both 
 died in Keokuk in December, 1855. 
 her father at 63 and mother at 55 years 
 of age. Mr. H. has six children— Pat- 
 rick, Amarantha J. (now Mrs. Brewer), 
 Fayette H., William H., Frank and 
 Lavenia. Napoleon B. enlisted in 1861 
 
WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. 
 
 619 
 
 in Co D, 14tli I. V. I. ; died at Benton 
 Barracks, St. Louis, Jan. 19, 1862. 
 Democrat. 
 
 Hieronimus, J., far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Eldon. 
 
 Hodson, J. P., far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Ashland. 
 
 Hodson,.R.,far., S. 10 ; P. 0. Ashland. 
 
 Hubbard, R., far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Ashland. 
 
 HUSTOIV, R. W., DR., physician 
 and surgeon, Eldon ; born Jan. 15, 1848, 
 in Ashland Co., Ohio; Aug. 17, 1871, 
 came to Illinois; in 1872, removed to 
 Eldon ; commenced the study of medi- 
 cine in 1868 ; graduated Feb. 25, 1871, 
 in the medical department of the Uni- 
 versity of Wooster at Cleveland, Ohio ; 
 since then, has been in constant practice. 
 Married Hortense J. Scott Nov. 26, 
 1874 ; she was born in 1853 in Warsaw, 
 Ind. ; had two children — Milton C, 
 aged 5 months ; lost Willis L. in in- 
 fancy. Republican. 
 
 Hull, C, far., S. 34; P. 0. Eldon. 
 
 Huston, Wm., butcher, Eldon. 
 
 ySllAEL, M. C, far., S. 11; P. 0. 
 I Ashland. 
 
 ISRAEL, J. A., farmer, Sec. 3 ; 
 P. 0. Agency City ; born Sept. 8, 
 1846, in Decatur Co., Ind.; in 1849, 
 came with parents to Van Buren Co. ; 
 in 1853, to Wapello Co.; in 1867, 
 removed to his present farm. Owns 
 sixty-five acres, valued at $35 per acre. 
 Married Miss Anna Estes Dec. 27, 
 1865 ; she was born June 23, 1848, in 
 Lincoln Co., Mo. ; have two children — 
 Stella M. and Margaret R. Enlisted 
 in April, 1864, in Co. K, 47th I. V. I. ; 
 served till September, 1864 ; has been 
 Township Clerk and Assessor, and mem- 
 ber of the School Board ; was elected to 
 the Legislature on the Democratic ticket, 
 in 1877 ; while a member of that body 
 was appointed one of a committee of 
 three on the part of the House to in- 
 vestigate the aifairs of the Iowa Penir 
 tentiary at Ft. Madison ; the investi- 
 gation disclosed the fact that the State 
 had been defrauded by its corrupt War- 
 den and his accomplices in sums ranging 
 from $150,000 to $200,000. 
 JOHNSON, J. D., far.. Sec. 11 ; P. 0. 
 
 t) Ashland. 
 
 KEESER, N., farmer. Sec. 2 ; P. 0. 
 Ashland. 
 KXIGHT, G. W., far.. Sec. 14 ; P. 
 0. Eldon ; born Aug. 10, 1814, in Bal- 
 
 timore Co., Md.; in 1836, came to Indi- 
 ana ; in 1843, came to Wapello Co., 
 Iowa; in 1848, returned to Indiana; 
 in 1868, came to his present farm ; owns 
 112 acres, valued at $25 per acre. 
 Married Maria Miller in 1839 ; she was 
 born Dec. 20, 1820, in Ohio; died in 
 1850; have two children — Z. T. and 
 Mary E. ' Married Mrs. Watkins in 
 1865 ; she was born April 20, 1830, in 
 Indiana ; have three children — Frank 
 L., G. W. and Clara A. Henry R. 
 enlisted in 1862 in Co. G, 72d Ind. V. 
 I.; died at Gallatin, Tenn., in December, 
 1862, of disease contracted in theai'my. 
 Republican. 
 
 KXIGHT, Z. T., farmer, Sec. 14; 
 P. 0. Eldon ; born March 18, 1847, in 
 Wapello Co.; he and his mother-in-law, 
 Mrs. Flint, own about eighty-three acres 
 of land. Married Susan Flint in 1874; 
 she was born in 1853, in Wapello Co.; 
 they have one child — Alietta. Repub- 
 lican. 
 
 KUHXS, HENRY, farmer. Sec. 26; 
 P. 0. Eldon ; born March 8, 1811, in 
 Westmoreland Co., Penn.; when an in- 
 fant, he came with his parents to Fair- 
 field Co., Ohio ; in 1846, came to Wa- 
 pello Co., Iowa ; removed to his present 
 farm in 1867 ; owns 220 acres, valued 
 at $40 per acre. Married Nancy Clark 
 in 1835; she was born May 24, 1811, 
 in Hocking Co., Ohio; died April 18, 
 1854; had nine children, four living — 
 Mary J., Samuel, Susanna and Christian. 
 Second marriage to Rhoda Melan Dec. 
 25, 1854 ; she was born Sept. 10, 1830, 
 in Dearborn Co., Ind.; have seven chil- 
 dren — Nancy M., James H., Martin L., 
 Ellen J., William F., Ephraim and 
 Alonzo. Samuel enlisted in 1862, in 
 the 15th I. V. I.; served to the end 
 of the war ; was wounded at the battle 
 of Corinth. Democrat. 
 
 LINE, A., former, Sec. 1 ; P. O.Ash- 
 land. 
 L.A W, JOHX, farmer. Sec. 13 ; P. 
 0. Eldon ; born Nov. 2, 1820, in Rich- 
 land Co., Ohio; in 1853, came to Keo- 
 kuk Co.; thence to Jefferson Co.; in 
 1874, came to Wapello Co.; they own 
 fifty-seven acres of land, valued at $30 
 per acre ; taught school when in Ohio, 
 Keokuk and Jefferson Cos. Married 
 Mary Halferty in 1849 ; she was born 
 
620 
 
 DIRECTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY 
 
 in 1831, in Pennsylvania; had seven 
 children, four living — Isaphene, Ida W., 
 Virgil and George. Was Township 
 Clerk in Keokuk and Justice of the 
 Peace in Jeft'erson Co. 
 Littlefield, Clark, farmer, Sec. 25 ; P. 0. 
 Ashland. 
 
 McCOY, M., farmer, Sec. 17 ; P. 0. 
 Ashland. 
 
 McDivit, B., farmer, Sec. 9 ; Old Ashland. 
 
 Mclntirc, D. A., Sec. 1 ; P. 0. County 
 Line. 
 
 Mclntire, I., Sec. 1 ; P. 0. County Line. 
 
 McNulty, R. E., Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Ashland. 
 
 MAEL, JOHX M., farmer, Sec. 15 ; 
 P. 0. Eldon ; born July 1, 1814, in 
 Wheeling, Va. ; when an infant came 
 to Ohio with his parents ; in 1834, came 
 to Indiana ; in 1840, came to the Terri- 
 tory ; owns 180 acres of land, valued at 
 $30 per acre. Married Elizabeth Moore 
 in 1843 ; she was born December, 1825, 
 in Ohio; have nine children — D. W., 
 Nancy A., Elizabeth J., John R.. James 
 T., Mary L., William U., Laura A. and 
 Emma F. ; lost llachel in infancy. 
 Has held the office of Constable for the 
 past twenty years. Democrat. 
 
 Mannaugh, Thomas, Sec. 13; P. 0. Ash- 
 land. 
 
 Marring, M., far., Sec. 24 ; P. 0. Eldon. 
 
 Miller, Wm., far., Sec. 18; P. 0. Ash- 
 land. 
 
 MIIililSACK, J. W., farmer, Sec. 
 4 ; P. 0. Agencv City ; born Aug. 4, 
 1827, in CarrolfCo., Ohio; in 1871, 
 came to his present farm ; owns 250 
 acres land, valued at $25 per acre. 
 Married Catharine Overholt in 1854; 
 she was born in 1832, in Harrison Co., 
 Ohio ; have six children— N. W., T. F., 
 Ida, C. M. C, C. S. and S. F. Repub- 
 lican. 
 
 Millisack, T. O., fiirmer. Sec. 4; P. 0. 
 Ashland. 
 
 MIXGITS, J. D., M. D., Sec. 9 ; P. 
 0. Ashland ; born Jan. 3, 1820, in 
 Lincoln, N. C. ; in 1847, came to Wa- 
 pello Co. ; in 1872, removed to his pres- 
 ent farm ; owns 445 acres, valued at 
 $25 per acre. Married Nancy B. Acton 
 iu July, 1 848 ; she was born in Septem- 
 ber, 1825, in Preble Co., Ohio ; had 
 nine children ; seven living — J. W., 
 Elizabeth A., Amelia J., Harriet P., 
 Mary F., Nancy L., W. F. He com- 
 
 menced the study of medicine in 1841,. 
 and practiced from 1846 to 1851 ; in 
 1865, commenced reading law; was 
 admitted to practice in 1872. Has been 
 a Notary Public since 1864. Repub- 
 lican ; Baptist. 
 
 MOORE, ENOS, deceased; born Feb. 
 1 2, 1 823, in Ohio, and died in Wapello Co. 
 Married Jerusha Newell Aug. 14, 1845 ; 
 she was born July 11, 1827, in Rush 
 Co., Ind. ; came to Wapello Co. in 
 1845 ; she owns 200 acres, valued at 
 $25 per acre ; had nine children ; five 
 living — Anna M., now Mrs. Myers ; S. 
 A., William 0., John R. and Newton 
 N. He was Justice of the Peace, Town- 
 ship Clerk, etc. 
 
 Moore, S. A., far., S. 14; P. 0. Ashland. 
 
 Mulvaney, P., far., S. 18; P. 0. Ashland. 
 
 Myres, D., far., S. 16 ; P. 0. Ashland. 
 
 M\ERS, li. A., farmer. Sec. 15 ; P. 
 0. Eldon; born Dec. 2, 1811, in 
 Preble Co., Ohio; in 1830, came to 
 Elkhart Co., Ind. ; in 1842, came to 
 this Territory, with a view of locating ; 
 returned to Indiana, and in December, 
 
 1844, returned to Wapello Co. and pur- 
 chased the claim, consisting of 320 
 acres, now valued at about $30 per 
 acre. Married Rachel Beck Oct. 6, 
 1838; she was born Aug. 14, 1811, in 
 Kentucky; died Nov. 27, 1846, in 
 Wapello Co. ; had eight children ; four 
 living — Morris B., born June 24, 1834 ; 
 Mary E., now Mrs. Dickson, born Sept. 
 8, 1839 ; Eli W., Feb. 24, 1843, and 
 Ira A., March 5, 1845 ; Sarah A., wife 
 of WiUiam Clark, born Dec. 25, 1837; 
 died June 11, 1867; Christopher A., 
 John F. and F. E. died in infancy. 
 Second marriage to Miss E. M. McNutt 
 Jan. 20, 1848 ; she was born March 9, 
 1824, in Roane Co., Tenn. ; came with 
 her parents to Elkhart Co., Ind., in 
 1832 ; they removed to Wapello Co. in 
 
 1845, and settled in Ashland; had 
 twelve children — eight living — Rachel 
 M., now Mrs. Acton, born Dec. 29, 
 1848 ; Jos. N., June 8, 1850 ; Augusta 
 I., now Mrs. Monroe, May 12, 1853; 
 George M., July 27, 1859 ; Luna A., 
 June 16, 1863 ; Iva L., Dec. 10, 1865 ; 
 Leota E., Oct. 27, 1867 ; Victor A., 
 Aug. 5, 1870 ; Ellen J., Ida J., Louis 
 A. and James E. died in infancy. E. 
 W. enlisted in February, 1861, in Co. 
 
XEWELiIi, L. F., far., Sees. 5 and 
 6 ; P. 0. Agency City ; born Jan. 25, 
 1841, in Warren Co., Ind. ; in 1847, 
 came with his parents to Wapello Co. ; 
 owns 650 acres of land, valued at $40 
 per acre. Married Martha E. Page 
 Feb. 7, 1862 ; she was born March 23, 
 1841, in New Hampshire; have three 
 children — Ida M., Earrie E. and Frank 
 W. Has held most of the township 
 offices. Republican. 
 
 X E W E li L , JOHN D., farmer, 
 Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Agency City ; born Dec. 
 27, 1852, in Wapello Co., and now lives 
 on the land entered by his father ; he 
 owns 133 acres, valued at $40 per acre. 
 Married Ida M., daughter of Dr. Weir, 
 of Agency City, April 26, 1876 ; she 
 was born May, 1852, in Wapello Co. 
 Republican. 
 
WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. 
 
 621 
 
 E, 1 7th I. V. I. ; served about three 
 years. Has been about ten years Jus- 
 tice of the Peace, four years County Su- 
 pervisor, and has held about all the 
 towMsliip offices. Has been member of 
 the M. K. Church for the past forty 
 years ; Democrat. 
 
 MYKRS, KKIIBF.X, farmer, Sec. 
 8 ; V. O. Ashland ; born March 2i>, 
 1815, in York Co., Penn.; in 1817, 
 came with bis parents to Preble (^o., 
 Ohio; in 1830, came to Fountain Co., 
 Ind. ; June 22, 1848, came to Wapello 
 Co. Owns 104 acres of land, valued at 
 $30 per acre. Married Sallic Moore in 
 183G; she was born May 7, 1819, in 
 Ross Co., Ohio; had five children, two 
 living — Thomas J. and Melissa J. (now 
 Mrs. Creath.) llepublican. Member of 
 the M. E. Church. 
 
 "VTELSON, C, far., S. 27 ; P. 0. Eldon. 
 
 Nelson, I. C, blacksmith, Eldon. 
 
 NKWKI.Ii, I)., farmer. Sec. (i ; P. 
 0. Agency City; born Feb. 5, 1830, in 
 Rush Co., [nd. ; in 1847, came* to 
 Wapello Co. ; in 1850, came to his 
 present farm. Owns 660 acres, valued 
 at $30 per acre. Married Glorvina 
 Connelly in 1854; she was born in 
 1832 in Pennsylvania ; have eleven chil- 
 dren—Mary B., L. B., M. A., J. F., 
 E. J., Charles, 0. S., Alberta J., G. 
 W., Winona and Harry. Republican. 
 
 Newell, J. i)., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Agency 
 City. 
 
 Newell, L. F., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Agency 
 City. 
 
 WKWKIili, T. «., ftirmer, Sec. 5; 
 P. 0. Agency City; born April 1, 
 1856, in Wapello Co.; in 1876, re- 
 moved to his present farm. Owns 103 
 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre. 
 Married Catherine Metz Jan. 18, 1876 ; 
 she was born June 2, 1855, in Marion 
 Co., Iowa. Is Secretary of the School 
 Board, llepublican. Member of the 
 M. E. Church. 
 
 Nickleson, George, far.. Sec. 10; P. 0. 
 Ashland. 
 
 Nimocks, Reuel, iar.. Sec. 10; P. 0. 
 Ashland. 
 
 BfOWVIOCK, WIL.LIAM, far.. 
 
 Sec. 14 ; P. O. Eldon ; born Nov. 30, 
 1830, in Delaware Co., Penn.; in 1874, 
 came to his present farm ; owns 196 
 
 acres of land, valued at $25 per acre. 
 Married Susan Huggins May 13, 1860 ; 
 she was born in 1833 in Perry Co., 
 Penn.; have four children — Thadeus, 
 William, James and Verna. Demo- 
 crat. 
 OSBORN, L., far., Sec. 29 ; P. O. 
 Eldon. 
 POWKJ.S, THOS., far.. Sec. 29 ; P. 
 O. Eldon. 
 Pruden, J., far., Sec. 32 ; P. O. Eldon. 
 "O EANDON, W., laborer ; Eldon. 
 
 Rhodes, A., Sec. 13 ; P. 0. Ashland. 
 
 Riggs, J. M., far.. Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Agency 
 City. 
 
 Roberts, L., far., Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Eldon. 
 
 Rogers, J. M., far. Sec. 27 ; P. 0. P^ldon. 
 
 R<>I.A:Rfl>, E. T., Postmaster, 
 Eldon; born Jan. 18, 1844. in Barthol- 
 omew Co., Ind.; in 1850, came to 
 Davis Co., Iowa, with his parents; in 
 1860, came to Clarke Co., Mo.; in 1870, 
 removed to Eldon ; first engaged in the 
 drug business ; was appointed Post- 
 master in 1870; has held this office 
 since ; is Township Assessor, and Sec- 
 retary of the School Board. Married 
 Miss Vina Mummert in 1867 ; she 
 was born in 1846, in Wapello Co. 
 
 Rominger, S. C, Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Eldon. 
 
 Russell, M., mechanic, Eldon. 
 
 Russell, P., blac'ksmith, Eldon. 
 
 APP, H., assistant yardmaster, Eldon. 
 
 S^ 
 
 Shields, A., far., Sec. 14; P. 0. Eldon. 
 Shields, M., far., Sec. 14 ; P. 0. Eldon. 
 Shoemaker, J., far., Sec. 1 ; P. 0. County 
 
 Line. 
 Shore, A., far.. Sec. 23; P. O. Eldon, 
 Simmonds, G. H., druggist, Eldon. 
 Sirles, I., fiir.. Sec. 12 ; P. 0. County Line. 
 Snook, L. D., far., Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Eldon. 
 Sperry, John, far., Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Eldon. 
 Stewart, E., far.. Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Ashland. 
 Stewart, J., far.. Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Ashland. 
 Strickland, M. W., far.. Sec. 11 ; P. 0. 
 
 Ashland. 
 Stewart, W., far., Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Eldon. 
 Sweet, H., laborer, Eldon. 
 n'^ERRY, M. M., far., Sec. 19; P. 0. 
 _1_ Ashland. 
 
 Trott, J. A., merchant. Eldon. 
 Trott, J., engineer, Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Eldon. 
 
 YASS, J. C, far.. Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Ash- 
 land. 
 
622 
 
 DIRECTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY: 
 
 WALKER, J, far., Sec. 1 ; P. 0. 
 County Line. 
 
 WALTER, ANDREW, butcher, 
 Eldon; born Aug. 19, 1846, in Ger- 
 many ; in 1 866, came to New York 
 City ; in 1867, came to Louisville, Ky.; 
 in 1868, to Missouri; in 1870, re- 
 moved to Eldon ; he has been engaged 
 in this business since he was 16 years 
 old. Married Anna Reardon in 1872 ; 
 she was born in 1852 in Ireland ; have 
 two children — Mary and William. 
 Catholic ; Democrat. 
 
 Warren, W. J., far., Sec. 10; P. 0. 
 Ashland. 
 
 WEXTZ, E. F., station agent, C, R. 
 I. & P. R. R., Eldon ; was born May 
 29, 1851, in Broome Co., N. Y.; in 
 1869, came to Ottumwa, Iowa ; was 
 Cashier of the B. & M. R. R. till Jan- 
 uary, 1873; then it consolidated with 
 the C, B. & Q. R. R.; he removed to 
 Belknap, and was appointed joint-agent 
 for the St. L., K. C. & N. R. R. and 
 C, R. I. & P. R. R.; remained there 
 till 1875 ; located at Moberly ; was ap- 
 pointed traveling auditor of the St. L. 
 & K. C. R. R.; continued till 1876, 
 when he removed to Eldon. Married 
 Miss Anna Doxsie Dec. 24, 1877 ; she 
 was born in 1854 in Bloomington, 111. 
 Republican. 
 
 WHITMORE, M., machinist, El- 
 don ; born Nov. 25, 1842, in Jefferson 
 Co., Iowa"; April 2, 1872, came to 
 Eldon ; owns three houses and lots in 
 
 Eldon ; has been a member of the 
 
 Council. Greenbacker. 
 Williams, J., far., Sec. 2 ; P. 0. Ashland. 
 WOL.F, JOHN, Sec. 20; P. 0. 
 
 Eldon ; born Jan. 3, 1812, in Ireland ; 
 in 1832, came to New York; in 1834, 
 to Louisiana ; in 1866, removed to 
 Wapello Co. Owns 120 acres of land, 
 valued at $15 per acre. Married Miss 
 N. Willis in 1841 ; she was born in 
 1811 in Ireland; died in February, 
 
 1875 ; had eight children ; one living — 
 Elizabeth (now Mrs. Terry). Was en- 
 gaged in the United States Branch 
 Mint, at New Orleans, for about twenty- 
 three years. 
 
 Wood, T., blacksmith, Eldon. 
 
 WRIGHT, S. M., farmer, residence 
 Eldon ; born April 30, 1815, in Brown 
 Co., Ohio; September, 1830, came to 
 Fountain Co., Ind. ; in 1840, came to 
 Des Moines Co., Iowa; May 1, 1843, 
 removed to Wapello Co. ; one of the 
 earliest settlers of the county ; owns 
 100 acres of land in Sees. 15 and 21; 
 also property in town. Was the first 
 Coroner elected for Wapello Co. ; has 
 been County Superintendent for 1875, 
 
 1876 and 1877 ; was Postmaster at Old 
 Ashland. Married Hannah E. Lyle 
 Feb. 22, 1853 ; she was born in 1833, 
 in Pennsylvania ; have two children — 
 Emery C. and George W. Repub- 
 lican ; M. E. Church. 
 
 'XT'ODER, J., laborer, Eldon. 
 
 RICHLAND TOWNSHIP. 
 
 ARGENBRIGHT, JOHN, laborer, 
 Kirkville. 
 ARNOIiD, J. M., farmer. Sec. 34; 
 P. 0. Ottumwa; born in Shelby Co., 
 Ind., Feb. 24, 1848 ; came to Wapello 
 Co. with his parents at 7 years of age. 
 Dec. 8, 1872, married Sarah C. Snyder, 
 who was born in Bartholomew Co., Ind., 
 March 18, 1854; have three children — 
 William C, born Sept. 19, 1873 ; Rosa 
 E., March 18, 1875; Carl Frederick, 
 March 2, 1877. Democrat. Owns 99J 
 acres of land, valued at $4,200 ; has a 
 dairy of sixteen cows. 
 
 ARNOLD, WM. F., farmer. Sec. 
 27 ; P. 0. Ottumwa ; son of George W. 
 Arnold, deceased, who was born in Union 
 Co., Ind., Feb. 22, 1821 ; came to Wa- 
 pello Co., Iowa, in 1856, and died there 
 March 14, 1876. George W. Arnold 
 was married on March 3, 1843, to 
 Mary A. Carr, born in Ohio May 31, 
 182,3, and removed with her parents to 
 Ripley Co., Ind., at 4 years of age; 
 their children are J. M., born Feb. 24, 
 1848; John C, Oct. 15, 1849; Ruthy 
 J., Nov. 4, 1854; Wm. F., Sept. 26. 
 1857; G. W., Dec. 4, i860. He was 
 
RICHLAND TOWNSHIP. 
 
 628 
 
 a member of the Church of Christ for 
 many years, as are also his widow and 
 daughter. He left 194 acres and 
 property at his death, valued at $8,000 ; 
 the homestead is held by Mrs. Mary A. 
 Arnold, his widow, and her two young- 
 est sons, William and George. 
 
 Arthur, Henry, shoemaker, Kirkville. 
 
 Ayers, John W., wagon-maker, Kirkville. 
 
 BAIRD, JOS. C, flirmer. Sec. 18 ; P. 
 0. Kirkville. 
 
 Baker, L. T., far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 BALL, W. €}., former. See. 30 ; P. 
 0. Chillicothe ; born in Beaver Co., 
 Penn., Oct. 20, 1845; removed with 
 his parents to Hancock Co., W. Va., 
 when a child ; to Jefferson Co., Iowa, 
 in 1854 ; thence to Wapello Co. in 1876. 
 Aug. 2, 1867, was married to S. F. 
 Michael, the first white child born in 
 Polk Co., Iowa ; have four children — 
 Charles W., born March 27, 1868; 
 Alwilda, Oct. 13, 1872; Joseph D.', 
 April 22, 1876; George R., July 28, 
 1878. Entered the army July 17, 
 1863, Co. B, 8th I. V. C; was in serv- 
 ice two years ; wounded in a skirmish 
 with Hood's advance at Florence, Ala., 
 and permanently disabled. Republican. 
 Real estate consists of two city lots, 
 valued at $1,200. Has commenced the 
 breeding of fine horses and has as fine a 
 three-year-old colt as can be found in 
 the State. 
 
 Barker, J. A., far.. Sec. 4 ; P. 0. Kirk- 
 ville. 
 
 Barnes, S., far.. Sec. 16 ; P. 0. Kirkville. 
 
 Beck, David, retired farmer, Kirkville. 
 
 Bell, N., far.. Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Biggs, B. F., far., Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Bissdl, W., far.. Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Kirkville. 
 
 Blackburn, Robert, blacksmith, Kirkville. 
 
 Bradley, F., far., Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Brown, H. H., far., Sec. 26 ; P. 0. Kirk- 
 ville. 
 
 Brown, A., far.. Sec. 28 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Brown, F., far.. Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Kirkville. 
 
 BUXCUTTER, W. C, far.. Sec. 
 35 ; p. 0. Ottumwa; born in Frederick 
 Co., Va., Feb. 8, 1822 ; came to Cham- 
 paign Co., Ohio, at 25 years of age ; 
 lived there nineteen years ; removed to 
 Lee Co., Iowa ; thence in the spring of 
 1869, to Wapello Co. Married on the 
 18th of April, 1850, Mary McKeever ; 
 born in Chester Co., Penn., Feb. 9, 1828 ; 
 
 their children are Hattie E., born Sept. 
 26, 1851 ; Blanche E., bcrn Nov. 14, 
 1852 ; Harlan, born June 20, 1861. 
 Democrat. Member of the M. E. 
 Church with his wife and daughter ; has 
 one daughter mai'ried — a resident of 
 Wapello Co. 
 
 Buxton, H., far., Sec. 14 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Buxton, J., far.. Sec. 13 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 r^ARPENTER, L. D., farmer. Sec. 36; 
 
 \J P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 CARVER, JOHN H., rethed 
 farmer, Kirkville ; native of Harrison 
 Co., Ohio, born Dec. 2, 1818; came 
 with his mother to Washington Co.. 
 Penn., when a child ; in 1839, removed 
 to Ripley Co., Ind. ; thence to Richland 
 Tp., Wapello Co., Iowa, spring of 1849. 
 Married in Ripley Co., Ind., Mary G. 
 Thackery, now deceased ; married again 
 in 1853, Margaret J. Barton ; his 
 children are Luther R., James M., Isaac 
 N., Homer B., Clara M., Cora 0., 
 Samuel A., Thomas N., Chaj-les E., 
 Harry L. and Bailey. Mr. Carver, wife 
 and five children, members of the M. 
 E. Church. Has held several minor 
 offices ; served his country as Representa- 
 tive to the State Legislature during the 
 Thirteenth and Fourteenth sessions of 
 that body ; was upon the County Board 
 of Supervisors four years. An earnest 
 Republican. Owns 565 acres of land 
 in Wapello Co., valued at $17,000. 
 
 Carpenter, L. M., farmer, Sec. 36 ; P. 0. 
 Ottumwa. 
 
 Carr, Josiah, Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Carr, Samuel, S. 27 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Carson, Isaac, far., S. 15 ; P. 0. Kirkville. 
 
 Chamberlin, L. A., cheese mfr., Sec. 8 ; P. 
 0. Kirkville. 
 
 Check. A. J., laborer, Kirkville. 
 
 Clefford, D., far., Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Kirkville. 
 
 Cole, W. W., far., S. 6 ; P, 0. Kirkville. 
 
 Cole, W., retired farmer, Kirkville. 
 
 COMSTOCK, A. B., M. D., 
 
 farmer, Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Kirkville ; was 
 born in Franklin Co., Ohio, near Colum- 
 bus, March 1, 1818; came to Iowa, 
 April 9, 1837, crossing the Mississippi 
 at Fort Madison, into what was then 
 Wisconsin Territory ; came into Richland 
 Tp. in the summer of 1843. The same 
 season the country was opened for set- 
 tlement, there being at that timetwentv- 
 four families besides his own in the 
 
624 
 
 DIRECTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY ; 
 
 township, and probably about four hun- 
 dred inhabitants in the county. Married 
 June 17, 1838, at Bentonsport, Van 
 Buren Co., to Sarah Ann Sullivan ; born 
 in Lincoln Co., Mo., July 2, 1821 ; had 
 twelve children, six living — Francis J., 
 born Nov. 21, 1839 ; James H., born 
 Dec. 1, 1841 ; Chloe J., born Oct. 25, 
 1843; Alanson B., Jr., born April 1, 
 1848; Frances M., born March 24, 
 1850; Sally Ann, born July 27, 1859. 
 His first vote was cast for Harrison in 
 1 836. Has always voted the Republican 
 ticket until this fall ; voted National. 
 Represented his county in the first State 
 Legislature ever convened. Had two sons 
 in the army, one of whom was wounded 
 with a musket-ball in the foot. Frank 
 was mustered out of service as Lieutenant 
 of cavalry. Dr. Comstock was educated 
 at Augusta College, Ky. ; read for his 
 profession under the instruction of hisi^ 
 father. Dr. James Comstock, at Hamil- 
 ton, Ohio, and followed his profession 
 for twenty-five years. For a year after 
 coming to Wapello Co., was one of three 
 physicians upon whom all the medical 
 practice of the county devolved. His 
 hearing becoming greatly impaired, the 
 practice of his profession was abandoned, 
 and for many years he has been exten- 
 sively engaged in raising stock, feeding 
 and farming ; consumes all his corn at 
 home ; his cattle are good grade stock, 
 about one-half being half-bloods ; has 
 483 acres of land, valued at $16,000. 
 Cowan, D. B., laborer, S. 31 ; P. 0. Kirk- 
 ville. 
 
 DAVIS, J. R., farmer, Sec. 27 ; P. 0. 
 Ottumwa. 
 
 Dickson, Alex., far., S. 34 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 DIXSIIORE, l>. C, physician and 
 surgeon, Kirkville ; born in York Co., 
 Penn., Dec. 10, 1830; read with Dr. 
 D. L. Firestone in Wayne Co., Ohio, 
 and graduated at Western Reserve Med- 
 ical CoUese, Cleveland, Ohio, Feb. 26, 
 1861 ; removed to Iowa and located for 
 practice in Martinsburg, Keokuk Co. 
 After attending his first course of lect- 
 ures, winter of 1855-56, entered the 
 army as 1st Lieutenant of cavalry in 
 1861 ; mustered out with the rank of 
 Captain after three years' service on the 
 frontier. June, 1865, resumed practice, 
 locating in Kirkville. April 2, 1863, 
 
 married Cyrilla J. Andrew ; born in< 
 Lafayette Co., Ind., March 7, 1834: 
 their children are Jessie, born May 
 12, 1867; Clara, born July 4, 1869; 
 Henry, born Dec. 17, 1870 ; Florence, 
 born Oct. 28, 1873; Henrietta, born 
 Nov. 10, 1874; Helen, born Sept. 20, 
 1876. Mrs. Dinsmore is a member of 
 the Presbyterian Church ; Republican. 
 
 Devol, Harris, farmer. Sec. 14; P. 0. 
 Kirkville. 
 
 Devol, W. L., farmer. Sec. 24; P. O. Ot- 
 tumwa. 
 
 DOTY, J. J., farmer. Sec. 11 ; P. 0. 
 Ottumwa; born in Henry Co., 111., Sept. 
 21, 1843; removed to Wapello Co., 
 March, 1872; to Richland Tp. in 1875. 
 Married Annette GourleyOct. 13, 1864 ; 
 she was born'in Peoria Co., 111., Oct. 26, 
 1845 ; has three children — J. R., born 
 Nov. 17, 1865; S. E., born July 11, 
 1868; Eddie T. G., born June 22, 
 1873. Owns 160 acres of land, valued 
 at $6,000. Members of the M. E. 
 Church. Enlisted in the army, in the 
 134th 111. V I., Co. H ; was discharged 
 after one year's service, upon Surgeon's 
 certificate of disability. Republican. 
 
 DOW D,I.. E.MRS., far, S. 34; P.O. 
 Ottumwa; owns eighty acres land, valued 
 at $40 per acre; born in Putnam Co., 
 Ind., in 1822. Married her first husband, 
 Mr. Slaven, June 1, 1843; moved to 
 Wapello Co. in 1852 ; Mr. Slaven died 
 in 1869 ; married Mr. Dowd, a Baptist 
 preacher, who died in 1878; Mrs. 
 Dowd's maiden name was L. E. Good- 
 win ; Mr. Dowd was from Massachu- 
 setts; born in 1807; Mrs. D. had, by 
 her first husband, ten children, five liv- 
 ing — George T., Harrison H., Hetta,^ 
 Bertha, Allie M. ; five dead — John K., 
 Jane, Isadora, Ora and R. Salathiel. 
 
 EDGAR, R. C, farmer. Sec. 16 ; P. 0. 
 Kirkville. 
 Edgar, Wm., far.. Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Kirkville. 
 Eichelberger, A., miller, Kirkville. 
 TpARRAR, OSCAR, Kirkville. 
 
 FAII.YER, ADAM li., farmer. 
 Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Kirkville ; born in Cum- 
 berland Co., Penn., Dec. 23, 1837 ; re- 
 moved with his parents to Mahaska Co., 
 Iowa, May 22, 1847 ; to Wapello Co. 
 three years later. His father, George 
 Failyer, was born in Cumberland Co.,. 
 
RICHLAND TOWNSHIP. 
 
 625 
 
 Penn., Oct. 12, 1795 ; married Margaret 
 Best, native of same county, and died 
 Sept. 13, 1875, his wife following him 
 Feb. 23, 1877; their children were 
 Mary Ann, born March 26, 1835, who 
 married Chas. Harding, and Adam L., 
 unmarried and at present residing upon 
 the old homestead of seventy acres, val- 
 uation $1,500; has other real estate in 
 Mahaska Co. Democrat ; his parents 
 were members of the M. E. Church. 
 
 Farrar, Wm., feather renovator, Kirkville. 
 
 Fisher, Alex., far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Fisher, Wm., far., S. 14; P. 0. Kirkvillle. 
 
 Forsyth, Geo., far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Kirkville. 
 
 Forsyth, James, far., S. 18 ; P. 0. Kirkville. 
 
 Forsyth, J. F., far., S. 3; P. 0. Kirkville. 
 
 Foster, Caleb, far., S. 6 ; P. 0. Kirkville. 
 
 Fulton, J. C, far. ; Kirkville. 
 
 Funk, Elisha, far., S. 13, P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 GHOLSTON, DANIEL, far. ; Kirk- 
 ville. 
 
 GITHENS, J. T., farmer, Sec 2 ; 
 P. 0. Kirkville : born in Decatur Co., 
 Ind., Jan. 23, 1826; came to Keokuk, 
 Iowa, in 185(5 ; to Wapello Co., spring 
 of 1868 ; worked at his trade as a wagon- 
 maker in Ohio one year, and was mar- 
 ried there Oct. 1, 1846, to Kesiah 
 Miller, born July 29, 1826 ; their chil- 
 dren are Clara, born Dec. 9, 1849 ; 
 Wm. Henry, born March 25, 1852; 
 Samuel A., born Aug. 18, 1854 ; Frank- 
 lin C, born April 2, 1857; John A., 
 born Oct. 11, 1863. Member of the 
 Kirkville Christian Church, with his 
 wife and two children. Has 254 acres 
 of real estate in this county, valued at 
 $10,200, and other property outside the 
 county limits. 
 
 Goodwin, Rolla, far.. Sees. 34 and 35 ; 
 P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Goodwin, Samuel H. 
 
 Gourley, James R., far.. Sec. 11; P. 0. 
 Kirkville. 
 
 Griffith, F., far., Sec. 19; P. 0. Kirkville. 
 
 Griffith, T., far., Sec. 19 ; P. O. Kirkville. 
 
 HARLAN, J. A., far., Sec. 36 ; P. 0. 
 Ottumwa. 
 
 HAMIIiTOX, JONEPHH., far , 
 
 Sec. 1 5 ; P. 0. Kirkville ; born in 
 Washington Co., Penn., March 19, 
 1821 ; lived there until 24 years of 
 age ; removed to Jefferson Co., where 
 he lived twenty-eight years ; came to 
 Wapello Co., Iowa, in 1873. Married 
 
 Dec. 3, 1846, Mary Johnson, of Har- 
 rison Co., Ohio, born March 29, 1821 ; 
 has one son living — John A., born 
 June 24, 1860 ; a daughter, Sarah E., 
 died at 5 years of age. Has always 
 followed farming, and is now beginning 
 the business of raising fine-grade cattle. 
 Has 230 i acres of land, valued at 
 $10,000. Democrat. Presbyterian, as 
 is also his wife. 
 
 HARDESTEY, THOMAS, far , 
 Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Ottumwa ; born in Ran- 
 dolph Co., N. C, Jan. 11, 1811 ; came 
 to Parke Co., Ind., in 1832 ; two years 
 after, removed to the Flint Hills, Black 
 Hawk Purchase, Wisconsin Territory, 
 near where Burlington, Iowa, now 
 stands ; in the fall of 1835, went to Ft. 
 Madison; in 1843, to Lee County; in 
 the fall of 1845, located in Wapello Co. 
 March 8, 1842, Married Maria Stephen- 
 son, a native of Indiana, born in July, 
 1819, and died Feb. 28, 1868 ; their 
 children are William, born April 29, 
 1843 ; Elizabeth, born March 24. 1845 ; 
 Mary Ann, born Dec. 11, 1847 ; Han- 
 nah, born April 27, 1849; Samuel, 
 born Dec. 20, 1855 ; Louisa, born June 
 24, 1858; Lincoln, born Oct. 29,1861. 
 Has given five of his children 1 00 acres 
 of land each, one 153 acres, and one 
 120 acres; holds 260 acres of land, val- 
 ued at $10,500 ; the whole 1,033 acres 
 the accumulations of his own honest in- 
 dustry since coming into the State a 
 poor man, without capital or education. 
 Voted the Greenback ticket in 1878. 
 
 Harris, R. G., far., Sec. 35 ; P. 0. 
 Ottumwa. 
 
 Harrison, Wm., teamster, Kirkville. 
 
 Haskett, S. A., far.. Sec. 18; P. 0. Kirk- 
 ville. 
 
 Hill, J., far., Sec. 23; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Hirst, W., far.. Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Kirkville. 
 
 House, A., retired far., Kirkville. 
 
 TOHNSON, R. P., merchant, Kirkville. 
 
 Jones, Hulbert, shoemaker, Kirkville. 
 Jones, 0., far.. Sees. 5 and 8 ; P. 0. Kirk- 
 ville. 
 Johnston, E., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Kirkville. 
 
 KIRKPATRICK, GEORGE W., 
 merchant, Kirkville. 
 Kerfoot, E. C. 
 
 Kirkpatrick, H. K., far., S. 2 ; P. 0. Kirk- 
 ville. 
 
626 
 
 DIRECTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY; 
 
 KIRKPATRICK, JOHX, re- 
 
 tired farmer, Kirkville ; born in Guern- 
 sey Co., Ohio, Aug. 25, 1808 ; removed 
 to Vermilion Co., 111., at 26 years of 
 age, and from there to Wapello Co., 
 Iowa, in Au<j:ust, 1844. Married Mary 
 Ann Kyger Sept. 9, 1830 ; she was a 
 native of Monroe Co., Ohio ; born Feb. 
 5, 1811 ; their children now living are 
 Hannah Jane, born Dec. 8, 1833; 
 Henry R., born June 29, 1842 ; Thomas, 
 May 29, 1848; John M., Jan. 19, 1852. 
 All members of the M. E. Church ; is 
 a Republican. Has never sought office 
 or inclined to public life, but has served 
 his county as Supervisor. Holds about 
 $4,000 of real estate in his own hands, 
 and has a life interest in property valued 
 at SI 1,000 more. 
 
 Kirkpatrick, John M., far., Sec. 4 ; P. 0. 
 Kirkville. 
 
 Ketterman, Samuel, for., S. 22 ; P. 0. Ot- 
 tumwa. 
 
 Kerlin, G. A., far.,S. 20 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Kurtz, Peter. 
 
 LOCK, THOMAS P., farmer. Sec. 14 ; 
 P. O. Ottumwa. 
 
 L.AXDIS, J. P., farmer, Sec. 7 ; P. 
 0. Kirkville; born in Cumberland Co., 
 Penn., Nov. 20, 1832 ; his parents, Ja- 
 cob and Mary Landis, were natives of 
 Pennsylvania ; his mother was left a 
 widow with four children ; married 
 George Failyer. J. P. Landis, the 
 youngest of the family, was a young 
 child at the time of his mother's second 
 marriage. Has never married. Is a 
 Democrat. Has 148 acres of land in 
 Columbia Tp., valued at $3,000 ; has 
 never prospected for coal on his property, 
 but there is a paying vein of good coal 
 four feet thick opened within half a mile 
 of his land. 
 
 Loving, Orville, carpenter, Kirkville. 
 
 MAJORS, JAMES, ^retired farmer ; 
 P. O. Kirkville. 
 
 Marshal, Joshua, farmer and coal dealer, 
 Kirkville. 
 
 MARSHALL, RALPH, farmer, 
 Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Ottumwa ; born in 
 Bracken Co., Ky., Feb. 10, 1812 ; came 
 to Preble Co., Ohio, in 1814 ; in 1856, 
 moved to Iowa and settled in Mahaska 
 Co, ; came to Richland Tp., Wapello 
 Co., in 1860. Married Jane B. Small, 
 a native of Ohio, Jan. 25, 1838; their 
 
 children are W. P., born March 20, 
 1841; E. J., born Feb. 13, 1844. Mrs. 
 Marshall died May 3, 1844. Ralph Mar- 
 shall married on Oct. 4, 1845, Mary 
 Helm; born in Ohio May 31, 1825; 
 their children are Berentha A., born Nov. 
 13, 1846 ; Sarah E., born May 27, 
 1848; Sylvester H., born June 13, 
 1850 ; Emma S., born May 28, 1852 ; 
 Margaret died at 13 years of age; Caro- 
 line died in infancy ; Sophronia A., born 
 May 6, 1860 ; Marion C, born Feb. 7, 
 1862 ; Ziba Allen, born July 4, 1864. 
 Democrat. Voted for Jackson when 
 elected President. Was Justice of the 
 Peace in Mahaska Co., Iowa. Owns 160 
 acres of real estate, forty of it valuable 
 coal land — the whole valued at $6,500. 
 Has a small dairy of seven cows. 
 
 Marshall, S. H.,far., S. 23 ; P. O. Ottumwa. 
 
 MICHAEL, ADDISON, Sec. 30 ; 
 P. 0. Chillicothe ; was born in Rocking- 
 ham Co., W. Va., March 8, 1820 ; came 
 to Iowa in 1841, locating in Van Buren 
 Co., which was then the line between 
 the whites and Indians. Married Dec. 
 18. 1843, Mary J. Sailor ; born in Indian- 
 apolis Nov. 10, 1827 ; died March 4, 
 1850 ; has had four children, only one 
 is living — Sarah F., born at Fort Des 
 Moines "Oct. 20, 1845 ; married W. G. 
 Ball. The others are deceased — Eunice 
 A., born July 19, 1847; George H., 
 born Jan. 29, 1849 ; Mary J., born Feb. 
 19, 1850. Enlisted as Chief Cook and 
 Regimental Tailor in the 7th Iowa V. 
 C. at Des Moines, Feb. 17, 1862, and 
 was on duty on the plains among the 
 Indians four and one half years. Demo- 
 crat. Resides with his daughter in Rich- 
 land Tp. Was the first Justice of the 
 Peace in Des Moines City ; elected to 
 that office in 1846, there being then but 
 three in Polk Co. At the election in 
 1848, was made Clerk, Collector, Treas- 
 urer and Recorder of the county. 
 
 Moore, D., far.. See. 19; P. 0. Kirkville. 
 
 Muldoon, M., far , S. 23 : P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Murray, W. A., far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 McCarroll, R. S., farmer, Sec. 6 ; P. O. 
 Kirkville. 
 
 McClure, J., far., Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Kirkville. 
 
 McCOLLOUGH, SAMUEL, 
 
 far., Sec. 10; P. 0. Kirkville; born in 
 Westmoreland Co., Penn., Dec. 7, 1831 ; 
 came to Van Buren Co., Iowa, at 19 
 
RICHLAND TOWNSHIP. 
 
 627 
 
 years of age ; remained a few months ; 
 removed to Wapello Co. with his father, 
 David McCollough, who died Sept. 29, 
 
 1872. Married April 10, 1856, Ann 
 Eliza, danghter of Dr. Kirkpatrick, of 
 Vermilion Co., 111., where she was born 
 March 27, 1841 ; their children are 
 Mary Jane, born Jan. 20, 1857 ; J. A. 
 M., born Nov. 8, 1858 ; Thomas H., born 
 Jan. 1, 1861 ; Ira K, born Oct. 5, 
 1865; Margaret M., Jan. 15, 1870; 
 David H., Jan. 22, 1875. Parents and 
 three oldest children members of the 
 Kirkville Presbyterian Church ; Mr. 
 McCollough has been Township Trustee 
 and Clerk, and County Supervisor ; is 
 also a ruling Elder in the Presbyterian 
 Church ; has 160 acres of real property, 
 valued at $6,000. 
 
 McCFKK, J. H., physician and sur- 
 geon, Kirkville ; born in Canton, 111., 
 June 3, 1846 ; came to Fairfield, Iowa, 
 when a boy, and from there to Mifflin 
 Co., Penn. ; in 1866, studied his pro- 
 fession with Dr. Rothrock McVeyton, 
 and after one course of medical lect- 
 ures, in Keokuk, commenced practice 
 in Wapello Co. in 1870; after practi- 
 cing three years, entered Rush Medical 
 College, Chicago, for a second course of 
 lectures, and graduated from that insti- 
 tution in spring of 1874. May 7, 
 
 1873, married Anna E. Narver, of Osca- 
 loosa, Iowa, who was born in that city 
 March 3, 1853 ; have one child — Lillie, 
 born Sept. 1, 1876. Members of the 
 Presbyterian Church. Is actively en- 
 gaged in the practice of his profession. 
 
 McGlasson, Gr. B., miller, Kirkville. 
 
 McGrlasson, J. S., physician, Kirkville. 
 
 McGlasson, J. W., far. ; P. 0. Kirkville. 
 
 McGlasson, L. D., far. ; P. 0. Kirkville. 
 
 McLain, Wilson, far.. Sec. 18; P.O.Kirk- 
 ville. 
 
 McMullen, James, far., Sec. 24 ; P. 0. 
 Ottumwa. 
 
 McNair, F. L., far.. Sec. 16 ; P. 0. Kirk- 
 ville. 
 
 McNair, J. M., far., S. 16, P. 0. Kirkville. 
 
 OWENS, J. J., farmer and teamster, 
 Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Kirkville. ■ 
 OCjJDEN, JAMES M., farmer. Sec. 
 15 ; P. 0. Kirkville ; born in Parke 
 Co., Ind., June 27, 1837 ; came to Ma- 
 haska Co., Iowa, in the fall of 1844; 
 enlisted July 21, 1862, in Company E, 
 
 33d Iowa Infantry, as a musician ; dis- 
 charged Aug. 17, 1865. April 2, 1867, 
 married Lavina J. Snyder, who was 
 killed in the Mercer Co. tornado July 
 4, 1876 (with her little daughter Grace, 
 aged 65 years), leaving two children, 
 Henrietta, born Nov. 13, 1872, and 
 Mary E., born May 5, 1876; July 2, 
 1878, married Alice J., daughter of 
 Abraham Sinard, one of the pioneers 
 of Wapello Co., who was born in Bour- 
 bon Co., Ky., June 21, 1791 ; removed 
 to Ohio in 1796 ; to Sangamon Co., 
 111., in 1819, and to Wapello Co., Iowa, 
 in 1845. Mr. Sinard was married Sept. 
 2, 1810, to Mary Lewis, born in Ken- 
 tucky May 22, 1792, and who died Jan. 
 9, 1858 ; their children were Thos. J., 
 born June 20, 1 8 1 1 , deceased ; John L., 
 born Dec. 14, 1813; Eliza R., born June 
 24, 1815, deceased ; William, born June 
 1, 1818, deceased ; Belinda, born Feb. 
 14, 1820, deceased ; Susanna C, born 
 Dec. 23, 1821, deceased; Mary Ann, 
 born Oct. 27, 1823, deceased ; Cyrus, 
 born Oct. 14, 1825 ; Abraham, born 
 July 5, 1827 ; AHce J., born March 26, 
 1830 ; David and Jacob, born March 
 14, 1832, died in infancy ; Abraham 
 Sinard died July 22, 1871. Mr. Ogden 
 is living on the oid Sinard homestead ; 
 has eighty acres of land, valued at 
 $3,600. Republican ; member of the 
 Baptist Church ; Mrs. Ogden is a mem- 
 ber of the M. E. Church. 
 
 PAGE, I. E.,merchant and Postmaster; 
 Kirkville. 
 
 Parker, H., far.. Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Parker, H. J., far., S. 27 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Parker, John W,, far., Sec. 26; P. 0. 
 Ottumwa. 
 
 Parks, John, far., S. 27 ; P. 0. Kirkville. 
 
 Pelham, W. S.,fiir.,S.16; P. 0. Kirkville. 
 
 PICKEX, J. E., larmer. Sec. 11 ; 
 P. 0. Kirkville ; bora in Harrison Co., 
 Ohio, April 5, 1837 ; came to Wapello 
 Co. in 1848 ; settled in Richland Tp. 
 July 7, 1869. Married Eliza B. Lyons, 
 native of Pennsylvania, born in Alle- 
 gheny Co. March 17, 1847 ; have had 
 six children, two only living — Nettie, 
 born Feb. 8, 1872; Gracie, born Aug. 
 29, 1877. Republican ; cast his first 
 vote for Abraham Lincoln in Sierra Co., 
 Cal., and was on the Pacific coast from 
 1857 until after the war closed ; owns 
 
628 
 
 DIRECTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY: 
 
 240 acres of real estate, valued at 
 $9,600. 
 
 PIKE, Gf. W., carpenter and farmer, 
 Sec. 7 ; P. O. Kirkville ; born in Dear- 
 born Co., Ind., Nov. 11, 1815; in the 
 spring of 1847, moved over the line into 
 Boone Co., Ky.; in the spring of 1850, 
 came into Wapello. In February, 
 1887, married Catharine Reggs, a native 
 of Chautauqua Co., who died in AugTist, 
 1839. Sept. 29, 1842, married Pru- 
 dence J. Ross, born in Dauphin Co., 
 Penn., Jan. 11, 1822; has had ten 
 children, only two of whom are living, 
 viz., Mary C., born Nov. 20, 1845 ; 
 married Meares C. Halloway ; Martha 
 E., born Sept. 22, 1863; one son was 
 in the army nearly two and one-half 
 years ; died May 30, 1877. Independ- 
 ent in politics ; Methodist in religion, 
 with his wife and daughter. Owns 40 
 acres of land, worth SI, 000. 
 
 Pike, John B., prop, saw-mill, Kirkville. 
 
 Pitman, W. A., blacksmith, Kirkville. 
 
 "pEECE, A. J., farmer, Kirkville. 
 
 Reese, C. W., plasterer, Kirkville. 
 
 Reeves, Geo., far., S. 13 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Reeves, R. T., far., S. 22 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Richards, H., far.,S. 25; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Riley M., far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Riley, P., far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Roop, A., miller, Kirkville. 
 
 Rowland, John, farmer, Ottumwa. 
 
 Rubel, John W., far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Kirk- 
 ville. 
 
 Rubel, M. E. S., far., S. 17 ; P. 0. Kirk- 
 ville. 
 
 Runyan, J. A., engr. grist-mill, Kirkville. 
 
 SANDERS, C. T., f\ir., S. 8 ; P. 0. 
 Kirkville. 
 
 Shrader, G. B., far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Kirkville. 
 
 Sinnard, Cyrus, druggist, Kirkville. 
 
 Sloan, W. M., far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 SI.UTTS, THEOPHIL.ITS, far., 
 Sec. 8 ; P. O. Kirkville ; born in Tus- 
 carawas Co., Ohio, July 18, 1823. 
 Married in his native county, and came 
 to Iowa in the fall of 1863; was en- 
 gaged in merchandising at Zoar Station, 
 on a branch of the Cleveland & Wells- 
 ville R. R., at the same time conducting 
 the business of the station and carry- 
 ing on farming. April 9, 1846, mar- 
 ried Eliza Reed ; she was born in Har- 
 rison Co., Ohio, July 20, 1826; their 
 
 children are William, born Nov. 16, 
 1846 (died in infancy) ; Rebecca, 
 Sept. 24, 1848; Henrietta, Oct. 28, 
 1850 ; John, Dec. 3, 1852 ; B. F., 
 April 15, 1855; Deborah, Oct. 31, 
 1857; Angelina, Nov. 1, 1859; Mag- 
 gie L., Aug. 22, 1862 ; all but youngest 
 child are members of the M. E. Church. 
 Was a member of the Board of Super- 
 visors for Wapello Co. one term. Owns 
 235 acres of land, valued at $10,500. 
 Mrs. Slutts lost three brothers in the 
 Union army during the late war ; Jacob 
 and Daniel died in hospital of disease 
 contracted in the service ; Franklin was 
 taken prisoner at the battle of Chicka- 
 mauga, and died in pi'ison in Kentucky ; 
 date of death unknown. 
 
 Speer, A. P., far., S. 4 ; P. 0. Kirkville. 
 
 Speer, R. G., far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Kirkville. 
 
 SPEXCER, I. W., former, Sec. 29 ; 
 P. 0. Kirkville ; born in Berkshire Co., 
 Mass., Jan. 26, 1813 ; went into Spring- 
 field, Ohio, in 1832 ; engaged in mer- 
 chandising in 1866 ; removed to Wapel- 
 lo Co.; since, has been farming. Mar- 
 ried Feb. 21, 1838, Rezia Houck ; she 
 was born in Frederick Co., Md., Oct. 3, 
 1817 ; had eight children, four living — 
 William F., born Jan. 23, 1840 ; Mary 
 A., Oct. 22, 1846 ; I. Albert, Dec. 31, 
 1851, and Ellen, Sept. 10, 1854. Had 
 one son and one son-in-law in the U. S. 
 army ; William F., his son, entered the 
 army with the 45th Ohio V. I., and was 
 in service with the army of the Ten- 
 nessee about three years ; was in the bat- 
 tles of Knoxville, Atlanta, Franklin, 
 Nashville and all the engagements under 
 Thomas after Sherman left for the sea. 
 Members of the Presbyterian Church. 
 Owns 120 acres of real estate, valued 
 at $4,500. Hard-money Republican. 
 
 SPRY, H. N., farmer and thresher. 
 Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Ottumwa ; born in 
 Champaign Co., Ohio, June 2, 1832 ; 
 came to Wapello Co. in 1866. Married 
 Oct. 30, 1856, to Emerilla Bane, native 
 of Ohio; she was born April 7, 1837 ; 
 their children are John H., born Oct. 
 
 13, 1857 ; Sarah Alice, Nov. 7, 1859 ; 
 Susan Louisa, Sept. 4, 1864 ; George 
 Franklin, Nov. 14, 1867 ; Dora E., Oct. 
 
 14, 1871, and Nellie, June 14, 1874. 
 Republican, but not a strict partisan ; 
 member of the M. E. Church, with wife 
 
RICHLAND TOWNSHIP. 
 
 629 
 
 and one child. Owns 1-40 acres of land, 
 
 valued at $5,600. 
 Spurgeon, C. F., far.. Sec. 15; P. 0. 
 
 Ottumwa. 
 Spurgeon, Samuel, Sec. 15, Ottumwa. 
 Stephenson, J., Justice of the Peace, Kirk- 
 
 ville. 
 Stoops, W. R., far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 Strawn, N., farmer and blacksmith, S. 10; 
 
 P. 0. Kirkville. 
 
 TAYLOR, THOMAS, farmer, Sec. 13 ; 
 P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Thomas, B. F., far., Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Kirk- 
 ville. 
 
 Thompson, A. H., farmer and coal-miner. 
 Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Kirkville. 
 
 Thompson, John P., far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Kirk- 
 ville. 
 
 Thompson, T. J., far.. Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Kirk- 
 ville. 
 
 Thompon, W., far.. Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Ot- 
 tumwa. 
 
 TIXDEL.I., R. H., farmer, Sec. 27 ; 
 P. 0. Ottumwa; born in Knox Co., 
 East Tenn., Jan 30, 1821 ; came to Car- 
 roll Co., Ind., at 8 years of age ; then to 
 Iowa in 1848 ; settled in Wapello Co., 
 and followed his trade as a carpenter for 
 some years. Married Angelina Sloan, a 
 nativeof Blount Co., Tenn., Feb. 20, 
 1851 ; she was born March 17, 1820 ; 
 they have four children — Margaret, born 
 Nov. 20, 1852; Ellen, born Aug. 2, 
 1854; Nancy, born Feb. 25, 1857; 
 Amelia, born April 3, 1860. All mem- 
 bers of the M. E. Church. Has 108 
 acres of farming land and some town 
 property, valued at $6,200. 
 
 TYLER, THOMAS D., farmer, 
 Sec. 24 ; P. 0. Ottumwa ; born in West- 
 field, Chautauqua Co., Aug. 19,1832; re- 
 moved to Cleveland, Ohio, in 1841 ; 
 thence to California in October, 1853 ; re- 
 turned East in 1863 ; came to Ohio and 
 settled in Richland Tp. Married by Rev. 
 J. McElroy, Dec. 21, 1865, to Sarah Ann 
 Wale, a native of Ohio ; born in Colum- 
 
 . biana Co. Feb. 25, 1840 ; their children 
 are Minnie A., born Sept. 22, 1866 ; 
 Polly F., April 21, 1870; Carrie May, 
 born June 20, 1873; Nellie G., born 
 Oct. 26, 1878. Republican ; members 
 of the M. E. Church. Owns 160 acres 
 of land, valued at $8,000. Has a small 
 select herd of 8hort-horns, and is intend- 
 inar to make the breedin"- of that stock 
 
 a specialty in connection with pure 
 
 Poland-China hogs. 
 Tucker, M. V., miller, Kirkville. 
 T^TAXDERPOL-Ii, A. J., far , S. 
 
 V 28; P.O. Ottumwa; born in Gel- 
 derland Co., Holland, Aug. 10, 1825 ; 
 emigrated to America, landing in New 
 Orleans in March, 1847; settled in 
 Wapello Co. in May following. May 1 , 
 1856, married Catherine Riley, of Co. 
 Meath, Ireland ; of their nine children, 
 six are living — Michael Thomas, born 
 July 10, 1859 ; John A., born April 
 16,1861; Rosa Ann, born Feb. 14, 
 1863; Catherine Gertrude, born June 
 10, 1867; Patrick, born March 10, 
 1871 ; Joseph, born June 15, 1876. 
 Members of the Catholic Church. 
 Owns 150 acres of land, and four town 
 lots, valued at $5,000, all of which have 
 been accumulated by hard toil and 
 patient industry. 
 TTTARD, D. C, carpenter, Kirkville. 
 
 W A D D E I. L , J. N., physician, 
 Kirkville : son of Dr. Abraham Wad- 
 dell (the first white child born in the 
 State of Ohio); was born in Knox Co., 
 Ohio, June, 7, 1817 ; studied medicine 
 with his uncle in Nashville, Holmes Co., 
 Ohio ; graduated at the Phopopath 
 Medical Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio, in 
 1844; came to Iowa in April, 1853 ; 
 settled in Keokuk Co., for the practice 
 of medicine; in 1866, removed to his 
 present residence in Kirkville. Jan. 
 26, 1843, married Sarah Drake, of 
 Holmes Co., Ohio, born Dec. 24, 1824 ; 
 have eight children — Rachel J., born 
 Sept. 27, 1845; Jessie W., Aug. 31, 
 1847 ; Sarah A., born June 15, 1850 ; 
 Russell A., born Sept. 3, 1852; Aus- 
 tralia K., born Jan. 19, 1855 ; Cuba C, 
 born May 15, 1857 ; Lowell W., born 
 May 14, 1859 ; Emma M., born Aug. 
 1,1863. Republican; members of the 
 M. E. Church. His property lies 
 principally in Mahaska Co.; has seventy- 
 eight acres in Wapello, valued at$6,000. 
 
 Wareham, E. A., wagon maker, Kirkville. 
 
 WEBBER, H. A., superintendent 
 of cheese-factory. Sec. 26 ; P. 0. 
 Ottumwa; born in Canton Schaf- 
 hausen, Switzerland, Aug. 20, 1839 ; 
 emigrated to America in 1852, landing 
 in New Orleans in May of that year ; 
 
630 
 
 DIRECTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY: 
 
 spent three years in Cleveland, Ohio ; 
 then went into Geauga Co. Enlisted 
 in the 41st Ohio Infantry ; was wound- 
 ed at the battle of Chickamauga, and 
 taken prisoner, but was released on 
 parole ten days afterward, and exchanged 
 May 16, 1864. Was in the service near- 
 ly four years; participated in the battles 
 of Shiloh, Murfreesboro, Chickamauga, 
 Lookout Mountain, Mission Ridge and 
 Nashville ; was mustered out in the 
 winter of 1864. Returned to Geauga 
 Co., Ohio, and, in 1872, came to Chi- 
 cago, 111.; engaged in contracting and 
 teaming; left there in the spring of 
 1878, and established a cheese-factory 
 in Richland Tp., Wapello Co., which 
 has a capacity of 500 cows ; markets in 
 St. Louis, Kansas City, and the West ; 
 sells largely in the home market. Mar- 
 ried Jan. 26, 1865, Susan R. Crafts, 
 born in Geauga Co., Ohio, July 18, 
 1846 ; their daughter Carrie was born 
 June 6, 1873. Members of the M. E. 
 Church. Real estate one acre ; value, 
 with factory, $1,000. Republican. 
 
 West, Samuel, far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Kirkville. 
 
 WILLIAMS, R. E., farmer, Sec. 
 29 ; P. 0. Chillicothe ; born in Muskin- 
 gum Co., Ohio, Jan. 15, 1843; settled 
 in Wapello Co. in the spring of 1851. 
 Married Jan. 25, 1866, Catharine J. 
 Simmons, who was born in Harrison 
 Co., Ohio, Oct. 8, 1846; their children 
 are Thomas S., born Nov. 24, 1866 ; 
 Richard E., born May 1, 1868; Mary, 
 born Aug. 23, 1869 ; Rodolpho, born 
 June 2, 1870 ; Margaret R., born Dec. 
 13, 1871 ; Franklin B., born Aug. 26, 
 1874; Blanche, born March 16, 1876; 
 Cora, born April 23, 1878. Democrat. 
 Enlisted March 6, 1862, in Company E, 
 17th Iowa Infantry ; served in the Army 
 of the Tennessee; was in the battles of 
 luka, Corinth, Jacksonville, Tunnel 
 Hill, Lookout and Kenesaw Mountains, 
 and Vicksburg ; was taken prisoner 
 at Tilton, Ga., about the middle of Oc- 
 tober, 1864, and taken to Cohobby 
 prison in Alabama ; started for Ander- 
 sonville ; when within fourteen miles of 
 that historic horror he escaped, and with 
 one companion reached the Union lines 
 at Jacksonville, Fla., Dec. 21, 1864 ; 
 was wounded in the head at the battle 
 d knocked se nse 1 1 .^ ; serve 
 
 in all three years three months sevens 
 days. Owns ninety-six acres of x'eal 
 property, valued at $3,750. 
 
 Willis, John, far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Kirkville. 
 
 WILSOX, H. C, farmer, Sec. 25 ; 
 P. 0. Ottuniwa ; born in Fayette Co., 
 Ind.. Sept. 30, 1829 ; came to Rich- 
 land Tp., Wapello Co., in 1851. Mar- 
 ried, July 27, 1857, Lucy A. Whit- 
 comb, who was born in Elyria, Ohio, 
 Mai'ch 2, 1830 ; children are — Blanche 
 M., born Dec. 17, 1858 ; Lucy, born 
 July 27, 1863; Nora, born Sept. 18, 
 1865 ; Eddie M., born Feb. 8, 1868 ; 
 Fay F., born May 2, 1870 ; Effie 0., 
 born Dec. 30,1872. Republican. Owns 
 137 acres of real estate, valued at 
 $6,000. 
 
 Wilson, Ira, far.. Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 WILSO^f, J. M., farmer. Sec. 26; 
 P. 0. Ottumwa ; born in Clarion Co., 
 Penn., May 15, 1823 ; moved to Jones 
 Co., Iowa, fall of 1855; to Wapello Co. 
 in 1864. May 14, 1846, married Jane 
 C. Guthrie, native of Pennsylvania ; b rn 
 June 11, 1823 ; has six children living 
 —Mary 0., born May 28, 1847 
 Chambers M., died at 17 years of age 
 Thomas A., born March 27, 1851 
 Hamilton C., born Sept. 16, 1853 
 George A., born April 9, 1856 ; Ida 
 Jane, born July 21, 1858; Clara, born 
 Dec. 17, 1866. Members of Presby- 
 terian Church, also four of their chil- 
 dren ; Republican. Owns 160 acres of 
 land and some town property within the 
 county limits, valued at $9,200. 
 
 Winsell, W. A., far., S. 5; P. 0. Kirkville. 
 
 Wittenmyer, J., far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Kirk- 
 ville. 
 
 WOOD, Z. W., far., S. 29 ; P. 0. 
 Kirkville ; born in Putnam Co., Ind., 
 Aug. 6, 1838 ; in the spring of 1850, 
 came to Wapello Co. Married Jan. 2, 
 1862, L. A. Sellars; born in Clinton 
 Co., Ohio, Aug. 11, 1839; had five 
 children, four living — F. M., born Nov. 
 1, 1863; William H., Jan. 29, 1866; 
 James D., May 22, 1869; May Ellen, 
 born Sept. 24, 1872, died Nov. 11, 
 1876 ; Emma May, born May 16, 1878. 
 Republican. Owns eighty acres of real 
 property ; has a nice orchard of 140 
 fruit-trees, valued at $2,800. 
 
 ZENTS, ISRAEL, far., S. 9 ; P. 0. 
 Kirkville. 
 
DAHLONEGA TOWNSHIP. 
 
 631 
 
 DAHLONEGA TOWNSHIP. 
 
 ANDERSON, W. A., carp., Dahlo- 
 nega. 
 BEDELL, DAVID E., far., S. 12 
 and 1 ; P. 0. Agency City. 
 
 BARE, J. v., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Dahl- 
 onega ; born in Licking Co.., Ohio, 
 Feb. 10, 1825; came to Wapello Co. 
 in 1865. Married Miss Sarah A. 
 Peugli in 1846 ; she was born in Wash- 
 ington Co., Ohio ; died in October, 
 1855 ; married again Miss Carrie Buck- 
 halter ; she was born in Ohio in 1839; 
 has a family of two children — A. W. 
 and R. A. (now Mrs. Merrill). Mrs 
 B. is a member of the M. E. Church. 
 Mr. B. stands neutral in politics. Owns 
 252J acres of land, valued at $35 per 
 acre. 
 
 Bedell, J. E., far., Sec. 2; P. 0. Agency 
 City. 
 
 BOATMAX, R. J. 
 
 Bobinmyer, B., far., S. 17; P.O. Dahlo- 
 nega. 
 
 Bowlin, J., retired merchant, Dahlonega. 
 
 Boyce, A. M., far., S. 13 ; P. 0. Agency 
 City. 
 
 Burley, J., potter, S. 8 ; P. 0. Dahlonega. 
 
 Burns, A. J., farmer and Justice of the 
 Peace, S. 14 ; P. 0. Agency City. 
 
 CLAPP, LEWIS A., far., S. 4 ; P. 0. 
 Dahlonega. 
 
 Clapp, P. L., far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Dahlonega. 
 
 Cramer, L. B., far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Agency 
 City. 
 
 Creamer, S. K., far., S. 14 ; P. O. Agency 
 City, 
 
 CUNJVIN€}HAM, W. W., farmer. 
 Sec. 3 ; P. 0. Dahlonega ; born in 
 Perry Co., Ohio, Dec. 29, 1832, and 
 lived there till 1864; then moved to 
 Delaware Co., Ohio, and lived there till 
 1869, when he came to Wapello Co. 
 Married Miss Elizabeth Hussey April 
 10, 1860 ; she was born in Licking Co., 
 Ohio; died June 24, 1868; married 
 again Feb. 26, 1871, to Miss Sophia 
 Kisick ; she was born in Perry Co., 
 Ohio, 1840; Mr. C. has a family of 
 five children — Eliza, born Sept. 1, 1861 ; 
 Robert, born Nov. 23, 1862 ; William 
 W., born Oct. 10, 1864; John W., 
 born Jan. 10, 1866 ; Annie W., born 
 March 12, 1874. Democrat. Has 648 
 
 acres of land in Wapello Co., and a half 
 interest in 800 acres in Keokuk Co., 
 valued at $35 per acre. 
 
 DIMMIT, WILLIAM M., far., Sec. 
 10 ; P. 0. Dahlonega. 
 G^ ILTNER, GEORGE W., far., Sec. 
 J" 11 ; P. 0. Agency City. 
 Giltner, J., Sec. 14 ; P. 0. Ag'^cncy City. 
 Giltner, Milton, farmer. Sec. 10 ; P. 0. 
 
 Dahlonega. 
 Giltner, William, Sr., far.. Sec. 15; P. 0. 
 
 Agency City. 
 Giltner, William, Jr., Sec. 15 ; P. 0. 
 
 Dahlonega. 
 Goehring, Lewis, farmer and cabinet- 
 maker. Sec. 8 ; P. 0. Dahlonega. 
 Gaudy, Jacob B., farmer, Sec. 3 ; P. 0. 
 
 Dahlonega. 
 TTANLEY, F. W. 
 
 Hartley, James C, carpenter, Dahlonega. 
 
 KITTERMAN, JOHN M., farmer, 
 Sec. 15; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 KITTERMAX, PETER, farmer, 
 Sec. 15; P. 0. Ottumwa; born in 
 Franklin Co., Va., Dec. 10,1809; went 
 to Perry Co., Ind., and there learned 
 the blacksmith trade. Married Miss 
 Elizabeth Redman March 9, 1834; 
 came to Wapello Co. June, 1843. Mr. 
 K. is the only one of the first settlers 
 of Dahlonega Tp. left ; he took a hand 
 in the Dahlonega war, which was a hand- 
 to-hand fight on account of some dis- 
 pute about their claims ; Mr. K. has 
 five children — W. H., Elizabeth A., 
 now Mrs. Giltner; E. C, J. N., J. P., 
 and three dead ; Mr. K. owns 382 acres 
 of land, valued at $35 per acre. Dem- 
 ocrat. 
 
 Kitterman, W. H., far.. Sec. 15 ; P. 0. 
 Ottumwa. 
 
 Kroeger, J. G., far., S. 9 ; P. 0. Dahlonega. 
 
 LANE, LYSANDER, farmer; P. 0. 
 Dahlonega. 
 Lane, M. M., merchant, Dahlonega. 
 Lowe, L., far., S. 4 ; P. 0. Dahlonega. 
 
 MCCORMICK, GEORGE, farmer, 
 Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Agency. 
 Lowenberg, W., far. ; P. 0. Dahlonega. 
 McCLrriNCi}, J. C, farmer, Sec. 9 ; 
 P. 0. Dahlonega ; born in Garrard Co.. 
 Ky., May 19, 1808; came to Wapello 
 
632 
 
 DIRECTORY OF WAPELLO CO UNI 
 
 Co. in 1847. Married Miss M. Chandler 
 April 15, 1831; she died Sept. 16, 
 1834. Married Miss M, E. Scott May 
 16, 1837. Mr. McCIung served as Jus- 
 tice of the Peace four terms. Has a 
 family of six — James S., born June 12, 
 1841; JohnS.,born June 24, 1845; Susie 
 F., born March 21, 1847 ; Martha M., 
 born June 3, 1849; M. H., Jan. 23, 
 1855 ; K B., Nov. 29, 1857, and R. E., 
 torn Jan. 25, 1840, died Dec. 28, 1860. 
 Members of the Christian Church. 
 Owns 222 acres of land, valued at 
 18,000. 
 
 Macklin, R., far., S. 12 ; P. 0. Agency. 
 
 Moore, William, plasterer, Sec. 17 ; P. 0. 
 Ottumwa. 
 
 Mulince, O., far. ; P. 0. Agency. 
 
 ^VTEWMAN, JOHN 0., far., Sec. 
 
 _.> 11 ; P. O. Agency. 
 
 " DARNELL, JEREMIAH, carpenter, 
 
 Dahlonega. 
 
 REEVE, JAMES A., farmer, Sec. 13 ; 
 P. 0. Agency. 
 
 Reinier, T., far., S. 4 ; P. 0. Dahlonega. 
 
 ROBINSOX, T. _C., farmer, Sec. 
 12 ; P. 0. Agency City; born in Alle- 
 ghany Co., Md., April 22, 1848 ; came 
 to Wapello Co. in 1858. Served two 
 years in the army. Married Dec. 24, 
 1874, Miss Florence J. White; she was 
 born Aug. 15, 1850 ; they have one 
 child— Amy C, born July 1, 1876. 
 Republican. 
 
 ROBIX$$ON, S. F., farmer, Sec. 
 12 ; P. 0. Agency City ; born in Alle- 
 ghany Co., Md., June 22, 1850, and 
 came to Wapello Co. Aug. 11, 1877. 
 Married Miss Alice M. Bryant Feb. 
 22, 1876 ; she was born Feb. 20, 1860, 
 in Tennessee ; they have one child — 
 Gertrude, born Dec. 3, 1877. Repub- 
 lican. 
 
 Roquet, Fredrick, retired, Dahlonega. 
 
 Ryan, T., far., S. 16 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 O EARLE, B. W., physician, Dahlonega. 
 
 SCHERTZ, JOSEPH, farmer, 
 Sec. 4 ; P. 0. Dahlonega ; born in 
 France Jan. 9, 1812; came to Wapello 
 Co. in April, 1855 ; learned the trade 
 of miller in Ohio, and worked at it 
 twenty years. Married Miss Katherine 
 
 Lowenberg ; she died in 1857. Mar- 
 ried again in 1858 to Miss Phebe Rit- 
 ter ; she was born in Germany March 6, 
 1838 ; they have ten children — George 
 F., Philip, Katherine, Theresa, Matilda, 
 Elizabeth, Phebe, Joseph, Louisa; Car- 
 oline and Flora. Mrs. S. is a member 
 of the Presbyterian Church, and Mr. S. 
 is a Dunkard ; Democrat. 
 Spurtz, Jos. 
 
 YABfWINKL.E, AliEX, far.. 
 Sec. 15 ; P. 0. Dahlonega ; born 
 March 22, 1810, in Perry Co., Ind.; 
 came to Wapello Co. in 1850. Married 
 Miss Martha Thompson in 1847 ; she 
 died in 1849. Married again Miss 
 Juliana Henry in the fall of 1852 ; she 
 was born in Harrison Co., N. Y., in 
 1820; they have two children — John 
 T., born Feb. 27, 1854, and Miles, born 
 Sept. 27, 1856, and two dead — Elizabeth 
 M. and Andrew. Members of the Bap- 
 tist Church. Owns eighty- four acres of 
 land, valued at $3,360. 
 
 WARD, E. S., physician, Dahlo- 
 nega. 
 
 WEBB, '"J. A., blacksmith, Dahlo- 
 nega ; born in Columbus, Ohio, Oct. 
 4, 1831 ; learned the trade of black- 
 smith; came to Pulaski Co., Iowa, in 
 October, 1854 ; in 1856, came to Wapello 
 Co., where he has been working at his 
 trade most of his time. Married in 1861 
 Miss Harriet Russell ; she was born July 
 25, 1841 ; they have two children — Flora 
 B., born June 29, 1862, and Retta 
 J., born Feb. 24, 1867. Mr. Webb 
 owns eighty acres of land, valued at $2,- 
 800. Republican. 
 
 WILLIAMSON, JAMES, far , 
 Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Dahlonega ; born in 
 Ross-shire, Scotland, Jan. 12, 1831 ; 
 came to Wapello Co., March 17, 1867. 
 Mr. Williamson has improved four farms 
 getting them under good cultivation ; 
 owns the one he lives on. Married 
 Miss Mattie L. Wilson ; she was born 
 in Howard Co., Ind., Jan. 8, 1855 ; 
 they have four children — Wallace R., 
 Berenice L., Elmer R. and Victor A. 
 Owns 127 acres of land, valued at 
 $40 per acre. Republican. 
 
COLUMBIA TOWNSHIP. 
 
 633 
 
 COLUMBIA TOWNSHIP. 
 
 ALLISON, CHARLES, far., S. 2 ; 
 P. 0. Eddyville. 
 
 Alston, W. D., laborer, Eddyville. 
 
 Anderson, A., far., S. 31 ; P. 0. Dudley. 
 
 ANDERSOX, JAMES, for.. Sec. 
 19; P. 0. Eddyville; born Jan. 11, 
 1823, in Hardin Co., Ky.; in 1824, 
 came with his parents to Putnam Co., 
 Ind.; thence to Des Moines Co.; in 
 1845, came veith his brother to Monroe 
 Co.; in 1853, he removed to his present 
 farm ; owns 200 acres of land, valued at 
 $30 per acre. Married Sarah Myers 
 May 12, 1852; she was born in 1834 
 in Indiana ; had seven children ; four 
 living — Frank A., Eddie E., Laura E. 
 and Calvin H. Has been Township 
 Trustee and School Director. Repub- 
 lican. 
 
 AlfDERSON, J. Q., far., S. 18 ; P. 
 O. Eddyville ; born June 4, 1820, in 
 Hardin Co., Ky.; in 1824, came with 
 his parents to Indiana ; in 1836, re- 
 moved to Burlington, Iowa, then to 
 Washington Co.; in 1858, came to 
 Wapello Co.; then removed to Albia; 
 remained in Monroe Co. till 1869, when 
 became to his present farm ; owns 210 
 acres, valued at $30 per acre. Married 
 Mary J. Myers in 1856 ; she was born 
 in 1835 in Indiana; have two children 
 Dartha A. (now Mrs. Morse), and 
 Sarah E. Is Justice of the Peace ; 
 has held this office for the past fifteen 
 years ; when in Monroe Co., held most 
 of the Township offices. Republican 
 
 Anderson, William, far.. Sec. 12; P. 0. 
 Eddyville. 
 
 BALLSBAUGH, AARON, ftir., S. 4; 
 P. 0. Eddyville. 
 
 Bassinger, J., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Eddyville. 
 
 Benedict, J. H., Justice of the Peace, 
 Eddyville. 
 
 Berry, William, farmer, Eddyville. 
 
 Bescoe, George, teamster, Eddyville. 
 
 Binder, Reuben, baker, Eddyville. 
 
 Bishop, F., far., S. 2; P. 0. Eddyville. 
 
 Black, A., far., S. 4 ; P. 0. Eddyville. 
 
 Bomstart, A., saloon, Eddyville. 
 
 BOWER, WM. J., manufacturer of 
 boots and shoes. Bridge street, Eddy- 
 ville ; born May 27, 1828, in Hamilton 
 
 ,y Co., Ohio ; in 1854, came to Eddy ville ; 
 
 has been engaged in his present business 
 for the past fifteen years. His father 
 died in 1862, in Keokuk, Iowa, aged 63 
 years. 
 
 Boyd, James, blacksmith, Eddyville. 
 
 BOYD, R. W., attorney ; office on 
 Second street, Eddyville ; born March 2, 
 1823, in Washington Co., Penn. ; when 
 an infant, came with his parents to Vir- 
 ginia ; in 1839, came to Des Moines Co. ; 
 in 1848, removed to Eddyville and has 
 been a resident here since. Commenced 
 the study of law in 1 850. Was elected 
 Justice of the Peace in 1858 ; held 
 this position eight years and has prac- 
 ticed law since ; has been Mayor, City 
 Attorney, etc. Married Lucinda Powers 
 Aug. 18, 1850; she was born in Octo- 
 ber, 1826, died March 23, 1877; have 
 two children — Carrie A. and Harrie E.; 
 second marriage to Margaret A. Morrill 
 May 6, 1878 ; she was born June 3, 
 1835, in New York. Republican. 
 
 Briggs, L. H., blacksmith, Eddyville. 
 
 Brod'^rick, W. P., boots and shoes, Eddy- 
 ville. 
 
 Brown, John, far.. Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Eddy- 
 ville. 
 
 BURG^ESS, JOHN W., farmer. 
 Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Eddyville ; born July 
 26, 1838, in Indiana ; in 1853, came to 
 Wapello Co., and to his present locality; 
 he rents 320 acres land. Married Ma- 
 tilda Bennett in 1863 ; she was born in 
 1844, in Wapello Co. ; have seven chil- 
 dren — Ada N., Emma, Mary, Hattie, 
 Henrietta, Sarah and an infant not 
 named. Democrat. 
 
 Butcher, Richard, capitalist, Eddyville. 
 
 Byram, Aaron, far.. Sec. 29 ; P.O. Dudley. 
 
 Byram, L. C, far.. Sec. 30; P. 0. Dudley. 
 
 Byram, Wm., far.. Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Dudley. 
 
 CARNIS, JOSHUA, far., Sec. 11; 
 P. 0. Eddyville. 
 
 Chamberlain, G. W., drugs, Eddyville. 
 
 l^HAPMAN, W. H., far., Sec. 3; 
 P.O. Eddyville; born Feb. 3, 1827, 
 in Muskingum Co., Ohio ; in 1868, 
 came to Missouri; the following year 
 removed to Wapello Co. ; rents 720 
 acres land. Married Elizabeth Moyer 
 in 1852 ; she was born in 1836, in 
 Fairfield Co., Ohio; have eight chil- 
 
634 
 
 DIRECTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY: 
 
 dren — Henry, Mary. Marietta, William, 
 Edward, Wells, Ella and Daisey. En- 
 listed in 1864, Co. I, 159th Ohio V. I. ; 
 served five months. Member of" Lutheran 
 Church ; Republican. 
 
 Chisman, B. F., far., S. 80 ; P. 0. Dudley. 
 
 Clark, Hugh, Sr., far., Sec. 3 ; P. 0. Eddy- 
 ville. 
 
 Cogley, James, far., Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Chilli- 
 cothe. 
 
 COOK, DAVID, SR., far., Sec. 2; 
 P. 0. Eddyville ; born Feb. 24, 1809, 
 in Fayette Co., Penn ; when an infant 
 came to Ohio with his parents ; in 1850, 
 came to Wapello Co.; he owns 160 
 acres land which he entered from the 
 Government. Married Amelia Smith 
 Aug. 28, 1832; she was born July 11, 
 1817, in Penn.; had nineteen children, 
 thirteen living — Walter, Daniel, Eliza- 
 beth, Amelia, Abner, Jessie, David D., 
 Margaret A., Smith, Isaac, James, Val- 
 entine and Easter. Republican. 
 
 Cooper, Robert, far., Sec. 8 ; P. 0. Eddy- 
 ville. 
 
 Cook, David D., far.. Sec. 2 ; P. 0. Eddy- 
 ville. 
 
 Cornell, F. C, Dr. Eddyville. 
 
 Cowley. Frank, clerk, Eddyville. 
 
 Cowley, James, clerk, Eddyville. 
 
 Cowley, Wm., clerk, Eddyville. 
 
 Courts, Joseph E., far., Sec. 23 ; Eddy- 
 ville. 
 
 Crossen, A., brickmason, Eddyville. 
 
 DANFORTH, H. N., woolen manu- 
 facturing, Eddyville. 
 
 Dashields, G. W., far., Sec. 16; P. 0. 
 Eddyville. 
 
 Davidson, D. M., far., Sec. 23; P. 0. 
 Eddyville. 
 
 Denham, John, harness-maker, Eddyville. 
 
 Dixon, Jacob, laborer, Eddyville. 
 
 Dotts, Phillip, far., Sec. 3; P. O. Eddy- 
 ville. 
 
 Dunkle, Thomas, far., Sec. 19; P. 0. 
 Eddyville. 
 
 EDWARD, W. A., hostler, Eddy- 
 ville. 
 Elder, Isaac, far., Sec. 19; P. 0. Eddy- 
 ville. 
 Epperson, F. M., merchant, Eddyville. 
 XnESLER, N., undertaker, Eddyville. 
 
 FAST, \¥, A., attorney ; office on 
 Bridge street, Eddyville ; born Jan. 5, 
 1844, in Ashland Co., Ohio; in March, 
 
 1872, removed to Eddyville; in 1868, 
 he commenced the study of law, and 
 graduated in 1870 at the Michigan Uni- 
 versity, Ann Arbor ; then went to Eu- 
 rope ; remained there about one year, 
 part of the time engaged in law studies ; 
 then as an observer in the Franco-Prus- 
 sian war with the French and Bedgian 
 armies ; was elected a member of the 
 State Legislature in the fall of 1877, 
 representing Wapello Co. Enlisted in 
 1862 in Co. K, 102d Ohio V. I.; served 
 till May, 1865. Married Miss R. M. 
 Cooper July 21, 1874 ; she was born in 
 Ohio ; have two children — Judsou 
 Cooper and Imogene Catharine, aged, 
 respectively 3 and 1 year. Democrat. 
 
 Fish, John M., merchant, Eddyville. 
 
 Fitzgerald, M., section hand, Eddyville. 
 
 Franzen, P. J., butcher, Eddyville. 
 
 French, J. C., merchant, Eddyville. 
 
 Fry, Thos., far., S. 20 ; P. O. Eddyville. 
 
 FRY, WILIilAlI, farmer. Sec. 11 ; 
 P. 0. Eddyville; born Feb. 8, 1827, in 
 England ; in 1865, came to Wapello 
 Co.; owns 822 acres of land ; came to 
 America in 1848. Married Mary Will- 
 iams in 1854; she was born July 4, 
 1835, in Pennsylvania; have seven 
 children — Thomas, Laura, Sarah, Will- 
 iam, Oliver S., Elmira A. and Emma. 
 Republican ; members M. E. Church. 
 
 QALLAGHER, MICHAEL, section 
 ■ hand, Eddyville. 
 
 Gardner, James W., far.. Sec. 27 ; P. 0. 
 Chillicothe. 
 
 Gardner, Joseph, far.. Sec. 22 ; P. 0. 
 Chillicothe. 
 
 Garwood, I. J., physician, Eddyville. 
 
 Gillett, J. B., blacksmith, Eddyville. 
 
 Gilson, George W., prop. Clipper House, 
 Eddyville. 
 
 GISH, JOHX H., SR., miller, 
 Eddyville; born March 1, 1813, in 
 Cumberland Co., Penn. ; in 1833, came 
 to Ohio ; thence to Indiana; in 1856, 
 came to Eddyville, and has been en- 
 gaged in the milling business since then. 
 Has been Alderman, School Director 
 and Town Treasurer. Married M. H. 
 Jones in 1837 ; she was born in 1823, 
 in Meigs Co., Ohio ; had seven chil- 
 dren, four living — Fannie, John H., 
 Jennie and Louie. Republican ; mem- 
 bers of the Congregational Church. 
 
 Glenn, J. S., far., S. 4 ; P. 0. Eddyville. 
 
COLUMBIA TOWNSHIP. 
 
 635 
 
 GOIiDBACH, H. J., manufacturer 
 
 of boots and shoes, Brido-e st. : residence 
 Eddyville; he was born Dec. 'lO, 1829, 
 in Holland ; in 1855, came to Marion 
 Co., Iowa; in 1857, removed to Ma- 
 haska Co. ; in 1860, came to Eddyville 
 and continued his present business ; 
 owns his residence in Edd3'ville, which 
 cost $10,000 ; he also owns other prop- 
 erty in the city. Married B. C. Colen- 
 brender in 1853 in Holland ; she was 
 born in 1829 in Holland ; had eight 
 children, five living — Henry A., Cor- 
 nelia M., Margaretta, Cora A. and Dan- 
 iel L. Members of the Congregational 
 Church ; Bepublican. 
 
 Grimes, Frank, section hand, Eddyville. 
 
 Guinn, D. C, carpenter, Eddyville. 
 
 HAYES, DENNIS, farmer, Sec. 32 ; 
 P. 0. Dudley. 
 
 Harrio, James T. Eddyville. 
 
 HE ACOCK, CA'liEB, farmer, Sec. 
 10; P. 0. Eddyville; born Feb. 23, 
 1814, in Washington Co., Penn. ; in 
 1834, came to Portage Co., Ohio; in 
 1849, came to Wapello Co. and entered 
 160 acres of land; now owns 228 acres, 
 valued at $30 per acre. Married Sarah 
 J. Graham June 27, 1832 ; she was 
 born Sept. 15, 1814, in Fayette Co., 
 Penn. ; had eight children, five living — 
 Rebecca, now Mrs. Ellison ; Eliza E., 
 nowMrs. McLehaney ; Miriam, now Mrs. 
 McLain ; Permelia J., now Mrs. Gour- 
 ley, and Ann Belle ; William A. enlisted 
 in 1861, in Co. 1, 1st Inf , I. V. I. ; was 
 killed on White River, Ark., in April, 
 1862. Have been members of the M. 
 E. Church since 1832 ; Republican. 
 
 Heacock, S. P., far., S. 27 ; P. 0. Dudley. 
 
 Heskit, S. A., far., S. 2 ; P. 0. Eddyville. 
 
 Hite, A. K., physician, Eddyville. 
 
 Hoes, R., far., S. 17 ; P. 0. Eddyville. 
 
 Hogan, Barney, section hand, Eddyville. 
 
 J VES, MARY W., HR|i$., daugh- 
 
 J_ ter of Oliver Eastman and widow of 
 H. D. Ives ; residence Eddyville ; he 
 was born in 1814, in Connecticut; he 
 attended the Yale Law School in New 
 Haven, Conn., and graduated in 1846; 
 then removed to Eddyville and com- 
 menced the practice of his profession. 
 They were married in 1850, in Eddy- 
 ville; she was born in 1827, in Oswego 
 Co., N. Y. ; had eight children, five 
 living — Mary V., Earrie E., Wilfred 
 
 H., Jennie- W. and Vina B. Member 
 of the Congregational Church. 
 XAGER, JOHN, brewer, Eddyville. 
 
 Johnson, A., far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Eddyville. 
 Johnson, A. W., minister, S. 31 ; P. 0. 
 
 Dudley. 
 Johnson, G., hotel and bakery, Eddyville. 
 Johnston, James T., lab., Eddyville. 
 Johnston, Thos. H., lab., Eddyville. 
 
 KENNEDAY, JAMES M., far., S. 
 24; P. 0. Kirkville. 
 
 kavaxaCj^h, joH:sf, far, s 
 
 4 ; P. 0. Eddyville ; he was born April 
 27, 1807, in Champaign Co., Ohio; in 
 1845, entered and moved to his jjresent 
 farm ; he owns 260 acres, valued at $25 
 per acre. Married Mary Wiseman in 
 1831 ; she was born Nov. 29, 1809. in 
 Virginia; have six children — Elizabeth, 
 William, Catherine, Sarah, Samuel and 
 Cynthia A. Democrat. 
 
 Kennedy, Mathew, section hand, Eddy- 
 ville. 
 
 Kirkpatrick, John, blacksmith, Eddyville. 
 
 Knox, John, far., S. 27 ; P. 0. Dudley. 
 
 KBfOX, LEONARD, far., S. 21 ; 
 P. 0. Chillicothe ; born Jan. 30, 1843, 
 in Logan Co., Ohio ; in 1847, came to 
 Wapello Co., Iowa. Owns 165 acres of 
 land, valued at $30 per acre. Married 
 Mary E. Sackett Oct. 22, 1865 ; she was 
 born in 1845, in Indiana; have three 
 children — F. E., W. E. and Elsie. Is 
 Secretary of the School District. En- 
 listed in 1862, in Co. D,36th Iowa Inf. ; 
 served to the end of the war ; partici- 
 pated in the battles of Helena, Mark's 
 Mills and others. Greenbacker. 
 
 KXOX, PETER, far., S. 21 ; P. 0. 
 Chillicothe; born Dec. 18, 1816, in 
 Greenbrier Co. Va. ; when an infant, 
 came with his parents to Logan Co., 
 Ohio ; in 1847, came to Wapello Co., 
 and entered 312 acres, where he now 
 resides. Married Mary H. Peach May 
 21, 1840; she was born in 1820, in 
 Logan Co., Ohio ; had nine children, 
 four Uving — Jessica (now Mrs. King), 
 Leonard, Ellen and Emma. Has been 
 County Treasurer and Recorder ; was a 
 member of the Legislature from 1864 to 
 1866 ; has been County Supervisor, 
 Justice of the Peace, etc. Gieenbacker. 
 
 KURTZ, PETER, farmer, Sec. 24 ; 
 P.O. Kirkville; born Dec. 13. 1816, 
 
636 
 
 DIRECTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY 
 
 in York Co., Penn.; in 1828, came to 
 Virginia ; in 1844 came to Ohio; in 1846, 
 came to Illinois in 1852, removed to Wa- 
 pello Co. Owns 169 acres of land, 
 valued at $30 per acre. Married Lora 
 Hama Paston December 1839 ; she was 
 born in 1821, in Hampshire Co., Va.; 
 have six children — Delilah, Jno. C, Fred 
 G., N. F., Esther May and Huldah C. 
 Democrat. 
 
 LAFFERTY, A. M., marble works, 
 Eddyville. 
 Lamas, Henry, far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Eddyville. 
 Larson, John, laborer, Eddyville. 
 Leling, Sebastian, far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Eddy- 
 ville. 
 Leggett, Edwin, operator, Eddyville. 
 Leggett, Ira, laborer, Eddyville. 
 Leggett, John, saw-mill, Eddyville. 
 Lutz, Hedwick, boots and shoes, Eddyville. 
 Lyons, S. W., far., S. 12; P. 0. Eddyville. 
 
 McCLAIN, ANTHONY, butcher, 
 Eddyville. 
 McElroy, Wm., carpenter, Eddyville. 
 McFadden, Wilson, Sr., far., Sec. 24; P. 
 (». Kirkville. 
 
 McCJHEE, XAIVCY C, MRS., 
 
 daughter of John Abbott, and widow of 
 H. C. McGhee, Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Kirk- 
 ville; he was born March 8, 1813, in 
 Monroe Co., Va., and died March 8, 
 1871 ; she was born April 24, 1825, in 
 Monroe Co., Va. Married April 12, ' 
 1843, in Virginia in 1845, they came to 
 Indiana in 1848, they removed to Wapello 
 Co. She owns 110 acres of land ; have 
 nine children — Hugh C., Sarah J., Mary 
 M., Ann E., Louisa, Nancy, V. M., 
 Esther and Plunkett B. Members of 
 the Christian Church. 
 
 McGlothlen, J. L., far., Sec. 13; P. 0. 
 Eddyville. 
 
 McC^LOTHL-EX, THOS. D., 
 farmer. Sec. 14; P. 0. Eddyville ; born 
 Dec. 10, 1816, in Wayne Co., Ind. ; in 
 1845, came to Wapello Co. and entered 
 160 acres of land ; he now owns 349 
 acres, valued at $30 per acre. Married 
 Sarah Meek in ] 836 ; she was born in 
 1816 in Lawrence Co., Ind. ; died in 
 1840 ; have two children — Rebecca J. 
 (now Mrs. Ravel), Mary J. (now Mrs. 
 Bell. Second marriage to Martha Tay- 
 lor in 1841 ; she was born in 1820 in 
 Kentucky ; had eleven children, eight 
 living — J. L., Millie E., Sarah E., 
 
 Thomas B., Andrew J., George M.^ 
 Benjamin F. and Adolphus D. Was 
 appointed to fill a vacancy on the Board 
 of Supervisors. Was a member of the 
 Legislature from 1862 to 1864. Green- 
 backer. 
 
 McKenney, G. W., carpenter, Eddyville. 
 
 McLoney, L., far., S. 18; P. 0, Eddyville. 
 
 McManus, D. W., druggist, Eddyville, 
 
 McWilliams, N., carpenter, Eddyville. 
 
 Miller, Daniel, retired, Eddyville. 
 
 MII.I.ER, JOHN B., farmer. Sec. 
 23 ; P. 0. Eddyville ; born Ji^ne 6, 
 1816, in Ross Co., Ohio ; in 1849, came 
 to St. Louis ; thence to Burlington, 
 Iowa ; in 1850, came to his present 
 farm; owns 160 acres, valued at $30 
 per acre. Married Maria Morris in 
 1848 ; she was born in Virginia in 1818 ; 
 eleven children, nine living — James, 
 Robert P., Hugh H., Andrew, Sarah J., 
 Alexander, Thomas H., Clarence L. and 
 Alfred. Robert P. enlisted in 1861 in 
 4th Iowa V. C. ; served three years ; 
 Hugh H. enlisted in 1861 in 36th Iowa 
 V. I. ; was taken prisoner at Tyler, 
 Texas ; was mustered out at the close of 
 the war. Members of M. E. Church ; 
 Republican. 
 
 MIIiliER, W. W., firm of Plough 
 & Miller, Plough Hotel, and proprietors 
 of livery stable, Eddyville ; born Sept. 
 18, 1833, in Trumbull Co., Ohio; in 
 1845, came to Mahaska Co. ; engaged in 
 farming till 1874, when he removed to 
 Eddyville. Married Miss Amanda J. 
 Kavanaugh in 1860 ; she was born in 
 1836 in Ohio; died in 1869; left one 
 son — Daniel E. ; second marriage to 
 Miss Mary E. Plough April 26, 1876 ; 
 she was born September, 1853, in Ithaca, 
 N. Y. In Mahaska Co., Mr. Miller was 
 Township Assessor and Township Trustee 
 His father was born June, 1801, in 
 W^ashington Co., Penn., and still en- 
 joys gpod health ; lives with his son. 
 
 Mintonie, A. P., saw-mill, Eddyville. 
 
 Moak, Jacob, Constable, Eddyville. 
 
 Moore, W. C, retired, Eddyville. 
 
 Morgan, James, laborer, Eddyville. 
 
 Morman, Joseph, carpenter, Eddyville. 
 
 Mammort, W. L., Eddyville. 
 
 IVTELSON, HENRY, farmer, Sec. 31 ; 
 
 JLN p. 0. Dudley. 
 
 NELSON, J. B., agent of the K.' 
 & D. M. Division of the C, R. I. & P. 
 
COLUMBIA TOWNSHIP. 
 
 63T 
 
 R. R. ; P. 0. Kirkville ; born June 28, 
 1856, in Jasper Co., Iowa; was assist- 
 ant agent at Alley in 1875, also held 
 the same position for two years at Ed- 
 dy ville— from 1876 to 1878. Married 
 Jennie Snow May 23, 1878 ; she was 
 born Oct. 6, 1860, in Eddyville. 
 
 Newell, David, far., S. 10 ; P. 0. Eddyville. 
 
 Newell, Thomas J., far.. Sec. 10 ; P. 0. 
 Eddyville. 
 
 Newell, Zach., far., S. 15 ; P. 0. Eddyville. 
 
 Nosier, James, physician, Eddyville. 
 
 Nye, E. F., far., S. 33 : P. 0. Dudley. 
 
 XYE, JOHl^ W., farmer. Sec. 33 ; 
 P. 0. Dudley; born March 13, 1848, 
 in Cass Tp. ; came to his present farm 
 in 1869 ; owns 107 acres, valued at |25 
 per acre. Married Eliza F. Wolf April 
 22, 1869; she was born in 1849, in 
 Ohio ; have three children — Henry W., 
 Leonard P. and Libbie. Enlisted in | 
 1863 in Company L, 7th Iowa Cavalry, \ 
 and served until June, 1865. Repub- 
 lican. 
 
 Nye, S. A., far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Dudley. 
 
 /SdEM, a. J., carpenter, Eddyville. 
 
 OGDEX, EDGAR, far., S. 15; 
 P. O.Eddy ville; born March 27, 1849, 
 in Logan Co., Ohio ; when about two 
 years old, came to Keokuk, Iowa ; in 
 1866, returned to Ohio; in 1869, came 
 to his present farm ; they own 349 
 acres of land. Married Mary Frame in 
 February, 1874 ; she was born in 1853 
 in Chester Co., Penn.; have l,wo chil- 
 dren — David and William S. Is Town- 
 ship Assessor. Members of the M. E. 
 Church ; Republican. 
 
 Olney, A. C, far., S. 21 ; P. 0., Dudley. 
 
 Olney, L. W., far., Sec. 28 ; P. 0. Dud- 
 ley. 
 
 Olney, R. G., far.,S. 28; P. 0. Dudley. 
 
 OL.NEY, WASHIN(,}TOX, far , 
 S. 28; P. 0. Dudley; born Sept. 1, 
 1822, in Morgan Co., Ohio ; in 1830, 
 came to Illinois; in 1844, came to 
 Wapello Co ; owns 214 acres of land, 
 valued at $25 per acre. Married 
 Rachel Strange in 1848 ; she was born 
 in April, 1825, in Pike Co., Ohio; had 
 nine children ; six living — S. E., J. H., 
 M. F., John H., J. S. and C. W. Re- 
 publican ; members of the M. E. 
 Church. 
 
 Ott, Fred, harness-maker, Eddyville. 
 
 PARKS, CLINTON, farmer. Sec. 24 : 
 P. 0. Kirkville. 
 
 PAL.MER, W. li., editor and pro- 
 prietor of the Eddyville Advertiser; 
 born in March, 1843, in New York ; 
 when an infant, came with his parents 
 to Iowa; in 1845, removed to Eddy- 
 ville. Enlisted in 1862 in Co. D, 36th 
 Iowa Inf; served through the war, 
 then engaged in farming till 1869, 
 when he commenced his present busi- 
 ness. Married Fannie I. Hamilton in 
 1867 ; she was born in Oskaloosa, Iowa ; 
 have two children — Hattie Fay and 
 Clarence, aged 6 and 3 years. Repub- 
 lican. 
 
 Parrott, G., far., S. 14; P. 0. Eddyville. 
 
 Parsons, C. S., carpenter, Eddyville. 
 
 Perry, Joseph, wagon-mfr., Eddyville. 
 
 Phillips, Samuel, blacksmith, Eddyville. 
 
 Pickens, Alexander, far., Sees. 1 and 12 ; 
 P. 0. Eddyville. 
 
 Plummer, John P., far.. Sec. 11 ; P. 0. 
 Eddyville. 
 
 Pyatt, William, laborer, Eddyville. 
 
 RAMPIE, LEWIS, laborer, Eddy- 
 ville. 
 
 Ray, Miles, Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Eddyville. 
 
 Ray, Newton, far., Sec. 20. 
 
 Rector, Bennett, restaurant, Eddyville. 
 
 REED, JOHN, farmer. Sec. 13; P. 
 0. Kirkville ; born Feb. 19, 1825, in 
 Harrison Co., Ohio; in 1865, removed 
 to his present farm ; owns 240 acres, 
 valued at $30 per acre. Married Hen- 
 rietta Van Buskirk in 1848; she was 
 born Feb. 25, 1826, in Tuscarawas Co., 
 Ohio ; have seven children — Osbern, 
 Charles B., Theophilus, Martha A., 
 Benjamin L., James M. and John F. 
 Members of the Christian Church ; 
 Democrat. 
 
 Rhodes, Z. ; P. 0. Eddyville. 
 
 Riggs, A. W., miller, Eddyville. 
 
 Riggs, Isaac, lumber dealer, Eddyville. 
 
 Roberts, L., far., S. 20 ; P. O. Eddyville. 
 
 Roberts, M., far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Dudley. 
 
 Roberts, P. H., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Dudley. 
 
 ROBERTA, WILIil AM A., 
 far.. Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Dudley ; born Jan. 
 28, 1840, in Ohio; in 1844, came with 
 his parents to his present farm, which 
 his father entered ; he owns ninety-one 
 acres, valued at $25 per acre. Married 
 Amanda Stuver June 4, 1876 ; she was 
 born Feb. 3, 1854, in Wapello Co.; they 
 
•638 
 
 DIRECTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY: 
 
 have one child — Walter. He enlisted 
 in 1863 in Co. B, 8th Iowa V. C, and 
 served till the end of the war ; was in 
 the battles of Nashville, Tenn., Frank- 
 lin, Shoal Creek and others. Republican. 
 
 ROHDE, H. R., saloon, Eddyville; 
 he was born Aug. 16, 1832, in Prussia, 
 Gei'many ; in 1849, came to Keokuk, 
 Iowa ; thence to Fort Madison, Iowa ; 
 thence to Lee Co.; then to Franklin 
 Center. Enlisted in 1802 in Co. E, 
 19th Iowa V. I.; served to the end of 
 the war ; was in the battles of Prairie 
 Grrove and Cane Hill, Ark., siege of 
 Vicksburg, Brazo, San Deigo, Texas, 
 siege of Spanish Fort and others. Re- 
 turned to Franklin Center, Iowa ; Oct. 
 1, 1866, came to Eddjville. Married 
 Anna Simon June 9, 1867 ; she was 
 born in Lee Co., Iowa ; have six chil- 
 dren — Mary, Anna, Anezeta, Matilda, 
 Henrietta and Fred. 
 
 Ross, J., far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Eddyville. 
 
 Ross, W. C, Mayor and news depot, Ed- 
 dyville. 
 
 O CHAAF, PAUL, grocer, Eddyville. 
 
 SACKETT, D. M., farmer, Sec. 28 ; 
 P. 0. Dudley ; born Aug. 31, 1851, in 
 Indiana ; in 1854, came with his parents 
 to Davis Co.; thence to Appanoose Co.; 
 thence to Monroe Co.; in i860, came to 
 Wapello Co.; owns forty acres of land, 
 valued at $800. Married Miss Eliza- 
 beth A. Conwell in March, 1873; she 
 was born in Ohio in 1853; have two 
 children — William L. and Claud C. 
 His father enlisted in 1863 in Co. B, 
 8th Iowa V. C, and was drowned from 
 the steamer Gen. Lyons in March, 1865, 
 aged 46 years. Her father, Obediah 
 Conwell, died in Cass Tp.,aged 62 years. 
 Republican. 
 
 Schafer, Wm . furniture dealer, Eddyville. 
 
 Seifert, A., harness-maker, Eddyville. 
 
 Shane, T. H., hardware dlr., Eddyville. 
 
 Shields, Isaac, merchant, Eddyville. 
 
 Shields, James H., clerk, Eddyville. 
 
 Sistmere, John, lab., Eddyville. 
 
 SLOAX, W. K., DR., physician 
 and surgeon, Eddyville; born Oct. 19, 
 1846, in Ashland Co., Ohio; in 1866, 
 commenced the study of medicine with 
 J. L. Crane, of Ashland, Ohio ; grad- 
 uated in 1875, at the College of Physi- 
 cians and Surgeons; the same year, he 
 
 removed to Eddyville and commenced 
 the practice of his profession. Married 
 Miss Emma Collins April 26, 1876 ; 
 she was born in 1852, in New Castle, 
 Ohio ; have one child — Chester C, born 
 May 16, 1877. Members of the M. E. 
 Church. Republican. 
 
 Smith, Peter, far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Dudley. 
 
 Snow, Heman, boarding-house, Eddyville. 
 
 Sparks, Zachariah, Eddyville, 
 
 Spelman, T. C, miller, Eddyville. 
 
 Stedghill, C. L., S. 29 ; P. 0. Dudley. 
 
 Stedghill, J. R.,far.,S. 28; P. 0. Dudley. 
 
 Stevens, G. W., far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Eddy- 
 ville. 
 
 STEWART, SAMUEL, farmer. 
 Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Eddyville ; born March 
 7, 1811, in Washington Co., N. Y.; in 
 1855, came to Illinois; in 1874, came 
 to Wapello Co.; owns ninety-two acres 
 of land. Married Mrs. Ruble February, 
 1874; she was born in 1811, in New 
 York ; he has eight children by a 
 former marriage — Hezekiah, Calvin, 
 Julia, Arena, Helen, Melvin, Clark and 
 James. Enlisted in 1861 in Company 
 H, 55th Illinois Infantry ; served eight- 
 een months ; Hezekiah enlisted in 1862 
 in the 75th Illinois Infantry ; served to 
 the end of the war. Mrs. Stewart came 
 to Wapello Co. in 1863 ; she has ten 
 children by two former marriages. 
 
 Stockville, J. W., clothing, Eddyville. 
 
 Stuber, A., far., S. 29 ; P. 0. Dudley. 
 
 Sullivan, Wm., far.. Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Dudley. 
 
 Summerlat. J. C, laborer, Eddyville. 
 
 Swanson, John, far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Dudley. 
 
 Swenson, N. S., Eddyville. 
 
 TELL, A. J., farmer, Sec. 31 ; P. 0. 
 Dudley. 
 
 Templeton, Benj., retired, Eddyville. 
 
 Tunison, H., far., S. 17; P. 0. Eddyville. 
 
 Tenisson, Henry, bridge-tender, Eddyville. 
 
 Terrel, W. R., far., S. 19 ; P. 0. Eddyville. 
 
 Thomas, Benj., retired, Eddyville. 
 
 Thompson, D. M., Eddyville. 
 
 Thompson. Jno. H., drayman, Eddyville. 
 
 Tobin, Richard, section hand, Eddyville. 
 
 Trotter, Alex., stock dealer, Eddyville. 
 
 TRAVIS, NOAH, far., S. 28; P. 
 0. Dudley; born Aug. 30, 1813, in 
 Pike Co., Ohio ; in 1825, came to In- 
 diana ; in 1847, removed to Des Moines 
 Co.; in 1851, came to Wapello Co. 
 Owns seventy acres of land, valued at $25' 
 per acre. Married Mrs. Mary A. 
 
COLUMBIA TOWNSHIP. 
 
 639 
 
 Bussard Nov. 6, 1850 ; she was born 
 Nov. 9, 1813, in Tioga Co., Penn.; 
 thej have one child — John ; he has 
 four children by a former marriage — 
 Amanda J., Sarah M., Ann and Will- 
 iam. They have been members of the 
 M. E. Church since she was 15 and he 
 17 years old ; Republican. 
 
 True, G. D., barber, Eddyville. 
 
 True, H. (x., grocer, Eddyville. 
 
 True, John, laborer, Eddyville. 
 
 True, J. M., merchant, Eddyville. 
 
 True, Noah, carpenter, Eddyville. 
 
 yTNDERWOOD, JOHN, retired, Ed- 
 LJ dyville. 
 
 YANCE, WILLIAM, laborer, Eddy- 
 ville. 
 
 VAXFOSSAN, WILLIAM P., 
 far., S. 29 ; P. 0. Dudley; born March 
 21, 1841, in Columbiana Co., Ohio; in 
 1868, came to Wapello Co.; the fol- 
 lowing year, removed to his present 
 farm ; owns forty-eight acres, valued at 
 $30 an acre. Married Miss Minerva My- 
 ers in 1869 ; she was born in 1844 in 
 Wapello Co.; died May 19, 1870. 
 Second marriage to Malinda Roberts in 
 November, 1871; she was born in 
 1852 in Wapello Co.; have two children 
 — Willard A. and Julia E. He en- 
 listed in 1861 in Co. I, 78th Ohio Inf ; 
 served three years ; participated in the 
 battles of Shiloh, Sherman's march to 
 the sea, Vicksburg, Raymond, Army of 
 the Cumberland, and others. Democrat. 
 
 Van Winkle, I., far., S. 27 ; P. 0. Dudley. 
 
 WARNER, JAMES, farmer, -Sec. 
 30 ; P. 0. Dudley. 
 WALZ, B., brewer, Eddyville ; born 
 Aug. 1, 1838, in Baden, Germany ; 
 in 1859, came to St. Louis, then to 
 Burlington, Iowa. In 1861, enlisted in 
 Co. G, 57th 111. Inf; served three 
 years and four months ; then returned 
 
 to Burlington ; in 1868, came to his 
 present locality. Married Mary Mel- 
 cher in 1867 ; she was born July 11, 
 1848, in Muscatine, Iowa; have five 
 children — Ada, John, Oscar, Clara and 
 Lucetta. 
 
 WARREX, SILAS, farmer ; Sec. 
 25; P. 0. Kirkville; born Feb. 29, 
 1816, in Pike Co., Ohio ; in 1844, came 
 to Illinois ; the following year, removed 
 to Wapello Co. ; owns eighty-seven 
 acres of land, valued at $25 per acre. 
 Married Elizabeth Gilliland in 1839; 
 she was born in 1822, in Pike Co., 
 Ohio ; have nine children — Samuel T., 
 William J., A. 0., A. L., Eli S., Mar- 
 garet J., Mary E., Amanda and Luella. 
 Has been Township Trustee. Green- 
 backer. 
 
 Wellman, E. G., laborer, Eddyville. 
 
 WEST, AMOS, farmer. Sec. 33 ; P. 
 0. Dudley; born June 19, 1823, in 
 Columbiana Co., Ohio; in 1855, came 
 to Wapello Co. ; owns 67 acres of land 
 in Wapello Co. and 120 acres in Mis- 
 souri ; he engaged in coal-mining in 
 1837, and continued in this business 
 till 1867. Married Mary Rhodes in 
 1843; she was born in 1819, in Jack- 
 son Co., Ohio ; have six children — 
 Elizabeth J., now Mrs. Culver; Isabella 
 M., now Mrs. Terrill ; Joseph F. ; 
 Susan, now Mrs. McGlothlen ; Sarah V. 
 and Edwin S. Republican ; members 
 of the M. E. Church. 
 
 Whited. Carsen, far. ; P. 0. Eddyville. 
 
 Wilkins, J. W., miller, Eddyville. 
 
 Winters, John, far., S. 33 ; P. 0. Dudley. 
 
 Wise, G. W., far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Eddyville. 
 
 Wolf, B. D., far.. Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Dudley. 
 
 Wolf, S. P., far.. Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Dudley. 
 
 YORK, FRANCIS C, shoemaker, 
 Eddyville. 
 
640 
 
 DIRECTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY: 
 
 HIGHLAND TOWNSHIP. 
 
 BARNES, E., farmer, Sec. 10 ; P. 0. 
 Highland Center. 
 
 BAKER, J. K., Sec. 26; P. 0. 
 Highland Center ; born in Will Co., 
 111., Aug. 8, 1855 ; came to Wapello 
 Co. in 1868, where he is farming and 
 raising stock ; owns an interest in 405 
 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre. 
 Republican. 
 
 BatlorfF, John, farmer, Sec. 12 ; P. 0. 
 Highland Center. 
 
 Beck, Geo.W., far., S. 17 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Blitz, Charles, farmer. Sec. 11 ; P. 0. 
 Highland Center. 
 
 Bowen, D. A., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Dahlonega. 
 
 Bowen, George W., farmer. Sec. 5 ; P. O. 
 Highland Center. 
 
 Bowen, William, farmer. Sec. 5 ; P. 0. 
 Highland Center. 
 
 Bowlin, A. N., farmer. Sec. 8; P. 0. 
 Highland Center. 
 
 Bray, Wm., far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Dahlonega. 
 
 Buchanan, Alexander W. 
 
 Buckner, A. J., far.. Sec. 18; P. 0. Ot- 
 tumwa. 
 
 Buckner, James, farmer, Sec. 3 ; P. 0. 
 Highland Center. 
 
 Buckner, F. M., farmer. Sec. 11; P. 0. 
 Highland Center. 
 
 Buckner, Jesse, far., Sec. 16 ; P. 0. Dahl- 
 onega. 
 
 Burriss, John, farmer, Sec. 17 ; P. 0. 
 Highland Center. 
 
 Butler, A. C, farmer. Sec. 9 ; P. 0. High- 
 land Center. 
 COBLER, DAVID, farmer. Sec. 21 ; 
 P. 0. Highland Center. 
 
 Coffmann, Oliver, farmer. Sec. 11; P. 0. 
 Highland Center. 
 
 Council, John, far., Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Ot- 
 tumwa. 
 
 CRAFT, PETER, far., Sec. 1 ■ p. 
 0. Martinsburg ; born in Washington 
 Co., Penn., April 11, 1817 ; came to 
 Wapello Co. in the fall of 1855. Mar- 
 ried Miss Tacy Degood in 1837 ; she 
 died in August, 1860. Married again 
 to Miss Lida M. Fuller, 1861 ; has a 
 family of ten — William P., Mary C., 
 Sarah, Joseph E., Emily J., Almira V., 
 Clarissa, Perry A., John L. and Jael- 
 da. Owns 271 acres of land, valued 
 at $30 per acre. Democrat. 
 
 DARR, SAMUEL, far., Sec. 34 ; R 
 O. Dahlonega. 
 
 Darner, J. H., far., Sec. 6 ; P. O. High- 
 land Center. 
 
 Davis, A. J., far., Sec. 24 ; P. 0. Dahlo- 
 nega. 
 
 DA. VIS, ABRAHAM, far., Sec, 
 26 ; P. 0. Highland Center ; was born 
 in Sullivan Co., Ind., Nov. 25, 1825 ; 
 came to Wapello Co. in May, 1 849 ; 
 help to build the first sehoolhouse in 
 Highland Tp., in 1850. Married 
 Maria Grant in 1851 ; she was born in 
 Harrison Co., Ind., May 22, 1833; 
 have six childreo — Robert T., Jessie, 
 Jacob G., Douglass, Joseph W. and 
 Charles. Owns 91 acres of land, valued 
 at $30 per acre. Democrat. 
 
 DAVIS, JAMES, far.. Sec. 23; 
 P. 0. Highland Center; was born in 
 Sullivan Co., Ind., July 20, 1832; 
 when 20 years old, came to Wapello 
 Co. Married Rhoda Stephens Sept. 23, 
 1858; she was born April 24, 1838, in 
 McDonough Co., 111.; have three chil- 
 dren — Gilbert J., Fanny Hill and Lor- 
 enzo D. Owns 293 acres of land, val- 
 ued at $25 per acre. Democrat. 
 
 DAVIS, JOSEPH, Sec. 32 ; P. 
 0. Dahlonega ; born in Sullivan Co., 
 Ind., Jan. 29,1837; came to Wappella 
 Co. in 1853. Married Margaretta 
 Buckner ; she was born in Indiana Feb. 
 15, 1845; have one child — Laura E. 
 Members of the Baptist Church. Mr. 
 D. owns eighty acres, valued at $30 per 
 acre. Greenbacker. 
 
 Davis, M., far., S. 16 ; P. 0. Highland 
 Center. 
 
 Day, Wm., far.. Sec. 15; P. 0. Highland 
 Centre. 
 
 Dennis, Caswell, far., S. 15; P.O. High- 
 land Center. 
 
 Devol, Harrison, far., S. 7; P. 0. High- 
 land Center. 
 
 Doak, Robert, far., S. 4 ; P. 0. Highland 
 Center. 
 
 Doan, A. H., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Dahlonega. 
 
 Dougherty, E. A. 
 
 Dougherty, G., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Downs, H., far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Dahlonega. 
 
 ELDER, J. M., farmer. Sec. 4 ; P. 0. 
 Highland Center. 
 
HIGHLAND TOWNSHIP. 
 
 641 
 
 Emery, W. P., far., S. 10; P. O. High- 
 land Center. 
 EVA^fS, WIIiLIAM, far., S. 34; 
 
 P. 0. Dahlonega; born in Coshocton Co., 
 Ohio, Feb. 25, 1815 ; came to Wapello 
 Co., April 1 856. Married Miss Mary M. 
 Faucettinl841; shedied April 19, 1854. 
 Married in 1857 Miss Harriet Hinds ; 
 she died March 20, 1871. By attend- 
 ing to his farm, he has cleared $20,000 
 since he came to Wapello Co.; has a 
 family of three — Hannah A., Alice and 
 George W., and two dead. Owns 759 
 acres of land, valued at $25 per acre. 
 Republican. 
 
 r^ IBSON, JOSEPH, farmer, Sec. 11 ; 
 
 or P. O. Dahlonega. 
 
 GOliDY, E. II., farmer. Sec. 13; 
 P. 0. Dahlonega ; born in Brooke Co., 
 Va.; Feb. 28, 1827 ; went to Jackson 
 Co., Ohio, and engaged in farming; 
 came to Wapello Co. in the fall of 1855- 
 Married Miss Diana Backus in 1853; 
 they have four children — James T., 
 Jasper F., Recilva, Sarah. Mr. G. 
 owns sixty-five acres of land, valued at 
 $30 per acre. Republican. 
 
 Goudy, Jacob, far., S. 4; P. 0. Dahlonega. 
 
 GRAY, JOHN G., farmer ; P. 0. 
 Highland Center ; born in Montgomery 
 Co., Ky., May 21, 1805; came to 
 Wapello Co. in 1848. Married Rachel 
 Elliott ; she was born in North Carolina 
 in 1807 ; have six children — Sarah J., 
 Priscilla, Martha E., William, Thomas 
 R. and Elliott. Mrs. G. is a member 
 of the Presbyterian Church; Democrat. 
 Owns 240 acres of land, valued at $40 
 per acre. 
 
 GRAY, THOMAS R., farmer. 
 Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Ottumwa ; born in 
 Sullivan Co., Ind., Dec. 6, 1840 ; came 
 to Wapello Co. in 1848. Married 
 Mary J. Knight ; she was born in In- 
 diana 29, 1841 ; have seven 
 
 children — Joseph G., Nellie C, Sarah 
 J., Rosa A., Daniel L., Henry C, 
 Everin L. Owns 160 acres of land, 
 valued at $30 acre. Greenbacker. 
 
 HANDY, W. F., far.. Sec. 28 ; P. 0. 
 Dahlonega. 
 Harkins, Benjamin. 
 
 Harkins, Louis, far., Sec. 5 ; P. 0. High- 
 land Center. 
 Hook, James, far., Sec. 1 ; P. 0. High- 
 land Center. 
 
 JAMES, O. M., farmer. Sec. 16; 
 P. 0. Highland Center; born in 
 Shenandoah Co., Va., May 22, 1813; 
 lived in Ohio, Kentucky and Illinois; 
 came to Wapello Co. in 1868. Married 
 Mary Cozad ; she died in 1843 ; mar- 
 ried again E. Buffon; she died in 1870 ; 
 married again Mrs. Eliza R. Summers ; 
 has ten children — Nancy, Sophia, Mary 
 A., George W., Sarah A., Betsy A., 
 Isaac, Alice W., Leonard and Benjamin. 
 Members of Christian Church ; Repub- 
 lican. Owns 205 acres, valued at $35 
 per acre. 
 
 KENT, JOHN, far., Sec. 19 ; P. 0. 
 Dahlonega. 
 Kirkpatrick, M., far.. Sec. 14; P. 0. 
 Highland Center. 
 
 KITTERMAN, GEORGE W., 
 
 farmer, Sec. 18 ; P. 0. Ottumwa ; born 
 in Wapello Co. Nov. 5, 1843. Enlisted 
 in 36th Iowa V. I. ; taken prisoner at 
 Mark's Mills. Married Barbara L. 
 Knight in Aug., 1866 ; she was born in 
 Pennsylvania Feb. 11, 1843 ; is a mem- 
 ber of the M. E. Church ; have four 
 children — Rowena, William C, Nora 
 and Sarah J. Owns 131 acres, valued 
 at $30 per acre. Greenbacker. 
 
 Kitterman, Henry, far., Sec. 29 ; P. 0. 
 Dahlonega. 
 
 KITTERMAX, JOSEPH, far , 
 Sec. 17 ; P. 0. Ottumwa ; was born in 
 Franklin Co., Va., July 25, 1812; 
 moved to Indiana, thence to Wapello 
 Co., in 1843. Married Martha Archi- 
 bald Oct. 27, 1833; they have six 
 children — Johanna, Sarah, Godfrey, 
 Alice, William A. and Mary E. Owns 
 120 acres of land, valued at $35 per 
 acre. Members of the M. E. Church. 
 Republican. 
 
 Knight, D. B., far. Sec. 26 ; P. 0. High- 
 land Center. 
 
 Kulkoff, John, far.. Sec. 5 ; P. 0. High 
 land Center. 
 
 LANCE, JOHN, Sec. 1; P. 0. 
 Highland Center. 
 Leutne, C. M., far., Sec. 35; P. 0. Dahl- 
 onega. 
 Lowe, D. far., Sec. 24; P. 0. Dahlonega. 
 Lowe, G, far.. Sec. 34 ; P. 0. Dahlonega. 
 Lowenberg, Anthony, far.. Sec. 26 ; P. 
 
 0. Dahlonega. 
 Ludlam, R. L., far., Sec. 8 ; P. 0. Dahlo- 
 
642 
 
 DIRECTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY: 
 
 MENEFEE, W. S , far., Sec. 22 ; P. 
 0. Highland Center. 
 
 Mccarty, john, far., sec.32; 
 
 p. 0. Dahlonega; was born in Lancaster 
 Co., Penn., July 11, 1809; came to 
 Wapello Co. in June, 1853 ; farms and 
 raises stock. Married Catherine An- 
 thony , she was born in Huntingdon 
 Co., Penn., June 8, 1812 ; have seven 
 children — Jemima, Almira, William J., 
 Harry B., Mary S., Samuel Q. and 
 Clara P.; six died. Owns 160 acres of 
 land, valued at $40 per acre. Green- 
 
 McCOkmCK, J. li., farmer ; P. 
 0. Agency City ; born in Maryland 
 Jan. 29, 1835 ; came to Wapello Co. in 
 1868. Married Miss Mary A. Harden ; 
 she was born in Maryland Sept. 29, 
 1840 ; have a family of six children — 
 Sarah K., Greorge W., John H., James 
 F., M. F. Albert and Eugene B., and 
 three deceased, Howard, Charles 0. and 
 Freddie F. Mr. McC. is a Democrat. 
 Owns 280 acres of land, valued at $25 
 per acre. 
 
 McCormick, Robert, farmer. Sec. 21 ; P. 
 0. Highland Center. 
 
 McCormick, William, farmer. Sec. 21 ; P. 
 0. Highland Center. 
 
 McMILIiAX, R. ]^., farmer. Sec. 1; 
 born in Lancaster Co., Penn., Jan. lY, 
 1832 ; studied dentistry in Ohio; prac- 
 ticed alternately with farming ; came to 
 Wapello Co. in March, 1873. Enlisted 
 in the 47th Iowa V. I. ; served his tinae 
 out as Sergeant. Owns 160 acres of 
 land, valued at $35 per acre. Repub- 
 lican. 
 
 MALOY, W. B., farmer, Sec. 2 ; P. 
 0. Highland Center; born in Lee Co., 
 Iowa, May 14, 1849 ; came to Wapello 
 Co. in 1875; owns 485 acres, valued at 
 $23 per acre ; his father is one of the 
 first settlers in Iowa, and, by attending 
 to farming and raising stock, has accu- 
 mulated quite a fortune. Greenbackes. 
 
 Moore, E. E., far., Sec. 30; P. 0. Ot- 
 tumwa. 
 
 nSTTEAL, REN, farmer. Sec. 36; P. 0. 
 
 i_N Dahlonega. 
 
 Neff, James W., far., S. 11 ; P. 0. High- 
 land Center. 
 
 Neff, S., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Newman, John A., far., S. 16 ; P. 0. High- 
 land Center. 
 
 OSBIIR^, SILAS, farmer; P. 
 0. Dahlonega; born in Shelby Co., 
 Ky., Oct. 29, 1794 ; came to Wapello 
 Co. in 1849. Married Miss Lucinda 
 Green, who died in 1852. Married 
 again in 1853 to Mary M. Wells; 
 have twelve children — Elizabeth, Re- 
 becca, John, Margaret, Irene, Emily 
 A., Silas, Lucinda, Stephen, James, 
 Mary C, Ellen. Mr. 0. served as an 
 Associate Judge five years in Indiana, 
 and as a member of the Legislature and 
 as Judge of Wapello Co., six years. 
 Mrs. 0. is a member of the M. E. 
 Church. Mr. 0. owns 160 acres of 
 land, valued at $30 per acre. Repub- 
 lican. 
 OSBURX, JAMES, farmer; born 
 in Wapello Co. Aug. 31, 1855; lives 
 with his parents ; follows farming. 
 Republican. 
 
 PACKWOOD, JOHN, farmer, S. 22; 
 P. 0. Highland Center. 
 
 Packwood, S., far., S. 15 ; P. 0. Highland 
 Center. 
 
 Packwood, W., far., S. 15; P. 0. High- 
 land Center. 
 
 RANDEL, W. J., far., S. 13; P. 0. 
 Highland Center. 
 
 Reesman, J., far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Dahlonega. 
 
 Richards, S.,far., S. 28; P. 0. Dahlonega. 
 
 Richman Eli, far., S. 26 ; P. O. High- 
 land Center. 
 
 Riley, F., S. 12; P. 0. Highland Center. 
 
 ROBERTSOX, WILLIAM, 
 Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Ottumwa ; born in Perry 
 Co., Ind., Feb. 5, 1827 ; came to Wa- 
 pello Co. in 1847 ; farmer and stock- 
 raiser. Married Elizabeth Van Winkle ; 
 she was born in Perry Co., Ind., Feb. 
 16, 1835; have seven children — George 
 D., James F., William H., Mary M., 
 Isaac E., Emery M. and Thomas. Mrs. 
 Robertson is a member of the M. E. 
 Church. Owns 480 acres of land, val- 
 ued at $30 per acre. Greenbacker. 
 SAUER, GEORGE A., farmer. Sec. 9 ; 
 P. 0. Highland Center. 
 
 Scott, A. J., far.. Sec. 6; P. 0. Highland 
 Center. 
 
 Sellers, T. J., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Dahlonega. 
 
 Shaw, John S., far.. Sec, 14; P. 0. High- 
 land Center. 
 
 Shuttlefield, H.,far., S. 19; P. O.Dahlonega. 
 
 Sloan, T. J., far., S. 23 ; P. 0. Dahlonega. 
 
 Smith, Fred, far. ; P. O. Dahlonega. 
 
CASS TOWNSHIP. 
 
 643 
 
 STEVEXS, B. I., far.; P. 0. High- 
 land Center ; was born in Wapello Co. 
 June 6, 1848. Married Mary M. 
 Pbelps in 1877; she was born in 
 Wapello Co., Nov. 18, 1855 ; she is a 
 member of the Baptist Church, Green- 
 backer. A. V. Stevens ; was born in 
 Harrison Co., Ind., Nov. 19, 1815 ; 
 came to Wapello Co., April 15, 1848. 
 Married Mrs. Miller July 20,1837; 
 has thirteen children — Charlie, Ernest, 
 Rhoda, Jacob, Owen, William, Jane, 
 John, Benjamin, Nancy, Lydia, Abra- 
 ham D. and Orlando. Members of 
 Baptist Church. Owns 210 acres of 
 land, valued at $30 per acre. Democrat. 
 
 THOMPSON, T. J., far., Sec. 17 ; P. 
 0. Ottumwa. 
 YAN WINKLE, JAMES, far.. Sec. 
 31 ; P. 0. Dahlonega. 
 WALDRON, JAMES, far.. Sec. 5 ; 
 P. 0. Highland Center. 
 Webb, H., far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Dahlonega. 
 Webb, I., far.. Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Dahlonega. 
 WHIPPL.E, AL.FRED J., far , 
 Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Ottumwa ; was born in 
 Dearborn Co., Ind., Feb. 26, 1831; 
 came to Wapello Co. in the fall of 
 1854. Married Elizabeth Doak, March 
 13, 1866; she was born in Beaver Co., 
 Penn.. Dec. 3, 1832 ; they have three 
 children — Ettie J., born Dec. 20, 
 
 1866; Laura A., born Aug. 20, 1870 ; 
 Milo D., born Jan. 30, 1873. Owns 
 250 acres of land, valued at S35 per 
 acre. Mrs. W. is a member of the 
 Presbyterian Church. Republican. 
 
 Whipple, John C, farmer. Sec. 29 ; P. 0. 
 Dahlonega. 
 
 Winner, John N., farmer. Sec. 2; P. 0. 
 Highland Center. 
 
 WI^XER, MARK ; P. 0. High- 
 land Center; born in Carroll Co., Ohio, 
 July 28, 1855 ; came to Wapello Co. in 
 1867. Married Belle Parker ; she was 
 born Oct. 25, 1851 ; have two children 
 — Jennie M. and Elsie P. Republican. 
 
 Wetherell, G., far., S. 19; P. O. Ottumwa. 
 
 WRIGHT, WIIililAM H., Sec. 
 19; P. 0. Ottumwa; born in Ohio 
 Aug 4, 1838 ; came to Wapello Co. in 
 May, 1841. Married Miss Maria H. 
 Pollock March 12, 1868 : she was born 
 in Licking Co., Ohio, Dec. 27,1848; 
 they have a family of two — Frank W. 
 and Gracie. Mr. Wright is a member 
 of the I. 0. 0. F., and Mrs. W. is a 
 member of the Christian Church. Mr. 
 W. owns 125 acres of land, valued at 
 $35 I er acre. Republican. 
 
 WycofF, A. B., farmer. Sec. 52 ; P. 0. 
 Agency City. 
 
 Wycoff, M. N., far.,S. 17 ; P. 0, Ottumwa. 
 
 CASS TOWNSHIP. 
 
 ALLEN, CHARLES, railroad em- 
 ploye, Chillicothe. 
 
 Applequist, John, ferryman, Chillicothe. 
 
 ARNOLD, PAUL, far., S. 34; P. 
 0. Chillicothe ; owns 300 acres of land, 
 valued at $25 per acre. Born in Wash- 
 ington Co., Ohio, in 1826 ; at 13. moved 
 to Athens Co., Ohio; in 1852, came to 
 Wapello Co. Has been Township Trust- 
 ee four years. Married Miss Mary Speed 
 in 1849 ; she was from Vinton Co., 
 Ohio ; they have seven children — Sarah 
 E., George F., Amon S., John, James 
 G., Amanda and Charles. Republican. 
 
 BAILEY, E. J., railroad employe, 
 Chillicothe. 
 Bailey, J. J., Chillicothe. 
 Bailey, Johnson, Chillicothe. 
 
 Ball, J. J., Chillicothe. 
 
 Bass, B. F. 
 
 Baxter, Samuel. 
 
 BEJLL, A. W., saw-mill and far., S. 
 6 ; P. 0. Chillicothe ; number of acres, 
 167^; value, $33^ per acre. Born in 
 Marion Co., Ind., in 1831 ; came to 
 Iowa in 1846, to Wapello Co. Married 
 Mary J. McGlothlen in 1859 ; she was 
 born in Indiana ; they have six children 
 living — Minerva C, Addie M., Lucy J., 
 Buckley, Nellie V. and N. T. ; lost three 
 children. Mr. Bell has been Justice 
 two terms. Township Trustee and served 
 on the Grnnd Jury. Members of the 
 Christian Church. Democrat. 
 
 BLACKMAIL, ^, W., farmer, Sec. 
 36; P. 0. Chillicothe. Owns 117i 
 
644 
 
 DIRECTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY 
 
 acres, valued at $50 per acre ; born in 
 Dedham, Mass., in 1811 ; lived in New 
 England until he was 24; moved to 
 Ohio; came to Cass Tp., Wapello Co., 
 Iowa, in 1865. Married Sarah M. 
 Mayhew, in 1848; she was born in 
 Athens Co., Ohio. Is a member of the 
 M. E. Church. Have seven children — 
 Wm. F., Marinda E., Charles P., Lewis 
 A., Christie Jane, Phoebe L. and Elma ; 
 last one daughter, Lydia, who died at 
 the age of 6 months. Democrat. Has 
 served eleven years as Township Trustee. 
 Has been Vice President of the School 
 Board. 
 
 Blackman, Charles, plasterer, Chillicothe. 
 
 Blackman, L. A., farmer; P. 0. Chilli- 
 cothe. 
 
 Brown, Andrew ; P. 0. Chillicothe. 
 
 Browning, F. M.; P. 0. Chillicothe. 
 
 Browning, John ; P. 0. Chillicothe. 
 
 Bush, F. M., merchant, Chillicothe. 
 
 BUNH, SAMUEL., hotel, Chilli- 
 cothe ; bou.se valued at $ 1 ,500 ; born in 
 Ross Co., Ohio, 1810 ; came to Iowa in 
 1 840 ; served as Township Trustee two 
 years. Married Helena M. Michael in 
 1840 ; she came from Rockingham Co., 
 Va.; had twelve children, seven living — 
 Francis M., Z. T., Winfield C, Louisa, 
 John C, William and Katie; five dead. 
 Republican. 
 
 Rutin, a. N., fir.; P. 0. Chillicothe. 
 
 C^ANFIELD, ELIAS, farmer. Sec. 34 ; 
 y P. 0. Chillicothe. 
 
 CAMPBELIi, L.., DR., Chilli- 
 cothe; born in Union Co., Ohio, 1845 ; 
 came to Wapello Co. in 1854 ; returned 
 to Ohio and graduated, 1869, in Cleve- 
 land Medical College. Married Miss 
 Mary Olney in March, 1870 ; married 
 again, Miss Isabel Stodgshill, of Vir- 
 ginia ; they have three children — E. E., 
 M. D., E. M. Republican. 
 
 Clark, Anthony, teamster, Chillicothe. 
 
 Clark, Hiram ; P. 0. Chillicothe. 
 
 Connell, Albert, farmer. Sec. 35 ; P. 0. 
 Chillicothe. 
 
 Connell, J. W., far., Sec. 35 : P. 0. Chilli- 
 cothe. 
 
 COXWEIiL., MIRIAM, MRS., 
 farmer. Sec. 3 ; P. 0. Chillicothe ; owns 
 187 acres, valued at S30 per acre ; born in 
 Washington Co., Penn., in 1818. Mar- 
 ried 0. Conwell in 1845 ; he was born 
 in Harrison Co., Ohio, in 1814 ; died Jan. 
 
 26, 1874 ; came to Iowa in 1854. Mr. 
 C. was School Treasurer nine years. 
 Have three children — Eliza E., Eliza- 
 beth A. and Caleb H. Republican ; 
 members of the M. E. Church for forty- 
 five years. 
 
 Connell, K. G. ; P. 0. Chillicothe. 
 
 COOK, DAVID, farmer. Sec. 3 ; P. 
 0. Chillicothe ; owns sixty-three acres, 
 valued at $30 per acre ; born in Ontario 
 Co., N. Y. ; came to Van Buren Co., 
 Iowa, in 1 837 ; lived there three years ; 
 moved to Kentucky ; three years after 
 to Wapello Co. Has been Township 
 Supervisor. Married Harriet Vinson ; 
 she was born in Indiana ; have eight 
 children— J. F., William R., E. N., R. 
 C, W. Abigail, Mary A., Silas H., 
 Elisha D. ; five deceased. Members of 
 the Christian Church. 
 
 Cook, E. N. 
 
 Cook, Warren. 
 
 Crabel, George, Chillicothe. 
 
 TT^DGINGTON, ZEB, Chillicothe. 
 
 Elder, George, Chillicothe. 
 
 FAIRCHILD, H. C, blacksmith, Chil- 
 licothe. 
 Fleming, John, Chillicothe. 
 Fletcher, Adam, Chillicothe. 
 
 GUGGERTY, PAT, far., S. 36; P. 
 0. Chillicothe. 
 
 (^IBBS, R. M., farmer, S. 25 ; P. 0. 
 Chillicothe ; owns 140 acres, valued at 
 $30 per acre ; born in Athens Co., 
 Ohio, in 1831 ; came to Wapello Co., 
 Cass Tp., in 1847. Has been Justice of 
 the Peace, Township Trustee and Clerk. 
 Married Miss Losana Olney in 1852; 
 she was born in McLean Co., 111. ; they 
 have six children living — Eliza J., Sa- 
 rah A., Chloe T., Ira Sherman, Lena 
 and Allie ; four dead. Republican. 
 
 GUGGERTY, L.., farmer and stock 
 buyer. Sec. 6 ; P. 0. Chillicothe ; owns 
 1,100 acres, valued at $25 per acre; 
 born in Ireland in 1829; came to the 
 United States in 1849; to Wapello Co. 
 in 1859. Married Bridget Gillespie in 
 1862; shewasbornin Ireland; have eight 
 children — Margaret, Julia A., John, 
 Mary, Patrick, Bartholomew, William 
 H., Ellen. Members of the Catholic 
 Church ; Democrat. 
 
 HEACOCK, J. G., former, Sec. 26 ; 
 P. 0. Chillicothe. 
 
CASS TOWNSHIP, 
 
 645 
 
 MEACOCK, SAMUEL. P., mill- 
 er, Chillicothe ; Sec. 7 ; owns 100 
 acres, valued at S25 per acre ; has a 
 mill ; main part, 34x40, three stories ; 
 engine-room 22x80, one story, with four 
 runs of stone ; capacity, about three hun- 
 dred and seventy-five bushels in twenty- 
 four hours ; has operated the mill nine 
 years ; Mr. H. was born in Tuscarawas 
 Co., Ohio, in 1836. Married Mary Jane 
 Draper in 1857. Came, in 1851, to 
 Cass Tp. Have six children — Joseph 
 Heni'y, Margaret E., Isabel, Ellen, 
 Rachel E., Esther ; two dead ; Mrs. 
 H. was born in Indiana. Members of 
 the M. E. Church. 
 
 Henshaw, J. Gr., railroad agt., Chillicothe. 
 
 Holt, Samuel, painter, Chillicothe. 
 
 Hull, James B., Chillicothe. 
 
 HUlili, J. E,, lumber, and buys and 
 sells real estate, Chillicothe ; Mr. H. 
 was born in Virginia in 1848 ; came to 
 Iowa in 1855. Married Miss Mary 
 Jewett in 1873 ; she was from Pennsyl- 
 vania. Has been Township Clerk three 
 terms. Democrat. 
 
 HUliL. J. M., lumber, and buys and 
 sells real estate, Chillicothe ; Mr. H. 
 owns many pieces of real estate in vari- 
 ous places; born in Virginia in 1817 ; 
 came to Iowa in 1 855. Has been Jus- 
 tice fifteen years, School Director fif- 
 teen years ; has served on the grand 
 jury. Married Lueretia Partlow in 
 1848 ; she was born in Virginia ; have 
 seven children — Josephine, J. F., B. 
 A., E. C, V. A., J. E., J. W. Mem- 
 bers of the M. E. Church. 
 
 Hurd, G., shoemaker, Chillicothe. 
 
 HUTTOX, .T. W., teacher, Chilli- 
 cothe ; born in Gossport, Ind., Sept. 14, 
 1855; has lived near Bloomfield, Davis 
 Co., Iowa. Mr. H. is a single man. 
 Greenbacker. Has been teaching three 
 years, and intends to make that his 
 business. 
 
 Hyatt, B. F., physician, Chillicothe. 
 
 JENKINS, A. J., farmer. Sec. 26 ; P. 
 0. Chillicothe. 
 Jewett, A., far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Chillicothe. 
 Jordan, John, Chillicothe. 
 -Judson, Cyrus, Chillicothe. 
 
 KINGENMYEE, HENRY, far., S. 
 19; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 y ANCE, CHARLES, Chillicothe. 
 
 Layman, Richard, Chillicothe. 
 Lucock, Robert, Chillicothe. 
 
 McADAMS, JAMES, farmer, Sec. Q ; 
 P. 0. Chillicothe. 
 
 Mark, Charles, Chillicothe. 
 
 MYERS, G. F., farmer, Sec. 35 ; P. 
 0. Chillicothe; owns 195 acres of land, 
 valued at S30 per acre ; born in Harri- 
 son Co., W. Va., March 29, 1813; 
 went to Fairfield Co., Ohio ; ten years 
 after, to Hocking Co., Ohio ; lived there 
 twenty years ; came to Wapello Co. in 
 1844; has been Justice and Township 
 Supervisor ten terms ; still serving as 
 Justice. Married Miss Hannah R. Ru- 
 tin in 1838; she was from New York 
 State ; have two children — Alvira R., 
 born in 1839, and George D., born in 
 1859 ; five died in infancy. Democrat. 
 
 Myers, Jacob H., Chillicothe. 
 
 XrORTON, C. R., REV., Pas 
 
 !.> tor of M. E. Church, Chillicothe ; 
 born in Washington Co.. Ohio, Dec. 2, 
 1845 ; educated at Mt. Pleasant, Iowa; 
 ordained Deacon at Bloomfield, Davis 
 Co., Iowa, in 1875 ; ordained minister 
 at Ottumwa in 1877 ; preached at Sa- 
 lem, Henry Co., Iowa, at Unionville, 
 Appanoose Co., and Hamilton, Union 
 Co. ; removed to Chillicothe in 1876. 
 Trustees of Church at this time are J. 
 G. Henshaw, James Hull, W. A. Nye, 
 B. F. Hyatt, M. D., and John Heacock ; 
 the Church has thirty members and is 
 free from incumbrance. Mr. Norton 
 was in late war four months as private ; 
 discharged in fall of 1864. Married 
 Miss A. J. Morris in 1873 ; have two 
 children — W. R. and C. C. Republi- 
 can. 
 
 XYE, WILLIAM A., minister and 
 far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Chillicothe ; owns 
 1 40 acres, valued at $40 per acre ; born 
 in Bavaria in 1824; came to Cass 
 Township in 1845 ; was elected first 
 Justice in the township ; served eight 
 years ; has been School Director most 
 of the time. Married Miss Mary Hoyt ; 
 she was from Meigs Co., Ohio ; they 
 have ten children — George L., John W., 
 William A., Samuel A., Mary E., Luella, 
 Ida Kate, Emma, Harry Frank and Ed- 
 ward B. Mr. and Mrs. N. and two old- 
 est daughters are members of the M. E. 
 Church. Mr. N. was ordained in 1861. 
 G. L. Nye served three and one-halt 
 
646 
 
 DIRECTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY 
 
 years in the army ; J. W. served two 
 and one-half years. 
 
 ODENBAUGH, ALBERT, Chilli- 
 eothe. 
 Olney, H., far., S. 34 ; P. 0. Chillicothe. 
 
 PETERSON, JOHN, far., S. 8 ; P. 0. 
 Chillicothe. 
 
 PEACH, JOSEPH, far., S. 27 ; P. 
 0. Chillicothe ; number of acres fifty- 
 two ; value $25 per acre. Mr. P. was 
 born in Logan Co., Ohio, in 1844; 
 came to Iowa in 1S47. Married Emma 
 Sackett in 1871 ; she was from Tipton, 
 Ind. ; they have no children. Mr. 
 P. was in the late war three years ; was 
 wounded and imprisoned in Tyler, Tex. 
 Republican. 
 
 Peterson, A. P., far., Sec. 3 ; P. 0. Chilli- 
 cothe. 
 
 Poston, J. N., far., Sec. 3 ; P. 0. Chilli- 
 cothe. 
 
 POSTON, J. N., farmer. Sec. 3 ; P. 
 0. Chillicothe ; 120 acres, valued at $18 
 per acre ; born in Virginia in 1 833 ; 
 came to Iowa in time of the Mexican 
 war. Married Nancy J. Buchanan in 
 1857; she was born in Indiana; have 
 two children — Martha Jane and Samuel 
 P. ; two died. Mrs. P. is a member of 
 the M. E. Church. Mr. P. is a Democrat. 
 
 Poston, S., far. ; P. 0. Chillicothe. 
 
 SHARP, GILBERT, farmer, Sec. 34 ; 
 P. 0. Chillicothe. 
 
 SAYERS, B. Cjt., house carpenter, 
 Chillicothe; born in Miami Co., Ohio, 
 in 1822; came to Iowa in 1840; to 
 Wapello Co. in 1844. Married Cather- 
 ine Myers in 1842 ; she was born in 
 Fort Madison, Iowa ; have six children 
 — Martha A., Elizabeth, John P., James 
 L., E. C. and Sarah E. John P. Sayers 
 died in 1868, 22 years old ; he was in 
 the army three years. Mr. S. is a 
 Universalist and a Democrat. 
 
 STEVEWS, JANE, farming, Sec. 
 3 ; P. 0. Chillicothe ; number of acres 
 sixty, valued at $25 per acre ; born in 
 Athens Co., Ohio, in 1818. Married J. 
 F. Stevens in 1837 ; he was frozen to 
 death in 1873. Have seven children 
 living — G. W., Sarah A., Eliza, James 
 M., Thomas L., Lafayette and J. S. ; 
 seven died while young. James M. 
 Stevens, farmer, Sec. 4 ; P. 0. Chilli- 
 cothe ; owns land, valued at $20 per 
 acre. Mr. S. was born in Vinton 
 
 Co., Ohio, in 1846 ; came to Iowa in- 
 1853. Married Marinda Denny in 1873 ; 
 she was born in Wapello Co. ; have three 
 children — Henry, James F. and Perl ey. 
 Mr. S. was in the U. S. service six years. 
 He votes Republican ticket. T. L. Ste- 
 vens, Sec. 3 ; number of acres twenty, 
 valued at $20 per acre ; born in Wapello 
 Co., in 1854. Married N. McCarty in 
 1875 ; she was born in Iowa ; they have 
 no children. Mr. Stevens is a Repub- 
 lican. 
 
 Strange James ; P. 0. Chillicothe. 
 
 ST R A W N , SAMUEL, farmer, 
 Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Chillicothe ; owns 127 
 acres, valued at $30 per acre ; born in 
 Fayette Co., Penn. ; lived there thirty- 
 one years ; came to Wapello Co., Cass 
 Tp. Has been School Director three 
 years. Married Almira Stevenson in 
 1861 ; she was born in Dearborn Co., 
 Ind. ; they have two children — Emma 
 E. and William A. Mrs. S. is a member 
 of the M. E. Church. RepubHcan. 
 
 Striker, X., farmer; P. 0., Chillicothe. 
 
 Stuber, W., far.; P. 0. Chillicothe. 
 
 STUMP, UEWIS, far., S. 2; P. 0- 
 Chillicothe ; owns 173, acres of land, 
 valued at $25 per acre; born in Ger- 
 many in 1818 ; came to America when 
 20 years old ; lived in Ohio seven 
 years; then came to Cass Tp., Wapello 
 Co.; he has served as Township Super- 
 visor four terms ; School Director three 
 terms. He married Susannah Gilliland 
 in 1854 ; she was born in Indiana ; they 
 have six children — John B., George 
 Lewis, Melinda Jane, Frederick F., 
 Levi S. and William W.; three dead — 
 Nancy A., James A. and M. F. Mem- 
 bers of the Christian Church ; Democrat. 
 
 SWOPE, JOHli; M., far., S. 35; 
 P. 0. Chillicothe; owns 165 acres of 
 land, valued at $35 per acre; born in 
 Monroe Co., W. Va., Oct. 13, 1831 ; 
 in 1856, came to Cass Tp. ; has been 
 Township Assessor four terms, and 
 Township Trustee four terms. Married 
 Alvina R. Myers April 16, 1857; she 
 was born in Hocking Co., Ohio; have 
 four children — J. Frederick, Emma E., 
 George M., Robert C; two dead — 
 Willie and Rebecca M. Mrs. S. is a 
 member of the M. E. Church. 
 
 WADDINGTON, J. H., merchant. 
 Chillicothe. 
 
POLK TOWNSHIP. 
 
 647 
 
 WADDIXGTO]^, WIIililAM, 
 
 dealer in dry goods, groceries, boots and 
 shoes, hats and caps, crockery, etc., 
 Chillicothe; born in Steubenville, Ohio, 
 in 1845 ; moved to Philadelphia, 
 Peon.; lived there until 17 years old; 
 came to Wapello Co. in 1861 ; has been 
 employed in different parts of the State 
 in the woolen trade. Married Miss 
 Mary Morgan, of Oskaloosa, Iowa ; she 
 was born in Van Buren Co., Iowa ; have 
 one child — Albert Henry, four years of 
 age. Mrs. W. is a member of the Bap- 
 tist Church ; Mr. W. is a Republican. 
 
 Warren, Ambrose, Chillicothe. 
 
 WHITE, GEORGE D., farmer, 
 and breeder of thoroughbred short-horns ; 
 Sec.3 ; P. 0. Chillicothe ; owns 260 acres, 
 valued at $30 per acre ; born in Vinton 
 Co., Ohio, in 1829 ; came to Cass Tp. 
 in 1854. Married Louisa Doddridge in 
 1854 ; she was born in Pennsylvania ; 
 have no children, but are raising and 
 educating a daughter by adoption. Mr. 
 White is a Republican. 
 
 Wingard, John, Chillicothe. 
 
 POLK TOWNSHIP. 
 
 A NDERSON,SWEN, farmer, Sec. 17; 
 u\. P. 0. Munterville. 
 ANDERSON, PETER GIJS- 
 
 TAVE, farmer. Sec. 6 ; P. 0. Mun- 
 terville ; owns 180 acres, valued at 
 $3,000 ; born in Sweden in 1820 ; came 
 to Wapello Co. in 1850. Married in 
 1846 Sophia Johnson ; she died in 
 1863. Married in 1864 Ann Lawson ; 
 had four children by first marriage ; 
 three by second marriage. Members of 
 Lutheran Church. 
 Ax, John, far.. Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Munterville. 
 
 BAKER, John W., far.. Sec. 9; P. 0. 
 Chillicothe. 
 
 Barrow, G. W., far., Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Mun- 
 terville. 
 
 Beagle, Abner, far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Beagle, D. F., far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Beckfelt, John, far., Sec. 18; P. 0. Mun- 
 terville. 
 
 Beckman, N., far., Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Mun- 
 terville. 
 
 Beckman, N. P., far., Sec. 31 ; P. 0. 
 Munterville. 
 
 Benson, B., far.. Sec, 15 ; P. 0. Munter- 
 ville. 
 
 Bergerson, Allen, far., Sec. 18 ; P. 0. 
 Munterville. 
 
 Bergerson, Nels, far.. Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Mun- 
 terville. 
 
 Bergerson, S., far.. Sec. 33; P. 0. Mun- 
 terville. 
 
 Bergerson, Swen, far.. Sec. 33; P. 0. 
 Munterville. 
 
 Bowen, Daniel, far.,S. 12 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Bowen, D. F., far., S. 13; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 Bowen, Nathan, far., Sees. 12 and 13; P. 
 
 0. Ottumwa. 
 BROOKS, MATILDA, MRS., 
 
 widow, Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Ottumwa ; 
 born May 10, 1836, in Harrison 
 Co., W. Va. Married Absalom Brooks 
 Sept. 23, 1875 ; he was born in 
 Kentucky; died Oct. 13, 1876. Mrs. 
 Brooks came to Wapello Co. in 
 1875 ; has four children, three by her 
 first husband and one by her last. The 
 children's names are Winfield S., aged 
 22 years ; Savila A., aged 20 years ; 
 Harvey A., aged 18 years; Mary Q., 
 aged 2 years. Mrs. B. owns sixty-one 
 acres, valued at $1,900. Is a member 
 of the Missionary Baptist Church. 
 Butt, H., far., S. 34 ; P. O. Blakesburg. 
 
 CANFIELD, B. P., far., S. 23; P. 
 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Canfield, H., far., Sees. 23 and 24; P. 0. 
 Ottumwa. 
 
 CHISMAN, CURTIS, farmer, 
 Sec. 26 ; P. 0. Ottumwa ; number 
 of acres, 252, valued at $6,000 ; born 
 in Dearborn Co., Ind., in 1837 ; 
 came to W^apello Co., Iowa, in 1850. 
 Married in 1862 Eleanor Brooks, who 
 was born in Wapello Co. in 1844 ;. 
 have three children — James A., born in 
 18 — ; Bertha, born in 1870; Anna, 
 born in 1876 ; Frank W., born Jan. 21, 
 1867, died Feb. 15, 1870. One son^ 
 Willie, died in infancy. Mr. Chisman 
 has been Township Clerk one year, and 
 
648 
 
 DIRECTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY; 
 
 Treasurer of School Board six years. 
 Members of the M. E. Church. 
 
 Chisman, C. R., far., Sec. 23 ; P. O. Ot- 
 tumwa. 
 
 Chisman, James, farmer. Sec. 23 ; P. 0. 
 Ottumwa. 
 
 CHISMAN, J. J., farmer, Sec. 18 ; 
 P. 0. Munterville ; owns 236 acres, 
 valued at $4,000 ; born in Indiana in 
 1823; came to Polk Tp. in 1854. 
 Married, in 1848, Catherine Goodwin, 
 who was born in Indiana in 1831 ; has 
 five children — George N., born 1850; 
 Mary, born 1851 ; Simon K., born 
 1852; Edmund D., born 1860; Wm. 
 P., born 1862. Has been Assessor two 
 terms. Town Clerk and School Secretary 
 for three years ; Road Supervisor one 
 terra. 
 
 Chisman, Palmer ; P. Oi Munterville. 
 
 Cloyd, Wm., far., Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Blakes- 
 burg. 
 
 Conwell, Lot, far.. Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Dudley. 
 
 Cook, A. M., far., Sec. 24 ; P. O. Ottumwa. 
 
 Cook, James, far., Sec. 1 1 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Cook, R. C, far.. Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Cottrell, James, farmer, Sec. 11 ; P. 0. 
 Chillicothe. 
 
 COTTREI.L, JOHN, far., Sec. 10 ; 
 P.O. Munterville; owns 100 acres, valued 
 at $2,000 ; born in Ohio in 1823 ; came 
 to Wapello Co. in 1840. Married in 
 1851 Elizabeth Bush, who was born in 
 Indiana in 1834 ; had nine children, five 
 living — Benjamin, born in 1854; Jennie, 
 born in 1863 ; John E., born in 1865 ; 
 Florida Ann, born in 1868 ; Irving, 
 born in 1 870 ; lost four children — Ange- 
 line, died 1 853, aged three mouths ; 
 Sarah F., died 1853, aged 4 months; 
 Emeline, died I860; Samuel, died 1878, 
 aged 22 years. Members of the Meth- 
 odist Church. 
 
 CRAMBI.it, JOHN, farmer. Sec. 
 8; P. 0. Munterville; owns 197 acres, 
 valued at $5,000 ; born in Guernsey 
 Co., Ohio, in 1834 ; came to Columbia 
 Tp., Wapello Co., in 1865; to Polk Tp., 
 spring of 1866. Married Jan. 5, 1859, 
 Sophia Dunkle; born in Vinton Co., 
 Ohio ; have seven children — Joel T., 
 born in 1862 ; Minerva, 1866 ; Bertram 
 E., 1868; Frank, 1870; Andrew J., 
 1873 ; Wynn, 1876, and infant girl not 
 yet named ; one boy died in infancy. 
 Mr. Cramblit enlisted in the 1 14th Ohio 
 
 V. I. ; served till the close of the war ; 
 
 participated in six engagements. 
 Cramblit, Samuel. 
 Cook, N., Sec. 24 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 DAGGETT, L. D., farmer. Sec. 21 ; 
 P. 0. Munterville. 
 
 Dickson, J. W.,far.,S.9 ; P. 0. Chillicothe. 
 
 Doty, Jas., far., Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Draper, J. W., far, Sec. 34; P. 0. Blakes- 
 burg. 
 
 XpiSK, EDWARD, farmer, Sec. 27; 
 
 JD P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 FAUERSTROM, ANDREW 
 EDWARD, farmer, Sec. 9 ; P. O. 
 Munterville ; number of acres, 220 ; 
 valued at $4,500 ; born in 1822 ; came 
 to America in 1846 ; settled in Polk 
 Tp. in 1851. Married Ann Doggett, 
 who was born in Kentucky in 1836 ; 
 have seven children — Albert, born in 
 1854 ; Sarah Ann, in 1855 ; Dudley, in 
 1858; James, in 1860; Charlotte, in 
 1864; Clara, in 1868; and Fannie, in 
 1870 ; two children died in infancy. 
 Has been Township Trustee two terms ; 
 Treasurer of the School Board four 
 years. Members of the Baptist Church ; 
 Democrat. 
 
 Fletcher, Thos., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Dudley. 
 
 Folgman, F., far.. Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Mun- 
 terville. 
 
 Folgman, J., Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Munterville. 
 
 Fowler, I., far., Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 GALEY, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 34; P. 
 0. Blakesburg. 
 
 Gates, L., far., Sec. 13; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Gillaspie, T.,far., Sec. 12 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Gosney, L. S., far., Sec. 36; P.O. Ottumwa. 
 
 Grooms, J., far., Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Grooms, J., far.. Sec. 23; P. 0. Munter- 
 ville. 
 
 Gunnison, G. S., far.. Sec. 6 ; P. 0. Mun- 
 terville. 
 
 Gustavson, Charles. 
 
 Gunderson, — , Sec. 6 ; P. 0. Munterville. 
 
 HAMPTON, 0., farmer. Sec. 11 ; P. 
 0. Ottumwa. 
 HARI. AN, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 36 ; 
 P. 0. Ottumwa ; born in Fayette Co., 
 Ind., Feb. 11, 1819 ; in 1821, moved to 
 Parke Co., Ind.; in 1849, came to Wa- 
 pello Co. Married Ann Edgman March 
 5, 1840 ; she was born in Holt Co., 
 Tenn., June 25, 1820 ; had ten chil- 
 dren, seven living — Mary, died in 1865 ; 
 George, died in 1858 ; Martha, died in 
 
POLK TOWNSHIP. 
 
 649 
 
 1858; Sarah, born Dec. 21, 1840; 
 Ulysses, born April 24, 1842; Sarepta, 
 born July 6, 1845 ; Julia, born Jan. 15, 
 1847 ; Nancy J., born Sept. 13, 1853 ; 
 Aaron, born Nov. 9, 1858; Joseph, 
 born March 31, 1860. Owns 230 acres, 
 valued at $40 per acre. Has held the 
 ofl&ce of Township Trustee five years. 
 School Director five years, and County 
 Supervisor four years. Mrs. Harlan is 
 member of the Baptist Church. Dem- 
 ocrat. 
 
 HARLAN, U. li., farmer, Sec. 35 ; 
 P. 0. Blakesburg; born in Parke Co., 
 Ind., in 1842 ; came to Wapello Co. in 
 1849 ; has since been engaged in farming. 
 Married Cynthia A. Cloydin 1869 ; she 
 was born in Wapello Co. in 1850 ; have 
 three children— Charles H., Ella M., 
 and May E. Has held the office of 
 .Road Supervisor two years and School 
 Director one year. Owns 154 acres of 
 land, valued at $15 per acre. Democrat. 
 
 Hawnson, J., far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Munterville. 
 
 Hazlett, J., far., S. 5; P. 0. Dudley. 
 
 Hendricks, P. J., far., S. 23 ; P. 0. Ot- 
 tumwa. 
 
 HOKANSON, M. F., REV., 
 
 Pastor of the Lutheran Church, Sec. 16 ; 
 P.O. Munterville; born in 1811 in 
 Sweden; ordained in Galesburg, III., in 
 1853 ; began his ministry in Jeff'erson 
 Co., Iowa, in 1851, two years before his 
 ordination ; remained as Pastor of that 
 charge until 1857 ; then came to Polk 
 Tp.. remained three years; went to 
 Boone Co., Iowa, and returned to Polk 
 Tp. in 1868. Married Ann E. Ander- 
 son in 1848 ; she was born in Sweden in 
 1829 ; have no children; have adopted 
 a niece of Mrs. Hokanson. Owns 120 
 acres of land. 
 
 Hurd, G., far., S. 15 ; P. 0. Chillicothe. 
 
 "TSAACSON, ANDREW, far.. Sec. 19 ; 
 
 X P. 0. Munterville. 
 
 ITACOBSON, S. P., far.. Sec. 28 ; P.O. 
 
 t) Munterville. 
 
 Johnson, A. F., far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Ot- 
 tumwa. 
 
 -Johnson, C, far., S. 17 ; P. 0. Munterville. 
 
 JOHXSOX, CHARLE!^, farmer, 
 Sec. 17; P. 0. Munterville; owns 117 
 acres, valued at $3,000 ; born in Sweden 
 in 1833 ; came to this country and 
 county in 1853. Married in 1854 Lena 
 Johnson, who died in 1869. Married 
 
 Ann L. Peterson in 1871; had nine 
 children by first marriage, four living — 
 Louisa, born in 1858; Emeline, born 
 in 1860 ; Hannah, born in 1861 ; Jose- 
 phine, born in 1868 ; five died in 
 infancy — Lute G., born in 1875 ; child 
 of second wife. Mr. Johnson is a 
 breeder of thorough-bred stock ; now 
 owns a number of fine specimens. He 
 enlisted in the 13th I. V. I. in 1864: 
 served till the close of the war. Member 
 of the Lutheran Church. 
 
 Johnson, E., far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Johnson, G., far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Munterville. 
 
 Johnson, J., Postmaster, S. 18; P. O. 
 Munterville. 
 
 Johnson, N., S. 32 ; P. 0. Munterville. 
 
 Johnson, Nels, far., S. 32; P. 0. Mun- 
 terville. 
 
 Johnson, S., far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Munterville. 
 
 Jones, D., far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Chillicothe. 
 
 Jones, J. B.,far., S. 33 ; P. 0. Munterville. 
 
 Jones, J. W., far., S. 24; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 TT^EEN, C, S. 21; P. 0. Munterville. 
 
 Kerfman, P., far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Blakes- 
 burg. 
 
 Kiphart, J., far,, S. 33; P. 0. Blakesburg. 
 
 Klingermyer, H., far., S. 13 ; P. 0. Chil- 
 licothe. 
 LARSON, WM., far., S. 8 ; P. 0. 
 Munterville. 
 
 LARSON, SIVEN, farmer, Sec. 6; 
 P. 0. Munterville ; owns 120 acres, 
 valued at $2,400 ; born in Sweden in 
 1824; came to Ottumwa in 1854, 
 thence to Van Buren Co. ; returned to 
 Wapello Co. in 1857, and settled in 
 Polk Tp. ; has resided in Cass and Polk 
 Tps. since that time. Married Hannah 
 Burgerson in 1851; have eight children 
 — Nelly, born in 1852; Ludwig, born 
 in 1855; Josephine, born in 1857; 
 Matilda M., born in 1859; Franz J., 
 born in 1861 ; Oscar A., born in 1864; 
 Emma L., born in 1868 ; Charles J., 
 born in 1871. Members of the Lu- 
 theran Church. 
 
 Lewis, Enos, fiir., S. 21, P.O. Munterville. 
 
 LATHROP, JOEL, fiirmer, Sec. 
 26; P. 0. Munterville; owns 163 acres 
 of laud, valued at $3,300 ; born in the 
 State of New York in 1801 ; moved to 
 Indiana in 1833 ; thence to his present 
 location in 1860. Married in 1822 
 Margaret Gordon, who died in 1830 ; 
 
650 
 
 DIRECTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY 
 
 had three children, none of whom are 
 Imng ; married in 1834 Helen Dickson, 
 who died in 1850 ; had five children, 
 two living — Harrison F., born in 1839, 
 and Helen, born in 1844 ; married for 
 hia third wife Maria Godman. born in 
 Ohio in 1812 ; have one daughter — 
 Emma, born in 1851 ; she had nine 
 children by a former marriage, five liv- 
 ing. 
 
 LIWDSAY, WM., farmer, Sec. 28; 
 P. 0. Blakesburg ; born in Lanarkshire, 
 Scotland, in 1824 ; came to Wapello Co. 
 in 1873. Married Jeanette Henderson ; 
 she was born in same place as her hus- 
 band ; have ten children — George, Susie, 
 Elizabeth, Christina, David, William, 
 Francis, Emma, Etta, Lloyd. Owns 
 120 acres, valued at $20 per acre. Re- 
 publican. 
 
 Lock, C. P., far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Munterville. 
 
 I.OTTRIDGE, THOMAS, far , 
 Sec. 16; P. 0. Munterville; born in 
 Athens Co., Ohio, in 1812 ; settled in 
 Polk Tp. in 1855. Married in 1832 
 Catharine Donahue, who was born in 
 Pennsylvania in 1811 ; had eight chil- 
 dren, seven living — Esther, born in 
 1833; Leonard N., born in 1835; 
 George, born in 1838 ; Eliza, born in 
 1843; John W., born in 1846: 
 Bernatus B., born in 1849; Whit- 
 ney D., born in 1852 ; William, born in 
 1840, died in 1867. Mr. Lottridge was 
 a member of the 37th Regiment Iowa 
 Volunteers, from the time of its organi- 
 zation till it was mustered out ; bis son 
 George belonged to Company K, 2d 
 Regiment ; served three years. Mem- 
 bers M. E. Church ; Republican. 
 
 Lottridge, Whitney, far., Sec. 16; P. 0. 
 Munterville. 
 
 McCARTZ, WM., farmer, Sec. 14; 
 P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 McCoy, Cass, far.. Sec. 15 ; P. 0. Mun- 
 terville. 
 Major, J. A., far., Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Blakes- 
 burg. 
 
 NEHER, F., far., Sec. 14; P. 0. 
 Ottumwa. 
 Nelson, Olof, far.. Sec. 18 ; P. 0. Mun- 
 terville. 
 Nelson, Peter N., far.. Sec. 18; P. 0. 
 
 Munterville. 
 Nelson, Swen, far.. Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Mun- 
 terville. 
 
 OCK, J., farmer, Sec. 10; P. 0. Mun- 
 terville. 
 Olson, John, far., Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Blakes- 
 burg. 
 Ostrom, N. A., far.. Sec. 18; P. 0. Mun- 
 terville. 
 Oswold, Nicholas, far., Sec. 27 ; P. 0. 
 Ottumwa. 
 
 PEARSON, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 20 ; 
 P. 0. Munterville. 
 
 Pearson, Nels, far.. Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Mun- 
 terville. 
 
 Peterson, A. P., far., Sec. 18 ; P. 0. Mun- 
 terville. 
 
 Peterson, Charles, far.. Sec. 28; P. 0. 
 Munterville. 
 
 Peterson, Gustaf, far.. Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Mun- 
 terville. 
 
 Peterson, Jacob, far.. Sec. 32 ; P. 0. 
 Munterville. 
 
 Peterson, John, far.. Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Mun- 
 terville. 
 
 Peterson, John, far.. Sec. 7 ; P. 0. •Mun- 
 terville. 
 
 Peterson, N. P., far.. Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Mun- 
 terville. 
 
 QriXX, JOHN, farmer. Sec. 10 ; 
 P. O. Dudley ; owns 130 acres, 
 valued at $1,500 ; born in Ireland in 
 
 1850 ; came to this country about 1858 ; 
 came to Wapello Co. in 1875. Mar- 
 ried in 1878 Johanna Bernard, who 
 was born in Canada in 1854. 
 
 RALSTON, 0. P., farmer. Sec. 35 ; 
 P. O. Ottumwa. 
 Rose, L., far.. Sec. 34; P. 0. Blakesburg. 
 
 SMITH, GEORGE J., farmer, Sec. 35 ; 
 P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 SCHLAYETER, HOMIXIK, 
 farmer and breeder of thorough-bred 
 stock, Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Chillicothe ; owns 
 200 acres, valued at $7,000 ; born in 
 Baden, Germany, in 1821 ; came from 
 Baden to New York City in August, 
 
 1851 ; to Ottumwa in 1852 ; to Polk 
 Tp. in May, 1854. Married in New 
 York, in 1851, Caroline Mott ; she was 
 born in Baden in 1829 ; had ten chil- 
 dren, nine living — Mary R.,born 1851 ; 
 John A., born 1853 ; Joseph M., born 
 1855 ; Charles D., born 1858 ; Seth, 
 born 1860 ; Fred E., born 1862 ; Lucy 
 L., born 1864; Minnie, born 1867; 
 Andrew P., born 1870; one daughter 
 died in infancy. Mr. Schlayeter has 
 been for six years a Director of the 
 
POLK TOWNSHIP. 
 
 651 
 
 Agricultural Society of Wapello Co. 
 Is a Justice of the Peace. He is a suc- 
 cessful breeder of thorough -bred cattle ; 
 has a number of fine short-horns now 
 on his farm. 
 
 NIBEREIili, JACOB, Sec. 29 ; 
 P. 0. Blakesburg; owns eighty acres, 
 valued at $1,500; born in Ross Co., 
 Ohio, in 1823; came to Wapello Co. in 
 1855. Married, in 1856, Elizabeth J. 
 Rose ; she was born in Jennings Co., 
 Ind., in 1833 ; died in 1871 ; has two 
 children — Horace, born in 1857, and 
 Sumner, born in 1859. Mr. Siberell 
 was a member of the Legislature one 
 term, beginning January 1, 1874; has 
 been Justice of the Peace and held 
 other town offices. Republican and 
 Prohibitionist ; is a Spiritualist and 
 medium. 
 
 Smith, J., far., Sec. 1 
 
 Smith, X., far., Sec. 
 ville. 
 
 Spears, W,, far., Sec. 29 ; P.O. Blakesburg. 
 
 Sponsler, J. J., far., S. 25 ; P.U.Ottumwa. 
 
 Springer, A. J., far.. Sec. 17 ; P. 0. Mun- 
 terville. 
 
 Springer, P. Z., far., Sec. 17 ; P. 0. Mun- 
 terville. 
 
 SWEl^SOX, JOHN, farmer. Sec. 
 18 ; P. 0. Munterville ; owns 105 acres, 
 valued at $2,200 ; born in Sweden in 
 1833; came to this country and county 
 in 1854. Married in 1855, to Anna 
 Ellenson; born in Sweden in 1828 ; have 
 nine children, five living — Sophia, born 
 in 1856 ; Matilda, born in 1860 ; Charles, 
 born in 1862 ; Robert, born in 1864 ; 
 Olivia, born in 1866 ; the others died 
 in infancy. Members of the Lutheran 
 Church. 
 
 P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 17 ; P. 0. Munter- 
 
 SWENSON, NELS, farmer; P. 0. 
 Munterville ; owns 155 acres, valued 
 at 83,100 ; born in Sweden in 1834; 
 came to this country and settled in Polk 
 Tp., in August, 1854. Married 
 Sarah Guilliams, a native of Putnam 
 Co., Tnd., in 1859 ; had eight children, 
 seven living — Norene, born in 1861 ; 
 Alexander, born in 1862 and died in 
 1863 ; Rhoda E., born in 1865 ; Will- 
 iam E., born in 1867 ; Leonard, born in 
 1869 ; Laura A., born in 1872 ; Lilly 
 M., born in 1875 ; Matilda, born in 
 1877. Mr. S. is a member of the Lu- 
 theran Church, his wife of the Baptist 
 Church. Was Road Supervisor in 1873-74 
 and Town Trustee in 1872-73. Mr. 
 Swenson's father, who is now 77 years 
 of age, lives with him ; his mother, 
 born in 1804, died March 13, 1866. 
 
 TERRIL, JESSE, former, Sec. 16; P. 
 0. Munterville. 
 yyPP, WILLIAM, farmer, Sec. 22; 
 U p. 0. Blakesburg. 
 ^TENATOR, WILLIAM, far , 
 V and stock dealer ; P. 0. Munter- 
 terville ; owns 270 acres of land, val- 
 ued at S5,000 ; born in 1841 in Orange 
 Co., Ind.; came to Polk Tp. in 1853, 
 where he has since resided. Married in 
 July, 1877, Susie M. Lindsey, who was 
 born in St. Lawrence Co.,N. Y.,in 1851. 
 
 WALLACE, JOHN, farmer. Sec. 10 ; 
 P. 0. Munterville. 
 Walker, C. E., fiir., S. 22 ; P 0. Ottumwa. 
 Whitcomb, C. C, far., S. 27 ; P. 0. Chil- 
 
 licothe. 
 White, M., Sec. 26 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 Williams, C, far., S. 24 ; P. 0. ChiUicothe. 
 Worley, A., far., S. 13; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 Worley, S., far., S. 16 ; P. 0. Munterville. 
 
652 
 
 DIRECTOR! OF WAPELLO COUNTY: 
 
 ADAMS TOWNSHIP. 
 
 ABEGG, J., far., S. 29; P. 0. Blakes- 
 burg. 
 
 ABEGG, B., far., S. 29 ; P. 0. Blakes- 
 burg ; born in Monroe Co., Ohio, in 
 1843; came to Wapello Co., in 1851. 
 Married Cora Bellis in 1871; she was 
 born in Hendricks Co., Ind., in 1853 ; 
 have three children^ — Mary, Henry and 
 Anna. Owns 120 acres, valued at $15 
 per acre. Enlisted in 1862, in Co. B, 
 36th Iowa Tnf. ; mustered out in 1865 ; 
 was in all the battles of the 36th. Re- 
 publican. 
 
 Abernathy, J., far., S. 18; P. 0. Blakes- 
 burg. 
 
 Anderson, B., far., S. 27; P. 0. Blakes- 
 burg. 
 
 Arnold, J., far., S. 26; P. 0. Blakesburg. 
 
 Arnold, J. M., far., S. 26; P.O. Blakes- 
 burg. 
 
 ARNOIiB, L.YDIA, MRS., far , 
 S. 26 ; P. 0. Ash Grove, Davis Co.; 
 born in Clinton Co., Ohio, in 1824. 
 Married W. A. Arnold in 1843 ; he 
 was born in Louisa Co., Va., in 
 1814, died June 15, 1867. Came to 
 Wapello Co., in 1855. Have nine chil- 
 dren — Elizabeth A., Jacob, James, Eva, 
 Charles, Laura, Meta, Alice and William. 
 Member of the Methodist Church. 
 Owns 200 acres of land, valued at $25 
 per acre. 
 
 Angel, J. N., far., S. 17; P. 0. Blakes- 
 burg. 
 
 Asbury, T. P., druggist, Blakesburg. 
 
 BACHMAN, CHARLES, far., S. 22; 
 P. 0. Blakesburg. 
 
 Baker, J., far., S. 25; P. 0. Ash Grove. 
 
 Ball, D., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Blakesburg. 
 
 Barnes, N., blacksmith, Blakesburg. 
 
 Barry, J. P., far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Blakes- 
 burg. 
 
 Bedell, G. W., far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Blakes- 
 burg. 
 
 Bellis, J. H., far., S. 20; P. 0. Blakes- 
 burg. 
 
 Bellis/W., far., S. 20; P. 0. Blakesburg. 
 
 BOMAR, H., MRS., Bomar 
 House, Blakesburg; born in Hart Co., 
 Ky., January 25, 1826. Married C. 
 S. Bomar June 3, 1849 ; he was born 
 in LaRue Co., Ky., Aug. 22, 1821. 
 has one child — Thomas E. Bomar, 
 
 born April 26, 1850 ; came to Iowa in 
 1857; to Wapello Co. in 1858, and en- 
 gaged in general merchandising at 
 Blakesburg until 1866. Mrs. Bomar 
 has been engaged in the hotel and mil- 
 linery business for the past twelve years; 
 owns thirteen town lots, valued at 
 $4,000. T. E. Bomar married Lizzie 
 Tharp Oct. 14, 1874; she was born in 
 Monroe Co., Iowa, May 14, 1856 ; have 
 one child — Maudie M., born in August, 
 1, 1875. Owns 220 acres, valued at $40 
 per acre. Democrat. 
 
 Brown, T., far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Blakesburg. 
 
 Buxton, S., far.,S. ; P. 0. Blakesburg. 
 
 CAMPBELL, A. A., farmer, Sec. 19; 
 P. 0. Blakesburg. 
 Carl, D., far.; P. 0. Blakesburg. 
 Cloyd, C, far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Blakesburg. 
 Cloyd, J. B., far., S. 16 ; P. 0. Blakesburg. 
 Cloyd, Wm., far., S. 4 ; P. 0. Blakesburg. 
 Cole, R. v., far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Blakesburg. 
 Colvin, W., far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Blakesburg. 
 Cooper, A., retired far.; P. 0. Blakesburg. 
 Cupps, J., far. ; P. 0. Blakesburg. 
 
 DAVIS, G., farmer. Sec. 21 ; P. 0. 
 Blakesburg. 
 
 Day, E. B., far., S. 10 ; P. 0. Blakesburg. 
 
 Day, W. A., far., S. 10 ; P. 0. Blakesburg. 
 
 Derby, C. W., &r.; P. 0. Blakesburg. 
 
 DERBY, :N., former. Sec. 28 ; P. O. 
 Blakesburg ; born in Licking Co., Ohio, 
 in 1844 ; came to Wapello Co. in 1846. 
 Married Martha J. Trussell in 1865 ; 
 she was born in Wapello Co.; have three 
 children — William A., Harry F. and 
 Minnie P. Owns 140 acres of land, 
 valued at $20 per acre. Enlisted Aug. 
 8, 1862, in Co. D, 36th Iowa V. L; was 
 in the battles of Helena, Ark., Little 
 Rock and others ; was taken prisoner at 
 Mark's Mill, Ark.; mustered out in Sep- 
 tember, 1875. W^as Road Supervisor 
 two years. Republican. 
 
 Donahue, J. P., far.. Sec. 20; P. 0. 
 Blakesburg. 
 
 Donahue, P., far.. Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Blakes- 
 burg. 
 
 Dorothy, A., far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Blakesburg. 
 
 Dorothy, C, far., Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Blakes- 
 burg. 
 
 Dorothy, J. Q., far., Sec. 29 ; P. 0. 
 Blakesburg. 
 
ADAMS TOWNSHIP. 
 
 f>5S 
 
 DOTY, J. L.., farmer, Sec. 4 ; P. 0. 
 Blakesburg ; born in Trumbull Co., 
 Ohio, Aug. 10, 1816 ; came to Wapello 
 Co. March 7, 1870. Married Eliza- 
 betli Smith Oct. 1, 1862 ; she was born 
 in York State in 1825 ; Mr. D. has three 
 children by former marriage — John J., 
 James E., Charles C. ; two by present 
 wife — Nancy and Arthur A. Owns 
 616 acres of land, valued at $30 per 
 acre. Members of the M. E. Church ; 
 Republican. 
 
 Draper, Jno., far., S. 9 ; P. 0. Blakesburg. 
 
 Draper, J. W., far., S. 9 ; P. 0. Blakesburg. 
 
 Draper, W., far., S. 9 ; P. 0. Blakesburg. 
 
 Dye, v., far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Blakesburg. 
 
 FIGtG, C. S., plastering and bricklay- 
 ing, Blakesburg. 
 
 Fern, B., far., S. 17; P. 0. Blakesburg. 
 
 Fenkhouser, D. E., far., S. 12; P. 0. Ot- 
 tumwa. 
 
 Fitzpatrick, J., far., S. 22; P. 0. Blakes- 
 burg. 
 
 FRITZ, B., general merchandise and 
 feed-mill, Blakesburg ; born in Ger- 
 many ; came to Wapello Co. in 1857; 
 farmed until 1863; then commenced 
 his present business ; also engaged in 
 stock-raising. Married Anna Miller in 
 1857 ; she was born in Germany ; have 
 seven children — Louisa F., William, 
 Henry, Matilda, George, Franklin and 
 Gertie. Owns 574 acres. Held the 
 office of School Director three years. 
 
 r^ ALEY, J., far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Blakes- 
 
 VX burg. 
 
 Galey, J. L., far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Blakesburg. 
 
 Garlinghouse, J., Blakesburg. 
 
 Garrison, L., far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Blakesburg. 
 
 GANSOK, A., far., S. 11; P. 0. 
 Ottumwa; born in Germany in 1811; 
 came to Wapello Co. in 1865. Married 
 Theresa Bowers in 1846 ; she was born 
 in Germany ; have nine children — Ste- 
 phen (died in the army). Mart, Martin, 
 Joe, Fred, Mary, Kate, Matilda, Agnes. 
 Owns eighty acres of land, valued at 
 $20 per acre. Members of the Catholic 
 Church; Democrat. 
 
 Glover, B., far., S. 24; P. 0. Blakesburg. 
 
 Green, J. P., far., S. 25; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Green, J. W., potter, Blakesburg. 
 
 HACKMAN, A., wagon-mkr., Blakes- 
 burg. 
 Hanning, Wm., far.,S. 14; P. 0. Blakes- 
 burg. 
 
 Hardy, D. L., far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Blakes- 
 burg. 
 
 Harron, V., far., S. 20; P. 0. Blakesburg. 
 
 Heckard, J. A., far., S. 23 ; P. 0. Blakes- 
 burg. 
 
 Hendrickson, I., far., S. 9 ; P. 0. Blakes- 
 burg. 
 
 Hough, H., far., S. 30; P. 0. Blakesburg. 
 
 Houh, W., far., S. 31 ; P. 0. Blakesburg. 
 
 Hull, G. W.. miller, Blakesburg. 
 
 HUNTER, E., far., S. 34; P. O. 
 Ash Grove, Davis Co. ; born in Greene 
 Co., in 1832. Married Margaret Owne 
 in 1856; she was born in Clay Co., 
 Ind., in 1838; their children are Jas- 
 per (died in 1861), Samuel M., Minerva 
 J., Alice (died in 1861), Margaret E., 
 Delilah F., Erastus, Marion, Clara A. 
 and Starling. Owns 518 acres, valued 
 at $15 per acre. Members of M. E. 
 Church ; Democrat. 
 
 Husted, I., far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Blakesburg. 
 
 JACKSON, A., farmer, Sec. 3 ; P. 0. 
 Blakesburg. 
 
 Jay, D., far., S. 29 ; P. 0. Blakesburg. 
 
 Jay, J. P., far., S. 31 ; P. 0. Blakesburg. 
 
 John, G. W., far.,S. 12 ; P. 0. Blakesburg. 
 
 Johnes, R., far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Blakesburg. 
 
 Jones, J. B.,far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Blakesburg. 
 
 Jones, J. M., far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Blakesburg. 
 
 Jones, J. W., far., S. 5; P. 0. Blakesburg. 
 
 JONES, WM. R., farmer and fine 
 stock raiser, Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Blakesburg ; 
 born in Shelby Co., Ky., 1831 ; came to 
 Wapello Co. in 1868 ; since engaged in 
 farming and raising Norman horses. 
 Married Sophia J. Ham in 1851 ; she 
 was born in Putnam Co., Ind., in 1832 ; 
 have four children — Horace G., Isaac 
 N., Rebecca E., Seleria F. Mr. Jones 
 was President of School Board two 
 years. School Director one year, and 
 Road Supervisor one year. Owns 174 
 acres, valued at $20 per acre. Mem- 
 bers of Christian Church ; Liberal. 
 KASHNER, 0., fiirmer. Sec. 27 ; P. 
 0. Blakesburg. 
 
 Krudall, J., far., S. 24; P. 0. Blakesburg. 
 
 Kent, J., far., S. 16; P. 0. Blakesburg. 
 
 Kiphart, H., far., S. 1; P. 0. Blakesburg, 
 
 Kline, J. T., far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Blakesburg. 
 
 Koons, J., far., S. 23; P. 0. Blakesburg. 
 
 KOSMAN, C, far.. Sec. 1 ; P. 0. 
 Ottumwa ; born in Grusbeck, Holland, 
 March 7 ; came to Wapello Co. in 
 1857 ; has farmed since. Married 
 
654 
 
 DIRECTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY; 
 
 Emily Hess in 1859 ; she was born in 
 Prussia in 1837 ; have six children — 
 Johanna, Louis, Joseph J., Garrett, 
 Bottious and Christian. Owns 400 
 acres, valued at $15 per acre. Was 
 Road Supervisor two years. Members 
 of the Catholic Church ; Democrat. 
 
 Kunney, J., Blakesburg. 
 
 Kusbner, S., far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Blakes- 
 burg. 
 LAFOLLETT, J. H., far., S. 8 ; P. 0. 
 Blakesburg. 
 
 Lafollett, J., far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Blakesburg. 
 
 Layne, J. T., ftir., S. 16 ; P. 0. Blakes- 
 burg. 
 
 liOBER, JOHN, groceries, boots 
 and shoes, Blakesburg; born in Ger 
 many in 1826 ; came to Wapello Co., in 
 1849 ; worked at shoemaking until 
 1875 ; then started present store. Mar- 
 ried Dora Whitemau in 1850; she was 
 born in Switzerland in 1828 ; have 
 three children — Frederick, Amelia and 
 Louisa. Owns 100 acres of land, val- 
 ued an $1,500. Members of Lutheran 
 Church ; Democrat. 
 
 Lyon, E. M., far., S. 6 ; P. 0. Blakesburg. 
 
 MCALLISTER, M.,far., S. 8 ; P. 0. 
 Blakesburg. 
 
 Maitz, A., far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Blakesburg. 
 
 Maitz, J., far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Blakesburg. 
 
 Mallalla, F., far., S. 15 ; P. 0. Blakesburg. 
 
 Martin, A., far., S. 15; P. 0. Blakesburg. 
 
 MARTZ, JAMES M., far., S. 28 ; 
 P. 0. Blakesburg. 
 
 MIL-IiARD, SAMUEL, far.. Sec. 
 3 ; P. 0. Blakesburg ; born in Warren 
 Co., Ohio, in 1831 ; in 1831, he moved 
 to Carroll Co., Ind. ; in 1854, came to 
 Wapello Co. Married Elizabeth Ryan 
 in 1854 ; she was born in Ohio in 
 1837 ; have twelve children — John, 
 George, Lewis, Emmeline, Clem, Cath- 
 erine, Henry, Ella J., Amanda, Viola, 
 Martha, Noah, Mary (died in 1876, 
 aged 22 years). Owns 232 acres, val- 
 ued at $20 per acre. Was Road Super- 
 visor eight years and School Director 
 two years. Democrat. 
 
 Millard, M., far.. Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Blakes- 
 burg. 
 
 Miller, L., far., Sec. 35; P. 0. Blakes- 
 burg. 
 
 Myers, E., far., Sec. 24 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Myers, R. A., far.. Sec. 24 ; P. 0. Ot- 
 tumwa. 
 
 ■ISrriXON, J., farmer. Sec. 35 ; P. 0. 
 1 \l Blakesburg. 
 IflCHOLS, M., farmer. Sec. 15 ; P. 
 0. Ottumwa ; born in Wapello Co., Iowa, 
 in 1851. Married Lizzie Reed in 
 1873 ; she was born in Wapello Co., in 
 1852 ; have one child — Alvina. Owns 
 200 acres of land, valued at $15 per 
 acre. Has held the office of Road Su- 
 pervisor one year. Democrat. 
 
 OVERTURE, S., firmer. Sec. 34; 
 P. 0. Blakesburg. 
 "pAISE, GEO., lab.; P. 0. Blakesburg. 
 
 Park, E., far., S. 22 ; P. 0. Blakesburg. 
 
 Parker, W., far., S. 23 ; P. 0. Blakesburg. 
 
 Patch, N., lab.; P. 0. Blakesbura;. 
 
 Peck, E., far.. Sec. 18; P. 0. Blakesburg. 
 
 Peck, M., far., S. 17; P. 0. Blakesburg. 
 
 Peck, W., far., S. 17 ; P. 0. Blakesburg. 
 
 Peck, Wm.,far., S. 17; P. 0. Blakesburg. 
 
 Pratt, E., laborer, Blakesburg. 
 
 Pratt, J., laborer, Blakesburg. 
 
 Proctor, J., far., S. 23 ; P. 0. Blakesburg. 
 
 RALSTON, WM., far., S. 14; P. 0. 
 Blakesburg. 
 
 Rowe, W., blacksmith, Blakesburg. 
 
 Rush, J. M., far., S. 12; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Rybolt, D., Postmaster, Blakesburg. 
 
 OCHWARTZ, L., far., S. 36; P. O. 
 
 lO Blakesburg. 
 
 Schwartz, L., far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Ash 
 Grove. 
 
 Schwartz, N. 
 
 Shulas. J. R., far., S. 13 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 SCHOECH, G., far., S. 29; P. 0. 
 Blakesburg ; born in Austria in 1828 ; 
 came to Wapello Co. in 1856. Married 
 Emma Walther in 1856 ; she was born 
 in the kingdom of Wurtemberg in 
 1831 ; have ten children — Charles, 
 Theresa, Gebhart, Harmon, Adolph, 
 Otto, Harry and Joe (twins), Walter, 
 Mary H. Owns 240 acres, valued at 
 $30 per acre. Members of the Catholic 
 Church. Mr. S. was in the Mexican 
 army. Democrat. 
 
 SHEPHERD, D. W., far, Sec 2; 
 P. 0. Blakesburg ; born in Athens Co., 
 Ohio, in 1823 ; in 1825, moved to 
 Mercer Co., Ohio; in 1842, moved to 
 Illinois ; in 1853, came to Wapello 
 Co. ; has since been engaged in farm- 
 ing. Mr. Shepherd has three children 
 by first marriage — Louisa J., Mary E. 
 and Rachel. His present wife's maiden 
 
KEOKUK TOWNSHIP. 
 
 655 
 
 name was Susan Vaughn; she was 
 born in Pennsylvania in 1855 ; had six 
 children by this marriage — Aaron J., 
 Charles, James, Agnes, David, Susan 
 (died). Owns 400 acres, valued at $20 
 per acre. Was Road Supervisor three 
 years. Democrat ; Mrs. S. is a member of 
 the Christian Church. 
 
 Smith, A., far., S. 29 ; P. O. Blakesburg. 
 
 Smith, C. A., far., S. 29 ; P. 0. Blakes- 
 burg. 
 
 Smith, D. W., far., S. 21 ; P. 0. Blakes- 
 burg. 
 
 Smith, J. H., far., S. 29 ; P. 0. Blakesburg. 
 
 Sponsler, Alex., far., 8. 9 ; P. 0. Blakes- 
 burg. 
 
 Stewart, L. T. 
 
 THOMPSON, C. J., blacksmith, 
 Blakesburg. 
 Tinsley, G. W., far., S. 6 ; P. 0. Blakes- 
 burg. 
 Tinsley, T. N., far., S. 6; P. 0. Blakes- 
 burg. 
 TTNDELL, C. N., physician, Blakes- 
 vJ burg. 
 
 VAN CLEAVE, A. B., far., S. 10; 
 P. 0. Blakesburg. 
 Van Cleave, A. M., far.. Sec. 10; P. 0. 
 Blakesburg. 
 
 WARNER, C. R., far.. Sec. 6 ; P. 
 0. Blakesburg. 
 Webb, A. S. F., far., S. 9 ; P. 0. Blakes- 
 bursr. 
 
 Webb, H. S., far., S. 9 ; P.O. Blakesburg. 
 
 Wellman, H., far., S. 13; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Wellman, J. W., fanner. Sec. 14 ; P. 0. 
 Ottumwa. 
 
 Wellman, W. H., farmer, Sec. 13 ; P. 0. 
 Ottumwa. 
 
 WEST, J. R., farmer. Sec. 19 ; P. 0. 
 Blakesburg ; born in Monmouth Co., 
 N. J., Oct. 13, 1820. Married Eliza- 
 beth Addington in 1849 ; she was born 
 in Wayne Co., Ind., in 1820 ; have five 
 children — Lenora 0., Philip C., Al- 
 pheus G., Nancy E., Sarah A. Owns 
 140 acres, valued at $2,400. Was Road 
 Supervisor one year. Republican. 
 
 White, P., far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Blakesburg. 
 
 Wilson, Robert, Blakesburg. 
 
 WOrX, C. Cr., blacksmith; Blakes- 
 burg; born in York Co., Maine, in 
 1844; came to Wapello Co., in 
 1871. Married Melissa Lyon in 1873 ; 
 have two children — Hattie G. A. and Jes- 
 sie Gr. Enlisted in Co. B, 14th Massa- 
 chusetts; discharged in 1864; enlisted 
 again in 1865, Co. I, 9th U. S. V.; dis- 
 charged in 1866. Owns two an4 a half 
 town lots, valued at $400. Republican. 
 
 Winecup, J., far.. Sec. 19 ; P. O. Blakes- 
 burg. 
 
 Winecup,R. C, far., Sec. 19 ; P. 0. Blakes- 
 burg. 
 
 Wintermote, J., far.. Sec. 26. 
 
 KEOKUK TOWNSHIP. 
 
 "OAILEY. 
 
 Lives in Agency. 
 
 Bilby, A. 0., far., Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Floris, 
 Davis Co. 
 
 Bilby, J. F., far.. Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Floris, 
 Davis Co. 
 
 BOW£R, D., farmer, Sec. 29; P. 
 0. Ottumwa ; born in Randolph Co., 
 Ind., in 1835 ; came to Wapello Co. 
 in 1845. Married Sarah Jennison ; 
 she was born in Putnam Co., Ind , 
 in 1836; has four children — George 
 R., David H., Albert L. and Edgar 
 F. Owns 120 acres, valued at $10 
 ^ per acre. Was Township Trustee 
 ^ two years ; School Director five years. 
 Members of the Christian Church ; 
 Democrat. 
 
 Brown, Jas., far.. Sec. ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 Burrows, R. S. 
 
 COURTNEY, PAT., farmer. Sec. 32 ; 
 P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 Cross, Lem., far.. Sec. — 
 
 DUNNING, WM., 
 Floris, Davis Co. 
 HICKS, JAMES, farmer, Sec 
 P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 Hite, Luther, far., S. — 
 Home, Henry, far., S. — 
 Howver, Sam'l, far., S. 8 
 y EFLER, JOHN. 
 
 liA FORCE, JAMES, physician ; 
 P. 0. Floris, Davis Co.; born in Wood- 
 ford Co., Ky., July 23, 1826; in 1827, 
 moved to Scott Co., Ind.; in 1841, 
 
 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 Sec. 36; P. O. 
 
 P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
656 
 
 DIRECTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY; 
 
 moved to Jefferson Co., Iowa; in IS-IS, 
 came to Wapello Co.; in 1849-50, stud- 
 ied medicine; in 1850, went overland 
 to California, and engaged in mining ; 
 io 1851, came back to Wapello Co. and 
 finished his medical course; in 1852, 
 commenced the practice of medicine in 
 Floris, Davis Co., where he has since 
 resided. Enlisted in 1862, in the 7th I. 
 V. C, and was commissioned Surgeon ; 
 mustered out in 1864. Married Mary 
 J. Black Aug. 2, 1854 ; she was born 
 in Ohio in 1831 ; has three children — 
 Fanny, Mattie and Jesse. Owns 200 
 acres of land, valued at S20 per acre. 
 Members of the M. E. Church. Re- 
 publican. 
 Logan, J. J. 
 
 MCMILLAN, EPH., Sec. 34; P.O. 
 Ottumwa. 
 
 McINTIRE, W. A., Sec. 7 ; P. 0. 
 Ottumwa ; County Superintendent ; of- 
 fice in Court House ; born in Wapello 
 Co., April 11, 1849; remained on his 
 father's farm till 1870; attended college 
 at Ames till 1872 ; in 1873-74, engaged 
 in teaching school in Taylor Co., Iowa ; in 
 1875, bought his present farm, and has 
 since been engaged in farming. Mar- 
 ried Clara Goldsbury March 26, 1874; 
 she was born in Ross Co., Ohio, July 
 25, 1849. Owns 60 acres, valued at 
 $35 per acre. In 1877, was elected 
 County Superintendent. Democrat. 
 
 McIKTIRE, W. C, farmer. Sec. 7 ; 
 P. 0. Ottumwa; born in Clark Co., 
 Ohio in 1819 ; in 1835, moved to Noble 
 Co., Ind., and engaged in farming; in 
 1841, came to Van Buren Co, ; in 1843, 
 to Wapello Co. Married Eliza A. Myres 
 in 1843 ; she was born in Greene Co., 
 Ohio, in 1821 ; have five children — 
 Harry D., William A., Frank, Joseph 
 and John. Mr. M. held the office of 
 School Director ten year?. Township 
 Clerk twelve years. Township Trustee 
 two years. Justice of the Peace one year, 
 Road Supervisor four years and County 
 Supervisor three years. Owns 340 acres, 
 valued at $40 per acre. Mrs. M. is a 
 member of the M. E. Church ; Demo- 
 crat. 
 
 McMillan, John. 
 
 McMichael, William. 
 
 Malumby, J., far., S. 19 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Major, H. H. 
 
 Munroe, S. A., far., S. 34; P. 0. Floris, 
 
 Davis Co. 
 "XTEIL, JOHN. 
 
 Neil, John W. 
 Newport, H. 
 /~\'BRIEN, MIKE. 
 
 O'Brien, M. 
 
 O'Connor, James. 
 
 Ogg, Seth, far., S. 8 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 PAGE, WILLIAM, farmer, Sec. 15 ; 
 P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 Pearick, W., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 Pierce, James. 
 "O ADER, S. J. 
 
 Rambo, A. J., far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Robinson, S. 
 
 Rupe, E., far., Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Rupe, T. 
 
 RrPE, J. M., farmer. Sec. 27 ; P. O. 
 Ottumwa ; born in Wapello. Co. in 
 1845. Married Mary J. Gee in 1866 ; 
 she was born in Gallia Co., Ohio, in 
 1846; have five children — Thayer, 
 Wayre, Drake, Guy, Lewis. Owns 
 eighty acres, valued at $20 per acre. 
 Enlisted in 1864, in Co. E, 36th Iowa 
 V. I. ; mustered out in 1865. Repub- 
 lican. 
 
 RUPE, li. Z., farmer, Sec. 27 ; P. 0. 
 Ottumwa ; born in Gallia Co., Ohio, in 
 1824 ; came to Wapello Co. in 1845, 
 and has since been engaged in farming. 
 Married Mary M. Smith Nov. 24, 
 1844 ; she was born in Gallia Co., Ohio 
 in 1825 ; have seven children — John. 
 M., Rosina, Christian, Addison, Emily, 
 Mary, Daniel. Has held the office of 
 Justice ol the Peace since 1851 ; was 
 Constable five years. Secretary of the 
 Board fifteen years. Road Supervisor 
 one year, Township Clerk a number of 
 years. Owns eighty acres, valued at 
 $1,500. Member of the Universalist 
 Church ; Republican. 
 
 SAYLOR, J., farmer. Sec. — ; P. 0. 
 Ottumwa. 
 Sedore, Harry, far.. Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Ot- 
 tumwa. 
 Sedore, Jacob, far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Eldon. 
 Sedore, J. B., far., S. 34 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 Slutts, N , S. 24 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 TEESDALE, THOS., farmer, Sec. 11 ; 
 P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
PLEASANT TOWNSHIP. 
 
 657 
 
 THOMAS, B., farmer, Sec. 33 ; P. 
 0. Floris, Davis Co. ; born in Fayette 
 Co., Ohio ; came to Wapello Co. in 
 1867, and has since been engaged in 
 farming. Married Mary Willis ; she 
 was born in Indiana. Owns 160 acres, 
 valued at $35 per acre. Has seven 
 children — William J., Minerva J., 
 Martha A., Benjamin F., Mary P., 
 Eliza W., George W. Was Koad 
 Supervisor one year and School Director 
 
 one year. Members of the U. B. 
 
 Church ; Republican. 
 Thomjjson, And. 
 Thornton, Wm. 
 Traul, Thos. 
 
 WALLACE, CURTIS, farmer. Sec. 
 6 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 Wallace, Jesse, far., S. 6 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 Wallace, Wm.,far., S. 4 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 Wiley, J. M. 
 Wolf John. 
 
 PLEASANT TOWNSHIP. 
 
 ALLEN, JOSEPH, farmer. Sec. 8 ; 
 P. 0. Agency City. 
 
 Allen, J. M. J., far., S. 10 ; P. 0. Agency 
 City. 
 
 ALVERSOX, BENJAMIN, far.. 
 Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Batavia ; born Oct. 15, 
 1816, in Garrard Co., Ky.; in 1848, 
 came to Wapello Co.; owns forty acres 
 of land, valued at $30 per acre. Mar- 
 ried Celesta Hart in 1837 ; she was born 
 in 1816 in Garrard Co., Ky.; had eleven 
 children, seven living — J. E., Mary E., 
 Lucinda F., Joseph H., William B., 
 Sarah A. and James B. Has been Con- 
 stable and Justice of the Peace. Dem- 
 ocrat. 
 
 Arthur, J., far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Agency City. 
 
 BARTHOLMEW, A. J., Sec. 35 ; P. 
 0. Batavia. 
 Bedwell, D. S., far.. Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Bladens- 
 
 burg. 
 Bemir, H. A., far., S. 12 ; P. 0. Bladens- 
 
 burg. 
 Blanchard, J., far., S. 23 ; P. 0. Bladens- 
 
 burg. 
 Blanchard, W. T., farmer, Sec. 27 ; P. 0. 
 
 Agency City. 
 Blue, Jas., far., S. 21 ; P. 0. Agency City. 
 Bunch, M., far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Batavia. 
 Bumaugh, J. J., far. , S. 11 ; P. 0. Bladens- 
 
 burg. 
 
 CANNA W, F. C, farmer. Sec. 34 ; P. 
 0. Batavia. 
 CAMPBELL, WILLIAM, dec; 
 born May 23, 1808, in Somerset Co., 
 Penn.; died April 23, 1863. Married 
 Elizabeth Hazlett Jan. 21, 1836, at 
 Petersburg, Penn.; she was born Sept. 
 2], 1806, in Preston Co., Va.; had nine 
 
 children, five living — Catharine J. (now 
 Mrs. Murray), Isabel A. (now Mrs. 
 Marsh), William H., Sue E. and Josie. 
 Came to this county in 1855 ; own 122 
 acres of land, valued at $25 per acre. 
 Cyrus W. Preston was taken to raise at 
 the age of 8 months ; still lives here, 
 aged about 20 years. Mr. Campbell 
 represented this county in the Legisla- 
 ture from 1858 to 1860. Family reside 
 on Sec. 29 ; P. O. Agency City. 
 
 Carrman, J. B., far., S. 27 ; P. 0. Batavia. 
 
 Carson, C, fir., S. 16 ; P. 0. Agency City. 
 
 CARTER, JNO. H., far., S. 9 ; P. 
 0. Bladensburg; born July 18, 1833, 
 in Delaware ; in 1835, came with his 
 parents to Indiana ; in 1852, to 
 Wapello Co. Owns 293 acres of land, 
 valued at $35 per acre. Married 
 Martha Harmon in 1853 ; she was 
 born Feb. 13, 1833, in Ohio ; came to 
 this county with her parents May 1, 
 1843 ; have six children — America, 
 Sanford D., Juda A., Ara A., Charles 
 E. and Minnie E. Has been Township 
 Treasurer. Greenback er. 
 
 Coleman, Charles, far., Sec. 21 ; P. 0. 
 Agency City. 
 
 Coleman, Silas, far., S. 21 ; P. 0. Agency 
 City. 
 
 Conally, Hugh, far., S. 32 ; P. 0. Agency 
 City. 
 
 Craig, M. G., far., S. 36 ; P. 0. Batavia. 
 
 CREAMER, H., far , S. 34 ; P. O. 
 Agency City; born Sept. 29, 1814, in 
 Clark Co., Ohio; in 1838, came to 
 Coles Co., 111.; in 1848, to his present 
 farm ; owns 280 acres of land, valued at 
 $50 per acre. Married Amanda 
 
658 
 
 DIRECTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY: 
 
 Laughtin April 18, 1840 ; she was born 
 April 10, 1820, in Sullivan Co., Tenn.; 
 had eight children ; five living — Rich- 
 ard, Lucinda, Andrew J., John W. and 
 Margaret E. Thomas A, enlisted in 
 1861, in Co. F, 4th Iowa Cav.; died 
 Jan. 23, 1863, in Keokuk, Iowa, of 
 a disease contracted in the army ; Mary 
 M. died March 13, 1857, aged 4 years ; 
 Charles F. died Oct. 31, 1873, aged 
 16 years. Republican; M. E. Church. 
 
 DAILY, J., far., S. 15; P. 0. Bla- 
 densburg. 
 
 Davidson, Robert, far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Bladens- 
 burg. 
 
 DILLOlf, WLLIilAM H., far , S 
 27 ; P. 0. Agency City ; born March 
 31, 1818, in Clark Co., Ohio; in 1850, 
 came to Wapello Co. Owns 270 acres 
 of land, valued at $35 per acre. Mar- 
 ried Louisa Rairdon Sept. 2, 1849 ; she 
 was born in June, 1827 ; died Oct. 2, 
 1855; had three children; one living 
 — ^John R. Second marriage to Mary 
 Turner April 29, 1858 ; she was born 
 Oct. 15, 1824, in Muskingum Co., 
 Ohio ; have one child — Mary L. Re- 
 publican. 
 
 Doughty, A. S., far.,S. 34; P. 0. Batavia. 
 
 Downey, W., S. 12; P. 0. Bladensburg. 
 
 EGGERS, ELIJAH, miller, Sec. 9 ; 
 P. 0. Bladensburg. 
 FAIR, G. W., farmer. Sec. 18 ; P. 0. 
 Agency City. 
 
 Fair, E. D., for., S. 18 ; P. 0. Agency City. 
 
 FAlfSHER, JOHN W., farmer. 
 Sec. 26; P. 0. Batavia; born Sept. 20, 
 1830, in Fayette Co., Ohio ; in 1850, 
 went to California ; in 1851 , to Jefferson 
 Co., Iowa; in 1865, to Missouri; the 
 following year came to his present farm ; 
 owns 230 acres, valued at $40 per acre. 
 Married Martha J. Fleener in March, 
 1852; she was born in 1832, in Illinois ; 
 had nine children, four living — Thomas 
 H., John W., Harriet Ida and Eva E. 
 Democrat. Mrs. F. is a member of the 
 M. E. Church. 
 
 Fawcette, G. R., far., S. 15; P. 0. Bla- 
 densburg. 
 
 Fisher, H., Sec. 17; P. 0. Bladensburg. 
 
 FLING, MASON, retired. Sec. 10 ; 
 P. 0. Bladensburg ; born Nov. 3, 1805, 
 in Fairfax Co., Va. ; about 1832, he 
 went to Perry Co., Ohio ; in 1853, to 
 Washington Co. ; the following year to 
 
 Wapello Co. ; engaged in farming till 
 1872. Married Elizabeth Chilcoat in 
 1835 ; she was born in 1812, in Ohio ; 
 died in November, 1860; had eight 
 children, six living — Sarah A., George 
 W., Esther M., Margaret, Samuel and 
 Lucinda ; lost one child in infancy — 
 Elizabeth died in 1860. aged 18 years ; 
 second marriage to Mrs. Branhard July 
 10, 1862 ; she was born March 1, 1816, 
 in Franklin Co., Va. ; has three children 
 by a former marriage — James W., 
 Martha E. and Emma. George W. and 
 John T. Branhard served in the late war. 
 John T. died at Davenport. Democrat' 
 
 Forest, J. B., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Agency City' 
 
 Forest, D. W..far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Agency City. 
 
 Forest, W., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. Agency Citv. 
 
 Foster, G. M., far.,S. 16 ; P. 0. Bladens- 
 burg. 
 
 alLLIS, W. T., farmer, Sec. 15 ; P. 
 0. Bladensburg. 
 
 Giltner, A., far.,S. 18; P. 0. Agency City. 
 
 Glenn, A., far., S. 22; P. 0. Bladensburg. 
 
 Glenn, J., S. 22 ; P. 0. Bladensburg. 
 
 Goudy, A. J., Sec. 6 : P. 0. Agency City. 
 
 Goudy, F., Sec. 6 ; P. 0. Bladensburg. 
 
 Gwynn, J., far.. S. 9; P. 0. Bladensburg. 
 
 HAMERSLY, J. N., farmer, Sec. 3 ; 
 P. 0. Agency City. 
 
 Hanna, C. S.,far,S. 23; P. 0. Agency City. 
 
 HANNA, G. R., farmer ; Sec. 18 ; 
 P. 0. Agency City ; born Nov. 8, 1803, 
 in Butler Co., Ohio ; the following year, 
 came to Indiana with his parents ; in 
 in 1850, to Wapello Co. ; owns about 
 two hundred acres of land, valued at 
 $40 per acre. Married Mary Bridges 
 in 1824 ; she was born in Clermont Co., 
 Ohio ; had eight children, six living — 
 John B., Thomas B., Jos. G., Calvin, 
 Sarah Ann and Lotta J., now Mrs. 
 Star. Democrat. 
 
 Hanna, J., far.. Sec. 18 ; P. 0. Agency 
 City. 
 
 HARMLAN, B. J., far., S. 5 ; P. 0. 
 Agency City; born May 15, 1828, in 
 Harrison Co., Ohio ; in 1842, came to 
 Jefferson Co. ; May 1, 1843, removed to 
 Wapello Co. ; owns 195 acres, eighty 
 acres entered by his father. Married 
 Catherine A. Dickens in 1851 ; she was 
 born in 1830 in Ohio; died in 1853; 
 have one son — James ; second marriage 
 to Sarepta Cobler in 1858 ; she was 
 born in 1839, in Indiana; have three 
 
PLEASANT TOWNSHIP. 
 
 659 
 
 children — Harvy, Nancy C. and Clara 
 B. 
 
 Harmon, S., S. 15; P. 0. Bladensburg. 
 
 Heady, A. J., far., S. 29 ; P. 0. Agency 
 City. 
 
 Heady, T. W., far., S. 10 ; P. 0. Bladens- 
 burg. 
 
 Hclman, J. B., far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Batavia. 
 
 Hill, J., far., S. 21 ; P. 0. Bladensburg. 
 
 Hocking, W. D., Sec. 25 ; P. 0. Batavia. 
 
 Houdyshell, A. J., far., S. 16; P. 0. Bla- 
 densburg. 
 
 Howard, J., far., S. 13; P. 0. Bladens- 
 burg. 
 
 ' 'T EES, D., far., Sec. 28 ; P. 0. Agency 
 
 _:^ City. 
 
 ATTA, H., far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Batavia. 
 
 I.AWSOX, JOSEPH, far., S. 35 ; 
 P. 0. Batavia ; born Aug. 9, 1830, in 
 Ireland ; in 1840, went to Lancaster 
 Co., Penn. ; in 1842, to Belmont Co., 
 Ohio ; in 1855, to Wayne Co., Ind. 
 in 1866, came to his present farm 
 owns 276 acres, valued at $30 per acre 
 Married Rachel Tulles Nov. 5, 1857 
 she was born in 1832, in Guernsey Co., 
 Ohio, died Nov. 3, 1864 ; have four chil- 
 dren — Sarah L., Anna E., James E. 
 and Luther T. ; second marriage to Mar- 
 garet Wheeler Feb. 1, 1866; she was 
 born in 1842, in Coshocton Co., Ohio. 
 Mr. L.enlisted in 1863, in Co. M, 3d 
 Iowa Cav. ; served to the end of the 
 war. Republican. 
 
 Larwood,T.,far.,S.20 ; P. 0. Agency City. 
 
 Lodrick, D., far.. Sec. 15 ; P. 0. Bladens- 
 burg. 
 
 Long, S.,far., Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Agency City. 
 
 Loughery, T. B., S. 9; P.O. Bladensburg. 
 
 McCLAIN, C. S., farmer, Sec. 12 ; P. 
 0. Agency City. 
 
 McClain, J. 0., far., Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Agency 
 City. 
 
 McClain, R. B., far.. Sec. 2 ; P. 0. Agency 
 City. 
 
 McCLUXG, S. B., farmer, Sec. 6 ; 
 P. 0. Agency City ; born Nov. 19, 1833, 
 in Montgomery Co., Ind.; in 1847, 
 came to Wapello Co.; owns ninety -six 
 acres, valued at $35 per acre. Married 
 Mary E. Thompson Feb. 3, 1856 ; she 
 was born Dec. 25, 1838, in Illinois ; 
 have three children — Alice, Clara A. 
 and Fred. Republican. 
 
 McConkey, D, S. 16 ; P. 0. Bladensburg. 
 
 McDowell, J. H., far., S. 17 ; P. 0. Agen- 
 cy City. 
 
 McDowel, W., S. 11 ; P.O. Bladensburg. 
 
 McGuire, H. H., far., Sec. 16 ; P. 0. Bla- 
 densburg. 
 
 McMlVN', J. T., farmer. Sec. 34 ; P. 
 O. Agency City ; born Sept. 1, 1829, in 
 Greene Co., Penn.; in 1857, came to Wa- 
 pello Co.; owns 185 acres of land, val- 
 ued at $40 per acre. Married Miss 
 Elizabeth Garrison May 1, 1851; she 
 was born Nov. 6, 1830, in Greene Co., 
 Penn., died July 30, 1868 ; have three 
 children — John Orlando, Leonidas F. 
 and Minor L. Second marriage to Miss 
 Mary E. Horn Sept. 22, 1870 ; she was 
 born Sept. 23, 1840, in Indiana; died 
 Feb. 6, 1872 ; have one child — Mari- 
 etta. Third marriage to Miss Margaret 
 E. Denison June 17, 1873; she was 
 born in Scott Co., 111., Sept. 17, 1835 ; 
 her parents came to Wapello Co. in the 
 spring of 1843. He has been Presi- 
 dent and Secretary of the School Board. 
 Republican. M. E. Church. 
 
 MARSH, SAMUEL, farmer. Sec. 
 35 ; P. 0. Batavia ; born Dec. 13, 1841, 
 in Greene Co., Tenn.; in 1844, came with 
 his parents to Wapello Co. ; owns 236 
 acres of land, valued at $25 per acre. 
 Married Isabella A. Campbell June 8, 
 1865 ; she was born March 4, 1842, in 
 Pennsylvania ; had seven children, five 
 living— Mary E., Martha J., Elma M., 
 David and Hattie B. Democrat. 
 
 Miller, H. C, far., S. 21 ; P. 0. Agency 
 City. 
 
 Miller, W. H., far., Sec. 6 ; P. 0. Agency 
 City. 
 
 Morrison, J. W., far., Sec. 26; P. 0. 
 Batavia. 
 
 Morrison, I. A., far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Batavia. 
 
 MORRISON, WM. R., farmer. 
 Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Batavia ; born Feb. 6, 
 1819, in Strafford Co.,N. H. ; in 1838, 
 came to Brighton, Mass. ; in 1850, came 
 to Van Buren Co. ; in 1865, removed to 
 his present farm ; owns 280 acres of 
 land, valued at $30 per acre. Married 
 Susan M. Allen in May, 1840 ; she was 
 born in April, 1818, in Danvers, Mass.; 
 had five children, three living — Isaac 
 A., John W. and George B. Democrat. 
 
 Muldoon, H., far., S. 12 ; P 0. Batavia. 
 
 Muldoon, B., S. 12 ; P. 0. Batavia. 
 
 Murry, J., far., S. 10 ; P. 0. Bladensburg. 
 
660 
 
 DIRECTORY OF WAPELLO COr.VTT 
 
 Mvros. J., tar.. S. 32 : P. 0. Asrencv City. 
 
 liYERS. JACOB, farmer. Sec. 32 ; 
 P. 0. Asenev Citv ; born Deo. 25. 
 1S12. in York Co.'. Penn. : in 1S17, 
 came with his parents to Preble Co., 
 Ohio; in 1S30, came to Fountain Co., 
 Ind. ; in June, 1S43. came to Wapello 
 Co. ; owns 200 acres of land, which he 
 entered. M:\rried Lavinia White in 
 1840 ; she was born in ISIS in Fleming 
 Co.. Ky. ; died in 1865 ; had five chil- 
 dren, two living — Ezra W. and Walter 
 D. : second marriage to 3Irs. Agnes 
 Brumbaugh Sept. 24, 1S66 ; she was 
 born in Somerset Co., Penn.. March 13. 
 1S25 : she ha^ three children by a former 
 marriage — John H.. Eli H. and Upton 
 R. Brumbaugh ; Ezra W. enlisted in 
 August, 1S62, in Company E. 22d Iowa 
 Infantry ; was disohiirged in the fall on 
 account of sickness. 
 
 "VTErSOX. T. J., farmer. Sec. 2S : 
 1\ P. 0. Agency City ; born Sept. 
 24, 1826, in Pauphin Co.. Penn. ; when 
 about 6 years old came, with his parents, 
 to Steuben Co., X. Y. : in 1S39, to 
 Wayne Co., Ohio; in 1851. to Wapello 
 Co. ; owns seventy acres land, valued 
 at S30 per acre. Married Mrs. Temple 
 March 12. 1852 : she was born Nov. 15, 
 1810. in Marshall Co.. Ky. ; have one 
 child — T. W. ; she has four children by 
 a former marriage — Wm. K., Henry C. 
 James A. and Saiah L.. now Mrs. 
 Williams. Was four years a member 
 of the Board of Supervisors ; is Justice 
 of the Peace: Eepublican. 
 
 OBRIENT. J., farmer. Sec 20 ; P. 0. 
 Asencv Citv. 
 PALMER. T.'B., farmer. Sec. 21: 
 P. 0. Agency City. 
 Parker. W. F.. Postmaster. Sec. 10 : 
 
 Bladensburs. 
 PERRY. E YIIAX. flirmer. Sec 35 ; 
 P. 0. Batavia ; born April 15, 1806, 
 in Washington Co., Ohio; in 1851, 
 came to Wapello Co. ; in 1854. returned 
 to Ohio ; in 1856, returned to Wapello 
 Co. ; the following year went to Kansas 
 and ensraged in general merchandise 
 trade about fourteen years ; in 1868. he 
 came to his present tarm : owns 66A 
 acres land, valued at S25 per acre : has 
 been engaged in merchandise business 
 for thirty-seven years : carried on the 
 wholesale srocerv trade in Lawrence. 
 
 Kansas, three years of this time. Mar- 
 ried Jane Armstrong Feb. 5. 1829 : 
 she was born in 1812. in Adams Co.. 
 Ohio : died Oct. 28. 1846 : have three 
 children — Evaline. Amanda and James 
 S. ; second marriage to Tabitha Noel 
 Dee. 17, 1847 ; she was born May 12, 
 1826 : died Sept. 12, 1852 : have two 
 children — Nancy Jane and Ann E. ; 
 his next marriage to Louisa McCall 
 May 24. 1854; she was born Nov. 15. 
 1828 : died in 1858. in Ohio : have 
 one child — C. M. ; last marriage to 
 Nancy C. Murden May 29, 1861 ^ she 
 was born June 11, 1838. in Logan Co.. 
 Ky. ; have three children — John L.. 
 Harrv M. and Elmer A. Republican. 
 
 Phillip.' J. S.. far.. Sec. 20 : P. 0. Asrencv 
 Citv. 
 
 Piersol. J. B.. far.. Sec. 21 : P. 0. A^encv 
 Citv. 
 
 Poweison. L., far.. Sec. 13 ; P. 0. Bladens- 
 burg. 
 
 Purson. H.. farmer. Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Agency 
 Citv. 
 
 RENO. J., former. Sec. 14; P. 0. 
 Bladensburg. 
 
 Reno. J. S.. tarmer. Sec. 23 : P. 0. 
 Aiiencv Citv. 
 
 REXO. XOR3IAX. farmer. Sec. 
 12 ; P. 0. Batavia ; born Jan. 28. 1836. 
 in Beaver Co.. Penn. ; in 1842, went to 
 Bartholomew Co.. Ind. ; in 1855, came 
 to Wapello Co. ; owns 295 acres of laud 
 valued at $25 per acre. Married Mary 
 E. Gillis Dec. 9. 1865 : she was born 
 Dec. 6. 1845, in Wapello Co. : died 
 March 23. 1870; had one child — Cora 
 A. ; second marriage to Matilda Smith 
 March. 1871 ; she was born in 1852 in 
 Wapello Co. ; have three children — 
 John E.. Mary E. and Frank H. En- 
 listed in 1861 in Co. E. 3d Iowa Cavalry: 
 served to the end of the war. Is Treas- 
 urer of the School Board. Republican. 
 
 Reno. W. S., farmer. Sec. 23 ; P. 0. 
 Asencv City. 
 
 Riffle. W'. former. Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Asencv 
 City. 
 
 Royce, H.. former. Sec. 3 ; P. 0. Agency 
 Citv. 
 
 SANDS. M., former. Sec. 17; P.O. 
 Aireuov Citv. 
 SAXDS, \ATHAXIEE, farmer. 
 Sec. 17; P. 0. Agency City; born 
 Nov. 24, 1809, in Washinston Co.. 
 
PLEASANT TOWNSHIP. 
 
 661 
 
 Tenu. ; in 1845, came to Wapello Co. ; 
 owns 140 acres of land, which he en- 
 tered, valued at $35 per acre. Married 
 Sarah McCall in 1832. She was born 
 March 12, 1811, in Washington Co., 
 Tenn. ; had eight children, six living — 
 William M. (Ann Eliza and Amanda 
 Jane are twins), Elizabeth, Z. M. , 
 Martha and Francis M. Republican. 
 
 :SANI>S, WIIiLIAM II., farmer. 
 Sec. 17 ; P. 0. Agency City ; born 
 May 21, 1832, in Washington Co., 
 Tenn. ; in 1845, came to Wapello ; has 
 resided here since, except three years 
 spent in Idaho; owns 140 acres land, 
 valued at $35 per acre. Married 
 Nancy A. Finley, in September 1 870. She 
 was born in 1846, in Tennessee. Have 
 two children — Mary F. and Charles N. 
 Republican. 
 
 Shaw, L. W., far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Bladens- 
 burg. 
 
 SHAW, P. C, farmer. Sec. 11 ; P. 
 0. Bladensburg; born June 22, 1815, 
 in Chester Co., Penn.; in 1829, went to 
 Brown Co., Ohio; in 1841, to Illinois; 
 in 1842, to Van Buren Co.; May 1, 
 1843, came to Wapello Co.; owns 160 
 acres of land, valued at $35 per acre. 
 Married Mary A. Fry Feb. 8, 1839 ; 
 she was born Aug. 5, 1815, in Chester 
 Co., Penn.; had nine children, eight liv- 
 ing— L. W., J. N., E. A., F. M., a. W., 
 T. B., Clarise and J. B.; lost Sarah A., 
 aged six years. In 1862, he was com- 
 missioned sutler in the 80th Ohio V. 
 I.; held this position till the end of the 
 war. L. W. enlisted in 1862 in the 
 17th Iowa V. I.; served to the end of 
 the war. J. N. enlisted in 1862 ; served 
 about one year; was discharged on ac- 
 count of a wound received at the battle 
 of Shiloh. Has held about all the town- 
 ship offices. Republic;xn. 
 
 Shearer, G. M., for., S. 3 ; P. 0. Agency 
 City. 
 
 Shearer, J., far., S. 4 ; P. 0. Agency City. 
 
 Shearer, J. L., far., S. 4; P. 0. Agency 
 City. 
 
 SHEARER, j; W., DR., Bladens- 
 burg ; born Oct. 28, 1835, in Marion 
 Co., Ind.; in 1856, came to Missouri ; 
 in 1861, enlisted in the 10th Mo. V. I.; 
 served three years ; then came to Bla- 
 densburg ; commenced the study of med- 
 icine in 1860; attended the medical 
 
 department of the State University at 
 Keokuk in 1864 and 1865 ; then com- 
 menced the practice of his profession. 
 Married Emma Weaver April 11, 1873 ; 
 she was born in Indiana ; have one child 
 — Estella B., aged 4 years. Republi- 
 can. 
 
 SHEPARD, L. S., farmer. Sec. 2; 
 P. 0. Batavia ; born Feb. 14, 1842, in 
 Middlesex Co., Conn. ; in 1865, came 
 to Illinois ; in 1869, came to Wapello 
 Co. ; owns 405 acres of land, valued at 
 $25 per acre. Married Hannah A. 
 Handlon June 27, 1867 ; she was born 
 in July, 1836, in Madison Co., 111. ; 
 have three children — Sarah A., Ella 
 M. and Lue Eda ; she has five children 
 by a former marriage — Henry, Emma, 
 George W., Clara B. and James A. 
 Payne. Enlisted in 1862 in Co. B, 
 22d Conn. V. I. ; served about two 
 years. Is President of the School Board. 
 Republican. 
 
 Simmons, S.,far., S. 1 ; P. 0. Agency City. 
 
 SMITH, ELIAS, farmer. Sec. 16 ; 
 P. 0. Bladensburg ; born Jan. 8, 1810, 
 in Madison Co., Ohio ; in 1836, came to 
 Illinois ; in 1837, to Jefferson Co. ; in 
 1864, removed to Wapello Co. ; owns 
 eighty acres of land, valued at $30 per 
 acre. Married Elizabeth Busick Jan. 
 21, 1830 ; she was born Aug. 7, 1813, 
 in Highland Co., Ohio; have six chil- 
 dren — Samuel, Rachel A., Edward J., 
 Marion, Carlisle and Sarah E. ; second 
 marriage to Mrs. Auzolette Warner 
 Jan. 8, 1850 ; she was born Jan. 21, 
 1819, in Greene Co., N. Y. ; have three 
 children — Lucinda J., William C. and 
 Mary Z. ; she had two children by a 
 former marriage — Nevin W. and Phebe 
 A. Warner. Christian Church ; Repub- 
 lican. 
 
 Smock, A. C, fiir., S. 26; P. 0. Batavia. 
 
 Stebbens, George A., farmer. Sec. 21 ; P. 
 0. Agency City. 
 
 STERBfER, EMANUEL, far.. 
 Sec. 28 ; P. 0. Agency City ; born 
 Dec. 8, 1828, in Somerset Co., Penn. ; 
 in 1864, came to Wapello Co. ; owns 
 118 acres of land, valued at $30 per 
 acre. Married Elizabeth Weimer in 
 1850 ; she was born Dec. 6, 1826, in 
 Somerset Co., Penn. ; have four chil- 
 dren — David, Adaline, Ezra and John 
 A. Republican. 
 
662 
 
 DIRECTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY : 
 
 TAYLOR, J., fi^rmer, Sec. 35 ; P. 0. 
 Batavia. 
 Thompson, L., far., S. 15 ; P. 0. Bladens- 
 
 burg. 
 Timmons, J., far., S. 10 ; P. 0. Bladens- 
 burg. 
 
 YP]ACH, E. T., far., Sec. 9 ; P. 0. 
 Bladensburg. 
 Veach, J., far., S. 22 ; P. 0. Agency City. 
 
 WAEDER, A. D., far.,S. 6; P. 0. 
 Agency City. 
 
 Warder, F. S., far., S. 6 ; P. 0. Agency 
 City. 
 
 Warder, J. C, far., S. 6 ; P. 0. Agency 
 City. 
 
 WARDER, II. C, far., S. 7 ; P. 0. 
 Agency City; born Nov. 12, 1848, in 
 Ohio ; in 1852, came with his parents 
 to Wapello Co. Owns ninety-seven 
 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre. 
 Married Nancy Carson April 22, 1873 ; 
 she was born in 1856 in Wapello Co.; 
 have three children — Madison C, Effie 
 B. and Nancy M. Democrat. 
 
 Wheeler, S., far., S. 34 ; P. 0. Agency 
 City. 
 
 WHITXEY, WII^LIAM H., 
 far.. Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Bladensburg ; born 
 March 12, 1816, in Windsor Co., Vt.; 
 
 in 1831, came to Niagara Co., N. Y.;; 
 in 1849, came to Portage City, Wis.; 
 in 1867, removed to his present farm. 
 Owns forty acres of land, valued at 
 $40 per acre. Married Mary Bixby 
 Sept. 17, 1840 ; she was born March 6, 
 1821 ; died Jan. 28, 1853 ; have two 
 children — Charles P. and Frank N. 
 Second marrige to Maria L. Spear in 
 1861 ; she was born in 1821 in Bur- 
 lington, Vt.; have one child — Hubert ; 
 has been Township Assessor and Trustee. 
 Republican. 
 
 Wilkinson, G.. far., S. 11; P. 0. Bladens- 
 burg. 
 
 Wilkinson, J., far.. Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Agency 
 City. 
 
 Wilson, J., far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Batavia. 
 
 Wilson, W., far., S. 36; P. 0. Batavia. 
 
 Wilson, Wiley, far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Agency 
 City. 
 
 Worley, M., far., S. 9 ; P. 0. Bladensburg. 
 
 Wright, T., far., S. 15 ; P. 0. Bladensburg. 
 
 T EAGER, J., farmer. Sec. 17 ; P. 0. 
 Bladensburg. 
 Yeager, L. D., far., S. 10 ; P. 0. Bladens- 
 burg. 
 Yeager, P., far.. Sec. 8 ; P. 0. Agency 
 City. 
 
 GREEN TOWNSHIP. 
 
 ABRAHAM, NELS, farmer, Sec. 17; 
 P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 Auraack, C. H., Sees. 11 and 14; P. 0. 
 
 Ottumwa. 
 Aumack, F., S. 11 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 BACHMAN, JOHN, farmer. Sec. 7 ; 
 P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 RACHMAX, F. I.., far., Sec. 30 ; P. 
 O.Ormanville ; born'in Prussia, in 1815; 
 came to Wapello Co. in the spring of 
 1849 ; has since engaged in farming. 
 Married Susanna Spangler; she was born 
 in Northampton Co., Penn., in 1820 ; 
 has eleven children — Susanna, August, 
 Miria, Charles W., John F., Lauretta, 
 Henry, Rosa, Samuel, George S. and 
 Frederick. Has held all the township 
 offices. Owns 200 acres, valued at $20 
 per acre. Members of the Evangelical 
 Church; Democrat. 
 
 Baum, J. F., S. 16; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Baum, M., far., S. 10; P. 0. Ottumwa."^ 
 
 Belgard, E., far., S. 25; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Benson, J., far., S. 33 ; P. 0. Ormanville. 
 
 Bortz, S., far., S. 9 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Boyce, H., far., S. 27 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 RLYSTOl^TE, S. S., Sec. 26 ; P. 0. 
 Ormanville ; born in Crawford Co., Penn., 
 Sept. 3, 1826; came to Wapello Co. in 
 1861, and worked at the shoemaking 
 trade until 1866; since then has been 
 farming. Married Louisa Peters Nov. 
 8, 1849 ; she was born in Venango Co., 
 Penn ; has two children — Joseph, aged 
 19 years; William F., aged 16 years. 
 Was Sub- School 'Director one year, 
 Secretary of School Board one year, 
 Assessor two years, Justice of the 
 Peace seven years. Township Clerk two 
 years. Owns eighty acres, valued at $20 
 per acre. Is an Elder in the Christian. 
 Union Church ; Democrat. 
 
GREEN TOWNSHIP. 
 
 663 
 
 Brown, J. A., far., S. 18 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 Burton, David, Sees. 5 and 6 ; P. 0. 
 
 Ottumwa. 
 Burton, Wm., far.. S. 6 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 COCKEREL, S. S., farmer, Sec. 14 ; 
 P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Crane, A. G., far., S. 9 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 CRIPS, W. S., farmer. Sec. 1 ; P. 
 0. Ottumwa; born in Ross Co., Ohio, 
 March 22, 1840 ; came to Wapello Co. 
 in 1851, and has since been engaged in 
 farming. Married Rosa Jeffries July 
 16, 1872 ; she was born in Wapello Co.; 
 have one child — Benjamin, born March 
 12, 1875. Mrs. Crips is a member of 
 the M. E. Church ; Republican. Owns 
 128 acres, valued at $4,000. 
 
 DEITCH, PETER, farmer. Sec. 5 ; 
 P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 EAKINS, JOHN, farmer. Sec. 31; 
 P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Eakins, Samuel, far., Sec. 31 ; P. 0. 
 Ottumwa. 
 
 Elkins, Edgar, far., S. 33 ; P. 0. Orman- 
 ville. 
 
 EYRE, THOMAS, farmer, Sec. 11 ; 
 P. 0. Ottumwa ; born in Fayette Co., 
 Ohio, May 9, 1823 ; came to Wapello 
 Co. in 1856, and has since been engaged 
 in farming. Married Hannah E. Mc- 
 Clure in 1845 ; she was born in High- 
 land Co., Ohio, May 9, 1827 ; has four 
 children — Sarah E., born Nov. 23, 
 1849 (married G. L. Shaul and lives in 
 Page Co., Iowa) ; Mary E., born May 
 15, 1848 (married A. B. Saum, also 
 lives in Page Co.) ; James W., born 
 Sept. 13, 1846, and died in 1857; 
 Eldridge L., born Nov. 17, 1851, and 
 died in 1853. Mr. J:yre owns 240 
 acres, valued at $40 per acre. Has 
 held the office of Steward and Director 
 of County Poor Farm ten years. Mem- 
 bers of the M. E. Church; stanch 
 Republican. 
 
 FINLEY, DAVID, farmer. Sec. 10; 
 P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 Farley, J. H., physician, Ormanville. 
 pi EE, CHRISTIAN, Sec. 24; P. 0. 
 vX Ormanville. 
 Gift, Wm., Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 HARSH, GEORGE, Sec. 2; P. 0. 
 Ottumwa. 
 Harsh, Gotlieb, far., S. 10 ; P.O.Ottiimwa. 
 HARNESS, F., Jr., merchant, Or- 
 manville; born in Darke Co., Ohio, 
 
 Aug. 15, 1851. Enlisted at Fort Fred 
 Steel Nov. 1, 1871; mustered out at 
 Port Gibson Nov. 1, 1876 ; belonged to 
 Co. H, 13th Regular Infantry; in 
 1870 and 1871, Mr. H. was out on the 
 frontier, hunting and scouting, taken 
 prisoner by the Sioux renegades and 
 held in captivity thirteen weeks, suffer- 
 ing innumerable horrors ; has been with 
 the Utes (can speak their language), 
 Sioux, Cheyennes and Arrapahoes ; has 
 been in several skirmishes ; wounded 
 once in the hip by an arrow. In 1876, 
 started a store in Ormanville ; keeps a 
 general stock of dry goods, groceries, 
 etc. 
 
 Hauk, A. K., far., S. 29 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Hauk, A. S., far., S. 32; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Hauk, G. W., far., S. 32 ; P. O. Ottumwa. 
 
 Heckart, C, miller, Ormanville. 
 
 Heckart, J. far., S. 17 ; P. 0. Ormanville. 
 
 Heckart, J., far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Ormanville. 
 
 Heckart, M., far., S. 28 ; P. O. Ormanville. 
 
 Heslin, T., S. 23 ; P. 0. Ormanville. 
 
 Hicks, A. J., far., S. 29; P. 0. Orman- 
 ville. 
 
 Hill, J. F., Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Hollingsworth, J. G., far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Ot- 
 tumwa. 
 
 HOL.L.INGSWORTH, J. W.^ 
 
 farmer. Sec. 14 ; P. O. Ottumwa ; born 
 in Frederick Co., Va., July 31, 1812; 
 came to Wapello Co. in 1844; engaged 
 in farming since, except two years oper- 
 ating a mill. Married Nancy Muhuem ; 
 she was born in Clinton Co., Ohio, Dec. 
 22, 1820 ; have five children — Thomas 
 W., Sarah E., Henry C, Frances A. 
 and James P. Owns 160 acres of land, 
 valued at $4,000 ; was Township Clerk 
 one year. School Director one year and 
 Road Supervisor one year. Mrs. H. is 
 a member of the M. E. Church ; Green- 
 backer. 
 Hollingsworth, T. W., far., S. 11. 
 
 IRELAND, J. A., Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Or- 
 manville. 
 JACKSON, J. B., Sec. 34 ; P. 0. Or- 
 manville. 
 Jackson, R., far., S. 15; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 Johnson, John, Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 Jones, J., Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Ormanville. 
 
 KENDALL, ABRAHAM, Orman- 
 ville. 
 Kendall, A. R., S. 30 ; P. 0. Ormanville. 
 Kendall, Elisha, S. 33 ; P. 0. Ormanville. 
 
664 
 
 DIRECTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY: 
 
 Kendall, F. M., S. 29 ; P. 0. Ormanville. 
 
 Kendall, J., S. 19 ; P. 0. Ormanville. 
 
 Kennedy, W.; S. 14 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 King, C. D., Sees. 16, 21, 22 and 15 ; P. 
 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 King, J., far., Sec. 15 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 King, M., Sec. 15; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Kisinger, J., Sec. 18 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Klingler, F., Sr., S. 28 ; P. 0. Orman- 
 ville. 
 
 Klingler, Fred, Jr., Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Or- 
 manville. 
 LANDEN, J. W., S. 33 ; P. 0. Or- 
 manville. 
 
 Leonard, M., Jr., S. 33 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Lunkley, F., far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 McCUE, DANIEL, S. 22; P. 0. 
 Ottumwa. 
 
 McCune, J. T., S. 12 and 13; P. 0. 
 Ottumwa. 
 
 McGrath, J., far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Corbin, 
 Davis Co. 
 
 MADISOX, G. A., HON., Sec. 
 2 ; P. 0. Ottumwa ; born in Juniata 
 Co., Penn, Feb. 22, 1818; in 1840, 
 he moved to Huntingdon Co., Penn., 
 and engaged in wagon and coach making 
 until 184:2. From 1842 to 1845, 
 studied law with Maj. Campbell, now 
 living in Davenport. In 1849, went to 
 Blair Co., and engaged in the lumber 
 business until the fall of 1855 ; came to 
 Iowa in the winter of 1855-56 ; landed 
 at Dubuque ; stayed there for a short 
 time, and from there went to Davenport. 
 In the spring of 1856, entered a sec- 
 tion of land in Adair Co. ; came to 
 Wapello Co., July 4, 1856 ; purchased 
 160 acres in Davis Co., and started a 
 steam circular mill, the first one of the 
 kind in the West ; ran the mill for 
 eleven months, and sold out to John 
 Harrow for property in Ottumwa. In 
 the fall of 1857, he returned to Pennsyl- 
 vania, and from there went to Cuba and 
 spent the following winter; in the spring of 
 1858, he returned to Wapello Co., and 
 purchased of James Pumroy a steam 
 mill ; ran this mill until the summer of 
 1862, then rented it. Raised two com- 
 panies in Wapello Co. and went to 
 Keokuk with them ; at Keokuk the 
 Companies were divided ; Mr. Madison 
 was appointed Captain of Co. D, 15tli 
 Iowa Volunteers, and John M. Hedrick 
 of Co. K ; was in the battles of 
 
 Shiloh and Corinth ; was wounded at 
 the battle of Corinth and a number of 
 others ; resigned in 1863, and came 
 home. In the spring of 1864, crossed 
 the plains to Montana and Idaho ; re- 
 turned in December the same year, and 
 engaged in partnership with J . G. Baker 
 and L. E. Gray, in getting out ties for the 
 C, B. & Q. R. R.^ They furnished ties 
 for the railroad, from Ottumwa to the 
 Missouri River. Since then has been 
 engaged in farming, building, etc. Mr. 
 Madison owns 1,600 acres of land in 
 this county, and about 2,000 acres in 
 other counties. In 1875, was elected 
 Representative for the Sixth District. 
 In 1877, was elected Senator for the 
 Thirteenth District. Married Sarah J. 
 Livingston Nov. 15, 1863 ; she was 
 born in Shelby Co., Ind., in 1839. Has 
 three children — at present attending 
 school at Ottumwa — Ellen C, Mary L. 
 and Rhoda A. Mr. Madison is Demo- 
 crat. 
 
 Mann., I., far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Ormanville. 
 
 MARTZ, JAMES, 
 
 Mendenhall, Ira, S. 16; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 MICHAEL, D. H., farmer, Sec. 1 ; 
 P. 0. Ottumwa; born in Franklin Co., 
 Tenn., Feb. 14, 1819; when a few 
 months old, his family moved to Bond 
 Co., 111. ; in 1834, moved to Hamilton 
 Co., Ind. ; in 1844, went to Missouri ; 
 came to Wapello Co. in 1845 and pur- 
 chased his present farm. Married Jane 
 Hull Oct. 30, 1848 ; she was born in 
 Trumbull Co., Ohio, May 3, 1826 ; was 
 married first to Elizabeth Shaw ; she 
 died March 17, 1843 ; had one child by 
 his first wife — Lee J. — and four by his 
 present wife — 0. H., Hiram F., Benj. 
 F., Harvey W. Owns 435 acres in Wa- 
 pello Co. and 160 acres in Lucas Co., 
 Iowa. Was Sheriff in 1853 and 1854 ; 
 County Supervisor five years ; has held 
 most of the township oifices. Members 
 of the M. E. Church ; Republican. 
 
 MICHAEL, LEE J., farmer. Sec. 
 2 ; P. 0. Ottumwa ; born in Indiana in 
 1843 ; came to Wapello Co. in 1843 ; 
 has sinoe engaged in farming. Married 
 Mary H. Crips in 1862 ; she was born 
 in Ross Co., Ohio, in 18'45 ; have five 
 children — Ella, Ada, Mary H., Alice, 
 Frank L. Enlisted Aug. 5, 1862, in 
 Company B, 36th Iowa Infantry ; was 
 
GREEN TOWNSHIP. 
 
 665 
 
 commissioned 2d Lieut, of 46th U. S. 
 C. I. Oct. 6, 1863 ; was commissioned 
 1st Lieut, of same company Oct. 7, 
 1864 ; commissioned Capt. of same Oct. 
 19, 1865 ; owns eighty acres, valued at 
 $2,000. Members of M. E. Church ; 
 Republican. 
 
 Milburn, J. E., S. 34; P. 0. Ormanville. 
 
 MONT AG NE, HEINRICH, 
 
 far., S. 12; P. 0. Ottumwa ; born in 
 Oldenburg, Germany ; came to Wapello 
 Co. in 18"76. Married EHze Dinklage 
 in 1877; she was born in Oldenburg, 
 Germany. Owns eighty acres, valued 
 at $30 per acre. Democrat. 
 
 Murphy, J., far., S. 2 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Montague, H., S. 1 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 ^NTTEIL, DANIEL, S. 12 ; P. 0. Ot- 
 1 >l tumwa. 
 
 Neil, W. J., S. 25 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 O'BRIEN, JOHN, S. 1; P. 0. Ot- 
 tumwa. 
 O'Brien, Luke, S. 12 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 Orman, Andrew, S. 32 ; P. 0. Ormanville. 
 Orman, David, S. 33 ; P. 0. Ormanville. 
 Osterberg, Mathew, S. 4 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 Owings, H. B., S. 24 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 PARKER, J. A., S. 6 ; P. 0. Ottum- 
 wa. 
 
 Parker, Solomon, S. 6 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Painter, R. N., S. 21 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Parson, H. P., Sees. 7 and 8 ; P. 0. Ot- 
 tumwa. 
 
 Peters, H. C, S. 12 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Phillips, George, S. 7 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Powell, Wm., S. 20 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Prosser, John, Sees. 2 and 11; P. 0. Ot- 
 tumwa. 
 
 Prescott, Nathaniel, S. 9 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Pumroy, Grimes, S. 21 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 RANDALL, SAMUEL, Sec. 9; P. 
 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Heed, Benjamin, Sees. 8, 16 and 17; P. 
 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Renfrew, John, S. 18 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Reinhard, Henry, S. 30 ; P. 0. Orman- 
 ville. 
 
 Robinson, H. W., S. 35 ; P. 0. Orman- 
 ville. 
 
 Roch, John, S. 3 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Rodges, Isaac, S. 22 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Rogers, Daniel E., S. 26 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Root, F. L., S. 9 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 ROYSD-ON, NATHAN, farmer, 
 Sec. 19 ; P. O. Ottumwa ; born in Fay- 
 ette Co., Ind., in 1831, came to Wapello 
 
 - Co. in 1856, has since engaged in farm- 
 ing. Married Elizabeth Williams in 
 1854 ; she was born in Franklin Co., 
 Ind., in 1832 ; has six children — Flor- 
 ence, Morris, Malcolm, Grant, Adelia, 
 Elva. Members of the M. E. Church. 
 Mr. R. was Road Supervisor one year. 
 Owns 80 acres, valued at $20 per acre. 
 Republican. 
 
 Rufl&ng, Jacob, Sec. 12 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Rupe, J. M., Sec. 13; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Rupe, Wm. H., Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Orman- 
 ville. 
 
 Rush, Ezekiel, Sec. 13; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Rush, James, Sec. 34 ; P. 0. Ormanville. 
 
 OAWYER, WM., Sec. 14; P. 0. Ot- 
 
 k3 tumwa. 
 
 Scott, Mathew, Sec. 10 : P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Shewey, John, Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Ormanville. 
 
 Skinner, J. B., Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Ormanville. 
 
 Smith, Andrew, Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Orman- 
 ville. 
 
 Smith, A. W., See. 36 ; P. 0. Ormanville. 
 
 Smith, San ford, Sec. 8 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 STEINHOFF, FREDERICK, 
 farmer, Sec. 17 ; P. 0. Ottumwa ; born 
 in Breicherode, Germany, Feb. 22, 
 1815 ; came to America in 1838 ; went 
 to Cincinnati, Ohio ; worked in Gra- 
 ham's paper-mills for four years ; in 
 1842, came to Iowa ; engaged in mak- 
 ing gardens, etc., for sixteen years ; in 
 1865, came to Wapello Co., and has 
 since farmed; owns 126 acres, valued 
 at $35 per acre. Married Louisa Quada 
 at St. Louis in 1843 ; have three chil- 
 dren — Louis, age 24 years; Sophia, 
 age 21 years; Minnie, age 16 years. 
 Republican. 
 
 Stice, A., S. 24 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Swartz, Chas., S. 7 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Swartz, Philip, Sees. 7 and 8 ; P. 0. Ot- 
 tumwa. 
 
 rpAYLOR, JAMES, Sec. 21. 
 
 Tennison, J., S. 24 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 Thomas, G. W., S. 27 ; P. O. Ottumwa. 
 Thompson, D., S. 15 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 Toothacre, T., S. 18 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 Tillotson, A. G., S. 24 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 Tillotson, H. D., S. 24 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 yTLMER, MORRIS, Sec. 33 ; P. 0. 
 
 KJ Ottumwa. 
 "TTANDALS, CORNELIUS, Sec. 5. 
 
 Van Tine, Eph, S. 28 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
666 
 
 DIRECTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY; 
 
 WALKEH, ELIJAH, Sec. 6 ; P. 0. 
 Ottumwa. 
 
 Wallace, W., S. 11 ; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 Wilkinson, L. B., Sec. 13. 
 
 Wood, John T., Sec. 28. 
 
 WORKMAX, J. W., farmer ; Sec. 
 22 ; P. 0. Ottumwa ; born in Coshocton 
 Co., Ohio, May 26, 1840. Married i 
 Phebe Barnes Aug. 2, 1865 ; she was 
 born in Holmes Co., Ohio ; has three 
 children — - Lovie L., Maggie M. and 
 George W. Was Assessor two years, 
 
 Township Trustee two years, President 
 of the School Board two years, Road 
 Supervisor one year. Owns 149 acres, 
 valued at $20 per acre ; came to Wapello 
 Co. in 1868 ; has farmed since. Mrs. 
 W. is a member of the Baptist Church ; 
 Democrat. 
 
 Wyatt, E. S., Sec. 28. 
 
 Wifat, Wilhelm, S. 16; P. 0. Ottumwa. 
 
 YOKEY, HENRY, Sec. 25 ; P. 0. 
 Ottumwa. 
 
 COMPETINE TOWNSHIP. 
 
 ALEXANDER, WILLIAM, farmer. 
 Sees. 2 and 3 ; P. 0. Martinsburg. 
 Argenbright, David, farmer. Sec. 8 ; P. 0. 
 Martinsburg. 
 
 BARTLETT, JAMES, farmer. Sec. 
 3 ; P. 0. Martinsburg. 
 
 Bartels, P., far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Abingdon. 
 
 Beam, William, far., Sees. 14 and 23 ; P. 
 0. Competine. 
 
 Bear, Jacob, laborer, Competine. 
 
 Brison, Jerry, blacksmith and farmer. Sec. 
 20; P. 0. Competine. 
 
 BIIRNAIJOH, JAMES, farmer, 
 and dealer in stock, S. 33; P. 0. Bladens- 
 burg ; born in Clermont Co., Ohio, 
 Aug. 15, 1828; came to Illinois in 
 1844; came to Wapello Co. Nov. 18, 
 1864. Married Miss Mary A. Hughey; 
 she was born in Highland Co., Ohio, 
 Aug. 14, 1836 ; have five children — 
 Alexander J., Lyda E., Ellie M., Jessie 
 B., Bertha C. ; lost two — Rachel A. 
 and William A. Members of the M. PI 
 Church. Owns 310 acres, valued at 
 $35 per acre. Republican. 
 
 Burtnette, C, far. ; P. 0. Martinsburg. 
 
 COY AN, GEORGE, farmer; P. 0. 
 Competine. 
 
 COPEI.AlfD, A. H., Sec. 34; P. 0. 
 Competine; born in Shelby Co., Ind., 
 Feb. 11, 1854 ; came to Wapello Co. in 
 1871. Married Miss Annie M. Slater 
 March 9, 1872 ; have one child— Israel 
 L. ; lost one. Members of the M. E. 
 Church. Mrs. C. was born in Jefferson 
 Co., Iowa, Sept. 24, 1854. Republican. 
 
 Copeland, John T., Competine. 
 
 Cowger, G. M., physician, Competine. 
 
 Cowger, J. D., far., S. 27 ; P. 0. Compe- 
 tine. 
 
 Cayan, H., far.; P. 0. Competine. 
 
 Cline, W. W.,far., S. 25 ; P. O. Abing- 
 don, JeflPerson Co. 
 
 Coyan, W. G., far.; P. 0. Competine. 
 
 Craft, Lee, far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Martinsburg. 
 
 CRITHFIEI.D, B., S 27 ; P 0. 
 Competine; born in Knox Co., Ohio, 
 Aug. 30, 1827, where he followed farm- 
 ing and raising stock ; came to Wapello 
 Co. in 1856. Married Miss Harriet 
 Parker Oct. 17, 1849 ; she was born in 
 Knox Co., Ohio ; have one child — Har- 
 riet L.; lost six. Mrs. C. is a member 
 of the Baptist Church. Mr. C. owns 
 forty-five acres of land, valued at $30 
 per acre. Democrat. 
 
 DAVIS, GEO. W., far.. Sec. 10; P. 
 0. Competine. 
 
 Davis, W., far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Competine. 
 
 Davis, W., far., S. 10 ; P. 0. Competine. 
 
 Decker, A., far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Competine. 
 
 Decker, D., far., S. 26 ; P. 0. Competine 
 
 DECKER, WILI.IAM, Sec 26 ; 
 P. 0. Competine ; born in Bu^ks Co., 
 Penn., Oct. 1, 1813 ; came to Wapello 
 Co. May 13, 1858 ; is engaged in farm- 
 ing and raising stock. Married Miss 
 Lydia Barney Oct. 20, 1839 ; she died 
 June 6, 1847. Married again Miss 
 Mary Houdyshell ; have six children- 
 David, Adam, Elizabeth, Lydia, Jacob 
 and John. Owns seventy-four acres of 
 land, valued at $30 per acre. Repub- 
 lican. 
 
 Dennis, A., far.. Sec. 5 ; P. 0. Martins- 
 burg. 
 
COMPETINE TOWNSHIP. 
 
 667 
 
 Deuser, J. C, far., S. 7 ; Martinsburg. 
 
 Deuser, P. C, far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Compe- 
 tine. 
 
 Dickey, T., far., S. 16 ; P. 0. Competine. 
 
 DICKERS, O.W., farmer, Sec. 17; 
 P. 0. Competine ; born in Wyandot 
 Co., Ohio, Sept. 18, 1843; came to 
 Wapello Co. in 1846 ; is a stock dealer 
 and partner in the dairy business, and 
 owns 720 acres of land, valued at $35 
 per acre. Married Miss Elizabeth M. 
 Hawthorne June 2, 1864 ; she died 
 June 20, 1874; married again Miss 
 Martha C. Eller March 30, 1875; she 
 was born Sept. 19, 1855, in Jefferson 
 Co., Ind. ; have three children — Mary 
 D., Hessel H. and Scott M. Held the 
 office of Township Supervisor and 
 Trustee. Was in Co. I, 1st Iowa V. C. ; 
 mustered out at the close of the war. 
 Members of the Baptist Church ; Repub- 
 lican. 
 
 DICKENS, HARVEY, farmer 
 and stock dealer. Sec. 32 ; P. 0. Agency 
 City; born in Wyandot Co., Ohio, March 
 27, 1839 ; came to Wapello Co., in 
 1346. Married Miss Mary Mc Daniel 
 Oct. 4, 1875 ; she was born in Wapello 
 Co. Dec. 30, 1852 ; have one child- 
 Nellie ; lost three — Cora, Nora and one 
 not named. Mr. D. served as Super- 
 visor two years. Mrs. D. is a member 
 of the Christian Church. Mr. D. owns 
 291 acres, valued at $30 per acre. Re- 
 publican. 
 
 DICKE]^S,M.A.,S.28; P.O. Agen- 
 cy City ; born in Wyandot Co., Ohio, Aug. 
 6, 1836 ; came to Wapello Co. in 1846, 
 where he is dealing in stock and farm- 
 ing. Married Miss Rebecca Earl March 
 27, 1863 ; she was born in Indiana Oct. 
 16, 1843; have three children — Elmer 
 E., Orrin, Thomas M., and lost one — 
 Elizabeth. Owns 756 acres, valued at 
 $35 per acre. Republican. 
 
 DICKENS, THOMAS M., S. 32 ; 
 P. O. Agency City ; born in North Car- 
 olina March 12, 1802 ; when a boy, 
 started out for himself at 17 years of 
 age ; went to West Virginia and worked 
 in the salt works ; returned to Ohio. 
 Married Miss Elizabeth Saley Dec. 23, 
 1824; she died May 21, 1863; married 
 again Feb. 29, 1864. Came to Wapello 
 Co., in August 1845; has followed 
 farming and stock dealing ; has cleared 
 
 $1,500 a year since he came to Wapello 
 Co. ; is living a retired life where he 
 first located. Held all the township 
 offices and that of County Supervisor. 
 Owns 135 acres, valued at $30 per acre. 
 Mrs. D. is a member of the Baptist 
 Church. They have five children — 
 Malachi, Harvey, Elizabeth, George W. 
 and Eunice J., and lost seven. Repub- 
 lican. 
 
 Doughes, W., renter, S. 1 ; P. 0. Martins- 
 burg. 
 
 Dudgeon, A., far.. Sec. 14 ; P. 0. Compe- 
 tine. 
 
 DIIRBIN, A., far., S. 23 ; P. 0. Com- 
 petine ; born in Knox Co., Ohio, Nov. 29, 
 1826 ; came to Wapello Co., in 1843 ; 
 owns 230 acres, valued at $30 per acre. 
 Married Miss Mary McVey April 12, 
 1853; she was born in Tippecanoe Co., 
 Ind., in June, 1823 ; have eight children 
 — Edward, Sarah W., Oliver, Mary E., 
 Charlie W., Cecil, Cecelia and Genie. 
 Members of the Baptist Church. Mr. 
 D. has served as Township Trustee. 
 Democrat. 
 
 Durbin, A., far., S. 14 ; P. 0. Competine. 
 
 Durbin, E., far.,S. 5 ; P. 0. Martinsburg. 
 
 EDWARDS, GIDEON, farmer, Sec. 
 25 ; P. O. Competine. 
 
 Edwards, J., far., S. 25 ; P. 0. Competine. 
 
 Eller, L., far.,S. 25; P.O. Competine. 
 
 EL.IiIK, HARVY, farmer. Sec. 
 10 ; P. 0. Competine ; born in Wilkes 
 Co., N. C, March 24, 1819 ; came to 
 Jefi'erson Co., Iowa, in December, 1852 ; 
 thence to Wapello Co. in March, 1856. 
 Married Miss Mary C. Vannoy Dec. 25, 
 1841 ; she was born Feb. 18, 1823 ; 
 they have fourteen children — William 
 H., Barnett C, Virginia, now Mrs. 
 Hoak ; Nancy, James A., Jesse F., 
 Martha C, Curtis, Thomas A., Jacob, 
 Eddie, Maggie, Otis and Mary 0. Mr 
 and Mrs. Ellis are members of the Bap- 
 tist Church. Mr. E. has served as 
 Assessor. Owns 160 acres of land, val- 
 ued at $40 per acre. Republican. 
 FISHER, JOHN, farmer. Sec. 34 ; P. 
 0. Bladensburg. 
 
 Fitzsimmons, Lawrence, far.. Sec. 18; P. 
 0. Agency City. 
 
 Fleemer, J. M., far. ; P. 0. Abingdon. 
 
 Francis, H. H., far., Sec. 19; P. 0. Mar- 
 tinsburg. 
 
 Farguhar, Thomas, physician, Competine. 
 
668 
 
 DIRECTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY : 
 
 r^ IBSON, FRANK, farmer, Sec. 10 ; 
 
 \jr p. 0. Competine. 
 
 Gribson, J., far., S. 10 ; P. 0. Competine. 
 
 Greenlee, A., far., S. 18; P. 0. Compe- 
 tine. 
 
 HADLEY, J. H., farmer. Sec. 1 ; P. 
 0. Martinsburg. 
 
 Hampson, Frank, merchant and Post- 
 master, Competine. 
 
 Harris, James, far. ; P. 0. Competine. 
 
 Harris, Opha J., farmer, Sec. 9 ; P. 0. 
 Competine. 
 
 Hancomer, Geo. C, far.. Sec. 6 ; P. 0. 
 Martinsburg. 
 
 Hancomer, Jacob, far.. Sec. 6; P. 0. Mar- 
 tinsburg. 
 
 Hawthorne, J. P., far., Sec. 22 ; P. 0. 
 Competine. 
 
 Hawthorne, Ransom, far., Sec. 20 ; P. 0. 
 Competine. 
 
 HA WTHORKE, R. T., Sec 35 ; 
 P. 0. Abingdon ; born in Washington 
 Co., Va., March 5, 1819; was farming 
 and stock raising ; came to Wapello Co. 
 in 1853. Married Miss Mary J. Reed 
 in 1843; she was born in Washington 
 Co., Va., 1822 ; they have six children 
 — Thomas H., James P., Samuel R., 
 Martha J., John C., Templeton C; 
 lost one — Elizabeth. Members of the 
 Baptist Church. Owns 239 acres, 
 valued at S30 per acre. Democrat. 
 
 Hawthorne, Reed T., far.. Sec. 25 ; P. 0. 
 Competine. 
 
 HENRY, MATTHEW, Sec 2; 
 P. 0. Competine ; born in Ireland May 
 25, 1819; came to Pennsylvania; then 
 to Ohio ; then to Illinois. Was 1st 
 Lieut. 78th Regiment, Co. E. Came 
 to Wapello Co. March, 1867. Mar- 
 ried Miss Caroline Nations ; she was 
 born in Missouri Dec. 24, 1827 ; have 
 nine children — John D., William M., 
 Samuel, Hannah, James, Carr, Rachel, 
 George and A'nnie. Members of the 
 Presbyterian Church. Owns 560 acres, 
 valued at $25 per acre. Republican. 
 
 Henry, Samuel, far., S. 2 ; P, 0. Martins- 
 burg. 
 
 Henry, Samuel, S. 1 ; P. 0. Martinsburg. 
 
 Henry, Wm., far., renter ; P. 0. Compe- 
 tine. 
 
 Holzhauser, W. H., far., S. 7 ; P. 0. Mar- 
 tinsburg. 
 
 Houdyshell, Reuben, far., renter ; P. 0. 
 Competine. 
 
 ! Howell, Lemuel, far., S. 30 ; P. 0. Agency 
 ' City. 
 Huff, John H., far., S. 28 ; P. 0. Com- 
 petine. 
 [ Hughey, Jas. M., far., S. 19; P. 0. Com- 
 petine. 
 Hurston, Charles, far. ; P. 0. Agency City. 
 
 IVES, J . C, farmer and stock-raiser. 
 Sec. 26 ; P. 0. Competine ; born in 
 Trumbull Co., Ohio, Jan. 28, 1824; came 
 to Wapello Co. fall of 1850. Married 
 Miss Sarah G. Riggs ; she was born in 
 Geauga Co., Ohio, Sept. 12, 1832 ; have 
 six children — Ellen, Charlie S., Mary 
 E., Sterling, Joseph and Carrie. Mrs. 
 Ives member of the Congregational 
 Church. Mr. Ives was in the Mexican 
 war. Owns 200 acres, valued at $30 per 
 acre. Democrat. 
 
 JENNINGS, E. C, farmer, renter ; P. 
 0. Competine. 
 Jennings, H. C, far., S. 10 ; P. 0. Com- 
 petine. 
 TT^OUS, JACOB; P. 0. Competine. 
 
 Kous, John, far. ; P. 0. Competine. 
 
 LAMB, JOHN, far., S. 10; P. 0. 
 Competine. 
 Lock, J. W^, S. 5 ; P. 0. Martinsburg 
 Lowenberg, J., S. 1 ; P. 0. Martinsburg. 
 
 MCELROY, DAVID, farmer. Sec. 4 ; 
 P. 0. Martinsburg. 
 McFee, W. A., far., Sees. 3 and 4. 
 McMillan, J., for., S. 16 ; P. 0. Compe- 
 tine. 
 
 McREYlVOLDS, SOLOMOX, 
 
 farmer and stock-raiser, Sec. 36 ; P. 0. 
 Abingdon ; born in Washington Co., 
 Va., May 5, 1805 ; came to Wapello Co. 
 in 1849 ; owns 344 acres, beautifully 
 located on the Oskaloosa road, valued at 
 $20 per acre. Married Miss Martha 
 Meadows Oct. 3, 1828 ; she died May 
 22, 1838. Married again Nov. 8, 1838, 
 Miss Martha B. Clemand ; she died July 
 8, 1860. Married again Aug. 18, 1862, 
 Eliza Parcell ; has five children — Will- 
 iam J., Mary A., Callie, M. M. L. and 
 Marsh W. Democrat. 
 
 iHcREYNOLDS, M. M. L..; born 
 
 in Washington Co., Va., May 9, 1841 ; 
 came to Wapello Co. in 1849, living 
 with his father, farming and raising- 
 stock. Member of A., F. & A. M. 
 Owns 160 acres of land, valued at $20 
 per acre. Democrat. 
 
COMPETINE TOWNSHIP. 
 
 669' 
 
 McReynolds, W. J., far., S. 27 ; P. 0. Com- 
 petine. 
 
 Mick, Chas., far., S. 3 ; P. O. Competine. 
 
 3Iowery, A., far., S. 20 ; P. 0. Competine. 
 
 Mowry, B. D.. S. 13 ; P. 0. Martinsburg. 
 
 Mowery, G., far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Competine. 
 
 Mowery, J. B., far., S. 3 ; P. 0. Martins- 
 burg. 
 
 Moore, E., far., S. 18 ; P. 0. Ao-ency City. 
 
 OSTRANDER, RALPH, far., Sec. 
 24 ; P. 0. Competine. 
 Overturf, 0, P., far.. Sec. 29; P. 0. 
 
 Agency City. 
 Overturf, W., far.. Sec. 29 and 31 ; P. 0. 
 Agency City. 
 
 PACKWOOD, JAMES, far., Sec. 19 
 and 20 ; P. 0. Agency City. 
 
 Parker, Samuel J. 
 
 PHEIiPS, A. B., farmer, stock-raiser 
 and dairyman. Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Compe- 
 tine ; born in Gallia Co., Ohio, Aug. 
 27, 1839 ; came to Wapello Co. Oct. 
 13, 1852. Served four years and seven 
 months in first Iowa Cavalry, Co. I. 
 Married Miss Elizabeth Dickens Oct. 
 18, 1866; she was born in Wyandot 
 Co., Ohio, July 9, 1841 ; they have a 
 family of five— Mary E., Orville 0., 
 Thomas M., Ellie U., Eliza E. Mr. 
 P. served as School Director. Owns 
 300 acres of land, valued at $30 per 
 acre. Republican. 
 
 PHELPS, JOHX, far.. Sec. 16 ; P. 
 0. Competine ; born in Gallia Co., Ohio, 
 March 27, 1834 ; came to Wapello Co. 
 fall of 1852 ; is farming and stock-rais- 
 ing ; held the ofiice of School Director. 
 Married Miss Amanda Roodarmor July 
 3, 1856; she was born in Gallia Co., 
 Ohio, 1832 ; they have a family of eight 
 — Alice C, Thomas J., Laducia A., Ellen, 
 Caddie B., Jennie, John V., Fannie. 
 Mr. P. is a member of Baptist Church. 
 Owns 160 acres of land, valued at $40 
 per acre. Republican. 
 
 Phelps, Leonidas, far. ; P. 0. Competine. 
 
 Powell, C, far., Sec. 6 ; P. 0. Martins- 
 burg. 
 
 REED, ALEXANDER G., far.. Sec. 
 19 ; P. 0. Agency City. 
 
 Riley, J. B., farmer; P. 0. Competine. 
 
 ROBERTS, G. W., farmer, Sec. 
 18; P. 0. Agency City ; born in Wa- 
 pello Co. Nov. 24, 1847. Married Miss 
 Emma Vannostrand ; have three chil- 
 dren — C. M., E. J. and one not named. 
 
 Owns 137 acres of land, valued at $30 
 per acre. Republican. 
 Rockwell, G., far., S. 11 ; P. 0. Competine. 
 
 SCHWITZER, ADAM, farmer. Sec. 
 5 ; P. 0. Martinsburg. 
 
 Scott, Jesse, far., S. 24 ; P. 0. Competine. 
 
 Shearer, Geo. W., far.. Sec. 34 ; P. 0. 
 Bladensburg. 
 
 Shepherd, L. S., far., Sec. 35; P. O. 
 Bladensburg. 
 
 SICEEOFF, DAVID, Sec. 36; 
 P. 0. Abingdon; born in Floyd Co., 
 Ind., Nov. 16, 1819 ; came to Wapello 
 Co. April 8, 1856. Married Miss 
 Catherine Hufi'seter Dec. 23, 1841 ;. 
 she was born Aug. 9, 1823 ; have four 
 children — Harriet C, Arena, Catherine, 
 John G. Mrs. S. is a member of the 
 Christian Church. Mr. S. owns 237 
 acres of land, valued at $30 per acre. 
 Democrat. 
 
 Simons, W. P., far.. Sec. 34; P. 0. 
 Competine. 
 
 Slater, G., far., S. 35; P. 0. Competine. 
 
 Slater, I., far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Competine. 
 
 Smalley, J., far., S. 25; P. 0. Competine. 
 
 Smith, A. B., far., Sees. 25 and 26 ; P. 0. 
 Competine. 
 
 Smith, Alexander, farmer. Sec. 25; P. 0. 
 Competine. 
 
 Smith, G. M., farmer. Sec. 11 ; P. 0. 
 Martinsburg. 
 
 Smith, Harrison, farmer, Sec. 36 ; P. 0. 
 Abingdon. 
 
 Spurlock, A. J., farmer. Sec. 24; P. 0, 
 Abingdon. 
 
 Spurlock, W. N. B. 
 
 Sterling, David, farmer. Sec. 20 ; P. 0. 
 Competine. 
 
 Stickney, Lewis, Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Competine. 
 
 Sylvester, Christopher, farmer. 
 
 Sylvester, George, Sec. 3 ; P. 0. Com- 
 petine. 
 
 Sylvester, George W., farmer, Sec. 26 ; 
 P. 0. Bladensburg. 
 
 Sylvester, John W., far., Sec. 22 ; P. 0. 
 Competine. 
 
 Sylvester, William, farmer. Sec. 9 ; P. 0. 
 Competine. 
 
 Sylvester, Wilson, farmer. Sec. 26 ; P. 0. 
 Competine. 
 
 THOMPSON, AUGUSTUS, farmer; 
 P. 0. Competine. 
 THOIIPSOX, E. C, farmer. Sec. 
 21 ; P. 0. Competine ; owns 300 acres 
 valued at $30 per acre; born in Mid- 
 
670 
 
 DIRECTORY OF WAPELLO COUNTY. 
 
 dlesex Co., Conn., April 18, 1833; 
 came to Ohio, 1 844 ; thence to 
 Wapello Co., 1855, where he is farming 
 and dairying and stock-raising. Mar- 
 ried Miss Prudence Overturf July 4, 
 1852 ; have three children — Carlos D., 
 Augustus P. and Lettie C, and two 
 deid — Louisa and Laura. Member of 
 M. E. Church. Mrs. Thompson was 
 born Sept. 9, 1833, in Brown Co., 
 Ohio. Mr. Thompson served as Justice 
 of the Peace and Assessor. Was in 1st 
 Iowa Cavalry; mustered out June, 1865. 
 Republican. 
 Tracy, P., far., S. 35 ; P. 0. Competine. 
 
 ULERY, EDWARD, farmer, Sec. 13 ; 
 P. 0. Competine. 
 UL.RE Y, DAVID, farmer and stock- 
 raiser, Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Competine; born 
 in Knox Co., Ohio, Aug. 28, 1834; 
 came to Wapello Co, in 1859. Married 
 Miss Amelia Clark ; she was born in 
 Licking ,Co., Ohio, March 30, 1840 ; 
 have nine children — Eunice, born Dec. 
 2,1858; Hugh, born Aug. 1, 1860; 
 Clark, born Sept. 26, 1863 ; Lyman, 
 born April 5, 1865 ; Sidney J., born 
 Nov. 23, 1866 ; Sonora, born Dec. 9, 
 1868; Cordie, born Nov. 12, 1870; 
 Mary, born Jan. 26, 1875; Vin- 
 nie, born Jan. 16, 1877. Mr. U. owns 
 600 acres of land, valued at $25 per 
 acre. Has held the office of Assessor 
 of the township. Greonbacker. 
 
 YENOY, A. M., farmer. Sec. 24 ; P. 
 0. Abingdon. 
 Venoy, A. W.,far., S. 25 ; P. O.Abingdon. 
 
 WARDER, JOHN, farmer. Sec. 32 ; 
 P. O. Bladensburg. 
 WARDER, p. M., farmer and stock 
 dealer. Sec. 33 ; P. O. Bladensburg ; 
 born in Fairfax Co., Ya., Nov. 6, 1812 ; 
 went to Ohio, learned trade of molder, 
 followed it twelve years ; came to Wa- 
 pello Co. in March, 1853. Married 
 Miss Nancy L. Dillon in 1836; she 
 
 died in 1853. Married again in 1854, 
 Mrs. Mary A. Weaver ; she was born 
 Aug. 7, 1822. Mr. W. has four chil- 
 dren by his first marriage — Francis S., 
 Madison C, Jane C, Margaret L.; by 
 second — Allen D. Was County Super- 
 visor and Justice of the Peace. Owns 
 498 acres, valued at $25 per acre. Mrs. 
 W. is a member of the Dunkards ; is 
 a Democrat. 
 Weaver, L, far.; P. 0. Bladensburg. 
 
 WEAVER, WAl^CY, MRS.; S 
 
 33 ; P. 0. Bladensburg ; born in Licking- 
 Co., Ohio, July31, 1826; came to Wapello 
 Co. in 1849 ; Mr. Weaver died July 
 30, 1875 ; Mrs. W. is living on their 
 farm and attending to the business of 
 her husband; owns 152 acres, valued at 
 $30 per acre. Is a member of the 
 Christian Church. Has no family of 
 her own ; two by adoption. 
 
 Webster, D., Sec. 34 ; P. 0. Bladensburg. 
 
 White, L. H., far.. Sec. 16 ; P. 0. Mar- 
 tinsburg. 
 
 White, S. N., far.. Sec. 16 ; P. 0. Martins- 
 burg. 
 
 Widger, W. S., far., Sec. 34; P. 0. Bla- 
 densburg. 
 
 WILEY, JOHlf , P. 0. Competine ; 
 born in Rockbridge Co., Va., Dec. 11, 
 1812 ; went to Ohio; thence to Missouri. 
 Married Miss Elizabeth Brown in 1836 ; 
 she died in 1841 ; married again, 1851, 
 to Miss Maria Warder ; she was born in 
 Ohio in 1818. Came to Wapello Co. 
 in 1860 ; they have four children — 
 Mary, Nancy L., John and Charley F. 
 Owns eighty-seven acres, valued at $30 
 per acre. Republican. 
 
 Wing, I., far., Sees. 30 and 31 ; P. 0. Agen- 
 cy City. 
 
 Wright, Jesse, far.. Sec. 15; P. 0. Com- 
 petine. 
 
 Wright, Mahlon, far., S. 15 ; P. 0. Com- 
 petine. 
 
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